M ar,
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PRESENTED BY
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STANDARD VETERINARY BOOKS.
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EVERY MAN HIS OWN HORSE DOCTOR. By GEORGE
ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. In which is embodied ELAINE'S
"Veterinary Art." Fourth Edition, Revised and consider-
ably Enlarged. With upwards of 330 Original Illustrations,
Coloured and Steel Plates, Anatomical Drawings, &c. In
demy 8vo, half-bound, 884 pp.
EVERY MAN HIS OWN CATTLE DOCTOR. By GEORGE
ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. Sixth Edition. Forming a suitable
Text-book for the Student and General Practitioner. With
copious Notes, Additional Recipes, &c., and upwards of 350
Practical Illustrations, showing Forms of Disease and
Treatment, including Coloured Page Plates of the Foot and
Mouth Disease. In demy 8vo, half-bound, 940 pp.
These works comprise the most recent information on the causes,
nature, medical treatment and prevention of the diseases of farming
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to the breeder, grazier, and dairy farmer, as well as for reference to
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UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME.
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CATTLE : Their Varieties and Management in Health and Disease.
By GEORGE ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. With Illustrations.
"Cheap, portable, neatly got up, and full of varied information, and contains
useful facts as to habits, training, breeding, &c." Sporting Gazette.
THE SHEEP: Its Varieties and Management in Health and
Disease. By GEORGE ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. With Illus-
trations.
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fanner with perfect confidence." The Times.
Price Is. each.
THE HORSEOWNER AND STABLEMAN'S COMPANION;
or, Hints on the Selection, Purchase, and Management of the
Horse. By GEORGE ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. (Fourth Edition.)
" To the proprietors of large stables, and to those who are in the practical manage-
ment of them Mr. Armatage's advice will prove valuable indeed, and will doubtless
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HOW TO FEED THE HORSE, AVOID DISEASE, AND
SAVE MONEY. By GEORGE ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S.
(Fourth Edition.]
"The author gives sound and sensible advice and the volume should be in the
possession of all who own horses and wish to make the most of them." The Field.
THE THERMOMETER AS AN AID TO DIAGNOSIS IN
VETERINARY MEDICINE. By GEORGE ARMATAGE,
M . R. C. V. S. (Second Edition.)
" It will be found a capital and useful text-book on the subject, and one, too, that
is well brought up to date." Bell's Messenger,
THE HORSE.
\
II
S3 O
s x
- H
'
8s.
- 2
TH E HORSE
JTS VARIETIES AND MANAGEMENT
IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
REVISED AND ENLARGED
HY
GEORGE ARMATAGF, M.R.C.V.S.
Formerly Lecturer in the Albert and Glasgcnv Veterinary Colleges
AUTHOR OK "THE HORSE DOCTOR," "THE CATTLE DOCTOR," ETC.
WITH FULL-PAGE AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
LONDON
FREDERICK. WARNE AND CO.
AND NEW YORK
1894
PREFACE.
THE value of the horse stock of the United Kingdom,
constituting so large a proportion of the national wealth,
is a sufficient inducement for a study of the causes
which deteriorate the standard of excellence. These
causes lie in the prevalence of disease, the severity of
which an intelligent system of management is calculated
to reduce, and in many cases prevent.
It is the object of the present treatise to render this
proposition generally acceptable.
The call for a new Edition of the three volumes
(including the present) forming THE FARMER'S LIBRARY,
within twelve months, has enabled the Author to make
further alterations. The part including the Varieties of
the Horse, with his Management, already copious in
detail, has been carefully revised, and the text largely
augmented.
The subject of Remedies is discussed in a separate
division, as fully as the available space will admit,
supplemented by ample directions concerning the doses,
and forms of combination to be observed in their use.
Subsequent chapters are devoted to the Diseases of
of the Horse, their Nature, Causes, and Treatment.
They are replete with information, given in simple style
M370181
viii Preface.
and within the comprehension of most readers; the
divisions relating to Nature and Causes being consider-
ably extended. This necessarily led to the abbreviation
of the paragraphs relating to Treatment. Whatever may
be supposed to be loss in this direction has been more
than accounted for by the adoption of reference figures,
thus avoiding frequent repetition of the same directions.
Local injuries and lameness are treated as fully as
space will admit, and the concluding chapter is devoted
to the subject of Shoeing, in which will be found simple
but useful hints on the preservation of the feet.
A new feature consists of the introduction of illustra-
tions of some of the best animals of the day. For these
the Author has laid himself under deep and abiding
obligations to a number of intimate friends, and gentle-
men who have most kindly and promptly responded
to his application for portraits of their distinguished
prize winners. Except where otherwise stated, the
Plates have been reproduced from photos and drawings
furnished by the Owners or Breeders, whose names are
given in connection with each.
G. A.
LOiNDON, 1894.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
EARLY HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE HORSE.
PAGE
Early history of the Horse General habits Parts of the frame
of the Horse Paces Teeth as signs of age Memory, &c. T
CHAPTER II.
PRESENT VARIETIES OF THE HORSE.
Arab Barb Dongola Persian Turkoman Cossack-
Turkish East Indian and Australian Belgian and Dutch -
Norman Spanish American Canadian English tho-
rough-bred Cart ShireHorse Clydesdale Coach Cavalry
Galloway Shetland . 10
CHAPTER III.
THE STABLE-YARD AND ITS OCCUPANTS.
The Stable Aspect Drainage Sewers Rain-water drains
Buildings Materials Plans Ventilation Paving Par-
titions Mangers Harness-room Hay-loft and corn-
chamber Stable utensils clothing . . . .26
CHAPTER IV.
HOW TO PURCHASE A HORSE.
Hack or Riding Horse The Ladies' Horse The Hunter-
Carriage Horse Horses for light harness Horses for heavy
harness Cobs and Ponies Defects, diseases, and faults to
be avoided in all Horses 42
x Contents.
CHAPTER V.
STABLE SERVANTS AND STABLE MANAGEMENT.
PAGE
Stable servants Groom Stable management of the Horse
Feeding in the stable and out Water Summering the
Hunter Exercise and work Clipping and singeing
Degree of warmth required for stabled Horse Manage-
ment of the feet 55
CHAPTER VI.
STABLE VICES.
Getting loose Hanging back in the collar Leaping into the
manger Turning round in the stall Lying under the
manger Halter casting Casting in the stall Kicking the
stall-post Weaving Pawing Eating the litter Kicking
Biting Crib-biting Wind-sucking Tricks and vices out
of the stable Rearing Kicking Running away Buck-
ing or plunging Jibbing Shying Harness for Saddle
Horses Harnessing and putting-to Cleaning harness, &c.
CHAPTER VII.
BREEDING.
Most profitable kind Selection of Brood Mare Choice of
Stallion Best age to breed from Best time for breeding
Treatment of the Mare Management of the Foal
Directions for rearing The Foals of Farm Horses . . f>o
CHAPTER VIII.
BREAKING.
Paddock Leading tackle Shoeing Tying-up in the stable
Breaking Mouthing-bit Breaking to harness Breaking
and teaching a Hunter Breaking the Lady's Horse . . 107
CHAPTER IX.
FARM HORSES.
Different breeds Fairs for purchasing them Farm stable
Portable stables Stable management Dietaries and cost
of keeping in spring, summer, autumn, and winter Useful
rules Soiling Horses Pulped food .... 123
Contents. xi
CHAPTER X.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
PAGE
Disease Definitions Pathology Fever : simple, symptoma-
tic, and specific Inflammation Abscess Serous Cyst
Classification of disease Prevention of disease Sending
for the Veterinary Surgeon 139
CHAPTER XT.
MATERIA MEDICA.
Medicines, their doses, and administration Alteratives
Anodynes Antiseptics Antispasmodics Aperients
Astringents Blisters Caustics Clysters Cordials
Demulcents Diaphoretics Digestives Diuretics Elec-
tuaries Embrocations or liniments Expectorants Feb-
rifuges Fomentations Inhalations Lotions Poultices
Subcutaneous Injections Tonics The Bolus, Drench,
&c., and the Mode of Administration .... 153
CHAPTER XII.
BLOOD DISEASES
Arising from deranged or inordinate function Plethora
Anaemia Rheumatism Uraemia Apnoea . . .176
CHAPTER XIII.
BLOOD DISEASES
Having their origin in inordinate, impaired, or arrest of
function, and remarkable for the development of a Septic
state : Purpura haemorrhagica Azoturia Malignant sore
throat 178
CHAPTER XIV.
BLOOD DISEASES
Arising from an inordinate or impaired function, non-conta-
gious and enzootic, viz. : Enzootic typhoid catarrh
Enzootic pleurisy .182
CHAPTER XV.
BLOOD DISEASES
Having their origin in an unknown animal poison, and attended
with an eruptive fever, or intumescence, sporadic, enzootic,
and occasionally of septic characters Scarlatina Stran-
gles Suppurative catarrh .185
xii Contents.
CHAPTER XVI.
BLOOD DISEASES
PAGE
Arising from an animal poison, highly contagious, and pro-
ducing the same disease by inoculation Farcy and
glanders 189
CHAPTER XVII.
GENERAL OR SPORADIC DISEASES.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION.
Catarrh Laryngitis, or sore throat Congestion of the lungs
Bronchitis Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs
Pleurisy Roaring, whistling, grunting, &c. Chronic
cough Nasal gleet Spasm of the diaphragm Rupture
of the diaphragm ........ 191
CHAPTER XVIII.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF CIRCULATION.
Palpitation Rupture of the heart Cyanosis, or blue disease
Carditis Pericarditis Endocarditis Embolism, and
diseases of the valves of the heart Aneurism Phlebitis
Megrims Lymphangitis ...... 198
CHAPTER XIX.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION.
Sporadic aphtha, or thrush Diseases and irregularities of
the teeth Choking Vomiting Chronic indigestion
Acute indigestion Constipation Colic Enteritis, or
inflammation of the bowels Peritonitis, or inflammation
of the Peritoneum Diarrhoea Supei purgation Dysen-
tery, or bloody flux Worms in the intestines Hernia, or
rupture Dropsy of the abdomen Congestion of the liver
Inflammation of the liver Jaundice Wind-sucking, or
crib-biting 203
CHAPTER XX.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
Diabetes insipidus, or profuse staling Retention of urine
Oxaluria Traumatic albuminuria Nephritis, or inflam-
mation of the kidneys Haematuria, or blood in the urine
Cystitis, or inflammation of the bladder Inversion of the
bladder . .212
Contents. xiii
CHAPTER XXI.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION.
PAGE
In the Male: Urethritis Phimosis Paraphimosis - Results
of castration Haemorrhage Abscess Scirrhous cord.
In the Female : Flooding Inversion of the uterus Rup-
ture of the uterus Rupture of the abdominal walls
Vaginitis Leucorrhoea Inflammation of the womb . 217
CHAPTER XXII.
DISEASES OF THE EYES AND THEIR APPENDAGES.
Conjunctivitis Specific ophthalmia Cataract Staphyloma
Glaucoma Amaurosis Strabismus, or squinting
Eclropium Enti opium Laceration of the eyelids Warts
Fungus haematodes ....... 222
CHAPTER XXIII.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Inflammation of the brain and its coveiings Inflammation of
the substance of the brain Epilepsy Chorea Shivering
Sofiening of the brain Cerebral apoplexy Paralysis
Acute paralysis Tetanus, or lock jaw Rabies Hysteria 226
CHAPTER XXIV.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
Erythema Erysipelas Nettle-rash Prurigo Eczema, sim-
ple and chronic Mallanders and sallanders Herpes
Phlyctenoides Herpes Circinatus Impetigo Pustular
erysipelas, or grease Boils or caibuncles Sit-fasts . 232
CHAPTER XXV.
DISEASES OF THE APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN.
Laminitis Coronitis Sandcrack Thiush CankerSeedy
toe Keratoma Corns 237
CHAPTER XXVI.
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
Animal Parasites : Scabies or mange Poul I ry lousiness Ticks
and maggots. Vegetable Parasites ; Favus Tinea Tousu-
rans, or true ringworm 243
xiv Contents.
CHAPTER XXVII.
LOCAL INJURIES.
PAGE
Wounds Biuises Poll evil Fistula of the withers Speedy-
cut Quittor Broken knees Wounds of arteries and
veins 246
CHAPTER XXVIII.
LOCAL INJURIES.
Fiactures of bone The cranium Occipital crest Neck and
back The sacrum The tail Haunch Scapula Hu-
merus Radius and ulna Knee Metacarpal, or shank
bone Pastern Sessamoid bone Navicular bone
Coffin bone O.^titis Splints Open joint Sprain or
strain Ringbones Sidebones Navicular disease
Luxation of the patella Capped hock Curb Capped
elbow . . . , 251
CHAPTER XXIX.
PLAIN RULES FOR SHOEING.
Nature and preservation of the hoof Inherent power of repro-
duction Preparation of the hoof Stopping for the feet
unnecessary Dryness essential Foot ointments Weak
and defective feet Bar shoes 259
Index ........... 265
LIST OF PLATES.
I. HACKNEY STALLION, " STORTFORD MEMBER 3 '
Frontispiece
II. THOROUGHBRED GREY STALLION,
"SCOT GUARD" TO face p. 16
III. BROOD MARE, " GOODCRAFT " 24
iv. HUNTER, "FIRELIGHT" ....,, 32
V. COACHING STALLION, "SALISBURY" 40
VI. COACHING MARE, " WATH BELLE" 48
VII. HACKNEY STALLION, "DANEGELT" 56
VIII. HACKNEY STALLION, " LEIGHTON EAST
RIDING " 64
IX. BAY STALLION COB, "ROBIN HOOD" 72
X. GROUP OF SHETLAND PONIES 80
XI. CLYDESDALE COLT, " HOLYROOD " 88
XII. CLYDESDALE MARE, "WOODBINE" 96
XJII. SHIRE STALLION, "MARS VICTOR" . . IO4
XIV. SHIRE STALLION, " NYN HITCHIN DUKE". 112
XV. SHIRE MARE, " STENSON BRISK" . . I2O
XVI. SUFFOLK PUNCH STALLION, "ECLIPSE" . 128
THE HORSE.
CHAPTER I.
EARLY HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE
HORSE.
Early history of the Horse General Habits Parts of the frame of the Horse
Paces Teeth as signs of age Memory, &c,
I HE EARLY HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF THE HORSE is
wrapped in obscurity and fable, and we really know
or nothing of it, except that we have reason to believe
that he first came from Asia, like man, and according to
the Mosaic account, all other animals now existing ; and
that he was used in Egypt more than 1600 years before
Christ. But with the history of the horse I shall not
encumber this book, which might be enlarged to an
enormous extent if this department were entered into at
length. Suffice it, then, to discuss the present condition
of the horse, and its more recent origin, as now existing
in Great Britain, in addition to his general habits.
THE HABITS OF THE HORSE, in all countries, and of all
varieties, are pretty much alike. Wherever he is at large,
he is bold, but wary, and easily taking note of the ap-
proach of man, to give him as wide a berth as he possibly
can, or rather show him a clean pair of heels. Wild horses
exist to the present day in the interior of Asia and in South
America. But both the horses of the Tartars and those
of La Plata are descended from domesticated animals, and
can scarcely be called wild in the ordinary acceptation of
the term. Indeed, the Californian horses, which are still
more recently bred in a wild state from Spanish horses, are
quite as wild as those described by Sir F. B. Head. From
1
2 Early History and Habits
their constant state of liberty, and their roving habits, in
order to obtain food and water, they are inured to fatigue,
and can bear an enormous amount of long-continued fast
work, without failing under it, and without that training
which the domesticated animal must have. The walk and
the gallop are the horse's natural paces, and all others are
acquired; but nothing can exceed the fiery animation and
elegance of movement of the free horse ; and in these two
paces art has done nothing to improve his form, except,
perhaps, in slightly increasing the speed of the latter. In
all countries, and in every age, the horse feeds upon grain
or grass, though it is said that in Arabia he is occasionally
supported upon camel's milk, when food such as he usually
lives upon is not to be had.
It may be useful to specify the terms employed to de-
scribe the principal parts of the horse. These details will
not prove altogether superfluous, as some of the words we
are about to explain not unfrequently occur in conversa-
tion.
The two parts of the head of the horse which corre-
spond to the temples, or temporals in man, are above the
eyes. The orbit is the bony cavity designed to receive
and protect the eyeball, with its needful muscles, nerves,
and blood-vessels, &c. At the inner angle is situate the
haw, or membranes nictitans (a), a cartilaginous plate,
which forms the mechanism enabling the horse, especially,
to remove offending substances. He also in common
with other nocturnal animals possesses the power of
seeing objects clearly in the twilight and comparative
darkness. This is conferred by an arrangement within
and at the back of the eye, known as the tapetum
lucidum, or green carpet. The eyepits (p) are hollows
above the eyes, covered by skin, intended to provide for
motion of the eyeball during the action of its muscles, as
well as those engaged in mastication.
The face (c) is that part of the head which extends
from the eyes to the nostrils. The forehead is above the
eyes. These are seen by the observer as he stands in
the front of the animal.
The neck of the horse is designated by the term crest
of the Horse. 3
(d) j it is comprised from one end to the other between
the mane on the upper side and the gullet on the lower.
The fore-lock (e) is the portion of the mane which is on
the top of the head and falls over on the forehead be-
tween the eyes.
The different Parts of the Body of the Horse.
The withers (/) is the spot where the shoulders meet
up above, between the back and the neck, at the point
where the neck and the mane come to an end. ''
The chest (g) is that part which is in front between the
shoulders and below the throat.
The back (h) commences at the withers and extends all
along the spine as far as the crupper. When the horse is
4 Early History and Habits
fat, the whole length of the spine forms a kind of hollow,
which is said to be channeled.
The space which is included within the ribs is called
the barrel (i) ; the name of stomach (j) is also given to
the lower part of the body which joins the os sternum and
the bottom of the ribs.
Theflan&s lie at the extremity of the stomach and ex-
tend as far as the hip-bones. The tail is divided into two
parts : the stump or dock, and the hair.
The upper part of the front leg of the horse is called
the shoulder (m), although it corresponds with the fore-
arm in a man ; ^fore-arm (n) follows it lower down.
The joint which is below the fore-arm is called the knee
(o) ; it corresponds to the place of the wrist in man, and
forms an angle turning inwards when the leg is bent.
The shank (p) forms the second portion of the fore-
leg; it commences at the knee-joint, and corresponds to
the metacarpus in man.
Behind the shank is a tendon, which extends from one
end to the other, and is called the back-sinew.
The fetlock-joint (q) is the articulation immediately below
the shank.
The fetlock itself is a tuft of hair covering a sort of soft
horny excrescence, which is called the ergot.
The pastern (r) is the portion of the leg between the
fetlock-joint and the foot.
The coronet (s) is an elevation lying below the pastern,
and is furnished with long hair falling over the hoof, all
round the foot.
The hoofs (/) form, so to speak, the nails of the horse,
and consist of a horny substance.
In order to describe the parts which make up the hind
legs of the horse, we must go back to the haunches. Each
of these contains the femur, and corresponds to the thigh
of a man. It is, therefore, the thigh of the horse, which is
joined on to the body, and bears the name of buttocks.
It is terminated below and in front by the stifle (/), which
is constituted similarly to the knee-joint of man. It is
situated below the haunch, on a level with the flank,
and shifts its place when the horse walks.
of tJie Horse. 5
The highest part of the hind leg, which is detached from
the body, is called the thigh, or gaskins (m'), and corre-
sponds to the leg of a man. It extends from the stifle and
lower part of the buttocks down to the hock (</).
The hock or tarsus is the first joint below the thigh.
It comprises the so-called instep and heel in man. In
the latter it is more concerned in weight-bearing than
progression, as in the horse.
Below the hock are the shank, the fetlock-joint, the
pastern, and the foot, just the same as in the fore-legs.
We will now say a few words as to the diversity of
colour in the coat of the horse, in order to fix the mean-
ing of the terms which are generally employed to desig-
nate the various hues which the coat presents.
Bay is a reddish nut-brown colour, with various shades.
Dark bay horses are of a very dark brown, almost black,
except on the flanks and tip of the nose, where they are
of a reddish colour. The golden, or light bay, is a yellow
sun-light hue. Dappled bay horses have on their rumps
spots of a darker bay than on the rest of their bodies. In
bay horses the extremities, the mane, and the tail are
always black.
There are three kinds of. black horses : the rusty black,
which is of a brownish tinge, more or less conspicuous in
various lights ; the black, and the coal-black, which is the
darkest of all.
Dun-coloured horses, of which there are several shades,
are of a yellowish-sandy hue ; the mane and tail of these
are either white or black. Some of the latter have a black
line along the vertebra, which is called a mule's, or eel-stripe.
Chestnut is a kind of reddish or cinnamon-coloured bay.
There are several shades of it, among which are the bright
chestnut, which is the colour of a red cow's coat ; the com-
mon chestnut, which is neither dark nor bright ; the bay
chestnut, which verges upon the red ; the burnt chestnut,
which is dark, and nearly approaches black. Some chest-
nut horses have white manes and tails, others black. The
roan is a mixture of red and white.
Grey horses have white hair mixed with black or bay.
There are several modifications of this colour; the dappled-
6 Early History and Habits
grey, the silver-grey, the iron-grey, &c. Dapple-grey horses
have on the back and other parts of the body a number
of round spots, in some cases black in others of a lighter
hue ; these spots are somewhat irregularly distributed.
Grey horses as they increase in age become lighter in
colour, ultimately becoming white.
Piebald and skewbald horses are white, with large irregu-
lar spots and stripes of some other colour irregularly
arranged. The different kinds are distinguished by the
colour that is combined with the white, as the piebald
proper, which are white and black ; the skeu>bald, which
are white and bay ; the chestnut piebald, which are white
and chesnut.
The horses which have small black spots on a white or
grey coat are called flea-bitten, particularly prevalent in
India among Arabs.
We have hitherto considered the wild and domestic
horse in common, both as regards their structure and their
colour, in short, their outward appearance generally, with-
out noticing the different breeds, which must soon occupy
our attention. But before we enter upon the study of the
various equine races, it is necessary to give a short explana-
tion as to the way in which the bit regulates the paces of
the horse. By this we are led to speak of the construction
of the mouth, a knowledge of which is most useful.
The horse either walks, trots, gallops, or ambles.
The paces of the horse are essentially modified by
means both of the bit and spur. The spur excites a
quickness of movement ; the bit communicates to this
movement a due amount of precision. The mouth of the
horse is so sensitive that the least movement or the
slightest impression which it receives warns and regulates
the motion of the animal. But to preserve the full delicacy
of this organ, it is highly necessary to treat tenderly its
extreme sensibility.
The position of the teeth in the jaw of the horse affords
to man the facility which exists of placing a bit in its
mouth, by which instrument this high-spirited and vigorous
animal is broken in and guided. Let us, therefore, in the
first place, study the arrangement of its mouth.
of the Horse. y
There are in each jaw six incisors, or fore-teeth, followed
on either side by a tush, which is generally deficient in
mares, especially in the lower jaw. Next comes a series
of six grinders on each side in both jaws ; these teeth have
a square crown, marked with four crescents, formed by
the lamina of enamel which are embedded on them.
Between the tushes and the grinders there is a considerable
space called the bar, which corresponds to the angle of
the lips ; and it is in this interval that the bit is placed.
Fig. i. Dentition of the Adult Horse.
a, Incisors, b, Tushes or Canines, c, Interval called the Bar. d, Molars.
It is also by means of the teeth that we are enabled to
know a horse's age a knowledge which is of the highest
utility ; for a horse increases in value in proportion as he
approaches maturity, again decreasing in worth as he be-
comes older. Up to nine years the age can be determined
pretty accurately by means of the changes which take place
in the teeth.
The foal, at its birth, is usually devoid of teeth in the
front of the mouth, and has only two grinders on each side
in each jaw (Fig. 2). At the end of a few days, the two
middle fore-teeth, QI pincers, make their appearance. In
the course of the first month a third grinder shows itself,
and in four months more the two next fore-teeth also
emerge ; within six and a half or eight months the side
incisives, or corner teeth, show, and also a fourth grinder.
At this period the first dentition is complete. The
8 Early History and Habits
changes which take place up to the age of three years
depend only on the fore-teeth being worn away more or
less, and the black hollows being obliterated gradually
by contact with food. In thirteen to sixteen months the
cavities on the surface of the pincers are effaced ; they
are then said to be razed. In sixteen to twenty months
the intermediate fore-teeth are likewise razed, and in
twenty to twenty-four months the same thing takes place
with the corner teeth.
Fig. 2. At eighteen days. Fig. 3. At three years.
The second dentition commences at the age of two
and a half or three years (Fig.- 3). The milk-teeth may
be recognized by their shortness, their whiteness, and the
construction round their base, called the neck of the tooth.
The teeth which replace them have no neck, and are much
larger. T\& pincers are the first to fall out and be replaced
by new ones. At the age of from three years and a half
to four years the intermediate fore-teeth experience the
same change, and the lower tushes begin to make their
appearance. The corner teeth are also renewed when be-
tween four and a half to five years ; the upper tushes like-
wise pierce the gums, and about the same date the sixth
grinder shows itself.
A depression, or small hollow, may be noticed on the
surface of the crown of the second growth of fore-teeth,
just as in the milk-teeth, and these hollows are gradually
worn away in the same fashion.
of the Horse. 9
The/wftWJ of the lower jaw lose their cavities when the
horse is five or six years old ; the intermediate fore-teeth
are the next to raze. The marks in the corner teeth are
obliterated at the age of seven or eight years. The pro-
cess of destruction of the marks in the upper fore-teeth
goes on in the same order, but more tardily. (Figs 4 and
5).
Fig. 4. Six years. Fig. 5. Nine years.
When all these various changes have taken place, the
horse is looked upon as aged (Fig. 7), because the teeth
no longer furnish any certain indications as to the age of
the animal. Only approximate inferences can now be
drawn from the length and colour of the tusks, which be-
come more and more bare and projecting from the gum,
&c.
The domestication of the horse appears to date back
to the very earliest period of his appearance on earth ;
and as this animal adapts itself to every necessity, every
want, and every climate, its subjection has resulted in a
considerable number of races, distinguished by more or
less prominent characteristics of shape, strength, temper,
and endurance. Although generally intelligent, affection-
ate, and endowed with considerable powers of memory,
these qualities in the horse are essentially modified by
education and climate. And for the full development of
his intelligence and his high qualities, it is requisite that
man should be his companion and his friend, as well as
I O Present Varieties of the Horse.
his master, but never his tyrant. Under the whip of an
unfeeling driver, the horse becomes brutalized, and rapidly
degenerates, morally even more than physically.
Fig. 6. Fifteen years. Fig. 7. Thirty years.
The attachment of the horse for those who treat it kindly
is a well-known fact.
The influence of memory on the horse is shown by the
sense it retains of injuries and ill-treatment it has suffered.
Many a horse is restive with persons who have misused it,
while perfectly docile with others, proving a consciousness
of good and evil, and a natural insubordination against
tyranny and injustice.
CHAPTER II.
PRESENT VARIETIES OF THE HORSE.
Arab Barb Dongola Persian Turkoman Cossack Turkish East Indian
and Australian Belgian and Dutch Norman Spanish American Cana-
dianEnglish thorough-bred Cart Shire Horse Clydesdale Coach
Cavalry Galloway -Shetland.
THE Arabian is still one of the most distinct varieties
of this noble animal, and also one of the most prized,
being eagerly sought for by Turks and Christians in Asia,
Present Varieties of the Horse. I I
Southern Russia, India, and even in Australia. In his
native deserts he is still sometimes to be seen in a half-
wild state, though most probably owned by some of the
" dwellers in tents " peculiar to that region. But it is the
more domestic breed with which we have chiefly to do,
and which is carefully preserved in a pure state by the
chiefs of the various tribes, though it is supposed not so
free from stain now as was formerly the case. The head
of the Arab is the most beautiful model in nature, giving
the idea of courage, tempered with docility and submission
to man, better than any other animal, and even more so
than the dog. It is seldom, perhaps, that so beautiful a
frame exists ; but examples are not wanting of such a
union of elegance with perfectly good and useful points.
The length and muscularity of the fore-arm are also re-
markable, and the setting on of the tail is peculiarly high
points which have generally been transmitted to our
thorough -bred horses descended from Arabian blood.
Many imported horses of this breed are exceedingly
wicked and full of tricks, but in India, as a rule, he is
quite the reverse. To the modern sportsman also he is
valuable, because he faces the elephant and the tiger
better than any other breed. In height he is generally
a little under fifteen hands ; and in colour either bay,
black, or grey. It is said that there are three distinct
breeds of Arabians even now the Attechi, a very superior
breed ; the Kadischi, mixed with these, and of little value ;
and the Kochlani, highly prized, and very difficult to pro-
cure. If this is true, it may account for the very different
results produced by breeding from modern Arabs and
those introduced in the eighteenth century.
The Arab of pure blood is pre-eminent for symmetry
and graceful action, being the main source of improve-
ment which now marks the English Thoroughbreds.
The head is conspicuous for its width of forehead, evenly
hollowed face, fine muzzle, and width of jaws. The eyes
are prominent and lustrous, yet soft and intelligent in
expression; the ear is small, well set and active; the
neck is gracefully arched ; the shoulder is muscular and
proportionately oblique; the withers are thin and
1 2 Present Varieties of the Horse.
moderately high; and the posterior ribs are deep, but
the girth appears somewhat light. The croup is high,
and the tail forms a graceful arch. The hips are
muscular but not heavy, being rounded and well set on
to the back. The extremities are full of bone for so
light an animal, the tendons and suspensory ligaments
being especially well developed. The hocks and knees
are large, well formed, and possess a remarkable range
and freedom of action ; and the feet are small, being
covered by sound firm horn, which enables them to
endure more severe strain and concussion than is
possible to the ordinary English-bred horse. The con-
stitution is strong, and under good management life is
greatly prolonged.
It is said that in the early experience of horse breeders
the direct cross between the Arab and the mare of the
early English breeds proved too slow for racing purposes.
This was greatly overcome by using mares, the produce
of Spanish sires, which, being afterwards served by Barb
or Arab stallions, produced the breed so highly valued
at this day.
The Barb is an African horse, of smaller size but
coarser make than the Arabian, and evidently fed upon
more nutritious food. As his name implies, his native land
is Barbary; but there is always great doubt about the par-
ticular breed to which imported horses belong, because
they are carried considerable distances from their native
plains, and are also even then much mixed in blood. It
has frequently been said that the Barb is the progenitor
of one root of our best English stock, and that the Godol-
phin Arabian, as he was called, belonged to this blood ;
but the disputed point cannot possibly be settled, and
there seems only one argument in favour of the supposition,
founded upon his enormously high crest ; while his su-
perior size, being 15 hands high, argues just as strongly
in favour of Arab descent. But the Spanish horse is no
doubt descended from the Barb, this breed having been
carried into Spain by the Moors when they overran the
country ; and, as t'he appearance of the Spanish horse is
totally opposed to that of the descendants of Godolphin,
Present Varieties of the Horse. 1 3
it is a still stronger proof of his Arabian ancestry, or, at
all events, an argument against his claim to Barbary as a
native clime.
The Dongpla horse is another African variety, of a
much larger size than either the Arab or the Barb, but
more leggy. I am not aware that any of this breed have
reached this country.
The Persian is a small-sized horse, and quite as elegant
as the Arabian, but not nearly so enduring.
The Turkoman, again, is a larger breed, but without
the elegance of form of the Arab and Persian. They are
light in the barrel, and leggy, with coarse heads and ewe-
necks ; yet they are endowed with very stout and lasting
qualities, and they are said to travel very long distances
-without distress. This is only another instance of the
oft-quoted adage, " that the horse can go in all forms."
The Cossack horses are reared at liberty, and in large
herds, and they were long said to be, in consequence of
this fact, of unrivalled speed and stoutness; but in the
celebrated race run in Russia in 1825, they were easily
beaten at all points by an English horse of second-rate
powers, carrying also more weight. They are small and
rough-looking, yet spirited, and capable of doing all that
can be expected from &pony.
The Turkish horse is supposed to be nearly pure Arab,
with a cross of the Persian and Turkoman. He is a
very fine, high-spirited, and elegant horse ; but, although
the English race horse includes in his parentage several
Turkish importations, as the Byerly, Helmsley, and Bel-
grade Turks, it is doubtful whether these were at all similar
to the present breeds met with at Constantinople. Indeed,
as Turkey in Europe and Turkey in Asia are together
spread over a large surface of the Eastern hemisphere,
the mere name cf Turkish horse does not describe very
closely his birth and parentage.
The East-Indian and Australian horses are of
various mixed breeds, some being Arabs, some Persians,
and others Turks and Barbs ; while others again are of
English blood, but these degenerate rapidly, and though
serviceable in crossing with the Arabian or the Barb, yet
1 4 Present Varieties of the Horse.
they cannot long be maintained in their original purity
without injury.
The Belgian and Dutch horses are now imported
into this country in considerable numbers, and for slow
work are very serviceable. They are, however, most of
them too heavy and lumbering for anything but machiners,
and even in that department they require care not to
over-drive them. Most of the horses for our "black work "
are from this sort, and many also of the black cavalry
horses.
The Norman horse, again, is a much more hardy and
compact animal, but still slow as compared with our breeds.
He is, however, gifted with an excellent constitution, and
with legs and feet which will stand rattling to any extent.
These horses are generally low and short-legged, as com-
pared with the Belgians.
The Spanish horse is much crossed with the Barb,
and has the good head and neck of that breed, but coupled
with a weak and drooping hind-quarter and a very light
middle-piece. The shoulders and legs are, however, good ;
and he is more useful than his look would warrant an
Englishman in believing possible, when comparing him
with English horses.
The American and Canadian breeds vary a great
deal, and are made up of the original Spanish stock crossed
with English, Arabian, and Barb importations. Climate,
however, has done much for them ; and they have all the
wiriness of frame and elasticity of muscle which their
masters possess. As trotters they are unrivalled, and in
endurance stand very high ; but they are not remarkable
for beauty, though not showing any peculiarly unsightly
points. Some of our best horses have been exported to
America, especially to Virginia, where Tranby, Priam, and
many others have done good service. The importers to
that country have always been careful to select sound as
well as stout blood, and have not hesitated to invest large
sums in order to procure it.
The English Thorough-bred. We are indebted
to the Stuarts for the first great improvement made in the
breed of our horses, James I. and Charles I. having intro-
Present Varieties of the Horse. 1 5
duced the Arabian blood, and Charles II. laying the
foundation of our present breeds by importing several
mares (called Royal Mares, from their master), to which
may be traced the celebrated horses of the latter end of
the last century, and some of our best modern breeds.
Numerous Eastern horses were also imported at various
times.
The Origin of the Thoroughbred Horse, accord-
ing to Stonehenge, is as follows : i. Native mares bred
from Spanish strains, probably descended from Morocco
Barbs. 2. Markham's Arabian. 3. Place's White Turk,
an ancestor of Matchem. 4. Three Turks imported
about 1684; and 5. The Royal Mares of Charles the
Second.
By reference to the early pedigrees we are informed
that other horses and mares were introduced, viz. :
Alcpck's Barb, Morocco Barb, D'Arcy's Yellow Turk,
White D'Arcy Turk, Leeds Arab, Brownlow Arab,
Harper's Arab, Pullen's Chesnut Arab, Honeywood's
White Arab, Old Bald Peg Arab, and the Arab sire of
Makeless, amongst which the D'Arcy Turks were
conspicuous.
The greatest results of the use of Arab and Turkish
blood appears to have been evident during the years
1748 to 1764, when the following celebrated horses were
foaled, viz. : Matchem, 1748; King Herod, 1758; and
Eclipse, 1764. In their wake followed Melbourne,
Touchstone, Bay Middleton, and others, all of which, as
shown by the pedigrees, possess the strain of both Arab
and Turkish blood through the line of sire and dam in
each instance.
The Thoroughbred horse is intended for racing
only. The height of the race-horse varies from 15 hands
to i6j hands, or even 17 hands ; but the general height
of our best horses is about 1 5 hands 3 inches. Few first-
class performers have exceeded the height of Surplice,
who was 1 6 hands i inch, as were also Wild Dayrell and
Stockwell. Sir Tatton Sykes was 15 J hands; and be-
tween his height and that of Surplice may be ranged every
great winner for the last ten or twelve years. This average,
1 6 Present Varieties of the Horse.
therefore, may fairly be laid down as the best height for
the race horse, though it cannot be denied that for some
small and confined courses as, for instance, that of Ches-
ter a smaller horse of little more than 1 5 hands height
has a better chance, as being more capable of turning round
the constantly recurring angles or bends.
The head and neck should be characterized by lightness \
which is essential to this department. Whatever is un-
necesssary is so much dead weight, and we know the
effect of 7 Ib. in impeding the horse over a distance of
ground. Now 7 Ib. are easily bestowed upon a neck which
may differ in at least 20 or 30 Ib. between the two extremes
of lightness and excessive weight. Thus, it may be con-
sidered as indubitable that whatever is met with in the
head and neck, which is not necessary for the peculiar pur-
poses of the race horse, is so much weight thrown away,
and yet it must be carried by the horse. Such is the general
character of this part ; but, in detail, the head should be
lean about the jaw, yet with a full development of forehead,
which should be convex and wide, so as to contain within
the skull a good volume of brain. Supposing this fulness
to exist, all the rest of the head may be as fine as possible;
the jaws being reduced to a fine muzzle, with a slight hol-
lowing out in front, but with a width between the two % sides
of the lower jaw where it joins the neck, so as to allow
plenty of room for the top of the windpipe when the neck
is bent. The ears should be pricked and fine, but not too
short ; eyes full and spirited ; nostrils large, and capable
of being well dilated when at full speed, which is easily
tested by the gallop, after which they ought to stand out
firmly, and so as to show the internal lining fully. The
neck should be muscular and yet light ; the windpipe loose
and separate from the neck that is, not too tightly bound
down by \hQfascia, or membrane of the neck. The crest
should be thin and wiry, not thick and loaded, as is often
seen in coarse stallions, or even in some mares. Between
the two extremes of the ewe-neck and its opposite there
are many degrees, but for racing purposes I should prefer,
of the two, the former to the latter ; for few horses can go
well with their necks bent so as to draw the chin to the
Present Varieties of the Horse. 17
bosom; but here, as in most other cases, the happy me-
dium is to be desired.
The body, or middle-piece, should be moderately long,
and not too much confined between the last rib and the
hip-bone. So long as the last or back-ribs are deep, it is
not of so much importance that they should be closely
connected to the hip-bone, for such a shape shortens the
stride ; and though it enables the horse to carry great
weight, yet it prevents him from attaining a high rate of
speed. The back itself should be muscular, and the hips
so wide as to allow of a good development of the muscular
department. The withers may rise gently, but not too
high, with that thin razor-like elevation which many people
call a good shoulder, but which really has nothing to do
with that part, and is only an annoyance to the saddler,
who has to prevent its being pinched by the saddle. The
chest itself should be well developed, but not too wide and
deep : no horse can go a distance without a fair " bellows-
room ; '' but, supposing the heart to be sound and of good
quality, the amDunt of lung will suffice which may be con
tained in a medium-sized chest, and all above that is
wasted, and is extra, weight. Many of our best winded
horses have had medium-sized chests ; and some of the
very worst have been furnished with room enough for a
pair of blacksmith's bellows to play in. If the heart only
does its duty well, the lungs can always furnish sufficient
air ; and we know that when frequently renewed, and with
sufficient power, the blood is aerated as fast as it is pro-
pelled, and the chief difficulty lies in this power of propul-
sion, which resides in the heart alone. If the chest be too
wide, it materially affects the action of the fore-legs, and
therefore, in every point of view, theoretically and practi-
cally, there is a happy medium between the too great
contraction in this department, and the heavy, wide lum-
bering chests sometimes seen even in the thorough-bred
race horse, especially when reared upon rich succulent
herbage, more fitted for the bullock than the Eastern
horse. In the formation of the hips, the essential point
is length and breadth of bone for muscular attachment,
and it matters little whether the croup droops a little, or
2
1 8 Present Varieties of the Horse.
is pretty straight and level, so that there is a good length
from the hip to the haunch-bone ; the line between which
two points may either be nearly horizontal, or forming a
considerable angle with the ground ; but still in both cases
it should be a long line, and the longer it is the more mus-
cular substance is attached to it, and the greater leverage
will the muscles have.
The fore-quarter, consisting of the shoulder, upper and
lower arm, and leg and foot, should be well set on to the
chest ; and the shoulder-blade should lie obliquely on the
side of that part, with a full development of muscle to move
it, and thrust it well forward in the gallop. Obliquity is
of the greatest importance, acting as a spring in taking off
the shock of the gallop or leap, and also giving a longer
attachment to the muscles, and in addition enabling them
to act with more leverage upon the arm and leg. It will be
seen, by a reference to the skeleton, that the shoulder-blade
does not reach the top of the withers, and that those bones
forming that part have nothing to do with the shoulder
itself; hence, many high-withered horses have bad and
weak shoulders, and some very upright ones ; whilst, on
the other hand, many low-withered horses have very
oblique and powerful shoulders, and such as to give great
facility and pliability to the fore extremity. The shoulder
should be very muscular, without being overdone or
loaded, and so formed as to play freely in the action of
the horse. The point of the shoulder, which is the joint
corresponding to the human shoulder, should be free from
raggedness, but not too flat ; a certain degree of develop-
ment of the bony parts is desirable, but more than this
leads to a defect, and impedes the action of this important
part. The upper arm, between this joint and the elbow,
should be long, and well clothed with muscles : the elbow
set on quite straight, and not tied to the chest ; the lower
arm muscular and long; knees broad and strong, with
the bony projection behind well developed ; legs flat, and
showing the suspensory ligament large and free ; pasterns
long enough without being weak ; and the feet sound, and
neither too large nor too small, and unattended with any
Present Varieties of the Horse. ig
degree of contraction, which is the bane of the thorough-
bred horse.
The hind-quarter is the chief agent in propulsion, and
is therefore of the utmost consequence in attaining high
speed. It is often asserted that the oblique shoulder is
the grand requisite in this object, and that it is the part
upon which speed mainly depends, and in which it may
be said to reside. This is to some extent true, because
there can be no doubt that with a loaded shoulder high
speed is impracticable ; for however powerfully the body
may be propelled, yet when the fore-quarter touches the
ground, it does not bound off again as smartly as it ought
to do, and the pace is consequently slow. For the full
action of the hind-quarter two things are necessary, viz. :
first, length and volume of muscle ; and secondly, length
of leverage upon which that muscle may act. Hence, all
the bones comprising the hind-quarter should be long,
but the comparative length must vary a good deal, in
order that the parts upon which the muscles lie may be
long, rather than those connected with the tendons, which
are mere ropes, and have no propelling power residing in
them, but only transmit that which they derive from the
muscles themselves. Thus, the hips should be long and
wide, and the two upper divisions of the limb viz., the
stifle and lower thigh should be long, strong, and fully
developed. By this formation the stifle-joint is brought
well forward, and there is a considerable angle between
these two divisions. The hock should be bony and strong,
free from gum or spavin, and the point long, and so set on
as to be free from weakness at the situation of curb. In
examining the hind-quarter to judge of its muscular de-
velopment, the horse should not be looked at sideways,
but his tail should be raised, and it should be ascertained
that the muscles of the two limbs meet together below the
anus, which should be in fact well supported by them, and
not left loose, and, as it were, in a deep and flaccid hollow.
The outline of the outer part of the thigh should be full,
and in ordinary horses the muscle should swell out beyond
the level of the point of the hip. This fulness, however,
is not often seen to this extent in the thorough-bred horse
2O Present Varieties of the Horse.
until he has arrived at mature age, and is taken out of
training. The bones below the hock should be flat and
free from adhesions; the ligaments and tendons fully
developed, and standing out free from the bone ; and the
joints well formed and wide, yet without any diseased
enlargement; the pasterns should be moderately long
and oblique ; the bones of good size ; and lastly, the feet
should correspond with those already alluded to in the
anterior extremity.
The totality of these points should be in proportion to
one another that is to say, the formation of the horse
should be " true." He should not have long well deve-
loped hind-quarters, with an upright, weak, or confined
fore-quarter. Nor will the converse serve ; for however
well formed the shoulder may be, the horse will not go
well unless he has a similar formation in the propellers.
It is of great importance, therefore, that the race horse
should have all his various points in true relative develop-
ment, and that there shall not be the hind-quarter of a
long racing-like horse with the thick confined shoulder
which would suit a stride less reaching in its nature.
THE COLOUR, SKIN, HAIR, ETC.
The colour of the thorough-bred horse is now generally
bay, brown, or chestnut, one or other of which will occur
in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred. Grey is not com-
mon, but sometimes appears, as in the recent case of
Chanticleer and some of his stock. Black also occasion-
ally makes its appearance, but not more frequently than
grey. Roans, duns, sorrels, &c., are now quite exploded,
and the above five colours may be said to complete the
list of colours seen on the race-course. Sometimes these
colours are mixed with a good deal of white, in the shape
of blazes on the face, or white legs and feet ; or even both
may occur, and the horse may have little more than his
body of a brown, bay, or chestnut. Most people, however,
prefer the self colour, with as little white as possible ; and
nothing but the great success of a horse's stock would
induce breeders to resort to him if they were largely
endowed with white. Grey hairs mixed in the coat, as in
Present Varieties of the Horse. 2 1
the Venisons, are rather approved of than otherwise ; but
they do not amount to a roan, in which the grey hairs
equal, or even more than that, the other colour mixed
with them.
The texture of the coat and skin is a great proof of high
breeding, and in the absence of the pedigree would be
highly regarded \ but when that is satisfactory it is of no
use descending to the examination of an inferior proof;
and therefore, except as a sign of health, the skin is sel-
dom considered. In all thorough-bred horses, however,
it is thinner, and the hair more silky than in common
breeds ; and the veins are more apparent under the skin,
partly from its thinness, but also from their extra size and
number of branches. This network of veins is of import-
ance in allowing the circulation to be carried on during
high exertions, when, if the blood could not accumulate
in them, it would often choke the deep vessels of the
heart and lungs ; but by collecting on the surface, great
relief is afforded, and the horse is able to maintain such a
high and long-continued speed as would be impracticable
without their help. Hence, these points are not useful as
a mere mark of breed, but as essential to the very purpose
for which that breed was established.
The mane and tail should be silky and not curly, though
a slight wave is often seen. A decided curl is almost uni-
versally a mark of degradation, and shows a stain in the
pedigree as clearly as any sign can do. Here, however,
as in other cases, the clear tracing of that all-powerful
proof of breeding will upset all reasoning founded upon
inferior data. The setting on of the tail is often regarded
as of great importance, but it is chiefly with reference to
appearances ; for the horse is not dependent for action or
power upon this appendage. Nor is strength of dock of
any value as a sign, and I have known many very stout
horses with flaccid and loosely pendent tails.
The various breeds of Cart horses are exceeding nu-
merous. Most of our larger and heavier breeds of these
animals are crossed with the Flemish horses, and are
thereby rendered heavier and more capable of moving
heavy weights, which their bulk and readiness to try a
22 Present Varieties of the Horse.
" dead pull " render them well adapted for. These enor-
mous animals are often of more than 17^ hands in height.
The Clydesdale, the Cleveland, the Midland Black horse,
and the Suffolk Punch are the four most highly prized varie-
ties of this breed, and have now almost completely shoul-
dered out the old English black cart horse, with his coarse
head and mean, ungainly appearance. It has been tried,
again and again, to cross these four breeds with the Eastern
horse, but though in the first cross it has sometimes suc-
ceeded from the superior purity of the thorough-bred horse,
yet in future crosses the cart blood would show itself;
and there has always been a want of endurance, and a
tendency to throw out bony matter about the legs in the
shaoe of soavins, ring-bones, and splints.
The Shire Horse. The history of this animal
has been set forth in a most interesting book by Mr.
(now Sir) Walter Gilbey. The writer justly pronounces
him to be of " the most ancient breed in England . . .
whose gigantic proportions and magnificent symmetry
are at once the surprise and admiration of all be-
holders ; " * and his investigations lead to the conclusion
that the Shire Horse is the direct descendant in
the purest line, from what is described by ancient
writers as the Great Horse, probably originating in this
country, and further known as the War Horse, or the
old English Black Horse. Under these appellations he
has been variously known for centuries, and in the
statutes of Henry VIII. he appears to have acquired the
more homely title of the Shire Horse, his sphere of
distribution being especially in the rich fen lands
of Lincoln, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton,
Leicester, Stafford, and thence westward to the Severn.
In later days removal has determined his birth and
existence in counties north and south of the above-named
limits, without serious variation of his typical character,
except such as is determined by climate, soil, and food ;
and each decade has witnessed a greater concentration
of interest in breeding and distribution.
* "The Old English War Horse," &c., by Walter Gilbey.
London : Vinton & Co, 1888.
Present Varieties of the Horse. 2 3
The old English Black is principally bred in Leicester,
Northampton, and Lincoln, neighbouring counties con-
tributing also, but the most powerful and largest
animals, sought after by London brewers, builders, &c.,
are the produce of the Lincolnshire fens, where they
have been preserved almost as a distinct race, a lighter
variety of which has been in requisition for mounting
our heavy cavalry.
The distinctive marks of the race, which consist of
the black colour, the blaze on the face, and more or less
of white upon the legs, are generally preserved ; but
through the numerous crosses, typical animals are to be
found of almost all colours. In comparison with their
size the head is small, the neck short and heavy,
shoulders thick and powerful, body round and deep, and
the back with the loins short and broad, massive quarters,
the forearms and thighs enormously strong, the legs
short and flat, and the hoofs large and round, having
well-developed frogs, with moderate arching of the sole.
With such a conformation these animals, are naturally
slow, but this is not a disqualification. They possess
enormous power, and are gifted with a perseverance that
enables them to perform wonders in strength not attain-
able by animals of other breeds, and apparently as well
gifted. Many are perfect models of symmetry and
power, and an additional high quality is the docility,
which under the training of a man devoted to his horse,
develops an intelligence rarely exceeded in other breeds,
The Clydesdales are a noble race of animals, deriving
their name from the vale of the Clyde, where they are
mostly reared. They are sturdy workers in heavy
draught, possess a strong constitution, particularly
adapted to the nortbern climate, and are remarkable
for general substance, capacious chest and abdomen,
muscular limbs, back and loins, broad face, intelligent
eye and kindly temperament. When to these are
superadded the qualities of the Shire Horse, as seen in
the Clydesdales of Seaham Harbour, bred by the
Marquess of Londonderry, the results are almost all
that can be desired.
24 Present Varieties of the Horse.
Coach horses are either ponies, gig horses, Brougham
horses, or coach horses ; being gradually larger and hea-
vier from one end to the other of the line, which begins at
the size of a small pony and extends up to the carriage
horse of 17 hands. Ponies are met with all over England,
Ireland, and Scotland, and are of various breeds, some of
which are of wonderful powers of endurance, with good
symmetry and action, and with never-failing legs and feet.
In general soundness they far excel the larger varieties
of the horse, for which there is no accounting, as they are
much more neglected and frequently very ill-used. A
broken-winded pony, or a roarer, is a very uncommon sight,
and even a lame one is by no means an every-day occur-
rence. There is every reason to believe that the Arab
blood has been largely diffused among the ponies of our
heaths and forests ; and their neat heads and great powers
of endurance, together with the small size of their bones,
would warrant the assumption. Among the Welsh ponies
there is a strong cross of the Norman horse, and they have
many of them the dark mark down the back which is pecu-
liar to that breed, together with the hardiness of constitu-
tion inherent in it. Gigsters of all kinds are the refuse of
the hunting stock or of the racing stud, those which are
too clumsy and slow for those purposes being put to har-
ness. Some are good trotters and yet bad gallopers, and
they are consequently as well fitted for harness work as
they are unsuited for hunting. A great number of gigsters
are also under-sized carriage horses, which latter are the
produce of Cleveland or Clydesdale mares by well-bred 01
even thorough-bred horses. Until lately the Cleveland
mare was almost the sole origin, on the dam's side, of our
best carriage horses ; but latterly the Clydesdale mare has
been very extensively used, and with much better success ;
inasmuch as the produce are much more hardy, and though,
perhaps, not quite so level, yet more blood-like, and their
legs and feet much more firm and enduring.
The Cavalry horse may be considered under three
several heads : first, the charger, or officer's horse; secondly,
the heavy trooper ; and thirdly, the light trooper. The
CHARGER is almost always thorough-bred, or very nearly
Present Varieties of the Horse. 2 5
so, and is a horse bred for racing, but too slow for that
purpose, yet with a fine form and good action, which are
required for the manege. He must have good shoulders,
so as to be able to use his fore-legs ; and his hind quar-
ters should be so formed as to give complete command of
the whole weight which he carries ; in other words, he
must be well upon his haunches. Most chargers are at
least 1 6 hands high, and some still higher.. The HEAVY
TROOP HORSE is a discarded hunter, that is, a horse bred
for that purpose, but considered too heavy to gallop the
pace which is wanted. He is therefore sold at troop-horse
price, which in time of peace was ^24, now somewhat
raised. The household troops are mounted on black
horses, some of which are bred expressly for the regiments
by Yorkshire breeders, and others imported from Belgium.
The LIGHT TROOP HORSES are obtained from all sources,
and many of them now, as might be expected from the
price, are very wooden and inferior animals. The surn
devoted to the purpose will not procure a good service-
able animal, coupled with tolerably good looks ; and as
this latter quality is sought for by colonels of regiments,
utility is too often sacrificed to it. Very few of these
horses are up to more than 14 St., and yet they have to
carry 18 St., so that it is no wonder that in actual service
they break down.
The Galloway is a breed which is much encouraged
by the Welsh farmers, and in other districts where the grass
is of a poor quality, and will not suit larger and less hardy
horses. It is serviceable for all general purposes, but sel-
dom very fast on the gallop. These animals are said to
be descended from Norman blood, a stallion of that breed
having been much used among them in Wales some years
ago. They are hardy and safe, but somewhat obstinate
and unruly. The north-country galloways are scarcely so
good in their shoulders, but they have more speed in the
gallop, and make better covert hacks in consequence.
The Shetland Pony is the least of the species in this
country, and often under 1 1 hands. These ponies are very
quick and active, and will walk, canter, and gallop, with
good action, but seldom trot well.
Ground Plan of a Stable. A, Drains.
CHAPTER III.
THE STABLE-YARD AND ITS OCCUPANTS.
The Stable Aspect Drainage Sewers Rain-water drains Buildings Ma-
terialsPlans Ventilation Paving Partitions Mangers Harness-room
Hay-loft and corn-chamber Stable utensils Clothing.
OF all animals destined for the use of man the horse is
the most useful and profitable, as he is the most noble,
generous, and patient conducing most to our profit, plea-
sure, and sport, notwithstanding the abuse, ill-treatment,
and over-work to which he is subjected by the thoughtless,
the ignorant, and cruel. Thanks to the Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and the highly advanced
state of civilization in this country, much is daily being
done to better and improve the condition of the horse and
of all other animals : still, very much remains to be done.
It is, therefore, both the duty and interest of every man
possessing a horse to see that he is properly stabled, care-
The Stable- Yard and its Occiipants. 27
fully groomed, fed, and shod ; and that he purchases one
suitable and fitted for the work required of him.
Stable. Every one will prefer to have the stables near
his house, if not on his own premises ; in either case, if
they are already built, he must do the best he can with
them. Old buildings are for the most part very defective,
badly drained, and badly ventilated. This must at once
be remedied, and may generally be done at a moderate
expense, which will be amply repaid by the improved
health and comfort of the horses. New stables are better,
but they also frequently require alteration.
28 The Stable- Yard and its Occupants.
For the 'guidance and assistance of those proposing to
build their own stables, subjoined are some plain, useful
remarks on the building, draining, and ventilating, and also
some plans for the arrangement of the stalls and boxes,
and designs for stable fittings, selected from the catalogue
of the St. Pancras Ironworks Company, where fittings and
articles of stable furniture will be found, both for quality
and moderate charges, equal to any in London. These
plans can be varied and enlarged according to circum-
stances.
ASPECT. When about to build a stable, the first con-
sideration will naturally be the selection of a site. We
need not insist on the advantages of a southerly aspect :
they are almost self-evident. The stables will be much
more cheerful, and much warmer, and enable the groom
to avail himself of every gleam of sunshine to open the
windows and thoroughly ventilate the interior.
Unfortunately it is not always possible, from the disposi-
tion of the ground and premises, to manage this. How-
ever, let it be borne in mind that such is the best, the
west the next best, and the north-east the very worst.
It should not be forgotten, also, that a thorough drain-
age is one of the most important points, and every natural
"slope of the land should be taken advantage of in this
respect.
DRAINAGE. Having settled the site and the plans of
the stables, to which we will refer further on, the first works
to be provided for will be the drainage, for these will have
to be carried out simultaneously with the foundations. The
drains will be of two sorts, which should be kept as far
away from one another as it is possible to manage : first,
those connected with the drainage of the interior of the
stables ; second, those intended to carry away the surface
water and collect the rain-water from the roofs, &c.
SEWERS. There are four conditions which are to be
regarded as indispensable in the construction of all drains
from all buildings whatsoever. These conditions are :
Firstly, that the entire length of drain is to be constructed
and maintained with sufficient declivity towards the dis-
charge into the cesspool, to enable the average proportion
The Stable- Yard and its Occupants. 29
and quantity of liquid and solid matters committed to it to
maintain a constant and uninterrupted motion, so that stag-
nation shall never occur. Secondly, that the entire length
of the drain is to be constructed and maintained in a
condition of complete impermeability, so that no portion of
the matters put into it shall accidentally escape from it.
Thirdly, that the head of the drain shall be so efficiently
trapped that no gaseous or volatile properties or products
can possibly arise from its contents. And, fourthly, that
the low extremity of the drain or point of communication
with the cesspool shall be so completely and durably
formed, that no interruption to the flow of the drainage or
escape shall there take place, and that no facility shall be
offered for the upward progress of the sewage in case of
the cesspool becoming surcharged.
For most purposes a fall of 2| inches in 10 feet will be
sufficient, and the drain should be of 3-inch glazed stone-
ware pipes (4 inches for w.c.), with carefully-made socket-
joints laid in the direction of the current, and cemented.
For the head of the drain we would recommend the bell-
trapped horse-pots, which are to be had at all stable fur-
nishing ironmongers, taking care that they are sufficiently
large and of good strong quality.
The cesspool for sewage should be well away from the
tank provided for the reception of the rain-water, and well
30 The Stable- Yard and its Occupants.
X
Plan No. i.
puddled with clay on the outside and cemented inside.
Precaution should also be further taken that all sewage
drains should be laid below the rain-water drains, so that
The Stable- Yard arid its Occupants^ 3!
in case of any accidental defects, no matter will, by any
possibility, taint the water supply. (See Plan No. i.)
RAIN-WATER DRAINS. These will subdivide them-
selves into two : those laid to collect the drainage of yard,
&c., and which may be common pipes laid dry, and leading
to an ordinary cesspool made of bricks laid without mortar,
where the water will collect and gradually lose itself; the
others connected with the down pipes from roofs, and
leading to a rain-water tank. These should be laid with
the same care as the sewer drains : the tank constructed
in the same way, with an overflow pipe to lead to cesspool
just mentioned.
BUILDINGS. Having determined upon the site for the
stables, the next point to study will be the general arrange-
ment of the plan, and the materials for construction.
MATERIALS. As to the materials, economy will dictate
that preference should be given to those supplied by the
immediate neighbourhood ; and we should advise that,
where a professional architect is not employed, the builder
be required to make a drawing and a specification of the
works which he will perform for the named price. Also,
that all the requirements should as much as possible be
foreseen, so that afterwards no alterations be made in the
building, as otherwise it will be impossible to determine
the limit of the cost. Should the estimated price come to
a higher sum than was anticipated, we should not recom-
mend to attempt to get the builder to take something off
the amount, as he will only do so by scamping the work ;
but, premising that he is a respectable and well-recom-
mended man, we should advise that the extent of the
building be reduced in preference to the quality of the
work. Cheap work and cheap materials are always the
dearest in the end.
PLANS. The plan of the building will vary very much
according to the aspect, disposition of land and other
premises, and other local circumstances. These should
be very carefully studied, and the plans well matured, as
the success of the building will greatly depend on the dis-
position of its various parts. We will lay down as one of
the first principles, that no stall should be less than 6 ft.
32 The Stable- Yard and its Occupants.
STAB L ES
Plan No. 2.
\ YARD. /
\ /
V
! /
1:1..
wide by 10 ft. long, no loose box less than 10 ft. square,
and no stable less than 10 ft. high from floor to ceiling.
Passage in rear of stalls 5 ft. wide.
Such arrangement as will put all the horses' heads, the
same way, with the light and ventilation behind them, will
be the most preferable, as enabling the doors and windows
to be opened without placing the horses in a draught.
(See Plan No. 2.)
The doors should be wide and high, and hung in two
heights, with fanlight over (4 ft. by 7 ft. at least), that
the horses may go in and out freely without a chance
'
. z
"
h- oa
33
P
2 X
The Stable- Yard and its Occupants. 33
of knocking themselves about. One often sees a horse
hesitating before entering a stable ; and when, after a little
Door.
Sash.
coaxing, he is persuaded to come on, he will do so with a
rush. Such a horse has, no doubt, at some time or other,
hurt himself when passing through a door either too nar-
row or too low.
The light should be full, as tending greatly to the
cheerfulness of the interior. It is also well known that
horses suffer in health when deprived of light, Nature's
purifier. Dark stables favour the accumulation of dirt,
which by constant putrefactive process gives off dele-
terious gases. The sashes, also, should be hung on
centres in their height, as the most advantageous method
for ventilation.
3
34 The Stable- Yard and its Occupants.
VENTILATION. To complete the ventilation, the only
further requirements will be an opening in the ceiling
not immediately over the horses, but in the rear over the
passage, fitted with an ornamental ventilating grating, to
LllillHm
be shut and open at will, leading to an air-flue laid between
the joists, and conducting the foul air from the stables to
the outside through #n ornamental perforated air brick or
iron grating. A similar ventilating grating, to regulate the
admission of fresh air, will only be necessary where the
doors and windows are small, and fit very accurately.
PAVING. The materials for paving should be of the
hardest quality, on good sound ballast or concrete foun-
dation. Any absorbent materials must be rejected first,
because they will not be of sufficient durability; and,
secondly, because, from their nature, they will retain 'part
of the manure, and the stables will never be sweet. The
paving of boxes and stalls should be laid with a regular
gentle slope to the drain, which should always be in the
centre. Irrespective of other advantages, the horses stand
on the level, and take their rest more comfortably.
An occasional sprinkling of gypsum (sulphate of lime),
when cleaning the stables, will be found to act as a great
purifier. Its great affinity for ammonia causes it to absorb
a great quantity of the gases generated in the stables,
which will thereby lose all their offensive smell ; and none
of the ammonia will be lost, but will be retained in a con-
dition serviceable as manure.
PARTITIONS. The partition for stalls will be match-
lined both sides, and about 4 ft. 2 in. in rear, with a ramp,
and rising to 6 ft. 2 in. towards the mangers; with iron
pillar at the end next passage, with rings for pillar reins.
Sometimes, also, the match-lining will be carried through
The Stable- Yard and its Occupants. 35
in a level line, and by a cast iron the ramp formed orna-
mental panel.
For loose boxes the boarding will be from 5 ft, to about
36 The Stable- Yard and its Occupants.
5 ft. 4 in. high at most, with a 2-ft. ornamental iron panel-
ling over.
MANGERS. The best mangers are those containing hay-
rack, corn-manger, and water-trough in one, as per sketch;
and we more specially recommend that preference should
be given to galvanized iron.
The wall over the manger should be match-boarded to
the height of partitions, and lined with iron hoop bands,
sheet zinc over the joints of match-lining, or enamelled
tiles, to prevent horses biting at it when being cleaned.
The manger will have two rings for halter reins, and a
ring and galvanized chain fitted in wall over same.
The Stable- Yard and its Occupants. 37
38 The Stable- Yard and its Occupants.
HARNESS-ROOM. This should be at least 10 ft. square,
and have in it a fireplace fitted with range with boiler
attached. A handy supply of hot water will be found
most advantageous in the management of the stables, and
we need not point out the necessity of a fire for drying the
rugs, horse-cloths, saddles, harness, &c., in winter-time.
This room should be fitted with convenient hooks and
brackets for the hanging and cleaning of harness. These
are of all sorts of designs, in which individual taste will
be the best guide.
HAY-LOFT AND CORN-CHAMBER. In most stables, in
addition to the coachman's rooms, there is a corn-chamber
and hay-loft over the stable. The former is generally
boarded off, lined all round with sheets of zinc or tin to
keep out the vermin, and the door is provided with a
lock, of which the coachman keeps the key, and gives out
at stated times the corn for so many horses for so many
days. By this means he keeps a check upon the con-
sumption, and prevents waste and pilfering ; both of which
are more likely to occur when the supply is unlimited and
easy of access. When there is not a regular corn-chamber,
one must either be made or a large bin provided, and the
oats bought from the corn-chandler as required, in quan-
tities of two or three quarters at a time, as many as the
bin will contain, which will be found a more expensive
proceeding. Hay, from being bulky, is almost invariably
stowed away in the loft, which should hold at least half
a load ; it must be stored away carefully, and nothing
allowed to run about or play on it. Hay will keep good
and sweet for some time, if in a dry place and not meddled
with. If the loft be large enough, it will be found better
and cheaper to buy a load at a time ; if not, or the loft be
damp, a smaller quantity must suffice.
STABLE UTENSILS. Under this head is included all
that is used in dressing the horse, and in cleansing the
yard and stable.
The pitchfork is used to shake up the straw, of which
the horses' bed is made ; to remove all that becomes
soiled and dirty ; and, in general, to set it fair and straight.
The Stable- Yard and its Occupants. 39
The handle should be kept clean, and the prongs bright.
Price 2S.
The shovel removes the smaller particles, and the scrap-
ings of the stable-yard. Price 2 s. 6d.
The besom, or broom, is used to sweep out the stable
after the damp soiled litter has been removed, and to keep
the yard neat and clean. Those made of birch are the
best, and are bought at about 9^. a dozen, according to
the quality and locality.
A manure basket to take up the droppings. This should
be done before trodden about, to keep the straw clean,
and the stable sweet. Price 2s.
The stable pail should be made of strong oak, bound
with iron, and neatly painted. Cost, from 5^. to 6s. each.
A sieve, to cleanse the oats and chaff of all dust and
small stones. Price 2s. 6d.
A quartern and a half-quartern measure, to measure out
the oats, beans, chaff, &c., for each horse's feed. About
is. 6d. each.
The currycomb. Horses of the present day are so much
better bred than formerly, consequently their coats and
skin are so much finer, there is now much less use for the
currycomb, except to remove the dust from the body-
brush. On very rough-coated horses it may occasionally
be used, but no other should ever be touched with it. In
summer it is absolutely unnecessary, and in these days of
clipping and singeing, in the winter it is almost equally so.
It must always be used lightly, or it will severely punish
the horse, and on no account should the teeth be sharp,
or more than \ in. in length. Price is. 6d.
The body-brush, or horse-brush as it is sometimes called,
is, in the hands of a good groom, the most useful imple-
ment used in dressing the horse, as it thoroughly removes
all dust and dirt, stimulates the skin, and imparts a gloss
to the coat. Cost, about 5^.
The water-brush is to wash all dirt and mud from the
feet and legs of the horse, and stains from his quarters,
&c. Price 4J.
The mane-comb, as the name implies, is to comb the
mane and tail. It should be made of horn, have large
40 The Stable- Yard and its Occupants.
teeth, and be used carefully and only occasionally, as in a
general way a good brushing will answer the purpose with-
out pulling out the hair. Cost, is.
The picker is a blunt iron hook for removing the grit
and stones from the horse's feet. Some SL: made to fold
up for the pocket. A good careful groom will always
carry one of these. Price is. 6d.
A sponge, too, is always necessary to dry the legs, &c.,
after washing, and for other purposes of cleanliness. Price
varies according to place and quality.
Leathers and rubbers are also indispensable for drying
the horse after work, and wiping him over after dressing.
An oil-brush, and tin to hold the oil, to rub round the
hoofs before leaving the stable to go to work.
A singeing apparatus and trimming scissors are neces-
sary. That suitable for using gas costs about 35^., for
burning paraffin, about ios., scissors $s.
To avoid loss and confusion, there should be a place
for everything, and everything in its place, and all the
utensils should be kept bright and clean.
CLOTHING, &c. Every horse standing in a stable must
have a head-collar, with two reins long enough to go
through the two rings fastened to the manger, and to reach
the ground after being each attached to a weight or block
made of hard wood or iron, heavy enough to keep the
reins from twisting or curling up, but not so heavy as to
be a weight or strain upon the horse's head as he moves
it. When in a box, too, a head-collar is always handy on
the quietest horse ; on a tricky or unruly animal, it is ab-
solutely necessary, as he can then be at any time easily
secured without risk or trouble.
Halters Two good web-headed hempen halters are
also requisite in every stable, to lead the horse about
without having to use the head-collar.
Clothing. There is a great variety of clothing, from the
comparatively inexpensive to the most expensive in make
and finish. These consist of blankets or rugs of different
degrees of warmth and thickness according to the time of
year, a roller, a suit of body clothing, and a set of flannel
bandages. The best material will be the cheapest in
The Stable- Yard and its Occupants. 41
the end, as wearing so much longer than the cheaper
kinds.
The blanket or rug should be cut back at the top of the
shoulder, with a projecting piece on each side coming
round and meeting in the centre of the chest, where they
fasten with a buckle and strap. Each rug, too, should be
bound with some strong material to prevent the edges tear-
ing out. Two rugs will be found necessary for each horse.
A suit of body clothing may be made of various mate-
rials, but strong warm serge is best for winter, and a lighter
kind for summer wear. It consists of a quarter-piece, hood
and breast-piece, with roller to match. The roller must be
well padded, to prevent bruising or injury to the back from
pressure.
In winter, in a warm stable, a heavy rug and the body
clothing will be found sufficient during the day, but at
night the latter should be removed to keep it clean, and
another rug substituted.
7he flannel bandages are put on after the horse has had
his legs washed, to keep them dry and warm. They are
also of great service in illness, to keep up the circulation
and warmth in the extremities. In hunting stables, where
the horses must be occasionally sweated, it will be neces-
sary to have two or three spare rugs and hoods in use for
that purpose, and which should be carefully washed and
dried. The price of clothing varies so much according to
the quality and finish, it is difficult to name any, but a re-
spectable saddler will at any time give an estimate for the
kind required.
A variety of information on stable routine, &c., will be
found in "The Horse-Owner and Stableman's Com-
panion." London and New York : Frederick Warne
and Co. Price is.
42 How to Purchase a Horse,
CHAPTER IV.
HOW TO PURCHASE A HORSE.
Hack or Riding Horse The Ladies' Horse The Hunter Carriage Horse-
Horses for light harness Horses for heavy harness Cobs and Ponies-
Defects, diseases, and faults to be avoided in all Horses.
To THE inexperienced the purchase of a horse is a matter
of some little difficulty and risk, and the object of this book
is to throw out some few hints to enable the intending pur-
chaser to ascertain first what sort of a horse he requires
(not always an easy task), then the best and safest way to
buy him, and the best and most economical way to pre-
serve him in health and condition to perform the duties
required of him.
And first I must caution all purchasers against a very
common fault that of wanting and expecting to find per-
fection in any horse : there is no such thing either in man
or horse ; all that can be done is to select one as nearly
as possible approaching the standard required. As in
everything " a little knowledge is a dangerous thing," it
is particularly so in all relating to the purchase and man-
agement of the horse. The inexperienced purchaser should
therefore, place himself either in the hands of an experi-
enced friend or respectable dealer, and unless he knows
something of an animal previously, be very cautious in pur-
chasing at the sales by auction, or from advertisements,
however flatteringly described, and seemingly fair in allow-
ing trials, &c. The great demand for horses, both at home
and abroad, during the last few years has raised the price
at least fifty per cent., and in some classes to even more
than that.
There are several highly respectable dealers in London 5
and generally one at least in most large towns in the coun-
try, to whom an intending purchaser may apply, and who,
on his stating the sort of horse he requires, and the pur-
pose for which he requires him, will show him some from
which he may make a selection, the dealer guaranteeing the
How to Purchase a Horse. 43
horses to be sound and quiet to ride or drive, &c. As so
much difference of opinion exists as to what constitutes
soundness or unsoundness in horses, most dealers of the
present day decline to warrant any horse sound, but allow
the purchaser to have him examined by any veterinary sur-
geon he may select, whose certificate that he is sound at
the time of purchase exonerates the dealer from all respon-
sibility in that respect. Most horses purchased out of a
dealer's stable are fat and short of work, and at first care
is requisite that they be used carefully and steadily, and
brought to work by degrees, or illness may probably result
to the horse and disappointment to the owner ; the dealer
not unfrequently getting the blame for what arises, not
from any fault of his, but from a want of knowledge or care
on the part of the owner in too soon putting him to work
for which he was not yet fit, and the ill effects of which a
little care, a few days' patience, and a mild dose of physic
would have prevented.
In his choice of a horse the purchaser will of course be
guided by whether he wants one for riding or driving pur-
poses : if for the former, he will be particular that the shoul-
der lies well back, and if strong, not loaded at the top or
points that he has a good back, deep body, clean, flat,
wiry-looking legs, and free from large splints, curbs, spa-
vins, &c. ; that his feet are firm and of moderate size
neither large and flat, and therefore necessarily weak, nor
strong and narrow like those of a mule. When a horse has
natural feet of the latter description they are generally re-
markably sound, and will stand a great deal of work ; but,
as a rule, that shape is produced by internal disease, ren-
dering the horse unsound when put to work.
If for driving purposes, he need not be so particular about
the shoulders ; for harness they may be stronger, heavier,
and more upright, as many make capital harness horses that
are, from their formation, very uncomfortable to ride.
Having met with one suitable for his purpose, the pur-
chaser must not let a few pounds prevent him buying him,
if rather more than the price to which he had proposed to
go. For instance, an intending purchaser limits himself
to price, say ^"70; he sees one the very thing he wants for
44 How to PurcJiase a Horse.
a few pounds more, but declines to go beyond his fixed
price. He eventually buys one he thinks may suit at about
his price ; after a time, finding he will not do, he changes
him away for another as unlikely to suit him, paying ^10
or ^15 more, simply to get rid of the first. This again is
changed away in his turn, and so on, till at last he finds him-
self still unsuited, with one that, altogether, after the diffe-
rent changes and payments, costs him nearly double the
price of that he declined at first as being beyond his figure.
Horses are for the most part unfit for the London mar-
ket, and for general use, till they are at least five years
old ; but a dealer will occasionally buy a good one at four
years old, if at a corresponding price. Some men, and
often young men, fond of riding, cannot afford to give a
high price for a horse for their own use. He has either to
put up with an unsound or a blemished one. But if his
work is not hard, and he is a pretty fair horseman, he would
find it advantageous to buy a good four-years old, and use
him gently for a year, when, if all went well, he would have
a good horse at a cheaper rate. A man must understand
something about horses and their management to do this
to advantage.
The Hack, or Riding Horse.
In selecting a riding horse much must depend upon the
size and weight of the rider. The best and most useful
size is from 15 hands to 15 hands 2 in. The most fashion-
able colours are bay, brown, and dark chestnut. A really
good riding horse, with good action and fine manners, is
very difficult to find, as he must be good-looking, well
made, sound, and temperate, with breeding substance,
action, and courage. His head should be lean, the eye
bold and prominent, the muzzle small, with large nostrils.
The neck should be good, and slightly arched to bend to
the bridle, shoulders lie well back and strong, but not
heavy and loaded at the points, the body deep and round,
strong back and loin, with good deep quarters and good
firm legs and feet. He must ride lightly in hand, walk
pleasantly and safely, trot freely, with good action, and
canter easily, yielding to the bit without pulling. He
How to Ptirchase a Horse. 45
must carry the saddle well back behind the shoulders :
nothing is so uncomfortable or looks so badly in any
description of riding horse as sitting on the top of the
shoulders instead of behind them. The price will vary
according to his action, manners, and appearance, as well
as the weight he can carry. From ^35 or ^40 for the
light blood hack with low action, to ^"70 or ^80 for good
useful sorts, and up to ,150 to .200, or even more, for
first-class horses of great style and manners, with very
grand action. Many horses of this class are very fast,
and can trot up to twelve and fourteen miles an hour ; but
if they do seven or eight miles pleasantly and well, they
will be fast enough, as few men care to ride faster.
The great defects to be avoided in purchasing a riding
horse are a loose weak neck horses so formed invariably
getting their heads up, and being very uncomfortable to
ride ; low upright shoulders ; and twisted fore-legs ren-
dering the horse liable to hit either the inside of the knee
or fetlock joint, which is very dangerous and likely to
cause him to fall. A shy, nervous horse, too, should be
avoided, as well as a hot, irritable one. Horses of a light
chestnut colour are very often so, and in company will not
settle into any pace. Ten miles is a fair average day's
work. The expense of keep, shoeing, &c., will average
30J-. a week for one, but where two or more are kept it
will decrease in proportion.
The Ladies' Horse.
A perfect ladies' horse is of all descriptions the most
difficult to find. So many good qualities, which, though
desirable in all riding horses, may be overlooked in those
for men, are here absolutely essential. Fine temper and
courage, a light level mouth, and fine manners, are indis-
pensable. He should be from 15 hands to 15 hands 3 in.
high, with a good head and neck, fine oblique shoulders,
rather long in the body, with a good back and loin, deep
strong quarters, firm sound legs and feet. If the hind legs
are rather bent, so much the better; he will get them
more under him, and consequently his paces will be easier
horses with straight hind legs invariably pitching most
46 How to Purchase a Horse.
unpleasantly in the canter, which must be easy and elegant.
As few ladies ride more than from 10 to n St., including
a 19 or 20 Ib. saddle, and ease and lightness in action are
indispensable, the ladies' horse should be very nearly
thorough-bred, if not quite so. He must walk well and
freely, step lightly but sharply in the trot, with a rather
long easy canter. He must be high-couraged and free,
but at the same time docile and temperate. A slow, lazy
horse is as objectionable and disagreeable to ride as a hot,
irritable one. The latter will sometimes go quietly and
temperately in the hands of a lady, though irritable and
fidgety when ridden by men, owing to the easier, lighter
pull on their mouths. From the position of the ladies' seat
and from the great length and incumbrance of the habit,
it follows they cannot have the same power and control
over the horse that men have, and accidents to them are
more likely to be attended with dangerous results ; hence
greater care is necessary in selecting a horse for their use
free from all tricks, nervousness, and vice.
Many are called good ladies' horses that have no other
recommendation than their being very quiet, which with
very many will cover a multitude of faults.
A few years since ladies rode no pace but the walk and
canter, but lately the trot has become a favourite and
fashionable pace ; consequently a safe, sharp, easy trot is
now essential in all horses to carry a lady.
The ladies' hunter differs in some respects from the
riding horse for the road or park ; he may be less showy
and stronger. He must be eight or nine years old, have
been well and regularly ridden to hounds for at least two
or three seasons, and thoroughly understand his business ;
not less than 15 hands 2 in. or more than 16 hands high,
well above the weight he has to carry, well-bred, and fast,
but thoroughly quiet and temperate among other horses
and at his fences, which he should take freely and cleverly,
go well in the bridle without pulling, and turn readily with
a motion of the hand.
A hot, irritable, fretful brute, or one with a weak, loose
neck is uncomfortable enough for a man to ride, but it is
absolutely dangerous to allow any lady to ride such a one
How to Purchase a Horse. 47
on the road to say nothing of riding him to hounds
however good he may be represented to be.
The best colours for ladies' horses are bay, brown, dark
chestnut, or black. There is an old saying, that " A good
horse cannot be a bad colour ; " and though no purchaser
should decline to buy one that is likely to suit him on
account of colour, those I have named are to be preferred.
The price of horses differs so greatly, and depends so
much on their make, style, and qualifications, that it is
difficult to name an average one ; but a good ladies' horse,
either for the road or the field, is always worth from ^100
to ^150.
The Hunter.
In selecting a hunter it is necessary to bear in mind the
country in which he is to be ridden. In the grass countries
of Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, &c., the hunter must
be nearly if not quite thorough-bred : the enclosures being
large, the fences strong, and the scent over the grass good,
nothing but blood can go the pace and keep on jumping.
The reason is this : when going with hounds the thorough-
bred is never really extended, but is always going within
himself, while the half-bred is going all the time at the
top of his pace, and necessarily becomes much sooner
exhausted.
In a close country, on the contrary, the half-bred hunter
is preferred. The pace is not so fast, and the horse is con-
stantly eased by being pulled up and steadied at the fences;
for it is a well-known fact that fences stop hounds more
than they do horses. In countries of this description, as
Essex, Herts, Surrey, &c., the land is generally ploughed,
wet and heavy, the enclosures are smaller, and the fences
being principally bank and ditch, must be taken steadily
and carefully. I have seen some quite common half-bred
horses go remarkably well over a close country that could
not live for five minutes over the grass countries.
The points essential to a hunter are a lean head and
neck, well set on to good oblique shoulders, a strong back
and loin, wide hips, a deep body and back ribs, good mus-
48 How to Purchase a Horse.
cular quarters, and gaskins well let down to the hocks, and
clean, firm legs and feet. He must be temperate, with
plenty of courage, and have a good mouth and manners.
His size will vary from 1 5 hands i in. to 1 6 hands 2 in.,
according to the weight he has to carry and the descrip-
tion of country he has to cross. From 15 hands 3 in. to
1 6 hands 2 in. is perhaps the best size for the flying grass
countries, while from 15 hands i in. to 15 hands 3 in. will
be found better and handier for the close deep country.
The Irish hunter is very much improved of late years.
From the importation into Ireland of some of the best-
bred English stallions, they have lost a good deal of the
mean appearance they formerly had, are better bred and
better looking, with deeper and longer quarters. The
Irish horse had generally a small neat head, oblique but
rather weak shoulders, short back ribs, and mean, droop-
ing quarters all which has been very much improved,
and some very first-class horses are now bred in Ireland.
They are generally very clever, particularly good timber-
jumpers better adapted, perhaps, for the close heavy
countries than the grass. When honest and good-tempered
they are very pleasant to ride, but from often being tricky
and shifty, require care in purchasing. The price of the
hunter depends very much on his breed, appearance,
manners, and ability. For the grass countries it would
vary from TOO to ^300, and for the close plough coun-
tries from ^"80 to ^"200.
The amount of work that may be fairly expected of a
hunter is one day a week with staghounds and three days
a fortnight with foxhounds. From being particularly liable
to accidents from blows, thorns, over-reaches, &c., it will
generally be found that out of a stud of four, one will be
hors de combat. The best and hardiest colours are bay,
brown, dark chestnut, and black. Light chestnuts are very
often hot and irritable, and also bad feeders when put to
work. Horses with short back ribs, too, are almost inva-
riably bad feeders.
Hunters go in all forms, but a loose, weak neck and
twisted fore-legs are always to be avoided. The former is
the most dangerous fault a hunter can have : it is impos-
rt'S's i.
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ffotv to Purchase a Horse. 49
sible to steady him at his fences, or in any way interfere
with his mouth, without his at once throwing up his head ;
consequently he cannot see where he is going, and serious
falls are the result. With twisted fore-legs, the horse is
liable to hit and cut himself under the knee and on the
fetlock joint, resulting in lameness and swelling, even if
he do not fall.
The Carriage Horse.
These horses are bred principally in Yorkshire and the
North of England ; are bought there by the principal
dealers and jobmasters at three and four years old, and
are broken * driven, and matched by them for some time
before they are fit for the carriages of the nobility and
gentry. Carriage horses are always either bay or brown ;
those without white are preferred. They must be fully
1 6 hands high, with rather long rainbow neck, strong but
oblique shoulders, deep round body, with long muscular
quarters, carrying a good tail, clean flat legs, and good
firm feet. Being kept more for show than work, grand
stylish appearance and action are indispensable ; and from
being generally loaded with flesh, unless the feet and legs
are good, they will soon wear out. A pair of well-matched
carriage horses, with style and grand action, will fetch a
long price, as much as';6oo or ^700 being sometimes
given.
This is easily accounted for if we bear in mind the great
expense, trouble, time, and risk that are involved in pur-
chasing, breaking, and perfecting a pair of horses of the
size and style required. In fact, so great is the risk and so
many the disappointments, that many do not buy horses
for their carriage, but prefer hiring them of a respectable
jobmaster. But in this, as in all other sorts and descrip-
tions of horses, there are various classes, and the purchaser
can suit himself, from the pair of good useful average
horses, at about ^270, up to almost any price for first-rate
style and action.
The great defects to which carriage horses are liable,
from their size and general formation, are defect of the
wind, either roaring or whistling, horses with long rainbow
4
50 How to Purchase a Horse.
necks very frequently becoming so after a bad cold or an
attack of influenza. All large horses, too, are more or less
liable to their wind becoming affected after illness. In-
flammation of the feet is another common complaint with
horses of this class. Loaded with flesh to improve their
style and appearance, and with high action in addition to
their weight two great causes of inflammatory attacks
they are very liable to this complaint, unless great care is
taken to guard against it. Many carriage horses, too, have
flat feet, rendering them doubly liable to an attack of this
description ; in them the sole of the foot will sink, becom-
ing convex instead of concave. When such is the case,
great care is requisite in shoeing, or the horse will not be
workably sound.
Some few years since grey was the most fashionable
colour for carriage horses, now bays and brown have quite
superseded it for all descriptions of horses ; and unless he
is very first-rate, a grey horse is almost universally ob-
jected to.
In hiring or jobbing carriage horses the price per month
varies according to the time of year. For the months of
May, June, and July, the height of the London season, it
would be about 2 1 or ,22 per month for a pair of good-
looking, useful horses. For the rest of the year it would
vary from 16 to not less than 12 per month, according
to the time of year and the value of the horses. If hired
by the year, the price would be from ^90 to ^"100 for a
pair of horses, and 60 for a single horse. The hirer in
all cases to provide fodder, &c., and to pay all expenses,
as shoeing, &c., unless a separate agreement is entered
into, when the price will be proportionately more.
Horses for Light Harness.
In this class may be included horses suitable for gigs,
T-carts, light broughams, dog-carts, &c. They should be
well-bred, neck rather long and arched, with good back
and quarters, strong oblique shoulders, carry a good head
and tail, and be of a generally showy and stylish appear-
ance, with high grand action. Horses of this description
How to Purchase a Horse. 5 1
are more fitted for the park and for show than for real
work, and command high prices.
For general use horses of a more common description
will be preferred less showy and with less action the
better to stand the wear and tear of the hard roads, and
must be selected according to the work required of them.
Many of them are very fast, and can trot up to fifteen or
sixteen miles an hour. All must have a certain amount of
style and action to render them safe and pleasant to drive ;
but, as a rule, the higher and grander the action, the less
useful is the horse for real work the wear and tear of
horses of this class being so great as almost to preclude
them from all that can be called " work," and they are
suitable only for the park and show.
The most fashionable colours are bay, brown, chestnut,
and black. The height will vary from 15 hands to 15
hands 3 in., according to the size and description of car-
riage he has to draw ; and the price will vary from ^50
to ^150, according to style and action.
The Horse for Heavy Harness.
Horses for this description of work are those that have
grown too large and coarse for carriage horses, and are
used principally to run in spring vans by railway carriers
and others requiring great strength combined with a cer-
tain amount of pace, and for which the cart horse is not
adapted from being too slow, and from his weight and
heavy action liable very soon to shake himself on the road
when put beyond a walking pace. Another sort is the
common, coarse, half-bred horse, too light for a cart horse,
and too plain and heavy for private carriages. These are
generally used in omnibuses, for which they are admirably
adapted, as, from their size and power, as well as being
for the most part active and on short legs, they can draw
these heavy machines, often loaded inside and out, at the
rate of six miles an hour which is as fast as the frequent
stoppages, the bad foothold on the stones, and the crowded
state of our streets will admit.
The height of the former will be from T 6 hands to 1 7
5 2 'How to Purchase a Horse.
hands ; that of the latter from 15 hands 2 in. to 16 hands.
Good useful animals of either class will cost from ^40
to $o.
Cobs and Ponies.
The cob is a strong little horse, about 14 hands high,
and of various descriptions. The better class are bred
principally in Norfolk or Lincolnshire. When well-bred
and good-looking, with action, they are not only very use-
ful, but very valuable for carrying heavy and elderly men,
as, being low, they are easy to get on and off. A good
cob must have a good head, a strong but not heavy neck,
good oblique and very strong shoulders, not loaded at the
top or points, a deep round body, good loin, and strong
muscular quarters and thighs short, flat, firm legs, and
good round feet: he should walk freely and well; step
sharp and high in the trot, and canter safely and freely ;
if, in addition to these qualifications, he is quiet and does
not shy or stumble, he is invaluable. A great many are
bred in Wales, but by far the best come from Norfolk,
Lincolnshire, and the North, where much more attention
is paid to breeding them, and more care is taken of them
than in Wales, where they run wild on the hills till they
are three or four years old, when they are sent over into
England in droves to be sold at the different fairs and
markets.
The faults to be avoided in purchasing a cob are upright
shoulders, want of courage, and want of action. Particu-
lar attention must be paid to the shoulders that they are
well formed and oblique, many horses of this class having
low, upright shoulders, which renders them valueless as
riding cobs, and useful only for harness purposes nothing
being so uncomfortable and looking so ugly as riding on
the top of the shoulders instead of well behind them, which
must necessarily be the case with straight, low shoulders.
In fact, the value of a cob depends almost entirely on his
shoulders and action ; for, whereas in the one case he
would be only worth ^30, in the other he might be worth
;i2o, or even more. Some very fast-trotting cobs are
How to Purchase a Horse. 5 3
bred in Wales, but they are mostly deficient in style and
quality, though they can go a great pace. As a rule, Welsh
horses are much better than they appear to be : they are
hardy, useful, and strong, and will stand a great amount
of work; and, in addition, can generally be bought at a
price suitable for those who want a useful animal at a
moderate price in preference to a showy and expensive
one.
The next variety \ve will notice is the pony ; and there
are various sorts, or rather kinds, named after the counties
and localities in which they are bred as the Welsh, the
Scotch, the Exmoor, New Forest, Shetland, &c. They are
all rough, strong, and hardy animals, varying in height from
12 hands to 14 hands, doing a great amount of hard work
at a small expense for keep, &c. Though for the most part
well-bred, they are generally deficient about their shoulders,
which are low and upright, like those of most ponies. They
are of no value for general riding purposes, except to carry
children, and are principally used to go in light harness, in
which they will do an amount of work almost incredible if
properly cared for. They are sure-footed and fast, if not
over-weighted, and some make first-rate shooting ponies ;
but they rarely grow to much value. The Welsh ponies
grow to a larger size than the other sorts I have mentioned,
and in all there is a marked improvement of late years,
owing to small thorough-bred stallions having been sent
into the different districts for the purpose of improving the
breeds. The prices would vary from ^15 to .30, accord-
ing to circumstances, age, action, &c.
The Shetland pony is the smallest of his class, seldom
exceeding io hands high, some never growing above 9
hands high. They are like dray horses in miniature are
very strong, active, and hardy ; have small heads, good
shoulders, capital backs and quarters, and from their great
beauty, combined with general good temper and docility,
are well calculated for the use of children. They are too
small for any other purpose, except for drawing a small
chaise. Some are very fast and enduring. I once knew
one only 10 hands high, that had trotted ten miles within
the hour in harness.
54 How to Purchase a Horse.
Defects, Diseases, and Faults to be avoided
in all Horses.
A loose, weak neck. Horses so formed are extremely
unpleasant to ride ; they get their heads up, cannot see
where they are going, and it is impossible to feel their
months.
Twisted fore-legs. Horses with this defect, when put
to work, hit the inside of the fetlock joint, and very often
under the knee as well. Both are highly dangerous, as
the parts soon become swelled and sore from repeated
blows, rendering the horse liable to fall.
Capped hocks are very unsightly, but seldom cause lame-
ness.
Diseased eyes, 'from any cause, are sure to terminate in
blindness.
Stringhalt. Catching up one or both the hind legs.
When considerable, it renders the horse very unpleasant
either to ride or drive.
All bony enlargements of the joints viz., spavin, ring-
bone, sidebones, &c., as causing lameness, very difficult
and doubtful of cure.
Lamitritis, or inflammation of the laminae, generally re-
sulting in pumiced or convex soles of the feet.
Corns, unless small, as, if not properly treated, they are
very troublesome, often causing temporary lameness, and
rendering the horse cramped in his action, and liable to
fall.
Chronic cough. Frequently terminates in broken wind.
Megrims. An attack of giddiness, more or less violent,
that frequently attacks some horses, rendering them for
the time highly dangerous. Since condition has been
better understood, and horses are fed more on manger food
and do not have so much hay, megrims are not so common
as formerly. Fast free horses are more liable to it than
others. The cause is supposed to be determination of
blood to the head.
Navicular disease. Lameness in the navicular joint,
and incurable.
An unnerved horse, as showing the horse's feet are dis-
Stable Servants. 55
eased. Many unnerved horses will with care do a great
deal of work either on the road or in the field. It is a
merciful operation by which many horses can work and
move about with ease and comfort, that must otherwise
have been destroyed) or lived in pain and misery to the
end of their days.
Roaring. A disease of the respiratory organs, causing
the horse to make a noise when put to any exertion.
All enlargements of sinews and tendons, arising from
breaking down or violent strains, unless the horse has been
properly fired for them, and is intended only for light, easy
work, when he may stand.
All horses that show any sort of vice, as rearing, kicking,
running away, being restive, and shy badly, or are vicious
in the stable. Such animals are highly dangerous to all,
but particularly so to the inexperienced.
CHAPTER V.
STABLE SERVANTS AND STABLE
MANAGEMENT.
Stable servants Groom Stable management of the Horse Feeding in the
stable and out Water Summering the hunter Exercise and work Clip-
ping and singeing Degree of warmth required for stabled Horse Manage-
ment of the feet Stable vices Tricks and vices out of the stable Harness
for Saddle Horses Harnessing and putting-to Cleaning Harness.
THE coachman must be a steady, sober, good-tempered,
and respectable man, his office being in most cases a very
responsible one ; many masters, either from want of energy
or through ignorance, leaving so much to his management.
He not only has the entire control of the carriage and
horses, buying the oats, hay, straw, &c., but very frequently
selects and purchases the horses, so that, unless a conscien-
tious man, he has it in his power to subject his master to
serious loss and inconvenience. He must have had con-
siderable experience in driving, to drive quietly and steadily
56 Stable Servants and
without allowing the horses to jerk or snatch, which is most
disagreeable and uncomfortable to those in the carriage,
and thoroughly understand their management in the stable.
No man, however willing, can attend properly to more
than two horses and the carriage, and if the carriage be
out on an average three hours a day, he will find he has
but little time to spare if properly turned out. The great
inconvenience of having only one servant is, that, on the
carriage coming in wet and dirty, if it be not at once
washed before the mud dries on, it will not only take
much longer to clean, but the paint and varnish suffer by
the mud being allowed to dry on ; while if this be done at
once, the horses are standing quite unattended to, at the
risk of taking cold, getting cracked heels, &c.
In case of accident or illness, however, disabling one
horse, three or more are generally kept, in which case a
helper is indispensable, and the wet carriage and horses
can then receive proper and immediate attention.
The coachman generally has rooms over the stable to
protect the property, and to be on the spot in case of
accident or illness to the horses, so that he lives rent free;
in addition to which his average wages will be 2 per
week, including his livery, stable dress, coals, candles, &c. ;
those of a helper will vary from 153-. to ^i, according to
his age, and the locality. Where a coachman has but one
hor-se and carriage to drive and attend to, a younger and
less experienced man will answer the purpose, particularly
in the country. In this case, as his time will not be fully
occupied in the stable, he may be expected and required
to make himself useful about the house, &c. His wages,
too, will average los. or i2s. a week less than those of a
superior coachman.
The Groom.
There are several descriptions and classes of grooms
employed in private stables. With the stud groom, for the
breaking and training of thorough-bred horses, we have
here nothing to do. The most important is the groom for
the training and management of hunters. For this pur-
pose he must be steady, respectable, and intelligent, and
oy
fc3
55 co
T
II
Stable Management. 57
have had considerable experience ; for, as the hunter, to
carry a man well and safely to hounds, must be very fit, it
follows that the groom must understand not only how to
prepare him, but when he is fit.
The preparation required for a hunter is such as to
enable him to carry a certain weight through deep ground
for some hours, often at a great pace ; hence his wind must
be clear, his flesh hard and firm, he must be full of power
and muscle to perform the severe and long-continued exer-
tion so often required of him.
No groom can, without considerable experience, do this,
as he must understand how to feed and treat the various
habits and constitutions of the different horses that come
under his charge, the quantity of corn, &c., and the amount
of work best suited for each horse, and how to treat the
various accidents, blows, strains, thorns, cuts, &c., to which
all hunters are liable.
A hunting groom cannot properly attend to more than
three hunters without help. In studs of five or six he should
have two helpers under him, and in large studs one man
to every three hunters ; his own time will be fully taken
up in a general superintendence of the helpers, attending
to the horses that are ill or have met with accidents, &c.,
and perhaps riding second horses for his master when
hunting.
A good hunting groom is a very valuable servant, so
much depending upon him as to the safety, comfort, and
style in which a man is carried to hounds. He cannot, of
course, make a good or fast horse out of a bad or slow
one, but by proper care, attention, and exercise he can
very much improve him, and a fair moderate horse fit to
go will generally beat a really good one only half prepared.
His average wages, including extras, will amount to
from 30J. to 35^. per week; but in his case, as in that of
any first-rate trustworthy servant, a few additional pounds
a year is money very well and economically laid out.
Another class of groom is one that is rarely expected
either to ride or drive. His duties are to feed, dress, and
attend to the horses generally, and clean a chaise and
harness, &c. He should be active, respectful, and obliging;
5 8 Stable Servants and
two horses with a chaise and harness will be as much as
he can properly attend to ; and should he be expected
occasionally to drive or ride, he will need a helper : nothing
tends so much to spoil a servant and make him idle and
careless in his work as giving him more than he can fairly
and properly do. When a groom is required to help in
the stable, and ride behind his master and family, I know
of no one so useful and fitted for the purpose as a good
steady lad out of a racing stable, and who has grown
too heavy for that work, as he is sure to be a good stable-
man, and to ride well and smartly.
After these come the nondescript class, part groom, part
cowman and gardener, who are more useful than smart or
ornamental. They cannot be called grooms; they simply
just feed and "look after" the horse, or pony and carriage,
and are for the most part young fellows who are either too
lazy or too loutish to try to improve or take any pride or
interest in their work.
Stable Management of the Horse.
In the morning the first thing the groom does on enter-
ing the stable, which must not be later than six o'clock, if
the weather be warm and fine, will be to open the door
and admit some fresh air ; he will then give each horse a
little water and a piece of hay; having eaten which, he
will put on the hood and the watering-bridle, and take him
out for exercise. While out, the helpers will separate the
dry clean straw from the damp and soiled, removing the
latter to the manure-heap. Thoroughly sweep and cleanse
the floor of each stall and box, allowing the straw to remain
turned up until the return of the horses, when it may be
partly littered down again. Each horse will then have a
feed of corn, and having eaten it, be well dressed and his
stall or box set fair. When one groom only is kept, or
where the horses do a fair amount of work during the
day, early exercise is impossible and unnecessary.
In dressing the horse the first thing the groom does is
to turn him round in his stall, fold the rug back from his
neck and shoulders, then well and carefully brush his head,
neck, and shoulders with the body-brush, cleaning it with
Stable Manag enient. 5 9
the currycomb as often as required. He is then turned
back in the stall, the clothing removed, and his body, hind-
quarters, and legs undergo the same careful and thorough
brushing, care being taken to keep the brush clean with
frequent use of the currycomb. He is next wiped all over
with a damp wisp made of hay -bands, which entirely
removes any remaining dust, and after being well wiped
over with a linen rubber or wash-leather, his clothes are
put on and secured by the roller. His eyes, nose, and
anus are next sponged clean, his mane and tail carefully
combed or brushed, first with a dry and then with a damp
brush ; the feet are carefully picked out and washed, the
legs well brushed, and if dirty or stained, well washed, and
either rubbed dry or dried in flannel bandages. The stall
is then set fair,, and the horse ready for use.
With grey or light-coloured horses, or that have white
legs, the better plan will be to wash all stains off the
quarters, &c., and to wash the legs with warm water and
soap, rubbing the first dry and well bandaging the latter
before proceeding to dress the horse, as by the time that
operation is over the legs will be dry and the horse warm
and comfortable.
In the spring and autumn, when the horse is shedding
his coat and the hair is broken and thin, the body-brush
must be laid aside, the wisp and rubber being then quite
sufficient for the necessary dressing.
Before having the harness put on to go out, the horse
must again be wiped over, his mane and tail brushed, and
his hoofs nibbed round with the oil-brush. Some people
object to the use of the oil-brush to the feet, and only
have them done round with a wet brush.
On returning to the stable after work, if he be clean and
dry, his feet should be well picked out and washed, and he
should again be well dressed and set fair. But if he returns
hot and tired and wet and dirty, the best and quickest plan
is to wash him all over with tepid water, scraping him
immediately as dry as possible, clothing him up, and
bandaging his legs above his knees and hocks with flannel
bandages. If the weather be warm, he may be washed in
the open air, and a light suit of clothes put on, to be re-
60 Stable Servants and
placed by fresh as soon as he is dry ; but in winter, and if
it be cold, he must be washed in the stable, and a suit of
warm clothing put on until he is dry, when it must be
changed. By this means the horse will be got fresh and
comfortable in a much shorter time and with less fatigue
to himself than if the dirt and sweat were removed in any
other way and he was rubbed dry.
At seven o'clock, the horses that have not been out or
done but little work may again have their clothing removed
and be wiped over, which must not be done when the horse
is tired with work and has been once made fresh. They
may then be fed, their heads let down, and the stable
closed for the night.
FEEDING IN THE STABLE AND OUT. The food upon
which the horse is fed in Great Britain, in almost all cases,
consists of hay or green meat as the staple, together with
the addition of one or more of the following articles
namely, oats, bran, beans, carrots, turnips, or potatoes.
Barley is only given to farming horses in this country,
though abroad it is very commonly substituted for oats ; as
green food, common grass, vetches, Lucerne, and rye (com-
mon or Italian) are generally given. When green food is
used in the stable it is called soiling the horse, and when
given in the fields, turning him out to grass.
The hay given to horses at fast work, whether on the
road or for hunting, should be in all cases of upland
quality. Meadow or clover-hay is only fit for cart horses,
which require a considerable quantity of fatty matter, and
do not sweat to any great extent, nor is their wind tried
as in fast work. Green hay is not good, there being less
nourishment in it than in properly fermented, and therefore
brown, hay ; and though it does not prove that the hay
is new, as is very commonly supposed, yet it is not nearly
so wholesome as the brown variety, provided it is not
mouldy or burnt from over-heating. Hay should be cut
from the inside of a large rick, at least one year old, and
should be very sweet and fragrant : it is better tied together
in trusses, which are in most counties 56 Ib. each, so that
the weight of a load is easily estimated by counting them.
Not more than two or three months' consumption should
Stable Management. 61
be stowed away at one time, as it is liable to become
mouldy and musty, and it will then be refused by horses,
or, if taken, it will disagree with their stomachs. The
quantity which a full-sized horse at strong but moderately
slow work will consume, is about 84 Ib. per week, or from
that to 98 Ib., which latter quantity some washy large
horses absolutely require to keep them in health. There
is a vast difference in horses in respect of the weight of
hay necessary for their full condition ; some will eat nearly
twice as much as others, and yet not be half so strong, or
look nearly so fleshy and full of health. I have often had
two medium-sized horses in my stable which together lived
upon as little as another larger horse in similar condition
consumed to his own share. Nevertheless, 12 Ib. may be
considered the average for full-sized horses ; but no master
should make up his mind that his one horse is sufficiently
fed if he has that quantity, for it may very probably happen
that he is one of those hungry ones which will require at
least i cwt. per week, especially if the rack is a high one,
and the groom is not very careful to replace the wasted
hay. In all racks the hay should be lightly put in, and not
pressed down, for if it is, the horse will be sure to pull out
more than one mouthful at a time, and if his attention is
called to the foot of the stall, he will turn his head round
and bring a quantity of loose hay with it, even if the rack
is as low as it should be.
Chaff 'is hay cut up with straw in a chaff machine, which
may be the old box-and-knife used with the hand, or it may
consist of any of the various chaff engines which are now
sold by the machine-makers, and worked either by the hand
or by horse or steam power. The hay used is in most stables
the coarse parts of the usual quality employed, which would
otherwise be rejected, and sometimes even the hay-bands
are cut up in this way. It is arranged in the trough of the
machine with alternate layers of straw, so that the chaff
when cut consists of portions of hay and oat straw about
half an inch long, and mixed in equal quantities. Care
should be exercised that both are sound and sweet, as
inferior- food is the reverse of economy as well as subver-
sive of good health. Chaff is now the substitute for hay
62 Stable Servants and
in many establishments, experience having shown that
by it all horses masticate their com more perfectly, are
at liberty to rest sooner, and cost less per head for keep.
Many of the better breeds might be more advantageously
fed on this system, not only ensuring economy, but
avoiding waste in the usual allowance of hay, and suffer-
ing less from the diseases to which idle or lightly-worked
horses are subject. This is at least our experience, not
only in our own stables, but in others where the plan has
been carefully carried out in all its details.
Oats and beans, together or separately, come under the
general name of horse-corn; and most horses at hard work
in the winter require both, especially if they are not very
young. Oats are always given to horses in private stables,
and they form the best general addition to the hay ; but
sometimes, soon after the horse has changed his coat, he
becomes very flagging and unable to bear his ordinary
work, especially if he has been much exposed to wet or
cold ; in this case, the addition to his pats of from half a
quartern to a quartern of beans during the day will often
renovate his spirits and strength, when he rapidly gains
flesh. In young horses this addition may be discontinued
after January, but in old ones it should be kept up till the
following May, after which month few horses are the better
for the extra stimulus afforded by beans. They should
always be split, and oats are generally the better for being
bruised, or " kibbelled," as it is generally called ; and for
both these purposes a mill is constructed and sold, which,
by the alteration of a screw, will adapt itself to either opera-
tion. Both oats and beans should be one year old, or at
least six months ; at which age. if the harvest was a dry
one, both oats and beans will often be dry enough.
It is consistent with sound practice, especially when
economy is to be considered, that corn should be of the
best quality. Why some adhere to the belief that in-
ferior kinds will do for lightly-worked horses, it is not
possible to say. It should be evident that the heaviest
grain, or pulse, when sound and clean, should also con-
tain the greatest amount of nutritious matter. Yet some
aver that the husk is as essential as the corn. The
Stalk Management. 63
advantages are eminently ours, seeing that we can
supply all that the husk contains in the form of chaff at
a much lower cost. If select condition is required con-
jointly with power and endurance, the best of all kinds
of food is practically the cheapest.
Great stress is laid upon the necessity for the best
food, cost what it may, for the feeding of race-horses and
hunters, whose appetite is said to be " the measure of
their corn." With them it is " the pace that kills," and
happily they are allowed long intervals for recuperation
of the vital powers, or food ceases to be the source of
strength. Hacks and carriage horses, however, seldom
are allowed more than three or four quarterns a day
of English oats ; and if they have, instead of these
heavy oats, one quartern more of Irish or Welsh, they
will do much better. The difference is still greater if
it is between half a peck of English and three quarterns
of Irish, because most horses like to have their stomachs
tolerably filled with their corn, which Xalf a quartern at a
feed scarcely will do. Now, when English oats are at $s. 6d.
per bushel, Irish oats are generally about 2 s. ; and conse-
quently, three quarterns of the Irish may be given for the
same price as two of the English, which exactly accords
with the calculation I have made above. In purchasing
Irish oats, care should be taken that they are free from
stones, or, if they are mixed with them, they should be re-
moved before being given, by examining the sieve contain-
ing them. This is the worst feature in this kind of corn,
and sometimes exists to a great extent. Beans are of all
qualities, from the best English to the Egyptian ; but as a
general rule, for private stables I fancy the English answer
the best. They are used more as a stomachic than as re-
gular food, and for that purpose quality is of more impor-
tance than quantity. In cart stables, or for coaching or
fly-work, foreign beans may be used, but I have never my-
self found them answer my purpose well. By purchasing
Irish oats of the importers at Liverpool, London, or Glou-
cester, an immense reduction in price is effected ; and they
may readily be conveyed by rail to most parts of England
at one penny. to twopence per bushel extra.
64 Stable Servants and
Gruel is made by mixing oatmeal in cold water; and
about a pint of meal will make four quarts of gruel. This
is enough for ordinary occasions, but for a very exhausted
horse, two pints should be mixed with about the same
quantity of water, and boiled for ten minutes, carefully
stirring it the while. It should be given with the chill
just taken off.
Bran is the outside coat of wheat, removed in the dress-
ing after grinding. It is only used in private stables for
mashes and poultices, though sometimes it is given with
beans as a regular article of food, just as is the case in
cart stables. With their addition it answers pretty well in
slow work, but not nearly so well as oats, and its price
alone is a temptation to its use.
The bran mash is one of the most valuable kinds of
food for sick horses, or for preparing horses in pretty good
health for physic, or for cooling down those which are to
be turned out to grass. It is made either as a cold mash
or as a hot mash the former being merely bran, with the
addition of as much cold water as it will absorb. The
hot bran mash is made by pouring enough boiling water
to saturate it, and then covering it up till sufficiently cool
to give the horse. As the bran swells considerably, one-
third of a bucket of bran is enough to make half-a-bucket
of mash, which is the usual quantity given. Most horses
on hard and dry food are the better for this once a week ;
and it should be given on the night before their rest day,
which all horses ought to have ; and when so used, it may
be allowed to supersede the use of their evening feed of
com ; but if it is given more frequently to a costive horse,
it must be in addition.
Carrots, turnips, and potatoes are useful to horses doing
slow work, and bare of flesh ; but they do not answer for
fast work, nor for horses which are apt to scour. Of the
three, the first is the most suitable to horses ; and when
they are to be made up for sale, and got very " fresh," as
the dealers call it, a few carrots boiled with linseed will
effect the object much quicker than any other kind of food,
especially in the early spring, when vetches are not to be
had, This food is also useful in chronic cough, and will
3
6
STH
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^" >
i!
Stable Management. 65
sometimes effect a cure ; but it must not be given while
the horse is at work, as he is very much inclined to sweat
while eating it, and will then lose as much as he gains.
Swedish turnips, or potatoes, are substitutes for carrots,
but they do not answer the purpose nearly so well. Both
of them should be steamed, not simply boiled; or if the
latter process is adopted, the water should be thrown away,
as it is not wholesome for the horse.
Barley forms a valuable ingredient of food mixtures.
It is a gross mistake to charge this grain as being hurt-
ful. When used under common-sense rules it is safe
and profitable. We have kept hard-working horses in
splendid health and condition, when the food is mainly
composed of barley.
Of Maize, or Indian Corn, we cannot speak so confi-
dently. In small quantities it may serve to cheapen the
whole mixture, but as a nutritive article it is far behind
even common oats, and creates the tendency to a
" washy" state of the system.
Linseed is a valuable adjunct to horse feed, but it should
be used with care, as large quantities are apt to produce
a lax state of the bowels. The simplest form is that of
" tea," or "mucilage," made by mixing one pound of the
seeds with one gallon of cold water in a covered and glazed
earthen vessel. During twelve hours the mixture should
be stirred a few times, after which half a pint may be mixed
with the manger food every other evening. The results
are seen in the "kind," soft state of the skin and shiny
hair. Chronic cough is often greatly benefited by its use.
i Feeding.
Horses should have the corn four times a day at about
seven, eleven, three, and seven ; and the hay twice at
night and in the morning. These times may be slightly
varied to suit the convenience. The quantity of each must
depend, as we have said, upon the size and description of
the horse, and the amount of work required of him. A
full-sized carriage horse will require at least five quarterns
of corn, and about twelve or fourteen pounds of hay, daily.
These horses being kept for show and style rather than for
5
66 Stable Servants and
work, are required to be full of flesh to give them a grander
and more imposing appearance.
The hunter having hard, fast, and long-continuous work
to perform, greater care is required in feeding him. Some
hunters are delicate feeders, and cannot under any circum-
stances be induced to eat more than three quarterns of corn
and beans in the twenty-four hours ; consequently they
never look well, are never quite fit, and cannot come again
more than once in ten days or a fortnight. Such horses
must be got fit as best they may by changing the diet as
often as possible, and by giving only a little at a time, but
frequently. By changing the diet I mean, by sometimes
giving old beans with the corn, at other times old white
peas, and adding at one time good hay chaff, at another
clover chaff, and occasionally a few pieces of chopped
carrot mixed with the corn in fact, trying almost every-
thing that will tempt a delicate horse to feed.
From five to six quarterns of corn, with a few good old
beans or white peas, and ten or twelve pounds of good old
meadow hay, is the average daily food of a hunter going
three days a fortnight. It is a great mistake to get a hunter
too fine, as, the work being hard and long-continued, he
must be full of muscle and strong, but at the same time in
good wind. It is difficult to lay down any definite rules
for feeding hunters, as some require much more food than
others to keep them in the same condition. As soon as
convenient after a day's hunting the horse should have
some gruel it is better than corn, as being easy of
digestion and more invigorating for a tired horse. A hack
will require from three to four quarterns of corn a day, and
about the same quantity of hay as the hunter. His work
is much lighter and he requires a more round and fleshy
appearance. Beans are only occasionally necessary for
hacks, and then only when much exposed to bad and wet
weather. Harness horses must be fed in much the same
way as hacks, but much depends upon their size and the
work they are required to perform. Ponies require about
two quarterns of corn daily, and seven or eight pounds of
hay, some even less than that, as they are invariably hardy,
and unless hard worked will keep fat on very little. Horses
Stable Management, 67
of all sizes and all descriptions should have chaff mixed
with every feed of corn, as it enables them to masticate
the oats more thoroughly, and so far assists digestion.
Soiling is a term used for the feeding of horses on green
food indoors.
Turning to grass is practised when the health is injured
by long-continued hard work and dry food, or when the
legs are sore, or the feet inflamed. For the former state
a summer's run is the best remedy, because at that time
the grasses are the most sweet and nutritious, and the con-
stitution is not tried by exposure to the cold and wet. A
meadow should be chosen where there is plenty of good
and sweet grass, and 'the horse should be gradually pre-
pared for the change, except in the height of summer, by
taking off his clothing while in the stable, allowing the dirt
to accumulate in his skin, and also reducing the tempera-
ture of his box. In the summer, tips to his fore-feet will
generally be prudent ; but in winter, when the ground is
always soft, they are seldom necessary. If the legs or feet
are " stale," a winter's run will do far more than the same
time occupied in the summer's run, because the object is
not only to avoid fresh battering of them on hard ground,
but also to lower the whole system by a poor and re-
ducing diet. Winter grass, therefore, will effect the object
very differently from the fattening feed which is met with
on the meadows during summer and autumn ; and by
turning the lame horse out in December, great good to his
legs may be expected when taken up in the following May,
before which time it is not to be expected that he will be
sufficiently in flesh and his coat smooth enough for any
work. Whether in summer or winter, every horse accus-
tomed to a stable ought to have a hovel to run into, which
protects him from flies in the hot days of summer, and
from the wind and snow in the cold nights of winter.
While giving the foregoing popular advice, we desire
to state that for the restoration of jaded legs and shat-
tered constitutions, there is nothing like absolute rest in
a cool box, having a small, dry paddock or yard at-
tached. We thus avoid damage to the feet and legs, as
well as the pasture.
68 Stable Servants and
Summering the Hunter.
There still exists much difference of opinion on this
point; but when we consider that the great object to be
attained is rest, it must be evident to all who have seen
horses at grass in the summer, that the old plan of turning
the hunter to grass is about the very least likely way to
obtain it. The ground is then very hard, the sun hot and
oppressive, and even in the shade under the trees, the horse
is constantly tormented by flies. He is never still, walking
backwards and forwards, kicking and stamping to knock
them off, till, unable any longer to bear them, he takes a
mad gallop round the field. This state of things cannot
be rest, but more destructive to the legs and feet than
any ordinary amount of work. In addition to which, the
horse gets big and lusty on soft green food, all of which has
to be taken off at the expense of his legs and feet, before
he is fit to go, and is another very unsuitable preparation
for the work required of him in the winter. The modern
plan, the advantages of which are every year becoming
more and more apparent, is, at the end of the hunting
season to cool the hunter, by giving him a dose of physic
and then gradually taking off his clothing. At the end of
a month he may be turned into a large cool box or shed,
have from two to three quarterns of corn a day, according
to his constitution, with green meat in sufficient quantities
to act as a natural alterative and tonic to his system, and
get him fresh, but not fat and out of shape, as is too often
the case. His hind shoes may be taken off, and light
shoes or tips put on the fore-feet, and removed about once
a month. These will prevent his feet getting broken away
and preserve them in shape. If he require blistering, or
has any lumps or bumps on his legs, from blows or thorns,
to be sweated down, it should at once be done. For this
the biniodide of mercury will be found the best. At the
beginning of August, at the latest, the hunter may be taken
up ; his legs and feet will be found to be clean and cool ;
he should have a dose of physic, and begin steady exer-
cise ; after which, if the groom do his duty, he will be free
Stable Management. 69
frm the different complaints that usually attack a horse
summered in the field, and when the hunting season arrives
he will carry his master safely and pleasantly through runs
that will soon stop the other for want of real condition.
The straw-yard is a popular method of improving the
legs of the over-worked horse, and in it he is turned during
the winter, with a shed to run into, and the soft manure or
litter in the yard to run upon. Hay is given, but seldom
more than enough to keep the stomach in order, and
barley straw affords the chief sustenance in most cases ;
sometimes a little hay is given cut as chaff with straw,
and in some cases also mixed with a feed or two of corn
per day. When a suitable winter pasture cannot be ob-
tained, the straw-yard is very efficacious for inflamed legs
and feet \ and, as its small extent precludes all galloping
about, it is even more suitable than an open pasture.
Notwithstanding these supposed advantages, there are
serious objections to the plan. Horses are often injured
by horned animals, or otherwise chased and irritated, that
rest is impossible. In our experience the wet and manure
of straw-yards are certain destruction to the feet. Thrush
and canker are the common results.
Straw. For the bedding of horses wheat straw is gene-
rally used. The greater part of wheat is now threshed out
by machine, and but little by hand, consequently the straw
is not so good, and does not last so long as formerly, the
machine breaking and bruising the straw so much more
than the flail.
A careless groom will use at least one truss of straw per
week more to each horse than a good careful one will use.
The latter will be careful in the morning on turning up the
bed to separate the soiled dirty straw from that which may''
be used again, removing the former from the stable behind ;
then, after thoroughly sweeping out the stall or box, put
what may be a little damaged at the bottom, and the clean
at the top. Such a groom will use about two trusses to two
and a half per week, while another would use at least one
truss a week more.
The best way to economize litter is to sweep the stall
or box out as dry and as clean as possible in the morning,
70 Stable Servants and
and take up the droppings regularly at once, before they
are trodden into the straw.
Straw when good is bright and clean-looking. The price
will vary from 30^. to 45 s. per load, according to the season,
In wet seasons it is difficult to get good straw, as it is gene-
rally then dark and mildewed-looking from the rain. At
any time, good oat or barley straw is better for cutting into
chaff than wheat straw, but it is not easy to obtain ; most
farmers keeping it for fodder for home use.
Economy in the stable depends entirely upon the groom.
If he does his duty well and conscientiously, he will keep
down the expenses as far as is practicable with justice to
the horse. Nothing whatever is gained by buying cheap
or inferior fodder; on the contrary, the horse suffers in
every way in condition, appearance, and value.
WATER. Soft water is in all cases better for horses than
hard, hence they are often watered in a brook or pond in
preference to the bucket, which is generally replenished
from the well. If, therefore, soft water can be easily pro-
cured, it should in all cases be given, but I do not think
that with our present warm stables it answers well to allow
the horse to slake his thirst at the pond or brook at all
seasons ; cart horses may do so with impunity, because
they are seldom heated with their work, and their stables
are comparatively cool. Boiling gets rid of a great pro-
portion of the lime, and where it exists in large quantities
it is advisable to give all boiled water. The temperature of
the water given should in all cases be that of the stable,
or very little below it ; and so in the warm one the water
must be raised to at least 70 degrees of Fahrenheit, by
mixing a little hot water with the cold, or by leaving the
bucket full of water constantly in the stable, and only using
it when it has acquired the temperature of the stable. If
cold water is given to a horse used to it chilled, and to
warm stables, it sets the coat the wrong way directly, and
often produces colic, or shivering, followed by rheumatism;
and this is especially likely when he has undergone any
violent exertion, and is becoming cool from it. It does not
do nearly the harm while the horse is reeking with heat
and perspiration that it does when given to the tired horse
Stable Management. 7 J
just cooling down from his exertions. If, however, chilled
water is generally given, it should be rigidly adhered to
when the horse is travelling, for an animal used to it is far
more likely to be injured by cold water given when in a
sweat than the one which habitually swallows it at a low
temperature with his ordinary food.
The quantity of water proper for the horse varies very
much, depending upon his tendency to purge, upon the
amount of sweat which he loses in his work, and upon the
nature of his work. About from one-and-a-half to two
ordinary buckets per day is the average for private stables,
depending upon the size of the horse and the severity of
his work ; and if water is allowed to stand constantly in
the stall, few healthy horses will drink more than two
buckets per day. About half-a-bucket is generally given
in the morning, another half in the afternoon, and the re-
mainder the last thing at night. More than a couple of
quarts should never be given on the road, even on the hot-
test day ; but this quantity may be repeated every five or
six miles with advantage if the weather is very sultry, with
or without a little oatmeal. It is seldom advisable to give
the full quantity of water immediately before or after the
feed of oats, but rather to let the horse drink about two
quarts, and half an hour after his feed to let him have the
remainder. But if the oats are not given for half an hour,
the water will not hurt if all is given at once. Many peo-
ple prefer a constant supply by means of a water-manger
kept full.
Where practicable it will be better for the horse to have
water constantly by him in a small tank for the purpose,
that he may drink when he feels disposed ; when such is
the case, he drinks less than, when it is offered to him at
stated times.
In stables unfitted with tanks the water must be taken
to the horse not less than four times a day, and he then
may be allowed to take as much as he pleases in mode-
ration.
Dirty pond-water should always be strictly avoided, as
it is often a source of filth and putridity, and likely to cause
disease. Hard pump-water is often injurious at first till
72 Stable Servants and
they become used to it, but that is at all times preferable
to stale stagnant rain-water. Hard water will to some ex-
tent produce indigestion, and consequently a rough staring
coat.
Care must be taken to water the horse some little time
before starting him on a journey, and also, on his return,
that he is not allowed to drink too much at first; and if the
horse be heated and the water cold, it should be just chilled
before allowing him to drink, or injury may follow.
Exercise and Work.
Unless the weather is wet and bad, every horse, whether
in a stall or box, is better for going out every day.
The work of a carriage horse does not on an average
exceed seven or eight miles. They are very often out for
three or four hours in the day, but by far the greater part
of the time they are standing about, while the occupants
of the carriage are either shopping or making calls, &c.
From their size and weight they are generally unfit for
long journeys and hard work.
The work of a hunter is to carry a man to hounds, and
in order to render him fit to do so safely and well, he will
require a great deal of exercise.
Before the commencement of the hunting season he will
require three hours' steady walking and trotting exercise,
with occasional sweats and strong gallops ; but afterwards,
supposing he is ridden to hounds three days a fortnight,
he will require but little fast exercise from two to three
hours' a day good steady walking will keep most horses
quite fit.
To go with stag hounds, a horse must be drawn rather
finer than for fox hounds, his work being faster, but not
so long continued. The meet is later ; the deer is un-
carted, and the run begins at once, seldom lasting more
than from an hour and a half to two hours.
With fox hounds, on the contrary, the meet is earlier,
and a fox is often not found till after a long draw. The
run, from various causes checks, bad scent, &c. is very
seldom very fast or so long as with stag hounds, conse*
Stable Management. 73
quently the work of the horse is not so severe and dis-
tressing.
On leaving hounds, the hunter should have some gruel
and a handful of hay at the first convenient place j he may
then, if not fatigued, be ridden home at the rate of six or
seven miles an hour. On reaching the stable he will be
washed and scraped as dry as possible, a complete suit of
clothing put on, his legs bandaged with flannel bandages,
some chilled water and moist food given him, and left till
dry. He must then be wiped over, dry clothing put on,
his legs well hand-rubbed, dry bandages put on, again fed
and watered, and set fair for the night.
The fair average day's work for a hack or harness horse
is nine or ten miles, in which case exercise is quite un-
necessary. More harm and injury are done to horses by
the grooms when at exercise than in any other way ; and
unless the man can be fully depended upon, the less they
are exercised the better. Where the horse is only occa-
sionally worked, exercise is of course absolutely necessary,
not only to preserve him in health, but to keep him steady
and from getting above himself.
Clipping or Singeing
Is one of the greatest improvements ever introduced
into stable management. It is a blessing not only to the
horse, but to every one who uses and attends to him. A
horse clipped or singed will not only do double the amount
of work on the same amount of food that a horse with his
natural winter coat will do, but in the one case he will be
fresh, cheerful, and full of vigour, while in the other he
will be dull, out of condition, and seldom or never dry
and clean. I have seen horses (hunters particularly) that
no care or food could get into condition till clipped or
singed, immediately change for the better, and get big in
their work.
The best time to clip or singe a horse must depend
principally upon the state of his coat. Some shed their
coat so much earlier than others, while in some horses it
is much thicker and coarser. About the end of September
74 Stable Servants and
is the best time for singeing, and three weeks or a month
later for clipping.
Clipping requires much practice and very neatly doing
to look well ; it is far more difficult than singeing, and
consequently is not so frequently used. The effect of both
is the same to shorten the long rough winter coat to the
length of the short summer one, thereby preventing that
extreme sweating which is always consequent on a long
winter coat. It is performed with scissors and a comb.
The former are generally curved, and of various sizes, to
suit the different parts of the body of the horse for which
they are used.
Singeing is performed with a gas-flame, or a lamp
burning naphtha or some spirit of the same description,
and which is passed lightly over the whole body till the
hair is reduced to the required length. It may be com-
menced as soon as the winter coat is partly grown, and
must be repeated about every ten days or a fortnight till
the coat is set and done growing, by which means the coat
will not only be kept short, but the hair will better retain
the natural colour. After Christmas, about once in three
weeks will generally be found sufficient to keep down the
long rough hairs.
In some horses the coat is of so thick, coarse, and
woolly a nature, or has been left so long, it is impossible
to singe it without burning it into holes, and making the
horse look worse than before. In this case he must first
be clipped close, and then the singeing-lamp run lightly
over him ; it can then be kept down by singeing, as in
other horses, but his colour will be changed, as the part
exposed, or rather left, will be the under part of the hair
next the body, which is always of a different shade to the
top hair, which, in horses that are begun early and singed
frequently, from being never burnt quite down, retains its
colour. After clipping and singeing the horse should have
a gentle sweat, be well washed, rubbed dry, and well
clothed, after which he is fit and ready for his usual work.
Some few very well-bred horses have in winter so fine
a coat that beyond removing the few long, ragged hairs
about their flanks and quarters, no singeing is necessary.
Stable Management. 75
The Degree of Warmth necessary for the
Stabled Horse.
A great outcry has been raised in this country against
warm stables, and, no doubt much good has been done
by the agitation on the subject ; but, like all reforms, it
may be carried too far ; and I am inclined to believe that
in many cases it has been. Warmth of some kind is es-
sential to the health of the well-bred horse ; for, though
the Welsh pony or the galloway may be fitted to contend
against cold, the horse of Eastern descent is certainly not
qualified to do so. From a long experience, I am satisfied
that a moderately warm stable, even with its attendant
closeness, is better than a large and airy but consequently
cold one ; yet, at the same time,' if artificial warmth can
be given, the space and ventilation can scarcely be too free.
But, est modus in rebus, every one must be ruled by the
length of his purse ; and if he cannot afford large and
roomy stables with a stove kept constantly going, he will
find that his horses will be far more healthy, if the stable
is well cleaned and drained, and they are kept warm by
shutting it up pretty closely in severe weather. In the
summer the doors and windows may always be open, except
in cold nights ; but in severe winter weather a very slight
access of fresh air can be admitted during that period of
the twenty-four hours. During an experience of twenty
years, with an average of three or four horses in the stable,
I have not altogether had more than half-a-dozen cases of
disease of any kind in my stable, over and above lameness
incidental to road-work ; and this with a great variety of
horses of all classes and ages. Now, in general, I have
had a small confined stable kept warm but clean, and with
a pretty free ventilation, yet not more than the average of
private stables ; and the most healthy one I have ever
had was the most confined and worst ventilated to all ap-
pearance, but what fresh air there was entered at the heads
of the horses ; and I have made the same remark in other
stables. Some large airy ones were notoriously unhealthy,
while others, close, dark, and confined, were the reverse ;
and the conclusion I have arrived at is, that horses kept
76 Stable Management.
warm indoors, if care is taken of them out, are more healthy
on the whole than those kept cool, and, as a consequence
of their hardiness, as it is called, more exposed to the
weather when out. If kept warm, they must assuredly be
taken care of, but in that case they are healthy enough ;
and consequently I arrive at the conclusion that it is not
the warm stable, but the neglect out of it, which produces
disease. If, therefore, horses are to be thus exposed, they
had better be kept cool, as in hack livery stables ; but if
not, there is no harm in proper warmth when united with
cleanliness and caution out of doors.
Management of the Feet.
This department of -stable management is often sadly
neglected by the groom, who is particular enough in every
other respect ; but if his master is only a judge of skin
and condition, he is too apt to leave the feet to take care
of themselves.
An examination of the shoes should be carefully made
every morning when the horse comes in from exercise ;
and if they are at all loose, or the clenches are too high,
or the shoes are worn out, they should be renewed or re-
moved at once.
The feet should be examined every night as the last
operation, to ensure freedom from stones, stubs, nails,
&c., which may have been gathered during the day, as
well as to see to the safety of the shoes, and general con-
dition of the hoofs. In no case where the feet are sound
and carefully preserved against the mutilations of the
shoeing-smith, will that antiquated nuisance, known as
the stopping-box, be required. Healthy horn secretes
the necessary moisture, which is not water, but a prin-
ciple which repels it under all ordinary circumstances.
The so-called dry and hard hoofs are those which are
shamefully mutilated and reduced in shoeing \ while
those that are brittle, shelly, fleshy, and deformed are so
by reason of breed or disease. They do not come within
the nomenclature of sound structures, requiring special
attention both in shoeing and in the stable. In all such
Stable Vices. 77
feet great good may be effected by the regular use of the
hoof ointment. See Chapter XXIX.
One of the good results of treatment of the feet of
horses is seen in the plan laid down by Charlier.
Hitherto popular systems failed to expose the causes of
hoof destruction. Charlier's shoe is eminently suitable for
sound feet, and the method of preparing the foot for the
reception of his armature strikes a death-blow to hoof
mutilation. The shoe itself possesses little merit beyond
being light ; it is unsuited to the heavy wearers in this
land. Many years ago, when Charlier was unknown in
this country, his plan of hoof preparation and^ preserva-
tion was practised by the father of the writer of these lines,
upon all kinds of horses , with the greatest success.
CHAPTER VI.
STABLE VICES.
STABLE vices may be considered to include the following
long list of offences against the code of laws made for the
stabled horse, and enforced by the stablemen. They are :
i, Getting loose from the head-stall ; 2, Hanging back ;
3, Leaping into the manger ; 4, Turning round in the
stall ; 5, Lying under the manger ; 6, Halter casting ; 7,
Casting in the stall; 8, Kicking the stall-post; 9, Weav-
ing; 10, Pawing; u, Eating the litter; 12, Kicking at
man; 13, Biting; 14, Crib-biting; 15, Wind-sucking.
Getting loose is a very troublesome vice, and many horses
are so cunning as almost to defy the efforts of the groom
and saddler. If, however, a head-stall is made with a strong
throat-lash, and this tightly buckled, no horse can get it
off, because the circumference of the head at the jaw is
always greater than that of the neck from the back of the
ears to the throat. If the horse bites his halter, a chain
must be substituted : but as this makes a constant noise.
78 Stable Vices.
it should be avoided if possible, as other horses are readily
kept awake by it.
Hanging back in the collar is an attempt to get free by
bursting the throat-lash or collar-rein, and in some cases
great force is applied in this way so much so that many
horses have broken their hips from the sudden giving-way
of the halter, letting them back so that they fall over and
injure themselves irremediably. The only cure is a strong
chain and a head-stall that no force will break, after trying
to burst which a few times, the horse will almost always
desist. If the manger is not very firmly placed, another
ring should be fixed in the wall by piercing it and screwing
a nut on at the back. The groom should likewise watch
for the attempt, and well flog the horse from behind im-
mediately he sees him beginning.
Leaping into the manger is generally a habit acquired by
remaining too long in the stable without exercise, or from
being too much threatened with the whip, as in dealers'
stables. If a horse is constantly attempting it, he must be
kept down by a short halter, which will not suffer him to
get his nose high enough. Sometimes there is some little
difficulty in bringing a horse down from his position ; but,
by going quietly up to his head and pushing him to the op-
posite side of the stall, and, at the same time, back, he may
generally be managed without risk to either man or horse.
Turning round in the stall is avoided by the use of two
reins, as aleady mentioned in the description of the stable
and its appendages.
Lying under the manger is an awkward trick which some
young horses have, apparently from trying to get out of
the way and hide themselves. Sometimes they are unable
to get up again from striking their heads against the under
side of it when they try to rise, and they must even be
drawn back by a girth round the breast before they can
be rescued from the position, which has been known even
to cause a fatal result. The modern low rack is a great
preventive of this vice ; but sometimes even with it the
colt will get his head under, and the only remedy is to
board all up flush. This expedient effectually prevents the
head going under, and should be adopted in all bad cases.
Stable Vices. 79
Halter casting is the getting either leg over the halter,
and so being thrown to the ground and kept there. With
a rope halter, or with a chain, a very ugly wound is some-
times made in the struggles to free the leg, and often the
tendons are exposed and their sheath sadly torn. The
accident arises from the horse pawing with his fore-leg, or
trying to scratch his head with his hind foot ; while the
" sinker " attached to the halter is prevented from playing
properly, and so leaving the halter or collar-rein hanging
loose. The spring catch is the proper guard against this
accident, inasmuch as though it doe's not prevent its
occurrence it removes all injurious consequences, espe-
cially where two collar-reins are used, because the leg is
seldom over both in one night, and the one being liberated
does not affect the other, which still prevents the horse
from leaving his stall.
Casting in the stall is the result of the natural tendency
which most horses have to roll completely over, and which,
in a state of freedom, is not attended with any danger ;
though, even in the grass-field, when the ground is hard,
I have known the withers seriously injured by constant
attempts to roll over. When, however, the attempt is made
in the stall, the horse often gets completely thrown upon
his back against the wall or the travis, and is then unable
to get back again, and lies powerless, yet struggling fear-
fully, and often to such an extent as to rupture the colon,
and so cause speedy death. Sometimes the horse is found
in the morning lying across the stall doubled up in the
most awkward manner, and with his legs inclining towards
the manger ; at others, he is lying back as far as his rein
will allow, with his hind legs partly in the next stall, but
always in a helpless condition. There is no preventive
against the accident, but it may easily be remedied when
discovered, and hence the advantage of the groom sleep-
ing within hearing of his charge. Two or three stirrup
leathers buckled together, or a halter thrown over both legs,
will readily draw the horse over on his side, and he then
can get up without further assistance.
Kicking the stall-post is injurious both to the kicker and
very frequently to his next neighbour who may come in
8o Stable Vices.
for the blow intended for the inanimate wood. It arises
from idleness, and is often continued almost incessantly
night and day, except, of course, while the animal is lying
down. Hard work is the best remedy, but when that is
not practicable, a branch or two of furze nailed to the
post will often stop the habit ; though, in one case, I have
known it to aggravate a mare almost to madness, and she
kicked herself almost blind with fury. Mares are said to
be much more subject to this vice than geldings; but, as
far as my experience goes, there is little difference. Logs
of wood are commonly applied to the leg, but they are not
nearly heavy and severe enough ; and if any good is to be
done, the weight must be of iron or lead. A common
heater for a tea-urn, of about 4 Ib. weight, is about as good
as anything ; but it should not be put on until a lighter
one has been tried for an hour or two, for if a horse is
frightened by it,, he may do himself a serious injury. When,
however, he is used to the wooden log, and has got over
his first alarm, the iron weight may be buckled on, and
will hit him hard enough to stop his frolics in any case.
A broad strap should be buckled tightly round the leg,
above the pastern, and the weight suspended from it, so
as to clear the coronet, which will inflame to a mischievous
extent if bruised. Sometimes a weight is required for each
leg if the horse kicks both stall-posts.
Weaving is a restless habit of moving the head in a quick
and peculiar way from side to side of the stall, just as the
wild beast does in his den. It may arise from an irri-
table disposition, but the fact that few " weavers " are
good feeders or workers, points to some internal disorder,
which in all probability is within the stomach. In such
cases the character of food and work must be suitable.
Pawing is from a similar cause, and is evidenced by a
constant working away of the litter with the fore-feet. The
best remedy is a pair of fetters, which keep the two fore-
legs close together, and prevent pawing with either. The
fetters, or shackles, consist of two padded straps, large
enough to encircle the small pastern-bone, and connected
by a short chain of about 10 or 12 inches in length.
Eating the litter is easily prevented by a muzzle, which
Stable Vices. 81
must be put on immediately after the hay is finished, and
kept on through the night. A piece of rock salt in the
manger will, however, often entice the horse from the litter,
and perhaps remove the morbid and craving appetite by
its restorative powers.
An inveterate kicker is to be very carefully approached
by all parties, and sometimes requires even more than
ordinary caution, in which case a chain is run through a
pulley in the stall-post, and from that to his head-stall ; so
that by pulling it, his head may be pulled round towards
the post, and by the same action his heels drawn from it,
so as to allow the groom to go to his head when he is safe
from the heels, Most good grooms, however, are able to
take care of themselves, and, by constant practice, they
learn to keep the proper distance either near enough to
make the kick a mere push, or far enough to be out of
reach.
Biting is managed in the same way as kicking using
the chain, however, to draw the head to the ring of the
rack-chain, instead of to the stall-post. In dressing biters
a muzzle should always be put on.
Crib-biting is a bad habit. It can be remedied either by
a manger of such a form as to prevent the teeth seizing it
that is, wide enough in the front edge or by a neck-
strap buckled on tightly, or by an open iron muzzle, which
keeps the teeth off the edge of the manger, and is some-
times furnished with a concealed set of goads, so that,
when the horse presses down, he pricks himself severely.
There is no perfect cure for the vice or habit ; and when
a horse has contracted it, he generally loses his extra fat
and becomes lean and starved-looking. Even the muzzle
does not entirely remove these appearances though, with
it, the crib-biter keeps his good looks to a greater extent
than without it.
Wind-sucking is very simitar to crib-biting, and is pre-
vented in the same way the only difference being that
the same noise is not made, nor is the manger seized, but
there is a quiet swallowing of wind, with the muzzle pressed
against the manger, instead of the noisy one experienced
in crib-biting. The concealed prongs are here of much
6
82 Stable Vices.
greater use than in crib-biting, and are the only effectual
remedy against the vice.
Tricks and Vices to which Horses are liable
out of the Stable,
some of which arise from fear and nervousness, and others
from vice or from improper breaking. All vicious and ner-
vous horses should be avoided by all who do not thorough-
ly understand them. Of these rearing is the most danger-
ous, as a fall over backwards often leads to fatal results to
the rider. A horse may rear occasionally from fear, but
it more generally proceeds from vice. Several plans and
bits have been suggested to cure rearers, but all are at-
tended with more or less danger to both horse and man.
They are best left to rough riders, and those who thorough-
ly understand the management of vicious horses, as nothing
but time and work will cure them.
Kicking is another dangerous vicious habit. Like rear-
ing, it may be cured by those who thoroughly understand
horses ; but even when perfectly quiet and manageable in
their hands, such horses are never to be trusted with less
experienced persons.
Running away is another very dangerous fault. It may
arise from vice or from the horse having been at some time
very seriously alarmed. In the former case, a very sharp
bit and great care may prevent it ; but in the latter, when
the horse again becomes alarmed, nothing will stop him,
as he is for the time in a state of madness.
Bucking or Plunging is another dangerous habit. Some-
times it arises from vice and sometimes only from fresh-
ness, the horse being above himself from want of work ;
in the latter case it is soon cured by putting him to daily
steady work.
Jibbing either in saddle or harness is a very dangerous
vice, and is always the result of bad temper. In saddle
the horse rears, kicks, and rubs the rider against anything
in his way, He will go anywhere and rush anywhere but
in the direction in which he is wanted to go. A good
thrashing will sometimes cure him, but it is not always
Stable Vices. 83
easy to do it, as the horse invariably jibs in the most awk-
ward and dangerous places in which to fight him. In har-
ness the jibber will not start, he runs back, and if whipped
or punished, will plunge and throw himself down. Such
animals are quite unfitted for private use.
Shying. This bad habit may arise from timidity, defec-
tive eyesight, or bad temper. If from timidity, it can only
be overcome by gentle usage and allowing the horse to
pass the object without taking any notice of his fear be-
yond patting and encouraging him ; to chastise him is
worse than useless and senseless. If it arise from defec-
tive vision, it will be incurable, as it will be impossible
for the animal to see objects otherwise than through a
distorted medium. If it arise from vice, which is fre-
quently the case, the horse must be made firmly but tem-
perately to pass the object at which he shies ; having
passed it, continue the ride ; do not return and pass it
again and again, as that only irritates him ; and when he
finds he is mastered, he will daily improve.
Most of the above defects and vicious habits, if not
absolutely caused by bad and injudicious treatment and
breaking, are often increased by it ; nor is this to be won-
dered at, when we consider the class of men who are ge-
nerally employed to break young horses, their roughness,
ignorance, and often drunkenness. They break them all
in the same way without any reference to their different
and peculiar tempers and dispositions, whereas a little
care and thought would check and frequently prevent
faults and defects, which, in some cases, become incur-
able and highly dangerous, and render the horse compa-
ratively unsaleable.
There are many other minor faults, too numerous to
mention here, most of which are capable of cure, or, at
any rate, of great amelioration, in the hands of a good
horseman, but the less experienced will do well to pur-
chase only such horses as are steady and suitable for their
work.
84 Stable Vices.
Harness for Saddle Horses.
These consist of saddles, bridles, breast-plates, and
martingales.
Saddles may be had of almost any size and weight. They
may be made with either plain or padded flaps, according
to the seat and fancy of the rider. Some prefer the former,
and others the latter. For the generality of riders there
cannot be a doubt that the padded flaps are by far the
better, as they keep the knee more steadily in the proper
place, prevent the leg flying backwards and forwards if the
horse jumps or plunges ; while in hunting they are of a
very material assistance in taking a drop jump, and also in
steadying and recovering a horse when blundering or fall-
ing at a fence. The plain flaps have perhaps a smarter
appearance, and a clever horseman may be able to ride
as well on them as on the padded flaps, but that is almost
all that can be said for them.
The saddle should be of sufficient length and breadth
that the weight of the rider may be pretty equally dis-
tributed over it, or the back of the horse will suffer, and
Stable Vices. 85
saddle-galls be the result. Every hunting and riding man
knows, from experience, how difficult and tedious it is to
get a back right after being once galled.
The stirrups should not be small, for, in the event of a
fall, the foot is more likely to hang in them. All well made
saddles have spring bars, which should be occasionally
oiled, that they may work easily, and release the stirrup-
leather should such an accident occur. The stirrup-leather
should be of the best, close and strong, not too heavy, or
it will look clumsy.
Every saddle requires two girths which may either be
of the ordinary kind of the same width, with a buckle at
each end, or one broad, with two buckles at each end,
which is put on first, and a second, about half the width
only, over it, with one buckle at each end. The latter,
called the Fitzwilliam girth, is the better and stronger for
hunting.
After use, the lining of the saddle must be thoroughly
dried in the sun or before the fire, and then well brushed,
which will keep it soft and clean.
This is particularly necessary with side-saddles. It is
for want of this care and attention that so many horses
have sore backs. When dirty, the saddle must be sponged
clean, but not made more wet than is absolutely necessary ;
86 Stable Vices.
after which, a little soft soap rubbed on will preserve the
leather soft and pliable, and prevent it cracking.
In choosing a saddle, go to a first-rate maker ; he may
be a little more expensive, but you will get a good article,
that will wear three times as long as an inferior one. will
fit the generality of horses, will never get out of form, and
will look well to the last. The price, complete, will be
about 6 guineas; that of a side-saddle, about 10 guineas.
The Breast-plate or Hunting-plate is used to keep the
saddle in its place when hunting. It is also of great service
on horses with short back-ribs, to prevent the saddle
working back, which it is very likely to do. But on the
road and in the field no lady should ride without one, as
it will keep the side-saddle securely in its place, and pre-
vent it turning round should the girth get loosened, or one
break.
The Martingale is used to steady the horse's head, and
keep it in proper place.
It is generally used on loose weak-necked horses, and
though of service in the hands of the experienced, it is
often dangerous when used by others, as being apt to catch
on the bit or buckles of the bridle, and so cause serious
accidents.
The Bridle. There is a great variety of bits suitable for
different descriptions and tempers of horses, but it is im-
possible to describe them all in so limited a space. They
all belong to one of two classes the snaffle or the curb,
and are of different degrees of severity and power.
The Snaffle is a piece of steel with a joint in the middle ;
it may be smooth and plain, twisted, or double-jointed.
The smooth snaffle is the mildest form of bit there is, and,
except just for exercise, few horses ride pleasantly in one.
The twisted bit is sharper, and if drawn quickly backwards
and forwards through the mouth, is very punishing. The
double-jointed is the most severe; it is formed of two
plain snaffles one. above the other; but the joints in each
not being opposite each other, cause a sharper and more
narrow pressure on the tongue and lower jaw. Very few
horses ride well and pleasantly in a snaffle of any kind,
as they all cause a horse to raise his head and open his
Stable Vices. 87
mouth, to take the pressure off his tongue. In addition
to this there are the Chain-snaffle, which is a very light bit,
and the Gag, used for horses that get their heads down.
The Curb-bit is a lever that, by means of a curb-chain,
acts upon the lower jaw, and may be made very easy or
very severe according to the length of cheek or leverage,
and the height of the port or arch in the centre of the
mouth-piece. It is very seldom used singly, but in con-
junction with some kind of snaffle, when it forms a double-
rein bridle, and is by far the most useful bit. All horses
go better in it, when properly handled, than in any other,
as by lengthening or shortening the curb-chain, and taking
up or dropping the bit in the mouth, it can be made either
less or more severe, to suit most horses.
The Pelham is a curb and snaffle in one ; it is a curb-
bit with a joint in the middle, instead of a port. It forms
a double-rein bridle, and is very light and easy.
The Hanoverian is of the same description, but with a
port and a joint at each side of it. The mouth-piece is
covered with small rollers. This forms a double-rein bridle
of great power and severity, requiring great care and judg-
ment.
Like saddles, the bridles should be of first-rate material
and workmanship ; the bits sewn on to the head-pieces
and reins, as being much neater and lighter than the
buckles. The leather must be kept clean and pliable with
soft soap, and the bits clean and bright with silver-sand
and oil. Price of a snaffle bridle about 2os., and of a
double-rein bridle 2%s. to 30^., according to the sort of
bit required.
Harnessing and Putting-to.
Harnessing, In all cases the first thing to be done, after
the horse is dressed, is to put on the collar, which is effected
by turning the horse round in his stall, and slipping it over
his head, with the large end upwards. This inversion is
required because the front of the head is the widest part,
and is in this way adapted to the widest part of the collar,
which, even with this arrangement, will in coarsely-bred
88 Stable Vices.
horses hardly pass over the cheek-bones. Before the collar
is put in its place, the hames are put on and buckled; for
if this was delayed until after it had been reversed, they
would have to be held on while the hame-straps were being
drawn together, whereas in this way their own weight keeps
them in place. They are now reversed altogether, and
the pad put in its place ; before buckling the belly-band
of which, the crupper is slipped over the tail by doubling
up all the hair, and grasping it carefully in the left hand
while the right adapts the crupper. A careful examination
should always be made that no hairs are left under it, for
if they are they irritate the skin, and often cause a fit of
kicking. After the crupper is set right the pad is drawn
forwards, and its belly-band buckled up pretty tightly ; the
bridle is now put on, and the curb-chain properly applied ;
the reins being slipped through the terrets and buckled on
both sides, if for single harness, or on the outside only if
for double, and the driving-rein folded back and tied in
the pad terret.
Putting-to is managed very differently, according to
whether the horse is going in shafts or with a pole. If for
shafts, they are tilted up and held there by one person,
while the other backs the horse until he is under them,
when they are dropped down, and the tugs slipped under
or over the ends of the shafts, according to the formation
of the tugs, some being hooks, and others merely leather
loops. Care must be taken that they do not slip beyond
the pins on the shafts. The traces are now attached to
the drawing-bar, the breechen or kicking-strap buckled,
and the false belly-band buckled up pretty tightly, so as to
keep the shafts steady. In four-wheeled carriages it should
be left tolerably loose when a breechen is used, to allow
of this having free play. The reins are now untwisted from
the terret, and the horse is put-to. For double harness,
the first thing is to bring the horse round by the side of
the pole, and put the pole-piece through the sliding ring
of the hames, the groom holding it, or else buckling it at
the longest hole while the traces are being put-to ; as soon
as this is done, the pole-piece is buckled up to its proper
length, each coupling-rein buckled to the opposite horse's
g.s
fi
Stable Vices. 89
bit, the driving-reins untwisted from the terret, and the
two buckled together, and the horses are ready. The
leaders of a tandem or four-in-hand are easily attached,
and their reins are passed through the rings on the head
of the wheelers, and through the upper half of the pad
terret.
Unharnessing is exactly the reverse of the above, every-
thing being undone exactly in the same order in which it
was done. The chief errors in either are in double har-
ness, in not attaching the pole-piece at once in putting-to,
or in unbuckling it altogether too soon, by which the horse
is at liberty to get back upon the bars, and often does
considerable damage by kicking.
Cleaning Harness, &c.
Both single and double harness should be of the best
leather and workmanship.
The harness for carriage horses of all sorts is too well
known to need repetition here ; the only difference is that
some prefer it very neat, and only use what is absolutely
necessary, while others like it covered with plate or brass,
and use as much as they can possibly get on the horse.
The price will vary according to the amount of plate or
brass-work on it. A set of single harness will cost from
12 to ;i6, or even more ; and a set of double harness
from 2$ to ^35. Care must always be taken that the
collars are deep enough, otherwise the horse's shoulders
will suffer. The proper way to fit a collar is to hold the
horse's head up as high as he usually carries it when going,
and then leave room to put the hand in comfortably.
^ Many horses, particularly those defective in the wind,
go better in a pipe collar. On coming in from use, the
bits, terrets, &c., should first be removed, then the harness,
if dirty, should be carefully washed clean, but not made
more wet than absolutely necessary, then dried in the har-
ness-room, but not put near the fire \ when dry it should
be thoroughly done over with some harness paste or polish,
and well brushed bright. The bits and terrets, &c., are
also cleaned and polished, and everything is ready for use,
90 Breeding.
Duties. The duty on every horse is io.f. 6d. ; on every
carriage with four wheels, 2 2s. on every carriage with
two wheels, 15^. ; on every man-servant, i$s.
CHAPTER VII.
BREEDING.
Most profitable kind Selection of Brood Mare Choice of Stallion Best age to
breed from Best time for breeding Treatment of the Mare -Management
of the Foal Directions for rearing The Foals of Farm Horses.
The most profitable kind of Breeding.
IN many cases the breeder undertakes his task for
the purpose of gratifying his taste for rural sports and
amusements, and without regard to profit ; but in most
instances there will be a desire to make the speculation
successful in a pecuniary point of view, as well as with
regard to honorary distinction on the turf. But when it is re-
membered that three-fourths of the horses bred expressly for
racing are worthless for that purpose, and that each colt
or filly costs considerably more than 100 at three years
old, it becomes a question how best to conduct operations
so as to make use of the casts-off from the racing stable
for other purposes. The question is solved in this way :
there are certain breeds of horses which are first-rate on
the turf, and also in the hunting field ; and if I were select-
ing mares for general purposes, it would be my object to
obtain those got by one or other of them. On the other
hand, there are many strains of good racing blood which
have never, or scarcely ever, turned out a hunter or a
steeplechaser, and though such blood may suit the breeder
for one purpose, it is not calculated to serve the man who
Breeding. 9 1
wishes two strings to his bow. From these remarks it may
be gathered, that, in my humble opinion, a breeding stud
may be formed which shall produce a few colts and fillies
capable of racing, whilst those which are not race horses
may be expected to serve as hunters of a high class. By
this plan a greater number of prizes will be drawn in the
lottery, and the scheme will pay far better than on the
exclusive principle. So long as thorough-bred hunters are
the fashion, and command such high prices, it will be found
that it is a much more paying speculation to sell off the
drafts at hunters' prices, than for the wretched sums which
they fetch as racing stock. There are so many accidents
and risks in all stud farms, that a great number will always
be useless or dead, and the blanks will in proportion be
numerous ; consequently it is highly necessary to make
the most of the materials which are available for paying
the expense of the establishment. If, then, instead of
selling off the rejected three-year-olds, such as are of good
size are turned out, and allowed to grow and thicken
till they are five, they might then be re-broken and made
into hunters, or sold for that purpose, without incur-
ring any trouble or risk; and they would fetch from
^150 to ,-200 apiece, or in some cases considerably
more.
SELECTION OF BROOD MARE. In choosing the brood
mare four things must be considered first, her blood ;
secondly, her frame ; thirdly, her state of health ; and
fourthly, her temper.
Her blood or breeding will mainly depend upon the
views of the breeder that is to say, what particular class
of colts he wishes to obtain, and according to his decision
he will look out for mares of the particular kind he desires
to reproduce, on the principle that "like begets like,"
subject to the considerations above stated.
In frame the mare should be so formed as to be
capable of carrying and well nourishing her offspring;
that is, she should be what is called "/oomy." There is
a formation of the hips which is particularly unfit for
breeding purposes, and yet which is sometimes carefully
selected, because it is considered elegant ; this is the
Breeding,
level and straight hip, in which the tail is set on very
high, and the end of the haunch -bone is nearly on a
level with the projection of the hip-bone. The opposite
Breeding. 03
form is represented in the skeleton, which is that of a
thorough-bred mare, well formed for this breeding pur-
pose, but in other respects rather too slight. By ex-
amining her pelvis, it will be seen that the haunch-bone
forms a considerable angle with the sacrum, and that,
as a consequence, there is plenty of room, not only
for carrying the foal, but for allowing it to pass into
the world. Both of these points are important, the
former evidently so, and the latter no less so on con-
sideration, because if the foal is injured in the birth,
either of necessity, or from ignorance or carelessness, it
will often fail to recover its powers, and will remain
permanently injured. The pelvis, then, should be wide
and deep that is to say, it should be large and roomy ;
and there should also be a little more than the average
length from the hip to the shoulder, so as to give plenty
of bed for the foal ; as well as a good depth of back-ribs,
which is necessary in order to support this increased
length. This gives the whole framework of the trunk of
a larger proportion than is always desirable in the race
horse, which may be easily overtopped ; and hence many
good runners have failed as brood mares, whilst a great
number of bad runners have been dams of good race
horses. Beyond this roomy frame, necessary as the egg-
shell of the foal, the mare only requires such a shape and
make as is well adapted for the particular purpose she is
intended for ; or if not possessing it herself, she should
belong to a family having it. If a mare can be obtained
possessing all these requisites in her own person, so much
the more likely will she be to produce race horses ; but if
npt all, then it is better that she should add as many as
possible to the needful framework, without which her
office can hardly be well carried out. But with this
suitable frame, if she belongs to a family which, as a rule,
possesses all the attributes of a race horse, she may be
relied on with some degree of certainty, even though she
herself should fail in some of them. Thus there are
many fine roomy mares which have been useless as race
horses from being deficient in the power of some one
quarter, either behind or before, or perhaps a little too
94 Breeding.
slack in the loin for their length. Such animals, if of
good running families, should not be despised ; and many
such have stood their owners in good stead. On the
other hand, some good-looking animals have never thrown
good stock, because they were only exceptional cases,
and their families were of bad running blood on all or
most sides. No mare could look much more unlike pro-
ducing strong stock than Pocahontas, but being of a
family which numbers Selim, Bacchante, Tramp, Web,
Orville, Eleanor, and Marmion among its eight members
in the third remove, it can scarcely occasion surprise that
she should respond to the call of the Baron by producing
a Stockwell and a Rataplan.
In health, the brood mare should be as near perfection
as the artificial state of this animal will allow ; at all
events, it is the most important point of all ; and in every
case the mare should be very carefully examined, with a
view to discover what deviations from a natural state have
been entailed upon her by her own labours, and what she
has inherited from her ancestors. Independently of the
consequences of accidents, all deviations from a state of
health in the mare may be considered as more or less
transmitted to her, because in a thoroughly sound consti-
tution, no ordinary treatment such as training consists of
will produce disease, and it is only hereditary predis-
position which, under this process, entails its appearance.
Still, there are positive, comparative, and superlative
degrees of objectionable diseases incidental to the brood
mare, which should be accepted or refused accordingly.
All accidental defects, such as broken knees, dislocated
hips, or even " breaks down," may be passed over ; the
latter, however, only when the stock from which the mare
is descended are famous for standing their work without
this frailty of sinew and ligament. Spavins, ring-bones,
large splents, side-bones, and, in fact, all bony enlarge-
ments, are constitutional defects, and will be almost sure
to be perpetuated, more or less, according to the degree
in which they exist in the particular case. Curby hocks
are also hereditary, and should be avoided ; though many
a one much bent at the junction of the os calcis with the
Breeding. 95
astragalus is not at all liable to curbs. It is the defective
condition of the ligaments there, not the angular junction,
which leads to curbs ; and the breeder should carefully
investigate the individual case before accepting or reject-
ing a mare with suspicious hocks. Bad feet, whether
from contraction or from too flat and thin a sole, should
also be avoided ; but when they have obviously arisen
from bad shoeing, the defect may be passed over. Such
are the chief varieties of unsoundness in the legs which
require circumspection ; the good points which, on the
other hand, are to be looked for, are those considered
desirable in all horses that are subjected to the shocks of
the gallop. Calf knees are generally bad in the race
horse, and are very apt to be transmitted, whilst the
opposite form is also perpetuated, but is not nearly so
disadvantageous. Such are the general considerations
bearing upon soundness of limb. That of the wind is no
less important. Broken-winded mares seldom breed, and
they are therefore out of the question, if for no other
reason ; but no one would risk the recurrence of this
disease, even if he could get such a mare stinted. Roar-
ing is a much-vexed question, which is by no means the-
oretically settled among our chief veterinary authorities,
nor practically by our breeders. Every year, however,
it becomes more and more frequent and important, and
the risk for reproduction is too great for any person
wilfully to run by breeding from a roarer. As far as I
can learn, it appears to be much more hereditary on the
side of the mare than on that of the horse ; and not even
the offer of a Virago should tempt me to use her as a
brood mare. There are so many different conditions
which produce what is called " roaring," that it is difficult
to form any opinion which shall apply to all cases. In
some instances, where it has arisen from neglected
strangles, or from a simple inflammation of the larynx,
the result of cold, it will probably never reappear ; but
when the genuine idiopathic roaring has made its appear-
ance, apparently depending upon a disease of the nerves
of the larynx, it is ten to one that the produce will suffer
in the same way. Blindness, again, may or may not be
96 Breeding.
hereditary ; but in all cases it should be viewed with
suspicion as great as that due to roaring. Simple cataract
without inflammation undoubtedly runs in families ; and
when a horse or mare has both eyes suffering from this
disease, without any other derangement of the eye, I
should eschew it carefully. When blindness is the result
of violent inflammation brought on by bad management,
or by influenza, or any other similar cause, the eye itself
is more or less disorganized ; and though this itself is
objectionable, as showing a weakness of the organ, it is
not so bad as the regular cataract. Such are the chief
absolute defects, or deviations, from health in the mare ;
to which may be added a general delicacy of constitution,
which can only be guessed from the amount of flesh
which she carries while sucking or on poor " keep," or
from her appearance on examination by an experienced
hand, using his eyes as well. The firm full muscle, the
bright and lively eye, the healthy-looking coat at all
seasons, rough though it may be "in the winter, proclaim
the hardiness of constitution which is wanted, but which
often coexists with infirm legs and feet. Indeed, some-
times the very best-topped animals have the worst legs
and feet, chiefly owing to the extra weight they and their
ancestors also have had to carry. Crib-biting is some-
times a habit acquired from idleness, as also is wind-
sucking ; but if not caused by indigestion, it often leads
to it, and is very commonly caught by the offspring. It
is true that it may be prevented by a strap ; but it is not
a desirable accomplishment in the mare, though of less
importance than those to which I have already alluded, if
, not accompanied by absolute loss of health, as indicated
by emaciation or the state of the skin.
Lastly, the temper is of the utmost importance, by
which must be understood not that gentleness at grass
which may lead the breeder's family to pet the mare, but
such a temper as will serve for the purposes of her rider,
and will answer to the stimulus of the voice, whip, or spur.
A craven or a rogue is not to be thought of as the
" mother of a family ;" and if a mare belongs to a breed
which is remarkable for refusing to answer the call of the
Breeding. 97
rider, she should be consigned to any task rather than the
stud farm. Neither should a mare be used for this purpose
which had been too irritable to train, unless she happened
to be an exceptional case ; but if of an irritable family,
she would be worse even than a roarer or a blind one.
These are defects which are apparent in the colt or filly,
but the irritability which interferes with training often
leads to the expenditure of large sums on the faith of
private trials, which are lost from the failure in public,
owing to this defect of nervous system.
Choice of Stallion.
Like the brood mare, the stallion requires several es-
sentials commencing also like her, first, with his blood ;
secondly, his individual shape ; thirdly, his health ; and
fourthly, his temper. But there is this difficulty in select-
ing the stallion, that he must not only be suitable per
se, but he must also be adapted to the particular mare
which he is to " serve." Thus, it will be manifest that
the task is more difficult than the fixing upon a brood
mare, because (leaving out of consideration all other
points but blood) in the one case, a mare only has to be
chosen which is of good blood for racing purposes, while
in the other there must be the same attention paid to this
particular, and also to the stallion's suitability to the mare,
or to " hit " with her blood. Hence, all the various
theories connected with generation must be investigated,
in order to do justice to the subject ; and the breeder
must make up his mind whether in-and-in-breeding, as a
rule, is desirable or otherwise; and, if so, whether it
is adapted to the particular case he is considering.
Most men make up their minds one way or the other
on this subject, and act accordingly, in which decision
much depends upon the prevailing fashion. The rock
upon which most men split is a bigoted favouritism
for some particular horse ; thus, one man puts all his
mares to Orlando ; another to Surplice or the Flying
Dutchman ; although they may every one be of different
blood and form to the others. Now, this cannot possibly
98 Breeding.
be right if there is any principle whatever in breeding ;
and, however good a horse may be, he cannot be suited
to all mares. Some, again, will say that any horse will
do, and that all is a lottery ; but I think I shall be able
to show that there is some science required to enable the
breeder to draw many prizes. That the system generally
followed of late is a bad one I am satisfied, and with the
usual and constant crossing and re-crossing, it is almost a
lottery ; but upon proper principles, and with careful
management, I am tempted to believe that there would
be fewer blanks than at present.
In choosing the particular blood which will suit any
given mare, my impression always would be, that it is
desirable to fix upon the best strain in her pedigree, if not
already twice bred in-and-in, and then to put to her the
best stallion available of that blood. In some cases, of
course, it will happen that the second best strain will
answer better, because there happens to be a better horse
of that blood to be had than of the superior strain, which
would otherwise be preferred. If, on the other hand, the
mare has already been in-bred to the extent of two degrees,
then a cross will be advisable ; but I arn much inclined
to believe, from the success of certain well-known cases,
that even then a cross into blood already existing in the
mare, but not recently in-bred nor used more than once,
will sometimes answer. Upon these principles I should,
therefore, look for success ; as the production of good win-
ners has so often followed this practice as to make its
adoption exceedingly tempting.
The choice of particular stallions, as dependent upon
their formation, is not less difficult than that of the mare,
and it must be guided by nearly the same principles,
except that there is no occasion for any framework espe-
cially calculated for nourishing and containing the foetus,
as in her case. As far as possible, the horse should
be the counterpart of what is desired in the produce,
though sometimes it may be necessary to select an animal
of a breed slightly exaggerating the peculiarity which is
sought for, especially when that is not connected with the
preponderance of fore or hind-quarters. Thus, if the mare
Breeding. 99
is very leggy, a more than usual short-legged horse may
be selected, or if the neck is too short or too long, an
animal with this organ particularly long or the reverse, as
the case may be, should be sought out. But in all cases
it is dangerous to attempt to make too sudden an altera-
tion with regard to size, as the effort will generally end in
a colt made without due proportion of parts, and there-
fore more or less awkward and unwieldy.
In constitution and general health, the same remarks
exactly apply to the horse as the mare. All hereditary
diseases are to be avoided as far as possible, though few
horses are to be met with entirely free from all kinds of
unsoundness, some the effect of severe training, and
others resulting from actual disease, occurring from other
causes. With regard to fatness, there is an extraordinary
desire for horses absolutely loaded with fat, just as there
formerly was for over-fed oxen at Christmas. It is quite
true that the presence of a moderate quantity of fat is a
sign of a good constitution, but like all other good quali-
ties, it may be carried to excess, so as to produce disease ;
and just as there often is hypertrophy, or excess of
nourishment of the heart, or any bony parts, so is there
often a like superabundance of fat, causing obstruction to
the due performance of the animal functions, and often
ending in premature death. This is in great measure
owing to want of exercise, but also to over-stimulating
food ; and the breeder who wishes his horse to last, and
also to get good stock, should take especial care that he
has enough of the one and not too much of the other.
In temper, also, there is no more to be added to what
I have said relating to the mare, except that there are
more bad-tempered stallions met with than mares, inde-
pendently of their running, and this is caused by the con-
stant state of unnatural excitement in which they are kept.
This kind of vice is, however, not of so much importance,
as it does not affect the running of the stock, and solely
interferes with their stable management.
IOO Breeding.
Best Age to Breed from.
It is commonly supposed that one or other of the parents
should be of mature age, and that if both are very young
or very old the produce will be decrepit or weakly. A
great many of our best horses have been out of old mares,
or by old horses as, for instance, Priam, out of Cressida,
at twenty ; Crucifix, out of Octaviana, at twenty-two ; and
Lottery and Bnitandorf, out of Mandane, at twenty and
twenty-one ; Voltaire got Voltigeur at twenty-one ; Bay
Middleton was the sire of Andover at eighteen; and
Touchstone got Newminster at seventeen. On the other
hand, many young stallions and mares have succeeded
well, and in numberless instances the first foal of a mare
has been the best she ever produced. In the olden times,
Mark Anthony and Conductor were the first foals of their
dams ; and more recently, Shuttle, Pope, Filho da Puta,
Sultan, Pericles, Oiseau, Doctor Syntax, Manfred, and
Pantaloon have all been first-born. Still these are excep-
tions, and the great bulk of superior horses are produced
later in the series. The youngest dam which I ever heard
of was Monstrosity, foaled in 1838, who produced Ugly
Buck at three years old, having been put to Venison when
only two years of age. Her dam also was only one year
older when she was foaled ; and Venison himself was quite
a young stallion, being only seven years old when he got
Ugly Buck ; so that altogether the last-mentioned horse
was a remarkable instance of successful breeding from
young parents. As in most cases of the kind, however,
his early promises were not carried out, and he showed
far better as a two-year-old, and early in the following
year, than in his maturity. Such is often the case, and, I
believe, is a very general rule in breeding all animals,
whether horses, dogs, or cattle. The general practice in
breeding is to use young stallions with old mares, and to
put young mares to old stallions ; and such appears to be
the best plan, judging from theory as well as practice.
Best Time for Breeding.
For all racing purposes an early foal is important,
because the age take date from the ist January. The
Breeding. IOI
mare, therefore, should be put to the horse in February,
so as to foal as soon after ist January as possible. As,
however, many mares foal a little before the end of the
eleventh month, it is not safe to send her to the horse
before the middle of the second month in the year. For
ordinary horses, colts foaled in March are generally
hardier and stronger than those foaled afterwards.
Treatment of the Mare.
The mare should be allowed to be at large in the fields
during the day-time, as exercise is of the greatest conse-
quence to her health ; and she should be carefully kept
from the sight of any object which can terrify or distress
her, such as pig-killing. When the mare is near her time,
she shows her state by the filling of the udder, and by the
falling in of the muscles on each side of the croup, which
the farriers call the " sinking of the bones." When these
signs appear the mare should be constantly watched,
in order that assistance may be given her if there is any
difficulty in the presentation.
As soon as the foal is born the mare should be allowed
to clean it, and the secundines are removed by the
attendant ; after which the mare should have a little warm
gruel, and, if very much exhausted, one to three ounces of
nitrous ether may be added, and repeated in six or eight
hours, if needful. It often happens with the first foal that
the mare will not take to it, and not only refuses to clean
it, but actually denies it the proper nourishment from her
teats. W T hen this is the case, the man should milk the
mare and soothe her, and after her udder is somewhat
empty, and she is relieved, she will generally allow the
foal to suck. They should never be left alone till this
has taken place, as it is dangerous to do so, for fear of the
mare doing a fatal injury to her offspring. Before the
coat of the foal is dry, the mane should be combed all on
one side ; by which precaution that ragged unsightly look
is avoided which it has if part hangs one side and part on
the other. For the first twenty-four hours, nothing besides
warm gruel and a very little hay should be given to the
mare ; but when the secretion of milk is fully established
IO2 Breeding.
she requires corn, bran mashes, with malt, carrots, Swedes,
lucerne, or green food in some shape, according to the
season of the year.
Management of the Foal.
Handling the foal should be commenced as soon as he
is born, because it is at that time that he is most easily
rendered tractable, and regardless of the presence of his
attendant, who should make a practice of nibbing his
head, picking up his feet, &c., long before he wants to
do anything with those parts. But if these acts are post-
poned till they are really wanted to be done, the colt is
wild and unmanageable, and neither physic nor anything
else can be administered without a degree of violence
very dangerous to its welfare. The foal is very liable to
diarrhoea, which should at once be checked by a drench of
rice-water, with one or two drachms of laudanum ; this
will always stop it if repeated after every loose motion.
The sun should in all cases be admitted to the box,
whether in winter or summer, and without it no young
animal will long be in health. If the weather is very
severe, with wet as well as cold, the upper half only of the
door should be opened while the sun is out ; but if the
weather is dry, the mare and fyal may be allowed to run
into the yard, or, if not very cold and frosty, into the
paddock for a short time. By the end of the month the
foal will begin to eat kibbled oats, which may be given in
its own low manger, and with the mare tied up to hers.
As many of them as the foal will eat will do good ; and
it never happens, that I have heard, that a young foal will
eat more than enough of this food, which is the mainstay
of the young racer. Much of the success of racing stock
depends upon their early forcing by means of corn ; and
as far as he is concerned, the mare as well as himself can
hardly have too much, consistently with a continuance of
health. When the mare is tied up the halter should not
be longer than necessary, nor should it be fastened to a
low ring, as it has often happened that the foal has
become entangled in it when low, and has been ruined by
its own struggles, or those of its mother. At six months
Breeding. 103
old the foal is usually weaned, previously to which he
should wear a light and well-fitting head-collar, by which
he may be led about with a length of webbing attached to
it by a buckle. This is more easily done before weaning
than after, as the mare may always be made an induce-
ment to- the foal, and it will thereby be half coaxed and
half led by a little manoeuvring, whereas if entirely alone,
the foal will struggle in order to escape, and will not so
easily be controlled. Two quarterns of kibbled oats may
now be given to the foal during the day, which, with the
grass of summer, will keep him in high flesh, and by this
time he ought to have grown into a very good-sized
animal. By this treatment the foals are made strong and
hardy against the advent of the winter season, during
which time their progress is not nearly so fast as in the
summer ; and, in spite of every precaution, there are
constantly drawbacks in the shape of colds, dysentery,
&c. Feeding in this mode is the great secret in rearing
racing stock ; and though cow's milk, steamed turnips,
&c., will make the yearling look fat and fleshy, you will
never see that appearance of high breeding and condition
which is given by corn, nor when put into training do
they pass through that ordeal in the way which corn-fed
colts 'and fillies may be expected to do. At this age,
when fed in this way, foals are as mischievous as monkeys,
and great care should be taken that they have nothing in
their way which can possibly injure them. Brooms,
shovels, pikes, and buckets must always be kept away
from their reach, and all gates and fences must be care-
fully put in order. Indeed, with every precaution, they
will strain themselves in their play ; and if all these points
are not attended to, the consequence is almost sure to be
fatal to life or limb. During the winter .young racing
stock should all be carefully housed at night ; and their
corn may be increased to three quarterns a day as soon as
the grass fails, with plenty of good sound old hay, and
occasionally a few carefully sliced carrots or Swedes.
During all this time they should still be constantly handled
and led about ; and when removed from one pasture to
another, they should always be caught and led by the
104 Breeding.
length of webbing. The absence of this precaution is a
fertile source of accidents, while its adoption is only
an instance of that constant handling which must be
attended to even were no removal necessary. These
remarks will carry on the treatment of the yearling to the
time when he is broken-in and put into training. At this
time that is, in the second summer, and as soon as there
is plenty of grass the yearling should begin to assume
the appearance of the horse, with arms and thighs well
developed, and with a fair allowance of fat, which, though
not necessary for racing purposes, is always an indication
of high health, and will make its appearance on the ribs
of a stout and healthy colt in spite of all the exercise in
the shape of frolics and gallops which his high spirits
induce him to take. During the early spring months this
cannot always be expected, from the nature of the food ;
but after May the flesh ought always to be rather full and
round than wiry and free from fat, which latter condition
indicates a delicacy of constitution unfavourable to the
purposes of the race horse.
Physicking the yearling or the foal is sometimes neces-
sary, when he is getting off his feed, or is bound in his
bowels, or his eyes are becoming inflamed, or otherwise
indicating that he is over-corned. This is a very common
state of things, and the remedy is a dose of the common
aloetic ball, for which see the "Diseases of the Horse," for
the dose and mode of administration. About one-quarter
of an ordinary ball is the smallest dose likely to be
beneficial to the young foal.
The following useful directions for the rearing of the
foals of cart horses are extracted from Mr. Morton's
" Farmer's Calendar."
" Foals dropped, as they should be, before the middle of
May may be weaned about Michaelmas, when the mare
will be required for the labours of the farm. When, how-
ever, the mare's milk is deficient in quantity or indifferent
in quality, it is often advisable to wean the colt much
earlier. If this has to be done before the young animal
is many weeks old, it must be supplied several times daily
with cow's milk, to which a little sugar is added. Besides
Breeding. 105
picking a little grass or clover, the young animal must
further be early taught to eat a few bruised oats, some
steamed bran, or other such food. At Michaelmas, the
foal, if healthy and well grazed, will be strong and in good
condition, and the progress thus made must not be lost.
In many parts of England, and especially where old
pastures abound, young horses, often promising and well-
bred, are stunted in growth and spoilt by being kept in
the fields late in autumn, and even during winter exposed
to the inclemency of all weathers, and receiving nothing
but the coarse innutritive grass they gather. This is
wretched parsimony. There can be no greater mistake
than to stint young animals, or allow them to lose during
winter the condition acquired in summer. So soon as the
October nights get long and cold, foals should be brought
into the yards or sheds, or placed in a field with a good
open hovel into which they may run at pleasure. They
must further be supplied, at least once a day, with some
hay and a few bruised oats mixed with chaff or bran. If
the weather continue tolerably fine, they will thrive better
if thus allowed to be in the fields during the day, and pro-
tected at night. When frost and snow set in, the foals
may be placed in their winter quarters. A good yard,
sufficiently roomy for exercise, and provided with an open
shed, is preferable to a loose box. Colts and cattle
seldom agree well in the same yard. The colts, full of
play, chase and disturb their more placid neighbours,
which occasionally retaliate by a dangerous thrust of the
horn. Barley and oat straw, frequently varied with an
occasional allowance of bean or pea straw, may constitute
the bulk of their winter food. A few handfuls of hay once
a day are well bestowed, and are absolutely essential for
weakly or late foals. A few sliced Swedes^ mangolds, or
carrots, regularly given with some chaff, cut straw, or hay,
keep the bowels open, and add to the general health.
But besides this, and especially if the colts live more on
straw than hay, they require some food of more nutritive
character to keep them growing. For this end, supply to
each foal daily three or four pounds of oats, which are
best given cracked or bruised, along with several handfuls
io6 Breeding.
of chaff, and divided into a morning and evening feed.
An occasional bran mash is also advisable ; a pound of
bruised oil-cake daily, given with the oats, tends to keep
the skin in a healthy state, and is especially useful when
roots are not to be had ; a piece of rock salt in the rack
or manger contributes to digestion and health, whilst
a sufficient supply of good water is fully as essential
as good food. In early spring, and before there is
sufficient grass to afford a full bite, colts may be ad-
vantageously turned out during the day, and brought in at
night. Their management during the summer requires
less notice. If they are to come to good size they must
still be liberally dealt with, placed on good grass, their
pasture varied occasionally, and ensured at all times a
good supply of water. In the succeeding winter their
age and strength enable them to stand more hardships,
and their fare need not be so nutritive as during their first
winter. Good fresh straw, of varied sorts, a liberal supply
of sliced roots, with corn, bran, and chaff as before, will
generally suffice without hay to keep them growing in
sound health and improving condition."
For the rearing of young horses it is necessary that
farmers have enclosures or conveniences for letting their
colts run out during fine winter weather, or an open shed
in their pasture where they can receive their allowance of
corn or hay, and, at the same time, be sheltered from the
inclemency of the weather. Nothing can be more per-
nicious to horses' feet than the heat arising from litter, to
which colts are subjected when fed and reared in yards
and boxes.
There is no principle of greater importance in horse
feeding than the liberal feeding of foals during their whole
growth. They ought to have a due proportion of cooked
food when they are changing their teeth. The plan
of manger-feeding, that is, giving crushed oats and beans,
cut hay and straw, mixed together, at the time they are
changing their teeth, would prevent them becoming re-
duced to the low state we see them at that period.
Breaking. 107
CHAPTER VIIL
BREAKING.
Paddock Leading tackle Shoeing Tying-up in the stable Breaking
Mouthing-bit Breaking to harness Breaking and teaching a Hunter
Breaking the Lady's Horse.
THE breaking of colts is generally commenced in
warm summer weather, and there is no danger in allow-
ing the colt to be at liberty during the day, at such hours
as are not required to be occupied by the breaker's
instructions.
It is necessary to have a series of airy boxes, separated
from one another, and at least 1 8 ft. by 12 ft., with a very
free circulation of air. These are much better made open
to the roof, as they are never used in cold weather for
horses, and will then serve for any other kind of stock if
required ; but at all events they should now be as airy, as
it is possible to make them. Many people object to the
use of litter at this period, as being different to the cool
grass to which the colt has been accustomed, and recom-
mend tan as a much better kind of material for the floor
of the box. I am inclined to think that there is great
reason in this objection, and that the latter article is less
likely to produce that contraction of the feet which so
commonly occurs in the horse in training. A shady pad-
dock, with as soft a turf as possible, should be provided ;
and here a colt may be turned out the first thing in the
morning for an hour or two, and again at night for the
same time, leaving the middle of the day for the breaker's
manipulations. This plan also provides for the gradual
alteration of diet, as the colt will always pick a little grass
when turned out, and will only eat his hay during the long
night ; whilst his corn he has long been accustomed to,
and will still continue to relish.
Io8 Breaking.
Leading Tackle.
Leading with the cavesson on is the first thing to be
practised, and it should be continued for two or three
weeks without any further attempt at breaking, if there is
plenty of time, and full justice is to be done to the colt.
A roller is put upon the colt, and a crupper, with long
hip-straps, by the presence of which he becomes accus-
tomed to a loose sheet, or any other arrangement of
clothing in his subsequent work. With this tackle on,
and long boots on his fore-legs to guard against his strik-
ing them, the colt is led about the country, either by the
breaker on foot or mounted on a steady hack ; and for
a week he may generally be confined to a soft turf, which
will not require his being shod. Even on such ground as
this he will be gradually accustomed to carts, waggons,
droves of sheep, oxen, &c., and will daily acquire more
confidence in himself and in his leader. No bit should
be put in his mouth as yet, for its too early use, while he
is still shy and inclined to struggle, only makes him more
timid, and by far less manageable than with the cavesson
alone.
Shoeing.
Shoeing must be commenced as soon as the colt is in a
state to be taken on the road, because it will often happen
that he will be inclined to jump and plunge on the meet-
ing of unaccustomed objects ; and if his feet are unshod
he will break the crust, and do an amount of injury
which it will take many weeks to restore. It is better,
therefore, to put some short shoes on his fore-feet ; but
his hind feet may still perhaps be left in their natural
state for some time longer. I do not myself see the
advantage of this delay, but it is very commonly prac-
tised with young racing stock ; and with wild or badly-
handled colts it is often necessary, from the greater
resistance which they make to the blacksmith behind
than before. The shoes or tips should be nailed on very
carefully, and they should be very neat and light in their
make ; the feet also should afterwards be regularly ex-
amined, and the shoes removed every three weeks. It is
Breaking. 109
a very common practice for the blacksmith to cut out the
heels of these colts, but I am satisfied that, by the use of
tips only, the heels may be left in a state of nature, and
will need no cutting into shape. With the frog they are
best left to grow and fulfil the functions which Nature
has assigned to them.
Tying-up in the Stable.
The next process is the tying-up in the stall, which the
colts may now be accustomed to, inasmuch as they have
fully proved the power of the halter or leading-rein in
their struggles to avoid passing objects ; and they will not
therefore fight much when tied up in the stable. The
head-stall should fit very closely, and the throat-lash be
sufficiently tight to prevent the colt from pulling it off in
his efforts to get free ; for if the young Animal finds he
can effect his object once, he is a long time before he
ceases to try it again. The colt is often very fidgety : if
so, he must be at once compelled to stand still, by the
use of wooden balls attached to the fetlocks by leather
straps, which soon accustom him to a steady position,
from the blows which they inflict upon him when he
struggles or moves rapidly from side to side. A breast-
girth may also be put on as a forerunner of the breast-
cloth ; and it will also serve to prevent the roller, which
is constantly worn, from getting back under the flank, and
thereby irritating the wearer. All the ordinary stable
practices may now gradually be taught, such as washing
out the feet, dressing, hand-rubbing the legs, &c., and
the colt should be made to turn from side to side of his
stall at the wish of his attendant groom, who may easily
conduct the whole process without the aid of any regular
breaker, unless the temper of the colt is such as to demand
extraordinary skill and address ; and even here the groom
accustomed to thorough-bred colts is often a better hand
than the colt-breaker, who is engaged in breaking all
sorts of animals, and will not bestow sufficient time upon
the valuable racing colts and fillies. Now, without full
time it is impossible to bring these young things into
subjection, and the consequence is that their tempers are
1 10 Breaking.
ruined, and they are rendered unfit for the purpose for
which they are otherwise well qualified. Their feeding is
so high that they are full of spirit, and will fight to the
death if they are made to resist by ill-treatment or hasty
breaking ; it is, therefore, more by coaxing and gradual
leading on step by step, from one point gained to another
which is to be overcome, that this animal is vanquished,
and made at last to yield his powers to the guidance of a
young lad of twelve years of age, or even less.
Breaking.
Lunging may now be commenced, which will require
the aid of a second hand, in order to compel the colt to
progress in the circle by threatening him with the whip
behind him. The cavesson, boots, roller, crupper, &c.,
are all put on, and a long leading-rein of webbing is
attached to the ring in the nose of the cavesson, just as
if the colt was going to be led out as usual. But instead
of merely leading, the colt is made to walk round
a circle on some piece of soft turf ; and then, when he
has learnt to do this kindly, he is made to canter slowly
round, the assistant walking behind him until he will pro-
gress by himself, which he soons learns to do. As soon
as he has gone round the circle in one direction a dozen
times or so, he may be turned round and made to reverse
it, which prevents giddiness, and also any undue strain
upon either leg. This process is repeated at various
times throughout the breaking, and is the best mode of
keeping the colt quiet by giving him any amount of work
on the canter or gallop. It is not, however, used for the
same purpose as in the ordinary breaking of hacks and
harness horses, where it is made a means of getting them
upon their haunches ; an alteration from a state of nature
which it is not desirable to effect in the race horse. On
the contrary, it is often necessary to make him extend
himself still more than he otherwise would, and the less
he is upon his haunches the better. The bit, therefore,
is never used in his mouth as a means of putting him
back upon his hind legs ; whilst it is, on the other hand,
Breaking.
in
used more to make the horse extend himself by playing
with it, and slightly resisting its tendency to confine his
mouth.
The mouthing-bit may now
be put on, and its construction
and form are of the utmost
importance to the future deli-
cacy of mouth which is so es-
sential to the action of the
race horse. In no kind of
horse is the snaffle bridle so
desirable as in the race horse,
in which a curb is always a
means of making him gallop
in too round a style ; and yet
when be pulls very strongly,
this is a less evil than to let
him get away with his rider,
and either bolt out of the
course or destroy his chance
by over-running himself early
in the race.
Hence it is doubly neces-
sary to guard against making
the angles of the mouth sore,
for if once they get into that
state they are almost sure to
become more or less callous
and insensible. But if, during
breakage, a snaffle of any kind,
large or small, is used, this re-
sult is almost sure to occur,
either in the horse's early
fighting with his bit, or when
" put upon it " in the stable.
Instead of a snaffle, a bit without a joint is the simple
remedy for all this. It should be made in the form of a
circle, or a segment of a circle, and with keys as usual
hanging from its centre. This circular or segmental form
is better than the straight bit, upon which the colt is apt
1 1 2 Breaking.
to pull on one side, and to get an uneven mouth ; whereas,
when standing in the stable, and the reins are buckled
to his roller, crossed over his withers, he can never do
otherwise than get an even pull upon all parts of his mouth,
whether he puts his lips close to one side of the bit or the
other.
This is a very important point in breaking all colts, and
in racing stock it is doubly so, because of the necessity of
preserving that delicacy of sensation without which they
can never be taken round corners, &c., except by lying out
of their ground, and hence losing a considerable distance.
But with this bit the mouth is gradually made, and with-
out producing soreness in any part which afterwards takes
the lit ; and this is the great feature in its use, for as the
tongue and gums take its pressure chiefly, so the angles of
the mouth only touch it at the will of the colt, and it is
when playing with it that they do touch at all, and then
only to such an extent as to avoid pain to themselves.
This bit, then, may be used on all occasions without fear
until the colt is fit to take his gallops, when a strong
snaffle may be substituted, and gradually supplanted by
that small and fine kind called the Racing Snaffle, but
which need not be nearly so small for the horse broken to
the segmental bit as for one " mouthed " to the ordinary
breaker's snaffle. After the bit has been put in the mouth,
no attempt at first should be made to induce the colt to
play with it; but it may be suffered to remain in the
mouth while he is led about by the cavesson, and without
any side-reins being attached. When this has been done
for a day or two, the side-reins are buckled on, and are
attached also to the buckles in the roller, crossing them
over the withers. At first they may be drawn up very
slightly, so as just to prevent the colt from putting his
head into his usual position, and in that form he may be
left in his box for an hour a day, besides the usual
amount of walking out of doors with the bridle on. They
may now be gradually tightened a hole or two per day,
and also more so in the box than when led out, when the
tightening should be very gradual indeed. Some colts
very soon begin to champ the bit, and play with it, whilst
Breaking. 113
others are often sulky for a day or two, and hang upon it
steadily, with the intention of freeing themselves. All,
however, at last begin to champ, and when this is freely
done, the breaker may teach the colt the intention of the
bit, by making him stop and back when out of doors, by
its means. The rings on each side should be taken hold
of evenly by both hands, and the colt made to stand or
back by steady pressure, but without alarming him.
Kindness and gentle usage, with occasional encourage-
ment, soon accustom him to its use, and he only wants
ten days or a fortnight in order to obtain the desired
result of its presence in the mouth, which is called " get-
ting a mouth," and which is merely the giving to the
sense of touch in the lips an extra degree of delicacy.
When this stage is completed, and the mouth is quite
under command, so that the colt will either come forward
or backward by drawing his head in those directions, with
the bit held in both hands, the colt is ready for backing.
During the whole progress of breaking, daily slow lunging
and plenty of walking exercise should have been practised,
so that the colt is not above himself, but is more or less
tired each day.
Before actual backing is attempted the saddle should
be put on, and it should always be a roomy one at first,
well stuffed, and fitting accurately, so as to avoid all
painful pressure. *The withers especially should be closely
watched, and if high and thin, the saddle should be pro-
portionally high at the pommel. The roller has been
hitherto the only kind of pressure round the chest, but it
has gradually been tightened from time to time, so as to
prepare the colt for the subsequent use of the girths
which are required to retain the saddle in its place. This
should be put on at first with the girths quite loose, and
with a crupper in addition, because, having already worn
one, the tail has become accustomed to its use, and
it often prevents the saddle from pressing with undue
force upon the withers, which are very sensitive and
easily made sore. The colt should be walked out and
lunged for a day or two with the saddle on before he is
mounted, so as to accustom the parts to its presence j and
8
114 Breaking.
it is even desirable to increase the weight of the saddle by
placing upon it some moderately heavy substance of two
or three stones weight, such as trusses of shot, or the
like, gradually making them heavier, but never putting
more than the above dead weight upon the saddle.
When the colt has thus been thoroughly seasoned, he
may be taken out and well lunged till he is tired,
still having his saddle on ; and during this exercise the
breaker will occasionally bear considerable weight upon
each stirrup, and flap them against the saddle, with the
object of making a noise, to which the colt should be
accustomed. It is a very good plan to have a leather
surcingle made to go over the saddle, and to attach the
buckles for the side-reins to this, instead of having them
sewn on to the saddle itself. When all is ready, and the
colt is tired by his lunging, &c., he may be taken into the
rubbing-house, as being close to the exercise ground, and
there the breaker himself, or one of the lads, may be put
upon the saddle, using him, as in all cases in young
horses, with great gentleness, and giving him constant
encouragement by the hand and voice.
Mounting is much better accomplished in the stable
than out, and causes much less alarm, because the colt
has been always accustomed to be more handled there,
and is less inclined, therefore, to resist. The lad, or
breaker, should get up and down again several times, and
if the colt is good tempered he will generally allow all
this to be done without the slightest resistance. In
mounting there should be very little spring made, but the
lad may hang about the horse as if fondling him, and bear
his weight upon the saddle ; then place one foot in and
hang on steadily ; when, if this is borne, the weight may
be taken off for a minute or two, and then the lad may
very gently and insensibly almost raise himself up to the
command of the saddle, after which he may steadily turn
his leg over, and is then seated. When the lad has sat
quietly upon his back for a few minutes, the side-reins
having already been buckled to the leather surcingle, two
additional reins may be attached for his use, though the
chief dependence at first must be placed upon the breaker
Breaking. 115
himself, who leads the colt, as before, with the cavesson
and webbing. With this the mounted colt is now led out,
and walked about for an hour or more ; after which he
should be returned to the stable, and then the lad should
dismount ; and on no account should this be attempted
at first out of doors, for it has happened that on getting off
there has been a fight to get on again, which has resulted
in victory to the horse, whereas in the stable it can always
be managed, and with the thorough-bred colt it is seldom
wanted elsewhere, until he is quite used to it. If there
is no stable at hand with a door high and wide enough
for this purpose, the colt may be mounted in the paddock,
the breaker being very careful to engage his attention,
and a third party being on the off-side to assist in keeping
the colt straight and the saddle from giving way while the
weight is being laid upon the stirrup. Most colts give
way at first to this one-sided pressure, but they soon learn
to bear up against it, and finally they do not show any
annoyance at all. It will be found that any colt may be
more readily managed by two people in a roomy stable
than by three out of doors, where he is on the look-out
for objects of alarm, and is always more ready to show
fight : the only difficulty is the getting clear of the door,
which should be wide and high ; and if it is the contrary,
it offers an obstacle to the plan, which must prevent its
adoption.
The mounted lad should at first sit steadily and
patiently still, and should not attempt to use the reins,
which might indeed be well dispensed with, but that few
riders could balance themselves without holding some-
thing. I have found it a good plan to buckle them to the
cavesson rather than to the bit, in those cases where the
hands of the rider were not very light. The colt on leav-
ing the stable often sets his back up, and perhaps plunges,
or attempts to kick, which he seldom does in the stable,
and less frequently in leaving it than when he is suddenly
mounted in the field. If he does this the breaker should
speak severely to him, and either keep down his head or
the reverse, according to whether he is attempting to rear
or kick. It is for the latter vice only that the rider
1 1 6 Breaking.
requires the rein to the bit, as it serves to keep the colt
quiet if the bit is suddenly checked when he gets his head
down before kicking. But in rearing, the lad is likely to
do mischief with it, and, on the whole, it is better, I think,
to avoid all chance of using it improperly, unless the
rider is very cautious and accustomed to the business of
colt breaking. When the young animal is quiet and
submissive after several days of leading about, the lad
may take command of the bit, as well as having the
reins entrusted to him, the breaker still keeping the long
webbing attached to the cavesson, and being always pre-
pared to assist the lad, who, however, should now begin
to try to turn the colt and stop him at pleasure, taking a
rein in each hand, and using them wide apart, with the
aid of his voice and heel.
As soon as it appears likely that the lad can control
his charge, the cavesson may be taken off, and the colt
placed in a string of horses which are so steady as not
to give occasion by their example for the colt beginning
to plunge.
During the course of breaking it is always safer to keep
the colt rather under-fed with corn, and until he is able to
begin his cantering exercise he will scarcely bear an
increase ; but much will depend upon his temper and if
he is inclined to fret he will often lose flesh, and will
demand more, rather than less, corn than usual. Bad-
tempered horses, however, will always require light feed-
ing during breaking, and extra time, as well as care, must
be bestowed upon them. This subject is better under-
stood now than it used to be, and fewer horses are spoiled
than was formerly the case ; still, however, there is often
room for improvement, and the number of horses which
are mismanaged at this time is by no means small.
Thorough-bred horses will not bear bad treatment, in
general, though some are certainly of such savage tempers
by nature as to require to be cowed ; still these are the
exceptions ; and the vast majority will, by early handling,
and cautious tackling and mounting, be broken almost
without a single fight or difficulty of any kind. If they
find themselves hurt by bit or saddle, or by the crupper
Breaking. 117
occasioning a sore, they show their dislike to the pain by
resisting, setting up their backs, and refusing to progress
quietly ; but, unless there is something wrong, they will
submit to being backed and ridden much more readily
than the colts of the common breeds, which have seldom
had a head-stall on their heads till a few days before they
are backed. I have more than once ridden thorough-
bred colts in tolerable comfort within a week or ten days
of their being first bitted ; but it is a bad plan, and the
longer time their mouths are allowed to become accus-
tomed to the bit, the better they ultimately turn out. It
will be many months before they are to be depended on
under any circumstances ; and when they get an increase
of corn they are almost sure to attempt some kind of
horse-play ; but the boys easily contend against this,
which is very different from the determined efforts of a
colt to dislodge its rider. When all these points are tho-
roughly accomplished in the breaking, it may be said to
be terminated, and the training of the two-year-old com-
mences ; the only things yet to be learned are the use of
the spur and whip, which should never be employed
except as a punishment for faults committed ; that is to
say, they should never be used as an every-day practice,
for, though every colt should be accustomed to them, it is
very seldom that the opportunity is wanting of adminis-
tering them for some fault or other.
A dose of physic will generally be necessary as soon as
the breaking is over, and very often it may be required
during its progress ; but by the occasional use of a bran
mash, and by giving a little green food with the hay, in
most cases there will be no necessity for its employment
while the breaking is going on, and while the quantity of
corn is kept purposely below the usual amount. As soon,
however, as the breaker thinks he dare do so, the corn is
increased to the usual quantity, and then a dose of physic,
preceded as usual by two bran mashes, will prevent that
feverish condition which so often comes on after breaking,
when the restraints of the stable are substituted for the
freedom of the fields.
Il8 Breaking.
Breaking to Harness.
For double harness work, a double-break and break
horse only are required to effect this object, and a very
short time will generally suffice to make a young horse
manageable, if driven with a steady companion, and by a
careful pair of hands. It is some time before he would
be fit for a timid lady, but for country work with those
who are not alarmed by an occasional slight freak, after a
week or ten days a horse may safely be used. The first thing
to be done is to put the harness on, and allow it to remain
for an hour or two during the two or three days before
the horse is driven. Previously to this, he should be
thoroughly broken to the saddle, because he will not
otherwise know the use of the bit, and without that he
will be entirely unmanageable. It was formerly a very
common practice to break carriage horses at plough, by
putting them in the middle of a team, and letting them
jump and kick till they were tired ; but this is a bad plan,
and many horses have been spoiled both in limb and
temper by it. Curbs and spavins are very commonly
caused by the struggles of a high-couraged horse ; and
jibbing will often ensue as a consequence in a bad-tem-
pered or sluggish one. The hot blood derived from the
Eastern horse leads these colts to plunge and fight against
restraint, in a very different way from the dull and phleg-
matic cart horse ; and, therefore, the plan is now dis-
carded in favour of the break, where the colt has the
power of moving forward, to some extent, in all his
plunges, if any, and his blood is not unnecessarily roused
by resistance. After he has been made accustomed to
the harness, he is put in with the break horse, an animal
of great size, power, and steadiness. The break horse
should first be put-to, and the break brought out into a
tolerably open place, where it may start on level ground,
or with a very slight ascent. The break is built very
strongly, and should have the space between the drawing-
bar and the front axletree made up with iron rods, so that
if a horse kicks over the bar, his legs do not fall, but he
draws them back again at once. The bar should be padded,
Breaking. 119
to prevent him damaging himself in his violence, if he
plunges and kicks as some will do. The colt should have
a well-fitting collar on, and it should be previously well
oiled, to prevent its fretting the skin ; he should also have
a common rope halter on, with the end tied loosely to his
hame terret, so that the breaksman can lay hold of it, and
draw him towards him, without touching his mouth.
When all is ready^ and the two horses are put together,
with the driver on the box, the break horse is gently
touched with the whip, and takes the break off very
quietly, the breaksman walking by the side, and en-
couraging the colt. Generally speaking, he walks off as
quietly as possible, or he may make a bounce or two,
but at first he does not seem to recognize his fetters ',
after a while, however, he will often plunge more or less,
and, perhaps, if viciously inclined, begin to kick. The
break should be steadily driven off, and kept going for an
hour or rather more, but not much longer, as the shoulders
are very apt to be galled by a persistence beyond that
time. This lesson is repeated every day, until the horse
learns to turn and hold back \ and it is astonishing how
soon a good-tempered horse takes to his new work. Knee-
caps should in all cases be put on, to prevent blemishes,
in case of any accidents.
For single work, every horse should first be put in
double harness, and driven at least five or six times. It
is not generally at first that vice shows j.tself, and frequently
not until the fourth or fifth lesson, when the driver begins
to try what the colt is made of by giving him a short
gallop, with a stroke or two of the whip. And until this
has been done no one can foretell what the colt will do
under provocation, which is sure to come some time or
other. When, however, this has been tried, and the colt
will turn to either side, stop, and back, as well as throw
himself into his breechen in going down-hill, he may safely
be put into single harness, though at the same time with
great care. Some horses are at all times quiet in double
harness, and yet will never go in single harness, of which
I have had several specimens. I once had a most inve-
terate kicker in single harness, which would go as quietly
1 20 Breaking.
as possible in double ; and I have had several bad jibbers
which never showed that tendency for some time after
breaking. When the horse is first put in single harness,
it should be in a break expressly made with strong and
stout shafts, and high enough to prevent his kicking over ;
though some horses are able to kick over anything, and
no kicking-strap will hold them down. A safety-rein
should be added, buckled on to the lower bar of the bit,
and passed through a ring on the tug and by the side of
the dashboard up to the hand, where it may be held ready
for use in case of the horse attempting to bolt. For
ordinary use the rein should be put to the cheek, so as to
be as little irksome to the horse as possible, and no bear-
ing-rein should on any account be used. With these pre-
cautions, and with the aid of a breaksman and a liberal
quantity of patience, most horses may be broken-in.
When there is a great resistance to the breaking to single
harness, or a tendency to jib or run away, a stout shaft
may be furnished with a projecting bar of iron, and an
outrigger applied to the splinter-bar, by which a second
bar is fixed ; and then a break horse may be attached
outside the shafts, and thus the colt is then compelled to
go on or stop by the power of the steady and trained
horse. In this mode the reins are applied as for pair-
horse driving, and it is a very excellent way of breaking
unruly horses ; indeed, I have known it succeed when all
other means had failed in an obstinate kicker ; but only,
however, for a time, as the vice showed itself nearly as
bad as ever after a time.
Breaking and Teaching a Hunter.
Breaking is of course required for those colts which are
specially intended for hunters, but, except in teaching to
jump, it does not differ from the plan adopted in ordinary
colt-breaking. The same mouthing-bit which I have al-
ready recommended will also suit this kind of horse, but
its reins should be buckled considerably tighter, and the
horse " put upon it " for an hour a day until he bends
himself well. He may also have what is called a " dumb
Breaking. 121
jockey" buckled on his roller, with springs contained
within its arms, by which the bit is allowed to give and
take with the horse's action ; but still always having a
tendency to bend the neck and bring the horse back on
its haunches. Unless this is effectually done, and the colt
is made to use his hind legs by bringing them well under
him, thus carrying a good part of his weight, he is never
safe across ridge-and-furrow, nor in awkward places, where
he is obliged to creep up close to the take-off, and gather
all his legs together before making his spring. When the
horse is being lunged he may be made to jump a bar, but
not too often over a moveable one, or he finds out its
tendency to fall, and becomes careless. A fixed bar should
be used as soon as the horse understands this part of his
business, and he will not hurt himself if he falls over it a
few times, because there is nothing to hold his legs, and
consequently he either falls forward or backward without
injury. The bar should have side-guides, so that in lung-
ing, the horse must go over or come back and face the whip
of the groom following him ; and when they are properly
managed, the leading-rein slides over them without catch-
ing, and the bar may be taken by the horse in each round
of the lunge. Some horses seem to enjoy the fun when
they^are clever and good-tempered, but not more than six
or eight jumps should be given in any one lesson, for fear
of disgusting the pupil. When he is perfect over the bar
with the lunging-rein, and after he is broken to all his paces,
he may be ridden over it, or any small fences, in cool
blood ; but he never ought to be put at this kind of work
till he is perfect at all his other lessons. For if he does
not know what the spur or the pull of the rein means, it is
useless to confuse him by trying to make him do what
he does not understand. No large jump should ever be
tried without hounds, and when the colt is willing to go
when he is wanted over small places, it is better to defer
the conclusion of his jumping education until he can be
taken out with hounds.
With hounds the colt is inclined to follow the field of
horses, and will soon attempt any place his breaker puts him
at ; though often making mistakes, and sometimes carrying
122 Breaking.
the fence with him into the next field. Good hands, a
firm seat, ana an unruffled temper soon make him know
his powers ; and in a few times he learns to avoid mishaps
and keeps his legs without difficulty. The breaking-bit
already described is the best to ride young horses with, as
it is large and allows of considerable pressure without
injury ; so that if the breaker is obliged to keep the head
straight with some force, the colt is not thereby dragged
jinto the fence, as would be the case with a small and
sharp snaffle or with the curb. The same caution must
now be exercised as before with regard to a too long con-
tinuance of the early lessons.
Breaking a Lady's Horse.
In breaking the lady's horse, if he is of good temper
and fine mouth, little need be done but to make him can-
ter easily, and with the right leg foremost. This is neces-
sary, because the other leg is uncomfortable to the rider,
from her side position on the saddle ; the breaker, there-
fore, should adopt the means already described, and per-
severe until the horse is quite accustomed to the pace,
and habitually starts off with the right leg. He should
also bend him thoroughly, so as to make him canter well
on his hind legs, and not with the disunited action which
one so often sees. The curb must be used for this pur-
pose, without bearing too strongly upon it ; the horse
must be brought to his paces by fine handling rather than
by force, and by occasional pressure, which he will yield
to and play with if allowed, rather than by a dead pull.
In this way, by taking advantage of every inch yielded,
and yet not going too far, the head is gradually brought
in, and the hind legs as gradually are thrust forward, so as
instinctively to steady the mouth, and prevent the pressure
which is feared. When this " setting on the haunches "
is accomplished, a horse-cloth may be strapped on the
near side of the saddle, to accustom him to the flapping
of the habit ; but I have always found, in an ordinarily
good-tempered horse, that if the paces and mouth were
all perfect, the habit is sure to be borne. It is a kind of
Farm Horses. 123
excuse which gentlemen are too apt to make, that their
horses have never carried a lady ; but if they will carry a
gentleman quietly, they will always carry a lady in the
same style, though that may not perhaps be suitable to her
seat or hands.
CHAPTER IX.
FARM HORSES.
Different breeds Fairs for purchasing them Farm stable Portable stables
Stable management Dietaries and cost of keeping in spring, summer,
autumn, and winter Useful rules Soiling Horses Pulped food.
THE farm horse exhibits several distinct breeds, origi-
nating in the various districts of the country when there
was less intercommunication than there is at present, and
when peculiarities of the locality, therefore, exerted un-
divided influence for generation after generation on the
animals bred in it, so that they ultimately acquired a dis-
tinctive character.
1. The Black Dray Horse of England is proper to
the rich pastures of the central and eastern counties. He
is a heavy animal, and thus of inferior value for the farm,
but especially adapted by his weight and strength for
heavy draught and road use.
2. The Clydesdale is one of our best farm horses
of a grey, brown, or black colour, combining strength with
activity in the most generally useful proportion for field
work ; of generally a good temper ; of good, rather large,
size. He is the model of a well-made horse for agricul-
tural purposes.
3. The Suffolk Punch, smaller than the Clydesdale,
of a rounder and more compact form ; of smaller bone ;
generally of a chestnut colour ; of steady and resolute
temper ; he is the best possible combination of strength,
activity, and quality generally as an agricultural horse for
light land districts,
S24
Farm Horses.
4. The Cleveland, a breed originating in Yorkshire, is
now a carriage horse rather than a farm horse. Tall, of a
bay colour, not of so heavy or compact a build as the
other breeds named, this breed now furnishes horses for
the carriage and for the hunting field rather than for the
farm. We add in a foot-note a memorandum of the fairs
where these breeds are to be seen.*
Stable for Farm Horses.
This cut represents a section of farm stabling. It is a
good illustration of economical and sufficient housing for
* The best show of Clydesdales is to be seen at Allhallow Fair,
Edinburgh, in November ; Rutherglen, Glasgow, May and No-
vember ; Dumfries, January and February, &c. ; and Ayr in
July and October.
Clevelands are met with at Newcastle-on-Tyne in March, August,
October, and November; Stagshawbank, May; Durham, March,
May, and September ; Yarm, October ; Howden, September ;
Northallerton, February ; Brough Hill, September or October.
Suffolk horses may be seen at the fairs in the county, as well as
at those in the principal fairs in Essex.
The large Black Dray horse is exhibited at Northampton,
August; Aylesbury, Palm Saturday; Wisbech, May: Boston,
November ; and Horncastle, August.
The Shetland, as well as the Iceland pony, are shown in droves
at the fairs in the north of England, notably Newcastle-on-Tyne
Farm Horses. 12$
the horses of the farm. Six-feet stalls, with ample gang-
way behind them, are provided with manger and rack ;
water is at hand in two or three troughs, at which the
horses drink when coining in from work. Ventilation is
provided in the simplest way, by an occasional ridge-tile
being lifted out of the regular course, and bedded at either
end upon its neighbours the under boarding being there
left open. And light is provided from the roof by sky-
lights, and by hanging lamps at night.
But for farm work portable stables have often been
advocated. Considerations in their favour are thus urged
by Mr. Baugh Almack in a letter to the Agricultural
Society :
" If horses had portable stables close by their work,
they would lose less time in going to and from it, and
thus be able to do more work in the same time. They
could be comfortable in the stable close by when not
wanted on the land, and they could be making the best
manure by eating lucerne, tares, or whatever else was
most likely to be profitable to grow close by, and the
manure so made would be close by where it was wanted.
" I have no doubt it is quite practicable to make every
necessary farm building moveable ; and in many cases I
am quite certain that it would pay well to make part of
them portable, now that there is a probability of an in-
creasing scarcity of farm labourers. 1 '
On the possibility of such portable buildings it is suffi-
cient to say that they ought to be made so by the easy
fitting and portability of their several parts, not by the
and Durham ; the Welsh pony in those of Wales, chiefly Llanrhaiadr
yn Mochnant, Denbighshire, in July.
The largest fairs for horses in the kingdom are Horncastle, in
August ; Howden, September ; Newcastle-on-Tyne, August and
October ; Ritgely, Staffordshire, June ; Brough Hill, Westmore-
land, September; Pershore, June, &c.
NOTE. For the dates of the above, see current Farmers'
Almanacs. The "Live Stock Journal Almanack" contains full
information, arranged under the respective counties. In many
instances the dates are variable, being regulated by some local
event, feast-day, &c. On this account it is considered best to
omit figures entirely.
126 Farm Horses.
whole being capable of being moved bodily on wheels.
Any quantity of ground may be covered by a roof sup-
ported on wooden walls, in building which a certain
number of grooved posts are used receiving planks and
carrying rafters and sheets of corrugated iron roofing
every part of each section being exactly like another, so
that the whole can be taken down and unpacked, and
carried away and replaced, without the drawing of a nail
and with no need of any particular skill.
Stable Management.
Having got the young horse so far advanced as to be
able to stand full work, it is the object of the farmer to
feed him economically and to the best advantage. The
provender should be the best the farm produces, for this
is ultimately the cheapest ; and as great a variety of pro-
vender should be given mixed together as is compatible
with economy, and the quantity of each kind should be
regulated according to the amount of nitrogenous matter
contained in each. Vetches (seed) and beans contain
nitrogenous compounds in largest quantities ; but when
horses are feed upon either of these kinds of provender
alone, the health soon fails, owing to the beans being too
heating and binding ; tares are too bitter as well as bind-
ing ; but were the heating and binding beans and vetches
mixed with cool and relaxing bran, which contains much
less nitrogen, we should have the cheapest and most
nutritious food which can be given to animals, and as
wholesome food as it is cheap and nutritious. It is, how-
ever, absolutely necessary that the beans should be
roughly ground ; bruising only is not sufficient for easy
digestion, nor do horses, as a rule, eat them so well. But
horses must have some more bulky food than beans and
bran for however nutritious the diet, there must be bulk
also. If hay is not used, some other kind of provender
equally bulky must be substituted. In the horse the large
intestines, as well as the stomach, suffer from long absti-
nence of food, and no class of horses are more subject to
long fasting than farmers' horses. The smallness of the sto
Farm Horses. 127
mach shows that the horse should nevergo more than a few
hours without food, yet we frequently see farmers' horses
work six or eight hours without a break. The stomach
becomes nearly empty, the intestines more or less filled
with gas ; the animal, notwithstanding this, is frequently
allowed to take water and food ad libitum, as soon as
they reach the stable, which they do voraciously, the
result being an attack of gripes or staggers. During the
spring months, when the horses are at full or extra work,
they generally receive three bushels of oats per week, with
hay, but during the winter the amount of oats is some-
what reduced, on account of receiving cooked food once
a day when on straw. The oats, for the most part, are
given whole. For some time I have witnessed the crush-
ing of oats with success, particularly in the feeding of old
horses. The system of manger feeding has become very
general amongst colliery, contractors/ and carters' horses,
and the expense of feeding is thus diminished very con-
siderably. I think were farmers aware of the saving thus
effected, this system would become almost universal. The
chaff for manger feeding may be composed of two trusses
of clover or meadow hay to one of wheat or oat straw,
cut into pieces of a quarter or half an inch in length,
mingled well together, the allowance of crushed oats and
roughly-ground beans afterwards added, and mixed with
the chaff. For the agricultural and cart horse, 8 Ibs. of
oats and 2 Ibs. of beans should be added to every 20 Ibs.
of chaff, and 36 Ibs. of this mixture will be sufficient for
any moderate-sized horse, with general or even hard work.
Dray or waggon horses may require 40 Ibs., yet it is diffi-
cult to lay down any given quantity, as the appetite of the
horse varies so much ; it will be best regulated by his
attendant. The times of feeding should be equally
divided as convenience will permit, and when it is likely
the horse will be kept much longer than usual from home,
the nose-bag should invariably be taken, as his small
stomach is emptied in a few hours. When the chaff is
thus mixed with the oats and beans, the horse is com-
pelled to chew his food he cannot bolt the hay and
Straw ; and while he is forced to grind that down, the oats
128 Farm Horses.
and beans are properly ground with it, yielding more
nourishment. The advantage derived from using a cer-
tain portion of straw cut up with the hay is very great,
especially in farm establishments.
Good hay, perhaps, stands first in importance on the
list of horse food. Great care ought to be used during
hay harvest to get hay as full of the herb and flower as
possible ; inferior hay produces colic and irritable coughs,
both of which I have seen gradually disappear by with-
holding the moulded hay on which the horses were feed-
ing. The same remarks apply strictly to oats of inferior
quality, with this exception, that bad oats appear to become
a powerful diuretic, acting upon the kidneys, producing an
immense increase in their secretions, the effects of which
are rapid loss of condition, with great debility. It may
not be out of place to notice the practice of wheat feed-
ing, particularly when inferior wheat has been so plentiful.
What we have to say of inferior wheat also strongly
applies to inferior barley, and all other kinds of inferior
grain and cereals. It is a mistake to suppose that any
method of cooking or mixing will render these more
digestible or nutritious. They are inferior in point of
nutrition, and should not be used for the support of
working horses. An idea also prevails that good wheat
and barley are very difficult of digestion, and liable to
produce serious obstructions. This usually happens
when horses help themselves from the barn floor, and the
safe precaution against the evil is to keep the doors safely
closed. When wheat or barley is supplied as daily food,
proper quantities should be given, and these always mixed
with a due proportion of bran and sound chaff.
In the present system of feeding, some farmers appear
almost compelled to give their horses straw during winter,
generally when the animals are off work ; but as straw
requires more exercise to produce digestion, it ought to
be given (if at all, alone) when the animal is at work, as
horses with voracious appetites and little work have time
to eat a great deal more than the digestive organs can
accommodate. It is an indisputable fact that there are
more cases of colic during Sunday night and Monday
Farm Horses. 129
morning than during any other part of the week. If the
plan of giving horses cooked food were more adopted
when feeding upon straw, much of this disorganization
might be prevented. In Edinburgh, where cooked food
is much approved, the food is used well washed, generally
being Swede turnips and potatoes, in equal proportion,
then boiled and thrown into a large trough or cooler, and a
little wheat chaff along with a handful of salt for each
horse, well mixed together. The weight of the turnips
and potatoes, which is 56 Ibs. when put into the boiler,
is reduced to about 40 Ibs., one-half of which is given at
dusk, or whenever the horse returns from work, and the
remainder at eight o'clock, when the men clean and do
them up for the night, with oat or wheat straw, upon which
the owners place no value, considering it as equivalent to
the manure from the horses.
The supply of water is a part of stable routine from
which the horse not unfrequently suffers. Horses, in re-
ceiving water, should not be always restricted, yet they
should not be allowed to drink as much as they like on
returning home over-wrought, hot, and tired. A single
quart or two before entering the stable will refresh and
invigorate, and be productive of no harm. After being a
little cooled, water should be liberally supplied to him.
Grass or green herbage is given to most horses during the
summer months; and before turning horses out to the
field it is necessary to prepare them for the change, the
too sudden transition from dry to green food, and vice
versa, having the effect of causing obstructions in the
intestines. Grass should be given sparingly at first, so
that the stomach and intestines may be prepared gradually
for the reception of succulent herbage. Horses, when
taken up from grass in the autumn, ought to be put into
as cool a stable as possible, with a full allowance of water,
their food consisting of oats, mingled with bran, with two
bran mashes daily for the first week, and a little hay. On
the following week more hay and .oats may be given, and
a bran mash withheld. It is necessary, in keeping horses
healthy, to have stables well ventilated, clean, and tho-
roughly drained. We can scarcely have too much air
9
130 Farm Horses.
entering in at any period of the year, providing it does
not blow directly upon the horses. The temperature of
the stables should range from 40 deg. to 50 deg. in winter,
and from 60 deg. to 70 deg. in summer. Every stable
should be thoroughly drained, not into a neighbouring
cesspool, but to such a distance as will preclude any
effluvium escaping into the building. All dung and litter
ought to be conveyed from the place twice a day.
We give in the following page an enumeration of various
dietaries for farm horses. They describe the practice of
different men in various parts of the country. In successive
columns I have put, first, the number of the cases, second,
the authority on which it is given, thirdly, the weight con-
sumed per week of hay, oats, beans, roots, clover, and
straw by a horse, and, lastly, the calculated weekly cost of
maintaining it. It is to be understood that an asterisk (*)
by any of the figures intimates that the grain was crushed,
or the green food cut into chaff; and a dagger (t), that
the roots were given boiled or steamed. It is a capital
practice to cut rye, as soon as fit, into chaff along with
hay or sweet straw, and mix the whole up with crushed
oats and beans, giving the regular supplies in small
quantity at a time, and thus gradually accustoming cattle
to their change from dry winter food. Vetches cut when
young should be allowed to wither before being used in
the stable, otherwise they prove at first to be physic
rather than food.
Farm Horses. 131
WEEKLY FOOD OF A FARM HORSE-SPRING AND SUMMER.
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Name and Address.
J. Cobban, Whitfield
E. W. Moore, Coleshill ...,
S. Rich, Didmarton, Gloucestershire. . ..
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II i
THE SUMMER SEASON.
Professor Low Elements of Agricul
H. Stephens Book of the Farm
J. Gibson, Woolmet H. Soc. 1850'..
Binnie, Seton, ditto
Thomson, Hangingside, ditto
Barthropp, London F. Club, 1853
J. Morton, Whitfield Farm, 1843
W. C. Spooner, Journ. Ag. Soc., vol.
T. Baldwin, Glasnevin
J. Coleman, Cirencester
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Farm Horses.
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Farm Horses. 133
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Name and Address.
Professor Low Elements of A
H. Stephens Book of the Fan
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Thomson, Hangingside
W. C. Spooner, Ag. Soc. Journ
T. Aitken, Spaiding, Lincolnsh
G. W. Baker, Woburn, Bedfon
R. Baker, Writtle, Essex
J. Coleman, Cirencester
T. P. Dods, Hexham
J. Cobban, Whitfield
S. Druce, jun., Ensham
C. Howard, Biddenham
I. J. Mechi, Tiptree
W. J. Pope, Bridport
S. Rich, Didmarton, Glouceste
H. E. Sadler, Lavant, Sussex
J. Morton, Whitfield Farm ...
E. H. Sandford, Dover
A. Simpson, Beauly, N.B
H. J.Wilson, Mansfield
F. Sowerby, Aylesby, N. Lincc
6
&
N N N N
134 Farm Horses.
One of the most useful general rules that can be
observed by an arable farmer is, to keep his horses
always at work. The expense of a team is so great, that
if he does not pursue this rule, he must lose by them.
January is a month in which all business of tillage ought
to be at a stop. If the weather be a hard frost, care
should be taken to make use of it in carting manures on
the farm. If there are composts ready, a frost should not
be let slip or, if there be faggot carting to be performed,
or the earth of borders under hedges to be carried? the
carts should be kept close to work of that kind as long as
the frost lasts. But in open weather, road-work must be
done. Carting out the com may not nearly employ the
teams ; on other days the carts should go to the nearest
town for manure. There certainly are situations pre-
cluded from this advantage, but not many.
Soiling.
This practice is usual on most arable farms, especially
where provision is made of crops near the feeding-boxes
and yards for carrying it out, a profitable method of increas-
ing the store of manure upon the farm. Where Italian rye-
grass and lucerne and clover, liberally treated, are near
the feeding-house, horses can be kept during the summer
months more cheaply than during winter, with at least as
great advantage to the fertility of the farm.
Enlightened farmers have in many districts adopted
this system for horses. Everyone knows how 1 tormenting
flies are to animals when abroad : ride into a field in sum-
mer to look at stock, and where do you find them ? Not
feeding, but standing or resting under trees, in ponds, in
rivers, and if there is no better shelter, in ditches under
brambles ; in a word, anywhere but feeding in the open
air. What they graze is in the morning and evening ; and
in many cases they lose in the heat of the day all they
gain at those moments of their comfort. To this su-
periority we must add that of the main object, which is
the dunghill : in one case this is accumulated in a degree
even superior to what is effected in winter ; in the other,
Farm Horses. 135
ft is scattered about the pastures, and nine-tenths of it
carried away by the flies, or dried almost to a caput
mortuum by the sun. The prodigious superiority of thus
raising a large and very valuable dunghill in one case, and
none at all in the other, ought to convince any reasonable
man that there is not a practice in husbandry so decidedly
superior as this of soiling, were there not one other reason
for it than what have already been produced.
Those farmers who have given particular attention to
the state of farmyard manure, as it is made in winter and
in summer, and to the efficacy of both, can scarcely have
filled to remark that the superiority of the dung arising
from any sort of stock in summer is very great to such as
is made in winter from stock no better fed.
There is, however, another fact of equal importance,
that the food given in stalls or boxes goes so much
farther than it will do when grazed where it grows ; and
when we recollect the old remark, that a beast feeds (or
consumes) with five mouths, we shall not be surprised at
this fact. A greater stock may thus be supported by the
same farm, in one system, than there can be in the
other.
Two circumstances demand attention, which, if neglected,
will considerably lessen the benefit to be derived from
soiling. The one is, to have a plentiful provision of litter ;
and the other, much care in feeding to give the beasts
but little at a time : if much be tumbled before them, it
heats, they pick it over, and the waste may be great ; and
if a cart be left in the yard loaded, the contents heat, and
then the animals will not eat it. A certain degree of care
is necessary in everything, and in nothing more than in
feeding. As to litter, it is an object of such importance,
that provision for the system should be gradually made
through the winter, if corn enough be not left for summer
threshing to supply the beasts. All dry vegetable matter,
capable of providing a dry lair in stalls or boxes ; leaves,
in woodland countries ; fern, dried peat, &c., should be
thus collected against the summer months. An enter-
prising, vigilant farmer, when he has such an object as
this in view, will exert every nerve to be prepared for a
136 Farm Horses.
system the profit of which will depend so much on the
care previously taken to be well provided with litter of
some sort or other.
The first crops that will be ready for soiling are the rye,
lucerne, and the Italian rye-grass, and the trifolium incar-
natum ; which may be supposed to last all the stock till
the first-sown winter tares are ready, when the lucerne
left uncut should be mown for hay. The second-sown
winter tares come next ; then clover, to be succeeded by
the third sowing of tares, and by the second growth of
Italian rye-grass and of lucerne. After this come spring
tares and the second growth of clover ; and the third
cutting of Italian rye-grass and of lucerne may follow. If
chicory be applied to this use, for which it is well adapted,
it will, on any good land, be mown thrice, and on very
good soils four times. The quantity and value of the
manure thus made will surprise those who have not
witnessed it. If horses are fed carefully, have water at
command, and are kept clean, they will thrive to the
farmer's satisfaction.
How fully all this is consistent with practice and
experience, may be gathered from the following report of
a week in June upon a farm in Buckinghamshire : " Our
horses are now living on tares, with half a bushel of beans
and a bushel of rice meal each per week."
Horses do well on cut green food during June, giving
them, in the first place, hay cut into chaff along with it,
and the full allowance of corn so long as the labour of
turnip culture remains to be done. In the more leisure
month of July they may do on cut clover and without
corn.
Soiling horses are rarely overworked during July, and
they receive in general nothing but cut green food and
pasturage.
All this month the teams should be soiled daily with
lucerne, vetches, or clover, in the house or yards ; and if
in the latter, they must have water always at command,
and also sheds for shelter ; and if the fanner does not
provide plenty of litter for treading into dung, he neglects
a great part of his profit. Lucerne is the best plant for
Farm Horses. 137
this purpose, and an acre of it will go much farther than
of anything else. Clover and tares mown every day will
answer well in the same use. In want of these, give
natural grass ; but any of them are better, with plenty of
litter for dung, than turning the horses or oxen into the
field. Where the teams are well done, they get, in addition
to this green food, about a bushel of oats each weekly,
mixed with chaff for their nose-bags.
The following is the report of a Hampshire farmer
in July : " Our summer vetches being now in excellent
condition for soiling, we give them to the horses \ our
horses always receive their green food in the stables, as we
are greatly opposed to the practice of turning them out
either in the fields or in open yards ; we find that working
farm horses, from being turned out, are subject to more
accidents, and also casualties, in regard to their health
and well-doing, besides the great loss of manure con-
sequent upon being out of the stable."
Beasts that are soiled in stalls or yards have, through
all this season, plenty of food, supposing a proper suc-
cession of those crops which have been mentioned for
this use.
Pulped Food.
On feeding horses with pulped roots, Mr. Slater, of
Weston Colville, Cambridgeshire, says :
" I give all my cart horses a bushel per day of pulped
mangold, mixed with straw and corn chaff. I begin in
September, and continue using them all winter and until
late in the summer nearly, if not quite, all the year round ;
beginning, however, with smaller quantities, about a peck,
and then half a bushel, the first week or two, as too many
of the young growing mangold would not suit the stock.
I believe pulped mangolds, with chaff, are the best,
cheapest, and most healthy food horses can eat. I
always find my horses miss them when I have none, late
in the summer. I give them fresh ground every day.
Young store beasts, colts, &c., do well with them ; but I
do not think they could be used with any advantage with
a flock of sheep ; they are, however, useful for fattening
138 Farm Horses.
bullocks, inducing them to eat any food you may wish to
give them."
Whenever the root crop is inferior, or the hay crop
badly harvested, the pulper, for economizing the former,
and for enabling the easy consumption of the latter, is a
great economy. It is the most recent experience that
roots should be pulped and mixed with chaff a day or so
before being used.
Whether or not the advantage of pulping is derived
from its inducing a larger consumption of straw, first cut
and mixed with the pulp, than when offered to animals
uncut, it is decidedly an advantage to the arable farmer,
for a large quantity of straw is on plough-land generally
used wastefully in litter, and a portion of it will be saved
for use as food with economy and profit.
The advantages of pulping roots are
1. Economy of food, for the whole is consumed without
waste, the animals not being able to separate the chaff from
the pulped roots, as is the case when the roots are merely
sliced by the cutter; neither do they waste the fodder, as
when given without being cut.
2. The use of ordinary hay and straw. After being
mixed with the pulp about twelve hours, fermentation
commences ; this soon renders the most mouldy hay pa-
latable, and animals eat with avidity that which they would
otherwise reject. This fermentation softens the straw,
makes it more palatable, and puts it in a state to assimi-
late more readily with the other food. In this respect the
pulper is of great value.
3. Steaming food is another great economy. A warm
meal of steamed roots, with hay-chaff and oats, or barley,
may take the place of one of the feeds of oats once a day
in autumn, when labour is heavy and the weather is becom-
ing severe.
Diseases of the Horse. 139
CHAPTER X.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
General observations Disease Definitions Pathology Fever : simple
symptomatic, and specific Inflammation Abscess Serous Cyst Classi-
fication of Disease Prevention of Disease Sending for the Veterinary
Surgeon.
THE well being of mankind is acknowledged to be
largely dependent upon the health and soundness of con-
stitution of our domestic animals. As the flesh of cattle,
sheep, and swine, forms the great proportion of human
food, it is obvious that only those animals known to be
in perfect health should be slaughtered for that purpose.
But all our domestic animals exert an influence more or
less detrimental to the public health, altogether apart from
the consumption of their flesh as food. This division of
the subject claims our attention at the present time, as
equine animals, especially, are liable to contract diseases
which are not only transmissible to mankind, but certain
forms of which prove malignant and speedily fatal. In
order, therefore, to secure the safety of the human popu-
lation, it is imperative that the creatures under constant
use should possess a uniform standard of health.
The value of sound constitution, as creating and main-
taining an aptitude for meeting the daily requirements of
toil, or work, in its various degrees of intensity and con-
tinuance, is so apparent that we need not discuss the
subject here.*
The horse, possessing remarkable qualifications for
service under man, naturally engrosses much attention.
He also ranks high in commercial value, and on that
account alone stimulates interest in his preservation.
There is a nobility in his character, combined with a
* This is amply treated by the Author in his little manual, "How
to Feed the Horse." London and New York : F. Warne & Co.
Price One Shilling.
140 Diseases of the Horse.
keen sense of perception, which secures for him an inti-
macy and friendship with mankind scarcely enjoyed by
any other creature. The intelligence of both by simple
intuition is creative of an adaptability which secures the
happiest results : the higher coming do t wn, the lower
rising thus meeting and blending in mutual concord,
confidence, and understanding, which, earnestly studied,
are unique.
It is not surprising that we should attach an important
value to our friend and companion the horse. We
acquire such knowledge of his powers and the signs of
unquestionable health, that it is no longer possible that
we should neglect anything which shows a falling off in
that particular. Our interests are intimately bound with
his, and we leave no stone unturned in order to sympa-
thise with him, comprehend his malady, and relieve his
suffering. There is not another animal, saving in some
respects the dog, which, under disease, so seconds our
endeavours, and appreciates by a wonderfully acute intel-
ligence any efforts to alleviate his agony. He is but little
removed from ourselves, and his muteness proves no
barrier between us. On the contrary, day by day we
know each other better, and the love is so deep, on his
part at least, that the trust is never broken, and faithful-
ness characterises him to the end. Would that human
friendship could always boast of that standard to the
saving of crushed hopes and endless despair.
The knowledge acquired by daily contact with animals
is first evident in the judgment we are able to form as to
the state of health, and subsequently in our ability to
recognise departures from that standard. Having learned
to estimate the signs of health, the faculty of discovering
those of disturbance becomes equally as acute. This
study is often acquired by men of no scientific pretensions,
and proves to be of great value ; but to the veterinary
practitioner it is of immense importance, especially when
it is exercised upon the suffering animal. Few men,
however learned in the general habits of the horse, can
convey in description even a tithe of the information
which a practised veterinarian may gather at the side of
Diseases of the florse. 1 4 T
his patient. As the state of health is betokened by in-
fallible signs, so the existence of disease is no less certain
as shown by perverted function and states which are
never present in health. The department of science
which comprehends these particulars is known as Patho-
logy, or the doctrine of disease. In order, however, to
ascertain what particular form of disease is present, the
practitioner resorts to a process of analysis. He ex-
amines the signs singly and combined, and often turns to
a form of negative examination, that is, testing certain
organs to prove their state of health. This is particu-
larly called for in some obscure forms of derangement.
Symptomatology is the term by which the signs of a malady
are known as they appear in acknowledged or consecu-
tive order, when they are said to be characteristic of the
disease during life.
The value of such study is remarkably apparent in the
results of an examination of the body after death. Disease
works important changes in structure as well as function
of organs, and these are minutely compared with the
appearances common to the healthy body, a proceeding
which forms an important part of the curriculum through-
out the period of training at our veterinary colleges.
While Anatomy teaches the relative position, form, and
general appearances of all parts of the healthy body,
Morbid or Pathological Anatomy is the symptomatology
of disease after death.
By Veterinary Medicine we understand the enumera-
tion and consideration in detail of the nature, causes,
symptoms, and morbid appearances of all diseases.
Veterinary Surgery is the term applied to such diseases
as call for operations, generally the result of accident, as
fractures, ruptures, punctures from pointed instruments,
lacerations, &c., &c.
Materia-Medica is that department which describes the
various remedies, their nature, physical characters, and
actions upon the animal body ; also the uses, doses, and
forms of combination in which they are prescribed. It
further teaches how certain medicines act upon and
destroy each other; and more than this, how two or
142 Diseases of the Horse.
three, when administered by persons ignorant of their
nature, may form a poisonous mixture which kills the
patient, the secret coming to light on a careful post mortem
examination. The list of remedies is a long one ; many
are of special character, and appropriate only in particular
cases, and for separate animals. From these circum-
stances the practice of veterinary medicine calls for a
great amount of skill, accurate observation, and sound
judgment. The patient is speechless, but he appeals by
a power which speaks loudly through important signs. A
study of his ailments and their treatment by remedies,
medical and surgical, is, therefore, not a simple matter.
Attempts have been made to prove the opposite, with
the result, irreparable injustice and cruelty to the animal,
and prostitution of a science to a grade below the meanest
degree of mechanical skill. Rightly estimated it may
engage the attention of men of science and high social
position, and secure the commendation of observant and
thinking professors in other schools of thought. Viewed
as an occupation for which grooms, coachmen, carters,
shepherds, and cowherds only are eligible, it must de-
generate to empty quackery, the end of its utility and
application having arrived.
PATHOLOGY OR THE CONDITIONS OF DISEASE.
Subsequent chapters will be devoted to an enumera-
tion of the various ailments of the horse, and a considera-
tion of the signs or symptoms by which an ailment or
disease is recognised. During late years much valuable
information has been acquired by means of close inves-
tigation. The category, by no means a meagre one, has
been augmented. Clearer views are now held on subjects
hitherto regarded as undetermined or doubtful, and the
general method of dealing with disease is thus far satis-
factorily, but not finally, improved.
The plan of grouping diseases will not have much
interest for the general reader, and we may dismiss the
subject with the declaration that the pathologist, feeHng
himself immensely at home in it, renders invaluable aid
by indicating the outline of methods by which the malady
Diseases of the Horse. 143
may be judiciously treated by the numerous remedies of
a medical or surgical character. As a preliminary to the
general context on general diseases we append, as follow,
some remarks on Fever, Inflammation, &c.
Fever.
By this term we understand a disturbed condition of
the system, characterised by perverted or arrested func-
tion, more or less general. The various secretions are
diminished or altogether withheld. The nervous system
indicates an increased sensibility or unusual excitement ;
and, by the influence exerted upon the organs of respira-
tion, reproduction, and notably those engaged in nutrition
and depuration, all are, more or less, involved, or their
functions suspended. The system is thus bordering upon
a state of more serious derangement, and if allowed
to proceed, a condition of confirmed disease is esta-
blished.
Three kinds of Fever are recognised, viz., Simple or
Ephemeral, Symptomatic or Sympathetic, and Specific.
SIMPLE FEVER is defined to be that short-lived or
ephemeral state of disturbance often noticed in highly-fed
animals, occupying close stables, and breathing a warm,
but not necessarily tainted, atmosphere. It may arise
from the irritation caused by badly -fitting harness, or the
discomforts of a short journey under the hands of a rough
or otherwise injudicious driver. Colts under breaking
often exhibit this form of simple disturbance. A slight
increase of circulation, respiration, and animal tempera-
ture will be observed, with a hot dry mouth, diminished
secretions, slight constipation, &c. In a short time,
varying from one to several hours, after a draught of
water, a bran mash, or moderate meal of green food,
roots, &c., the symptoms have disappeared, and the
animal is apparently none the worse. We cannot, how-
ever, limit the understanding to the only conclusion that
this state of so-called simple or ephemeral fever is not
without significance. Diligent inquiry should be insti-
tuted with the view of correcting existing abuses, and
1 44 Diseases of the Plorse.
preventing as well as dissipating them by means of proper
exercise, airy dwellings, and suitable food, one or all of
which may be at fault. Neglect of this is the precursor
of greater evils which we now proceed to notice.
SYMPATHETIC OR SYMPTOMATIC FEVER may be re-
garded as an intense or violent aggravation of the pre-
ceding form. The following simple illustrations will
render this quite clear. Minor causes of irritation, acci-
dents, &c., as simple scratches, friction to the skin,
bruises, a slight chill, &c., may induce nothing more than
simple fever ; but the effects of a nail driven into the
sensitive part of the foot, a muscular part, or penetrating
the walls of the chest or abdomen, the bruising of the
coronet or circumference at the top of the hoof, severe
laceration of the skin or muscles, fracture of a bone, acute
inflammation of an important organ, &c., &c., will pro-
duce a vast amount of disturbance, and even endanger
or destroy the animal's life. In such fatal states the
immediate cause of death is not the puncture, the bruise,
or laceration, &c., severe as they may be, but the sympa-
thetic fever, which is spoken of as constitutional disturbance,
vital organs being brought into sympathetic suffering with
parts originally injured. Such manifestations being com-
mon or always attendant upon extensive and serious
lesions, excluding, however, their specific signs, are said
to be symptomatic, that is indicative of the severity and
seriousness of the original malady.
Symptomatic fever arises through the medium of the
nervous system ; which brings all parts of the system into
union and sympathy. It is nature's telegraphy, by which
the disease of outlying members is made known in the
central system, and that the signs thus registered are of
serious and urgent import, admitting of no delay, and
calling for the exercise of prompt, sound judgment. The
respiration is accelerated, gradually, sometimes rapidly
assuming the form termed blowing, such as is seen in the
distress arising from long and painfully severe exercise ;
the pulse is ///// and bounding; the arrest of secretion, a
common result of perverted function, has diminished the
quantity of urine, which has a strong odour and deep
Diseases of the Horse. 145
colour ; the bowels, restrained by the same cause, are
slow to act, and the evacuations are small, hard, dry, and
glazed with mucus. The mouth is dry and hot, and the
tongue covered with a thick slimy secretion, and the
internal part of the rectum, or posterior gut, partakes of
the same characters. The ears, skin, and legs are also
hot, and often the sufferer breaks out in violent perspira-
tion which may somewhat relieve the state of the internal
organs. From this stage the disease, if unrelieved,
assumes more serious characters. The coat becomes
harsh, lining mucous membranes are reddened, and the
countenance exhibits an expression of anxiety as pain
increases ; and external parts, removed far from the
centre of circulation, fail to maintain a normal tempera-
ture : it may vary from abnormal heat to surprising cold,
finally meriting the description " cold as clay." On a
post mortem examination the cause is quickly ascertained.
The irritation arising from the original cause has produced
a general and widespread disturbance, in which the blood
especially has suffered constitutionally, and no longer
flows as in health. It fails to nourish the body, and,
moreover, acts as a morbid poison upon the nervous
system, which, by failure of function, seriously complicates
the disturbance. The lungs are congested, an additional
arrest upon blood purification being established, and from
this time further complications are superadded which end
in speedy death, the result of congestion or stoppage of
blood in the lungs.
We have refrained from a detail of the usual order of
symptoms marking the stages from the commencement of
the original injury or disease, to the setting in and ter-
mination of the secondary complaint, as being uncalled
for. The veterinary practitioner alone is able to com-
prehend them. By him they are known as collective
signs of the most vital importance, and, as he proceeds
with his analysis, during the life of the sufferer, they point
to conditions which he may accurately describe, and,
after death, establish his conclusions with equal clearness
and precision. Such signs are viewed as a whole, and in
scientific language they are comprehended under the
10
146 Diseases of the Horse.
terms Sympathetic, Symptomatic, or Irritative Fever, and
Constitutional Disturbance.
SPECIFIC FEVER is another general term for denoting
peculiar and important states. We need only to observe
here that it is applied to those forms of disease which are
capable of being propagated among animals of the same
class by contact. Essential details will be found under
the head of Contagious Diseases.
Treatment of Fever. As simple fever depends upon
the presence of some irritant, it is obvious that the sup-
pression of the disease at the outset alone depends upon
the removal of the cause. When this is accomplished
nature resumes her position. If we are able at once to
control the original disease, and reduce or remove its
effects, sympathetic fever is not developed ; and if it has
already commenced, by mitigating the severity of the first
we may remove the second, even when it has attained a
degree of intensity. Sympathetic fever always leaves the
animal more or less deteriorated. Successful treatment
of injuries, &c., is more likely to result from early appli-
cation, and is always to be recommended.
INFLAMMATION. The infallible signs are heat, pain,
redness, and swelling. The first and second are usually
evident, but owing to the existence of hair and other
coverings common to the animal body, redness and
swelling are not so readily observed. Inflammation is the
result of violent causes, consisting of an increase of blood
in the affected part, with more or less suspended function
of the blood vessels, as well as the integral parts of the
blood itself. Inflammation is said to be acute when the
process is characterised by great severity or activity ; it is
atonic or sub -acute, when, by reason of low vital force, it
proves slow or tardy. Closely allied to this state is a
peculiarity of the circulation, mostly common to large
organs with abundant vessels and elastic tissues, known
as congestion. It is sudden in its origin and departure,
and is probably confined principally to the venous system.
Inflammation terminates in various ways. By resolu-
tion or gradual decline, the parts eventually regaining
their original state and appearance ; in suppuration or
Diseases of the Horse. 147
the formation of an abscess or sac containing pus ; in
effusion from the surface of membranes, as water (serum)
or mucus \ or by lymph within the structures inflamed,
by which permanent thickening or enlargement may be
the result.
Inflammation is further distinguished by the structures
it attacks. Thus we have serous and mucous inflamma-
tion, as the serous or mucous membranes are involved.
When located in the substance of organs it is known as
parenchymatous ; if it seizes fibrous structures, as the
coverings of joints, ligaments, tendons, &c., it is rheuma-
tic ; and inflammation of the skin and deeper seated tis-
sues is termed erysipelatous. Beyond these terms we need
not pursue the definitions.
The treatment of Inflammation may be local or general,
and will be noticed under the several diseases in which
the state forms an especial feature.
ABSCESS. The formation offlus, commonly.known as
matter, among soft parts of the body is known as an
abscess. The signs are swelling accompanied with heat
and unusual tenderness; and as the abscess becomes
complete, the hair is removed from the central or highest
portion, which is also moist and even more sensitive.
This part is acutely inflamed, and by the process of
ulceration within, becomes thin, and movement of the
contained fluid is readily perceived by pressure with the
fingers. Pressure from within also tends to project the
fluid outwards ; the central point of the abscess bulges,
and, when allowed to pursue its course unaided, the skin
gives way, and the pus escapes. In order to avoid this
delay, and, in addition also, much animal suffering, as
well as hasten ultimate recovery, the surgeon opens the
abscess at the required time, by means of a bistoury or
a lancet.
Treatment. The signs already given betoken the
favourable progress of an abscess, and should always, if
possible, be treated by a surgical operation as we have
described. Cleanliness, with occasional poultices or hot
fomentations are needed, but as a rule the first is suffi-
cient. Tardy or slow abscesses may be improved by con-
148 Diseases of the Horse.
stant fomentations or poultices, and sometimes blisters
will be needed. In these states it is occasionally a diffi-
cult thing to induce a proper formation of pus. Such is
found to exist in connection with a lax or feeble state of
the system, favouring diffused abscess or suppuration over
the body, and within the internal organs. If such an
animal lives he usually proves worthless. Good, food,
healthy habitations, and tonic medicines, particularly
iron, are then called for.
In some instances the abscess lies at a great depth be-
low the surface. Considerable skill is required, first to
pronounce with certainty of its existence, and then to
reach and liberate the fluid without destroying the sur-
rounding parts or endangering the animal. The discovery
of a deep seated abscess is hardly likely to be made by
any but a skilful surgeon, and therefore calls for no fur-
ther allusion here.
SEROUS CYST, otherwise known as serous abscess, is
commonly seen about the knees and fetlock joints. It
consists of a soft fluctuating tumour, without evidences of
heat or unusual tenderness, commonly the result of blows,
or the animal striking one limb with the foot of the oppo-
site side. The cavity is formed beneath the skin, which is
the only covering outwardly, and contains a thin fluid,
coloured by an admixture of blood discharged from a few
ruptured vessels, or transuded during engorgement in
the earlier stages. The cavity is lined by condensed cel-
lular tissue, which materially delays the process of absorp-
tion of the contents.
Treatment consists of liberating the contents by means
of a bistoury or lancet, the former being preferable, by
which division is effected from end to end. A pad of
tow, saturated in healing fluid, is afterwards applied and
maintained with pressure, which secures healing of the
walls. Subsequent enlargement is to be removed by
iodine, &c. Great care is needed to discriminate be-
tween the serous cyst and bursal enlargements. The
latter have been opened by amateurs in mistake, involving
serious consequences. The results are violent inflamma-
tion, intense suffering, often with ultimate stiffening of
Diseases of the Plorse. 149
the joint, if the animal does not succumb to the effects
of irritative fever.
Prevention of Disease.
This is a department of untold usefulness, and to all who
enter upon its consideration in a spirit of earnest inquiry,
it promises a rich reward of never ending satisfaction.
It is doubtful if the subject has received serious atten-
tion, except in rare instances ; in the majority it has met
with animated derision, and seldom placed within the
domain of impartial criticism.
We propose to consider the subject briefly in its
several aspects.
The vast amount of wealth represented by the numerous
large studs of hard-working horses in almost every town
of the United Kingdom, opens up a wide field for an
attempted provision of means for the prolongation of use-
ful lives. The state of the times may forbid any relaxa-
tion of the severe strain of daily toil, and on that account
alone encourages the adoption of means which shall
maintain health and vigour, by an increase of the power
of endurance. The period of usefulness may be extended
by increasing the power of resistance against wear and
tear, and this is secured beyond question by the exercise
of care in the feeding. It is probable that few persons are
seriously conversant with the evils that attend the varied
systems at present adopted. The majority of fatal diseases
in the horse are directly as well as indirectly the result of
defects in this department.
Having already placed our views on this question,
based upon long experience, before the public in the work
referred to at page 139 (footnote), we do not propose to
pursue it at this time. We simply suggest to all con-
cerned the desirability of giving the plan a fair and im-
partial trial, not confining it to draught horses and others
employed in public vehicles, &c., but extending it with,
of course, suitable modifications to carriage horses, hacks,
and hunters.
Another aspect of the question is presented in the
adoption of a system of^ contract with the attendant
150 Diseases of the Horse.
veterinary surgeon. This subject has not, we believe,
been generally worked out and applied as its importance
calls for. There is a form, usually confined to some large
establishments, represented by the employment of a
veterinary surgeon, whose sole time and attention is
given to the animals on the estate, &c., but the depart-
ment in which his value and energy would secure the
greatest reward, viz., the feeding department, is withheld
from him. He alone should be at its head ; but he, per-
haps, has never given it his attention. He is ignorant of
its resources, and it is mismanaged by another, providing
ample employment for him in medical practice, to which
his attention is entirely confined. This branch of the
essential department of hygiene is altogether neglected,
animal health is deteriorated, and the results are accepted
as inevitable, being atoned for by the usual debit entry in
the profit and loss account.
The contract system, arranged on a liberal scale, may
be made to answer satisfactorily if the veterinary surgeon
were retained with the express purpose of preserving
health. He would be able to give much useful advice as
to work, housing, ventilation, &c., which would diminish
the need for medicines, and maintain the working power
of the animals. At the present time, however, neither
employer nor practitioner have much confidence in such
a proposal, few on either side having tested its value.
The adoption of measures for preventing the spread of
contagious diseases is an essential department, and should
be under the control of the veterinary surgeon. The
results also of treating certain affections well known to
be ;w;/-contagious, but which have the character at times
of creating great havoc in large studs, would amply
repay for the exercise of suitable, and, in a sense, similar
measures.
With respect to the first class, we believe the results of
large experience preponderate in favour of segregation
on definite lines, as laid down in the author's larger works
on the horse and cattle.* We are led also to believe the
* "The Horse Doctor," and "The Cattle Doctor." London
and New York : F. Warne & Co. Price, 2 is, each.
Diseases of the Horse. 1 5 1
system advocated in the " Handbook," published by the
Agricultural Department of the Privy Council in 1887,
might be placed within less compass than 854 pages, and
a supplement of 33 more, greatly to the advantage of the
large number of horse and cattle proprietors, to whom
the loss of an animal is not the only inconvenience.
Concise legislation is greatly needed, the multiplication
of " Orders in Council " rendering confusion doubly
confounded.
SENDING FOR THE VETERINARY SURGEON.
Since publishing a few hints on this subject some years
ago, we have received so many assurances of their utility
that no apology is offered for reproducing them here.
First. Whenever possible, select a messenger 'who
takes an interest in the animal ; one, at least, who has
witnessed its sufferings, and is able to afford information
in reply to questions from the veterinarian. If a stranger
is selected, send a written message. Let us urge that
on no account shall a verbal statement be entrusted to
illiterate persons, as there is great probability that it will
assume a totally different complexion before reaching its
destination. When sending the first time to the veteri-
nary surgeon, give full name and address, and write
plainly as possible.
Second. Send early, or as soon as may be after the
appearance of illness, so that the practitioner may see the
sufferer in the original attack, and before it is rendered
critical by dangerous complications. "A stitch in time
saves nine."
Third. Send as much information, consisting of facts,
as possible. Some apparently trivial circumstances may
prove of great value to the surgeon. The following sug-
gestive note came to hand early one morning :
" ASHGROVE, 5th April.
. "Please note one of the farm-horses was recently
found by the carter covered with perspiration, blowing
hard, and unable to bear his weight on the fore-feet.
Your attention will oblige."
152 Diseases of the Horse.
It was easy to read between the lines in this case, and
to make full preparation, which enabled us to bring the
case to a satisfactory conclusion, although a journey of
five miles lay between. Such a message forms a strong
contrast to one we reproduce. It was merely, " Come
directly, we have a horse bad." We hurried away to
find him suffering from a somewhat unusual affection, for
which no preparation could be made under the circum-
stances, as a special operation was required. Although
considerable delay occurred in returning for instruments,
the termination was more favourable than might be anti-
cipated.
Fourth. Always avoid giving medicines in the absence
of precise knowledge of the nature of the malady, and
the needful remedy. If it is certain the animal is suffer-
ing from simple colic, be also as certain that the medi-
cine is equally appropriate. Colic may exist as a distinct
and independent affection ; it is also frequently seen as
an indication of other diseases, when the treatment for
simple colic would create delays that might prove dan-
gerous.
Fifth. When mistakes in the administration of
remedies havs been made, do not hesitate to disclose
everything relating to them. Much valuable time is often
lost when the practitioner can elicit but little, even by
rigid cross-examination. The animal can tell us nothing,
while his sufferings are prolonged or aggravated by delay,
in which the practitioner may be powerless to act until
information is afforded.
These remarks apply to serious and urgent cases prin-
cipally. Needless and often unpardonable delay is often
allowed to operate with reference also to trivial cases, so-
called, and irreparable mischief is the result. By the non-
observance of system and promptitude, thousands of lives
are now sacrificed long before the average term of useful-
ness has been reached.
Mater ia-Medica. 1 53
CHAPTER XI.
MATERIA-MEDICA.
Medicines, their doses and administration Alteratives Anodynes Anti-
septics Antispasmodics Aperients Astringents Blisters Caustics
Clysters Cordials Demulcents Diaphoretics Digestives Diuretics
Electuaries Embrocations or Liniments Expectorants Febrifuges
Fomentations Lotions Poultices Tonics.
THE combinations, as well as the proportions of reme-
dies, are details calling for important attention in the
treatment of disease. In ignorance of the exact action
of drugs, strange compounds may be made up, some of
which are really no remedy, but, by action upon each
other when in contact with the secretions of the digestive
system, a powerful poison is generated.
The following are examples of acknowledged remedies,
with the usual terms, &c., by which they are known.
The practitioner is not limited to these ; his intelligence
enables him to enlarge and modify the prescriptions in
ways it would not be safe to explain to the amateur.
The doses named being intended for horses of large size and
coarse constitutions, it will be necessary to make suitable
reductions for smaller animals, when special quantities are
not stated. The following calculations may be generally
relied upon : A one-year-old colt will not need more
than one-third the quantity prescribed for the adult horse
of his particular breed ; a two-year-old, one half; and the
three-year-old, two-thirds, or thereabouts, the quantity
gradually approximating the full dose as the age advances.
Grave consideration should also be given to temperament,
formation, unusual or deficiency in development, habit,
mode of life, character of food, besides other circum-
stances which cannot here come under review.
ALTERATIVES.
A variety of substances are included under this term
which is neither precise nor commendable. It is usually
1 5 4 Mater ia- Medico, .
understood to comprehend those remedies which restore
healthy function to organs previously disordered. If this
be correct, then all remedies are alteratives.
1. Poiuders for Simple Disorders of the Skin. Sul-
phate or nitrate of potash, in fine powder, i to 4 drms. ;
sublimed sulphur, 2 to 6 drms. ; powdered gentian, 2 to
8 drms. Mix, and give daily in the food for a week, or
as required.
2. For Chronic Skin Diseases, Grease, &>c. Fowler's
solution of arsenic, 2 to 8 fluid drms. ; tincture of gentian,
i to 2 fluid oz. Mix with pint of linseed mucilage,
and give as a drench twice daily for a week.
3. Chlorate of potash, powdered, sublimed sulphur,
and powdered gentian or linseed-meal, of each 2 to 6
drms. Mix, and incorporate with the manger-food daily
for a week or longer, as required.
Precise information will be found under other remedies
which follow.
ANODYNES.
Remedies included in this term .are those which have
the power of soothing and allaying pain. They do so by
quieting the nervous system, and in this way also relieve
spasm.
1. For simple Colic. Extract of belladonna, reduced
to an emulsion with water, 2 drms. ; spirits of nitrous
ether, 2 fluid oz. ; tincture of opium, % oz. Mix and add
tepid water to make one pint.
2. Another form. Linseed oil, i pint ; tincture of
opium, 3 fluid oz. Mix, and administer by means of a
tin bottle. Useful in colic combined with constipation
in large animals. Half the above quantities form the
ordinary antispasmodic drench, and as an anodyne in
simple diarrhoea.
3. For Diarrh&a, Superpurgation, &c. Powdered
kino, 2 drms. ; powdered opium, \ drm. ; powdered
gentian, 2 drms. ; sulphuric ether, i fluid oz. Mix ; and
agitate some minutes in the closed bottle; then add
water, or simple gruel, both of which should be cold,
Matena-Medica. \ 5 5
ANTISEPTICS OR ANTIPUTRESCENTS.
These are substances which have the power of destroy-
ing offensive odours, especially those arising from de-
caying or putrefying matter. They are largely called for
in preserving the sweetness of stables, when contagious
diseases are present, or offensive effluvia arise from the
bad state of the floors, drains, &c., and to cleanse
wounds, or the woodwork, &c., which may be soiled by
the discharges from the former. When used for this pur-
pose they are known as deodorisers or disinfectants.
i. "Santtas" Oil stands pre-eminent for effective
service, in any of the above-named departments, when
used according to the ample instructions furnished with
each supply. It has also a useful place in the treatment
of some internal diseases, when attended with putrid
discharges, as diarrhoea, metritis, cystitis, &c., which see.
For this purpose, and also promoting the healing of
wounds, " Sanitas " Oil has been employed in the fol-
lowing form.
1. Antiseptic Mixture. " Sanitas " Oil, 4 parts; gly-
cerine, 4 parts ; olive oil, 6 parts. Mix and agitate
thoroughly, and keep in a well-corked bottle.
2. Candy's Fluid is also effective when applied as
directed.
3. Any of the mineral acids, variously known as sul-
phuric, nitric, acetic, or muriatic, diluted with water in
the proportion of i part to 100, form very useful anti-
septics for wounds and chronic discharges.
4. Chloride of zinc, 3 grs. ; distilled water, i oz. To
form a lotion, or as No. 6.
5. Lunar caustic, 3 grs. ; distilled water, i oz. To
form a lotion, or as No. 6.
6. Solution of sulphurous acid applied by the spray
producer, oras a lotion.
ANTISPASMODICS.
Medicines of this class are also anodynes, which see.
They have the property of allaying spasm or cramp :
hence the term given above. For recipes see Anodynes,
156 Materia-Medica*
APERIENTS.
Aperients are mild, gentle laxatives or purges. The
most powerful are termed cathartics, and the mildest
laxatives*
1. A Mild Oleaginous Purge. Linseed oil, i pint.
2. Linseed oil, i pint; croton oil, i to 5 drops.
3. Barbadoes aloes, 2 to 7 or 8 drms. The extract is
first finely powdered, and afterwards caused to form a
tenacious paste by means of a small quantity of soft soap.
The addition of i or 2 drms. of finely powdered ginger
promotes warmth and prevents griping.
Aperients or purgative medicine is known in the stable
by the elastic term of " physic," the real nature of which
is so little understood, that a few remarks will not be out
of place. The action alone of purgative medicine often
produces much inconvenience to the horse, even in
health, and when to this is added the nausea resulting
from the digestion of the drugs, one cannot exhibit too
much care in preserving the comfort of the sufferer when
doomed to their administration, especially during illness.
In all cases, if possible, the system should be prepared
by previous withdrawal of nearly all hard and dry food,
substituting an allowance of bran in the form of mash,
which should be continued over two or three days,
according to the state of the bowels, and the extent of
action required. In healthy working horses of all kinds
this is most important, as the full action of a smaller dose
of medicine is ensured, with the least inconvenience, and
a more certain possibility of a speedy return to the usual
duties. In these cases purgative medicine should be
given in the early morning, or not later than noon, the
mash being supplied immediately afterwards ; the animal
then remains at rest, chilled water being allowed for
drink, and an extra thin rug, or even two, may be put on.
In winter time this is very important. Before being left
for the night, the tail may be tied up to preserve it from
being fouled by the evacuations, and the floor behind may
be covered with a thin layer of litter to prevent splashing
of the walls, &c., if active purgation comes on in the
Mater ia-Medica. 157
absence of the groom. It is safe practice to look in once
or more during the night, in case a sudden attack of
gripes may ensue, especially if the horse is a fresh one.
When free purgation is set up, the animal must not be
moved out of the stable on any account, and every atten-
tion must be given in order to promote the animal's
comfort in the way of warmth. As nausea forms a pro-
minent sign, food, especially sloppy bran mashes, are an
annoyance; therefore, when offering suitable material,
let it be in small quantity, and, if refused, at once removed.
After twelve hours the purgation declines, or "sets," in
stable phraseology. During this time the food should
still be laxative, that is, bran may form the greater bulk,
but a few oats, a handful of barley, malt, &c., may be
mixed with it, and as the appetite returns, the increase of
the usual food may be gradually made at each meal,
until matters are restored to their former condition.
When the physic is delayed in action, it is usual to
give a little exercise, varying from a walk to a trot, as
may be needful, and thus expedite matters ; but on the
first appearance of purgation the animal must be returned
to the stable. The time best suited for this operation is
during warm or temperate weather, and the horses sub-
jected to it should have, at least, from four to seven days'
rest from absolute work, gentle exercise taking its place
from the cessation of purgation.
The purgation of animals under disease being a part of
the rational treatment, details will be found under the
various maladies for which it is prescribed.
ASTRINGENTS.
Astringents contract animal tissues, upon which they
act either when applied locally, administered by the
mouth, or introduced into the circulation.
1. Lotion. Goulard's extract, 2 fluid oz. : cold water,
i pint.*
2. Lotion. Sulphate of zinc, i^ drms. ; tincture of
myrrh, 2 fluid oz. ; cold water, i pint. Dissolve the
zinc in the water ; then add the tincture.*
* .Label " Poison."
1 5 8 Mater ia-Medica.
3. Lotion. Sulphate of copper, i to 2 drms. ; cold
water, i pint.*
4. Ointment. Acetate of lead, i drm. ; hog's lard,t
i oz. - Mix.
5. Ointment. Sulphate of zinc, i drm. ; hog's lard,f
i oz. Mix.
6. Powder. Sulphate of zinc, 2 to 4 parts ; oxide of
zinc, 2 parts ; Armenian bole, a part. Mix carefully.
To be dusted over the parts daily, or as required.
7. Internal Use. Tincture of opium, ^ oz. ; powdered
catechu, % oz. ; flour or powdered starch, 2 or 3 oz.
Mix rapidly with 8 or 1 2 oz. of tepid water to form a
drench.
8. Powdered opium, i drm. ; powdered alum, 2 drms. ;
powdered ginger, i drm. ; strong tea, i pint. Mix for a
drench, allowing time for perfect solution of the alum.
BLISTERS.
Blisters are irritant applications which produce active
inflammation in the skin, with the formation of vesicles or
bladders. The object of their use is to determine the
removal of inflammatory action from some deeper-
seated part, on the principle of counteraction or overcoming
inflammation thus set up in a healthy part. It is really
setting up another disease as a means of curing the first.
Horses as a rule are peculiarly sensitive to the action of
blisters. A prompt action, when applied during acute
disease, is to be regarded as an indication that the latter
is being brought under control. When a blister does
not rise, a fatal termination may be looked for. The
following are some of the forms employed.
i. Liquid Blister. Olive oil, i pint ; powdered can-
tharides, i oz. Mix and heat in a water bath for two
hours, then stand aside. When cold add $ pint of spirits
of turpentine, cover up and allow to stand twenty-four
hours ; then strain through fine calico, and add 2 fluid
oz. of oil origanum. To be applied with friction, using
very small quantities to ensure contemporaneous absorp-
* Label "Poison."
f Free from salt. Vaseline is a good substitute.
Materia- Medica .
159
tion. If this is not attended to the fluid will gravitate
among the hair, and flow downwards, causing useless and
often extreme irritation. In the hands of amateurs the
following ointment is safest .
2. Ointment. Powdered cantharides, 2 oz. ; oil of tur-
pentine, 2 fluid oz. ; oil of origanum, i fluid oz. ; yellow
resin, i oz. : hog's lard (free from salt), 16 oz. Mix the
cantharides, resin, and lard together, and heat in a
water-bath for eight hours ; then remove, strain, and set
aside to cool a little ; next add the turpentine and origa-
num ; agitate thoroughly, after which allow the whole to
set.
To ensure the speedy action of a blistering ointment,
first clip the hair closely by means of sharp scissors or an
efficient clipping machine. Over the part thus denuded
the ointment is to be spread in successive quantities, each
being thoroughly rubbed in, and at the close a thin layer
should be evenly spread over. Great judgment is re-
quired as to the quantity used. Finely bred animals do
not tolerate mre than half the quantity required by a
large, coarse draught horse. An excess, therefore, will
do harm by exciting undue irritation, and probably lead
to ugly blemishing, besides augmenting the original
malady.
CAUSTICS.
Substances capable of producing chemical action upon
the living tissues are termed caustics. The effect is equi-
The Budding Iron.
valent to burning or decomposition. They are of two
kinds the actual cautery, or iron heated to redness ; and
1 60 Mater ia- Medica.
the potential cautery, viz., mineral and chemical agents,
as caustic soda, caustic potash, and lunar caustic, or nitrate
of silver. The heated iron is often the most useful, con-
trollable, and effective form of cautery, being employed
for stimulating indolent wounds, repressing too luxuriant
granulations, abscising tumours, or parts destroyed by
sloughing, and arresting bleeding from an artery, &c.
The usual form is the firing iron, and the budding iron,
as shown in the annexed figures.
1. Caustic Potash is conveniently sold in the form of
pencils, having been fused and run into suitable moulds.
A holder is required for using it. In action it is prompt
and powerful ; but as it so quickly absorbs moisture from
the atmosphere and becomes fluid, it proves unmanage-
able and expensive.
2. Lunar Caustic, or nitrate of silver, is by far the most
controllable, being less soluble than the former, and is
also very effective. It is also sold in pencils, and requires
a silver or platinum tube for use and preservation.
3. Sulphate of copper, burnt alum, verdigris, red pre-
cipitate, and corrosive sublimate in powder, are variously
used as dry caustics. The latter is violent in action, and
unsafe in the hands of amateurs. It should never be used
except under the advice of a veterinary surgeon.
4. Muriate, or butyr of antimony, is a powerful fluid
caustic, useful for fungoid growths. // is destroyed by ad-
mixture with water.
5. Sulphuric, nitric, muriatic, and acetic acids are also
powerful caustics, and with No. 4 are usually applied by
means of a small bundle of tow secured on the end of a
stick or probe.
Caustic lotions are made of various degrees of strength,
as follows :
6. Nitrate of silver, 5, TO, to 15 grs. to i oz. of cold
distilled water.
7. Corrosive sublimate, 5 to 10 grs. ; muriatic acid, ^
a fluid drm. ; cold distilled water, 7^ fluid drms. An
effective solution for injecting fistulous sinuses.
8. Sulphate of copper, 10 drms. ; sulphuric acid, i fluid
drm. ; water, i pint.
Mater ia -Medica. \ 6 1
9. Chloride of zinc, 3 to 5 grs. ; muriatic acid, 5 drops
distilled water, i fluid oz.
Caustic ointments find their base in hog's lard, vaseline,
cocoa butter, &c.
10. Verdigris finely powdered, i oz. ; hog's lard, 3 oz.
Mix.
11. Sulphate of copper in fine powder, i oz. ; hog's
lard, 4 oz. Mix.
12. Burnt alum, i oz. ; hog's lard, 3 oz. Mix; in
each case ensuring thorough incorporation.
CHARGES.
The use of charges is not so common as formerly.
They consist of the application of an adhesive compound,
in a heated state, to the legs, over which soft tow or a
bandage is rolled. These, on stiffening of the compound,
furnish an unyielding support as well as pressure, which
is considered suitable when the legs exhibit signs of
weakness, or there are local swellings, as of tendon,
bursae, &c., which call for reduction. Other measures
have largely superseded the practice.
In past days, the plan has consisted of mixing various
ingredients as pitch, tar, resin, and lard together, and
when these have been melted and thoroughly mixed,
some medicament as red or white lead, mercury, arnica,
&c., &c., is added, as called for by the state of the legs.
To-day, the intelligence of the druggist enables him to
furnish the plaster properly compounded as a solid, and
in the form of a roll, requiring only to be heated and
applied, thus saving much trouble and annoyance, with
less liability to mistake.
1 . Simple Lead Plaster is made use of when the effect
of a permanent bandage or support is needed. Care
must be observed in the application to avoid unnecessary
pressure, or great pain, swelling, and irritation will result.
2. Mercurial Plaster is employed for the twofold pur-
pose of support and the reduction of enlargements.
3. Arnica Plaster is used when a stimulant action is
to be exercised upon the blood-vessels, &c.
11
1 62 Materia-Medica.
CLYSTERS, ENEMAS, OR INJECTIONS.
Clysters are of two kinds, fluid and gaseous. The first
are used for unloading the rectum, and to convey nutri-
tious fluids within it for the support of the system when
reduced by wasting disease ; gaseous enemas are effective
in allaying spasm in colic, &c.
Fluid enemas are thus constituted :
1. Warm water, 90 to IOO Q F., a pailful; soft or hard
soap, \ Ib. Rub the soap down to solution, and inject
i or more quarts as required.
2. Common salt may be substituted for the soap, when
a direct irritant effect is desired.
Medicated enemas consist of some remedy added to
lukewarm water, gruel or linseed mucilage.
3. Flour or oatmeal gruel, i quart ; spirits of nitrous
ether, 2 fluid oz. Useful when the animal cannot take
food.
4. Tincture of opium, i fluid oz. ; . powdered catechu,
4 drms. ; solution of starch, as used in the laundry,
thickened by boiling, i quart.
5. Gaseous enema. Tobacco smoke generated in a
suitable apparatus attached to the patent syringe, and
passed into the rectum. When needful, the anti- spasmo-
dic effect may be increased by adding opium, or asafce-
tida.
Various forms of apparatus are employed for adminis-
Enema Funnel.
tering clysters, some ot which are intended for other
purposes also, and are too expensive for the amateur's
purpose. The simplest and most efficacious is the
strong tin funnel, a figure of which is annexed. The
Mater ia-Medica. 163
pipe, first smeared slightly with simple lard, oil, or soap,
is gently passed into the rectum to the extent of two or
three inches. The bowl, being upwards, is filled with
successive portions of fluid, which readijy pass down,
attended with a gurgling sound. Messrs. Arnold and
Son, surgical instrument makers, 35, West Smithfield,
London, supply the instrument for seven shillings and
sixpence.
CORDIALS.
Under this term are included the various remedies
having warm, tonic properties. They are also simple
stimulants, their action being chiefly local, seldom or only
slightly influencing the action of the heart. They com-
prise the various seeds as carraway and cardamom ; the
peppers, ginger, &c., all of which are reduced to powder
as required, and incorporated with other remedies, as
salines, aloes, &c., to guard against their cooling, or
griping effects, and sometimes also to give tone to the
digestive organs on recovery from severe illness, for which
they are prescribed with mineral tonics.
DEMULCENTS.
This is a class of useful agents, which having no per-
ceptible medicinal action, may be viewed more correctly
as foods, but containing large quantities of mucilage, are
useful as mechanical agents, in softening, soothing, and
protecting the surface of mucous membranes when under
irritation from inflammation. On this account they are
prescribed in catarrhs affecting the lungs, bowels, kid-
neys, bladder, &c.
1. Linseed Mucilage. Linseed, i Ib. ; cold water, i
gal. Mix, cover up, and set aside, frequently agitating.
In twenty-four hours it is ready for use. Add warm water
if required. This form of mucilage is a valuable adjunct
to systematic daily feeding.
2. Linseed, 4 oz. ; boiling water, i qt. Let the mix-
ture simmer gently until a mucilaginous solution is ob*
tained, and use when cool. This is useful when No, i is
not kept constantly in use.
1 6 4 Materia-Medica .
3. Marshmallows, a double handful ; hot water, i qt.
Prepare and use as directed for No. 2.
4. Gum arable finely powdered, i oz. ; water, i pint.
Mix and agitate until a mucilage is produced, and ad-
minister one-half for a dose.
DIAPHORETICS.
Although it is admitted that a class of medicines have
the property of stimulating excretion by the skin of the
horse, the benefit is not of large moment. If it is thought
advisable to make use of such remedies, a wise choice will
consist of the ethereal stimulants, carbonate of ammonia,
&c., assisted by warm clothing, and even the vapour
bath.
DIGESTIVES.
These are local agents, employed to stimulate tardy
wounds to more active suppuration, and thus promote a
healthy state, and more rapid healing. They are also
used for dressing setons, and partake of the form of oint-
ment.
1. Strong vinegar, 17 parts ; honey, 14 parts ; verdigris,
finely powdered, 5 parts. Mix thoroughly, avoiding me-
tallic agents and utensils in the operation.
2. Verdigris, finely powdered, i oz. ; Venice turpen-
tine, 4 oz. ; hog's lard, pure, 8 oz. ; resin, i oz. Melt
the resin, then add the lard and turpentine, and apply
further heat until the whole are rendered fluid ; thoroughly
mix, and finally add the verdigris, keeping up the agita-
tion until the mixture in cooling becomes stiff.
3. Resin, i oz. ; Venice turpentine, 2 oz. ; hog's lard,
pure, 4 oz. Melt the whole together over a slow fire,
mix thoroughly, and set aside to cool.
DIURETICS.
Remedies known to possess the power of stimulating
the discharge of urine are called diuretics. They reduce
the watery parts of the blood, and thus promote the
absorption of fluids effused into close cavities as in hydro-
Mater ia- Medica. 1 6 5
thorax, or beneath the skin in the familiar form of sub-
cellular infiltration commonly known as dropsy, &c.
1. Bohis. Nitrate of potash, 2 to 6 drms. ; extract of
gentian, sufficient to cause the mass to adhere.
2. Draught. Dissolve the requisite dose of nitrate of
potash in half a pint of linseed mucilage.
ELECTUARIES.
These are syrupy concoctions for conveying medicines
to the mouth for the purpose of producing local action.
They slowly dissolve, and are carried by the tongue to all
parts of the cavity, exerting a beneficial action, when
solid or fluid remedies cannot be administered, and the
jaws, c., should be kept in stillness, or, as in sore throat,
swollen tongue, &c.. &c., the animal is unable to open
the mouth or even to swallow.
1 . Muriate of ammonia, 2 oz. ; camphor, i oz. ; gum
kino, i oz. Pulverise each of these separately, then
further triturate the whole together ; add 2 oz. of linseed
meal, and as much treacle say i Ib. as will form a
thick paste or syrup. Dose, one tablespoonful placed on
the tongue three or four times a day.
2. Powdered catechu, 2 oz. ; honey or treacle, i oz.
Mix, and use as directed for No. i.
EMBROCATIONS OR LINIMENTS.
These preparations are only for external use, and are
designed for various purposes. In some instances it is
desirable to stimulate the circulation and hasten nutrition
in a part already weakened by disease ; in others, the
pain and swelling consequent on local inflammation must
be reduced ; and at a later period remaining enlarge-
ments need dispersion before they become permanent.
1. Stimulating. Olive oil, i pint ; liquor ammonia,
i oz. ; spirits of turpentine, 2 oz. Mix, and apply with
friction.
2. Sedative. Extract of belladonna, 2 drms. ; tincture
of opium, 2 fl. oz. ; reduce the extract to an emulsion in
a mortar by means of the tincture ; afterwards add olive
oil, pint. Apply with as little friction as possible.
1 66 Materia-Mcdica.
3. Soothing and Stimulating. Soap liniment (opodel-
doc), 8 oz. ; tincture of opium, 2 oz. Useful in later
stages of acute, also chronic, inflammation of the
joints, &c.
4. For Dispersing Enlargements. Add to No. 3 tinc-
ture of iodine, 2 oz., and agitate to insure perfect admix-
ture. Apply daily with smart friction.
EXPECTORANTS.
Expectorants are employed to excite or promote dis-
charge from the mucous lining of the air passages. In
disease of the lungs, bronchial tubes, &c., at the termi-
nation of the inflammatory stage, such remedies are often
eminently useful. They overcome remaining irritation,
remove the cough which it occasions, and promote tran-
quillity, affording rest and comfort to jaded spirits, greatly
facilitating recovery.
1. Bolus. Carbonate of ammonia, finely powdered, 2
or 3 drms. ; gum asafoetida, i drm. ; extract of bella-
donna, ^ drm. Rub down the gum, to facilitate which
use occasionally a few drops of spirits of wine ; add the
ammonia and triturate, finally rubbing in the extract with
2 drms. linseed meal, and make up a paste by adding
treacle.
2. Carbonate of ammonia finely powdered, and carbo-
nate of potash, of each 2 drms. ; extract of belladonna,
i drm. ; powdered squills, 2 drms. Mix by trituration,
and work into a paste by small additions of oxymel
Squills.
3. Draught. Spirits of nitrous ether, i or 2 oz. ;
oxymel squills, i oz. ; extract of belladonna, drm. Rub
the extract with a portion of the squills, and when
reduced add pint of thin linseed mucilage.
FEBRIFUGES.
Fever medicines or febrifuges comprise a large class of
substances, all of which exert their influence more or less
on the action of the heart and the constitution of the
blood, the general excretions being also augmented, by
Mater ia-Medica. 1 67
which the materials favourable to inflammation are
removed.
1. Bolus. Nitrate of potash, 4 drms. ; camphor, i
drm. ; digitalis, % drm. Reduce each separately to pow-
der, and afterwards triturate together, adding i or 2
drms. of linseed meal, and treacle sufficient to make up
the mass.
2. Substitute | drm. extract of belladonna for the digi-
talis in No. i.
3. Drench. Solution of the acetate of ammonia, 4 oz. ;
tincture of belladonna, \ oz. ; linseed mucilage, % pint.
FOMENTATIONS.
To ensure the real benefit of fomentations with water
as a remedy for disease, the following directions should
be observed :
The temperature (about 118 F., and not higher than
120 F.) should be maintained throughout the applica-
tion, a plentiful and constant supply of water being pro-
vided.
The affected parts should be covered from the first
with flannel, bl-anket, or the ordinary rug, folded one to
three times, to maintain the heat as much as possible.
Application of the water should be prolonged ; in
severe cases, as much as four to six hours being required
to ensure benefit.
At the close, fresh, dry, and warm coverings should be
in readiness to avoid reaction by sudden cooling. In
winter time this is doubly important.
The operation is performed as follows : The animal
being suitably placed, a large pail or open tub is brought
as near as possible and filled with hot water, the tempe-
rature being tested by a thermometer immersed into it,
and regulated by needful additions. The coverings are
then saturated, partially wrung out, and placed over the
affected parts, spreading as widely as needful, when the
process commences by carrying successive quantities
of water to the highest part, and pouring it over the
coverings, keeping up a continuous stream. In this way
it is only possible to maintain the desired temperature.
1 6 8 Materia-Medica .
If needful, some economy may be observed by causing
the water to flow down into the tub beneath, when the
situation of the injured parts is favourable.
Medicated Fomentations are sometimes called for with
the view of gaining an additional effect in parts under
disease, which is considerably favoured by the presence
of heat. Thus in painful affections as inflammation of
joints, rheumatism, &c., seeds of the poppy, powdered
opium, extract of belladonna, &c., are added to the water
with considerable benefit, which the sufferer greatly appre-
ciates. In the case of indolent wounds, cracked heels
or legs, grease, &c., fomentations with hot water, to which
soft soap and turpentine are added, not only cleanse the
parts, but excite the tendency to healthy action. Long
standing affections of the skin, attended with horny
excrescences or enlarged portion of the epidermis, &c.,
are treated with advantage by this method, a good remedy
being thus formulated : Glycerine, 2 to 4 oz. ; carbonate
of potash, i oz. ; " Sanitas " oil, i oz., added to a pail of
hot water.
INHALATIONS.
These are eminently useful remedies in various affec-
tions of the respiratory organs. They are of two kinds,
simple and medicated. The first consists of the applica-
tion of the vapour of hot water by means of a nose-bag :
heat and moisture being efficacious in relieving the con-
gested mucous membranes in simple cold, &c. A quan-
tity of bran, or sawdust, is placed at the bottom, upon
which the water is poured as often as required to keep up
a good supply of heated vapour ; but care must be exer-
cised in avoiding a heavy load, as the animal, weakened
by disease, is not in a state to bear inconvenience from
this source. The application should be persisted in for
hours, when it proves agreeable and beneficial to the
patient.
Medicated inhalations are provided by simply adding
some volatile remedy to the contents of the nose-bag, by
which sedative, soothing, or stimulating effects are to be
produced. Thus in catarrhs, and some forms of in-
Materia- Medica. 1 69
fluenza, purpura, &c., "Sanitas" oil, eucalyptus, carbolic
acid, creosote, various tinctures, &c., may be used with
benefit as advised by the veterinary surgeon.
The spray distributor is also a useful agent for the
same purpose. Fluid remedies are "pulverised," and
thrown in the form of a cool or heated moist vapour
into the nostrils, or applied to raw and irritable surfaces.
The apparatus is also applicable for purifying the air of
buildings, a suitable form of disinfectant being used.
The inhalation of chloroform being only called for
during some painful and extensive operation, the process
will of course be under the sole management of the
veterinary surgeon or his qualified assistant. An im-
proved apparatus has recently been introduced to the
profession by Mr. Joseph Carlisle, M.R.C.V.S., of
Carlisle, which has given great satisfaction. An illus-
tration will be found in the author's larger work, " Every
Man his own Horse Doctor."
LOTIONS.
Lotions are generally solutions of approved remedies
in water or spirits for the purpose of cooling the parts to
which they are applied, and thus reducing pain and
inflammation.
1. Tincture of arnica, 2 oz. ; spirits of wine, 6 oz. ;
water, n oz. Apply with moderate friction to ensure
absorption.
2. Solution of the acetate of ammonia, 4 oz. ; spirits
of wine, 4 oz. ; water, i pint.
3. Goulard's extract, 4 oz. ; dilute acetic acid, 2 oz. ;
distilled water, i quart.
N.B. Nos. 2 and 3 may be applied by means of a
sponge or rag several times daily, or the parts may be
surrounded by a bandage constantly saturated by them.
4. Healing Lotion for Wounds, Sulphate of zinc, f
oz, ; sugar of lead, i oz. ; tincture of myrrh, 2 oz. ; soft
water, i quart. Shake well before using. This prepara-
tion should be dashed upon raw surfaces direct from the
bottle.
7o Materia-Medica*
POULTICES.
The action of a poultice is similar to that of a fomen-
tation, and often proves an effective auxiliary in the
restoration of diseased parts to a state of health. The
objects are : i. To apply continued heat and moisture
in order to soften or cleanse the parts and promote cir-
culation and suppuration as conducive to the healing
process. 2. To maintain a low temperature or cold as
may be required by the nature of the disease.
As in the case of fomentations, the benefits derived are
the results only of continued application. Great care is
needed in order to avoid reaction, which always follows
alternate heat and cooling ; therefore, when a poultice
must be changed, the freshly-prepared one should be at
hand to be applied on the removal of the first. The
materials should be such as will retain heat and moisture,
as bran, the properties of which may be improved by the
addition of a small proportion of linseed meal, as th or
-A-th. Poultices of cowdung, and even human ordure,
are the suggestions of filthy minds, and should not be
tolerated. We have known repeated instances of blood
poisoning follow such applications, the animal dying ot
a putrid fever.
One of the most useful light and effective agents, and
at the same time cleanly substitute for a poultice is
spongio piline. It may be used dry or with hot water, the
outer sheet of impervious material retaining the heat most
satisfactorily. When weight is an objection, as in
strangles, the poultice is beneficially replaced by spongio
piline.
Medicated Poultices also claim a brief notice. They
consist of the usual materials as bran, linseed meal, &c.,
to which some remedial agent is added. In the case of
wounds of an indolent character, digestives (page 164)
are thoroughly incorporated with the mass ; and when
offensive odours arise, as in wounds of the feet, &c.,
antiseptics (page 155) are added, the principal design
being to avoid blood poisoning from absorption of putrid
material.
Mater ia-Medica. \ 7 1
SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS.
The practice of passing suitable medicines beneath the
skin has been largely extended of late, ensuring more
speedy and efficacious results than are obtained by the
usual method. The following are the principal prepara-
tions, which may be obtained in the purest form through
a local chemist, from Willows, Francis, & Butler, 101 High
Holborn, London, W.C., who have earned special repu-
tation for their attention to this branch of pharmacy.
1. sEther, a prompt and decided stimulant, promotes
the action of other remedies, and especially suitable to
follow the use of morphia. Dose, i to 3 drams.
2. Atropia, an antidote to opium poisoning. Relieves
colic and gastric irritation generally, also pleurisy, peri-
tonitis, rheumatism, ophthalmia, &c. Dose, 12 to 20
drops.
3. Chloral Hydrate, used in colic, muco-enteritis,
tetanus, hysteria in mares and cows, strychnine poison-
ing, asthma, &c. It reduces the temperature. Dose, i
to 2 drams.
4. Coma, a strong sedative to the nervous system;
used for tetanus and all irritability of muscular and ner-
vous tissues. Dose, i to 2 drams.
5. Digitalina, used in affections of the heart, pneu-
monia, laminitis, &c. ; also broken and thick wind.
Dose, ^ dram.
6. Ergotina> a general tonic to the muscular system,
serviceable in parturition to assist in the expulsion of the
foetus or retained membranes; it arrests haemorrhage,
flooding, &c. Dose, 40 drops to i dram.
7. Morphia^ useful in all cases where opium is pre-
scribed. Especiaily valuable for chronic cough, being
injected direct into the windpipe or larynx. Dose, 10 to
40 drops.
8. Morphia and Atropia, a more potent and service-
able remedy than either morphia or atropia when used
separately, being used for the same purposes. A power-
ful remedy in flooding, difficult parturition, inverted
womb, severe straining, &c. Dose, 10 to 40 drops.
1 7 2 Matcria-Medica.
9. Physostigmina has been found useful in promoting
the action of the bowels in cases of impaction, consti-
pation, and arresting indigestion, colic, &c. Dose, 20
to 60 drops.
10. Quina is valuable in the extreme prostration of
influenza, parturition fever, septicaemia, &c. Inject
direct into the substance of a muscle. Dose, 20 to 60
drops.
11. Strychnia, valuable for overcoming the nervo-
muscular weakness of strangles, influenza, lead poison-
ing, and spinal meningitis. Used with conia for tetanus,
with phosphorus for paralysis from injury, and the
early stages of roaring. Dose, to 2 drams.
Subcutaneous injections are administered by means of
a suitable syringe, armed with a hollow needle. The
latter is caused to penetrate a fold of the skin, &c., by
which the fluid remedy is passed within the cellular tissue
as the piston is forced down the glass tube. It thus
enters the circulation at once, and, being unaffected by
secretions, as when given by the mouth, also acts more
powerfully.
TONICS.
Tonics are those medicines which promote strength
and vigour tone of the constitution. They are always
resorted to in recovery from disease, but require care in
their prescription, as too early administration has been
known to cause fatal relapse.
1. Tonic Powders. Saccharated carbonate of iron,
^ oz. ; gentian in powder, ^ oz. ; powdered locust bean,
i oz. Mix. To be given in the food morning and
evening.
2. Sulphate of iron, 2 drms. ; gentian in powder,
i drm. ; ground ginger, i drm. ; locust bean, % oz.
Mix, &c., as in No. i.
3. Drench. Saccharated carbonate of iron, oz. ;
powdered gentian and ginger, of each, 2 drms. ; linseed
mucilage, ^ pint.
4. Vegetable Tonic. Powdered gentian, Colombo and
Cinchona bark, of each, 2 drms. ; ground ginger, | oz.
Mater ia-Medica. 173
5. Substitute 10 to 2ogrs. of quinine for the Cinchona
bark in No. 4.
Nos. 4 and 5 may be given as a drench by adding
linseed mucilage, or they may be combined with mineral
tonics, as Nos. i, 2 and 3.
THE BOLUS, DRENCH, ETC., AND THE MODE OF ADMINIS-
TRATION.
The bolus consists of remedies in the solid form, first
reduced to powder, afterwards thoroughly mixed by tri-
turation in a mortar, and subsequently incorporated by
means of some viscid material to form a paste/ It is
then rolled into an oblong or cylindrical mass about two
and a half inches long, and three-quarters of an inch
Manner of holding the Bolus.
thick. This is an average estimate. The various sizes
of animals calling for variable doses will generally regu-
late the size of the bolus to advantage. It is then
wrapped in thin, soft paper, to ensure greater ease and
dexterity in its administration, which is usually accom-
plished in the following manner. If the horse is in the
stable, he is reversed in the stall. When out-of-doors it
is sometimes advisable to place him in a corner, between
two waggons, or other large objects, particularly if he is
of an excitable disposition. The right hand . is placed
flat over the bones of the nose grasping each side, thus
to steady the head, while with the left the operator seizes
the tongue, drawing it outwards to the offside, the fingers
1 74 Materia- Medica.
resting on the lower jaw for support. This will secure
the tongue from being drawn out too far. The bolus,
being held between the lips, or inserted within the vest
pocket for instant seizure, is grasped between the tips of
the first, second, and third fingers of the right hand.
Thus the first and third are below, and the second is
above, as shown in the engraving, and in this form, all
the digits converging to a point, the bolus is carried over
the tongue to the back part of the mouth, where it is
delivered within the grasp of the pharynx, or muscular
apparatus which forms the upper portion of the gullet.
The right hand is quickly withdrawn, and as the tongue
is simultaneously released by the left, it recedes, carrying
the bolus still further backwards, beyond the possibility of
return. The operator, to ensure success, instantly closes
the mouth, and holds the jaws, or passes the shank of
the halter round them, above the nostrils. This prevents
motion which might favour the return of the medicine
when the foregoing directions have not been perfectly
carried out. If the operation is successful, the passage of
the bolus down the gullet on the left or near side of the
neck will put the matter beyond all doubt.
Some horses after a time of illness, or from repeated
attempts by inefficient or care-
less operators, grow very cun-
ning, and even vicious. They
will retract the tongue, closely
fix the jaws, twist, raise, or de-
press the head and neck so
powerfully, that without assist-
ance one person is useless.
Sometimes also the mouth is
narrow, and the sharp edges of
the molar teeth seriously injure
iron Gag or Balling iron. the hands of the operator. Un-
der these circumstances one or
more assistants are required to restrain the animal, and a
gag, or balling iron, as shown in the engraving, is used to
keep the jaws open while the ball is passed over the root
of the tongue. Much care and patience is needed, while
Mater ia-Medica.
severe punishment and brutality must be avoided, or
existing matters will be greatly aggravated.
Balling guns or probangs are made of various kinds
and designs for administering solid forms of medicine
under the circumstances alluded to in the foregoing para-
graph, being sufficiently long for the purpose, while the
operator may avoid blows from the fore feet of the
animal. Engravings with full description will be found
in the larger work on the diseases of the Horse. The
hand is the safest for general use, and by means of the
iron gag very satisfactory results have been achieved by
the exercise of patience, even with crafty or vicious
animals. As a last resource such animals may be cast,
the effect upon some being a lasting impression of defeat,
leading to surprising docility. Pointed sticks should
never be used. Avoid boluses when the throat is in-
flamed and swallowing difficult.
The Drench is the fluid form in which medicines are
administered. Some animals stoutly refusing a bolus
will submit to be drenched. The method is also prefer-
able for many substances, while a more rapid and bene-
ficial effect is produced.
Dr aiights or drenches, erroneously styled " drinks/*
are often administered by a horn. It is not
a safe instrument for all hands, a strong tin
bottle, as in the annexed figure, being the
most suitable if kept constantly clean. The
operation of drenching is performed as fol-
lows : A stout ash stick, five feet in length,
is provided with a loop formed of cord, the
latter being so large as to admit of being
passed over the upper jaw, behind the
" tushes." By this the head is raised, the
mouth being slightly above the horizontal
position, which facilitates the flow of the
liquid to the back of the mouth. The
operator standing on an inverted pail, or
other convenient elevation, on the off, or
right side, inserts the fingers of the left hand
within the angle of the mouth, and by drawing away the
Oval Tin
Drenching
Bottle.
176 Blood Diseases.
cheek, torms a suitable pouch, into which the fluid is
poured in small and successive portions as the creature
permits it to pass down the gullet. The neck of the
bottle, therefore, does not enter the mouth, and injuries
from that source are entirely avoided. The tongue must
be left entirely free, as it is a most effective agent in carry-
ing fluids onwards to the gullet, and its action greatly
facilitates the operation of drenching.
CHAPTER XII.
BLOOD DISEASES
Arising from deranged or inordinate function Plethora Anaemia Rheumat-
ism Uraemia Apnaea.
THE maladies we propose to consider here are due to
altered conditions of the blood, probably also to heredi-
tary taint, which primarily may originate in the same
causes.
PLETHORA, or fulness of blood, is known to consist of
an excess of nutritious elements, which circulating
throughout the tissues give rise to rapidity of growth,
and improvement recognised as "blooming condition."
When these appearances attract attention by rapid and
unusual development, a change in the mode of feeding is
urgently called for, particularly for animals taking little
or no exercise. Such should also be purged, and those
feeding on over-luxurious pastures must be removed to
another where they may work for their living. Administer
aperient No. 3, according to directions for apportioning
the dose, p. 156. Subsequently a course of neutral salts
may be advisable under the advice of a veterinary sur-
geon.
AN/EMIA. Deficiency of Blood. This is the reverse state
Blood Diseases. 177
to plethora a bloodless state. The circulating fluid lacks
the elements of nutrition, and the animal is weak, flabby,
wasted, and rapidly wasting. The mucous membranes
are pale, the pulse weak and small, and the heart sounds
are strangely audible. Dropsical swellings appear beneath
the jaws, on the lower parts of the abdomen, as well as
inside, causing a " pot-bellied " appearance. The appe-
tite is lost, the bowels are noisy, and wind passes con-
stantly from them. Diarrhoea comes on later, and pro-
bably causes a lingering death; otherwise an offensive
dysentery terminates the sufferings.
Treatment. Remove the cause. Supply good food in
moderate and regular quantities, with attention to fresh
air and water. Treat the diarrhoea as advised (p. 208) ;
followed by tonics 4 or 5, and later alternated with i
or 2.
RHEUMATISM. The Cold, Joint, or Chine Felon of the
old farriers. This disease is due to the state of the blood,
having its origin in impaired digestion and assimilation ;
it is charged with elements inimical to its constitution, an
arrest of function probably being the cause of their accu-
mulation and non-removal. The joints are the usual
seat of the malady, the offending element locating itself
in the substance of cartilage, bones, and tendon, which
enter into the formation of the parts. The heart, with its
coverings, and the lining membrane of the chest, are also
liable to participate seriously and fatally.
Treatment. Aperients, followed by febrifuges in the
acute stages, morning and evening. Hot fomentations
are also useful, followed by sedative embrocation No. 2.
After the pain and inflammation are subdued, No. 4 may
be substituted, twice daily. Fresh air and gentle exer-
cise are essential as recovery progresses. Subcutaneous
Injections, No. 2.
URAEMIA is a condition of blood poisoning by the
retention of those elements which should pass out by the
urine. The skin exhales a strong and sickly odour of
urine in fully developed cases, the mouth is offensive and
slimy, and the faeces are small, hard, glazed and likewise
offensive. The end then rapidly approaches ; dulness
12
178 Blood Diseases.
is followed by insensibility, during which life passes
away.
There is no cure for confirmed cases. The only course
is to place animals under the care of a qualified veterinary
surgeon in the early stages of disease, and, learning the
cause, instituting rational treatment in the way of work,
food, &c., with the view of preventing the attack in others.
APNCEA. A form of blood poisoning dependent upon
an arrest of the functions of the skin. It arises in the
horse as a result of a heavy coat of hair, which growing
very long and thick during the autumn, and, being im-
properly cleaned, is glued together, acting as a covering
of soms impervious material, by preventing the essential
exhalation of sensible, as well as insensible, perspiration.
The conditions are slowly established, general lassitude,
unfitness for work, and failing health being the common
signs, until they ripen into dulness, paralysis and insensi-
bility, which end in death.
Treatment in the early stages is all important. Remove
the coat and substitute dry woollen clothing. Enforce
rigid cleanliness of the skin, and the habitations. Rouse
the system by diffusible stimulants, as spirits of ammonia,
spirits of nitrous ether, &c., with which nux vomica is to
be prescribed in conjunction with vegetable tonics, &c.
The opinion of a veterinary surgeon should be sought at
the outset.
CHAPTER XIII.
BLOOD DISEASES
Having their origin in inordinate, impaired, or arrest of function, and remark-
able for the development of a septic state Purpura Haemorrhagica-r-
Azoturia Malignant sore throat.
THESE diseases are the analogues of charbon in cattle,
and although the development of a septic poison within
the blood is undoubted, they do not rank as contagious
Blood Diseases.
179
in the strict sense ; they do not propagate by inoculation.
Thus the poison from the blood of a diseased animal does
not produce the same disease, but a blood poisoning of
a virulent and rapidly destructive character, and this
forms the essential difference between the maladies now
under consideration and those to be described in
Chapter XVI.
PURPURA H/EMORRHAGICA. This serious affection is
also known as Acute Anasarca, and Sanguineous Dropsy,
both of which fail to enlighten the non-professional
Purpura H-emorrhagica.
reader. It partakes of none of the essentials of an
inflammatory disease. The condition of the blood is
such as to favour an infiltration of the fluid portions,
being blood-stained, within all sub-cellular spaces, and
even into the substance of the skin, internal organs, &c.
In fully developed cases it is not uncommon to behold a
sufferer standing calm and motionless, while large drops,
and even streams, of a bloody fluid from a thousand
spots, oozes through the hair, and trickles downward to
the ground. Large swellings also appear over and
beneath the body and legs, but especially at those parts
i8o JSlood Diseases.
where the skin is thin ; and the mucous membranes show
numerous mulberry red-looking spots, which, in common
with others on the skin, at a later stage favour the escape
of blood. The swellings eventually run into each other, the
skin cracks, and discharges of a yellowish colour flow
out ; then portions of the skin die and slough off, leaving
large open ulcers, which do not heal, or at least, not
without great tardiness. Sometimes the disease lingers
for months in the same creature; hopeful signs occur
after the fourth or fifth day in milder cases.
Treatment. Laxatives or Aperients No. i, with which
nitrous ether may be prescribed. Subsequently nitrous
ether and tincture of steel. Vegetable tonics, &c., are
indispensable, with small quantities of nutritious food,
fresh air, and perfect nursing. Subcutaneous Injections,
No. 10.
AZOTURIA, sometimes known as Nitrogenous Urine,
Hysteria, and Albuminuria. A blood disease dependent
upon a large quantity of nitrogenous elements in circula-
tion, producing impairment of the nervous system, con-
vulsions, and death in a few hours. It is common in
this country to horses and mares of the heavier breeds ;
sporadic, non - contagious, but communicating septic
disease to others by means of inoculation. The attacks
are sudden, and confined to the animals in best condi-
tion. They are first uneasy, violent colic shortly coming
on ; the pulse and respiration are greatly disturbed,
spasm affects the whole muscular system, especially the
loins, and these signs are intensified by the inability to
discharge urine. If unrelieved, large swellings occur
over the hips and loins ; general disturbance becomes
intense, stiffness rapidly follows, and ends in paralysis ;
convulsions are frequent, followed by coma and death.
Recovery is denoted by an early and copious discharge
of urine, which resembles boiled linseed oil, having a
disagreeable odour, and liable to early decomposition.
All other signs now rapidly subside, and the animal is
soon convalescent.
The causes are heavy feeding on rich food during very
light and irregular work, or enforced idleness.
Blood Diseases. 181
Treatment. Aperient No. 3, dissolved in a pint of
warm water. Then add one or two drops of croton oil,
and 2 oz. of spirits of nitrous ether. If spasm of the
neck of the bladder prevents urination, pass the catheter
at once : throw up warm clysters frequently, and make
up a good bed, frequently turning and making him com-
fortable. He will possibly lie several days, during which
he may receive occasional draughts of nitrous ether, with
vegetable tonics, &c. The veterinary surgeon will sup-
plement by nerve stimulants as he sees fit. Gentle
exercise only can be borne at first, as considerable weak-
ness ensues in cases not relieved during the first few
hours. Feeding must be very careful and henceforth
conducted on common sense principles.
MALIGNANT SORE THROAT. A familiar term is
Putrid Sore Throat, which gives to the uninitiated a
more correct idea of the nature of the affection. Con-
siderable swelling occurs at the back of the mouth, and
seen outside the throat, obstructing perspiration and
rendering the animal unable to swallow. There is much
disturbance, and the local signs of a blood poison are
conspicuous in the heavily discoloured membranes, with
the mulberry-red spots. Rapid prostration ensues, with
early death, and the body is gangrenous already in the
parts most affected. Suffocation is generally the imme-
diate cause of death.
Treatment. -The intense swelling of the throat and
suffering renders it wholly impossible to administer medi-
cines which have to be swallowed. Wash out the mouth
frequently with a solution of alum or borax, with tincture
of myrrh added, or use an electuary (p. 165). If the*
breathing becomes difficult, open the trachea and insert
a tube at once. Clear the rectum of hardened faeces by
means of clysters, and combat weakness by throwing up
fluid food as enemas. Diffusible stimulants may also be
used, linseed mucilage being the medium. Subcutaneous
Injections, No. 10. As soon as the violence of the
disease subsides, the animal will recover the power to
swallow, when fluid medicines only may be administered
by the mouth, but much care will be needed. From this
1 82 Blood Diseases.
point he may be treated under the rules observed for
convalescence.
The flesla of animals dying of diseases already dis-
cussed should be very deeply buried, but are better
burned. The absence of some plan for securing this end
paves the way for a periodical visitation of such diseases,
the putrid remains after burial finding their way into
ponds, brooks, &c., from which healthy animals receive
the contamination.
CHAPTER XIV.
BLOOD DISEASES
Arising from an inordinate, impaired or arrest of function, non-contagious
and enzootic Enzootic Catarrh Enzootic Pleurisy.
THE diseases arranged under this head have the pecu-
liar property of being rapid and simultaneous in their
attack, prevailing over vast areas of the country, and
creating in non-professional minds a strong belief in their
contagious nature. Such characters as have already been
enumerated are the strongest proofs of a non-contagious
element, and this conclusion will be apparent after the
reader has made himself acquainted with the details con-
cerning farcy and glanders.
ENZOOTIC TYPHOID CATARRH, otherwise Influenza.
La Grippe of the French. There are few diseases which
have such a distinguished record of existence throughout
past ages as influenza, attacking man and beast with
relentless fury, disappearing as rapidly as it came in, while
the devastation has been more serious, widespread, and
fatal than any known contagious disease.
Influenza is undoubtedly a febrile affection, of a
typhoid character from the first, as denoted by a large
amount as well as rapidity of prostration. This is proved
Blood Diseases. 183
by the results of treatment, which show that while a
stimulative plan is most successful, sedatives unmercifully
kill in a short space of time. Several forms are also
observed, determined by the seat of the affection ; thus,
at one time a catarrhal form is observed, then a bilious,
or a gastric, each of which may exhibit more or less of
rheumatic complication, creating great difficulties in the
way of successful treatment. The causes are unknown,
but there is strong reason for associating the prevalence
with atmospheric disturbance in which volcanic or elec-
trical action may play a conspicuous part.
The simple or catarrhal form exhibits all the characters
of a severe cold, with a hacking cough, loss of appetite,
surprising weakness, high temperature, swelling of the
eyelids, with tardy discharges from the mucous mem-
branes. All the functions of nature are perverted to an
extent, more or less, the liver, bowels, and kidneys being
conspicuous in this disorder for abnormal action.
Diarrhoea is easily provoked, although constipation
seems intense, and the kidneys secrete a highly coloured
viscid urine, which shows how the system is rapidly
breaking down. Congestion of the lungs with pleurisy
are common, owing to the condition of the blood and
liability to stasis in large and important organs. -From
this arises the tendency to hydro thorax, by which the
creature dies from a process of internal drowning. At
other times rheumatism so complicates matters as to seri-
ously delay the disease, at length leaving an animal lame
and useless, to whom death would have been most mer-
ciful ; and in other instances the end is protracted by
diarrhoea and a painful dysentery.
Treatment is essentially of a stimulative nature. When
the complaint is ushered in by diarrhoea, give a draught
composed of half the usual doses of linseed oil and tinc-
ture of opium. Thus a large horse will take % a pint of
oil and ^ oz. of the latter. Use electuaries when sore
throat is present, and rub a mild stimulating embrocation
upon the outside. Inhalations of warm vapour medi-
cated with " Sanitas " oil are invaluable when the mem-
branes of the air passages are dry, congested, and dark
184 Blood Diseases.
coloured. The spray distributer may be used for the
same purpose. If the state of the throat will not permit
the administration of medicines, clear the rectum by
means of clysters of warm water, with which nitrous
ether may be mixed, and follow with food enemas, as
linseed mucilage containing the same stimulant.
When the creature can swallow, administer a draught
composed of aromatic spirits of ammonia, i oz. ; car-
bonate of potash, 2 drms. ; extracts of gentian and bel-
ladonna, of each % a drm. ; linseed mucilage or water,
i pint. Rub the extracts with a small quantity of linseed
meal to form a powder, add the carbonate of potash and
triturate, then add the remainder. The linseed mucilage
is useful for maintaining a gentle action of the bowels,
but it must be withheld if there are any indications of
undesirable looseness, as the patient cannot bear purga-
tion. Should the previous draught disturb the kidneys,
substitute nitrous ether for the ammonia. Subcutaneous
Injections, No. 10; for Diarrhoea, No. 3.
Promote warmth and comfort by every attention to
housing, &c., making use of good clothing, flannel ban-
dages to the legs, &c., &c., as maybe desirable. Feed
regularly, allowing only small quantities of the best food,
with alternations of clean sound roots, even fruits, or any
tempting morsel. Patients of the heavier breeds will
improve greatly by the removal of the coat at a suitable
time.
ENZOOTIC PLEURISY, like influenza, with which it is
often confounded, often prevails at the same time and sea-
son. It attacks the nbro-serous structures, and exhibits a
great tendency to location within the chest. It makes its
appearance also in a similar manner, being marked by
lassitude, perspiration, high temperature, severe cough,
rapid, small, and hard pulse, coldness with alternate heat
of the ears and extremities. The pain within the chest
causes the animal to arch his back, draw up the abdo-
men, fix the legs, and turn the elbows outwards ; and
when required to move he grunts. The danger of effu-
sion within the chest is great, abscesses may also form
within the lungs, and these often carry off the sufferer.
Blood Diseases. 185
On the other hand recovery does not preserve the animal
in a sound state. There may be adhesions of the lungs
to the sides, and possibly disease of the heart, its valves
or blood-vessels.
Treatment should be prompt. If suffering animals are
continued at work they drop down dead. As a rule the
stimulative plan as recommended for influenza answers
well, but when the fever runs very high, nil rate of potash
with aconite may be found useful until the more acute
stages are passed. Blisters kill the patient. In order to
combat the chest irritation, use a stimulating embroca-
tion, and when the symptoms betoken tranquillity, the
stimulants with gentian may be again resorted to.
CHAPTER XV.
BLOOD DISEASES
Having their origin in an unknown Animal Poison, and attended with an
Eruptive Fever, or Intumescence, Sporadic, Enzootic, and occasionally
of Septic characters Scarlatina Strangles Suppurative Catarrh.
SCARLATINA, or Scarlet Fever, appears occasionally in
the horse as a sequel to mild attacks of " influenza."
Two forms are recognised Scarlatina Simplex and
Scarlatina Anginosa.
Simple Scarlatina consists of a number of blotches in
the skin, particularly in those parts where it is thin and
least covered with hair, as the eyelids, lips, nose, &c.
At first these appear as small rounded pimples slightly
raised, on which the hair stands erect and separated.
The legs swell, and the mucous membranes, notably
that of the nostrils, are studded with scarlet spots of
variable size, which shortly discharge their serum, finally
changing in colour to yellow or a brownish hue. Sore-
ness of the throat is also present, and the appetite is
interfered with. In a few days the spots and blotches
1 86 Blood Diseases.
decline and disappear by drying up; this causes the
cuticle to peel off in numerous scales, which loads the
coat with a quantity of scurf, and is removed only with
difficulty after a long time.
Scarlatina Anginosa is an aggravated form of the pre-
ceding. The blotches and spots cover the skin where it
is thinnest, form rapidly, some as rapidly disappearing
and reappearing, when they run into each other, pro-
ducing continuous swellings, finally discharging a thin
yellowish fluid. This condition, as it affects the nasal
membrane, gives it an almost uniform dark colour
throughout, merging from scarlet to purple. The legs
swell and " pit " under pressure ; the throat becomes
very sore, and a constant cough troubles the patient.
The breathing is greatly interfered with, fever and tem-
perature are high, and congestion of the lungs succeeds ;
an acute constipation gives way to an easily provoked
diarrhoea; the urine is scanty, thick, mucilaginous, dark
in colour, and highly offensive ; surface heat and swell-
ings are variable, and death arises from the arrest placed
upon circulation and respiration. Favourable termina-
tions are betokened by decline of the acute signs, as sore
throat and oppressed breathing, which disappear from
the fifth to the tenth day, but leave the animal weak,
emaciated, and often for a long time an invalid in conse-
quence of the local swellings and eruptions. Purpura,
or even farcy or glanders, may also succeed ; therefore
the greatest watchfulness must be exercised.
Treatment should follow on the lines laid down for
malignant sore throat. Open the trachea to avoid immi-
nent suffocation. Put on a light hood and a thin
covering over the body, and apply spongio piline to the
throat, after being steeped in and wrung out of hot
water. Dress the external sores with antiseptic mix-
tures, i or 2, or simply " Sanitas" oil, i oz. to i pint of
water. Clear the bowels by warm clysters, using linseed
oil in half the usual doses, only when needed to combat
constipation, and if the animal can swallow. He may
then also have nitrous ether as a stimulant when prostra-
tion exists; or high states of fever may be met by
Blood Diseases. 187
chlorate of potash in the drinking water, or given as a
drench. Keep the nostrils, sores, &c., clean, open
abscesses early, and use " Sanitas," as already directed,
to remove the odours and stimulate healing. Use am-
monia when fever has abated, and after a few days and
the pulse warrants it, commence the use of mineral
tonics, and give very gentle exercise, carefully increased
as strength will admit.
STRANGLES. This affection, common to young animals
at the period of domestication, consists of catarrhal
symptoms, accompanied with tumefaction, and, in ordi-
nary cases, proceeding to the formation of abscess.
During this stage more or less fever is present, with
cough, difficult breathing, and general disturbance and
suffering, with loss of appetite, constipation, and deficient
urine. At first the pulse is full and soft, becoming hard
as inflammation succeeds with the maturation of abscess,
assuming its normal character as the ordinary course is
fulfilled. Adverse states are betokened by congestion of
the lungs, thin and dirty fluids flow from the nostrils,
and the animal sinks from exhaustion and suffocation.
The abscesses do not "ripen," the legs and ears are
cold, and swellings appear in other parts which do not
always suppurate ; emaciation follows, and the creature
may contract farcy or glanders, or succumb to disease of
the bowels, brain paralysis, &c.
Treatment consists of good nursing as the base of the
system. Support by good and easily digestible food
when the patient can swallow ; promote the formation of
abscess by blisters, or thick spongio pitine, applied hot and
dry, and secured by a hood. Place him in a cool place,
clothe sufficiently but lightly, avoid cold draughts of air..
Steam the nostrils, using " Sanitas," when the animal
can bear it, but do not distress him by hanging a heavy
bag upon his head. Open the abscesses as soon as it
can be safely done, as indicated by "pointing;" after-
wards maintain cleanliness, using " Sanitas " dressings as
directed for scarlatina; give good food in small but
repeated quantities, and support by mineral and vege-
table tonics, i, 2, 4, or 5.
1 88 Blood Diseases.
Suppurative Catarrh. This affection is mostly com-
mon to animals of mature age, and it is thought, not
without a show of reason, that animals, having escaped the
usual attacks of strangles in the youthful period of their
lives, or having suffered from the bastard or incomplete
form, are usually the victims of suppurative catarrh at a
more advanced age.
The disease at first appears like strangles, with the
usual concomitant febrile states, and abscess of the jaws
may be expected. These, however, may recede some-
what, but after some delay they maturate, and the animal
does well. Generally the course is the reverse of this.
The disease becomes tardy ; with the decrease of swell-
ing at the jaws, the appetite and condition fails, weak-
ness comes on, the usual functions of health are not
maintained ; swellings form at the shoulder, groin, &c.,
causing much pain and stiffness, and minor ones appear
over the skin in numerous places. Not uncommonly a
large abscess forms internally, for a time creating great
ambiguity in the outward manifestations; and at length
discharging the contents, puts an end to the sufferings of
the creature. A post-mortem examination reveals the
fact, of which the animal could give no certain indication
during life.
Treatment will be similar to that pointed out for
strangles. The hope of cure lies in hastening the forma-
tion of abscess in the first instance between the jaws.
In some instances when they form elsewhere, super-
ficially, the animal may do well, making a good reco-
very, but there is reason to believe that this is the
exception to the rule.
Blood Diseases. 189
CHAPTER XVI.
BLOOD DISEASES.
Arising from an Animal Poison Highly Contagious, and producing the same
Disease by Inoculation Farcy and Glanders.
FARCY may be defined as an incipient form of
glanders, consisting of an animal poison, characterised
by corded swellings principally situated on the sides of
the neck, inside of the legs, &c., and further denoted by
rounded swellings at various intervals, and occasional
wounds from which these radiate. The cords are veins,
swollen as a result of the animal poison, the tumours are
further swellings preparing for abortive abscesses, and the
wounds are sloughing and widespreading ulcers, which
seldom heal, but discharge a thin sanious fluid. Such
an animal may live for years and determine the deaths of
many others, as well as the attendants. In some in-
stances, however, probably by an accumulation of the
original poison, or more correctly, by its development
according to the first cause, feverish symptoms arise, the
disease assumes an acute form, and the animal dies
under loathsome conditions.
GLANDERS in a chronic form succeeds to chronic farcy,
and the animal lives on, a common danger to man and
beast. The system may have resisted the tendency to
the outward manifestations of farcy, as corded veins, &c.,
but in their place the evidences of poisonous degeneracy
are to be found in a variable muco-purulent discharge
from the nostrils, sometimes only from one, and that the
left ; the corresponding glands beneath the jaws are
swollen, hard and round, but not large, and ulcers pro-
bably are found to exist on the nasal membrane, some-
what high up in the cavity. The animal exhibits a
capricious appetite, but his condition may not be alto-
gether bad, and as he continues at work, suspicion is
I go Blood Diseases.
disarmed. An examination of the chest reveals the
existence of abscesses ; probably a moist, rattling cough
has set in, accompanied by wasting of the body, profuse
urination, to which shortly succeeds emaciation, general
weakness, and a bloodless state, the animal dying in a
hectic state.
The acute form is characterised by swelling of the
glands, ulceration of the nasal membrane, dulness, and
fever, with a gluey discharge from the nostrils. At a
later stage, from some not well-defined cause, the signs
of fever increase, lung complications set in, and the
animal eventually succumbs. This is the usual course of
glanders of the spontaneous variety. In that form,
generated by inoculation from the diseased animal, septic
blood poisoning follows, accompanied with offensive
secretions, stupor, coma, and a rapid, agonising death.
There is no known cure for glanders. As the cause
lies in hard work, associated more or less with inferior
food, defective stabling, bad air, and often a pernicious
system of " physicking " by ignorant carters, &c., pre-
vention of the evil lies in removal of these, and the
establishment of rational treatment.
Farcy, on the other hand, may be successfully treated
during the early stages, when the general health and
condition have not been undermined. Local treatment
consists of the application of poultices to the ulcerating
farcy buds, and occasional touches with the " budding
iron," or caustic potash. They are thus stimulated to
healing action, and further inducement is secured by the
internal administration of mineral tonics. Give No. 2
morning and evening, after adding 2 drms. of powdered
resin.
Cleanliness and disinfection must also be attentively
observed, in addition to obedience and conformity to the
regulations of the Acts in relation to Contagious Diseases,
especially as to giving notice to an inspector. For par-
ticulars see the " Handbook for England, Wales, and
Scotland," published for the Agricultural Department of
the Privy Council, by Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.
General or Sporadic Diseases. igi
CHAPTER XVII.
GENERAL OR SPORADIC DISEASES.
Catarrh Laryngitis, or Sore Throat Congestion of the Lungs Bronchitis-
Pneumonia Inflammation of the Lungs Pleurisy Roaring, Whistling,
Grunting, &c.--Chronic Cough Nasal Gleet Spasm of the Diaphragm
Rupture of the Diaphragm.
THE affections comprehended in this classification are
those which have no origin in specific animal or other
poisons, and are, therefore, entirely distinct in their nature
from any already under review. Neither do they depend
upon the operation of widespread causes. As a rule, few
animals, generally not more than one among a given
number, are affected, and the cause is usually traced to
local causes. For the sake of clearness they are grouped
according to the class of organ affected, from which they
derive their distinctive characters.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION.
CATARRH, otherwise known as Coryza or common cold.
This simple affection consists of inflammation of the lining
membrane of the eyes, nostrils, and sinuses of the head \
sudden alternations of temperature, defective ventilation of
stables, unusual exposure to wet and cold, and excessive
or uncalled-for use of depletive medicines, being among
the fertile causes. The membranes referred to are at first
dry and deeply coloured, and afterwards secrete, first a
thin, transparent, watery fluid, which shortly becomes
thick, opaque, of a cream colour, and often profuse. A
fit of rigors or shivering usually ushers in the attack, and
symptomatic fever is also prominent. Slight cases recover
rapidly as soon as a discharge is established, providing
other circumstances are equal ; but continued operation
of the original causes induce complications in the form of
disease of other organs.
192 General or Sporadic Diseases.
Treatment. Investigate and remove the causes. Simple
cases are best met by diffusible stimulants, as nitrous or
sulphuric ether, aromatic spirits of ammonia, &c. ; but
when reaction has already set in, indicated by the rapid
pulse and respiration, febrifuges are imperatively called
for. Inhalations of medicated steam should be applied
by means of the nosebag ; light, warm clothing and
bandages are particularly needful, the skin over the body
and legs being previously excited by brushing or hand
friction to the latter. If the bowels are constipated, give
the medicines in linseed mucilage, and use the latter also
as an enema. When the temperature, as ascertained by
the clinical thermometer,* shows a marked decline, give
tonic powder No. 2 or 3, to which 2 drms. of nitrate of
potash has been added.
LARYNGITIS, or Sore Throat, is the term used to denote
inflammation of the lining membrane of the throat, ex-
tending to the surrounding muscles and tissues. It usually
follows neglected catarrh, but may have an independent
origin through the force of largely prevailing causes. The
appetite is absent, swallowing is difficult, painful or im-
possible, thus solids are ejected and fluids return by the
nostrils. Swelling of the throat outwardly is often present,
fever and temperature run high, and breathing may be
interfered with. A discharge from the nostrils is at first
thin and clear, but shortly it becomes purulent; and
when the jaws are separated saliva, &c., accumulated in
the mouth are liberated. Laryngitis may terminate in
bronchitis or pneumonia.
Treatment. Do not, on any account, attempt to give
medicines, fluids or solids, by the mouth. To do so is
likely to choke the animal. First relieve the local inflam-
mation by the use of electuaries No. i or 2, which must
be continued some days. Apply liquid blister No. i to
the throat. If the swelling is great, by which the breath-
ing is impeded, the trachea should be opened, for which
* See the Author's shilling manual, " The Thermometer as an
Aid to Diagnosis in Veterinary Medicine," which should be in the
hands of all owners of horses and cattle. London and New York:
F. Warne & Co.
General or Sporadic Diseases. 193
the veterinary surgeon is required. With the return of
tranquillity of the system the treatment as given under
" Catarrh " will suffice.
CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS, or Pulmonary Apoplexy,
is a stasis or stoppage of blood in the lungs, due to some
violent exertion, as overdriving, &c., and supervenes upon
other diseases. These conditions cause engorgement
and limit the space and power for necessary respiration,
therefore we find the animal with straddling legs, his
head lowered, and the neck stretched out, nature's means
to provide easy and direct passage for the air. The
nostrils are dilated, the eyes prominent and staring, and
the flanks heave in unison with desperate blowing. The
creature is suffering from a form of suffocation. The
pulse is almost imperceptible, yet the heart is thumping ;
blood escapes from the nostrils ; partial sweats break out
over the body, while the legs and ears are cold; the
mouth is dry, hot, and foetid, and in a few hours he
becomes insensible, falls, and dies.
Treatment. If the animal is seen by the veterinary
surgeon within the first hour of the attack, he will set
matters right by using a strong diffusible stimulant. As
a rule, however, that stage is past, and an opposite course
must be pursued. Add to febrifuge drench No. 3, 2 oz.
of nitrous ether, and give at once ; rub in embrocation
No. i, and make the animal comfortable by gentle dress-
ing with suitable clothing and bandages. Continue the
drench until the symptoms lose their severity, the pulse
and thermometer indicating a resumption of action in the
lungs, when returning strength must be seconded by
vegetable tonics, particularly avoiding iron, at least until
the very latest stages.
BRONCHITIS inflammation of the Bronchial Tubes
within the lungs. These are the terminal passages of the
windpipe, split up like the twigs of a tree, spreading
throughout the organs, for conveying the air used in
respiration. Inflammation of the bronchial tubes is a
common sequel of neglected colds, severe galloping, &c.,
and sometimes it attacks animals over an entire district,
owing to unusual cold and damp, &c. It also follows
194 General or Sporadic Diseases.
the diseases we have already considered in this group.
Catarrh and laryngitis may be present from the first, with
high fever and temperature, a constant, hacking, and
painful cough. The pulse is full and hard, breathing
disturbed, and the sufferer relieves the chest as far as
possible by standing with the legs wide apart. The
bowels are constipated and urine is deficient, but diarrhoea
is easily set up, if it is not already present. Further in-
formation will be gleaned by the attendant veterinarian
by careful examination of the chest, and studying the
sounds, as indicating non-complicity with the lungs or
otherwise.
Treatment. Blood-letting is not advisable. Give
febrifuges, to which 10 drops of the tincture of aconite
may be added, and continue the draught or bolus twice
daily, with a decrease of one drop of the aconite in each
dose. At the end of the second day perhaps, pulse and
other signs being duly taken into account, the aconite
may be withdrawn, and the ordinary febrifuge continued
for a week or less, according to circumstances. Apply
liniment No. i to the sides of the chest at the outset,
and combat constipation by means of enemas of linseed
mucilage. Promote comfort by clothing and bandages,
allow plenty of fresh air, avoiding draughts, and as soon
as acute signs have passed, a course of vegetable tonics
may be prescribed.
PNEUMONIA, or Inflammation of the Lungs. This
disease may follow any one of the preceding, or, com-
mencing with simple catarrh, it may pass, more or less
rapidly, through the stages of laryngitis and bronchitis,
the inflammation finally being located in the lungs.
Pneumonia is ushered in by violent systemic disturbance,
with cold ears and legs, the mouth and visible mem-
branes being dry, hot, and injected. The respiration is
hurried and short, pulse full and bounding at first, and
temperature rises to, perhaps, 102 Fahr. or 103 Fahr.
As the lungs become charged with blood, effusion into
their substance follows, when the characters of the pulse
and respiration are at once altered, the former having
become small, weak, and oppressed ; the breathing short,
General or Sporadic Diseases. 195
gasping, and disturbed by a cough. Constipation with
deficient urination are also present.
Treatment. Blood-letting is tolerated only in the
earliest stages. It is better to rely upon febrifuges with
aconite internally, and when the circulation shows the
inflammation has somewhat decreased, mustard or em-
brocation No. i may be applied to both sides of the
chest, and in other respects treat as recommended for
bronchitis.
When horses make tardy recovery from pneumonia,
probably owing to previous defects in feeding, &c., &c.,
they are apt to become weak and useless from the
development of abscess in the lungs.
PLEURISY, or Pleuritis inflammation of the lining
membrane of the chest and covering of the lung. The
causes are cold or injuries to the chest. It sometimes
follows clipping. Extreme constitutional disturbance
marks the outset of the disease ; pulse and temperature
are high, the former being hard, incompressible, wiry,
probably running 60 in the minute. The legs and ears
are cold, and great restlessness is evident, followed by
stiffness, which causes the animal to fix himself to avoid
motion, when he "breathes from his abdomen." If
cough is present it causes much discomposure. Consti-
pation and deficient urination are evident, appetite is lost,
and the animal ceases to notice anything, except as he
declines to be interfered with. The respiratory murmur
is detected in the lungs, which is accompanied by a creak-
ing or rasping sound as the chest heaves and contracts.
The disease terminates in resolution or effusion. In the
former case progress is to recovery, in the latter the chest
fills with water.
Treatment. Febrifuges i or 2, to which aconite should
be added as already advised. Aperient No. 3. Enemas
if necessary. Warm clothing and bandages; cool air
with security from cold draughts. Embrocation No. i to
the sides of the chest. When effusion has taken place,
nitrous ether should be alternated with the febrifuges,
and occasional doses of cantharides may be found useful.
All remedies should be used alternately rather than per-
igb General or Sporadic Diseases.
sistence with one kind, and the animal will need the
utmost care in every respect. Subcutaneous Injections,
No. 2.
ASTHMA Broken Wind. When horses have suffered
from protracted affections of the chest, inducing violent
or constant coughing, or when the inordinate appetite
of a greedy feeder is constantly satisfied, the results are
asthma, or broken wind. The first, by violent convulsive
action, leads to rupture of the air cells, by which several
unite to form one cavity, and air is also infiltrated, so to
speak, in other parts of the organ and under its investing
membrane ; the second induces the same by constant
pressure from an over-loaded stomach. The result in
both instances is impaired respiration, the expiration
being performed by two convulsive acts instead of one of
unifonn character. The disease is remarkable as being
attended by a constant, weak cough, not unlike a loud
spasmodic sigh. There is no known remedy, as change
of structure is great, and the parts cannot be restored to
original soundness. Care and simplicity in feeding is of
the greatest importance, while humanity should rule in
the working of the sufferer. In some cases it is cruelty
to work such animals. Subcutaneous Injections, No. 5.
REARING, WHISTLING, GRUNTING, &c., are terms used
to denote the degrees of sound emitted by horses in whom
respiration is abnormal and laboured under the effects of
severe work. These conditions follow repeated sore
throat, and are produced by the senseless habit of tight-
reining ; it is also hereditary. The seat of the disease is
the cartilaginous tube, known as the larynx, situate at
the top of the windpipe, terminating the mouth at its
posterior part. The origin and nature of the sound is
due to paralysis of small muscles, the office of which is to
open or raise two small cartilages for the ingress of air
during inspiration. When the muscles thus become
powerless, the cartilaginous lids are drawn downwards
during such inspiration, and, therefore, depending much
upon the size of the opening thus permitted, the sounds
are produced. The louder and harsher sounds are due
to a partial closure, while whistling may be caused by a
General or Sporadic Diseases.
smaller opening. The presence of tumours, thickening
of membranes and of the vocal chords, are also causes,
all of which may be present with the first-named. There
is no absolute cure. Operations have been attempted as
such, but they have brought no reputation to the pro-
moter. A variety of both roaring and whistling may also
be produced by causes resident within the nostrils. In
such cases we have removed tumours, which effected a
complete cure. When enlargement or ossification of
cartilages, &c., take place, the results are not so suc-
cessful.
Grunting is due to similar causes, and is excited usually
by fright. There are temporary forms of this complaint,
which may be traced to pleurisy, &c., &c. Care is, there-
fore, necessary for certain discrimination.
CHRONIC COUGH is the consequence of repeated attacks
of cold, sore throat, &c., as induced by hot and ill-venti-
lated stables, undue exposure, &c. It is hard, dry, and
persistent, amenable to no treatment, aggravated by care-
less feeding and repetition of the causes. Give linseed
mucilage with the food. Subcutaneous Injections, No. 7.
NASAL GLEET is also one of the conditions which
remain as a result of constantly recur-
ring or neglected catarrh. It consists
of a chronic inflammation of the mem-
brane lining the sinuses of the head, by
which a constant discharge is secreted,
some of which is retained in the cavities,
becoming thick and offensive; the
rest, overflowing, passes down the
nostrils, giving the animal a loathsome
appearance in the more advanced
cases. Some good may be accom-
plished by injecting astringent fluids,
but most cases call for trephining, or
opening the affected sinus, for which
operation a qualified veterinary surgeon
is indispensable. Recent cases may be successfully
treated by tonics and astringent injections.
SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM. This is the result of
Nasal Gleet.
i g8 Diseases of the Organs of Circulation.
over-exertion in weak and exhausted animals. An
unusual violent sound, best described as "thumping," in
the region of the chest, not associated or contemporaneous
with the pulsations of the heart. It creates alarm, or at
least discomposure, in many animals, as it must interfere
seriously with the circulation. The spasms occasion
alternate tightening and relaxation of the musculo-mem-
branous partition which divides the chest from the abdo-
men. It is best counteracted by diffusible stimulants, as
nitrous, sulphuric, or chloric ether, with perfect rest and
quiet. The working condition of the animal should be
fairly considered, and, perhaps, overdriving will be dis-
covered as one cause; the other may rest in the food,
which is probably deficient in albuminoids.
RUPTURE OF THE DIAPHRAGM is common among
draught-horses subjected to heavy work on inferior roads
after heavy feeding. We have seen many cases among
the horses of builders employed in drawing bricks, rub-
bish, &c., over the unmade roads common to brickyards
and the vicinity of large buildings. With the advent of
steam machinery such work is now reduced, and con-
fined to smaller areas. Immediate death follows the
accident.
CHAPTER XVIII.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF CIRCULA-
TION.
Palpitation Rupture of the Heart Cyanosis, or Blue Disease Carditis
Pericarditis Endocarditis Embolism, and Diseases of the Valves of the
Heart Aneurism Phlebitis Megrims Lymphangitis.
PALPITATION. We have already noticed the existence
of strange sounds in connection with anaemia the blood-
less state. Such are the common results of irregular and
intermittent actions of the heart, accompanied with heart-
Diseases of the Organs of Circulation. 199
sounds due to the watery condition of the blood, and
functional derangement of the organ, occasioned by im-
proper feeding, &c., not in any way referable to disease.
When the blood receives its natural pabulum from a suffi-
ciently nutritious food, the disorder disappears. Palpi-
tation of indigestion, not always attended with the loud
sounds of anaemia, is due to similar causes, and disappears
when the digestion is improved.
RUPTURE OF THE HEART occasionally takes place
during severe running, or exertion in drawing heavy loads
over unmade roads. The seat of the lesion varies :
sometimes it is the junction of the aorta with the left
ventricle, or the right auricle as it joins the ventricle. In
one instance we saw the first form in a draught-horse,
occasioned by a fall over a temporary bridge to a lower
level of some fifteen feet.
CYANOSIS, Blue Disease, is due to the admixture of the
blood of arteries and veins within the heart, owing to
the non-closure of the foramen ovate, an opening which
should not exist beyond foetal life. The animal is weak,
faint, and useless, and, if not humanely destroyed, usually
lives but a short period. The significant tokens of the
malady are the peculiar blue colour of the membranes,
with anaemic palpitations. When life is prolonged in
exceptional cases, it is due to a small opening only,
admitting of slow admixture of the blood.
CARDITIS, Inflammation of the Heart, is not common
to the horse. While the or-
gan may suffer in small por-
tions by an extension of the
process from contiguous struc-
tures, that process does not
extend to the whole substance.
The organ being so essential
to life appears to be wonder-
fully exempt from such a seri-
ous state as inflammation. It
is, however, subject to altera- lhe Counten t n p n a . s ex P ressive
tions in form organic changes
in the muscular structure, as hypertrophy or enlargement,
20O Diseases of the Organs of Circulation.
atrophy or wasting, and fatty degeneration, with a peculiar
expression of anxiety depicted on the countenance. Such
states are but imperfectly made out during life, and admit
of no remedy, death usually taking place suddenly.
PERICARDITIS. Inflammation of the pericardium, or
covering, or the heart-bag, arises under two conditions,
first as an independent affection, and otherwise a compli-
cation with rheumatism and enzootic typhoid diseases.
The malady is from the first associated with high fever
and temperature, quickened respiration and circulation,
the pulse being hard, irritable, short, and quick, with
fluttering action of the heart. The legs and ears are cold,
twitchings and cramps affect the body, friction sounds
are heard as the heart beats, but these disappear shortly,
as the heart-bag becomes filled with water, a product of
the disease. The breathing becomes increasingly diffi-
cult, the animal exhibits a tendency to faint when the
head is elevated, external dropsy appears, weakness is
more confirmed, and death takes place in three or four
days. Animals surviving this period usually recover.
Treatment. Febrifuges with aconite in decreasing
doses of 2 drops, commencing with 10 drops, every eight
hours until six doses have been given. Remove consti-
pation by moderate aperients and enemas conjointly, and,
when the urgent signs are suppressed, continue febrifuges
without the aconite. Provide warmth and comfort by
suitable clothing and habitations, and, as soon as the
pulse gives evidence of being under control, with a reduc-
tion of temperature, embrocation No. i may be used to
each side of the chest. The absorption of effused fluids
maybe promoted by iodine, internally, with diuretics, and
the failing strength must be recruited at the proper stage
by tonics. Subcutaneous Injections, No. 5.
ENDOCARDITIS. inflammation of the lining membrane
of the heart occasionally occurs, and is a serious matter.
The treatment is similar to that advocated for pericar-
ditis, except in respect to aconite, which requires to be
cautiously ^iven in doses of 5 drops only, with febri-
fuges. In this disease the pulse is liable to exhibit
peculiar states of irregularity, which are due to the ex-
Diseases of the Organs of Circulation. 201
treme irritability of the heart. Avoid bleeding and blisters,
and use embrocation No. i when the acute signs are
allayed. Subcutaneous Injections, No. 5.
Embolism and Disease of the Valves of the Heart are
common results. The first are fibrinous deposits from
the blood, which may remain and accumulate in the
heart, or, passing with the circulation, enter a blood-
vessel and obstruct the passage. Sudden death after a
time will result in the first instance, and evidences of the
latter are often to be seen in local wasting and paralysis.
When the valves are diseased, the animal is weak and
faint, and is liable to local swellings, difficult breathing,
and sudden death.
Aneurism^ or enlargement of an artery at a given point,
is another serious consequence of heart-disease, especially
when it affects an important internal vessel.
PHLEBITIS, or Inflammation of a Vein, is commonly
seen as a result of bleeding. The swelling should be un-
ceasingly fomented for hours, a strong dose of sedative
medicine being first given. Some prefer aloes, to be fol-
lowed by a powerful blister along the course of the vein,
the head being tied up to prevent the animal gnawing or
rubbing the part.
MEGRIMS, or Venous Obstruction, is caused by pressure
upon the jugular vein from badly-fitting collars, prevent-
ing the return of blood from the head. The result is, a
species of frenzy is caused, and, after some excitement,
shaking the head, &c., the animal darts forward, generally
falling headforemost. The collar should be pushed for-
ward, and pressure avoided, on the first manifestation of
excitement, or the occupants of the vehicle may come to
serious grief. Dash cold water over the head, and take
the animal home as soon as possible. He should not be
driv.cn unless the collar can be worn comfortably and
safely, but his utility as a saddle-horse may be satisfactory.
LYMPHANGITIS. This is the "Weed," "Thick-leg,"
"Shot of Grease," "Dropsy," and emphatically "Mon-
day morning " and " Holiday " disease. Errors of diet,
with idleness after heavy work, are the causes which, in a
few hours, cause considerable disturbance of the system,
2O2 Diseases of the Organs of Circulation.
with extreme swelling of one of the hind limbs, some-
times, but rarely, in the fore-leg, which the animal can
scarcely move. Heavy draught-horses are common vic-
tims, but occasionally a cab-, van-, or even a carriage-
horse may be seen among the sufferers. Such an event
should stimulate a searching inquiry into the character
and fitness of the presiding genius of the stable.
Treatment. Administer a strong dose of aloes in solu-
tion; or give aperient No. 3, and follow immediately
with 2 oz. of nitrous ether, while the rigors are present.
Promote warmth in the skin by active brushing, and
clothe, putting bandages upon the legs. Throw-up warm
enemas, foment the leg for four hours,
and protect it from cold. See Fomen-
tations. Allow soft, laxative food only,
with water from which the chill has been
removed, during cold weather. Give
walking exercise as soon as he can move
without pain.
Lymphangitis of the recurrent kind
is likely to terminate in permanent thick-
ening and consequent unsightly enlarge-
ment. Such a state is shown in the ac-
companying figure, to which the term
Elephantiasis has been given.
Elephantiasis.
Diseases of the Organs of Digestion. 203
CHAPTER XIX.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION.
Sporadic Aphtha, or Thrush Diseases and Irregularities of the Teeth Chok-
ing- Vomiting Chronic Indigestion Acute Indigestion Constipation
Colic Enteritis, or Inflammation of the Bowels Peritonitis, or Inflam-
mation of the Peritoneum Diarrhoea Superpurgation Dysentery, or
Bloody Flux Worms in the Intestines Hernia, or Rupture Dropsy of
the Abdomen Congestion of the Liver Inflammation of the Liver
Jaundice Wind-sucking, or Crib-biting.
THE majority of diseases under this head are the result
of mismanagement and errors of diet.* With the advent
of care and system, disease is reduced to a minimum.
SPORADIC APHTHA or THRUSH. A faulty system of
feeding with food of a questionable suitability, doubtless
assisted by conjoint errors, induces dyspepsia and faulty
assimilation, bad blood, &c., and the local manifestations
are eruptions of small blisters or bladders upon the
tongue, insides of the cheek, &c. These greatly interfere
with mastication, and impair condition, which, perhaps,
is already reduced. Sometimes this simple affection
assumes an active character, and is managed only with
difficulty.
Treatment. Febrifuges, particularly chlorate of potash ;
and wash the mouth with a solution of the same, contain-
ing 2 or 3 drms. to a pint of water.
DISEASES AND IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH re-
quire the attention of the veterinary surgeon without
delay, as the condition and services of the animal may
be seriously sacrificed.
CHOKING. Whatever the substance causing the ob-
struction is, it may be induced to pass down the gullet
if a draught composed of 4 oz. of linseed-oil and \ oz.
of sulphuric or chloric ether are mixed, and administered
* See the manual, "How to Feed the Horse." London and
New York : F. Warne & Co. Price is.
2O4 Diseases of the Organs of Digestion.
with care. If this does not succeed, a second dose may
be given in half an hour; otherwise the services of a
qualified practitioner must be
obtained, who will perhaps
pass the probang. Neglected
cases are apt to bring about
laceration of the gullet, which
may endanger life. In simple
cases even stricture may be
the result, and the creature
is repeatedly suffering from
choking.
VOMITING is not a natural
act in the horse. When it
occurs, we may always infer that some abnormal state is
present, consisting of inordinate fulness of the stomach,
or perhaps some morbid lesion of the gullet.*
CHRONIC INDIGESTION. This follows as a result ot
Toothache.
Chronic Indigestion.
irregular work and feeding, and is finally developed by
the use of all kinds of remedies, the nature of which are
not understood by the attendant. Irregular and decayed
teeth are also known to be the cause, and sometimes the
* For important information on this subject, see the larger work,
"Eveiy Man his own Horse Doctor." London and New York:
F. Warne & Co. Price 2 is. 300 illustrations.
Diseases of the Organs of Digestion. 205
effect. The signs are conspicuous : Faulty condition,
inability for exertion, tight and dirty skin, irregular bowels,
repeated diarrhoea, slimy foetid mouth, all of which finally
culminate in disease of the kidneys, farcy, or glanders.
Treatment. Pay attention to the teeth, and institute a
proper system of feeding ; regulate the bowels by mode-
rate doses of medicine, as aperient No. 3 ; restore the
balance of action in diarrhoea by linseed-oil, in half the
usual doses, combined with half a dose of opium. When
a proper action of the bowels is established, commence a
course of vegetable tonics, give gentle exercise, and im-
pose suitable work gradually as the condition and ability
will admit.
ACUTE INDIGESTION, or Impaction of the Stomach.
The stomach of the horse is comparatively small, and
liable to be gorged with food under various circumstances,
sometimes by inordinate manger supply, especially when
some change has been made in the variety, and when
horses gain access to heaps of corn by accident. Such
states are known by the violent agony, rolling, kicking,
and plunging of the sufferer, while the constitutional dis-
turbance is extreme, the skin being bathed in perspiration.
The excitement may pass into frenzy, or degenerate into
coma, insensibility, and death. In other cases the
stomach is ruptured, also ending fatally.
Treatment. The practitioner will first assure himself
that hernia is not present. In the first stages, administer
a strong aperient, No. 3, which should be dissolved in a
pint of warm water, with which 2 oz. of nitrous ether is
to be mixed. Throw up enemas constantly. Subcutaneous
Injections, No. i . If there is much distension of the bowels
by gas, give hyposulphite of soda in cold water, with a
dose of aromatic spirits of ammonia. Put the animal
into a roomy barn or shed, and litter down a thick layer
of straw.
CONSTIPATION of the bowels arises from natural tor-
pidity, debility from previous disease, and paralysis. A
bran-mash or enema will remove simple forms, and the
use of roots, linseed, &c.,may suffice to preserve a proper
action. When debility is the cause, vegetable tonics
206 Diseases of the Organs of Digestion.
maybe prescribed, in which strychnia proves highly bene-
ficial. Subcutaneous Injections, No. 9.
COLIC is the result of derangement of the bowels, often
following constipation. Two kinds are observed spas-
modic and flatulent colic. Violent spasm of the muscular
coat is set up as a result of some obstruction to intestinal
digestion, when sometimes, in addition, fermentation suc-
ceeds, and the gases evolved add seriously to the pain
by causing distension in addition. Under these circum-
stances great violence characterises the attack, and the
creature groans with pain while he rolls, and is bathed in
perspiration. The seat of the pain is indicated by fre-
quently turning the head to the side, and, after looking
round despairingly, he again throws himself to the ground,
often remaining upon his back some time.
Treatment. In simple cases, anodynes No. i or No. 2.
If constipation is present, add aloes ; or flatulence, add
ammonia. Throw-up enemas frequently, and minister
to the safety and comfort of the patient by providing a
good bed and a roomy place. Subcutaneous Injections,
No. 2, 3, or 9.
ENTERITIS, Inflammation of the Intestines, is a rare disease
in the horse, and, as usually seen, is due to some irritant
or corrosive substance which has gained access to the
alimentary canal. The stomach, as a rule, participates.
There is no spasm or distension by gas, as in colic, there-
fore the violence which characterises that affection is not
seen in enteritis. Colicky pains may appear in later
stages, but they are mild. There is febrile disturbance,
the pulse being small, frequent, and hard, becoming weak,
indistinct, and running down as the vital processes are
interfered with. The temperature is increased, and the
diurnal variations, if watched carefully, afford significant
indications which by no other means can be attained.
The rectum protrudes in frequent straining, and is red
and congested in common with other mucous membranes;
the abdomen is tender, and the animal stands dejectedly,
often turning his nose to the flank ; the breathing is short
and rapid, and constipation exists as a result of the stop-
page of peristaltic action. Great stiffness is present, and
Diseases of the Organs of Digestion. 207
h^ "moves all in a piece." Listlessness follows, with
exhaustion ; he lies down, sinks rapidly, and is incapable
Gastro-Enteritis.
of rising ; the brain sympathises, and he dies perhaps in
insensibility, in time varying from one to six or seven
days, according to the severity of the attack.
Treatment. Purgatives are curatives in these cases,
and should be followed by powerful sedatives, as aconite,
belladonna, hyoscyamus, &c., with plenty of linseed
mucilage for drink. Soothing enemas should also be
made use of. When known poisons have been admini-
stered or swallowed, the appropriate antidote should be
used. Subcutaneous Injections, No. 3.
PERITONITIS, Inflammation of the Peritoneum, the lining
membrane of the abdomen, chiefly arises from external
injuries, operations, &c. Great constitutional disturbance
is present, with cold ears and extremities, the pulse is
frequent, hard, and wiry, and a dejected appearance, with
anxiety, is depicted in the countenance. The animal
scrapes with the forefeet, crouches, lies down carefully, and
shortly rises again ; the bowels are'constipated, abdomen
tucked up and tense, and the urine is diminished, having a
high colour ; exhaustion is rapid, and the animal dies at
2o8 Diseases of the Organs of Digestion.
variable periods, sometimes being insensible, racked by
convulsions, or paralytic.
Treatment. Sudden terminations often prevent any-
thing being done. Aperients, as aloes or oil ; febrifuges
or draughts, containing aconite or the acetate of ammonia
mixture, No. 3, in linseed mucilage. Throw-up enemas.
Subcutaneous Injections, No. 2.
DIARRHCEA is commonly a symptom of other diseases,
or in usual health it is Nature's remedy for removing
substances of an irritant character. It is commonly seen
in animals affected with worms, and it also appears as a
sequel to disease, and is the means of dissipating the last
remains of life. It consists of a discharge of fluid faeces,
with more or less pain and straining, and the presence
of fcetor often associates it with blood-poisoning, and
"breaking up of the system."
Treatment. Warm enemas to remove irritants from
the posterior bowels, and give by the mouth the draught,
which is sufficient for a large horse : Linseed oil, ^ pint ;
tincture of opium, i oz. Mix.
SUPERPURGATION may be described as an aggravated
form of diarrhoea, generally the result of excessive or con-
tinuous doses of purgative medicines ; copious draughts
of cold water when heated, or after such medicines have
been given ; some animals are highly susceptible of the
action of purgatives in health, and others are extremely
sensitive when reduced by catarrh, influenza, &c. Much
care is always needed in prescribing the first time for a
patient. The malady is known by a forcible expulsion
of liquid faeces associated with uneasiness, straining and
colicky pains, nausea, high temperature, unequal surface
heat, and complications, as laminitis, congestion of the
lungs, sinking, and death.
Treatment. Superpurgation when suddenly arrested
ends in death. Proceed in the first instance cautiously,
as laid down for diarrhoea. The food and drink must be
restricted to gruel chiefly composed of starch, which
should also be used for enemas as well as a vehicle for
other remedies ; laudanum and sulphuric or chloric ether,
i oz. of each, forms a good remedy.
Diseases of the Organs of Digestion. 209
DYSENTERY, or Bloody Flux. A rare disease in the
horse. It is superpurgation associated with inflammation
of the large intestines, accompanied with ulceration and
haemorrhage. These serious states have their usual origin
in poisons or putrefactive ferments which have been pre-
sent in drinking-water. Severe pain and straining are
accompanied with high fever and temperature ; stiffness
in movement, especially in turning ; tight skin, and in
grass-fed animals it is full of vermin ; colicky pains, severe
straining ; blood and mucus is passed, and the rectum is
everted, the membrane being highly inflamed ; the belly
is sore and often distended with gas; the mouth and
tongue clammy, furred and offensive, the epithelium
peeling off exposing ulcers beneath. The sufferer soon
dies if relief is not afforded within a few days.
Treatment. Oleaginous purge composed of linseed oil,
pint, and tincture of opium, i oz. ; chloroform, 4- drm.
The blood discharges may be arrested by oil of turpen-
tine, 2 oz. in milk or starch gruel, i pint ; and follow
with astringents No. 7 or 8. Distension by gas may be
arrested by the hyposulphite of soda in water. Promote
warmth and comfort by means of clothing, bandages, and
gentle dressing. Subcutaneous Injections, No. 3.
WORMS IN THE INTESTINES are denoted by loss of
condition proportionate to the duration of the disorder,
harsh, dirty skin, capricious or voracious appetite, licking
the wall or eating dirt. Sometimes the animal rubs his
tail violently against the nearest object, and an accumu-
lation of the eggs and scales of the parasites is seen
around the anus. The sure sign is the presence of worms
in the faeces. Diarrhoea is not uncommon.
Treatment. Aperient No. 3 with i or 2 drops of croton
oil. Turpentine, 2 oz. in a pint of linseed mucilage, is
also valuable, followed by a moderate purge. Follow
with iron tonics, i or 2.
HERNIA OR RUPTURE is of several kinds, the descrip-
tion of which is too lengthy to be introduced here. It
consists of a rupture of the muscular walls of the abdomen
or enlargement of some natural opening, the result of
accident, by which the small intestines find their way
14
2io Diseases of the Organs of Digestion.
from the abdomen, and are supported in a sac formed by
the skin outwardly, constituting a soft fluctuating tumour
of variable dimensions. An operation is generally re-
quired, for which the veterinary surgeon is indispensable.
DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN is the result of confirmed
disease of one or more of the internal organs. Tapping
Dropsy of the Abdomen.
is resorted to for drawing off the contained fluid. This,
however, affords but temporary relief, and the original
disease, still existing, finally puts an end to the creature's
sufferings.
CONGESTION OF THE LIVER, the result of errors of diet,
is betokened by indigestion, colic, irregular bowels, foul
mouth, coated faeces, variable surface heat, and some-
times lameness in the right shoulder.
Treatment. Brisk purgation, followed by sulphate or
nitrate of potash, or diuretics No. i or 2. Improve sys-
tem of feeding, and also work.
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER is a rare disease in the
horse. It is sometimes difficult to define. The animal is
dull and heavy, and often turns his nose to the side as an
evidence of internal uneasiness ; constipation, with slimy
and offensive faeces, the skin, membranes, and urine
eventually become yellow; temperature and circulation
are high, and the pulse, at first frequent and irregular,
becomes slow; when the animal turns he winces and
Diseases of the Organs of Digestion. 2 1 1
grunts ; relief is apparently gained by effusion^ " Dropsy
of the Abdomen "), the abdomen swells, wasting of the
body proceeds rapidly, and the animal dies in six or eight
days.
Treatment. Aperient No. 3, with aconite ; followed by
the neutral salts and aconite. Diuretics. Febrifuges.
Diseases of the liver, by frequent occurrence or long
continuance, are apt to induce changes in the constitu-
tion of the organ, and death may arise from softening,
rupture, or abscess, the principal signs of which are as
follows : heavy and laboured breathing, abdominal pains,
pale membranes, running down pulse, dilated pupils, un-
equal surface heat, fainting, insensibility, and death.
JAUNDICE, or The Yellows, is due to the presence of
biliary matter in the blood, which has the effect of stain-
ing the mucous membranes and the scurf which is thrown
off from the skin, as well as the skin itself, all the tissues
of the body, the secretions, and also excretions. Unre-
lieved or constantly recurring states ultimately degenerate
into anaemia and a lingering death. A proper examina-
tion should be made with the view of determining the true
cause, which may be congestion, want of nerve power,
scirrhus, &c., when treatment is to be pursued accord-
ingly.
WIND-SUCKING, or Crib-biting, is the act of the animal
which is designed to favour the expulsion of air, the result
of fermentation, from the stomach. The method of cure
is based upon measures calculated to remove dyspepsia, to
which the animal is subject. It is mostly confined to idle
and pampered horses of the higher breeds.
2 1 2 Diseases of the Urinary Organs.
CHAPTER XX.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
Diabetes Insipidus, or Profuse Staling Retention of Urine Oxaluria
Traumatic Albuminuria Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys
H?ematuria, or Blood in the Urine Cystitis, or Inflammation of the
Bladder Inversion of the Bladder.
SETTING aside direct injuries, and the effects of cold,
we may state the more frequent causes of disease in the
urinary organs are errors of diet ; but the list is not a
long one, as even among defective systems of feeding, the
animal, unlike mankind, is less an animal than himself.
Conditions are forced upon him, and he suffers from the
faults and ignorance of man. On the other hand, man
suffers from his own folly. Drink and gluttony seriously
reduce his usefulness and shorten his life. These, when
all things are equal, do not operate with the horse. If
he were left to his own choice he could show his master
excellent rules for living not only long, but perfectly
happy lives, as secured by robust and sound constitutions.
The higher creature, who has much to answer for, is
really more frequently the lower, as compared with the
horse.
DIABETES INSIPIDUS, or Profuse Urination, is the re-
sult of inferior food, severe work, and exposure in its
common form ; but it may arise in complication with
wasting diseases, as glanders and farcy. In the first
instance it may assume the form of an enzootic, owing to
peculiar seasons rendering the food unsuitable, and other-
wise defective. The principal indication is a large and
constant flow of pale and watery urine, a capricious appe-
tite, which causes the animal to lick the walls and even
eat dirt, excrement, &c. The condition falls off, the
animal is unhealthy, weak and utterly unfit for work.
Treatment. Aperients to rouse the bowels to orderly
action. Institute a proper system of feeding. Put car-
Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 2 1 3
bonate of soda or potash into the drinking water. Avoid
all diuretics, especially saltpetre or nitrate of potash.
Give iodide of potassium in 2-drm. doses, with common
mass as a bolus, twice daily. Some practitioners prefer
iodine. Thus far for simple cases. When diabetes de-
pends upon wasting diseases, the best course is to put the
animal out of misery by a speedy and painless death.
RETENTION OF URINE leads to distension of the blad-
der, and if not relieved, to bursting or rupture. The
causes are unsuitable remedies, first increasing the secre-
tion of urine ; second, spasm of the neck of the bladder.
These, by frequent operation, may result in paralysis of
the bladder. Errors of diet also operate strongly, and
induce the formation of solid masses in the kidneys or
bladder ; and other organs may press unduly upon the
neck of the bladder and prevent the flow. In all cases a
strict and careful examination should be made before any
medicines are given. The general plan will be to pass
the catheter, for which the veterinary surgeon will be re-
quired. In the mare this is simple, and easily performed,
but in the horse much tact and patience are required.
OXALURIA. A profuse discharge of urine having a
deep straw or amber colour, associated with dyspepsia,
stiffness, general unthriftiness, and want of condition
and power, and the skin loaded with a bran-like scurf.
The mouth is foul, and the animal suffers pain with each
urination.
Treatment. Medicines are of no avail where the sys-
tem of feeding is defective. Remove constipation by a
judicious use of aperients. At first avoid food rich in
starchy matters, as roots, peas, beans, &c., and condi-
mental foods which contain locust beans. A few oats,
with bran and sweet clover chaff will be most suitable.
Give only gentle exercise daily without tiring the patient;
clean the skin thoroughly by the damp wisp, or make
use of the Roman bath. Give nitro-hydrochloric acid, i
drm., in an effusion of quassia, i pint; and if debility is
great, add nitrous ether. At a later stage give iron tonics,
No. i or 2.
TRAUMATIC ALBUMINURIA. The urine, sometimes
214
Diseases of the Urinary Organs.
copious, is loaded with albumen, and resembles mucilage.
Acute cases are. usually the result of injury, as sprains of
the back, and injudicious use of cantharides, when the
animal stands with his back arched and the feet drawn
Acute Albuminuria.
together. The pulse and respiration are then much dis-
turbed, surface heat unequal, constipation, &c. A chronic
form is induced by defective feeding, when the animal
stands with the back arched downwards and the legs
Chronic Albuminuria.
stretched before and behind. Death arises from disease
of the kidneys.
Treatment. In the acute form aperients, as No. 3, with
enemas. Remove the urine by means of the catheter at
intervals. Poultices to surfaces blistered with cantharides
Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 2 1 5
to promote suppuration. If stranguary continues, let the
catheter remain, and give anti-spasmodic injections, as
opium or belladonna; also give a draught by the mouth.
When acute signs have passed, tonics may suitably fol-
low. Tannic acid is useful for arresting the flow of albu-
men.
N E P H RITI s Inflammation of the Kidn cys. This disease
arises from similar causes, as already given, and is known
by the great amount of acute disturbance, colicky pains,
great thirst, hot mouth, stiffness -and arched back, painful
urination, a small quantity only being voided, which con-
tains albumen. One kidney only may be affected, when
the leg of that side sometimes exhibits signs of paralysis.
Nephritis.
If the urine is retained blood poisoning follows, the faeces,
skin, and breath giving off the odour of urine.
Treatment. If the bowels are costive, give an olea-
ginous aperient, No. i or 2. Febrifuge drench, No. 3,
should follow in about two hours, and continued two or
three times daily. A stronger remedy will be found in
i-drm. doses of opium in a i-pint of mucilage, and allow
the latter for drink if the animal is thirsty.
H^EMATURIA, or Blood in the Urine, may arise after
any of the preceding diseases, or injuries caused by
sprains of the loins, &c., and is accompanied by most of
the signs of nephritis, the distinguishing proof being the
presence of blood.
2 1 6 Diseases of the Urinary Organs.
Treatment. Injections of cold water ; astringents, No.
7 or 8, internally ; or substitute tincture of iron, tannic
acid, chloralum, &c. Subcutaneous injections, Nos. 6
or 8.
CYSTITIS Inflammation of the Bladder, may arise
from causes connected with the preceding diseases, or
directly from the absorption or administration of can-
tharides. The animal is in great suffering ; fever, &c.,
run high, colicky pains are present, efforts are made to
vomit, great prostration, frequent but ineffectual attempts
to urinate. If stranguary is present the signs are intense ;
and when cantharides have been administered the mouth
is inflamed and the membrane peels off, while swallowing
is painful and difficult.
Treatment. Purge briskly with aloes. Avoid oil. Give
mucilage largely by the mouth with the medicines ; throw
up enemas ; evacuate the bladder if needful by the cathe-
ter; apply mustard to the loins, and combat the inflam-
matory action by the febrifuge drench, No. 3, adding
aconite if needed, 4 to 6 drops.
INVERSION OF THE BLADDER is an untoward accident
at all times, not infrequently complicated and fatal. The
services of a qualified practitioner are essential. It occurs
only in females, in parturition or during other violent
efforts. The efforts of the owner should be directed to-
wards the prevention of injury to the displaced viscus,
until a practitioner arrives.
Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 2 1 7
CHAPTER XXI.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION.
In the Male: Urethritis Phimosis Paraphimosis Results of Castration^
Haemorrhage Abscess Scirrhous Cord. In the Female: Flooding-
Inversion of the Uterus Rupture of the Uterus Rupture of the Abdo-
minal Walls Vaginitis Leucorrhrea Inflammation of the Womb.
DISEASES OF THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION.
URETHRITIS -Inflammation of the Urethra. Common
to the gelding and entire horse, being most frequent in
the latter; arising from external causes, as injuries or
cold, and in stallions as a result of too frequent access to
the mare when the system is not in good stamina. There
is great irritation, frequent attempts to urinate, probably
stranguary, troublesome erections, pustular discharge,
swelling of the membrane, limiting the diameter of the
passage, ulceration of the glands, &c.
Treatment. Internally, febrifuge drench, No. 3 ;
aconite may be added. If the bowels are costive,
aperient, No. 3. Inject astringent solutions, No. i or 2,
into the urethra. Allow linseed mucilage for drink. In
chronic or severe cases the animal must be cast, and a
minute examination made for ulcers or other complica-
tions.
PHIMOSIS. Confinement of the penis within the
sheath.
PARAPHIMOSIS. Strangulation of the penis at its upper
part, the major part being free, and swollen externally.
Each of these states are usually the result of direct
injury or irritation, for the relief of which a speedy opera-
tion is required.
RESULTS OF CASTRATION. These are hemorrhage,
abscess, scirrhons cord, peritonitis, tetanus, gangrene,
glanders, farcy, amarausis, &c.
HAEMORRHAGE, Subsequent bleeding may usually be
2 1 8 Diseases of tJie Organs of Generation.
traced to improper cauterization, or an unhealthy state of
the parts. Arterial haemorrhage, which constitutes the
danger, flows in a pulsating stream, the remedy for which
is taking up the artery by means of a ligature. For this,
the animal, if at liberty, must be recast, the vessel being
secured after an incision is made at a higher point.
ABSCESS. This is common to colts of weak and un-
healthy condition, also the result of cold and exposure to
wet, &c., after the operation. The abscess forms in the
scrotum or the groin, and sometimes extends some dis-
tance down the thigh, occasioning great disturbance, loss
of appetite, &c., and may end fatally if early attention is
not given to the case. When the abscess points properly,
the pus should be liberated, as serious pain and inconve-
nience will be avoided. The animal should be comfort-
ably housed, and well fed with oats, being turned to grass
only when the weather is genial.
SCIRRHOUS CORD is known as an enlargement of a
fleshy character at the termination of the spermatic cord.
It is common to colts of unhealthy constitution, and
arises also from morbid irritation caused by caustic clams
used in the operation when retained too long ; or closing
of the scrotum, by which the pustular discharges are re-
tained, communicating septic irritation. The cord is
thickened, hard, and enlarged at the end.
Treatment. The animal must be cast, and the diseased
portion excised, the preferable plan being in most cases
by the hot iron. The other incidental diseases have been
described in their proper places.
DISEASES OF THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION.
FLOODING after parturition arises from hasty removal
of the foetus, when the membranes are violently torn from
their connections ; and removal of the placenta too soon
from the mare. For a time the haemorrhage is not sus-
pected, as the blood is accumulating in the womb, and
the serious nature of the case is shown by a running down
pulse, prostration, pale membranes, staggering gait, general
coldness, haggard countenance, partial sweats, convul-
Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 2 1 9
sions, coma and death. At other times there is straining,
evacuation of clots and fluid blood, but this is rare.
Treatment. Plunge the hand and arm into cold water
for a few minutes, and afterwards pass it gently into the
womb, carefully touching the sides. This is sometimes
sufficient. Otherwise inject cold water, and if needful,
add a small quantity of perchloride of iron, chloralum, &c.
Should these fail, give the tincture of the ergot of rye,
tannic acid, perchloride of iron, &c., internally, and apply
mustard to the loins. No time must be lost, as the mare
suffers most acutely in these states. Subcutaneous Injec-
tions, No. 6 or 8.
INVERSION OF THE UTERUS. This is not a very
common occurrence in the mare, but it is always serious
in its nature. The organ should be returned as speedily
as possible, for which a veterinary surgeon is needed.
Subcutaneous Injections, No. 6 or 8.
RUPTURE OF THE UTERUS sometimes takes place
during parturition ; and it is also known to take place
beforehand, when twin foals are present. Death follows
as a result of haemorrhage and violent shock to the sys-
tem.
RUPTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALLS is due to the
extraordinary weight of the contents of the womb, and
the violent throes of parturition. Sometimes the muscles
and skin give way, allowing the contents of the abdomen
to escape. In other cases the muscles only are ruptured,
and the contents are held by the skin, which forms a
large sac, more or less approaching the ground. The
consequences are fatal in each case.
VAGINITIS Inflammation of the Vagina, is commonly
associated with metritis and metro-peritonitis, and as such
is considered under those heads ; but it occurs also as an
independent affection as the result of local injuries, which
chiefly arise during difficult parturition. There is much
swelling and discoloration, with irritation and fever. A
thin discharge is present at the first, which changes to
pus, with which blood is sometimes mixed. As a simple
disease it is usually dispersed by ordinary means.
Treatment. Reduce the fever by means of febrifuge
22O Diseases of the Organs of Generation.
drench, No. 3. Inject astringents, No. i or 2, to which
a ^-pint of water is added. The antiseptic fluid, No. i,
2, or 3, will be also required to repress the tendency to
putrid infection, a common cause of trouble in these
cases.
LEUCORRHCEA, or Chronic Vaginitis, consists of the
discharge of a white, glutinous, and odourless discharge
from the walls of the vagina, as the result of a morbid
condition. As long as it continues the animal is under
an inordinate excitement unfavourable to health and
natural pregnancy ; besides, the disease may by extension
involve the uterus, and tedious complication will be the
result.
Treatment. There is seldom any fever. The tendency
is towards debility and want of tone. The bowels should
be opened by aperient, No. i, to which 2 oz. of the tinc-
ture of gentian has been added. Allow good food, as
cleaned roots, with crushed oats, with which tonic pow-
ders, i or 2, may be given. As a dressing for the vagina
use the astringent lotion advocated for vaginitis.
INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB Metritis. This disease
follows parturition, as a result of peculiar conditions,
state of health, &c., and sometimes in connection with
protracted cases. There is also a tendency to involve the
lining membrane of the abdomen, the peritoneum when
is given to it the name metro-peritonitis. The distin-
guishing peculiarity is the great tendency which exists
to contract septic or putrid conditions of the blood.
Fatal terminations are, therefore, common.
The disease is developed at variable periods ; late
attacks, as a rule, are more favourable for recovery. It
commences with rigors, unequal surface heat, swollen
genitals, small, hard, and frequent pulse, with increase of
respiration and animal temperature; the lacteal and
other secretions are diminished, the udder becoming
small and flaccid, membranes injected, mouth hot and
dry, or covered with a viscid slime. Colicky pains come
on, sometimes attended with lameness, when the animal
refuses to lie, but she stands with arched back, fixed legs,
refusing to be moved. The genitals are now intensely
Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 221
hot and greatly swollen, and a more or less thick, grumous,
coloured, and offensive fluid flows from the vagina.
Ulcers have also formed, and a croupous exudate covers
the surface. When peritonitis is present, the abdomen
enlarges from internal effusion of serum, the symptoms
are more intense, and death follows in three to six
days, usually by coma or convulsions. Recovery in some
instances is marvellously rapid. The animal is apparently
in approaching dissolution and an utterly hopeless con-
dition, being left to die. A few hours later she is found
bright and cheerful ; death has been disappointed of his
victim, and the first stage towards recovery is thus accom-
plished. The most careful treatment is needed, otherwise
the state may soon become critical and quickly fatal.
The disease is also liable to assume chronic states, and
the uterus is filled with fluid which escapes when the
sufferer lies down, during the passage of faeces, or in
straining during colic. In this stage the system suffers
acutely from weakness, loss of condition, or unusual ner-
vous excitement, and the end is caused by pyaemia being
established.
Treatment must be prompt and decisive at the outset.
Administer a brisk aperient, No. 2 or 3. Time will be
gained by using the following : Solution of aloes, 6 to 10
oz. ; tincture of aconite, 5 to 1 5 drops ; aromatic spirits
of ammonia, i oz. in cold water, i pint. When blood-
poisoning is present, omit the aromatic spirits of ammonia.
Wash out the vagina with warm water, to which "Sanitas"
oil is added, and frequently inject the same afterwards.
The operator will require to exercise care against infec-
tion if he have raw surfaces, &c., on his hands. When
the bowels have responded, give hyposulphites of soda or
potash with aromatic spirits of ammonia, and when the
state of the pulse and temperature will admit, give mineral
tonics, No. i or 2.
In chronic states evacuate the uterus by means of a
tube attached to Reid's pump ; promote contraction by
ergot of rye and stimulants ; later, give mineral tonics as
above advised.
Prevention. Remove all healthy animals from the
222 Diseases of the Eyes and their Appendages
building, and house them at a distance. Appoint one
man to attend upon the sick, who must not go near any
other. His clothes should be regularly disinfected, if
possible, by being washed in water containing soap and
" Sanitas " oil. The latter should be also freely used
about the patient and the building. Those who have
assisted at the delivery of the mare must also disinfect
themselves, and all instruments, ropes, &c., are to come
in for a share in the purifying process. Bury deeply
all the discharges, membranes, dead offspring, carcass
of the mother, &c. ; but the only safe practice is to burn
them.
For details of procedure during parturition in the mare,
see the Author's larger treatise, " Every Man his own
Horse Doctor," pp. 445 to 520.
CHAPTER XXII.
DISEASES OF THE EYES AND THEIR
APPENDAGES.
Conjunctivitis Specific Ophthalmia Cataract Staphyloma Glaucoma
Amaurosis Strabismus, or Squinting Ectropium Entropium Lacera-
tion of the Eyelids Warts Fungus H?ematodes.
CONJUNCTIVITIS Simple Ophthalmia. This is the
medical term denoting inflammation of the investing
membrane of the eyeball, resulting usually from blows,
effects of cold, intrusion of grit, oatfliers, &c., &c., and
attended with constitutional disturbance. Injuries gener-
ally affect one eye, but cold may seize both. The eyelids
are closed, tears ooze from between them, and the animal
resists an examination. The eye when seen presents a
bluish -grey colour diffused over the surface, and this
effectually obstructs vision. The membrane lining the
Diseases of the Eyes and their Appendages. 223
lids, as well as its extension over the white of the eye, is
also inflamed. At a later stage the tears give way to a
purulent discharge, and ulceration and even blindness
may ensue.
Treatment. Remove foreign bodies ; place the animal
in a dark stable with proper admission of air ; bathe the
eye with cold water for one or two hours, and cover with
light cloth fixed to the headstall, which is to be con-
tinuously saturated with an astringent lotion, No. i or 2 ;
remove constipation by mild aperients, Nos. i or 2,
and follow daily with febrifuges, Nos. i, 2, or drench
No. 3, with a few drops of aconite. Belladonna to the
eyebrows, &c., for removing adhesions, and remaining
opacity may be treated with a weak solution of nitrate of
silver, after all acute symptoms are abated. Subcutaneous
Injections, No. 2.
SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA. This is inflammation of the
deeper- seated structures, liable to recur, and eventually
destroy the sight. One eye only, as a rule, is affected,
the attack coming on during the night, leaving the eye
dull and turbid as seen through the pupil. The blood
vessels are injected, the eye is painful and unable to bear
the light, the system is greatly disturbed, and the animal
suffers in proportion from general interference with all
the functions. In a few days the disease suddenly dis-
appears but it shortly recurs, and by each attack the
organ is injured, when finally pus forms in the interior, or
the sufferer becomes stone blind from interstitial deposits
of inflammatory exudation.
Treatment. As simple ophthalmia. When these affec-
tions accompany an outbreak of influenza, the disease is
intractable, and treatment unsatisfactory.
CATARACT is caused by inflammatory deposit on the
surface of the crystalline lens, sometimes amounting only
to a small speck, or extending in others to the whole
surface, when blindness is the result.
STAPHYLOMA is the result of repeated attacks of
ophthalmia, associated with debilitating tendency, during
which the front portion of the eyeball suffers from ulcera-
tion of one of its layers. Thus weakness is induced, and
224 Diseases of the Eyes and their Appendages.
the contents press the membrane outwards, forming a
grape-like tumour, associated with blindness.
Treatment for ophthalmia should be early and so pre-
vent this undesirable result. In con-
firmed cases, astringents i or 2.
GLAUCOMA. Disease of the vitre-
ous humour, causing intermingling of
the fluid, sometimes passing into a
state of semi-coagulation, or par-
tially calcareous, partly cartilaginous
states, causing perfect blindness.
Treatment is of no avail.
AMAUROSIS. This is commonly
known as Gutta-serena or Glass Eye.
_ ___ In one form it appears as an ac-
yioma or Bulging companiment of brain disturbance
the Cornea. arising from sympathy with the diges-
tive organs when affected by poisons,
or usual disease. It is also the result of disease of the
optic nerve. The first may recover; the latter never.
The eye has a staring appearance from extreme dilatation,
and is motionless. The pupil has a background which
reflects light powerfully, resembling crystal, and blindness
is evident from the liability of the animal to run against
objects in his way, as well as by the high-stepping and
feeling kind of action. Sometimes only one eye is
diseased. It often follows specific ophthalmia, and, like
it, is incurable.
STRABISMUS, or Squinting, is symptomatic of brain
disturbance, and is usually removed by such treatment as
successfully overcomes that state.
DISEASES OF THE APPENDAGES OF THE EYES.
These are confined to the eyelids and eyebrows, &c.
ECTROPIUM, Emersion of the Eyelids. The lining
membrane is exposed in a series of bulging folds, the
result of swelling from compression. It is rare, but
proves troublesome, and calls for a surgical operation
when simple means have failed.
ENTROPIUM is the opposite of Ectropium. The edge
Diseases of the Eyes and their Appendages. 225
of the eyelids press upon the eyeballs and occasion much
irritation and inflammation by movement.
Treatment is by a surgical operation, in which a portion
is removed from the upper part of the eyelid. Extreme
care is afterward needed to prevent the animal doing
injury by rubbing the affected parts.
LACERATION OF THE EYELIDS calls for immediate and
careful attention, or complete union is impossible. Recent
wounds may be closed by any of the usual sutures, fol-
lowed by appropriate dressings. Fatal terminations are
not uncommon, from the setting in of erysipelatous
inflammation.
WARTS occasionally are present on the eyelids or upon
the eyebrows, and, when pedunculated, are easily re-
moved by ligature ; but, when diffused, present no little
difficulty. They appear to be asso-
ciated with some peculiarity of consti-
tution, and disappear when changes
in the system take place.
FUNGUS H/EMATODES, Blood Fun-
gus, consists of a dark-coloured, irre-
gular, and repulsive-looking tumour,
protruding from the orbit, growing
with remarkable rapidity, and displac-
ing the eyeball entirely. The surround-
ing bones are sometimes involved, and
death eventually arises from blood-
poisoning or hectic.
Treatment consists of complete ex-
tirpation, which is a formidable operation, and not always
successful. Fortunately for the horse, in him the disease
is rare.
Fungus Haematodes.
15
226 Diseases of the Nervous System.
CHAPTER XXIII.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Inflammation of the Brain and its Coverings Inflammation of the Substance
of the Brain Epilepsy Chorea Shivering Softening of the Brain
Cerebral Apoplexy Paralysis Acute Paralysis Tetanus, or Locked
Jaw Rabies Hysteria.
PHRENITIS Inflammation of the Brain audits Coverings.
In consequence of the disease assuming two distinct
characters, these have, by some, been erroneously con-
sidered as distinct diseases. The first, being marked by
stupor, slow and stertorous breathing, slow and tardy
pulse, with a tendency to thrust his head against some
stationary object, &c., it has been termed the sleepy stage.
The second is marked by excitement, unequal tempera-
ture, varying from extreme coldness to profuse perspira-
tion, injected membranes, muscular twitchings, rearing
up, hanging back, striking at the rack or manger with
the forefeet, staring eyes, hard and wiry pulse, tetanic
convulsions, &c., followed by great debility, blindness,
and eventually quiescence, with paralysis of the eyelids,
lips, or tongue. Such excitement is known as mad
staggers. These attacks may alternate, but at length the
creature sinks and dies in confirmed coma.
In some seasons the disease prevails as an enzootic,
particularly in Scotland, usually traced to the effects of
rye grass, particularly the Lolium temulentum, or sturdy,
&c.
Treatment. Copious blood-letting when the pulse is
full and strong ; in any other stage it is injurious. Next
administer aperient No. 3, to which, for a large and
powerful dray-horse, 5 drops of croton oil may be added.
Allow plenty of drinking water, apply wet rags to the
head, kept constantly saturated with evaporating lotions ;
diligently use enemas to expedite the purgative; keep
the animal perfectly quiet, and, when the attacks of
excitement threaten, inject atropine beneath the skin.
Bromide of potassium, with strychnine alternately, will be
Diseases of the Nervous System. 227
required as internal remedies at a later stage, when good
progress is made. The feeding for some time must be
conducted with the greatest care to prevent a return of
the disease.
INFLAMMATION OF THE SUBSTANCE OF THE BRAIN,
or Cerebritis, is usually associated with strangles and sup-
purative catarrh, and seldom accurately made out ; the
end being paralysis, the result of abscess. Under these
circumstances, treatment is of no avail.
EPILEPSY. The exact causes of this affection are not
the same in all cases. Sometimes it depends upon evident
disease of the brain substance, in others there are no
evidences of such, when it is thought there may be some
remote interference with the flow of blood to the brain,
which is the foundation of degeneration of nerve or
cerebral tissue. The affection is known by suddenness
of attack. A horse in apparent health while walking or
standing suddenly shakes his head, throwing it upward
and backward, and falls insensible in a state of tetanic
convulsions, during which the urine and faeces are voided
involuntarily. Usually strabismus, or squinting, is present.
Partial sweats occur, the pulse is frequent and hard, and
the breathing becomes stertorous. The recovery from
the attack is usually speedy.
Treatment. If worms are present use turpentine with
linseed oil, and follow with mineral tonics. Pay atten-
tion to the teeth in young animals, or lance the gums to
hasten dentition. Use extract of belladonna or hyos-
cyamus with nitrate of potash, if any irritation of the
brain or spinal medulla is suspected. A moderate pur-
gative is always beneficial, followed at the right time by
mineral and vegetable tonics.
CHOREA. The equine form of this disease is known
as stringhalt, characterised by a rapid elevation of one of
the hind limbs in progression, &c., the fetlock sometimes
actually touching the abdomen. This abnormal action
is, however, variable under differing circumstances, and
occasionally the disease is attended with twitchings of
the muscles of the face, neck, and fore-limbs. Two other
forms of chorea are also common to the horse. One is
228 Diseases of the Nervous System.
known as coma somnolentum, or sleepy staggers. It is the
immobility of French veterinarians. The disease com-
mences by dulness and listlessness, and the animal
suddenly sleeps while eating his food : the breathing is
slow and heavy, and the pulse is full, but rarely numbers
more than twenty-four beats in the minute. At a later
stage he is acutely sensitive to noises, suddenly falling on
his knees at the crack of a whip, &c. He loses the con-
trol of the limbs, which are thrown awkwardly about or
lock with each other ; at other times they are wide apart
and become fixed. The loins appear to be weak, and
allow the hind parts to swing from side to side. Such
animals are described by roguish dealers, as " jerked " or
"kinked in the back," and "kidney-droppers." The
probable cause is degeneration of nerve tissue.
Shivering, another form of chorea, is indicated by a fit
of severe trembling or shivering as the result of fright, ill-
usage, &c. The animal suddenly goes backwards, the
legs are widely separated, the hocks nearly touch the
ground, and the fore-limbs are stretched in front of the
body. The head is held upwards, eyeballs retracted, as
in tetanus, the lips, neck, and tail are convulsed. The
cause appears to be due to the presence of tunlours, one
or more of whk:h may be found within the ventricles of
the brain. Subcutaneous Injections, No. 4.
SOFTENING OF THE BRAIN is usually indicated by loss
of power in the muscles of the head and face, accom-
panied with more or less difficulty in breathing. When
one hemisphere only is affected the paralysis is confined
to one side of the head and face ; if both suffer, then
both sides of head and face, with the neck, and probably
some part of the body are also paralysed. Death usually
follows an attack of convulsions. A ravenous appetite
often exists during the later stages, and probably an
enlarged heart may be suspected during life, being asso-
ciated with valvular insufficiency, causing dropsical states
of the legs, sheath, abdomen, &c. There is no known
cure.
CEREBRAL APOPLEXY. This disease is probably due
to some occult form of degeneration of brain tissue, pro-
Diseases fff the Nervous System. 229
bably also of the nutrient vessels, in which any sudden
pressure from determination of blood disarranges the
functions of the sensorium, or, as in many fatal cases,
rupture occurs, followed by extravasation. Usually the
disease appears without warning, but sometimes it may
be preceded by dullness and want of co-ordinate power.
In sudden attacks the animal falls helpless, insensible,
and paralysed. The only signs of life are those of respi-
ration and circulation, the former being stertorous, and
the eyes are wide open and staring. Urine and faeces
pass involuntarily, and the legs are mobile, the muscular
system being flaccid. Sometimes consciousness is partly
retained, when the animal injures himself in convulsions,
during which the head is drawn backwards, and the
croup forwards and upwards. These attacks of quies-
cence and convulsions alternate until death closes the
scene.
Treatment is usually hopeless. Bleeding only during
the comatose state. Strong aperient, No. 3, with enemas ;
strong embrocations to the spine ; internally, belladonna
during brain congestion, afterwards strychnine. Re-
covery is generally little more than partial and delusive.
DISEASES OF THE SPINAL CORD AND ITS COVERINGS.
PARALYSIS. We have already noticed this disease as
it occurs in connection with, and as a symptom of, other
affections. It remains to consider it as dependent upon
some lesion of the spinal cord or the nerves which
originate in it. Loss of power is the distinguishing sign,
having its origin in disease or injury of the cord, and
when such extends to both sides it is known 'as paraplegia;
if one side only is affected it is then spoken of as hemi-
plegia. Loss of power in isolated parts, also in a series
or number of members would be understood by the term
paralysis.
ACUTE PARALYSIS, or Spinal Meningitis^ is denoted
sometimes by gradually developed paralysis ; in other
instances it is preceded by cramps, spasms, and convul-
sions, and it may come on suddenly, when fracture or
displacement of one or more segments of the vertebrae is
230 Diseases of the Nervous System.
suspected. The presence of acute fever, constipation.
&c., will, however, lead to the opposite conclusion.
There may be paralysis, more or less, of the ears, eyelids,
or lips, or the members on one side of the face only are
slightly affected. When the disease attacks the medulla
oblongata, that portion of the spinal cord which issues
from the brain, the breathing becomes stertorous or
snoring, and probably the eyes are staring. Uneasiness
prevails ; the animal often moves in a circle, indicating
great want of controlling power, with the tendency to fall.
Portions of the skin are already quite insensible, and the
loss of feeling is rapidly extending to other parts. In a
few hours the power of standing is lost, and he falls, the
remaining hours or days of life to be spent in continued
struggles, in which violent injuries are inflicted.
Treatment is rarely of use when the animal has fallen
to the ground. Slinging is then more likely to do harm
than good, as congestion of the lungs speedily develops.
When the case is seen in the early stages of acute fever,
bloodletting may be practised under great caution.
Aperients, febrifuges, i, 2, or 3, belladonna or hyos-
cyamus, should be used to calm the irritation of the
spinal cord and membranes ; followed by bromide of
potassium, nitrate of potash, &c., and later by gentian.
Draw off the urine regularly by the catheter ; promote
warmth by clothing and a good bed, turning frequently
to prevent injury to the skin. Use enemas to empty the
rectum, and let the food be nutritious and of easy
digestion.
TETANUS, or Locked Jaw, cpnsists of violent spasm or
cramp of the muscular system, sometimes due to previous
operations or injuries, and at others indicating no par-
ticular cause. The whole body may be implicated in the
spasm, but the most remarkable signs are fixing of the
jaws, rendering mastication impossible, and drawing of
the eye backwards in the orbit, which has the effect ot
protruding the " haw," or membrana nictitatis. Twitch-
ings are seen over various muscles, the head is elevated,
and the nose protruded ; the tail is also raised and con-
stantly quivers, and the anus is compressed and smaller
Diseases of the Nervous System. 231
than usual. The pulse is frequent, hard, and small, and
respiration is accelerated. The animal swallows with
difficulty, and when the lips are separated, saliva flows
freely from the mouth. Obstinate constipation exists
from the first. Perfect quiescence soothes and calms the
sufferer, but he is acutely sensitive to the slightest noises,
which prove a barrier to recovery.
Treatment. Perfect rest and freedom from annoyance
of all kinds must be secured ; allow plenty of nutritious
drinks, free ventilation, comfortable clothing, &c. If the
jaws will admit, give a strong aperient No. 3, combined
with belladonna, hyoscyamus, &c. Poultice or foment
existing wounds, and remove dead or dying tissue, using
one of the sedative extracts already named for medicat-
ing the application. Inject beneath the skin, also within
the rectum alternately, prussic acid^ atropine, amyl-nitrate,
&c., or use the above-named extracts as electuaries.
Subcutaneous Injections, Nos. 3 and 4.
RABIES is the result of inoculation from bites by dogs
or cats already suffering from the disease. It is denoted
in some animals by unusual excitement, perspiration,
frantic pawing and stamping with the feet, and violent
attacks with the teeth. The sexual feelings are power-
fully developed in entire animals. Floating objects, as
paper, &c., occasion great alarm ; the pupils are dilated,
the vision is impaired, and amaurosis follows. Cramps
and convulsions appear in paroxysms, and the creature
savagely gnaws the original wound. Swallowing is inter-
fered with, paralysis comes on, and he dies from exhaus-
tion. Other cases are remarkable for the absence of
frenzy ; the animal does little else than bite the original
wound, he lapses into a comatose condition, and falling
paralysed, sinks, and dies.
Treatment is of no avail.
HYSTERIA is the development of unusual excitement in
mares at or about the period of oestrum. It is attended
by violent spasms, the hind-legs being drawn so rigidly
that the toes only rest upon the ground. Highly nervous
animals will kick, bite, and rear, discharging a quantity
of fluid from the vagina, and are quite unmanageable,
232 Diseases of tfie Skin.
violent, and dangerous, when touched, or the harness is
laid upon them. The attacks usually end gradually, but
they are quickly developed when approached by human
beings or animals of the same species. Access to the
male often effectually reduces the excitement, which,
however, returns at the first period of oestrum after the
foal is born. Some affected animals will not breed, are
nothing less than a common nuisance, and always a
source of danger. Subcutaneous Injections, No. 3.
CHAPTER XXIV.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
Erythema Erysipelas Nettle-rash Prurigo Eczema, Simple and Chronic
Mallanders and Sallanders Herpes Phlyctenoides Herpes Circinatus
Impetigo Pustular Erysipelas, or Grease Boils, or Carbuncles
Sitfasts.
ERYTHEMA, or Exanthema, is an acute form of inflam-
mation of the skin corium, the result of local irritation.
The attendant redness is seen to advantage only in white
animals, and those having thin skin. Pressure dissipates
the colour, which returns when the skin is relieved.
Swelling may be detected by passing the flat hand over
from the healthy to the diseased surfaces ; the hair on
the latter becomes erect, a gelatinous fluid exudes, small
vesicles form, the hair is matted, and if the disease con-
tinues the discharge becomes purulent, and is succeeded
by ulceration with sloughing, when the states are aggra-
vated. Recovery is denoted by drying, peeling of scales,
the skin beneath gradually assuming the original condi-
tion. The causes are chafing or friction by harness, or
one part of the skin upon another, as seen in obese
animals ; blows, when the swelling takes the form of
weals resembling the instrument by which they were in-
flictedj wounds in clipping; discharges flowing from
Diseases of the Skin. 233
wounds, &c. "Mud fever," so called is a common
form. ,
When unequal pressure arises from badly fitting collars
or harness, the skin becomes hot, swollen, and tender,
probably ending in an abscess, or the skin assumes a
loose, flabby, and leathery appearance, standing out like
bags, and filled with a gelatinous fluid. This form is
known as Erythema paratrimma.
The disease in both its kinds is liable to become chronic,
especially about the legs, when washing is pursued in a
careless manner, and neglect follows.
Treatment. Remove the cause. Hot fomentations,
poultices in the aggravated stages. Febrile states must
be met by febrifuges, or even bloodletting. Cold water
or evaporating lotions in simple cases. Glycerine with
laudanum, solution of lead, &c., is useful ; oil also serves
to mitigate friction, but rest is essential to perfect cure.
ERYSIPELAS is inflammation of the true skin, some-
times extending to the cellular tissue beneath. The
causes are wounds and injuries. In a few days the
affected part swells, is hot, tense, sensitive, and shining,
the mischief spreading and often involving whole parts or
limbs, and when pressure is applied an impress of the
finger is left. Sometimes a crop of vesicles appear, fol-
lowed by decline, when drying and peeling of the cuticle
takes place. When a limb is affected, constitutional dis-
turbance is severe.
A more severe form known as Phlegmonous erysipelas
is attended with violent rigors and severe constitutional
disturbance, often involving subjacent tissues as well as
the cellular tissue over a large space, taking on pustular
formation, and even penetrating joints, &c. Those
animals in poor condition often contract glanders.
Treatment. Aperients and enemas to remove consti-
pation.. Febrifuges for the removal of active fever ; hot
fomentations and poultices, using care that the parts are
not cooled afterwards ; astringent lotion, No. i . When
debility sets in give tincture of iron with nitrous ether.
Open abscesses as early as possible and when properly
matured, otherwise the knife will do positive harm.
234 Diseases of the Skin.
NETTLE-RASH, or Urticuria, consists of a number
of elevations of variable size, accompanied with
heat and irritation. When the whole body suffers it
is known as " surfeit." Plethoric animals are attacked
in hot weather as a result of checked perspiration and
disordered digestion. Poor animals contract the malady
when too suddenly supplied ad libitum with rich food.
Treatment. Aperients and enemas ; febrifuges ; astrin-
gent lotion, No. i.
PRURIGO is a form of erythema, in which the inflam-
mation is succeeded by numerous pimples, giving rise to
intense irritation ; and in declining the cuticle peels off,
leaving the parts denuded of hair. It is common to
pampered and irregularly fed animals, and is liable to
recur.
Treatment as for other forms described. Eemove the
causes.
ECZEMA is seen in two forms, simple and chronic.
Simple Eczema consists of inflammation of the skin, with
intolerable itching, rarely attended with febrile disturbance,
but always with the formation of successive and luxuriant
crops of vesicles, succeeding each other, moistening the
skin and hair with their contents, and creating fresh irri-
tation thereby, giving the animal no rest. He rubs and
even bites himself violently, and thus removes the hair
and the vesicles, exposing raw, red, and irritable surfaces.
Drying and peeling of the cuticle takes place as the
disease declines.
Chronic Eczema succeeds the simple form when
neglected, forming ugly cracks or chasms, discharging an
ichorous fluid, and the ridges are surmounted by a mass
of enlarged scales of the epidermis standing in perpen-
dicular strata, from which the hairs grow, and being
glued together by the secretion, form long projections
vulgarly termed " rat-tails." The legs are the parts com-
monly affected. The disease sometimes succeeds firing
and blistering, when horses are little cared for. Some-
times the disease is confined to the back of the knee and
in front of the hock joint, when it receives the term
"mallanders " and " sallanders."
Diseases of the Skin. 235
Treatment. Open the bowels by aperients ; febrifuges,
fomentations, and even continued poultices may be re-
quired, with ointments of lead, zinc, creosote, iodine,
c.
HERPES. Two forms are common among horses.
Herpes phlyctenodes consists of erythema attended with
bladders or vesicles larger than those seen in eczema,
which locate themselves on the face and lips, also on the
coronet or ridge above the hoof, and causing irritation.
The hairs become erect, and are held by the growth of a
scab, and both falling off together, leave raw, irritable
surfaces, which generally heal readily, but are liable to
ulceration.
Herpes cirdnatus, or circular ringworm, known also as
vesicular or false ringworm, creep-
ing circle, &c., is a benignant
form of vesicular erythema, in
which the bladders agglomerate
in a constantly widening circle,
and at the end of a week or ten
days decline, throwing off brown-
ish scales, with fading redness of
the skin.
Treatment. Astringent lotion, Her P es ci
No. i, with i oz. of laudanum.
Febrifuges when needed for febrile excitement.
IMPETIGO, or Pustular Inflammation of the Skin. It
is a form of erythema, in which the watery vesicles of the
preceding kinds are replaced by small pustules beneath
the epidermis or scarfskin. One form attacks the face
and lips where the skin is thin, the pustules being speedily
converted into yellow crusts or scales, beneath which the
skin is thickened and inflamed.
Treatment as for the preceding.
PUSTULAR ERYSIPELAS Impetigo erysipelatodes, or
Grease, affects the skin of the heels, pastern, and fetlock
joints at their back parts. The hind legs are most com-
monly affected. The primary inflammation gives rise to
considerable swelling and lameness, and shortly an
exudation of lymph takes place, followed at a later stage
236
Diseases of the Skin.
Confirmed Grease, showing Grapes
and Fissures.
by the formation and discharge of pus. The parts next
lose their pliancy, become hard and rigid. The skin
cracks, by which deep fis-
sures are formed, from
which an offensive dis-
charge constantly flows ;
while ulceration goes on
beneath, fungoid granula-
tions are luxuriant and plen-
tiful, forming what are com-
monly known as " grapes."
The disease now assumes
chronic and permanent cha-
racters, rendering the ani-
mal not only offensive, but
dangerous, as none can tell
how soon the disease may
terminate in farcy. The
disease is common to
coarsely bred horses, but
poverty, dirt, and improper treatment are known among
the causes when it appears in animals of higher breed.
Treatment. Poultices at first ; when the parts are
thoroughly cleansed, solutions of salts of zinc, copper, &c.,
may be applied several times daily (see "Astringents").
The remedies should be used alternately, which is pre-
ferable to the persistent application of one. The grapes
should be touched with caustic potash, solid chloride of
zinc, &c., or they may be shorn off by means of the actual
cautery, the animal being properly secured. Internal
remedies are of vital importance. Tonics, No. 2, to
which 2 drms. each of resin and ground ginger have
been added, should be given twice daily. Fowler's
solution of arsenic, in -oz. doses, should be sprinkled
over the dry manger food twice a day, or put into the
drinking water.
BOILS, or Carbuncles. A boil is the result of inflam-
mation of the deepest layer of the true skin, together with
the cellular tissue beneath. It is a circumscribed swelling,
at first of small dimensions, around which inflammation
Diseases of the Appendages of the Skin. 237
proceeds, and occasions intense pain. Around this
accumulates a plastic exudation, and pus is formed. The
central part then dies, and is thrown out, forming what
isignorantly termed the "core."
Treatment. Poultices or fomentations ; general atten-
tion to diet \ mild aperients, &c. ; to change the charac-
ter of the blood, followed by stimulants and tonics, and
probably the use of the knife, with resin ointment exter-
nally.
SITFASTS are horny looking excrescences occupying
the central part of the long-standing wounds occasioned
by pressure.
Treatment consists of dissecting out the mass as the
safest, quickest, and most effectual method in promoting
a speedy cure.
CHAPTER XXV.
DISEASES OF THE APPENDAGES OF THE
SKIN.
Laminitis Coronitis Sandcrack Thrush Canker Seedy-Toe Kera-
toraa Corns.
LAMINITIS Inflammation of the Feet, known also as
founder, or fever in the feet, as implied in the term, consists
of an inflamed condition of the sensitive laminae which
surround the coffin-bone, securing the hoof in position ;
the sensitive sole is also involved, and occasionally the
malady extends to the coffin-bone. In slight cases it ter-
minates by resolution, leaving few traces behind ; but the
general character of the disease leads to deformity of the
feet, by interference with the secretion at the coronet, 'as
well as causing a descent of the coffin-bone and the
sole, the result of displacement of the latter, with pro-
bable changes in it also. Convexity of the sole, or
238 Diseases of the Appendages of the Skin.
pumice foot, is the state identified with these changes, and
by which the usefulness of the animal is much impaired.
Sudden attacks of pneumonia, influenza, superpurgation,
and stomach engorgement often give way to inflamma-
tion of the feet. Sometimes the disease is confined to
two feet only, at others the whole are affected. In the
first, he throws the weight of
the body on the sound legs,
but when all the feet are in-
flamed the suffering is more
intense, and the animal often
goes down. There are signs
of intense fever with elevation
of temperature, and he blows
Descent of the Coffin-Bone. hard. The pain being also
great, exhaustion follows, and
he is likely to contract congestion of the lungs, from
which he shortly dies.
Treatment. Remove the shoes at the commencement
of the attack if possible. Blood-letting, to be of service,
should be practised when the pulse is full and strong ;
scarify the coronet ; aperients of moderate strength only,
adding a dose of aconite; warm enemas; pass the
catheter to test state of bladder, especially if the animal
is down. If he persists In standing it may be advisable
to try the slings, being a quiet animal ; if he will lie give
a thick bed, and restrain excited animals by the hobbles,
turning frequently. Febrifuge No. 3 drench, adding
aconite according to circumstances, and as soon as the
pulse is reduced substitute belladonna, &c., with the
febrifuges, No. i or 2. Subcutaneous Injections, Nos. 5,
7, and 8.
CORONITIS Villitis, or inflammation of the rounded
band at the top of the hoof, is detected by heat, pain, and
often marked swelling, gingerly gait, the heels being first
put to the ground. There is also more or less separation
from the hoof, which becomes striped, harsh, and brittle
from diminished secretion.
Treatment. Remove the shoes, and apply lead lotions;
astringents, No, i or 2, by means of wet rags placed over
Diseases of the Appendages of the Skin. 239
False Quarter.
the pasterns; febrifuges, i, 2, or drench No. 3. When
fever and inflammation are removed, put on thin flat
shoes, turn into a loose-box, supplying a laxative diet,
and rub in embrocation, No. 3 ; later, No. 4. Dress the
hoof daily with tar ointment, and forbid the ruinous use
of the knife and rasp in shoeing.* See Chap. XXIX.
CARBUNCLE OF THE CORONET. Treat as advised for
carbuncle, page 236, and stimulate the wounds with
caustic potash, nitrate of silver, &c. ; astringent lotions.
FALSE QUARTER consists of alternate ribs and furrows,
in the quarter of the hoof usually,
owing to deficient secretion de-
pending upon injury and destruc-
tion of the coronet by abscess,
carbuncle, &c. The hoof is shelly
and weak, and lameness is often
of a recurrent nature.
Treatment. Remove pressure
from the affected part by judicious
reduction of the ground surface of the wall, and apply
a bar shoe, utilising the frog as a weight-bearer. The
animal should be taken to the farm, or worked on soft
roads, if possible, as town pavement will greatly diminish
his usefulness.
SANDCRACK. This is an open crack or fissure in the
wall of the hoof, running from the
top downwards, the result of defect
in secretion, or severe strain, and
other causes which interfere with
hoof formation. Lameness of vari-
able character is present, sometimes
accompanied with oozing of blood
from the crack during motion.
The accident is aggravated by
the insinuation of wet, grit, &c.
Treatment. Reduce local pain by poultices or fomen-
tations, the shoe being first removed, and combat sys-
* For information in this department see "The Horse Owner
and Stableman's Companion." London and New York : F, Warne
Co. Price is,
Sandcrack.
240 Diseases of the Appendages of the Skin.
temic disturbance by febrifuges. One of the following
plans may then be adopted, viz. :
1. Open the crack from top to bottom, and remove
the horn from each side in contact with the coronet
for the space of an inch. Put on a bar shoe to re-
lieve the affected part from pressure, and blister the
coronet.
2. Prepare the foot for the bar shoe, then apply the
heated firing iron across the crack about half an inch
below the coronet until pain is evinced, and afterwards
apply a blister.
3. A nail is driven through the hoof on each side of
the crack, and their points turned down ; they are after-
wards united by wire, which is tightened, and thus the
crack is closed. Another method consists of passing
wire, &c., from one side of the crack to the other, by
penetrating the hoof from without. The ends are finally
brought together and twisted so as to close the crack.
Some practitioners use an iron clamp made for the pur-
pose by Messrs. Arnold & Son, of West Smithfield, E.G.
It is inserted on the outside, and is closed by appropriate
forceps. Another plan consists of winding strong waxed
cord round the hoof, the crack being filled with gutta-
percha or shoemaker's wax.
THRUSH. Softening of the frog, with the discharge of
a foetid, inky fluid from the cleft or fissure. It is caused
by contact with filth used as stopping, or excrement in
which the animal stands. Paring away the frog in shoe-
ing, and thus removing it from its natural office as a
weight bearer, is also a prolific source of thrush.
Treatment. Give the animal rest, if possible, when the
case is severe, take off the shoes, lower the heels, thus
bringing the frogs under pressure. Place the animal in a
loose box having a dry floor, during the day. Pack the
fissure daily with a small quantity of tow moistened with
hydrochloric acid and water, equal parts of each, and
afterwards charged with some of the following powder :
oxide of zinc, i drm. ; calomel, 2 drms. When the frog
is so far shrivelled at the time the animal returns to work,
put on a bar shoe with a fixed pad of leather to supply
Diseases of the Appendages of the Skin. 2 4 1
temporary pressure, until the frog becomes sound and
larger by growth.
CANKER. This disease is the result of neglect and
constant application of filth to the feet, favoured, doubt-
less, by deteriorated system or coarseness of breed.
Disintegration of horn substance by a septic condition,
which eventually involves the soft tissues and bones be-
neath, appears to be the real nature of the complaint.
The hoof is first softened by saturation with fluid, and
becomes spongy, eventually taking the appearance of a
fungus partially horn and flesh, which bleeds copiously
on the least provocation, and emits a strong effluvia of
sulphuretted hydrogen. It occurs in one or more feet
at the same time.
Treatment. Mild cases only are amenable to treat-
ment ; in others, the constitution is tainted, and cure is
impossible under any system of treatment. Dry packing
by tow, so as to induce pressure, has proved as success-
ful as most plans. Caustic dressings have been used ad
libitum with only questionable success. Laxatives,
diuretics, and tonics are needed during the existence of
the disease.
KERATOMA ; Horn Tumours. As a result of pressure
from nails in shoeing, tight clips,
&c., irritation is induced, and the
result is the formation of a horn
tumour at the spot, being a diseased
growth of the hoof upon the inner
side.
The remedy is common-sense Horn Tumours in the Foot,
shoeing. Promote the growth of
horn to provide a needful defence ; use fine nails ; fit
the shoe to the hoof, hammer clips lightly, as well as the
foot, remembering that it is made up of highly sensitive
structures in addition to insensible horn.
SEEDY TOE. This consists of a separation of the
horny wall from the horny laminae, being widest at the
junction of the sole with the wall, and filled with a
grey powder, the result of disintegration of the hoof.
Although the term fixes the complaint at the front of the
16
242 Diseases of the Appendages of the Skin.
Seedy Toe.
hoof, the disease is really not confined to that part The
pressure from clips or inequalities causing strain are
the chief factors, and should be
avoided.
Treatment. Remove pressure ;
promote the growth of strong,
sound horn, and proceed as directed
for Keratoma.
CORNS. These are red, fleshy
looking spots, situate in the horny
sole at the angles of the inner
heels, the result of bruising of the sensitive sole beneath.
They are mostly confined to the fore feet, and the prolific
source is paring away the hoof fitting it to the shoe.
Slight cases are dispersed, but
long standing irritation involves
other structures, the coffin-bone
especially, and intractable lameness
results.
Treatment. Remove the shoes
and apply poultices ; febrifuges to
allay fever; evacuate pus when
formed ; turn the animal barefoot
upon a dry, hard floor ; blisters to
the coronet at intervals to promote
the growth of sound horn in weak
feet ; put on a bar shoe, using the
frog as a weight bearer ; discard
the filthy practice of " stopping " with manure, avoiding
moisture from all sources as much as possible in the
stable, and promote the growth of strong, sound horn
Nature's best protection.
Disease of the Coffin- Bone
as a result of Corns.
Parasitic Diseases of the Skin. 243
CHAPTER XXVI.
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
Animal Parasites : Scabies, or Mange Poultry Lousiness licks and Mag-
gots. Vegetable Parasites : Favus Tinea Tonsurans, or True Ring-
worm.
SCABIES, or Mange, is the common form of mange in
horses, and is due to the presence of animal parasites
which burrow beneath the epidermis in search of sub-
sistence as well as a nidus. Great irritation results, espe-
cially at night, from which sensitive animals become
almost frantic. The skin exhibits unusual scaliness, the
hair is removed, and the epidermis is elevated and de-
tached. The presence of the parasite and transmission
of the disease to other animals determine the case.
Treatment. Remove the healthy animals at once to a
distance and to other buildings. Purify the clothing,
harness, &c., which has been in use for those diseased,
and cleanse the mangers, stalls, floors, walls, &c., as soon
as possible. For this purpose few remedies are superior
to " Sanitas " oil in cold water, soap being also used.
For the animal, sulphur ointment answers well as a mild
and soothing remedy. It should be well rubbed into the
affected parts for two or three days, and afterwards may
be washed off with water containing " Sanitas " oil and
soap. If necessary, apply the ointment again when the
hair is dry.
LICE. These do not burrow, yet they create great
irritation. Old and debilitated animals are the common
subjects.
Treatment. Proceed as in mange, or substitute for the
sulphur ointment a decoction of Stavesacre seeds, using
i oz. of the seeds to each pint of boiling water, and apply
when cool by means of a brush ; after which tie up the
animal's head until the parts are dry. Allow good food,
and administer tonics internally.
244 Parasitic Diseases of the Skin.
POULTRY LOUSINESS; Phthiriasis Equi. This form
of disease is due to the ravages of a species of mite der-
manyssus avium, common to the ordinary fowl, as well as
caged birds, as a result of stabling horses with fowls
beneath the same roof. The attack is sudden, exciting
the animal to acts of violence ; it also continues for hours,
and at night the irritation is even more severe, when the
animal tears his skin with his teeth. Separate vesicles
appear close together, and shortly agglomerate, covering
a large surface, succeeded by peeling of the cuticle
along with the hair, leaving bare patches varying in size
from that of a pea to half an inch. If the disease is not
arrested the entire skin will be disfigured and deprived of
hair. The constitution does not suffer greatly, unless
the attack is continued, when condition and power are
sacrificed.
Treatment. Remove the affected animals to tem-
porary quarters, and dress with the Stavesacre solution
advised for lice. Take away the fowls to a distance.
Thoroughly cleanse the stable, first by fumigation with
burning sulphur, washing afterwards with solutions
of " Sanitas," then by whitewashing. Throw the place
open for a week before the horses are taken back
again .
TICKS AND MAGGOTS. Ticks have the power of im-
bedding themselves in the skin, and annoy the horse
exceedingly. The best way of defeating them is by
dividing the body across by scissors ; " Sanitas" oil, one
part to six of olive oil, dropped upon them kills them at
once.
Maggots numerously congregate in open wounds in hot
weather. Use one part of oil of turpentine to four of
olive oil; or the " Sanitas " mixture just referred to.
Two varieties of Vegetable Parasites are observed
among horses, viz. :
FAVUS, or Honeycomb Ringworm, is a cryptogamous
fungus attacking the hair at its root, causing an eruption
and irritation, subsequently drying up, leaving a yellow
circular crust or scab, which ultimately reduces to a state
Parasitic Diseases of the Skin.
245
of powder, and emits a smell of mice. It is rare among
horses.
Treatment. Iodine ointment applied several times
usually effects a cure.
The disease is common among mice, from whom cats
receive it and convey it to horses.
TINEA TONSURANS ; True Ringworm. This is the
familiar form of parasitic fungus among horses. It is
also a disease of the hair bulbs and follicles. A circular
patch is formed, which
by enlargement invades
a wider extent of sur-
face. The hair on the
edge of the patch breaks
off short, and a crust of
fungus is formed, which
ultimately breaks down
in a bran powder. There
are no vesicles as in
Herpes cirdnatus false
ringworm, which, on the
other hand, has no scurf
or scales. The fungus
of true ringworm may
be transferred to mankind and the ox tribe by contagion.
The face, neck, back, and quarters are the parts most
affected in horses.
Treatment. Soften the crusts by means of lard, gly-
cerine, or warm water, when they may be removed. The
remedy afterwards is one of the following : Iodine oint-
ment, the mineral acids diluted, perchloride of iron, &c.
"Sanitas" oil as a disinfectant should be used for
cleansing the clothing, harness, and building, and may
be applied to the diseased patches alternately with the
above-named remedies.
Herpes Tonsurans, or True Ringworm.
246 Local Injuries.
CHAPTER XXVII.
LOCAL INJURIES.
Wounds Bruises Poll Evil Fistula of the Withers Speedy-cut Quittor
Broken Knees Wounds of Arteries and Veins.
THE affections due to injuries in the horse form an
unusually extended list, and, to do them justice, volumes
might be written upon each department. Some attempt
has been made to deal with them somewhat extensively
in a much larger work,* to which the reader is referred
for more copious description.
WOUNDS OF THE FLESH. Of these, four different
kinds are recognised, viz., incised, lacerated, contused, and
punctured.
Incised wounds are produced by some cutting instru-
ment, by which the skin, &c., is evenly divided and
without loss of substance. Profuse haemorrhage is not
an uncommon accompaniment, as bloodvessels are likely
to be opened. Simple wounds are closed by sutures,
such as pins, which are passed from the lip on one side
to the other, and secured by soft twine ; by strong thread
used in a needle, making stitches as in ordinary sewing,
finally securing the thread to prevent it being drawn out.
The usual dressings are astringents, as Nos. i and 2.
Febrifuges when fever calls for them.
Lacerated wounds are caused by tearing, as when hooks,
nails, the horns of cattle, &c., enter the skin, the edges
being ragged and uneven. Such wounds inflicted in the
abdominal walls produce permanent ventral hernia, or,
when the skin is divided, the contents are allowed to
escape, when fatal results follow. Such wounds are often
devoid of vitality, and subsequent sloughing is not un-
common, which retards recovery.
* "Every Man his own Horse Doctor." London and New York :
Frederick Warne & Co. 868 pp. and upwards of 300 illustrations.
Price 2is.
Local Injuries. 247
Treatment. By sutures in the sound parts, or many-
tailed bandage, after all foreign bodies are removed.
Dressing as for preceding kind ; also febrifuges if
required.
Contused wounds are the result of severe blows, falls,
&c., by which great damage is done to the soft parts.
Treatment consists of incessant fomentations as de-
scribed at page 167, followed by liniments of camphor,
turpentine, or ammonia, to recover vascular action.
Scarification also may be called for.
Punctured wounds also form a dangerous, as well as
tedious class, as none can tell with accuracy how far the
instrument has penetrated, or what deeper seated tissues
are involved. The most severe fever is to be expected.
In shoeing we have examples of this class, modified by
circumstances. In one instance the nail is driven through
a portion of the sensitive structures where it remains
until acute lameness or suppuration is established. In
another, the sensitive parts are wounded but the nail is
withdrawn, when dirt and moisture enter and set up
irritation. Gathered nails, picked up on the road, are
found embedded in the frog or one of the commissures,
sometimes penetrating the joint within and terminating
fatally. The usual method of testing foot lameness is by
exerting pressure with the pincers or tapping the foot
with the hammer.
Treatment. Remove the offending instrument or
foreign bodies at once when present. Flesh wounds may
require incision, and healing fluids must be injected by
means of a syringe. When joints are punctured, the
orifice being small, it may usually be closed by slight
touches with the actual cautery or budding iron, giving
the animal perfect rest with fixing of the joint. In punc-
tures of the feet the shoe must be removed, the offending
nail being withdrawn at the same time. Having dis-
covered the spot, the hole is to be carefully widened by
the small knife called the " searcher," in order to evacuate
any pus which may have formed or burrowed, together
with all dead horn. Cover with a hot poultice frequently
renewed until pain is removed. Apply tincture of myrrh
248 Local Injuries.
as a healing fluid, and when the shoe can be borne put a
movable leather sole beneath to keep out dirt, &c. In
dry weather, simple removal of the nail in recent cases is
mostly sufficient, especially at the time the injury has
been inflicted.
Puncture of the Coffin Joint is often a serious matter.
Lameness is extreme, especially as synovia flows con-
siderably. The remedy is the hot iron to seal up the
orifice. The fever attendant upon punctured wounds is
often of a severe character, when the febrifuges drench
No. 3 may be called for every three or four hours.
Poll Evil. This, with the following, are instances
of bruising with abscess.
Horses passing through low
doorways, and housed in
low buildings, strike the top
of the head, and the result
is stiffness, poking the nose
forward, swelling of the poll,
stiffness preceding abscess in fear of being handled, and
Poll Evil, eventually, formation and
bursting of an abscess.
Treatment. In the early stages, when little pain, &c.,
is present, the swelling may be dissipated by cooling
means, purgatives, &c., followed by iodine ointment.
When pus is formed evacuate at once, the animal being
cast for the purpose, the wound being kept clean and
healing promoted by applications of " Sanitas," astrin-
gents, &c. In old standing cases bones and ligaments
are often seriously involved, the animal being found dead
from implication of the spinal cord or brain.
Fistula of the Withers arises from ill-fitting saddles,
falls, bruises, &c., in rolling on the ground, and disease
of the bones attends long standing cases. Deep-seated
abscess first occurs, and the passage leading to it has a
thick fibrous lining which prevents closure by healing.
Treatment as for Poll Evil in the early stages. In
fistula, free incisions, caustic injections, Nos. 6, 7, 8, or
9. Diseased bone needs removal, for which the vete-
rinary surgeon is indispensable. Hypertrophy of the
Local Injuries. 249
cellular tissue also produces great deformity in coarse
bred animals.
Speedy Cut is the term used to denote a bruise on the
inner side of the leg, or otherwise above or below the
knee, inflicted by the foot of the opposite leg. It is
common to high-stepping horses, but others driven out
of speed are liable to it, and those having calf knees and
turned in toes suffer if their action is high. Riders of
such horses are always in danger, as the blow causes the
animal to fall as if shot. Ordinary cutting is confined to
the fetlock joint. Brushing amounts to removal of the
hair and slight abrasion of the skin, and with the former
results from the use of heavy shoes and over-driving.
Both evils are often remedied by an extra allowance of
corn, care in driving and the application of very light
shoes.
Banging implies injury on the inside and above the
fetlock joint by the opposite foot, often resulting in
serous or pustular abscess, and is removed by the same
means as described for the preceding, the abscess being
opened, and dressed with astringents.
Quittor is a fistulous opening in the coronet due to
bruises or treads, and internal
abscess following pricks or
binds with nails in shoeing,
and festered corns.
Treatment. In recent cases
evacuate the contained matter
by means of a dependent ori-
fice at the seat of the offend-
ing nail in the sole. Poultices
applied hot, or persistent fo-
mentations for hours. Febri- Quittor.
fuges, caustic injections to the
sinuses. Apply the bar- shoe to relieve pressure. Simple
quittor from treads on the coronet are best treated by
injections of caustics, or the knife is used to open up the
sinuses. Remove pressure from the hoof by reducing it
beneath the affected part.
BROKEN KNEES. Almost every variety of wound is
250 Local Injuries.
met with in injuries to the knees, for which the treatment
of wounds already given is applicable. It is often a wise
precaution to place a suitable splint at the back of the
knee to prevent movement, during which rapid progress
is made in the more serious cases, and even simple ones
are much benefited, as in lying the wounds are opened
and further damage is done. Extreme cases terminate
in enlargement and stiffening of the joint.
WOUNDS OF ARTERIES AND VEINS. These are not
of very frequent occurrence as independent accidents,
being nearly always associated with incised wounds.
Bleeding from an artery is known by the bright scarlet
colour, and the pulsating or spurting stream, while that
from a vein is smaller, continuous, having less force, and
the colour is a dark or Modena red. Haemorrhage is
arrested in various ways. Styptics, as tannic acid, contract
the artery and coagulate the blood. The latter also
forms a natural plug to the open vessel. Cotton wool,
German tinder, &c., are effective ; the hot iron, nitrate
of silver, &c., are of the best. Bleeding from an artery
is always serious, therefore professional help should be
obtained as soon as possible, as a surgical operation may
be required.
A simple method of arresting haemorrhage in a limb
consists of passing a soft rope, towel, or even a handker-
chief, round and above the wound and tying to form a
loose loop. A stick is then passed through about half
way, forming two convenient handles for twisting the
ligature thus formed, the result being pressure and arrest
to the flow of blood.
Local Injuries. 251
CHAPTER XXVIII.
LOCAL INJURIES.
Fractures of Bones General Treatment Particular Fractures Ostitis
Splints Open Joint Sprain Ringbones Sidebones Navicular
Disease Luxation of the Patella Capped Hock Curb Capped Elbow.
FRACTURES of bone are of several kinds. Long bones
are subject to forms known as transverse, when the divi-
sion is across and at right angles; oblique^ when the
broken surfaces are parallel but extending from one side
to the other and the terminals of both being towards the
ends of the injured bone ; comminuted, when the bone is
reduced to many fragments ; and compound, when the
splinters, &c., protrude externally through flesh and skin.
The transverse and oblique forms are the only truly
manageable among horses. Peculiarity of form as well
as situation also greatly reduce the possibilities of a cure,
as perfect rest, which is indispensable for the purpose, is
always greatly interfered with if not altogether impos-
sible.
Fractures are known by acute lameness, inability to
use the limb, or rest upon it, intense pain and high fever,
all of which are sudden in their appearance and may be
traced to some accident, &c. Swelling may also be
present, and manipulation gives rise to grating of the
rough surfaces, known as crepitus. There is also more
or less deformity.
Treatment of fractures is rendered uncertain by the
inability to keep the animal sufficiently quiet. The
appliances are splints made from wood, or gutta percha,
the latter being softened in hot water and" moulded upon
the limb. Starch bandages, or strips of stout cotton fabric
saturated in a strong solution of starch, are bound upon
the limb, and in a few hours set firm and strong ; Plaster
of Paris, melted pitch and tow ; but the first and second
are the most useful.
252 Local Injuries.
In all cases the bones are carefully approximated in
the first instance, and the appliances are adjusted with
the view of remaining to the end. Care is required to
avoid too great pressure, and also to keep the animal
quiet. Slings may be called for, and domestic attention
with food must be of the first order. False joint is the
result of imperfect union. Fidgety animals keep up
constant motion, and displace the bones. A small frag-
ment also may be detached, and with constitutional
defects may set up abscess, or reduce vitality.
Particular fractures will now be briefly considered.
BONES OF THE CRANIUM. These are for the most
part thin plates, but very strong, and enclosing the brain
within. The usual causes are blows, falls, &c., and the
results are often fatal. Compression of the brain follows
on the bones being driven inwards ; shock or concussion
is the result of violence ; and secondary compression is
due to extravasation of blood, or formation of pus, the
proceeds of local inflammation. Insensibility with coma,
paralysis of motion and sensation are common in the
first and second, and in the third they are delayed,
depending upon the liberation of blood and formation of
pus, sometimes for a few days.
Treatment. A surgical operation, known as trephin-
ing, may be required, as well as the elevation of bone.
OCCIPITAL CREST. This projection, situate between
the ears, is often removed by striking low archways,
stone lintels, &c., and is common in coal mines.
Treatment. Remove loose bones, and close the wound
by sutures, allowing the escape of pus. Use " Sanitas "
dressings. Repeated injuries produce disease of the
bone, as well as soft tissues, which require perfect rest
and constant attention.
BONES OF THE NECK AND BACK. Partial fracture
produces a variable amount of deformity, stiffness, and
pain, and in most cases the exact locality is not made
out during life. Paralysis and death also follow at
periods depending upon the severity and extent of the
injury.
The Sacrum forms the upper prominence of frhe hind
Local Injuries. 253
quarters. It suffers in falls, and during violent struggles
when the horse is " cast in the stall." The spine or the
transverse process may be severed, each producing
changes apparent to the eye, and for which absolute rest
in slings may be useful if he is tractable. Embrocations
to stimulate union; good laxative food. Deformity is
permanent.
BONES OF THE TAIL. Injuries to these bones are
common in draught-horses, the tail being under the body
of the cart as it descends upon the shafts. Railway
horses suffer from the tail being crushed between the
buffers. Simple fractures may be treated by the tail
being bound in a leather case ; but comminuted fractures
are often attended by necrosis, abscess, gangrene, blood-
poisoning, or tetanus. The early use of the knife, or
complete amputation, may be needful.
BONES OF THE HAUNCH. These comprise the Pelvis,
and give entire conformation to the hind parts. The
anterior spinous process suffers by striking the sides of
doorways, walls, or pillars, when the horse is said
to have a " quarter," or a " huggin down," a great dis-
figurement, which, however, does not militate against his
usefulness. When the shaft of the bone is fractured, both
usefulness and value are greatly reduced, and fracture of
the cup-joint usually ends in fixing of the joint by inflam-
matory action and bony deposit. Another serious form
of fracture is that of the symphysis, on the floor of the
bony passage, union being interfered with by pressure of
the haunches above. Young and valuable horses only
should be treated, as rest during several months is re-
quired to effect a union.
In the fore limbs serious fractures are not uncommon.
The SCAPULA, blade or sJwulder bone, is severed
across the neck; the HUMERUS suffers in the shaft,
usually from oblique fracture, and in both instances there
is much deformity, with shortening of the limb, swelling,
and infiltration after a short time. Absolute cure is
impossible.
THE RADIUS AND ULNA form the elbow-joint by union
with the humerus above. All parts of the first are liable
254 Local Injuries.
to fracture, and few cases are curable. Brood mares and
entire horses of great value may be subjected to trial
when the fracture is transverse, and favourably situated
in the middle of the lower third of the shaft.
THE BONES OF THE KNEE suffer in falls, as broken
knees, being sometimes comminuted, when stiffness of
the joint follows, even in favourable course.
THE METACARPAL OR SHANK BONE surfers from all
forms of fracture, the transverse being the only manage-
able one.
THE PASTERN BONES are sometimes split in halves
from above downwards ; occasionally across the mi'ddle,
and more frequently comminuted.
THE SESSAMOID BONES at the back of the fetlock-
joint are at times literally torn in two by unusual pres-
sure exerted through the ligaments attached to them,
when the back of the joint descends to the ground,
the toe of the foot pointing upwards. Complete cure is
rare.
THE NAVICULAR BONE within the hoof is subject to
much pressure and violent shocks, and injury of any
kind is attended with much fever, intense pain, and local
inflammation. The tendon which plays over it is like-
wise involved, and sometimes becomes so diseased as to
end in rupture. In any case, ossification of the joint is
common, and the animal is rendered useless.
THE COFFIN BONE, although securely placed in its
horny box, is liable to all forms of fracture. The pyra-
midal process and the wings are detached; portions
of the body are split off by nails in shoeing by ex-
tremely ignorant workmen ; and comminuted fractures
are met with in runaway horses. Union may be effected
in some instances, but the usefulness of the animal is
impaired.
In the hind extremities the long bones, as in the fore
limbs, are more commonly injured by fracture, the trans-
verse and oblique kinds prevailing, the former being most
amenable to treatment. The protuberances of the joints,
termed condyles, are also severed, involving serious
disease of the joint, shortening and deformity of the
Local Injuries. 255
limb, while lower down the bones suffer much in the
same way with those in the fore limb, the results being
also similar, and often presenting less favourable chances
of success from any kind of treatment.
OSTITIS, Inflammation of Hone, occurs in all bones when
subject to injury ; but the disease assumes special cha-
racters in connection with the cannon or shank-bone. It
is common to young race-horses as a result of excessive
strain and shock in undeveloped limbs, causing swelling,
great soreness, and lameness.
Treatment consists of division of the investing mem-
brane of the bone by the knife. Hot fomentations or
poultices; febrifuges, aperients, &c., and when the fever
and local inflammation are abated iodine blisters are
needed. The chronic form requires cold water, with
similar medicines, and later, blisters, &c.
SPLINTS are bony tumours, the outcome of inflamma-
tion set up in the ligamentous tissue, which unites the
small metacarpal or splint-bones with the larger or shank-
bone. The actual cause is concussion, and the resulting
inflammation, being continued and aggravated from time
to time, supplies an amount of osseous material which
not only unites the bones, but also forms a bony tumour
upon the surfaces of both. The effect of this is to de-
stroy elasticity and the possibility of motion, which in
health always exists, and is necessary for the production
of free and easy motion. The disease is principally con-
fined to the inner side of the bones. Pain and stiffness,
lameness, with the presence of a sensitive tumour, are the
common signs in the early stages of the majority of
cases where the tumour is close up to the knee-joint. If
it be located lower down, the freedom from the usual in-
convenience is moderated proportionately, even to the
absence of lameness.
Treatment. Cases of the latter description should not
be interfered with. Subcutaneous periosteotomy often
gives relief. Aperient No. 3, proportionately reduced,
followed by febrifuges, when the state of the system is
indicative of febrile action. In simple cases cooling or
astringent lotions. Later the actual cautery in various
256 Local Injuries.
forms, or pyro -puncture may be tried. Large splints may
need excision by means of the bone forceps; and a
leather boot will be required.
OPEN JOINTS. The escape of synovia by reason of
punctures and other forms of injury to joints is often a
serious state. The life of the animal is greatly jeopar-
dised.
Treatment. Early closing of the orifice is all important.
This may be sometimes done rapidly by means of the
hot iron, at a dull red heat only, providing the wound is
simply cut open, not bruised by a fall, &c. A small
amount of blister ointment applied round the orifice also
hastens the process. Constitutional remedies will be
required when acute fever is present ; this should not be
delayed. Put the animal in the slings also. When these
means fail, the application of dry astringent powders
should be tried, as a mixture of alum, oxide of zinc, &c.,
with wheat flour, by means of a strong worsted stocking
passed up the leg and packed moderately tight. Put a
splint to the back of the limb, and stop all motion of the
joint, and when the wound is examined for cleansing and
renewal of the powder, dress freely with astringent lotions.
Much patience is required. The first token of success is
a diminution of the local discharge, as well as severity of
the systemic disturbance.
Sprain or Strain. This is essentially a severe exten-
sion of the fibres of muscle or ligament, by which they
are unable. to regain their former condition, or they are
lacerated torn or ruptured. Those states mark the
severity of the case. Besides the manifestations of lame-
ness, varying from the slightest stiffness, or a limp, to
halting, or inability to move, there is always proportionate
heat and swelling, and these call for prompt measures ;
neglect usually resulting in chronic states which may
admit of no relief.
Treatment. See Fomentations. These often give the
quickest and most permanent relief. Aperients to remove
constipation. Febrifuges, to combat high febrile action.
The latter being accomplished, cold astringent lotions,
No. i, evaporating lotions, c., and when the natural
Local Injuries. 257
heat is established in the affected parts, embrocation
No. 3 or 4 as may be required.
RINGBONES. Repeated and long-continued inflamma-
tion, the result of concussion, involving the bones and
ligamentous structures of the bones of the pastern, &c.,
result in a mass of bony deposit on the external surfaces,
as to create great disfigurement as well as enlargement,
sometimes to the extent of stiffening, and even fixing the
joints. Such is known as a "ringbone," because it
surrounds the bones.
SIDEBONES arise from similar causes as the preceding
affection, the disease being ossification of the lateral
cartilages of the coffin-bone. They are discovered on
the upper and latter part of the hoof towards the heels.
Like ringbones, they mostly attack the fore feet.
Treatment. First reduce the systemic disturbance by
aperients, febrifuges, &c., and the local heat by fomenta-
tions, proceeding as indicated generally for sprain.
Later use the biniodide of mercury ointment, the actual
cautery, &c. Abolish heels and toes as well as heavy
shoes, and send the animal to work on the land.
SPAVIN. This is the conventional term for a bony
deposit upon the inner surface of the hock joint, arising
from similar causes as already named in the preceding
affections. Some spavins are small, and notwithstanding
there is much pain and actual lameness, the practised
eye only is able to pronounce definitely as to their exist-
ence. Stiffness of the joint is a concomitant, and the.
hard wearing of the toe of the shoe is evident.
Treatment as for the preceding.
NAVICULAR DISEASE, or Grogginess. Disease of the
navicular or shuttle-bone within the hoof. In well-
defined cases the hoof is hot, dry, hard, upright, narrow,
and the growth of horn is sometimes greatly increased.
The frog is small, and drawn inwards towards the hoof.
Pointing, and a restless movement often betokens pain
as well as serious states.
Treatment of all kinds has been adopted, and in the
majority of cases unsuccessfully. The great probability
is that disease of the bone is extensive, to which is added
17
258 Local Injuries.
ulceration of the investing cartilage, as well as laceration
of the tendon which plays over it as a rope over a pulley.
Acute pain is detected by pressure in the hollow behind
the frog. Sometimes lameness exists before the outward
changes already described have taken place. Division
of the nerves at the fetlock joint succeeds in some cases
in restoring usefulness by the absence of sensation ; but
the disease progresses, and irrespective of injuries to the
sensitive structures from pricks in shoeing, the concussion
arising from working on hard roads induces severe in-
flammation, resulting in loss of the hoof. Such cases
need the greatest care.
Other measures consist of fomentations, cold lotions
applied by means of a thin bandage round the top of the
hoof, a seton passed through the sensitive frog, blisters to
the coronet.
LUXATION OF THE PATELLA. Dislocation of the
knee-cap often arises in young growing animals, especially
when turned upon hilly pastures. Older animals are
subject to it from slipping in the stall, falls, or blows, in
passing through doorways, &c., when the joint comes
into violent contact with the jamb, post, &c. The animal
cannot advance the foot ; it is thrown violently back-
wards, stiff and straight, when by a convulsive act, and
raising the whole body, the limb is jerked forwards, and
the bone is forced back into its place, omitting a sharp
clicking sound. Luxation occurs repeatedly.
Treatment. Draw the foot forwards to the breast by
means of a halter placed upon the pastern. If the bone
is displaced outwardly, which is most common, push it
inwards, or vice versa. Let the foot descend to the
ground, but keep it considerably in advance of the other,
by securing the halter to a collar placed upon the neck.
Apply a smart blister to the outside of the joint only,
using care that none passes inside, near the abdomen.
Give good food, perhaps also iron tonics, and when
recovery is established, turn the animal upon level
pastures.
CAPPED HOCK. Swelling of the integuments of the
point of the hock, together with enlargement of the
Plain Rules for Shoeing. 259
tendon, &c., beneath, is seen under various circumstances.
It may arise, from common bruises in lying upon the bare
ground, stone floor, &c., blows from sticks in the hands
of irascible grooms, c., or the animal may cause it by
kicking. Lameness is rarely the result. The enlarge-
ment is best treated by the application of the ointment of
biniodide of mercury.
CURB is sprain of the straight ligament situate at the
back of the hock, the result of hard work, severe gallop-
ing, rearing, blows, &c. Pain, swelling, and lameness
are often signally present.
Treatment as for sprains generally (page 256), suc-
ceeded by ointment of the biniodide of mercury. Firing
is sometimes helpful.
CAPPED ELBOW. A large swelling on the back of the
elbow-joint, composed of condensed tissue, the result
generally of pressure from lying upon the heels of the
shoe. In the early stages it may be reduced by iodine
ointment, but old standing cases need surgical interfer-
ence. The animal should wear a leather guard, the
heels of the shoe being shortened or covered with a
thick pad.
CHAPTER XXIX.
PLAIN RULES FOR SHOEING.
Nature and Preservation of the Hoof Inherent Power of Reproduction Pre-
paration of the Foot Stopping for Feet unnecessary Dryness essential
Foot Ointments Weak and defective Feet Bar-shoes.
THE experience of Professor Sewell led him to state
upwards of seventy years ago : " I have seen more lame
horses while posting from Harwich to London than I
have met with in all my journey, and during my inspec-
tion of veterinary schools and public places in France,
Switzerland, Germany, and Belgium." In 1871 Pro-
260 Plain Rules for Shoeing.
fessor Gamgee,* after quoting the above, stated that
among the horses of London 42 per cent, were lame,
while in Paris only 9 per cent, were subject' to this form
of unsoundness. Present-day experience still reveals the
same state of things. The well-being of the best of
animals is ever sacrificed to widespread ignorance and
injustice. It is rare to find a shoeing-smithwho possesses
a really intelligent acquaintance with the wonderful struc-
tures of the " horny box " \ and we need not feel surprised
that he should treat it much as he would a similar box of
wood, or that our steed goes ''gingerly," and hobbles so
painfully, that for our life we cannot make out what has
come over him.
The secret of prolonged usefulness lies in the means
for a strict preservation of the foot. This is an experience
which many have gained only after years of bitter trial
and disappointment.
The hoof is the fibrous horny box or case inside which
are fitted the sensitive parts. Its growth is secured from
above at the coronet downwards, where a special arrange-
ment exists for its secretion. The horny sole and frog
are the provision of a special secretion for the defence
of sensitive structures beneath the coffin-bone, &c. As
a whole, the hoof possesses a limited amount of elasticity,
but its power of resistance to concussion is remarkable.
It conducts heat feebly, and, with these qualities, proves
highly serviceable for protection ; while the substance,
insensibility, and constant growth render it an admirable
means for securing the usual iron defence the shoe.
It is a fatal mistake to cut, rasp, and burn the hoof as is
commonly done. Many forget the horse has to carry other
weight besides that of his own body, and in progression
he suffers from concussion in proportion as his natural
defence is weakened and reduced. This practice is
responsible for many forms of lameness besides those of
the feet, as splints, spavins, ringbones, sidebones, &c.
The outer part of the wall or crust of the hoof, we have
said, grows downwards, and is composed of tough, longi-
tudinal fibres, the ends of which are presented to the
* "Horse-shoeing anJ Lameness." Longmans & Co. 1871.
Plain Rules for Shoeing. 261
ground, and prove exceedingly strong, resisting wear
most effectually. It is designed to bear the greater part
of the weight, and forms the most fitting to receive the
shoe. This is the only part which needs to be cut away,
and mostly at the toe, on the ground surface only, where
the greatest activity in growth is manifest. The wall
should not be rasped above the clinches on any account.
The horny sole ^xA frog are capable of exfoliating, or
detaching their superfluous parts in flakes or scales.
None but loose portions should be removed, as the parts
are capable^f all needful reduction.
In applying the shoe there is no objection to its being
red hot when the feet are perfectly strong and sound.
The hot shoe makes for itself a more accurate bed than
can be accomplished in any other way, and its adherence
to the foot is more secure. In good sound hoofs the sole
will bear a portion of the pressure, and the full-grown frog
also proves a marvellous " buffer " to break the force of
violent concussion on the road. It should always there-
fore be allowed to grow so as to touch the ground.
All who prefer to beautify the hoof by cutting, rasping,
&c., will denounce these directions. We only reply, that
our experience is that such a method is the entire safeguard
against lameness from all causes , even pricking and bind-
ing by nails in shoeing is reduced to a minimum.
The nails should be evenly drawn. Thick nails act as
wedges, splitting the hoof, besides having other adverse
tendencies. In "pointing" the nails make a long lead,
and the holes in the shoe should be " coarse," that is, not
too near the outer edge. In these lie greater safety ; as
snub-pointed nails and fine-seamed shoes are prolific
sources of danger. The former nail is driven straight
down, taking good hold of sound hoof, always going away
from the sensitive parts \ while the reverse holds good
with snub nails and fine seams.
Shoes should always be level on the foot surface. It fol-
lows also that they should be even on the ground surface.
If the reader would test the effect of unevenness in his
boot let him stand upon a single pebble, or driv^e in a
nail on one side of the sole or heel. The joints above
262 Plain Rules for Shoeing.
are then sufferers, besides the sensitive parts below.
Add to this the weight and speed of the animal in work.
Stopping for the feet is unnecessary. If the plan we
have briefly sketched is followed the reader will find the
hoof possessed of its natural moisture, as well as the
power of resistance as a defence on all kinds of roads.
Under these circumstances the occasional loss of a shoe
gives rise to no consternation, as in hoofs maltreated by
the arts and devices of the olden time. Outward moisture
is not essential for healthy feet, but always injurious in
proportion to its application, especially in the form of
manurial fluids in pastures and strawyards, &c., which
soften and dissolve the horn. When horses need rest the
advantages all round are eminently in favour of soiling in
a roomy level box, well cleaned and dry, having a con-
tiguous dry yard in which he can take a run from time to
time.
Foot ointments are useful when properly made. Avoid
the many quack nostrums, which are no better than com-
mon fat coloured with Stockholm tar. The latter with
one-third of lard will form a good mixture for brushing
round the hoof and defending it against wet, &c.
Thus far we have referred only to sound feet, and the
way to keep them sound.
In weak shelly feet, and others reduced by injury,
disease, &>c., plans must be adopted to meet the various
requirements. Such feet unshod may be wonderfully
improved by a rest of some weeks on a dry floor thinly
covered with straw or sawdust, as already recommended,
or they may have light tips nailed on, the owner from
this period visiting judgment on the smith who insists on
cutting and burning the foot to fit the shoe. We have
seen most satisfactory results from this plan, and in course
of months or a year, under moderate work, the feet have
been rendered sound and strong. The foot ointment is
also a valuable adjunct in preventing drying and the
effects of moisture. In those instances where fleshy feet
and other defects of hoof structure are the results of
breeding we have to make exceptions. The feet may be
greatly benefited by the treatment we recommend, but
Plain Rules for Shoeing. 263
they never grow so firm and -strong as the naturally
healthy feet are capable of becoming.
Bar SJiofs are intended to relieve pressure from the
sole, a weak crust, &c., and to remove it to the frog.
Cases of founder or laminitis, sidebones, corns, sand-
cracks, quittor, &c., are thus treated often with marked
benefit. When the frog is small and shrunk, &c., the
pressure may be applied by means of a pad of leather
rivetted upon the bar, which crosses the foot. The frog
is also stimulated, and often grows satisfactorily by these
means, while weak heels are relieved, and the usefulness
of the animal much increased.
INDEX.
ABDOMEN, dropsy of, 210
Abdominal walls, rupture of, 219
Abscess, 149
Abscess of castration, 218
Acute albuminuria, 214
,, anasarca, 179
,, indigestion, 205
,, paralysis, 229
Actual cautery, 159
Advantages of pulping food, 138
Age, as known by the teeth, 6
,, for breeding, 100
Albuminuria, 180
,, acute, 214
chronic, 214
,, traumatic, 213
Alteratives, 153
Amaurosis, 224
American horse, 14
Anaemia, 176
Anasarca, acute, 177
Anatomy, morbid, 141
,, pathological, 141
Aneurism, 201
Anodynes, 154
Antispasmodics, 155
Antiputrescents, 155
Antiseptics, 155
Annual horse shows, 124
Aperients, 156
Aphtha, sporadic, 203
Apoplexy, cerebral, 228
,, pulmonary, 193
Arab, the, 10
Arteries and veins, wounds of,
250
Aspect of the stable, 28
Asthma, 196
Astringents, 157
Australian horses, 13
Azoturia, 180
BARB, the, 12
Back, fracture of, 252
Balling gnus, 175
iron, 174
Banging, 249
Barley, 65
digestibility of, 128
Bar shoes, 263
Bastard strangles, 188
Belgian horses, 14
Best corn only useful, 62
Biting, 8 1
Black dray horse, 123
Bladder, inflammation of, 216
,, inversion of, 216
Blisters, 158
Blood in the urine, 215
Bloody flux, 209
Blood fungus, 225
Blue disease, 199
Boils, 236
Bolus, the, 173
Bone, inflammation of, 255
Bones of the cranium, fracture of,
252
Bottle for drenching, 175
Bowels, inflammation of, 206
Brain, inflammation of, 226
,, substance
of, 227
Brain, softening of, 225
Bran, 64
,, mash, 64
Breaking, 107, no
,, to hanies?, 118
the hunter, 1 20
266
Index.
Breaking the lady's horse, 122
Breastplate, 86
Breeding, age for, 100
,, mare, treatment of, 101
,, time for, 100
,, the most profitable, 90
Btidle, the, 87
Broken knees, 249
wind, 196
Bronchitis, 193
Brood mare, 91
Bucking, 82
Budding-iron, 159
Buildings, 31
CANADIAN horse, 14
Canker, 241
,, incidental to the straw-
yard, 69
Capped elbow, 259
,, hock, 258
Carbuncle, 236
,, of the coronet, 239
Carditis, 199
Carlisle's inhaler, 169
Carriage horse, 49
Carrots, 64
Casting in the stall, 79
Castration, results of, 217
Cataract, 223
Catarrh, 191
,, enzootic typhoid, 181
,, suppurative, 188
Cathartics, 156
Caustics, 159
Cavalry horse, 24
Cerebral apoplexy, 228
Cerebritis, 227
Chaff, husk of grain equal to, 62
value of as food, 61
Charges, 161
Charlier's shoe, 77
Chine felon, 177
Chloroform^ inhalation of, 169
Choice of a horse, 42
stallion, 97
Choking, 40, 203
Chorea, 227
Chronic Albuminuria, 214
cough, 197
Chronic eczema, 234
,, indigestion, 204
,, vaginitis, 220
Circular ringworm, 233
Cleaning harness, 89
Cleveland, the, 124
Clipping, 73
Clydesdale, the, 123
Coach horses, 24
Cobs and ponies, 52
Coffin bone, fracture of, 254
descent of, 238
Coffin joint, puncture of the, 248
Cold, common, 191
fever, 177
Colours, 5
Colts, breaking the, 107
Coma Somnolentum, 228
Common cold, 191
Colic, 206
Confirmed grease, 236
Congestion, 146
,, of the liver, 210
M lungs, 193
Constipation, 205
Contagious diseases, handbook
on, 190
Contused wounds, 247
Cord, schirrhous, 218
Cordials, 163
Corn chamber, 38
,, Indian, 165
,, should be of the best, 62'
Corns, 242
Coronet, carbuncle of, 239
,, inflammation of, 238
Coronitis, 238
Coryza, 191
Cossack, the, 13
Cost of harness, 90
stable utensils, 38
Cough, chronic, 197
Countenance, expressive of pain,
199
Cranium, fracture of, 252
Crepitus, 251
Crib-biting, 81, 211
Curb, 259
Curb-bit, 87
Clysters, 162
Index.
267
Cyanosis, 199
Cystitis, 216
DAMAGE to the feet by moisture,
69
Dangers of the strawyard, 69
Dark stables a bane to health, 33
Defects to be avoided, 54
Deficiency of blood, 176
Definitions of disease, 139
Demulcents, 163
Dentition, 6
Dermanyssius avium, 244
Descent of the coffin-bone, 238
Diabetes insipidus, 212
Diaphoretics, 164
Diaphragm, rupture of, 198
,, spasm of, 197
Diarrhoea, 208
Dietaries for farm horses, 130
Digestibility of barley, 128
wheat, 128
Digestives, 164
Dirty pond water, injurious, 71
Disease, 142
,, of the heart valves, 201
prevention of, 147
Diseases and irregularities of the
teeth, 203
Diuretics, 164
Dongola, the, 13
Doses of medicines, 153
Drainage, 28
Draughts, 175
Dray horse, 123
Drench, 175
Drenching- bottle, 175
Dropsy, 201
of the abdomen, 210
,, sanguineous, 179
Dutch horses, 14
Duties, excise, 90
Dysentery, 209
EARLY history of the horse, I
East Indian horses, 13
Eating the litter, 80
Eczema, 234
Eczema simplex, 234
Ecti opium, 224
Effects of moisture on the feet, 69
Elbow, capped, 259
Electuaries,. 165
Elephantiasis, 202
Embolism, 201
Embrocations, 165
Endocarditis, 200
Enema funnel, 162
Enemas, 162
English thoroughbred, 15
Entropitim, 224
Enteritis, 206
Enzootic pleurisy, 184
typhoid catarrh, 181
Ephemeral fever, 143
Erythema, 232
,, paratrimma, 233
Erysipelas, 233
phlegmonous, 233
Eversion of the eyelids, 224
Examination of the feet, 76
Exanthema, 232
Exercise, 72
Expectorants, 166
Eyelids, eversion of, 224
,, laceration of, 225
warts on, 225
FALSE quarter, 239
ringworm, 235
Farcy, 189
Farm horses, 123
dietaries for, 130
soiling, 134
,, stables for, 124
Farm stable management, 126
Favus, 244
Febrifuges, 166
Feeding in the stable, 60
Feet, fever in, 237
,, inflammation of the, 237
and legs, saving the, 67
,, eifects of moisture on, 69
,, management of, 76
Fever, 143
,, in the feet, 237
Firing-iron, 159
Fistula of the withers, 248
Flatulent colic, 206
Flooding, 218
268
Index.
Fluid enemas, 162
Foal, management of, IO2
Fomentations, 167
Food, chaff as, 61
pulped, 137
Foramen ovate, 199
Foot ointments, 262
Foot, thrush in, 240
Founder, 237
Fractures, 251
Frog, 261
,, should not be reduced, 109
Fulness of blood, 176
Fungus hamatodes, 225
GAG for mouth, 174
Galloway, the, 25
Gaseous enemas, 162
Gastro enteritis, 207
Gathered nails, 247
Getting loose, 77
Glanders, 189
Glaucoma, 224
Grain, inferior, not improved by
cooking, 128
Grass, turning to, 67
Grease, 235
Grogginess, 257
Groom, the, 56
Gruel, 64
Grunting, 196
HABITS of the horse, i
Hack, or riding horse, 44
Haemorrhage from castration, 217
how to arrest, 250
Hsematuria, 215
Halter casting, 79
Handbook of regulations for con-
tagious diseases, 190
Hanging back, 78
Harness, 84
,, breaking to, 118
cleaning, 89
,, cost of, 90
Harnessing, 87
Harness-room, 38
Haunch, fiactuie of, 253
Hayloft, 38
Healing lotion, 169
Health suffers in dark stables, 33
Heart, inflammation of, 199
,, palpitation of the, 198
,, rupture of, 199
Hernia, 209
Herpes ci re hiatus, 235
tomurans, 245
phlyctenoidesi 235
History of the horse, I
Hock, capped, 258
Holding the bolus, 173
Holiday disease, 201
Horn tumours in the foot, 241
Horny sole, 261
Hoof, nature of, 260
Horse, early history of, I
,, habits of, I
colours of, 5
,, principal parts of, 2
shows, 124
Horses for heavy harness, 51
light 50
Honeycomb ringworm, 244
How to arrest haemorrhage, 250
purchase a horse, 42
Humerus, fractures of the, 253
Hunter, the, 47
breaking the, 120
,, summering the, 69
Hunting-plate, 86
Husk of grain ranks as chaff, 62
Hysteria, 180, 231
IMPACTION of the stomach, 205
Impetigo, 235
,, erysipelatodes, 235
Incised wounds, 246
Indian corn, 65
Indigestion, acute, 205
chronic, 204
Inferior grain not improved by
cooking, 128
Inflammation, 146
of the bladder, 206
bone, 255
,, ,, brain, 226
,, ,, bronchial
tubes, 193
,, ,, endocardium,
200
Index.
269
Inflammation of the feet, 237
,, ,, heart, 199
,, ,, intestines, 206
., kidneys, 215
,, ,, liver, 210
lungs, 194
,, ,, pericardium,
200
,, ,, peritoneum,
207
,, urethra, 217
vagina, 219
veins, 201
,, ,, womb, 220
Inhalation of chloroform, 169
Inhalations, 168
Injections, 162
,, subcutaneous, 171
Inversion of the bladder, 216
,, uterus, 219
Inveterate kicker, 81
Intestines, worms in, 209
inflammation of, 206
Influenza, 181
JAUNDICE, 211
Jibbing, 82
KERATOMAj 241
Kicker, inveterate, 81
Kicking, 82
Kicking the stall post, 71
Kidneys, inflammation of, 215
Knee, fractures of the, 254
LACERATED wounds, 246
Laceration of the eyelids, 225
Lady's horse, 45
,, breaking the, 122
La Grippe, 181
Lnmeness, Professor Gamgee on,
259
,, Piofessor Sewell on,
259 .
Lammitis, 237
Laryngitis, 192
Laxatives, 156
Leading tackle, 108
Leaping into the manger, 78
Leueorrheea, 220
Lice, 243
Licences, 90
Light stables essential, 33
,, troop horse, 24
Liniments, 165
Linseed, 65
,, mucilage, 163
Litter, eating the, 80
Liver, congestion of, 210
,, inflammation of, 210
Locked jaw, 230
Lotions, 169
Lousiness, poultry, 244
Lungs, congestion of, 193
Luxation of the patella, 258
Lying under the manger, 78
Lymphangitis, 201
MAGGOTS, 244
Maize, 65
Malignant sore throat, 181
Mallanders, 234
Management of the feet, 76
foal, 102
Mange, 243
Manger, leaping into, 78
lying under, 78
Mangers, 36
Mare, stimulant lor, 101
,, treatment of, 101
Martingale, 86
Mash, bian, 64
Materia medica, 141, 253
Materials for building, 31
Medicated fomentation*, 168
,, inhalations, 168
,, poultices, 170
Medicine, veterinary, 141
Medicines, their doses, 153
Megrims, 201
Meningitis, spinal, 229
Metacarpal bones, fractures of, 254
Metritis, 220
Monday morning disease, 201
Morbid anatomy, 141
Mounting the colt, 114
Mucilage of linseed, 65
NAVICULAR bone, fracture o r , 254
disease, 257
270
Index.
Nails, 261
Nasal gleet, 197
Nettle-rash, 234
Neck, fractures of the, 252
Nephritis, 215
Nitrogenous urine, 180
Noiman horse, 14
OATS and beans, 62
Occipital crest, fractures of, 252
Open-joint, 256
Ophthalmia, simple, 222
,, specific, 223
Organs of respiration, diseases of,
191
Origin of the horse, I
Oslitis, 255
Oxaluria, 213
PACES of the horse, 6
Palpitation, 198
Pain indicated in the face, 199
Paralysis, acute, 229
Paraphimosis, 217
Parturition, 34
Pastern bones, fracture of, 254
Patella, luxation of, 258
Pathological anatomy, 141
Pathology, 142
Paving, 34
Pawing, 80
Pelham bit, 87
Pericarditis, 200
Peritonitis, 207
Persian horse, 13
Phimosis, 217
Phlebitis, 201
Phlegmonous erysipelas, 233
Phrenitis, 226
Phlhiriasis equi, 244
Physic, 156
Plan of stable, 26
Plans of buildings, 31
Plethora, 176
Pleurisy, 195
enzootic, 184
Pleuritis, 195
Plunging, 82
Pneumonia, 194
Points of the thoroughbred, 15
Poll evil, 249
Ponies, 52
Potatoes, 64
Pot-helly, 177
Poultices, 170
Poultry lousiness, 244
Prevention of disease, 147
,, metiitis, 221
Principal parts of the horse, 2
Probang, 175
Professor Gamgee on lameness,
259
Professor Sewell on lameness, 259
Profuse urination, 212
Prurigo, 234
Pulmonary apoplexy, 193
Pulped food, 137
Puncture of the coffin-joint, 248
Punctured wounds, 247
Purity of water, 7 1
Purpura hcemorrhagica, 179
Pustular erysipelas, 235
,, inflammation of the skin,
2 35
Putrid sore throat, 181
Putting to, 88
8 CARTER, false, 239
uittor, 249
RABIES, 231
Racer, points of, 15
Radius, fractures of, 253
Rain water drains, 31
Regular examination of the feet,
76
Regulations for contagious
diseases, handbook of, 190
Resolution, 146
Results of castration, 217
Retention of urine, 213
Rheumatism, 177
Riding-horse, 44
Ringbone, 257
Ringworm, circular, 235
,, honey-comb, 244
,, false, 225, 245
true, 245
Roaring, 196
Running away, 82
Index.
271
Rupture, 209
,, of the abdominal walls,
219
,, ,, diaphragm, 198
> heart, 199
uterus, 219
SACRUM, fracture of, 252
Saddle horse, 44
,, horses, harness for, 84
Saddles, 84
Sallanders, 234
Sandcrack, 239
Sanguineous dropsy, 179
Saving the feet and legs, 67
Scabies, 243
Scapula, fracture of the, 253
Scarlatina anginosa, 186
simplex, 185
Schirrhous cord, 219
Seedy-toe, 241
Selection of brood mare, 91
,, a horse, 42
Sending for the veterinary sur-
geon, 151
Serous cyst, 148
Sessamoid bones, fracture of,
254
Sewers, 28
Shetland pony, 25
Shank-bones, fracture of, 254
Shivering, 228
Shoeing, 108, 259
Shot of grease, 201
Shying, 83
Sideboues, 257
Simple fever, 143
,, eczema, 234
,, ophthalmia, 222
,, scarlatina, 185
,, sore throat, 192
Singeing, 73
Sit-fasts, 237
Sleepy staggers, 228
Softening of the bmin, 228
Soiling, 67
,, farm horses, 134
Sore throat, malignant, 181
,, putrid, 181
simple, 192
Spanish horse, 15
Spasm of the diaphragm, 197
Spavin, 257
Specific fever, 146
,, ophthalmia, 223
Speedy-cut, 249
Spinal meningitis, 229
Splints, 255
Spongio piline> 170
Sporadic aphtha, 203
,, diseases, 191
Sprain or strain, 256
Spray distributor, 169
Squinting, 224
Stable, 27
feeding in, 60
for farm horses, 124
management, 55, 58, 126
servants, 55
temperature, 75
tying up in, 109
utensils, 38
vices in the, 77
out of the, 82
yard, 26
Staggers, sleepy, 228
Stall, casting in, 79
post, kicking at, 79
Stallion, the, 97
Staphyloma, 223
Starch bandages, 251
Stimulant for the mare, 101
Stirrups, 85
Stomach, impaction of, 205
Stopping-box, a nuisance, 76
,, for feet, unnecessary, 76,
262
Strabismus, 224
Strangles, 187
Strawy ard, dangers of, 69
Stringhalt, 227
Subcutaneous injections, 171
Substance of the brain, inflam-
mation of, 227
Suffolk punch, 123
Summeiing the hunter, 69
Superpurgation, 208
Suppurative catarrh, 188
Surfeit, 234
Surgery, veterinary, 141
272
Index.
Symptomatic fever, 144
Symptomatology, 141
TACKLE, leading, 108
Tail, fractures of the, 253
Tea, linseed, 65
Teaching the hunter, 120
Teeth an indication of age, 6
,, diseases of, 203
Temperature of the stable, 75
Tetanus, 230
Thoroughbred, points of the, 15
Thrush, 203
,, in the foot, 69, 240
Thick-leg, 201
Throat, malignant sore, 181
putrid sore, 181
Ticks and maggots, 244
Time for breeding, 100
Tinea tonsurans, 245
Toe, seedy, 241
Tonics, 172
Toothache, 204
Traumatic Albuminuria, 213
Treatment of abscess, 147
,, brood mare, 101
,, fever, 146
,, inflammation, 147
,, weak feet, 262
True ringworm, 245
Turkish horse, 13
Turkoman, the, 13
Turning to grass, 67
,, in the stall, 78
Turnips, 64
Tying up in the stable, 109
ULNA, fracture of, 253
Ursemea, 177
Urine, nitrogenous, 180
blood in, 215
,, retention of, 213
Uiination, profuse, 212
Urethra, inflammation of, 217
Urethritis, 217
Urticaria, 234
Uterus, inversion of, 219
,, rupture of, 219
VAGINITIS, 219
,, chronic, 220
Valves of the heart, disease of,
201
Value of chaff as food, 61
Veins, inflammation of, 201
wounds of, 250
Ventilation, 34
Venous obstruction, 201
Veterinary medicine, 141
surgery, 141
surgeon, sending for
the, 151
Vices in the stable, 77
out of the stable, 82
Villitis, 238
Vomiting, 204
WARMTH of the stable, 75
Warts on the eyelids, 225
Water, 70
Weed, 201
Weak and shelly feet, 262
Weaving, 80
Wheat, digestibility of, 128
Wind-sucking, 81, 2-1 1
Whistling, 196
Work, 72
Worms in the intestines, 209
Withers, fistula of, 248
Wounds, 246
,, of arteries and veins, 250
,, lotion for, 169
Womb, inflammation of, 220
YELLOWS, the, 211
ADDENDA.
Clydesdales, 23 Shire Horse, 22
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