SB
4-6
UC-NRLF
254 172
The Horticulturist's
RULE-BOOK
A Compendium of Useful Information
for
FRUIT-GROWERS, TRUCK-GARDENERS, FLORISTS
AND OTHERS
Completed to the Close of the Year
1889
BY L. H. BAILEY
NEW YORK
GARDEN PUBLISHING COMPANY
By the Same Author.
ANNALS
OF
HORTICULTURE
FOR 1889.
Being a record of introductions
during the year, of new methods
and discoveries in horticulture, of
yields and prices, of tendencies in
gardening, of horticultural litera-
ture, of work of the experiment sta-
tions. Illustrated. Cloth, i2tno, 250
pages. Price, $i.
COPYRIGHTED 1889,
BY GARDEN PUBLISHING CO., L-T-D.
BY J. HORACE I
The author wishes to be advised of any errors
in this work, and he desires any information which
will be useful in the preparation of a second edition.
ITHACA, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1889,
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INSECTICIDES
CHAPTER II.
INJURIOUS INSECTS, WITH REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVES. 17-38
CHAPTER III.
FUNGICIDES, FOR PLANT DISEASES .................. 39~43
CHAPTER IV.
PLANT DISEASES, WITH PREVENTIVES AND REMEDIES. 44- 56
CHAPTER V.
INJURIES FROM MICE, RABBITS, SQUIRRELS AND BIRDS,
WITH PREVENTIVES AND REMEDIES ......... 57' 61
CHAPTER VI.
WEEDS ...................................... . ..... 62 64
1. Weeds in General .............................. 62
2. Weeds in Lawns ............................. . 63
3. Weeds on Walks ............................... 63
4. Moss on Walks and Lawns ..................... 64
CHAPTER VII.
WAXES FOR GRAFTING AND FOR WOUNDS ............. 65-68
1. Common Resin and Beeswax Waxes ............ 65
2. Alcoholic Waxes ............................... 65
3. French and Pitch Waxes ....................... 66
4. Waxed String and Bandage .................... 67
5. Waxes for Wounds ............................ 67
(2)
Contents. 3
CHAPTER VIII.
CEMENTS, MORTARS, PAINTS AND GLUES 69-75
1. Cement and Mortar 69
2. Concrete, etc., for Floors, Borders and Walks ... 71
3. Paints and Protective Compounds 72
4. Glues 74
CHAPTER IX.
SEED TABLES 76-85
1. Quantity of Seed Required to Sow an Acre 76
2. Weight and Size of Garden Seeds 77
3. Number of Tree Seeds in a Pound 80
4. Longevity of Garden Seeds 81
5. Average Time Required for Garden Seeds to
Germinate 84
6. Proper Kinds and Quantities of Seeds for a Model
English Kitchen Garden of ij^ acres 85
CHAPTER X.
PLANTING TABLES 86- 96
1. Dates for Sowing or Setting Kitchen Garden
Vegetables in Different Latitudes 86
2. Tender and Hardy Vegetables 89
3. Usual Distances Apart for Planting Fruits 89
4. Usual Distances Apart for Planting Vegetables. . . 90
5. Number of Plants Required to Set an Acre of
Ground at Given Distances 92
CHAPTER XI.
MATURITIES, YIELDS AND MULTIPLICATION 97-103
1. Time Required for Maturity of Different Garden
Crops, Reckoned from the Sowing of the Seed . . 97
2. Time Required, from Setting, for Fruit Plants to
Bear 97
4 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book.
Chapter XI, continued.
3. Average Profitable Longevity of Fruit Plants
Under High Culture 9
4. Average Yields per Acre of Various Crops 98
5. Tabular Statement of the Ways in which Plants
are Propagated 100
6. Ways of Grafting and Budding 101
7. Particular Methods by which Various Fruits are
Multiplied 102
8. Stocks Used for Various Fruits 103
CHAPTER XII.
METHODS OF KEEPING AND STORING FRUITS AND VEGE-
TABLES 104-112
CHAPTER XIII.
STANDARD AND LEGAL MEASURES AND SIZES 113-123
1. Standard Flower Pots 113
2. Legal and Standard Measures 114
3. Miscellaneous Legal Weights per Bushel 116
4. Miscellaneous Legal Sizes 116
5. Society and Customary Standards 118
6. Covent Garden Measures 122
CHAPTER XIV.
TABLES OF MEASURES AND WEIGHTS 124-129
CHAPTER XV.
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES, FIGURES AND NOTES 130-141
1. Quantity of Water Held by Pipes of Various Sizes. 130
2. Number of Gallons in Circular Tanks and Wells. . 130
3. Number of Gallons in Square-built Tanks 131
4. Thermometer Scales 132
5. Effects of Wind in Cooling Glass 132
6. Per Cent, of Rays of Light Reflected from Glass
Roofs at Various Angles of Inclination 133
Contents. 5
Chapter XV, continued.
7. Area of Glass in Various States and Provinces
Used for Commercial Greenhouse Purposes 133
8. National and Party Flowers 134
9. Dates at which Various Fruits and Nuts Appear in
Northern Markets 135
10. What Constitutes Wholesale Quantities 137
11. Average Prices in France of Various Orchid
Flowers 13^
12. Weights of Various Varieties of Apples per
Bushel 138
13. Various Recipes and Rules 138
14. Various Figures 140
CHAPTER XVI.
RULES 142-151
1. London's Rules of Horticulture 142
2. Rules of Nomenclature 142
3. Rules for Exhibition 144
CHAPTER XVII.
POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS 152-156
1. Classes of Domestic Mail Matter and Rates 152
2. Foreign Postage 154
3. Unmailable Matter 155
CHAPTER XVIII.
WEATHER SIGNS AND PROTECTION FROM FROST I 57~ I 59
CHAPTER XIX.
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING 160-169
1. Collecting and Preserving Hants 160
2. Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Other
Parts of Plants 161
3. Perfumery 167
4. Collecting and Preserving Insects 168
5 The Horticulturist's Ride- Book.
CHAPTER XX.
ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS AND ANALYSES 170-188
1. The Elements and their Symbols, and tlie Com-
position of Various Substances 170
2. Analyses 171
(a) General Analyses of Fruits and Fruit-Plants 171
(b) Analyses of Fruits and Garden Products
with Reference to their Fertilizing Con-
stituents 175
(c) Analyses of Animal Excrements 179
(d) Analyses of Various Materials which are
Used for Fertilizers 182
(e) Trade Values for 1889 of Fertilizing In-
gredients in Raw Materials and Chemicals. 187
CHAPTER XXI.
NAMES AND HISTORIES 189-199
1. Vegetables which have Different Names in England
and America 189
2. Names of Vegetables in Different Languages 190
3. Derivation of the Names of Various Fruits and
Vegetables 194
4. Periods of Cultivation and Native Countries of
Cultivated Plants 196
CHAPTER XXII.
STATISTICS 200-213
1. Horticultural Statistics 200
2. Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom 208
CHAPTER XXIII.
GLOSSARY 214-229
CHAPTER I.
INSECTICIDES.
Arsenic. Kncwn to chemists as arseriious acid or wMte
oxide of arsenic. It is considered an unsafe insecticide.,
as its color allows it to be mistaken for other substances ;
but in its various compounds it forms our best insecticides.
From i to 2 grains usually prove fatal to an adult ; 30
grains will usually kill a horse, 10 a cow and i grain or
less is usually fatal to a dog. In case of poisoning, while
awaiting the arrival of a physician, give emetics, and after
free vomiting, give milk and eggs. Sugar and magnesia
in milk is useful.
Arsenites. Compounds of arsenic, in which arsenious
acid unites with some metallic base. The leading arsen-
ites used in destroying insects are Paris green and London
purple.
PARIS GREEN. An aceto-arsenite of copper. When pure,
it contains about 58 per cent, of arsenic, but the commer-
cial article usually contains less, often as little as 30 per
cent. The following may be considered an average an-
alysis : Arsenic, 47.68 per cent.; copper oxide, 27.47;
sulphuric acid, 7.16; moisture, 1.35; insoluble residue,
2.34. It is applied either in a wet or dry condition, but in
any case it must be much diluted. For making a dry
mixture, plaster, flour, air-slaked lime, road dust, or
sifted wood ashes may be used. The strength of the mix-
ture required depends upon the plants and insects to
which it is to be applied. The strongest mixture now
8 77/6' Horticulturist" s Rule- Book.
Arsenites (Paris green) continued.
recommended is i part of poison to 50 of the diluent, but
if the mixing is very thoroughly done, i part to 100 or
even 200 is sufficient.
Paris green is practically insoluble in water. When
mixed with water, the mixture must be kept in a constant
state of agitation, else the poison will settle and the liquid
from the bottom of the cask will be so strong as to do
serious damage, while that from the top will be useless.
For potatoes, apple trees and most species of shade trees,
i pound of poison to 200 gallons of water is a good
mixture. For the stone fruits, i pound to 300 or even 400
gallons of water is a strong enough mixture. Peach trees
arg very apt to be injured by arsenites, and for them the
mixture should be very dilute. In all cases, the liquid
should be applied with force in a very fine spray. It ap-
pears that at some seasons of the year foliage is more
liable to injury than at others.
LONDON PURPLE. An arsenite of lime, obtained as a by-
product in the manufacture of aniline dyes. The compo-
sition is variable. The amount of arsenic varies from 30
to over 50 per cent. The two following analyses show its
composition: i. Arsenic, 43.65 per cent.; rose aniline,
12. 46; lime, 21.82; insoluble residue, 14.57: iron oxide,
1.16; water, 2.27. 2. Arsenic, 55.35 per cent.; lime,
26.23; sulphuric acid, .22; carbonic acid, .27; moisture,
5.29. It is a finer powder than Paris green, and therefore
remains longer in suspension in water. It is used in the
same manner as Paris green, but is sometimes found to be
more caustic on foliage. This injury appears to be due
to the presence of soluble arsenic. London purple should
not be used on peach trees.
Either Paris green or London purple may be combined
with kerosene emulsion to give the material greater ad-
hesiveness to leaves and to increase its wetting power. To
100 gallons of the arsenite mixture, add i gallon of kero-
sene emulsion.
The arsenites may be used in connection with various
Insecticides. 9
Arsenites (London purple) continued.
fungicides, and both insects and plant diseases in this man-
ner may be combated at the same time. An ounce of
the arsenites may be added to ten gallons of Bordeaux
mixture for potatoes, and other combinations will occur to
the operator. The arsenites are also sometimes added to
soap and other washes.
Bait. Paris green or London purple, i ounce ; chopped
grass or leaves, 8 ounces, and syrup enough to allow the
mass to be worked into balls. For wire-worm beetles,
crickets, katydids, etc.
Bisulphide of carbon. A thin liquid which volatilizes
at a very low temperature, the vapor being very destruct-
ive to animal life. It is exceedingly inflammable, and
should never be used near a lamp or fire. It is used
for many root insects. It is poured into a hole which is
immediately closed up, causing the fumes to permeate the
soil in all directions. In loose soils it is very destructive
to insects. It is also inserted in tight receptacles to kill
such insects as pea-weevil and museum pests.
Blue vitriol, or Copperas. i ounce of copperas to a pail
of water is sometimes effective in destroying root insects.
Coal-tar fumes. Burn rags coated with coal-tar attached
to a pole. Remedy for aphis.
Carbolic acid and soap mixture. i pint crude carbolic acid,
i quart soft soap, 2 gallons hot water. Mix thoroughly.
This wash is used for borers, and for plant-lice. Apply
with a cloth or soft broom.
Carbolic acid and water. Add i part of acid to from 50 to
TOO parts of water. For root insects.
Carbolized plaster. Stir i pint of crude carbolic acid into
50 pounds of land plaster. Or, quick lime may be slaked
with the acid. The powder is thrown over the tree when
the dew is on, as a remedy for the curculio. It should be
applied profusely.
Glue and arsenites wash. Common glue, i lb., soaked a
few hours in cold water and then dissolved in J^ gallon
io The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Glue and arsenites wash, continued.
of hot water ; add i ounce London purple or Paris green,
stir well, and add hot water till the mixture measures 2
gallons. For preventing the attacks of borers.
Hot water. Submerge affected plants or branches in
water of a temperature of about 125. For aphis.
Kerosene. In pure state, kerosene is used as an insecti-
cide upon many plants, with various results. It does not
appear to injure the coleus, rose, grape, peach and pea,
but does injure the potato, tomato, and gooseberry.
Kerosene emulsion. Soft soap, i quart, or hard soap-
preferably whale-oil soap one-fourth pound ; 2 quarts hot
water ; i pint kerosene. Stir until all are permanently
mixed, and then add water until the kerosene forms one-
fifteenth of the whole compound. A good way to make
the emulsion permanent, is to pump the mixture back into
the receptacle several times.
Kerosene and milk emulsion. Sour milk, i gallon ; kero-
sene oil, 2 gallons ; warm to a blood heat and mix thor-
oughly. Dilute io times with water. For scale insects
and plant lice.
Kerosene and condensed milk emulsion. Kerosene, 2 gal-
lons, or 64 per cent, of the entire mixture ; condensed milk,
4 cans of ^ pint, or 12^ per cent ; water twice the quantity
of milk, or 24 per cent.
Kerosene and water emulsion. Goff atomizes kerosene
and water as follows : To the Woodason atomizing bel-
lows a small cup was attached directly in front of the
fount for holding the liquid to be atomized. From this
cup a very slender copper tube was passed through the
side of the fount where it entered the larger tube that con-
ducts the liquid from the fount to the mouth of the bel-
lows. It then curved upward, passing through the center
of this tube as far as the mouth of the bellows, where both
came to an end at the same point. Kerosene was then
placed in the added cup and water in the fount. On work-
ing the bellows the liquids are atomized together. The
Insecticides. 1 1
Kerosene and water emulsion, continued.
proportion of kerosene emitted will depend upon the rela.
tive diameters of the two tubes, but it may also be regu-
lated by the relative depths of the liquid in their respect-
ive founts. A better way would be to use but single
fount and to divide this into two parts, one for kerosene
and the other for water. This would permit che mouch of
the bellows to be brought nearer to +he plant to be
atomized.
Lime spray. Slake \ peck or a peck of lime in a barrel
of water, straining the lime as it enters the barrel to pre-
vent its clogging the pump. Apply in a spray until the
tree appears as if white-washed. For rose-chafer.
London purple. See Arsenites.
Lye wash. r pound concentrated lye, potash, or J pound
to 3 gallons water. On an average, i bushel of good wood
ashes contains about 4 pounds of potash. For scale insects.
Common home-made lye is often diluted with water and
applied to apple branches with a brush as a remedy for the
bark-louse. It is also recommended as a remedy for the
cabbage-worm, being sprinkled on trie cabbages with a
watering-pot. If concentrated lye is used, a pound should
be diluted with a barrel of water.
Lye and sulphur wash. Concentrated lye, i pound, or
potash, iX pounds: sulphur, i^ pounds; water, 3 gal-
lons. For scale insects.
Oil and alkali wash. i. i-J gallons of whale oil, 25
pounds sal-soda ; dissolve the sal-soda in 25 gallons of
water and heat it to boiling. When boiling pour the whale
oil in. Apply the wash when cooled to 130 Fahr.
2. i pound of concentrated lye (American) of 80 per
cent. ; or J of a pound of Greenbank powdered caustic
soda, of 98 per cent. ; or i pound of solid caustic soda, of
76 per cent.; or i^ pounds of solid caustic soda of 63
per cent. These varying proportions are given because
he caustic sodas in the markets are of different strengths
12 The Horticidturis? s Rule- Book.
Oil and alkali wash, continued.
and purity. Whichever one is chosen, add to each amount
named ^ pound of commercial potash and dissolve in 6
gallons of water.
Both washes are for scale insects on deciduous trees in
winter. (Californian.)
Paraffine oil. When plants are infested with lice, water
them at intervals of three or four days for about three
weeks with diluted paraffine in the proportion of a wine-
glassful to watering can of water.
Paris green. See Arsenites.
Plaster and kerosene. 2 quarts of plaster or wood ashes,
i tablespoonful of kerosene. Mix and rub with the hands
until the oil is well incorporated. Bone-flour may be sub-
stituted for the plaster.
Promoting growth. Any course that tends to promote
vigor will be helpful in enabling plants to withstand the
attacks of plant lice and other insects.
Pyrethrum. A very fine and light brown powder made
from the flower heads of species of pyrethrum. It is
scarcely injurious to man. Three brands are upon the
market :
PERSIAN INSECT POWDER, made from the heads of Pyrethrum
roseum, a species now cultivated as an ornamental plant.
The plant is native to the Caucasus region.
DALMATIAN INSECT POWDER, made from Pyrethrum cinera-
ria; folium.
BUHACH, made in California from cultivated plants of P.
cineraria folium.
When fresh and pure, all these brands appear to be
equally valuable, but the home-grown product is usually
considered most reliable. Pyrethrum soon loses its value
when exposed to the air. It is used in various ways :
1. In solution in water, i ounce to 3 gallons.
2. Dry, without dilution.
Insecticides . 1 3
Pyrethrum (Buhach), continued.
3. Dry, diluted with flour or any light and fine pow-
der. The poison may be used in the proportion of i part
to from 6 to 30 of the diluent.
4. In fumigation. It may be scattered directly upon
coals, or made into small balls by wetting and molding
with the hands and then set upon coals. This is a de-
sirable way of dealing with mosquitoes and flies.
5. In alcohol. Dissolve about 4 ounces of powder in i
gill of alcohol, and add 12 gallons of water.
6. Decoction. Whole flower heads are treated to boil-
ing water and the liquid is covered to prevent evaporation.
Boiling the liquid destroys its value.
Good insect powder can be made from Pyretfirum roseum,
and probably also from P. cinerari&folium, which is grown
in the home garden.
Quassia. Boil 4 ozs. of quassia chips 10 minutes in a
gallon of water ; strain off the chips and add 4 ozs. of
soft water, which should be dissolved in it as ii: cools.
Apply with syringe or brush. 10 or 15 minutes after it has
been applied, give the tree a good syringing with clean
water. For plant lice.
Resin soap. Ingredients for one barrel of 50 gallons : 10
pounds caustic soda, 98 per cent. ; 10 pounds potash ; 40
pounds tallow ; 40 pounds resin. First. Dissolve the pot-
ash and soda in 10 gallons of water. When dissolved,
place the whole amount in the barrel to be used. Second.
Dissolve the tallow and resin together. When dissolved,
add the same to the potash and soda in the barrel, and stir
well for five minutes or so. Leave standing for about two
hours ; then fill up with water, stirring well as every bucket
of water goes in. Use the following day, i pound to the
gallon of water. Apply warm. For scale on deciduous
trees in summer. (Californian.)
Resin and fish-oil soap. 20 pounds of resin, i gallon of
fish-oil, 8 pounds of caustic soda, and enough water to
$4 The Horticulturist s Rule- Book.
Eesin and fish-oil soap, continued.
make 100 gallons. The caustic soda is first dissolved in
about 16 gallons of water, after which y z of the solution
is taken out and the resin added to that remaining in the
kettle. When all the resin is dissolved, the fish-oil is added
to it and the whole thoroughly stirred, after which the bal-
ance of the caustic soda solution is added very slowly and
boiled for about an hour, or until it will readily mix with
water. Use an iron kettle. For scale insects on orange
and olive. (Californian.)
Resin and petroleum soap. Water, 100 gals. ; resin, 17 >
Ibs. ; soda (60 per cent.), 7 Ibs. ; fish-oil, 3 Ibs. ; petroleum,
2 Ibs. The resin, soda and fish-oil, with 20 gals, water,
are boiled together for four hours, when the kerosene is
added and the whole is thoroughly stirred. While hot,
place in a barrel and add the remaining 80 gals, water, and
emulsify by thorough stirring. For scale on citrus trees.
Salt and lime wash. 25 pounds of lime (unslaked), 20
pounds of sulphur, 15 pounds of salt, 60 gallons of water.
To mix the above, take 10 pounds of lime, 20 pounds of
sulphur, and 20 gallons of water. Boil until the sulphur
is thoroughly dissolved. Take the remainder 15 pounds
of lime and 15 pounds of salt-slack, and add enough of
water to make the whole 60 gallons. Strain and spray on
the trees when milk-warm or somewhat warmer. This can
be applied when the foliage is off the tree, and will have
no injurious effects whatever on the fruit buds or the tree
itself. For scale on deciduous trees in winter. (Cali-
fornian.)
Soap and arsenites. Yellow soap, 4 Ibs., which is dis-
solved in i gallon of hot water ; add 4 ounces of London
purple or Paris green, mix, and dilute with 50 gallons of
hot water. For plant lice.
Soap and lime wash. 5 Ibs. potash, 5 Ibs. lard stirred in
5 gals, of boiling water ; i peck quicklime slaked in 5 gals.
of boiling water, and mixed while hot with the potash and
Insecticides. 15
Soap and lime wash, continued.
lard mixture. Dilute by adding 2 gals, of boiling water
for each gallon of the mixture. It will keep indefinitely.
For preventing the attacks of borers.
Soap and soda wash. To soft-soap add a strong solution
of common washing-soda, until the mixture becomes a
thick paint.
Soap and tobacco. Dissolve 8 Ibs. of the best soft soap
in 12 gallons of rain water, and when cold add i gallon of
strong tobacco liquor. For plant lice.
Soda and aloes. Dissolve 2 Ibs. of washing soda and i
oz. of bitter Barbadoes aloes, and when cold add i gallon
of water. Dip the plants into the solution, and lay them
on their sides for a short time, and the insect will drop off.
Syringe the plants with clean, tepid water, and return to
the house. For plant lice.
Soda and resin wash. Salsoda, 3 Ibs., added to i pint of
hot water ; add slowly 4 Ibs. of resin, and gradually add 2
pints of hot water. Dilute to 5 gallons. For scale in-
sects ; also recommended for curculio.
Soda wash. Dissolve l / 2 pound of common washing-soda
in a pail of water.
Sulphide of soda wash (Hilgard's). Dissolva 30 pounds of
whale-oil soap in 60 gallons of water, by heating the two
together thoroughly. Then boil 3 pounds of American con-
centrated lye with 6 pounds of sulphur and 2 gallons of
water. When thoroughly dissolved it is a dark brown
liquid, chemically called sulphide of soda. Mix the two
the soap and the sulphide well, and allow thefn to boil
half an hour. Then add about 90 gallons of water to the
mixture, and it is ready for use. Apply it warm, by means
of a spray pump. Used warm, its effect is better and less
material is required than when cold. For scale on decid-
uous trees in summer. (Californian.)
1 6 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Sulphur. Fumes of sulphur is, destructive to insects, but
it should be carefully used or plants will be injured. For
greenhouse use, few insecticides are superior. The sul-
phur should be evaporated over an oil stove, until the
room is filled with the vapor. The sulphur should never
be burned, as burning sulphur kills plants.
Sulphur and snuff. i Ib. of flowers of sulphur, i Ib. of
scotch snuff, i Ib. of quicklime, */% Ib. of lamp-black, i
Ib. of soft soap, with sufficient water to make them into
the consistency of paint. Wash every branch, from the
ground upwards, with a common paint brush before the
bloom-buds begin to swell. For plant lice.
Tobacco. Used in the following ways :
1. Tobacco water, used with whale oil soap.
2. Dust.
3. Fumes. Burn dampened tobacco stems.
4. Nicotyl. Steep tobacco stems in water and evaporate
the water.
5. Tea, or common decoction. Boil the stems or dust
thoroughly, and strain. Then add cold water until the de-
coction contains 2 gallons of liquid to i pound of tobacco.'
Whale oil soap. i pound whale oil soap to 5 gallons of
water. For mealy bugs and similar insects. It will injure
some tender plants.
White hellebore. A light brown powder made from the
roots of the white hellebore plant ( Veratrum atbuni], one
of the lily family. It is applied both dry and in water.
In the dry state, it is usually applied without dilution, al-
though the addition of a little flour will render it more
adhesive. In water, i ounce of the poison is mixed with
3 gallons. Hellebore soon loses its strength, and a fresh
article should always be demanded. It is much less poi-
sonous than the arsenites
CHAPTER II.
INJURIOUS INSECTS, WITH REMEDIES AND PREVEN-
TIVES.
Angle- Worm or Earth- Worm. The common angle- worm
often destroys greenhouse plants by its burrowing. It is
sometimes annoying in gardens also.
Remedy. Lime water applied to the soil.
Aphides or Plant-Lice, and Bark-Lice. Minute insects of
various kinds, feeding upon the tender parts of many
plants.
Remedies. Kerosene emulsion. Kerosene and water
emulsion. Hot water (about 125). Coal tar fumes.
Apple. APPLE CURCULIO (Anlhonomus quadrigibbus. Say).
A soft white grub, about half an inch long, living in the
fruit,
Remedy. Arsenites, as for codlin moth.
APPLE FLEA-BEETLE (Graptoderafoliacea, Lee). Beetle, one-
fifth inch or less long, feeding upon leaves.
Remedy . Arsenites.
APPLE MAGGOT ( Trypeta pomonella, Walsh). Maggot ; in-
fests fall apples mostly, occasionally attacks winter fruit.
It tunnels apples through and through, causing the fruit to
fall to the earth. Prefers summer and fall apples.
Remedies Immediately destroy all infested fruit, pomace,
and apple waste from the house.
BARK LOUSE (Mytilaspis pomontm, Bouche). Minute insects
feeding upon the tender shoots. Later in the season the
insect secretes a scale under which it lives. The old scales
become conspicuous on the twigs,
R 2 (17)
i8 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book.
Apple (Bark Louse), continued.
Preventive. Plant unaffected trees.
Remedies. Spray with kerosene emulsion, soda wash,
or soap and soda wash, when the shoots begin to start.
Wash the limbs with soap suds or lye water. Scrape off
the lice.
BUD MOTH (Tmetocera oceilana, Fabr.). A minute insect,
destroying the flower bud of apples, pears, plums, etc.
Remedy. Arsenites applied when the buds begin to swell,
and again ten days later.
CANKER-WORM (Anisopteryxvernata, Peck). Larva, a "meas-
uring worm" an inch long, dark and variously striped,
feeding upon the leaves.
Preventive. Bands smeared with tar or printer's ink, or
similar devices, placed about the trunk of the tree to pre-
vent the wingless females from climbing.
Remedies. Arsenites. Jar the worms into straw, and
burn the straw.
CODLIN MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella, Linn). Larva, three;
fourths inch long, pinkish, feeding in fruit ; two broods.
Remedies. Arsenites applied just after the blossoms fall
and again ten days or two weeks later. Swine in the
orchard. Cloth band about the trunk of the tree, which
is examined at intervals of seven to nine days for larvae
and chrysalids.
FALL WEB-WORM (Hyphantria textor, Harris). Hairy larvae,
about an inch long, varying from gray to pale yellow or
bluish black, feeding upon the leaves of many trees, feed-
ing in tents or webs.
Remedy. Destroy by burning the webs, or removing
them and crushing the larvae.
FLAT-HEADED BORER (Chrysobothris femorata, Fabr.). Larva
about an inch long, flesh colored, the third segment
("head") greatly enlarged; boring under the bark and
sometimes into the wood.
Preventive. Soap and carbolic acid washes applied
early in June and July. Keep trees vigorous.
Remedies. Dig out the borers. Encourage wood-peckers.
Injurious Insects. 19
Apple, continued.
PEAR-TWIG BEETLE. See under Pear,
PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachehis nenuphar, Herbst). Beetle;
punctures the fruit and causes it to become distorted.
Remedies. Arsenite . Plant plum trees at intervals
throughout the orchard to attract the curculio, and fight
the insects on the plums. See under Plum.
ROOT-LOUSE (Sc/iizoneitra lanigera, Hausm). A minute insect
which causes swelling upon the roots of the tree, impair-
ing its vitality, or killing it. In another form the insect
attacks the young branches. It is then conspicuous from
its cottony covering. The treatment for aphis is useful
here.
Remedy. Hot water. Scalding hot water may be poured
on the bare roots of trees standing in the soil, or nursery
stock may be dipped in water having a temperature of
120 to 150. Mulching about trees is said to bring the lice
nearer the surface.
ROSE BEETLE. See under Rose. There is practically no
remedy for the rose beetle on large orchard trees. Rav-
ages can be prevented, to a large extent, by the iime spray.
ROUND-HEADED BORERS {Saperda Candida and S. cretata,
Fabr.). Larva, an inch long when mature; bores into the
tree. It remains in the larval state three years.
Preventive. Soap and carbolic acid washes applied
early in June and in July.
Remedies. Dig out borers in the fall. Insert a wire
into the holes.
TENT CATERPILLARS (Clisiocampa Americana and C. sylvatica,
Harris). Larva, nearly twoinches long, spotted and striped
with yellow, white and black ; feeding upon the leaves.
Remedy. Arsenides, as for codlin moth. Burn out nests
with torch.
TUSSOCK MOTH (Orgyia leucostigma, Sm. and Abb.). A hand-
some caterpillar, an inch long, bright yellow with red
markings, very hairy. Eats the leaves.
Remedy. Arsenites.
20 r lhe HorticiUtiiris? s Rule- Book.
Apple, continued.
TWIG-BORER {Amphicerus Bostrichus bicaudatus, Say).
Beetle, three-eighths inch long, cylindrical and dark brown,
boring into twigs of apple, pear and other trees. The
beetle enters just above a bud.
Remedy. Burn the twigs. Catch insects in mating
season.
T\viG-PRUKERs(t(>fl/ii(tionsara/ie/um, Newm, and E.villosum,
Fabr.). Yellowish white larvae, about a half inch long,
boring into young twigs, causing them to die and break off.
Remedy. Burn the twigs.
Apricot. PEAR-TWIG BEETLE. See under Pear.
PLUM CURCULIO. See under Plum.
Asparagus. ASPARAGUS BEETLE (Crioceris asparagi,
Linn.). Beetle, less than one-fourth inch in length, yellow,
red and shining black, with conspicuous ornamentation,
feeding upon the tender shoots. Larva feeds upon the leaves
and tender bark.
Remedies. Freshly slaked lime dusted on before the
dew has disappeared in the morning. Poultry.
Aster. ASTER-WORM. A small larva boring in the stem
of garden asters about the time they begin to flower, caus-
ing the heads to droop.
No remedy is known, but all infested stalks should be
burned.
Bean. BEAN-WEEVIL or BEAN-BUG (B.-uchus obsoletus,
Say). Closely resembles the pea-weevil, which see for de-
scription and remedies.
Bag- Worm or Basket- Worm ( Thyridopteryxephemerceformis,
Haw ). Larva working in singular dependent bags, and
feeding upon many kinds of trees, both evergreen and de-
ciduous. In winter the bags, empty or containing eggs, are
conspicuous, hanging from the branches.
Remedies. Hand-picking. Arsenites.
Bark-Lice. See under Aphides.
Injurious Insects 21
Blackberry. CANE- BORER, See under Raspberry.
ROOT GALL-FLY. See under Raspberry.
SNOWY CRICKET. See under Raspberry.
Blister-Beetle (Lytta, two or three species). Soft-shelled,
long-necked and slim black or gray spry beetles, feeding
upon the leaves of many trees and garden plants
Remedies. Arsenites. Jarring.
Cabbage. CABBAGE-WORM, or CABBAGE BUTTERFLY (Pieris
rapa, Linn.). Larva an inch long, green with yellow and
black markings, feeding upon the heads ; two broods.
Remedies. Pyrethrum. Hot water (temperature from
140 to 160), applied forcibly in a fine spray. Lye wash.
GREEN LETTUCE-WORM. See under Lettuce.
HARLEQUIN CABBAGE-BUG (Strackia histrionica, Hahn).
Bug about a half inch long, gaudily colored with orange
dots and stripes over a blue-black ground, feeding upon
cabbage ; two to six broods.
Remedies. Hand-picking. Place blocks about the patch
and the bugs will collect under them. In the fall make
small piles of rubbish in the patch and burn them at thfe
approach of winter.
MAGGOT (Anthomyia brassiccc, Bouche). A minute white
maggot, the larva of a small fly, eating into the crown
and roots of young cabbage and cauliflower and turnip
plants.
Remedies. There are no remedies specific for the pest ;
the best one can do is to remove the plantation to a new plot,
as far away as possible, each year. When the plants are in
a hot-bed, maggots can be destroyed by inserting bisulphide
of carbon into the soil. Puddle the plants when trans-
planting in a puddle to which sulphur has been added,
and sprinkle sulphur about the plants after they are set.
Liquid manure applied to the plants is said to drive away
the insects. All infested plants should be burned.
The "club-root" of cabbage is not due to the maggot,
but to a fungus (which see).
22 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Carrot. PARSLEY- WORM. See under Parsley.
Cauliflower. CAULIFLOWER or CABBAGE- WORM. See under
Cabbage.
MAGGOT. See under Cabbage.
Celery. GREEN LETTUCE-WORM. See under Lettuce.
PARSLEY- WORM. See under Parsley.
Cherry. CANKER-WORM. Sec under Apple.
PLUM CURCULIO. See under Plum.
ROSE BEETLE. See under Rose and Apple.
SLUG (Selandria cerasi, Peck). Lcirva, one-half inch long,
blackish and slimy, feeding upon the leaves ; two broods.
' Remedies. Arsenites, for the second brood (which usu-
ally appears after the fruit is off), and for the first brood if
the trees are not bearing. Hellebore in water. Pyrethrum.
Air-slaked lime. Catch mature insects by jarring trees
late in the evening or early in the morning.
Chrysanthemum. GREEN LETTUCE-WORM. See under
Lettuce.
CHRYSANTHEMUM LEAF-MINER (Oscinis sp.).) Works upon
the leaves of the chrysanthemum.
Remedy. Hand-picking.
Corn. BUD-WORM. See Tomato Fruit-worm.
CORNSTALK BORER (Helotropha atra, Get.). Larva, gray, and
striped, boring into the stalk.
Remedies. See Cut- Worm.
GRAIN APHODIUS (Aphodius granarius, Linn.) Beetle, one-
eighth inch long, shining black, feeding on kernels in the
ground before they sprout.
Remedy. Soak kernels in water, then stir them in a mix"
ture of Paris green to twenty parts of flour.
Cranberry. CRANBERRY APHIS or LOUSE.
Remedy. Flooding. See also under Aphides.
FIRE-WORM, or CRANBERRY-WORM (Phopobotavacdniana, Pack-
ard). Small larva, green, feeding upon the shoots and
Injurious Insects. 23
Cranberry (Fire- Worm or Cranberry- Worm) , continued.
young leaves, drawing them together by silken threads ;
two broods.
Remedies. Flooding for two or three days. Arsenites.
Attract the moths to fires at night.
CRANBERRY SAW-FLY (Pristipkora identidem, Norton).
Larva, less than one-half inch long, greenish, feeding upon
the leaves ; two broods.
Remedy. Flooding. Probably hellebore and arsenites.
WEEVIL (Anthonomous sttturalis, Sec.). Beetle, less than
cne-furth inch long, cutting off the flower buds.
Remedy. Flooding.
Cucumber. CUCUMBER or PICKLE-WORM (Edioptis nitidalis^
Cram.). Larva, about an inch long, yellowish-white,
tinged with green, boring, into cucumbers ; two broods.
Remedies. Hand-picking at the first appearance of the
caterpillars. Destroy infested fruits.
MELON-WORM. See under Melon.
SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica i2-punctata, Oliv.).
Beetle, yellowish and black-spotted, about one-fourth
inch long, feeding upon the leaves and fruit. Sometimes
attacks fruit-trees, and the larva may injure roots of corn.
Remedy. Same as for Striped Cucumber Beetle.
STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE {Diabrotica vittata, Fabr.).
Beetle, one-fourth inch long, yellow with black stripes,
feeding on leaves. Larva, one-eighth inch long and size
of a pin, feeding on roots : two broods.
Preventive. Cheap boxes covered with thin muslin
placed over young plants.
Remedies. Arsenites. Land plaster. Air-slaked lime.
Plaster and kerosene. Apply remedies when dew is on,
and see that it strikes the under side of the leaves.
Currant. BORER (^Egeria tipuliformis, Linn.). A whitish
larva, boring in the canes of currants, and sometimes of
gooseberries. The larva remains in the cane over winter.
Remedy. In fall and early spring cut and burn all affected
24 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Currant (Borer), continued.
canes. These canes are distinguished before cutting by
lack of vigor, and by limberness.
CURRANT-WORM, or CURRANT and GOOSEBERRY SAW-FLY
(Nematus ventricosus, Klug). Larva, about three-fourths
inch long, yellow, green, feeding upon the leaves of red
and white varieties ; two to four broods.
Remedies. White hellebore, applied early. Arsenites
after the fruit is picked.
CURRANT MEASURING or SPAN-WORM (Enfitchia (Abraxis)
ribearia, Fitch.). Larva somewhat over an inch long,
with stripes and dotted with yellow or black, feeding upon
the leaves.
'Remedies. Hellebore, applied stronger than for currant
worm. Arsenites, if the bushes are not bearing. Hand
picking.
FOUR-STRIPED PLANT-BUG (Pcecilocapsus lineatus, Fabr.). A
bright yellow black-striped bug about one-third of an inch
long, puncturing the young leaves and shoots of many
plants.
Remedy. Jarring early in the morning.
GREEN LEAF-HOPPF.R (Empoa albopicta, Forbes). Small insect
working upon the under surface of the currant and goose-
berry leaves. Also upon the apple.
Remedy. Pyrethrum.
GREEN LEAF-HOPPER. ( Typlocylm albopicta, Forbes). A pale
green insect about one-tenth inch long, feeding upon leaves
of currants and gooseberries, also upon the apple, causing
white spots to appear upon the upper surfaces.
Remedies. Pyrethrum, applied before the insects are
fully grown. Tobacco dust.
Cut-Worm. Various species of Agrotis and related genera.
Soft, brown or gray worms, of various kinds, feeding upon
the roots, crown, or even the tops of plants.
Preventives and Remedies. Encircling the stem of the
plant with heavy paper or tin. Arsenites sprinkled upon
Injurious Insects. 25
Cut- Worm, continued.
small bunches of fresh grass or clover, which are scattered
at short intervals about the garden towards evening.
Arsenites mixed with shorts, and placed about the plants
Make two or three deep holes by the side of the plant
with a pointed stick; the worms will fall in and cannot
escape. Dig them out. Plow infested land in fall to give
birds a chance to find the worms.
Cut- Worm, Climbing. Several species of Agrotis. The
worms climb small trees of various kinds at night and eat
out the buds.
Preventive, Place strips of tin or bands of tar about
the trunk. Dig a small circular hole, with perpedicular
sides, about the base of the tree.
Remedies. Arsenites. Hellebore.
Dahlia. FOUR-STRIPED PLANT-BUG. See under Currant.
GREEN LETTUCE-WORM. See under Lettuce.
Deutzia. FOUR-STRIPED PLANT-BUG. See under Currant.
Egg Plant. POTATO BEETLE. See under Potato.
Elm. ELM-LEAF BEETLE (Galleruca xantho-melcena, Schr.).
A small bettle, imported from Europe, which causes
great devastation in some of the eastern states, by eating
the green matter from elm leaves, causing the trees to ap-
pear as if scorched.
Remedy. Arsenites with kerosene emulsion
CANKER-WORM. See under Apple.
WILLOW- WORM. See under Willow.
Endive. GREEN LETTUCE-WORM. See under Lettuce.
Flea-Beetle (Phyllotrcta vittata, Fabr. ; Haltica striolata,
Harris). A minute black spotted beetle, feeding upon
many plants, as turnips, cabbage, radish, mustard, potato,
strawberry, and stocks. It jumps upon being disturbed.
Closely related species attack various plants. Very de-
structive to plants which are just appearing above the sur-
face.
26 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book.
Flea-Beetle, continued.
Remedies. There are no reliable preventives or reme-
dies. Arsenites applied dry while the dew is o"n are best.
Land plaster, lime, ashes, and tobacco dust, applied in the
same manner, are more or less effective. Tobacco decoc-
tion used very liberally. Wood-ashes applied liberally.
Sometimes these injure the plants. Kerosene emulsion
thrown with great force agrinst the plants. Calomel,
mixed with flour or ashes. The same remedies apply to
other flea-beetles.
Gooseberry. CURRANT- BORER. See under Currant.
CURRANT MEASURING or SPAN-WORM. See under Currant.
FOUR-STRIPED PLANT-BUG. See under Currant.
GOOSEBERRY or CURRANT- WORM. See under Currant.
GOOSEBERRY FRUIT- WORM (Dakruma convolutella, Hubn.).
Larva, about three-fourths inch long, greenish or yellow-
ish, feeding in the berry, causing it to ripen prematurely
Remedies. Destroy affected berries. Clean cultivation
Poultry.
GREEN LEAF-HOPPER. See under Currant.
Grape. APPLE-TREE BORER. See under Apple.
GRAPE-BERRY WORM (Eudtmis botrana, Schiff.). Larva,
about one-fourth inch long, feeding in the berry, often
securing three or four together in a web ; two broods.
Remedy. Burn the affected berries before the larva
escapes.
GRAPE CURCULIO. Larva, small, black with a grayish tint.
Infests the grape in June and July, causing a little black
hole in the skin and a discoloration of the berry immedi-
ately around it.
Remedies. Jarring and removing berries. The beetle
may be jarred down on sheets, as with the plum curculio,
Bagging the clusters.
GRAPE-SEED WORM (Isosoma vitis, Saunders). A minute
grub, living in the seed of the grape and causing it to be.
come distorted. The injured grapes shrivel.
Remedy. Burn the affected fruit.
Injurious Insects. 27
Grape, continued.
GRAPE-SLUG or SAW-FLY (Selandria vitis, Harris). Larva,
about one-half inch long^ yellowish-green with black
points, feeding upon the leaves two broods.
Remedies. Arsenites. Hellebore.
GRAPE-VINE FIDIA (Fidia viticida]. Beetle, resembles the
Rose-bug, somewhat shorter and broader. It appears
during June and July, riddling the leaves.
Remedies. Jarring the trees ; the least jar is sufficient.
Poultry.
GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE (Graptodera chalybea Illig.).
Beetle, about one-fourth inch long, feeding upon the buds
and tender shoots in early spring.
Remedies. Arsenites. The beetle can be caught by jar-
ring on cold mornings.
GRAPE-VINE ROOT-BORER (sEgeria polistiformis, Harris).
Larva, one and one-half inch or less long, working in the
roots.
Preventive. Mounding as for the peach-tree borer.
Remedy. Dig out the borers. Apply scalding water to
the roots.
GRAPE-VINE SPHINX (Darapsa myron, Cramer). A large
larva, two inches long when mature, green with yellow
spots and stripes, bearing a horn at the posterior extremity,
feeding upon the leaves, and nipping off the young clus-
ters of grapes ; two broods.
Remedy. Hand picking.
There are other large Sphinx caterpillars which feed
upon the foliage of the vine and which are readily kept in
check by hand picking.
PHYLLOXERA (Phylloxera vestatrix, Planchon). A minute
insect preying upon the roots, and in one form causing
galls upon the leaves.
Preventive. As a rule, this insect is not destructive to
American species of vines. Grafting upon resistant stocks
is the most reliable method of dealing with the insect yet
known. This precaution is undertaken to a large extent
28 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Grape (Phylloxera), continued.
in European countries, as the European vine is particularly
subject to attack.
Remedies. There is no reliable remedy known. Burn
affected leaves. Bisulphide of carbon poured in holes in
the ground, which are quickly filled, is sometimes effective.
Carbolic acid and water used in the same way is also
recommended.
ROSE BEETLE. See under Rose.
SNOWY CRICKET. See under Raspberry.
THRIP or LEAF-HOPPER (Erythroneura vitis, Harris). In vari-
ous stages, one-tenth inch or less long ; feeding on leaves,
causing them to appear scorched.
Remedies. Sticky fly paper secured to a stick and car-
ried over the vines, while another person scares up the in-
sects. Attract to lights at night. Kerosene emulsion. In
houses, tobacco smoke, pyrethrum poured upon coals held
under the vines, syringing with tobacco water or soapsuds.
Fumigation in the field should be done before the insects
develop wings late in July or in early August (in the
north). Rake ground clean about vines late in fall in
order to expose insects to the weather. It has been found
in California that thrips can be greatly lessened by feed-
ing off the leaves with sheep, soon after the grapes are
picked.
Lawns. ANTS (Formica sp.). Insects burrow in the
ground, forming "ant-hills."
Remedy. A tablespoonful of bisulphide of carbon,
poured into holes six inches deep and a foot apart, the
holes being immediately filled up.
Leaf Grumpier (Phycis indigenella). Larva, brown, wrink-
led, found on the inside of leaves, which it brings together
in masses and attaches them to each other and to the twigs
by means of silken threads. The next season young
worms appear from the mass and feed on the new crop of
leaves.
Remedy. Gather the masses and burn them.
Injurious Insects. 29
Lettuce. GREEN LETTUCE-WORM (Plusia brassicce, Riley)
Larva somewhat over an inch long, pale green, with
stripes of a lighter color , feeding upon the leaves of many
plants, as cabbage, celery and endive.
jRj/iijily. Pyrethrum. Kerosene emulsion. Hot water.
Lice. See Aphides.
May-beetle or May-bug (Lac/mosterna fusca, Frohl.). A
large and familiar b.own beetle, feeding upon the leaves
of many kinds of trees. The common white grub is the
larval state. It often does great damage to sod and to
strawberries.
Remedy. For beetle, use arsenites, or jar them early in
the morning. For grubs, plow up the lawn so as to ex-
pose them to field birds and poultry, or turn in hogs.
Mealy-bug {Dactylopius adonidum, Linn.). A white scale-
like insect attacking greenhouse plants.
Remedies. Whale oil soap. Carbolic acid and soap.
Removing insects with brush on tender plants. Whiskey,
applied with a brush. Fish brine.
Melon. MELON-WORM (Eudioptis hyalinata, Linn.). Larva,
some over an inch long, yellowish-green and slightly hairy,
feeding on melon leaves, and eating holes into melons,
cucumbers and squashes ; two or more broods.
Remedy. Hellebore.
SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE. See under Cucumber.
STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE. See under Cucumber.
SQUASH-VINE ROOT-BORER. See under Squash.
Mushroom. MUSHROOM- FLY. The larva bores through
the stems of the mushrooms before they are full grown.
Preventive, Keep the beds cool so that the fly cannot
develop. When the fly is present, growing mushrooms in
warm weather is usually abandoned.
Onion. MAGGOT (Anthoniyia ceparum, Meigen). Nearly
indistinguishable from the Cabbage Maggot, which see.
3O The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Orange. KATYDID (JMicrocetttrum retinervis, Burm.). A
large green grasshopper-like insect, feeding upon the
foliage. It is largely kept in check in some localities by a
parasitic chalcid fly.
Remedy Collect the eggs, which are conspicuous on the
borders of the leaves.
LEAF-NOTCHER (Artipus Floridanns, Horn). Beetle, one-
fourth inch long, greenish-blue or copper-colored, eating
the edges of the leaves.
Remedy. Jarring.
SCALE. Many species, preying upon the leaves and shoots.
Remedies. Kerosene emulsion applied v/ith a brush or
in spray, just before the trees bloom, and at intervals of
two or three weeks as occasion may require. Lye wash.
Lye and sulphur wash. Pyrethrum decoction. Resin
and fish oil soap. When young the scale is more easily
destroyed.
Parsley. PARSLEY- WORM (Papilla Asterias, Cramer).
Larva, inch and a half long, light yellow or greenish yel-
low with lines and spots ; feeding upon leaves of parsley,
celery, carrot, etc. When the worm is disturbed, it ejects
two yellow horns with an offensive odor, from the anterior
end.
Remedies. Hand picking. Poultry are said to eat them
sometimes.
Parsnip. PARSLEY-WORM. See under Parsley.
PARSNIP WEB-WORM (Depressaria herachana, De Geer).
Larva, about a half inch long, feeding in the flower cluster
and causing it to become contorted.
Remedies. Arsenites, applied as soon as the young
worms appear, and before the cluster becomes distorted.
The worms are easily disturbed, and hand-picking is often
advisable. Burn the distorted umbels.
Pea. PEA-WEEVIL or PEA-BUG (Bruchus pisi, Linn.).
A small brown-black beetle, living in peas over winter.
The beetle escapes in fall and spring and lays its eggs in
Injurious Insects. 31
Pea (Pea- Weevil or Pea-Bug), continued.
young pea-pods, and the grubs live in the growing peas.
Preventive. It is said that coal ashes or sand saturated
with phenyl and sown with the peas will preven attack.
Remedies. As soon as the mature peas are picked, and
while the grubs are only partially grown, subject the peas
to a temperature of 145 for an hour. The seed will not
be injured. The ripe peas may also be confined in some
tight receptacle, and a little bisulphide of carbon added.
Peach. APPLE-TREE BORER. See under Apple.
FLAT-HEADED BORER. See under Apple.
KATYDID. This insect is often troublesome to the peach in
the southern states in early spring, eating the leaves and
girdling young stems.
Remedy, Poisoned baits placed about the tree.
PEACH-TWIG MOTH (Anarsia lineatella, Zeller). The larva
of a moth, a fourth inch long, boring in the ends of the
shoots; it sometimes attacks the apple, and strawberry
roots.
Remedy. Burn the infested twigs.
PEACH-LOUSE or APHIS (Myzus persica, Sulzer). A small in-
sect feeding upon the young leaves, causing them to curl
and die.
Remedies. Kerosene emulsion. Soap and soda wash.
Soap water. Soap and arsenites.
PLUM CURCULIO. See under Plum.
PEACH-TREE BORER (sEgeria exitiosa, Say). A whitish -larva,
about three-fourths inch long when mature, boring into
the crown and upper roots of the peach, causing gum to
exude.
Preventive. Make a mound abont the tree ; n early sum-
mer, a foot high, and remove it '"n September; the moth
then lays her eggs about the top of the mound, and the
tender larvae are killed by exposure to the weather. A coat
of asbestos roofing applied about the base of the tree is
recommended as a preventive. Apply washes as for
32 1 he Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Peach (Peach-tree Borer), continued.
apple-tree borers. All preventives are unsatisfactory how-
ever, and the only safety is
Remedy. Dig out the borers in late fall and early spring.
RED-LEGGED FLEA-BEETLE (Haltica nifipes}. A flea-beetle
feeding on the leaves of peach trees, often in great num-
bers.
Remedies. The insects fall at once upon being jarred,
and sheets saturated with kerosene may be used upon which
to catch them. Spray with Paris green.
ROOT-KNOT. See Root-knot.
ROSE BEETLE. See under Rose and Apple.
Pear. APPLE-TREE BORER. See under Apple.
BUD MOTH. See under Apple.
CODLIN MOTH. See under Apple.
FLAT-HEADED BORER. See under Apple.
PEAR-TREE BORER (Algeria pyri, Harris). A small whitish
larva, feeding under the bark of the pear tree.
Remedy. Same as for round-headed apple-tree borer.
PEAR-TWIG BEETLE (Xyleborus pyri, Peck). Brownish or
black beetle, one-tenth inch long, boring in twigs, produc
ing effect much like pear-blight, and hence often known as
"pear-blight beetle." it escapes from a minute perfora-
tion at base of a bud ; probably two broods.
Remedy. Burn twigs before the beetle escapes.
ROSE BEETLE. See under Rose and Apple.
ROUND-HEADED BORER. See under Apple.
SLUG. See under Cherry.
TWIG-GIRDLER (Oncidei'es cingulatus, Say.). A brownish gray
beetle, about one-half inch long, which girdles twigs in
August and September. The female lays eggs above the
girdle. The twigs soon fall.
Remedy. Burn the twigs, either cutting them off or
gathering them when they fall.
TWIG-PRUNER. See under Apple.
Persimmon. TWIG-GIRDLER. See under Pear.
Injurious Insects.
Pineapple. KATYDID (Acanthacara similis}. A large katy-
did which attacks, among other plants, the leaves of the
pineapple.
Remedies. Arsenites, before the plants are mature.
Plant -lice. See Aphides.
Plum. BUD MOTH. See under Apple.
CANKER-WORM. See under Apple.
CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst.). Larva, a whit-
ish grub, feeding in the fruit.
Remedies. Arsenites, applied as soon as the calyx falls
and repeat two or three times at intervals of about ten
days. Plaster and carbolic acid mixture. Jarring the
beetles on sheets very early in the morning, beginning
when trees are in flower and continuing from four to six
weeks. Catching beetles under chips or blocks about base
of tree, the insects being taken very early in the morning.
FLAT-HEADED BORER. See under Apple.
PEAR-TWIG BEETLE. See under Pear.
PLUM-GOUGER {Coccotoris scutellatis, Sec.). A small larva,
feeding upon the kernel of the' plum. The beetle bores a
round hole in the plum, instead of making a crescent mark
like the curculio.
Remedy. Same as for curculio.
TWIG-PRUNERS. See under Apple.
SLUG. See under Cherry.
Poplar. COTTONWOOD LEAF-BEETLE (Lina scripta^ Riley).
A striped beetle feeding on the leaves and shoots of
poplars and willows.
Remedy. Arsenites.
WILLOW-WORM. See under Willow.
Potato. COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE (Doryphora decem-
lineata, Say). Beetle and larva feed upon the leaves.
Remedies. Arsenites. Hand-picking the beetle.
MOLE CRICKET (Gryllotolpa borealis, Burm.). Mature insect,
curiously formed, whitish, feeding on tubers in low and
mucky ground.
Preventive. Plant potatoes on upland.
R 3
34 The Horticulturist* s Rule- Book.
Privet or Prim. PRIVET WEB -WORM (Margarodes quadri-
stigmalis, Gn.). Small larva feeding in webs on the young
shoots of the privet, appearing early in the season ; two
to four broods.
Remedies. Trim the hedge as soon as the worms appear
and burn the trimmings. Attract the moths at night by
lights. Probably the arsenites will prove useful.
Quince. ROUND-HEADED BORERS. See under Apples.
SLUG. See under Cherry.
Radish. MAGGOT (Anthomyia raphani^ Harris). Indis-
tinguishable from the cabbage maggot, which see. Sow-
ing copperas upon the soil before planting is sometimes
adopted as a preventive of attack.
Raspberry. CANE-BORER (Oberea bimaculata, Oliv.).
Beetle, black, small and slim ; making two girdles about
an inch apart near the tip of the cane, in June, and laying
an egg just above the lower girdle ; the larva, attaining
the length of nearly an inch, bores down the cane. Also
in the blackberry.
Remedy. As soon as the tip of the cane wilts, cut it off
at the lower girdle and burn it.
RASPBERRY ROOT-BORER (Bembecia marginata, Harris).
Larva about one inch long, boring in the roots, and the
lower parts of the cane, remaining in the root over winter.
Remedy. Dig out the borers.
RASPBERRY SAW-FLY (Selandria rubi, Harris). Larva about
three-fourths inch long, green, feeding upon the leaves.
Remedy. Hellebore.
ROOT GALL-FLY (Rhodites radicum, Sacken). A small larva
which produces galls, sometimes attaining two inches in
diameter, on the roots of the raspberry, blackberry and
rose, causing the bush to appear sickly, and eventually
killing it.
Remedy, There is no remedy except to destroy the galls ;
if plants are badly affected they must be dug up, and
burned.
Injurious Insects. 35
Raspberry, continued.
SNOWY OR TREE CRICKET (CEcanthtis niveus, Serv.). Small
and whitish cricket-like insect, puncturing canes for two
or three inches, and depositing eggs in the punctures.
Remedy. Burn infested canes in winter or very early
spring.
Red Spider (Tetranychus telarius, Linn). A small red
mite infesting many plants, both in the greenhouse and out
of doors. It nourishes in dry atmospheres, and on the
under side of the leaves.
Remedies. Persistent syringing with water will destroy
them, if the spray is applied to the under surface. Fumes
of sulphur. Sulphide of soda wash.
Root-Knot. A disease characterized by the knotting and
contortion of the roots of the peach, orange and many
other plants. It is usually most destructive on the peach.
It is caused by a nematode, or true worm. Gulf States.
Preventives. Plant non-infested trees in fresh soil ;
bud into healthy stocks. Fertilize highly, particularly
with potassio fertilizers. Set the trees eight or ten inches
deep in high and dry soils. Infested sYnall trees may be
remedied, in part at least, by transplanting them into
highly-manured holes which have been prepared contig-
uous to them.
Rose. ROOT GALL-FLY. See under Raspberry.
MEALY-BUG. On roses, a gill of kerosene oil to a gallon of
water is a good remedy. Syringe the plants in the morn-
ing, and a couple hours later syringe again with clean
water. See also under Mealy-bug.
ROSE BEETLE, ROSE CHAFER or " ROSE-BUG" (Macrodactylus
subspinosus, Fabr.). Beetle three-fourths inch long, light
brown, feeding upon the leaves, blossoms and fruit.
Remedies. Hand-picking. Knocking off on sheet early
in morning. Pyrethrum. Eau celeste. It is said to pre-
fer Clinton grapes to most other plants, and it has been
suggested that these vines be planted as a decoy. Open
36 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Kose (Rose Beetle), continued.
vials of bisulphide of carbon hung in bushes and vines
are recommended by some.
ROSE-LEAF HOPPER (Tettigonia rosa}. Hopper, very small,
white, often mistaken for thrips ; lives on the leaves of
roses. Various stages of growth may be found in the
leaves throughout the summer, and even on indoor plants.
Remedies. Whale oil soap. Kerosene. Nicotyl vapor
Infusien of tobacco. Kerosene and water emulsion. Py-
rethrum. The insect is easily destroyed when in its im-
mature state.
ROSE SLUG (Selandria rostc, Harris). Larva, one-half inch
Ibng, dull and slimy, feeding upon the leaves.
Remedy. Kerosene emulsion.
Scale. Various small scale-like insects infesting the young
branches and leaves of many kinds of trees. The orange
tree scale is one of the worst. (See under Orange.)
Remedies. Kerosene emulsion. Lye wash. Lye and
sulphur wash. Pyrethrum decoction. Resin soap. Oil
and alkali wash. Salt and lime wash. Resin and fish-oil
soap. Sulphide of soda wash.
Smoke-tree. JUMPING SUMAC BEETLE. See under Sumac.
Squash. BUG (Anasa tristis, De Geer). Bugs, black, very
offensive odor when handled or crushed ; many broods.
Remedies. Plaster and kerosene. Hand-picking. Trap-
ping, by laying blocks about the hills under which the
bugs will collect after feeding in the night ; early in the
morning jar or brush the insects into a pail of kerosene.
A mild kerosene emulsion kills the young insects.
MELON-WORM. See under Melon.
SQUASH-VINE ROOT-BORER (sEgeria cucurbit a, Harris).
Larva, about one inch long, whitish, boring into the roots,
causing the vines to perish.
Remedy. Bank up the young vines as far as the blos-
soms. Cover some of the joints of the vine, that roots
may form to sustain the plants, in case of injury.
Injurious Insects. 37
Squash, continued.
SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE. See under Cucumber.
STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE. See under Cucumber.
Strawberry. GRUB or .MAY-BEETLE. See under May-
beetle.
STRAWBERRY LEAF-ROLLER (Phoxopteris comptana, Frol.).
Larva, less than one-half inch long, feeding on the leaves,
and rolling them up in threads of silk ; two broods.
Remedies. In first stage of attack apply hellebore
Burn the leaf-cases.
STRAWBERRY ROOT-LOUSE (Aphis Forbesii, Weed). From
July to the close of the season the lice appear in great
numbers on the crowns and in the roots of the plants.
Remedies. Rotation in planting. Disinfect plants com-
ing from infested patches by dipping the crowns and roots
in kerosene emulsion.
STRAWBERY ROOT-BORER (Anarsia lineatella, Zeller). Larva,
about one-half inch long, whitish, boring into the crown
of the plant late in the season and remaining in it over
winter.
Remedy. Burn the plant.
STRAWBERRY SAW-FLY (Emphytus maculatus, Norton).
Larva, nearly three-fourths inch long, greenish, feeding
upon the leaves ; two broods.
Remedy. Hellebore. Arsenites for second brood.
WEEVIL {Anthonomus musculus, Say). Beetle, one-tenth inch
long, reddish, feeding on young fruit.
Remedies. Plaster and crude carbolic acid mixture,
Sumac. APPLE-TREE BORER. See under Apple.
JUMPING SUMAC BEETLE (Blepharida rhois, Forst.). Larva,
half inch long, dull greenish-yellow, feeding on leaves;
two broods.
Remedy. Arsenites.
Sweet Potato. SAW-FLY (Schizocerus ebenus, Norton).
Small larva about one-fourth inch long, working upon the
leaves. The fly is about the size of a house-fly.
Remedies. Hellebore and pyrethrum are to be recom-
mended; also arsenites.
38 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Tomato. FRUIT- WORM (Heliothis armiger. Hub.). Larva,
one inch in length, pale green or dark brown, faintly
striped, feeding upon the fruit. Also on corn and cotton.
Remedies: Hand-picking. White hellebore.
TOMATO RINGER (Stictocephala festina, Say). A leaf-hopper
which injures the stem of the young tomato plant by punc-
turing it in a ring. Southward.
No remedy is known.
TOMATO-WORM (Macrosila quinquemaculata, Haw.). A very
large green worm feeding upon the stems and leaves of
the tomato and husk tomato.
Remedy. Hand-picking.
Turnip. MAGGOT. See under Cabbage.
Weigelia. FOUR-STRIPED PLANT-BUG. See under Currant.
White ants, or Termites. These insects often infest
orchard trees in the Southern states, particularly in
orchards which contain old stumps or rubbish.
Remedy. The soap and arsenites wash brushed over the
trunk and branches of the trees.
Willow. WILLOW-WORM ( Vencssa antiopa, Linn.). Larva,
nearly two inches long, black, feeding upon leaves of wil-
low, elm and poplar ; two broods.
Remedy. Arsenites.
Wire-worm (Various species}. Slim and brown larvae,
feeding upon the roots of various plants. They are the
larvae of the click-beetle or snapping-beetle.
Remedy. Arsenites sprinkled upon baits of fresh clover
or other material which is placed about the field under
blocks or boards. Sweetened corn-meal dough also makes
a good bait.
CHAPTER III.
FUNGICIDES, FOR PLANT DISEASES. .
Ammoniacal carbonate of copper. Into a vessel having a
capacity of 2 qts. or more pour i qt. of ammonia
(strength 22 degrees Baume), add 3 ozs. carbonate ot cop-
per. Stir rapidly for a moment and the carbonate of coo-
per will dissolve in the ammonia, forming a very clear
liquid. The concentrated liquid thus prepared may oe
kept indefinitely. For use, dilute to 22 gals. For grape
mildew.
Blight powder, Sulphated sulphur. Prepared by thor-
oughly mixing from 3 to 8 Ibs. of anhydrous sulphate of
copper with 90 to 100 Ibs. of flowers of sulphur. For
simultaneous treatment of downy mildew, tomato and
potato blight and rot.
Bordeaux mixture (Copper mixture oj Gironde). Dis-
solve 6 Ibs. of sulphate of copper in 16 gals, of water. In
another vessel slake 4 Ibs. of fresh lime in 6 gals o*
water. When the latter mixture has cooled it is slowly
poured into the copper solution, care being taken to mix
the fluids thoroughly by constant stirring. Prepare some
days before use. Stir before applying. Stronger mixtures
were at first recommended, but they are not now used.
For downy mildew and black-rot of the grape, blight and
rot of the tomato and potato.
Sometimes the mixture is not was.hed off the grapes by
the rains. In this case, add one quart of strong cider vin-
egar to 5 gals, of water, and dip the grapes, allowing them
(39)
40 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book-
Bordeaux mixture, continued
to remain a few minutes, then rinse once or twice. Dip
the grapes by placing them in a wire basket.
Carbolic acid (Phenic acid]. i. J pt. in 10 gals, of water.
For powdery mildew of the vine.
2. Soap-suds, 10 gals. ; glycerine, i Ib. ; carbolic acid, l / 2
pt. Mix thoroughly, to form an emulsion. For orange-
leaf scab.
Chloride of iron. A very dilute solution of chloride of
iron has been used with success in combating the coffee
disease due to Hemileia vastatrix. The solution is applied
to the under surface of the leaves by means of a pulveri-
zator or spraying apparatus. Its sticky nature causes it
to adhere for two months. It is suggestive in connection
with some of our plant diseases.
David's powder. Dissolve 4 Ibs. of sulphate of copper
in the least possible amount of hot water, and slake 16 Ibs.
of lime with the smallest quantity of water required.
When the copper solution and slaked lime are completely
cooled mix them together thoroughly ; let the compound
dry in the sun, then crush and sift. Apply with a sulphur-
ing bellows furnished with an outside receptacle for the
powder. For downy mildew and black-rot of the grape,
mildew and anthracnose.
Destroying affected parts. It is important that all affected
parts should be removed and burned, if possible. In the
fall all leaves and fruit which have been attacked by fungi
should be raked up and burned. Diseased branches
should be severed at some distance below the lowest
visible point of attack. Fungous diseases often spread
rapidly, and prompt action is usually necessary.
Eau celeste. i (Audoynaud process]. Dissolve i Ib. of sul-
phate of copper in 2 gals, of hot water. When com-
pletely dissolved and the water has cooled, add i^ pts. of
commercial ammonia (strength 22 degrees Baume). When
ready to use, dilute to 22 gals. For treatment of downy
Fungicides, for Plant Diseases. 41
Eau celeste, continued.
mildew and black-rot of the grape, anthracnose, and blight
and rot of the tomato and potato.
2. Dissolve i Ib. of sulphate of copper in 2 gals, of
water. In another vessel dissolve i Ib. of carbonate of
soda. Mix the two solutions. When chemical reaction
has ceased, add i l / 2 pts. of ammonia, then dilute to 22 gals.
For the same purpose as No. i, and probably better.
Orison liquid (Eau Grisori). Prepared by boiling 3 Ibs.
each of flowers of sulphur and lime in 6 gals, of water
until reduced to two gallons When settled, pour off the
clear liquid and bottle it. When used, mix i pt. of clear
liquid in 100 parts of water. For mildew and pow-
dery mildew of vines.
Milk of lime. Simple solution in water, 2 to 6 parts lime
to 100 parts water. For mildew and anthracnose.
Podeschard's powder. Dissolve 45 Ibs. of sulphate of
copper in water. When thoroughly dissolved, pour the
solution upon 225 Ibs. of air-slaked lime, which is sur-
rounded by 30 Ibs. of ashes to keep the liquid from spread-
ing. After 24 hours, add 20 pounds of flowers of sul-
phur. Thoroughly mix the compound, ashes and all.
When dry sift through a sieve with meshes of one-eighth
inch. Will keep for months. For downy mildew, mil-
dew and anthracnose.
Potassium sulphide. Used at the rate of J or \ oz. to
the gal. of water.
Skawinski's powder. Mix 22 Ibs. of finely powdered
sulphate of copper with 33 Ibs. of soot or alluvial earth
and 165 Ibs. of coal dust. For treatment of mildews.
Skawinski's sulphate of iron and sulphuric acid solution.
Sulphate of iron, no Ibs.; sulphuric acid (53 degrees), ij^
pts. ; .warm water, 22 gals. Pour sulphuric acid on the
crystals of iron, then add the water. Use while warm.
42 The Horticulturist' s Rule-Book.
Soda hyposulphite. i. \ oz. to 10 gals, of water. For
gooseberry mildew and apple scab.
2. i Ib. in 10 gals, of water. For celery-leaf blight,
orange-leaf blight, apple scab. Should be used as soon as
prepared. Probably too strong.
Sulfosteatite or Cuprique steatite. An exceedingly fine
bluish powder composed of steatite, or talc, and about
10 per cent, of sulphate of copper. Considered the most
adherent of all fungicide powders. For mildews.
Sulphate of copper. i. Dissolve i Ib. of pure sulphate of
copper in '25 gals, of water. For treatment of downy
mildew and black-rot of the grape. Dilute it a little for
young foliage.
2. Dissolve 5 to 8 Ibs. in 10 gals, of water. For soaking
grains previous to sowing to destroy spores of smuts. The
Germans use a y 2 per cent, solution, and soak the grains
for about 16 hours.
Sulphate of iron. i. Simple solution in water of 4 to 8
Ibs. to the gal. To be used only as a wash. For anthrac-
nose of vine and raspberry.
2. For a spray, dissolve about ij/f Ib. to the gal.
Sulphatine, the Esteve process. Mix 2 Ibs. of anhydrous
sulphate of copper with 20 Ibs. of flowers of sulphur and
2 Ibs. of air-slaked lime. For mildew, downy mildew and
black-rot of grape, tomato and potato blight and rot.
Sulphide, or sulphuret, of potassium (Liver of sulphur).
Simple solution in water of ' ^ to i oz. to the gal. For
mildew in greenhouses, mildew on roses, erinose of vine,
orange-leaf scab, celery-leaf blight, pear and apple scab
and various rots.
Sulphide of soda wash (HilgarcFs). Dissolve 30 Ibs. of
whale-oil soap in 60 gals, of water by heating the two to-
gether thoroughly. Then boil 3 Ibs. of American concen-
trated lye with 6 Ibs. of sulphur and 2 gals, of water.
When thoroughly dissolved it is a dark brown liquid,
Fungicides, for Plant Diseases. 43
Snlphide of soda wash, continued.
chemically called sulphide of soda. Mix the two the
soap and the sulphur well, and allow them to boil for
half an hour, then add 90 gals, of water to the mixture,
and it is ready for use. Apply it warm by means of a
spray pump. Used warm, its effect is better and less ma-
terial is required than when cold. For apple scab.
Sulphur. In its dry and pulverized state, sulphur, known
as flowers of sulphur, is often a valuable fungicide, particu-
larly for surface mildew. In the greenhouse it may also be
used in fumes. Evaporate it over a steady heat, as an oil
stove, until the house is filled with the vapor. It should
never be heated to the burning point, as burning sulphur
quickly destroys most plants. It may also be used in
water, in the proportion of an oz. of sulphur to 5 gals, of
water.
Sulphur and lime. A mixture of sulphur and lime in
equal parts by weight. For anthracnose during growing
season.
Some fungicides may be added to London purple or Paris
green mixtures, and both plant diseases and insects may be
fought with one application. An ounce of the arsenites to ten
gallons of Bordeaux mixture is recommended for potatoes. The
arsenites may be combined with soda hyposulphite, and other
compounds
CHAPTER IV.
PLANT DISEASES,
WITH PREVENTIVES AND REMEDIES.
Apple. BITTER-ROT (Glceosporium fructigenum, Berk.).
A dry rot appearing in patches on many varieties of ap-
ples, and extending some distance into the tissue.
No remedies or preventives are known.
BROWN-ROT. See under Cherry.
POWDERY MILDEW (Podosphcera oxycanthcz, DeBary). At-
tacks nursery stocks, covering leaves with a grayish and
powdery meal-like mildew.
Remedy. Ammoniacal carbonate of copper, applied four
or five times.
RUST (species of Rcestelia}. Bright yellow rust J appearing
on the young leaves and fruit, causing the whole tree to
become enfeebled. It is now known that one stage of this
fungus is the "cedar apple" which grows on red cedars
and junipers, where it is known as Gymnosporangium.
Several species have been described.
Preventive. Destroy the cedars or keep them free from
the "apples." Destroy hawthorns and escaped apples,
which are liable to be infested. Some varieties of apples
appear to be more susceptible to injury than others.
SCAB {Fusicladiuni dentriticum, Fckl.). Brown or blackish
scab-like spots on the leaves and fruit, arresting growth
and causing the parts to become distorted.
Remedy. Spray with soda hyposulphite or potassium
sulphide, several times during June and July. Sulphide
of soda wash.
Apricot. LEAF- RUST. See under Plum.
(44)
Plant Diseases.
45
Balm of Gilead. LEAF- RUST. See under Poplar.
Bean. ANTHRACNOSE, or POD-RUST (Glasosporium Linde-
niuthiaimm, Sacc. and Magn.). Reddish-brown scab-like
spots appearing upon bean pods, particularity upon the
yellow-podded string beans. It also attacks water-
melons.
Preventive. Plant in dry and airy places, on light soil.
Remedy. Sulphur and water.
Bean, Lima. BLIGHT (Phytophthora Phaseoli, Thaxter).
Attacks the pods in August and September, covering them
with a white, felted coating. It also attacks the young
shoots and leaves.
Remedy. Remedies are not yet known, but the Bordeaux
mixture should be tried.
Beet. RUST {Uromyces beta, Pers.). Powdery reddish-
brown spots on the leaves of beets in California, often
doing much injury.
Remedy. Burn the infested leaves.
Blackberry. CANE- RUST. See under Raspberry.
RED OR ORANGE RUST. See under Raspberry.
Buttonwood. LEAF-SCORCHING. See under Plane-tree.
Cabbage. CLUB -ROOT or CLUB-FOOT (Plasmidiophora
brassicte % Woronin). A cortorted swelling of the root of
the cabbage in the field, preventing the plant from heading
and causing it to assume a sickly appearance.
Remedies. Burn the roots as soon as the disease ap-
pears. Alternate crops. It is thought that stable ma-
nures aggravate the disease.
Carnation. RUST (Septora Dianthi, Desm.). Attacks the
leaves in large, light brown spots, or occasionally the
whole leaf becomes discolored and wilts. Probably in-
troduced from Europe.
Preventives. If the disease is feared, be careful not to
apply water to the leaves. Eau celeste sprayed upon the
plants will no doubt be beneficial as a preventive. Burn
all infested leaves.
46 The Horticulturist ' s Rule- Book.
Celery. CELERY-LEAF BLIGHT, RUST, OK SUN-SCALD
(Cercospora Apii, Fries). Appears in hot and dry places
and seasons, about mid-summer. Small yellowish spots
appear upon the leaves, and later the leaves turn yellow,
then brown, and finally die.
Preventive. Plant in a moist and cool place, and shade
the plants if necessary. Destroy all diseased leaves in
autumn.
Cherry. BROWN-ROT (Monilia fructigena, Pers.). At-
tacks flowers, leaves and fruit. The flowers die and de-
cay, the leaves become discolored with brownish patches
and the fruit rots on the tree. Attacks also peaches,
' plums and apples.
Remedies. Burn all infested fruit and leaves in the fall.
Before buds expand in spring spray with sulphate of iron
When the flowers are opening, spray again with sulphide
potassium, and repeat the operation at intervals of a week
or two until the fruit begins to color.
LEAF-RUST. See under Plum.
POWDERY MILDEW. See under Apple.
Corn. ROT. Due to bacteria. The plants are dwarfed,
and unusually slender. The roots become mucilaginous
and decay, as do the leaf-sheaths and the ears.
No remedies or preventives are known
SMUT. ( Ustilago Zea-Mays, DeC.). A fungus attacking the
ears of corn, producing familiar black abnormal growths.
Preventive. Plant seed from clean fields.
Remedies. Cut out smut and burn it. Soak seed before
planting in sulphate of copper.
Cottonwood. LEAF- RUST. See under Poplar.
Currant. RUST (Septoria Ribis, Desm.). Appears about
mid-summer, on leaves of white, red and black currants,
as whitish spots with black centers. It causes the leaves
to fall.
Remedies. Destroy infested leaves. Spraying with
eau celeste or Bordeaux mixture may be tried.
Plant Diseases. 47
Gooseberry. MILDEW (Sphosrotheca Mors-uvce, B. & C.).
A downy mildew attacking the fruits and young growth of
English varieties of gooseberries (varieties of Ribes
Grossularia}.
Remedy. Spray at intervals during the season with
potassium sulphide.
Grape. ANTHRACNOSE or SCAB (Sphaceloma ampelinum,
DeBary). The fungus attacks the leaves in small spots,
and also the fruit, where it forms hard and sunken brown
or black large scab-like patches. General in distribution
east of the Mississippi. Probably introduced from
Europe.
Remedies. Sulphur fungicides, as sulphur, sulphate of
iron, eau celeste. Repeat application frequently and begin
before the leaves appear.
BLACK-ROT (Lcestadia Bidwcllii, V. & R. ; Phoma uvicola, B.
& C.). Attacks the young berries. The fruit becomes
black, hard, dry, and shrivelled and is covered with min-
ute pimples. Occurs generally east of the Rocky Moun-
tains. Of American origin.
Preventive. A board placed over the trellis, as men-
tioned under the downy mildew, is some protection ; but
the remedy is certain :
Remedies. Spray thoroughly with Bordeaux mixture
every week or ten days for six weeks or more, beginning
before the flowers open. Sulphate of copper may be used
also. Burn infsted fruits in autumn.
NOTE. The following are synonyms for Black-rot :
Sphceria Bidwellii, Physalospora Bidwellii, Phoma uvicola,
Phoma uvicola, var. Labruscce, Sph&ropsis uvarum, Phoma
uvarum, Nemaspora cempelicida, Phyllosticta Labruscce ( ' ' the
leaf-spot" form), Phyllosticta viticola, Phoma ustulatum.
Phyllosticla ampelopsidis, Sacidium viticolum, Septoria
viticola, Ascochyta Ellissii.
DOWNY MILDEW (Peronospora viticola, De Bary). Appears
in small frost-like patches on the under surface of the
48 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book.
Grape (Downy Mildew), continued.
leaves, finally causing yellowish discoloration on the upper
surface. It also causes a rot of the fruit. The berries
remain small and firm, usually not wrinkled, and become
brown in color. The disease is worst on thin and smooth
leaved varieties, as the Delaware and others. It extends
generally throughout the Union. Of American origin.
Preventive. A wide board nailed flatwise on the top of
the trellises so as to somewhat protect the vines, as with a
roof, is a considerable protection, as it tends to keep the
vines dry. Vines trained against a building rarely suffer.
Remedies. Spray with Bordeaux mixture every week or
ten days from the time the leaves appear until late in July.
Eau celeste may be used.
POWDERY MILDEW (Uncinula spiralis, B. & C.). Appears
early in the season as delicate dust-like patches or
covering on the leaves, mostly on the upper surface, and
on shoots and fruits. Berries attacked by it become
checked in growth, and may remain small and die, or
they sometimes grow and crack before death ensues.
It attacks grapes in vineries which are not properly venti-
lated and managed. Occurs generally throughout the
Union, but is less destructive than the downy mildew
American origin.
Remedy. Dry sulphur applied to the vines, two or
three times once when the shoots just begin to push
again when in blossom, and usually again shortly before
the grapes begin to turn. Apply :n warm and bright
weather, after the dew is off. In vineries, the sulphur
may be scattered on the hot pipes.
Hollyhock. RUST {Puccinia Malvacearum, Mont.). Ap-
pears upon leaves of hollyhocks and a few related plants
in small, light brown patches. Introduced from Europe,
and not yet common in this country.
Remedies. Destroying the plants is the only general
method yet known to prevent the spread of the disease
but some of the fungicides should be tried.
Plant Diseases. 49
Lettuce. MILDEW (Peronospora gangliformis, De Bary).
A delicate mildew, attacking lettuce leaves and causing
yellow or brown spots, and finally killing the leaf.
Preventives. (According to Maynard.) Grow at a low
temperature (35 to 40 at night, 50 to 70 during day); give
abundance of plant food ; give abundance of water, but
apply it in morning and bright days only ; avoid sudden
extreme changes of temperature.
Remedy. Fumes of sulphur.
Maple. LEAF-SPOT (Phyllosticta acericola, C. & E.).
Attacks the leaves of red, silver, and striped maples in
spring, causing them to become spotted and unsightly,
and lessening the vigor of the tree.
Remedies. Rake and burn the leaves in autumn. When
the leaves are two-thirds grown spray with sulphide of
potassium, and repeat every three or four weeks as long
as necessary.
Onion. RUST (Peronospora Schleideniana, Unger). The
leaves turn yellow about the time the onions begin to bot-
tom, or a little later, and wilt and die.
Preventive. There is no remedy known. Exercise care
to grow on land not infected, and destroy all affected
onions.
Orange. ORANGE-LEAF SCAB (Cladosporium). The leaves
become yellow and distorted.
Remedy. Spray with Grison liquid, or carbolic acid and
glycerine mixture.
Peach. BROWN -ROT. See under Cherry.
CURL, LEAF-CURL OR "FRENCHING," (Taphrina deformans,
Tul. ; written also Ascomyces deformans and Exoascus de-
formans}. The leaves become blistered and crumpled early
in the season and fall off.
Remedy. It seldom does much damage, and the trees
usually renew their foliage the same season. Good cult-
ure, to enable the tree to put forth new leaves, is to be
recommended.
R-4
50 The Horticulturist' s Rule-Book.
Peach, continued.
LEAF-RUST. See under Plum,
POWDERY MILDEW. See under Apple.
YELLOWS. The first symptom in bearing trees is usually
the premature ripening of the fruit. This fruit contains
definite small red spots which extend to the pit. The
next stage is indicated by very slender shoots, which branch
the first year and which start in clumps from the old
limbs, bearing narrow and small yellowish leaves. Later
the entire foliage becomes smaller and yellow. In three
or four years the tree dies. The disease spreads from
tree to tree. It attacks trees of any age. Known at pres-
ent only in regions east of the Mississippi, more particu-
larly in the north-eastern states. Peculiar to America,
so far as known.
Preventive. -Burn all trees as soon as the disease ap-
pears. Laws aiming to suppress the disease should be en-
acted in all peach-growing states where it has appeared.
Pear. BLIGHT (Micrococcus amylovorus, Burrill). Dis-
tinguished by the blackening of the entire leaf, and the
blackening of the bark. It may destroy branches or the
whole tree. Generally distributed east of the looth
meridian. Known only in America.
Remedy. As soon as the disease is discovered, cut off
the affected parts a foot below the point of lowest visible
attack, and burn them.
LEAF-BLIGHT and CRACKING OF THE FRUIT (Entomosporium
maculatum, Lev.; Morthiera Mespili is the same). At-
tacks nursery stocks of pears, beginning as small and cir-
cular brown spots on the leaves ; soon the entire leaf turns
brown and falls. Also causes the cracking of the fruit.
Remedy. Bordeaux mixture, applied four or five times.
ROOT- ROT (Polyporus versicolor, Fries). Attacks the roots,
the white and felt-like threads of the fungus at length be-
coming very abundant and conspicuous. The trees pro-
duce a short and thick growth, the new wood being
Plant Diseases. 51
Pear (Root-rot), continued.
reddish, the leaves becoming yellowish or bronzed, and
there is an unusual tendency to form fruit buds. The
tree may die quickly or may live for several years. The
roots rot away and the tree tips over. The disease is
worst on poor and dry soils and in grassy orchards.
Remedy. Give good culture. Remove the earth from
the crown and apply a dressing of lime.
RUST. See under Apple.
SCAB (Fusicladium pyrinum, Fckl.). Brown or blackish
scab-like spots on the leaves and fruit, arresting the
growth and causing the parts to become distorted.
Remedy. Spray several times during June and July
with soda hyposulphite or potassium sulphide.
Plum. BROWN-ROT. See under Cherry.
LEAF-RUST (Puccinia pruni-spinosce, Pers.) Small round
powdery spots of yellowish-brown on the under surface
of the leaves, and reddish spots on the upper surface
directly above them.
Remedy. Spray trees early in the season with Bor-
deaux mixture, eau celeste, or other fungicides.
PLUM-KNOT OR PLUM-WART (Plowrightia [Sphceria\ morbosa,
Sacc.). A black and irregular swelling, from one to five
or six inches long, appearing on the small limbs of plum
and cherry. Peculiar to America.
Remedies. Burn all affected parts. Wash the parts as
soon as the swelling begins to appear, with linseed oil, '
turpentine, or kerosene, using the two latter with caution.
A paint of red oxide of iron in linseed oil is recommended.
Probably spraying with the Bordeaux or similar mixtures
in spring will prove to be valuable remedies.
PLUM-LEAF or SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS (Septoria cerasina,
Peck). Appears as spots upon the leaves in July, and
these spots assume definite outlines, and often fall out,
leaving holes like shot-holes. The leaves fall early, pre-
52 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Plum (Plum-leaf or Shot-hole Fungus) , continued.
venting the fruit from maturing. The disease is some-
times designated simply "falling of the leaves."
Remedies. Burn leaves as soon as they fall. Try
spraying in May and June with some fungicide, as soda
hyposulphite or Bordeaux mixture.
PLUM POCKETS or BLADDERS [Tap&rina pruni, Tul.).
Causes the fruit to become inflated and hollow. These
"bladders" begin to appear soon after the flowers fall,
and continue to grow for several months, when they fall.
They are at first globular, but finally become oblong,
often reaching two inches in length. The fungus attacks
the fruit of the Chickasaw and American plums, and vari-
ous species of plum and cherry.
Remedy. Destroy the "bladders" before they mature,
together with small portions of the wood on which they
are borne.
POWDERY MILDEW. See under Apple.
Plane-tree. LEAF- SCORCHING (Gl<zosporium nervisequum,
Sacc.). Attacks the leaves in spring, causing them appear
as if scorched. They finally fall off. Attacks both the
native and oriental planes.
Remedy. Burn all leaves when they fall.
Poplar. LEAF -RUST (Melampsora populina, Lev.). An
orange rust attacking, during summer, the leaves of vari-
ous species of poplar, including the cottonwood, balm of
Gilead, etc,
Remedy. Rake and burn the leaves.
Potato. POTATO-ROT or BLIGHT (Phytophthora infestans,
De Bary). The spores first germinate upon the tops or
vines, causing the foliage to blight. The disease soon
spreads to the tubers, causing discolored and depressed
potatoes. It is a "dry rot," but other fungi attack
the tubers and cause the wet rot which follows. The
fungus may remain in the tuber during winter.
Preventive. Plant on light or loamy, well-drained soil.
Plant only sound and disinfected tubers. Hill deep.
Plant Diseases. 53
Potato (Potato-rot or Blight) , continued.
Remedy. Spray the tops with Bordeaux mixture, or othe:
fungicide, upon the first indication of the blight.
The tubers should be stored in a cool and dry place
Dusting them in the cellar with dry air-slaked lime is to be
recommended. Subjecting the tubers to a temperature of
105 to 110 for a few days will destroy the fungus and will
not injure the tubers for planting.
Quince. LEAF-BROWNNESS (Entomosporium macula turn,
Lev., var. Cydonia, Sacc.). The leaves become spotted
and then turn yellow and fall, often causing considerable
damage. No remedies are known. It is nearly identical
with leaf-brownness of the pear (which see).
RUST. See under Apple.
Raspberry. CANE- RUST or ANTHRACNOSE (Glceosporium
necator, E. & E.). The spots or patches of fungus appear
on both the canes and leaves. The disease attacks the
base of the canes first and spread upwards. In Illinois
and Missouri it has been very destructive.
Preventive. Give plants an abundance of light and air
by broad planting and high training.
Remedy. Spray early in the season with sulphate of
iron, and follow later with Bordeaux mixture. Burn all
canes which are past recovery.
RED or ORANGE RUST (C&oma luminatum, Link).
Attacks the under surface of the leaves of black and
sometimes red raspberries, and of blackberries, in patches
of whitish yellow, but the fungus finally covers the
whole under surface with an orange-red coating.
Preventive. Plant such varieties as are least susceptible
to attack. Among blackberries, Kittatinny is particularly
susceptible.
Remedy. Burn the plants, roots and branch, as soon as
the disease appears.
Rose. LEAF-BLIGHT or BLACK-SPOT (Actinonema roses,
Fries). Attacks the full-grown leaves, first appearing as
54 The Horticulhiris? s Rule- Book.
Kose (Leaf -blight or Black-spot) , continued.
small black spots, but later covering nearly or quite the
whole surface with blotches. The spots have frayed*edges
Common in out-door and house culture.
Remedies. In the house, fumes of sulphur. Out of
doors, burn the affected leaves and spray with Bordeaux
mixture or eau celeste. Spray before the leaves unfold.
LEAF-SPOT (Cercospora rosczcola, Pass.). Black or red-
dish-black spots on the leaves, shading into red at the
definite edges. Later the center of the spot becomes
light brown or gray. Attacks plants growing out of doors.
Remedies. Burn diseased parts. Plant in an airy and
dry place.
MILDEW (Sphczrotheca pannosa, Lev.). Whitish mildew
attacking roses. It is brought on, according to Maynard,
by exposure to drafts of extremely cold air when the
plants are growing rapidly, by high temperature running
the same day and night, by watering just before night, by
too little water, by extreme dryness, by poor drainage, by
deficiency in plant food.
Remedy. Fumes of sulphur.
RUST (Phragmidium mucronatum, Winter). Appears
in small and scattered bright yellow spots or pustules on
the leaves, which at length become distorted, and upon
the young growth.
Preventive. Spray with eau celeste early in the season.
Remedy. Spray with sulphate of copper or other fungi-
cides.
Strawberry. MILDEW (Spcerotkeca Castagnci^ Lev.)
A whitish cobweb-like mildew spreading over the fruit
and leaves.
Remedy. If the disease is discovered early enough, some
liquid fungicide, as potassium sulphide or Bordeaux mix-
ture, should be employed.
STRAWBERRY-LEAF BLIGHT or "SUN-BURN" (SpJuz-
rella fragaria, Sacc., including Ramularia.} Small purple
Plant Diseases. 55
Strawberry (Strawberry-leaf Blight), continued.
or red spots appearing on the leaves. They eventually
become larger and browner, making the leaf appear
blotched.
Remedies. Spray the plants several times early in the
season with solution of potassium sulphide. Destroy all
affected leaves. The leaves are easily destroyed without
injury to the plants by burning off a thin layer of straw
which is spread over the patch after the fruit is off.
Tomato. BLIGHT (Cladosporium fulvum, Cooke). Soft
brown irregular spots appear on the under surface of
the leaves, and the upper surface becomes spotted with
yellow. The leaves finally shrivel. Most serious in
greenhouses.
Preventive. In houses, keep the temperature as even as
possible. In particular, avoid sudden changes.
Remedy. Sulphide of potassium sprayed on the plants
every week or ten days.
ROT. (Several fungi appear to be concerned in the pro-
duction of tomato rot, and the subject is not yet well un-
derstood.)
Preventive. The small cherry and plum tomatoes are
not attacked, and the old-fashioned angular sorts are com-
paratively free. Training the vines so as to give the fruit
plenty of light and air is usually useful. Heavy applica-
tions of fresh stable manure appear to augment the injury.
Burn all infested vines and fruits in the autumn.
Verbena. RUST (Erysiphe Cichor ace arum, D. C.). A rust
which appears on the leaves, eventually destroying the
plants.
Preventives. Start with perfectly healthy and vigorous
stock, and give good culture. In the house, endeavor to
avoid drafts, but give plenty of air on bright days.
Violet. VIOLET DISEASE or RUST (Peronospora Viola,
56 Fhe Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Violet (Violet Disease), continued.
De Bary ?). Appears on the leaves as small rounded black
or brown spots, causing the leaf to finally wither and die.
Preventives. It is supposed that any neglect or improper
handling renders the plants more liable to the disease.
Burn all infested plants, and do not use the same soil
again for violets.
Watermelon. ANTHRACNOSE or POD-RUST. See under
Bean.
CHAPTER V.
INJURIES FROM MICE, RABBITS, SQUIRRELS AND
BIRDS, WITH PREVENTIVES AND REMEDIES.
To prevent mice from gridling trees in winter. In heeling-
in young trees in the fall, do not use straw or litter, in
which mice can make their nests. In orchards, see that
tall grass, corn husks, or other dry material does not
gather about the trees in fall. If danger from mice is ap-
prehended, tramp the first snow firmly about the trees, in
order to compact the grass and litter so that mice cannot
find shelter. Where the paper birch grows, it will be
found a good plan to place sections of birch bark from
limbs or small trunks about the base of the tree. These
sections roll up tightly about the tree, and yet expand so
readily with the growth of the tree that they may be al-
lowed to remain. Tie thin strips of wood, as laths or
shingles, about the tree.
Washes to protect trees from mice. Wash the trees with
some persistent substance in which is placed Paris green.
Maynard finds the following substances useful for holding
the poison : Portland cement of the consistency of com-
mon paint ; Portland cement 10 parts and gas tar i pi-Jtj
Portland cement 10 parts and asphaltum i part ; Port-
land cement 10 parts and Merrill's tree ink i part.
Lime wash, to which is added a little sulphur, tobacco
decoction, and soap-suds.
Carbonate of baryta for rats and mice. Sugar and oat-
meal or wheat flour, of each 6 ozs.; carbonate of baryta,
(57)
58 The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book
Carbonate of baryta for rats and mice, continued.
X lb.; oil of anise seed, enough to give the mixture a pretty
strong odor.
Tartar emetic for rats and mice. Tartar emetic, i part
oatmeal or flour, 4 parts ; beef or mutton suet enough to
make all into a paste.
Camphor for rats and mice. Mix a few pieces of camphor
with vegetable seeds, to preserve them.
French paste for rats and mice. Oatmeal or wheat flour,
3 Ib. ; powdered indigo, YZ oz. ; finely powdered white
arsenic, 4 ozs. ; oil of anise seed, ^ drachm. Mix, and
add of melted beef suet or mutton tallow 2^ Ibs., and
work the whole up into a paste.
Wash for keeping rabbits, sheep and mice away from trees.
Fresh lime, slaked with soft water (old soap suds are
best) ; make the wash the thickness of fence or house wash.
When i peck of lime is used, when hot add J^ gallon crude
carbolic acid, ^ gallon gas-tar and 4 pounds of sulphur.
Stir well. For summer wash leave gas-tar out, and add
in place of it i gallon of soft soap. To keep rabbits and
sheep from girdling, wash late in fall, or about the time of
frost, as high as one can reach.
To remedy the injury done by mice and rabbits.
1. Pare and clean the wound, and cover it thickly with
fresh cow-dung, or soft clay, and bind it up thoroughly
with a cloth. Grafting wax bound on is also good. Com-
plete girdling, when done late in spring when settled
weather is approaching can be remedied in this manner.
2. Insert long scions over the wound, by paring them
thin on both ends and placing one end under the bark on
the upper edge of the wound and the other under the bark
on the lower edge. Wax thoroughly the points of union,
and tie a cloth band about the trees over both extremities
of the scions.
Injuries from Mice, Rabbits, Etc.. 59
To drive rabbits from orchards. Dip rags in melted sulphur
and then secure them to sticks which are stuck promiscu-
ously through the orchard.
It should be an imperative rule with all orchardists not
to allow brush heaps or piles of poles and rails to remain
upon their premises if rabbits are troublesome in the
neighborhood, for it is in such places that the animals live-
Wash to protect trees from rabbits. Fresh cow-dung,
i peck, quick-lime, l /z peck , flowers of sulphur, y z pound ;
lamp-black, % pound. Mix the whole into a thick paint
with urine and soap suds.
California rabbit wash. Commercial aloes, one pound to
four gallons of water, both sprinkled on leaves and painted
on the bark, gives a bitter taste, which repels rabbits.
California rabbit poisons.
1. Pieces of \vater-melon ; canteloupe, or other vege-
tables of which they are fond, may be poisoned with
strychnine and then scattered around the orchard.
2. To 100 pounds of wheat take 9 gallons of water and i
pound of phosphorus, i pound of sugar, and i ounce oil
of rhodium. Heat the water to boiling point and let it
stand all night. Next morning stir in flour sufficient to
make a sort of paste. Scatter it about the place.
3. Another preparation is > teaspoonful of powdered
strychnine, 2 teaspoonf uls of fine salt, and 4 of granulated
sugar. Put all in a tin ho* and shake well. Pour in small
heaps on a board. It hardens into a solid mass. Rabbits
lick it for the salt and the sugar disguises the poison.
Sulphur for rabbits. Equal proportions of sulphur, soot
and lime, made into a thick cream with cow manure.
Smear upon the trees.
Cow-manure for rabbits. A mixture of lime, water and
cow-manure, made strong, forms an excellent anti-rabbit
composition.
60 The Horticulturist' s Rule-Book.
Asafcetida for rabbits. A teaspoonful of tincture of asa-
foetida in ^ bucketful of liquid clay, mud, or muck of any
kind. Apply with a brush to the stem and branches of
young trees Two or three applications during winter.
California ground squirrel remedies. Take 5 quarts clean
wheat, scald with water , drain. Take % cup of white
sugar, dissolve with sufficient water to make a syrup ; add
i ounce powdered strychnine, stir thoroughly until a thin
paste is formed. Pour this on the damp wheat. Stir
thoroughly for at least 15 minutes. Add i pint powdered
sugar, stir ; add 5 to 10 drops of rhodium and 5 to 10 drops
of oil of anise seed. Place a few grains in each squirrel
hole, putting it as far in as possible.
Bisulphide of carbon is also largely used. A small
quantity is poured into the barrow, and the hole is imme-
diately closed securely with dirt.
Tying newspapers about trees in such manner as to al-
low the upper part of the paper to project loosely a few
inches, frightens the squirrels away.
Poison for English sparrows. Dissolve arseniate of soda
in warm water at the rate of i ounce to i pint ; pour this
upon as much wheat as it will cover (in a vessel which can
be closed so as to prevent evaporation), and allow it to
soak for at least 24 hours. Dry the wheat so prepared,
and it is ready for use. It should be distributed in winter
in places where the sparrows congregate.
Bird poisons.
i. Place a shallow box on the end of a pole and put it
4 or 5 feet from the ground to keep the poison out of
the way of domestic fowls. In the box sprinkle corn
meal and a very little strychnine, which mixture the birds
eat and are very soon killed. It will not hurt dogs or cats
to eat the dead birds, for the reason that there is not
enough poison absorbed by the bird. (Californian. )
Jniuries from Mice, Rabbits, Etc. 61
Bird poisons, continued
2. Put the strychnine in pieces of apples and stick them
on the ends of limbs of the trees. (Californian.)
3. To protect newly-planted ^eeds. Coat the seeds with
red lead, by moistening the seeds slightly and stirring in
red lead until all the seeds are thoroughly coated. Let
the seeds dry for two or three hours before sowing.
To protect fruits from birds, one of the best devices is
mosquito bar spread over the bushes or trees. For bush
fruits and small trees the expense is not great.
CHAPTER VI.
WEEDS.
I. Weeds in general. Weeds rarely trouble the good cul-
tivator, particularly in vegetable gardening. Intensive
methods of culture allow no weeds to appear. It is
economy, both in labor and in returns from the crop, to pre-
vent weeds from appearing, rather than to hoe or pull
them out after they are partly grown and have done some
damage. Frequent light stirring of the soil with culti-
vator, harrow or rake is the cheapest mode of weed de-
struction. In the struggle with weeds it is well to con-
sider the longevity of the various species. Annual weeds,
those which naturally die after the season's growth, re-
quire no special treatment. Biennial species, those which
die at the end of the second year, may be held in check
by preventing them from seeding, as by mowing them
when coming into flower. Examples of this class
are the mullein, wild carrot and field or bull thistle
Perennial species, those which live indefinitely, often re-
quire particular treatment. Some of the worst of the
perennial species are Canada thistle, white or ox-eye daisy,
toad-flax, live-forever, docks, and various grasses. Very
frequent, persistent and thorough cultivation will destroy
any of these. Cultivation should be repeated even before
the weeds recover sufficiently to take root again. Seeding
down and mowing the weeds with the hay will destroy
most weeds. In dry and sandy soils three or four thor-
ough plowings during the season will destroy Canada
(62)
Weeds. 63
Weeds in general, continued.
thistles and other pests, particularly in dry years, but on
richer and retentive soils more thoroughness must be prac-
ticed
2. Weeds in Lawns. Weeds usually come up thickly in
newly sown lawns They are to be prevented by the use
of commercial fertilizers or very clean manure and clean
grass seed. Clean June-grass, 01 blue-grass, seed is
usually best. Grass seed should be shown very thickly
2 to 4 bu. to the acre and annual weeds cannot persist
long. Frequent mowings during summer will keep the
weeds down, and most species will not survive the winter.
In old lawns most perennial weeds can be kept down by
very frequent mowings with a good lawn mower Grass
can stand more cutting than weeds If mowing cannot be
practiced often enough for this purpose, the weeds may be
cut off below the surface with a long knife or spud, and
the crowns are then readily pulled out Or a little sulphuric
acid oil of vitriol may be poured upon the crown of each
plant
3. Weeds on Walks. Walks should be so made that
weeds cannot grow in them This can be done by making
a deep stone foundation and fillip between the stones with
cinders, coal ashes, or other similar material But when
weeds become established they can be destroyed by the
following methods
SALT. Hot brine (i Ib. of salt to i gal of water),
boiled in a kettle on wheels and dipped out into watering
pots. Brine is better than dry salt, because it leaves very
little color upon the walk.
LIME AND SULPHUR. 10 gals, of water, 20 Ib. of quick-
lime and 2 Ib flowers of sulphur are boiled in an iron
vessel , after settling, the clear part is dipped off and used
when needed. Care must be taken, as it will destroy
edgings
64 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Weeds on Walks, continued.
OIL OF VITRIOL. i part oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid) to
30 parts of water Apply with a watering-pol Choose
a clear evening after a hot day. Keep clear of 'the edgings.
The pot should be well painted, or a wooden pail should
be used.
ARSENITE OF SODA. Place i Ib of powdered arsenic
in 3 gals, of cold water, boil and keep stirring : then add 7
gals, of cold water and 2 Ibs. of crushed soda ; stir well
while boiling. Apply in dry weather.
CARBOLIC ACID. i oz of carbolic acid to i gal of water
sprinkled over the path from a common watering-pot
Will also destroy ants.
COAL-TAR COATING Mix coal-tar with gravel to the con-
sistency of mortar ; spread over the path i to 2 in. thick ;
cover this with gravel, then roll and add another thin coat-
ing of gravel to finish
4. Moss on Walks and Lawns. In damp and shady places,
and also in sterile places, moss may appear on walks and
lawns. If the conditions cannot be improved, the follow-
ing treatments may be tried :
i Ib. oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid) to 10 qts. of water.
Wet the surface thoroughly, being careful not to sprinkle
edgings or good sod.
In early spring, while the ground is soft, with a long
toothed rake, work it backwards and forwards, in order to
bring the moss to the surface. Clear away the moss and
leave the ground' untouched for a fortnight. Early in
March repeat the operation, and about the middle of that
month apply a dressing of rich compost, which may con-
sist of any old rubbish well decomposed, adding y& of fresh
lime. Mix with compost a few days before using. Cover
the ground with the compost at the rate of 200 barrow-
loads per acre, passing it through a ^-in. sieve, to save
the trouble of rolling Rake it evenly over the suface
with a wooden rake, and when dry seed down. An English
method.
CHAPTER VII.
WAXES FOR GRAFTING AND FOR WOUNDS.
1. Common Resin and Beeswax Waxes.
1. RELIABLE WAX. Resin, 4 parts by weight beeswax,
2 parts ; tallow, i part. Melt together and pour into a pail
of cold water. Then grease the hands and pull the wax
until it is nearly white.
2. Resin, 4 Ibs. ; beeswax, i Ib. tallow, i Ib.
3. Resin, 6 Ibs., beeswax, 2 Ibs.; linseed oil, i pt.
4 6 Ibs. resin, i Ib. beeswax .and i pt. linseed oil;
apply hot with a brush, one-eighth o2 an inch thick over
all the joints.
5. FOR WARM WEATHER. Four Ibs. of resin, i Ib. of bees-
wax, and from half to a pint of raw linseed oil ; melt all 1.0-
gether gradually, and turn into water and pull. The
linseed oil should be entirely free from cotton-seed oil.
6. Resin, 6 parts ; beeswax, i part , tallow, i part. To
be used warm, in the house.
7. Resin, 4 or 5 parts ; beeswax, i^ to 2 parts ; linseed
oil, i to i)4 parts. For out-door work.
2. Alcoholic Waxes.
8. LEFORT'S LIQUID GRAFTING WAX, or ALCOHOLIC
PLASTIC. Best white resin, i Ib. ; beef tallow, i oz.; re-
move frcm the fire and add 8 ozs. of alcohol. Keep in
closed bottles or cans.
9. ALCOHOLIC PLASTIC WITH BEESWAX. Melt 6 parts
white recln with i part beeswax ; remove from stove
and partially cool by stirring, then add gradually with
R-5 (65)
66 The Horticulturist* s Rule- Book.
Alcoholic Waxes (Alcoholic Plastic with Beeswax), continued,
continued stirring enough alcohol to make the mixture,
when cool, of the consistency of porridge. In the tem-
perature of the grafting-room it will remain sufficiently
plastic to permit applying to the cut surfaces with the
finger.
10. ALCOHOLIC PLASTIC WITH TURPENTINE. Best
white resin, i Ib. ; beef tallow, i oz.; turpentine, i tea-
spoonful ; add enough alcohol (13 to 15 fluid ozs. of 95
per cent, alcohol) to make the wax of the consistency of
honey. Or, less alcohol may be added if the wax is to be
used with the fingers.
3. French and Pitch Waxes.
11. COMMON FRENCH. Pitch, ^ Ib.; beeswax, ^ Ib.;
cow-dung, i Ib. Boil together, melt and apply with a
brush.
12. COMMON FRENCH BANDAGE WAX. Equal parts of
beeswax, turpentine and resin. While warm spread on
strips of coarse cotton or strong paper.
13. GRAFTING CLAY. 1 / 3 cow-dung, free from straw,
and % clay, or clayey loam, with a little hair, like that
used in plaster, to prevent its cracking. Beat and temper
it for two or three days until it is thoroughly incorporated.
When used it should be of such a consistency as to be
easily put on and shaped with the hands.
14. 2 Ibs. 12 ozs. of resin and i Ib. n ozs. of Burgundy
pitch. At the same time, melt 9 ozs. of tallow ; pour the
latter into the former, while both are hot, and stir the
mixture thoroughly. Then add 18 ozs. of red ochre,
dropping it in gradually and stirring the mixture at the
same time.
15. Black pitch, 28 parts ; Burgundy pitch, 28 parts ;
beeswax, 16 parts ; grease, 14 parts ; yellow ochre, 14
parts.
16. Black pitch, 28 Ibs. ; Burgundy pitch, 28 Ibs. ; yel-
low wax, 16 Ibs. ; suet or tallow, 14 Ibs. ; sifted ashes, 14
Waxes for Grafting and for Wounds. 67
French and Pitch Waxes, continued.
Ibs. When used, warm sufficiently to make it liquid,
without being so hot as to injure the texture of the
branches.
17. Melt together i^ Ib. of clear resin and ^ Ib. of
white pitch. At the same time melt % Ib. of tallow.
Pour the melted tallow into the first mixture, and stir
vigorously. Then before the stuff cools add, slowly stir-
ring meantime, ^ Ib. of Venetian red. This may be
used warm or cold.
4 Waxed String and Bandage.
18. WAXED STRING FOR ROOT-GRAFTING. Into a kettle
of melted wax place balls of No. 18 knitting cotton.
Turn the balls frequently, and in five minutes they will
be thoroughly saturated, when they are dried and put away
for future use. This material is strong enough, and at
the same time breaks so easily as not to injure the
hands. Any of the resin and beeswax waxes may be
used. When the string is used, it should be warm enough
to stick without tying.
19. WAXED CLOTH. Old calico or thin muslin is
rolled on a stick and placed in melted wax. When satu-
rated it is allowed to cool by being unrolled on a bench.
Tt is then cut in strips to suit.
5. Waxes for Wounds.
20. Any of the more adhesive grafting waxes are excel-
lent for dressing wounds, although most of them cleave
off after the first year. Stiff and ochreous paints are also
good.
21. COAL-TAR. Apply a coating of coal-tar to the
wound, which has first been pared and smoothed. If the
wound contains a hole, plug it with seasoned wood.
22. HOSKINS' WAX. Boil pine tar slowly for three or
four hours ; add ^ Ib. of beeswax to a quart of the tar.
Have ready some dry and finely sifted clay, and when the
mixture of tar and wax is partially cold, stir into the
68 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Waxes for Wounds (Hoskins' Wax), continued.
above named quantity about 12 ozs. of the clay ; contL^e
the stirring until the mixture is so stiff, and so nearly
cool, that the clay will not settle. This is soft enough in
mild weather to be easily applied with a knife or spatula.
23. SCH^FELL'S HEALING PAINT. Boil linseed oil
(free from cotton-seed oil) one hour, with an oz. of
litharge to each pt. of oil ; then stir in sifted wood ashes
until the paint is of the proper consistency. Pare the
bark until smooth, as the fuzzy edge left by the saw will
cause it to die back. Paint the wound over in dry
weather, and if the wound is very large, cover with a
gunny-sack.
24. TAR FOR BLEEDING IN VINES. Add to tar about j or
4 times its weight of powdered slate or some similar
substance. Apply with an old knife or flat stick.
25. HOT IRON FOR BLEEDING IN VINES. Apply a hot
iron to the bare surface until it is charred, and then rub
into the charred surface a paste made of newly-burnt lime
and grease.
26. COLLODION FOR BLEEDING IN VINES. It may be
applied with a feather or small brush. In some extreme
cases 2 or 3 coats will be needed, in which case allow the
collodion to form a film before applying another coat.
Pharmaceutical collodion is better than photographic.
CHAPTER VIII.
CEMENTS, MORTARS, PAINTS AND GLUES.
Cement and Mortar.
CEMENTS FOR IRON. i. Sal ammoniac, 2 ozs. ; suL-
phur, ioz.; clean iron borings or filings reduced to pow-
der, 12 Ibs. ; water enough to form a thin paste.
2. Sal ammoniac, 2 ozs.; iron filings, 8 Ibs.; sufficient
water.
3. i or 2 parts of sal ammoniac to 100 of iron filings.
When the work is required to set quickly, increase the sal
ammoniac slightly and add a small amount of sulphur.
4. Iron filings, 4 Ibs.; pipe clay, 2 Ibs.; powdered pot-
sherds, 1 1 Ibs. ; make into a paste with moderately strong
brine.
5. Equal parts of red and white lead, mixed into a paste
with boiled linseed oil. Used for making metallic joints of
all kinds.
6. To 4 or 5 parts of clay, thoroughly dried and pulver-
ized, add 2 parts of iron filings free from oxide, i part of
peroxide of manganese, ^ of sea salt and ^ of borax
mix well and reduce to a thick paste with water. Use Im-
mediately. Expose to warmth, gradually increasing al-
most to white heat.
7. Sifted coal ashes 2 parts and common salt i part.
Add water enough to make a paste and apply at once. This
is also good for stoves and boilers, as it stands heat.
BOILER CEMENTS. i. Chalk, 60 parts ; lime and salt,
of each, 20 parts ; sharp sand, 10 parts ; blue or red clay
(69)
yo The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Cement and Mortar (Boiler Cements), continued.
and clean iron filings, of each, 5 parts. Grind together, and
calcine or heat.
2. Powdered clay, 6 Ibs. ; iron filings, i Ib. Make into
a paste with Iin3ocd oil.
3. Powdered litharge, 2 parts ; silver sand and slaked
lime, of each, i part ; boiled oil enough to form a paste.
These cements are used for stopping leaks and cracks in
boilers, iron pipes, stoves, etc. They should be applied as
soon as they made.
TAR CEMENT. Coal tar, i part ; powdered slate (slate
flour), 3 or 4 parts ; mix by stirring, until thoroughly incor-
' porated. Very useful for mending watering pots, barrels,
leaky sash, etc. It remains somewhat elastic. It does not
adhere to greasy surfaces. It will keep for a long time
before using.
COPPER CEMENT. Beef blood thickened with sufficient
finely powdered quick-lime to make it into a paste is used
to secure the edges and rivets of copper boilers, kettles,
etc. Use immediately.
FIREPROOF or STONE CEMENT. Fine river sand, 20
parts ; litharge, 2 parts ; quicklime, i part ; linseed oil,
enough to form a thick paste. Used for walls and broken
stonework.
EARTHENWARE CEMENT. Grated cheese, 2 parts ; pow-
dered quicklime, i part; fresh white of egg, enough to
form a paste. Use as soon as possible.
For fine earthenware, liquid glue may be used.
CEMENT FOR GLASS. Methylated spirit sufficient to
render liquid a half dozen pieces of gum mastic the size
of a large pea ; in another bottle dissolve the same quantity
of isinglass, which has been soaked in water and allowed to
get surface dry, in 2 oz. of methylated spirits ; when the
first is dissolved add 2 pieces of either gum galbanum or
gum ammoniac ; apply gentle heat and stir ; add the solu-
tion of isinglass, heat again and stir. Keep in a tightly-
stoppered bottle, and when used set in boiling water.
-Mortars, Paints and Glues. 71
Cement and Mortar, continued.
SEALING CEMENTS. Beeswax, i Ib. ; resin, 5 Ibs. Stir
in sufficient red ochre and Brunswick green, or lamp
black, to give the desired color.
2. Black pitch, 6 Ibs ; ivory black and whiting, of each,
i Ib. Less attractive than the former.
These are used for sealing up bottles, barrels, etc.
MORTAR FOR HEAVY RUBBLE WORK or BRICK WORK.
i part of slaked lime, 2 parts of sand and y part of black-
smith's ashes ; for brick work i part of lime, i of sand
and i of blacksmith's ashes.
2. Concrete , etc , for Floors, Borders and Walks.
GROUT FLOOR. i. To secure a good grout or cement
floor, make a good foundation of small stones or brick-
bats, and cover three Ox four inches thick with a thin
mortar, made of 2 parts sharp sand and i part water lime,
2. Fresh powdered lime, 2 parts ; Portland cement, i
part ; gravel, broken stone, or brick, 6 parts. Mix with
water to a liquid consistency, and let it be thrown forci-
bly, or dropped, into its position. It should be well
beaten or rammed to render it solid.
3. Equal parts of gravel, well screened, and clean river
or pit sand. With 5 parts of the sand and gravel, mix i
part of Portland cement. Mix with water, and apply i
in. thick.
FOR GARDEN BORDERS. Nine parts gravel and i part
unslaked lime ; slake the lime and cover it with the gravel,
then add water sufficient to make a very thin mortar.
Apply 3 in. deep ; allow it to stiffen a little, then roll.
Finish with an inch thick of i part lime and 3 parts
gravel. Apply soft.
FOR WALKS. Walks should always have a well-made
foundation of stones or brick-bats to give hardness and
insure drainage. The top of the walk may be made
of gravel, sifted coal ashes, cinders from foundries, fur-
naces, etc. If gravel is used, care should be exercised to
72 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Concrete, etc. (for Walks), continued.
avoid the round or washed gravel, particularly that lying
in the beds of streams, for it will not pack. One part of
clean clay to 4 or 5 of gravel makes a good walk. Or the
following may be used :
1. One part mineral pitch, i part resin, 7 parts chalk
and 2 parts coarse sand. Boil together, and lay it while
in a hot state, adding a little gravel.
2. Boil for a short time 18 parts of mineral pitch and
18 parts of resin in an iron kettle ; then add 60 parts of
coarse sand ; mix well, and lay it on the path to the thick-
ness of i in.; then sift a little fine gravel over it, and beat
it down before the cement sets.
3. Put down a coat of tar and sift some road sand or
coal ashes over it very thickly. When this is dry repeat
the operation until you have 4 coats of tar and as many of
coal ashes or road sand.
4. Two parts of thoroughly dried sand, i part cinders,
thoroughly dried. Mix together ; then spread the sand and
cinders on the ground and make a hole in the center, into
which pour boiling hot tar and mix to a stiff paste ; then
spread on the walk, beat and roll.
5. Two parts lime rubbish and i part coal ashes, both
very dry and finely sifted ; in the middle of the heap make
a hole ; into this pour boiling hot coal tar ; mix to a stiff
mortar and spread on the ground 2 or 3 in. thick. The
ground should be dry and beaten well. Cover with coarse
sand ; when cold, roll well.
3. Paints and Protective Compounds.
HOME-MADE WASHES FOR FENCES AND OUT-BUILDINGS
may be made by various combinations of lime and grease.
The following are good formulas :
1. Slake fresh quick-lime in water, and thin it to a paste
or paint with skim-milk. The addition of 2 or 3 handfuls
of salt to a pail of the wash is beneficial.
2. 2 qts. skim-milk, 8 ozs. of fresh slaked lime, 6 ozs.
of boiled linseed oil and 2 oz. of white pitch, dissolved in
Cements, Mortars, Paints and Glues. 73
Paint and Protective Compounds, continued.
the oil by a gentle heat. The lime must be slaked in cold
water and dried in the air until it falls into a fine powder;
then mix with # part of the milk, adding the mixed oil
and pitch by degrees ; add the remainder of the milk.
Lastly, add 3 Ibs. of the best whiting and mix the whole
thoroughly.
3. Slake YZ bu. of lime in boiling water, keeping it cov-
ered ; strain and add brine made by dissolving i pk. of
salt in warm water, and 3 Ibs. rice flour, then boil to a
paste ; add YI Ib. whiting and i Ib. of glue dissolved in
warm water. Mix and let stand for a few days before
using.
FIRE-PROOF PAINT. In a covered vessel slake the best
quick-lime, then add a mixture of skim-milk and water,
and mix to the consistency of cream ; then add 20 Ibs. of
alum, 15 Ibs. of potash and i bu. of salt to every 100 gals,
of the liquid. If white paint is desired, add to the above
6 Ibs. of plaster of Paris.
FOR DAMP WALLS. i. % Ib. of hard soap to i gal. of
water. Lay over the bricks steadily and carefully with a
flat brush, so as not to form a froth or lather on the surface.
After 24 hrs., mix ^ Ib. of alum with 4 gals, of water ;
let it stand 24 hours, and then apply it in the same
manner over the coating of soap. Apply in dry weather.
2. ij^ Ib. resin, i Ib. tallow, i qt. linseed oil. Melt to-
gether and apply hot ; two coats.
PAINT FOR GREENHOUSE ROOFS. Make a paint of ordi-
nary consistency of white lead and naphtha. It is removed
from the glass by the use of a scrubbing brush. Make it
thin or it is hard to remove.
Ordinary lime whitewash is good for temporary use.
WATER-PROOFING PAINTS. For leather. i. >^ Ib. of
shellac, broken into small pieces in a quart bottle ; cover
with methylated spirit, cork it tight, put it on a shelf
in a warm place, and shake it well several times a day ;
74 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Paints and Protective Compounds, continued.
then add a piece of camphor as large as a hen's egg ;
shake again and add i oz. of lamp black. Apply with a
small paint brush.
2. Put into an earthern jar } Ib. of beeswax, J^ pt. of
neatsfoot oil, 3 or 4 tablespoonfuls of lamp black, and a
piece of camphor as large as a hen's egg. Melt over a
slow fire. Have both grease and leather warm and apply
with a brush.
3. i pt. of linseed oil, % Ib. mutton suet, 6 oz. of clean
beeswax and 4 ozs. of resin ; melt and mix well. Use
while warm with a brush on new boots or shoes.
' FOR CLOTH FOR PITS AND FRAMES. Old pale linseed
oil, 3 pints ; sugar of lead (acetate of lead), i oz.; white
resin, 4 ozs. Grind the acetate with a little of the oil,
then add the rest and the resin. Use an iron kettle over a
gentle fire. Apply with a brush, hot.
FOR PAPER. Dissolve i^ Ib. of white soap in i qt. of
water ; in another qt. of water dissolve i^ oz. of gum
arabic and 5 ozs. of glue. Mix the two liquids, warm them
and soak the paper in it and pass through rollers, or simply
hang it up to dry.
To PREVENT METALS FROM RUSTING. Melt together
3 parts of lard and i part of powdered resin. A very thin
coating applied with a brush will keep stoves and grates
from rusting during summer, even in damp situations. A
little black lead can be mixed with the lard. Does well on
nearly all metals.
To PREVENT RUSTING OF NAILS, HINGES, ETC. i
pt. of linseed oil, 2 ozs. black lead ; mix together. Heat
nails red-hot and dip them in.
4. Glues.
LIQUID GLUE. i. Dissolve 2 Ibs. of best pale glue in i
qt. of water in a covered vessel, placed in a hot water
bath ; when cold, add to it 7 ozs. of commercial nitric acid.
When cold put in bottles.
Cements, Mortars, Paints and Glues. 75
Glues (Liquid Glue), continued.
2. Finest pale orange shellac, broken small, 4 ozs.;
methylated spirit, 3 oz.; put in a warm place in a closely
corked bottle until dissolved. Should have the consistency
of molasses. Or, borax, ioz.; water, ^ pt; shellac as be-
fore ; boil in a closely covered vessel until dissolved ;
then evaporate until nearly as thick as molasses.
FLOWER GUM. Very fine white shellac mixed with
methylated spirit in a stone jar ; shake well for y 2 an hour
and place by a fire, and shake it frequently the first day.
Keep in a cool place. Leave the camel's-hair brush in the
gum. Never fill the brush too full and gum the petals
close to the tube.
GUM FOR LABELS AND SPECIMENS. i. Two parts of gum
arabic, i part of brown sugar ; dissolve in water to the
consistency of cream.
2. Five parts of best glue soaked in 18 to 20 parts of
water for a day, and to the liquid add 9 parts of sugar
candy and 3 parts of gum arabic.
3r Good flour and glue, to which add linseed oil, varnish
and turpentine, ^ oz. each to the lb. Good when labels
are liable to get damp.
f
CHAPTER IX.
SEED TABLES.
i. Quantity of Seed required to Sow an Acre.
Asparagus 4 or 5 Ibs., or i oz. for 50 ft. of drill.
Beans, Dwarf in drills i}^ bu.
' ' Pole " 10 to 1 2 qts.
Beet " 5 to 6 Ibs.
Buckwheat " i bu.
Cabbage in beds to transplant % lb.
Carrot in drills 3 to 4 Ibs.
Cauliflower i oz. of seed for 1,000 plants. .
Celery i oz. for 2,000 plants
Corn in hills 8 to- 10 qts.
Cucumber " 2 Ibs.
Cress, Water in drills 2 to 3 Ibs.
1 ' Upland .... " 2 to 3 Ibs.
Egg-plant i oz. of seed for 1,000 plants. .
Kale, or Sprouts 3 to 4 Ibs.
Lettuce i oz. of seed for 1,000 plants. .
Melon, Musk in hills 2 to 3 Ibs.
Water " 4 to 5 Ibs.
Mustard broadcast ^ bu.
Onion in drills 5 to 6 Ibs.
" for Sets " 30 Ibs.
" Sets " 6toi2bu.
Parsnip " 4 to 6 Ibs.
Peas " i to 2 bu.
Potato (cut tubers) 7 bu .
Seed Tables. 77
Quantity of Seed required to Sow an Acre, continued.
Pumpkin . in hills 4 to 5 Ibs.
Radish in drills 8 to 10 Ibs
Sage " 8 to 10 Ibs
Salsify " 8 to 10 Ibs.
Spinach " 10 to 12 Ibs.
Squash, Bush in hills 4 to 6 Ibs.
Running . . " 3 to 4 Ibs.
Tomato to transplant * Ib.
Turnip in drills i to 2 Ibs.
" broadcast 3 to 4 ibs.
Grass (mixed lawn) 2 to 4 bu.
2. Weight and Size of Garden Seeds.
Adapted from Vilmorirfs tables.
A litre is about if pints, and a gramme is i5f grains.
Weight of a litre of Number of seeds
seeds in grammes. in i gramme.
Angelica 150 170
Anise 300 200
Asparagus Bean (Dolichos sesqiu-
pedalis, L.) 770 500 to 650
Balm 550 2, ooo
Basil 530 800
Bean 625 to 850 75 to 800 in 100 g.
Beet 250 50
Bolage 480 65
Borecole 700 300
Broccoli 700 375
Cabbage 700 300
Caper 460 160
Caraway 420 350
Cardoon 630 25
Carrot with the spines 240 700
" without the spines 360 950
Catmint 780 1,200
78 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book.
Weight and Size of Garden Seeds, continued.
Weight of a litre, of Number of seed.,
seeds in grammes. in i gramw.
Cauliflower 700 375
Celery 480 2, 500
Chervil , 380 450
Sweet-scented 250 40
" Turnip-rooted 540 450
Chicory 400 700
Chick-pea 780 30 in 10 g.
Coriander 320 go
Corn-salad 280 1,000
Cress, American 540 950
"' Common Garden 730 450
" Meadow (Cuckoo-flower) ... 580 1,500
Para 200 3,400
Water 580 4, ooo
Cucumber, Common 500 33
Globe 500 100
Prickly-fruited Gher-
kin 550 130
Snake (Cucumis flexu-
osus] 450 40
Dandelion 270 i , 200 to i , 500
Dill 300 900
Egg-plant 500 250
Endive 340 600
Fennel, Common or Wild 450 310
Sweet 235 125
Gombo, see Okra.
Good King Henry 625 430
Gourds, Fancy 450 20
Hop 250 200
Horehound 680 i , ooo
Hyssop 575 850
Kohl-rabi .-. . 700 300
Leek, 550 400
Seed Tables. 79
Weight and Size of Garden Seeds, continued.
Weight of a litre of Number of seeds
seeds in grammes. in i gramme.
Lettuce 430 800
Lovage 200 300
Maize, or Indian Corn 640 4 or 5
Marjoram, Sweet 550 4,000
Winter 675 12,000
Martynia 290 20
Musk-melon . . , .360 55
Mustard, Black or Brown 675 700
" Chinese Cabbage-leaved 660 650
White, or Salad 750 200
Nasturtium, Tall 340 7 to 8
Dwarf 600 15
Okra 620 15 to 18
Onion 500 250
Orach 140 250
Pea 700 to 800 20 to 55 in 10 g.
1 ' Gray or Field 680 to 800 50 to 80 in 10 g.
Peanut 400 2 or 3
Pepper 450 150
Pumpkin 250 3
Purslane 610 2, 500
Radish 700 120
Rampion 800 25,000
Rhubarb 80 to 120 50
Rocket Salad 750 550
Rosemary 400 900
Rue 580 500
Sage 55 2 5O
Salsify 230 100
Savory, Summer 500 1,500
1 ' Winter 430 2, 500
Scorzonera 260 90
Scurvy-grass 600 1,500 to 1,800
Sea-kale 210 15 to 18
8o
The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Weight and Size of Garden Seeds, continued.
Weight of a litre of Number of seeds
seeds in grammes. in i gramme.
Spinach, Prickly-seeded 375 90
" Round-seeded 510 no
11 New Zealand 225 iotoi2
Squash, Bush-scallop 430 10
Strawberry 600 800 to 2, 500
Elite (Blitum) 800 5,000
Tomato (Phy satis] 650 1,000
Sweet Cicely 250 40
Tansy 300 7, ooo
Thyme 680 6, ooo
Tomato 300 300 to 400
Turnip 670 450
Valerian, African no 250
Watermelon 460 5 or 6
Wax Gourd 300 2 1
Welsh Onion, Common 480 300
" Early White 590 500
Wormwood 650 1 1 , 500
3. Number of Tree Seeds in a Pound.
FRL.T TREES.
About
Apple 12,000
Cherry Pits i , ooo
Peach 200
Pear 15,000
Plum 600
Quince 15,000
Mulberry *. 200, ooo
FOREST TREES.
By count.
Butternut Juglans cinerea 15
Black Walnut Juglans nigra 25
American Horse Chestnut, .^sculus glabra 36
Hickory (Shell Bark) Carya alba 78
Seed Tables, 81
Number 01 Tree Seeds in a Pound (Forest Trees), continued.
By count,
American Sweet Chestnut. .Castanea vesca go
Silver-Leaved Maple Acer dascycarpum 2,421
Honey Locust Gleditschia'Lriacanthos . . 2,496
Black Cherry Prunus serotina 4.j3 T i
Black Ash Fraxinus sambucifolia . . . 5,629
American Basswood Tilia Americana 6,337
Norway Maple Acer platanoides 7,231
Sugar Maple Acer saccharinum 7.488
Berberry Berberis vuigaris 8, 183
Red Cedar Juniperus Virginiana .... 8,321
Rock Elm Ulmus racemosa 8, 352
American Whita Ash Fraxinus Americana. . . . 9,858
Osage Orange Madura aurantiaca 10,656
Silver Fir Abies pectinata 12,000
Box Elder Acer Negundo I 47 8 4
Hardy Catalpa Catalpa speciosa 19, 776
Ailantus Ailantus glandulosa 20,161
White Pine Pinus Strobus 20, 540
Scarlet Maple Acer rubrum 22,464
Green Ash Fraxinus viridis 22,656
Black Locust Robinia pseudacacia 28,992
Red Elm Ulmus fulva 54, 359
American Whit3 Elm Ulmus Americana 92,352
American Mountain Ash. . .Pyrus Americana 108,327
White Birch .Betula alba 500,000
4. Longevity of Garden Seeds.
Adapted from Vilmorirfs tables,
The number denotes that the seeds had not all lost their
germinating power at the termination of the number of years
recorded.
AVERAGE EXTREME
Years, tears.
Angelica T 01 2 3
Anise 3 5
Asparagus Bean (Dolichos sesquipedalis, L.). . 3
R-6
82 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Longevity of Garden Seeds, continued.
AVERAGE
years.
Balm 4
Basil 8 10 f
Bean 3 8
Beet 6 io-t-
Borage 8 io-f-
Borecole 5 10
Broccoli 5 10
Cabbage , 5 10
Caraway 3 4
Cardoon 7 9
Carrot, with the spines 4 or 5 10+
' ' without the spines 4 or 5 10+
Catmint 6 io-|-
Cauliflower 5 10
Celery 8 10
Chervil 2 or 3 6
Sweet-scented i i
' ' Turnip-rooted i i
Chicory . . 8 lo-f
Chick-pea 3 8
Coriander 6 8
Corn-salad, Common 5 10
Cress, American 3 e;
Common Garden 5 9
" Meadow (or Cuckoo-flower) 4 (?)
" Par * 5 7+
' ' Water 5 9
Cucumber, Common 10 10+
Globe 6 (?)
Prickly-fruited Gherkin 6 7^-
Snake {Cucumis flexuosus) 7 or 8
Dandelion 2
M1 3
Egg-plant 6
Endive IO
Seed Tables. 83
Longevity of Garden Seeds, continued.
AVERAGK EXTREME
years. years.
Fennel, Common or Wild 4 7
' 4 Sweet 4 7
Gombo, see Okra.
Good King Henry 3 5
Gourds, Fancy 6 lo-j-
Hop 2 4
Horehound 3 6
Hyssop 3 5
Kohl-rabi 5 10
Leek 3 9
Lettuce, Common 5 9
Lovage 3 4
Maize, or Indian Corn 2 4
Marjoram, Sweet 3 7
' ' Winter 5 7
Marty nia i or 2 (?)
Musk-Melon , 5 io-f-
Mustard, Black or Brown 4 9
" Chinese Cabbage-leaved 4 8
" White or Salad 4 10
Nasturtium, Tall 5 5
Dwarf 5 8
Ckra 5 lo-f-
Onion 2 y
Oiach 6 7
Parsnip 2 4
Parsley 3 9
Pea, Garden 3 8
' Gray or Field 3 8
Pepper 4 7
Pumpkin 4 or 5 9
Purslane 7 10
Radish , 5 JO-f-
Rampion 5 JQ-f-
Rhubarb 3 8
84 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Longevity of Garden Seeds, continued.
AVERAGE EXTREME
years. years.
Rocket Salad 4 9
Rosemary 4 (?)
Rue 2 5
Sage 3 7
Salsify 2 8
Savory, Summer 3 7
Winter 3 6
Scorzonera 2 7
Scurvy-grass 4 7
Sea-kale ... i 7
Spinach, Prickly-seeded 5 7
1 ' Round-seeded 5 7
' ' New Zealand 5 8
Squash, Bush-scallop 6 lo-f
Strawberry 3 6
Tomato (Phy sails} 8 io4-
Sweet Cicely i i
Tansy 2 4
Thyme 3 7
Tomato 4 9
Turnip 5 io-f-
Valerian, African 4 7
Watermelon 6 10
Wax Gourd 10 lo-f-
Welsh Onion, Common 2 or 3 7
Early White 3 8
Wormwood 4 6
t
5. Average Time required for Garden Seeds to Germinate.
Bean 6-10 days.
Beet 7-10 "
Cabbage 6-10 ' '
Carrot 12-18 "
Cauliflower 6-10 "
Celery 10-20 "
Corn 5-8 "
Cucumber 6-10 "
Endive 5-10
Lettuce 6-8 days.
Seed Tables. 85
Average Time required for Garden Seeds to Germinate, continued.
Onion 7-10 days. I Radish 3-6 days
Pea 6-10 ' ' Salsify 7-12 ' '
Parsnip 10-20
Pepper 9-13
Tomato 6-12
Turnip 4-8
6. Proper Kinds and Quantities of Seeds for a Model En-
glish Kitchen-garden of i 1-4 Acres (London).
Peas, 30 qts. ; white cabbage of different kinds, 6 ozs. ; Sa-
voy cabbage, i^ ozs. ; Brussels sprouts, 2 ozs. ; cauli-
flower, 3 ozs. ; broccoli, 7 ozs. ; borecole, 2 ozs. ; red
cabbage, i oz. ; kohl-rabi, i oz.; white turnip, 8 ozs. ; yel-
low turnip, 2 ozs.; early potatoes, i bu.; carrots, 7 ozs.;
onions, 8 ozs. ; broad beans, 6 qts. ; narrow beans, 3 qts. ;
kidney beans, 3 qts.; scarlet runner beans, 2 qts.; celery,
3 ozs.- Flanders spinach, i qt.; summer spinach, 2 qts ;
Jerusalem artichoke, i pk. ; red beet, 4 ozs.; parsnips, 4
ozs.; leeks, 2 ozs.; garlic, ^ Ib. ; shallots, 3 Ibs. ; salsify,
YZ oz. ; scorzonera, ^ oz.; Cos lettuce, 5 ozs.; cabbage
lettuce, 3 ozs.; endive, 2 ozs. joradish, 3 pts. ; cress, i pt. ;
mustard, i qt. ; parsley, 2 ozs.
CHAPTER X.
PLANTING TABLES.
i. Dates for Sowing or Setting Kitchen Garden Vegetables In
Different Latitudes.
LANSING, MICHIGAN.
(Average of 4 and 5 years.)
Bean, Bush May 16.
Bean, Pole May 30.
Beet April 20.
Broccoli May 10.
Brussels Sprouts May 10.
Cabbage, early, under glass March 15.
Cabbage, late May 20.
Carrot May 7.
Cauliflower, under glass March 15.
Celery, under glass March 18.
in open ground May 20.
Corn May 19.
Cucumber May 23.
Egg- Plant, under glass March 15.
Kale May 9.
Kohl-rabi May 9.
Lettuce May 5 .
Melon May 30.
Okra May 1 5 .
Onion April 17.
Parsnips May 7.
Pepper, under glass March 16
Peas April 15.
(86)
Planting Tables. 87
Dates for Sowing or Setting Vegetables, continued.
Potato May 3.
Pumpkin May 31.
Radish April 26.
Salsify May 7.
Spinach April 10.
Squash May 28.
Tomato, under glass March 13.
Turnip April 15.
BOSTON. (RAWSON.)
Asparagus About the end of April.
Bean, Bush About the first week in May.
Bean, Pole From about the middle of May to the
ist of June.
Bean, Lima About the ist of June.
Beet About the middle of April.
Borecole, or Kale About the middk, of April; plant out in
June.
Brussels Sprouts In March or April in hot-bed.
Cabbage Transplant the last week in April or the
first in May.
Carrots Last of May or ist of June.
Cauliflower From the ist of May until the ist of
July.
Celery The ist week in June to the 2d in July.
Corn Sweet About the ist of May.
Cucumber For first crop, about the middle of
March.
Egg-Plant About March isth in hot-bed.
Endive June or July.
Kohl-rabi May or Jun3.
Okra About the loth of May.
Peas During the : last of April up to the ist
of May.
Pepper Put out of doors about the ist of April.
88 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Dates for Sowing or Setting Vegetables, continued.
Radish From the ist of April to the middle of
June.
Spinach About the ist of September.
Tomato About the 25th of May set plants out
doors.
Turnips, for fall use . .Any time from July ist to August 2oth.
Watermelon About the middle of May.
NEW YORK. (HENDERSON.)
Plants to sow from the middle of March to the end of April. Thermom-
eter in the shade averaging 45 degrees.
, Beet. Cauliflower. Parsley.
Carrot. Endive. Peas.
Cress. Kale. Radish.
Celery. Lettuce. Spinach.
Cabbage. Onions. Turnip.
Parsnip.
From the middle of May to the middle of June. Thermometer in the
shade averaging 60 degrees.
Bean, Bush.
Bean, Cranberry.
Bean, Lima.
Bean, Pole.
Bean, Scarlet.
Bean, Runner.
Corn, Sweet,
Cucumber.
Melon, Musk.
Melon, Water.
Nasturtium.
Okra.
Pumpkin.
Squash.
Tomato.
GEORGIA. (OEMLER.)
Asparagus From December ist to the middle of March.
Bean, Bush . . . .From the ist to the middle of March.
Beet Through November and December.
Cabbage From the ist of October to the i5th. Trans-
plant about November ist and later.
Cauliflower . . . .From May to September.
Cucumber About March ist to the i5th.
Egg-Plant To prick out, about the middle of January;
otherwise ten or fifteen days later.
Planting Tables. 89
Dates for Sowing or Setting Vegetables, continued.
Lettuce ........ About the middle of September.
Onion ......... About January ist.
Pea ........... About December ist.
Potato. ........ The ist of February.
Radish ........ From Christmas to the last of February.
Spinach ....... From September loth until October i5th.
Squash ........ About the last of February up to the middle
of March.
Sweet-Potato. . .In cold-frames, about the ist of January.
Tomato ........ About January ist.
Watermelon . . .About the i5th of March.
a. Tender and Hardy Vegetables.
Vegetables injured by a slight frost, and which should therefore be
planted only after the weather has settled.
All Beans. Egg-Plant. Pumpkin.
Corn. All Melons. Squash.
Cucumber. Okra. Sweet Potato.
Pepper. Tomato.
Vegetables which, when properly handled, will endure a frost.
Asparagus.
Beet.
Borecole.
Corn Salad.
Cress.
Endive.
Parsley.
Parsnip,
Pea.
Broccoli.
Horseradish.
Radish.
Brussels Sprouts.
Cabbage.
Carrot. -
Kale.
Kohl-rabi.
Leek.
Rhubarb.
Salsify.
Sea Kale.
Cauliflower.
Celery.
Lettuce.
All Onions.
Spinach.
Turnip.
3. Usual Distances Apart for Planting Fruits.
Apples ........................... 30 to 40 feet each way.
" Dwarf ..................... 10 " " "
Pears ......... .................. 20 " 30 " " "
" Dwarf. . . 10 " 12 " " '
QO The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Usual Distances Apart ior Planting Fruits, continued.
Plums 16 to 20 feet each way.
Peaches 16 " 20 " ' ' "
Cherries 16 " 25 " " "
Apricots 16 " 20
Nectarines 16 " 20 " " "
Quinces 8 " 12 " " "
Grapes 8 " 12 " . " "
Currants 4X 5 feet
Gooseberries 4X 5 u
Raspberries, Black 3X 6 "
Red ... 3X5"
Blackberries 4X 7to6X 8 feet-
Cranberries i or 2 ft. apart each way.
Strawberries ... i X 3 or 4 feet.
Oranges and Lemons 25 to 30 feet each way.
Figs 20 ' ' 25 "
Mulberries 25 " 30 "
Japanese Persimmons 20 " 25 " " "
Loquats 15 " 25 " "
Pecans 35 " 40 " " "
Distances Recommended for Orange Trees in California.
Dwarfs, as Tangerines , 10 to 12 feet.
Half-Dwarfs, as Washington Novel 24 " 30 "
Mediterranean Sweet, Maltese Blood,
Valencia 24 " 30 ' '
St. Michael 18 " 24 "
Seedlings 30 " 40 "
4. Usual Distance Apart for Planting Vegetables.
Artichoke . . Rows 3 or 4 ft. apart, 2 to 3 ft. apart in
the row.
Asparagus Rows 3 to 4 ft. apart, i to 2 ft. apart in the
row.
Beans, Bush i ft. apart in rows 2 to 3 ft. apart.
" Pole 3 to 4 ft. each way.
Planting Tables. 91
Usual Distance Apart for Planting Vegetables, continued.
Beet, early In drills 12 to 18 in. apart.
' ' late In drills 2 to 3 ft. apart.
Broccoli \y 2 X 2^ ft. to 2 X 3 ft.
Cabbage, early. . . . 16 X 28 in. to 18 X 3 i n *
late 2 X 3ft. to 2^ X3^ ft.
Carrot In drills i to 2 ft. apart.
Cauliflower 2 X 2 ft. to 2 X 3 ft -
Celery Rows 3 to 4 ft. apart, 6 to 9 in. in the row
Corn-Salad In drills 12 to 18 in. apart.
Corn, Sweet Rows 3 to 3^ ft. apart, 9 in. to 2 ft. in
the row.
Cress In drills 10 to 12 in. apart.
Cucumber 4 to 5 ft. each way.
Egg-Plant 3X3ft.
Endive i X * ft. to i X ^/2 ft.
Horseradish i X 2 or 3 f t.
Kohl-rabi 10 X *8 in. to i X 2 ft.
Leek 6 in. X i or i> ft. ,
Lettuce i X i/^ o r 2 ft.
Melons, Musk 5 to 6 ft. each way.
" Water 7 to 8 ft. each way.
Mushroom 6 to 8 in. each way.
Okra T. l / 2 X 2 or 3 ft.
Onion In drills from 14 to 20 in. apart.
Parsley In drills i or 2 ft. apart.
Parsnip In drills 18 in. to 3 ft. apart.
Peas In drills, early kinds usually in double
rows 6 to 9 in. apart, late kinds in
single rows 2 to 3 ft. apart.
Pepper 15 to 18 in. X 2 to 2^ ft.
Potato 10 to 18 in. X 2 /^ to 3 ft.
Pumpkin 8 to 10 ft. each way.
Radish In drills 10 to 18 in. apart.
Rhubarb 2 to 4 ft. X 4 ft .
Salsify In drills ij^ to 2 ft. apart.
92 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Us
Se
Si
Sq
Sv
Tc
Ti
5-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
ual Dii
a Kale
)inach
[uash,
/eet-P<
)mato
jtance Apart for PI
. .2 V 2
antin
to 3 1
Is 12
ft. X
ft. ea
[3 to
[4 to
.Is I'/:
g Vegetabl
to 18 in. a
4 ft.
tch way.
4 ft.
5ft.
t to 2>/i ft.
es, continued,
part.
, apart.
n Acre of Groum
Plai
5 in ^18
i at
tits.
175
697
360
320
088
080
240
040
632
360
022
O2O
240
816
560
680
905
088
218
816
392
452
048
544
Bush . . ,
Late
..In dril
...3 to 4
6 to 8
)tato ....
..2ft. X
. .4 ft. X
irnip .
Numl
in. X
''' X
" X
" X
''* X
" X
" X
" X
" X
" X
" X
11 X
" X
" X
" X
" X
" X
" X
" X
" X
" X
" X
" X
" X
, ..In dril
3er ef PI
i in . .
2 ' '
Given Dia
Plants.
. . .6,272,640
3136 3?.n
itances.
3 in. X
3 " X
3 " X
3 " X
3 " X
3 " X
3 " X
4 " X
4 " X
4 " X
4 " X
4 " X
4 " X
4 ' X
4 ' X
4 " X
5 " X
5 " X
5 " X
5 " X
5 " X
5 " X
5 " X
5 " X
6 "...
7 "
2Q8
2 090
880
1 60
5 28
44
091
080
960
269
240
720
1 60
44
080
264
720
045
040
480
632
120
360
960
720
,,
I c68
8 " ...
9 "...
12 " ...
4' ' .
.. 26l,
. 232,
. . 209,
190,
174,
3Q2
"
. . 1,254,
6 " . .
. . 1 , 04 5 ,
7 ' '
. . . 896,
8 "
784
9' '
6q6
10 " . .
627
5 " .
12 "
. . . 570,
522
6 " ...
26l
7 " .
224
2 " . .
. .1,568
8 " ...
1 06
a ** .
. I O45
9" .
174
. 784
10 ' '
156
5* '
627
12 "
142,
I3O
6 "
522
7 "
8 " . .
... 448,
OQ2
5 "".
6 "...
7 ' '
- - 250,
. . 2O9,
I7Q
9' ' .
348
10 ' ' . .
8 "...
9 "...
10 " ...
12 " ...
- 156,
139,
125,
.. II 4 ,
. . 104,
12 "
3 "
4 " . .
... 285,
. . . 26l,
... 696,
522,
Planting Tables. 93
Number of Plants to an Acre at Given Distances, continued.
Plants.
Plants.
g
in V 6
in 174 240
12
in. X 12
in 43 ^60
6
in. /\ ^>
" X 7
" 149,348
12
" X 15
" .... 34.848
6
" X 8
" .... 130,680
12
" X 18
" .... 29,040
6
" X 9
" .... 116,160
12
11 X 20
" .... 26,136
6
" X 10
" 104,544
12
* \ X2
" or 2 ft. 21, 780
6
" X ii
11 95-040
on
ft. )
6
" X 12
" .... 87, 120
12
in. X 30
" .... 17,424
7
" X 7
" .... I28,OI3
12
" X36
" or 3 ft. 14,520
7
" X 8
11 .... 112,01 I
12
" X42
11 .... 12,446
7
" X 9
' 99,56 2
12
" X48
" or 4 ft. 10,890
7
" X 10
" .... 89,609
12
" X54
" 9,680
7
" X ii
" 81,462
12
11 X6o
" or 5 ft. 8,712
7
" X 12
" 74,674
15
" X 15
" .... 27,878
8
" X 8
" .... g8,OIO
15
" Xi8
" 23,232
8
" X 9
" .... 87,120
15
" X20
" .... 20,908
8
" X 10
" 78,408
15
" X2 4
" or 2 ft. 17, 424
8
" X ii
" .... 71,280
15
" X3o
" 13.939
8
" X 12
" 65,340
15
; X36
" or 3 ft. 11,616
9
" X 9
" .... 77,440
15
" X42
" - 9.953
9
" X 10
" .... 69,696
*5
" X48
" or 4 ft. 8,712
9
" X ii
11 .... 63,360
15
" X54
11 7.744
9
" X 12
" 58,080
15
" X6o
" or 5 ft. 6,969
10
" X 10
" .... 62,726
18
" X 18
" .... 19,360
10
" X 12
" .... 52,272
18
" X20
" .... 17.424
1 1
" X 15
" .... 41.817
18
" X2 4
" or 2 ft. 14, 520
10
" X 18
" .... 34.848
18
" X30
" .... 11,616
10
" X 20
" 3L362
18
" X36
" or 3 ft. 9,680
10
" X2 4
" or 2 1.26,132
18
11 X42
11 8,297
IO
" X30
" .... 20,908
18
" X48
" or 4 ft. 7,260
IO
" X36
" or 3 ft. 17,424
18
11 X54
" .... 6,453
10
" X42
" 14,935
18
" X6o
" or 5 ft. 5,808
10
" X48
" or 4 ft. 13,068
20
" X20
" 15.681
10
" X54
" .... 11,616
20
11 X2 4
" or 2 ft. 13,168
IO
" X6o
" or 5 ft. 10, 454
20
" X30
41 .... 10,454
94 I he Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Nnxttber of Plants to an Acre at Given Distances, continued.
V ^fi in
Plants,
or ^ f t 8 712
f t y Q f t .
20 ' '
V A'i "
7 467
o
" y 10 " .
20 ' '
A 4 Z
V /i8 "
or A ft 6 ^^A
" y ii " .
20 ' '
V t;/i "
s 308
" y 12 " .
20 ' '
A D4
V 60 "
or 5 ft 5 227
" y 4 " .
I ft
X i ft
43. ^60
4
" y s "
I * '
V 2 "
21 780
4"
" y 6 " .
I ' '
V 3 "
Id. ^20
" y 7 " .
J ' '
V A "
10 890
" y s " .
I ' '
V <? "
8 712
" y o "
I ' '
y 6 "
7 260
" X 10 '
I ' '
V 7 "
6 223
" X n "
I ' '
y 8 "
544.C
" X 12 "
I ' '
V o *'
484O
c
" y *-.
I ' '
V 10 "
40 c5
" y 6 "
I ' '
X ii "
3 Q6o
c
" y 7 " .
I ' '
V 12 "
3.63O
c
"X 8 "
2 ' '
X 2 "
10 890
c
" y Q " .
2 ' '
X ^ "
7,260
c
" X 10 "
2 ' '
V 4 "
544 s ?
11 y ii "
2 "
V c ''
4. 3 a >6
c
" X 12 "
2 "
X 6 "
3,63O
6
"X 6 "
2 ' '
X 7 "
3 III
6
11 y ? "
2 ' '
y 8 "
2 722
6
" y s "
2 ' '
X Q "
> . . . 2 42O
6
" y Q "
2 "
V 10 "
2 178
fi
" y 10 "
2 ' '
y ii "
I Q8o
6
" y ii "
2 "
y 12 "
I 8l?
(S
" y 12 "
_
y ^ "
4840
7
" y 7 " .
-
y 4 "
363O
7
" y s " .
~ "
y s " .
7
" y Q "
3 "
_
X 6 ,
y ? " .
. . . . . 2,42O
2 74
7
7
" X 10 V
" y ii " .
3 "
y s ,
I.SlS
7
u y 12 ' .
Planting Tables. 95
Number of Plants to an Acre at Given Distances, continued.
Plants Plants.
8ft.
X 8 ft
680
12 ft.
X 48 ft
75
8 "
X 9 "
.... 605
12 "
X 54 "
.... 67
8 "
X 10 "
544
12 "
X 60
60
8 "
X ii " ....
495
15 "
X 15 "
193
8 "
X 12 "
453
15 "
X 18 "
161
9 "
X 9 " ....
.... 537
15 "
X 20 "
145
9 "
X 10 "
.... 484
15 "
X 24 "
.... 121
9 "
X ii "
.... 440
15 "
X 30 "
.... 96
9 "
X 12 "
.... 4P3
15 "
X 36 "
80
9 "
X 14 M
345
15 "
X 42 "
69
9 "
X 15 "
.... 322
15 "
X 48 "
60
9 "
X 18 "
.... 268
15 "
X 54 "
53
9 "
X 20 "
.... 242
15 "
X 60
48
10 "
X 10 "
435
18 r<
X 18 "
... 134
10 "
X 12'"
.... 363
18 "
X 20 "
.... 121
IO "
X 15 "
.... 290
18 "
X 24 "
.... 100
IO "
X 18 '
.... 242
18 "
X 30 "
.... 80
10 "
X 20 '
.... 217
18 "
X 36 "
.... 67
10 "
X 24 "
181
18 "
X 42 "
57
10 "
X 30 "
.... 145
18 "
X 48 "
50
IO "
X 36 "
121
18 "
X 54 "
44
IO "
X 42 "
.... 103
18 "
X 60 "
.... 40
IO "
X 45 "
.... 9 6
20 "
X 20 "
.... 108
IO "
X 48 "
.... 90
2O "
X 24 "
90
10 "
X 54 "
.... 80
2O "
X 30 "
.... 72
IO "
X 60 "
.... 72
20 "
X 36 "
60
12 "
X 12 "
.... 302
2O "
X 42 "
51
12 "
X 15 (<
.... 242
3O "
X 48 "
.... 45
12 "
X 18 "
.... 2OI
2O "
X 54 "
.... 40
12 "
X 20 "
.... 181
ao "
X 60 "
.... 36
12 "
X 24 "
.... 151
24 "
X 24 "
.... 75
12 "
X 30 "
121
24 "
X 30 "
60
12 "
X 36 "
.... 100
24 "
X 36 "
.... 50
12 "
X42 "
.... 86
24 "
X 42 "
.... 43
96 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Number of Plants to an Acre at Given Distances, continued.
Plants.
Plants.
24 ft.
X 48 ft
- 37
36 ft.
X 54
24 "
X 54 "
- 33
36 "
X 60
24 "
X 60 "
. . . . 30
42 "
X 42
30 "
X 30 "
. . . . 48
42 "
X 48
30 "
X 36 "
40
42 "
X 54
30 "
X 42 "
34
42 "
X 60
30 "
X 48 "
. . . . 30
48 "
X 48
30 "
X 54 "
. . . . 26
48 "
X 54
30
X 60 " ...
. . . . 24
48 "
X 60
36 "
X 36 "
33
54 "
X 54
36 ,"
X 42 "
28
54 "
X 60
36 "
X 48 "
25
60 "
X 60
20
24
21
19
I?
18
16
15
J 4
13
12
CHAPTER XL
MATURITIES, YIELDS AND MULTIPLICATION.
1. Time Required for Maturity of Different Garden Crops,
Reckoned from the Sowing of the Seeds.
Beans, String 45- 60 days from seed.
Shell 65- 70 "
Beets, Turnip 65 " " "
Long Blood iso
Cabbage, Early 105 " " "
Late 150 " " "
Cauliflower .no " " "
Corn 75
Egg-Plant 150-160 '
Lettuce 65 " " "
Melon, Water 120-140 " ' ' "
" Musk 120-140 " " "
Onion 135-160 '
Pepper 140-150 "
Radish 30- 45 " " "
Squash, Summer 60- 65
' Winter 125 " " "
Tomatoes 150 " " '
Turnips 60 " " "
2. Time Required, from Setting, for Fruit plants to Bear.
Apple 3 years Good crop in about 10 years.
Blackberry i year. Good crops in 2 and 3 years.
Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, etc.) 2 to 3 years. Good
crops in 2 or 3 years later.
R -7 (97)
98 The Horticulturist 's Rule- Book.
Time required, from Setting, for Fruit Plants to Bear, continued.
Cranberry 3 years gives a fair crop.
Currant i year. Good crop in 2 and 3 years.
Gooseberry i year. Good crop in 2 and 3 years.
Grape Fair crop in 4 years.
Peach 2 years. Good crop in 4 years,
Pear 3 or 4 years. Fair crop in 12 years.
Persimmon, or Kaki i to 3 years.
Quince 2 years. Good crop in 4 years.
Raspberry i year. Good crops in 2 and 3 years.
Plum 3 years. Good crop in 5 or 6 years.
Strawberry i year. Heaviest crop usually in 2 years.
3. Average Profitable Longevity of Fruit Plants under High
Culture.
Apple 2 5~4 years.
Blackberry 12-15 ' '
Currant 20 "
Gooseberry 20 "
Orange and Lemon, 50 or
more.
Pear 5~75 years.
Persimmon, or Kaki, as long
as an apple tree.
Plum 20-25 "
Raspberry 12-15 "
Strawberry 3 "
Peach . 8-12
4. Average Yields Per Acre of Various Crops.
The yields of those crops in which the salable products are
equal in number to the number of plants per acre, and in
which the product is sold by the piece, are to be calculated
from the planting tables in Chapter X. Such are cabbage, cel-
ery, and the like.
Apples A tree 20 to 30 years old may be expected to yield
from 25 to 40 bus. every alternate year.
Artichoke 200 to 300 bus.
Beans, Green or Snap 75 to 120 bus.
" ' Lima 75 to 100 bu. of dry beans.
Beet 400 to 700 bus.
Carrots 400 to 700 bus.
Corn 50-75 bus., shelled.
Maturities, Yields and Multiplication. 99
Average Yields per Acre of Various Crops, continued.
Cranberry 100 to 300 bus. goo bus. have been reported.
Cucumber About 150,000 fruits per acre.
Currant 100 bus.
Egg-Plant One or two large fruits to the plant for the large
sorfes like New York Purple, and from three to eight fruits for
the smaller varieties.
Gooseberry 100 bus.
Grape 3 to 5 tons. Good raisin vineyards in California, 15
years old, will produce from 10 to 12 tons.
Horse-radish 3 to 5 tons.
Kohl-rabi 500 to 1,000 bus.
Onion, from seed 300 to 800 bus. 600 bus. is a large aver-
age yield.
Parsnips 500 to 800 bus.
Pea, green, in pod 100 to 150 bus.
Peach In full bearing, a peach tree should produce from
5 to 10 bus.
Pear A tree 20 or 25 years old should give from 25 to 45 bus.
Pepper 30,000 to 50,000 fruits.
Plum 5 to 8 bus. may be considered an average crop for
an average tree.
Potato 100 to 300 bus.
Quince 200 to 400 bus.
Raspberry and Blackberry 50 to 100 ' us.
Salsify 200 to 300 bus.
Spinach 200 barrels.
Strawberry 75 to 250, or even 300 bus
Tomato 8 to 16 tons.
Turnip 600 to 1,000 bus.
ioo The Horticulturist's Rule-Book.
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Maturities, Yields and Multiplication. 101
6. Ways of Grafting and Budding. (Baltet.)
GRAFTING WITH UNDETACHED SCIONS. (INARCHING).
i. Method by veneering.
" " inlaying.
English method.
2. Inarching with an eye. * ' .
' ' a branch.
GRAFTING WITH DETACHED
i. Side-grafting under the bark.
" " with a simple branch.
" " with a heeled branch.
11 in the alburnum.
" with a straight cleft,
with an oblique cleft.
2. Crown-grafting.
Ordinary method.
Improved method.
3. Grafting de precision.
Veneering, common method.
in crown-grafting.
" with strips of bark.
Crown-grafting by inlaying.
Side-grafting by inlaying.
4. Cleft-grafting, common single.
" " " double.
" oblique,
terminal.
" wcody.
" " " heibaceous.
5. Whip-grafting, simple.
" " complex.
Saddle-grafting.
6. Mixed-grafting.
Grafting with cuttings.
When the scion is a cutting.
102 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book.
Ways of Grafting- and Budding, continued.
When the stock is a cutting
When both are cuttings.
Root-grafting of a plant on its own root.
" " " " the roots of another plant.
Graft'Dg w.th fruit buds.
BUD-GRAFTING. (BUDDING.)
i. Grvfripg with shield-buds.
Bud-grafting under the bark, or by inoculation.
" " ordinary method.
14 " with a cross-shaped incision.
" " the incision reversed.
1 " by veneering.
Bud-grafting, the combined or double method.
2 . Flute-grafting.
" " common method.
' " with strips of bark.
7. Particular Methods by which Various FruUs arc Multiplied.
Barberry Cuttings of mature wocd; seeds.,
Orange Seeds ; seedlings budded or grafted.
Figs Cuttings, either of soft or mature wood.
Mulberry Cuttings of mature wood. Some varieties
are root-grafted.
Olive Cuttings of mature or even old wood. Chips
from the trunk of old trees are sometimes
used.
Pomegranate. . .Cuttings, layers and seeds.
Apple and Pear. Seeds ; seedlings budded or grafted.
Peach and other stone fruits
Seeds ; seedlings budded.
Quince Cuttings usually.
Grape Cuttings of from one to three buds ; layers.
Currant and Gooseberry
Cuttings.
Raspberries, red. Suckers from the root ; root cuttings.
Maturities, Yields and Multiplication. 103
Particular Methods by which Fruits are Multiplied, continued.
Raspberries, bl'k. .Layers from tips of canes ; root cuttings.
Blackberry Root cuttings ; suckers from the root.
Cranberry Layers or divisions.
Strawberry Runners ; tip cuttings.
8. Stocks Used for Various Fruits.
Almond Peach, hard-shelled almond, plum.
Apple Common apple seedlings, Paradise and
Doucin stocks, crab-apple and wild
crab.
Apricot Apricot and peach in mild climates and
plum in severe ones.
Cherry Mazzard stocks are preferred for stand-
ards ; Mahaleb stocks are used for
dwarfing.
Medlar Hawthorn, medlar, quince.
Mulberry Seedlings of white mulberry.
Orange Otaheite orange, shaddock ; Limonia
trifoliata, particularly for dwarfs.
Peach and Nectarine. .Peach. Plum is often used when
dwarfs are wanted, or when the
peach must be grown in a too se-
vere climate or upon heavy soil.
Pear Pear ; quince, mountain ash, or thorn
for dwarfs. Apple temporarily.
Persimmon, Japanese Native persimmon.
Plum Plum, Myrobalan plum, peach.
Quince The finer varieties are sometimes
grafted upon strong growing kinds
like the Angers.
CHAPTER XII.
METHODS OF KEEPING AND STORING FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES.
Apples.
1. Keep the fruit as cool as possible without freezing.
Select only normal fruit, and place it upon trays in a moist
but well ventilated cellar. If it is desired to keep the
fruit particularly nice, allow no fruits to touch each other
upon the trays, and the individual fruits may be wrapped
in tissue paper. For market purposes, pack tightly in
barrels, and store the barrels in a very cool place.
2. Some solid apples, like Spitzenberg, are not injured
by hard freezing, if they are allowed to remain frozen
until wanted and are then thawed out very gradually.
3. Many apples, particularly russets and other firm
varieties, keep well when buried after the manner of pit-
ting potatoes. Sometimes, however, they taste of the
earth. This may be prevented by setting a ridge pole
over the pile of apples in forked sticks, and making a roof
of boards in such manner that there will be an air space
over the fruit. Then cover the boards with straw and
earth. Apples seldom keep well after removal from a pit
in spring.
4. Apples may be kept by burying in chaff. Spread
chaff buckwheat-chaff is good on the barn floor, pile on
the apples and cover them with chaff and fine broken or
chopped straw two feet thick, exercising care to fill the
interstices
(104)
Keeping and Storing Fruits and Vegetables. 105
Pears. Pears should be picked several days or a couple
weeks before they are ripe, and then placed in a dry and
well ventilated room, like a chamber. Make very shallow
piles, or, better, place on trays.
Figs. After the figs are gathered and dried in the same
way as peaches or apricots, wash to remove all grit, and
spread on shallow pans and set them in the oven to be-
come thoroughly heated, taking care to prevent scorching.
Then roll in powdered sugar, which has been rolled to
remove all lumps. When cold, pack away, preferably in
paper bags. They make a delicious lunch with a bowl of
milk. They also help to make a nice dessert.
Gooseberries keep well if kept tight in common bottles
filled with pure water. Be sure that none but perfect
berries are Admitted, and keep in a cool place.
Grapes.
i. The firm grapes usually keep best, as Ca-
tawba, Vergennes, Niagara, Diana, Jefferson, etc. Thick-
ness of skin does not appear to be correlated with good
keeping qualities. Always cut the bunches which are to
be stored on a dry day, when the berries are ripe, and
carefully remove all soft, bruised or imperfect fruits and
all leaves. Keep the fruit dry, cool, and away from cur-
rents of air. Many varieties keep well if simply placed
in shallow boxes or baskets and kept undisturbed in a cool
place.
2. Pack the bunches in layers of dry clean sand.
3. Pack in layers in some small grain, as wheat, or
oats, or barley.
4. Cork dust is also e::cellent for use in packing grapes.
This cork can be had from grocers who handle the white
Malagas, which are packed in this material.
5. Pack the bunches in finely cut soft and dry hay,
placing the grapes and hay in consecutive layers.
6. Dry hardwood saw-dust is also good for packing.
io6 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Grapes, continued.
7. Place on shelves in a cool, airy room. After a few
days wrap the bunches separately in soft paper and pack
in shallow pasteboard boxes not more than two or three
layers deep. Keep in a cool, dry room that is free from
frost.
8. Cut the bunches with sharp scissors, place in shal-
low baskets or but few in a baskec, and after reaching
the house dip the cut ends of stems in melted wax. Now
take tissue paper or very thin manilla paper cut just to the
right size, and carefully envelope each cluster of grapes.
Secure shallow tin boxes ; place a layer of cotton batting
at the bottom, then a layer of grapes, then batting ; three
layers of grapes are enough for one box, alternating with
cotton batting, and topping with batting ; then gently se-
cure the lid to each box, and when done place in cold
storage for use in April or even later. If cold storage
cannot be had put in a dry, cool room, and when cold
weather approaches cover in an interior closet with just
sufficient covering to prevent freezing ; warmth will cause
over-ripening and deterioration.
9. ROE'S METHOD. In a stone jar place alternate
layers of grapes and straw paper, the paper being in
double thickness. Over the jar paste a cloth and bury
below frost in a dry soil. The grapes will keep until New
Year.
KEEPING GRAPES FOR MARKET (W. M. Pattison, Quebec).
It is the generally received opinion that the thick-skinned
native seedlings are the only keepers. This Is correct as
regards preserving flavor, but several hybrids of foreign
blood are the best keepers known. Before giving results
of this and former irials, instructions in packing may be
of service. The varieties intended to be laid up for win-
ter use should be those only which adhere well to the
stem and are not inclined to shrivel. These should be
allowed to remain on the vines as long as they are safe
Keeping and Storing Fruits and Vegetables. 107
Grapes, continued.
from frost. A clear dry day is necessary for picking, and
careful handling and shallow baskets are important. The
room selected for the drying process should be well ven-
tilated, and the fruit laid out in single layers on tables or
in baskets where the air circulates freely, the windows be_
ing closed at night and in damp weather. In about ten
days the stems will be dried out sufficiently to prevent
moulding when laid away. When danger from this is over
and the stems resemble those of raisins, the time for pack-
ing has arrived. In this, the point to be observed is to ex-
clude air proportionately with their tendency to mould. I
have used baskets for permanent packing, but much prefer
shallow trays or boxes of uniform size to be packed on
each other, so that each box forms a cover for the lower,
the uppermost only needing one. Until very cold weather,
the boxes can be piled so as to allow the remaining moist-
ure to escape through a crevice about the width of a knife
blade. Before packing, each bunch should be examined,
and all injured, cracked and rotten berries removed with
suitable scissors. If two layers are packed in a box, a
sheet of paper should intervene. The boxes must be kept
in a dry cool room, or passage, at an even temperature. If
the thermometer goes much below freezing point, a blanket
or newspaper can be thrown over them, to be removed in
mild weather. Looking over them once in the winter and
removing defective berries will suffice, the poorest keepers
being placed accessible. Under this treatment the best
keepers will be in good edible order as late as February,
after which they deteriorate.
The following is a list of the grapes worth noticing that
have been tested for keeping :
io8
The Horticulturist *s Rule- Book.
Grapes, continued.
DESCRIPTION. LIST OF GRAPES TO BE RECOMMENDED.
ETIES KEEPING WELL UNTIL
Nov. ist
Lady, Antoinette, Carlotta, Belinda.
Dec. ist.
Lady Washington, Peter Wiley, Mason's Seedling,
Worden, Senasqua, Romell's Superior, Ricketts'
No. 546, Concord, Delaware.
Jan. ist.
Duchess, Essex, Barry, Rockland Favorite, Aminia,
Garber's New Seedling, Massasoit, Dempsey's No
5, Burnett, Undine, Allen's Hybrid, Agawam, Gen.
Pope, Francis Scott.
Jan. isth.
Salem, Vergennes, El Dorado.
- &
Feb. ist.
Wilder, Herbert, Peabody, Roger's No. 30, Gaertner,
Mary and Owosso.
Crystallized or Glace Fruit. The principle is to extract
the juice from the fruit and replace it with sugar syrup,
which hardens and peserves the fruit in its natural shape.
The fruit should all be of one size and of a uniform degree
of ripeness, such as is best for canning. Peaches, pears
and similar fruits are pared and cut in halves ; plums,
cherries, etc., are pitted. After being properly prepared
the fruit is put in a basket or bucket with a perforated
bottom and immersed in boiling water to dilute and ex-
tract the juice. This is the most important part of the
process, and requires great skill. If the fruit be left too
long, it is over-cooked and becomes soft ; if not long
enough the juice is not sufficiently extracted, and this
prevents perfect absorption of the sugar. After the
fruit cools, it may again be assorted as to softness. The
syrup is made of white sugar and water. The softer
the fruit the heavier the syrup required. The fruit is
placed in earthern pans, covered with syrup, and left about
a week. This is a critical stage, as fermentation will soon
Keeping and Storing- Fruits and Vegetables. 109
Crystallized or Glace Fruit, continued.
take place, and when this has reached a certain stage the
fruit and syrup are heated to the boiling point, which
checks the fermentation. This is repeated, as often as
may be necessary, for about six weeks. The fruit is taken
out of the syrup, washed in clean water, and either glaced
or crystallized, as desired. It is dipped in thick sugar
syrup, and hardened quickly in the open air for glacing, or
left to be hardened slowly if to be crystallized. The fruit
is now ready for packing, and is said to keep in any cli-
mate.
Cabbage. The most satisfactory method of keeping cab-
bages is to bury them in the field. Select a dry place,
pull the cabbages and stand them head down on the soil.
Cover them with soil to the depth of six or ten inches,
covering very lightly at first to prevent heating unless
the weather should quickly become severe and as winter
sets in cover with a good dressing of straw or coarse
manure. The cabbages should be allowed to stand where
they grew until cold weather approaches. The storing
beds are usually made about six or eight feet wide, so that
the middle of the bed can be reached from either side,
and to prevent heating if the weather should remain open.
Cabbages quickly decay in the warm weather of spring.
Celery. For market purposes, celery is stored in tem-
porary board-pits, in sheds, in cellars, and in various
kinds of earth pits and trenches. The points to be con-
sidered are, to provide the plants with moisture to prevent
wilting, to prevent hard freezing, and to give some venti-
v lation. The plants are set loosely in the soil. There are
several methods of keeping celery in an ordinary cellar
for home use. The following methods are good :
Take a shoe or similar box. Bore one inch holes in the
sides, four inches from bottom. Put a layer of sand or
soil in the box, and stand the plants, trimmed carefully,
upon it, closely together, working more sand or soil about
no The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Celery, continued.
the root part, and continue until the box is full. The soil
should be watered as often as needed, but always through
the holes in the side of the box. Keep the foliage dry.
Celery may also be stored and beautifully bleached at
the same time, in a similar way by standing in a barrel
upon a layer of soil. Some roots and soil may be left ad-
hering to the plants. Crowd closely, water through holes
near the bottom as in case ol box storage, and keep the
plants in the dark.
Blanched celery can also be preserved for a long time
by trimming closely and packing upright in moist moss in-
, side of a box. A large quantity of the vegetable may
thus be stored in a small space.
Onions demand a dry cellar, and the bulbs should be
thoroughly dried in the sun before they are stored. All
tops should be cut away when the onions are harvested.
If a cellar cannot be had, the bulbs may be allowed to
freeze, but great care must be exercised or the whole crop
will be lost. The onions must not be subjected to ex-
tremes of temperature, and they should not thaw out dur-
ing the winter. They can be stored on the north side of
a loft, being covered with two or three feet of straw, hay
or chaff to preserve an equable temperature. They must
not be handled while frozen, and they must thaw out very
gradually in spring. This method of keeping onions is
reliable only when the weather is cold and tolerably
uniform.
Orange. Aside from the customary wrapping of oranges
in tissue paper and packing them in boxes, burying in dry
sand is sometimes practiced. The fruit is first wrapped
in tissue paper, and it should be buried in such manner
that the fruit shall not be more than three tiers deep.
Roots of all sorts, as beets, carrots, salsify, parsnips,
can be kept from wilting by packing them in damp sphag-
Keeping and Storing Fruits and Vegetables, in
Boots, continued.
num moss, like that used by nurserymen. They may also
be packed in sand. It is an erroneous notion that pars-
nips and salsify are not good until after they are frozen
Squashes should be stored in a dry room in which the
temperature is uniform and about 50. Growers for mar-
ket usually build squash houses or rooms and heat them.
Great care should be taken not to bruise any squashes
which are to be stored. Squashes procured from the mar-
ket have usually been too roughly handled to be reliable
for storing.
Sweet potatoes. IN THE NORTH, dig the potatoes on a sun-
ny day and allow them to dry thoroughly in the field. Sort
ut the poor ones, and handle the remainder carefully.
lever allow them to become chilled. Then pack them in
barrels in layers, in dry sand, and store in a warm cellar.
They are sometimes stored in finely broken charcoal, in
charcoal dust, wheat chaff and similar substances.
Sometimes they are kept in small and open crates, with-
out packing material, the crates being stacked so as to al-
low thorough ventilation. The Hayman or Southern
Queen keeps well in this way.
A warm attic is often a good place in which to store
sweet potatoes. A tight room over a kitchen is particu-
larly good when it is so arranged that the heat from the
kitchen can be utilized in warming il.
IN THE SOUTH (Berckmans). Digging the tubers should
e delayed until the vines have been sufficiently touched
y frost to chock vegetation. Allow the potatoes to dry
off in the field, which will take but a few hours. Then
sort all those of eating size to be banked separately from
the smaller ones. The banks are prepared as follows :
Make a circular bed six feet in diameter in a sheltered
corner of the garden, throwing up the earth about a foot
high. Cover this with straw and bank up the tubers in
H2 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Sweet potatoes, continued.
shape of a cone, using from 10 to 20 bushels to each bank.
A triangular pipe made of narrow planks to act as a ven-
tilator should be placed in the middle of the cone. Cover
the tubers with straw 6 to 10 inches thick and bank the
latter with earth, first using only a small quantity, but in-
creasing the thickness a week or ten days afterwards. A
board should be placed upon the top of the ventilating
pipe to prevent water from reaching the tubers. Several
banks are usually made in a row, and a rough shelter of
boards built over the whole. The main point to be con-
sidered in putting up sweet potatoes for winter is entire
freedom from moisture and sufficient covering to prevent
heating. It is therefore advisable to allow the tubers to
undergo sweating (which invariably occurs after being put
in heaps) before covering them too much, and if the tem-
porary covering is removed for a few hours, a week after
being heaped, the moisture generated will be removed and
very little difficulty will follow from that cause. If covered
too thickly at once, the sweating often engenders rapid
fermentation, and loss is then certain to follow. Sand is
never used here in banking potatoes. Some varieties of
potatoes keep much better than pthers. The Yellow Sugar
Yam and the Pumpkin Yam are the most difficult to carry
through, while the Trinidad potato keeps as readily as
Irish potatoes, only requiring to be kept free from frost
and light by a slight covering of straw if the tubers are
placed in a house. Next in keeping quality come the
Hayti Yam, the Red-skinned, Brimstone, Nigger Killer,
and last of the potato section is the Nansemond
Tomatoes. Pick the firmest fruits just as they are begin-
ning to turn, leaving the stems on, exercising care not to
bruise them, and pack in a barrel or box in clean and
thoroughly dry sand, placing the fruits so that they will
not touch each other. Place the barrel in a dry place.
CHAPTER XIII.
STANDARD AND LEGAL MEASURES AND SIZES.
i. Standard Flower Pots.
AMERICAN.
The Society of American Florists has adopted a standard
pot, in which all measurements are made inside, and which
bears a rim or shoulder at the top. The breadth and depth
of these pots are the same, so that they "nest "well.
ENGLISH CHISWICK STANDARDS.
Diam.
at top. Depth.
Thimbles 2 in. 2 in.
Thumbs 2^ 2>
6o's 3 3^
54' s 4 4
4S's 4^ 5
32*3 6 6
24*3 8)4 S
Jfc's g l / 2 9
I2*S 11^ 10
8's 12 IT
6's 13 12
4*s 15 13
a's 18 14
(113)
The Horticulturist* s Rule- Book.
2. Legal and Stan
Legal Weights of a Bushel of Produce
STATES.
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Arkansas . ...
24
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Colorado
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Connecticut
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66
60
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24
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A A
60
60
18
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Maryland
28
60
60
18
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18
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Massachusetts . .
18
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48
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46
60
48
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New Jersey
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New York ....... .
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Ohio
.18
22
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Oregon
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Pennsylvania
18
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Rhode Island
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Tennessee
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Texas
fin
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Virginia
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West Virginia
"Wisconsin
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60
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Washington
45
Standard and Legal Measures and Sizes. 1 15
dard Measures.
in various States, corrected to 1887.
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4 8
44
45
60
60
60
56
48
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60
55
60
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60
56
47
45
55
60
33
60
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56
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60
55
48
44
45
55
4 8
33
60
55
56
60
48
44
45
4 8
33
60
46
56
14
60
56
48
44
45
30
45
33
60
50
56
14
60
56
48
44
50
45
55
60
39
60
55
60
56
14
60
56
47
44
50
45
60
60
32
32
60
60
60
48
50
60
40
60
56
62
56
14
64
56
48
44
50
45
56
<^o
60
56
48
45
60
28
60
56
60
56
14
60
56
48
44
50
45
58
48
28
60
60
48
60
33
60
5<5
60
56
14
60
56
T<J
4 8
44
45
{2
60
33
60
50
60
56
14
60
56
4 8
44
40
30
45
55
60
60
60
56
60
60
60
54
60
D
56
6 4
55
4 8
50
60
60
56
60
55
4 8
44
60
60
56
60
55
4 8
60
48
60
50
60
56
60
56
4 8
44
50
45
60
60
60
56
60
4 6
60
eg
56
62
47
60
TV
48
50
60
50
60
..
!4
60
56
T
4 8
50
45
50
60
60
55
56
60
56
4 8
45
55
60
60
60
56
60
4 8
45
60
40
60
56
60
56
14
60
56
4 8
44
50
45
55
60
33
60
56
60
56
4 8
45
60
28
60
56
60
56
4 8
45
42
n6 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
3. Miscellaneous Legal Weights per Bushel.
BEETS: 60 Ibs. in Maine, Vermont, Connecticut. CAR-
ROTS : 50 Ibs. in Maine and Vermont, 55 in Connecticut.
PARSNIPS: 45 Ibs. in Connecticut. SWEET POTATOES: 54
Ibs. in New Jersey, 46 in jDakota, 50 in Ohio, Kansas, Ne-
braska, 55 in Indiana, Kentucky, Texas, Georgia, 56 in Michi-
gan, Virginia, Missouri, 46 in Iowa. BERRIES : 32 Ibs. in
Rhode Island. CHERRIES, GRAPES, CURRANTS, GOOSEBERRIES,
weigh 40 Ibs. in Iowa. BLACKBERRIES, STRAWBERRIES, RASP-
BERRIES, 32 Ibs. in Iowa. PEACHES, QUINCES, 48 Ibs. in Iowa,
DRIED PLUMS, 28 Ibs. in Michigan. CRANBERRIES, 40 Ibs. in
Michigan. " WILD PEACHES," 33 Ibs. in Ohio.
4. Miscellaneous Legal Sizes.
The heap bushel contains 2,564 cubic ins. in Connecticut and
Kansas; 2,150.42 ins. in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Nebraska,
Tennessee, Missouri, Washington.
The bushel measure must be 19^ ins. in outside diameter,
the half bushel 15^ ins., the peck 12^ ins. in New York and
California.
The bushel measure must be 18^ ins. in inside diameter,
the half bushel 13% ins., the peck 10^ ins. and the half peck
9 ins., in New Hampshire and Minnesota.
Produce sold by dry measure must be heaped as full as the
measure will hold in Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, California, Oregon and Washington.
Heap measures must be cylindrical, with a plane bottom, in
New York and California.
The half-bushel is i3| ins. in interior diameter and 7^ ins.
deep in Ohio. It contains 1,075^ cubic ins. in Indiana.
In New Jersey the cranberry box, to hold a bushel, must be
12x8^x22 ins. in the clear.
In Wisconsin, cranberry packages must conform to the fol-
lowing sizes: "The legal and standard cranberry barrel in
this state shall be twenty-three and three-quarter inches high,
sixteen and one-fourth inches in diameter at the head, and
Standard and Legal Measures and Sizes. 1 17
Miscellaneous Legal Sizes, continued.
eighteen inches in diameter at the bilge, inside measure.
"Every manufacturer of barrels for cranberries shall stamp or
brand his name with the letters W. S. on such barrels to in-
dicate that they are the Wisconsin Standard in size. All
sales of cranberries in packages less than a barrel should be
by the bushel or quart, struck or level dry measure. A stand-
ard bushel crate for cranberries shall be twenty-two inches
long, twelve and one-fourth inches wide by seven and one-half
inches deep, inside measure."
In Michigan the quantity known as a box or a basket of
peaches shall contain 7i6f cubic ins. or \ of a bushel, strict
measure.
In New York a barrel of apples, quinces, pears or potatoes
shall contain 100 quarts of grain or dry measure, except that
potatoes, when sold by weight, shall be 172 Ibs. to the barrel.
In New York the measure for fruit shall be the half-bushel,
which shall be made cylindrical, the diameter outside to out-
side 15^ ins. The standard half-bushel has i,o75 T 2 o 1 o cubic ins.
MICHIGAN STANDARD MEASURE. The half bushel or parts
thereof shall be the standard measure for fruits customarily
sold by heaped measure ; and in measuring said commodities
the half bushel or other small measure shall be heaped as
high as may be, without special effort or design.
MICHIGAN STANDARD BARREL. A barrel of fruit, roots, or
vegetables is the quantity contained in a barrel made from
staves 27 ins. in length, and each head 16^ ins. in diameter,
or ordinary flour barrel size.
The standard weight of apples is 48 Ibs. to the bushel.
In Tennessee a barrel of apples contains 2J^ bushels. A
liquid barrel contains 42 gals.
In Wisconsin a barrel of apples shall contain 100 quarts
dry measure.
The avoirdupois pound bears to the troy pound the relation
of 7,000 to 5,760 in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.
Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska, Tennessee and California.
n8 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
5. Society and Customary Standards.
The standard orange box adopted by the Florida Fruit Ex-
change measures 12x12x27 inches, with partition in the middle.
The Exchange issues the following instructions :
We recommend the following classifications for oranges :
Fancy, Choice Bright, Bright Russet, Choice Russet, Russet.
Oranges classed as Fancy should be extra bright, with very
smooth, thin skin. Rough, thick-skinned fruit, being ever so
bright, should never be classed as fancy.
Oranges classed as choice bright should be strictly bright
and fairly smooth skin and of desirable size.
Oranges classed as bright should be bright and free from rust.
Oranges classed as bright russet should be at least two-thirds
bright, with smooth skin and of desirable size.
Oranges classed as choice russet should be quite smooth
skin and of desirable size.
Oranges of a common dark variety should be classed as
russets.
Never pack bright and rusty oranges in the same box.
Never pack large and small oranges in the same box.
One of the most important features in the packing of oranges
is the uniform neatness of the packages. Buyers will pay
more for fruit that is neatly and properly packed than they
\vill pay for such as is carelessly put up. A box of oranges
neatly packed, strapped and marked, naturally attracts the at-
tention of buyers.
After your fruit has been carefully packed in accordance
. with above instructions, please mark the boxes as follows :
Place the stencil of the Florida Fruit Exchange on one end
of the box in center of head.
In the upper left hand corner of the box-head stencil the
quality of orange the box contains Fancy, Choice Bright,
Bright, Bright Russet, Choice Russet, Russet, Mandarin, Tan-
gisrine, or Navel, as the case may be.
In the upper middle of the box-head stencil the number of
oranges the box contains "128," "176," "200, "etc., as the
case may be.
Standard and Legal Measures and Sizes. 1 19
Society and Customary Standards, continued.
In the upper right hand corner stencil the letters according
to the following schedule :
All sizes under 128, mark A.
Sizes 128 to 138, mark B.
Sizes 146 to 160, mark C.
Sizes 176 to 200, mark D.
All sizes over 200, mark E.
The Georgia Horticultural Society adopts the one-third
bushel oblong crate for peaches and similar fruits. The di-
mensions of this crate are about 8x12^x22 inches.
CALIFORNIA. SIZES IN COMMON USE FOR LOCAL MARKETS.
(Wickson.}
APPLE AND PEAR. Top, bottom and sides of % in. and
ends of ^ in. stuff. The length is 22 ins. ; ends 10 by 12 ins.
This is called a 50 Ib. box, but it contains less weight.
CHERRY. 15^ ins. in length ; ends 8^ by 3^.
FIG. The two-layer fig box is 20 ins. long; ends 2 by 3^
ins., and holds about 20 Ibs. The single layer is the same
length and width, but 2 ins. deep and holds about 12 Ibs,
GRAPES. The same as that used for plums in distant ship-
ment, except that the depth is usually 5 ins. and the contents
about 25 Ibs. of fruit. Grapes are also shipped in 4-lb. splint
baskets, of which 4 go in a half crate or 8 in a whole crate.
MELONS. Cantaloupe crates 38 ins. long, 16 ins. wide and 15
deep. Watermelons come in bulk in cars or in large cases of
all descriptions.
ORANGES. Flat boxes 22 ins. long, ends 7% by 17^ ins.
It is divided in two parts by a central partition. The prevail-
ing orange box at present is about 26^ ins. long, ends n^
ins. square, with a central partition.
SMALL FRUITS. Chests or crates which contain 10, 15 or
20 drawers. The drawers are 15% ins. long, ends 8# by i%
ins. The sizes have been constantly decreasing. The old
12O The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Society and Customary Standards, continued.
drawers held 5 Ibs. of strawberries ; the present weight is about
4 lbs.
PACKAGES FOR DRIED FRUITS. 25 Ib box. Inside measure-
mentslength, 13^ ins.; width, 9^ ins.; depth, 5^ ins.
Outside measurements length, 15^ i ns -i width, 10^ ins.:
depth, 6J^ ins. ; top, bottom and sides, % of an in. thick ; ends,
^ of an inch thick.
A More Flat Package. Inside measurements length, 16
ins. ; width, 9 ins. ; depth, 5 ins. Outside measurements
length, iyX ins.; width, 9^ ins.; depth, 5^ ins. Top, bot-
tom and sides, y% of an in. thick ; ends, ^ of an inch thick.
Fifty Pound Box. Inside measurements length, 15^ ins. ;
width, 9 ins.; depth, 9 ins Outside measurements length,
17^ ins.; width, 10 ins.; depth, 10 ins. Top, bottom and
sides y 2 in. thick ; ends, i in. thick.
RAISINS. 20 Ib. raisin box, 19% in. long, ends 9 by 4% ins.
Half box, same length and width, depth, 2^ ins.; quarter box,
same length and width, depth, i^" ins.; eighth box, 15^ ins.
long, ends 6 by i^ inches.
SACKS FOR DRIED FRUIT. White cotton sacks, made of
what is called heavy export goods, are used for shipment of
dried fruits. They are 20 by 36 ins. and hold about 80 Ibs. of
fruit.
CALIFORNIA PACKAGES FOR EASTERN SHIPMENT AS ADOPTED
BY THE FRUIT UNION OF THAT STATE.
The ends of all boxes should be made of % in. stuff, and all
cleats y% inch stuff. The sides, tops, and bottoms .of cherry
boxes should be of ^ m - stu ^ 5 tne sides made of two strips
each of % in. stuff and % of an in. in width. Peach, pear
and plum boxes should be made of -fa in. stuff. All the lumber
used should be dressed as smooth as possible.
Cherry boxes, capacity 10 Ibs. Outside measurements 18
ins. in length, 10^5 ins. in width; 3 ins. in depth. Inside meas-
urements length, i6)4 ins. ; width, 10^ ins ; depth, 2> ins.
Standard and Legal Measures and Sizes. 121
Society and Customary Standards, continued.
Plum boxes, capacity 20 Ibs. Outside measurements 19^
ins. in length, 12^5 ins. in width, 4^ ins. in depth. Inside
measurements length, 8j^ ins.; width, n^ ins.; depth, 4
ins.
There are four sizes of peach and apricot boxes :
First, capacity 22 pounds. Outside measurements 19^
ins. in length, 12% ins. in width, 4% ins. in depth. Inside
measurements length, 18^ ins. ; width, n^ ins.; depth, 4^
ins.
Second, capacity 25 Ibs. Outside measurements 19^ ins.
in length, 12^ ins. in width, 5^ ins. in depth. Inside meas-
urements length, i8)4 ins.; width, n^ ins.; depth, 4^ ins.
Third, capacity 27 Ibs. Outside measurements 19^ ins.
in length, 12% ins. in width, 5^ ins. in depth. Inside meas-
urements length, 18^ ins.; width, n^ ins.; depth, 5^ ins.
Fourth, capacity 30 Ibs. Outside measurements 19^ ins.
in length, i2j^ ins. in width, 6% ins. in depth. Inside meas-
urements length, i8j^ ins.; width, 11% ins.; depth, 5% ins.
Pear boxes, capacity 40 Ibs. Outside measurements 19%
ins. in length, 12^ ins. in width, 8% ins. in depth. Inside
measurements length, 18^ ins.; width, n^ ins.; depth, 8%
ins.
Grading of Prunes. Prunes are graded by running them
over screens of various degrees of coarseness. The meshes
should be oblong, 2 ins. or more in length for all the sizes, the
widths varying as stated in the table below. The California
French prunes are usually sorted in six sizes, by using the fol-
lowing methods :
Width of mesh for Width of mesh for
Gra 1 \ green prunes. dried prunes.
Extras, 40 to 50 to pound i^ inch i^ inch.
No. i, 50 to 60 ' i% " 1%
No. 2, 60 to 70 ' ij/6 " i
No. 3, 70 to 80 " i " 7 /& "
No. 4, 80 to 90 " fa " 3 /i "
No. 5, 90 to 100 " ^ " fa
122 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Society and Customary Standards, continued.
Watermelons are usually sorted into three grades. Of the
largest size, about 6 melons are placed in a barrel. Of medium
size, about 8 (4 melons in each of 2 layers), and of the small-
est size, 10 to 12. A truck load of melons comprises about
200 fair sized fruits. A car load numbers from 1,000 to 1,500.
Cocoa nuts are packed for shipment in bags which hold 100
fruits.
"Ekimis" branded upon boxes of Smyrna figs means A No.
i, or superior selected. "Eleme" means selected, the second
grade.
6. Covent Garden (London) Measures.
SEAKALE PUNNETS. 8 ins. diameter at the top, yj^ ins. at
the bottom, and 2 ins. deep.
RADISH PUNNETS. 8 ins. diameter and i in. deep, if to hold
6 hands ; or 9 ins. by i in. for 12 hands.
MUSHROOM. 7 ins. by i in.
SALAD PUNNETS. sins, by i in.
SIEVE. Contains 7 imperial gals.; diameter 15 ins. ; depth,
8 ins. A sieve of peas is equal to i bu. ; a sieve of currants 12
qts.
HALF-SIEVE. Contains 3^ imperial gals. It averages 12^
ins. in diameter and 6 ins. in depth.
BUSHEL SIEVE. ioj^ imperial gals. Diameter at top n^
ins., at bottom 17 ins.; depth, ii^ i ns -
BUSHEL BASKET, ought, when heaped, to contain an im-
perial bushel. Diameter at bottom 10 ins., at top 14^ ins.
depth, 17 ins. Walnuts, nuts, apples and potatoes are sold
by this measure. A bus. of the last named, cleansed, weighs
56 Ibs., but four pounds additional are allowed if they are not
washed. A junk contains % of a bu.
POTTLE. A long tapering basket that holds rather over a
pt. and a half. A pottle of strawberries should hold y z a gal.,
but never holds more than i qt. ; a pottle of mushrooms should
weigh i Ib.
Standard and Legal Measures and Sizes. 123
Covent Garden (London) Measures, continued.
HAND applies to a bunch of radishes, which contains from
12 to 30, or more, according to the season.
BUNDLE contains from 6 to 12 or 20 heads of broccoli, celery,
etc; seakale, 12 to 18 heads; rhubarb, 20 to 30 stems, accord-
ing to size; and of asparagus from 100 to 150.
GRAPES are put up in 2 Ibs. and 4 Ibs. punnets ; new pota-
toes by the London growers in 2 Ibs. punnets. Apples and
pears are put up in bu. sieves, or half sieves. A 100
weight of Kentish filberts is 104 Ibs. Weights are always 16
ozs. to the Ib.
BUNCH. Radishes, 12 to 24; carrots, 12 and upwards ; tur-
nips, 12 and upwards; leeks, 6 and upwards.
A roll of celery contains 6, 8, to 12 heads or roots,
A score of lettuce or endive is 22.
A tally is 5 dozen.
CHAPTER XIV.
TABLES OF MEASURES AND WEIGHTS.
Dry Measure.
2 pints = i quart
8 quarts = i peck.
4 pecks = i bushel.
8 ousneis (480 pounds) i quarter.
36 bushels = i chaldron.
bu. pk. qt. pt.
i = 4 = 32 = 64
i = 8 = 16
I = 2
Liquid Measure.
4 gills = i pint.
2 pints = i quart.
4 quarts = i gallon.
gallons = i barrel.
2 barrels or 63 gallons = i hogshead.
gal. qt. pt. gi.
i = 4 = 8 = 32
1 = 2= 8
i = 4
Apothecaries' Fluid Measure.
60 minims = i fluidram.
8 fluidrams = i fluidounce.
16 fluidounces = i pint.
8 pints = i gallon.
(124)
Tables of Measures and Weights. 125
Apothecaries' Fluid Measure, continued.
cong. o. f. f. m.
1 = 8 = 128 = 1,024 61,440
! = 16 = 128 = 7,680
i = 8 = 480
i = 60
One minim equals i drop of water.
Line, or Linear Measure.
12 inches ................... = i foot.
3 feet ..................... = i yard.
5^ yards, or i6J/ feet ....... = i rod, or pole.
40 rods ................... = i furlong.
8 furlongs (320 rods) ....... = i mile (statute mile).
3 miles ................... = i league.
1. in. fur. rd. yd. ft. in.
I =3 =24 = 960 = 5,280 = 15,840 = 190,080
1 = 8= 320 = 1,760 = 5,280 = 63,360
! = 40 = 220 = 660 = 7,920
i = 5 1 A= 16/2 = 198
i = 3 = 36
I = 12
Surveyor's, or Chain Measure.
n ry
2 inches
= i link.
/ -y
2 ^
links
= i rod, o
" pole.
*3
rods or 66 feet . . . . .
= i chain.
r v
80
chains
= i mile.
mi.
ch. rd.
1.
in.
I
= 80 = 320 =
8,000
= 63,360
I = 4 =
IOO
792
I =
25
= 198
i
= 7
.92
Square or Surface Measure.
144 square inches .......... = i square foot.
9 square feet ............. = i square yard.
30^ square yards ....... , . . . = i sq. rod or perch.
160 square rods ............ = i acre.
640 acres ................. = i sq. mile or section.
126 7 he Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Square or Surface Measure, continued.
sq.m. a. sq. rd. sq. yd. sq. ft. sq. in.
1=646= 102,400 = 3,097,600 ==27,878,100 =4.014,489,600
1= 160= 4,840 = 43,660 = 6,272,640
1= ^A= 272^= 39.204
I = 9 = 1,296
i = 144
Surveyors' Square Measure.
625 square links = i square rod, or pole
16 poles = i square chain.
10 square chains = i acre.
640 acres = i square mile or sec
36 square miles (6 miles sq.) . = i township
tp. sq. mi. a. sq. ch sq. rd. sq. 1.
! 36 23,040 = 230,400 = 3,986,400 = 2,304,000,000
Solid o- Cubic Measure.
1728 cubic inches = i cubic foot.
27 cubic feet = i cubic yard.
16 cubic feet = i cord foot.
8 cord feet, or 128 cubic feet . . = i cord of wood.
24^ cubic feet === i perch.
cu. yd. cu. ft. cu. in. cd. cd. ft. cu. ft. cu. in.
i = 27 = 46.656 = 1 = 8 = 128 = 221,184
Avoirdupois, or Commercial Weight.
2 7ii grains = i dram.
16 drams = i ounce.
16 ounces = i pound.
25 pounds = i quarter.
4 quarter, or 100 pounds = i hundredweight.
20 hundredweight, 01 2,ooolbs . = i ton.
480 pounds = imperial quarter.
100 pounds is also called i central.
t. cwt. Ib. oz. dr. gr.
I = 20 = 2,000 = 32,000 = 512,000
i 100 = i, 600 ===== 25,600
i = 16 = 256 = 7,000
I = 16
Tables of Measures and Weights.
127
Troy, or Jewelers' Weight.
24 Efrains .
= i pennyweight.
20 pennyweights
; i ounce.
12 ounces
= i pound.
Ib. oz.
pwt.
gr.
I = 12
= 240 ==
5.76o
I
= 20 =
480
I ===
24
Apothecaries' Weight.
3 scruples .
12 ounces
Ib. oz.
dr. scr.
I = 12
= 96 = 288
I
= 8 = 24
i 3
i
i scruple,
i dram,
i ounce,
i pound.
60
20
Table of Comparative Weights.
Avoirdupois. Troy.
700 gr. = lib 5,760 gr. =i Ib.
i Ib. I T V T Ibs.
Ibs.
Apothecaries.
5,760 gr. =i Ib.
or 144 Ibs.
i oz.
or 192 oz.
T \ r
175
oz.
oz.
= i75
Miscellaneous Table.
175 Ibs.
175
of an inch .
of an inch .
inches
inches
inches
inches
2}^ feet
3 feet
A wine Ballon. . .
A dry gallon. . . .
3
4
9
18
a line (American).
a line (French).
a palm.
a hand.
a span.
a cubit.
a military pace.
a pace.
231 cubic inches.
268.8
128 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Miscellaneous Table, continued.
An imperial gallon = 277.274 cubic inches.
A U. S. bushel = 2, 150. 42
A U. S. bushel heaped =2,688
An English bushel =2,218.192 "
i pint of water weighs 1.0431 Ibs.
i gallon of water weighs 8.3450 Ibs.
i cubic foot of water weighs 62.425 Ibs. at 39.2 F.
An English (statute) mile is 1,760 yards.
A Scotch mile is 1,984 "
An Irish mile is 2, 240 ' '
A Dutch mile is 8, 101 "
A Roman mile is 1,628 "
A German mile is 6, 859 ' '
A Russian mile is i, 100 ' '
An Arabian mile is 2, 148 ' '
A sea (nautical) mile is 2,026 "
Equivalents of Metric Measures of Capacity.
Metric denominations Dry measure. Liquid measure
i millimeter . . . = .001816 pts. = .0338 fl. oz.
i centiliter .... =* .01816 pts. = .338 fl. oz.
i deciliter = .181625 pts. = .84532 gi.
i liter = .908128 qts. = 1.056745 qts.
i dekaliter = 9.08128 qts. = 2.64186 gals.
i hectoliter. ... = 2.8379 bus. = 26.4186 gals.
i kiloliter = 28.379 bus. = 264.186 gals.
i myrialiter . . . = 283.79 bus. = 2641.86 gals.
equivalents of Metric Linear Measure.
Equivalents in English
measure,
i millimeter = .05937 inches.
i centimeter = -3937 "
i decimeter = 3.93707 ' '
i meter = 39. 37079 ' '
i dekameter = 32.80899 ft.
i hectometer = 19.88423 rods.
Tables of Measures and Weights. 129
Equivalents of Metric Linear Measure, continued.
i kilometer = .62138 mile.
i myriameter = 6.21382 miles.
Equivalents of Metric Square Measure.
i sq. centimer = .155 sq. in.
i sq. decimeter = 15.5 sq. in.
i sq. meter = 1. 19603 sq. yds.
i sq. dekameter = 119.6034 sq. yds.
i sq. hectometer = 2.47114 sq. rds.
i sq. kilometer = .3861 sq. rriles.
Equivalents of Metric Cubic Measure.
i cu. centimeter = .061027 cu - m -
i cu. decimeter = 61.02705 cu. in.
i cu. meter, or stere = 35.31658 cu. ft.
Equivalents of Metric Weights.
i miligram
i decigram
i centigram
i gram
i dekagram
i hectogram
i kilogram
i myriagram
i quintal
i tonneau or ton = 2204.62124 Ibs. avoir., or
1.10281 tons.
.015432 gr. troy.
I-54324 gr- troy.
.15432 gr. troy.
15-4324^ gr. troy.
35 2 73 oz. avoir.
3-5 2 739 oz. avoir.
2.20462 Ibs. avoir
22.04621 Ibs. avoir.
220.46212 Ibs. avoir.
9-R
CHAPTER XV.
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES, FIGURES AND NOTES.
i. Quantity of Water Held by Pipes of Various Sizes.
Diameter of
Bore.
^A in
Contents of roc
in Lengtf
84 g
Feet
i.
ils.
1
1
<
c
i '
3.39
7.64
2 '
I3-58
21.22
3' '
3O. 56
; 54-33
5 1 "' . ,
84.90
6 ''
. 122.26
2. Number of Gallons In Circular Tanks and Well*.
To find the contents in gallons of circular tanks, etc.,
square the diameter in feet, multiply by the depth and then
multiply by 4.8947.
GALLONS WHEN THE DEPTH IS
efer. ^ ft. 4 ft. 5 ft. 6ft. 7 ft. 8ft. p ft. 10 ft. lift. 12 ft.
4 ft. 235 313 391 469 548 626 704 783 861 989
5 ' 367 489 611 734 856 979 1101 1223 1346 1468
6 " 528 704 88 1 1057 I2 33 I 49 J 585 1764 1988 2114
7 " 7*9 959 IJ 99 J 439 l6 7 8 1918 2158 2398 2638 2878
8 " 939 1253 1566 1879 2194 2506 2819 3182 3445 3759
9 " 1189 1585 1982 2378 2775 3171 3568 3964 4361 4757
10 " 1468 1957 2447 2936 3426 3915 4405 4894 5884 5873
11 " 1776 2368 2961 3553 4145 4787 5330 5922 6514 7107
12 " 2114 2812 3524 4229 4933 5638 6343 7048 7753 8458
Miscellaneous Tables, Figures and Notes. 131
3. Number of Gallons in Square-Built Tanks.
To find the number of gallons in any square or oblong
vessel multiply the number of cubic feet contained in it by
6.232.
3ft. 4ft. 5 ft.
Size of Tank. , deep. deep. deep.
6 by 3 feet 336 448 560
448 598 747
560 747 934
673 897 II2I
' 5 2 3 6 98 870
' 654 872 1090
1 785 1047 1308
' 916 1221 1526
1 598 797 997
747 997 1246
897 1196 1495
1046 1395 1744
1196 1595 1994
841 II2I I 4 02
' 1009 1346 1682
' H77 1570 1963
1346 1784 2243
I 5 I 4 2019 2523
' 934 1246 1558
II2I 1495 1869
1 1308 1744 2181
' 1495 1994 2 4 92
1682 2243 2804
' 1869 2492 3116
1233 1645 2056
1439 *9!9 2899
1645 2193 2742
1850 2467 3084
' 2056 2742 3427
' 2262 3016 3770
' I34 6 *794 2243
1570 2093 2617
' 1794 2393 2901
2019 2892 3365
' 2243 2991 3739
1 2467 3290 4113
' 2692 3589 4487
132 The Horticulturist" s Ride- Book.
4. Thermometer Scales.
Fahrenheit. The freezing point is taken as the 320! de-
gree of the scale, and 180 degrees are made between that and
the boiling point, which therefore becomes 212.
Centigrade or Celsius. The freezing point of water is
taken as the zero, and boiling point as 100.
Reaumur. The freezing point of water is taken as
zero, and the boiling point as 80.
A degree Centigrade is therefore greater than a degree of
Fahrenheit as nine is greater than five ; and a degree of Reau-
mur is greater than nine is greater than four.
To reduce Fahrenheit degrees to Centigrade, subtract 32
from the given degree of Fahrenheit and multiply the remain-
der by 5 and divide it by 9 : (F. 32) J.
To reduce Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply the given de-
gree of Centigrade by 9 and divide the product by 5, then to
the quotient add 32 : ( J C. _j_ 32).
To reduce Fahrenheit to Reaumur, subtract 32 from the
given degree of Fahrenheit and multiply the remainder by 4
and divide by 9: (F. 32) f.
To reduce Reamur to Fahrenheit, multiply the given degree
of Reamur by 9 and divide by 4, then add 32 : (JR. -f- 32.)
5. Effects of Wind in Cooling; Glass.
(Ltuchars.)
3.26 miles 2:58 minutes.
5.18 " 2:16
6 -54 " 1:91
8.86 " 1:66
10.90 " 1:50
I3-36 " 1.25
iy-97 " 1:08
20.45 " 1:00 "
24-54 " -9 1
27.27 " :8i
Miscellaneous Tables, Figures and Notes. 133
6. Per Cent, of Rays of Light Reflected from Glass Roofs at
Various Angles of Inclination.
(Bouguer. )
i '. 2.5 per cent.
2-5
2-5
2.7
3-4
5-7
II. 2 "
22.2 "
41-2
IO U
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
85
54-3
Glass in use
previous
to 1887.
Area of Glass in Various States and Provinces,
Commercial Greenhouse Purposes.
{Stewart. )
in use
nous
887.
Alabama 50,000
Arkansas J 4474
California 213,660
Connecticut
Delaware 79, 100
District of Columbia . 125,000
Florida 20,000
Georgia 33, 100
Illinois 1,422, 533
Indiana 142, 866
Iowa 125, 580
Kansas 31,600
Kentucky 320,400
Louisiana 24,420
Maine 102,033
Maryland 185,526
Massachusetts 1,375,000
used for
INCREASE IN
1887 ,
For cut-
For
Total
flowers.
plants.
increase.
3,000
6,780
9,780
8,188
4.150
12,338
59,810
32,200
92,010
35.071
17.551
52,622
2 OOO
o OOO
37.100
4,000
41,000
20,000
10,000
30, ooo
2,400
500
2,900
12,676
36,824
99,500
20,575
23, 240
43,8-15
27,900
13,110
41,010
i, 800
2,250
4,050
11,400
7,600
19,000
19.130
2Q Qo8
4,000
23,130
29,908
S3.00Q
'34
The Horticulturist' 's Rule- Book.
Area of Glass for Commercial Greenhouse Purposes, continued.
Glass in use
previous
to 1887.
For cut-
flow *ers.
-INCREASE IN 1887 >
For Total
plants, increase.
Minnesota 138,500 22,600 5,600 28,200
New Hampshire.... 86,450 11,825 3> 2 75 15.100
New Jersey 2,114,245 297,529 59,504 357-033
New York 1,412,500 60,700 19,250 79, 950
North Carolina 15,400 1,500 4,500 6,000
Ohio 1,378,929 67,000 50,230 117,230
Pennsylvania 1,315,240 183,050 83,576 266,626
Rhode Island 93, 771 13,918 1,000 14,918
South Carolina 3,300 3,825 3,825
Tennessee 62,200 9,636 6,500 16,136
Texas 18,600 3,800 5,980 9,780
Vermont 37,95 7,700 7,200 14,900
Virginia 53,868 15,240 5,200 10,040
West Virginia 19, 800
Wisconsin 148,230 24,806 3,127 27,933
Ontario 176, 498 61, 500
Quebec 103,696 12,790 8,577 21,367
8. National and Party Flowers.
Canada Sugar Maple.
China Narcissus.
Egypt .... Lotus (Nymphaa Lotus}.
England Rose.
France Fleur-de-lis (Iris).
Germany Corn-flower (Centaurea Cyanus.)
Greec- (Athens) Violet.
Ireland Shamrock ( Trifolium, usually
T. rep ens).
Italy Lily.
Japan Chrysanthemum.
Prussia Linden.
Saxony Mignonette.
Miscellaneous Tables, Figures and Notes. 1 35
National and Party Flowers, continued.
Scotland Thistle.
Spain Pomegranate.
Wales . . . . Leek.
Beaconfield's followers Primrose.
Bonapartists Violet.
Ghibellines White lily.
Guelphs Red lily.
Prince of Orange The orange
9. Dates at which Various Fruits and Nuts Appear in North-
ern Markets.
(from Ne^cv Rngland Grocer. )
NUTS. Peanuts, about the first of November.
Walnuts, French, Naples and Grenoble, about the middle of
November.
Pecans, about the same time as walnuts.
Filberts, about the first of November.
Castanas, early in March.
Almonds, shelled about October first, and Ivica and Princess
about forty-five days later.
Shellbarks, October first.
Baracoa cocoanuts begin to come during the latter part of
March and the first of April.
Chestnuts, late in September.
DRIED FRUITS. Citron (Leghorn), October first.
Currants, the middle of October.
Dates, Fard about the middle of November, and Persian
about December 12.
Prunes, French, about the middle of October, and Turkish
a month or so later.
Raisins, Malaga fruit, which includes loose Muscatels, 2, 3,
4 and 6 crown ; and Imperial Cabinet layers, B. B., Empire
Cluster, Royal and Imperial begin to put in appearance about
136 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Dates Fruits and Nuts Appear in Northern Markets, continued,
the first of November. California laisins begin to come early
in October. Sultana raisins are due about October first, and
New Valencias about the same time.
FOREIGN GREEN FRUIT. Oranges, Messina, Valencia and
Palermo, and all Mediterranean fruit early in December.
Florida oranges generally begin to arrive the first of No-
vember. Jamaicas get here the middle of September.
Lemons, Messina, Valencia and Palermo and all Mediter-
ranean fruit December first.
Aspmwall, Cuban, Jamaica and Baracoa bananas come the
year round, every month in the year, and about every day in
the month a portion of che time certainly every week in each
month.
Pineapples, mostly Havanas, come whenever there is a de-
mand for them, the year round, Florida pines come during
the latter part of May and the first of June.
Grapes. Malagas, are due about October first.
New figs begin to come along about the same time.
DOMESTIC GREEN FRUIT. Apples, new, early in August.
Russetts generally make their appearance upon the market
early in the winter, and Gravensteins in December.
Pears, September.
Peaches, Jersey, latter part of August and early in Septem-
ber. Delawares early in August.
Plums. All along from August first to the middle of No-
vember.
Grapes. Hamburgs are in the market about all the year
round, save, perhaps, three or four months. Catawbas ar-
rive about the middle of August, and ives about the same
time.
Berries. Blueberries, usually in July. Blackberries are
liable to arrive any time in June.
Watermelons are with us from the first of June to the first
of September.
Cantaloupes. Early in July, lasting about three months.
Miscellaneous Tables, Figures and Notes. 137
10. What Constitutes Wholesale Quantities.
The wholesale fruit dealers of Washington, D. C., have
adopted the following rules to govern the least quantities of
fruits to be sold at wholesale rates :
BANANAS. Not less than one bunch.
APPLES. Not less than one barrel or box as received ; no
packages to be broken.
PINEAPPLES. Not less than twenty-five.
ORANGES. Not less than one box ; no packages to be broken
LEMONS. Not less than one box ; no packages to be broken.
GRAPES OF ALL KINDS. Not less than five baskets.
MALAGA GRAPES. By the keg only.
PEACHES. Not less than one box or one bushel crate, or not
less than five baskets ; no packages to be broken. If in half-
bushel lots, not less than two.
PEARS. One box or barrel ; if in baskets not less than five
WATERMELONS. Not less than twenty-five.
MUSKMELONS. Not less than twenty-five.
STRAWBERRIES AND ALL OTHER BERRIES. Not less than a
thirty-two quart crate, unless small quantity received. A
sixty-quart crate may be halved. An exception made with
raspberries ; not less than fifteen quarts. In February and
March, strawberries, not less than fifteen quarts.
ii. Average Prices in France of Various Orchid Flowers.
{Orchidophile}.
From 20 to 25 centimes* : Dcndrobium nobile, Wardii.
30 centimes : Cypripedium insigne, Masdevallia Lindeni
Harryana, ignea } Veitchii, Odontoglossum Pescatorei, Rossi*
From 30 to 60 centimes : 'Odontoglossum crispum (Alex-
andi'(c), triumphant, luteo-purpureum, Schlieperianum, Insleayi
Cat t ley a amethystina, Skinner i.
From 60 to 75 centimes : Cypripedium villosum, Harrisianum
Spicerianum, Boxalli.
From i franc to i franc and 25 centimes : Odontoglossum
*A centime is about one-fifth of a cent, and a franc is about 20 cents.
138
The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book,
Average Prices of Various Orchid Flowers, continued.
grande, Lycaste Skinneri (price sometimes as low as 50 cen-
times), Ccelogyne cristata (per truss), Cattleya labiata, Mossia:,
Perdvaliana, Gaskeliana, Perrini, Pinelli, elegans, Triana:.
From i franc and 50 centimes to 2 francs : Various Vandas,
Cattleya Domiana.
Trusses of ALrides and Saccolabium sell from a franc and a
half to 3 francs, or even for 5 francs for extra good specimens.
12. Weights of Various Varieties of Apples per Bushel.
The following varieties, just from the trees in October, gave
the following weights :
Pounds.
47
Pounds.
Baldwin 50
Belmont 50
Ben Davis 47
Bunker Hill 49
Cabashae 57
Esopus Spitzenburg 44
Fallawater 48
Golden Russet 53
Lawver 47
Nickajack 51
Northern Spy 46
Pennock
Rambo 50
Rhode Island Greening . . .52
Roxbury Russet 50
Rubicon 46
Stark ^6
Swaar 51
Sweet Bough 39
Talman Sweet 48
Tompkins King 44
Yellow Bellefleur 46
43. Various Recipes and Rules.
Black ink for zinc labels. Verdigris, i ounce ; salam-
inoniac, i ounce ; lamp black, y z ounce ; rain watsr, y 2 pint.
Mix in an earthenware mortar or jar and put up in small bot-
tles. To be shaken before use and used with a clean quill pen
on bright zinc.
To prevent boilers from filling with sediment or scale.
i. Exercise care to get clean water and that which contains
little lime. 2. Blow it out often. It can be blown out a little
every day, and occasionally it should be blown off entirely. 3.
Put slippery elm bark In che boiler tank. Or, if slippery elm
is not handy, use potato peelings, flax seed, oak bark, spent tan
Miscellaneous Tables , Figures and Notes. 139
Various Recipes and Rules, continued.
or coarse saw-dust. 4. Put in with the feed water or other-
wise, a small quantity of good molasses (not a chemical
syrup), say ^ pt. to i pt. in a week, depending upon size of
the boiler. This will remove and prevent incrustation without
damage to the boiler. These vegetable substances prevent, in
a measure, by mechanical means, the union of the particles
of lime into incrustations.
Cutting glass bottles. i. Pass 5 or 6 strands of coarse
packing twine round the bottle on each side of where you want
it divided, so as to form a groove ^ inch wide ; in this groove
pass one turn of a piece of hard-laid white line, and extend
the two ends ; fasten to some support. Saw the bottle back-
wards and forwards for a short time ; after a minute's friction,
by a side motion of the bottle, throw it out of the line in a tub
.of water, and then tap the side of the tub and the bottom will
fall off.
2. Fill the bottle the exact height you wish it to be cut, with
oil of any kind ; dip, very gradually, a red-hot iron into the
oil. The glass suddenly chips and cracks all round, then the
upper surface may be lifted off at the surface of the oil.
3. For cutting bottoms of bottles off make a slight nick with
a file, and then mark round with a streak of ink where you
want it to come off. Make an iron red-hot and lay it on the
nick. This will cause it to expand and crack, then by moving
the rod round, the crack will follow.
To preserve wooden labels. Thoroughly soak the pieces
of wood in a strong solution of copperas (sulphate of iron) ;
then lay them, after they are .dry, in lime water. This causes
the formation of sulphate of lime, a very insoluble salt, in the
wood
To prepare paper for hot-bed sash. Use a sash without
bars, and stretch wires or strings across it to secure as a rest
for the paper. Procure stout but thin manilla wrapping paper
and paste it firmly on the sash with fresh flour paste. Dry in
r, warm place and then wipe the paper with a damp sponge to
140 The Horticulturist* s Rule- Book.
Various Recipes and Rules, continued.
cause it to stretch evenly. Dry again, and then apply boiled
linseed oil to both sides of the paper, and dry again in a warm
place.
Cowdung is highly prized by many gardeners for us in
potting soil. It is stored under cover and allowed to remain
until dry, being turned several times in the meantime to pul-
\erize it. Manure water is irade either from this dried excre-
ment, or from the fresh material. When made from the fresh
material, the manure water should be made weaker than in
the other case.
To find the bushels of shelled corn in a crib or bin of
corn in the ear, divide the cubic contents by 2.
To find the number of bushels of potatoes, apples, etc.,
in a bin, multiply the cubic contents by 8 and point off one
figure in the product.
To find the tons of hay in a mow or stack, divide the
cubic contents by about 510, if the hay is not well settled, or
by about 460 if the hay is well packed.
Approximate value of household measures.
i teaspoonful equals i dram.
i dessertspoonful equals 2 teaspoonfuls, or 2 drams.
1 tablespoonful equals 2 dessertspoonfuls, or 4 teaspoonfuls.
2 tablespoonfuls equals 8 teaspoonfuls, or i ounce.
i common size wineglassful equals 2 ounces, or y z gill.
A tea cup is estimated to hold 4 fluid ounces, or i gill.
i pound of wheat is equal to about i quart.
i pound and 2 ounces of Indian meal is equal to i quart.
i pound of soft butter is equal to about i pint.
i pound of sugar is equal to about i pint.
14. Various Figures.
From 7 to 12 bushel of apples are required for a barrel of
cider.
A bushel of average apples gives from 6 to 7 pounds of
evaporated product.
Miscellaneous Tables, Figures and Notes. 141
Various Figures, continued.
PRODUCT OF DIUED RASPBERRIES (Professor Green).
Ohio ........................... 9 Ibs. to the bushel.
Gregg
Hilborn
Ada
Tyler
Shaffer
8
Raspberries contain from i *4 to 3 Ibs. of seeds to the bushel.
A pint of garden blackberries weighs about one pound.
Good clusters of American grapes weigh on an average from
one-half to three-fourtti pounds-, while extra good clusters will
reach a pound and a half. Clusters have been reported which
weighed two pounds.
A bushel of sweet-corn ears, "in the milk," with the husks
which come from it, weighs from 50 to 70 Ibs.
There are about 5,000 honey bees in a pound.
SAMPLES OF DATES ON THE TITLE PAGES OF OLD BOOKS.
[3 is. . 500
Mcccclxjij is . . 1463
MccccLxxz M7 2
Mccccyz r 47 2
Mcccc. II 472
Mccccxxc 1480
MCCCCmjXXVIII 1488
Miiiic iiii x Vlij 1488
MCDXCV 1495
M. VD ... 1495
MiiijD. .... 1496
MjjjD 1497
MIII.D 1497
MCCCCXCviii 1498
MID 1499
McoXciX J 499
MccccID 1499
MCCCCXCViiij 1499
MCDXCIX 1499
M cccc iCi 1500
MD 1500
MCDCII 1502
M.DXLIX 1549
MlQL or MDL *55
M.D.VIL 1554
oo DLXVI 1566
oo DLXX 1570
cIoIoLXXX 1580
1580
1581
oo DXXCII : 1582
MCCCCCLXXXI1I ... 1583
CIC ID XXCVl 1586
oo D XXCIIX 1588
QlCIoXXCUX 1588
MDXC 1590
1700
. 1750
1791
1800
MDCCC 1800
cic. loccc 1800
CHAPTER XVI.
RULES.
i. Loudon's Rules of Horticulture.
1. Perform every operation in the proper season and in the
best manner.
2. Complete every operation consecutively.
3. Never, if possible, perform one operation in such a man-
ner as to render another necessary.
4. When called off from any operation, leave your work and
tools in an orderly manner.
5. In leaving off work, make a temporary finish, and clean
your tools and carry them to the tool-house.
6. Never do that in the garden or hothouses, which can be
equally well done in the reserve ground or in the back sheds.
7. Never pass a weed or an insect without pulling it up or
taking it off, unless time forbid.
8. In gathering a crop, take away the useless as well as the
useful parts.
9. Let no plant ripen seeds, unless they are wanted for some
purpose, useful or ornamental, and remove all parts which are
in a state of decay.
2. Rules of Nomenclature.
I. RULES FOR NAMING FRUITS,
Adopted by the American Pomological Society.
1. The originator or introducer (in the order named) has the
prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed fruit.
2. The Society reserves the right, in case of long, inappro-
priate, or otherwise objectionable names, to shorten, modify-
142
Rules. 143
Rules of Nomenclature, continued.
or wholly change the same, when they shall occur in its dis-
cussions or reports ; and also to recommend such names for
general adoption.
3. The names of fruit should, preferably, express, as far as
practicable by a single word, the characteristics of the variety,
the name of the originator, or the place of its origin. Under no
ordinary circumstances should more than a single word be em-
ployed.
4. Should the question of priority arise between different
names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances being
equal, the name first publicly bestowed will be given prefer-
ence.
2. RULES FOR NAMING KITCHEN GARDEN VEGETABLES,
As adopted by the committee on nomenclature of the Associa-
tion of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta-
tions :
1. The name of a variety shall consist of a single word, or at
most, of two words. A phrase, descriptive or otherwise, is
never allowable ; as Pride of Italy, King of Mammoths, Earliest
of All.
2. The name should not be superlative or bombastic. In
particular, such epithets as New, Large, Giant, Fine, Selected,
Improved, and the like, should be omitted. If the grower or dealer
has a superior stock of a variety, the fact should be stated in
the description immediately after the name, rather than as a
part of the name itself ; as, " Trophy, selected stock."
3. If a grower or dealer has secured a new select strain of a
well known variety it shall be legitimate for him to use his own
name in connection with the established name of the variety ;
as Smith's Winnigstadt, Jones's Cardinal.
4. When personal names are given to varieties, titles should
be omitted ; as, Major, General, etc.
5. The term hybrid should not be used except in those rare in-
stances in which the variety is known to be of hybrid origin.
6. The originator has the prior right to name the variety ;
144 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Rules of Nomenclature, continued.
but the oldest name which conforms to these rules should be
adopted.
7. This committee reserve the right, in its own publications,
to revise objectionable names in conformity with these rules.
3. WORK OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FLORISTS.
This society adopted a resolution demanding reform in
names of ornamental plants at the meeting of 1888, and a
committee was appointed. Definite reform has not yet been
inaugurated, however.
3. Rules for Exhibition.
I. AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY RULES.
For Exhibitors.
1. A plate of fruit must contain six specimens, no more,
no less, except in the case of single varieties not included in
collections.
2. To insure examination by the proper committees, all
fruits must be correctly and distinctly labeled, and placed
upon the tables during the first day of the exhibition.
3. The duplication of varieties in a collection will not be
permitted.
4. In all cases of fruits intended to be examined and re-
ported by committees, the name of the exhibitor, together
with a complete list of the varieties exhibited by him, must be
delivered to the secretary of the society on or before the first
day of the exhibition.
5. The exhibitor will receive from the secretary an entry
card which must be placed with the exhibit, when arranged
for exhibition, for the guidance of committees.
6. All articles placed upon the tables for exhibition must re-
main in charge of the society till the close of the exhibition,
to be removed sooner only upon express permission of the per-
son or persons in charge.
7. Fruits or other articles intended for testing, or to be
Rules.
Rules for Exhibition, continued.
given away to visitors, spectators, or others will be assigned a
separate hall, room or tent, in which they may be dispensed
at the pleasure of the exhibitor, who will not, however, be
permitted to sell and deliver articles therein, nor to call at-
tention to them in a boisterous or disorderly manner.
For the Guidance of Examining and Awarding Committees.
1. In estimating the comparative values of collections of
fruits, committees are instructed to base such estimates strictly
upon the varieties in such collections which shall have been
correctly named by the exhibitor, prior to action thereon by
the committee on nomenclature.
2. In instituting such comparison of values, committees are
instructed to consider : ist, the values of the varieties for the
purposes to which they may be adapted ; 2d, the color, size,
and evenness of the specimens ; 3rd, their freedom from the
marks of insects and other blemishes; 4th, the apparent care-
fulness in handling, and the taste displayed in the arrangement
of the exhibit.
2. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY RULES.
Special Rules of the Fruit Committee. i. All collections
and single dishes of fruit offered for prizes at any exhi-
bition must have marked zipon the cards the numbers of the prizes
for which they are offered.
2. All fruits offered for premiums must be correctly named.
Indefinite appellations, such as "Pippin," "Sweeting,"
"Greening," etc., will not be considered as names.
3. All fruits offered for premiums must be composed of
exactly the number of specimens or quantity named in, the
Schedule. A "dish" of apples, pears, peaches, plums, nec-
tarines, quinces, figs, apricots, etc., is understood to contain
twelve specimens, and this number will be required of all
fruits when not otherwise specified.
4. The whole quantity required of any one variety of fruit
must be shown in a single dish or basket.
R-IO
146 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book.
Rules for Exhibition (Mass, Hort, Society), continued.
5. Contributors of fruits for exhibitions or prizes must pre-
sent the same in the Society's dishes. All small fruits must be
shown in baskets, not more than an inch and three-quarters in
depth, which will be furnished to exhibitors by the superin-
tendent, at cost. Market baskets will not be allowed on the
tables.
6. No person can compete for more than one prize with the
same variety or varieties of fruit ; except that a single dish
may be of the same variety but not the same specimens as
one of a collection ; and also that the same variety but not
the same specimens may compete for both special and regu-
lar prizes.
7. Grapes grown on girdled vines cannot compete for a
premium.
8. All fruits offered for prizes [exceptions noted], and those
for foreign grapes must be of out-door culture.
The Fruit Committee, in making their awards, will consider
the flavor, beauty, and size of the specimens, comparing each
of these properties with a fair standard of the variety. The
adaptation of the variety to general cultivation will also be
taken into account. Other things being equal, specimens most
nearly in perfection as regards ripeness will have the prefer-
ence.
Special Rules of the Vegetable Committee. i. The speci-
mens offered must be well grown, and placed on the tables
clean, correctly labeled, and fully complying with the Rules
and Regulations of the Society.
2. Special gratuities will be awarded for well-grown varieties
from under glass, previous to the opening exhibition.
3. All vegetables offered for premiums must be composed of
exactly the number of specimens or quantity named in the
schedule.
4. All vegetables offered for premiums at any exhibition
must have marked upon the cards the numbers of the prizes for
which they are offered.
Rules. 147
Rules for Exhibition, continued.
5. Prizes will not be awarded when the articles are judged
unworthy.
6. Non-compliance with the rules will cause the rejection of
the articles offered for premium.
Special Rules of tJie Flower Committee. i. All named
varieties of plants or flowers exhibited for premiums must
have the name legibly and correctly written on stiff card, wood,
or some other permanent substance ; and each separate plant
or flower must have its name attached.
2. All plants, flowers, bouquets, designs, etc., offered for
prizes at any exhibition, must have marked upon the cards the
numbers of the prizes for which they are offered.
3. Plants in pots to be entitled to prizes, must evince skil-
ful culture in the profusion of bloom, and the beauty, sym-
metry, and vigor of the specimens.
4. All exhibitors not strictly complying with the above rules
will be excluded from competition for premiums.
5. No gratuities will be awarded on other than regular prize
days, except for objects of special merit.
3. MICHIGAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY RULES.
For Exhibitors. Entries may be made for exhibition, with-
out competition ; and if worthy, the Awarding Committee are
expected to properly notice them in their reports.
No article entered for competition in one class will be per-
mitted to compete for a premium in any other, except as here-
inafter expressly provided.
Each entry of collection of fruits must be accpmpanied by a
correct list of the varieties of each class of fruits, named in
the order of their maturity as nearly as may be. No pre-
miums will be awarded in the absence of such list.
Fruits will be valued by committees according to their adap-
tation to the requirements under which they are entered. A
really superior dessert fruit, if entered in a market collection,
can only receive credit for its value for the market, as given in
148 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Rules for Exhibition (Mich, Hort, Society), continued,
the Society's catalogue ; and vice versa, market varieties found
in a dessert or family collection must be adjudged by their
proper value for family purposes.
A plate of fruit, unless otherwise specified, must contain five
specimens no more no less. Of those usually designated
"small fruits," the exhibit must be one pint of each variety.
Of crab apples and plums, one dozen of each variety. Of
dried fruits, one quart of each separate variety or article.
Jellies, canned, pickled and preserved fruits, may be entered
and shown in glass vessels, of such character and capacity as
are commonly employed for family or market purposes.
Flowers, plants, evergreens, and such other articles as the
fancy of the exhibitor may suggest, may be freely employed in
the ornamentation of exhibits, in any manner that shall not
essentially interfere with the examinations of committees, or
the general designs of decoration ; and full weight will be
given to such ornamentation by the awarding committees in
rendering their awards.
The entry card, furnished by the secretary, specifying the
class and number of the entry, must in all cases be placed in
connection with the articles to which it appertains, as a guide
to committees.
Articles when entered, named and arranged for exhibition
will thenceforth be strictly under the control of the officers in
charge of the exhibition, and neither exhibitors or spectators
will be permitted to handle them, except by permission of the
proper officer.
Any exhibitor, having been awarded a premium upon an
article, and removing the same prior to the close of the exhibi-
bition, without permission of the officer in charge, will by so
doing forfeit his right to such premium.
The name of the fruit should, in no case, appear on the entry
card, except only in the case of single plates, or other single
articles.
Entry cards, name cards, and the cards of the committee on
Rules. 149
Rules for Exhibition, continued.
nomenclature, should, for the convenience of awarding com-
mittees and other officers, be each of a different color, or other-
wise printed in different colored inks.
Exhibitors will not be permitted to sell and deliver the arti-
cles they may have entered for exhibition ; nor to bring fruit,
nor any other article, for the purpose of sale, on a penalty of
forfeiture of all premiums, but such articles must remain in
charge of the officers until the close of the exhibition.
Any exhibitor interfering with awarding committees, while
in the discharge cf their duties, will be held, by so doing, to
have forfeited all premiums.
For Awarding Committees. i. The division superintend,
ent will be a member and clerk of the Awarding Committee
for his division. The remaining members of each committee
will be selected with great care from the best horticulturists of
this and neighboring states. The names of such persons will
not be made public until the time of the fair.
2. Members of the Awarding Committee are requested to re-
port to the president, at the secretary's office, on or before
noon of the second day of the fair, that the places of those
failing to report may be supplied.
3. The president is chairman of the committee on nomen-
clature ; but to expedite the business of correction, the super-
intendent of each division will correct the nomenclature of his
division, appealing to the chairman in all doubtful cases, and
attaching the committee's card in all cases in which correc-
tions are made.
4. No exhibitor will be permitted to act on a committee in a
class in which he shall exhibit for premiums.
5. Members of the Awarding Committees are requested to
report to the president, at the secretary's office, at i o'clock p.
M. on Thursday, when they will receive their committee
books, together with such explanations and instructions as may
at the time seem needful.
6. Upon conclusion of their labors, not later than the after-
15 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Rules for Exhibition (Mich. Hort. Society), continued,
noon of Friday, Awarding Committees will deliver their reports
to the president, who will examine them, and in case of insuf-
ficiency or omission, will return them with instructions. When
accepted by the president, they will be delivered to the sec-
retary.
7. When an exhibit is not deemed v/orthy of a premium,
the committee will withhold the award.
8. A majority of an Awarding Committee, when present,
shall constitute a quorum, and of those present the first on the
list shall act as chairman, unless the committee shall arrange
otherwise.
9. Awarding Committees, in estimating the comparative
values of exhibits, are instructed to base such estimates strictly
upon the varieties in such collections that shall be correctly
labeled by the exhibitors, prior to the corrections of the com-
mittee on nomenclature. *
10. In awarding premiums upon any and all exhibits of
fruits, committees will exclude any and all unlabeled and incor-
rectly labeled specimens, as well as duplicates, and consider :
ist, the value of the varieties for the required purpose, as given
in the Society's Catalogue of Fruits ; 2d, the color, size and
evenness of the specimens ; 3d, their freedom from the marks
of insects and other blemishes ; 4th, the apparent carefulness
in handling and the tastefulness of the exhibit, recollecting
that the gradations of the catalogue call for perfect specimens.
These gradations should, therefore, be correspondingly lowered
in case of deficiencies or imperfections. A copy of the cata-
logue, will, for this purpose, be furnished to each committee.
In grading collections entered for family purposes, the dessert
and culinary sub-columns should be consulted, and the grada-
tion expressing the highest value taken. For market, the grada-
tions of the market sub-column only should be employed.
11. In the case of fruits not named in the catalogue, for the
dessert, committees should consider : ist, quality ; 2d, beauty ;
3d, size. For culinary uses : ist, flavor ; 2d, texture ; 3d,
Rules. J 5i
Rules for Exhibition, continued.
size. For market : ist, productiveness ; ad, color ; 3d, hand-
ling qualities ; 4th, suitable, even size.
12. The true and legitimate purpose of the premiums offered
is to draw out the views of both exhibitors and committees re-
specting the relative values, for the purposes specified, of the
varieties included in the exhibits.
13. The society desires to encourage the planting of only a
sufficiently large variety of sorts for the desired purpose.
Hence it is important that the committee, in their reports,
specify, in the order of their value, the varieties upon which
the determination of their awards is based.
14. Useful and valuable varieties only are expected to influ-
ence awards ; while indifferent sorts, even though large,
showy and attractive, should not, for these reasons alone, be
held to add to the value of an exhibit, except, possibly, as a
means of education.
15. An important object of the society is to collect valuable
information of a pomological character. Committees are there-
fore requested to gather all the information possible from the
exhibitors in their classes, and to make their reports as full as
time and circumstances will permit.
16. The society desires to foster a free exercise, by exhibit-
ors, of the principles of correct taste in the arrangement, display
and ornamentation of their exhibits. To this end, committees
will give all reasonable and proper consideration to particulars
of this character.
CHAPTER XVII.
POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS.
i. Classes of Domestic Mail Matter, and Rates.
FIRST CLASS. Letters, postal cards, and matter wholly or
partly in writing, whether sealed or unsealed (except manu-
script copy accompanying proof sheets or corrected proof-
sheets of the same), and all matter sealed or otherwise closed
against inspection.
Rate. Two cents per ounce or fraction thereof. Postal
cards, one cent each. On "drop " letters, two cents per ounce
or fraction thereof, when mailed at letter-carrier offices ; and
one cent per ounce or fraction thereof aLother offices.
SECOND CLASS. Newspapers and publications issued at
stated intervals as often as four times a year, bearing a date of
issue and numbered consecutively, issued from a known office
of publication, and formed of printed sheets, without board,
cloth, leather or other substantial binding. Such publications
must be originated and published for the dissemination of in-
formation of a public character, or devoted to literature, the
sciences, art, or some special industry. They must have a
legitimate list of subscribers, and must not be designed pri-
marily for advertising purposes, or for free circulation at
nominal rates.
Rate. One cent per pound or fraction thereof when sent
by publisher thereof and from office of publication, including
sample copies, or when sent from news agency, to actual sub-
scribers or other news agents.
One cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof on news-
Postal Rates and Regulations. 153
Classes of Domestic Mail Matter, and Rates, continued.
papers and periodical publications of second class when sent by
other than publisher or news agent.
One cent each on nswspapers (excepting weeklies) and peri-
odicals not exceeding two ounces in weight, when deposited in
letter-carrier office for delivery by carrier ; two cents each on
periodicals weighing more than two ounces.
One cent per pound on newspapers, other than weeklies, and
periodicals when deposited by publisher or news agent in letter-
carrier office for general or box delivery ; one cent for four
ounces or fraction thereof when deposited by other than pub-
lishers or news agents, for general or box delivery.
One cent per pound or fraction thereof on weekly newspa-
pers deposited by publisher or news agent in letter-carrier
offices for letter or box delivery, or delivery by carrier one
cent for each package not exceeding four ounces, and one cent
for each additional four ounces or fraction thereof when depos-
ited by other than publisher or news agent.
Free when one copy is sent to each actual subscriber resid-
ing in county where same are printed, in whole or in part, and
published ; but at rate of one cent per pound when delivered
at letter-carrier office, or distributed by carriers.
THIRD CLASS. Books, periodicals and matter wholly in
print (not included iu second class), proof-sheets, corrected
proof-sheets, and manuscript copy accompanying the same.
"Printed matter" is the production upon paper, by any pro-
cess except that of handwriting, of any words, letters, characters
figures, or images, or of any combination thereof, not having
the character of an actual and personal correspondence.
A "circular" is a printed letter, which, according to internal
evidence, is being sent in identical terms to several persons.
It is permissible to write, in circulars, the date, the name of
the person addressed, or of the sender, and to correct mere
typographical errors.
Rate. One cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof.
FOURTH CLASS. Merchandise ; namely, all matter not em-
154 The Horticulturist s Ride-Book.
Classes of Domestic Mail Matter, and Rates, continued,
braced in the other three classes, and which is not in its form
or nature liable to destroy, deface or otherwise damage the
contents of the mail bag, or harm the person of any one en-
gaged in the postal service, and not above the weight provided
by law. Includes seeds and plants.
Rate. One cent per ounce or fraction thereof ; or on seeds,
cuttings, roots, scions and plants, one cent for each two ounces
or fraction thereof.
a. Foreign Postage.
To Canada and Mexico, the rates are the same as domestic
postage.
In the Universal Postal Union, which includes nearly all the
countries of the world except New Zealand and most Austra-
lian provinces, rates are as follows :
Letters, ^ ounce 5 cents.
Postal cards, each 2 "
Newspaper and other printed matter, per 2 ounces. . . i "
Packets not in excess of i o ozs. 5 "
Packets in excess of 10 ounces,
Commercial papers. < for each 2 Qunces or frac _
tion thereof i "
f Packets not in excess of 4
ounces 2 "
Samples of merchandise.
Packets in excess of 4 ozs. ,
for each 2 ounces or
fraction thereof i "
Registration fee on letters or other articles 10
The rates to New Zealand, New South Wales, Queensland,
Victoria and Tasmania are: 12 cents (per % oz.) on first-class
matter, 2 cents a copy for newspapers, 4 cents for single rate (4
oz.) on printed matter other than newspapers and merchandise.
Rates to China are 13 cents for a half ounce of first-class mat-
ter, 5 cents for a single rate (4 oz.) on newspapers, 4 cents for
a single rate (2 oz.) on other printed matter and merchandise.
For Cape Colony, Natal, most of Morocco, and some other
Postal Rates and Regulations. 155
Foreign Postage, continued.
parts of Africa, and some islands, the rate is 15 cents on a half
ounce of first class matter For Cape Colony and Natal,
newspapers demand 4 cents for a single rate (4 oz.), and other
printed matter and merchandise, 5 cents for a single rate (2 oz.).
3. Unmaifable Matter.
Held for Postage. Domestic matter of first class on which
two cents has not been prepaid, and all other domestic matter
not fully prepaid.
Misdirected. Matter without address, or so incorrectly, insuf-
ficiently or illegibly addressed that it cannot be forwarded to
destination, including "nixies" or matter not addressed to a
Post Office, or addressed to a Post Office without the name of
the State being given, or otherwise so incorrectly, illegibly or
insufficiently addressed that it cannot be transmitted.
Destructive. Matter of a harmful nature, poisons, explosive
or inflammable articles, live animals or dead animals not
stuffed, fruits or vegetable matter liable to decomposition,
comb-honey, guano, articles exhaling a bad odor, vinous, spir-
itous and malt liquors, liquids liable to explosion, spontaneous
combustion, 01 ignition by shock or jar (for example, kerosene
oil, naphtha, benzine, turpentine, etc.). Bees and dried insects
or reptiles must be so put up as not to injure any one handling
the mails, nor soil mail bags or their contents.
Coin and Jewelry. Coin, jewelry and other precious articles
prohibited by postal treaty from being sent in the mails to for-
eign countries.
Scurrilous Matter. Matter upon the envelope or outside
cover or wrapper of which, or any postal-card upon which, any
delineations, epithets, terms, or language of an indecent, lewd,
lascivious, obscene, libelous, scurrilous, defamatory or threat-
ening character, or calculated by the terms or manner or style
of display, and obviously intended to reflect injuriously upon
the character or conduct of another, may be written or printed,
or otherwise impressed or apparent.
156 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book
Unmailable Matter, continued.
Obscene Matter. Every obscene, lewd or lascivious book,
pamphlet, picture, paper, letter, writing, print or other publi-
cation of an indecent character, and ever article or thing
designed or intended for the prevention of conception or pro-
curing of abortion, and every article or thing intended or
adapted for any indecent or immoral use, and every written or
printed card, letter, circular, book, pamphlet, advertisement,
or notice of any kind giving information, directly or indirectly,
where or how, or of whom, or by what means any of the here-
inbefore mentioned matters, articles or things may be obtained
or made, whether sealed as first-class matter or not.
Lottery Matter. Letters and circulars known to be concern-
ing lotteries, gift concerts, etc., or concerning any scheme devised
and intended to deceive and defraud the public for the purDOse
of obtaining money under false pretenses.
Mutilated. Matter recovered from wrecked or burned mail
cars or vessels, or matter damaged so that it cannot be for-
warded to destination. All matter found loose in the mails,
separated from the wrapper, label or envelope containing the
address, so that the direction cannot be known ; and the mat-
ter recovered from depredations on the mails and to be restored
to the owners upon due proof of ownership.
Excess of Weight and Size. Packages of domestic third and
fourth class matter, weighing more than four pounds (except
single books and official matter emanating from the Depart-
ments at Washington), and of foreign matter in excess of
weight or size fixed by stipulation of postal treat
CHAPTER XVIII.
WEATHER SIGNS, AND PROTECTION FROM FROST.
Stationary barometer indicates continuance of the present
weather.
Slowly rising barometer usually indicates fair weather.
Slowly falling barometer indicates the approach of a severe
storm. One-fifth to one-third of an inch is sufficient fall to
give indications.
Sudden rise of the barometer indicates the approach of a
storm or the breaking up of an existing storm.
Sudden fall of the barometer indicates high wind and prob-
able rain.
When areas of low and high barometer are near together,
heavy gales may be expected.
Long lines of cloud extending up the sky from a common
starting point often foretell a storm from that quarter.
When the fleecy or cirrus clouds settle down into horizontal
bars, or ribs, in the upper sky, wet and foul weather may be
expected. This is the ' ' mackerel sky. "
If contiguous clouds move in various directions, rain is likely
to follow soon.
When small black clouds scud over an overcast sky, heavy
rain and bad weather may be expected.
Cumulus clouds that preserve a well rounded form and float
high in the air indicate fair weather.
Anvil-shaped cumulus clouds usually indicate thunder
storms.
In spring and fall rain is often indicated by a dense bank of
(157)
158 The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book.
gray clouds in the east, in front of which are little shoals of
blackish clouds.
Cirro-cumulus clouds like bunches and fleeces of wool
scattered high in the sky are indications of still and dry
weather.
When the rays of the rising sun shoot far up into the sky,
fair weather may be expected.
When the ray-like ^shadows of clouds over-lie a hazy sky in
the vicinity of the sun, rain is apt to follow. This is ex-
pressed in the phrase "the sun drawing water."
Gaudy hues of blue and purple at sunset prophesy rain
and wind.
A bright red sunset means fair weather for the morrow.
A pale and diffuse sun at setting portends a scorm.
If the sun sets in subdued purple and the zenith is pale blue,
fair weather may be expected
A deep red morning sky is usually followed by bad weather.
A rosy or gray morning sky means good weather.
A sonorous condition of the atmosphere foretells rain.
A bank of cloud across the southern horizon in winter indi-
cates snow. It is frequently called the "snow-bank."'
If the sun rises clear, but becomes over-case within half an
hour, prepare for rain.
A halo about the moon indicates a rain storm.
If the sky is white or yellowish-white nearly to the zenith
after sunset, prepare for rain soon.
Strong east winds indicate a storm.
Haziness is indicative of dry weather. It is due to dust in
the atmosphere
When haziness suddenly disappears and the sun sets pale
and the sky is very clear, rain is probable.
When stars twinkle with unusual prominence, rain may be
expected.
Heavy dew indicates fair weather.
Absence of dew for two or three mornings in succession in
summer is a precursor of rain
Weather Signs, and Protection from Frost. 159
To Predict Frost (Kedzie).
1. When the sunshine is very hot and the shade very
cold and the shadows very deep, "there is frost in the air,"
because the air is very dry and radiation of heat little checked.
2. When the dew point is more than 10 F. above frost
point, there is little danger of frost. To find approximately
the temperature of dew point when the temperature of the air
is between 45 and 65 F. , multiply the difference between the
wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometers by two and subtract the
product from temperature of dry-bulb. If the remainder is
above 42 F., there is little danger of frost. The nearer this re-
mainder comes to 32, the greater the danger of frost, espe-
cially if the air is still and clouds disappear at sunset.
T. Protect Plants from Light Frosts.
1. Make a smudge in the garden or vineyard at night when
the frost is expected. Rubbish or litter and tar make the best
smudge.
2. Syringe the plants thoroughly at night-fall.
CHAPTER XIX.
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING.
I. Collecting and Preserving Plants.
Collect samples of all parts of the plant, lower and upper,
leaves, stem, flowers, fruit, and, in most cases, roots. In
small species, those two feet high or less, the whole plant
should be taken. Of larger plants, take portions about a foot
long. Press the plants between papers or "driers." These
driers may be any thick porous paper, as blotting paper or
carpet paper, or, for plants which are not succulent or very
juicy, newspapers in several thicknesses may be used. It is
best to place the specimens in sheets of thin paper grocer's
tea-paper is good and place these sheets between the driers.
Many specimens can be placed in a pile. On top the pile
place a short board and a weight of ten or a dozen pounds.
Change the driers every day. The plants are dry when they
become brittle and when no moisture can be felt by the fin-
gers. Some plants will dry in two or three days while others
require as many weeks. If the pressing is properly done the
specimens will come out smooth and flat, and the leaves will
usually be green, although some plants always turn black in
drying.
Specimens are usually mounted on single sheets of white
paper of the stiffness of very heavy writing paper or thin
Bristol board. The standard size of sheet is ii^xi6><
inches. The plants may be pasted down permanently and en-
tirely to the sheet, or they may be held on by strips of gummed
paper. In the former case, Denison's fish glue is the best
(160)
Collecting and Preserving. 161
Collecting and Preserving Plants, continued,
eunv A o use. But one species or variety should be placed on a
sheet. The species of a genus are collected into a genus
cover. This cover is a folded sheet of heavy manilla or other
firm paper, and the standard size, when folded, is 12x16^
inches. On the lower left hand corner of this cover the name
of the genus is written. A label should accompany each
specimen upon the separate sheets. The specimens are now
ready to be riled away on shelves in a horizontal position. If
insects attack the specimens, they may be destroyed by fumes
of bisulphide of carbon or chloroform. In this case it is
necessary to place the specimens in a tight box and then insert
the liquid. Usually, however, specimens are dipped in poison,
and then dried, before being mounted.
HERBARIUM POISONS, i. 120 grains of arsenic acid dis-
solved in a quart of alcohol. The arsenic acid is very deli-
quescent and the bottle must be kept tightly corked. This is
Dr. Gray's favorite preparation, and is used in the herbarium
at Harvard University.
2. Place as much corrosive sublimate in alcohol as the
liquid will dissolve. If the poison is applied with a brush,
care must be taken to avoid one with iron trimmings, as the
sublimate corrodes the iron.
3. Dissolve i^ oz. of corrosive sublimate in i pt. of alco-
hol ; add 2J^ fluid drams of carbolic acid and apply with a
paint brush.
4. i Ib. of corrosive sublimate, i Ib. of carbolic acid to 4
gals, of methylated spirit.
Camphor, frequently renewed in each cabinet, is often suffi-
cient to prevent the attack of insects.
2. Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Other Parts of
Plants.
To PRESERVE THE COLOR OF DRIED FLOWERS. i. Im-
merse the stem of the fresh specimen in a solution of 32
parts by weight of alum, 4 of nitre and 186 of water for two
or three days until the liquid is thoroughly absorbed, and then
1 62 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Plants, continued,
press in the ordinary way, except that dry sand is sifted
over the specimen and the packet submitted to the action of
gentle heat for twenty-four hours.
2. Make a varnish composed of 20 parts of powdered copal
and 500 parts of ether, powdered glass or sand being used to
make the copal dissolve more readily. Into this solution the
plants are carefully dipped ; then they are allowed to dry for
10 minutes, and the same process is repeated four or five times
in succession.
3. Plants may also be plunged in a boiling solution of i
part of salicylic acid and 600 of alcohol, and then dried in
bibulous paper. But this should be very rapidly done, violet
flowers especially being decolorized by more than an instan-
taneous immersion.
4. Red flowers which have changed to a purplish tint in dry-
ing may have their color restored by laying them on a piece of
paper moistened with dilute nitric acid (i part to 10 or 12
parts of water), and then submitting them to moderate pres-
sure for a few seconds ; but the solution must not touch the
green leaves, as they would be decolorized by it.
5. With Sulphur. (Quin.) Procure a chest about 3 or 4
ft. square, with a small opening in the under part of one side,
to be closed by a bar, through which the basin containing
brimstone must be put into the chest ; this opening must be
covered inside with perforated tin, in order to prevent those
flowers which hang immediately over the basin from being
spoiled. Paper the inside to render it air-tight. When the
chest is ready for use, nail small laths on two opposite sides of
the interior, at a distance of about 6 inches apart, upon which
lay thin round sticks upon which to arrange the flowers ; these
should not be too close together, or the vapor will not circulate
freely through the vacant spaces around the flowers. When
the chest is sufficiently full of flowers close it carefully, place
a damp cloth on the sides of the lid, and some heavy stones
upon the top of it; then take small pieces of brimstone, put them
Collecting and Preserving. 163
Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Fruits, continued.
in a small flat basin, kindle and put through the opening in the
bottom of the chest and shut the bar. Leave the chest undis-
turbed for twenty-four hours, after which time it must be
opened, and if the flowers be sufficiently smoked they will ap-
pear white ; if not they must be smoked again. When suf-
ficiently smoked, take the flowers out carefully and hang them
up in a dry airy place in the shade, and in a few days or even
hours they will recover their natural color, except being only
a shade paler.
To give them a very bright and shining color, plunge them
into a mixture of 10 parts of cold water and i of good nitric
acid ; drain off the liquid, and hang them up again the same as
before. The best flowers for this process are asters, roses,
fuchsias (single ones), spiraeas (red-flowered kinds, such as cal-
losa, Douglasi, etc.), ranunculus, delphiniums, cytisus, etc.
The roses ought to be quite open, but not too fully blown.
6. In sand. (Quin.) Dry the plants in clean silver sand, free
from organic matter (made so by repeated washing, until the
sand ceases to discolor the water). Heat the sand rather high,
and mix with it by constant stirring a small piece of compo-
site candle, which prevents the sand from adhering to the
flowers. Have a box not higher than 3 inches but as broad as
possible ; this box should have instead of a bottom a narrow-
meshed iron-wire net at a distance of % inches from where
the bottom should be. Place the box on a board and fill with
sand till the net is just covered with a thin layer of sand ;
upon this layer of sand place a layer of flowers, on that a
layer of sand, then flowers, and so on ; the layers of sand
should vary in thickness according to the kind of flowers, from
Y% inch to X inch.
When the box contains about three layers of flowers, it must
be removed to a very sunny dry place, the best being close
under the glass in an empty greenhouse, exposed to the full
influence of the sun. After a week, if the weather is sunny
and dry, the flowers will be perfectly dried ; then the box is
164 The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book.
Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Plants, continued,
lifted a little, the sand falls gently through the iron net, and
the flowers remain in their position over the net without any
disturbance whatever.
They should then be taken out carefully and kept in a dry
and, if possible, dark place, where no sun can reach them,
and afterwards they will keep very well for many years.
Care should be taken that the flowers are cut in dry weather
and that, while laying in the sand, no part of a flower shall
touch another part, as this always spoils the color and causes
decay. Sand should be filled in between all the parts of the
flower ; therefore it is necessary to insert the double flowers
in an erect position, in order to fill the sand between the pet-
als, while most of the single flowers must be put in with the
stalks upwards.
To KEEP FRESH FLOWERS. If cut-flowers are not needed
immediately, wet them and then wrap them in paper and
place in a box in a cool place. Keep as cool as possible
without freezing.
The disagreeable odor which comes from flowers in vases is
due to the decay of the leaves and stems in the water. There-
fore remove all the lower leaves before putting flowers in vases.
Flowers which have stood in a vase for a day or so can be
greatly refreshed if taken from the vase at night, thoroughly
sprinkled, wrapped, stems and blossoms and all, as closely as
possible in a soaked cloth, and laid aside until the morning.
They will be much fresher than if they had been left in their
vases, yet will not have bloomed out so much. Before thus
laying them aside, and again in the morning, a bit of each
stem should be cut off, as the end soon hardens. This ought
also to be done once or twice a day, even if the flowers are
kept constantly in their vases. Roses which have drooped be-
fore their time as, for example, when worn on the dress
may be wonderfully revived if the stems, after being thus cut
are placed for ten minutes in almost boiling water and then re-
Collecting and Preserving. 165
Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Plants, continued,
moved to cold water. It is also well to add a little charcoal or
ammonia to the water in which flowers are standing.
If salt is added to the water in which cut-flowers are kept, it
will delay wilting and decay.
PRINTING PLANTS. i. First, lightly oil one side of the paper,
then fold in four, so that the oil may filter through the pores,
and the plant may not come into direct contact with the liquid.
The plant is placed between the leaves of the second folding,
and in this position pressed (through other paper) all over with
the hand, so as to make a small quantity of oil adhere to its sur-
face. Then it is taken out and placed between two sheets of
white paper for two impressions, and the plant is pressed as
before. Sprinkle over the invisible image remaining on the
paper, a quantity of black-lead or charcoal, and distribute it in
all directions ; the image then appears in all its parts. With
an assortment of colors the natural colors of plants may be repro-
duced. To obtain fixity, resin is previously added to the
black-lead in equal parts. Expose to the heat sufficient to
melt the resin.
2. The best paper to use is ordinary wove paper without
water-marks ; if it can be afforded, use thin drawing paper.
First, select the leaves, then carefully press and dry them. If
they be placed in a plant press, care must be taken not to
put too great pressure on the specimens at first, or they will
be spoiled for printing. An old book is the best for drying the
samples to be used. Take printer's or proof ink, and a
small leather dabber ; work a bit of ink about the size of a
pea, on a small piece ot slate or glass with the dabber until it
is perfectly smooth , A drop or two of linseed oil will assist
the operation. Then give the leaf a thin coating, being care-
ful to spread it equally ; then lay the leaf ink downwards on
a sheet of paper and place it between the leaves of an old
book, which must then be subjected to a moderate pressure in
a copying press, or passed between the rollers of a ringing
machine. Impressions can be taken with greater rapidity by
1 66 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Plants, continued,
laying the book on the floor and standing upon it for a few sec-
onds. Soft book paper is the best, and, previous to using it,
place a few sheets between damp blotting paper, which causes
it to take the ink still more readily. At first you will find that
you lay on too much ink. If the impression is too black, use
the leaf again. If the midrib of the leaf is too thick, it must
be shaved down with a sharp knife.
3 Leaf -Prints. (Engle.) i. A small ink roller, such as
printers use for inking type. 2. A quantity of green printer's
ink. 3. A pane of stout window glass (the larger the better)
fastened securely to an evenly planed board twice the size of
the glass. A small quantity of the ink is put on the glass and
spread with a knife, after which it is distributed evenly by
going over in all directions with the ink roller. When this has
been carefully done, the leaf to be copied is laid on a piece of
waste paper and inked by applying the roller once or twice
with moderate pressure. This leaves a film of ink on the
veins and network of the leaf, and by placing it on a piece of
blank paper and applying considerable pressure for a few mo-
ments the work is done, and when the leaf is lifted from the
paper the impress remains with all its delicate tracery, faith-
ful in color and outline to the original.
To make the ink of proper consistency, add several drops
of balsam copaiba to a saltspoonful of ink. In case the leaf
sticks, the ink is too thick.
SKELETONIZING PLANTS. i. By Maceration. Place the leaves
in water, and allow them to remain in the same water for from
three to four months, until the soft matter decays, and the stem
may be taken in the hand, and the refuse shaken away. There
remains behind a network or skeleton of the original object,
which can be bleached with a little lime. Leaves and pods
may both be treated satisfactorily in this manner. The pod o>
the ' Jimson weed " or Datura Stramonium is a favorite fo r
this purpose.
2. By Chemicals. Chloride of lime, % lb.; washing soda :
Collecting and Preserving. 167
Prosorving and Printing of Flowers and Plants, continued.
y 2 lb. Put the soda into i^ pts. boiling water, (rain water is
best) and let it thoroughly dissolve. Put the chloride of lime
in a largo pitcher, and add samo quantity of cold water. Stir
well and cover closely, to prevent the escape of the chlorine.
When the soda water is cool, pour it on the chloride of lime,
stir well together and cover tightly, leaving it for an hour or
more. Then pour off very gently the clear liquid, which must
be bottled tightly.
This solution will remove fruit stains from white goods, and
will bleach any vegetable substances. When used for cotton
or linen, it must be considerably diluted, and the goods well
rinsed afterwards.
3. Perfumery.
PERMANENT ATTAR or OTTO OF ROSES (Ellwanger). The
roses employed should be just blown, of the sweetest smelling
kinds, gathered in as dry a state as possible. After each gather-
ing, spread out the petals on a sheet of paper and leave until
free from moisture ; then place a layer of petals in the jar,
sprinkling with coarse salt ; then another layer of coarse salt
alternating until the jar is full. Leave for a few days, or until
a broth is formed ; then incorporate thoroughly and add more
petals and salt, mixing thoroughly daily for a week, when fra-
grant gums and spices should be added, such as benzoin, storax,
cassia buds, cinnamon, cloves, cardamon and vanilla bean.
Mix again and leave for a few days, when add essential oil of
jasmine, violet, tuberose and attar of roses, together with a
hint of ambergris or musk, in mixture with the flower ottos to
fix the odor. Spices, such as cloves, should be sparingly used.
PERFUME JAR i . One lb. of dried rose petals bought at a
drug store, 4 ozs. of salt and 2 ozs. of saltpeter, on which put 8
drops of essence of ambergris, 6 drops of essence of lemon 4
drops oil of cloves, 4 drops oil of lavender, and 2 drops of es-
sence of bergamont.
2. Half lb. of common salt, % lb. saltpeter, # oz. of
storax. y^ doz. cloves, a handful of dried bay leaves, and an-
i68 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book.
Perfumery, continued.
other handful of dried lavender flowers. This basis will last
for years, and petals of roses and of other fragrant flowers gath-
ered on dry days may be added annually. Or, powdered ben-
zoin, chips of sandal-wood, cinnamon, orris root or musk may
be added.
LAVENDER BAG. One-half Ib. lavender flowers, y^ oz. dried
thyme and mint, % oz. ground cloves and caraway, i oz. com
mon salt, Tie up in a linen bag, which is hung in the ward
robe.
Orris root is a good medium in which to place delicate per-
fumes for perfumery bags.
4. Collecting and Preserving Insects.
Flying insects are caught in a net made of musquito bar,
after the fashion of the minnow net. The bar is made into a
bag about a yard deep, and about a foot in width at the top.
The opening is fastened upon a wire hoop, which is secured to
a pole, as a broom-stick. Insects are killed by placing them in
a " cyanide bottle." This is prepared by placing two or three
lumps of cyanide of potassium the size of a quail's egg in a
museum bottle or glass jar, covering the lumps with dry plas-
ter of Paris, and then adding just enough water to make the
plaster set. The fumes of the poison coming through the plas-
ter quickly kills the insects. Keep the bottle corked. The
cyanide is very poisonous and the fumes should not be inhaled.
A very broad-mouthed bottle with glass stopple is best. Bugs
and beetles can be pinned and mounted as soon as they are
dead. It is customary to pin beetles through the right wing-
cover, and bugs as squash-bug through the triangular space
between the wings. Butterflies, moths, bees, flies, etc., must
be pressed to preserve the wings. This is done by placing on
a "setting board." This apparatus is a little trough with a
crack at the bottom. The sides of the trough are made of
thin bits of board, three or four inches wide and a foot or more
long. These sides have very little slant. The crack in the
Collecting and Preserving. 169
Collecting and Preserving Insects, continued,
bottom of the trough is left about a half-inch wide, and it is
covered beneath with a strip of cork. The body of the in-
sect is now placed lengthwise the crack, a pin is thrust through
the thorax, or middle division of the insect, into the cork, and
the wings are laid out on the sides of the trough. The wings
are held in place by strips of card-board pinned over them,
care being taken not to stick the pins through the wings. In
about two weeks the insects will be dry and stiff.
Insects must be kept in tight boxes to keep other insects
from devouring them. Cigar boxes are good. Tight boxes
with glass covers are generally used by large collectors.
Place sheets of cork in the bottom of the box to receive the
pins. If insects attack the specimens, expose them in a tight
box to vapors of bisulphide of carbon or benzine.
CHAPTER XX.
ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS AND ANALYSES.
. The Elements and their Symbo's, and the Composition
of Various Substances.
Aluminum Al.
Antimony Sb.
Arsenic As.
Barium Ba.
Bismuth Bi.
Boron B. *
Bromine Br.
Cadmium Cd.
Cesium Cs.
Calcium Ca.
Carbon C.
Cerium Ce.
Chlorine Cl.
Chromium Cr.
Cobalt Co.
Columbium Cb.
Copper Cu
Didymium D.
Erbium Er.
Fluorine F.
Gallium Ga
Glucinum Gl.
Gold Au.
Hydrogen H.
Indium In.
Iodine I.
Iridium Ir.
Iron Fe.
Lanthanum La.
Lead Pb.
Lithium Li.
Magnesium Mg.
Manganese ...... Mn.
Mercury Hg.
Molybdenum Mo.
Nickel Ni.
Nitrogen N.
Osmium Os.
Oxygen O.
Palladium Pa.
Phosphorus P.
Platinum Pt.
Potassium K.
Rhodium Rh.
Rubidium Rb.
Ruthenium Ru.
Scandium Sc.
Selenium Se.
Silicon Si.
Silver Ag.
Sodium Na.
Slrontium Sr.
Sulphur S.
Tantalum Ta
Tellurium Te.
Thallium Tl.
Thorium Th.
Tin Sn.
Titanium Ti.
Tungsten Wo.
Uranium Ur.
Vanadium V.
Yttrium Y.
Zinc Zn.
Zirconium Zr.
(170)
Elements, Symbols and Analyses.
171
The Composition of Various Substances.
Acetic Acid C 2 H 7 O 2
Ammonia NH 3
Aniline NH 2 (C 6 H 5 )
Arsenious Oxide . As 4 O 6
Carbonic Oxide . . CO
Carbonic Dioxide CO 2
Chloroform CHCI 3
Ferric Oxide Fe 2 O 3
Ferrous Oxide . . . FeO
Hydrochloric Acid HC1
Mercuric Oxide . . HgO
2. Analyses.
Compiled from many reliable sources, largely from the
labors of Drs. Goessmann and S. W. Johnson.
(a.} GENERAL ANALYSES OF FRUITS AND FRUIT PLANTS.
i. Various Fruits (Fresenius).
Nitric Acid HNO 3
Nitric Oxide NO
Nitrous Oxide N 2 O
Nitric Peroxide . .NO 2
Sulphure tted
Hydrogen H 2 S
Sulphurous Oxide SO 2
Sulphuric Oxide .SO 3
Sulphuric Acid . . . H 2 SO 4
cn
o
9
Albuminous
substance.
Pectous
substance.
Soluble
matter.
Water.
Apples ... . .
6 83
14 96
82 04
Apricots . . .
766
8
283
12 723
82 115
Austrian Grape . .
Cultivated Straw-
berries .
13.78
1.020
I 133
.832
.498
IIQ
16.49
9 666
79-997
87 474
Cultivated Rasp-
berries
4 7o8
I 3^6
I 746
86.557
Green Grape
Heart Cherries . .
Mulberries
Peaches
2.96
13.11
9-193
.96
.351
1.86
612
477
903
394
.463
10.475
2.286
2.031
6.313
17-25
14-043
9-39
80.841
75-37
84.707
84.99
Pears . . . .
7 OO
26
3 281
10.90
83.95
Red Currants. . .
Red Gooseberries.
Wild Raspberries.
Wild Strawberries
4.78
8.063
3-599
3-247
2.31
L358
1.980
1.650
45
.441
54 6
.619
.28
9.69
1.107
145
8.36
11.148
7.500
6.398
85.84
85-565
83.86
87.271
172
The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
,SSi H
t^ in t^
M M N
piouiumqiv
^ P
t^ O
M C4
qsy
t^ inoo
W ^HUO
ro rooo
vO 00 t-.
C^ N M
^H
M ro vO
^- in O ^* O ^t"
o vo invo
M OJ <N
JB^ng 9UBQ
M H rooo'
rj- M CO I>- N
ro TJ- TJ- ' M
,, S n S3 soou 10
M O Tt- M O t^
M d ro invo ' t ^-
M M M
O ro O\ O vo n
invO t^ ^t" ro *n
.
oo O t^ t-^ in
vo in o M t^ in
rOOO O TJ- TfOO
i>.vo M in inoo
*o vo oo t^ in M
M N H
, !8 ^ apI u D
rovo oo oo r>.oo
O OJ O vO rOOO
t^ M ^oo o o^
MM MM
^
. ^^-^S^S^R^^n^?!
00 invO vo ro O^ tn ro rovo vO vo
t-x 1>.VO 00 00 t^CO OO 00 00 00 OO
^omegranates
mons
Oranges, Bitter-swe*
Tangierine
Mandarin
I T> \ J
-DIOOUS. . .
Navels. . .
Russets .
Common
Sour
L Oranges, Guy Pope
C/3C/3CL E ^
Elements, Symbols and Analyses. 173
Analyses, continued.
3. Strawberries, Average of 20 Varieties. (Stone.)
Water ................................. 90. 52
Solids ................................. g. 48
Free acH .............................. i . 37
Glucose ................................ 4 78
Glucose after inversion .................. 5. 46
Difference calculated as cane sugar ....... 0.58
COMPOSITION OF DRY MATTER.
Ash ................................... 6.53
Crude fiber ............................. 16. 35
Ether extract ........................... 6. 75
Crude protein .......................... 10. 51
Non-nitrogenous extract ................. 60.79
4. Raspberries.
Reliance. Gregg.
Sugar ............................ 1.78 2.82
Acid .............................. 92 .64
Seed ............................ 3.5 5.612
Pectose, protein, combined acids, etc. 3.92 5.91
Ash .............................. 43 .42
Fiber ............................ 32 .48
Water ........................... 89.13 84.12
5. Peach, Branches. (Kedzie.} Diseasedby
Ash constituents. Healthy. yellows.
Silica, SiO 2 ..................... 1.21 1.40
Oxide of iron, Fe 2 O 3 ........... 0.92 0.84
Lime, CaO ..................... 43-67 45-O2
Magnesia, MgO ................. 2.53 2.40
Potash, K 2 O .................... 7.07 4.93
Soda, Na 2 O ................... 1.88 2.33
Phosphoric acid, P 2 O 5 ........... 7.20 6.03
Sulphuric acid, SO 3 ............. 0.54 0.83
Carbon dioxide, CO 2 ............ 34.7* 35- 8 5
Chlorine ....................... o. 07 o. 1 1
Moisture and loss ................ .30 0.26
Total.. 100.00 100.00
'74
The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Analyses, continued.
6. Peach, Fruit and Branches. (Goessmann.}
j
|
*
|
rt
OtJ 0) .
rt
^ w ^'
ASH CONSTITUENTS.
1 1
1 w^J
s^ 8
i ^^-1
.t: ; b' a .
.tJ^b^^
a'b *!
CJ 'O Q >%
o *H
O rrt
2 o *^
2 O rt J3
LI ^> rt
(i| *t^ *2
PQ *"> rt
PQ ^> u -"^
g Pk
2 a "^
B*
rt ^^
CJ
CJ
CJ
CJ
Per
Per
Per
Per
cent.
cent
cent.
cent.
Ferric oxide, Fe 2 O 3 ...
.58
.46
5 2
r -45
Calcium oxide, CaO . . .
2.64
4.68
54-52
64.23
Magnesium oxide, MgO.
6.29
5-49
7.58
10.28
Phosphoric acid, P 2 O 5 .
16.02
18.07
n-37
8-37
Potassium oxide, K 2 O .
74.46
71.30
26.01
I5-67
Total
IOO.OO
IOO.OO
IOO.OO
IOO.OO
7. Fertilizing Constituents in the Ash of Fruits.
(Goessmann.]
Phosphoric
Name.
Potash. Soda.
Lime
Magn.
acid.
Lombard Plums
76.59
13.26
2.17
7-44
Peaches
74 46
2.64
6.29
16.03
Baldwin Apples
63 54 i 71
7 2 8
r C2
20.87
Asparagus, stem
. 42 Q4 3 %&
/ - 60
27. 18
12 77
12.31
roots
I* 48
il " 1 1
7 .7
Clinton Grapes . .
17 4O ^ c. i
O- T v
I3.IO
/ J/
7.24
17.87
Concord Grapes
62.29
I5-50
1.76
18.49
Cranberries
. 47 06 6 5,8
18.58
6.78
14 27
White Currants
53-81
17.46
4.72
* T" /
22.54
Black Raspberries . . .
. . . . 5O.OO
19.44
9.60
20.47
Blackberries
, . . . 51.42
17.22
5-30
24-13
Blueberries
31.36
28.02
9.25
29.05
Elements, Symbols and Analyses.
(b) ANALYSES OF FRUIT AND GARDEN PRODUCTS WITH REF-
ERENCE TO THEIR FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS
8. Analysis of Garden Crops and Fruits for Fertilizing Con-
stituents. ( Wolff and Goessmann. )
ONE THOUSAND PARTS OF THE PLANTS CONTAIN:
NAME.
Water.
-/ ''
d
I
'I
A
<
Potash.
i
ij
Corn, kernels
144.
150.
750.
770.
143-
160.
16.0
4.8
3-4
4-9
35-8
10.4
39-0
12.4
45-3
9-5
19.7
23-4
43-i
274
40.2
8.2
23-9
7-i
15-3
6.4
11.9
7-5
19.5
9.6
15.6
14.0
8.0
19.7
4-9
IO.O
10. 1
5-0
#
16.0
8.1
10. 1
9-8
5-8
2S.8
17.2
2.2
3-3
3-9
2.9
3-3
3-3
8.8
22.7
3-7
16.4
5-8
4-3
IO.I
9.9
12.0
12.8
3-0
2.9
3-8
4.0
2.9
2.8
3.5
2.8
4.3
5-8
11
1:1
5-4
2.4
1.2
*:i
2.7
3-7
3-9
2-5
24
0.9
a
0.8
1.8
2.0
1-7
i.3
0.7
5-
6.9
O.I
0.5
0-3
0.4
0.2
1.8
0.4
3-2
1-7
4.7
0.6
2.0
0.6
I.I
0.4
0.8
0.8
1-5
1.4
0.5
0.4
I.O
0.2
0.7
0.9
0.2
c s i
0.8
3-5
0.6
0.9
o-3
0.6
0-3
O.I
0-3
0.9
O.I
0.5
stalk and leaves . . .
Potato, tubers
vines
Peas, seed
vines . .
Beans, seed
vines
Carrots, roots
850.
822.
815-
897.
920.
870
884.
900.
890.
871.
904.
767.
933-
793-
Six.
2.2
8
8
3-0
2.1
3-4
3-o
2.4
5-3
4.0
4-3
1.9
5-4
leaves . .
Sugar Beet, roots
leaves
White Turnip, roots * ...
leaves
Swedish Turnip, roots
leaves . . . .
White Cabbage, head
roots
Savoy Cabbage, head . . .
Cauliflower
Horse-radish, roots
Spanish Radish roots
Parsnip, roots
Artichoke, roots
Asparagus sprouts
933-
860.
841.
923-
94.
3-2
2.7
2.4
4-9
Common Onion, bulb ....
Celery
Spinach . .
Common Lettuce
Head Lettuce
943.
956.
900.
743-5
916.7
831.
831-
825.
2.2
2.0
1.6
I.I
5-5
i-3
0.6
0.6
Roman Lettuce
Cucumber
Pumpkin
Rhubarb roots
stem and leaves ....
Apples
Pears
Cherries
Plums ....
838.
Gooseberries
903.
Grapes
830.
no.
i-7
19.0
seeds
ij6 The Horticulturists Rule- Book.
Analysis of Garden Crops and Fruits, continued.
ONE THOUSAND PARTS OF THE PLANTS CONTAIN :
NAME.
oJ
3
Magnesia.
Phosphoric
acid.
o
b
.
00
Chlorine.
TS
u
'o
35
Corn kernels
0.3
1.9
5-7
O.I
O.2
0.3
stalk and leaves . ...
4 9
2 6
38
2.4
o 6
13 I
Potato tubers
o <.
o s
i 6
o 6
o ^
vines . . . .
*
6 4
3-3
i 6
1.3
I.I
o 9
Peas seed
i.i
1.9
8.4
0.8
0.4
O.2
vines ........
I 5-9
3-5
3 5
2.7
2.3
2 9
Beans, seed
vines . . . ....
i-5
11. i
2.1
2.5
9-7
3-9
I.I
1.7
0.3
3.1
0.2
I Q
Carrots roots
o 9
o 4
i i
o 5
o 4
O 2
leaves
7 9
0.8
I.O
1.8
2.4
2 4
Su* r ar Beet roots
o 4
o 6
o 9
O ^
o ^
o ?
leaves
3 '
i 7
0.7
o 8
1.3
i 6
leaves
3-9
0.5
0.9
i i
1.2
O <\
Swedish Turnip roots
o 9
o 3
i i
o 7
O "^
O I
leaves . .
White Cabbage, head
6-5
I 2
0.8
o 4
2.0
I i
2.3
i 3
1-5
o 5
2.1
O I
roots
Savoy Cabbage, head
2.8
3 o
0.6
o =\
1.4
2 I
2.4
I 2
i-3
i i
O.I
O 7
Cauliflower
0.5
o 3
1.6
I.O
o 3
o 3
Horse-radish, roots
Spanish Radish, roots
Parsnip, roots
Artichoke, roots
Asparagus, sprouts
2.0
0.7
I.I
1.0
o 6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.4
O 2
2.0
0-5
i-9
i.i
o 9
4-9
0.3
0.5
1-3
o 3
0-3
0-5
0.4
0-5
o ^
i-5
O.2
O.I
O ^
Common Onion, bulb
i 6
O T.
i ^
o 4
Celery
2 ~\
2 8
Spinach . . ...
1 Q
T Q
i 6
Common Lettuce
o 5
O 2
o 7
o 3
o 4
j 3
Head Lettuce
Roman Lettuce
i-5
1.2
0.6
o 4
I.O
I y
0.4
o 4
0.8
o 4
0.8
O ^
Cucumber
o 4
O 2
I 2
o 4
O 4
O "^
Pumpkin
0.3
O 2
I 6
O 1
o 3
Rhubarb, roots
5-
1.6
0.6
stem and leaves . . . .
3-4
i 3
O 2
Apples
O I
O 2
o 3
O I
O I
Pears
0.3
0.2
0.5
O.2
O.I
Cherries . . .
3
O 2
o 6
O 2
O I
Plums
0.3
O.2
o 4
O I
O I
Oooseberries
o 4
O 2
o 7
O 2
O I
Strawberries
Grapes
0.5
I.O
O.4
0-5
1.4
O.I
0.5
O.I
O.I
0.4
0.3
seeds
5-6
1.4
7.0
0.8
O.I
0.2
Elements, Symbols and Analyses 177
Analyses, continu
9. Apple Pomace,
Water . 69.90
Ash .71
Albuminoids 1.58
Fiber 4.87
Nitrogen-free extract 21.24
Fat i. 71
10. Cranberry Vines.
Moisture at 1 00 C., .. 13.07 Phosphoric acid 268
Nitrogen 77 Magnesium oxide 253
Ash constituents 2.45 Sodium oxide 080
Ferric oxide 087 Potassium oxide 329
Calcium oxide -44 Insoluble matter 834
ii. Corn Fodder.
Moisture at 100 C. .. .24.87 ' Potassium oxide 1.465
Nitrogen 995 Sodium -oxide 794
Phosphoric acid . 201 Ferric oxide 026
Calcium oxide 310 Insoluble matter 1.318
Magnesium oxide 093
12. Corn Kernel, New.
Water 20.00
Ash 1.25
Albuminoids 8.06
Fiber 1.54
Nitrogen-free extract 65.38
Fat 3-77
100.00
13. Pea-straw.
Potash 4-73
Lime 54-9*
Magnesia 6.88
Oxide of iron -4
lyS The Horticulturist 's Rule- Book.
Analyses, continued.
Oxide of manganese o. 15
Phosphoric acid 4.83
Sulphuric acid 677
Chlorine o. 09
Alumina 1.21
Silica 20.03
100. oo
14. Peas.
Potash 36. 05
Soda 7.42
Lime 5.29
Magnesia ,18.46
Oxide of iron o. 99
Phosphoric acid 33. 29
Sulphuric acid 4. 36
Chloride of sodium 3.13
Silica 0.51
15. Beet, Egyptian Turnip.
Moisture at 100 C. .. .85.80 Magnesium oxide 035
Nitrogen 177 Sodium oxide 061
Phosphoric acid 070 Ferric oxide 002
Potassium oxide 303 Insoluble matter 018
Calcium oxide 049
1 6. Carrots.
Moisture at 100 C 90.02 Potassium oxide 0.54
Ferric oxide o.oi Sodium oxide o.n
Phosphoric acid o. 10 Nitrogen o. 14
Magnesium oxide 0.02 Insoluble matter o.oi
Calcium oxide 0.07
17. Turnip, Ruta-baga.
Moisture at 100 C 87.23 Phosphoric acid 136
Nitrogen 211 Potassium oxide 546
Elements, Symbols and Analyses. 179
Analyses, continued.
Calcium oxide 106 Ferric oxide 002
Magnesium oxide 030 Insoluble matter ...... .001
Sodium oxide 051
(c.) ANALYSES OF ANIMAL EXCREMENTS.
1 8. Common Barn-yard Manure, Fresh.
Water 710.0 Lime 5.7
Organic substance .... 246.0 Magnesia 1.4
Ash 44.1 Phosphoric acid 2.1
Nitrogen 4.5 Sulphuric acid 1.2
Potash 5.2 Silica and sand 12.5
Soda... 1.5 Chlorine and Fluorine . 1.5
19. Common Barn-yard Mamire, Moderately Rotted
Water 75- Lime 7.0
Organic substance .... 192.0 Magnesia 1.8
Ash 58.0 Phosphoric acid 2.6
Nitrogen 5.0 Sulphuric acid 1.6
Potash 6.3 Silica and Sand 16.8
Soda 1.9 Chlorine and Fluorine . i .9
20. Common Barn-yard Manure, Thoroughly Rotted.
Water 790. o Lime 8.8
Organic substance .... 145.0 Magnesia 1.8
Ash 65.0 Phosphoric acid 3.0
Nitrogen 5.8 Sulphuric acid 1.3
Potash 5.0 Silica and Sand 17.0
Soda 1.3 Chlorine and Fluorine. 1.6
21. Cattle Feces, Fresh.
Water 838.0 Lime 3-4
Organic substance .... 145.0 Magnesia i-3
Ash 17.2 Phosphoric acid 1.7
Nitrogen 2.9 Sulphuric acid 0.4
Potash i .o Silica and Sand 7- 2
Soda 0.2 Chlorine and Fluorine . o. 2
i8o The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Analyses, continued.
22. Cattle Urine, Fresh.
Water 938. o Lime o. i
Organic Substance. . . . 35.0 Magnesia 0.4
Ash 27.4 Sulphuric acid 1.3
Nitrogen 5.8 Silica and Sand 0.3
Potash 4.9 Chlorine and Fluorine. 3.8
Soda 6.4
23. Horse Feces, Fresh.
Water 757 -o Lime 1.5
Organic Substance. ... 211.0 Magnesia 1.2
Ash 31.6 Phosphoric acid 3.5
Nitrogen 4.4 Sulphuric acid 0.6
Potash 3.5 Silica and Sand 19.6
Soda 0.6 Chlorine and Fluorine. 0.2
24. Horse Urine, Fresh.
Water 901 .o Lime 4.5
Organic Substance. ... 71.0 Magnesia 2.4
Ash 28.0 Sulphuric acid 0.6
Nitrogen 15 5 Silica and Sand 08
Potash 150 Chlorine and Fluorine. 1.5
Soda 2.5
25. Sheep Feces, Fresh.
Water 655.0 Lime 4.6
Organic Substance. . . . 314.0 Magnesia 1.5
Ash 31.1 Phosphoric acid 3.1
Nitrogen 5.5 Sulphuric acid 1.4
Potash 1.5 Silica and Sand 17.5
Soda i.o Chlorine and Fluorine. 0.3
26. Sheep Urine, Fresh.
Water 872.0. Lime 1.6
Organic Substance. ... 83.0 Magnesia 3.4
Ash 45.2 Phosphoric acid o. i
Nitrogen . 19.5 Sulphuric acid 3.0
Potash 22.6 Silica and Sand o. i
Soda 5.4 Chlorine and Fluorine. 5.5
Elements, Symbols and Analyses. 181
Analyses, continued.
27. Swine Feces, Fresh.
Water 820.0 Lime 0.9
Organic Substance. . . . 150.0 Magnesia i.o
Ash 30.0 Phosphoric acid 4.1
Nitrogen 6.0 Sulphuric acid 0.4
Potash 2.6 Silica and Sand 15.0
Soda 02.5 Chlorine and Fluorine. 0.3
28. Swine Urine, Fresh.
Water 967.0 Soda 2.1
Organic Substance. ... 28.0 Magnesia 0.8
Ash 15.0 Phosphoric acid 0.7
Nitrogen 4.3 Sulphuric acid 0.8
Potash 8.3 Chlorine and Fluorine. 2.3
29. Htiman Feces, Fresh.
Water 772.0 Lime 6.2
Organic Substance .... 198.0 Magnesia 3.6
Ash 29.9 Phosphoric acid 10.9
Nitrogen 10.0 Sulphuric acid 0.8
Potash ,. 2.5 Silica and Sand 1.9
Soda 1.6 Chlorine and Fluorine . 0.4
o. Human Urine, Fresh.
Water 963.0 Lime 0.2
Organic Substance. . . . 24.0 Magnesia 0.2
Ash 13.5 Phosphoric acid 1.7
Nitrogen 6.0 Sulphuric acid 0.4
Potash 2.0 Chlorine and Fluorine. 5.0
Soda 4.6
31. Hen Manure, Fresh.
Water 560.0 Lime 24.0
Organic Substance. . . . 255.0 Magnesia 7.4
Ash 185.0 Phosphoric acid 15.4
Nitrogen 16.3 Sulphuric acid 4.5
Potash 8.5 Silica and Sand 35- 2
Soda i.o
1 82 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Analyses, continued.
32. Geese Manure, Fresh.
Water 77 1 - Lime 8.4
Organic Substance. ... 134.0 Magnesia 2.0
Ash 95. o Phosphoric acid 5.4
Nitrogen 5.5 Sulphuric acid 1.4
Potash 9.5 Silica and Sand 14.0
Soda 1.3
33. Duck Manure, Fresh.
Water 566.0 Lime 17.0
Organic Substance 262. o Magnesia 3.5
Ash 172.0 Phosphoric acid 14.0
Nitrogen 10.0 Sulphuric acid 3.5
Potash 6.2 Silica and Sand 28.0
Soda 0.5
34. Dove Manure, Fresh.
Water 5*9- o Lime 16.0
Organic Substance .... 308. o Magnesia 5.0
Ash 173.0 Phosphoric acid 17.8
Nitrogen 17.6 Sulphuric acid 3.3
Potash 10.0 Silica and Sand 20.2
Soda 0.7
(</.) ANALYSES OF VARIOUS MATERIALS WHICH ARE USED FOR
FERTILIZERS.
35. Peruvian Guano.
Moisture at iooC.... 12.17 Potassium oxide 3.46
Total phosphoric acid .. 18.45 Total nitrogen 5.13
Soluble phosphoric acid 1.54 Actual ammonia 3.94
Reverted phosphoric Organic nitrogen 0.86
acid : 5.92 Nitrogen as nitric acid. 0.33
Insoluble phosphoric Insoluble matter 13.64
acid 10.99
r Elements, Symbols and Analyses. 183
Analyses, continued.
36. Oak Leaves.
Moisture at 100 C. . . 9.601 Potassium oxide 0.549
Organic matter 83.360 Phosphoric acid 0.058
Mineral matter 6.840 Nitrogen 0.930
Ferric oxide 0.027 Soluble silica 0.018
Calcium oxide 0.548 Insoluble silica 4-333
Magnesium oxide .... 0.267
37. Sea Weed. (Two samples.)
i. ii.
Moisture at 100 C 12.05 14.96
Nitrogen i . 66 1.28
Phosphoric acid 44 .17
Potassium oxide 3.81 .36
Calcium oxide 2.73 3.86
Magnesium oxide 1.48 1:30
Sodium oxide II -75 8.40
Chlorine 6.40 5.28
Insoluble matter 7.73 .78
38. Tobacco Stems.
Water *3-47
Organic and volatile matters (containing nitrogen 1.93) 70.85
Ash (containing phosphoric acid .53) 15.68
100.00
39. Dissolved Bone- Black.
This material is a superphosphate prepared by treating refuse
bone-black from sugar refineries with oil of vitriol, which ren-
ders nearly all of the phosphoric acid soluble in water.
Soluble phosphoric acid 14.55 Insoluble phosphoric
Reverted phosphoric acid 20
acid 2.39
40. Bone-Black.
Moisture at 100 C. . . . 5.04 Phosphoric acid 16.56
Ash 67.43 Insoluble matter 37
184 The Horticulturist* s Rule- Book.
Analyses, continued.
41. Bone Charcoal.
Moisture at 100 C ... 18.16 Reverted phosphoric
Ash 7224 acid 5.18
Total phosphoric acid 25.58 Insoluble phosphoric
Soluble phosphoric acid 20.02
acid .38 Insoluble matter .69
42. Ground Bones. (Two samples.)
i. ii.
Moisture at 100 C 3.97 12.43
Ash 49. 35 64. 21
Total phosphoric acid 19 .49 25.67
Reverted phosphoric acid 3.80 6.20
Insoluble phosphoric acid 15-69 19.34
Nitrogen 4 .04 2.68
Insoluble matter 0.78 0.42
43. Dried Blood.
Moisture 15.02 Nitrogen 8.24
44. Dry Ground Fish
Moisture at 100 C 8.34
Ash 37. 76
Total phosphoric acid 8. 23
Soluble phosphoric acid .10
Reverted phosphoric acid 3.81
Insoluble phosphoric acid 4.32
Nitrogen 6. 81
Insoluble matter 82
45. Sulphate of Ammonia.
This article, now manufactured on a large scale as a by-
product of gas-works, usually contains over 20 per cent, of ni-
trogen, the equivalent of from 94 to 97 per cent, of sulphate
of ammonia. The rest is chiefly moisture.
Nitrogen 20.02 Equivalent ammonia . 24.30
Elements, Symbols and Analyses. 185
Analyses, continued.
46. Sulphate of Potash. (Two samples. )
The double sulphate of potash and magnesia is usually sold
as " sulphate of potash."
i. ii.
Actual potash 27.76 51.28
Equivalent sulphate of potash 51.3 94.8
47. Sulphate of Magnesia.
Moisture at 100 C. . . . 29.01 Sulphuric acid 30.35
Magnesium oxide ...'.. 15.87 Insoluble matter ....... 6.29
48. Nitrate of Soda.
Nitrate of soda is mined in Chili and purified there before
shipment. It usually contains about 16 per cent, of nitrogen,
equivalent to 97 per cent, of pure nitrate of soda. It contains
besides, a little salt and some moisture.
Moisture 35 Sulphate of soda 21
Salt (sodium chloride). . .23 Pure nitrate of soda . . .99.21
49. Muriate of Potash. (Two samples.)
Commercial muriate of potash consists of about 80 per cent,
of muriate of potash (potassium chloride) ; 15 per cent, or
more of common salt (sodium chloride), and 4 per cent, or more
of water.
i. n.
Actual potash 50.0 52.82
Equivalent muriate 79.2 83.7
50. German Potash Salts Average of n Analyses.
Moisture at 100 C 13.14 Magnesium oxide 9.25
Potassium oxide 21.63 Sulphuric acid 10.85
Sodium oxide 13-76 Chlorine 35- 6 3
Calcium oxide 85 Insoluble matter 2.08
1 86 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Analyses, continued.
51. Kainit Average 0/3 Analyses.
Moisture at 100 C 9.26 Magnesium oxide 8.97
Potassium oxide 14.04 Sulphuric acid 21,05
Sodium oxide 21.38 Chlorine 32.38
Calcium oxide 1.12 Insoluble matter 89
52. Land Plaster or Gypsum.
Hydrated sulphate of lime 74-88
Matters insoluble in acid 1.28
Moisture i . 18
Other matters, chiefly carbonate of lime 22.66
53. Ashes, Wood, Unleached.
Moisture at 100 C I 5-?2
Calcium oxide 28.61
Magnesium oxide . . . . 3-oo
Ferric oxide i . 03
Potassium oxide 8.72
Phosphoric acid o. 32
Insoluble matter, before calcination 18.49
after " 12.12
54. Ashes, Wood, Leached.
Moisture at 100 C *3-72
Calcium oxide 48.07
Magnesium oxide 6. 06
Ferric oxide 0.68
Potassium oxide 1.92
Phosphoric acid 1.79
Insoluble matter, before calcination 5.49
" after " 2.57
55. Coal-ashes, Bituminous
Water 5.0 Soda 0.4
Organic substance 5.0 Magnesia 3.2
Ash 95.0 Phosphoric acid 0.2
Potash 0.4 Sulphuric acid 8.5
Elements, Symbols and Analyses. 187
Analyses, continued.
56. Coal-ashes, Anthracite.
Water 5.0 Soda o.i
Organic Substance ..... 5.0 Magnesia 3.0
Ash 90. o Phosphoric acid o. i
Potash o. i Sulphuric acid . . 5.0
57. Gas Lime Average of 4. Analyses
Moisture at 100 C 22.28 Sulphuric acid* 20.73
Calcium oxide 42.66 Insoluble matter 6.05
Magnesium oxide 8.30
* Sulphuric acid includes all forms of sulphur present.
(<?.) TRADE VALUES FOR 1889 OF FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS
IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS. ADOPTED BY EXPER-
IMENT STATIONS OF MASS., NEW JERSEY, PENN. AND CONN.
Cts.~
per Ib.
Nitrogen in ammonia salts 19
nitrates 17
Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat and
blood 19
" " cotton seed meal and castor-pomace. 15
*' " fine bone and tankage .16^
fine medium bone and tankage 13
' medium bone and tankage io^
" ' ' coarser bone and tankage S)4
" " in hair, horn shavings and coarse fish.
scrap 8
Phosphoric acid, soluble in water 8
11 " ammonium citrate. ... 7^
11 ' dry ground fish, fine bone and
tankage 7
" " fine-medium bone and tankage 6
' " medium bone and tankage ... 5
" coarser bone and tankage .... 4
14 fine ground rock phosphate . . 2
1 88 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Analyses, continued.
Potash as high-grade Sulphate and in forms free from
Muriate (or Chlorides) 6
kainit ^
muriate : ,",_, ,
CHAPTER XXI.
NAMES AND HISTORIES.
i. Vegetables which have different Names in England and
America.
In America. In England.
Artichoke {Heliantkus tuberosus) . .Jerusalem artichoke,
Bean Kidney bean, or French
bean.
Beet Beet-root.
Lima bean Lima kidney bean.
Musk melon Melon.
Parsnip Parsnep, in many old
books.
Pepper Capsicum.
Pumpkin Vegetable marrow.
Gourd.
Ruta-baga Turnip-rooted cabbage.
Swedish turnip.
Salsify Salsafy.
Squash Pumpkin. Gourd.
" Scallop Custard marrow.
u Winter Crookneck Muskmelon, rarely.
Swiss chard Leaf beet.
Turnip Turnep i n many o 1 d
books.
(189)
190 The Horticulturist s Rule- Book.
3. Names of Fruits and Vege
English. French. German.
Almond Amandier Mandel .
Apple Pommier Apfel
Apricot Abricotier Aprikose
Artichoke Artichaut Artischoke
Asparagus .... Asperse Spargel
Banana Bar v .e^ Pisang
Bean, Broad. . . . Feve de Marais f Grosse Bohne and Gar- 1
I ten Bohne >
Bean, Kidney . . . Haricot Tiircksche Bohne
Beet Betterave Rothe Rube
Berberry Epine vinette Berberitzenstrauch ....
Blackcurrant. . . Cassis and Groseille noir . Schwartze Johannisbeere .
Borecole Chou vert, or Non pomme Griiner Kohl
Broccoli Broccoli and Chau brocolis . Italienischer Kohl
Brussels Sprouts . Choude Bruxellesor a jets Sprossen Kohl
Cabbage Chou pomme or Cabus . . Kopfkohl
Cardoon Cardon Kardon
Carrot Carotte Mohre or Gelbe Rube . . .
Cauliflower .... Chou-fleur Blumen Kohl
Celery Celeri Sellerie
Cherry Cerisier Kirsche
Chicory or Succory ChicoreeSauvage Gemeine Cichorie
Cress, Garden . . Cresson Gemeine Garten Kresse . .
" Water . . . Cresson de Fontaine . . . Briinnen Kresse
" Winter . . . Cresson de Terre Winter Kresse
Cucumber .... Concombre Gurke
Egg-plant Melongene, Aubergine . . Tollapfel and Eierpflanze .
Endive . ... jChicoree des Jardins, En- j Endiyie
tdive )
Fig . Figuier Feige
Filbert Noisette . . Nussbaum
Garlic Ail Knoblauch
Gooseberry .... Groseiller a Maquereau . Stachelbeere
Grape Vigne Traube and Weintrr.uben .
Horse-radish . . . Cranson or le Grand Raifort Meerrettig
Kohl-rabiorTur-| chou _ rave Kohl Rabi
nip-cabbage . . >
Leek Poireau -f Gemeiner Lauch or Porro )
'I Zwiebe ....'..../
Lemon Limonier Limonie ...
Lettuce Laitue Gartensalat and Lattich .
Melon, Musk . . . Melon Melone
Names and Histories. 191
Cables in Various Languages.
Dutch. Italian. Spanish.
Amandelboom Mandorlo Almendro.
Appelboom Melo or Porno ...... Manzana.
Abrikozenboom Albicocco Albaricoqr.e.
Artisjok CacJofo Cinauco.
Aspergie Asparago or Sparagio . . Esparrago.
Bananenboom.
Boon Fava Haba.
Turksche Boon Faginolo Judias and Fasoles.
Beetwortel or Karoot . . Barba bietola Betarraga.
Barbarisse Berbero Berberis.
Aalbessenboom Ribes nero Grosella negro.
Grone Kool " . Gavolo aperto Col.
Srotsche Kool Broccoli Broculi.
Spruit Kool.
Kool Cavolo Berza.
Spaansche Artisjok . . . Cardon Cardo.
Gerle Wortel Carota Chirivia.
Bloem Kool Cavoli fiori Berza florida.
Selderij Appio Appio hortense.
Keresenboom Ciriegia Cerezo.
Suikerei Cicoria Achicoria.
Tu inkers Cresciio Mastuerzo.
Waterkers Crescione di Sorgenti . . Berro.
Winterkers Erba di Santa Barbarea | Hierba de Santa Barb-
bara.
Komkommer Citriuolo ....... . Pepino or Cohombro.
Dolappel Melanza Berengena.
Andijvie Indivia Endivia.
Vijgenboom Fico Higuera.
Hazelnotenboom .... Avellano Avellano.
Knoflook Aglio Ajo.
Kruisbessenboom .... Uva-spina Uva-crespas.
Druif . . Vigna Vina.
Rammenas Ramolaccio Rabano picante.
Look or Prei Porro Puerro.
Limoenboom Limoen Linjon.
Latouvv Lattuga Lechuga.
Meloen Mellone and Popone . . Melon.
192
The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book.
Names of Fruits and Vegetables in
English. French. German.
Mint, common . . Menthe des jardins .... Munze ..........
Mulberry ..... Murier .......... Maulbeere ........
Mushroom .... Champignon comestible . Essbare Blatterschwamme
Mustard ..... Moutarde ......... Senf . , .........
Nectarine ..... Peche lisse ........ Nectarpfirsch .......
Olive ....... Olivier .......... Oelbaum and Olive ....
Onion ....... Oignon .......... Zwiebel ..........
Orange ...... Granger ......... Pomeranze ........
Orach ....... Arroche , ......... Meldekraut ........
Parsley ...... Persil ........... Petersilie .........
Parsnip ...... Panais .......... Pastinake ........ .
Pea ........ Pois ........... Erbse ...........
Peach ....... Pcher .......... Pfirsiche . . .....
Pear ....... Poirier .......... Birne ..........
Pepper ...... Piment .......... Spanischer Pfeffer .....
Pine-apple .... Ananas .......... Ananas ....... ...
Plum ....... Prunier .......... Pflaume .........
Pomegranate . . . Grenadier ......... Granatenbaum ......
Potato ...... Pomme de Terre ..... Kartoffel ........ .
Pumpkin or Gourd Courge .......... Ku'rbis ..........
Quince ...... Coignassier ..... . . . Quitte ..........
Radish ...... Radis and Rave ...... Rettig and Radies ....
Rape ...... Navette .......... Repskohl ........
Red Currant . . . Groseiller commun .... Gemeine Johannisbeere . .
Rhubarb ..... Rhubarbe ......... Rhabarber ........
Sage ....... Sauge ........... Salbey ...... ...
Salsify ...... Salsifis .......... Haferwurzel and Bocksbart
Savoy ...... { Chou de Milan or PO^ I Wirsing or Herzkohl .
I fraise .......... )
Sea-kale ..... Chou marin and Crambe . Meerkohl .........
Spinach ...... Epinard ......... Spinat ..........
Strawberry .... Fraisier .......... Erdbeer .........
Sweet Chestnut . . Chataignier and Marronier Castanien . . ......
Thyme ...... Thym ... ........ Thimian .........
Tomato ...... Tomate .......... Liebesapfel
Turnip ...... Navet ........... Rube ...........
Walnut ...... Noyer .......... Wallnuss .........
White Currant . . Groseiller commun . . . . Gemeine Johannisbeere .
Watermelon . . Me'on d'Eau ....... Wassermelone .....
Names and Histories. 193
Various Languages, continued.
Dutch. Italian. Spanish.
Munt ErbaSta. Maria . . . . Menta.
Moerbezieboom Moro Moral.
Kampernoelio Pratajuolo bianco .... Seta.
Mosterd Senapa Mostaza.
Kale Perzik Brugnuolo Especie de Durazno.
Olijfboom Ulivo Olivo.
Uijen Cipolla Cebolla.
Orarijeboom Arancio Naranja.
Melde Atreplice Armuelle.
Pieterselie Petroseline Perejil.
Pinksternakel Pastinaca Chirivia and Pastinaca.
Ervvt Pisello Guisante.
Perzikboom Persico Alberchigo
Perenboom Pero Pera
Spaansche Peper . . . Peberone Pimiento.
Ananas Ananas ......... Pina
Pruinboom Prungo Ciruelo.
Granaatboom Melagrano Granada.
Aardappel . . { Tartufi bianchi or Pomo 1 Batatas Inglezas.
I di Terra >
Kauworde Zucca Calabaza.
Kweeboom Cotogno Membrillo.
Radijs Rafano Rabano.
Rapskool Nape salvatico Naba silvestre.
Aalbessenboom Ribes rosso Grosella.
Rabarber Rabarbaro Ruibarbo.
Salie Salvia Salvia.
Boksbaard ....... Sassifica Barba Cabruna
Savojie Kool Cappuccio Berza de Saboya.
Zeekool Crambe marina Col marina.
Spinazie Spinace Espinaca.
Aardbezienplant .... Piantadifragola Fresa.
Kastanjeboom Castagno Castano.
GemeeneThyne . . . . Timo Tomillo.
JAppeltjes der liefde j p omo d> Qro . Tomate
i- and Tomaat . . . >
Raap Navone Nabo.
Walnotenboom Noce Noguera.
Aalbessenboom Ribes rosso Grosella.
... Sandia.
194 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Bo ok
3. Derivation of the Names of Various Fruits and
Vegetables.
a. Fruits.
Apple. Anglo-Saxon, ceppeL
Apricot. Indirectly from Latin prcecox, early.
Blackberry. From the color of the fruit
Cherry. Anglo-Saxon, cirse.
Cranberry. Crane-berry, from the slender pedicel of the
European species.
Currant. Corruption of Corinth, Greece, whence came
the "dried currants'" (grapes), which were once called
Corinths.
Gooseberry. Gorse-berry, because the fruit is often rough
like the gorse, a European plant.
Grape. French, grappe ; allied to the word grapple.
Lemon. French, limon.
Mulberry. German, mulber, indirectly from Latin mor-
o, a mulberry tree.
Nectarine. Nectar-like.
Orange. Latin, aurum, gold.
Peach. Corruption of Persia, whence the fruit was early
obtained.
Pear. Pirum, the Latin name.
Plum. Anglo-Saxon, pluma ; indirectly from Latin prun-
um, a plum.
Quince. Corruption of Cydonia, the Latin name, from
Cydon.
Raspberry. From rasp, referring to the character of the
plant.
Strawberry. In early times the berries were strung on.
straws when sold.
b. Vegetables. *
Artichoke. Italian, articiocco ; indirectly from Arabic.
Asparagus. The Latin name.
Names and Histories. 195
Derivation of the Names of Fruits and Vegetables, continued.
Bean. The Anglo-Saxon name.
Beet. Latin, beta, the beet plant.
Cabbage. French, cabus, from the Latin caput, a head.
Carrot. French, carotte, from Latin carota, the carrot.
Brussels Sprouts. From Brussels, Belgium.
Cauliflower. Latin, caulis, stem, and flower.
Celery. Latin, selinon, parsley.
Chervil. Anglo-Saxon, cerfille, indirectly from a Greek
combination signifying "pleasant leaf."
Chives or Gives. Latin, cepa, onion.
Corn. Anglo-Saxon, corn.
Cress. Old German, kresan, to creep.
Cucumber. Latin, ciicumis.
Egg-plant. From the egg-shaped fruit of some varieties.
Endive. French, endive, indirectly from the Latin in-
tubus, the endive or chicory.
Garlic. Anglo- Saxon, gar and leak, spear-leaf, referring
to thn shape and position of the leaves.
Gumbo. Portuguese, quingombo, from quillobo, an Afri-
can name.
Horse-radish. Refers, evidently, to the strong and pun-
gent character of the roots by reference to the strength of
the horse.
Kohl-rabi. Corruption of the Latin caulo-rapa. stem-
turnip.
Leek. Anglo-Saxon, leac or leak.
Lettuce. Latin, lactuca, the lettuce : from lac, milk, re-
ferring to the milky juice of the plant.
Mf>lon. Latin, melo, a certain small melor.
Mushroom. French, mousseron, alluding to mousse, or
moss, in which some mushrooms grow.
Mustard. French, mou&tarde, from Latin mustum, the
must, with v.hich mustard was mixed.
196 The Horticulturist s Rule- Book.
Derivation of the Names of Fruits and Vegetables, continued.
Onion. French, oignon ; indirectly from Latin units, one,
tints, oneness, in allusion to a plant of which the bulb was
formed of one piece.
Parsley. From a Greek combination meaning "rock-
parsley," a parsley-like plant.
Parsnip. Latin, pastinaca.
Pea. French, pots, evidently from Latin pisiun, the pea.
Pepper. Latin, piper, the true pepper or black pepper,
with which the present plant is compared in pungency.
Potato. Spanish and Portuguese, batata, probably an
aboriginal American name. First applied to the sweet
potato.
Pumpkin. French, pompion, from Latin fiepo, a pump-
kin-like fruit.
Radish. Latin, radix, root.
Rhubarb. French, rhubarbe ; probably indirectly from
Latin barbartis, foreign.
Sage. Latin, salvus, saved, evidently in allusion to
medicinal properties of the plant.
Salsify. French, salsifis.
Spinach or Spinage. Latin, spinacia, spinach, from spma.
a thorn, in reference to the prickly character of the plant.
Squash. American Indian, asquas/i, a raw or green fruit.
Tomato. Tomate, of South American origin.
Turnip. Probably Welsh turn, roand, and maip, turnip.
4. Periods of Cultivation and Native Countries of Cultivated
Plants.
(Adapted from researches of De Candolle, and Gray and Trumbull.)
Almond. Over 4,000 years ; Mediterranean basin, west-
ern temperate Asia.
Apple. Over 4,000 years ; Europe, Anatolia* south of the
Caucasus.
Names and Histories. 197
Periods oi Cultivation and Native Countries of Plants, continued.
Apricot. Over 4,000 years ; China.
Artichoke. Less than 2,000 years ; Europe, Africa,
Canaries and Madeira.
Asparagus. Over 2,000 years ; Europe, western temper-
ate Asia.
Banana. Over 4,000 years ; Southern Asia.
Barley, common. (?); Western temperate Africa.
Bean, Kidney. Over 4,000 years ; unknown wild. Prob-
ably N. American.
Bean, Broad. Over 4,000 years; South of the Caspian (?).
Buckwheat. Less than 2,000 years; Mandschuria, Cen-
tral Siberia.
Buckwheat, Tartarian. Less than 2,000 years; Tartary
Siberia to Dahuria.
Cabbage. Over 4 ooo years ; Europe.
Carrot. Over 2,000 years; Europe, western temperate
Asia (?).
Celery. Over 2,000 years ; Europe, Asia and Africa.
Chestnut. (?) ; from Portugal to Caspian Sea, eastern
Algeria.
Chives. Less than 2,000 years ; temperate and northern
Europe.
Citron. Over 2,000 years ; India.
Corn Salad. Less than 2,000 years ; Sardinia, Sicily.
Cotton, Herbaceous. Over 2,000 years ; India.
Cress. Over 2,000 years ; Persia (?).
Cucumber. Over 4,000 years ; India.
Currant, black. Less than 2,000 years ; Europe, western
Himalayas.
Currant, red. Less than 2,000 years ; Europe, to Hima
layas ; north of U. S.
Date-palm. Over 4,000 years ; Western Asia and Africa.
Egg-plant. Over 4,000 years ; India.
198 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Periods of Cultivation and Native Countries of Plants, continued.
Endive. Less than 2,000 years ; Mediterranean basin.
Fig. Over 4,000 years; South of Mediterranean basin.
Garlic. Over 2,000 years ; desert of the Kirghis.
Gooseberry. Less than 2,000 years ; temperate Europe,
western Himalayas.
Hop. Less than 2,000 years ; Europe, Asia, U. S.
Horseradish. Less than 2,000 years ; Eastern temperate
Europe.
Jerusalem Artichoke. Probably ancient ; U. S.
Leek. Over 2,000 years ; Mediterranean basin.
Lettuce. Over 2,000 years ; Europe, Asia and Africa.
Maize. Very ancient ; New Granada (?)
Melon. Less than 2,000 years ; India, Beluchistan, Guinea
Mushroom. Less than 2,000 years ; Northern hemisphere.
Oats. Over 2,000 years ; temperate Europe.
Okra. Less than 2,000 years ; tropical Africa.
Onion. Over 4,000 years ; Persia, Afghanistan, Beluchis-
tan, Palestine (?).
Onion, Welsh. Less than 2,000 years ; Siberia.
Orash. Less than 2,000 years ; Northern Europe and
Siberia.
Parsley. Lesss than 2,000 years ; Europe, Algeria and
Lebanon.
Parsnip. Less than 2,000 years ; Central and Southern
Europe.
Pea. Over 2,000 years ; Caucasus to Persia (?), India (?).
Peach. Over 4,000 years , China.
Pear. Over 4,000 years ; temperate Europe and Asia.
Pepper. Over 500 years ; Brazil (?).
Pine-apple. Over 500 years ; Mexico, Central America.
Plum, Over 2,000 years ; Anatolia.' North of Persia.
Potato. Over 500 years ; Chili, Peru.
Names and Histories. 199
Periods of Caltivation and Native Countries of Plants, continued.
Pumpkin and Squash. Over 500 years ; temperate N.
America.
Quince. Over 4,000 years ; North of Persia, south of the
Caucasus, Anatolia.
Radish. Over 2,000 years ; temperate Asia.
Rampion. Less than 2,000 years ; temperate and south-
ern Europe.
Rape. Over 4,000 years ; Europe, Western Siberia (?).
Rice. Over 4,000 years ; India, southern China (?).
Rye. Over 2,000 years ; Eastern temperate Europe (?),
South-east of Europe, Algeria.
Salsify. Less than 2,000 years (?); south-east of Eu-
rope, Algeria.
Sea Kale. Less than 2,000 years; Western temperate
Europe.
Scorzonera. Less than 2,000 years ; South-west of Europe.
Shaddock. Over 2,000 years ; Pacific Islands.
Shallot. Less than 2,000 years ; unknown wild.
Spinach. Less than 2,000 years ; Persia (?).
Sorghum. Over 4,000 years ; tropical Africa (?).
Strawberry, Chili. Less than 300 years ; Chili.
Strawberry, Virginia. Less than 300 years ; temperate
N. America
Sunflower. Very ancient ; U. S.
Sweet Potato. Very ancient ; tropical America.
Tomato. Over 500 years ; Peru.
Turnip. Over 4,000 years ; Europe, western Siberia (?).
Watermelon. Over 4,000 years ; tropical Africa.
Wheat. Over 4,000 years ; region of the Euphrates.
CHAPTER XXII.
STATISTICS.
i. Horticultural Statistics.
i. EXPORT OF FRUITS FOR 1886.
Article. } Quantity. Value,
Apples, dried 10,473, 183 Ibs. $548,434
Apples, green or ripe 744,539 bbl. 1,810,606
Preserved canned 580,422
other 28, 339
all other . . ^ 340, 507
2. EXPORTS OF FRUITS FOR 1887.
Articles Quantities. Value.
Apples, dried 8,130,896 Ibs. $413,363
Apples, green or ripe 591,868 bbl. 1,382,872
Fruits preserved, canned 506,794
Other preserved '. 29, 489
All other, green, ripe or dry 337,447
3. EXPORTS OF FRUITS AND NUTS FOR 1888.
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Apples, dried 11,803, l61 Ibs. $812,682
Apples, green 489,570 bbl. 1,878,801
Preserved, canned 834,668
Other preserved . . .* 58,630
All other, green, ripe or dried '. 397,643
Nuts 27,784
(200)
Statistics.
201
Horticultural Statistics, continued.
4. EXPORTS OF VEGETABLES FOR 1886.
Articles. Quantities. Value.
Onions 68,811 bus. $75,838
Peas and beans 408,318 " 570, 153
Potatoes 494,948 ' 346,864
Vegetables canned 190 389
All other, including pickles 134,293
5. EXPORTS OF VEGETABLES FOR 1887.
Articles. Quantities. Value.
Onions 71,689 bus. ^73>5 I 5
Peas and beans 387,222 " 562.864
Potatoes ,. 434,864 " 318,259
Vegetables canned 228, 567
All other, including pickles 125,448
6. EXPORT OF VEGETABLES FOR 1888.
Articles. Quantities. Value.
Onions 56,725 bus. $64, 161
Peas and beans 253,170 ' 462,762
Potatoes 403, 880 ' ' 308, 193
Vegetables canned 265, 587
All other 140,634
7. IMPORTS OF FRUITS, NUTS AND VEGETABLES FOR 1887
AND 1888.
Articles. 1887. 1888.
Fruits and nuts $20,608,486 $20,502,223
Beans and peas 607,853 2, 190, 137
Potatoes 543 091 3,698,021
Pickles and sauces 387, 177 416,958
All other in natural state, salt or
brine 516,319 7 I 5. 6 3
Prepared or preserved 295,911 350,245
202 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Horticultural Statistics, continued.
8. IMPORTS OF VEGETABLES FOR 1886 AND 1887.
Articles. 1886. 1887.
Beans and peas $585, 461 $607, 853
Potatoes 649, oog 543 , 09 1
Pickles and sauces 323,362 387,177
All other, in their natural state
or in salt or brine 528,830 516,319
Prepared or preserved 465,517 295,911
9. TOTAL AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AND IMPORTS FOR 1887
AND 1888.
1887. 1888.
Total agricultural exports $520,820,758 $498,966,029
Total exports of domestic manu-
facture 703,022,923 683,862, 104
Per cent, of agricultural matter . 74 73
Total imports of agricultural
products 287, 542 266 318, 502,085
10. VALUE OF ORCHARD AND MARKET GARDEN PRODUCTS IN
THE VARIOUS STATES IN 1879. (Tenth Census.)
All orchard prod- Market gar-
ucts consumed den products
State. or sold. sold.
Alabama $362, 263 $135, 127
Arizona 5, 530 17, 272
Arkansas 867,426 62,007
California .*. 2,017,314 796,663
Colorado. 3,246 136,617
Connecticut 456,246 385,014
Dakota 156 40,473
Delaware 846,692 166,575
District of Columbia 12,074 202 , 191
Florida 758,295 154,002
Georgia 782,972 158,490
Idaho 23, 147 36,025
Illinois : 3.502,583 959,962
Indiana 2,757,359 578,4*3
Iowa 1,494,365 401,928
Kansas 35 8 ,86o 279,448
Statistics.
Horticultural Statistics, continued.
20 3
All orchard prod- Market gar-
nets consumed den products
or sold. sold.
Kentucky 1,377,670 592,411
Louisiana 188,604 132,525
Maine 1,112,026 144,892
Maryland 1,563, 188 873,968
Massachusetts 1,005,303 1,696,890
Michigan 2,760,677 636,908
Minnesota 121,648 166,030
Mississippi 378, 145 48,650
Missouri 1,812,873 763,439
Montana I 53 41,020
Nebraska 72,244 J 52,545
Nevada 3,619 75.847
New Hampshire ..... 972,291 115,967
New Jersey 860,090 1,841,863
New Mexico 26,706 42,679
New York 8,409,794 4,211,642
North Carolina 93.5 I 3 I 35,435
Ohio 3,576,242 1,486,787
Oregon 583,663 168,935
Pennsylvania 4,862,826 1,752,934
Rhode Island 58,751 261,938
South Carolina 78,934 84,363
Tennessee 919,844 228,269
Texas 876,844 277,023
Utah 148,493 37,851
Vermont 640,942 38,966
Virginia 1,609,663 837,609
Washington 127,668 27.918
West Virginia 934,400 162,898
Wisconsin >' 639,435 206,691
Wyoming 6,150
ii. TOTAL EXPORTS OF APPLES FROM THE UNITED STATES
AND CANADA IN VARIOUS YEARS
Barrels. Barrels.
1888-89 1,401,382 1883-84 81,532
1887-88 608, 588 1882-83 395, 594
1886-87 811,410 1881-82 239,252
1885-86 893,375 1880-81 '. 1,328,806
1884-85 787,785
204
The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
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Statistics.
Horticultural Statistics, continued.
13. IMPORTATION OF APPLES INTO ENGLAND.
The commercial importation of apples to England began
about 20 years ago. The following table shows the total im-
portations into England and also those from the United
States. England d~:..,o ner foreign apple supply from the
United States, Canada, Belgium, Holland and France.
TOTAL IMPORTATIONS.
IMPORTATIONS FROM
UNITED STATES.
Bushels.
Value in
pounds.
Bushels.
Value in
pounds.
1883
3:884
2,251,925
2,679,800
2.387,685
3.261,460
1,944,460
553>488
786,415
717.031
857.095
563,919
273,825
976,269
1,349,798
1,647,052
997,413
126,219
349, 168
440,925
478.895
295,108
,
1885
1886
1887 . .
14. IMPORTATIONS OF BANANAS.
1884 $1,878,279
1885 2.156.873
1886 2.356,843
1887 ;e .. 2,682,143 5,914,472 bunches
1888 3,153,645. = 8,049,074
The first bananas introduced into this country were brought
from Cuba to New York in 1804. The first full cargo (1,500
bunches) arrived in 1830.
15. GOVERNMENT AIDS TO HORTICULTURE
CALIFORNIA. Viticulture $15,000 oo
Horticulture 10,000 oo
Forestry 2, 500 oo
Experimental and analytical work. . . 5.000 oo
Total $32, 5
206 The Horticulturist' s Rule-Book.
Horticultural Statistics, continued.
COLORADO. Reports published.
DAKOTA. Appropriations to college.
ILLINOIS $2, ooo oo
INDIANA 500 oo
IOWA. 5,000 reports published and i,coo oo
KANSAS. 8,000 reports published.
MAINE 500 oo
MICHIGAN. 8,400 copies annual report published
and i , ooo oo
MINNESOTA. Horticulture 1,750 oo
Horticultural Experimental Station.. 1,000 oo
Publishes 3,500 copies of 500- page report.
MISSOURI. Reports printed and 1,250 oo
NEBRASKA. Reports published and 1,000 oo
NEW HAMPSHIRE 100 oo
NORTH CAROLINA 500 oo
OHIO. Reports published and 1,000 oo
PENNSYLVANIA. Reports published.
WISCONSIN. Reports published and 1,000 oo
CANADA NOVA SCOTIA. Reports printed and .... 300 oo
QUEBEC 2, ooo oo
ONTARIO 1,000 oo
16. TARIFFS ON CERTAIN PRODUCTS.
Oranges and Lemons J 6.54 per cent.
Dates 30. oo "
Vegetables 27.23 "
Peanuts 63. oo "
Hops 49.50
Oats 26. oo "
Honey 55.55
Cheese 29. 57
Butter 25.18
Wool 37.16
Statistics.
207
Horticultural Statistics, continued.
17. MISCELLANEOUS.
In 1888, between 200 and 300 tons of dried pyrethrum flow-
ers for Persian insect powder were imported into this coun-
try. California produced about 50 tons.
The Florida orange crop was estimated at 2,000,000 boxes in
1888. In 1889 it is estimated that 1,600,000 boxes.
The estimated yield of cranberries in 1888 was 585,000 bush-
els, of which New England produced 260,000, New Jersey, 225,-
ooo and the West 100,000. The estimates for 1889 place the
New England crop at 22^ per cent, short, the Western crop
37/^ per cent, short, and the New Jersey crop 40 per cent, short.
About 20,000,000 cocoanuts come into the New York market
every year. They come mostly from Central America.
The "dried currants" of commerce are seedless grapes.
They come from Greece. The following figures give an idea
of the extent of this industry :
In 1871 81,800 tons were grown.
In 1878 101,000 " " "
In 1888 160,000 " " "
NUMBER AND COST OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
There are to-day 46, or, counting branch stations, 57 agricul-
tural experiment stations in the United States. Every state
has at least i station, several have 2, and one has 3. These 46
stations now employ over 870 trained men in the prosecution of
experimental inquiry. The appropriation by the United States
Government for the fiscal year just ended, 1889, for them and
for the office of experiment stations in the department, is $505,-
ooo ; for the coming year it is $600,000. The several states
appropriate about $125,000 in addition, making the sum total
of ibout $720,000 given from the public funds the present
year for the support of agricultural experiment stations in the
United States. This is less than 10 cents for each of 7,500,000
farm workers of the country, less than 2^ cents for each of
the 30,000,000 of our population directly dependent upon agri-
208 The Horticulturist s Rule -Book.
Horticultural Statistics, continued.
culture for their support, and less than i^ cents for each of
the 60,000,000 of our people who consume the products of our
farms. The farming lands, farm implements and live stock of
the country are estimated to be worth $12,000,000,000. The
experiment stations cost us, therefore, about $6.25 a year for
every million dollars invested in agriculture. Or, reckoning
the annual value of the products of our farms at $2, 200, 000,000,
we are now spending about 33^ cents for every $>i,ooo worth of
products in an attempt to increase the value of those products
in future years.
2. Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom.
There are 200 natural families or orders of flowering plants,
about 7,600 genera, and about 100,000 species are known and
described. The flowerless plants are much more numerous
than the flowering plants, both in individuals and species.
Ferns, moss, mushrooms and many smaller or even microscopic
fungi, lichens and sea-weeds are flowerless plants.
The Ranunculaceae or Crowfoot family includes over 1,200
species of plants, inhabiting all parts of the world. The
clematis, marsh-marigold or so-called cowslip, columbine,
adonis, buttercup Christmas rose, love-in-the-mist, larkspur,
aconite and paeony are members of the Crowfoot family. The
family comprises 30 genera.
There about 100 species of clematis known.
About 40 distinct species of delphinium or larkspur are de-
scribed, few of which are cultivated, however.
It is supposed that there are about a half-dozen true species
of paeonies known, although many supposed species have been
described.
The Magnolia family comprises about 70 species of trees
and shrubs. Of these, 14 are magnolias proper, of which 6
are native of Japan, China or the Himalaya region, and the
remainder are North American. The lulip-tree, of which but
a single species is known, belongs to this order.
The Nymphaeacese or Water Lily family contains 8 genera
Statistics.
209
Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom, continued.
and about 35 species, all aquatic. The largest genus is nym-
phaea by some called castalia comprising some 20 species.
The Mustard family, Cruciferae, comprises probably about
2,000 species, many of which are grown fort ood and ornament.
The cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, kohl-rabi, radish, horse-
radish, sea-kale, cresses and mustards are the leading edible
species, while the stocks, alyssum, wall-flower, honesty or
lunaria are among the ornamental species. There are over 175
genera in the order.
The Violet family comprises about 250 species, generally dis-
tributed over the world. Of these, about 200 are violets.
The order includes 21 genera. Some of the species, outside of
viola proper, are shrubs or small trees.
The Caryophyllaceae or Pink family has about 1,000 species
and 35 genera. The ornamental genera are dianthus, including
the pinks and carnation, saponaria, silene, lychnis and a few
others of less importance. Dianthus, literally "Jove's flower,"
numbers some 200 species. The corn-cockle and catchflies
belong to this family.
The Mallow family, Malvaceae, has about 60 genera and 700
species. The best known genera are althaea, the hollyhock ;
malva, the mallows ; hibiscus ; abutilon ; and gossypium, the
cotton.
The Basswoods or Lindens are 8 in number, growing in
n .rthern temperate climates. Two are natives of North
America. Tiliaceae, the basswood family, comprises 40 genera
and about 330 species.
Some 50 species of maples are known, inhabiting Europe,
Asia and America. 9 grow naturally in North America. The
Sapindaceae, to which family the maple belongs, is largely
tropical. It comprises over 70 genera, and 600 or 700 species,
^sculus, the horse-chestnuts, belong here, and are about 14
in number.
The Leguminosae or Pulse family, is one of the most impor-
tant orders of plants. It furnishes many foods, fine woods,
2io The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom, continued,
dyes, medicines, and ornamental plants. Many of the species
are extremely important in agriculture because of the great
amount of nitrogen which they contain. Peas, beans, clover,
locuscs, acacias, sensitive plant, belong in this family. It com-
prises about 400 genera and 6,500 species.
The Rosaceae or Rose family may be called the fruit family
of the north temperate zone. Apples, pears, quinces, June-
berries, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, plums,
apricots, almonds, cherries, all belong here. Prunus, which
includes the stone fruits, has about 80 species in various parts
of the world, and n are North American. Pyrus, including
apple, pear, quince and mountain ash, has about 40 species, of
which 5 are in North America. Of roses, over 250 have been
described, but late authorities consider that there are only
about 30 good species. Of strawberries, there are 3 or 4 species,
and of spiraea about 50. The whole family has about 1,000
species and 70 genera.
Vitis, the grape and its allies, has some 230 species. There
are two or three other genera, and about a score of other species
in the family, vitaceae or ampelideae, to which it belongs.
The Cucurbitaceae includes the squashes, pumpkins, cucum-
bers, melons, and gourds. The species are c.bout 500 in num-
ber, and are mostly tropical or sub-tropical. Some 25 species
are described as cucumis, to which the cucumber and musk-
melon belongs, and 2 as citrullus or watermelon. The pump-
kins and squashes belong to cucurbita, of which about 10
species are known, several of them perennials. The family
comprises about 70 genera.
About 350 species of Begonia are known.
Of Cacti, there are about 1,000 species and 13 genera, all
but one species native of the New World.
Umbelliferae, comprising over 150 genera and about 1,300
species, includes the parsnip, parsley, carrot, celery, caraway,
anise, dill and others. In Africa some of the species a-ttain
the size of trees.
Statistics : 211
Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom, continued.
About one-ninth of all the flowering plants are comprised in
the Compositae or Sunflower family. It is by far the largest
order, containing nearly 800 genera and about 10,000 species.
Very few of the species furnish esculent parts ; the leading
ones are lettuce, endive, chicory, artichoke, cardoon and sal-
sify. But the family comprises great numbers of ornamental
plants, of which the leading one at the present time is the
chrysanthemum. A very few of the species become small shrubs.
The Heach family, Ericaceae, includes the heaths, heather of
Europe, wintergreen, whortleberries or huckleberries, cran-
berries, azaleas, rhododendrons and laurels. Certain white
and flesh-colored parasitic plants also belong to it, as the Indian
pipe and the snow plant of the Rocky Mountains. About 80
genera and over 1,300 species are known.
The Primulas belong to the Primulaceae or Primrose family,
and they number some 80 or more species, many of which are
cultivated. The genus primula is commonly divided by flor-
ists into auriculas, polyanthuses and primroses. One of the
primulas is the true cowslip. Primulaceae has about 20 genera
and 250 species.
Oleaceae, a family of 18 genera and nearly 300 species, in-
cludes the jasmine, forsythias, lilacs, ashes, privet and olive.
10 species of Fraxinus or ash, are native to North America.
There are about 120 species of jasminum or jasmine, 2 of
forsythia. 6 of syringa or lilac, over 30 of fraxinus, about 25
of ligustrum or privet, and 35 of olea, or olive.
The Convolvulus or Morning-glory family, Convolvulaceae,
has some 800 species, some oi which are trees, and 32 genera.
The dodders, peculiar parasitic plants, of which several are
natives of the. United States, belong here, as does also the sweet
potato.
There are about 30 species of Phlox described, nearly all
natives of North America. The common Phlox Drummondii
is native of Texas.
Solanaceae is a large and important order, containing many
212 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
StPtistiCo oi the Vegetablb Kingdom, continued,
esculent plants and many poisons. Here belong the potato,
tomato, egg-plant, red pepper, and strawberry or husk tomato ;
also tobacco, belladonna and nightshade. There are 66 genera
and from 1,200 to 1,500 species. The genus solanum alone,
to which the potato and egg-plant belong, contains from 700 to
900 species. Lycopersicum, the tomat^ genus, has lesc than a
half dozen speciss.
There aro about 140 genera and 2,600 species in the Labiatae
01 Mint family. The order comprises a few tree-like and a few
climbing plants. The species are aromatic, ana most of cur
cultivated sweet herbs, and all the mints, belong to the family.
It comprises many ornamental species, among the most promi-
nent being species of coleus, ot which about 50 species are
described.
The Nettle family or Urticaceae comprises many dissimilar
plants. Here belong the nettles, mulberry, fig, bread-fruit,
hack-berry osage-orange, elm, hemp and hop. The family has
in the neighborhood of 1,500 species, and the accepted genera
are 108. 5 elms and 2 mulberries are native to North America,
and 3 wild figs grow in Southern Florida.
Five genera and about 30 species belong to the Juglandaceae
or Walnut family. All the hickories, 8 or 10, are natives of
Noith America. There are 2 walnuts and i butternut in the
United States.
Cupuliierae, the Oak family, numbers 400 species and 10
genera. It gives us the oaks, about 300 in the world and 44 in
the United States ; chestnuts, beeches, hazels and filberts,
birches, alder, hornbeam and ironwood. The United States
has 2 chestnuts, i beech, about 8 birches and 6 alders.
The Pine or Spruce family is known as the Coniferas, or
cone-bearing family. It includes plants of very dissimilar
kinds. Most of the species have needle-like and evergreen
leaves, but some are deciduous, and the ginkgo has broad and
flat leaves. There are some over 30 genera and about 300
species in the family. Of pines there arc about 70, and 35 of
them are native to the United States.
Statistics. 213
Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom, continued.
Orchidaceae, the Orchid family, includes som 5,000 singular
herbs, distributed through 334 genera. Many of the species
are epiphytes, that is, growing above ground on other plants.
The species are the most specialized, perhaps, of any order,
and they are usually uncommon or rare. A number of showy
species grow in the United States, the best known of which are
the lady-slippers. Our species usually inhabit bogs or deep
woods.
Over 2,000 species, in 187 genera, comprise Liliaceae, or the
Lily family. Some of the species are tree-like. Here belong
the onion, asparagus, tulip, aloes, yuccas, hellebore, and many
choice ornamental plants. Of lilies, there are about 45 species,
tulips in the neighborhood of 50, and of hyacinths about 30.
The Palm family, Palmse, includes 1,100 or more species
and 132 genera. Many species produce edible fruits, the best
known in our markets being the date and cocoanut.
The Graminese or Grass family is the most important order
of plants. Besides all the grasses, it furnishes all the cereal
grains, including Indian corn and the sugar cane. Genera
about 300 ; species over 3,000.
There are about 74 genera of ferns or Filices, and in the
neighborhood of 2,400 species. Some of the species attain to
the size of small trees.
CHAPTER XXIII.
GLOSSARY.
Acclimation. The spontaneous or natural process of be-
coming, or the state or condition of being, inured or habit-
uated to climate at first injurious.
Acclimatization. The act of man in inuring or habituat-
ing to a climate at first injurious, or the state or condition
of being thus inured or habituated by man.
A.dventive. Said of foreign plants wiiich grow spontane-
ously, but which are not thoroughly established.
Agriculture. The art and science of cultivating land and
raising crops and stock. The term is often restricted to
include only the cultivation of grains and forage plants
and the rearing of domestic animals, with the operations
arid studies incident thereto.
Alburnum. Sap-wood.
Ammonia. A pungent gas, composed of an atom of ni-
trogen to three of hydrogen.
Annual (adj.). Living for one year only.
Arm. In grape culture, a vine branch over a year old.
Assimilation. In botany, the production of organic mat-
ters from inorganic matters.
Bacterium (pi. bacteria). As popularly used, the term
is applied to an extensive class of microscopic organisms,
usually classed with plants. The term microbe is used in
the same sense.
Basin. In descriptions of apples and related fruits, the
depression at the apex of the fruit. The calyx sits in the
basin.
(214)
Glossary. 215
Berry. In botany, and properly, a separate fruit which
is pulpy and juicy throughout, as the grape, currant, to-
mato. The word is commonly employed to denote any
soft fruit or fruit-like part which is borne upon a woody
or perennial plant. The raspberry and blackberry are
collections of little fruits.
Biennial (adj.). Persisting two years. As a rule, biennial
plants do not blossom until the second year.
Bigeneric half-breed. The product of a cross between
varieties of species belonging to different genera.
Bigeneric hybrid. A hybrid between species of different
genera ; bigener.
Blight. The dying without apparent cause of the tenderer
parts of plants, especially of the leaves, flowers and young
fruit ; as pear blight.
Botany. The science of plants.
Bottle-grafting. A modification of whip-grafting by which
a heel of the scion is conducted into a bottle of water to.
supply temporary nourishment.
Bottom heat. Heat applied underneath plants by artifi-
cial means.
Bract. A much reduced leaf. Bracts are usually present
about the inflorescence.
Break. A radical departure from the type. Ordi-
narily used in the sense of sport, but in its larger mean-
ing it refers to the permanent appearance of apparently
new or very pronounced characters in a species.
Bud. A bud which is inserted in a plant with the in-
tention that it shall grow.
Budding. The operation and practice of inserting a bud
in a plant with the intention that it shall grow.
Bulb. A large, more or less permanent leaf-bud, usually
occupying the base of the stem, and emitting roots from
its lower portion. Bulbs are of two leading sorts; scaly,
when composed of narrow and mostly loose scales, as in
216 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Bulb, continued.
the lily ; laminated or tunicated, when composed of more
continuous and closer-fitting layers, as in the onion.
Bulbel. A small bulb borne about a mother- bulb, as in
some bulbous irises and some onions ; bulbule.
Bulblet. A small bulb borne entirely above ground, as
in the axils of leaves, in the inflorescence, etc.
Bulbo-tuber. A corm.
Bulbule. A bulbel.
Bush. A small woody plant having no central trunk or
stem ; shrub.
Bush-fruit. Small fruits, as the currant, gooseberry,
raspberry and the like.
Callus. The new and protruding tissue which forms
over a wound, as over the end of a cutting.
Calyx. The outer envelope of the flower. The parts,
when distinct, are called sepals. In apples, pears, etc.,
part of the calyx persists on top of the fruit.
Cambium. The layer of new tissue which lies under-
neath the bark. It is usually thin and more or less
mucilaginous in spring and early summer.
Cane. A young growth of hard-wooded plants. Usually
applied to ripened or hardened shoots a year or less old.
Cantaloupe. A class of musk-melons characterized by
firm and warty or scabby rinds.
Capsule. A dry seed-vessel which splits open at maturity ;
pod.
Carbon dioxide. A gas composed of one atom of carbon
to two of oxygen. It is heavier than air. and is poisonous
in large quantities ; carbonic acid gas.
Carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide.
Carpel. A simple pistil, or one of the divisions of a com-
ponind pistil.
Cavity. In descriptions of apples and similar fruits, the
depression about the stalk or stem.
Glossary. 217
Chlorophyl. The green coloring matter of plants.
Cion. See Scion.
Cleft-graft. A sort of grafting in which the scion is cut
wedge-shaped at the lower extremity, and is then inserted
in. a cleft in the end of a trunk or branch which has been
severed.
Close fertilization. The action of pollen upon the pistil
of the same flower ; self-fertilization.
Cold-frame. A frame covered with glass, cloth, or paper,
without bottom heat, used for starting plants early in
spring, for receiving plants transplanted from a hot-bed or
forcing-house, or for protecting plants during the winter.
Conservatory. A glass house for preserving or growing
tender plants. Popularly, the term is applied to houses
in which plants are grown for display of flowers.
Corolla. The inner envelope of the flower. The parts,
when distinct, are called petals.
Corm. A solid bulb-like tuber, as in the gladiolus and
crocus ; bulbo-tuber.
Corymb. A flower cluster which is flat or convex on
top and in which the outer flowers bloom first.
Cotyledon. A small leaf borne in the seed ; seed-leaf.
In many plants the cotyledons rise to the surface, when
the seed germinates, and increase in size.
Cross. The offspring of any two flowers which have
been cross-fertilized.
Cross-breed. A cross between varieties of the same species ;
half-breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid.
Cross-fertilization. The action of pollen upon the pistil
of another flower of the same species. Cross-fertilization
is commonly used to denote the mere conveyance of pollen
pollination but better usage confines the term to the action
of pollen upon the pistil.
Cross-pollination. The conveyance of the pollen to the
stigma of another flower.
2i8 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
Crossing. The operation or practice of cross-pollinating.
Crown-grafting. Grafting at or near the surface of the
ground.
Cryptogam. One of the class of flowerless plants. These
plants propagate by spores instead of seeds. Ferns, fungi,
mosses and sea-weeds are examples.
Cutting. A portion of a plant which is inserted in soil
or water with the intention that it shall grow , slip.
Cyme. A flower cluster, flat or convex on top, and in
which the central flowers open first.
Deciduous. Said of plants whose leaves fall in autumn.
Derivation hybrid. A hybrid between hybrids, or be-
tween a hybrid and one of its parents ; derivative hybrid ;
secondary hybrid.
Dibber. See Dibble.
Dibble. A pointed instrument used for making holes in
the ground for the planting of seeds and roots ; dibber.
Dioecious. Said of species in which the stamens and
pistils are borne on different plants.
Disbudding. The practice or operation of removing buds.
Double-graft. A plant twice grafted for the purpose of .
overcoming the lack of affinity between stock and scion.
Double-grafting. The practice and process of twice
grafting or budding a plant so that the root, the stem or a
part of it, and the top, shall each represent a different
variety. It is used when a certain variety will not grow
upon a given root, but which will grow on some variety that
unites with that root ; double-working.
Double-working. See double -grafting.
Drupe. A fleshy or soft fruit formed entirely from the
ovary, and containing a hard pit ; stone-fruit. The peach
and cherry are examples.
Embryo. The rudimentary plant contained in the seed ;
seed-germ.
Entomology. The science of insects.
Glossary. 219
Evergreen. Said of plants which hold their leaves dur-
ing winter.
Eye. A cutting composed of a single bud.
Family. A group of genera and species, as Critciferce,
mustard family ; Gramince, grass family. In botany, order
in the same.
Fecundation. The action of the pollen upon the pistil ;
fertilization ; impregnation.
Female. Used to designate flowers or plants which bear
only styles.
Fertilization. The action of the pollen upon the pistil ;
fecundation ; impregnation.
Fertilizer, i. Any substance which promotes plant
growth. 2. Plant food.
Fertilizing. The act or process of applying fertilizers to
plants. The word fertilization should be restricted to
designate the action of pollen.
Flagging. Wilting of newly set plants or herbaceous
cuttings.
Flat. A shallow box used by gardeners in which to sow
seeds or handle plants.
Floriculture. The cultivation of flowers.
Florist. One who practices floriculture.
Flower. An organ which contains a stamen or pistil, or
both. It is usually provided with some kind of an envelope,
as calyx and corolla.
Forcing-house. A structure in which plants are grown or
forced out of their season.
Frame. The structure forming the sides and ends of
cold-frames or hot-beds. A frame is usually understood to
be the area covered by a single sash, when areas are to be
designated.
Fruit, i. Botanically, a ripened ovary, containing the
seeds. 2. Popularly, any edible or ornamental organ or
22O The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book.
Fruit, continued.
collection of organs which are closely associated in their
origin with the flower.
Fungicide. A substance employed to destroy fungi.
Fungoid (adj.}. Fungus-like in general appearance or
characteristics. A fungoid disease is one which appears to
be due to a fungus, but whose character is not understood.
Fungous (adj,). Pertaining or due to a fungus or to
fungi ; as, & fungous disease.
Fungus (pi., fungi]. A' flowerless (plant, devoid of
chlorophyl, drawing its nourishment from living plants
or animals or from decaying matter.
Gardener One who practices horticulture on a small or
on an intensive scale.
Gardening. The art and science of raising kitchen garden
vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants ; horticulture. The
term is commonly restricted, however, to the operations of
growing kitchen garden vegetables and flowers.
Genus (pi., genera). A group or kind containing a greater
or less number of closely related species ; as Rosa, the rose
genus, Tilia, the linden genus.
Germination. The act or process by which a seed or
spore gives rise to a new and independent plant.
Gourd. An ambiguous term, used in America to designate
various small fruits of the pumpkin and squash genus which
are grown for ornament and curiosity. In other countries
the term is generic for most pumpkins and squashes.
Graft. Scion, which see.
Graftage. The process of grafting, or the condition or
state of being grafted.
Grafting. The operation of inserting a bud or scion
upon a stock. It is commonly restricted to the operation
of inserting scions of dormant wood, or to those operations
in which wax or mastic is used to dress the wounds.
Glossary. 221
Greenhouse. A glass house in which plants are grown.
Originally and properly, however, it was applied to houses
in which plants were simply preserved green during the
winter.
Ha-ha. A sunken fence.
Half-breed. A cross between varieties of the same species ;
cross-breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid.
Half-hardy (adj.). A term applied to plants which need
protection during winter, but which can endure some frost.
Half-hybrid. The product of a cross between a species
and a variety of another species.
Hand-box. A box of size sufficient to cover a hill of
plants, provided with a cover of glass, cloth, or paper, used
to force plants in the hill.
Hardiness. Capability to endure a given climate.
Hardy (adj.). Able to withstand a given climate.
Heart-wood. The inner and colored wood of trees. The
deeper color and greater hardness of heart-wood are due
chiefly to the deposition of mineral matter in the cells.
Herb. A plant possessing but a small amount of hard,
woody fibre, the stem of which dies at the approach of winter.
Hei barium. A collection of preserved plants. The plants
are usually dried and glued on sheets of paper.
Heeling-in. The process and operation of temporarily
covering the roots of plants to preserve them until wanted
for permanent planting.
Horticulture. The art and science of raising fruits,
kitchen garden vegetables, flowers and ornamental trees and
shrubs.
Horticulturist. One who practices horticulture.
Hot-bed. A frame covered with glass, cloth or paper,
provided with bottom heat, and used for forcing plants.
Hot-house. A glass house, artificially warmed, in which
plants are grown.
222 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Hy'brid, or hybrid. The offspring of plants of different
species.
Hybridism or hyb / ridism. The state, quality or condi-
tion of being a hybrid ; hybridity.
Hybridist. One who practices hybridizing.
Hy Aridity or hyb'ridity. Hybridism.
Hybridization or hybridization. The state or condition
of being hybridized ; or the process or act of hybridizing.
Hybridization. The action of the pollen of one species
upon the pistil of another species.
Hybridizing or hybridizing. The operation or practice
of crossing species.
Impregnation. The action of the pollen upon the pistil ;
fertilization ; fecundation.
Inarching. The process of grafting contiguous plants or
branches while the parts are both attached to their own
roots. When the parts unite, one is severed from its own
support.
Individual-fertilization. Fertilization between flowers upon
the same plant.
Inorganic. Pertaining to unorganized substances, as miner-
als, rocks, chemicals, etc.
Insect. An articulate animal which in the mature state
has three distinct divisions and six legs.
Insecticide. A substance employed to destroy insects.
Kitchen-garden. An area devoted to the cultivation of
"vegetables," or annual plants which yield edible parts.
Kitchen-garden vegetable. An edible portion of an an-
nual plant. A loose term, commonly shortened to vegetable.
Landscape gardening. The art of embellishing grounds.
It demands a high appreciation of natural scenery and an
ability to represent it in grounds.
Landscape horticulture. The operations and manual
appliances employed in embellishing grounds ; the industrial
phase of landscape gardening.
Glossary. 223
Larva (p\.,Zarv<z). The worm-like stage of insects. A
larva is commonly called a worm.
Lawn. An area of green-sward used for ornamental
purposes.
Layer. A shoot of a plant bent down and partially or
wholly covered with earth with the intention that it shall take
root, when it can be severed from and become independent
of the parent plant.
Layerage. The state or condition of being layered, or
the operation or practice of layering plants.
Legume. A simple pod composed of two valves or parts
as pea and bean pods.
Leguminous. Of or pertaining to legumes. Used to des-
ignate plants of the pea and bean family.
Maiden (adj.). Applied to young plants which have not
borne.
Male. Used to designate flowers or plants which bear
only stamens.
Manure, i. Any substance which promotes plant growth.
2. Plant food.
Microbe. A term applied to various microscopic organ-
isms, usually classed with plants, which play an important
role in disease chemical decomposition and decay.
Mildew. A powdery or mold-like growth attached lightly
to the surface of the plant, particularly when it is white or
nearly so, as gooseberry mildew.
Mongrel. A cross between varieties of the same species ;
half-breed ; cross-breed ; variety -hybrid.
Monoecious. Said of plants in which the stamens and
pistils are borne in different flowera on the same plant.
Mother-bulb. The large bulb about which bulbels are
formed.
Mycology. The science of fungi.
224 The Horticulturist* s Rule- Book.
Nursery. An establishment for the rearing of plants. In
America the word is used in connection with woody plants
only.
Qffscape. The landscape which lies adjacent to one's
grounds.
Olericulture. The cultivation of kitchen garden vege-
tables ; vegetable gardening.
Open. An implanted ortion of grounds ; an open lawn
or field.
Order. Family, m botany.
Organic. Pertaining to organized or living bodies or their
remains.
Ovule. A sexual body borne in the ovary, which, when
mature, becomes the seed.
Ovary. The lower extremity of the pistil, which, when
mature, becomes the fruit. It contains the ovules.
Panicle. An open and more or less compound flower-
cluster.
Papilionaceous. Butterfly-like: said of flowers of the
pea and bean family, from their fancied resemblance to but-
terflies.
Parasite. A plant or animal which lives upon living
plants or animals.
Pedicel. The stalk of a particular flower in a cluster. A
flower which is borne singly has a peduncle.
Peduncle. A stalk of a flower which is borne singly, or of
a cluster of flowers.
PepO. A berry -like fruit in which the rind is hardened,
and which belongs to the gourd family, as the pumpkin,
melon, cucumber, etc.
Perfect. Said of flowers which bear both stamens and
pistils.
Perianth. The leaves of a flower. Usually applied to
those flowers in which the calyx and corolla are nearly alike,
as the lily.
Glossary. 225
Perennial (adj.). Persisting from year to year. The term
perennial is commonly understood to designate herbaceous
plants which live for many years.
Pet/al, or Pe'tal. One of the separate parts of the
corolla; an inner leaf of a flower.
Petiole. The stem of a leaf.
Phenogam. One of the class of flowering plants. These
plants propagate by seed.
Pip. A term applied to certain small seeds or seed-like
fruits of berries and other fruits.
Pip' ing. A cutting
Pistil. That portion of the flower which receives the pol-
len and bears the seeds. It always has two parts, the stigma
and the ovary, and these are usually connected by a style.
It is the female organ of the plant.
Pistillate. Bearing pistils alone ; female.
Plantlet. The little plant just emerged from the seed.
It becomes a plant when it is able to assimilate and lead an
independent existence.
Pod. A dry seed-vessel which splits open at maturity;
capsule.
Pollen. A product of the anthers which is capable of fer-
tilizing the stigma. It is usually granular and powdery.
Pollination. The conveyance of pollen from the anther
to the stigma.
Polygamous. Said of plants or species which bear both
perfect and imperfect flowers.
Pome. A fleshy fruit with a papery core surrounded by
a greatly thickened calyx, as the apple, quince, etc.
Race. A fixed variety ; that is, a variety which repro-
duces itself more or less uniformly from seeds.
Raceme. A more or less elongated and simple flower
cluster with one-flowered pedicels.
226 The Horticulturist* s Rule-Book.
Regermination. Second germination. Seeds which have
been checked after germination has begun may resume the
process under favorable conditions.
Root. A part of the plant which bears neither leaves nor
buds, and which absorbs nourishment for the plant, or serves
as a support for it. It may be subterranean or aerial.
Root-cap The covering upon the end of a growing root.
The elongation of the root takes place just behind the
root-cap.
Root-grafting. Grafting upon the root.
Root-hair. A very delicate prolongation of a cell of a
young root. Root hairs are active agents in absorbing plant
food.
Rot. The decay of the thicker part of plants, however
brought about ; the amount of moisture present determin-
ing whether it shall be called wet or dry rot, as potato-rot.
Runner. A procumbent or creeping herbaceous shoot
which takes root at the joints.
Rust. Any plant disease in which the surface of the
plant is apparently converted into a powder or scurf, par-
ticularly when of a ferruginous or blackish color, as wheat
rust.
Saddle-graft. A sort of grafting in which the scion is split
below and inserted over the end of the stock, which is cut
wedge-shape.
Salad. A dish of uncooked herbs, or chopped meat com-
bined with uncooked herbs.
Sap. A term designating loosely the liquid contents of
plants
Saprophyte. A plant which lives upon dead or decaying
matter, as a mushroom or toadstool.
Scion, or Cion. A portion of a plant which is mechani-
cally inserted upon the same or another plant with the in-
tention that it shall grow ; a graft As commonly used, a
scion, in distinction from a bud, bears two or more buds.
Glossary. 227
Secondary hybrid. A hybrid between hybrids, or between
a hybrid and one of its parents ; derivative hybrid ; deriva-
tion hybrid.
Se'pal, or Sep'al. One of the separate parts of the
calyx ; an outer leaf of a flower.
Shoot. A soft and growing branch.
Shrub. A small and bushy woody plant, with no central
stem or trunk : bush.
Side-graft. A oort of grafting in which the scion is in-
serted in a slit or oblique cleft in the side of the stock.
Slip. A cutting.
Small-fruit. Low and bush- like fruit plants, and the
fruits they produce, as the currant, gooseberry, blackberry,
strawberry and the like.
Splice-graft. A sort of grafting in which both the scion
and stock are cut off obliquely and the cut surfaces applied
to each other, the two scions being held secure by bands of
string.
Seed. The sexual reproductive organ of flowering plants ;
a ripened ovule. Its essential part is the embryo, or rudi-
mentary plantlet.
Seedage. The process of propagation by seeds, or the
state or condition of being propagated by seeds.
Seed-germ. The rudimentary plant contained in the
seed ; embryo.
Seedling. A plant growing directly from the seed, with-
out the intervention of grafts or cuttings.
Self-fertilization. The action of pollen upon a pistil of
the same flower ; close-fertilization.
Self-pollination. The transfer of pollen to a pistil of the
same flower.
Spore. The reproductive body of a flowerless plant,
answering to the seed of a flowering plant. It contains no
embryo.
228 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book.
Spur. A very short and small branch bearing leaves
or flowers.
Stalk. In descriptions of apples and similar fruits, the
stem or pedicel.
Stamen. That portion of the flower which bears the pol-
len. It consists of the anther and filament. It is the male
organ of the plant.
Staminate. Bearing stamens alone \ male.
Stem. That portion of the plant which bears leaves or
buds, or both. It may be aerial or subterranean.
Stigma. The upper extremity of the pistil upon which
the, pollen is received. It is usually more or less pappilose
and glutinous.
Stipule. A more or less leaf -like and usually small ap-
pendage at the base of a petiole. Stipules are borne in
pairs, but they are not always present.
Stock, i. The parentage of a particular strain or va-
riety. 2. A plant or part of a plant upon which a bud or
graft is set.
Stolon. A decumbent shoot which roots at or near the
tip, as the shoots of black raspberries.
Stove. A very warm glass house, used for growing tropi-
cal plants.
Strain A sub-variety, or individuals of a variety, which
has been improved and bred under known conditions.
Stub. A portion of a trunk or branch which has been re-
cently grafted. Usually applied to top-graftng.
Style. The more or less slender portion of the pistil
connecting the stigma and ovary.
Tongue-graft. Whip- graft.
Top-grafting. Grafting upon the top of a plant.
Tree. A woody plant attaining the height of a man or
more, and having a definite central stem or trunk.
Truss. Loosely applied to clusters of flowers or fruits.
Glossary. 229
Tuber, A prominently thickened root or stem, usually
subterranean.
Umbel. A flower cluster which is flat or flattish on top,
. and whose pedicels start from a common point, or nearly so.
Variety-hybrid. A cross between varieties of the same
species ; half-breed ; cross-breed ; mongrel.
Vegetable, i. A plant. 2. In horticultare, an edible por-
tion of an annual plant ; kitchen-garden vegetable. In the
latter sense, a loose term.
Vegetable-gardening. The cultivation of kitchen-garden
vegetables ; olericulture.
Vegetation, i. Vegetable or plant life. 2. The process
or act of vegetating or growing.
Veneer-graft. A sort of grafting in which the scion is ap-
plied to the side of the stock, only the bark oeing removed
between them.
Viticulture. Grape culture.
Weed. A plant which grows where it is not wanted and
which becomes troublesome.
Whip-graft. A species of grafting in which the scion is
secured to the stock by means of a tongue which Is inserted
in a cleft in the stock ; tongue-graft.
Wilding. A wild or uncultivated plant. Commonly used
to designate the wild individuals of a cultivated species.
Wind-shake. An injury to the trunk of a tree, consisting
of the more or less complete separation of Ihe concentric
annual layers or of the separation of the Dark from the
wood. The injury is commonly ascribed to the wind, but it
is oftener due to the frost and other causes.
Winter-killing. The process or act by which a plant is
killed by the climate of winter.
Worm. A term properly applied to a large class of legless
articulated animals, of which the angle-worm, or earth-
worm, and trichina are examples. The term is commonly,
but improperly, applied to the 'arvae of Insects.
INDEX.
Page.
Acanthacara similis 33
Actinonema rosae 53
.geria cucurbitae 36
ALgeria. exitiosa 31
vEgeria polistiformis 27
^geriapyri 32
ALgeria tipuliformis 23
Alcoholic Waxes 65
Ammoniacal carbonate of copper 39
Amphicerus bicaudatus .... 20
Analyses, Animal Excrements . 179
Fruits and Fruit Plants ... 171
Garden Crops and Fruits . .175
Materials used for Fertilizers . 182
Sub-tropical Fruits 172
Atiarsia lineatella 31,37
Anasa tristis 36
Andoynaud process 40
Angle- worm or Earth-worm . . 17
Animal Excrements, Analyses
of 179
Anisopteryx vernata 18
An thorny i a brassicae 21
Anthomyia ceparum 29
Anthomyia raphani 34
Anthonomus quadrigibbus . . 17
Anthonomus musculus 37
Anthonomus suturalis 23
Anthracnose of Grape 47
Ants 28
Aphides or Plant-Lice 17
Aphis Forbesii 37
Aphodius granarius .22
Apple Curculio 17
Apple Flea-Beetle 17
Page.
Apple Maggot i?
Apples, Exports of 203
Apples, Weights of i3 8
Arsenic 7
Arsenites . 7
Arsenite of soda 64
Artipus Floridanus 3
Asafoetida for rabbits 60
Ash of Fruits i?4
Asparagus Beetle 20
Aster-worm 20
Avoirdupois Weight 126
Bag-worm or Basket-worm . . 20
Bait 9
Bandage, Waxed 61
Bark-Lice I/
Bean Anthracnose 45
Bean-Weevil 20
Beeswax Waxes 65
Bembecia marginata 34
Bird poisons 60
Bisulphide of carbon 9
Bitter-rot -44
Black-rot 47
Bleeding in Vines 6S
Blepharida rhois 37
Blight 15.50.55
Blight powder 39
Blister-beetle 21
Blue Vitriol, or Copperas ... 9
Boiler Cements 69
Bordeaux mixture 39
Brown-rot ... 46
Bruchus pisi 3
Bruchus obsoletus 2
(230)
Index.
231
Page.
Bud-grafting 102
Bud Moth 18
Budding, Ways of 101
Buhach 12
Bushel, Legal Weight of . . . .114
Cabbage- worm 21
Ceeoma luminatum 53
Camphor for rats and mice . . 58
Cane-borer 34
Cane-rust 53
Canker-worm 18
Carbolic acid 40,64
Carbolic acid and soap mixture 9
Carbolic acid and water ... 9
Carbolized plaster 9
Carbonate of baryta 57
Carpocapsa pomenelia 18
Celery-leaf Bright 46
Cements arid Mortars 69
Cercospora Apii 46
Cercospora rossecola 54
Chiswick Pots 113
Chloride of iron 40
Chrysobothris femorata .... 18
Chrysanthemum Leaf-Miner . . 22
Cladosporium 49,55
Clisiocampa Americana and C.
sylvatica 19
Cloth lor Pits and Frames ... 74
Club-foot 45
Club-root .... 45
Coal-tar for weeds 64
Coal-tar fumes 9
Coccotoris scutellatis 33
Codlin Moth 18
Collecting Plants 160
Collecting Insects 168
Colorado Potato Beetle .... 33
Composition of various sub-
stances 171
Conotrachelus nenuphar . . . 19,33
Cooling Glass, Effects of Wind . 132
Copper Cement 70
Copper mixture of Gironde . . 39
Page;
Cornstalk Borer 22
Cottonwood Leaf-beetle . . . 33
Covent Garden Measures ... 122
Cow-manure 59,140
Cranberry Aphis 22
Cranberry Saw-Fly 23
Grioceris asparagi 20
Crops, Yield per Acre 98
Cucumber or Pickle- Worm . . 23
Curculio 33
Curl, Leaf-curl 49
Currant Borer 23
Currant Measuring-worm ... 24
Currant-worml 24
Cut-worm 24
Cut- worm, Climbing 25
Dactylopius adonidum .... 29
Dalmatian Insect Powder ... 12
Damp Walls, Paint for 73
Darapsa myron 27
Dates of Fruits and Nuts . . .135
Dates for Sowing and Setting . 86
David's Powder 40
Depressaria heracliana .... 30
Diabrotica i2-punctata 23
Diabrotica vittata 23
Doryphora decemlineata .... 33
Downy Mildew 47
Earthenware Cement 70
Eau celeste 40
Eau Grison 41
Elements 170
Elm-leaf Beetle 25
Elophidion parallelum and E.
villosum 20
Empoa albopicta 24
Emphytus maculatus 37
English sparrows, Poison for . . 60
Entomosporium maculatum . 50,53
Erysiphe Cichoracearum ... 55
Erythroneura vitis 28
Equivalents of Metric Measures 128
Eudioptis hyalinata 29
Eudioptis nitidalis 23
232
The Horticulturists Rule-Book.
Page.
Eufitchia ribearia 24
Exhibition, Rules for 144
Experiment Stations, Number
and Cost of 207
Export of Apples 203
Fall Web-worm 18
Fertilizers, Analyses of .... 182
Fertilizing Constituents in
Fruits 174
Fidia viticida 27
Fireproof or Stone Cement . . . 70
Fire-proof Paint 73
Fire-worm or Cranberry-worm . 22
Flat-headed Borer 18
Flea-beetle 25
Flowers, National and Party . . 134
Flower Pots, Standard .... 113
Flowers, Preserving and Print-
ing of 161
Flowers, to keep Fresh .... 164
Foreign Postage 154
Formica sp 28
Four-striped Plant-Bug .... 24
French Paste 58
French Waxes 66
Frost, Protection from 157
Fruit Plants, Longevity of ... 98
Fruits, Analyses of 173
Fruits and Nuts, Dates of ... 135
Fruits and Vegetables, Names of 194
Fruits and Vegetables, Keeping 104
Fruits, how Multiplied .... 102
Fruits, Distances to Plant ... 90
Fruits, Fertilizing Constituents
in 174
Fruits, Importations of .... 205
Fruits, Rules for Naming . . . 142
Fusicladium dentriticum ... 44
Fusicladium pyrinum 51
Garden Borders, Concrete for . . 71
Garden Crops, Analyses of . . . 175
Garden Seeds, Longevity of . . 81
Garden Seeds, Time required
to Germinate 84
Page.
Garden Seeds, Weight and Size
of 77
Germination, Time required . . 84
Glass, Cement for 70
Glass, Reflection from 133
Glass for Commercial purposes 133
Glaeosporium fructigemum ... 44
Gloeosporium nervisequum ... 52
Glaeosporium necator 53
Glasosporium Lindemuthianum 45
Glue, Liquid 74
Glue and arsenites wash .... 9
Gooseberry Fruit-worm .... 26
Government Aids to Horticul-
ture 205
Grafting and Budding 101
Grain Aphodius 22
Grape-berry Worm 26
Grape Curculio 26
Grape-seed Worm 26
Grape-slug or Saw-fly 27
Grape-vine Fidia 27
Grape-vine Flea-beetle ... 27
Grape-vine Root-borer . . . . 27
Grape-vine Sphinx 27
Grapes, List of 108
Graptodera chalybea 27
Graptodera foliacea 17
Greenhouse, Paint for 73
Greenhouse, Area of Glass . . .133
Green Leaf-hopper 24
Green Lettuce-worm 29
Grison Liquid 41
Grout Floor, Concrete for ... 71
Gryllotolpa borealis 3^
Gum, Flower 75
Gum for Labels 75
Haltica rufipes . . 32
Harlequin Cabbage-bug .... 21
Heliothis armiger 38
Helotropha atra 22
Horticultural Society Rules . . 145
Horticultural Statistics .... 200
Horticulture, Rules of 142
Index.
233
Page.
Horticulture, Government Aids
to 205
Hoskins' Wax 67
Hot water 10
Household measures 140
Hyphantria textor 18
Injury by mice and rabbits ... 58
Insects, Collecting and Preserv-
ing .
. 168
Iron, Cement for 69
Jumping Sumac Beetle 37
Katydid 3>3i>33
Keeping Fruits and Vegetables . 104
Kerosene 10
Kerosene and condensed milk
emulsion 10
Kerosene emulsion 10
Kerosene and milk emulsion . . 10
Kerosene and water emulsion . 10
Laestadia Bidwellii 47
Lachnosterna fusca 29
Lavender Bag 168
Lawns, Weeds in 63
Leaf-blight 5<>,53
Leaf-brownness 53
Leaf-crumpler 28
Leaf-notcher 30
Leaf Prints 166
Leaf-rust 51,52
Leaf-scorching 52
Lina scripta 33
Leaf-spot 49-54
Legal Sizes 116
Legal Weights 114
Lime and Sulphur 63
Lime spray n
Liver of sulphur 42
London Purple 8,11
Longevity of Fruit Plants ... 98
Longevity of Seeds 81
Lye and sulphur wash n
Lye wash 1 1
Lytta . 21
Macrodactylus suhspinosur. . . 35
Page.
Macrosila quinquemaculata . . 38
Maggot 21,29
Mail Matter 152
Margarodes quadristigmalis . . 34
Maturity, Time required . . . . 97
May-beetle or May-bug .... 29
Mealy-bug 29,35
Measures 114,129
Measures, Covent Garden . . .122
Melampsora populina 52
Melon-worm 29
Metals, to prevent rusting ... 74
Mice and rabbits 58
Milk of Lime 41
Micrococcus amylovorus .... 50
Microcentrum retinervis .... 30
Mildew 47,49,54
Mole Cricket 33
Monilia fructigena 46
Mortar 71
Moss 64
Multiplication i .2
Mushroom-fly 29
Mytilaspis pomorum 17
Myzus persicae 31
Naming Fruits 142
Naming Vegetables 143
National and Party Flowers . . 134
Nematus ventricosus 24
Nomenclature, Rules of . .142,143
Oberea bimaculata 34
CEcanthus niveus 35
Oil and alkali wash n
Oil of Vitriol 64
Oncideres cingulatus 32
Orange-leaf Scab 49
Orchard and Garden Products . 202
Orchids, Price of 137
Orgyia leucostigma 19
Oscinis sp 22
Packages 120
Paecilocapsus lineatus 24
Paints 72,73
Paper, paint for 74
234
The Horticulturist s Rule- Book.
Page.
Papilio Asterias 30
Paraffineoil 12
Paris Green 7
Parsley-worm 3
Parsnip Web-worm 3
Pea-weevil or Pea-bug 30
Peach-louse or Aphis 3 1
Peach-tree Borer 31
Peach-twig Moth 31
Pear-tree Borer 32
Pear-twig Beetle 32
Perfumery 167
Periods of Cultivation 196
Peronospora gangliformis ... 49
Peronospora Schleideniana . . 49
Peronospora Violae 55
Peronospora viticola ...... 47
Persian Insect Powder 12
v Phenic acid 4
Phopobota vacciniana ..... 22
Phoxopteris comptana 37
Phragmidium mucronatum . . 54
Phycis indigenella 28
Phyllosticta acericola 49
Phyllotreta vittata 25
Phylloxera 27
Phytophthora infestans 52
Phytophthora Phaseoli 45
Pierisrapae 21
Pipes, Water held by 130
Pitch Waxes 66
Plants, Collecting and Preserv-
ing 160
Plants, Number^to an Acre . . 92
Plasmidiophora brassicae .... 45
Plaster and kerosene 12
Plowrightia morbosa 51
Plum Curculio 19
Plum-gouger 33
Plum-knot or Plum- wart .... 51
Plum-leaf Fungus 51
Plum pockets 52
Plusia brassicae 29
Pod-rust 45
Page.
Podeschard's powder 41
Podosphaera. oxycanthae .... 44
Poisons, rabbit 59
Poison for English sparrows . 60
Polyporus versicolor 50
Postage 152
Potassium sulphide 41
Potato-rot 52
Powdery Mildew 44,48
Preserving Flowers 161
Printing Plants 163
Pristiphora identidem 23
Privet Web-worm 34
Products, Tariffs on 206
Promoting growth 12
Propagation 100
Puccinia Malvacearum 48
Puccinia pruni-spinosae 51
Pyrethrum 12
Quantity of Seed 76
Quassia 13
Rabbits 58,59
Raspberries, Dried 141
Raspberry Root-borer 34
Raspberry Saw-fly 34
Rats and mice 57,58
Rays of Light Reflected .... 133
Recipes and Rules 138
Red-legged Flea-beetle .... 32
Red Spider 35
Resin and fish-oil soap 13
Resin and petroleum soap ... 14
Resin soap 13
Resin wax 65
Rhodites radicum 34
Red or Orange Rust 53
Root Gall-fly 34
Root-grafting 67
Root-knot 35
Root louse 19
Root-rot 50
Rose Beetle 19,35
Rose-leaf Hopper 36
Rose Slug 36
Index.
235
Page.
Roses, Otto of 167
Rot 46,55
Round-headed Borers 19
Rules for Exhibition 144
Rules of Horticulture 142
Rules of Nomenclature 142
Rules and Recipes 138
Rust, Apple 44
Rust, Beet 45
Rust, Carnation 45
Rust, Currant 46
Rust, Hollyhock 48
Rust, Onion 49
Rust, Rose 54
Rust, Verbena . 55
Rusting, to prevent 74
Salt and lime wash 14
Salt for weeds 63
Saperda Candida and S. cretata 19
Saw-fly . 37
Scab 44,5i
Scale 30,36
Schizocerus ebenus ..... 37
Schizeneura lanigera 19
Sealing Cement 71
Seeds for an Acre 76
Selandria cerasi 22
Selandria rosae 36
Selandria rubi 34
Selandria vitis 27
Septoria cerasina 51
Septoria Dianthi 45
Septoria Ribis 46
Skawinski's Powder 41
Skawinski's Solution 41
Skeletonizing 166
Slug 22
Smut 46
Snowy Cricket 35
Soap and arsenites 14
Soap and lime wash 14
Soap and soda wash 15
Soap and tobacco 15
Society Standards 118
Page.
Soda and aloes 15
Soda hyposulphite 42
Soda and resin wash 15
Soda wash 15
Sphaceloma ampelinum .... 47
Sphaerella fragariae 54
Sphaerotheca Castagnei .... 54
Sphaerotheca Mors uvae .... 47
Spheerotheca pannosa 54
Spotted Cucumber Beetle ... 23
Squash Bug 36
Squash-vine Root-borer . . . 36
Standard Measures 113
Statistics, Horticultural .... 200
Statistics, Vegetable Kingdom 208
Stictocephala festina 38
Storing
104
Strawberry-leaf Blight 54
Strawberry Leaf- roller 37
Strawberry Root-bore r 37
Strawberry Root-louse . . . . 37
Strawberry Saw-fly 37
String, Waxed . . 67
Striped Cucumber Beetle .... 23
Sulfosteatite 42
Sulphate of copper 42
Sulphate of iron 42
Sulphated sulphur 39
Sulphide of potassium . ... 42
Sulphide of soda wash . . . .15,42
Sulphatine 42
Sulphur 16,43,59
Sulphur and lime 43
Sulphur and snuff 16
Tanks and Wells 130
Taphrina deformans 49
Taphrinapruni 52
Tar Cement 70
Tariffs 206
Tartar emetic 58
Tent Caterpillars 19
Termites 38
Tetranychus telarius 35
Tettigonia rosae 36
236
The Horticulturist ' s Rule- Book.
Page.
Thermometer Scales 132
Thrip or Leaf-hopper 28
Thyridopteryx ephemerseformis 20
Tmetocera ocellana 18
Tobacco 16
Tomato Fruit- worm 38
Tomato Ringer . 38
Tomato-worm 38
Trypeta pomonella 17
Tussock Moth 19
Twig-borer 20
Twig-girdler 32
Twig-pruners 20
Typlocyba albopicta 24
Uncinula spiralis 48
Uromyces betse 45
Ustilago Zeae-Mays 46
Vanessa antiopa 38
Vegetables, Naming 143
Vegetables, Names of 194
Vegetable Kingdom, Statistics
of 208
Violet Rust . 55
Walks, Concrete for 71
Page.
Walks, Weeds in 63
Walks, Moss on . 64
Water-proofing Paints 73
Waxed Cloth, etc 67
Waxes 65,67
Weather Signs 157
Weeds 62,63
Weevil, Cranberry 37
Weevil, Strawbei ry 23
Weights Avoirdupois, or Com-
mercial 126,127
Weight of Seeds 77
Weights of Apples 138
Whale-oil soap 16
White ants 38
White hellebore 16
Wholesale Quantities .... 137
Willow-worm 38
Wind, Cooling Glass 132
Wire-worm 38
Wounds, Waxes for 67
Xyleborus pyri 32
Yellows 50
i Yield per Acre 98
ADVERTISEMENTS.
The Horticulturist' s Rule-Book,
wwnOvV 4
By L. H. Bailey, corresponding Editor of The American Garden, Hor-
ticulturist of the Cornell Experiment Station, and Professor of Horticulture
in Cornell University ; assisted by specialists in the different departments,
and correspondents in all parts of the world.
This book, long in preparation, and now nearly ready, has met with the
heartiest approbation in all quarters. Following, we quote the author's
preface and table of contents :
PREFACE.
A series of Annals of Horticulture, of which the present volume is the
initial, is projected for the purpose of preserving in convenient form a record
and epitome of yearly progress in horticulture. Our horticultural interests
are becoming so various and extensive, and records of them are so widely
scattered, that such compendiums are a necessity; and summaries of the
most important discoveries and discussions must have a direct and imme-
diate practical use, wholly aside from their values as history. A leading
feature of the series must necessarily be complete records of the introduc-
tion of horticultural plants ; and the author desires that these volumes shall
comprise the standard publication of new varieties. So far as record is
concerned, these publications can serve the purpose of the certificates is-
sued for new varieties by the Royal Horticultural Society in England, and
by similar organizations in other countries ; and to this end, all North Amer-
ican originators and introducers are solicited to make records of their nov-
elties and introductions. It certainly requires no argument to convince both
dealer ^nd purchaser that all interests will be greatly subserved by such an-
nual records.
Complete lists of all the varieties of fruits, kitchen-garden vegetables
and ornamentals now cultivated in North America are needed. Such lists
are indispensable to an understanding of the present condition of our horti-
culture, and they become more valuable in each succeeding year as matters
of history. They would furnish invaluable material for the study of the di-
rection and extent of variation in cultivated plants; and, as varieties in-
crease, they should serve a purpose in preventing the duplication of varie-
tal names. A contribution to such comprehensive record has been made in
this volume, in the -insertion of a list of all the varieties of kitchen-garden
vegetables now cultivated in North America, so far as the names can be
The Horticulturists Rule- Book.
learned. The list has been prepared at immense labor and with great care.
It is expected that similar, lists for fruits and ornamentals will be added in
other years.
The present volume is in many directions fragmentary, and incomplete
in design. It is prepared undet the pressure of many new enterprises, and
it has the faults inherent in new ventures. It is particularly desired that
future volumes shall be broader in iheir scope, and that European horticul-
ture, particularly in all its relations to our own, shall receive greater atten-
tion. It is the purpose to present in each volume a few fresh and attractive
accounts of the horticultural interests of other countries, in extension of the
plan already inaugurated in our last chapter.
The author is aware that the accumulations of the year can never be
complete unless the horticulturists of the country cooperate in making
them, and he will be grateful for any facts which are worthy of record.
L. H. BAILEY.
December 31, 1889. GARDEN HOME, Ithaca, N. Y.
CONTENTS.
NEARLY COMPLETE.
T. GENERAL ANNALS : Review of Yields and Prices of 1889. Horticul-
tural Work of the Experiment Stations. Horticultural Work of the
Department of Agriculture. Economic Entomology. Arsenites for the
Curculio Combating Insects \\iih their Parasites. Vegetable Pathol-
ogy Laws foi Checking Insect Ravages and Plant Diseases. Oriental
Fruits. The New Plants ct" the Southern States. Fruits for the Cold
Prairie States. Fruits for the Cold North, and Protection of some Ten-
der Fruits-. Notes on Fruits in California. Recent Tendencies in Or-
namental Gardening, and in Ornamentals. Chrysanthemums. Orchids.
The National Flower Discussion. Laws to Regulate Weights and
Measures. Societies.
II. RECENT HORTICULTURAL LITERATURE : Reviews of Books on
Horticulture for 1889. Review and Abstracts of all Bulletins of Horti-
cultural Interest which have Appeared from the Congressional Experi-
ment Stations. Lists of the Horticultural Periodicals of the World.
Ill TOOLS AND CONVENIENCES OF THE YEAR.
IV. ANNALS OF PLANTS: Complete Lists of all the Fruits, Vegeta-
bles and Ornamental Plants Introduced in 1889. A Complete List of all
the Varieties of Vegetables now Cultivated in North America, with Re-
vision of the Names by the Horticultural Committee on Nomenclature.
Plane Portraits in all Periodicals of the Year.
V. DIRECTORIES: Officers of all the National, State, Provincial and
other Important Horticultural Organizations of North America. Hor-
ticulturists of the Experiment Stations. Botanic Gardens of the World.
VI. OBITUARIES AND BIOGRAPHIES FOR THE YEAR.
VII. HORTICULTURE IN OTHER LANDS.
Price, in Cloth, about 250 Pages, Illustrated, $1.00.
GARDEN PUBLISHING CO., L't'd, 10 Spruce St., New York.
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(without bombast or exaggeration) giving Accurate Descriptions and
Fair Prices for best stocks of all the leading varieties of Vegetable,
Flower and Field Seeds, Seed Potatoes, Fruit Trees. Plants and
Vines, etc., etc. We handle no goods of doubtful quality, the best being
none too good.
Originators of Ford's Early Sweet Corn, the very best early
variety; Advance Tomato, earliest, smoothest, best quality. Intro-
ducers of Lee's Favorite Potato, the very best early potato; the
new Crandall Currant, remarkable for its wonderful productiveness,
large size and fine quality,
The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
THE SEEDSJURN'S JHflGNIFYIN& GLRSSES,
Farmers and
dealers alike,
for their own
protection,
should be able
to distinguish
\ the harmless
grass-hop per
dirts from
plantain seeds;
pepper-grass
seeds from
white clover;
rag- weed from
red-top; cone-flower (or yellow daisy) from broken seems. The naked eye,
however good it may be, needs assistance for the purpose of facilitating the
examination of grass seeds. This we particularly invite as to our own
special brands. We have the glasses here shown made in large quantities,
to enable us to supply our customers with some-
thing serviceable, at a nominal price.
COUNTER GLASS, with lens 2 # inches di-
ameter, height 4 inches, postpaid, 50 cents.
HAND GLASS, lense i> inches "diameter, post-
paid, 30 cents.
The Whitney-Noyes Seed Co.,
BINGHAMTON, N. Y.
New
Strawberry
"LADY RUSK.'
The best berry for long distance shipments. Will not rot or melt
down if packed dry. Headquarters for all leading varieties of
Berry Plants and (iRAPK VINES, having 300 acres in cultiva-
tion. Catalogue Free.
WM. STAHL, QUINCY, ILL.
ihe Horticulturist's Rule- Book-
BERRY BOXES and BASKETS.
WELLS HIGMAN CO.
, MICHIGAN BASKET FACTORY
ST JOSEPH, MICH,
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED PRICE LI
100 Varieties.
S m all pruit Plants,
gtc.. for
rjurser\/*men, Dealers and fruit (3roia?ers.
Best Quality, Lowest Prices. Guaranteed Genuine, Intro-
ducer of the New Red Grape MO\R. Early as Champion, Good
as Delaware, Healthy, Hardy and Reliable. Can ship any day
from October 1st until May 20th, having over 55,000 cubic feet
cellar storage room. You cannot afford to buy Vines and Plants
without giving me a trial. 3 Sample Vines mailed for 15 cts.
Illustrated descriptive price list free. Send list of your wants
for lowest quotations.
is Rpeseb, f redonia, ft. y
The Horticulturist s Rule- Book.
REID'S
Small Km its,
Trees, Vines,
Seeds, Ornamentals, Crates
and. Baskiets.
Everything for the Fruit Grower. Prices Low.
Estimates Free. You save one hzlf by seeing our list.
New Fruits a Specialty.
"Trie Trtath aboxat Ne^v Krtaits, '
IlluLstrated Catalogue,
KREE.
. W. REID,
Bridgeport. Oriio.
The Horticulturist' 's Rule- Book.
A GOOD GARDEN FEEDS BUGS.
SLUG SHOT KILLS BUGS.
10 full Years Record proves that SLUG SHOT is Reliable,
and is safe to Man or Beast,
Kills the Potato Bugs, Currant and Cabbage Worms,
Black Fleas on Turnips, Radishes, Etc., Green
Flies on Roses and Other Flowers,
Slugs on Quinces and Pears, Canker Worms, Cut
Worms around Cucumbers, Melons, Beans,
Etc., Worms on Tomatoes and Tobacco.
Alt is a cheap powder, destructive to insects that prey upon vegetation.
Destroys vermin and leaves plant unharmed.
BA " Bug" is a small atom and needs only a little of the right stuff to
destroj it. The right thing is SLUG SHOT. A heavy dose is like send-
ing an elephant to kill a house fly.
C Special articles like Hellebore, Tobacco, etc., are good for some pur-
poses. SLUG SHOT is a general insecticide, good in all cases.
D Insects that fly, like Flea Beetles and Rose Bugs, are more difficult to
contend against than are Caterpillars or Slugs. Look often and dust
when necessary.
E Tender plants that feel frost quickly are sensitive to heavy applications
of Insecticides, so dust light.
Sold by the Seedsmen of America. For pamphlet on reliable insecticides
and fungicides, address
B. HAMMOND, Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y.
The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
FLORAL GUIDE.
The Pioneer Seed
Catalogue of Amer-
ica, containing com-
Clete list of Vegeta-
les, Flowers, Bulbs,
Potatoes and Small
Fruits, with descrip-
tion and prices. De-
partment of Special-
ties and all Worthy
Novelties. Same
shape and style as
proved so satisfac-
tory last year. Many
new and elegant il-
lustrations, hand-
some colored plate
8xio^ inches, and
frontispiece. Spe-
cial Cash Prizes $1,000; see Floral Guide. Every person who owns a
foot of land, or cultivates a plant should have a copy. Mailed on receipt
of 10 cents, which amount may be deducted from first order. Abridged
Catalogue Free. Pure stocks. Full Measure. Prices Low for
Honest Goods.
JAMES VICK, Seedsman, Rochester, N. Y.
liiiiiiMniiiNMMiiiMinniiiuiiiiiMiiiniiiiiiiiitMnMiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiii'iiuiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiinMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiii
BURPEE'S
FARM ANNUAL,
Handsomely illustrated with colored plates painted from nature
tells all about the
BEST SEEDS,
Including rare novelties of sterling merit, which cannot be obtained
elsewhere. It is mailed free to all who want really first-class
Warranted Seeds.
W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO.,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
miiMiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiuiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiniiiiiiim
The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book.
Detroit paper (Nlou^Ity Qo
IMPROVED
Folding Paper
Berry Baskets.
Folded.
(Patent applied for.) Set up for use,
Made of strong Water-proof Manilla Tag Board.
Will stand Rain or Soft Berries. Can be set up in a
moment. Neat, attractive and convenient. So cheap
that it can be given away with the fruit. The only
berry package made with handle and cover, a point that
wid be appreciated by both retailer and consumer.
Made with or without perforation. The bail being
square, folds against the inside of the basket and cannot
injure the fruit Write for circulars, containing price
list, full description and testimonials. We also manu-
facture the "Novelty" Wooden Shipping Crate.
Strong, light and cheap. Write for particulars.
Detroit 'Paper Novelty Company,
Detroit, Mich igan .
Professor L. H. Bailey uses and endorses
our Packages.
The Horticulturist's Rule- Book.
LSEEDSi
.519 III IMPLEMENTS 11217
JOHNSON & STOKES,
SEEDSMEN,
217 AND 219 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
FARM SEEDS, GARDEN SEEDS, FLOWER SEEDS,
HORTICULTURAL SUPPLIES, POULTRY SUPPLIES. SEND FOR
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.
The Horticulturist s Rule- Book.
Boltoi? jtot-U/ater Jieater
for U/armii?<$ I^esidei?ees, Qreepl^ouses, Schools,
Hospitals, te., te.
The Bolton is the most economical, durable and efficient. Its vertical
circulation renders its action prompt and rapid. Its fire surface is the largest
in proportion to grate surface. No bolted, flanged or packed joints ; there-
fore cannot leak. Its brick casing entirely prevents loss of heat In cellar.
Wrought iron, therefore cannot crack. Manufacturers also of the COM-
BINATION GAS MACHINE, the best "Portable "gas apparatus; furnishes
gas in country at less than city prices.
DETROIT HEATING & LIGHTING COMPANY,
88 LAKE ST., CHICAGO. WIGHT ST., DETROIT.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
