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BOOK ONLY
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With thr Compliments of
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
OF
THE UNITED SIAIES OF AMERICA
HORTUS SECOND
HORTUS SECOND
A Concise Dictionary of
Gardening, General Horticulture
and Cultivated Plants in
North America
COMPILED BY
L. H. BAILEY and ETHEL ZOE BATLEY
1949
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK
COFTHIOBT, 1030, 1035, AND 1941, BT
L. H. BAILEY
All right* reserved — no part of thui book may
be reproduced in any form without perrnimion in
writing from the publisher, eicept by a reviewer
who winhmi to quote brief pottage* in connection
with a review written for inclusion in magaiine
or riewffpaper.
Bet up and elortrotypod. Published Decomher, 1930
Now edition with Supplement, February, 1935
New ex lit i on, rovined and reset, April, 1941
Reprinted January, 1946; January, Oc-
tober, 11H7; May, 1949
IN TB1 UNIT1D BTATI8 OP AMBBfOA
HORTUS SECOND
Hortus Americanus is designed to account for all the species and botanical
-•• varieties of plants in cultivation in the continental United States and Canada in
the decade ending midyear 1940, together with brief directions on uses, propagation
and cultivation. The inventory is based on the catalogues of seeds, bulbs, roots,
shrubs, trees and other nursery stock in the published lists of commercial dealers, on
statements in current journals, exchanges between growers, continuing correspon-
dence, contents of herbaria, extensive experience with gardens. It is a source-book &&
record of the plant materials currently available in North American horticulture,
with addition of common names, descriptive terms and definitions, inventdhes of
families of plants, and abundant cross-references.
The book does not attempt to include plants known only at present in institutional
botanic gardens or in government test grounds. It does not recommend the plants
entered within its covers or endeavor to list native plants not yet known in cultivation
even though they may possess evident merit for garden use. Nor do the Editors under-
take to inform correspondents where roots or seeds of given plants may be obtained*
Great care has been exercised in the preparation of articles and in the assembling of
advice, but no guaranty is attached and the consultant pursues his course on his own
responsibility.
While the intention of Hortus Second is primarily horticultural, yet the effort to
identify botanically the species of plants in cultivation is always a major problem
before the Editors. Many of the entries are derived from names in lists and the plants
or specimens of them are not available for study; whether a plant actually represents
its name can be determined only as the work proceeds year by year. If a nomen has no
botanical standing, it appears in these pages as "listed name" or otherwise, indicat-
ing that more information is needed; or no definite nativity may be assigned to it.
This volume, as the first Hortus, is intended to be useful as a handbook of ready
reference, rapid aid to nomenclature and to spelling of names, help in labeling,
medium of suggestions on the main or standard requirements in the cultivation of
plants. It is hoped the book will contribute to the understanding and the dignity of
plant-growing. The grower should be proud to be in the company of so many kinds
of plants.
The first Hortus was published in December, 1930, to cover the inventories of
cultivated plants in North America for the period ending with 1929. A reprint was
published in 1935, with addition of a large Supplement to account for the novelties of
the half decade. The present volume is Hortus Second, to include the plants in cultiva-
tion to the close of 1939 and the beginning of 1940. Hortus Second is not a reprint,
but a new work set in different type and format, to bring the continuing enterprise
down to date and to register the species and botanical varieties now available to the
cultivator, together with the essential botanical and horticultural revisions. It in-
cludes most of the former book and also much more. The old book now becomes an
historic record, and should be kept in the library as a reference*
Since the publication of Hortus the field has been newly studied for three purposes:
to assemble records of the hundreds of plants introduced to cultivation in the inter-
mediate years; to present changes in nomenclature resulting from continuous studies
by many investigators; to assess the horticultural applications. In general the defini-
5
6
tionB of species have been expanded only aa much as may be practicable in a condensed
popular work. The cultural article* have lx*?n revised or approved by specialists. Yet,
at the name time, the plan of Hortus has been retained inasmuch as the public has
approved it.
Effort to record the plants in actual cultivation in North America has extended
over a period of more than fifty years. It began in the five volumes of Annals of
Horticulture 1889 to 1893, was continued in Cyclopedia of American Horticulture
1900 U> 1902, second volume (Crops) of Cyclopedia of American Agriculture 1907,
Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 1914 to 1917, Hortus 1930, Supplement to Hortus
1935. It is now still continued in Hortus Second 1941. It is expected that new Hortuses
will be issued every ton years, and perhaps Supplements in the half-decades when
needed, if the public continues to find the publications useful.
From the earliest attempt to prepare authoritative inventories, hope has prevailed
that at last a stabilized uninterrupted program might 1x5 established. Such program
requires a permanent institution provided with literature, ample herbarium of culti-
vated plants, tent grounds even though small, accumulated records and extensive card
indices, established staff impelled by the will to keep the enterprise useful and alive.
Many pcrgoiiH have aided in the? preparation of Hortus Second, although details
in Latin names follow an Editorial policy. Some of the persons should 1x3 specially
mentioned. Most of the detailed revision has been by George H. M. Lawrence, now
regularly on the staff of the Bailey Hortorium of Cornell University; the article
Anneria is his particular authorship. The Cra*sulacca>, Ferns, Geum, Potentillu,
Iliieuru are by Robert T. Clausen, also at the Hortorium. All the entries on genera
and species of orchids have been revised and in many coses rewritten by Charles
Schweiufurth of the Botanical Museums of Harvard University. The Cactacca? have
been gone over by Klzoda Clover of the University of Michigan, the entries on fruit,
grofting and pruning by L. H. MocDaaieLs, the vegetable articles by H. C. Thompson,
G. E. Knott and E. V. Hardcnlmrg, Mushrooms by A. J. Pratt, all of Cornell Univer-
sity, Propagation by H. T. Skinner, Phlox and Soils by E. T. Wherry, Roses by
J. Horace McForland. Other aids, in their fields, are A. J. Eames, H. H. Hume, Lewis
Knudson, E. A. White. Many critical notes hove been supplied by P. J. Van Melle of
the Poughkeepsie, New York, Nursery Company.
The Nomenclature
It is necessary to state again that fixity or rigidity in botanical nomenclature is
unattainable, either in Latin or vernacular names, although the tendency is naturally
toward uniformity in practice. Species ore not fixed and invariable entities. Demar-
cation between species and varieties is open to interpretation. Not nearly all the plants
on the earth are yet discovered. Conclusions of careful investigators must be recorded.
Knowledge in any science is subject always to modification and new statement, whether
in physics or chemistry or biology. When knowledge and its formulas become static
the science decays. There is no finality in interpretations of nature.
In a work of the present scope, covering plants from all over the world, one
cannot expect to be aware at the moment of all essential changes in nomenclature, and
the Editors may exercise their judgment in particular cases and await a Supplement or
a subsequent Hortus before accepting changes. The acceptance herein of a generic
treatment does not necessarily mean that the Editors approve of the segregation or the
combination of names and categories.
Mention of changes in nomenclature (pronounced no-menclature) may alarm the
gardener; yet such changes are inevitable and natural, for the subject is a living and
growing department of knowledge. We may deplore changes in names and thereby we
may magnify names out of due proportion. The real problem is not nomenclature but
identification. If the identification of the swcies is accurate, the names follow as a
matter of course and every one of them has a meaning and adds to the interest and
richness of intelligent gardening even though the changes may be troublesome in
commerce. Changes in names need not lead to confusion if one really knows the plants
and is interested in the essential elements of plant knowledge.
Names of genera and of species are spelled as they were made originally except for
a few changes in genera adopted by international authority and in the endings of
certain epithets or specific names. This accounts for the name perwylvanica of early
authors, and pennsylvanica at a later time when the title of the State had become
stabilized. It explains also why certain plants named for China may be chincnsis and
others sinensis, sinica, cathayensis; these names are not in conflict and are not in-
advertencies: they are adopted as they stand. Similar cases are virginica, virginicma,
virginiensis; salicina (Salix-like), saligna, salicis; caroliniuna, carolinensis; marilandica,
marylandica, mariana; ohiwmis, ohionte. Terminations of personal names in tho
genitive, both masculine and feminine, have been unified on the basis of the
International Rules in accord with an authoritative published proix>sal, and
following the practice in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture.
The designation var. (variety) is inserted before* Latin names subordinate to a
species. It represents plants not sufficiently separate or permanent to lx> accounted
the rank of natural species. In trade catalogues the names are likely to be run con-
tinuously as a trinomial, but var. is understood to belong between the second and
third Latin word. In horticultural writing one* docs not attempt to draw fine distinc-
tions between variations, as to whether they an* subspecies, varieties or forma*.
Commercial growers like the Latin names lxvcause they arc for the most part familiar,
have definite application, and are oasy to pronounce and remember; such names an;
supcrba, grandiflora, nana, pumila, conipada, alropurpurca , ftpeciom, pyramidulin,
gigantca, hybrida; botanical rank of tho plants may not appear to lx* important, yet
the distinguishing of varieties oa distinct from species constitutes one of the prime
personal satisfactions in horticulture.
The word variety is often used in a very different meaning, not to designate a
taxonomic practice but in tho sense of "kinds," as when one speaks of tho many
varieties of maples or oaks or orchids when one really moans tho many species. It
is confusion of idoas to speak of varieties and specios as equivalent or inter-
changeable words.
Vernacular names of plants fall into three categories. 1. Names that by usage have
become common and are part of tho language. Tho most significant of those* names in
English are chosen for Hortus Second. 2. Titles of groups or species proposed as tho
result of taxonomic study and therefore based on biological or systematic reasons.
These may be admitted. 3. Invented English names, in a series, provide an alterna-
tive nomenclature but they may not become common or popular and may remain for
commercial or professional use; they presuppose that the user recognizes the species
to which they belong and therefore is familiar with the Latin names by which the ver-
naculars may be identified.
8
Identification
Some of the responsibility in preserving a record of plants in cultivation in a given
epoch rests with the growers themselves. If they introduce or grow novelties, the fact
may well be transmitted to the Editor of the Hortuses. This statement applies
particularly to species (the word species is both plural and singular) and marked
botanical varieties rather than to vernacularly named and more or less transitory
horticultural varieties or garden, forms which cannot be covered in a work of this
character. Frequently the grower wishes identification of a novelty, a service the
Editor b glad to render if the applicant sends material that represents the plant. Only
rarely can a plant be identified by a non-botanical description in correspondence.
A leaf or a flower or a little sprig is not sufficient for identification, among the
million and more plants now descried. The identifier needs a specimen. This speci-
men should In large enough to reveal what the plant is like, and it should show the
essential parts, — foliage, flower-cluster, fruits or pods when possible. The sender
should state the general stature or size of the plant, whether herb, shrub, tree, or vine,
and disclose as much of its source or origin as may be known; also color of flowers.
The identifier makes an herbarium specimen of the material, for record and as a
check on identification. It in mounted on standard herbarium paper, when pressed
and dried; this paper measures UK x 16>£ inches, and these dimensions indicate the
limits of size of the material to l>e sent for identification.
If the distance in not too great, the fresh material may be sent in a box by mail as
a florist ships cut-flowers. Otherwise, the specimen is sent flat tied tightly between
paper and cardboards. It will be part ially dry and preserved when it reaches destination,
and the recipient completes the process of drying and pressing. It will be better if the
sender is practiced in making herbarium specimens and sends the material ready
prepared.
At all events, do not pack the material in cotton or in any kind of preservative or
powder, Do not roll the plants. Keep them flat and tight. Be sure the material is dry
when despatched, unless perfectly whole fresh sprays, like cut-flowers, are sent by
mail arid then preferably with special delivery postage. Always be careful to attach
a lalx»l or number to each specimen; the parcel should bear name and address of
the sender.
L. H. BAILEY
Ithaca, N. Y. ETHEL ZOE BAILEY
October /, 1940
Abbreviation* and elision* are necessary to the great condensation required in a work of this
character. Aside from the usual abbreviations for countries, states and provinces, those em-
ployed in this volume are as follows:
Ifa . leaflets
Uit leaves
mtg. . , mountains
N North, northern: N. N. Amer.,
Northern North America; N. 8,
Amer., Northern South Amer-
ica; N. Ku., Northern Europe.
nat. . . . naturalized
per. . , perennial
& South, Southern; S. S. Amer.,
Southern South America; 8.
Calif,, Southern California: S,
W. U. S., Southwestern United
States,
Btgm., segfn* segment, segments
st.. six stem, sterns
subtrop subtropical
temp torn iterate (zone or region)
trop tropical
var variety (of a species)
W West
Statements on stature or measurement of pknts and their parts are intended to indicate the
upper and lower limits of size or at least of height. This is the customary practice in descriptive
botany. Thus, "to 5 ft." suggests the plant may attain that height as a characteristic of the
species, whatever may be the usual or average height in a garden.
arm. .
.... annual
bien
. . . .biennial
caps
. . . capsule
cent .
. , . .central
cuU ...
. . cultivated, cultivation
diam. , .
. . . diameter
E...
. . . East, eastern: E. U. S., Eastern
United States; N. E. U. S,,
Northeastern Uuit45d States.
fl
. . . flower
fld..
. . flowered
JU...
flowers
fr-
fruit
frs. , .
. . fruits
fl.
. foot, feet
hari
horticulture, horticultural
in . .
inch, inches
infl .
. inflorescence
inlro
. . introduced
isl.r isU
. island, islands
If . . .
. . . . leaf
(ft
leaflet
APPROXIMATE COMPARABLE STATISTICS OF HORTUS, 1935 SUPPLEMENT,
HOKTUS SECOND
Hortun
1. CAPTIONS. A. Main separate articles (in LARGE CAPITALS) 2,881
B. Secondary entries and cross-references, definitions,
vernaculars (in SMALL CAPITALS) 2,409
2. GENERA (in LARGE CAPITALS)
3. SPECIES. Names of specific rank (in black Email type) not including
synonyms
4. SYNONYMS. Names of specific rank as they stand in the regular generic
articles but treatexl as synonyms (in black small type) 3,987
5. VARIETIES. Varietal Latin names (in black small type)
Total Latin binomials and trinomials in black small type (not
counting synonyms and references in italic type or names in
the subordinate captions IB). 3, 4 and 5
HortUM and
Hui>pl«ment
2,722
15,552
3,974
HortuA
Second
3,332
2,590
2,961
18,447
7,962
5,496
23,526 31,905
10
Linear Oblong Elliptic Lxnwiate Oblancedate Spatijlate Ovate Obovate "Reniform
a pox; and and and and And and and or
truncate mucron/ite acute dcute obtuse dcuminate acute Kidneys
Serrate Double Serrdt* Crenate Base sagittate PetLolate Cuneate Peltate
e Dentate Oh ate 5muate Base Kd^Ute Senile Cordate Perfohate
Rnnately RilnuUty veined Digitate or repre^entmp
veined and lobcd Pinnatifid Pinnate palmate 2 -pinnate leaflets sheathing
n
^
.0
c^o
Spike Raceme Qyme Panicle
Umbel
Corymb
Scx>rpioid
Corolla
rotate Campanulate Funndform Salverform Bilabiate Ripilionaceous Urceolate
HORTUS SECOND
A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING
AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE
ABAC A: Musa textilis.
ABAMA: see Narthccittm.
ABELE: Populus alba.
AB&LIA. Caprifolwcex. Attractive shrubs
with persistent or deciduous simple opposite
Ivs. and numerous small white or pink tubular
fls. in axillary or terminal cymes with persistent
large purplish sepals, blooming in summer;
native in Asia and Mex.
Abeliaa thrive in a well-drained soil, enriched with leaf-
mold, and in a sunny preferably protected situation. A.
floribunda is sometimes grown in the greenhouse. Propa-
gated by greenwood cuttings rooted under glass in the sum-
mer, or by cuttings of ripe wood in autumn; seed is rarely
employed. A. grandiflora and A. Engleriana are hardy
North, and other species less hardy.
chine* ns is (A. rupestris). Deciduous shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, to 1 Yi in. long: fls. in dense terminal panicles, white,
funnelform, U in. long, fragrant; sepals 5. China. — Plants
grown under tnis name may be A. grandiflora.
Engleriana. Deciduous shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oval-
lanceolate, to 1^4 in. long: fls. in few-fld. axillary clusters,
rosy-purple or rosy-pink, funnelform, % in. long; sepals 2.
China.
floribunda. MEXICAN A. Evergreen shrub to 6 ft.:
Iva. ovate, to l^ in. long: fls. pendulous, solitary or in
?-3-fld. clusters, earmine-purple, tubular, 1^ in. long;
sepals 5. Mex.
Gaucheri. Listed as a hybrid having bright lavender-
pink fls. with orange throat, slightly larger than those of
A. grandiflora.
Graebneriana. Deciduous shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
narrowly so, to 21A in. long, acuminate: fls. solitary or few
on short side branchleti or axillary, pink, yellow inside.
China.
fandiflora. GLOSSY A. Hybrid between A. chinensis
A. uniflora: half-evergreen shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate,
to 1H in. long, shining: fls. in loose terminal panicles,
white flushed pink, bell-shaped, % in. long; sepals 2-5. —
The common kind in cult.; often grown as A. chinensis.
Var. She'rwoodii is listed as dwarf form to 3 ft. tall, with
somewhat smaller Ivs. and fls.
longituba: probably A. Schumannii.
rupestris: A. chinensis, but the plant in the trade is
usually A. grandiflora.
Schumann!!. Deciduous slender shrub to 5 ft. or more:
Ivs. ovate to elliptic, to about 1 in. long, mucronate but
otherwise nearly obtuse: fls. several on short side growths,
pink, corolla slender at base. China.
trifldra. Deciduous shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. in terminal clusters 2 in.
across, rosy-white, salverform, % in- long; sepals 5.
Himalayas.
unlfldra. Interesting as one of the parents of A. grandi-
flora: evergreen, to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, acuminate, shining
above, to 1 in. long: fls. pinkish-white, orange in throat,
1 in. long; sepals 2. China.
ABELIOPH^LLUM. Oleacese. One deciduous
shrub of recent introduction, native in Korea,
allied to Fontanesia. A. dfstichum. To 3 ft. : Ivs.
opposite, ovate, to 2 in. long, entire, pubescent:
fls. white, ]4, in. across, in short racemes in May:
fr. nearly orbicular, 1 in. across, winged on all
sides.
ABELMOSCHUS: see ffttocu*.
ABERIA: see DovyaK*.
% ABIES* FIR. Pinacex. Large evergreen trees
40 ft. and more in height and of pyramidal
habit and continuous axis or trunk, having flat
linear Ivs. which are usually shiny above and
with 2 white bands below, and erect cones with
deciduous scales; native in the north temp, zone
and hardy in cult, from the central regions north.
Distinguished from the spruces (Picea) by the
flat Ivs. whitish beneath, erect cones with
deciduous scales. Although distinct to those
who know them, the firs arc difficult to separate
by brief descriptions. For cult, see Conifers.
ajan6nsis: Picea jezoensis.
alba (A. jx-ctinata. A. Picea). SILVER F. Lvs. to 1# in.
long, rounded and notched at apex: cones cylindric, to 5J^
in. long, green turning reddish-brown. Cent, and S. Eu.;
hardy in northeastern states, but likely to lose its lower
branches there and to become thin. Var. columnaris, head
columnar; var. compicta, dwarf and compact •, var. equi-
trojani, Ivs. more pointed, cones oblong-cylmdrio; var.
pendula, branches drooping; var. pyramidalis, head colum-
nar; var. tortudsa, dwarf and compact with shining Ivs.
and crowded branches.
am£bilis. CASCADE F. Lvs. about 1 in. long, notched
or truncate at apex: cones oblong, to 6 in. long, purple.
B. C. to Ore.; hardy in S. New England.
ariz6nica: A, lasiocarpa var.
baborensis: A. numidica.
balsimea. BALSAM P. Lvs. to 1 in. long, rounded or
slightly notched at apex: cones oblong, to 2VjJ in. long,
violet-purple. Lab. to W. Va. and la. Var. hudsdnia, a
dwarf form; var. macrocarpa, Ivs. and cones longer; var.
nana is listed as a dwarf form; var. phanertflepis, bracts
of cone exsertod.
Beissneriana: A. Erncstii.
B6risii-regis. Lvs. about 1 in. long, acute or sometimes
notched at apex: cones cylindrio, to 6 in. long. Balkan
Peninsula.
Bornmuelleriana. LVB. \% in. long, rounded or notched
at apex: cones cylindric, to 5 in. long. Asia Minor.
brachyphylla: A. homolepis.
canadensis: Tauga canadensis.
caroliniana: Tnuga caroliniana.
cepha!6nica (A. Regime- A malia). GREEK F. Lvs. to
1 in. long, sharp-pointed: cones cylindric, to 7 in. long,
brownish. Greece; hardy in 8. New England. Var. ApOl-
linis has thicker and broader less pointed Ivs.
chensiensis. Lvs. to 1J^ in. long, usually rounded and
notched at apex: cones ovoid-oblong, to 4 in. tong, green
turning red-brown. Cent. China; can be grown in 8. New
England.
cilfcica. Lvs. about 1 in. long, slightly notched at apex:
cones cylindric, to 9 in. long, reddish-brown. Asia Minor,
Syria; hardy in climates like 8. New England and N. Y.
concolor. WHITM F. Lvs. to 2 in. long, rounded or
acute at apex: cones eylindric, to 5 in. long, greenish or
purplish. Colo, to Mex.; hardy N. Var. argentea, Ivs.
silvery-white; var. aurea, Ivs. golden-yellow when young:
var. brevifdlia, Ivs. short and thick; var. c6nica, dwarf
pyramidal form; var. globosa, habit globose; var. Lowiana,
Ivs. longer, notched at apex, Ore. to Calif.: var. violacea,
Ivs. bluish-white; var. Wattezii, Ivs. pale yellowish becom-
ing silvery-white.
Delavayi: plants in cult, under this name are referable
to A. Fabri. •
Douglasii: Pseudolauga taxi folia,
firnestii (A. Beissneriana). Lvs. to
above with pale bands beneath: cones pedun
China: probanly hardy in north central states.
F*bri (A. Delavavi of hort). Lvs. to 1 in. long, notched
at apex, margins re volute: cones cylindrio to oblong, to 3 in.
long, violet-black. W. China; hardy in such climates as
8. New England.
in. long, flat
cled. W.
11
Abies
Fargfesii. Lvs. to 1 in. long, notched at apex: oonea
ovoid-oblong, to 3 in. long, purple or red-brown. Cent.
China; hardy B. New England but suffers in severe winters.
Faxoniana. Lvs. to 1 in. long, rounded or notched at
apex, margins slightly revolute: oones ovoid-oblong, to
3 in. long, violet-purple. W. China; probably hardy in
N. Y. and S. New England.
flrma. Mo MI F. Lvs. to 1J^ in. long, rounded and
notched at apex, bands beneath inconspicuous: cones
cylindrie, to 5 in. long, yellowish-green. Japan; hardy in
north central states and 8. New England.
Forrestii. Lvs. to 1^ in. long, rounded or notched at
apex: cones cylindrie, to 4 in. long, violet-purple. W.
China; somewhat tender N. E.
Friseri (Picea hudsonia). SOUTHEBN BALSAM F. Lvs.
to 1 in. long, rounded and notched at apex: cones oblong
or ovoid, to 2M in. long, purple. Alleghany Mts.; hardy N.
Var. horizontals is listed as a dwarf spreading form.
Gordoniina: A. grandis.
grandis (A. Gordoniand). GIANT F. Lvs. to 2K in.
long, rounded and notched at apex: cones cylindrie, to 4
in. long, bright green. Vancouver Isl. to Calif, and Mont.;
to be grown in central states; in 8. New England remains
small.
holoph^lla. NEEDLB F. Lvs. to 1H in. long, rounded
or acute at apex, spiny when young, bands beneath in-
conspicuous: cones cylindrie, to 6 in. long, green becoming
light brown. Manchuria, Korea; hardy N. Y. and New
England.
horn 61e pis (A. brachyphylla. A. Tschonoskiana).
NIKKO F. Lvs. about 1 in. long, rounded and slightly
notched at apex: cones cylindrie, 4 in. long, purple. Japan;
hardy in northern states. Var. Sc6ttiae, DWAKF NIKKO F.t
is a branch-sport; var. Tomdmi, less branched, Ivs. shorter;
var. umbellate, young cones green.
ins Ignis. Hybrid between A. Pinsapo and A. Nordman-
niana. Named vars. are Beissneriana, Kentiana, Master-
siana, and speci6sa.
koreana, Lvs. to % in. long, rounded and notched at
apex, pointed when young, margins revolute: cones oylin-
drio, to 3 in. long, violet-purple. Korea; hardy N. Y. and
New England.
lasiocirpa. (Picea bifolia). ALPINJJ F. Lvs. to 1J4 in.
long, rounded or acute at apex, pale bluish-green: cones
oblong-cylindrio, to 4 in. long, purple. Alaska to New
Mex. Var. arizonica (A. arizonica), CORK F., bark thick
and corky; var. comp&cta, dwarf and compact.
magnlfica. REID F. Lvs. 4-sided, to 1 H in. long, rounded
at apex: cones cylindric-oblong, to 9 in. long, purplish-
violet. Ore. to Calif.; hardy in parts of E. but needs shelter
N. Var. argeatea, Ivs. bluish-white; var. glauca, AZURE
F., Ivs. glaucous; var. shast6nsis, bracts of cone exserted.
Maries ii. Lvs. to ^ in. long, rounded or notched at
apex: cones ovoid to oblong, to 3^ in. long, dark purple.
Japan; hardy N. Y. and New England.
nephrdlepis. Very similar to A. sibirica but with shorter
Ivs. and smaller oones. Siberia, China; hardy in sheltered
positions N. E.
n6bilis. NOBLE F. Lvs. to 1^ in. long, rounded at
apex, entire or slightly notched: cones cylindrio-oblong,
to 10 in. long, green becoming purplish-brown. Wash, to
N. Calif.; not nardy throughout S. New England, and
grows slowly. Var. glauca has glaucous Ivs.; hardy.
Nordmanniana. Lvs. to 1^ in. long, rounded and
notched at apex: oones cylindrie, to 6 in. long, reddish-
brown. Caucasus, Asia Minor, Greece: hardy and useful
in northern states. Var. a urea, Ivs. yellow; var. tortifblia,
some of Ivs. twisted.
numfdica (A. baborensis). ALGERIAN F. Lvs. to % in.
long, rounded and slightly notched at apex: cones cylmdrio.
to 7 hi. long, purple. N. Afr.; grows in S. New England
in sheltered places.
Obovata: Picea obovata.
Omorika: Picea Omorika.
pectinata: A. alba.
Picea: A. alba.
Plndrow. Lvs. to 2 \i in. long, acute and notched at
apex, bands beneath inconspicuous: oones cylindrie, to
5H in. long, deep purple. Himalayas; hardy in central
states.
Pinsipo. SPANISH F. Lvs. to ^ in. long, acute, thick
and stiff, bands beneath inconspicuous: pones cylindrie,
to 5 in. long, purplish-brown. Spam; hardy in central states,
also S. New England in sheltered positions. Var. are6ntea,
Ivs. silvery- white; var. glauca, Ivs. glaucous; var. pendula,
branches drooping.
recurvata. Lvs. to 1 H in. long, acute or sharp-pointed,
bands beneath inconspicuous: oones oblong-ovoid, to 4 in.
long, violet-purple becoming brownish. W. China; hardy
in S. New England.
12 Abrus
Regfflje-AmJklte: A. cephalonica.
religiosa. Lvs. to \1A in. long, acute at apex: cones
cylindnc-oblong, to 6 in. long, violet-blue. Mex.
rubra: Picea rubens.
sachalin6nsis. SAQHALIN F. Lvs. to 1 J^ in. long, entire
or slightly notched and rounded at apex: oones cylmdrio,
to 3 in. long, greenish-purple. N. Japan, Saghahn; very
hardy. Var. nemorensis (A. Wilsonii) has smaller cones.
sibirica. Lvs. to 1M in. long, rounded at apex, entire
or notched: cones cylindrie, to 3 in. long, bluish. N. Russia
to Turkestan and Manchuria. — Sometimes suffers in hot
dry summers.
specUbilis (A. Webbiana). HIMALAYAN F. Lvs. t«
2H m. long, rounded or notched at apex: cones cylindrie,
to 7 in. long, violet-purple. Himalayas; hardy in central-
southern regions. Var. brevifolia has shorter Ivs.
squamAta. FLAKY F. Bark flaky: Ivs. to 1 in. long,
W.
obtuse: cones oblong-ovoid, to 2H in. long, violet.
Ch^na.
sutchuen6nsis. Similar to A. Fargesii but differing in
the shorter Ivs. with yellow petioles. W. China.
taxifolia: Pseudotsuga taxifolia.
TschonoskULna: A. homolepis.
Vettchli. Lvs. to 1 in. long, notched at apex: cones
cylindrie. to 2 ^ in. long, bhiish-purple. Japan; very hardy.
Var. nikko6nsis, cones smaller; var. olivacea, young cones
green.
venusta. BRISTLECONB F. Lvs. to 2^ in. long, stiff,
spiny-pointed: oones ovoid, bristly, to 4 in. long, purplish-
brown. Calif.
Vllmorinii. Hybrid between A. cephalonica and A.
Pinsapo.
Webbiana: A. spectabilis.
Wilsonii: A. sachalinensis var. nemorensis.
ABRdNIA. SAND -VERBENA. Nyctaainacex.
Trailing or low annuals or perennials, with
fragrant red, yellow, or white verbena-like fls.
borne in a peduncled showy head subtended
by bracts; native in W. N. Amer., a few of
minor importance for borders and flower-gar-
dens hi sunny exposures.
Abronias are treated as annuals. For early summer
bloom seeds may be started indoors, but they are usually
sown directly in the open ground: in mild climates seeds
may be sown in the fall. Remove the husk before planting;
the seeds are often slow in germinating.
41ba. Prostrate per.: fls. white. S. Calif. Var. platy-
phyJla has broader wavy Ivs.
arenaria: A. la ti folia.
frigrans. Erect per. to 10 in.: Ivs. usually ovate, pale
below: fls. white, to 1 in. long, night-blossoming. B. C.
to N. Mex.
grandiflbra: A. umbellata var.
latif&lia (A. arenaria). YELLOW S. Per., prostrate: flfl.
lemon-yellow. Sea-coast Calif, to B. C.
marftima. Prostrate per.: fls. dark red. Sea-coast S.
Calif.
pogpnantha. Trailing per., glandular-viUous: fls. pale
lavender or purple. Monave Desert.
umbellata. PINK S. The commonly cult, species: per.,
prostrate: fls. rose-purple. Sea-coast Calif, to B. C. Var.
grandififcra has larger ns. Var. rftsea has paler fls.
villosa. Similar to A. umbellata but with glandular-
villous pubescence. Calif., Ariz., Utah.
ABROPH^LLUM. Saxifragacex. One Aus-
tralian shrub or small tree sometimes planted
in S. Calif. A. 6raans. Lvs. alternate, ovate-
lanceolate, to 9 in. long: fls. small, yellowish or
greenish, in forking clusters shorter than Ivs.,
the sepals and petals deciduous: fr. a berry % in.
across.
ABRUS. Legwhinosx. Slender more or less
woody vines with pinnate lys. of many small
Ifts., small papilionaceous fls. in axillary racemes,
and short pods; native in trop. regions ana
sometimes grown under glass N. for ornament
and the interesting seeds.
„ seeds which germinate more quickly if
ittings of firm shoot* hi sand under glass.
Abrus 13
precatorius. ROBARY-PIA. Twining to 10 ft.: fls. red
to purple, rarely white: pods oblong, to 1H in. long, with
shining scarlet seeds black at base, used in bead-work and
for rosaries. Tropics.
pulchtllus. Twining to 20 ft.: fls. pale purple: pods
linear, to 2 in. long. Trop. Afr. to Malaya.
ABSINTHIUM: Artemisia Absinthium.
ABUMON: Ayapanthus.
ABfrTILON. FLOWERING MAPLE. Mcdvacex.
Herbs and shrubs with alternate often lobed Ivs.
and bright red, yellow, white or striped mostly
drooping fls.; distributed in warm climates.
Abutilons are used as house plants and for bedding out
and A. meyapotamicum makes an attractive basket-plant.
They should be given the same cultivation as geraniums.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Plants from seed sown
in the open may be taken up in the fall and half of the new
growth removed, for bloom in winter and spring. Some
varieties are treated as annuals even if shrubby. Following
are woody plants except A. Theophrastii.
Avic6nn»: A. Theophrastii.
Cootidgei: hort. name for pink-fid, form, probably of
the A. hybridum group.
hybrid urn. Cultigens: Ivs. slightly 3-lobed or unlobed,
spotted: fls. of various colors. Most of the garden forma
belong here as they cannot be referred to the pure species.
fndicum. Shrubby per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. entire or toothed,
to 4 in. across, white-tomentose: fls. yellow, 1 in. across.
Tropics.
inslgne. Lvs. not lobed, wavy-toothed, to 4 in. long: ,
fls. to 2^ in. across, white or rose with dark veins. Co-
lombia.
tnjJTJmiirn: hort. name.
megapotamicum (A. vexillarium) . Habit drooping: Ivs.
not lobed, wavy-toothed, to 3 in. long, often arrow-shaped:
fls. with yellow petals and red calyx, to 2 in. long, with
exserted stamens, fuchsia-like. S. Amer.
mollfesimum. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 6 in. or more
long, pubescent: fls. yellow, about H in- long. S. Amer.
pfctum. Lvs. 3-lobed, toothed, middle lobe broadest
at base, green or variegated: fls. orange or yellow veined
crimson, 1>£ in. long. S. Brazil to Argentina. — Often
passes as A. stria turn.
plenifldrum. Differs from A. pic turn in the green Ivs.
and double fls. Of garden origin.
Savftzii: one of the A. hybridum group.
specidsum: listed as a dwarf free-flowering plant with
large bright orange fls.
striatum. Lvs. 5-7-1 obed, the middle lobe narrowed at
base: fls. orange veined with dark crimson, to 1^ in. long.
Guatemala. — Not common in cult. Var. Thompson!! has
Ivs. variegated with yellow.
Theophrastii (A. Avicennse). Ann. herb to 5 ft.: Ivs.
nearly entire or toothed, pubescent, to 1 ft. across: fls.
yellow, to %. in. across. 8. Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
Th6mpsonii: A. striatum var.
yariegatum: hort. name, perhaps for a form of A.
striatum.
vexillarium: A. megapotamicum.
vitifdlium. Lvs. 3-7-1 obed, to 5 in. across, tomentose
beneath: fls. light blue, to 3 H in. across. Chile.
ACACIA. Leguminosse. Shrubs and trees
mostly of the tropics or warm temp, regions,
particularly Australia, with bipinnate ivs. or the
ivs. reduced to leaf-like petioles or phyllodia and
resembling a simple If., small usually yellow fls.
in stalked heads or spnkes, mostly in early spring,
stamens free (not united at base as in Albizzia),
and fr, a pod, ovate to linear, or moniliform
(like a string of beads).
Acacias are grown extensively out-of-doors in warmer
United States, particularly in California. They do not
stand temperatures below 18-20° F. as a rule. They grow
very quickly but are short-lived. In the tropics some species
are grown as forage crops, for medicine, gums, soap, fibers,
and other purposes. Acacias are often grown unaer glass
for spring bloom, but are not usually well adapted to forcing
as they do not thrive in temperatures above 40-50°. They
need plenty of water and sunshine, and should be pruned
after blooming and set out-of-doors for the summer.
Propagation is by seeds under glass or sown in the open.
Germination is hastened by softening the hard seed-coats,
either by placing the seed in hot asnes and leaving until
Acacia
cool, or by soaking in hot water which is allowed to cool
for 12-48 hours. Propagated also by cuttings of half-
ripened wood with a heel.
abysstoica. Sts, villous: phyllodia linear, usually 20-30,
ciliate-puberulous: fls. yellow, on very short peduncles.
Ethiopia.
acedia. Glabrous shrub to 8 ft.: phyllodia linear, 3-5
in. long, 1 -nerved: fl. -heads several in racemes that are
1H-2 in. long: pods to 4 in. long and H in. broad, flat,
with waxy lustre. Australia.
actnacea. Much branched shrub: phyllodia oblong,
about \i in. long: fi.-heads H in. or less across, usually in
pairs: pods linear, curved. S. Australia.
acuminata. Tree to 40 ft.: phyllodia long-linear, to
10 in. long and K in. broad, with fine parallel nerves: fis.
in sessile spikes that are 1 ft. or less long: pods linear, less
than K in. broad, somewhat contracted between seeds.
W. Australia.
adunca: A. crassiuscula.
alita. Shrub to 6 ft.: phyllodia decurrent along the at.,
forming wings to H in. across: fl.-heads H in. across,
solitary or in pairs. W. Australia. Var. platfptera (A.
platypterd) has narrower phyllodia.
aneura. MULOA. Shrub or tree: phyllodia narrow*
linear, to 3 in. long: fls. in spikes to \{ in. long: pods to
1 $4 in. long. Australia, where it is used as fodder for cattle
in times of drought.
arabica: A, nilotica.
annata (A. paradoxa). KANGAROO-THORN. Shrub to
10 ft., with spines \i in. long: phyllodia half-ovate, to 1 in.
long: fl.-heads K in. across, solitary: pods to 2 in. long.
Australia. Var. p6ndula has larger phyllodia and more
straggling habit.
aspera. Shrub to 4 ft.: phyllodia oblong-linear, to 1 H in.
long: fl. -heads solitary or in pairs: pods to 2 in. long, con-
tracted between seeds. Victoria, New S. Wales.
auric ul«f6rmis. Small tree: phyllodia oblong-falcate,
to 8 in. long: fl. -heads in short racemose spikes: pods much
twisted. Albany I si., Queensland.
Baileyana. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts.
to M in. long, glaucous: fl.-heads about H in. across, in
racemes to 3 in. or more long: pods to 4 in. long, glaucous.
New S. Wales. Var. purpdreft, listed name for a form with
purple-tinged foliage.
Bancroftiana: probably a Casalpinia.
Belchei. Shrub to 12 ft.: phyllodia linear, 3 in. long:
fl.-heads globular, small, in racemes 3 in. or less long:
pods 4 in. long, nearly woody. New S. Wales.
binervata. Shrub or tree to 40 ft.: phyllodia falcate to
lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fl.-heads in short racemes: pods to
5 in. long. New S. Wales, Queensland.
brachyb&trya. Tall shrub: phyllodia obovate, to 1 in.
or more long: fl.-heada in short racemes or solitary: pods
linear. S. Australia.
buxifolia. Shrub, branches angled: phyllodia oblong-
lanceolate and oblique, mostly 1 in. or less long, thickmh,
veins not prominent: fl.-heaos globular, small: pods flat,
H in. or less broad. New S. Wales.
calamifolia. BROOM WATTLE. Tall shrub: phyllodia
narrow-linear, to 4 in. long: fl.-heads almost ^ in. across,
in short racemes or rarely solitary: pods to 6 in. long, con-
stricted between seeds. 8. Australia.
Catechu. Tree: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. K in. long: fls.
in spikes to 5 in. long: pods to 3 in. long. E. Indies, Him-
alayas.— Yields black catechu.
Cavftnia. ESPINO CAVAN. Shrub to 20 ft. with stout
spines, and good for hedges: Ivs. bipinnate: fl.-heads
clustered. Chile.
confusa. Tree to 50 ft., with terete branchlets: phyllodia
narrow-lanceolate, to 5 in. or more long, rather obtuse,
about 5-nerved: fl. -heads axillary and solitary: pods 3 in.
or more long, somewhat inflated, more or less constricted.
Philippines, Formosa.
constrfcta (Acaciopsis constricta). Shrub to 10 ft. or
more, spiny: Ivs. bipinnate, Ifts. to K in. long: fls. bright
yellow, fragrant, in globose heads: pods to 5 in. long, con-
stricted between the seeds. Tex., Ariz., Mex.
eornfgera. BULLHORN A. Shrub or small tree with large
inflated spines resembling the horns of an ox. ofte* twisted:
Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. % in. long: fls. in dense spikes to
1 H in. long: pods to 2 H in. long, beaked. Mex.
crassiuscula (A. adunca). Shrub, mostly with sharp-
angled branches: phyllodia linear or some of them narrow-
lanceolate, to 2 in. long, 1-nerved, thickish: fl.-heoda small
and dense, in racemes that are shorter than the phyllodia:
pods linear, mostly less than H in. broad, thick and coria-
ceous, contracted between seeds. Queensland to Tasmania.
cultriformis. KNIFE A. Tall shrub: phyllodia ovate, to
1 in. long, gray and glaucous: fl.-heads about H in. across,
Acacia
in lone racemes forming a terminal panicle: pods to 3 in.
long, glaucous. New S. Wales, Queensland.
cuneata. Tall shrub: phyllodia oblong, to 1 in. long:
fl.-heads solitary, on stalks about as long as phyllodia:
pods to 3 in. long, curved. W. Australia.
cyanophylla. BLUE-LEAF WATTLE. Stoloniferous shrub
to 18 ft.: phyllodia linear-oblong, 6-12 in. long: fl.-heads
% in. or more across, in short racemes: pods about 5 in.
long, contracted between seeds. W. Australia.
Cyclops. Shrub to 10 ft.: phyllodia narrow-oblong, to
3^£ in. long: fl.-heads solitary or in short racemes, July-
Dec. : pods to 2 H m. 1 ong, curved. W. Australia.
dealbata: A. decurrens var.
decipiens. Shrub to 12 ft.: phyllodia triangular, to % in.
long: fl.-heads solitary or in pairs: pods to 2 in. long, much
curved. W. Australia.
decora. Shrub, with angled branchlets: phyllodia
lanceolate or linear, to 2 in. long, 1-neryed: fl.-heads globu-
lar, in racemes exceeding the phyllodia: pods flat, about
% in. broad, little if at all contracted between seeds.
Queensland, New 8. Wales.
decurrens. GREEN WATTLE. Tree: Ivs. bipinnate, the
Ifts. to J<j in. long: fl.-heads J/ in. across, in racemes: pods
to 4 in. long. Australia. Var. dealbata (A. dealbata).
SILVKR WATTLE. To 50 ft.: Ivs. silvery-gray. Var. m 611 is
(A. mattwnma). BLACK WATTLE. To 50 ft.: Ivs. tomentose,
yellowish when young. Var. nor mails. Glabrous or young
parts tomentose.
dentifera. Tall shrub: phyllodia narrow-linear, to 8 in.
long: fl.-heads solitary or in pairs: pods to 3 in. long. W.
Australia.
Dietrichiana. Phyllodia linear, to 3 in. und more long:
fl.-heads about % in. across, solitary: pods 2^ in. long,
contracted between seeds. Queensland.
diffusa. Shrub to 6 ft.: phyllodia linear, about \i in.
long, stiff: fl.-heads usually in pairs: pods to 4 in. long.
8. Australia, Tasmania.
discolor. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts.
\i in. long, pale beneath: fl.-heads in racemes: pods to 3 in.
long. S. Australia, Tasmania.
dodonseifdlia. Tall shrub: phyllodia lanceolate, to 4 in.
long: fl.-heads solitary or in pairs: pods long and flat.
8. Australia.
dorat6xvlon. Shrub or small tree: phyllodia to 8 in.
long and }<j in. across: fl.-heads in dense spikes to 1 in.
long: pods to 4 in. long. Australia.
Drummondii. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. bipinnate, the
Ifts. M in. long: fl.-heads in dense drooping spikes to 1H
in. long: pods to 1 in. long. W. Australia.
eburnea. Shrub with stipular spines to 2 in. long: Ivs.
bipinnate, the Ifts. to Y$ in. long: fl.-heads % in. or less
across, solitary: pods to 0 in. long. Arabia to India and
Ceylon.
elata. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. to 2 in.
long: fl.-heads in racemes to 6 in. long, Sept.-Dec.: pods to
6 in. long. New S. Wales.
elongata. Tall shrub: phyllodia narrow-linear, to 4 in.
long: fl.-heads solitary or in pairs: pods to 2^ jn. long.
S. Australia.
e it 6ns a. Shrub to 5 ft.: phyllodia linear, to 4 in. and
more long, resembling branchlets: fl.-heads solitary or in
short racemes: pods to 4 in. long, contracted between seeds.
W. Australia.
falcata. Shrub or small tree: phyllodia lanceolate-falcate,
to 6 in. or more long: fl.-heads in short racemes: pods to
3 in. long. Queensland, New S. Wales.
Farnesiana (Vachellia Famem'ana). POPINAC. OPO-
PANAX. CASSIE. HUISACHE. SWEET A. Thorny much
branched shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. to K in-
long: fl.-heads }^r}4 in. across, very fragrant, in small
clusters: pods to 3 in. long. Tex., Mex., Asia, Afr., Australia;
original nativity uncertain.
filicioides: see A. hirta.
fimbriata: a form of A. linifolia var. praminena.
floribunda: A. lonoifolia v&r.
Giraffffi. CAMEL-THORN. Tree to 40 ft. with long stout
spines: Ivs. bipinnate: fl.-heads in clusters: pods oval,
indehiscent. S. Afr.
glaucescens. Tree to 60 ft.: phyllodia lanceolate or
falcate, to 6 in. long, gray-pubescent: fls. in spikes to 2 in.
long: pods twisted or coiled. Queensland, New S. Wales.
grfindis: A. pulchella var.
Gr£ggii (Seneoalia Greggii). TEXAS MIMOSA. Shrub or
sometimes tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate: fls. pale yellow,
in spikes to 2^ in. long, in summer: pods to 4 in, long,
twisted. Tex. to Mex.
gummffera. Tree to 30 ft., with stipular spines: Ivs.
bipinnate: fl.-heads in spikes: pods white-tomentose, con-
tracted between seeds. Afr.
14 Acacia
hakioides. Small tree or shrub: phyllodia linear-spat-
ulate, to 6 in. long and ^ in. wide, usually obtuse, 1-nerved:
racemes of about 20 fls., small and head-like. Australia.
harpophyila. Tall tree: phyllodia falcate-lanceolate, to
8 in. long, pale or glaucous: fl.-heads in clusters or short
racemes: pods to 6 in. long, slightly contracted between
seeds. Queensland.
hastulata. Shrub to 3 ft.: phyllodia crowded, hastate-
lanceolate, to M in. long, spiny-pointed: fl.-heads M in.
or less across, solitary: pods to 2 in. long, curved. W.
Australia.
heterophylla. Shrub to 5 ft.: phyllodia linear, often
with bipinnate Ivs. on adult branches: fl.-heads in racemes.
Mascarene Isls.
hirta (Acaciella hirta). To 3 ft., herbaceous: Ivs. bi-
pinnate into 24-30 pairs of linear Ifts.: pods oblong, 2 in.
long. Mo. to Tex., Fla. — Probably the plant cult, as A.
filicioides belongs here.
hispid Is sima: A. pulchella var.
holoserfcea. Shrub or tree to 20 ft., covered with white
silky pubescence: phyllodia oval-oblong, to 6 m. long:
fl.-heads in spikes to 2 hi. long: pods twisted. N. Australia.
homalophylla. Small tree: phyllodia lanceolate to linear,
to 3 in. long: fl.-heads in pairs or clusters: pods linear,
slightly curved. Australia.
h6rrida. KARROO-THORN. Shrub or small tree: phyl-
lodia oblong-linear, obtuse to subacute, to M in. long,
sharp ivory-white stipular spines to 3 in. long: fls. in capi-
tate clusters with peduncles bracteate at middle: pods
linear, flat, to 4 in. long, glabrous, curved. S. Afr.
impl£xa. Tree to 50 ft.: phyllodia lanceolate-falcate,
to 6 in. or more long: fl.-heads in short racemes: pods
» narrow-linear, much twisted, contracted between seeds.
Australia.
Jonesii. Shrub to 3 ft., very slender, branchlets hairy:
Ivs. bipinnate, with 5 or 6 pairs of pinnules that bear many
Ifts. % in. or less long, nearly or quite linear: fl.-heads
racemose: pods compressed and narrow, to 3 in. long.
New S. Wales.
Julibrissin: Albizzia Julibrissin.
juncifdlia (A. pinifolia). Tall shrub: phyllodia linear,
to 6 in. or more long: fl.-heads solitary or in pairs: pods to
4 in. long. Australia.
juniperma. PRICKLY WATTLM. Shrub to 12 ft.: phyl-
lodia linear, to JU in. long: fl.-heads solitary: pods to 2 in.
long, contracted between seeds. Australia, Tasmania.
K6a. KOA. Tree to 60 ft.: phyllodia falcate, to 5 in.
long: fl.-heads usually in short racemes: pods to 6 in. long
ana 1 in. wide. Hawaiian Isls.
latif&lia. Phyllodia to 6 in. long and 2 in. across, glau-
cous: fl.-heads in loose spikes to 2 in. long: pods to 4 in.
long. N. Australia.
Lebbek: Albizzia Lebbek.
leprftsa. Shrub or small tree: phyllodia linear-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long: fl.-heads in pairs or clusters: pods falcate.
Victoria, New S. Wales.
leptoclada. Shrub: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. tV m. or
less long: fl.-heads small, in racemes. Queensland.
ligulata: the plant grown under this name is probably
A. salicina.
linear is. Shrub: phyllodia narrow-linear, to 6 in. or
more long: fl.-heads in loose spikes to 2 in. long: pods to
4 in. long. Australia.
lineata. Shrub: phyllodia linear, to % in. long: fl.-
heads solitary: pods curved or twisted. Australia.
linifdlia. Tall shrub: phyllodia linear, to 1^ in. long:
fl.-heads in short racemes: pods to 4 in. long. Queensland,
New S. Wales. Var. prdminens (A. prominena) has broader
phyllodia and pods.
longifolia. SYDNEY GOLDEN WATTLE. Shrub or small
tree: phyllodia oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in. long: fl.-heads in
loose spikes to 2^ in. long: pods to 5 in. long. Australia.
Var. floribunda (A. floribunda) . Foliage at ends of branches:
fls. whitish-yellow. Var. mucronata (A. mucronata).
Phyllodia very narrow. Var. Sophdrte (A. Sophorae).
Phyllodia to 3 in. long and 1 in. wide, very obtuse.
lophantha: Albizzia lophantha.
lunata. Shrub: phyllodia oblong-falcate, to 1 in. long:
fl.-heads in racemes longer than phyllodia: pods glaucous.
Australia.
macracantha. Shrub or tree to 20 ft., with spines to 2 in.
long: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. H in- long: fl.-heads to H in.
across, solitary or clustered: pods to 5 in. long. Mex.,
S. Amer.
macracantholdes (Poponax macracanthoides). Shrub
or tree to 40 ft. or more, with bipinnate Ivs. and numerous
narrow Ifts. about \i in. long, and fls. in small yellow
globular peduncled heads: pods 3 in. or more long and
about }i in. broad, flat: spines mostly \y± in. or less long
Acacia 15
and essentially terete. W. Indies, Venezuela. — This is the
plant commonly known erroneously as A. macracantha,
but that species has flattened ridged spines 2>£ in. or more
long and larger broader pods.
macradenia. Shrub to 12 ft.: phyllodia lanceolate-
falcate, to 6 in. and more long: fl.-heads in short racemes:
pods to 4 in. long. Queensland.
Maidenii. Shrub or tree to 50 ft.: phyllodia lanceolate-
falcate, to 6 in. long: fl.-heads in spikes 1 in. long: pods
much twisted. Australia.
Meissneri. Tall shrub: phyllodia obovate-oblong, to
1 in. long: fl.-heads solitary: pods long and narrow. W.
Australia.
melanoxylon. BLACK WOOD A. Large tree: phyllodia
oblanceolato, to 4 in. long and 1 in. wide, often with bipin-
nate Ivs. also on young shoots: fl.-heads cream, \i in. across,
in short racemes: pods to 5 in. long, twisted. Australia.
mollfssima: A. decurrens var. mollis.
mucronata: A. longifolia var.
myrtifolia. Tall shrub: phyllodia obovate to linear, to
2 in. and more long: fl.-heads in short racemes: pods to
3 in. long, curved. Australia.
Ndmu: Albizzia Julibrissin.
neriif&lia. BALD A. Shrub or small tree: phyllodia
linear-lanceolate, to 5 in. long: fl.-heads to \i in. across,
in short racemes: pods to 6 in. long. Australia.
nfgricans. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. to
K in. long: fl.-heads solitary: pods to 1^ in. long. W.
Australia.
ni!6tica (A. arabica. A. scorpioides) . GUM ARABIC
TREE. Tree with stipular spines: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts.
to ]4, in. long: fl.-heads in pairs or clusters: pods to 6 in.
long, moniliform. N. Afr., Eu. — The gum arabic of com-
merce is obtained from A. Senegal, not known to bo cult,
here.
obHqua. Drooping much branched shrub: phyllodia
obovate or orbicular, to J.<j in. long: fl.-heads solitary or in
pairs: pods to 2 in. long, twisted. S. Australia.
obtusata. Tall shrub: phyllodia oblong-linear, to 3 in.
long, stiff: fl.-heads in short racemes. New S. Wales.
6swaldii. Shrub to 10 ft.: phyllodia falcate-lanceolate
to linear, to 2 in. long, stiff: fl.-heads solitary or in clusters:
pods curved or twisted. Australia.
Oxyce'drus. Stiff shrub: phyllodia linear-lanceolate, to
1 in. long: fl.-heads in dense spikes 1 in. long: pods to 3 in.
long. Australia.
parad6za: A. armata.
p£ndula. WEEPING MYALL. Small tree with drooping
branchlets: phyllodia linear-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, stiff,
gray: fl.-heads in paira or clusters: pods to 3 in. long, the
sutures narrowly winged. Queensland, New S. Wales.
pennine'rvis. Tree to 40 ft. or more: phyllodia lanceolate-
falcate, to 4 in. long or more: fl.-heads in short loose racemes:
pods to 5 in. long. Australia. Var. falcifdrmis. Shrub with
longer and more falcate phyllodia.
pentad&nia. Tall shrub, with usually 4-angled branch-
lets: Ivs. bipinnate, the 2-5 pairs of pinnules bearing many
Ifts. 1A in. or less long: fl.-heads globular, clustered: pods
flat, 1 $4 in. or less long, the valves elastic. W. Australia.
pinif dlia : A . junci folia .
pinnata: A. tamarindifolia.
pinnatifftlia: listed name.
platyphylla of lists is probably A. alata.
platyptera: A. alata var.
podalyriasfolia. PEARL A. Tall glaucous pubescent
shrub: phyllodia ovate or oblong, to \% in. long: fl.-heads
in long racemes: pods to 3 in. long. Queensland.
polyb6trya. Small tree with subterete branches: phyl-
lodia oblong, to ty in. long, obtuse, hairy beneath: fls. in
many-headed paniculate racemes. Australia.
pravfssima. SCRKWPOD A. Tree to 20 ft., with drooping
branchlets: phyllodia ovate, to 1 in. long: fl.-heads less
than H in. across, in racemes longer than phyllodia: pods
to 3 in. long, much twisted. Victoria.
pr6minens: A. linifolia var.
pruin&sa. Small tree: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. to */i in.
long: fl.-heads in racemes: pods to 3 in. long. New S.
Wales.
pube'scens. HAIRY WATTLE. Shrub with drooping
branchlets: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. to H in- long: fl.-heads
in racemes longer than Ivs.: pods flat. New S. Wales.
pulchSlla. Spiny shrub: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. to M in.
long: fl.-heads solitary: pods to 2 in. long. W. Australia.
Var. grandis (A. orandis) is glabrous with larger Ifts. Var.
hispidlssima (A. nispidisnima) is hairy with narrow Ifts.
pycnantha. GOLDEN or BROAD-LEAVED WATTLE. Small
tree: phyllodia to 6 in. long and 1H in- wide or sometimes
Acama
4 in. wide on seedlings: fl.-heads }£ in. or more across,
fragrant, in many-fld. racemes: pods to 5 in. long. S.
Australia.
retinodes. Shrub or small tree: phyllodia linear-lance-
olate, to 5 in. long: fl.-heads in short branched racemes:
pods to S in. long. S. Australia. Vars. floribunda and
gracfllima are listed.
Rkeana. Shrub or small tree: phyllodia linear, to 1^
in. long, scattered: fl.-heads in loose spikes to 2 in. long:
pods to 3 in. long, curved, contracted between seeds.
Tasmania.
nib id a. Glabrous shrub, branches angular: phyllodia
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, acute, 1-nerved: fls. in 10-12-
headod racemes. New S. Wales.
salicina. Shrub or small tree with drooping branches:
phyllodia oblong-linear, to 5 in. long: fl.-neada in short
racemes or solitary: pods to 3 in. long. Australia. Var.
Wayne. Shrub to 8 ft.
salfgna. Shrub or small tree: phyllodia lanceolate, to
8 in. and more long: fl.-heads ^ in. across, in racemes:
pods to 5 in. long, contracted between seeds. W. Australia.
scorpioldes: A. nilotica.
Senegal. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate: fls. white, in
axillary spikes. Trop. Afr.
Sentis. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. laneeolate^ohlong to linear,
to 2 in. long: fl.-heads solitary or in pairs: pods to 3 in.
long. Australia.
siculif6nnis. Tall shrub: phyllodia linear or linear-
lanceolate, to 1U in. long, stiff: fl.-heads solitary: pod*
to 1 in. long. S. Australia, Tasmania.
Sideroxylon: listed name.
Sophdra: A. longifolia var.
spectjbilis. Branches glaucoscent: phyllodia obovate-
oblong, to H in. long, obtuse, fleshy, obscurely 2-3-nervod:
fls. in rnany-neaded racemes: pods to 4 in. longi glabrous.
Australia.
stenophylla. Tree: phyllodia linear, to 1 ft. long: fl.-
heads mostly in short racemes: pods to 8 in. long, monili-
form. Australia.
stenoptera. Stiff low shrub or bush: phyllodia running
into long opposite wings, the upper or free part lanceolate
or narrower: fl.-heads on very short peduncles: pods
falcate, acuminate. W. Australia.
suaveolens. Shrub to 6 ft.: phyllodia linear, to 6 in.
long: fl.-heads in racemes: pods to l}<j in. long, glaucous.
Australia, Tasmania.
subulata. Shrub to 10 ft.: phvllodia narrow-linear, to
6 in. long: fl.-heads in racemes. New S. Wales.
Suma (S ens a alia Suma). Small tree: Ivs. bipinnate, the
Ifts. to YL in. long: fl. -heads nearly white, in spikes to 4 in.
long: pods to 4 in. long. India, Ceylon.
tamarlndif&lia (A. pinnata. Seneffalia lamarindifolia) .
Shrub, prickly, otten vine-like: phyllodia 10-20 pairs,
linear-oblong, to 5^ in. long, glands often present between
the pinna*, stipules large, ovate: fls. in panicled heads:
pods 3-5 in. long, mostly glabrcscont. Trop. Amer.
tenuifolia (Senegalia tenuifolia). Shrub with drooping
branchlets: phyllodia linear-subulate, to 1 in. long: fl.-
heads solitary: pods to 3 in. long. Victoria.
undulifblia. Shrub or low bush, sometimes becoming
large: phyllodia ovate to nearly orbicular, to 1 in. or less
long, 1-nerved, undulate: fl.-heads globular, on slender
peduncles: pods flat, to % in. brood. Queensland, New 8.
Wales.
verticillata. STAR or WHORI/-LKAVKD A. Shrub or small
tree: phyllodia linear-subulate, to % in. long, in whorls:
fl.-heads in spikes 1 in. long: pods to 3 in. long. Victoria,
Tasmania.
vestlta. Branches hispid, terete: phyllodia falcate-
elliptic, to H in. long, aristate, base obliquely unequal,
1-nerved, usually hispiaulous, margins undulate: heads in
small lax racemes to 1% in. long. New 8. Wales.
viscfdula. Shrub to 15 ft.: phyllodia narrow-linear, to
3 in. long: fl.-heads mostly in pairs: pods to 2 in. long. New
S. Wales,
ACACIA, BLACK: Robinia Pseudo Acacia. False:
Robinia Pseudo Acacia. Rose: Robinia hiapida.
ACACIELLA: see Acacia hirta.
ACACIOPSIS: see Acacia constricta.
Rosacese. More or less evergreen
trailing perennials used in mild countries as
ground-cover, and sometimes N. with protection.
with pinnate Ivs., inconspicuous fls. in terminal
heads or spikes, and fr. a bristlv achene; native
in the southern hemisphere, also Calif. Prop-
Accena
agated by seeds, division and cuttings. Useful
in rock-gardens, and some of them more or less
woody.
arglntea. Sts. creeping: Ivs. silvery, of 3-4 Ifts.: fls. in
globose spikes. Chile.
Buchananii. Sts. prostrate and rooting: Ivs. to % in.
long, of 11-13 Ifts., whitish-green: fls. in small sessile heads,
with yellowish spines. New Zeal.
c&sia glauca: listed name.
cylindrostftchya. 8ts. prostrate: Ivs. of 10-11 Ifts. silky
beneath: fls. in cylindrical spikes. Peru.
glabra. Sts. creeping: Ivs. to IK in- long, of 7-11 Ifts.,
pale or glaucous beneath: fls. in brownish-green globose
neads to % in. across. New Zeal.
glauca: listed name.
Hier6nymii. Similar to A. pinnatifida from which it
differs in the achenes bristly only at the apex. Argentina.
ine'rmis: A. microphylla var.
microphylla. NEW ZEALAND BUB. Sts. prostrate: Ivs.
to 2 in. long, with 7-13 Ifts.: fls. in globose stalked heads to
% in. across, with purplish-red spines. New Zeal. Var.
m£rmis has longer Ivs. and spineless frs.
myriophy'Ua. Sts. ascending: Ivs. with 7-9 deeply cut
Ifts. silky beneath: fls. in interrupted spikes. Chile.
n&vae-zelandiae. Sts. creeping and rooting: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, with 11-13 Ifts.: fls. in globose stalked heads to 1^
in. across, with purplish-red spines. New Zeal.
ovalifdlia. Similar to A. microphylla but with larger Ivs.
Chile.
ovma. Sts. ascending to 2 ft.: Ifts. to j^ in. long, crenate
or pinnately cut: fls. purple, in long interrupted spikes.
Australia.
pinnatffida. Sts. erect, to 6 in.: Ivs. of 3^5 pairs of 3-5-
parted Ifts., the segms. linear: fls. in cylindrical spikes.
Chile.
Sanguis6rbee. Sts. creeping and rooting: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, of 7-11 Ifts., pale beneath: fls. in globose stalked heads
to $i in. across. Australia, New Zeal.
serfcea. Sts. creeping: Ivs. of 3-5 pairs of obovate cut-
toothed Ifts., silky beneath: fls. in crowded cylindrical
epikes. Patagonia.
ACALtPHA. EuphorUacex. Herbs, or the
cult, species monoecious or dioecious shrubs with
attractive foliage and small inconspicuous fls.
often assembled in bracted, showy, axillary or
terminal spikes or racemes. The species are
many, in temp, and trop. regions of both hemi-
spheres, some of them weedy annuals. Ours are
conservatory ornamentals, employed also for
bedding out far S. and for hedges and lawn
specimens. The cult, is simple.
Propagated by cuttings taken from outdoor bedded
plants in the fall; from plants lifted in the fall and cut
back; and in summer from stock kept from the previous
season; the last is the best method as cuttings with a heel
may be obtained which give excellent plants for use in the
conservatory in fall and winter.
Godseffiana. Profuse shrub, bushy and dense: Ivs.
mostly green with cream-colored margin, variable in form,
lance-ovate to variously shredded: fl.-clusters shorter than
Ivs., greenish-yellow. New Guinea, but probably a state
of A. Wilkesuinn. The heterophylla form with ragged Ivs.
sometimes reduced to shreds may occur on the same plant
with other Ivs.
Hanoi 1 to niana: probably a form of A. Godseffiana is
meant.
heterophylla: A. Godseffiana var.
hlspida (A. Sanderi). CHENILLE PLANT. REDHOT CAT-
TAIL. Dioecious shrub to 15 ft.: lys. green, broad-ovate, to
8 in. long: pistillate spikes drooping, dense, to 1 H ft. long
and 1 in. wide, red or purple. E. Indies. Var. alba has
creamy-white fls. and ramosa has compound spikes.
illustris: A. Wilkesiana.
Macafeana: A. Wilkesiana var.
macro ph?l la: A. Wilkesiana var.
marginata: A. Wilkefriana var.
Miltoniana. Described as differing from A. Godseffiana
in larger size and more finely cut Ivs.
musaica: A. Wilkesiana var.
obovata: A. Wilkesiana var.
ramdsa: A. hitpida var.
Sanderi: A. hitpida.
16 Acanthocereus
tricolor: A. Wilkesiana.
triumphans: A. Wilkesiana var.
Wilkesiana (A. illustris. A. tricolor). COPPER-LEAF.
Monoecious shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. profuse, elliptic or ovate,
6-8 in. long, serrate, bronay-green mottled with copper,
red or pupplish: spikes slender, 8 in. long and X in. wide,
reddish. 8. Sea Isle. There are many vars. in the trade:
Macafeana* Ivs. red marked crimson and bronze; macro-
phtflla, Ivs. russet-brown; marginata, Ivs. with crimson or
other margins; musaica (moaatca), Ivs. green with orange
and red markings; obovata, Ivs. becoming bronzy-green
with rosy-pink margins; triumphans, Ivs. spotted crimson,
green and brown. In its many color strains this plant is
much planted in 3. Fla. and the American tropics, less in
S. Calif.
ACAMPE. Orchidacese. Strong epiphytes with
thick two-ranked Ivs. and small fls. mostly in
short lateral racemes, the lip with a short spur.
Require trop. conditions; for cult, see Orchids.
multifldra. To 24 in. high: Ivs. to about 1 ft. long and
2 in. wide: racemes or panicles almost as long as Ivs.; sepals
and petals yellow spotted with red-brown; lip whitish
transversely Uned with dark red. Mar.-Sept. China.
papill&sa. To about 10 in. high: Ivs. to about 4 in. long
and H in. wide: racemes about H in. long, densely few-
fld.; sepals and petals yellow spotted with brown; lip white
transversely barred with purple. Nov.-Dec., Aug. Him-
alayas, Burma.
ACANTHACEJE. ACANTHUS FAMILY. About
180 genera, mostly herbs widely distributed,
largely in trop. countries, sometimes spine-
bearing: Ivs. opposite, simple: fls. bisexual,
irregular; calyx 4-5-parted; corolla gamopetalous,
6-lobed or 2-lipped; stamens 2 or 4; ovary 2-
celled with slender style : fr. a dry caps. Plants in
many genera are grown for ornament in green-
houses and the open, both for showy fls. and for
colored striking foliage, as Acanthus, Adhatoda,
Anisacanthus, Aphelandra, Asvstasia, Barleria,
Beloperone, Crossandra, Dyschoriste, Eranthe-
mum, Fittonia, Graptophyllum, Hemigraphis,
Jacobinia, Justicia, Mackaya, Odontonema,
Pachystachys, Peristrophe, rseuderanthemum,
Ruelfia, Sanchezia, Schaueria, Stenandrium,
Strobilanthes, Thunbergia, Whitfieldia.
ACANTHOCALf CIUM. Cactacex. S. Ameri-
can genus allied to Echinopsis, resembling it in
general habit but differing in having perianth-
tube and ovary covered with woolly recurved
and pungently-tipped scales, and outer segms.
with acuminate or mucronate chartaceous tips.
f ormdsum : Echinopsis formosa .
spiniflorum (Lobivia and Echinopais spini flora. Echi-
nocactup apiniflorua). Globose to cylindrical, to 2 ft. tall
and 6 in. diam.; ribs 17-22, notched, areoles about 1A in.
apart and whitish; spines straight, centrals 1-3, radiala
10-20, reddish-brown to yellow becoming whitish, to ^ in.
long: fls. pink, funnelf orm, to 1 % in. long. Argentina.
thlonanthum (Lobivia and EcMnopsia thionantho).
Usually solitary, globose to subcylindric, to 5 hi. tall and
about 4 in. diam.; ribs 13-15, somewhat wavy, low, tuber-
cles not distinct; spines to ^A in. long, radials 8-11, awl-
shaped, grayish, central 1: fls. yellow, to 1^ in- long.
Argentina.
violaceum (Echinopaia w'oZoceo). Globose to cylindrical,
to 8 in. tall and 5 in. diam.; ribs about 15, to Y% in. high,
notched: spines straight, centrals 3-4, to 1% in. long,
yellow tipped brown, radials 10-12, to 1 H in. long, yellow:
fls. pale violet, to 3££ in. long, narrowly funnelf orm.
Argentina.
ACANTHOCfcREUS. Cactaceae. Slender
jointed mostly strongly 3-angled clambering
or trailing cacti, usually several ft. long, the
areoles with soft wool and several stiff spines:
fls. white or greenish, funnelform, solitary,
nocturnal: coasts of Fla. and Tex, to S. Amer.
See Cacti.
bond ur 6ns is: probably Selenicereus h&ndurensis.
horrfbilis (A. horridus). Plant stout, with wider more
deeply crenate joints than A. pentagonua; radial spines
Acanthocereus 17
1-6, to fg in. long, very stout; centrals 1-2, to 3 in. long:
fls. to 8 in. long. Guatemala.
horridus: A. horribilis,
pentagdntis (Cerent pentagonu*. C. taxanten«i«). To
20 ft., sometimes rooting at tips: spines several, to 2 in.
long: fls. 6-8 in. long. Fla. and Tex., south. — Sometimes
employed as a greenhouse plant and in the open in its
native regions.
tetragdnus: see Cer eua tstrayonua.
ACANTHOLlMON. PRICKLY-THRIFT. Plum-
baginacese. Dwarf tufted hardy perennials with
evergreen sharp-pointed linear rigid Ivs. and fls.
rose or white in tight heads, spikes or racemes;
native S. E. Eu. to Asia.
The prickly-thrifts are slow-growing plants for rock-
gardens and sandy places, needing sun ana warmth. Prop-
agated by cuttings in late summer and wintered under
protection in a coldframe; also by layering.
armenum. To 6 in.: Ivs. glaucous, flat to somewhat
3-sided: fls. white veined rose-pink, in dense 12-15-fld.
spikes. Armenia.
glumaceum. To 6 in.: fls. small, rose, in dense one-
sided racemes. July-Sept. Armenia.
gramlneum. Densely tufted, to 8 in.: Ivs. silvery-
glaucous: fls. bright rose-pink, in elongated ascending or
arching spikes. Turkestan.
lepturoldes. To 3 in.: Ivs. glaucous: fls. whitish, in loose
racemes. Caucasus.
venfistum. To 8 in.: Ivs. glaucous: fls. rose or purple,
in loose racemes. July-Sept. Asia Minor.
ACANTH6PANAX. Araliacex. E. Asian
shrubs and trees, usually prickly, with alternate
palmately lobed or compound Ivs., small greenish
fls. in umbels, and little blackish berries; grown
for ornament and the following mostly hardy N.
Propagated by seeds sown at once or stratified, by root-
cuttings over heat, or softwood cuttings from forced plants.
jap6nicus: the plant grown under this name is Aralia
elata; the true Acanthopanax japonicua is not known to be
in cult.
lasiogyne. To 20 ft.: Ifts. 3, glabrous, obovate to oblong,
to 2 in. or more, acute, sometimes serrate above middle:
fls. in umbels. China.
pentaphyllus: A. Sieboldianus.
ricinifolius: Kalopanax pictud.
sentic6sus. Shrub to 15 ft.: sts. with slender prickles:
Ifts. 5, occasionally 3, to 5 in. long, doubly serrate, stalked,
veins pubescent wnen young: fls. in long-ped uncled umbels.
N. China.
septe'mlobus: Kalopanax pfcttis.
sessilifl6rus. To 12 ft.: Ivs. of mostly 3-toothed Ifts. to
7 in. long: fls. dull purplish, in globular neads. Manchuria,
N. China.
Sieboldianus (A. pentaphytiua. Aralia pentaphylla). To
10 ft., with arching branches: Ivs. of 6-7 toothed Ifts. to
2H in. long: fls. greenish- white. Japan. — A good hardy
shrub. Var. variegatus has Ivs. edged with white.
spin&sus. Differs from A. Sieboldianus in the thinner
Ivs. and 2 nearly distinct styles rather than 5 styles united
almost to top. Japan. — Hort. material is usually A, Sie-
boldianua.
trifoliatus. Climbing shrub to 20 ft.: sts. with few hooked
spines: Ifts. usually 3, ovate to lanceolate, to 3 in. long,
serrulate, light green beneath: fls. slender pedicelled, umbels
in terminal whorls. China.
ACANTHOPHCENIX. Palmacex. Two
feather-leaf palms of the Mascarene Isls. (be-
yond Madagascar) apparently not in cult, in
N. Amer. unless in test plantations. Lf.-fiheaths
spine-bearing: they produce a single closely
ringed spineless trunk to 50 or 60 ft. or more
ana hanmng clusters at base of crown-shaft
beneath the Ivs.: fr. about H in. long, globose
or oblong, hard, black. Probably these palms
have been confused with Linoma (Dictyosperma)
by cultivators.
ACANTHOPHtfLLTJM. Caryophyllacex. Stiff
herbs, apparently not in cult., the plants grown
as A. pungens (A. spinosum) being Dianthus
Noeanus.
Acer
ACANTHORRHlZA. Palmacex. A few
American small woods fan-palms that bear
root-spines alone the single trunk but otherwise
with tne general look of Thrinax or Coccothrinax.
Fl. -clusters among the Ivs., somewhat branching,
fls. hermaphrodite: fr. small, globular or pyn-
form: Ivs. usually glaucous. Not in cult, within
our territory unless under test. The genus has
been combined recently with Cryosophtia,
which see.
ACAKTHOSABAL CJBSPITOSA: Paurotis WrigW.
ACANTHUS. BEARS-BREECH. Acanthacex.
Per. herbs or small shrubs with mostly basal
broad toothed or pinnatifid Ivs., showy fls. dull
white to rose or purple in long erect spikes;
native in the Medit. region, Asia and Afr., only
a few employed as ornamentals.
Heavy winter protection is needed in the North. They
do best in rich well-drained soil. Propagated by seeds or
by division in early autumn or spring. The bold leaves of
acanthus have suggested important decorative features in
art.
latifoUus: A. moUis var.
lusitinicus: A, mollia var. lat\folius.
m611is. To 2 ft.: Ivs. not spiny, to 2 ft. long and half
as broad, cordate at base, sinuately-lobed: fls. rose, iilao,
or whitish, in spikes Ui ft. long. 8. Eu. Var. iatltolius
(A. fatifoKua, A. luaitcmicua) is larger-lvd., more hardy,
3 ft. tall.
montanus. To 3 ft.: Ivs. 1 ft. long, pinnatifid, spiny:
fls. rose-tinted, in a terminal spike to 10 in. long. W. Air.
sor6sus: listed as an Abyssinian species with large
clusters of pink fls.: not known botanicauy.
spin&sus. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ^pinnatifid, the lobes toothed
or cut, spiny: fls. purplish, in dense spikes. 3. Eu., Asia
Minor.
ACAULESCENT: stemless, or apparently stemless;
sometimes the stem is subterranean or protrudes only
slightly and is not noticeable; a descriptive term.
ACAULON: Aiatocaul&n.
ACER. MAPLE. Aceraceae. Mostly deciduous
trees with opposite usually palmately lobed or
sometimes compound Ivs., commonly unisexual
fls., and fr. of 2 samaras long-winged on one
side; native in north temp. zone.
Maples are used extensively for lawn, park and street
planting; many are valuable timber trees. Most of the
species are hardy in the northern states. They are strong
and free-growing subjects. Ordinary soil is satisfactory for
the maples. Propagated by seed sown soon after maturity
or stratified and sown in spring; rare species and varieties
may be budded in summer on species of the same group.
Some shrubby species are propagated by layers or half-
ripened greenwood cuttings, or oy cuttings in early spring
from plants forced in greenhouses. Fancy maples may be
winter-grafted by the veneer method on seedlings of the
same or related species.
argutum. To 25 ft.: Ivs. 5-7-1 obed, to 3 in. across, pale
beneath: fls. in racemes to 2 in. long. Japan.
auratum: A. Negundov&t.
barbinerve. To 25 ft.: Ivs. 5-1 o bed, pubescent beneath,
at least on veins, margins coarsely doubly-serrate: fls.
yellowish-green, in racemes to 2 in. long: nutlet of fr.
about 1 H in. long. Manchuria.
Buergerianum (A. trifidum). TRIDENT M. Small tree:
Ivs. 3-lobed, to 3 in. across, pale beneath: fls. in panicles.
China, Japan.
Campbellii. To 60 ft.: Ivs. 6-7-1 obed, to 5 in. across:
fls. in cymes to 6 in. long. Himalayas.
cajnpe'stre. HEDGE M. To 50 ft. or more, the branches
slightly corky: Ivs. 3- 5-1 obed, to 4 in. across: fia. in erect
corymbs. Eu.. W. Asia. Some hort. vars. are: albovarie-
gatum, Ivs. with large white blotches; austrtacunw* Irs. 5»
lobed: hebecarpum, fr. pubescent; pulverulentum, Ivs.
speckled with white; tauricum, Ivs. 5-1 obed, pubescent
beneath.
capfllipes. To 30 ft.: Ivs. 3-lobed, to 6 in. long: fls. in
drooping racemes to 4 in. long. Japan.
cappadocicum (A. la turn). COLISEUM M. To 50 ft.:
Ivs. 5-7-lobed, to 5M in- across: fls. in corymbs. W. Asia.
Var. aureum, Ivs. red and golden-yellow. Var. rubrum (A.
colchicum var. rubrum. A. Uetum var. horticola'), Ivs. when
Acer
young blood-red. Var. sinicum, smaller, Ivs. 5-lobed.
China. Var. tricaudatum, Ivs. 3-lobed. Var. tricolor, Ivs.
when young blood-red sprinkled with rosy-pink.
carpinifdlium. HORNBEAM M. To 30 ft.: Ivs. ovate-
oblong, to 5 in. long, pinnately veined, toothed: fls. in
short racemes. Japan.
catalpifdlium. To 60 ft.: Ivs, ovate, to 8 in. long, un-
divided or 3-lobed: fls. in loose corymbs. China; not
hardy N.
caudatum. Large tree: Ivs. 7-lobed, to 5^ in. across:
fls. in erect spikes 6 in. long. Himalayas. Var. multiser-
ratum. To 30 ft.: Ivs. glabrous beneath. China. Var.
ukurundue'nse. Small tree: Ivs. pubescent beneath. Japan,
Manchuria.
circinatura. VINE M. Small round-headed trre to 40 ft.:
Ivs. 7-9-lobed, to 5 in. across: fls. in drooping corymbs, the
sepals purple: fr. rod. B. C. to Cuhf.
cissifdlium (Neoundo ciaaifolium) . To 30 ft.: Ivs. of
3 Ifts. to 3 in. long, toothed: fls. in racemes to 4 in. long.
Japan.
crataegifdlium. HAWTHORN M. To 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
ovate, to 3 in. long, often with 2 or 4 lobes near the base,
pinnate- veined, bluish-green: fls. in erect racemes 2 in.
long. Japan.
cr6ticum: A. orientals .
dasycarpum: A. saccharinum.
Davidii. To 50 ft., with shining striped branchlets: Ivs.
ovate, to 6 in. long, not lobetl, pinnate-veined, in young
plants Ivs. often lobed at base: fls. in drooping racemes to
3^j in. long: Jr. 1-1 M in. long. China.
diab61icum. To 30 ft.: Ivs. 5-lobed, to 6 in. across:
fls. yellow, staminate in clusters, pistillate in racemes.
Japan. Var. purpur&scens. Fls. purple: Ivs. red when young:
fr. purplish.
Dieckii (A. platanoides var. integriloburn) . Hybrid be-
tween A. platanoulce and A. Lobelii, with lobes of Ivs.
entire.
dissectum: A. palmatum var.
Douglasii: A. glabrum var.
Drummondii: A. rubrum var.
filicifdlium: listed name of a plant which may be A.
japonicum var. aconiti folium.
floridanum (Saccharodendron floridanum). To 50 ft.,
the bark white: IVH. 3-5-lobed. 21? in. across, glaucous
beneath: fls. in corymbs. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
Gfnnala (A. tataricum var. aidzucnse). AMUR M. Grace-
ful shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. 3-lobed, to 3 in. long, terminal
lobe long, shining above, pale beneath: fls. fragrant, in
panicles. Manchuria, China, Japan. Var. Semenovii.
Shrub: Ivs. deeply 3- or 5-lobod. Turkestan.
glabrum. ROCKY MT. M. Shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs.
3-5-1 obed or 3-parted, to 5 in. across, shining above, pale
beneath: fls. in corymbs: fr. often rose-colored. Mont, to
Calif. Var. Douglasii (A. Douglasii) has 3-lobed Iva. and frs.
slightly larger than the type. Alaska to Ore. and Wyo.
Var. rhodocarpum has bright red frs. Var. tripartltum
(var. trisectum) has Ivs. usually 3-parted.
grandidentatum. To 40 ft., with dark brown scaly bark:
Ivs. 3-5-lobed, to 3 in. across, pubescent beneath: fls. in
corymbs: fr. often rose-colored. Wyo. to N. Mex.
grfseum. PAPERBARK M. To 25 ft., with cinnamon-
brown flaky bark: Iva. of 3 coarsely toothed Ifts. to 2^ in.
long, pubescent beneath: fls. in cymes. China.
Heldrefchii. BALKAN M. Medium-sized tree: Ivs. 5-
lobed, to 5 in. across, middle lobe divided nearly to base,
shining above, glaucous beneath: fls. in erect panicles.
S. E. Eu. Var. purpuratum, under surface of Ivs. red.
Henryi. To 30 ft.: Ivs of 3 elliptic remotely toothed
Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls. in drooping racemes. China.
H6rsii. Closely related to A. Davidii. from which it
differs in its 3-lobed ovate Ivs., and fr. slightly less than
1 in. long. N. China.
Ho&keri. To 50 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 5^ in. long,
toothed, caudate-acuminate: fls. in racemes to 4^ in. long.
Himalayas; not hardy N.
hyrcanum (A. -Opalua var. hyrcanum. A. tauricum).
To 30 ft.: Ivs. deeply 5-lobed, to 4 in. across, petioles red:
fls. in drooping corymbs. S. E. Eu.
Insfgne: A. velutinum var. glabrescens.
ftalum: A. Opalus.
japonicum. FULLMOON M. Small tree or shrub: Ivs.
7-11-lobed, to 5^ in. across: fls. purple, in nodding corymbs.
Japan. Var. aureum, Ivs. yellow. Var. macrophyllum, Ivs.
larger. Var. acontif61ium (vars. Porsorwu. filicifolium and
lociniafum). FERN LEAF M. Lvs. divided nearly to base
into 9-11 pinnately cut segma.
Ufetum: A, cappadocicum.
18 Acer
laxifldrum. To 50 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 4 in. long
sharp-toothed with 2 or 4 short lobes near base: fls. in
drooping racemes. China; not hardy N. Var. longflobum,
Ivs. 5-lobed.
leucoderme (Saccharodendron leucoderme). CHALK M.
To 25 ft., rarely 40 ft., with light gray or grayish-brown
bark: Ivs. 3-5-lobed, to 3 in. across, pubescent beneath:
fls. in corymbs. N. C. to Ga. and La.
16ngipes. To 30 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-lobed, to 6H in. across, the
lobes entire, sometimes Ivs. undivided: fls. in corymbs
4 in. across. China.
macrophyllum. OREGON M. To 100 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-lobed
or divided, to 1 ft. across, shining above: fls. fragrant, in
drooping or spreading racemes to 5 in. long. Alaska to
Calif.
mandshuricum. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. of 3 oblong
toothed Ifts. to 4 in. long, glaucous beneath, petioles slender,
red: fls. in cymes. Manchuria, Korea.
micrfinthum. Shrubby tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. 5-7-lobed, to
3 in. across, lobes long-acuminate, doubly serrate, glabrous:
fls. in racemes to 3 in. long: nutlet of fr. to ^L in. long-
Japan.
Miyabei. To 40 ft., bark of branches corky: Ivs. 5-lobed,
to 6 in. across, pubescent beneath: fls. in corymbs. Japan.
M6no (A. pictum). PAINTED M. To 60 ft.: Ivs. 5-7-
lobed, to 6 in. across, the triangular lobes entire: fls. m
corymbs 2H in. across. Japan. Vars. &lbo-maculatum and
mannoratum have Ivs. spotted white. Var. parvifl6rum,
Ivs. cordate at base. China, Korea. — The name A. pictum
was originally misapplied by Thunberg to Kalopanax.
monspessulanum. MONTPELIER M. Shrub or tree to
25 ft.: Ivs. 3-lobed, to 3 in. across, shining above, nearly
evergreen: fls. in drooping corymbs. S. Ku , W. A«ia. —
Thrives in dry situations. Var. ib£ricum, Ivs. larger, inner
lobes slightly 3-lobed.
Negundo ( Neoundo fraxini folium. N. aceroides Rulac
Neoundo). BOX-ELDER. To 70 ft.: Ivs. of S-'S ovate to
oblong Ifts. to 4 in. long, rarely 7-9: fls. before Ivs. Ont.
to Fla. and Tex. Var arge'nteo-variegatum is vanegalum;
auratum (var. calif orni cum aureum), Iva. yellow; aureo-
marginatum, Ivs. edged with yellow; aureo-variegatum,
(var. argenteo-variegatum) , Ivs. with white margins; viola-
ceum, branchlets purplish or violet, Ifts. usually 5— 7»
neopolitanum: A. Opalus var. tomentosum.
nigrum (A. saccharum var. niarum. Saccharodendron
nigrum). BLACK M. To 120 ft., with black deeply furrowed
bark: Ivs. 3-lobed, to 5^ in. across, pubescent on veins
beneath and often on petioles: fls. in corymbs. Que. to
Ky. and Mo.
nikoense. To 40 ft., branchlets pubescent: Ivs. of 3 ovate
to oblong slightly toothed Ifta. to 5 in. long, pubescent
beneath: fls in nodding cymes. Japan, China.
obl6ngum. To 50 ft., partially evergreen: Ivs. oblong,
to 5 in. long, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, glaucous beneath:
fls m short panicles. Himalayas, China-. Var. c6ncolor,
Ivs. green beneath.
obtusatum: A. Opalus vjar.
Oliverianum. To 30 ft.: Ivs. 5-lobed, to 4 in. across, lobes
long-acuminate, shining beneath: fls. in panicles. China.
6palus (A. italum. A. opulifolium). To 30 ft.: Ivs. 5-
lobed, the lobes short and broad, to 4 in. across: fls. in
corymbs. S. Eu. Var. obtusatum (A. obtusatum), Ivs. 5 in.
across, pubescent beneath. Var. tomentdsum (A. neopoli-
tanum), Ivs. to 0^ in. across, tomentose beneath. Italy.
opulif61ium: A. Opalus.
orientate (A. crcticum). To 15 ft. or more, half-ever-
green: Ivs. ovate or 3-lobed, to 2 in. long, leathery: fls. in
corymbs. Medit. region.
palmatum (A. polymorphum) . JAPANESE M. Shrub or
tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. deeply 5-9-1 obed or divided, to 4 in.
across, lobes acuminate: fls. purple, in corymbs. Japan,-
Korea. There are many hort. vars. as follows: aconiti-
f61ium, lobes divided to base and coarsely serrate; argen-
teum, Ivs. marked with silver; atrolineare, Ivs. dark red,
divided nearly to base: atropurpureum (var. nigrum), Ivs.
deep purple; aureum, Ivs. yellow; b (color, Ivs. purple and
red: crispum, margins of Ivs. rolled in; dissectum (var.
muttifidum, var. decompositum, A. polymorphum var.
palmatifidum), Ivs. divided to base into pinnately cut lobes;
filicifdlium, Ivs. laciniate; Frederlcii-Guil£lmii, Ivs. finely
cut, spotted with pink and white; hept&lobum (var. septem-
loburn). Ivs. usually 7-lobed; Hessei, Ivs. dark purple;
linearflobum, Ivs. divided nearly to base into linear looea;
multffidum is var. dissectum; Nicholsonii; nigrum is atro-
purpureum; ornatum, lys. pinnately cut, deep red; reti-
culatum, Ivs. greenish-yellow with dark green veins and
margins; ribesifdlium, Ivs. divided to base into jagged-
edged lobes; rdseo-marginatum, Ivs. deeply cut, narrowly
Acer
edged with pink: rubSllum, a form of multifdum with
young Ivs. red; rubrum, Ivs. large, deep red when young;
sanguine um, Ivs. purplish-red; sept6mlobum is var. hep-
tatooum; sessilifdlium, Ivs. deeply cut, very short-stalked;
sinuatum; Thunbergii, lobes coarsely toothed or cut; tri-
color, Ivs. spotted with red, pink and white; versicolor, Ivs.
green with large white spots.
pensylvfinicum (.4. stnatum). MOOBEWOOD. STRIPED
M. To 40 ft., bark greenish striped with \vhite: Ivs. 3-
lobed at apex, to 7 in. long: fls. in drooping racemes to 6 in.
long. Que. to Ga.
pfctum: A. Mono.
platanoides. NORWAY M. To 100 ft.: Ivs. 5-lobed, to
7 in. across, shining above: fls. in erect corymbs. Eu., W.
Asia. Some of the hort. vars. are: albo-marginatum, Ivs.
margined with white, perhaps not distinct from var.
Drummondii of European collections; aureo-marginatum,
Ivs. margined with yellow; Clarkei, a selected strain of
albo-marginatum: columnare, habit columnar; cucullatum,
Ivs. with short crimped lobes; globdsum, with dense globose
head; laciniatum, habit columnar, Ivs. with irregular claw-
like lobes: Lorb6rgii, Ivs. divided nearly to base, light green;
palmatifidum (var. dissectum), Ivs. divided nearly to base,
dark green: rubrum (var. Reitenbachii) , Ivs. greenish-red
turning to dark red; Scnwedleri, Ivs. bright red when young;
Stdllii, Ivs. with 3 entire lobes, purple when unfolding;
variegatum (var. albo-variegatum), Ivs. spotted with white.
polym6rphum : A. palmatum.
Pseudo-Plfitanus. SYCAMORE M. To 100 ft.: Ivs. 5-
lobed, to 6 in. across: fls. in drooping panicles to 5 in. long.
Eu., W. Asia. Some hort vars. are: atropurpureum is yar.
purpureum; bicolor, lys. spotted yellow turning white;
erythrocarpum, Ivs. shining, fr. red; flavo-variegatum, Ivs.
variegated with yellow; Handie'rvi, IVH. purplish beneath;
L&opoldii, young Ivs. rosy-pink variegated with yellowish-
pink; nervosum, of pyramidal habit, Ivs. yellow between
veins; purpureum (var. purpurascens, var. atropurpureum),
Ivs. purple beneath; quadricolor, Ivs. spotted white, pink
when young; rubrum, perhaps not distinct from var.
purpureum; tomentdsum (var. mllosum), Ivs. pubescent
beneath: tricolor, young Ivs. purplish spotted with yellow;
variegatum (var. albo-variegatum) , Ivs. variegated with
white; W6rleei, Ivs. deep yellow, petiole reddish.
pseudo-Sieboldianum. Differs from A. Sieboldianum
in Ivs. 9-11-lobed, the lobes doubly serrate: fls. purple,
on glabrous peduncles. E. Asia.
rubrum (Rufacer rubrum). RED, SCARLET, or SWAMP M.
To 120 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-lobed, to 4 in. long, shining above,
glaucous beneath: fls. red or scarlet, before Ivs. Newf. to
Fla. and Tex. Valuable as a street and park tree. Var.
columnare, of columnar habit; Drummondii (A. Drum-
mondii), Ivs. 5-lobed, pubescent beneath, Intl. to La.;
glob&sum, of compact nabit; magnificum, Ivs. scarlet in
fall, veined green; toment&sum, Ivs. 5-lobed, pubescent
beneath; trilobum (var. tndens), Ivs. 3-lobed near apex,
pubescent beneath.
rufinerve. To 40 ft , young branches glaucous: Ivs.
3-lobed, to 5 in. long: fls. in erect racemes. Japan. Var.
albo-limbatum, Ivs. with margin of white spots.
saccharinum (A. dasycarpum. Argentacer ttaccharinum) .
SILVER or WHITE M. To 120 ft.: Ivs. deeply 5-lobed, to
6 in. across, silver-white beneath. Que. to Fla. and Okla.
Garden vars. are: albo-yariegatum, Ivs. spotted white or
pink; aureum, Ivs. variegated yellow; crfspum, Ivs. cut
and crimped; heteroph^llum, Ivs. with deep unequal lobes;
laciniatum (var. Wien), WIERS WEKPING M , branches
drooping, Ivs. deeply divided into cut lobe.s; lutejscens, Ivs.
yellow; pyramidale, of pyramidal habit; Skinneri, listed as
a cut-leaf form with pendulous branches^ tripartitum, Ivs.
divided nearly to base into 3 lobes; WiSri is var. laciniatum.
saccharum (SaccJiarodendron barbatum). SXJOAR or
ROCK M. To 120 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-lobed, to 6 in. across, light
green beneath: fls. in corymbs. Que. to Fla. and Tex. Var.
monumentale, SENTRY M., of columnar habit. Var. Rugelii,
Ivs. usually with 3 entire lobes.
Shirasawanum. Related to A, Txilmatum but Ivs. usually
11-lobed, cordate, fls. yellowish-white. Japan.
Sieboldianum. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. 7-9-lobed, to
3 in. across, lobes acuminate, serrate: fls. yellowish, in nod-
ding corymbs, on pubescent peduncles. Japan. Var.
microphyllum has Ivs. about 2 in. across.
Spa&thii: form of A. Pseudo-Platanus with Ivs. purple
beneath and splashed with silver above.
spicatum. MOUNTAIN M. Shrub or tree rarely 30 ft.:
Ivs. 3- orNfllightly 5-lobed, to 5 in. long, pubescent beneath:
fls. in erect spikes to 5 in. long: fr. bright red in summer.
E. N. Amer. Var. laciniatum, Ivs. deeply lobed and cut.
striatuxn: A. pensylvanicum.
tataricum. Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in.
long, pinnate- veined, toothed: fls. in erect panicles: fr.
bright red in summer. S. E. Eu., W. Asia.
tauricum: A. hyrcanum.
19 Achillea
tetrlmerum. To 30 ft.: Iva. ovate, to 3 in. long, usually
3-nerved at base, toothed, sometimes slightly lobed: fla.
in racemes. China. Var. lobulatum, Ivs: slightly lobed.
Var. tiliifdlium, Ivs. cordate, pubescent beneath.
TrautvStteri. To 50 ft.: Ivs. deeply 5-lobed, to 6 in.
across, shining above, glaucous beneath: fls. in erect pani-
cles. Caucasus.
trifldum: A. Buergerianum.
truncatum. To 25 ft.: Ivs. deeply 5-lobed, 4 in. across,
lobes entire or middle one sometimes 3-lobed, acuminate:
fls. in erect corymbs to 3 in. across. China.
Tschon6skii. To 20 ft.: Ivs. 5-7-lobed, to 4 in. across:
fla. in racemes. Japan.
velutinum (A. insigne yar. vclutinum) . PERSIAN M. To
50 ft.: Ivs. 5-lobed, to 7 in. across, pubescent beneath: fls.
in erect panicles 4 in. across. Caucasus, N. Persia. Var.
glabr£scens (A. insigne) has Ivs. glabrous and glaucous
beneath with individuals intermediate between this and
the pubescent-lvd. forms often more common than the
extremes. Var. Van Volxemii has Ivs. to 1 ft. across and fls.
in dense subglobose corymbs. A form related to var.
glabrescens is Wdlfii which differs only in Ivs. purplish-red
beneath and the plant listed in trade as A. inaigne var.
atropurpureum probably belongs here.
MAPLE FAMILY. Two genera,
Acer and Dipteronia, of trees and shrubs. The
plants bear opposite prevailingly simple Ivs.,
polygamous or dioecious fls. having 4-5 sepals
ana petals, rarely apetalous, 4-10 stamens,
superior 2-celled ovary, and fr. of 2 samaras.
ACERANTHUS. Berbertdacea>. Hardy her-
baceous perennials from Asia, with fls. in loose
racemes; useful in the rock-garden or other
semi-shady positions. Cult, as for Epimedium.
diphyllus (Epimedium diphyttum). MAPLEWORT. To
5 in.: Ivs. in 2's, obliquely cordnte- ovate: fls. white, small.
May-June. Japan. Var. r&seus has pink fls.
ACERATES. Asclepiadacese. N. American
per. herbs differing from Asclepias in the hoods
of the crown (in the 11.) being crestlcss or with
an obscure crest-like keel; fls. greenish.
pumila. Probably Axclepias verticilhita var. pumila, a
tufted plant to 10 in. with crowded needle-like Ivs. to 2 in.
long, small greenish- white fls in umbels and milkweed-like
pods to 3 in. long. la. to New Mex.
ACHANTA: Mahamscus.
ACHENE (akene): a dry indehiscent one-seeded peri-
carp or fruit, as the "seeds" on the surface of the straw-
berry.
ACHILLfeA. YARROW. Composite. Hardy
herbaceous perennials bearing clustered small
white, yellow or pink heads and often finely cut
foliage: heads rayed; pappus none. Native in
north temp. zone.
Yarrows are grown in borders and the smaller species in
rock-gardens, and bloom in spring and summer, often
lasting until autumn. They are of easy culture. Propagated
by division and rarely by cuttings. Seeds should give
blooming plants the seconu year.
abrotanif 61ia : a confused name applied correctly to
certain dissected-lvd. members of the genera Tanacetum
and Chrysanthemum.
abrotanoides. Erect, to 15 in., more or less hairy: Iva.
bipinnate, green: heads corymbed, white, rays 8-9, about
as long as involucre. S. E. Eu. — Differs from A. atrata in
involucral bracts having pale margins.
ageratifdlia. To 8 in., tufted, silvery-pubescent: Ivs.
pinnatifid: fls. white. Greece. Var. Aizodn (Anthemis
Aizoori) has Ivs. entire or merely toothed.
Ag6ratum. SWEET Y. To 1H ft.: Ivs. oblong, obtuse, to
1 in., rarely to 2 in., long, tootned: fls. yellow, in compact
corymbs to 1 ^ in. across. Eu.
Aizo6n: A. agerati folia var.
arggntea. SILVERY Y. Less than 1 ft. high: Ivs. 3-parted
or pinnatifid, silvery-silky-pubescent: fls. white. Dal-
matia. — Some of the material cult, under this name is
A. Clatennse.
atrata. Per., spreading, to 10 in.: Ivs. linear-oblong, to 1
in. long, acutely and somewhat coarsely pinnatisect, segma.
glabrous, mucronate: fls. white, in compact infl. to 1 in.
across, rays 7-12, margins of inyolucral bracts dark brown
or blackish. Cent. Eu. — A. Clusiana differs in its more finely
A chillea
divided lys. and smaller heads and is probably not specifi-
cally distinct from A. atrata.
a urea: cult, form of A. tomentota.
canesceos: A. Fraasii var.
cartilagfnea. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong- or elliptic-lanceolate,
to 2 in. long finely serrate, densely glandular-punctate:
fls. white, in loose infl. to 3 in. across, ray-fls. 8-12. Eu.
—Resembles A. Ptarmica, differing in its broader punctate
Ivs.
chrysocoma. Low villous per. with very finely pinna-
tisect IVB. whose segms. are hnear-eetaceous and crowded
terminal corymbs of yellow-rayed heads. Mts. of Mace-
donia.
cinerea: A. Fraasii var. caneacens.
Clav6nno». T9 1 ft., tufted, silvery-pubescent: lys.
pinnatifid: fls. white, rays 6-20, in compact heads to Y± in.
across. Eu. — Entire Ivd. forms are known.
Clusiana: see A. atrata.
clypeolata. White-tomentose: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
pinnatisect, segms. not deeply incised and usually entire
or only toothed: fls. yellow, in dense clusters. Greece.
Eupatdrium : A . filipendulina .
fllipendullna (4. Eupatorium). FKRNLEAF Y. To 5 ft.,
stout: Ivs. 1-2-pmnately parted: fls. yellow, heads small in
rounded clusters 2f$-4 m. across. Orient.
Fraftsii. To 16 in., simple, closely silky-tomentose:
radical Ivs. bipinnate, narrow: fls. white, heads % in. across,
short-stalked in corymbs. Greece. Var. canfescens (A.
cinerea) is gray-canescent throughout and has larger heads.
Fronmuelleri. Hybrid between A. abrotanoides and A.
moschata.
Grlsebachii: listed name.
Herba-rdta. To 8 in., aromatic when handled: Ivs. oblong
to lanceolate, glandular-punctate, finely serrate, numerous
on St.. those of sterile rosettes obtuse: fls. white, large for
size of plant, in loose clusters. Mts., S. Eu.
holoserfcea. To 12<tf ft., silky-pubescent: Ivs. pinnatifid:
fls. yellow, rays 4-5, about ^ as long as involucre. Greece.
impfttiens (A. nitida). To 3 ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate,
pinnatind, glabrous or nearly so: fls. white, rays 7-9,
equalling or exceeding involucre. Siberia, E. Eu.
Kelwayi: A. Millefolium var.
lanulosa. Similar to A. Millefolium from which it differs
in its more woolly sts. and Ivs. and in the infl. convex, not
flat-topped. Que. to Yukon, south to Okla., Calif, and
Mex.
Lewisii. Hybrid between A. tomentosa and A. argentea,
to 6 in. high having gray woolly pinnatisect Ivs. and pale
yellow fls.
ligustica. MARJORAM-SCENTED Y. Hairy and glandular,
to 30 in., very leafy: Ivs. ovate, pinnatifid, lower st.-lvs.
with only 3-5 lateral segms.: fls. white, in compound
corymbs. Eu., W. Asia. — Differs from A. Millefolium in
its coarser If. -segms. and in having the central If .-axis
somewhat toothed.
maced6nica: poorly understood plant from Eu., of
questionable identity; plants so listed are probably refer-
able to other species here accounted for.
magna. To 3 ft.: Ivs. 1-3-pinnately parted: fls. usually
pink, the involucral bracts edged dark brown. Eu. — By
some authors referred to A. ligustica.
Millef&lium. COMMON Y. MILFOIL. To 3 ft.: Ivs. 1-2-
pinnately parted: fls. white, but with Dink in var. rosea.
Eurasia, N. Amer. Var. Kelwayi (A. Kelwayi) is listed
as having magenta-red fls. Var. rftbra has dark pink fls.
mong61ica: A. sibirica.
moschata. To 6 in., tufted, sts. simple and erect: Ivs.
glabrous, pectinate-pinnately parted, the segms. obtuse
and nearly or quite entire, glandular-punctate beneath:
fls. white, heads about H in* across. Eu.
nina. To 6 in., sts. ascending, woolly: Ivs. pinnatifid:
fls. white, rays 6-8, about H as long as involucre. S. Eu.—
Probably not in cult., much of the material so listed being
A. Millefohum.
Neilreichii: A. nobilis.
nitida: A. impatient.
n6bilis (A. Neilreichii). To 1M or 2 ft., white-hairy or
nearly glabrous: Ivs. 2-pinnate, segms. ovate, toothed:
fls. dirty white, rays 3-7, less than half as long as involucre.
Eu.
odorata. To 1 ft., st. little branched, woolly: Ivs. 2-
pinnate, segms. ovate-oblong, entire: fls. white. S. Eu.
Ptarmica (A. salici folia). SNEEZE WORT. To 2 ft.: Ivs,
linear-lanceolate, glabrous, finely serrate, apex attenuate:
fls. white, heads to % in. across. Eurasia, N. Amer. The
var. Pearl, double, is common. Boule de Neige, Perry
White and Globe are planted.
20 Achras
pyrenaica. To 2 ft., sts. glabrous or nearly so: Ivs.
lanceolate, acute, to 3 in. long, serrate, punctate, often
pubescent, apex nearly obtuse, not attenuate: fls. white,
heads to % in. across, rays 10-15. France, Spain.
rdsea: A. Millefolium var.
rup6stris. To 8 in., tufted: Ivs. linear-spatulate, to
% in. long, entire: fls. white, usually 5-6-rayed, heads to
H in. across. S. Italy.— Allied to A. Herba-rota, differing
•in Ivs. of sterile rosettes acute.
aalicifdlia: A. Ptarmica.
santolinoldes. To 1 ft., sts. short-woolly matted, much
branched: Ivs. pinnatisect, about % in. long, the segms.
less than %> in. long, densely short-woolly: fls. white, in
short-rayed heads about K in- across. Spain.
serbica. To 10 in., finely pubescent: radical Ivs. clus-
tered, narrow, entire or minutely toothed; st.-lvs. 1H in.
or less long, broad-based, toothed: heads stalked, white,
rays large. Balkan region.— Grown often as A. ageratifolia
and perhaps only a variant of it.
serfcea. Botanically a synonym of A. coarctata, but
plants so listed may be A. Millefolium.
setacea. To 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. 2-pinnatifid, the segms.
filiform and often slightly prickly: fls. white or yellowish,
in dense corymbs. Eu.
sibirica (A.mongolica). To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, toothed
or pinnatind: fls. white, rays 6-8, usually shorter than
involucre. Eu., N. Asia,
stricta. Robust, erect, woolly above: Ivs. bi- or tri-
pinnate: heads white. Balkan region.
tomentfcsa. WOOLLY Y. To 1 ft., woolly, mat-forming:
Ivs. 1-2-pinnatifid: fls. yellow, few-rayed. Eu., Orient,
N. Amer. Vars. alba, aurea and nana are listed.
Tournefortii. To 1H ft.: Ivs. pinnatifid, Begins, coarsely
dentate and obtuse: fls. pale yellow. Greece.
umbellata. To 5 in., densely woolly: Ivs. pinnatifid,
segms. oblong, obtuse, entire or toothea: fls. white, large-
rayed. Greece.
Wilczekiana. To 1 ft., gray-pubescent: radical Ivs.
oblanceolate and obtuse, double-serrate, 3 in. long; st.-lvs.
short, oblong, serrate: heads several in corymb, large, rays
white. N. Italy. — Described as a hybrid between A.
Herba-rota var. ambigua and A. nana.
ACHfMENES. Gesneriacex. Per. mostly
branching herbs, 1-2 ft., with thickened, scaly
or tuberous roots, grown under glass and some-
times planted out for the showy somewhat
gloxinia-like fls. borne in the axils of the Ivs., in
reds, violet and white, spring and summer;
native in trop. Amer. Most of the garden kinds
are hybrids or variations from the original species.
After blooming the plants are dried off, the dry tubers
being potted and started again in late winter or early spring.
Propagated by offsets or division of the rhizomes, some-
times by cuttings.
grandlfl6ra. Lvs. ovate, toothed, reddish beneath: fls.
large, red-purple, often more than 1 in axil. Mex.
Haageana: A. longi flora:
longiflora (A. Haageana). TRUMPET A. Lvs. oval or
ovate-oblong, toothed, pale beneath: fls. long-tubed, limb
violet-blue, 1 in an axil. Guatemala. — There is a white var.
magnlfica: hort. form with violet-blue fls.
patens. To 1H ^.: Ivs. ovate-pointed, unequal, serrate,
hispid: fls. violet-blue, the tube shorter than limb. Mex.
Swainsonii: hort. form with mauve fls. spotted blue
and throat white.
ACHLYS. Berberidacese. Per. herbs of 2
species in W. N. Amer. and Japan: Ivs. of 3
ifts., long-stalked: fls. minute, without petals,
borne in dense spikes on leafless scapes.
triphylla. DEER-FOOT. To 1 ft.: Ifts. fan-shaped, to 6 in.
across, wavy-toothed: spikes 1 in. long. Woods, B. C. to
Calif.— Sometimes planted in rock-gardens and similar
places.
ACHRAS (Calocarpum). Sapotaceae. Ever-
green trees grown in trop. Amer. for their edible
fr.: Ivs. simple, thick, clustered near ends of
branchlets: fls. white, gamopetalous, in clusters
of 6-12 in the If.-axils.
Sapotes are grown iq the tropics and will not endure
frost. They thrive in cldy or clay loam soils. Propagated
by seeds from which the husk should be removed before
planting. The seeds should be only slightly covered and
transferred into pots when 6 or 8 inches nigh.
Achras
Sapdta: Sapota Achras.
Zapdta (Lucuma mammosa). SAPOTB. MARMALADE-
PLUM. To 65 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 16 in. long: fls. ty in.
across: fr. to 6 in. long, russet-brown, flesh reddish, with 1
shining brown seed. Cent. Amer. but widely distributed
in trop. Amer.
ACHYRANTHES. Amarantkacex. A large
group of trop. herbs or subshrubs not known to
be in cult, in this country. The materials listed
in the trade under this genus belong to Alter-
nanthera or Iresine.
acuminata: Iresine Lindenii.
a urea: Alternanthera Bettzickiana var.
B£steri: Alternanthera Bettzickiana var.
Bettzickiana: Alternanthera Bettzickiana.
Blardii: Alternanthera Bettzickiana var.
brilliant fssima: Alternanthera Bettzickiana var.
£mersonii: Iresine Lindenii.
Gfbsonii: Alternanthera Bettzickiana, var.
He'rbstii: Iresine Herbstii.
Lindenii: Iresine Lindenii.
Verschaffe'ltii: Iresine Herbstii.
ACHYRODES: Lamarckia.
ACEDANTHfeRA. Iridacex. Tender summer-
blooming cormous plants somewhat intermediate
in appearance between Gladiolus and Ixia;
species about 18, in Afr.
Propagation is commonly by means of the abundant
spawn or cormels that form about the old oorm. Treat
as for gladiolus.
blcolor. To 18 in.: fls. long-tubed, drooping, creamy-
white with very dark center, 1&-2 in. across. Trop. Afr.
Murielise: Gladiolus Murielise.
ACINfiTA. Orchidacex. Strong epiphytes
with large pseudobulbs, plaited Ivs., and fls.
in pendulous racemes on lateral leafless scapes,
the lip 3-lobed. Require hothouse temperatures;
for cult, see Orchids.
Barken. Pseudobulbs to 6 in. long, bearing 2-4 Ivs. up
to 26 in. long and 3 in. wide: fls. golden-yellow, the lip
spotted with red, about 1V£ in. long, in racemes to 18 in.
long. Sept.-Nov. Mex., CJuatemala.
Humboldtii: A. superba.
sup£rba (A. Humboldtii}. Pseudobulbs to over 4 in.
long, bearing 3 Ivs. to 16 in. long and 2% in. wide: fls.
reddish-brown spotted with red within, lip yellow or brown-
red spotted with purple, about 3 in. across, in racemes to
16 in. long. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador.
ACIPfilfLLA, UmbellifersB. A genus of about
30 species of erect and usually spinescent gla-
brous perennials with thick pinnate Ivs. and
small fls. in compound spiny-bra cted umbels:
plants usually dioecious. They are grown in
the rock-garden or border.
Colensdi. To 5 ft.: basal Ivs. numerous, 1-2-pinnate,
to 2 \i ft. long, Ifts. to 15 in. long and M in. wide terminat-
ing in long stout spine: fls. white, in narrowly cylindrical
panicle, staminate infl. much more lax than pistillate.
New Zeal.
Monrdi. To 14 in.: basal Ivs. 1-2-pinnate, to 9 in. long,
oblong-lanceolate, Ifts. to 1H in. long and H in* wide,
usually 4-8 pairs, pungent but not spine-tipped: fls. in
compound umbels forming an open panicle. New Zeal.
sfmilis. To 15 in.: Ivs. of 4-10 pairs of narrowly linear
Ifts. to 3 in. long, apex with short pungent point: fls. white,
in compound umbels on stout peduncles. New Zeal.
ACK&MA. Cunoniaceae. Small trees native
in New Zeal., Australia and New Guinea, with
opposite pinnate Ivs., small unisexual fls. in
compound panicles, and fr. a small leathery caps.;
one species sometimes grown in S. Calif.
rosajfdlia. To 40 ft.: Ivs. of 3-8 pairs of oblong toothed
Ifts. to 3 in. long. New Zeal.
ACCELORRAPHB: Paurotia.
21 Aconitum
ACOKANTHtRA (ToxunpMm). Apocymceae.
Shrubs or small trees, containing strong poisons,
sometimes grown under glass and in the open in
warm countries for the showy white or pinkish
fragrant fls.j native in Afr. Propagated usually
by cuttings in early spring.
spectibilis. WINTER-SWEET. Shrub 8-10 ft. or more
with long narrow Ivs. and clustered slender fls. nearly or
about 1 in. long. S. Afr.
venenata. BUSH MANS-POI SON. Lvs. broad and rela-
tively short: fls. smaller. S. Afr.
ACOMASTYLIS: Geum.
ACONITE: Aconitum. Winter: Eranthis.
ACONlTUM. ACONITE. MONKSHOOD.
Ranunculacege. Herbaceous perennials, usually
branched, sometimes semi-climbing, with tuber-
ous or thickened roots, delphinium-like foliage,
showy hooded fls. in blue, white and sometimes
yellow in late summer and autumn; they con-
tain violent poisons; native in north temp. zone.
Aconitums require a rich soil; partial shade is better
than full sun as the flowers last longer. They should not
be moved until absolutely necessary. They are useful in
rear borders and as specimen clumps. Propagated by seed
or division of the roots, seeds giving flowers second and
third years. The tall slender kinds of the Fischeri group
may need staking. The cultivated monkshoods are not
clearly differentiated. The hood or helmet is formed of one
of the sepals, in which the two upper petals are contained;
the other three petals are minute or may be absent.
acuminatum: A. paniculatum.
acutum: A. Napellus.
Anthdra (A. pyrenaicum). PYRENEES M. To 2 f t. : segms.
of Ivs. linear: fls. pale yellow, the rounded helmet produced
into short beak. 3. Eu. Var. aureum is deeper yellow.
aureum: A. Anthora var.
autumnale. To 5 ft.: Ivs. pedately 5-lobed: fls. blue,
lilac or whitish, the helmet closed. N. China. — It is not
certain whether the plants cult, under this name really
belong here.
Bakeri. To 2 ft.: Ivs. cut into 5-7 deeply divided lobes:
fls. dark blue, in a spike-like infl. Colo.
barbatum: A. lycoctonum.
Barker!: catalogue name, probably for A. Bakeri.
b (color: probably a form of A. Fischeri.
calif ornicum: A. columbianum.
Cammarum (A. exaltatum). To 4 ft.: Ivs. with bluntish
lobes: fls. purple, in loose few-fld. panicles, the hood closed.
Hungary.
chine'nse. To 6 ft.: Ivs. cut into 3 toothed or divided
lobes: fls. bright blue, the helmet semi-circular. China.
columbianum (A. calif ornicum). To 3 ft.: Ivs. cut into
6 toothed or divided lobes: fls. blue or rarely white, the
helmet strongly beaked and higher than broad. B. C. to
Calif, and New Mex. — Very close to A. Fischeri and by
some authorities not kept distinct.
cord* turn: confused name.
delphmifdlium. To 1 ft., rarely to 2^ ft.: Ivs. 5-lobed,
segms. linear: fls. blue, few, rounded helmet produced into
a very short beak. Alta. to Alaska. — By some considered
a var. of A. Napettus.
exaltatum: A. Cammarum.
ferox. Erect to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate^-orbiculate, palmately
6-1 o bed, segms. ovate-cuneate and incised: fls. pale dirty
blue, helmet with short sharp beak, in terminal dense
racemes. Himalayas.
Fischeri (A. sinense). To 6 ft.: Ivs. cut into 3 lobed or
notched divisions: fls. blue or white, the helmet about as
broad as long and produced into spur-like visor. Asia. —
Many garden names are associated with this group which
seems to be highly variable.
How«llii. To 3 ft., sts. weak: Ivs. laciniately cut, bearing
bulblets in the axils: fls. pale blue. Ore., N. Calif.
japonicum. To 4 ft.: Ivs. 2-3-divided, shining dark green:
fls. deep blue or violet tinged red, the conical helmet with
abruptly pointed beak. Japan.
longiligulatum: listed name.
luridum. Erect to 3 ft., sts. simple, few-lvd.: Ivs. pal-
mately 5-lobed below the middle, to 3 in. across, segms. 3-
divided, coarsely crenate: fls. dull red, helmet with long
straight beak, racemes to 1 ft. long. E. Himalayas.
tatlscens. To 2^ ft.: Ivs. cut into toothed lobes: fls.
pale yellow. New Mex. to Mont, and Ida.
Aconitum
lycoctonum (A. septentnonale. A. tulparia. A. bar-
baturri). WOLFHBANE. To 6 ft.: Ivs. cut into 3-9 broad
toothed or lobed divisions : fls. yellow or cream, the conical
helmet constricted below the summit. Eu., Siberia.
mold&vicum: a synonym or form of A. lucoctanum.
Nap611us (A. tauncum. A. \Villtl enoiru. A. anitum.
A. stnctum). To 4 ft.: Ivs. 2-3-divided into linear seisins:
fls. blue, the helmet much broader than high and with
beak-like visor. Eu. Very poisonous. Vur. album has
white fls. and var. bicolor blue and white. Var. carneum,
fls. flash-color. Var. pyramidale, fls. blue late blossoming,
but may not differ from type. Var. r6seum. with pink fls.,
is listed. Var. praecox is advertised, also Sparksii or Sparks
var. with dark blue fls.
orientate. To 4-.r> ft., with broad panicle: Ivs. palmatifid,
the lobes acute: fls. cream-color, helmet long and narrowly
cylindrical. Caucasus.
paniculatum (A. acuminatum). To 3 ft.: Ivs. cut into
3-7 toothed or divided lobes: fls. blue, the helmet swollen
on one side and beaked Eu.
prefecox: A. Napcllus var.
pyramidale: A. Napcllus var.
pyrenfticum: A. Autiurra.
rostratum: A. van ran turn.
septentrionale: A . lycoctonum.
sinense: A. FiKchm.
Sparksii: A. Napcllus var.
Stoerkianum. The plant in the trade under this name is
probably a form of / Fipchen.
strlctum: A. Napdlux.
tauricum: A Napcllux.
thyraicum. To 2 ft., the sts. thickly leaved: Ivs. cut into
7 toothed or cut lobes: fls. dark blue. Carpathians.
uncinatum. To 5 ft., partially climbing: IVH. cut into
3-5 toothed or divided lobes: fls. blue, the helmet about as
broad as long and decurved beak. Pa. to (Ja and Ww.
variegatum (A. rostra turn). Erect to (> ft., but usually to
3'ij ft : Ivs palrnately 3-lobed, segms. coaisely we irate to
lacmiate, lower IVH long-pet ioled, upper ones sessile: fls.
blue to violet or white, in loose panicles, helmet bent for-
ward, higher than broad and without prominent beak. Eu.
Vilmorinianum. Climbing: Ivs. deeply cut into 3 lobed
or toothed divisions: fla deep blue. China.
volubile. The plant in cult, under this name is probably
A. uncinatum.
vulparia: A . Ijjcoctonum.
Willden&wii: A. Napellu*.
Wflsonii: a form or variety of A. Fischeri with violet fls.
ACORUS. Aracpw. Herbs inhabiting marshy
places, having long; slender parallel-veined
grass-like Ivs., and fls. on a greenish spadix which
appears to be borne laterally on the seape due
to the leaf-like spathe; sometimes planted in
bog-gardens; hardy. Propagated by division.
Calamus. SWEET FLAO. To 0 ft : IVH. to 3£ in. wide:
spadix to4 in long Northern hemisphere. Vnr. variegatus
has Ivs. striped yellow.
gramme us. To 1 ft : Ivs grass-like: spadix to 2 in. long.
Asia. Var. pusfllus is a dwarf form. var. variegatus has
Ivs. striped white.
japonicus variegatus: A. Calamus var. variegatus.
ACROCLINIUM : Hcliptcrum roscum.
ACROC6MIA. Gnu-Gnu. Palmacex. Mo-
noecious feather-palms, mostly armed, more
than 20 kinds in iron. Amer., some of which are
planted in Fla., Gulf Coast and S. Calif.: trunk
mostly tall, cylindric or swollen: Ivs. pinnate,
with narrow mostly drooping or curving pinna3:
spadices among the Ivs., branched and drooping,
with 2 stiff-hairy or prickly spat lies; stammate
fls. on upper part of branches; stamens 6: fr.
rather large, usually 1 in. or more diam., the
endocarp or inner shell with 3 poms near middle;
outer part ripening into an eggshell-like nearly
or quite smooth covering, the mesoearp between
the shell and nut soft and usually edible and
yielding oil but drying into a tough fibrous mass.
See Palm.
TWO groups or classes characterize the gru-grus. 1. One
22 Acrocomia
group holds the petioles on the trunk for several years, the
leaf-stalk breaking midway, the persistent bases or "boots"
bearing spines; when the petiole-bases finally fall by decay
the trunk is nearly or quite unarmed, and is marked by
deep rut-like scara; often the bases are as hard as stone.
To this group belong A. sclcrocarpa, A. mexicana, A.
mnifera. 2. The other group, most frequently seen under
cultivation in the United States, is known by deciduous
petioles, the entire leaf usually falling intact, and shallow
rings alternating with circles of spines mark the bole;
some or nearly all the spines may fall eventually by
weathering.
The spathe in Acrocomia is double. The small outer
rthe or valve usually falls early and is not observed if
ground is kept clean under the tree. The main inner
spathe persists aftfcr the fruit is fallen, hanging as a long
shell inside which is the spadix or flower-bearing part.
The trees have important uses in their native regions
for food, oil, building materials and the making of liquors.
What species of Acrocomia may be in cultivation in the
United States is not yet well known, but the following are
to be expected. In Spanish -speaking West Indies the
Acrocomias are known as corozo and corojo, but botani-
cally that name should be reserved for the genus Corozo.
aculeata. Tall, to 50 ft., bole stout and cylindric or
slightly thickened toward top, very spiny, petioles decidu-
ous, pmme glabrous, main ones 1-1 % in. broad, more or
less glossy above, green or at least not glaucous-blue
underneath, rachis bearing .spines: main spathe 3 ft. or
more long, broad, densely brown-felted and bearing a few
scattered spines: fr. depressed -globose to oblate, 1J£ in.
or more diam. Martinique; glou-glou or gru-gru.
armentalis (A. ens pa). Tall, to 40 or 50 ft , bole slender
and conspicuously spindle-shaped at maturity, spines dis-
appearing by weathering, petioles deciduous: pinna?
glabrous, 1 in. or less broad, shining green on upper surface
and gray or bluish but not glaucous underneath, rachis
often nearly or quite unarmed: mam spathe 3-5 ft. Jong
and very narrow, tomeritose and scantily or not at all
spiny: fr. small and very smooth, globose to depressed-
globose, 1 in or a trifle more diam. Cuba, where it is the
common coiojo. — The specific name is transferred from
Gastrocotos armentalis of Morales, 1865.
crfspa: A . armcntahs.
fusiformis. Trunk rather slender, to 40 ft. or so, gradu-
ally swollen or fusiform in upper part, spiny, petioles
deciduous: pinmo glabrous, about Ji in. or less broad,
glossy above, grayish underneath, rachis spiny: main
spathe often 5 or (> ft. long, broad and heavy, brown-
tomentose and mostly spineless unless along edges of
dehiscence: fr depressed-globose, about lj<j m- diam.
Jamaica, where it is known as the mackaw-tree.
media. Stout tree to 40 ft. or more, bole cylindrical or
practically so, very spiny, petioles deciduous: pmnsp nar-
row, about ?4 in. or less broad at middle, glabrous and
more or less glossy above, glaucous-blue and finely pubes-
cent underneath, rachis spiny: main spathe 3-5 ft. long,
broad, brown-tomentose and nearly free of spines: fr.
depressed-globose, 1 }j in. diam. Puerto Rico, where known
as corozo.
mexicana. Usually a low tree, trunk covered with
petiole-bases or boots: pir .nto rather broad, 1 in. or more at
middle, nearly-pubescent jabove, glaucous-blue and hairy-
pubrseent undeineath, rachis bearing many long white-
based spines: spathe 3-4 ft. long, broad, brown-tomentose
and sometimes with a few spines: fr. depressed -globose,
large, 1 J2 Jn- diam. S. Mex., where known as coyol.
scleroca'rpa. Tree to 30 ft. tall, bole covered with
persistent petiole-bases at least until maturity: pinnse
narrow, glabrous above, gray or glaucous and finely pu-
bescent underneath, rachis and petiole tomentose and
bearing brownish spines: main spathe 2-3 ft. long, outside
covered with short spines: fr. depressed, almost oblate,
about IJi in diam. Brazil; species confused, and still in
doubt.
Totai. Slender tall tree, said to reach 80 ft. in its native
regions, bole nearly or quite cylindric, spiny but becoming
bare by weathering, petioles deciduous: pinna? very nar-^
row, mostly % in. or less broad, glabrous and green on
both surfaces: main spathe very slender, 4 ft. long and
about 3 in. diam at middle after dehiscence, brown-
woolly, spineless: fr. small, smooth and polished, about
1 in. diam , not depressed. N. Argentina, Paraguay, E.
Bolivia, where it is known as totai by certain aborigines;
apparently little planted within our territory, the trees so
named being probably A. aculeata and others.
vinifera. Tree to 40 ft., bole slender and long holding
the boots, usually cylindric but often tumid at middle,
petiole-bases persistent: pinnre very narrow, about % in.
or less broad, sparsely hairy underneath: fr. depressed,
mostly more than 1 } ? in. diam : supposed to differ from
A. mexicana in main spat he very long narrow and cylindric,
the rachilhe or branch lets of spadix more or less oppressed.
Nicaragua to Panama; known as corozo and coyal and
palma de vino.
Acrodon 23
ACRODON. Aizoacese. Dwarf succulents
allied to Meseinbryanthemum, with 3-cornered
Ivs. having 1 or 2 small teeth on keel near apex;
stigmas and fr.-cells 5.
bellidifldrus (M. beUidiflorum) . Plant to 3 in.: Ivs. to
Sin. long and %—lA in. wide, recurved-spreadmg, glaucous:
fls. solitary, petals white with a pink stripe, to 1M in.
across; stigmas plumose.
ACRONf CHIA. Rutacedp. Trees or shrubs
with mostly simple Ivs. (of 1 1ft.) and white or
yellowish polygamous fls. in panicles or cymes;
native from trop. Asia to Pacific Isls., one
planted in S. Calif.
Baueri. Tree: Ivs. opposite, ovate or obovate? to 4 in.
long: fls. very small, pubescent outside: fr. y± in. diam.
Australia.
ACROPERA LODDIGESH: Gonyora galeata.
ACROSTICHUM. Polypodiacesr. Coarse
swamp ferns with stout erect rootstocks, often
forming massive tussocks' fronds tall, thick
leathery and 1-pinnatc with the pinnaj entire or
obscurely toothed; sporangia borne in a dense
mass over the entire under surface of the fertile
pinmr; native in the tropics.
aureum. Fronds erect, 3-9 ft. high, with only the upper
pinna1 fertile. Old and New World tropics.
crinitum: Elaphoglossum cnnitum.
danesefdlium (A. ercelaum). Fronds siiberect, 5-13 ft.
high, with all or most of the pinna) fertile. New World
tropics.
excelsum: A. danese folium.
ACTjfeA. ACTEA. BANEBERRY. COHOSH.
Ranunculacezp. Herbaceous perennials with
compound Ivs., small white fls. in showy terminal
clusters in spring, and attractive shiny berries
in summer and autumn.
They are useful in the rockery, the wild-garden or the
border. They also do well in woods or in other shady places.
Propagated by seed sown in late fall or m spring; root-
division 111 spring is the best method.
alba: the American plant long known by this name is
now treated as A. pachypoda; the true A. alba of Philip
Miller and based on JEuiopean material is considered
synonymous with the older A. spicata.
arguta (A. spicata var arguta). Similar to A. rubra but
with smaller nearly spherical berries. Alaska to Calif, and
New Mex.
Cimicifuga: Cimicifuya ftrtida.
japonica: Cimicifuga japomca.
pachypoda (A. alba of American authors). WHITE B.
To 1^2 ft«: Ivs. glabrous beneath except for few bans on
veins: fl.-pedicoLs stout, to \i in. long: berries white, or
red in var. rubrocarpa. S. E. Canada to Ga., La. and Okla.
rubra. RKD B. To 2 ft.: Ivs. usually with scattered hairs
over lower surface: fl. -pedicels slender, to *>, $ in. long: beiries
ciimson-red, rarely white in var. neglecta. Lab. to N. J.
west to S. D. and Neb.
spicata. HERB-CHRISTOPHKR. BLACK B. To 2 ft.: fls.
white or bluish: berries purplish-black. Eu., Japan.
ACTINEA (Actinella. Tctrancuris). Com-
posite. American herbs with narrow alternate
resinous-dotted Ivs. arid solitary yellow heads of
ray- and disk-fls.; pappus of scales; related to
Hclenium.
acaulis. Similar to A. simplex but foliage silvery-silky.
N. D. to New Mex.
fastigiata (T. stenophylla). Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. basal, nar-
row linear-oblanceolate, to 1J^ in. long, glabrous: heads
about 1 in. across, rays light yellow. Kans. to Tex.
grandifl&ra (Rydbergia grandi flora) . Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs.
1-2-pinnatifid into linear segms.: heads 2 in. and more
across, the yellow rays to % in. long. Mts., Mont, to
New Mex/
herbacea. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. basal, linear-spatulate, to
3 in. long, hairy: heads 2 in. across. Ont. to 111.
linearif&lia (T. lineari folia) . Ann. or bien. to 15 in.,
branched: basal Ivs. spatulate, st.-lvs. narrowly linear, to
1H in. long: heads to % in. across, many, on slender
peduncles. Kans. to La., west to New Mex.
Actinophlaus
simplex. Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. basal, lineaivspatulate, to
3 in. long, becoming glabrous: heads to 1% in. across, rays
golden-yellow veined orange. S. JD. to Colo*
stenophylla: A. fastigiata.
ACTINELLA: Actinea.
ACTINIDIA. Dilleniacese. Shrubby twining
vines grown for their attractive foliage and
A. chinensis also for the edible berries: Ivs.
alternate, long-stalked: fls. in axillary clusters or
sometimes solitary, cup-shaped, usually white:
native in Asia. The species here listed are hardy
N. with the exception of A. chinensis and perhaps
A. coriacea.
Actinidias grow equally well in sunny and half-shady
locations. Propagated by seeds, sown m spring; also by
cuttings of half-ripened wood in summer or of hard wood
under glass; or even by layers. They are good vines for
trellises and arbors.
arguta (A. •volubiliti) . BOWER A. TARA-VINE. Lvs. to
G in. long: fls. white, brownish at base, ^4 in. across, anthers
dark purple: fr. greenish-yellow, sweet. Japan, Korea,
Manchuria.
chinensis. YANGTAO. Lvs. to 5 in. long, white-tomentose
beneath: fls. white turning yellow, to 2 in. across: fr. with
gooseberry-hke flavor. China.
coriacea. Lvs. oblong, to 4 in. long, glabrous: fls. reddish,
small: fr spotted. China.
Kolomikta. Lvs. often variegated with white or pink,
to 5 in. long: fls. white, ^4 in. across, solitary: fr. yellow or
greenish. Japan, Manchuria, China.
lanceolata. Shrub, branches somewhat pendent: Ivs.
lanceolate, to 3 in long, acuminate, white-tomentose be-
neath, maigins with rnucronate serrations: fls. greenish,
3--C in axillary cymes. China.
polygama. SILVER-VINE. Lvs to 6 in. long, usually
variegated with white or yellowish: fls. white, % in. across,
solitary: fr. yellow, bitter. Japan, Korea, Manchuria,
China.
purpurea. Lvs. oblong or elliptic, to 4 in. or more long,
dentate, glabrous underneath unless on midrib: fls. about
% in. across: fr. purple, to 1 in. long, sweet. China.
volubilis: A. arguta.
ACTINOLEPIS CORONARU: Baeria aristata.
ACTIN6MERIS. Composite*. 'Fall sunflower-
like branching native perennials, adapted to
wild-garden, hardy border or amongst shrubbery.
The plants resemble Helianthus and Verbesina,
differing from the former in the flat or winged
achenes and from the latter in having neutral
ray-fls. rather than pistillate ones. Cult, as for
Helianthus, propagated by seed or division.
alternifdlia (A. sqvarrosa). To 8 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-
oblong, to 10 in. long, acuminate, serrate, base somewhat
cuneate: fls. yellow, usually 1-2 in. across, heads many in
corymbs, ray-fls. irregular, 2-10. E. N. Amer.
squarrdsa: A. alttrm folia.
ACTINOPHLCEUS. CLUSTER PALMS. Pal-
maceae. A few neat unarmed monoecious small
spineless feather-palms of New Guinea and
neighboring islands, distinguished from Ptycho-
sperma (with whicn it has been united) by the
homogeneous rather than ruminate albumen
in the seed which is also very deeply silicate,
Ivs. often irregularly pinnate and the segms. or
pinna? long or elongate, and the clustered or
multiple trunks. See Palm.
hdspitus: A. Macarthuri var.
Macarthuri (Ftychospcrma and Kentia Macarthun).
Handsome palm with few or several slender ringed green
trunks to 10 ft. and more high and graceful spreading and
curved bright green rather soft foliage that is commonly
transversely mottled: Ivs. 2-3 ft. long, lighter colored
underneath; pinnte to 40 or more, 6-12 in long, with
prominent secondary ribs, truncate and erose or jagged
and fingered at apex, upper ones opposite: infl. below the
Ivs, short but branched: fr. 14~% in. long, cartridge-
Bhaped, wrinkled and furrowed in (frying. — Does well in
S. Fla. in partial shade; a good palm as a tub specimen
under glass. Var hospitus. Differs from A. Macarthuri
in its much narrower lateral Ifts. which are usually under
Actinophlceus
13^ in. broad and their sides more nearly parallel, without
much transverse mottling. — Planted in 8. Fla.
Nicolai (Romanovia Nicolai). Much like A. Macarthuri
but young Ivs. and spathe purple or purple-red: pinna
sometimes but not commonly more than 2 in. broad, mid-
rib very prominent. — Planted in Cuba; to be expected in
S. Fla.
Sanderianus (Kentia Sander iana). Ornamental plant
with many strongly ringed sts., to 10 ft. or so: Ivs. 2-3 ft.,
gracefully spreading or arching on the mature plant; pinnse
more slender and narrow than in A. Macarthun, the lower
ones very narrow and long-acuminate, others oblique and
erose or the narrow terminal ones truncate or barely so:
fr. much as in the above. — An attractive delicate pot-plant;
probably not now in cult, in N. Amer. outside testing places.
ACTIN<5STROBUS. Cupressaceae. One
species allied to Callitris but differing in having
numerous scale-like bracts at base of cone. A.
pyramidalis (Callitris Actirwstrobus) . Shrub,
densely branched: Ivs. scale-like or sometimes
needle-like: cones of 6 scales, % in. across.
W. Australia.
ACTIN&TUS. Umbelliferse. A small genus
of Australian herbs, one grown for cutting. A.
Helianthi. FLANNEL-FLOWEH. Erect per. to
2 ft., woolly-tomentose : Ivs. 2-3-pinnate, segms.
linear-oblong: fls. minute, apetalous, forming
dense head-Tike umbels subtended by radiating
involucre to 4 in. across composed of 10-18
white-woolly petal-like bracts. — Not hardy N.,
but may be treated as an annual.
ACUAN: Desmanthus.
ACUTE: sharp; ending in a point.
ADA. Orchidaceae. Two epiphytic orchids of
which one is sometimes grown in a cool green-
house. A. aurantiaca. Pseudobulbs to 4 in. long,
bearing 1-3 Ivs. to 9 in. long and J/£ in. wide:
fls. orange- or cinnabar-red, 13^ in. long, with
narrow sepals and petals and much shorter 2-
keeled lip, in arching 5-13-fld. racemes about as
long as Ivs. Nov.-May. Colombia.
ADAM-AND-EVE: Aplectrum.
ADAMS-NEEDLE: Yucca filamentoxt.
ADANSdNIA. Bombacacex. Big trees of
Afr. and Australia with digitately compound Ivs.,
large solitary pendulous fls. and woody frs.;
planted as a shade tree in the tropics. The bark
yields fiber and the fr. is said to be edible, known
as "monkeys-bread."
digitata. BAOBAB. MONKEY-BREAD TREE. To 60 ft.,
developing a relatively short soft trunk to 30 ft. in diam.
and a spread of branches of 30 ft.: Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls.
white, 0 in. across, often in advance of Ivs., on long stalks,
the petals soon rolling back exposing the purplish stamens:
fr. to 1 ft. long, densely tomentose. Trop. Afr., where it
has many uses.
ADDERS-TONGUE: Erythronium.
ADELIA: Forestiera.
ADELOCARYUM. Boraginacese. Per. or
bien. herbs with alternate simple Ivs. and bell-
shaped fls. in terminal cymes; rarely grown in
the flower-garden in warm countries. Differs
from Cynoglossum in surface of nutlet concave
and not flat or convex.
coalestlnum (Cynoglosaum and Paracaryum calest\nwn).
To 5 ft., somewhat hairy: Ivs. broadly ovate, to 1 ft. long,
upper ones becoming smaller: fls. blue, H in. diam., in
branched racemes or cymes, nearly sessile. India. — The
plant cult, under this name is likely to be Cvnoglossum
Wallichii.
ADENANTHftRA. BEAD-TREE. Leguminosx.
Trees, allied to Mimosa, with compound Ivs.,
long slender racemes of small yellow or white
fls., and fr. a narrow pod with bright colored
seeds; native in Old World tropics. One species
24 Adenophora
grown for the ornamental seeds, under glass or in
the open far S. Propagated by seeds which have
been soaked in hot water.
pavonlna. RED SANDALWOOD TREE. PEACOCK FLOWER-
. ,
shaped, "Circassian seeds," sometimes used as beads.
Trop. Asia and Afr.
ADENOCAL'j'MNA. Bignoniacex. S. Ameri-
can climbing shrubs with 2 Ifts. and a terminal
tendril, or 3 Ifts., showy funnelform fls. in
racemes or panicles, and long woody frs.; grown
under glass or in the open only in warm regions,
but little planted in U. fc>. Propagated by cuttings.
alliaceum (Bignonia alliacea). Lvs. of 2 oblong Ifts. to
6 in. long: fls. whitish, 2 in. long, onion-scented, in 5~&-
fld. racemes. Guiana.
ADENOCARPUS. Leguminosx. Low shrubs
with small alternate Ivs. of 3 Ifts., yellow papi-
lionaceous fls. in terminal racemes, and fr. a
flat pod; native in S. Eu., Afr. and Asia Minor.
Grown under glass or in the open in the S.
Propagated by seeds, by cuttings of green wood,
and by layers.
foli&sus. Branches and Ivs. pubescent, densely'crowded:
fls. abundant in many-fld. racemes; calyx pubescent.
Canary Isls.
viscdsus. Evergreen: branches pubescent: Ifts. linear-
oblong: calyx glandular. Teneriffe.
ADEN6PHORA. LADYBELL. Campanulacex.
Erect per. herbs with fleshy roots and fls. usually
in shades of violet, much confused with Cam-
panula, from which they differ in the presence
of a tubular or cup-like disk surrounding the
base of the style underneath the expanded
filaments of the stamens. There is little in the
external appearance of the plants to distinguish
them from regular bellflowers. In the dried
pressed fl. the disk can often be distinguished
through a lens when the blossom is held to the
light. Mostly montane; native in Siberia,
China and Japan and a few of them in Eu. Sum-
mer bloomers in cult. Many of the plants grown
as Adenophora are Campanula rapunculoides or
related species.
Ladybells are handled the same as campanulas; prop-
agated by seeds or by cuttings in spring. Roots should be
disturbed as little as possible. Some of the species are
useful in rock-gardens. i
Bulleyana. Sts. puberuleht, to 3 ft. or so tall, branched
at top: Ivs. on st. oblong-ovate to lanceolate, serrate, to
3 in. long: fls. close together on upper part of branches,
sometimes 3 together, dark lavender, about 1 in. long.
W. China.
chine1 nsis: A. vinensis.
communis: A. lili folia.
confusa (A. Farreri). Erect and stiff to 3 ft., slightly
pilose to glabrous: st.-lva. many, sessile or nearly so,
rhomboid-ovate to lance-ovate, irregularly denticulate or
crenate: fls. deep blue, nearly 1 in. long and lobed M to
base, in a slightly branched panicle; style somewhat ex-
serted. China.
cordata: plants seen in cult, under this name were
Campanula Grossekii.
denticulata: A. tricuspidata. Plants grown under the
name A. denticulata are likely to be Campanulas.
diploddnta. To 3 ft. tall, pubescent: Ivs. on st. ovate,
narrowed at base, doubly or unequally serrate, to 3 in. or
more long, hirsute underneath: fls. in racemes or panicles,
sometimes twin, narrowly bell-shaped, nearly 1 in. long,
lilac to white, style long-exserted, calyx-lobes very narrow.
Yunnan, W. China. — A. Bulleyana \paay be grown under
this name.
FArreri: A. confusa.
Lamlrckii. Glabrous, to 2 ft.: Ivs. on st. ovate-lanceolate,
2 in. long, sharply serrate, paler on under surface, ciliate on
margins: fls. many in long racemes, bluish, % in. long and
broad. Altai region, Siberia.
Utifolia. Sta. strict and simple, 1 ft. or more, glabrous,
with remotely scattered foliage: Ivs. on st. vertieillate,
Adenophora
ovate-oblong, 2 in. long, serrate, glabrous except margin
perhaps ciliate: fls. 2-3 on a peduncle or sometimes single,
bluish, % in. or less long. Siberia. — Plants grown under
this name are likely to be Campanulas.
lilifdlia (A. suaveolens. A. communis. A. hhflora er-
roneously). Sts. thick, to 4 ft. or so tall, from a thick
fusiform root, glabrous: root-lvs. round-ovate and cordate,
Ivs. on st. ovate-lanceolate and coarsely serrate, to 3 in.
long, glabrous or nearly so: fls. sweet-scented, paniculate,
corolla about % in. long, bluish or whitish-blue. Cent. Eu.,
Siberia. — The specific name is commonly spelled hln flora
but not so by Lmnteus in Campanula. In gardens confused
with Campanulas.
marsupiifldra. Slender, erect, 2-3 ft., branched: Ivs.
mostly on lower part of sts , linear to lance-linear, long-
pointed, entire or nearly so, 2-3 in. long: fls. narrow-bell-
shaped, on slender pedicels, bluish, style long-exserted.
Siberia — Plants in cult, under this name may be Cam-
panulas.
megalantha. Sts. glabrous, to 2 ft.: Ivs. on st. very
narrow at base, obovate or obovate-elhptic, to 4 in. long,
coarsely serrate, hairy on upper surface and setulose on
nerves underneath: fls. racemose, large, nearly 2 in. long,
deep rich bluish, style not exscrted. W. China. Var. alba,
white-fld., is listed.
niep£nsis: listed name.
nikoe'nsis. Small, scarcely 1 ft. high, glabrous: Ivs. on st.
lanceolate, sessile, alternate, glaucous underneath, about
1 in. long: fls. few in simple spikes, bluish, about % in.
long, style included. Japan.
ornata. Sts. 2-4 ft., puberulent or glabrous: Ivs. on st.
sessile, obovate to elongated-obovate, strongly serrate,
to 2% in- long, pubescent or glabrous: fls paniculate or
racemose, 1 in. long, deep bluish, style included. W. China.
palustris. Sts 2-3 ft , glabrous, densely leafy: Ivs. on
st. thick, sessile, shining, oblong or orbicular-ovate, crenate-
dentate: fls. in spike-like racemes, broadly bell-shaped,
bluish, about % in. across, style little if at all exserted.
E. Asia.
polymdrpha. To 3 ft., sts. branched, at least midway:
Ivs. on st. narrow-ovate to broad-lanceolate, sharp-pointed
and strongly toothed, sessile and narrowed to base: fls.
violet to purple, broad-bell-shaped, 1 in. across. Russia to
Japan, in several forms or vars.
Potaninii. Sts. weak or nearly scandcnt at base but
becoming erect, to 3 ft and more, from a thick root, pilose:
Ivs. on st. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, to 2 in. long,
strongly few-toothed to nearly entire, hairy: fls. in simple
panicles, broad -bell-shaped, about % in. long and some-
what broader, violet, style exserted. W. China. — Plants
cult, under this name need verification.
remotifldra. Sts. glabrous, erect 2-3 ft.: Ivs. on st.
petioled, cordate-ovate or narrower, acuminate, serrate or
dentate: fls. loosely racemose or pamcul.-ite, violet, narrowly
bell-shaped, style exserted. Japan.
sine"nsis (A. chinensis). Sts. erect, 1 ft. and more, gla-
brous or pubescent: Ivs. on st. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, to
2 in long, sharply serrate, glabrous on both surfaces but
paler in color underneath: fls. racemose or paniculate,
trumpet-shaped, about 2 in. long, style exserted. China.
strfcta. " Plant of strict habit, whitish-hairy on upper
ets. and Ivs , the latter sessile and elliptic-ovate or obovate,
2-3 in. long, short-pointed or nearly obtuse, serrate: fls.
in dense spikes, violet, pubescent on outside, bell-shaped,
style little if at all exserted. Japan.
styldsa. Sts. simple, about 1 ft. tall, glabrous: Ivs. on
st onovate to ovate and acuminate, Ity in. long, seirate,
or the lower ones sinuate, glabrous: fls. in long lax racemes,
corolla less than ^ in. long, bluish, style equalling corolla
or sometimes exserted. Siberia. — Plants seen in cult, have
been Campanulas.
suaveolens: A. lilifolia.
Takedai. Very slender, weak, less than 2 ft., glabrous:
Ivs. on st. few, thin, puberulent near margins on upper
surface, glabrous underneath, linear, serrulate, % in. or
less long: fls. about 1 in. long, bell-shaped, violet-blue,
style scarcely exserted. Japan.
Tashiroi. Low, glabrous, 2-10 in. tall, sts. often slender:
Ivs. on st. few, subsessile or petiolate, elliptic, ovate or
obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, about % m. or less long:
fls. few or solitary, % in. or less long, violet-blue, style
exserted. Japan.
tricuspidata (A. denticulate). Sts. simple, about 1 ft.
tall, glabrous, leafy: Ivs. on st. ovate-lanceolate, 1% in.
or less long, somewhat hairy on margins: fls. in long lax
racemes, bell-shaped, bluish, less than ^ in. long and
broad, style not exserted. China.
verticillata. Tall and slender, 2-3 ft., nearly or quite
simple, sts. glabrous: Ivs. onst. 3-6 at each insertion, ovate-
lanceolate, to 2 in. and more long, dentate: fls. usually few
or several at a node, sometimes on slender branchlets, small
25 Adiantum
and narrow, about H in. long, style exserted. Siberia,
China, Japan. — Variable; plants grown under this name
may be Campanulas. It is an open grower, with fls. small
for size of plant.
ADENOROPIUM; Jatropha.
ADEN6STOMA. CHAMISO. Rosacex. Ever-
green shrubs with small needle-shaped and
heath-like Ivs., white fls. in terminal panicles,
stamens 10-15 in 2's or 3's, pistil single, style not
exserted, and fr. an aohene.
Planted somewhat in their native or similar regions.
They need a sunny position and well-drained soil. Propa-
gated by greenwood cuttings or by seed in the spring.
fasciculatum. To 10 ft.: Ivs. about ^ in. long: panicles
to 4 in. long. May-June. S. Calif., Lower Calif. — Herbage
somewhat resinous and sweet-smelling.
ADHATODA. Acanthacese. Trop. shrubs
with opposite entire Ivs., tubular 2-lipped fls.
in terminal spikes, and capsular frs.; cult, as
for Jacobinia, in mild climates.
Vasica. To 8 ft. or more: Ivs. oval, to 8 in. long, pubes-
cent: fls. white striped with red, to H iQ- across, in spikes
to 3 in. long. India to Ceylon.
ADlANTUM. MAIDENHAIR-FERN. Poly-
podiaceae. Dainty shade-loving ferns with shiny
black or purplish stipes and thin delicate fronds
or If.-blades either simple or divided into fan-
shaped scgms.; sori borne at edges of fronds;
mostly of trop. Amer., in many species, a few in
temp. N. Amer. and 1 native as far north as
Que. and Alaska.
The greenhouse species require a temperature of GO-
GS0, a fairly moist atmosphere, and should be protected
from full exposure to sun; soil of good loam and leaf-mold.
The native species may be grown in the open in places like
their native habitat, protected from wind and roots covered
in winter.
acutum: a form or derivative of A. tenerum.
^emulum: A. cuneatum.
afflne (A. Cunninghnmii) . Fronds to 15 in. long and 9
in. wide, 2-pinnate; segms. to 1 in. long, the stipes black
and shining New Zeal.
B&rdii: a form of A. cun&itum with fronds to 2 ft. long.
Bausei: hort. form of A. tenerum.
b611um. BERMUDA. M. Fronds tufted, bipinnate, to 1J£
ft. long,, the segnis. to £4 in. long. Bermuda.
Capfllus-Veneris (A. Fcrausonn). SOUTHERN M.
VENUS-HAIR. Slender, erect, spreading, to 1}£ ft. high:
fronds 2-3-pinnate, Begins to 1 in across, very variable.
Temp, and trop. Amer., wanner parts of Old World. Var.
daphnites has simpler fronds.
cardiochlafenum: A. polyphyllum.
caudatum. TRAILING M. Fronds to 1 ft. long, 1-pinnate,
segms. to % in. long, stipes short, brownish, hairy, rooting
at apex. Old World tropics.
cone Inn um. Fronds 2-3-pinnate, to 1^ ft. long and 9
in. broad, on stout black stipes. Mox. to Brazil. Var.
latum is stiff and upright with much larger fronds.
Croweanum: A. cuneatum var.
cuneatum (A. a-mu/wm). DKI/TA M. Fronds 3-4-pinnate,
to 15 in. long and 9 in. wide, Begins, to }$ in. across. Brazil.
There are many forms as var. Charlottiee; var. Croweanum
(A. Crowmnum), large, vigorous, hardy; var. grac illinium
(A. gracilhmum) , fronds finely divided; var. grand ice ps,
TASSEL M., tassel-like growths at ends of fronds; var.
variegatum has white-striped segms. Vars. defl£xum and
dissect um are also listed.
Cunninghamii: A . affine.
curvatum. Fronds forked, the main divisions again once
or twice forked, on shining stipes. Brazil.
dec&rum. Rather stiff, erect, stipes stout, brown-
black: fronds 10 in. long, half or more as broad, dull green.
Peru.
dilphanum. Fronds to 6 in. long, simply pinnate or
usually 2-pmnate at base, segms. to H m- long- Asia to
New Zeal.
Slogans: hort. form of A. decorum.
exclsum. Fronds to 1 ft. long and 4 in. wide, 2-3-pinnate,
segms. with lobed margins. Chile. Var. multlfldum has
more finely cut fronds.
farleySnse: A. tenerum var.
Adiantum
F£rgusonii: A. Capillus-Veneris.
formdsum. AUSTRALIAN M. Fronda to 2 ft. long and
two-thirds as broad, usually 3-pmnate, segms. to % in.
long, stipes rough. Australia.
fragrantfssimum: hort. form of A. cuneatum.
gloridsa Lemkesii: an improved fom of A. tenemm var.
farleyensc, with larger fron<ls tinted pink when young.
gracillimum: A. cuneatum var.
hispidulum. Fronds forked at base, 2-3-pinnate, segms.
to % in. long, rachis hairy and rough. Old World tropics.
hybridum: a hort name of doubtful status; has been
referred to A. cunmtum.
Lathomh: hort. form of A. ienerum.
LeGr&ndii: a form of A. cuneatum var. yracillimum.
lunulatum. WALKING M. Fronds 1 ft. long, rooting at
apex, simply pinnate, on shiny black stipes. Tropics.
macrophyllum. Fronds 1 ft. long, simply pinnate, segms.
to 2 in. long. Trop Amer.
magnificum: form of A. tenerum.
Moorei. Fronds to lf> in. long, 2-3-pinnate, segms. to
^ in long, deeply lobed. Peru
mundulum: a form of A. cuneatum.
O'Brienii: A. cuneatum form.
pedatum. AMKHICAN M Hardy: fronds forked, nearly
orbicular, to 1 J^ ft across, segms oblong, stipes purphsh.
Woods, N. Amor.
peruvianum. Fronds 1 ft. long, simply pinnate, segms.
to '2 in long Peru.
polyphyllum (A. cardiochlwnum). Fronds 2-3-pinnate,
segms. to 1 m long, the stipes smooth and polisned. S.
Amor.
princeps: hort form of A. tenerum.
rhodophyllum: hort. form of A. tenerum.
Sdnctae-Catharinae: a form of A. trapeziforme with
deeper lobes.
scutum: a form of A. tenerum.
Siebrechtii. Supposed to be a cross between A. decorum
and A. Williammi.
tenerum. BIUTTMO M. FAN M. Erect, to 3 ft.: fronds
3-pmnate, segms % in across, deeply notched, on stout
shining brown-black stipes. Trop. Amer. Var. farley&nse
(A farlcycnse) FAUMCV or BAUHADOH M. Fronds to 3 ft.
long and 2 ft. wide, infertile, drooping, delicate green some-
times rose-tinted, scgms deeply cut. The race of farleye nae
known as CJloriosa produces indusia and is said to bo fertile.
trapezif6rme. Fronds to \\% ft or more long, 2-pinuate,
spgms. trape/oidal, to ?4' m. across. Trop. Amer.
versail!6nse: hort form of A. cuneatum.
Vict&rise: hort. form of A. tenerum.
Wa'gneri: hort form of A. decorum.
Weigdndii: a form of A. decorum with larger loss cuneate
segms
Westleyanum: a hort. name of doubtful status.
Wllliamsii. Fronds triangular, nearly 1 ft. long, segms.
nearly semicircular, 3-4-lobed. Peru.
Wrlghtii: probably a form of A. cuneatum.
ADICEA: Pilea.
ADIPERA: Cassia.
ADLAY: see Coix.
ADLUMIA. Fumariaceif. One attractive
bien. vine native in K. N. Amer. and sometimes
planted for ornament. It thrives in a cool damp
place protected from sun and wind, as in a
thicket. Propagated by seeds in spring, and
often spontaneous thereafter. A. fungdsa (A,
cirrhosa). CLIMBING FUMITORY. MOUNTAIN
FRINGE. ALLEGHKNY-VINE. Lvs. 3-pinnate,
fern-like, the petioles holding st. to the support:
fls. white or purplish, dieentra-like? l/2 in- or
more long, in drooping axillary panicles: fr. an
oblong caps.
ADONfDIA. Palmacex. Ono attractive mon-
crcious unarmed ringed feather-palm of the
Philippines where it is cult., now planted in S.
Fla.: spadices borne below the It.-sheaths, at
top of trunk, short-peduncled, branched; fls.
in 3;s, a pistillate between 2 staminate; stamens
26 Adromischus
numerous: fr. drupe-like with thin pulp, elliptic-
ovoid, upwards of 1 in. long, bright red and
showy, in clusters; seed 1, with ruminate albu-
men. A. Merrillii (Normanbya Merrillii).
MANILA PALM. Rather slender single trunk,
15-20 ft.: Ivs. 6 ft. or so long, strongly arching;
pinna; many and closely placed, 24-30 in. long
and to 2 in. broad, bifid at apex, 1-nbbed and
prominently nerved at margins.
AD6NIS. PHP: AS ANTS-EYE. RanunculacegR.
Hardy herbaceous perennials and annuals with
alternate finely dissected lys. and solitary ter-
minal red or yellow fls.; native in temp. En. and
Asia.
A few are grown in the border and rock-garden and
sometimes in the front rows of margins, the annuals in
flower-gardens Cultivation simple as any soil is satis-
factory and either sunny situations or partial shade Both
the annuals and perennials may bo propagated by seed
sown in the spring or fall; root-division m the spring may
be used for perennials.
aestivalis. SUMMER A Ann. to 1J£ ft : ft*8- crimson,
to 1 y% in across June-July. Cent. Ku. Var. citrina, fls.
citron-yellow.
aleppica. Ann. to 1 ft.: fls. red, to 2 in. across. Syria.
amur£nsis. Per. to 1}^ ft.: fls golden-yellow, varying to
white and pink, 2 in. across. Mar. Manchuria, Japan.
Sometimes double.
finnua (A. autumnali«i). AUTUMN A. FLOS A. Ann.
to 2 ft.: fls deep red with darker center, about % in. across.
June-Sept. Cent Eu. to W. Asia.
autumndlis: A. annua.
chrysocyathus. Per. to \\i ft.: fls golden-yellow, to 2^
in. across June— .July Himalayas — Differs from A pyrenaica
in the numerous and much smaller achcnes of the fr.
flammea. Ann. to 1^ ft.: fls. bright scarlet, sometimes
with black spot at base, to \}± in. acioss May- July. Eu.,
W. Asia.
pyrenaica. Per. to 1 ft.: fls. yellow, smaller than A.
vernahs June-July. Pyrenees — Differs from A. verruihs
in the lower Ivs. not being reduced to scales.
vernalis. SPKING A. Per. to 1H ft : n1^ yellow, to .3m.
across, early spring. Eu. A white form, a"lba, and a double-
fld. var. are in cult.
ADOPOGON: Krigia.
AD(5XA. Adowicegp. One little per. herb with
tuberous roots, native in N. N. Amer., N. Eu.
and N. Asia and sometimes grown in the rock-
garden. A. Moschatellina. MusK-Koor. To 6 in.:
Ivs. ternately compound into ovate 3-parted
segms.: fls. green, small, in heads to J^ in. across,
above the foliage : fr. aj small green drupe.
ADOXACEJE. MOSCHATEL FAMILY. Only
one genus, Adoxa, of one species: fls. gamo-
petalous, with wheel-shaped 4-G-lobed corolla,
8-12 stamens, and 3-5-cellcd ovary.
ADROMfSCHUS. Crassulaceic. Succulent
herbs distinguished from Cotyledon by the
small tubular erect fls. in spike-like racemes
terminating the stout bracted st.; S. Africa.
caryophyllaceus: botanical status uncertain.
clavatus: hort. name.
clavif61ius. Per to 6 in., with short sts. having aerial
roots: IvM o vat e^lanceo late or spatulate, to \}^ in. long and
M ui. thick, indistinctly spotted: fls. greenish tipped with
red, l/i in. long.
Cooperi (Cotyledon Cooperi). A little plant to 12 in.,
scarcely caulescent: Ivs. 5-6 near base, spatulate, 2 in. long,
spotted: fls. 6-10, red and greenish, tubular, about 2» in.
long. N
cristatus. Per. to 10 in., with stout st. densely beset
with short aerial roots: Ivs and sts pubescent; Ivs wedge-
shaped, undulate-dentate at apex, petiolate, to 1 in. long;
fls. }>i in. long.
hemispheric us. Per. to 14 in , with short leafy st : lys.
orbicular or obovate, flat above, convex on back). 1-2 in.
long, 1-1 H in. wide.
Adromischus
macul&tus. Per. with flat suborbicular Ivs., gray-green
heavily blotched with dark red-purple.
rhombifolius. Per. with flat gray-green scaly Ivs., 2-3 ^
in. long, 1)2-2 in. wide.
rhomboideus: hort. name.
ADVENTITIOUS: foreign; said of a plant introduced
but not yet naturalized or established; applied also to buds
and shoota that arise otherwise than in the normal order
or place.
(Hoplophytum). Bromeliacea?.
Epiphytic herbs from S. Arner. with stiff Ivs. in
a basal rosette and yellow or red fls. borne in
spikes, panicles or racemes with often colored
bracts; grown for ornament in the greenhouse.
For cult, sec Bromcha.
B£rleei. To 3}£ ft,: Ivs. to 3 ft. long, sword-shaped,
pale green, marginal spines to }£ in. long: fls. pale yellow,
subtended by red bracts to 3 in. long. Brazil.
calyculata. To 1 ft : Ivs. to 1 ft., margins denticulate,
rounded tip cuspidate: fls. bright yellow, in globose heads.
S. Arner.
discolor: M. fulgens var. or M. miniata var.
distans: Hohenbergia dtstons.
fasciata (Rillbergia rhotiocyanca). Lvs. to 2 ft. long,
toothed, lined and marbled with white on back: fls. pink,
with pule red braet-lvs , in globose heads. Brazil.
fulgens. Lvs to 10 in. long and 3 in >\ide, with small
teeth: fls red tipped with blue, m panicles branched below
and simple above. Brazil. Var. discolor has Ivs. brownish
or violet-red beneath.
Mariae-Reginaa. Lvs to 3 ft. long and 4 in. wide, prickly-
margined- fls red tipped with violet, in dense spikes to 1 ft.
or more long, the bract-lvs. brilliant crimson. Costa Ilica.
miniata. Lvs. with many close-Ret teeth: fls red with
blue petals, in branched panicles much longer than Ivs.
Brazil. Vai. discolor has Ivs purplish or brownish on back.
Ortgiesii. Lvs to 1 ft. long and 3^ in. wide, prickly-
margined: fls rod with straw-colored biacts, borne on
short spikes Brazil.
polystachya. Lvs to 2 ft. long and 1H in "wide, prickly-
margined. fls violet with prominent bracts, in erect pamclea.
Biazil.
speciosa minuta is a listed name of unknown botanical
standing
Thibautiana: hort. name.
tinctdria. Plant with ensiform Ivs. strongly recurved,
upper two-thirds of margin with coarse blackish spinular
teeth to }/\ in long, lo\\er third entire: fls. many in erect
infl , small und yellow in more or less dense heads, sub-
tended by red or Kreen floial bracts on a densely white-
woolly scape. Brazil
Veitchii. To 1 ft.: Ivs. serrate, spotted: fls. pale green-
ish-yellow, subtended by larger bright red serrate bracts.
S Amer
viminalis: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
Weilbachii. To 1 ft : Ivs. short: fls. blue and red on a
red-stemmed scape. S. Amer.
Kitidcey. Only one species, the
BAEL FIUJIT of India, IE. Marmelos. Small
tree with Ivs. of 3 ovate Ifts. and greenish-
yellow frs. 4-6 in. across, having a very hard
shell and fragrant mucilaginous edible pulp.
The pulp is used in making drinks and also has
medicinal value. Propagated by seeds and
suited to any good soil; may be grown in the
warmer citrus regions, but little planted in the
U. S. A. sejriaria is Pondrus trifoliata.
.flSGLOPSIS. Rutacey. One species, JS.
Chevalidri, in swamps near the sea in trop.
W. Afr., grown experimentally in this country
as a possible stock for Citrus : spiny tree or large
shrub with simple persistent Ivs., small fls. in
clusters and bearing 10 stamens, and globose or
somewhat pear-shaped usually 6-celled whitish
frs. l/£-y± in. diam. with a fragrant pulp or
mucilage.
^GOPODIUM. Umbdlifersp. Coarse per.
herbs with creeping rootstocks, biternate Ivs.,
27 JEonium
yellow or white little fls. in compound umbels;
2 species in Eu. and Asia. The variegated form
is commonly planted for edgings and mats in
shady places. Propagated by division.
Podagraria. GOUTWEED. BISHOPS-WEED. To 14 in.4
fls. white. June. Ku.; nat. in N. Amer. Var. variegatum
has Ivs. margined with white.
IONIUM. Crassidatcy. Succulent plants
of Madeira and the Canary Isls. ordinarily
referred to Sempervivum (which see) but by
recent writers kept distinct. The group is
marked by technical characters, such as calyx
with 6-12 teeth or lobes, carpels partially sunk
in calyx-tube; scales various. These plants are
adapted to outdoor cult, in Calif., and are
interesting under glass.
arbdreum. Tender, to 3 ft.: rosettes terminal, 0 in. and
more across, the oblanceolate or spatulate Ivs. ciliate on
margins: fls. golden-yellow, about % in. across, numerous
in terminal thyrse. Morocco.-— Cult. inS Calif, and known
sometimes as Sedum or Crassnki purpurascens because of
color of foliage in autumn. Var. foliis purpureis, Ivs dark
purple.
balsamiferum. To 3 ft., shrubby, with balsamic odor:
rosettes terminal, loose, Ivs. spatulate, ciliate: fls. yellow,
in dense infl. to 4 in. long.
Burchardii. Subshrub to 1 ft. or more, with rich brown
shining branches: Ivs. in loose rosette or scattered, obovate-
spatulate, thickened down center: fls. buff with red line
down middle, H in. across.
csespitdsum (M, flonbuwhim. Semperrivnm hybridum).
Tender plant to 6 in., woody: Ivs. oblong-linear, ciliate,
lined with brown: fls. yellow, in a forking corymb.
canarie'nse (M. gioantirum). Evergreen subshrub grown
under glass and in the open in Calif , to l1^ ft. or more in
bloom: Ivs. in a large flattened or bowl-like losette, large,
obovate to spoon-shaped, uith velvety appearance: fls.
many in clusters, white or yellowish; petals 7-0, very
narrow.
Castello-Paiviae. Shrub to I ft. or more: Ivs in loose
rosettes, spatulate, glaucous, limp and soft: fls. pmkish-
white, in loose infl. to 8 in. long.
cilia turn. To 3 ft , shrubby, branches rough with tuber-
cles: Ivs. m loose rosettes, spatulato, margins red, shining:
fls. greenish-white or pinkish, the infl. to 1 it. long.
Co&peri: listed name.
crue'ntum: A. spat hula turn var.
cuneatum. St fleshy and woody, plant glabrous, to
\y^ ft: Ivs rigid, long-cuneate, light greon, mucronate,
short-cihate: fls. yellow.
decdrum. Much branched shrublet : Ivs. thick, lanceolate,
attenuate at base and sessile, acuminate-pointed, shining
green arid rose-tinted: fls. corymbose; petals white with
rose lines.
domesticum: Aichryson domrsticum.
floribundum: A. c&spitosum.
giganticum: A. camiriense.
glutin6sum. Very sticky per to' 2 ft., often decumbent:
Ivs. broad-spat ulnte, cihate- fls. golden-yellow, % in. across,
the infl. to 1 ft. long. Madeira.
Go&chise. Much branched clammy shrub to 0 in. with
woody tortuous branches: rosettes loose, the Ivs limp,
rhomboid-obovate: fls pink, ^ in. across, in loose mfi.
2 in. across.
Haw6rthii. St. or trunk woody and much branched at
base, to 1 ft. or more, the branches short: Ivs. thick, ovate-
acute, glaucous and ciliate: fls. pale yellow Hushed rose,
40-50 in a terminal panicle.
hierr6nse. Unbranched subshrub to 4 ft , dying after
flowering: rosettes terminal, Ivs. spatulate, glaucous,
margins red and ciliate: fls. pmk to white, }? in. across, in
large infl. to 2 ft. long.
holochrysum. St. woody and fleshy, with spreading
branches: Ivs. rosulate, glabrous, broad-spatulate, narrow
to base, cihate, purplish-keeled: fls. orange, in dense thyrse.
Lindleyi. To 1 ft., much branched, shrubby, with
tortuous branches: Ivs. obovate-spatulate, very fleshy and
sticky-pubescent: fls. yellow, the infl. to 3 in. across.
Manrique6rum. Per. to 6 ft., woody, with tortuous
branches: rosettes terminal, to 8 in. across, the Ivs. spatu-
late, shining, ciliate: fls. bright yellow, the infl. glandular-
pubescent, to 8 in. long.
n6bile. To 2 ft , dying after flowering: Ivs. semi-circular,
to 1 ft. long, very thick, pale yellowish-green: fls. dark red,
in a dense fiat infl. to 2 ft. across.
JEonium
percarneum. Subshrub to 4 ft.: rosettes terminal, loose,
the Ivs. cuneate-spatulate, fleshy, margins red and ciliate,
purple in sun: fls. pink, the mfl. 10 in. long and broad.
pseudo-tabulaefdrme. Hybrid, probably with A. tabu-
Ise/orme as one parent, but nearly sternlcsH and rosette very
flat: fls. golden.
sedifdlium. Shmb to 1 ft., very twiggy, the branches
tortuous: Ivs. obovate, \^ in. long, shining and sticky,
marked with red. fls. bright yellow, in small clusters.
spathulatum (AL. sirepsicladurn A^. Tournefortii).
Tender shrubby plant, with stout sts. 1 ft. or more high:
rosettes with Ivs marked with red-brown: fls. yellow, in
large many-fld. panicles. Var. cru6ntum (A. cruentum,
temper tnvum pulchellum), sts. and Ivs. red when grown in
exposure.
strepsicladum: A. spathulatum.
tabuleefdrme. Evergreen subshrub to 1 ft. or more,
grown under glass arid in Calif, in the open: Ivs. in flat
rosettes at ends of branches, oblong-spatulute, ciliate: fls.
pale yellow; petals 10-12, narrow.
tabularis: botanical status uncertain.
Tournef6rtii: A. spathulatum
undulatum (Sempervtvum Dcrramae). Robust, woody,
IK ft.: Ivs. spattilate- ovate, narrowed at base, mucronate,
undulate, ciliate, sometimes reddish: fls. yellow.
urbicum. Unbranched shrub to 5 ft , dying after flower-
ing: rosettes terminal, Ivs long-spatulate, margins red and
ciliate: fls. greenish-white or pinkish, % in. across, in
pyramidal inn. to 2^ ft. long.
AERANGIS. Orchidacese. Very short-stemmed
epiphytes with mostly white fls. in long many-
fld. racemes, the lip with long slender spur.
See Orchids for cult.
mode'sta (Anyrsecum modestum and Sanderianum). Lvs.
to 0 in. long: fls. snow-white, about \]/± in. across, the spur
to 3 in. long, m pendulous racemes. Apr.-May. Mada-
gascar.
AERiDES. Orchidacese. Epiphytes with thick
two-ranked Ivs. sheathing at base and fls. in
lateral pendulous racemes, the 2 lateral sepals
attached to base of column, the dorsal sepals and
petals similar, the lip 3-lobed and produced into a
hollow usually upturned spur. Cult, in the
hothouse; see Orchids.
afflne: A. multiflorum.
crassifdlium. Lvs. to 8 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls. rose-
purple, 1 J-«j in. long, the spur greenish at tip, in racemes
longer than Ivs. May-June. Burma.
cr (spurn. Lvs. to 10 in. long, 1 orate, retuse: fls. large,
many in drooping racemes; sepals and petals white tinged
rose, lip 3-lobed, middle lobe fringed, white at base and
deep rose-purple on terminal half. E Indies. Var. Lind-
leyanum has large branching spikes of white and purplish-
pink fls.
expansum: A . falcatum.
falcatum (A. iMrventse. A crpansum). Similar to A.
crassi folium but with amethyst-red lip arid white sepals
and petals spotted with purple. May-June. Burma Var.
Houlletianum (A. Uoulletuinuni) has whiter lip and yellow-
ish-brown sepals and petals. Var Lednias (A Leomae) has
larger fls. with white hp spotted arid edged with dark red.
Fi&ldingii. Lvs. to 10 in. long and 1 J} » in. wide: fls. white
dotted and suffused with rose, 1 H ln- across, the spur white,
in racemes longer than Ivs. May-June. India.
Houlletianum: A. falcatum var.
Larp6ntce: A. falcatum.
Lawrence®. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 2 in. wide: fls. 1J£ in.
across, sepals and petals white tipped with amethyst-purple,
the lip white with purple central lobe and green spur, in
racemes as long as Ivs June-Aug. Philippines Var.
Sanderianum has creamy-white sepals and petals tipped
with magenta, and, yellow-magenta and creamy-white lip.
Ledniae: A. falcatum var.
multifldrum (A. ajfine. A. roseum). Lvs. to 9 in. long
and 5i in. wide: fls. 1 in. across, the sepals and petals white
spotted and tipped with purple, the lip light purple deeper
in middle, in racemes longer than Ivs. July-Sept. Hima-
layas to Cochm-Chma.
odoratum (A. suavissimum) . Lvs. to 8 in. long and 2 in.
wide: fls. fragrant, to ? in. long, the petals and sepals white
with purple spot at tip, the lip white spotted with red and
the middle lobe rose, in racemes often longer than Ivs.
July-Sept. India to China, Philippines. Var. Album has
white fls. Var. majus (A. wrens) Has larger spikes of fls.
than type.
28
quinquevulnerum. Differs from the last only in
having the middle lobe of the lip toothed on the edges.
Philippines.
rdseum: A. multiflorum.
Sanderianum: A. Lawrencese var.
suavissimum: A. odoratum.
vandarum. Lvs. to 8 in. long, cylindrical: fls. 2 in. long,
white and somewhat transparent, in 1-3-fld. racemes shorter
than the Ivs. Feb. -Mar. Himalayas.
virens: A. odoratum var. majus.
AERIDOVANDA. Orchidacese. A group of
bigeneric hybrids between Aerides and Vanda.
A. Mundayi (A. vandarum X V. teres) has white
fls. tinged with lilac. Cult, as for Aerides.
Aniaranthaccse. Herbs or subshrubs
of trop. Asia and Afr.: Ivs. alternate or opposite:
fls. very small, often polygamous, in spikes.
One is grown as a border plant in warm regions.
sanguinea: AL. scandens var.
scandens. More or less climbing subshrub but may be
trimmed as a tall edging subject: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to
4 in. long: spikes to 1 in. long, white-woolly, shining. Asia.
Afr. Var. sanguinea (AL. sanguinea) has dark red Ivs.
JESCHYNANTHUS: Trichosporum.
^SCULUS. HOUSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE.
HippoaistanaccK. Large deciduous shrubs or
trees cult, for their showy clusters of red, white
or yellow fls. mostly in May and June, for the
large digitately compound Ivs., and for the
large often spiny frs.
Horse-chestnuts are mostly hardy north except Cali-
fornian and Himalayan species. Propagated by seed sown
in the autumn or stratified, by side-grafting, by budding
on common species and the shrubby kinds also by layers.
AL. parviflora may also be propagated by root-cuttings.
arguta. TEXAS B. Shrub to 7 ft.: Ifts. 7-9, lanceolate or
broader, to 5 in. long, bluntly serrate, becoming glabrous:
fls. yellowish-green. K. Tex.
austrina: AL. discolor var. niolhs.
Bridtii: AL carnea var.
Bushii. Hybrid between AL. discolor and M. glabra:
tree to 30 ft.: fls. pink and yellow. Ark , Miss.
calif 6rnica. Tree to 40 ft : Ifts. 5-7, stalked: fls. white
or pale rose, in panicles to 8 in. long. Calif.
carnea (.E. rubicunda). RED H. Hybrid between JR.
Hippocastanum and At, Pavia: tree to 40 ft : Ifts usually 5,
nearly sessile fls flesh-color to scarlet, in panicles to 8 in.
long Var Bri&tii, fls scarlet. Var. plantiere'nsis, DAMASK
H., fls. whitish tinged pink, fading to pink. Var. p£ndula,
branches drooping.
chin6nsis. Tree to 60 ftj.: Ifts. 5-7: fls. white, H in. or
less long. Chma.
discolor. WOOLLY B. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ifts. 5,
short- stalked, white-tomentose beneath: fls yellow and
red, in panicles to 8 in. long. Ga. to Tex. Var. mollis (At,.
austrina), fls. bright scailet. Var. flavescens, fls. yellow.
Var. Koehnei, low, fls. red and yellow. — Some of the cult.
material of this species is M. neglecta var. tomentosa.
flava: AL. octandra.
georgiana: AL. neglecta var.
glabra (AL. ohiocnsis). OHIO B. Tree to 30 ft.: Ifts. 5,
short-stalked: fls. greenish -yellow, in panicles to 6 in. long.
Pa. to Ala. and Neb. Var. leucodermis. Bark smooth,
nearly white. Mo , Ark. Var. Sargentii (var. Buckleyi).
Shrub: Ifts. 6-7. Ohio to Miss.
Harbisonii: AL. mutabihs var.
Hippocastanum. COMMON H. Tree to 100 ft.: Ifta. 5-7,
sessile: fls white blotched with red and yellow, in panicles
to 1 ft. long. Balkan Peninsula. Some of the vars. are:
alba, fls. pure white; Baumannii, fls. white, double; H6n-
kelii, Ifts cut-lobed; incisa, Ifts. deeply toothed or lobed;
laciniata, Ifts. deeply cut; luteo-variegata. Ivs. variegated
with yellow; Memmingeri, Ivs. marked with white; pumila,
dwarf; pyramidal is, habit pyramidal; Schfrnhoferi, fls. yel-
lowish-red, double; umbraculifera, head round.
humilis: AL. Pavia var.
hybrid a (AL. Lyonii). Hybrid between AL. octandra, and
&. Pavia: tree: Ifts. 5, short-stalked: fls. red and yellow,
in panicles to 6 in. long.
fndica. Tree to 60 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, short-stalked: fls. white,
upper petals yellow blotched, lower tinged rose, in panicles
to 15 in. long. Himalayas.
JEsculus
1 iite a: AL. octandra.
Lyonii: AL. hybrida.
macrostachya: AL. parviflora.
maryl&ndica. Hybrid between AL. glabra and AL. octandra.
Micha&tii: AL. neglecta var. tomentosa.
muta'bUis. Hybrid between A. discolor var. mollis and
A. neglecta var. georgiana, having panicles 4-6 in. long of
yellow and red fls. Var. Harbisonii (AL. Harbisonii) has
bright red fls. in panicles 6-8 in. long.
negle'cta. Tree to 60 ft.: Ifts. 5, nearly sessile: fls. pale
yellow veined red, in panicles to 6 in. long. N. C. Var.
georgiana (AL. georgiana), shrub to 6 ft. with broader
panicles of bright yellow or red fls. or a mixture of the two
colors. Fla. and Ala. Var. tomentdsa (AL. Michauxii of
cult.), has Ivs. tomentose to villous beneath and bright red
fls. S. C.
octandra (AL. flava. AL. luted). YELLOW B. SWEET B.
Tree to 90 ft.: Ifts. 5, short-stalked: fls. yellow, in panicles
to 6 in. long. Pa. to Ga. and 111.
ohio6nsis: AL. glabra.
parvifldra (AL. macros tachya). BOTTLEDRUSH B. DWARF
H. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, nearly sessile: fls. white, in
panicles to 1 ft. long. S. C. to Fla. and Ala.
Pavia (Pavia Michauxii. AL. and P. rubra). RED B.
Shrub or small tree to 20 ft.: Ifts. 5, short-stalked: fls. dark
red or purplish, in panicles to 7 in. long. Va. to Fla. and La.
Vars. a tr os anguine a, fls. dark rod; humilis (var nana, AL.
humilis), low, often prostrate; sublaciniata, Ifts. deeply
toothed.
plantiere'nsis: AL. carnea var.
rubicunda: AL. carnea.
rubra: AL. Pavia.
sine'nsis: AL. turbinata.
spl€ndens. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ifts. 5, densely pubescent
beneath: fls. bright red, in panicles to 8 in. long. Ala. to La.
turbinata (At. sinensis). JAPANESE H. Tree to 30 ft.:
Ifts. 5-7, sessile: fls. yellowish- white with red spot, in
panicles to 10 in. long. Japan.
Wflsonii. Tree to 80 ft : Ifts. 5-7, stalked: fls. white
spotted yellow, in panicles to 1 ft. long. China.
woerlitzlnsis. Tree: fla. rod, in panicles to 5 in. long.
Garden origin. Var. Ellwangeri (AL. Pavia var. Whitleyi),
fls. darker.
^ETHEOPAPPUS: Centaur ea pulcherrima.
JETHIONfeMA. STONE-CRESS. Cruciferx.
Dwarf herbs and subshrubs allied to Iberis,
mostly with small narrow Ivs. and pink, lilac,
purplish or rose-colored, sometimes white, fls.
m terminal racemes: pod or silicic short and
broad, mostly winged. About 50 species of the
Medit. region, a few of them grown in the border
or rock-garden, blooming mostly in May and
June. They may be used also as cut-fls.; one
species sometimes cult, is an ann. flower-garden
subject, with broad Ivs.
If grown in a light sandy soil in dry sunny locations,
they will not need replanting or renewal for many years in
regions where hardy, as in southern New England or south-
ward. The perennial types are propagated by cuttings in
summer or by seeds in the spring, and by division; the
annuals and biennials only by seeds.
alpinum: listed as a plant to 5 in. with glaucous Ivs.
and pink fls.
amdbnum. Similar to M. pulchcllum but with longer Ivs.
and much larger pale pink fls. Armenia.
arm&num. Per., 3-4 in.: Ivs. linear, short, acute: fls.
minute: pod to l/i in. long, each cell 1-seeded. Armenia.
Buxbaumii (M. cappadocicum). Short-season ann., 3-6
in., with oblong Ivs. to 1 in. long and minute lilac fls., grown
for its erect racemes of large thin winged overlapping pods.
S. E. Eu. and S. W. Asia.
cappadocicum: M. Buxbaumii.
coridildlium (Iberis jucundd). LEBANON S. Per., 4-10
in.: Ivs. crowded, nearly linear, 1 in. or less long: fls. light
or rosy-lilac, in snort dense racemes: pod with style shorter
than narrow sinus. Chalky summits of Mt. Lebanon and
Taurus. — See At. pulchellum.
cr6ticum (M. ovalifoUum) . Per., dwarf: Ivs. ovate to
oblong, very obtuse, glaucous: fls. minute, pale rose, in
capitate racemes: pod with style shorter than the narrow
sinus. S. Eu. — By some authorities considered to represent
a variant of M. saratile from which it differs in the lower
Ivs. ovate-spatulate to orbicular and the petals scarcely
twice as long as sepals.
29 Aga&lache
diastrdphis. Per. to 6 in., little branched: Ivs. oblong-
linear: fls. small, rosy-hlac: pod dentate. Asia Minor.
glaucum: probably A. grandiflorum var.
grandifl&rum. PERSIAN S. Per., l^i ft., with simple
branches: Ivs. oblong-linear, to 1>£ in. long: fls. pink or
rose, H in. across, in slender racemes, petals about four
times as long as sepals: pod notched at top, each of its 2
cells 1-seeded. Persia. Var. glaucum has Ivs. blue-green.
iberfdeum. Tufted low per.: lys. crowded and very
narrow: fls. large, showy, white, in short racemes: pod
ovate-obcordate, to ^ in. long, 2-seeded, E. Medit. region,
Asia Minor.
jucunda: AL. coridifolium.
K6tschyi: listed name for a very dwarf plant with rosy-
pink fls.
oppositifolium. Tufted per. to 8 in.: Ivs. orbicular, op-
posite, somewhat fleshy, glabrous: fls. rose, about % in.
across, petals obovate: pod H in. long and \i in. wide.
Greece.
ovalif61ium: At. creticum.
pSrsicum: listed name for a foot-high plant with deep
rose fls.: probably referable to AL. iberideum or At,, saiatile.
pulchcllum. Per. with branched sts.: Ivs. linear-oblong,
obtuse: fls. rosy-pink, in heads or racemes: pod dentate,
to H in. long, stigma sessile. Asia Minor.-— Cult, plants
passing as A7,, coridifohum may belong here.
purpureum: advertised as a trailer with rose-purple fls.
pyrenaicum. Per. to 16 in.: Ivs. oval, obtuse, leathery:
fls. pink, small, raceme elongating in fr.: pod usually only
1-seeded. Pyrenees. — By some consideioa only a variant
of AL. saxatile.
sax£tile. Per. to 1 ft., simple or branched: Ivs. many,
oval to linear-lanceolate, usually acute: fls. small, pink,
in a close but elongating raceme, petals usually slightly
more than twice as long as sepals: pod oblong, to nearly
1A in. long, notched, each cell normally 2-seeded. S. Eu.,
Algeria Var. gracile (At. Thomamanum) differs in having a
longer style in fr.
schist 6s urn. Per., sts. many, 2 in. or more high, erect and
simple: Ivs. narrow-linear, somewhat acute: fls. large, rose-
color: pod orbicular or broader than long, 1-seeded, in
imbricated raceme. Asia Minor.
stylosum. Per to 1 ft. or less: Ivs. large, ovate-lanceolate,
to Y% in. long: fls. rosy-pink, m a head: style of fr. longer
than sinus, Lebanon.
Thomas ianum: AL saxatile var. gracile.
trine'rvium (Iberidella trinervid). Per., woody: Ivs. ob-
long to nearly linear, stiff, more or less 3-nervpd, the upper
ones somewhat clasping: fls. large, white. Persia.
warleyeiise. Said to be a hybrid: compact but spreading,
3-4} in. high: fls. brilliant rose-pink or rose-carmine or one
form paler: foliage steol-blue.
AGALINIS: Gerardia.
AGAPANTHUS (Abumori). Liliacex. African
herbs with tuberous rootstocks, one popular as a
tub plant or big subject in pots, and out-of-doors
in warm regions. It does well in large tubs and
will bloom for several years without rehandling
if given liquid manure; will also force satis-
factorily. Propagated by division of roots or
rarely by seeds.
afrlcanus (A. umbellatus). AFRICAN-LILY. LILY-OF-THE-
NILB. To 3 ft.: Ivs. basal, linear-lanceolate: fls. funnel-
shaped, bright blue, to 2 in. long, 12-30 in terminal umbels.
Hort. vars. are albidus with white fls., Mooreanus with
dark blue fls., more hardy than most other forms, nanua,
dwarf and compact, and variegatus with striped Ivs.
ori entails. Distinguished from A. africanua by its
broader softer reflexing Ivs., longer peduncle and pedicel
with the umbel comprised of 40-100 fls.
pendulus. To 1H ft.: Ivs. deciduous, linear, to 15 in.
long and 1^ in. wide: fls. dark purple outside, paler within,
to 1H »n. long, tube longer than lobes, on pedicels to 2 in.
long, segms. scarcely spreading.
AGARITA: Mahonia trifoliolata.
AGASTACHE (Lophanthus) . Labiate. Per.
N. American tall herbs with 4-angled sts.,
toothed Ivs., 2-lipped purplish, blue or yellowish
fls. in terminal spikes; sometimes grown in the
border. The word has four syllables.
cana: Brittonastrum canum.
nepetoides. To 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong, to 6 in.
long: fls. greenish-yellow, ]4 in. long, in dense spikes to
1H ft. long. Que. to Ga. and Ark.
Agastache
urticifdlia. To 3 ft.: Ivs. cordate, to 4 in. long, coarsely
toothed: fls rose to violet, about y» in. long, in very dense
spikes 1-4 in. long, calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, rose-
tinged. Mont, to B. C. south to Colo, and Calif.
AGATH^EA C(ELESTIS: Felicia amelloides.
AOATHIS. DAMMAR-PINE. Araucariacex.
'Fall evergreen trees of about 20 species, not all
understood, with broad entire leathery Ivs.,
cylindrical staminate cones, and ovoid or globose
pistillate cones; native from the Philippines to
Australia and New Zeal. Determination of
immature and non-flowering trees is often
difficult: the adult foliage of all species varies;
juvenile Ivs. differ from adult Ivs. in form and
arrangement and are always larger: different
species have closely similar juvenile foliage.
For cult, see ('omfcrs. They can be grown out-of-
doors only in the warmer parts of the country,
as in Ma. and Calif.
filba (A. orientahs) Lvs. mostly opposite, broadly
lanceolate to ovate, potiolate, 2)2-5 in. long: staminate
ronea 2-3 in. long, %-l in. diam., stalked, supra-axillary;
ovulate cones subglobose, about 4 in. diarn. Malaya.
australis. KAURI-PINE. Juvenile Ivs. opposite, linear-
oblong, somewhat falcate, bronze-green, often spotted and
reddish, to 2^ in long; adult Ivs. suboppositp, oval to
broadly oblong, sessile, }^,-\lA in. long, K~~/-i in- broad,
blunt: staminate cones %-\H in. long, >a in. diam.,
stalked, axillary; ovulate cones subglobose, 2 -3 in. diam.
New Zeal. — One of the outstanding trees of the world in
size, beauty, and timber value. Rarely cult, because the
young tree has sparse yellowish foliage and poor habit;
plants so named are usually A. robusta.
Brownii: an ambiguous name based on a juvenile plant
of unknown identity; material so listed may be A. alba,
A. robusta or other species.
orientalis: A alba.
robusta. QUEENSLAND KAURI. Juvenile Ivs. mostly
opposite, oblong-elliptic to ovate, to 4 in. long, subsessile;
adult Ivs. narrow-elliptic, 24 in. long: stanunato cones
2-4 in. long, \£-lA in. diarn., sessile, axillary; oVulato cones
ovoid or subglobose, 4-5 in long, 3^-4^ m. diam.
Australia — The most frequently cult, species.
AGATH6SMA (Uartogia}. Rutaee*. S.Afri-
can shrubs with small Ivs., small white, red or
lilac fls. mostly in terminal umbels or heads and
fr. of 2-4 carpels; grown for ornament in warm
regions, sometimes in pots under glass. For
cult, see Diottrnti.
Ventenati&na. To 1 ft. or more, much branched: Ivs.
overlapping, ovate-lanceolate, % in. long: fls. lilac, purple
or white, in umbels.
villosa (Dwxma purpurca). To 1 ft.: Ivs. overlapping,
lanceolate, Y± in. long: fls. light purple, in dense terminal
heads.
AGAXI. Leguminossp. One tree native in trop.
Asia but nat. in W. Indies and S. Fla. A. grandi-
fldra (Scsbania grandijlora) . To 40 ft.: Ivs.
pinnate, of 10-30 pairs of Ifts. to 2 in. long:
fls. papilionaceous, red or white, to 4 in. long:
pods linear, flat, to 2 ft. long. An ornamental
tree for warm regions, with striking fls. and pods.
AGAVE. Am,aryllidacc&. Important economic
and decorative plants with usually stiff spiny
and often succulent long Ivs. in rosettes or basal,
fls. in spikes or panicles on long upright scapes
or sts. produced in some types every year and in
others at long intervals, in some cases the plants
even dying after blooming; native in arid and
semi-arid warm regions of western hemisphere.
Many species are found in collections of succu-
lents or of economic plants, some are grown as
ornamentals in warm sections; in Mex. they
furnish food, drink, fiber, razor strops and soap.
A. americana is in common cult, as a porch and
tub plant, but most of the species are known in
30 Agave
hort. only to fanciers and in large or botanica*
collections. The name has three syllables.
Agaves need a soil mostly of loam and sand, good drain-
age and firm potting. Most species can be propagated by
seeds, but often the flowers must be artificially hand-
pollinated in order to secure them; some kinds are proga-
gated by the suckers around the old plants or by under-
ground stems; others by stem buds and a few by the bulbels
which are found in the flower-clusters.
afflnis. Plant stemless or nearly so: Ivs. to 20 in. long
and 2 in. across, glaucous, spine to 2 in. long, light brown
to white, grooved toward base, prickles to l/i m. long and
2 m. apart, nearly straight: fls. in short branched paniculate
infl. Lower Calif.
albicans. St. very short: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 4 in. wide:
infl. about 3 ft.; fls. reddish-green, \1A in. long. Mex.?
Var. medio-picta is a milk-white stnpcd-lvd. form.
altissima: A. amencana.
americana (A. altissima. A. speclabilis). CENTURY
PLANT. Trunkless: Ivs. to 6 ft. long and 8 in. wide, giay,
smooth, in rosettes1 fls. yellowish-green, 3)^ in. long, m a
bracted scape or stalk to 40 ft. tall, produced when plant, is
ten years or more old; suckers are usually produced at base
as the plant dies. Tiop. Amer. Var. marginata has yellowish-
white or deep yellow margins. Var. medio-picta has yel-
low stripe along center of Ivs. Var. striata, Ivs lined with
yellow or white. Var. variegita, Ivs. dark green and yel-
low, twisted.
angustif61ia (A. Jacquiniana. A. ixthoides. A. vtvipara.
A. Wighln. A. cantula). Trunk to 1^2 ft ' Ivs. to 2 ft. long
and 3 in. wide, gray-green: infl. to 8 ft. high; fls. greenish,
2 in. long. Cent. Amer.? Var. marginata (vancgala) has
Ivs. margined with white.
antillarum. Trunkless: Ivs. about 3 ft. long and 3 in.
wide, bright green: infl. 15 ft.; fls. deep oiunge, 2 in. long.
Haiti.
applanata. Tnmkless: Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 4 in. wide,
gray-green: infl. to 30 ft.; fls. yellow, 3 in. long. Mex.
atr6virens. PULQUE A. Trunkless: Ivs to (> ft long and
1 ft. wide, dark green: infl. to 30 ft ; fls. greenish-yellow,
4 in. long. S. Mex. — The drink pulque is derived prin-
cipally from this species.
attenuata (A. glaucesccns). Trunk to 5 ft , sometimes
prostrate: Ivs. unarmed, to 2}j> ft. long and 10 in. wide:
infl spike-like, to 10 ft.; fls. greenish-yellow, 2 in. long.
Mex — Occasionally bulbels are produced.
Bergeri. Plant a stemless rosette to about 3^2 ft- high
and 5 ft. across: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 3*^ in. across at
middle, linear-lanceolate, tipped with black spine to 1 in.
long, margins with black strongly recurved spines nearly
% in long: infl. to nearly 12 ft. high. Alex.?
brachystachys: Manfreda brachyitachus.
Bra"ndegeei. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 4 in. across, grayish
illow-grcen, spine to 2 in. long, recurved, glossy red-
Town, brown prickles ^ in. long or less and to ?s in.
apart: fls yellow, to 1 % in. long. Lower Calif.
caerule'scens: A. lopftantha var.
cantula: A. angustifoha.
carchariodonta. Tninkjesa: Ivs. to 1 ft. or more long
and ?>Yi in. wide, prickly: infl. a spike to 12 ft. high; fls.
greenish or brownish. Habitat unknown.
cerulata. Lvs. to 14 in. long and 1^ in. across, deeply
concave, gray-brown, spine to 1J^ in. long and almost
straight, brown prickles about K in. long and to 1 in.
apart: fls. yellow, 1*2 in. long, on slender paniculate infl.
to 14 ft. high. Lower Calif.
chiape'nsis: A. polyacantha.
chrysacdntha: listed name of unknown botanical stand-
ing.
connoch&todon. Stemless, cespitoso: Ivs. to 1 ft. long
and 2^ in across, oblanceolate, grayish-red spine to 2 in.
long, reddish-brown, prickles to £« in. long and % in.
apart, terminal prickles upcurved, basal ones down-
curved; fls. on branched infl. to 10 ft. high. Lower Calif.-
Considerantii: A. Victonae-ltcginse.
datylio. Trunkless: Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 11^ in. wide,
yellow- or gray -green, with purplish or blackish spine ana
shining chestnut teeth. Lower Calif.
vci
br<
decfpiens (A, spiralis). Trunk to 8 ft.: Ivs. to 4 ft. long
and 4 in wide, prickly: infl. a panicle, to 20 ft.; fls. green-
ish-yellow, 3 in. long. S. Fla. >
dese'rti. Trunkless Ivs. in dense rosettes, 1 ft. long and
2 in. wide, gray-green, with triangular prickles: infl. a
panicle, 6 ft. high; fls. yellow, \\i in. long. Colo. Desert,
Calif.
Eichlamii. TrunklesJ?: Ivs. in rosettes, the edges with
brown spines. Guatemala. <
61egans: A. potatorum.
Agave
Ferdinandi-Regis. Trunkless: Ivs. triangular to lanceolate-
ovate, about 5 in. long, sharp pointed, deeply concave
above, both sides with converging white lines, terminal
spine about % in. long, black. Mex.
feTox. Trunkless: Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 1 ft. wide, fleshy:
inn. to 30 ft.; fls. yellow, 3^ in. long. Mex.
filifera. Trunkless: Ivs. in dense rosette, to 1 1A in. broad
and 1 or 2 ft. long, entire, spine-tipped, margins with
filaments: fls. maroon-purple, 2 in. or more long including
the long stamens, the scape to 15 ft. (shorter under glass).
Mex. Var. compficta (A. perpUxans), very compact, with
Ivs. 4 in. long.
fourcroydes (A. Ixtli. A. longifolia. A. minima. A.
rigida). HENEQUEN. Trunk to Oft.: Ivs. to 7^ ft. long and
4 in. wide, grayish-green: infl. to 20 ft.; fls. greenish, to
3 m. across, ill-smelling. Yucatan. — Furnishes fiber.
Franc eschi&na. Trunk very short: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and
4 in. wide, dark or blue-green: infl. to 15 ft.; fls. green,
2% in. long, ill-smelling. Mex.?
Franzosinii. Trunkless: Ivs. to 8 ft. long and 1 ft. wide,
whitish-green: infl. to 40 ft.; fls. yellowish, 3^ in. long.
Mex.?
Ghiesbr6chtii (A. Ghieabreyhtii). Truukless: Ivs. to 21$
ft. long and 4 in. wide, sometimes striped: infl. to 9 ft.; ns.
greenish or brownish, 2 in. long. Mex.
glauc6scens: A. attenuata.
H&rtmanii. Similar to A. parmflora but with sickle-
shaped Ivs., grooved spine, and finer marginal threads.
Mex , New Mex.
heteracantha. Nearly trunkless: Ivs to 2^ ft. long and
2% in. wide, slightly striped: infl. to 15 ft. Mex. — Similar
to A. lophantha, differing in Ivs. somewhat wavy and prick-
les closer together, median band usually prominent.
Material in the trade very likely to be A. lopfiantha var.
Poselgeri.
hdrrida: A. noli-tangere.
Houlletiana or Houllettii: A. sisalana.
huachuc6nsis. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 7 in. across,
erect-spreading, reddish to gray spine to 1 in. long, prickles
to ^4 in. long and % in. apart, mostly reflexed: fls. yellow,
to 3 in long, on infl. to 18 ft. high. Ariz.
h^strix: A. stncta.
imperialis: trade name for a gluucous-lvd. form.
Ingens. Nearly tnmkless: Ivs. to 6 ft. long and 14 in.
wide, dark green or grayish-green: inH to 30 ft ; fls. yel-
lowish-green, 3J^ in. long. Mex. Var. picta, Ivs. yellow-
margined.
fxtli: A. fourcroydes.
ixtlioides: A. angusti folia.
Jacqumiana: A. angustifolia.
Kerchdvei. Trunkless or short-trunked: Ivs. to 1^ ft.
long and 2)^ in. wide, gray-green, triangular, fibrous: mfl.
to 18 ft ; fls. 1H m. long. Mex.
leevis: A. sisalana.
latifdlia: A. potatorurn.
Lecheguilla: A. lop}umtJia var. Poselgeri.
longifblia^ A. fourcroydes.
lophantha. CRESTED A. Short-trunked: Ivs. to 3 ft. long
and 3 in. wide, green, glossy, striped beneath: infl. spike-
like, to 15 ft.; fls. greenish-yellow, 1)^ in. long. Mex. Var.
caerulescens (A. cseritle^cens) is a glaucous form without
stripes. Var. Pos61geri (A. Lecheguilki) has smaller Ivs.
with a pale central band, bluish-green and striped beneath.
Var. univittata, Ivs. with prominent pale band above.
lurida (A. mexicand). Trunkless or nearly so: Ivs. to
3 ft. long and 6 in. wide, with small teeth, glaucous: infl.
a panicle, to 20 ft.; fls. greenish, 3 in. long. Mex.
macr&ntha. Trunkless: Ivs. lonp and narrow, 5^ in.
wide: infl. to 5 ft.; fls. yellowish, 3 m. long. Mex.
maculdsa: Manfreda maculosa.
margaritee. Stemless. cespitose: Ivs to 10 in. long and
4 in. across, obovate-oblanceolate, dull green with trans-
verse bands, chestnut-gray spine to 1 in. long, prickles to
}'4 m long and H in apart, mostly downcurved on lower
half and upcurved above: fls. light yellow, to 2 in. long, in
paniculate infl. to 14 ft. high. Santa Margarita Isls.,
Lower Calif.
marginata: forms of A. americana and A. angustifolia.
mannorata (A. Todaroi), Tnmkless: Ivs. to 6 ft. long
and 1 ft. wide, very rough, gray and green-banded: infl.
10 ft. high; fls. golden, !*£ in. long. Mex.
mesotfllo. Similar to A. lophantha var. Poselgeri with
broader Ivs. and heavier prickles. Mex.
mexicana: A. lurida.
micracantha. Trunkless: Ivs. to 1H ft. long and 5 in.
wide, bright green, paler beneath: infl. about 10 ft.; fls.
brownish-green, l^im. long. Mex.?
31 Agave
minima: A. fourcroydes.
miradore-nsis. DWARF CENTURY PLANT. Trunkless:
Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 5 in. wide: infl. to 9 ft.; fla. greenish,
2 in. long, fetid. Mex.
mitis. Trunk very short: Ivs. to 15 in. long and 4 in. wide,
with small teeth: infl. 6 ft. high; fls. brown, 2 in. long, in
racemes. Mex.
mitrsef6rmis. Nearly trunkless: Ivs. to 2}£ ft. long and
1 ft. wide, zoned with gray and with chestnut-tipped
prickles: infl. to 20 ft.; fls. 2^ in. long. S. Mex.
negl£cta. BLUE CENTURY PLANT. Trunk less: Ivs. to
3 ft. long and 0 in. wide, gray: infl. to 40 ft.; fls. yellowish-
green, 2 in. long, fetid. Fla.
Nelsonii. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 3 in. wide, glaucous,
with blackish spine and brown or whitish teeth. Lower
Calif.
Nickelsii. Differs from A.. Victorix-Reginse in more open
rosettes of fewer Ivs.
n&li-tfingere (A. horridd). Lvs. to 1 J^ ft. long and 3 in.
wide, the margins toothed: infl. to 8 ft.; fls. green, 1J^ m«
long, in spikes. Mex.
oblongata. Stemless: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 4 in. wide,
gray-green with chestnut teeth: infl. to 4 ft.; fls. 1^ in.
long. Perhaps Mex.
Orcuttiana. Cespitose plant with reclining st. to 10 ft.
long: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 4 in. across, flexuous gray spine
to 1 in. long, prickles to JjJ in. long and % in. apart, usually
curved or hooked; fls. to 3 in. long, in paniculate infl.
Lower Calif.
Palme ri. Lvs. to 30 in. long and 4 in. across, lanceolate,
ascending, terminal spine long, open-grooved and slender,
marginal spines hooked: fls. yellow, to 2% in. long. Ariz,
and New Mex.
Pdrryi. Trunkless: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 4 in. wide,
glaucous, prickly-margined: infl. to 16 ft.; fls. creamy-
yellow, 2^4 in. long, m panicles. Ariz., New Mex., Mex.
parvifl&ra. Small: Ivs. 4 in. long and 1A in. wide: infl.
to 5 ft.; fls. greenish-white, l/± in. long. S. Ariz.
perplexans: A. fihftra var. compticta.
picta. Similar to A. americana but with darker green
Ivs. to 10 ft. long with marginal yellow band. Trop. Anier.
polyacantha (A. chiapensis). Nearly tnmkless: Ivs. to
3 ft. long and 0 in. wide: infl. to 15 ft.; fls. 2 in. long. Mex.
potatdrum (A. ele'gans. A.laiifolia A.pulchra). Trunk-
less: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 4 in. wide: inti. 12 ft.; fls. yellow-
ish-green, 2% iQ- l°ng. Mex.
pulchra: A. potatorum.
rigida: A. fourcroydes.
Roezliana. Lvs. to 16 in. long and 4 in. across, ovate-
lanceolate, rigid, with broad pale-green stripe above,
terminal spine grooved, margin with rather large teeth.
S. Mex. Var. Gflbeyi a dwarf form of var. Inghamii which
has broader and uniformly colored Ivs.
Rosed na. Stemless, somewhat cespitose: Ivs. to 20 in.
long and 6 in. across, stiffly ascending, purplish to gray
spine to 2% in. long and twisted-wavy, brown prickles to
1 in long and 1^ in. apart, broadly triangular and some-
what recurved: fls. to 2 in long, m narrowly paniculate
infl. to 10 ft. high. Lower Calif.
Salmiana. Trunkless: rosettes very large, Ivs to 7 ft.
long and 1H ft. wide, prickly-margined: infl. 30 ft.; fla.
yellow, in panicles. Mex.
scabra (A. Wislizenii). Trunkless: Ivs. to 10 in. long and
6 in. wide, gray, prickly-margined: infl. 12 ft.; fls. yellow,
2^ in. long. Mex.
schidfgera. Trunkless: Ivs. to 1% ft. long and ^2 in.
wide, with marginal threads: infl. 10 ft.; fls. 2 in. long, in
racemes. Mex.
Schfittii. Lys. to 12 in. long and ^ in. wide, linear-
triangular, spine scarcely grooved, toothless or with
minute prickles at base, margin shreddy: fls. yellow, to
IJ^ in. long. S. Ariz.
Sebastiana. Nearly trunkless: Iva. to 1 ft. long and
4 in. wide, gray-green: infl. 6 ft.; fls. yellow, 3^ in. long.
Lower Calif.
Shawii. Nearly trunkless: Ivs. 1^ ft- long and 5 in.
wide, prickly-margined: infl. to 10 ft. high; fls. greenish-
yellow, 3^£ in. long, in panicles. Calif.
sisala: A. sisalana.
sisalana (A. Houlletiana or Houllettii. A. Isevis. A.
sisala). SISAL HEMP. Trunk to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 5 ft. long and
4 in. wide, green or grayish: infl. to 20 ft.; fls. greenish,
2M m- long, ill-smelling. Habitat unknown.
spect&bilis: A. americana.
spiralis: A. decipiens.
stria ta. Trunkless: Ivs. 1H ft. long and 1 in. or more
wide, gray striped with dark green: infl. to 12 ft.; fls.
greenish, in spikes. Mex.
Agave
strfcta (A. hystrix. Bonapartea, Littxa and Yucca
hystrix). HEDQEHOO A. Trunkless: Ivs. to 14 in. long and
\^ in. wide, often pale or purplish: infl. to 12 ft.; fls. \y± in.
long. Mex. Var. glauca has glaucous Ivs.
tequilana. TEQUILA A. Trunkless: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and
3 in. wide, gray-green: infl. 20 ft.; fls. 2% in. long. Mex.
Todardi: A. marmorata.
Toumeyana. Trunkless: Ivs. to 4 in. long and H in.
wide, ascending and recurved or lax, terminal spine brown,
to % in. long, margins translucently denticulate below
middle: fls. about % in. long. S. Ariz.
Utah ens is. Trunkless: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 1 in. wide,
glaucous, with white teeth: infl. 5 ft. or more; fls. yellow,
1 in. long, in clusters. Utah, Calif , Ariz. Var. nevadensis
has wavy terminal spine and is listed as a dwarf form.
variegata: Manfreda variegata.
Verschaff61tii. Nearly trunkless: Ivs. to 7 in. long and
3 in. wide, with twisted light brown spine and long rusty
teeth on fleshy prominences: fls. about 2 in. long Mex.
Vict6riflB-Regln» (A. Conaiderantii). Trunkless: Ivs. to
6 in. long and 2 in. wide, dark green \\ith giuy margin:
infl. 12 ft.; fls. greenish, 1^ in. long. Mex.
virginica: Manfreda virgimca.
vivfpara: A. angustifolia.
Weberi. Trunkless: Ivs. to 2*3 ft- long and 8 in. wide,
margins entire: irifl. a panicle. Mex.
Weingaitii. Trunkless: Ivs. variable, apple-green.
Guatemala.
Wlghtii: A. angustifolia.
Wislizenii: A. scabra.
xylonacantha. Trunkless or nearly so: Ivs. to 3 ft. long
and 2 in wide, dark striped beneath, with homy prickly
margins: mfl. to 7 ft.; fls. IJi in- long, in spike-like racemes.
Mex.
Zapupe. Trunkless: Ivs. to 6H ft. long and 4 in. wide,
with reef-brown spine and small teeth. Mex.
AGDfiSTIS. Phytolaccaccse. One woody or
herbaceous vine from a very large gray tuberous
root, grown out-of-doors in 8. U. S. and thriving
in rich soil. Propagated by offsets. A. clematidea.
Climbing to 50 ft. : Ivs. alternate, cordate-ovate,
to 3 in. or more across: fls. white, star-shaped, to
J£ in. across, without petals, in panicled racemes.
Mex., Guatemala.
AGfiRATUM. Composite. Herbaceous
annuals with tassel-like clustered heads, usually
blue or white, and mostly opposite Ivs.: florets
all tubular; pappus of scales. Ageratums require
the usual cult, for annuals; the dwarf er kinds
are excellent for edgings.
coelestinum: A. corymbosum.
conspfcuum: Eupatorium glechonophyllum.
conyzoides. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, toothed, blunt or
rounded at base: fls blue or white, in heads to Y\ in. across,
all summer; mvolucral bracts oblong, slightly hairy.
Tropics.
corymbdsum (A. cvlestinum). To 1 1A ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
often broadly so, to 3^ in. long, somewnat villous beneath,
margin entire or serrate, tapering at base: fls blue, in
heads to % in. across, mvolucral bracts linear-lanceolate,
ciliate. Mex.
Fraseri: see Euputorium rugoaum.
Houstonianum (A. mericanum). Differs from A. cony-
zoides in Ivs. usually heart-shaped at base, blue fla in larger
heads, and involucral bracts linear-lanceolate and densely
hairy. Mex. Listed vars. include album, ceeruleum,
nanum and pumilum.
Lasseauxii: Eupatorium Lasseauxii.
mexicanum: A. Houstonianum.
purpurascens: hort. name.
Wflsonii: a catalogue name for a form with clear blue
fls. in large clusters.
AGLAONfeMA. Aracese. Trop. Asian and
African rhizomatous or stoloniferous herbs with
oblong or oblong-lanceolate Ivs. having thick
midribs and sheathed petioles, and unisexual
fls. borne on a spadix subtended by a spathe.
Glasshouse subjects grown for the attractive often varie-
32
Agrimonia
gated foliage; succeed in fibrous loam with rotted manure.
sand and charcoal added. Propagated by division ana
cuttings.
commutatum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 2 in. across,
deep green marked on veins with pale green. Malaya.
costatum. Sts. short, branching at base: Ivs. to 8 in.
long and 4 in. across, variously spotted with white. Malaya.
mode'stum. Sts. to 18 in.: Ivs to 18 in. long and 5 in.
across, ovate-acuminate, 4-5 lateral ascending veins.
Philippines.
nitidum: A. oblongi folium.
oblongif61ium (A. mtvlum). Sts. to 3 ft. or more: Ivs. to
20 in. long, with long petioles, to 3^ in. across, elongate-
elliptical, apex cuspidate, 7-8 lateral ascending veins:
spathe to 3 in. long, yellowish-green. Malaya.
pfctum (A. vursicolor) . Sts. to 10 ft. long: Ivs. to 6 in.
long and 2 in. across, clouded or spotted with white.
Malaya. Var tricolor, If -blade marked with golden-yellow
and yellowish-green spots.
Robelinii. Very robust: Ivs. to 10 in. long and 5 in. wide,
obscurely marked with pale green. Malaya.
siamense. Sts. to 1J£ ft. long: Ivs. to 10 in. long and
broad, the petioles about 0 in. long. Siarn.
simplex. Krect to 3 ft., rooting below: Ivs. lance-oblong
or somewhat broader, acuminate, to 12 in. long at maturity,
Kreen: spathe greenish or whitish inside, to 2 in. long.
Borneo, Celebes — Crown in water as "Chinese evergreen,"
thriving in poorly lighted places, infrequently blooming.
sinensis: listed narno of uncertain botanical standing.
versicolor: A. pictum.
AGNIRlCTUS. Aizoacese. A Mesembryan-
themum segregate with Ivs. having encrusted
warts; formerly included in Stornatium but
differing in calyx characters.
AGONIS. Myrtacex. Australian shrubs or
trees with alternate simple Ivs., fls. in dense
sessile heads, arid fr. a leathery caps.; grown for
ornament in 8. Calif. For cult, see Leptospermum.
flexudsa (Leptospermum flexuosum). To 40 ft.: Ivs.
willow-like, to 6 in. Icmg: fls. white, the axillary heads
% in. across; stamens usually 20. W. Australia.
linearif&lia. To 12 ft. or more: Ivs. linear or linear-
lanceolate, to 1 in. long: fls. white, in small axillary heads;
stamens 10. W. Australia.
marginata. Tall shrub: Ivs. obovate-oblong, to 1 in.
long: fls. white, in terminal or axillary heads; stamens 10.
W. Australia.
AG6SERIS. Composite. Ann. and per. herbs
related to Crepis with Ivs. in a basal tuft and
yellow fls. in large heads terminating scapes;
pappus of bristles.
cuspidata (Nothocalais cuspidatri). Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, wavy-margined: fls. Apr .-June. Wis.
to Colo.
glauca. Per. to 15 in.: Ivs. linear-oblanceolate, to 8 in.
long, usually entire, rarely pinnatifid, glaucous: fls. light
yellow becoming pinkish. Juue-Aug. Colo, to Wash, and
Man.
major. Ann. to 1U ft.: Ivs. often pinnatifid: fls. deep
yellow. Apr.-May. Calif.
AGRIMONIA. AGRIMONY. Rosacese. Per.
erect herbs mostly of the north temp, zone,
with alternate pinnate lys., small yellow fls.
in racemes, and fr. a bristly burr; sometimes
grown in shady or rear places for interest but not
particularly ornamental; also medicinal. There
are several N. American species, but apparently
not planted. Propagated by root-division in
spring and by seeds.
Eupatoria. To 3 ft.: Ifts. oblong-ovate, gray-hairy be-
neath: fr. obconical, bristles slightly spreading. Eu.
odorata. To 3 ft.: Kts. lanceolate, sharply serrate, finely
pubescent: fr. nearly hemispherical, bristles nearty at right
angles to side of fr. Eu., W. Asia, N. Afr.
Agrimonia
pilosa. To 5 ft.: Ifts. with stiff hairs on veins beneath:
bristles of fr. incurved. Eu.
AGRIMONY: Agrimonia. Hemp: Eupatorium can-
nabinum.
AGRITO: Mahonia trifoliolata.
AGROPtRON. Graminese. Mostly per.
grasses, usually of Eurasian origin and grown
here primarily for forage purposes. The spikelets
are several-fld., solitary and are arranged flat-
wise at each joint of an unbranched rachis.
Quack-grass or Dog-grass (A. repens), a common
weed in E. U. S., belongs to this genus and may
be distinguished from the species below by the
presence of creeping rhizomes.
cristatum. CRESTED WHEAT-GRASS. Per., erect culms
to 3)^ ft., usually without creeping rhizomes: spikeleta
much compressed, closely imbricated on spike to 2^ in.
long. Eurasia. — Adapted for hay and pasture uses in the
northern Great Plains, spreading by reseeding.
paucifldrum (A. tenerum). SLENDER W. Per. to 3% ft.,
without creeping rhizomes, glabrous: Ivs. flat, to K in.
wide: spikelets remote to imbricate on spike to 10 in. long.
Lab. to Alaska south to W. Va., Calif, and N. W. Mex.—
Of poor forage value.
tgnerum: A. paudflorum.
AGROSTfiMMA. CORN COCKLE. Gary-
ophyllacese. As now defined, a genus of 2 species
of ann. or bien. herbs, Eu. and Asia, one of them
a showy weed and sometimes known as a cult,
plant, A. Gith&go (Lychnis Githayo. L. segitalis).
Grayish erect branching silky-hairy plant to
3 ft., with long-linear erect Ivs.: fls. purplish-red
and more or less spotted, 1 in. or more across,
petals obcordate and exceeded by the very long
leaf -like calyx-lobes (which are deciduous in fr.).
Common in wheat-fields. See Lychnis.
AGR6STIS. BENT-GRASS. Graminex. Tufted
annuals and perennials of small or medium size
and many narrow lys., the small spikelets borne
in open diffuse panicles; of world-wide distribu-
tion and furnishing familiar hay, pasture, and
lawn grasses as well as flower-garden subjects.
See Grasses.
filba. REDTOP. FIOIUN. Per. to 3}<£ ft., erect or base
slightly decumbent, vigorous creeping rhizomes: Ivs. flat,
to 8 in. long and ^ in. wide: panicles to 1 ft long, green or
reddish, open with ascending brandies. Ku ; nat. in N.
Amer. — Used for pastures and lawns. Distinguished from
A. stolomjera by its stronger and usually erect culms. Often
confused with A. paluktns from which it differs in its open
panicle arid absence of stolons.
canina. BROWN BENT. VELVET BENT. Per. to 2 ft.:
Ivs. to 2 in. long and ^ in- wide: panicles to 7 in. long,
branches very slender. Newf. to Alaska, Pa. and Tenn. —
Used for lawns.
capillaris: a confused name whose botanical identity is
not clearly understood. Var. astoriana is a hort. name for
a form of A. tennis.
hiemalis (A. laxi flora). HAIR-GRASS. SILK-GRASS. Per.
to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long and -fa in. wide: panicles often
purplish, to 2 ft. long, branches hair-like and bearing spike-
lets only toward tips N. Amer.— Ornamental.
laxifldra: A. hiemalis.
maritima: A. palustns.
nebulosa. CLOUD-GRASS. Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. short and
very narrow: panicles to 6 in. long, with many very fine
branches bearing spikelets near tips. Spain. — Ornamental.
palustris (A. maritima. A. stolonifera var. compacts).
CREEPING BENT. Creeping per. to 1 \^ ft., sts. often de-
cumbent and stoloniferous: Ivs. to 3H in. long and t^ in.
wide, rough: panicles dense, to 4 in. long, branches erect.
Shores Eu., E. N. Amer. — Used in lawns. Hort. forms are
known in trade as Cocoos bent and Washington or Metro-
politan bent; the former are propagated by seed and the
latter by stolons.
pulche'lla: Aira capillaris var. pulchella.
retrofracta. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and Y* in.
wide, rough above: panicles to 1 ft. long, branches hair-
like and bearing prominently awned spikelets toward tips.
New Zeal., Australia, Hawaii; intro. into U. S. — Orna-
mental.
33 Aiphanes
stolonifera. To 1J$ ft-* culms decumbent at base and
ascending, often rooting along decumbent portion but
true rhizomes wanting: Ivs. to 6 in. long ancHess than % in.
wide: panicles to 6 in. long, more or less open with the
branches bearing spikelets from near the base. Newf. to
Alaska, N. 3. and Ore.; Eu. — The identity of plants in the
trade under this name is much confused. Several varie-
ties of it are listed, among them: var. major is probably
A. alba; vars. compacta and maritima are referable to A.
palustris.
t£nuis (A. vulgaris). COLONIAL BENT. RHODE ISLAND
BENT. Similar to A. alba but smaller and with shorter
redder panicles; may further be distinguished from A. alba
by its hgule being one-half as long or less. Eu.; nat. in N.
Amer. — Used for pasture and lawn Creeping forms are
known as Astoria and Colonial bent, and certain non-creep-
ing ones as New Zealand and Prince Edward Island bent.
vulgaris: A. tennis.
AICHR^SON. Crassulacese. Succulents of the
Canary Isls., intermediate between Sedurn and
Sempervivum (see the latter), with cup-shaped
calyx 5-12-lobed, scales ciliate, carpels partially
immersed in calyx-tube.
dichdtomum. Ann. or bien.: sts. erect and forked, hairy:
Ivs. obovate or spatulate: fls. yellow, in loose corymbs,
petals 8 or 9.
dome'sticum (Sempervivum tortuosiim of DeCandolle)
is an old garden hybrid: erect slightly shrubby free-flower-
ing somewhat hairy plant: Ivs. spatulate, to 1 in. long:
fls. yellow,
tortu6sum. Dense downy subshrub, 1-0 in. high: Ivs.
obovate-spatulate, very flesriy, \^ in. long, % in. broad,
in- thick: fls. golden-yellow, in small corymbs.
villdsum. Ann. to 4 in. and more, sticky-hairy: Ivs.
spatulate, to % in. long: fls golden-yellow, j^ in- across,
in loose corymbs, petals G-9. Madeira, Azores.
AILANTHUS (Pongchon) . Simarubaceae.
Large deciduous trees of Asia and N. Australia,
one planted widely as a street and yard tree as
it is smoke-resistant and free from insects: Ivs.
pinnately compound, ill-scented when bruised:
fls. small, green, in large terminal panicles,
polygamous: fr. a samara with the seed in the
middle.
The ailanthus grows on any upland soil and tends to
spread as seedlings; propagated by seed sown soon after
ripening and by root-cuttings.
altfssima (.4. glandulosa. A. japonica). TREE-OF-
HEAVEN. To 60 ft. or more, rapid growing: Ivs. of 13-25
Ifts. to 5 in. long, glabrous beneath, with large ghmd-
bearing or callous teeth at base: fr. 1 ^ in long China;
nat. in E. N. Amer. — Only the fcrtile-fld. types should be
planted as the staminate fls. exhale a sweetish or to some
persons a disagreeable odor Var. erythrocarpa (A. rubra),
fr. bright red Var. pendulifdlia, Ivs. large and drooping.
Var. sutchuene'nsis, petioles purplish, frs. larger.
gland uldsa: A. altissima.
imberbifl&ra. To 100 ft.: Ivs of 15-20 glabrous Ifts. to
3 in. long: fr. 2 in. long. Australia.
jap6nica: A. ahissima.
rubra: A. altissima var. erythrocarpa.
Vilmoriniana. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 17r35 Ifts. to 6 in. long,
pubescent beneath: fr. 2 in. long. China.
AfPHANES. Palmacede. A few trop. American
more or less cespitose or soboliferous pinnate-lvd.
monoecious palms of low to medium height, one
of which is frequently planted in our warmest
parts: If .-sheaths, petioles and rachis, and some-
times the pinnae themselves, bearing sharp dark
spines: pinnae often cuneate or broad, apex erose
or variously jagged: spacides long, among the
foliage, mostly only once-branched: fr. size of
cherry, globose or obovoid, 1-seeded. The
generic name may be pronounced in four sylla-
bles : a-if-an-ees.
caryotefblia (Martinezia caryote folia) . Trunk solitary,
to 30 ft. and more, 4-6 in. thick, ringed and with long black
spines: Ivs. 3-6 ft. and more long; pinna 6-14 in. long, most
of them 3-6 in. broad and suddenly expanded near apex
and narrower below, the end obscurely somewhat 3-lobed
and variously toothed; spathe to 18 in. long, spiny toward
the base: fr. about % in. long, yellow. 3. Amer.
Aira
A IRA. Graminese. Small mostly ann. grasses
of the Medit. region, with narrow Ivs. and
spikelets borne in loose panicles; one species is
planted for ornament arid use in dry bouquets.
See (trasses.
ceerulea: Mohnta aerulca.
capillaris (Aaprw cajnltans). Ann. to 1^ ft : Ivs. h.-iir-
like: panicles with many spreading thread-like branches.
Var. pulchella (Aspns putchdli, Agrostis pulchclla) has
awnecl florets.
flexudsa: Deschnmpsia flexuosa.
pulchella: A. aipillaria var.
AIR-PLANT: Kalanchoi! pinnata.
AISTOCAULON. Aizoacex. A segregate from
the genus Mesernbryanthemum, one species
from 8. Afr. A. rosulatum (M. rosulalum.
Nananthus roaulatus. Acaulon rosulatum) . Hoots
long and fleshy: Ivs. 6-8, spatulate, to 1J£ in.
long and 1 in. wide near tip, rough with many
whitish wart-like dots: fls. yellow with red line
in center of petals; stamens yellow with white
anthers, 1J^ in. across.
CARPET-WEED FAMILY. Widely
distributed low mostly succulent herbs or sub-
shrubs, of about 20 formerly listed genera but
now of much greater number with tho segregations
from Mesembryanthernurn, with regular bisexual
fls. having many or no petals, 4-5-parted calyx,
4—5 or many stamens, superior or inferior 2- or
more-celled ovary, and fr. a caps. The plant -
body is sometimes reduced to nearly or quite
globular proportions, particularly in the dry
and desert regions of S. Afr. Known to hort. in
the plants of the Mesembryanthemum group
grown for ornament and fancy, and in the New
Zealand spinach grown as a pot-herb: Acrodon,
Agnirictus, Aistocaulon, Aptenia, Argyroderma,
Aridaria, Astridia, Bergeranthus, Bijlia. Carpan-
thea, Carpobrotus, Carruanthus, Cepnalophyl-
lum, Cerochlarnys, Chasmatophyllum, Cneiri-
dopsis, Comeosia, Conophyllum, Conophytum,
Corpuscularia, Cryophyturn, Cylindrophyllum,
Dactylopsis, Delospcrma, Didymaotus, Din-
teranlhus, Diplosoma, Disnhyma, Dorothcan-
thus, Dracophilus, Drosantnernum, Eberlanzia,
p]bracteola, Echinus, Ercpsia, Faucaria, Fcnes-
traria, Gibbaoutn, Glottiphyllum, Hereroa, iler-
reanthus, Hymenocyclus, Juttadintcria, Lam-
pranthus, Lapidaria, Lit hops, Machmrophyllum,
Mesembryanthemum, Meyerophytum, Mit-
rophyllum, Monilaria, Nananthus, Odontophorus,
Oophyturn, Ophthahnophyllum, Oscularia, Peer-
sia, Pleiospilos, Prenia, Psarnmophora, Psilo-
caulon, Rabiea, Rhincphyllum, Khombophyllum,
Ruschia, Sceletium, Schwantesia, Semmarithe,
Sphalmanthus, Stornatium, Tetragonia, Titnnop-
sis, Trichodiadema, Vanheerdia.
AjtTGA. BUGLK-WEED. Labiatsr. Herbaceous
annuals and perennials, grown in the rock-garden
and the border, with numerous blue, white, or
rose fls. in whorls in terminal spikes in early
summer. Propagated by seeds and division;
of simple cult.
alpma: A. genevensis.
Br6ckbankii: probably A. replans var. BrocKkankii,
although referred by some to A. genevensis.
chla. Per to 1 ft , somewhat stoloniferous, sts villoua
above: Ivs. entire and linear-lanceolate to pahnately 3-fid.
with linoar-spatulate segrns to 1 in. long: fls. yellow,
purple, or yellow with purple stripes, about % in. long.
E. Eu.
genevensia (A. alptna. A. rugosa). Per. 8-14 in., erect,
not stoloniferous: Ivs oblong or obovate, toothed: fls. blue.
34 Alcea
Eu., Orient. Var. alba, fla. white. Var. rdsea, fls. rose-
pink. Var. varieg&ta is listed.
metallica var. crispa: hort. name for a form to 5 in. high
with curled metallic glossy blue fls. in a pyramidal spike.
purpurea: hort. name, probably for form of A. metalhca
var. crispa; also a form of A. rep tana.
repens: A. rcptans.
rgptans (A. lepcns). CARPET B. Per 3-12 in., st. more
or less prostrate: Ivs oblong or obovate, entire or wavy:
fls white or in some vars. blue or purplish. Eu. Var. alba,
fls. white Var atropurpurea has blue fls. and bronze Ivs.
Var. Brockbankii, fls. blue. Var. multicolor, foliage spotted
and variegated with yellow, brown and red. Var. pur-
purea is listed as having fls. purple. Var. rubra, Ivs. dark
purple. Var. variegata, Ivs. splashed and edged creamy-
yellow.
rugdsa: A. genevensis.
T6ttenhamii: a garden form about 6 in. high, with bronze
foliage and purplish fls.
varieg&ta: A. reptans var.
AKEBIA. Lardizabalacese. Hardy twining
shrubs with half-evergreen digitately com-
pound Ivs., odd purplish unisexual fls. in axillary
racemes in spring, and fr. a purple berry; 2
species from China and Japan.
Akebias are neat vines whore heavy shade is not needed;
they are also used m cool greenhouses for covering walls
and pillars They need sun and \\ell-drained soil Propa-
gated by seeds, by hardwood and greenwood cuttings, and
by root-division.
lobata: A. tnfohata.
quinata. Fiv I>LEAF A. Lfts. 5, entire: fls. fragrant.
China, Japan, Korea.
trifoliata (A lobata}. THREE-LE\F A. Lfts 3, coarsely
toothed or entire Japan, China. Var. australis has leath-
ery entire Ifts. China. Var. clematifdlia has thin entire
Ifts. Japan.
AKEE: Dhghia sapida.
ALBIZZIA. Lcguminosx. Small trees or
shrubs with deciduous bipinnate Ivs., fls. more
or less plume-like or tassel-like due to exserted
stamens, in heads or spikes, white, yellow, pink,
blooming in summer, and pods strap-shaped and
flat without partitions; native in trop. and
subtrop. Asia, Afr. ana Australia, and 1 in Mex.
Cult, as for Acacia. A. Julibrissin may be
grown as far north as Washington and hardy
races much farther, and the others only in S.
Fla. and S. Calif.
Julibrissin (Acacia Julibrissin. A. and Mimosa Nemu).
SILK-TREK Tree 30—40 ft.: Ifts. % in. long: fls pink, m
heads crowded on the upper ends of branches: pods to 6 m.
long Persia to Japan. Vnr. rdsea, smaller bright pink fls.,
hardier.
Kalkdra. Differs from A. Lebbek primarily in Ifts.
oblong, fls. yello\vish-white with pink stamens and pod to
(> in long on a long stalk. India. — Intro, in test grounds
but not in general cult.
Lebbek (Acucia LebbcL). LKBBI:K-TWEE SHIM-TREE.
WOM \Ns-ToNGUK-TuKK Tree to .)() ft.: Ifts to 1 *2 m long:
fls greenish-yellow, in axillary heads' pods to 1 ft. long on
pedicels 2-3 in. long. Trop. Asia, N. Australia; nat. in
W. Indies.
lebbekoldes. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. of 8-12 pinnse, Ifts.
50-00, oblong, to Jj in. long, obtuse: heads small, fcw-fld.,
numerous, corolla narrowly tubular: pods 6-8 in. long,
8-12-seeded. Burma.
lopha'ntha (Acacia lophantha}. PLUME A. Shrub or tree
to 20 ft.: Ifts. \ 3 m. long: fls. yellow, in spikes 2 in. longf
pods 3 in. long. Australia.
procfcra. Tall tree: Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. greenish-white,
in heads: pods to 7 in. long. Trop. Afaia, Australia.
Liliacesp. Bulbous herbs of the
Scilla tribe with flat basal Ivs. and large yellow
or white fls. in racemes; theHwo following from
S. Afr. have been intro. in Calif.
major. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 \i ft. long: fls. pale yellow with
broad green band, 1 in long.
minor. To 1^ ft ' lys 1 ft. long: fls. pale yellow with
broad green band, % in. long. v
AXCEA: Althxa Hohenackeri.
Akhemilla
ALCHEMfLLA. LADYS-MANTLE. Rosacex.
Ann. or per. herbs with palmately-lobed or
-divided Ivs., small greenisn or yellowish fls.
in corymbs, and fr. an achene; native in the
north temp, zone and sometimes cult. Some
of the species make good mats or low clumps
of attractive foliage; fls. not showy. Propagated
by seeds or division.
alpma. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. divided into 5-7 oblong Ifts.
toothed at tip and shining silvery-hairy beneath. Mts.
of Eu.
arvensis: see A. microcarpa.
chirophylla. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. divided into 5-7 oblong-
obovate Ifts. toothed at tip, silky-hairy on both sides. Eu.
mlcans. A form of A. vulgaris, very dark green turning
red in autumn. Eu.
microc&rpa. Ann. to 6 in.: Ivs. deeply 3-parted into cut
segma , pubescent, about ]/* in. long. Eu ; nat. in E N.
Anier. — Long confused with A. arvensis, from which it
differs in its smaller Ivs and fls.
pratensis. Tall per.: Ivs. orbicular, with 5-0 shallow-
toothed lobea, pubescent beneath. Eu.; nut. in N. Amer. —
By some considered a form of A. wdyaris.
pub6scens. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. with 7-11 shallow coarsely
toothed lobes, silky-hairy. Eu.
sylv£stris. A form of A. vulgaris, bluish-green turning
red-brown in autumn. Eu.
vulgaris. Per. to 1*2 ft.: Ivs. orbicular, to 6 in. across,
with 7-0 shallow tootned lobes, grayish-pubescent. Eu.
ALCICORNIUM: Platycenum.
ALDER: Alnus. BlackT: Ilex verticillata. White-:
Clethra.
ALfiCTRYON. Sapindaccse. Evergreen trees
with alternate pinnate Ivs., bisexual or unisexual
fls. in many-fid, panicles, without petals, and
fr. a leathery caps.; variable; grown in S.
exce'lsum. TITOKI. To 00 ft.: Ivs. of 4-6 pairs of ovate-
lanceolate nearly entire Ifts to 4 in. long: panicles to 1 ft.
long: caps. % m long. New Zeal.
subcinereum. SMOOTH RAMBUTAN. Tree to 30 ft.: Ifts.
oblong-elhptic to lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, glabrous, usually
2-6: fls. m loose panicles: fr. subscssile, lobes globose, to
^<j in. across. Australia.
STAR-GRASS, Liliaccse. Per.
fibrous-rooted herbs with a basal cluster of
narrow or grass-like Ivs. and small white or
yellow fls. in erect spikes or spike-like racemes
terminating a slender scape.
Star-grass does well in moist sunny positions; useful for
colonizing. Propagated by seed or division.
a urea. YELLOW COLIC-ROOT. To 2^ ft.: ivs. pale
yellowish-gnvn, to 3 in. long: fls. yello\v, oblong, erect:
fr. an ovoid caps, nearly as long as perianth. June-Aug.
S. E. U. S.
cordata: listed name of unknown botanical status.
farin5sa. To 3 ft.: Ivs. pale yellowish-green, to 6 in.
long: fls. white, elongate bell-shaped, erect: fr. an ovoid
caps, usually shorter than perianth. May-July. Me. to
Fla. and Ark.
ALEURITES. Euphorbiaceae. Trees native
in the eastern tropics, with milky juice, large
alternate simple often lobed Ivs., monoecious
fls. in terminal panicled cymes, and rather large
sesculus-like frs.; grown far S. for shade and for
the seeds which yield valuable oil. The generic
name is pronounced in four syllables
Propagated by seed sown where plants are to stand or
seedlings transplanted when about 1 foot high. Also propa-
gated by hardwood cuttings. Trees begin to bear nuts in
three to six years.
cordata. JAPAN WOOD-OIL-TREE. To 30 ft: Ivs broadly
ovate-cordate, 3-5-lobed or toothed: fls. % in. long, ovary
3-4 -celled: ftv warty. S. E. Asia.
F6rdii. CHINA WOOD-OIL- or TUNQ-OII/-TREE To
25 ft : Ivs. ovate, sometimes 3-lobed, to 5 in long: fls red-
dish-white, ovary 3-5-celled: fr. 2-3 in. across, smooth.
Cent Asia.
moluccana. CANDLENUT. CANDLE-BERRY-TREE. VAR-
NISH-TREE. To 60 ft.: Ivs. ovate, often with 3-5 triangular
35 Allionia
lobes, to 8 in. long: fls. white, ovary 2-celled: fr. 2 in. or
more across. Malaya; nat. in tropics.
ALFALFA: Medicago.
ALFILARIA: Erodium cicutarium.
ALGERITA: Mahonia trifoliolata.
ALfSMA. WATER-PLANTAIN. Alisniaccse.
Aquatic mostly per. herbs with erect or floating
basal Ivs. and fls. in panicles, having 3 white or
rose-tinged petals; a widely distributed genus.
Sometimes grown about ponds and in bogs for
the foliage and many small white fls. Propagated
by division or seeds.
Plantago-aqufitica. Lys. oblong to ovate: fls. to M in.
across, in whorls on panicles to 3 ft. high. Northern hemi-
sphere; in N. Amer. as far north as Mass, and Minn.
subcordatum: the common N. American plant, by some
authors considered to be distinct from the Old World A.
Plantago-aqitatica .
ALISMACE^;. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.
About 13 genera in swamps and streams around
the world. Herbs with basal long-stalked Ivs.,
regular bisexual or unisexual fls. borne in whorls
on racemes or panicles, having 3 sepals, 3 decid-
uous petals, 6 or more stamens, many l-celled
ovaries becoming achcnes in fr. Alisma and
Sagittaria are grown in outdoor ponds and bogs.
Lophotocarpus is grown in pools in Calif.
ALKANET: Anchusa.
ALKEKENGI: Physalis Alkekengii.
ALLAMANDA. Apocynaccx. Trop. shrubs,
erect or clambering climbers, grown in con-
servatories and in the open far S., with opposite
or whorlcd Ivs. and large funnel-shaped yellow
or purplish showy fls., essential organs deep in
the tube, and fr. a large prickly caps., which is
not to be expected under glass.
The cultivation of Allamandas is simple, but they need
extra feeding during the whole growing season. The plants
should be kept nearly dry after growth ceases in late autumn
till February or March; they should then be cut back arid
started in a moi&t position; all repotting should be done
before the new growth is 6 inches long. Prop.'igated from
old and new wood cuttings. In warm countries they thrive
profusely on walls and fences.
cathartica. COMMON A. Tall climbing: Ivs. usually in
4's, obovate, to f> in. long1 fls. golden-yellow, to 3 in. across.
Brazil Vars. are: grandiflftra, fls to 4% in. across; Hen-
dersonii (A. Hendersonn), Ivs. leathery, fls. to 5 in across;
nobilis (A. nohilix), fls. to 5 in. across, with magnolia-like
fragrance; Schdttii (A. Sfhothi), fls. with dark striped
throat; Wflliamsii, fls. with reddish-brown throat.
grandifl6ra: A. cathartica. var.
Hgndersonii: A. cathartica var.
neriifdlia. OLEANDER A. Half climbing or erect shrub
to 3 ft.: Ivs. in whorls of 2-5, oval or oblong, to 5 in. long:
fls. golden-yellow, 13-2 m- across, swollen at base. Brazil.
n6bilis: A. cathartica var.
purpurea: hort. name.
Sch6ttii: A. catliartica var.
violacea. Slender climber: Ivs. usually in 4's, oval, to
6 in. long: fls. reddish-purple, 2^£ in. across. Brazil. —
Thrives best if grafted on A. cathartica var. Htndersonn or
Schottn.
WOliamsii: A. cathartica var.
ALLEGHENY-VINE: Adlumia fungosa.
ALLI6NIA (Oxybaphus). UMBRELLA- WORT.
Nyctaginacese. Mostly American herbs with
opposite Ivs. and fls. in terminal panicles or
solitary in the axils, without petals and sub-
tended by involucres; occasionally transplanted
from the wild.
nyctaginea. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate to oblong, to
4 in. long: fls. red, longer than involucre, in panicles. 111. to
Colo, and Tex.
Allium
ALLIUM. IMiaceae. Bulbous herbs with mostly
strong odor, narrow basal Ivs. and sometimes a
few cauline Ivs. and small fls. borne in umbels
or heads subtended by bracts and terminating
slender scapes; perianth-segms. 6; ovary 3-cellcd.
In some species the Ivs. are terete and fistular
(hollow), and in others broad and flat. The
roots are sometimes more rhizomatous than
strictly bulbous. A large genus native mostly
in the northern hemisphere and the species
still much confused in cult.
Several species are grown for food and others for orna-
ment, the latter mostly for colonizing or in wild-gardens
and recently very popular in the rock-garden The flower-
garden all aims require no special treatment and bloom in
spring and summer; A. ncapoli'anum is useful for cut-
flowers when grown in boxes or beds under glass. Propa-
gated by seeds sown in early spring, by offsets and bulbels
in autumn or spring. Most of the species are hardy North.
See Chive, Garlic, Leek, Onion,
acuminatum. To 1 ft., bulbs with membranous retic-
ulated coats: Ivs. ^8 in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. deep
rose-purple; segms. about length of pedicels; stamens
shorter than segms B. C. to Ida. and Calif. Var. cuspi-
datum has more slender scapes and cuspidate segms.
acutangulum: A. angulosum.
£lbidum: A. denudatum.
albopildsum. To 3 ft , bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs to 1 % in wide, white-hairy beneath: fls lilac, in umbels
8 in across; pedicels 2 -3 times longer than segms.; stamens
shorter than segms. Persia to Asia Minor.
dlbo-purpureum: listed name.
album: riot in cult. , t he plants so grown being A tuberosum.
alleghanie'nse. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
lys narrow-linear, shorter than scape: fls purple, in nod-
ding umbels; pedicels filiform, many times longer than
segms.; stamens exserted. Va. to Tenn. and Ga.
altaicum: A. fistulas-urn.
amm6philum. Often united with A. angulosum but
lower, with smaller Ivs. and golden-yellow fls. Eu.
Ampel6prasum. Differs from A. Porrum in the bulba
breaking up into numerous bulbels, and in the exserted
rather than included, style. Mcdit. region — Material grown
as A. Ampcloprasum is likely to be A. Porrum.
ample" c tens. To 1}£ ft., bulbs with membranous retic-
ulated coats: Ivs. filiform, shorter than scape: fls. white,
in head-like umbels 1 in. across; pedicels nearly twice
length of segms.; stamens about equalling segms. Waah.
to Calif.
angulosum (A. acuta-ngulurn}. To 2 ft , bulbs with
membranous coats: Ivs to }± in uide, shorter than scape:
fls. lilac or purple, rarely white; pedicels 2-3 times longer
than segms ; stamens included. Ku. to Siberia.
angust6prasum: listed name; plants so grown have been
A. ticnacnojrrasum.
asca!6nicum. SHALLOT. To l}$ ft., clustered bulbs with
membranous coats: Ivs. terete and hollow, awl-shaped,
shorter than scape: fls. white or violet, in globose umbels,
rarely produced: pedicels longer than segms ; stamens in-
cluded Probably a cultigen. — Plants so advertised have
turned out to be A. pulchcUutn .
Aschersonianum. To 1 J£ ft , bulbs with membranous
fringed coats: Ivs to Jjj in wide, shorter than scape: fls.
pink, in dense umbels; pedicels 3-4 times longer than
segms ; stamens slightly exserted. Asia Minor to Egypt. —
Plants grown under this name have proved to be A.
cannatum.
atr6rubens. To 5 in., bulbs with membranous coats:
If. solitary, terete: fls. reddish-purple; pedicels equalling
segms.; stamens included. Nov., Calif.
azure um: A. cseruleum.
Beesianum. To 1)4 f t , clustered bulbs having fibrous
coats: Ivs to H in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. deep
blue edged with white, in nodding umbels; pedicels equal-
ling segms. ; stamens included. China.
Bfdwelliee: A. campanulatum.
bisceptrum. To 8 in., bulbs with membranous reticu-
lated coats: Ivs. H in. wide, about length of scape: fls. rose
to whitish; pedicels 2-3 times longer than segms.; stamens
included. Calif., Utah.
Bolanderi. To 8 in., bulbs with membranous reticulated
coats: Ivs i^in wide, shorter than scape: fls. rose to white;
pedicels slightly longer than segms.; stamens included.
Ore, Calif. Var. stenanthum (A. stenanthum) is taller, fls.
nearly white.
brevlstylum. To 2 ft., bulba with fibrous coata: Iva. to
36 Allium
Yi in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. deep rose, in loose
umbels; pedicels twice as long as segms.; stamens included.
Mont, to Colo.
Brdweri. To 3 in., bulbs with membranous coats: Ivs.
Y± in. wide, much longer than winged scape: fls. rose-purple,
m dense umbels; pedicels equalling segms.; stamens in-
cluded. Calif.
bulgaricum: plants cult, under this name are probably
A. sphxrocephalum.
Burbankii: listed name; probably referable to A.
Schcenoprasum.
caeruleum (A. azureum). To 4 ft., bulbs with mem-
branous coats: Ivs. linear, 3-angled, shorter than scape:
fls. deep blue, in dense globose umbels to 2 in. across;
pedicels much longer than segms ; stamens included or
only slightly exserted. Siberia, Turkestan.
campanulatum (A. Bidwclliae). To 1 ft., bulbs with
membranous reticulated coats: Ivs. ^ in. wide, shorter
than scape: fls. pink, in many-fid, umbels; pedicels twice
length of segms.; stamens included. Calif.
canadense. WILD GARLIC. To 2 ft , bulbs with fibrous
reticulated coats: Ivs. ^ in. wide, shorter than scape: fls.
pink or white, often replaced by bulblets; pedicels much
longer than segms.; stamens included. N. B. to Tex.
cannatum. To 2 ft , bulbs with membranous coats: Ivs.
Yb in. across, borne half way up st.: umbels bearing bulbels,
subtended by 2 very long unequal bracts; fls. few, violet
to rose; pcoicels much longer than segms.; stamens ex-
serted Eu ; escaped in N. J. and Pa. — Material cult, as
A. carinatum may be A. pulchellum.
Cepa. ONION (which see). To 4 ft., large bulbs with
membranous coats: Ivs cylindrical and hollow, much
shorter than hollow swollen scape: fls. lilac to white, in
large umbels; pedicels many times longer than segms ;
stamens exserted. W. Asia. Var. solanhium (var. mul-
hphcans), POTATO and MULTIPLIER ONION, propagates by
natural divisions of the bulb. Var. vivlparum (var. bul-
bdhferuTn) , TOP ONION, is propagated by bulbels borne in
the umbels.
cernuum (A. recurvatuni). To 2 ft., clustered bulbs with
membranous coats: Ivs. }•£ in. wide, shorter than scape:
fls. rose or white (var. Album), in many-fld nodding umbels;
pedicels much longer than segms.; stamens exserted.
N. Amer.
ciliatum: A. subhirsutum.
cinereum: indefinite name botanically; plants so cult.
are A. cernuum.
controv6rsum: A. pyrenaicum.
crenulatum (A. vancbuverensc). To 3 in , bulbs with
membranous coats: Ivs to \i in wide, longer than scapes
which have winged crenate margins: fls. deep rose-purple;
pedicels about equalling segms.; stamens included. B. C.,
Wash.
crispum: A. peninsulars var.
cuspidatum: A. acuimnatum var.
cyaneum (A. Purdomii). To 10 in , clustered bulbs with
fibrous coats: Ivs linear or filiform, ]/^R in. wide, longer than
scape: fls. blue, in slightly nodding umbels: pedicels about
length of segms.; stamens much exserted, blue. China.
Cyrillii. Allied to A. nigrum but a smaller plant with
narrower Ivs. and periaiith-segms. and fleshy stamens.
Italy to Asia Minor.
darwa'sicum. To 1 ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs. to % in. wide, as long as or longer than scape: fls.
white, in many-fld. umbels; pedicels about length of segms.;
stamens included. Bokkara. — Apparently not in cult.,
plants so labelled being other species.
denudatum (A. albidum). To 1 ft , bulbs with mem-
branous coats: Ivs. semi-terete, HB in. wide, half as long as
scape: fls. white or pale yellow; pedicels much longer than
segms.; stamens about length of segms. Siberia to China.
desertfcola: A. Geyeri.
dichlamydeum. Similar to A. peninsulare but with
broader obtuse perianth-Begins. Calif., near coast.
Douglasii. To 10 in., bulbs with membranous coats: IVB.
to M in. wide, much shorter than scape: fls. rose, in many-
fld. umbels; pedicels twice as long as segms.; stamens
included. Wash , Ida.
falcif61ium. To 4 in., bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs. 1A in. wide, falcate, much longer than scape: fls. deep
rose, with very narrow segms.; pedicels about length of
segms.; stamens included. Ore., Calif.
fallax: A. senescens.
Farreri. To 1 ft., bulbs with fibrous coats: Ivs. narrow-
linear, about length of scape: fls. reddish-purple, cam-
panulatet in loose umbels; pedicels equalling segma.;
stamens included. China.
fibril lum. To 4 in., bulbs with membranotfe !*eticulated
coata: Ivs. H in. wide, as long as scape: fla. white or pink,
Allium
in loose umbels; pedicels equalling segms.; stamens in-
cluded. Ida., Ore.
fibrosum: A. rubrum; the true species is not in cult.
fimbriatum. To 4 in., bulbs with membranous coats: If.
solitary, fa in. wide, longer than scape: fls. rose-purple, in
loose umbels; pedicels twice as long as segms.; stamens
included. S. Calif.
fistuldsum (A. altaicum). WELSH or SPANISH ONION.
To 1H ft-» clustered bulbs with membranous coats: Ivs.
hollow and cylindrical, about length of hollow swollen
scape: fla. white, in head-like umbels; pedicels equalling
segms.; stamens exserted. Asia.
fiave'scens: confused name; perhaps A. flawm ia meant.
flavum. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous coats: Ivs.
linear, terete, as long as scape: fls. yellow, in loose umbels
subtended by 2 very long bracts; pedicels 2-3 times as
long as segms.; stamens exsertcd. S. Eu. to W. Asia.
Vars. major and minor are listed.
frfgidum. To 6 in , bulbs with membranous coats: Ivs.
semi-terete, borne on st., about length of scape: fls. \\hitiah
veined with rose, in loose umbels subtended by 2 long
bracts; pedicels equalling segms. ; stamens included. Greece.
galanthum. To 1 % ft., clustered bulbs with membranous
coats: Ivs. few, hollow and terete, shorter than s\yollen
scape: fls. whitish, in many-fld umbels; pedicels twice as
long as segms.; stamens included. Siberia. — Some of the
material grown under this name belongs to A. fistulosum.
Geyeri (A. deserticola) . To 14 in., bulbs with fibrous
coats: Ivs. -fa in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. rose, with
broad segms • pedicels twice as long as segma. ; stamens
included. B. C. to Ore. and Wyo.
giganteum. To 4 ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs. 2 in. wide and \\^ ft. long, glaucous: fls. bright hlac,
in dense globose umbels 4 in across; pedicels many times
longer than fls.; stamens exserted. Cent. Asia.
glade um: A. senescens var.
globdsum. To 2 ft., clustered bulbs with membranous
coata: Iva terete, filiform, shorter than scape: fls. rose with
deeper midrib, in globose umbels; pedicels much longer
than segma ; stamens exserted. Caucasus.
haematochlton. To 16 in., clustered bulbs with mem-
bran ous coats: Ivs. to }/§ in. wide, somewhat shorter than
scape: fls. purple or rose with darker midrib; pedicels
twice as long as segms.; stamens included. S. Calif.,
N. Mex.
H611eri: A. Nuttallii.
Huteri: listed name.
hyalinum. To 1 ft., bulbs with membranous reticulated
coats: Ivs. H in. wide, somewhat shortei than scape: fls.
white or pinkish, becoming translucent; pedicels 3 times
longer than segms. ; stamens included. Calif.
hymemorrhJzum. To 3 ft., bulbs with membranous
coats: Ivs. to K m- wide, shorter than scape: fls. rose, in
globose umbels; pedicels longer than aegma.; stamens
exserted. W. Asia.
insubricum: A. narcissiflorum.
japonic urn: A. Thunberyii.
kansuense. Distinguished from A. cyaneum by its
wider linear Ivs., larger tubular-cam panulate fls., and in-
cluded stamens. W. China, Tibet.
karataviSnse. To 10 in , with membranous bulbs: Ivs.
2, to 5 in. across, longer than scape: fls. whitish with purple
midrib, in globose umbels 3 in. across; pedicels 3 times as
long aa Begins.; stamens slightly exserted. Turkestan.
Kochii: name of no botanical standing; plants so labelled
have been A . fistulosum.
lacundsum. To 1 ft., bulbs with membranous reticulated
coats: Ivs. about length of scape: fls pink, in loose umbels;
pedicels twice length of segms.; stamens about equalling
aegms. Calif.
Ledebourianum. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs. terete and hollow, shorter than scape: fls. rose, shining,
in many-fld. umbels; pedicels 2-3 times longer than segms.;
stamens included. Siueria.
Le'mmonii. To 6 in., bulbs with membranous reticulated
coata: Ivs. H in. wide, about length of scape: fls. pink, in
loose many-fld. umbels; pedicels about equalling segins.;
stamens length of segms. Calif.
libani. To 5 in., bulbs with membranous coats: Ivs. to
K in. wide, glaucous, longer than scape: fls. white, in
niany-fld. umbels; pedicels twice length of segms.; atamens
included. Asia Minor. — Apparently not in cult., plants so
named belonging to other species.
lineare. To \1A ft., bulbs with fibrous reticulated coats:
Ivs. to K in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. rose-purple, in
many-fld. umbels; pedicels 4 times longer than segms.;
atamens exserted. Russia, Siberia.
macranthum. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
37 Allium
Ivs. H in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. deep purple, nodding,
in loose umbels; pedicels much longer than segma.; stamens
included. Himalayas.
Mairei (A. yunnanrnse). To 16 in., clustered bulbs with
fibrous coats: Ivs. filiform, terete, shorter than scape: fls.
whitish or rose, campanulate, in loose umbels; pedicels
longer than segma. ; stamens included. China.
margaritaceum. To 3 ft., bulbs with fibrous coata: Ivs.
filiform, semi-terete, shorter than scape: fls. whitish with
green midrib, in dense globose umbels* pedicels 2-3 times
as long as segms. ; stamens exserted. S. E. Eu., Asia Minor.
marftimum: Mmlla maritima.
M61y. To 1H ft., clustered bulbs with membranous
coats: Ivs. to 1 in. wide, about length of scape: fla. bright
yellow, star-like, in many-fld. umbels to 3 in. across;
pedicels longer than segms.; stamens included. S. Eu.
Var. luteum is listed.
monade'lphum. To IM ft., clustered bulbs with slightly
fibrous ooats: Ivs. linear, hollow, longer than hollow scape:
fla. rose-purple, in many-fld. umbels; pedicels about length
of segma. ; stamens included. Siberia, Turkestan.
montanum: A. senescens.
moschatum. To 1 ft., bulbs with fibrous reticulated
coats: Ivs. terete, filiform, shorter than scape: fls. rose to
whitish, in few-fld. umbels; pedicels longer than segrns.;
stamens included. S. Eu., W. Asia.
mutabile. To 2 ft., bulbs with fibrous reticulated coats:
Ivs M in. wule, shorter than scape: fls. pink or white, in
many-fld. umbela; pedicels longer than segma.; stamens
included. N. C. to Fla. and Tex.
nanhoe'nse: listed name.
narcissiflorum (A. pedemontanum. A. insubricum). To
1 ft , bulbs with fibrous reticulated coats: Ivs. % in. wide,
shorter than scape: fls. rose, large, in few-fid, nodding
umbels; pedicels shorter than segms.; stamens included.
Italy.
neapolitanum. To 1 ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs. to 1 in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. white, becoming
papery, large, in few-fld. umbels to 3 in. across; pedicels
2-3 times longer than Begins.; atamens included. S. Eu.
Var. grandifl6rum is listed.
NSvii. To 10 in , bulbs with membranous reticulated
coats: Iva. ^ in. wide, shorter than scape: fls pink, in loose
umbels; pedicels about equalling segma.; stamena length
of segms. Wash , Ore., Ida.
nigrum (A. speciosum). To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous
coats: Ivs. to %, in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. violet or
whitish, in dense umbels which sometimes bear bulbels:
pedicels twice as long as lanceolate segms. which become
reflexed; stamens included. S. Eu., W. Asm, N. Afr.
nutans. To 2H ft., bulbs with membranous coata: Iva.
to jHj in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. white or pinkish,
in many-fld. globose umbels; pedicels twice length of aegms.;
stamens exserted. Siberia.
NuttaJlii (A. Helleri). To 8 in., bulbs with fibrous
reticulated coats: Ivs. fa in. wide, (shorter than acape: fla.
rose or white, in loose umbels; pedicels twice length of
segms.; stamens included. S. D. to Tex. and Ariz.
obliquum. To 3 ft., bulbs with membranous coata: Iva.
to 1 in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. yellow, in many-fld.
globose umbels; pedicels twice length of segms.; stamens
exserted. Siberia.
oddrum: A. ramosum; see also A. tuberosum.
oleraceum. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous coats* Iva.
YH in. wide, shorter than scapes, fls. roae, whitish or greenish,
often replaced by bulbels, in loose umbels; pedicele twice
length of Bcgms.; stamena equalling segms. Eu.
ore6phi|um. To 4 in., bulbs with membranous coata:
Ivs. to }4 in. wide, glaucous, longer than scape, fls. purple,
in many-fld. umbels; pedicels longer than segma.; stamens
included. Caucasus.
Ostrowski&num. By some regarded aa a var. of A.
oreophilum, differing in the maroon-colored fla. Turkestan.
pallens: a confused name botanically, probably referable
to A. pantculatum.
paniculatum. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous coate:
Ivs. fa in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. white or rose, in
loose umbels subtended by 2 very long bracts; pedicels
longer than segms. ; stamens equalling aegms. Medit. region.
parvum. To 2 in., bulbs with membranous coata: Ivs.
fa in. wide, longer than scape: fls. rose-purple with darker
midrib; pedicels equalling segms.; stamens included.
Nev., Calif.
pedemontanum: A. narciasiflorum.
pel ta turn: listed name.
penlnsulare. To 1 ft., bulbs with membranous reticu-
lated coats: Ivs. *4o in. wide, about length of scape: fls.
rose-purple, in loose umbels; pedicels twice as long as segms.;
Allium
stamens included. Calif., Lower Calif. Var. erf spurn (A.
crinpum) has inner segms. of fl. undulate or crisped.
Pikeanum. Distinguished from A. Qeyeri by the darker
red-purple fls. and small reflexed bracts. Colo.
platycaule. To G in., bulbs with membranous coats: Ivs.
to % in. wide, longer than flattened scape: fls. rose, in
dense umbels; pedicels about length of Begins.; stamens
equalling segms. Calif.
P6rrum. LEEK. To 3 ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
IVH. to 2 in. wide, as long as scape: fls. pinkish, in dense
umbels subtended by a very long deciduous bract; pedicels
much longer than segms.; stamens exseited. Cultigen.
prairiensis: listed name.
Przewalskianum, To 10 in., clustered bulbs with fibrous
reticulated coats. Ivs. filiform, longer than scape: fls. rose-
purple, in many-fld. umbels; pedicels 2—3 times longer than
segms.; stamens exserted. China.
pulche'llum. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous coats: Ivs.
Vi's ui- wide, equalling scape: fls. violet or rose, nodding, in
loose umbels subtended by 2 vciy long bracts; pedicels
longer than segms.; stamens exserted. S. Eu., W. Asia.
Purdomii: A. cyaneum.
Purdyi. To 1 ft., bulbs with membranous faintly reticu-
lated coats: If. 1, shoiter than scape: fls. pink with darker
midiib, in many-fld. umbels; r>edicels about twice as long
as segms. ; stamens included. Calif.
pyrenaicurn (A. controversy,™,). To 3 ft., bulbs globose:
Ivs. lanceolate-linear, borne to middle of st.: ns. white with
green midrib, in many-fld. globose umbels subtended by
1 long biact; stamens included. Pyienees.
ramdsum (A. odorum. A. umbellatum. A. tataricum).
To 20 in., clustered bulbs with fibrous leticulated coats:
Ivs. to i^ in. wide, hollow, shorter than scape- fls. white
with i eddish midiib, fiagiant, in many-fld. umbels; pedicels
2-4 times as long as Begins.; stamens included. Siberia.
recurvatum: A. cernuum.
reticulatum: A. textile.
Rosenbachianum. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous
coatr Ivs. to % in. wide, shoiter than scape: fls. purple, in
large globose umbels; pedicels much longer than sugms.;
stamens equalling segms. Turkestan. V.ir. album is listed.
r&seum. To l^*j ft., bulbs with membianous coats, tho
outer regularly pitted: Ivs. to % m. wide, shoiter than
scape' fls. rose, in loose umbels to 3 in. across which often
bear bulbels; pedicels 2-3 times as long as segms.; stamens
included. S. Eu , N. Afr. Var. grandrfldrurn is listed.
rotundum. To 3 ft., bulbs with membranous coats: Ivs.
H m. wide, about equalling scape, fls. put pie vaiying to
whitish, in globose heads 1 in. across; pedicels much longer
than segms.; stamens included. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia.
rilbrum (A. fibiosum. A. Rydbcrgn). To 1 ft., bulbs
with hbious reticulated coats: Ivs. to ^ in. wide, shoiter
than scape: fls. mostly replaced by reddish bulbels; pedicels
about length of segms.; stamens included, llocky Mts.
Rydbergii: A. rubrum.
satlvum. GARLIC. To 2 ft., bulbs of several parts in a
membianous coat: Ivs. to 1 in. wide, shorter than scape:
fls. pinkish, partly leplaced by bulbels, in small umbels
subtended by a veiy^long bract; pedicels longer than segms.;
stamens included. Eu.
scap6sum. To 1 ft., bulbs with membranous reticulated
coats: Ivs. terete, linear, shortei than scape: fls. white with
red midiib, in loose umbels; pedicels 2-3 times longer than
segms.; stamens about length of segms. Tex. to Mex.
Schcen6prasum. CHIVE. To 2 ft., tufted, clustered bulbs
with membianous coats. Ivs. terete and hollow, equalling
or exceeding scape: fls. lose-puiple, in many-fld. umbels;
pedicels shorter than segms.; stamens included. Eu.,
Asia. Var. sibtricum (A. sibnicum) differs chiefly in Ivs.
being shorter than scapes. Sibetia, N. N. Amer. — Plants
giown in tho garden under many names turn out to be
chives, as darwasicum, fngidiim, Lt'debourtanum, hbani.
Schubertii. To 2*^ ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs. to 1 in. wide, longer than hollow scape, fls. pink or
violet with duiker rnuliib, in large globose umbels; pedicels
much longer than segms., those of steiile fls. to 9 in. long;
stamens included. Asia Minor. — Appatently not in cult.,
plants so named belonging to other species.
Scorod6prasum. ROCAMBOLE. GIANT GARLIC. To 3 ft.,
bulbs with membianous coats: Ivs. *i in. or more wide,
boine below middle of st.: fls. deep purple, often replaced
by bulbels, in large umbels; pedicels twice length of segms.;
stamens included. Eu., Asia Minor.
sendscens (A. montanum. A. fallar). To 2 ft., bulbs
with membranous coats. Ivs. } j in. wide, shorter than scape:
fls. lilac, in many-fld umbels; pedicels longer than segms.;
stamens exserted. Eu., W. Asia. Var. glaucum has more
nanowly campanulate fls. in denser umbels. — Common
in cult, and giown under many names.
serratum. To 1 ft., bulbs with membranous reticulated
38
Allium
coats: Ivs. ^ in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. rose, in dense
umbels; pedicels about length of segms. ; stamens included.
Calif.
sibfricum: A. Schoenoprasum var.
sikkimense. To (5 in., bulbs with outer coats having
paiallel fibers: fis. purplish-blue, in dense umbels; pedicels
shorter than Begins.; stamens included. Sikkim.
specidsum: A. niyrum.
sphaerocephalum. To 3 ft., bulbs with membranous
coats: Ivs. y$ in wide, semi-terete, borne to about middle
,of st., shorter th.in scape: fls. reddish-purple, in dense
globose umbels; pedicels of inner fls. much longer than
segins.; stamens exserted. Eu., W. Asia, N. Afr.
stellatum. To \V% ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs. -fa in. wide, shoiter than scape: fls. rose, in many-fld.
umbels; pedicels 2-3 times longer than segins.; stamens
exserted. 111. to Neb. and Kans.
Stellerianum. To 1 ft., clustered bulbs with mcmbianous
coats. Ivs. fa in. wide, semi-terete, shorter than scapes:
fls. pink, in loose umbels; pedicels 3 times longer than
segms.; stamens equalling segms. Siberia.
stenanthum: A. Bolanden var.
striatum: Notkoscordum bivalve.
strlctum. To \% ft., bulbs with fibrous reticulated
coats: Ivs. to 15' in. wide, about length of scape, fls. puiple
or rose, in dense globose umbels; pedicels equalling segms.;
stamens exseited. Eu., W. Asia.
subangul&tum. To 1 ft., bulbs with fibrous reticulated
coats. Ivs. filiform, shorter than scape, fls. lose-puiple, in
many-fld. umbels; pedicels equalling begins.; stamens
included. Cent. Asia.
subhirsutum (A. ciliatum). To 20 in., bulbs with mem-
branous coats: Ivs. to % in. wide, equalling scape: fls.
white with lavender midiib, flagrant, in loose umbels;
pedicels much longer than segms.; stamens included.
Medit. legion.
tanguticum. To 16 in., bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs. to y% in. wide, shorter than scape: fls. bluish-lilac with
darker midrib, in dense umbel.?; pedicels twice or rnoro as
long as seguis. ; stamens exsertjbd. W. China.
tataricum: A. tamosum.
textile (A. rehculatum). To I ft., bulbs with fibrous
coats. Ivs. 'e m. wide, shortei than scape: fls. white or pale
pink, in many-fld. umbels; pedicels twice length of begins.;
stamens included. Sask. to Ariz.
Thunbergii (A. japomcurn). To 2 ft., bulbs with mem-
branous co.tts: Ivs. 'o m. wide, about as long a,s scape:
fls. purple, fiagt ant, in loose umbels; pedicels about length
of segma.; stamens exserted. Japan.
tibe'ticum. DifTeis from A. sikkimenae in smaller less
campanulate deep blue fls. Tibet. — Doubtfully m cult.,
plants grown under this name belonging to other species.
tricoccum. WILD LEEK. To 1 ft., bulbs with fibrous
reticulated coats. Ivs. to 2 in. wide, withering before flower-
ing4 fls. white; pedicels 2-3 times longer than segms.;
stamens included. N. B. to Minn, and N. C.
triquetrum. To 13^ ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs. to ^ in. wide, about equalling scape, fls. white, large,
in loose umbels; pedicels about length of segms.; stamens
included. Medit. region.
tuberdsum. DifTeis from A. ramoxum in Ivs. not being
hollow, fls. expanded instead of funnel-shaped, segms.
somewhat reflexed with greenish inconspicuous midrib,
flowering season latei July- Sept. Asia. — Some of the ma-
teiial grown as A. odorum belongs hero.
umbellatum: A. ramosum.
unif61ium. To 1 j^ ft , bulbs produced from lateral
bulblets, with membianous reticulated coats: Ivs. to ^3 in.
wide, bhortei than scape: fls. bright rose, in many-fld.
umbels, pedicels twice length of sugins.; stamens included.
Calif., Lower Calif.
urceolatum. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous coats: Ivs.
terete, hollow, shorter than scape, fls. pale blue or whitish,
m inany-fld. umbels; pedicels much longer than segms.;
stamens equalling segms. Tuikestan.
validum. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous icticulated
coats: Ivs. to 3s in. wide, about equalling scape: fls. rose or
nearly white, in many-fld. umbels; pedicels about length of
segms.; stamens exserted. Wash., Calif., Nev.
vancouver6nse: A. crenulaturn.
victorialis. To 2 ft., bulbs with fibfous reticulated coats:
Ivs. to 3 in. wide, shortei than scape, fls. white or yellowish,
in many-fld. umbels to Ij^ ni. across; pedicels lonp^r than
segms.; stamens exserted. S. Eu., Asia.
Vfllarsii: name of no botanical standing.
viviparum. To 3 ft., hulbs with membranous coats: Ivs.
linear, shorter than scape' fls. blue, often replaced by
bulbels; pedicels much longer than segins.; stamens equal-
ling segms. Siberia, Turkestan.
Attium
Wallichianum. To 1% ft., clustered bulbs with mem-
branous coats: Ivs. to H in. wide, longer than scape: fls.
puiple, in loose umbels to 3 in, across; pedicels much longer
than segms. ; stamens included. Himalayas.
Winklerianum. To 1H ft, bulbs with membranous
coats: Ivs. ^ m. wide, shorter than scape: fls. whitish veined
with green, in many-fld. umbels; pedicels shorter than
segms.; stamens included. Turkestan.
yunnane'nse: A. Mairei.
zebdanense. To 2 ft., bulbs with membranous coats:
Ivs. Yi m. wide, shorter than scape: fls. white, in loose
umbels; pedicels about equalling segms.; stamens included.
Asia Minor.
ALLOPHtTON. Scrophulariacesp. Three
somewhat woody small per. herbs of Mcx. and
Guatemala: Ivs. simple, crowded, opposite,
tapering to a sessile or clasping base: us. bell-
shaped, purple and spotted, in close long-
peduncled clusters; lobes of corolla shorter
than tube. A. mexicanum (Telranema mexi-
canutn, Penstemon mexicanus) is sometimes
grown under glass for its attractive bloom: Ivs.
near the ground at the top of a very short st.,
oblong-obovate, to 6 in. long, nearly entire,
glaucous underneath: fls. nearly Y^ in. long,
many in a (duster on peduncles to 8 in. long.
ALLOPL^CTUS (Crantzia) . Gesneriaccae.
Trop. shrubs with opposite Ivs., fls. clustered
or solitary in the axils having straight or curved
tube and 5-lobed limb, and fr. a berry; grown in
the greenhouse.
Schlimii. Lvs. ovate or ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long,
toothed, violet or purple beneath: fls. yellow and red,
1 in. long, urn-shaped, tne calyx red. Trop. S. Amer.
ALLOSURUS: Pdlaea rotundi folia.
ALLSPICE: Pimento, officinalis. Carolina: Calycanthus
floridus.
ALMOND. Two kinds of plants are known as
almonds. The one grown in orchards as a fruit-
tree is Prunus Amygdalus, native probably in
western Asia. It is grown for the- "nut." which
is the kernel in the pit or stone. The fruit is a
hard dryish drupe, the flesh more or less splitting
at maturity and disclosing the stone; the thin
flesh is inedible. The bitter almond is employed
in certain manufacture. The sweet almond, in
which the kernel is edible, is the kind grown
pomologically; it may be either soft-shell or
hard-shell, the former including most of the
commercial kinds. The almond tree is much
like the peach and the culture is in general the
same. Although nearly as hardy as the peach,
it blooms earlier and is more subject to damage
from spring frosts. Commercially the almond
is little grown in North America outside Cali-
fornia. Propagation of named varieties is by
budding on seedlings grown from either the
soft-shell or hard-shell kinds.
Other almonds are grown for the ornamental
bloom. There are showy and double-flowered
forms of the common almond, Prunus Amygdalus.
The usual "flowering almonds," however, arc
little bushes of other species, prized for the spring
bloom, single and double, in pink, blush, rose
and white. Two species are common, Prunm
triloba and P. glandulosa, and P. japonica is
sometimes seen. The true dwarf almond is
P. tenella, not much grown: flowers single, pink
or white. x These various small ornamental
almonds are commonly grown on plum stock,
and the grower should be diligent to keep down
the sprouts from the plum root.
ALMOND, EARTH-: Cyperus esculentus. Indian-:
Terminalia, Catappa. Tropical-: Ternnnalia Catappa.
39 Alnus
ALNIPHfLLUM. Styraeacex. Small genus
of W. Asiatic trees and shrubs allied to Halcsia,
but differing in having indehiscent fr. with few
nori-winged seeds; one species is cult.
F6rtunei. Shrub or small tree to 30 ft., branches brtown-
ish-tomentose when young becoming glabrous and striated
with age. Ivs. broadly ovate to obovate, to 5 in. long, alter-
nate, petioled, somewhat toothed toward acute or obtuse
apex:. fls white, to 1 in., long, in 15-16-fld. panicles or
racemes. China.
ALNUS. ALDER. Betulacese. Deciduous
momccious trees and shrubs with alternate
toothed Ivs., staminate fls. in long catkins and
the pistillate in short catkins becoming woody
cones with 5-lobed scales; native in the northern
hemisphere and the Andes of S. Amer. The bloom
is not showy but interesting because it appears
in advance of foliage in many species.
Alders are best adapted to moist soils and cool or cold
climates Propagated by seeds dried in the autumn, and
sown in spring under a light covering; also by cuttings,
suckers, and rarer kinds by grafting on potted seedling
stocks under glass.
Alnob£tula: A. viridis.
barbata: A. glntinosa var.
calif 6rnica: A. rhombifoha.
communis: A. glutinosa.
cordata (A. tiliacea. A. cordifolia). ITALIAN A. Tree to
75 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 4 in. long, heart-shaped at base:
cones 1-3. Italy, Corsica.
cordifolia: A. cordata.
crispa (A. Mitchelliana). AMERICAN CREKN A. Shrub
to 10 ft : Ivs. ovate, to 3 in long, rounded at base, aromatio
when young: coriea 3-6. Lab. to N. C. Var. mdllis has
young Ivs. and branchlets pubescent beneath; Ivs. to 3%
in. long.
firma. Shrub or tree to 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 5 in.
long, rounded at base. Japan. Var. hirte'lla grows to
30ft.
fruticdsa. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 \£ in. long, lobed
or somewhat so, with 5-10 pans of veins, glabrous beneath:
pistillate catkins terminal: winter buds not stalked. N. E.
Asia.
glutinosa (A. rotundi 'folia. A. wtlgaris. A. commums).
BL\C'K A Tree to SO ft , the young growth very sticky:
IVH. oval or nearly orbicular, to 4 in. long, broad at base:
cones 3 -5 Ku , N. Afr , Asia; somewhat escaped in E N.
Amer Severn 1 vurs. are in cult , as: aurea with yellow Ivs.;
barbata (.4. barbata), Ivs. pubescent beneath; denticulata,
Ivs finely toothed; imperialis, IVH. small, deeply lobed into
linear lobes: inclsa (var. oryacanthifolm), Ivs. small, deeply
lobed into broad lobes; laciniata, Ivs regulaily lobed to
about middle; pyramidalis (var. pi/ramidulm liirkwmi), of
narrow pyramidal habit; auercifdlia, Ivs. with deep irregular
lobes; rubrine'rvia, Ivs. sinning dark green with red veins
and petioles; sorbif&lia, Ivs. small, with broad deep lobes.
hirsuta. MANCIIUIUAN A. Tree to GO ft.: Iva. broad-
ovate, to 0 in long, rounded at base, glaucous and reddish-
pubescent below: cones 3—4. N. 1C. Asia, N. Japan. Var.
sibirica, IVH densely pubescent beneath on midrib only
and sparingly so on veins.
hybnda: hybrid between A. glutinosa and A. incana.
imperialis: A. gluhnosa var.
incana. SPECKLED A. Shrub or tree to 00 ft.: Ivs. ovate,
to 4 in. long, rounded at base, glaucous or grayish-green
beneath: cones 4-8. Eu., Asia, N. Amer. Var. acuminata
(var. laciniat-a) has Ivs. lobed about half way. Var. mon-
str6sa has much flattened branches. Var. p6ndula, branches
drooping. Var. pinnatffida has small deeply lobed Ivs.
inclsa: A. glutinosa var.
jap6nica. Tree to 80 ft.: Ivs. narrow-elliptic, to 5 in. long,
wedge-shaped at base, light green beneath: cones 2-6.
N. E. Asia, Japan.
latifdlia: A. rugosa.
macrophylla: A. subcordata.
maritima. SEASIDE A. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. ob-
long, to 4 in. long, wedge-shaped at base, glossy above,
light green beneath: cones 2-4. Del., Md., Okla., on banks
of streams and ponds.
Mitchelliana: A. crispa.
m611is: A. crispa var.
multin6rvis: A. pendula.
nepalensis. Tree: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 7 in. long:
cones m lateral panicles. Himalayas.
oregana: A. rubra.
Alnus
plndula (A. multinervia. A. firma var. multinervis) .
Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long:
cones in nodding racemes. Japan.
publscens: probably A. hybrida.
purpurea: probably a form of A. glutinosa.
rhombifolia (A. calif arnica) . WHITE A. To 100 ft. or
more: Ivs. ovate to nearly orbicular, to 4 in. long, tapering
at base. Wash, to Calif.
rotundif61ia: A. glutinosa.
rubra (A. oregana). RED A. Tree to 70 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
5 in. long, truncate at base, grayish-green or glaucous
beneath: cones 6-8. Alaska to Ida. ana Calif.
rugdsa (A. serrulnta. A. latifolia). HAZEL or SMOOTH A.
Shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. elliptic or obovate, to 4 in. long,
wedge-shaped at base: cones 4-10. Me. to Fla. and Tex.
serrulata: A.rugoaa.
simi&ta (A. sitchcnsis). Shrub or tree to ,50 ft.: Ivs. ovate,
to 4H in- long, bright green, rounded or cuneate at base,
lobed or nearly so, with 5-10 pairs of veins, serrate, usually
glabrous but may be somewnat pubescent beneath along
midrib: pistillate catkins terminal on slender pedicels to
% in. long. Alaska to N. Calif. — This species is closely
related to A. frutico&a, and the two are not considered
distinct entities by some authors.
sitch6nsis: A. sinuata.
subcordata (A. macrophylla) . Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. ovate
or oblong-ovate, to 6 in. long, rounded at base, light green
and pubescent on veins beneath: cones 1-4, Caucasus,
Persia.
tenuifolia. MOUNTAIN A. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long, mostly rounded at base, usually
yellowish-green. B. C. to Lower Calif, and New Mex.
tiliacea: A. cordata.
vfridis (A. Alnobetula). EUROPEAN GREEN A. Shrub
to 6 ft : Ivs. ovate, to 2H in. long, broad at base, pale green
beneath: cones in racemes. Mts. of Eu.
vulgaris: A. glutinosa.
ALOCASIA. Aracex. Trop. Asian herbs with
thick short sts.. mostly large arrow- or heart-
shaped Ivs. which are always peltate when young,
sheathed petioles, and unisexual fls. borne on a
spadix which is shorter than the spathc; grown
in greenhouses for the ornamental often varie-
gated foliage.
In the growing season plants should be given an abun-
dance of water, protected from diroct sunlight, and a night
temperature of 70°; the latter should never fall below 60°
even in winter. Propagated by suckers or cuttings of the
roots placed in pots and plunged in sand over bottom heat:
also by seed sown in pots and kept in a temperature of
about 75°.
arbor6scens: listed name of unknown botanical stand-
ing.
argyr&a. Lvs. to 1^ ft. long, dark green with silvery
sheen, the basal lobes ovate. Trop. Asia.
cuprea. Lvs. to 1^ ft. long and 1 ft. across, purple
beneath, above dark metallic shining green, the basal
lobes ovate: spathes purple and green. Malaya.
illustris: Colocasia antiquorum.
Indica (Colocasia odorata). To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 15 in. long
and 6 in. wide, green, arrow-shaped, margins slightly wavy,
the basal lobes ovate: spathes yellowish-green or purplish
inside. Malaya. Var. metallica (A. plumbed) has deep
purple Ivs. and petioles with a metallic sheen. Var. varie-
gata has Ivs. and petioles lined or mottled with grayish-
white.
Korthalsii (A. Thibautiana) . St. short: Ivs. to 14 in.
long and 6 in. wide, oli ve- green above veined with white
and purple beneath: spathes pale green. Malaya.
Lowii. St. short: Ivs. to 1H ft. long and 6 in. wide,
olive-green above with pale nerves, dark purple beneath,
the basal lobes oblong-triangular; petioles rose-color:
spathes whitish-green. Malaya. Var. Veitchii (A. Veitchii)
has Ivs. broadly margined with white and white nerves.
Java.
macrorhlza. To 15 ft. or more high: Ivs. 2 ft. or more
long, green, arrow-shaped, the margins wavy: spathes
glaucous- green or yellowish. Malaya. Var. variegata has
Ivs. blotched and mottled with white.
megarrhlza: hort. name; perhaps A, macrorhiza.
metallica: A. indica var.
mortenfontanensis. Hybrid between A. Sanderiana
and A. Lowii with green Ivs. margined and veined with
white and purple beneath.
odora. St. to 2H ft.: Iva. to 3 ft. long and 2^ ft. wide,
40 Aloe
arrow-shaped, the margins wavy: spathes glaucous-green
or yellowish. Asia.
plumbea: A. indica var. metallica.
porphyroneura (A. princeps). Nearly stemless: lys.
pale green with purplish veins, arrow-shaped, the margins
wavy, basal lobes triangular; petioles spotted white and
yellow: spathes pale yellow. Malaya. — Another A, por-
phyroneura is a form of Caladium picturatum.
pr biceps: A. porphyroneura.
Rodigasiana. Hybrid between A. regina and A. Korth-
alsii with grayish-green Ivs. purple beneath and with paler
veins.
Sanderiana. Lvs. 1^ ft. long and 6 in. wide, shining
metallic green above veined with white or pale yellow,
purplish beneath, arrow-shaped, the margins deeply smuate-
lobed, basal lobes narrowly triangular; petioles striped
with brown: spathes green. Philippines.
Sedenii. Hybrid between A. cuprea and A. Lowii,
having Ivs. purple beneath and veined white above.
Thibautiana: A. Korthalsii.
Van Houtteana. Hybrid of uncertain parentage, having
deep green shining Ivs. margined with white.
Veitchii: A. Lowii var.
violacea: probably Colocasia antiquorum.
Watsoniana. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 14 in. wide, green
above and purplish beneath margined with white, the basal
lobes ovate. Malaya.
zebrina. St. short: Ivs. 1 J^ ft. long, green, arrow-shaped,
margins slightly wavy, the basal lobes oblong-triangular;
petioles banded with green and white: spathes green and
white. Philippines.
ALOE. Liliacese. Per. succulent herbs with
stiff spiny-toothed Ivs. and showy red or yellow
fls. in mostly elevated racemes or spikes on a
stout scape-like st.; sometimes grown in the
greenhouse or out-of-doors in the S. for their
unusual stiff and fleshy Aspect. Not to be con-
fused with agaves which are American but aloes
are from the Old World, mostly Afr. As a Latin
generic name, Aloe has three syllables; as a
vernacular or "common" name it has two
syllables.
Aloes are well-known pot subjects and are likely to be
conspicuous about public buildings and parks in countries
not subject to killing frost. They commonly thrive in
the same pot for some years when not grown for bloom.
Propagated by suckers; sometimes by cuttings of new
growths and by seeds when available.
abyssinica. Stemless: loose rosette of about 25 sword-
shaped Ivs., usually 2^-3 ft. long, ascending, slightly re-
curved, to 6 in. wide at base, marginal teeth fleshy, ^ in.
long and about 1 in. apart: fls. yellow to red, about 1% in.
long, on erect branched racemes to 3 ft. high. Ethiopia.
afflnis. Stemless: Ivs. to 10 in. long and 3 in. wide,
with horny teeth: fls. 1^ in. long, in many-fld. cylindrical
racemes to 10 in. high. S. Afr.
africana. St. to 20 ft. below dense rosette of Ivs.: Ivs.
sword-shaped, 1M~2 ft. lon£ and 2^-3 in. broad near base,
very glaucous, margins with brown prickles: fls. bright
yellow tipped with green, much recurved, 1^ in. long, in
dense racemes about 1 ft. long. S. Afr.
arb6rea: A. arborescens.
arbor6scens (A. arborea). To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long
and 2 in. wide, at top of trunk: fls. red, 1^ m. long, in
dense racemes S. Afr. Var. frutSscens is a shrubby form
with glaucous lys. Var. natal ens is, Ivs. glaucous, fls. 1^£
in. long, in conical racemes. Var. pachythyrsa, Ivs. bluish,
fls. 2 in. long, in ovate-cylindrical racemes.
aristata (A. longiaristata) . Stemless: Ivs. to 4 in. long
and y± in. wide, with whip-like apical thread and white
marginal teeth, white-warty on back: fls. reddish-yellow,
l\i in. long, infl. to 1^ ft. S. Afr.
attenuata: Haworthia attenuata.
ausana: name of a plant reported to be similar to .A.
variegata.
Bainesii. Tree to 60 ft. with st. diam. to 5 ft. and leafy
head diam. to 20 ft.: Ivs. sword-shaped, 2-3 ft. long in
young plants, shorter in mature plants, margins with
scattered small prickles: fls. campanulate, salmon-pink
fading into whitish, tipped with green, lf$ in. long, in dense
racemes 3-4 in. long. S. Afr.
Barbertoniae. Stemless or nearly so: rosette of 20^-23
Ivs. 12-15 in. long, lanceolate, erect-spreading, greenish-
red above with distinct white spots in irregular transverse
bands, margins armed with stout brown spines: fls. red,
Aloe 41
to 1H in. long, cylindrical, inflated at base, in a 5-7-
branched raceme to 3 ft. tall. S. Afr.
Bedinghausii. A hybrid with triangular Ivs. to 2 in. long
and H in. across.
Beguinii. Lvs. in dense rosettes, to 3 hi. long and 1 in.
wide. Hybrid.
brevifdlia. St. a few in. high below dense rosette: Ivs
to 3 in. long and 1 in. wide, glaucous, with white horny
teeth: fls. pale red, 1H in. long, hi dense racemes to 9 in.
high. S. Afr.
Brunnthaleri. Botanical standing not determined: listed
as probably hybrid of unknown parentage and said to be
a large plant with bright red fls.
desia. To 12 ft.: Ivs. to l^j ft. long and 3 in. wide, very
glaucous, with reddish teeth: fls. bright red, 1^ in. long,
in dense racemes to 1 % ft. high. S. Afr.
Camerdnii. Shrubby plant to 8 H ft. with st. branched:
sword-shaped Ivs. to 12 in. long and 1 in. wide, flat on top,
convex beneath, bright green frequently reddish, margins
coarsely and remotely dentate: fls. to 2 in. long, hi dense
racemes 6 in. long on erect scapes 12 in. tall. Cent. Afr.
candelabrum. To 20 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 3 in. wide:
fls. red, 1^ in. long, in racemes borne in a candelabrum-
like branching panicle to 2 ft. high. S. Afr.
chine" nsis: A. vera var.
ciliaris. St. weak and decumbent, with more or less
climbing habit, bearing linear-lanceolate Ivs. to 6 in. long
and \l/i in. wide, and bright red fls. with greenish tips
about 1% in. long, in stalked racemes about 8 in. high.
S. Afr. — Rather frequent in greenhouses and in S. Calif.
commutata. Stemless: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 2 in. wide,
spotted, with red teeth: fls. pale red, 1% m. long, in loose
racemes to 6 in. high, in a branching infl S. Afr.?
confusa. St. slender, much branched, decumbent: Ivs.
spreading, linear-lanceolate, apex recurved, to 10 in. long
and M in. wide: fls. tubular, reddish-orange, % in. long,
in lax racemes 4-6 in. long. E. Afr.
Codperi: A. Johns tonii.
Davyana. Stemless: Ivs. in dense rosettes, triangular-
lanceolate, spotted above, glaucous beneath, with red
teeth: fls. pale pink, yellow inside, l\i in. long, in pyrami-
dal racemes to 8 in. nigh. Transvaal.
dichotoma. Tree with much branched trunk 20-30 ft.
high, 3-4 ft. diam.: Ivs. lanceolate, 6-8 in. long, 1^ in.
wide near base, very glaucous, unspotted, margins with
small white teeth: fls. bright yellow, about 1 in. long, in
lax racemes 2-4 in. long. S. Afr.
d is tans. St. procumbent, to 9 in. long: Ivs. to 4 in. long
and 2 in. wide, glaucous, yell ow-spmed: fls. red tipped with
green, 1 % m- long, in infl. to 1^2 ft. high. S. Afr.
Dyeri. St. short, unbranched: Ivs. in dense rosette,
sword-shaped, to 20 in. long, 4-5 in. wide near base, white-
margined, marginal spines nearly % in. long, incurved and
about % in. apart: fls. red, yellow within tube, to 1^ in.
long, in lax racemes to 1 M in. long. Transvaal.
echinata: A. humilis var.
£ru. St. 1H ft. high: Ivs. to 2% ft. long and 3 in. wide,
usually spotted, very fleshy, with red teeth: fls. yellow or
orange, to \Y* in. long, in racemes to 6 in. high. E. Afr.
Var. cornuta is listed. Var. mac u la t a has smaller spotted
Ivs.
ffcrox. To 9 ft.: lys. to 2^ ft. long and 6 in. wide, pur-
plish at margins with yellow-brown teeth: fls. greenish-
yellow, 1^ in. long, in infl. to 4 ft. high. S. Afr.
frute'scens: A. arborescens var.
globulige"mma. Stemless: Ivs. in dense rosette, to 1H ft.
long and 3>6 in. wide, toothed, glaucous: fls. sulfur-yellow
tinged red at base with brown or black stamens, 1 in. long,
in panicles. S. Afr.
grandidentata. St. short: Ivs. to 1^ ft. long and 3 in.
wide, striped and spotted, with large distant teeth: fls. rose,
to 1 ^i in. long, in loose racemes to 7 in. high, in a branching
infl. S. Afr.
Greenii. St. short, unbranched: rosette of 12-15 lance-
olate Ivs. 15-18 in. long, 2^-3 in. wide, bright green with
irregular wavy bands of confluent oblong whitish spots
^-5^1 in. across, margins with small brown prickles: fls.
pale red, to 1^ in. long, in panicles. S. Afr.
Hanburiana: A. striata var. rhodocincta.
H61eni«. Tree, with st. to 14 ft. tall crowned with
rosette of linear-lanceolate Ivs. 11A^1A ft. long, concave
above, marghja with flat triangular teeth: fib. green at
base, red at apex, to 1 in. long, on erect scapes to 2^ ft.
tall. Madagascar.
herero£nsis. Stemless or nearly so: Ivs. in dense rosette,
triangular-lanceolate, 10-12 in. long, to 8 in. wide at base,
margins with fleshy horn-like teeth about ^ in. long: fls.
yellowish-orange, tubular, about 1 in. long, clustered at
end of erect corymbs 2^ ft- tall. S. W. Afr.
Aloe
heteracantha. St. short: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 2# in.
wide, margins entire or with few teeth: fls. red, in dense
head-like racemes to 4 in. high. Nativity uncertain.
humilis. Tufted: Ivs. to 4 in. long and 5^ in. wide, with
white marginal teeth, tuberculate: fls. red tipped with
green, 1H in. long, in racemes to 1J^ ft. high. S. Afr. Var.
echinata. Lvs. thinner and more concave than in the type.
Var. incurva. Plant larger, the Ivs. broader near base than
type: Ivs. glaucous-green, with an acuminate incurved tip:
perianth tubular not inflated.
incurvata: listed name of unknown botanical standing,
probably A. humilis var. incurva.
J6hns tonii (A. Cooperi). Stemless or nearly so: rosette
of 8-12 linear Ivs., white-spotted, margins minutely spined:
fls. dull red, small, cylindrical, on simple scapes. S. Afr.
TuttiflB. Cespitose plant of 2-8 rosettes each with about
25 lanceolate Ivs. to 12 in. long, glaucous, uith a few white
spots on each side: fls. bright orange-yellow to orange-red
tipped with green, 1>£ in. long, cylindrical, on scapes to
3 ft. S. W. Afr.
Krapohliana. Stemless, basal rosette to 4 in. across and
as high: Ivs. linear-oblong, to 3 in. long, acuminate, tuber-
culed on reverse side with spines on upper side, marginal
teeth H in. apart, minute: scapes to 10 in. high; fls. orange-
red, tipped yellow and green, to 1|$ in. long. Little Nama-
qualano, Afr.
Iatif61ia. St. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 3^ in. wide,
spotted white, with brown horny teeth: fls. reddish-yellow,
to !}<j in. long, in racemes to 5 in. high. S. Afr.
lineata. St. to 2 ft.: Ivs. 1 ft. long and 2 in. wide, glau-
cous, with green vertical lines arid reddish-brown horny
Erickles: fls. bright red tipped green, in dense racemes 6 in.
igh. S. Afr.
longiaristata: A. aristata.
longfstyla. Stemless: Ivs. in dense rosettes, to 6 in. long
and 1 in. wide, with horny tip and prickles: fls. salmon-red,
2 in. long, in dense racemes to 5 in. long, the style exserted.
S. Afr.
macrocarpa. Stemless, to 2 ft.: Ivs. in a basal tuft, to
14 in. long and 2 in. wide, l.ned and mottled in cross bands:
fls. pale red, 1 in. long, in racemes to 6 in. high. Trop. Afr.
macroclada. Tree: Ivs. to 4 in. acroas, with brown teeth:
fls. ^4 in. long, in dense racemes in a candelabrum-like infl.
to 10 ft. high. Madagascar.
Marlothii. Tree-like, with simple stout st.: Ivs. to 2J^
ft. long and 7 in. wide, very spiny: fls red, 1^ in. long,
in one-sided horizontal racemes in a branching infl. S. Afr.
microdonta. Lvs. lanceolate, to 15 in. long and 3 in.
wide, strongly recurved, apex acute, margins yellow with
short brownish triangular spines about % in. apart: fls.
red, in lax racemes to 1 ft. long on peduncles %o 15 in. long.
Ethiopia.
microstfgma. St. short: lys. to 1 ft. long and 1H in.
wide, glaucous, spotted white, with small brown teeth:
fls. greenish-yellow, in dense racemes to 20 m. high. S. Afr.
mitrif6nnis. St. 3-4 ft., procumbent: Ivs. to 6 in. long
and 3 in. wide, with pale horny teeth: fls. bright red, 2 in.
long, in dense corymbose racemes 6 in. high and broad.
S. Afr.
n6bilis. St. prostrate: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 2 in. wide,
with white marginal teeth: fls. red, \1A in. long, infl. 2 ft.
S. Afr.
obscura (A. picta). Short-stemmed: Ivs. to 8 in. long
and 3 in. wide, lined and spotted with pale green, with
spiny cartilaginous margins: fls. red, \\i in. long, in infl.
to 3 ft. high. S. Afr.
parvibracteata. Stemless: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 3 in. wide,
spotted and striped, with small teeth: fls deep red, 1 in.
long, in many-fld. loose racemes to 8 in. high. E. Afr.
parvispina. Tree: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 10-12 in. long
and 3^ in. wide at base, margins irregularly toothed with
one small tooth usually between two larger ones: fls. rarely
exceeding % in. length, on an erect branched infl. S. Afr.
Paxii. Stemless or nearly so: dense rosette of 12-18
oblong-lanceolate Ivs. to 2-3 in. long, acuminate, margins
of fleshy teeth: fls. yellow suffused with pink, to 1H in.
long, in panicles to 3 ft. S. Afr. — Reported to be a hybrid
(A. striata X A. commutata).
Pe'glera. Stemless or nearly so: Ivs. to 6 in. long and
\% in. wide, with distant brown teeth: fls pale pink, 1 in.
long, in dense racemes about 1 ft. high. Transvaal.
penthame'nsis: listed name of plant in trade.
percrassa. Stemless or nearly so: dense rosette of 30-40
elongate-triangular Ivs., narrowly attenuate at apex,
somewhat recurved, to 2 ft. long and 8 in. wide, upper
surface deeply concave, glaucous, margins with short fleshy (
teeth: fls. jiale red, to 1# in. long, in elongate cylindrical
racemes. 8. Afr.
Perry 1. Small plant on stalk about 10 in. high terminated
Aloe
by rosette of 12-20 lanceolate Iva. 10-12 in. long and 2-
2^ m- wide at base, acuminate and deeply concave, glau-
cous, obscurely lined, frequently reddish, margins with
abundant Hharp brown spines: fls. red, 1 in. long, in racemes
on branched or simple scapes to 2 ft. S. Afr.
picta: A. obscinn.
Pienaari. Htrijiless or nearly so: rosette of 35-00 sword-
shaped IVH., erect, recurved, reddish-green to bluish, to
3 ft. long, margins armed with small brown spines: fls.
scarlet tipped with green, changing to citron-yellow, to
U£ in. long, in 2-3 much branched panicles to 4 ft. tall.
Transvaal, H. Afr.
Pilnari: listed name, probably A. Pienaari,
plic&tilis. To 10 ft., much branched: Ivs. to 16 in. long
and \\*i in. wide, glaucous, maigms horny: fls. red, to 2 in.
long, in loose racemes to 1 ft. high. S. Afr.
precidsa: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
pretorie*nsis. St. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 3 in. wide,
with red horny teeth: fls. red, in racemes 1^ ft. long, in a
branching mfl. to 10 ft. high. Pretoria.
R6bertii. Stemless or nearly HO: Ivs. to 2^ ft- long arid
8 in. wide, with brown teeth: fls. yellow, in a much branched
infl. Perhaps a hybrid.
robusta: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
rubrolutea. Trunk 10-12 ft , covered with deflexed dry
Ivs. and crowned by rosette of Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 4 in.
wide: fls. red, 1 ^ in. long, in racemes 1 ft. long in a branched
infl. Trop. Afr.
runcinata. Plant cespitose on short st. with rosette of
15-30 linear-lanceolate Ivs. 15-18 in. long, to 3 in. wide at
base, broadly concave on top, green to purplish, margins
with stout recurved spines at irregular intervals: fls. bright
red, 1 j-3 in. long, on strongly branched scapes to 4 ft. high.
S. Afr.
Salm-Dyckiana. To 6 ft., branching: Ivs. tufted, to 2H
ft. long and 3j£ in. wide, yellowish-margined: fls. light red,
1 ^2 in. long, in panicled racemes to 3 ft. high. S. Afr.
saponaria (A. umbclkita). Densely tufted, sternless, to
2,}i ft.: Ivs. 8 in. long and 2^2 in- wide, blotched with palo
green: fls red, to 1 % in. long, m dense rnany-fld. heads.
S. Afr. Var. variegata is listed.
Schimperi. Stemless or nearly so: Ivs. broadly linear-
lanceolate, flat, fleshy, glaucous, margin with red minute
spines: fls. bright red, 1 }>% in. long, in short dense racemes on
scapes to 3 ^ ft- tall. Ethiopia. — Probably a hybrid.
SchlSchteri. Stemless or nearly so: dense rosette of 30-
40 ovate-lanceolate Ivs about 15 in. long, glaucous, papil-
late, margins with short blunt reddish-brown spines: fls.
rod, to l,V.j in. long, in dense lacerues 10 in. long. S. Afr.
soccotrhia: A. succotnna.
specidsa. Two plants arc known by this name: one a
hybrid with a very short branched st. and bright red fls.;
the other a tree form growing to a height of 25 ft. with pink
fls on scapes to 3H ft. long.
spinosissima. Hybrid with Ivs to 1 ft. long and 2 in.
wide, purple fls. in dense cylindrical racemes to 1 ft. high.
spuria. Stemless or nearly so: rosette of 10-12 lanceo-
late Ivs 12-15 in. long, to 2 * £ m. wide, blight green suffused
with dull purple, margins with short brown spines: fls.
pale red, to 1 *£ in. long, on slender 2-3-branched scapes to
nearly 4 ft. high. Probably of hybrid origin.
Straussii. Stemless: Ivs. to 8 in. long and 2^ in. wide,
spotted: fls yellow, IK in. long, in short loose racemes on
stalks IJi ft. high. E. Afr.
stria ta. Nearly stemless, to 3 ft.: Ivs. 20 in. long and 6 in.
wide, with entire white cartilaginous margins: fls. red or
yellowish, 1 y± in. long, in panicled umbels. S. Afr. Var.
rhodocincta (A. Hanburiana) has Ivs. blotched with white.
stridtula. Similar to A. ciliaris but with longer Ivs.,
reddish to yellow or orange fls. having long-protruding
stamens. S. Afr.
succotrhia (A. soccotrina). To 4 ft., branching: Ivs.
20 in. long and 2 in. wide, with white marginal prickles:
fls. light red, l,1^ in. long, in racemes. S. Afr.
supralffevis. Unbranched, to 6 ft : Ivs. to 2>£ ft. long
and 0 in. wide, spiny below and with red-brown marginal
spines: fls. reddish-yellow, to 1 in. or more long, in racemes
about 1 ft. long in a branching infl. S. Afr.
t6nuior. St. often branched: Ivs. to 6 in. long and H in«
wide, glaucous, minutely toothed: fls. yellow, % in. long,
in racemes to 1 ft. high. S. Afr.
Thraskii. St. to 8H ft.: Ivs. sword-shaped, to 3H ft.
long and about 6 in. wide at base, leathery and slightly
fleshy, glaucous, deeply concave on top, marginal teeth
small and brown: fls. red, to 1 in. long, in dense cylindrical
racemes on erect slender branched peduncles. Rhodesia.
Th6rncroftii. Stemless or with very short st.: rosette
of 25-30 broadly lanceolate Ivs to 12 in. long, erect, spread-
ing, dark green, margins with pale brown teeth: fls. rose-
42 Alphitonia
red, to 2 in. long, cylindrical on erect scapes to 5 ft. tall.
Transvaal, S. Afr.
umbellata: A. saponaria.
variegata. St. to 9 in.: Ivs. densely imbricated, to 5 in.
long and 1 in. wide, with white spotted bands and minute
teeth: fls. red, to 1)^ in. long, the loose racemes on stalks
to 1 ft. high. S. Afr.
vfcra. TRUE A. BARBADOS A. To 3 ft.: Ivs. thick, to
2 ft. long, in a basal rosette: fls. yellow, nodding, in dense
racemes terminating the scapes. Medit. region. Var.
chine'nsis is a smaller plant, with red-tinged fls. India.
vlrens. Strongly cespitose: N[vs. narrowly lanceolate,
ascending from rosette, about 8 in. long and 1 in. wide at
base, margins with fleshy deltoid teeth: fls. to 1H m-
long, in short racemes on tall slender scapes to 2 ft. S. Afr.
Wickensii. Stemless or nearly so: rosette of 40-50 Ivs.
to 2% ft. long, sword-shaped, pale green, incurved, flat
on top, margins armed witn small sharp black spines: fie.
morocco-red turning greenish-yellow to bright lemon-
yellow, cylindrical, to 1 ^ in. long, in short conical racemes
on slightly branched panicles to 5 ft. tall. S. Afr.
zebrlna. Stemless or nearly so: rosette of 15-25 linear-
lanceolate Ivs. about 6-12 in. long and 2-3 in. wide, often
purplish, blotched with whitish, edged with large red- or
brown-tipped teeth, spine brown: fls. dull red, to 1^ in.
long, in 12-15 in. racemes on a much branched scape 3^-
4K ft. tall. S. W. Afr.
ALOINOPSIS: Nananthua.
ALONSOA. MASK-FLOWER. Scrophulariacex.
Herbs and small shrubs grown as annuals in the
garden, or indoors for the attractive winter
bloom: fls. red, 2-lipped, in terminal racemes,
the corolla with very short tube, turned upside
down by the twisting of the st. : Ivs. opposite or
in whorls of 3: native in trop. Amer.
Propagated from seed, and by cuttings for winter plants.
They are all of simple cultural requirements in warm open
exposures.
acutifdlia (A. myrtifolia). Bushy, to 3 ft.: Ivs. broad-
lanceolate, sharp-toothed: fls. cinnabar-red, upper lip 3-4
times longer than calyx. Peru. Var. Candida (A. albiflora),
fls. white.
albifldra: A. acutifolia var. Candida.
caulialata. To 1 ft. or more, with 4-angled sts.: Ivs.
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, toothed: fls. scarlet, upper lip
twice as long as calyx. Peru.
compacta: A. Warscewiczii.
grandifldra: A. Warscewiczii.
incisifdlia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, deeply
cut-toothed: fls. scarlet, purple-black in throat, upper lip
2-4 times longer than calyx. Peru.
Hnearis (-4. hniflora). Bushy, much branched, to 1^ ft.:
Ivs. linear, fine-toothed or entire: fls. numerous, scarlet.
Peru. Var. gracilis (A. pumila), smaller and graceful.
Hnifl6ra: A. hnearis.
linifdlia. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. linear, entire: fls. scarlet, large.
Pent.
meridionalis (A. Mutisii). Similar to A. caulialata but
with uniformly dull orange fls. about % in. long. Colombia.
Mutisii: A. meridionalis .
myrtifdlia: A. acutifolia.
pumila: A. hnearis var. gracilis.
Warscewiczii (A. compacta. A. grandiflora). Very
bushy, to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, toothed: fls. cinnabar-
or scarlet-red, upper lip 4-5 times longer than calyx. Peru.
ALOPECfrRUS. Gramineae. Ann. and per.
grasses resembling timothy and grown in mead-
ows, the spikelets crowded into dense narrow
spikes; native mostly in the north temp. zone.
See Grasses.
pratgnsis. MEADOW FOXTAIL. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 0 in.
long and Y± in. wide, rough: spikes to 3 in. long, above the
foliage, florets awned. Eu.; nat. in E. N. Amer. — Grown
in meadows: lower grass than timothy, with shorter spikes
and many awns. \
ALOYSIA: Lippia.
ALPHIT6NIA. Rhamnacex. Probably a
single species, a tall tree with alternate Ivs..
fls. J£ in. or less across^ in forking cymes, ana
fr. a dry drupe-like body the outer part of which
Alphitonia
often falls and leaves the 2 or 3 seeds standing
on the torus. A. exc61sa. Lvs. ovate to lanceo-
late, to 6 in. long, entire, leathery, white-
tomentose beneath. Australia. Occasionally
planted in S. Calif, for ornament.
ALPINES. The word alpine denotes narrowly
pertaining to the Alps, but usage allows its
application to any very high mountain regions.
Alpine plants are particularly those that grow
above trie tree-line, but in common writing and
speech the term is too frequently employed for
mountain plants in general, and alpine-gardening
is likely to mean only rock-gardening. The real
alpine-gardening attempts to make an ap-
proximate imitation of alpine conditions; it is
possible in cool places, with good supply of cold
water, and soils something like those of alpine
places. The selection of plants requires expe-
rience and the handling of them demands skill.
The growing season is short. True alpine-
gardening is little attempted in North America
outside mountainous regions.
ALPfNIA. Zingiberaceze. Per. herbs with
leafy sts. and often showy fls. in terminal spikes
or panicles, having 1 petal-like staminode or lip.
Grown for ornamental foliage and habit in the tropics
and subtropics or in a moist greenhouse with a temperature
of 60°. They require abundant watering. Propagated by
division in spring; the plants make largo clumps. Some of
the kinds have striped leaves. See Zingiberaceae.
calcarata. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 2 in. wide: fla.
greenish- white, the lip variegated with red and yellow, in
dense panicles to 4 in. long. India.
formosana. Lvs. to 16 in. long and 3 in. wide: fls. with
crinkled lip 1 in long, in panicles to 6 in. long. Formosa.
mutica. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 16 in. long and 1% in. wide:
fls. white, the lip yellow marked with red, in panicles to
7 in. long. Malay Peninsula — The material cult, under
this name may not be this species.
nutans: A. speciosa.
Sinderae (A. vittata). Lvs. to 8 in. long and 1 in. wide,
striped and marked with clear white. Botanical position
uncertain; plant sterile; frequent in cult.
specidsa (A. nutans. Renealmia nutans. T^anouas
speciosa). SHELL-FLOWER. To 12 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and
5 in. wide: fls. white tinged with purple, the lip crinkled and
yellow variegated with red and brown, fragrant, in pubes-
cent racemes which become nodding. E. Asia. — Commonly
planted in warm regions.
tricolor. Like A. Sanderae except that the If .-markings
are yellowish- white.
vitellina (j\momum vitdlinum). To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 16 in.
long and 3 in. wide: fls. yellow, the lin crisped and marked
with red, in panicles to 3^ in. long. Malacca.
vittata: A. Sanderss.
ALSEU6SMIA. Caprifoliacex. New Zealand
evergreen shrubs with alternate Ivs., tubular or
funnelform fragrant fls. solitary or clustered in
the axils, and crimson berries; one species may
be planted in S. Calif.
macrophflla. To 8 ft., glabrous: Ivs. obovate to linear-
oblong, to 7 in. long: fls. crimson, to lf^ in. long: berries
y^ in. long.
ALSINE: see Arenaria and Stellaria.
ALSINOPSIS: Arenaria.
ALSOPHHA. TREE-FERN. Cyatheacese. Tree-
ferns with large finely divided Ivs. light green in
color, the stipes covered with scales, spiny or
smooth, with naked sori on back of segms.;
mostly tropical. See Ferns.
australis. To 20 ft., trunk straight bearing a spreading
head of 2-3-pinnate Ivs. to 12 ft. long; segms. to 6 in. long
and 1 in. wide. Australia. — Rather common under glass.
dealbata: A. glauca; sometimes Cyathea dealbata.
glauca (A. dealbata). Very tall, prickly: Ivs. glaucous
beneath, segma. to 5 in. long and 1 in. wide. Trop. Asia.
43 AUernanthera
ALST6NIA. Apocynacese. Trees or shrubs
with mostly whorled Ivs., salver-shaped fls.
in corymbose cymes, and fr. of 2 linear follicles;
native Malaya to Pacific Isls.
scholaris. DEVIL-TREE. PALI-MARA. To 60 ft. and
more: Ivs. narrow-oblong to oblanceolate, verticillate, to
8 in. long, with many parallel side-veins: fls. pubescent,
white, in tnyrses: pods very long and slender. India.
venenata. To 8 ft. or more, glabrous: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 8 in. long: fls. white, 1 in. across: frs. to 5 in.
long. India.
ALSTRGEMfeRIA. Amaryllidacex. S. Ameri-
can herbs with thick fibrous roots, leafy sts..
and showy red, yellow or purple fls. in terminal
umbels, the perianth-segms. distinct.
Alstroemerias are probably not hardy in the North ex-
cept A. aurantiaca, but may be planted out in spring, lifted
after blooming, and stored over winter. They should be
set in shady positions in rich moist soil. Also may be
grown as pot-plants in the greenhouse but should be lifted
and shaken out annually. 1'ropagated by division of roots
and by seeds.
aurantiaca (A. aurea). To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in.
long: fls. bright yellow spotted with brown, 1V£ in. long.
Chile. — Several color forms are listed, as flava, lutea,
rubra.
aurea: A. aurantiaca.
brasilie'nsis. To 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, 2 in. long:
fls. reddish-yellow spotted with blown, \% in. long. Brazil.
chilensis. To 4 ft. : Ivs. obovate to lanceolate, fringed :
fls. rose or red. Chile.
hsem&ntha. To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to linear, to 4 in.
long, glaucous beneath: fls. reddish-yellow spotted purple
arid tipped green, to 2 in. long. Chile. Var. rdsea has rose
fls.
Lfgtu. To 2 ft.: Ivs. of fl.-sts. linear, usually 20-^30, to
3 in. long, lowest ones lanceolate: fls. whitish, lilac or
pinkish, streaked purple, inner segms. often obtuse. Chile.
Var. pulchra has longer narrower Ivs.
lutea: A. aurantiaca var.
Pelegrlna. To 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls.
lilac spotted with red-purple, to 2 in. long. Chile. Var.
alba has white fls.
peruviana: A. versicolor.
pulchella. To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls.
dark red tipped with green and spotted with brown. Brazil.
revoluta. To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1J^ in. long: fls. purplish,
yellowish and spotted within, to % in. long. Chile.
Salted: listed name for forms with colors ranging from
pale pink to brick-red.
versicolor (A. peruviana). To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, 1 in. long:
fls. yellow spotted with pmple, 1 in. long. Chile.
ALTAMIRANOA: Villadia.
ALTERNANTHfeRA. Anmranthacex. Prob-
ably nearly 100 herbs or shrubs of warm or
trop. countries, a few of which are grown as
carpet-bedding subjects. The species in cult, are
placed in the genus Achy ran thes by some authors
and in Telanthera by others. In gardens the
plants arc commonly known as Alternantheras.
The hort. kinds are low compact herbs of the
New World tropics with small opposite entire
variously colored and variegated Ivs. : fls. minute,
in small dense axillary clusters, but in cult, the
plants are not often allowed to reach the blooming
stage.
Alternantheras are usually kept only 0 inches high by
shearing. They grow best in warm sunny situations. The
plants are propagated by division or by cuttings; the latter
are usually made from strong plants in the garden in August,
wintered over in hotbeds or the greenhouse and potted
off in March or April. Division requires less time; the
plants, after the first frost, are lifted and cut back to 3 or
4 inches; in early spring they are divided, the rooted shoots
potted or placed in flats with plenty of room; in four to
six weeks they should be ready for bedding-out.
amcena. Very dwarf: Ivs. lanceolate to elliptic, green
veined and blotched with red and orange. Brazil. Here
belong the garden forms amabilis, spectabilis, r6sea.
Bettzickiana (Achyranthes Bettzickiana). Erect ann. or
per. to 15 in., many ascending stout branches usually
AUernanthera
swollen at nodes: Ivs. narrow-spa tula te, blotched and
colored in many shades cream-yellow to red. Brazil. Most
of the cult, forms belong here, as a urea; aOrea nana cora-
picta; Besteri mosaica. a light yellow variation mottled
with red; Blardii, purplish-crimson foliage; brilliant issima,
a bright red form; Gibsonii, light yellow variation; mag-
nffica, more vigorous habit; Seyboldii, listed name for a
yellow form. Var. typica is 2-3 in. tall, Ivs. olive-colored,
upper ones red at apex. Var. spathulata, to 8 in. with red
Ivs. and sts.
paronychioides of hort.: A. Bettzickiana.
philoxeroides. Usually decumbent: Ivs. obovate to
lanceolate, very short-stalked. Brazil.
versfcolor. COPPER A. Lvs. round-spatulate, copper- or
blood-red. Brazil.
ALTHjfeA. Malvacese. Tall straight leafy-
stemmed pubescent or tomentose annuals, bi»
ennials and perennials with fls. in terminal
erect racemes or spikes, grown in gardens for
their showy bloom; native in the temp, regions
of the Old World.
The perennials are given the usual cultivation. The
biennials, especially A. rosea, are planted most often in
July and transplanted to their permanent quarters the
following spring. A new strain, sold as "annual holly-
hocks," produces bloom the first summer by sowing the
seed indoors in February.
alba: hort. name.
anemonaefldra: Hibiscus syriacus var.
Irdens: Hibiscus syriacus var.
armeniaca (A. multiflora). Per. to 3H ft., finely tomen-
tose: Iva. 3-5-palmately divided, aegms. linear-lanceolate
to obovate, often toothed: peduncles as long as Ivs. or
longer and several-fld. ; fls. pink, to 1H in. across. E.
Medit. region.
cannablna. Per. to 6 ft., branched, scabrous: Ivs. 3-5*
palmately divided, lobes narrowly lanceolate, serrate: fls,
purpliHh, 1-2 on peduncles 2-5 times as long as Ivs. Eu.
Vftr. narbonSnsis (A. narbonensis) has Ivs. bluntly toothed
and sepals ovate, acute.
chinensis: A. rosea.
ccele'stis: Hibiscus syriacus var.
ficifdlia. FIOLBAP or ANTWERP HOLLYHOCK. Bien. to
6 ft.: Ivs. deeply 7-lobed and toothed: fls. lemon-yellow or
orange, in terminal spikes, single or double, to 3 in. and
more across. Eu.
frutez: Hibiscus syriacus.
Heldrelchii. Sts. slender, stellate-hairy: Ivs. cordate to
suborbicular, lobes 5, obtuse: fls. rose-pink, short-peduncled,
solitary or in 2's or 3's, petals 2-lobed, calyx-lobes tri-
angular and acute. Greece.
Hohenackeri (Alcea H ohenackeri) . Probably bien.,
3-0 ft. high: Ivs. cordate-orbicular to ovate, mostly deeply
5-7-lobed, margins crenate: fls. white with deep yellow
throat or center. Asia Minor and Caucasus.
kraguievac6nsi9. Per. about 4 ft. high: Ivs. triangular-
ovate, slightly lobed, serrate, densely stellate-hairy: fls.
rose-lilac, axillary, anthers purple. Serbia.
multifl6ra: A. armeniaca.
narbonensis: A. cannabina var.
nudifldra. Bien. to 6 ft., hispid: Ivs. rounded cordate, to
6 in. across, often 3-lobed, margin crenate: fls. white, to
4 in. across, subtending bracts absent, petals wedge-shaped
and emarginate. Altai Mte., S. Siberia.
officinalis. MARSH-MALLOW. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. 3-lobed
or unlobed, the upper ones rarely lobed, tomentose: fls. 1 in.
across, blush or rose, in axillary clusters. E. Eu.; escaped
in coast marshes in N. Araer.
paonifldra: Hibiscus syriacus var.
pillida. Bien. or per. to 7 ft. high, hispidulous, not much
branched: Ivs. suborbicular, shallowly lobed, soft-hairy:
fls. rose, to 3 in. across, nearly sessile. Cent, to E. Eu.
p6ntica. To 3 ft.: Ivs. orbicular to peltate, 3-lobed,
crenate, densely tomentose beneath and slightly so above,
long-petioled: fls. violet, to 3 in. across, petals retuse, sepals
ovate- triangular. N. E. Medit. region.
rosea (A. chinensis). HOLLYHOCK. Hairy bien. or semi-
per. to 9 ft.: Ivs. 5-7-lobed or -angled: fls. in long spike or
wand-like raceme, red, rose, pink, yellow, white, to 3 in.
and more across. China. — There are double vars. See
Hollyhock.
semperfidrens: hort. name, perhaps for a double-fld.
form of A. rosea.
sulphurea. Lvs. ovate to ovate-orbicular, simple or
lobed, margin often obtusely crenate, densely floccose to
woolly beneath: fls. pale yellow, petals 2-lobed, oalyx-
44 Alyssum
lobes laciniate-lanceolate. Persia. — A form with violet
fls. is known in the wild and may be expected in cult.
syriacus: Hibiscus syriacus.
taurinensis: a confused name in the trade; the plants
may usually be referred to A. armeniaca or A. officinalis.
The true A. taurinensis of Eu. differs from A. officinalis in
having the upper Ivs. distinctly 3-lobed with the middle
lobe elongate-lanceolate.
Touraefortiana. Erect per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-1 o bed, softly
brown-villous, base cordate: fls. rose-pink, in terminal
racemes, calyx hairy: fr. about one-half as large as in
A. rosea. Crete.
ALTHEA, SHRUB-: Hibiscus" syriacus.
ALUM-ROOT: Heuchera.
ALYOGYNE: Cienfuegosia.
ALYSICARPUS. Leguminosse. ALYCE CLOVER.
Bien. or ami. herbs distributed throughout Old
World tropics and nat. in those of New World.
One species, A. vaginalis, is grown in the S.
as a forage plant. Ann., sts. ascending, to
3 ft. long: Ivs. simple, oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
usually ^2-2 in. long, glabrous, short-petioled,
base subcordate, apex obtuse or emarginate to
acute: fls. about % in. long, papilionaceous, in
racemes of 4-12, to 3 in. long: pod terete, to % in.
long, nearly straight. — Propagated by seed, and
when grown for forage seed is sown at rate of
5 Ibs. to the acre for permanent pasture and
double the quantity for a hay crop. Hay crops
are harvested after fruit has set and a sufficient
amount of seed shells out to re-seed the area for
the next year. Alyce clover will grow on a more
acid soil than most leguminous forage plants and
is reported to have a nutritive value equivalent
to that of alfalfa.
ALYSSUM. MADWORT. Cruciferae. Ann. and
per. mostly gray herbs and subshrubs: Ivs. small,
alternate on the st., sometimes making rosettes
at base: fls. small, yellow or white, in terminal
short racemes or clusters: pods or silicles short,
nearly or quite orbicular in outline. Species
about 100, in Eu. and W. Asia.
A few are grown in rock-gardens and borders, in open
or sunny situations. They require the usual culture for
perennials and are propagated by seed or by division of
the roots.
alpe'stre. Variable gray tufted per. 3 or 4 in. high: Ivs.
obovate or oblong to linear, about % in. long: fls. yellow,
in short racemes. Eu. — Some of the plants known as A.
serpyllifolium probably belong here.
alyssoides (A. calycinum). Ann., mostly branching at
base, to 10 in. high: Ivs. narrow-oblong to spatulate, usually
under 1 in. long, grayish-canescent: fls. yellowish- white,
in narrow terminal racemes, sepals persistent. Eu.; nat.
in N. Amer.
amamum: catalogue name for a creeping plant with
silvery Ivs. and heads of yellow fls. in spring; see A.
aphacioticum.
arg£nteum. YELLOW-TUFT. Per., dwarf, dense, woody
at base, 15 in. high: Ivs. oblanceolate to spatulate, silvery-
tomentose underneath: fls. deep yellow, in clustered heads,
all summer. Eu. — Incorrectly known also as A. rostratum.
atlanticum. Per. to 1 ft., woody at base: Ivs. lanceolate,
hoary: fls. yellow, in simple racemes. S. Eu. — Probably a
variant of A. montanum.
Benthamii: Lobularia maritima.
Bornmulleri: a confused name whose botanical position
is not well understood.
Borzaeanum. Per. to 8 in. with woody roots and many
stiff erect sts.: Ivs. obovate or sometimes nearly orbicular,
white- or gray-pubescent: fls. yellow, in corymbs or racemes.
Rumania.
calycinum: A. alyssoides.
chalcldicum. Similar to A. Markgraffii, differing in
larger petals to H in- long and hairy ovary. S. E. Eu.
compactum: botanicaJly this is a synonym for A.
minutum, but plants in the trade may be A. aaxatilc var. or
Lobularia maritima var. •
condensation. Per. to 5 in., sts. ascending, woody at
Alyssum 45
base: Iva. obovate-oblong, obtuse, base attenuate, canes-
cent-hairy: fls. lemon-yellow, in racemes: pod narrowly
elliptic-cuneate, H in. long. Syria.
cdrsicum. Much branched per. to 1^ ft-t woody at
base: Ivs. obovate, silvery: fis. yellow, small: pod convex
with compressed margins, orbicular, glabrous, 2-seeded.
Corsica.
corymbdsum. Per.: Ivs. spatulate or lanceolate, usually
dentate: petals notched: pod globose, glabrous, to J^ in.
long, usually 4 seeds in each ceil. S. E. Eu.
creticum. Woody per , 1 ft. or less: Ivs. obovate-oblong
and obtuse, silvery: fls. rather, large, yellow, in short ra-
cemes. Crete. — Sometimes confused with A. corymbosum
from which it differs in its stellate-pilose pods.
desertdrum. Ann. to 4 in.: Ivs. oblong, gray-hairy or
si Very: fls. pale yellow: pod orbicular, to H in. long,
glabrous, in elongated racemes. N. E. Medit. region and
Balkans. — Sometimes distributed as A. minimum, a name
usually referable to Lobularia maritima.
diffusum: name of uncertain application; some of the
material in the trade is A. montanum.
edentulum: A. petrxum var.
gemon£nse: A. petrseum.
giganteum: Lobularia maritima.
halimifdlium. Much branched per. to 1 ft., woody at
base: Ivs. oblong, silvery: fls. white, large, in dense corymbs:
pod orbicular, compressed, glabrous. S. Eu.
id&um. Silvery-green per. with short simple sts.: Ivs.
ovate-oblong, basal ones about ^ in. long: fls. whitish, in
short panicle: pod compressed-convex, to % in. long,
orbicular. Crete.
incanum: Berteroa incana.
leucadeum. Per. to 15 in., rhizome distinctly woody,
leafy, silvery-gray: Ivs. broad-linear, obtuse, entire, to 3 in.
long: fls. yellow, to % in. long, in racemes: pod orbicular and
flattish, to y% in. long. Italy.
lutescens: yellowish form of Lobularia maritima.
mar Iti mum: Lobularia maritima.
Markgrfiffii. Per. to 1 ft., sts. stellate-pilose: Ivs. nar-
rowly linear-spatulate, to % in. long: fls. bright yellow, to
^ in. across, in dense panicles, petals narrow, nearly twice
as long as calyx, style short. Albania. — By some authors
considered a variety of A. chalcidicum.
Mild eii num. Densely tufted per., shrubby, the flower-
ing sts. ascending: Ivs. hairy, silvery: fls. yellow, to K in.
long: pod orbicular, usually longer than the pedicels.
Rocks, Bulgaria.
minimum: Lobularia maritima var., or possibly A.
desertorum.
Moellendorfianum. Per., silvery: lower Ivs. more or
less spatulate, the upper ones ovate, all obtuse and ty in.
or so long. fls. yellow, in an umbel-like head. Bosnia. —
Distinguished from A. montanum by its silveiy fr. pedicels.
montanum. Per. to 10 in., but commonly low and
compact: IVH. obovate-oblong to linear, grayish-canescent:
fls. yellow, fragrant, in short clusters elongating in fr.
Cent, and S. Eu., Caucasus. — Distinguished from A.
repens by th^ absence of simple hairs among the stellate
hairs of the pedicels.
odoratum: hort. name for Lobularia maritima.
ovirense. Per. to 5 in., rarely to 1 ft. high, sts. ascending,
base woody: Ivs. broadly obovate tapering abruptly at
base, the upper ones lanceolate, all sparsely stellate-hairy
and green: fls. golden-yellow, petals nairy: pod hairy, in
umbellate racemes. Cent. Eu.
petrafeum (A, gemonense). Whitish per. woody at base,
1 ft. or less, not much branched: Ivs. oblong-oblanceolate
to spatulate, to ^ in. broad: fls. yellow, in short clusters,
the petals notched: pod somewhat inflated, glabrous,
suborbicular. S. Eu. Var. edentulum (A. edentulum) is
more diffusely branched with smaller pods and larger seeds.
podolicum: Schivereckia podolica.
procumbens: listed name, probably Lobularia maritima.
prosti-atum: listed name.
pyrenaicum. Dwarf shrublet without spines: Ivs. ob-
ovate, white-tomentose: fls. white, anthers dark, petals
orbicular: pod rhombic. Pyrenees.
repens. Low per. much like A. montanum but with
larger orange fls. and the pedicels stellate-hairy with long
simple hairs intermixed. S. E. Eu. Var. Wierzbickii (A.
Wierzbickii) has erect ste. with densely hispid pedicel only
M as long as pod and not equalling it.
Rochelii: A. Wulfenianum.
rostritum: see A. argenteum: the A. rostratum of bot-
anists is an ann. and not known to be cult.
saxdtile. GOLDEN-TUFT. GOLD-DUST. BASKBT-OF-
GOLD. ROCK M. Spring-flowering per. forming a spread-
Amaranthus
ing mat, woody at bottom: Ivs. oblanceolate to somewhat
spatulate, mostly with few obscure teeth, grayish, the
greater part basal and 2-4 in. long: fls. golden-yellow, in
racemes on branching sts.: pod orbicular, compressed,
glabrous. Cent, and S. Eu. Several vais. are in cult.:
compfictum, DWARF G.; compdctum fldre-pleno; luteum
(citrtnum, svlphureum); Silver Queen, palest yellow; vmrie-
gatum. — Some of the material grown under this name is
A. petr&um.
serpyllifolium: see A. alpestre.
sinuatum (Vesicaria sinuata). Per. to 20 in.: Ivs. spatu-
late to lanceolate, lower ones sinuate-dentate, upper entire:
fls. sulfur-yellow, in simple racemes: pod inflated, globose
to ellipsoid, usually 4-6-seeded. June. Macedonia.
sphaci6ticum. Densely tufted per. to 1 ft., sts. often
creeping: Ivs. obovate to oblong-linear, gray-hairy: fls.
sulfur-yellow: pod compressed orbicular, to /4Lm. across,
stellate-pubescent, on pedicels to ^jj in. long. Crete. — Not
listed as cult, but some of the material grown as A. amamum
belongs here.
spindsum. Woody and spiny, to 1 ft., silvery: lys. long-
lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. white or pinkish, in short
racemes. S. Eu., N. Afr. Var. r6seum is listed.
styldsum: advertised as having bright yellow fls. in
spring.
Tro5dii. Per. to 6 in., base woody, ste. erect, glandular-
hairy: Ivs. obovate-cuneate, to ^ in. long, obtuse: fls.
pale yellow, large: pod flat, elliptical, usually long-acumi-
nate at distal end. Cyprus.
Wierzbickii: A. repens var.
Wulfenianum (A. Rochelii). Gray-canescent per. differ-
ing from A. montanum mainly in the smooth pod twice as
large. S. Eu.
AI/?XIA (Gynopogori). Apocynacex. Trop.
evergreen woody plants in many countries with
mostly fragrant fls. and glossy whorled or op-
posite Ivs.: corolla salverform, the cylindrical
tube swollen above the middle or contracted
at throat: fr. a drupe. Propagated by seeds and
cuttings.
olivaef6rmis. MAILTC. Somewhat twining glabrous shrub:
Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 2 in. or more long, entire: fls. yel-
lowish, mostly 4-lobed, to 2,Hj in. long, very fragrant.
Hawaii, where it is much prized in garlands or leis.
AMARANTH: Amaranthus. Globe: Gomphrena globoaa.
AMARANTHACE-ffi. AMARANTH FAMILY.
Mostly herbs of wide distribution, with opposite
or alternate Ivs., small unisexual or bisexual fls.
subtended by dry scales, usually showy in mass,
having small 2-5-parted perianth, 1-5 stamens,
superior ovary, and fr. a utricle, achene or
berry-like. Many of the genera are weedy, but
some species are grown for ornament and pot-
herbs, as ^Krva, Alternanthera? Amarantnus,
Bosea, Celosia, Deeringia, Froclichia, Gomphrena.
Iresine, Nototrichium, Trichinium. All are of
simple cult., grown from seeds and from soft
cuttings, and prefer open sunny positions.
AMARANTHUS. AMARANTH. Amaranthacese.
About 50 coarse annuals native in mild and
trop. climates in many parts of the world, some
of them widely distributed as weeds of tilled
lands and waste places; a few of them are cult,
for the colored foliage and the heavy red spikes,
and in some countries grown for greens: fls.
minute and unshowy, in chaffy often colored
heads or spikes: Ivs. alternate, in ours broadly
ovate or oval unless otherwise noted.
The species grow readily from seeds; sunny positions
are best; the leaf colors are likely to be less brilliant in very
fertile soils. Some of the weedy kinds may be grown in
collections for general interest.
abyssmicus: A. caudatus.
amibffis: A. tricolor.
atropurpureua: A. caudatus.
bf colon A. tricolor.
caudarus (A. cruentus. A. paniculatiui). LOVE-LIES-
BLEEDING. TASSEL-FLO WBB. Stout, branching, upright,
3-5 ft., with large colored showy coarse erect or some-
Amaranlhus
what nodding panicle which may he open and graceful or
thick and clumpy. Tropics; commonly cult, and some-
times spontaneous. — Variable; the effort to distinguish two
species, A. caudatus and A. cruentux, docs not hold. Garden
plants known as A. abyssinicus, alropurpureus, Dussii,
clff/anttHHimus, Marfjantvc, monntrosus, nanguineus, sujterbus,
belong here.
chlor6atachys: A. hybridus.
coleif51ius: A. tricolor.
cru6ntus: A. caudatus.
Dussii: A. caudatus.
elegantissimus: A. caudatus.
gang£ticus: A. tricolor.
H6nderi: A. tricolor var. angustior.
hybridus (A. chloroatachya) . Common tall weed, usually
with green herbage, but sometimes reddish but plants not
showy. Var. hypochondriacus. PKINCEB- FEATHER. The
cult, fo/m, with muriy-brunclied whowy panicles, red or
browmsh-ied, the branches slender and graceful, short and
erect or only somewhat spreading, teiminal one erect or
curving from the middle: bracts very sharp, about twice
exceeding calyx: herbage usually reddish. Tropics.
hypochondriacus: A. hybridus var.
Margaritas: A caudalus.
melanch61icus: A. tricolor.
monstr6sus: A. caudatus.
paniculatus: A. caudatus.
retrofl6xuB. RED ROOT. To 10 ft,, with green fls. in
stout terminal or axillary spikes. Trop. Amer.; nat. in
N. Amer. and Eu.
salicif61ius: A. tricolor vars.
sangulneus: A. caudatus.
speciosus aureus is listed as a yellow-lvd. form.
splendens: A. tricolor var.
superbus: A. caudatus.
tricolor (A. gangeticus. A. melanchnlicus. A. amabilis).
Erect, mostly much branched, 1-4 ft.: fl.-cluateis small,
globular, sessile in axils of Ivs. or the upper ones 1 or 2 in.
long and interrupted and contiguous in a narrow panicle-
like infl.: Ivs. oval or ovate, the main ones 2%-A in. broad,
often blotched and coloied and the plants then sometimes
known as JOHEPHS-COAT (A. bicolor, A. colcifolius) and
brilliant foims as "Combustion," "Molten Fire," "Sun-
shine" etc. Tropics; grown in the Orient for greens. Var.
angustior (A. sahcifohus partly. A. Henderi). Plant
usually slender: Ivs. mostly 1-1 j^ in. broad. Var. angus-
tfssimus (A. salicifolius paitly). Lvs. long-linear or nearly
so, usually not surpassing % in. in width, often drooping.
Var. spl6ndens (A. splendens) is iich red with brilliant
light red foliage at top of plant.
AMARCRlNUM. Amarylliddcex. As the
name indicates, a hybrid between the genera
Amaryllis and Crinum. A. Hpwardii, recorded
as A. BdUidonna crossed with pollen of C.
Moorci: fls. soft pink, somewhat fragrant, open
funnclform with recurving segms. and declinate
style, borne in very large clusters on sts. to 4 ft.
long, of lasting quality. Produced in Calif,
where it blooms in the open in summer and
autumn; suitable also for pot cult. An earlier
hybrid in Eu. of similar parentage has been
called Crinodonna.
AMARELLA: Gentian*
AMARYLLIDACE^E. AMARYLLIS FAMILY.
Over 70 widely distributed genera of per. herbs
having bulbous or fibrous roots or rhizomes,
usually bisexual fls. with 6-parted perianth,
6 stamens and inferior 3-celled ovary; fr. a
caps, or berry. The family furnishes many
choice ornamental subjects as well as medicinal
products and fiber. Ihose treated herein are:
Agave, Alstroomeria, Amarcrinum, Amaryllis,
Ammocharis, Anigozanthos, Beschorneria, Bo-
marea, Bravoa, Brunsvigia, Chlidanthus, Clivia,
Cooperia, Crinodonna, Crinum, Curculigo, Cyr-
tantnus, Doryanthes, Elisena, Euchans, Fur-
cra?a, Galanthus, Habranthus, Haemanthus,
Hippeastrum, Hyline, Hymenocallis, Hypoxis,
Ixiolirion, Leucojum, Lycoris, Manfreda, Nar-
46 Amelanchier
cissus, Nerine, Pancratium, Phaedranassa, Pol-
ianthes, Pyrolirion, Rhodohypoxis, Sprekelia,
Sternbergia, Vallota, Zephyranthes. Many of
these plants bear lily-like fls., but the family
differs from the Liliacese in having inferior
rather than superior ovary.
AMARtLLIS. Amaryllidacex. One S. African
bulbous herb with large hly-like fls., grown in
pots or planted out in warm climates: peduncle
or scape solid (not hollow) . Most of the plants
known as amaryllis in cult, are hippeastrums
arid other genera.
The bulbs should be stored in a dry cool place during
the winter in cold climates, then repotted in a mixture of
fibrous loam, leaf-mold and sand and placed in a warm
position. Liquid manure should be applied when the fls.
develop.
Atamasco: Zephyranthes Atamasco.
aurea: Lycoris aurea.
Belladonna (Calhcore rosed). BELLADONNA-LILY. Lys.
strap-shaped, appearing before or after the fls. which
bloom in summer or autumn: fls. rose-red, to 3^4 in long,
fragrant, in umbels at top of solid scape to 2 ft. high. —
There are many color forms from purple to white, and
among the listed vars. are raAjor, minor and rdsea.
eque"stris: Hippeastrum puniceum.
formosissima: Sprekelia farmosissima.
H&llii: Lycoris sguamigera.
J6hnsonii: Hippeastrum Johnsonii.
Josephinae: Brummgia Josephinx.
longif olia: Crinum longifolium.
lutea: Sternbergia lutea.
pratensis: Hippeastrum pratense.
purpurea: Vallota speciosa.
radiata: Lycoris radiata.
Reglnae: Hippeastrum Reginse.
reticulata: Hippeastrum reticulatum.
sarniensis: Nerine sarnienaii,
vittata: Hippeastrum mttatum.
AMASONIA. Verbcnacex. Trop. American
subshrubs with scattered Ivs. and yellow fls.
in clusters which are racemed or panicled; grown
in the greenhouse the same as Clerodendrum,
but little known to gardeners.
cal^cina. Lvs. to 1 ft. long, irregularly toothed: fls.
drooping, to 2 in. long. British Guiana.
punicea. The plant known to hort. under this name is
probably A. calycina.
AMATUNGULA: Carissa grandiflora.
AMBARELLA: Spondiaa cytherea.
AMBERBOA (Volutaria and Volutarella).
Composite. Herbaceous annuals sometimes
grown in flower-garden, with alternate jagged-
toothed or pinnately-cut Ivs. and purple, violet
or blue heads: fls. all tubular, outer row sterile;
pappus of scales. Native in Medit. region, W.
Asia and India.
maroccana. Ann. to 30 in.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate-
oblong, entire to dentate or pinnatifid: fls. white, to ^ in.
long, in dense panicles. W. Morocco.
muricata (Centaurea muricata). To 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate:
heads pink or purple. Spam, Morocco. Var. rdsea is listed.
AMBROSIA MEXICANA: Chenopodium Botrys.
AMELANCHLER. SERVICE-BERRY. JUNE-
BERRY. SHADE USH. Rosacese. Deciduous showy
shrubs or small trees of the north temp, zone,
with alternate toothed Ivs., white fls. mostly in
terminal racemes and fr. a small dark blue or
black pome, sometimes edible. Desirable be-
cause of the abundant bloom in early spring,
mostly preceding the foliage; also plants of^good
habit and attractive fr.
Amelanchier
Amelanchiers are hardy in the North and thrive on a
variety of soils. Propagated by seeds sown when ripe or
stratified, by suckers when produced, or rare kinds by
budding. See also Juneberry.
alnifdlia. To 7 ft., stoloniferous: Ivs. obtuse, densely
pubescent beneath when young: racemes erect, to 1^ u?«
long. Sask. to Colo.— Some of the material so listea is
A. florida.
amabilis (A. sanguinea var. grandiflora) . To 8 ft.: Ivs.
elliptic-ovate, to 2% in. long, glabrescent: fls. in loose infl.,
petals $i-Ji in. long. N. Y.
asiatica. To 40 ft. : Ivs. acute, densely white-tomentose
beneath when young: racemes nodding. Japan, Korea;
hardy N.
Botryapium: A. oblongi folia.
canadensis. To 30 ft.: Ivs. acute or acuminate, tomentose
on both sides when young: racemes nodding, to 2 in. long,
fls. before Ivs. Me. to Ga. and La.
fl6rida. To 15 ft.: Ivs. obtuse, becoming glabrous be-
neath: racemes erect, to 3 in. long. Mich, to Wash.
grandifldra. Hybrid between A. canadensis and A.
lams: lys. becoming glabrous, purplish when unfolding:
fls. white, large, with obtuse petals. A pink-fld. form is
known.
humilis. Shrub to 5 ft., spreading by stolons: Ivs.
elliptic to oblong, to 2 in. long, acute, densely woolly be-
neath when young, serrate to below the middle: fls. in
erect dense racemes. Vt. to Alta., south to N. Y. and la. —
Differs from A. atolonifera in Ivs. more coarsely serrate.
Iceyis. To 40 ft.: Ivs. short-acuminate, quite glabrous,
purplish when young: racemes nodding. Newf. to Ga.
and Ala. Var. rdsea is listed as a color form.
oblongif&lia (A. Botryapium). To 25 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
obtuse or acute, white-tomentose beneath when young:
racemes erect, short. Me. to S. C.
ovalis (A. rotundi folia. A. vulgaris). To S ft.: Ivs. obtuse,
tomentose beneath when young: racemes erect. Eu. —
Differs from other species in the styles free and very short.
rotundifdlia: A. owhs.
sanguine a. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong, to 3 in.
long, acute, coarsely toothed: fls. large and showy, in droop-
ing racemes. Out. to Mich., south to Ala. Var. grandifldra
is A. amabilis.
spic&ta. Hybrid, probably between A. ohlongifolia and
A. stolomfera: shrub to 18 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to obovate, to
2l/i in. long, whito-tomentose beneath when young, finely
serrate to base.
stolon if era. To 4 ft., spreading by underground stolons
and forming patches or colonies: Ivs elliptic to nearly
orbicular, serrate toward apex, at first white-pubescent
beneath: fr. purplish, with bloom, sweet, sepals mostly
recurved. Newf. to Mich, and Va. — Cult, as Dwarf June-
berry.
vulgaris: A. ovalis.
AMELLUS. Composite. S. African herbs
with oblong Ivs. and blue-rayed fls. in many-fld.
solitary heads; disk-fls. with double pappus of
scales and bristles ; one species sometimes planted
in the flower-garden.
annuus (A. strigosus var. Willdenomi) . Ann., diffuse or
prostrate: Ivs. to 2 in. long, usually with 1 tooth on each
side.
AMESIA: a name once applied to the orchids treated as
Epipactis or Serapias, which see.
AMETHfSTIA. Labials*. One species, an
arm. herb allied to Teucrium and Ajuga, but
differing in the 2 posterior stamens reduced to
small staminodia. A. caerulea. To 2 ft., fragrant,
glabrous, sts. purplish: Ivs. trifoliate, lits. ovate-
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, coarsely serrate, petiole
channelled above: fls. sky-blue, to J/g m- l?n£>
in terminal and axillary corymbs whose pedicels
are longer than petioles of subtending Ivs.,
style blue and longer than stamens. Siberia.
AMHfiRSTIA. Leguminosae. One showy
Indian tree^ A. ntibilis, reaching 40 ft. in height,
with large pinnate Ivs., the Ifts. to 1 ft. long,
long pendulous racemes of bright red and yellow
fls. with 2 red petal-like bracts at base of calyx-
tube, upper petal 2 in. broad, staminal column
prominent; pods woody, to 7 in. long and 2 in.
47 Ammophila
wide. It requires rich well-drained soil and a
trop. moist climate; propagated by layering or
cuttings of half-ripened wood over bottom heat.
AMlANTfflUM. LiliacesB. Per. bulbous
herbs having linear Ivs. and small white fls. in
terminal racemes, the perianth-segms. distinct:
sometimes grown in the wild-garden. Propagated
by division or rarely by seeds.
angustifdlium: Zigadenus angustifolius.
musceet6xicum (Zigadenus muscxtoxicus. Chrosperma
muscsetoxicum) . FLY-POISON. To 4 ft. high: Ivs. to 2 ft.
long and 1 in. wide: racemes to 5 in. long. N. Y. to Fla.
and Ark.
AM f CIA. Leguminosse. Shrubs or subshrubs
with alternate pinnate Ivs., yellow papilionaceous
fls. mostly in racemes, and fr. a narrow flat pod;
native Mex. to Bolivia. One species is sometimes
planted in S. Calif.
Zyg6meris. To 8 ft.: Ifts. 4 or 6, wedge-shaped, to 2H
in. long, glandular-dotted: fls. to 1% in. long, subtended
by large bracts. Mex.
AMMI. Umbelliferx. Per. glabrous herbs of
the Medit. region, Chile and Brazil, having
pinnatisect Ivs. whose segms. have sharply
serrate cartilaginous margins, small white fls.
in compound l^racted umbels, and fr. ovoid-
oblong, only slightly compressed, with primary
ridges prominent and blunt. One species, A.
m& jus, may be in cult. To ll/z ft.: umbels to
6 in. or more across, petals shorter than stamens
with lobes often unequal, involucral bracts to
1 in. long, those of involucels linear and acute,
others 3-olivided: fr. about -Ar in. long. N. E.
Afr.
AMMOBIUM. Composite. Australian per.
herbs grown as everlastings or immortelles,
with yellow fls. in solitary heads surrounded by
involucre of silvery-white bracts; pappus of
few teeth.
Of easy cultivation, sometimes treated as a biennial
when the seed is sown in September, but may be grown
as an annual with seeds sown in spring. Flowers remain
white if cut before full bloom and hung in shady airy place
to dry.
alatum. WINGED EVEHLASTINQ. To 3 ft., white-woolly,
the branches winged: Ivs. mostly basal: heads to 2 in.
across. Var. grandifldrum has larger heads.
AMMOCALLIS: Vinca rosea.
AMMOCHARIS. Amaryttidacex. Two S.
African bulbs, one of which may be cult. A.
falc&ta. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long arid 1 in.
wide: fls. bright red, fragrant, in inany-fld.
umbels terminating a flat solid scape, the peri-
anth-segms. clawed and reflexcd. It may be
grown in pots in the greenhouse or planted out
and the bulbs stored in winter. It blooms in
summer or autumn or in winter under glass;
requires rich loamy soil.
AMM(3PHILA. Graminese. Per. grasses with
creeping rootstocks, one useful as a binder in
sandy soil, particularly along sea-coasts: lys.
long and stiff: spikelets in dense spike-like
panicles; native along shores in the northern
hemisphere. See Grasses.
arenaria. EUROPEAN BEACH-GRASS. SEA SAND REED.
MARRAM. To 4 ft.: lys. to 1 ft. long, rolled inward, rough
above, the ligule to 1 in. or more long: panicles to 1 ft. lone
and H in- thick. Eu.; intro. on Pacific Coast. — Propagated
by rootstocks.
breviligulata. AMERICAN BEACH-GRASS. The plant of
shores and dunes of the Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes,
formerly confused with the European species, is a larger
Ammophila
plant, with longer panicle and very short ligules: a good
sand-binder.
AM OLE: Chlor off alum pomeridianum.
AMOMIS CARYOPHYLLATA: Pimento acris.
AM6MUM. Zingiberacex. Per. herbs with
creeping rootstocks, leafy sts. and fls. in dense
cone-like spikes beneath the foliage, having 1
petal-like staminode or lip.
Grown as foliage plants in warm regions; sometimes seen
in economic collections under glass, as some of the species
yield medicinal products. See Elettaria. They require rich
soil and abunount moisture. Propagated by division in
spring. See Zinyiberacese.
Cardamon. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long and 3 in. wide:
fls. yellow. E. Indies.
vitellinum: Alpinia vitellina.
AM<5RPHA. FALSE INDIGO. Leguminosaz.
Shrubs bearing alternate pinnate Ivs. with small
Ifts., small fls. in dense terminal spikes, and
short slightly curved pods; native in N. Amer.
and Mex.
Grown for ornament out-of-doors. Propagated by seeds,
greenwood cuttings under glass, hardwood cuttings planted
in sheltered position in autumn and left for a year, suckers
or layers. The cultivated species are mostly hardy North.
angustifdlia: A. fruticosa var.
brachycarpa. Erect shrub to 3 ft., glabrous: Ifts. 21-45,
oblong, to H in. long and 1A in. wide, overlapping: fls.
dense, in panicles to 10 in. long: fr. to y$ in. long. Mo.
calif6rnica. Similar to A. fruticosa, differing in its
branchlets and rachis with piickle-like glands and in its
longer and moie lanceolate glandular-hairy calyx-lobes.
8. arid Cent. Calif.
canescens. LEAD-PLANT. To 4 ft., plant usually densely
white-hairy: Ifts. to % m. long: fls. blue, in spikes to 6 in.
long. July-Aug. Man. to La. and New Mex.
croceo-lanftta (A. fruticosa var.). Allied to A. fruticosa,
differing in twigs, Ivs.* and calyces densely tawny-pubescent.
Ky. to Fla. west to Mo. and La.
elata: plants so listed in trade are probably A. fruticosa.
fragrans: A. fruticosa var. angustifolia.
fruticosa. BASTARD INDIQO. To 20 ft., branchlets and
rachis glabrous or somewhat pubescent, not with glandular
prickles: Ifts. to 1H in. loi^g, oblong, obtuse or slightly
mucronate, glandular: fls. dark purple varying to pale
blue arid white, in spikes to 6 in. long, calyx-lobes snort
and obtuse. May-June. Sask. to Fla. and Mex. Var.
angustif61ia (A. angustifoha. A. fraurans). To 10 ft. or
more: Ifts. mucronulate, strongly glandular: fls. purple-
blue. 111. to Tex. and Mex. Var. crfspa has Ifts. with
curled edges. Var. crdceo-lanata is A. croceo-lanata. Var.
tenness6nsi8 (A. tennessensis) . Lfta. to 1 in. long: fls. violet-
purple. Term.
glabra (A. montana). To 6 ft.: Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls.
blue, in racemes to 6 in. long, in spring. N. C. to Ga.
arid Ala.
herbacea. To 4 ft., giayish-pubescent: Ifts. to 1 in. long:
fls. violet-purple varying to white, the spikes clustered, to
1 ft. long, in spring. N. C. to Fla.
microphylla: A. nana.
montana: A. glabra.
nana (A. microphylla). To 1 ft.: Ifts. to 14 in. long: fls.
Eurplish, in racemes to 6 in. long, in spring. Minn, to
Locky Mts.
nitens. To 9 ft.: Ifts. to 2% in. long, shining: fls. in
racemes to 10 in. long, in summer. Ga.
tennessensis: A. fruticosa var.
virgata. Similar to A. fruticosa, but of lower stature,
more sparingly branched and more broadly oblong and
leathery Ifts. with glandular petiolules and reflexed margins.
AMORPHOPllALLUS. Aracex. Very large
herbs native in trop. Asia, with tuberous roots,
large 3-parted Ivs. with the segms. pinnately
cut, and unisexual fls. borne on an upright
spadix surrounded by a conspicuous spathe;
grown as curiosities in the greenhouse. The
fls. have a disagreeable odor and appear in
advance of Ivs.
The great Am&rphophattus Titanwn, "largest
48 Ampelopsis
flower in the world." is not in general cult.,
although a plant of it bloomed at the N. Y.
Botanical Garden in 1937 and was fully reported
in publications of that institution. The bell-
shaped highly colored erect spathe was 4 ft.
across, and the top of the spadix was about 8J^
ft. above the soil. The corm, which had been
imported from Sumatra, weighed 113>£ Ibs. after
the flowering.
Plants thrive in a rich loamx soil and should be kept
dry and warm in winter. Propagated by offsets of the
tubers potted singly and kept in a temperature of 65-70°.
or more. Grown in greenhouses and sometimes in tubs for
summer bloom, or planted out in mild climates.
campanulatus. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and broad,
the petioles spotted with white: spathes ovate, 8 in. long
and 10 in. across, fleshy below spotted with white, purplish
in center, with wavy margins; spadix about 10 in. long.
E. Indies.
giganteus. Lvs. 3 ft. or more broad, pale green, the
petioles variegated with white: spathes broadly ovate, 1 ft.
long and 8 in. across, clouded with purple, the margins
wavy; spadix slightly shorter than spathe. Malaya.
mossambicensis. Small plant with spathe to 6 in. long,
deep purple, spadix equalling or somewhat shorter than
spathe. E. and S. Afr.
mozambiquanus: probably A. mossambicensis.
Rivieri: Hydrosme Rivieri.
AMPELODfiSMA. Grammese. One per. tufted
grass with stiff erect sts. to 5 ft. tall, grown for
ornament in Calif. A. mauritanicus (A. tenax).
Lvs. very long and narrow, becoming convolute,
rough on edges: spikelets in long loose one-sided
nodding panicles. Medit. region. See Grasses.
AMPEL<5PSIS. Vitacese. Tendril-climbing
shrubs native in N. Amer. and Asia, with
alternate simple or compound Ivs., small greenish
fls. in long-stalked cymes, and fr. a berry. In
Ampelopsis the tendrils ao not bear expanded
cup-like tips and the disk in the fl. is separate
from the ovary and prominent, thus differing
from Parthenocissus.
Ampelopsis is grown as a covering for walls and arbors,
and is not particular as to soil. Propagated by seeds, also
by cuttings and layers. Cuttings of hard wood may be
made in September unde_r glass or stored until spring after
the manner of grape cuttings; those of soft wood can be
struck in the summer.
aconitifdlia (A. diasecta. A. acomtifolia var. dissecta).
Lvs. of 3 or 5 lanceolate pinnately lobed Ifts. to 3 in. long:
fr. orange or yellow, sometimes bluish when young. China.
Var. glabra (var. palmiloba): Ivs. 3-parted and segms.
toothed and lobed.
arborea (A. and Vitis bipinnata. Cissus arborea).
PEPPER- VINE. Lvs. bipinnate, Ifts. ovate, to 1M in. long,
coarsely toothed: fr. dark purple. Va. to Fla. and Mex.
bipinnata: A. arborea.
Bodinieri (4. micans). Lvs. ovate, to 4 in. long, unlobed
or shallowly lobed, coarsely toothed, pale beneath, fr.
dark blue. China.
brevipedunculata (A. heterophylla var. amurensis). Lvs.
cordate-ovate, to 5 in. long, with 3 coarsely toothed lobes:
fr. lilac becoming blue. N. E. Asia. Var. citrulloides, Ivs.
deeply 5-lobed. Var. elegans (A. vanegata, A. tricolor),
Ivs. variegated with white, green or pink. Var. Maxi-
mowfczii (A. heterophylla, Vitis heterophylla and var.
humulifolia) , Ivs. deeply 3-5-lobed.
Chaffanidnii (A. Watsoniana). Lvs. pinnate, Ifts. ob-
long, to 4 y& in. long, slightly toothed, purplish beneath.
China.
cord&ta (A. and Vitis indivisa). Lvs. broad-ovate, to
5 in. long, toothed and only slightly 3-lobed: fr. blue. Va.
to Fla. and Mex.
Delavayana. Lvs. cordate-ovate, to 5 in. long, 3-lobed
or -parted or sometimes simple, crerfate-toothed, usually
pubescent beneath: fr. dark blue. China.
dissecta: A. aeon it i folia.
fingelmannii: Parthenociasut quinquefolia var.
flezudaa: A. brevipedunfulata, at least in part.
hederacea: Parthenocissus quinquefolia. ^
Henryana: Parthenocissus Htnryana.
Ampelopsis
heptaphylla: Parthenociaaua heptaphylla.
heterophylla: A. brevipedunculata var. Maximovriczii.
hirsuta: Parthenociaaua quinquefolia var.
humulifdlia (Vitis humulifolia). LVB. broad-ovate, to
5 in. long, 3-5-lobed, coarsely toothed, shining above,
whitish beneath: fbs. pale yellow or pale blue. China.
hypoglauca: Cissu* hypoglauca.
indivisa: A. cordate.
japdnica. Root tuberous: Ivs. of 3-5 pinnate or pin-
nately lobed Ifts. to 4 in. long, shining above, the rachis
broadly winged: fr. blue. Japan, China. — Some of the ma-
terial cult, under this name belongs to Parthenociaaua
trieuspidata.
IffiteVirens: Parthenociaaua Ixtevirens.
Ldwii: Parthenociaaua tricuspidata var.
megalophylla. Lvs. pinnate or bi pinnate, Ifts. ovate, to
5 in. long, coarsely toothed: fr. black. China.
micans: A. Bodimeri.
orientalis (Vitis orientalis). Lvs. pinnate or bi pinnate,
Ifta. to 3 in. long, sharply notched: fr. red. 8. W. Asia.
quinquefdlia: Parthenociaaua quinquefolia.
Saint-Pa ulii: Parthenociaaua quinquefolia var.
sempe'rvirens: Cissus atriata.
Thdmsonii: Parthenociaaua Thomaonii.
tricolor: A. brevipedunculata var. elegana.
tricuspidata: Parthenociaaua tricuapidata.
variegata: A. brevipedunculata var. elegana.
Veltchii: Parthenocissus tricuspidata var.
virginiana: Parthenocissus quinquefolia.
vitacea: Parthenocissus quinquefolia var.
Watsoniana: A. Chaffanjonii.
AMPHICARPA. HOG-PEANUT. Leguminosae.
Twining bean-like herbaceous vines of N.
Amer. and Asia: Ivs. of 3 Ifts.: small fls. of two
kinds, the upper papilionaceous ones in axillary
racemes, those in lower axils without petals and
fertile. Sometimes, but not originally, written
Amphicarpaea.
monolca (Falcata coraoso). Climbing to 8 ft.: Ifts. ovate,
to 3 in. long: fls. purplish or white, M in. long: pods 1 in.
long. N. Amer.
AMPHICOME. Bignoniacese. Himalayan
per. herbs, sometimes woody at base, with al-
ternate pinnate Ivs. and funnelform red fls. in
terminal racemes; grown in rock-gardens and
greenhouses.
arguta. To 3 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, lanceolate, to 1% in. long,
deeply toothed : fls. 1 in. long, narrowed at base, in racemes
to 8 in. long.
emddi. To 3 ft.: Ifts. 11-15, cordate-ovate, with tri-
angular teeth: fls. with orange corolla- tube.
AMPHILOPHIS: Andropogon saccharoidea.
AMSONIA. Apocynacese. Per. herbs with
alternate Ivs., terminal panicles of narrow blue
fls., included stamens, and long slender frs.;
native in N. Amer. and E. Asia.
The amsonias are grown in shady positions in the hardy
border for ornament. Propagated by division, seeds or
cuttings.
Amsonia: A. Tabernaemontana,
angustifdlia: A. ciliata.
cilia ta (A. angustifoHa"). To 5 ft. tall, rarely more than
3 ft.: Ivs. linear to oblong-lanceolate, to 2H in. long,
petiolate: fls. purplish-blue, corolla-tube longer than lobes.
N. C. to Fla. and Tex. Var. tezana (A. texana) has a
slightly longer corolla-tube than type. Okla., Tex.
salicifdlia: A. Tabernsemontana var.
Tabernaemontana (A. Amaonia). To 3*^ ft.: Ivs. ovate
to lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. %, in. long, pubescent out-
side, in a dense cluster. May- July. N. J. to Fla. and Tex.,
in low grounds. Var. salicifolla (A. aalicifolia) has nar-
rower Ivs. ami, fls. few in a loose cluster.
tezana: A. ciliata var.
AMYGDALUS: Prunua.
ANABASIS. Chenopodioceae. About a score of
subshrubs or woody herbs of the Medit. region
49 Anocardium
eastward related to Salsola, with jointed sts.
and opposite scale-like or inconspicuous Ivs.
and minute fls. A. aph^lla is recently proposed
for experimental cult, in dry regions of the
Southwest as a source of anabasin, an insect
poison. It is a green woody erect plant 12-20 in.
nigh, with many upright branches, Ivs. reduced
to scales, fls. in terminal spikes, fr. in a 3-winged
calyx.
ANACAMPSEROS. Portulacacex. S. Af-
rican succulent herbs with fleshy Ivs. and race-
mose fls. opening only in the sun, with 2 sepals
and 5 fugacious petals; occasionally grown in
the greenhouse. Propagated by seeds or by
stem- and leaf-cuttings.
albfssima. Sts. pure white, 1H in. or less long: stipules
broadly ovate and holding the very small succulent If. next
above it: fls. inclosed within terminal stigmas.
alta. Sts. to 6 in., branched: Ivs. obovate, K in. long,
spotted, white- tomentose, stipules about length of Ivs. and
whitish.
arachnoid es. Lvs. ovate, M in. long, cobwebbed, green
and shining: fls. white, in 2-3-fld. racemes on scapes to 4 in.
high. Var. grandifldra (A. rufeacena) has purplish Ivs. and
fls.
fllamentdsa. Distinguished from A. arochnoidea by
the axillary hairs longer than the webby-pubescent Ivs.
and larger rose fls.
lanceolata. Lvs. lanceolate, glabrous, with very long
axillary hairs: fls. reddish, usually solitary.
Meyeri. Sts. short, with erect branches to 3 in. long:
Ivs. fleshy, broad-obovate, i*j in. long, stipules dense and
longer than Ivs.
papyracea. Sts. to 2 in.: stipules tongue-shaped, white,
^ in. long, much longer than the thick Ivs.: fls. yellow,
sessile, solitary.
parvifLdra. Sts. to 2 in., branched: Ivs. dense, obovate
or cuneate, H in. long, tomentose, reddish-green, stipules
longer than Ivs. : fls. red, in racemes.
ruflscens: A. arachnoidea var. grandiflora.
Telephiastrum. Lvs. ovate, H in. long, glabrous: fls.
reddish, in 2-4-fld. racemes on scapes to 6 in. high.
tomentosa. Differs from A. arachnoidea by its smaller
woolly-felted Ivs. exceeded by the axillary hairs: fls. bright
red.
ANACARDlACEJE. CASHEW FAMILY. About
60 genera of woody plants with resinous bark,
mostly in the tropics but some of them extending
into cool temp, regions, sometimes evergreen;
some species have medicinal, tanning and poison-
ous properties and yield material for varnishes,
others are grown for their edible fruit, and still
others for ornament. The family is characterized
by alternate Ivs., the small bisexual or unisexual
fls. with a disk between the stamens, l~6-celled
ovary with 1 seed in each cell and 1-6 styles, and
fr. commonly a drupe or nut. The following
genera are sometimes cult, in our territory:
Anacardium, Cotinus, Harpephyllum, Lithrsea,
Mangifera, Pistacia; Pleiogynium, Rhus, Schinus,
Spondias.
ANACARDIUM. Anacardiaceae. Trees and
shrubs of trop. Amer., one cult, for its nuts,
with simple leathery Ivs., numerous small
polygamous fls. in terminal panicles, 7-10
stamens, and kidney-shaped fr. borne on a
greatly enlarged soft receptacle. Of easy cult,
in regions free from frost. Propagated by seeds
or choice varieties by shield-budding.
occid entile. CASHEW. Evergreen spreading tree to
40 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and 4 in. wide: fls. yellowish-pink:
fr. consisting of fleshy bright yellow or red receptacle
(cashew-apple, from which sweetmeats and beverages are
made) 2-3f$ in. long, and kidney-shaped nut containing
kernel edible when roasted. Trop. Amer.; nat. in all trop.
countries; planted also in 8. Fla.
Anacharis
ANACHARIS. Hydrocharitace&. Aquatic sub-
merged perennials with soft leafy sts. and in-
conspicuous unisexual or bisexual fls.; grown in
aquaria and ponds and spreading rapidly.
Propagated by cuttings and winter-buds.
canad6nsis (Elodea canadensis. Philotria canadensis).
WATER-WEED. DITCH-MOSS. ELODEA. Lvs. about H m.
long and tV~H in- wide, more or less obtuse, at the top of
the at. strongly imbricated: fls. whitish, to Jain, across, the
pistillate with tube elongated, allowing fls. to float on sur-
face, inclosed singly in a tight spathe constricted at the
base: staminate fls. not known. Que. south and west; nat.
in Eu. — Material in aquaria may also represent A. oc-
ddentalis, a plant with narrower more pointed not im-
bricate Ivs., and distinct staminate fls.; native but not
extending as far north.
d£nsa (Elodea canadensia var. oigantca). Similar to the
above, but of much stouter habit, longer internodes, white
fls. about % in. across, several being inclosed by a broad
loose spathe not constricted at the base. S. Brazil to the
La Plata River.
ANACtCLUS. Composite. Ann. or per.
herbs, somewhat like the chrysanthemums and
chamomiles, with pinnately cut Ivs. and many-
fld. solitary heads of yellow disk-fls. and white,
yellow or purplish ray-fls.; pappus none or
consisting 01 a crown or scales; native in Medit.
region and Orient. Sometimes grown in the
flower-garden.
atlanticus. Per., sts. prostrate, villous, to 3*4 in. long:
basal Ivs. 2-3-pinnatisect, to 1% in. long, white-hairy,
ultimate segms. linear-lanceolate, acute, wt.-lvs. linear-
lanceolate, to \i in. long: head to ^8 in. diam , hemispher-
ical, unisexual. Mts. Morocco. Var. vestitus is listed.
depressus. Bien. or per., sts. prostrate or ascending:
Ivs. 1-2-pmnatisect. segms. lanceolate, acute: heads to 2 in.
across, ray-fls. dark red often margined white, or white.
Morocco.
offlcinarum. Ann. to 10 in.: Ivs. 2-pinnatiscct into linear
sogms.: ray-fls. white marked purple beneath, heads 1 in.
across. S. Ku.
Pyrdthrum. Per., procumbent: Ivs. 2-pinnatisect into
linear segms.: ray-fls. white, purplish beneath. S. E. Eu.
radiatus. Ann. to 2 ft., villous to glabrcscent: Ivs. 2-
pinnatisect into linear-lanceolate segms. with rnucronate
apices: ray-fls. yellow, heads to IJa in- across. Medit.
region. Var. purpureum has the ray-fls. broadly striped
maroon.
ANAGAlXIS. PIMPERNEL. Primulacex.
Widely distributed herbs having usually oppo-
site or whorled Ivs., axillary solitary fls. in
shades of red, blue and white, wheel- or bell-
shaped corolla, usually hairy stamens, and fr.
opening transversely.
Seeds of the annual species may be sown where the
plants are to be grown. The perennials are propagated by
division and cuttings.
arv6nsis. POOR MANH WEATHKRULASH. Spreading nnn.:
Ivs. ovate, to %in. long: fls. scarlet or white, about ^ in.
across. Nat. from Eu. and Asia. Var. cserulea has blue fls.
Var. phcenlcea has red fls.
grandifldra: A. hmfolui.
linifftlia (A. grandiflora. A. Phillipsii). Per. or bien.
to 1)^ ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, to 1 in. long:
fls. blue, reddish beneath, % m. across. Medit. region.
Var. collina, fls. rose or purplish. Var. Mon£llii, Ivs. ovate
or oblong.
Phfllipsii: A. linifolia.
tenftlla. Ann. to 6 in.: Iva. orbicular- ovate, to ^ in. long:
fls, red, bell-shaped. W. Eu. and Modit. region. — Fls. on
longer pedicels tnan those of A. arvensis.
ANANAS. Bromdiacex. Stiff terrestrial per.
herbs native in trop. Amer., usually grown for
the edible fr.-head. For cult, see Bromclia and
Pineapple.
bracteatus. Similar to A. comosus but fls. in showy rod
heads with large elongated spiny bracts. Brazil.
comosus (A. sativua). PINEAPPLE. St. to 4 ft.: Ivs. in
rosettes, to 3 ft. long and 1 H in. wide, with spiny tips and
prickly edges: fls. bisexual, violet or reddish, borne in dense
heads crowned with a tuft of Ivs.: fr. fleshy and watery,
being really a thickened st. in which the berries are im-
50 Anchusa
bedded, becoming 1 ft. long. — A few forms are cult, for
ornament, as var. variegatus with stnped Ivs. and A.
Portectnus with olive-green Ivs. having a central yellow
band. Var. cdchin-chin£nsis is listed.
Porteanus: see A. comosus.
sativus: A. comosus.
ANAPALiNA. Iridacex. A small S. African
genus formerly combined with Antholyza from
which it differs in the fl. -peduncle definitely
terminated by the mfl. and not continuing
beyond as a naked stalk bearing some barren
bracts at apex, and from Chasmanthe in all the
perianth-lobes equal or nearly so. Cult, as for
Gladiolus.
revoluta (Antholyza revoluta. Gladiolus pry cox). To 2 ft.:
Ivs. linear-subulate, to 1 ft. long: fls. bright red, in lax
few-fld. secund spikea.
ANAPHALIS. Composite. White-woolly per-
ennials with leafy sts., interesting for the rock-
garden and hardy border, the small white or
gray corymbose heads remaining stiff and dry;
fls. all tubular; pappus bristly. They arc often
cut before maturity, dried and dyed for use as
everlastings.
margaritacea (Antennaria margaritacea). PEARL EVER-
LASTING To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
entire, green above, white-tomentose beneath: heads
white, ]4. m. across N. Amer , Eu., N. Asia. Var. sub-
alpina (A. suhalpnui} is of lower habit, has wider Ivs. and
fewer heads in the mfl.
subalpina: A tnaruantacea var.
triplin6rvis. Lvs obovate or oblong, to 8 in. long, white-
woolly beneath, col>\\c-Lby above, 3-5-nerved: heads white,
to % in across. Himalayas.
ANARRHINUM. Scrophulanaceae. Bien. or
per. herbs native in Medit. region: basal Ivs. in
rosette, serrate or dentate; st.-lvs. alternate,
palmately divided or linear segms. entire or
toothed: fls. 2-lippod, spur minute or absent, in
long slender racemes. Distinguished from
Antirrhinum and Linaria by absence of palate in
throat of corolla. Propagated by seeds: of ques-
tionable hardiness north of New York.
bellidif&lium. Bien. to 2 ft.: basal Ivs. spatulate, to 3 in.
long, deeply toothed, st.-lvs. 3-7-p:irteu, segms linear:
fls. blue, limb often white-fringed, to }» in. long, spur short
and recurved, racemes erect.
crassifdlium: Chaenorrhinum origanifolium. The ma-
terial cult, as A. crassi folium is usually A. bclhdi folium.
ANASTATIC A. ^Crudferse. One little ann.,
A. hierochuntica, is sometimes grown for curi-
osity as HESUHRECTION-PLANT or ROSE-OF-
JEKICHO. When ripe and dead the branches
curve inward forming a ball-like object that rolls
over the deserts and which opens out when
moist. The seeds are borne in small hairy pods or
silicles close along the branches and soon ger-
minate when wet weather comes. The balls are
sometimes sold; they open and close with mois-
ture and dry ness. It is a gray unattractive plant
a few inches high, with oblong-spat u late toothed
Ivs. and minute white fls. The plant is easy to
grow in warm locations. Algeria to Arabia and
Persia.
ANASTROPHUS: Aronopus.
ANATHERUM: Vetiveria.
AN AY: Hufelandia.
ANCHISTEA: Wooduxirdia virginica.
ANCHOR-PLANT: Colletia cruciate.
ANCHtlSA. ALKANET. BUGLOSS. Boragina-
ceae. Old World hairy herbs with alternate simple
Ivs. and blue, violet or white funnelform or
Andvasa 51
tubular fls. in coiled leafy-bracted cymes or
racemes; throat of corolla bearing scales. Of
easy cult, in the flower-garden or border. Prop-
agated by seeds in spring or division of the roots.
affinis. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate: fls.
blue, ^ in. across. Trop. Afr.
angustifdlia: A. office nalia var.
azure a (A. itahco). Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate: fls. bright blue, to ?4 in. across, m summer and
autumn; calyx-lobes long-pointed. Medit. region. Var.
floraire'nsis is listed as an improved hort. form. — Known
in several hort. forms, as Dropmore, Opal, Perrys, Picotee,
Pride of Dover.
Barrelled. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. blue
with white tube and yellow throat, in spring. Eu., Asia
Minor.
cap6nsis. Bien. to \Y% ft.: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate: fls.
blue margined with red and with white throat, ^ in. across,
in summer and autumn. S. Afr. Var. dlba has white fls.
incarnata: A. officinalis var.
italica: A. azurea.
myosotidifldra: Brunnera macrophylla.
ochroleuca (A. procera). Bien. or per. to 4 ft.: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, to 8 m. long, hispid: fls. pale yellowish-
white to ivory, to % in. across. Caucasus.
officinalis. Bien. or per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls.
bright blue or purple, M in. across, m summer and autumn.
Eu. Var. incarnata (A incarnata) has flesh-colored fls.
Var. angustifdlia has narrowly lanceolate Ivs.
procera: A. ochroleuca.
riparia. Bien. or per. to 2% ft.: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate,
to 0 in. long, hispid to setose: fls. blue to purplish-red, about
YH in. across, in loosely-fld. cymes. Cent. Eu. — Distin-
guished from A. oflicinahs by its narrower Ivs. and minute
calyx-teeth.
sempervirens: Pentaglottis sempcrvirens.
ANCISTROCACTUS. HOOK CACTUS. Cac-
tacex. Small globular indistinctly ribbed cacti
with prominent tubercles and many spines, one
of the central spines always hooked: fls. borne
at top of plant, campanulate with short tube.
brevihamatus (Echinomctus brevihamatus) . To 4 in.
high and 3 in. diam , tubercles grooved; radial spines 10-14,
% in. long, white; central spines 4: fls. rose, 1% m. long.
S. Tex.
megarhlzus (Echinocartus megarhizus). Plant usually
solitary, to 3 m., with large roots; radial spines 20 or more,
appressed, yellow becoming white; central spines strongly
hooked. Mex.
Scheeri (Echinocactus Scheeri). FIHIIHOOK CACTUS.
Plant to 2 in.; radial spines 15-18, 2-^j in. long, white or
yellowish: fls. greenish-yellow, 1 in. long. S. Tex., N. Mex.
ANDIRA. ANGELIN-TKEE. Leguminosy.
Trees mostly native in trop. Amer., with al-
ternate pinnate Ivs., fragrant papilionaceous
fls. in terminal panicles, and drupe-like pods.
They require trop. temperature arid rich loamy
soil. Propagated by cuttings over bottom heat,
when seeds are not available.
ine"rmis (Vouacapoua americana). CABBAGE-TREE. To
40 ft. or more: Ifts. to 2M in. long: fls. lilac or pale rose:
pods 1H in. long. Trop. Amer., W. Afr.
ANDR6MEDA. BOG-ROSEMAHY. Ericaccx.
Low evergreen shrubs, now restricted to 2
species, with narrow entire revolute Ivs., pinkish
urn-shaped fls. in nodding terminal umbels, and
capsular frs.
Grown in rockeries and borders and very hardy North.
Propagated by seeds, cuttings of mature wood under glass,
and by layers.
arb6rea: Oxydendrum arbor eum.
c&rulea: Phyllodoce csrrutea.
calyculbtsi^Chamae daphne calyculata.
cassinifdlia: Zenobia puherulenta var. nuda.
CAtesbsei: Leucothot Catesbsei.
floribunda: Piens floribunda.
glaucophylla. Similar to A. polifolia but the Ivs. white-
tomentose beneath and fr. glaucous. Newf. to N. J. and Ind.
jap6nica: Pieria japonica.
Androsace
ligustrina: Lyonia ligustrina.
mariana: Lyonia mariana*
nftida: Lyonia lucida.
paniculata: Lyonia ligustrina.
polifdlia. To 1 ft., the rootstocks creeping: Ivs. oblong
to linear, to 1 *£ in. long, the margins revolute, glaucous
beneath: fls. Y± in. long. Eu., N. Asia. N. N. Amer. Var.
montana, more dwarf and compact habit with daiker Ivs.
pulveru!6nta: Zenobta puherulenta.
racem6sa: Leucothoe' racemosa.
specidsa: Zenobta puherulenta.
ANDROP6GON. BEARD-GRASS. Graminese.
Per. grasses widely distributed in both hemi-
spheres, having narrow Ivs. and spikelets in
spike-like racemes which are borne singly,
in pairs or clusters, florets awned, rachis prom-
inently bearded; a few grown for forage. See
Grasses.
arg£nteus: A. mccharoides; see also A. hirtus.
fur cat us. To 6 ft., branched above: Ivs to 1^ ft. long
and H in. wide: racemes to 5 in. long, 2-6 at tips of sta.,
florets awned. Me. to Fla. and N. Mex.
halepe'nsis: Sorghum fuilepense.
hirtus. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and & in. wide, slightly
glaucous with white midrib: racemes to 1^ in. long,
silvery-hairy, in pairs in loose panicles to 1 ft. long. Warm
regions of the Old World. — Some of the material cult, as
A. argenteus belongs here.
saccharoides (A. argcnteus. Amphilophis saccharoidea) .
To 3*3 ft : Ivs. to 8 in. long and l/i in. \yide: racemes 1&
in. long, silky-hairy, in shining white panicles to 4 in. long.
Colo, to Mex., W. Indies, N. S. Amer.
S6rghum: Sorghum vuloare.
ANDR6SACE. ROCK-JASMINE. Primulacex.
Small tufted herbs of Eu., Asia and N. Amer.,
sometimes grown in rock-gardens or low borders:
Ivs. mostly basal: fls. in shades of red and white,
resembling primroses but the corolla shorter
than the calyx and conslricted at the throat.
Generic name has four syllables.
Androsaces require well-drained soil which must not be
allowed to dry out in time of drought. Propagated by
seedy, division or cuttings.
alpina (A. glacialis). Per. to 3 in., loosely tufted: lya.
in ro&ettcs at ends ot branches, oblong-lanceolate, H in-
long, hairy: fls. rose, solitary, )& in. acrofes. Alps.
arachnoidea: A. mlloaa var.
armeniaca. Bien. to 2 in.: basal Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
to ^s m. long, usually acute, somewhat lacmiate-dentatef
fls. white, in 5-10-fld. umbel-like clusters. Asia Minor.
brigantiaca: A. cornea var.
carinata: A. Chamxjasme var.
carnea. Per. to 3 in.: Ivs. linear, to % in. long, forming
rosettes: fls. in 3-7-fld. umbels, rose or whitish with a
yellow eye, }H in across. Alps and Pyrenees. Var. brigan-
tiaca has narrower Ivs. and white fls. Var. Hdlleri (A.
Hallen) has longer shining hairy Ivs. Var. Logger! (^4.
Layoeri) is more densely tufted and with short scape.
Chamaejasme. Per. to 3 in : Ivs. lanceolate to ovate,
to \4 >n l°ng, hairy, forming rosettes: fls. in umbels, white
with yellowish eye, to H i«- across. N. Asia, Eu., N. N.
Amer. Var. carinata (A. carinata), Ivs. keeled beneath.
Chumbyi, chumbyie'nse: A. sarmentosa var.
cilia ta. Per. to 3 in.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, M in. long,
ciliate on margins, forming rosettes: fls. rose, H in. across,
solitary. Pyrenees.
coronopif61ia: A. lac ti flora.
eximoides: listed name.
foli6sa. Per. to 5 in., stoloniferous: Ivs. all basal but not
in rosettes, obovate, to 1^ in. long: fls. pink, in umbels.
Himalayas.
glacialis: A. alpina.
Hilleri: A. carnea var.
Hausmannii. Densely tufted pr. to 3 in.: Ivs. over-
lapping in rosettes, spatulate, to % in. long; fla. pale rose,
to % in. across. Mts. of Cent, and S. Eu.
hedrajantha. Per. to H in.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
in. long, in rosettes: fls. violet-red, in 5-10-fld. umbela.
lkans.
helvetica. Per., densely tufted: Ivs. lanceolate, very
M i
Balk
Androsace
small, in dense rosettes, hairy: fls. white, H in. across,
solitary, nearly sessile. Alps.
lactea. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate,
to ^ in. long: fls. snow-white. H in. across, in umbels, the
pedicels to 2 in. long. Mts. of Eu.
lactifldra (A. coronopifolia) . Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 2 in. long, forming rosettes: fls. in large
clusters, white, to H in. across. Siberia.
Lagged: A. carnea var.
lanugindsa. Per. covered with silky white hairs, prostrate:
Ivs. both basal and st , lanceolate-ovate, to % in. long:
flfl. in dense clusters on scapes about 2 in. long, rose-colored,
H m. across. Himalayas. Var Leichtllnii, hort. form with
white fls. Var. oculata is listed with lilac fls.
maxima. Ann. to 4 in.: Ivs. ovate or oblong, toothed
in upper part, in basal rosettes: fls. white or pink, in umbels
terminating the scapes. Eu., Asia, N. Afr.
micropyhlla: A. mucronifolia.
mucronifdlia (A. microphylla). Laxly tufted, stolons to
1 in. long: Ivs. imbricated in rosettes, obovate, to }$ in.
long, obtuse, ciliate: fls. rose to lilac, usually 3-6 in. com-
pact umbellate heads on scape to H in. long. N. W.
Himalayas to Tibet.
obtusifdlia. Per. to 6 in.: lys. lanceolate, to ^ in. long,
in rosettes: fls. white or pinkish, % in. across, in umbels.
Alps.
ovata: listed name.
primuloldes. Stolon if erous, the runners to 4 in. long:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to H in. long or the larger ones 2 in.
or more, in rosettes, covered with silvery hairs: fls. in clus-
ters on scapes to 5 in. high, pink, to H in. across. Hima-
layas.
puberulenta. Ann. to 8 in.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 1% in.
long, pubescent, in rosettes: fls. white, K in. across, in
umbels, the pedicels to 2 in. long. Alaska to New Mex.
sarmentdsa. Stolonif erous, the runners to 5 in. long:
Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, to l^jj in. long, in
rosettes, covered with silvery hairs when young: fls. many,
in clusters on scapes to 5 in. high, rose-colored, & in. across.
Himalayas. Var. Chumbyi (A. Chumbyi and chumbyiense) .
More cespitosc and woolly. Forms with smaller crowded
Ivs. are Watkinsii and yunnanensis.
sempervivoides. Stoloniferous, the runners to 2 in.
long* Ivs. ovate, to % in. long, fleshy, in rosettes on the
stolons: fin. rose, H in* across, in umbels on scapes to 4 in.
high. Himalayas.
septentrionilis. Ann. to 8 in.: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong,
to % in. long, in rosettes: fls. white or pink, to H in. across,
in umbels. Eu., Asia, N. N. Amer. yar. subumbell&ta
(A. subumbellata) is of more dwarf habit; scapes to 2 in.
or less. Ore. arid Mont.
strigill&sa. Tufted: Ivs. narrowly oblong to obovate, to
3 in. long and % in. wide, obtuse to acutish, usually hairy,
base attenuated into petiole: fls. purple-violet, in umbels of
6-10. Himalayas.
subumbellata: A. septentrionahs var.
villdsa. Per. to 3 in., densely white-hairy: Ivs. lanceolate,
in rosettes: fle. white or rose with yellowish-red throat,
H in. across, in umbels. Eu., Asia. Var. arachnoidea (A.
arachnoidea) , Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 1 in. high.
Vitaliana: Douglasia Vitaliana.
ANDROSTfePHIUM. Liliacese. Cormous
American herbs with basal linear lys. and blue
fls. in terminal umbels, the perianth-segms.
united about half way; one species is sometimes
planted in the wild-garden or border.
car Oleum (A. violaceum). To 8 in.: fls. lilac or violet,
1 in. long. Kans. to Tex.
violaceum: A. cxndeum,
ANEMARRH&NA. Liliacese. A monotypic
genus of N. China, belonging to the Asphodel
tribe and characterized by its rhizomatous
rootstock, fls. with 3 stamens having versatile
anthers and the perianth-segms. free, not
spirally twisting after flowering: infl. a much
elongated raceme and fr. a loculicidal caps.
A. asphodeloides. To 3J^ ft.: Ivs. basal, grass-
like, to 2^2 ft. long and % in. wide, long-taper-
ing: fls. dull rose-purple, segms. linear, about
Ji in. long.
ANEM6NE. ANEMONE OB ANEMONY. WIND-
FLOWER. Ranunculacex. Attractive perennials
52 Anemone
blooming in spring, summer or autumn, white,
rose, reel or even purplish; the Ivs. are more or
less divided or dissected or even compound; fls.
lacking petals, the showy parts consisting of
colored sepals; fr. an achene which in the Pul-
satilla section has long feathery styles, but in no
case is it ribbed; mostly native in the north
temp. zone. As a Latin generic name the word
is pronounced Anemd-ne (four syllables): as an
English vernacular, Anemvone.
Anemones are valuable in all types of gardens, where
they thrive in rich sandy loam, many in partial shade.
Aside from the florists and Japane&e anemones, the species
are employed mostly in wild borders, rock-gardens, and for
colonizing. The florists' tuberous-rooted kinds, as St.
Bi igid and The Bride, are useful for late winter and spring
bloom in the house, being started in autumn in flats and
handled after the manner of freesias. These and similar
anemones may also be flowered out-of-doois, with the cul-
ture of tulips and hyacinths, if given good winter pro-
tection as tney will not stand much frost. These florists,
plants are of the species A. coronaria, A. fulgens, A. hor-
tensis.
The Japanese anemones are amongst the best perennial
herbs for autumn bloom. They stand for some years in
good land; the situation should be protected from strong
wind.
The anemones adapted to rock-garden conditions in-
clude, among others, A. baldensis, A. Drummondu and
A. Hallen.
Most species can be propagated by seed or by root-
division, the best time for the latter being in early spring;
sow the seed in the fall as soon as it has ripened.
acutipe'tala: A. alpina.
albana. To 1 ft.: Ivs. tripinnatifid, segms. oblong to
linear, white- villous: fls. creamy- yellow, sometimes pale
blue, erect. Siberia to N. Asia Minor. — Belongs in the
Pulsatilla group.
Allenii: A. apennina var., A. nemorosa var.
alpina (A. acuiipetala. Pulsatilla alpina). To 1H ft.:
invofucral Ivs. shoit-petioled: fls. few in a cluster or solitary,
cream inside, purple outside, to 3 in. across. May-June.
Eu. Var. sulphurea is soft sulfur-yellow.
altaica. Per. to 8 in., with single st. bearing involucre
of 3 petioled toothed IVH. and a single large white fl. Siberia,
Japan.
anguldsa: Hepatica angulosa.
apennina. To 9 in. with tuberous roots: involucral Ivs.
long-petioled, ternatcly compound, Ifts. deeply incised and
appearing acute both in sinus and apex: fls. solitary, sky-
blue, to 1H in. across, sepals pubescent without, at least
on lower third, peduncle as long as st., slender. Mar .-Apr.
Woods, Italy. — Sometimes confused with A. blanda. Var.
alba, fls. white. Var. Allenii, fls. pale blue. Var. plena, fls.
double. Var. pur p urea, fls. mauve. Var. rdsea, fls. rose-
pink.
atrata: hort. name for member of Pulsatilla section.
bald en si a. To 6 in.: involucral Ivs. petioled: fls. solitary,
white, often tinged rose outside, to 2 in. across. July-Aug.
Rocky places in the high Alps.
blanda. To 8 in. with tuberous root: involucral Ivs.
ternately compound, Mts. not deeply incised and appear-
ing somewhat obtuse: fls. solitary, deep sky-blue, sepals
glabrous without. Greece, Asia Minor. Vars. atrocoerulea
and rdsea are in the trade. — This plant is often confused
with its close relative A, apennina and may be distinguished
from it by its usually smaller less markedly Jaciiuate Ifts,,
shorter petioles and shorter slender peduncles.
borealis: A. parviflora.
caerulea: A. nemorosa var. Robinsoniana.
canadensis (A. pensylvanica. A. dichotoma). MEADOW
A. To 2 ft.: involucral Ivs. sessile: fls. solitary, white, to
2 in. across. May-Aug. On shores, in low places and open
meadows. N. Amer.
caroliniana. To 1 ft., with tuberous root: involucral
Ivs. sessile: fls. solitary, cream or purple, to 1% in. across.
Apr.-May. Open places, 111. to Fla. and Tex. Var. rdsea
has dark rose-colored fls.
cernua. Differs from A. vernalis in, the nodding fls. and
more numerous pinnae with larger teeth. Japan.
chrysantha: A. coronaria var. chrysanthemiflora.
chrysanthemifldra: A. coronaria var.
coronaria. POPPY-FLO WKRKD A. POPPY A. To IM ft.,
root tuberous: involucral\lvs. sessile, finely divided: fla.
solitary, poppy-like, of many shades and combinations of
red, blue, white, to 2H in. across, early spring-June. Mead-
ows, Medit. region. — The most common anemone of the
Anemone
florists for forcing. In the trade are The Bride, St. Brigtd,
semi-double many colors, Victoria Giant. Var. fl&re-
pleno has double fls. in many colors, and var. chrysanthemi-
nora has very double fls. and is said to be of hybrid origin.
cylfndrica. CANDLE A. To 2 ft.: involucral Ivs. long-
petioled: fls. in clusters, greenish-white, 5^ in. across.
June-Aug.: achenes long and narrow. Open places, N.
Amer.
dahurica. To 1 ft.: Ivs. ternately divided, the lateral
segms. 3-lobed and sessile, terminal segm. petioled, 3-lobed,
with lobes 2-3-divided into linear acute segms.: fls. salmon-
pink to pale rose-purple, to 1^ in. across or more. Dauria.
decap£tala. This species has been referred to A. carohn-
iana but differs in broader segms. of If., involucre mostly
above rather than below middle of scape, pink or greenish-
white fls., and achenes buried in wool. Ala. to Ark. and Tex.
Var. rdsea is listed.
deltoidea. To 1 ft.: involucral Ivs. sessile, 3-parted: fls.
solitary, white, about 2 in. across. Wash, to Calif.
demfssa. DROOPING A. To 10 in., rarely to 16 in.f roots
somewhat tuberous and woody: involucral Ivs. sessile, 3-
lobed: fls. white inside, purplish without, in clusters of 3-6,
to 1% in. across. Aug.-Sept. Himalayas to China. — The
pubescent foliage forms somewhat of a spreading clump.
dichdtoma: A. canadensis.
Drummondii. Usually 4-8 in., and rarely to 12 in. tall:
involucral Ivs. petioled: fls. cream-colored inside, blue out-
side, solitary, to 1 in. across. June-July. Rocky Mts. and
Calif. — Foliage forms a close somewhat dense tuft. Con-
sidered by some authors to belong with A. baldensis.
elongata. TALL A. To 3 ft., roots small and fibrous:
basal Ivs. long-petioled, blades ternate, to 4 in. across,
outer segms. much-divided, fls. white, to 1 in. across, in
branched cymes. June. Himalayas.
fulgens. FLAME A. SCARLET A. To 1 ft., the root
tuberous: involucral Ivs. sessile, entire or slightly cut: fls.
solitary, scarlet, the stamena black, to 2% in. across.
May-June. France. Var. multipetala is listed as a semi-
double form.
globdsa (A. multifida). To 20 in.: involucral Ivs. short-
petioled: fls. red to whitish or yellowish, about 1 in. across
May-Sept. Meadows and hillsides, W. N. Amer.
Halleri (Pulsatilla Hallen). To 6 in., covered with silky
white hairs: involucral Ivs. sessile: fls. lilac, 2^ in. across,
sepals often cleft. June. Sunny places, Switzerland.
Hep&tica: Hepattca americana and nobilis.
hort£nsis (A. stellata). GARDEN A. BROAD-LEAVED A.
To 10 in., the root tuberous: involucral Ivs. sessile, entire
or only slightly divided: fls. red, rose, purple or white with
brownish- violet stamens, to 3 in. across. May. S. Eu.
hudsoniana. To 1H ft-, silky-hairy: involucral Ivs.
short-petioled: fls. greenish or red, to 1 in. across, in few-
fld. clusters, summer. N. B. to N. Y. and Minn.
hupeh6nsis: reported as a dwarf early-flowering form
of A. japomca with pink or pale mauve fls. shaded with
deeper pink on back.
hybrida: name of indefinite and various application.
japdnica. JAPANESE A. Stout, branching, to 3 ft.: Ivs.
of 3 ovate totothed or lobed Ifts.: peduncles several; fls.
purplish, red, rose, white, to 3 in. across, Sept. to late frosts.
Japan, China. Var. &lba, &&• white; var. crispa, Ivs. crisped
on edges; var. Lessen is listed as an early-blooming crimson-
fid, form; var. rdsea supe'rba, fls. rose; var. rubra, fls. red,
waxy. Some of the vernacular-named forms are: Alice,
rosy-carmine; Coupe d' Argent, white; Frau Marie Mans-
hart, Herbstrpse, double, rose; Honorine Joubert, white;
Kriemhilde, lilac; Lady Ardilaun, white; Loreley, silver-
pink; Louise Unmk, white; Magdalena Uhink, double;
Max Vogcl, deep rose, semi-double: Mount Rose, double,
deep pink; Prince Henry, dark red; Profusion, semi-double,
rose; Queen Charlotte, semi-double, pink; Richard Ahrens;
Whirlwind, semi-double, white.
lancifdlia. MOUNTAIN A. To 1M ft.: involucral Ivs.
petioled, serrations blunt and somewnat rounded, center 1ft.
broadest above middle: fls. white, to 1^ in. across, solitary,
sepals commonly 5, the veins obvious, and branches abun-
dant and strongly anastomosing. May. Pa. to Ga. — Has
been confused with the European A. Irifolia.
LeveUlei. To 16 in., roots fibrous: Ivs. kidney-shaded,
3-lobed, margins dentate: fls. white inside, rose-pink outside,
to 1 % in. across, usually 1-2, sepals rounded and bearded
at tip. Apr.-May. China.
lithophila. To 8 in., remotely long silky-pubescent: Ivs.
about 1)4 m> long, deeply 3-cleft, segms. oblanceolate,
lobed and toothed, glabrous and glossy green: fls. pale
yellowish tinged with blue, to 1 J^ in. across, silky-pubescent.
July-Aug. Mts. of Mont, to Utah.
Lyalffi. To 6 in., rarely to I ^4 ft.' Ivs. trifoliate, petioled,
segms. ovate to lanceolate, rounded toothed: fls. white to
pale blue, to % in. across, solitary. Apr. N. Calif, to
53 Anemone
Vancouver Id. — By some considered a var. of A. quinque-
folia.
magellfinica. Trade name, applied sometimes to a
yellow-fid, plant, and sometimes to a white-fid, subject
with deeply cut foliage.
mextcana. To 1H ft., roots fibrous: Ivs. ovate, lobes 3,
diamond-shaped and more or less cleft, margins dentate:
fls. white, usually 2-5, to 1 H in. across, sepals 5, spreading,
ovate-oblong. July-Sept. Mex.
montana (Pulsatilla montana). Similar to A. fallen but
with glabrous Ivs. and dark violet drooping fis. Eu.,
Caucasus. Vars. alba and rubra are color forms.
multifida: A. globosa. The true A. multifida of botanists,
native in S. S. Amer., is probably not in cult.
narcissifl6ra. To 1H ft.: involucral Ivs. sessile: fls.
several in a cluster, white, to 1 in. across. May-July.
Mts. of Eu. — The American representative has been
separated as A. zephyra which is distinguished by its
lemon-yellow usually solitary fls. and Ivs. less lobed.
nemor6sa. EUROPEAN WOOD A. To 8 in.: involucral Ivs.
petioled: fls. white or purplish, solitary. 1 in. across. Apr.-
May. Eu., Siberia. Hort. vars. are: alba (var. flare-plena),
pure white; Allenii, lavender-mauve; major, white; Robin-
soniana (var. cserulea), blue. Mar .-Apr.; rdsea (var. rubra
fl.-pl.), reddish-purple; simplex, fls. wnite.
nlgricans: considered to be a subspecies of A. pratenais:
fls. purple-black.
Nuttalliana: A. patens var.
occidentals (Pulsatilla occidental. To 1H ft.: in-
volucral Ivs. sessile: fls. solitary, white or purplish, to 2 in.
across. May. B. C. to Calif.
oregana. To 8 in. or more: involucral Ivs. petioled,
coarsely toothed: fls. blue, to 1H in. across, solitary.
Cascade Mts., Ore.
palmata. To 9 in., the root tuberous: Ivs. nearly orbicular,
not divided, involucral Ivs. sessile: fls. golden-yellow,
solitary or in 2's, about 1 in. acrosa. May-June. Medit.
region. Var. albida (var. alba), fis. white; var. flore-pldno,
fls. double; var. lutea, fls. yellow.
parvifl&ra (A. borcalis). To 1 ft.: involucral Ivs. nearly
sessile: fls. white or tinged with rose, to 1 in. across. May-
June. N. Asia, N. N. Amer.
patens (Pulsatilla patens'). Per. to 3-6 in. high when in
bloom but becoming 1 ft. and more in fr.: Ivs. basal, ap-
pearing after the bloom, ternate (petiole not running
through the blade), divided into many linear lobes, the
involucre of sessile divided bracts: fls. purplish, rarely
white, to 214 in. across. Eu., N. Asia; native 111. to B. C.
and Alaska in races sometimes separated as var. Nuttalliana
(or var. Wolfgangwna), and Pulaattlfa (Clematis) hirsutis-
8ima and P. ludoviciana.
pensylvanica: A. canadensis.
prat ens is. One of the Pulsatilla group from N. Eu.:
to 12 in.: Ivs. pinnately parted into linear segms.: fls. dark
purple, hanging, with 6 re flexed sepals.
Pulsatflla (Pulsatilla vulgaris). PASQUE-FLOWER. To
1 ft.: Ivs. pinnately dissected (along a rachis), appearing
with the fls.; involucral Iva. sessile, silky-hairy: fls. solitary,
blue to reddish-purple, bell-shaped, to 2^ in. across Apr.
Eu. Color vars. are alba, carpatica, lilacina, rubra, variegata.
quinquefdlia (A. nemorosa var. quinquefolia) . AMERICAN
WOOD A. Differs from A. nemorosa in the slender sts., less
lobed involucral Ivs. and smaller fls. E. N. Amor.
ranunculoides. YELLOW WOOD A. To 8 in., the root-
stock somewhat tuberous: involucral Ivs. nearly sessile:
fls. usually solitary, golden-yellow, to 1 in. across. Apr.-
May. Eu., Siberia. Var. fl6re-pleno has partially double fls.
refiexa. Per. to 9 or 10 in. bearing single slender st. with
involucre of 3 petioled Ivs. which have long very narrow
toothed Ifts.: fls. small, with reflexed sepals. Siberia.
Regeliana. Basal Ivs. broadly ovate, t ri -pin nati sect,
segms. usually sessile with lanceolate to linear laciniee,
acute; involucral Ivs. laciniate: fls. blue-violet or rarely
rose-colored, tips reflexed: achenes plumose. Mongolia.
rivularis. To 3 ft., branched: fls. white or tinged blue
outside, 1 H in. across, in many-fld. cymes. India, Ceylon.
Var. grandifldra is listed.
Robinsoniana: A. nemorosa var.
rupicola. To 1 ft. silky: Ivs. 3-parted, the segms. toothed
or cut, the radical ones long-stalked: fls. 1 or 2, large and
showy, white, often pinkish outside. Himalayas.
serratif61ia: listed name.
siblrica. To 6 in.: involucral IVB. short-stalked: fls.
solitary, white. Siberia.
sphenophylla. Similar to A. decapetala, but with Iva,
very deeply cleft. Chile.
stelUta: A.hortentit.
sulphurea: A. alpina var.
pai
Ne
Anemone 54
sylv6stris. SNOWDROP A. To 1H ft.: involucral Ivs.
long-petioled: fls. solitary or in 2's, pure white, fragrant, to
1 5^ in. across, often nodding May-June. Eu., S. W. Asia.
Var. fl&re-pleno has double fls.
thalictroldes is Anemonella thalictroidea.
trifdlia. To 1^ ft.: involuoral Ivs. petioled, serrations
sharp-pointed, center Ift. broadest at or below the middle:
fls. white, to 1 ^ in. across, solitary or in 2's, sepals com-
monly 6-7 rarely 5, veins faint, running free to the tip,
not markedly branched and not anastomosing. May.
Eu. — Material in trade often confused with that of A.
lancifolia.
tuberdsa. To 1 ft., root tuberous: inyolueral Ivs. short-
petioled: fls. white or purplish, to % in. across , usually
solitary. Ariz, to Utah.
vernalis (Pulsatilla vernahfi) . To 6 in : involucral Ivs.
g 'innate, silky-hairy: fls. purple outside, white inside. Apr.
u.
villoslssima: said to be a fluffy form of A. narcissi flora.
virginiana. To 3 ft., branching above: involucral Ivs.
long-petioled: peduncles 2-5; fls. white or greenish, to 1^
in. across. June-Aug. Woods, N. H. to S. C. and Kans.
vitifdlia. GRAPE-LKAF A. VINE-IEAVED A. To 3 ft.,
branched: Ivs. deeply 6-lobed. densely tomentose beneath;
involucral Ivs. petioled: fls. white, to 2 in. across, in many-
fid, cymes. July. Himalayas. Var. hupehSnsis is A.
hupehensis. Var. tomentdsa is more vigorous and with
larger Ivs. which are said to be more hairy beneath.
ze'phyra: see A. narcissiflora.
ANEMONE, RUE: Anemonella thalictroides.
ANEMONfiLLA (Syndesmori). Ranunculacex.
One delicate per. herb with tuberous roots,
native in E. N. Amer., sometimes transferred
to the wild-garden or colonized. A. thalictroides
(Thalictrum anemonoides) . RUE-ANEMONE. To
9 in.: Ivs. ternately compound, those of the
involucre sessile: fls. white or pink, to 1 in. across,
in terminal umbels. Mar .-June. Var. fldre-
pldno has double fls. Var. rdsea is offered in the
trade. — It thrives in partial shade in light moist
soil. Propagated by division of roots in spring
or autumn.
ANEMON(5PSIS. Ranunculacese. One Japanese
per. herb to 3 ft., grown as a border plant. A.
macroph^lla. Lvs. ternately compound and
cut: fls. pale purple, drooping, \]/2 in. across,
with many petals and petal-like sepals, borne in
loose racemes. — Does best in rich soil in partially
shady well-drained situations. Propagated by
division of roots in spring or autumn or by soeds
sown in sandy loam.
ANEMONY: Anemone.
ANEMOPjfeGMA. Bignoniacese. Mostly
Brazilian climbing shrubs with Ivs. of 2-3 entire
Ifts., funnelform fls. in lateral racemes, and fr. a
woody or leathery caps.; grown under glass or
in the open in warm regions.
Chamberlaynii (A. racemosum. Bignonia Chamberlaynii).
LVB. of 2 oblong or ovate Ifte. to 7 in. long and a terminal
tendril: fls. pale yellow striped in throat with purple or
white, to 3 in. long, in racemes longer than Ivs. : fr. oval, to
6 in. long. — Doxantha Unguia-cati is sometimes grown
under this name.
racemdsuxn: A. Chamberlaynii.
ANEM(5PSIS. Saururaceas. One per. aquatic
herb with aromatic rootstocks having medicinal
properties. A. calif6rnica. YERBA MANSA. To
13^ ft., the st. with 1 broad clasping If. bearing
1-3 small Ivs. in axil: Ivs. mostly basal, elliptic-
oblong, to 6 in. long: fls. very small, in a dense
spike to 1J^ in. long which is subtended by white
petal-like involucral bracts. Calif., Ariz., Mex.
AN&THUM. Umbelliferae. Ann. or bien.
herbs native in the Old World, with Ivs. 3-4-
pinnately divided into linear segms.. small
yellow fls. in umbels, and flattened frs.; one
Angroecwn
species grown for the seeds which are used for
flavoring. Easily grown from seeds which
should be sown in a warm open situation.
graveolens. DILL. To 3 ft.: Ivs. very finely cut into
thread-like divisions. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
ANGELICA. Umbelliferx. Per. herbs with
compound Ivs., small white or greenish fls. in
terminal umbels, and compressed frs.; sometimes
Elanted in borders for bold effects. Propagated
y seeds and sometimes b^ division.
Archang61ica (Archangelica officinalis). Stout bien. or
per., to 6 ft.: Ivs. 2-pmnate into 3-parted Ifts. Eu., Asia,
in low ground.
atropurpurea. To 6 ft.: Ivs. biternate, the divisions
pinnate: umbels to 10 in. across. Newf. to Del. and Minn.,
in swamps. — Sometimes grown for medicinal purposes.
Curtisii. To 4 ft.: Ivs. biternate, the divisions pinnate:
umbels to 6 in. across. Pa. to Ga.t in woods.
montana: A. sylvestns var. elatior.
Panclcii (Archangelica Pancicn). To 4V£ ft.: lower Ivs.
triternate, segms. ovate-elliptic, acutely toothed, the
lower ones petioled, terminal segm. 2-3-lobed, upper Ivs.
biternate, trie segms. bipmnatisect: fls. small, white to
pink. Bulgaria.
rosaefdlia. Sts. to 5 ft. long, scrambling: Ivs. of 2-5
irs of toothed Ifts. to 2^ in. long: umbels to 3 in. across
ew Zeal.
sylve'stris. To 4 ft.: lower Ivs. large, 2-3-pinnatisect;
Ifts. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, glabrous: fls.
white, in compound umbels of 20-30 or more rays: fr. }i in.
long. Cent. En. Var. elatior (A. montana). Sts. to 7 ft.,
Ifts. larger arid more finely serrate, umbels 30-50-rayed:
fr. \i m. or more long. Cioatia.
ANGELICA, JAPANESE: Aralia data.
ANGELIN-TREE: Andira.
ANGEL6NIA. Scrophulariacex. Per. herbs
and subshrubs with opposite Ivs. or the upper
alternate, and showy 2-lipped tubular blue fls.
solitary arid axillary or in terminal racemes;
native in trop. Amer. Grown readily in green-
houses in the N. arid in the open far 8. Propagated
by seeds or softwood cuttings.
angustifdlia. Per. to 1 ft , glabrous: Ivs. narrow-lanceo-
late, toothed: fls. violet or purple, in long racemes. Mex.,
Cuba.
grandifldra: probably a hort. form of A. salicarise folia.
salicariaefblia. Per. to 2 ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. lance-
olate to linear-oblong, to 3 in. long, toothed: fls. blue, to
^ in. across, in leafy racemes. N. S. Amer.
ANGELS-TRUMPET: Datura arborea.
ANGIOPTERIS. Maraitiacew. Large ferns
with short thick sts. and bipinnate fronds with
sori in a marginal row; native in the southern
hemisphere and grown sometimes in greenhouse
collections. For cult, see Ferns.
ev6cta. St. or caudex 2 ft. thick and 2-6 ft. high: pinnse
to 1 ft. long, entire or toothed. Japan to Australia and
Madagascar.
pruindsa. Probably a pruinose-nigrescent form of
A. evecta. Java.
ANG6PHORA. GUM-MYRTLE. Myrtacex.
E.Australian trees or shrubs told from Eucalyptus
by opposite Ivs.; fl. white, in terminal corymbs;
frs. capsular. Rarely planted in S. U. S.
lanceolata. Large tree with smooth deciduous bark:
Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in. long.
ANGRJkCUM. Orchidacex. Epiphytes with
very thick Ivs. and fls. usually in racemes, the
sepals and petals similar, the lip with side lobes
small or lacking, entire middle lobe and com-
monly long slender spur; grown in the hothouse.
For cult, see Orchids.
dfstichum: Mystacidium distichum.
eburneum. Sts. to 4 ft. high: Ivs. to 2 ft. long an<^2 in.
wide: fls. to 4 in. across, the sepals and petals green, the
AngroBcum
lip ivory-white with green spur about 3 in. long, in 8-15-
fld. racemes longer than Ivs. Dec.-Mar. Madagascar.
Eichlerianum. Ste. pendulous, to 3 ft. long: Ivs. to 5 in.
long and 2 in. wide. fls. about 3 in. across, 1-3 together on
stalks about length of Ivs., the sepals and petals yellow-
green, the hp white, greenibh-yellow near base, with t-pur
about 2 in. long. June-Sept. Trop. \V. Afr.
gracilipes. Lvs. strap-shaped, to nearly 8 in. long,
retuse: infl. 1-fld., axillary, to nearly 8 in. long; fls. showy
white, to nearly 3 in. across; sepals and petals lanceolate,
spreading; spur slendei, about 2^ in. long. Madagascar.
Lednis. Sts. very short or wanting: Ivs. to 10 in. long,
equitant, lanceolate, falcate: racemes 3-7-fld.; fls. to 3 in.
across; sepals and petals white; hp white with spur to G in.
long. Comoro Isls., Madagascar.
modestum: Acranyia modesta.
Sanderianum: Ac'rangis modesta.
Scottianum. Sts. elongate, pendulous, to 20 in. long: Ivs.
to nearly 5 in. long, cylindrical: fls. 1-3 on stalks about as
long as Ivs.; fls. to 2 in. across, pale yellowish changing to
white; spur pale reddish-brown, to 5 in. long. May-Aug.
Comoro Isls.
sesquipedale (Macro-plectrum ftesquipeddle). Sts. to
about 3 ft. high: Ivs. densely 2-ianked, hgulate-obloiig, to
1 ft. long and 2 in. wide: racemes 2-4-fld., about as long as
Ivs ; fls. the largest in genus, to 7 in. across, ivory-white,
with spur to 1 ft. long. Nov.-Mar. Madagascar.
ANGULOA. Orchidacese. Terrestrial orchids
from the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru,
with pseudobulbs bearing 2-3 plaited Ivs. and
large fls. solitary on long erect scapes, the fleshy
sepals and petals connivcnt and almost concealing
the smaller 3-lobed lip; grown in a cool green-
house. See Orchids.
C16wesii. Pseudobulbs to 6 in. long: Ivs. to 2 ft. long:
fls. yellow, sohtaiy on scapes to 1 ft. long. May-June.
Var. ebarnea has ivoiy- white fls.
eburnea: A. Clowesii var.
Ruckeri. Somewhat smaller than A. Clowesii but with
olive-green fls. which are bt own or spotted within, on scapes
to 8 in. long. May-June.
ANHALONIUM: Anocarpus, Lophophora, Roseocactus,
ANIGOZANTHOS. Amaryllidacex. Odd
Australian per. herbs with thick rootstocks,
linear or sword-shaped basal Ivs. and large red.
purple, green or yellowish fls. borne in one-sided
woolly racemes or spikes, the perianth-tube
very long.
Grown in the greenhouse or out-of-doors in the South.
It does best in a mixture of peat, loam and sand and should
be well watered except in the winter rest period. Propa-
gated by division of me roots.
flavida. Differs from A. Manglesii in fls. to \l/i in. long,
almost entirely red, and anthers with appendages.
M&nglesii. To 3 ft., the st. covered with red wool: fls.
green, red at base, 3 in. long, with very narrow tube, woolly.
ANISACANTHUS. Acanthacex. Shrubs native
in Mex. and W. N. Amer., with opposite entire
Ivs. and red tubular 2-hpped fls. in one-sided
terminal spikes; sometimes cult, in S. Calif.
Thurberi. To 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong, to 2 in.
long, pubescent, fls. to 1^ ln- long. Ariz., New Mex., Mex.
Wrlghtii. To 4 ft., glabrous or nearly so: Ivs. oblong to
ovate-lanceolate, acute, to 2 in. long: fls. purplish-red, to
1^ in- long, in naked panicles. Tex.
ANISE: Pimpinella Anisum. Star: Illicium verum.
ANISOSTICHUS: Bignonia capreolata.
ANIS6TOME. Umbclliferse. Aromatic herbs
of New Zeal., having pinnate Ivs. and mostly
unisexual white or red fls. in compound umbels;
one species is sometimes grown in mild regions
for ornamerit.
latifolia (Ligusticum latifolium). Per. to 6 ft. or more:
Iva. leathery, shining, 2-pinnate: fls. red, in umbels to
3 in across.
ANNATTO: Dixa Ordlana.
55 Annuals
ANN6NA. Annonaceae. Mostly trop. Ameri-
can trees and shrubs grown for the ediole frs. in
warm climates: Ivs. alternate, simple and entire:
fls. solitary or clustered, mostly thick or fleshy and
of odd dull colors: fr. a large fleshy syncarp
formed by the fusion of the carpels and receptacle.
For cult, see Cherimoya.
Cherimdla. CHERIMOYA. To 25 ft., deciduous: Ivs. ovate
to ovato-lanceolate, to 10 in. long, velvety-pubescent be-
neath: fls. fragrant, yellow- or brown-tomentose outside,
1 in. long: fr. globular to conical, light green, to 5 in. long,
smooth or with small tubercles. Andes of Peru and Ecuador.
diversifdlia. ILAMA. To 25 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to oblanceo-
late, to 5)^ in. long: peduncles with leaf-like bracts at base:
flb. maroon, 1 in. long: fr. oval or round, to 6 in. long, pale
green or pink, with stout tubercles or sometimes smooth.
Mex., Cent. Amer.
glibra. POND- APPLE. To 40 ft., evergreen: Ivs. ovate to
oblong, to 7 in. long: fls. yellowish marked with red inside,
fragrant, 1 in. or more long. fr. ovoid, yellowish, to 4 in.
long, smooth. Trop. Amer., W. Afr. — -Grown as a stock.
muricata. SOURSOP. GUANADANA. To 20 ft., evergreen:
Ivs. ohovate to elliptic, to 5 in. long: fls. yellow, 1 in. or
more long: fr. ovoid, to 8 in. long, dark green, covered with
short fleshy spines. Trop. Arner.
reticulata. CUSTARD- APPLE. BULLOCKS-HEART. To
25 ft., deciduous or half-evergreen: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
to lanceolate, to 8 in. long: fls. yellowish, 1 in. long: fr.
heart-shaped or oval, reddish-yellow or -brown, to 6 in.
across, smooth, the carpels marked by impressed lines.
Trop. Amer.
squamdsa. SUOAR-APPLE. SWEETSOP. To 20 ft.,
deciduous: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, to 6 in.
long: fls. greenish-yellow, to 1 in. long: fr. round, heart-
shaped or conical, yellowLsh-green and glaucous, to 3 in.
across, tuberculate and the carpels falling apart. Trop.
Amer.
ANNONACE^E. ANNONA FAMILY. Over 70
genera of trees and shrubs of wide distribution,
mostly in the tropics, having simple alternate
Ivs., usually bisexual fls. with 3 sepals and 6
similar petals, numerous stamens, and fr. a
syncarp or caps. The family yields edible frs.
as well as ornamental subjects in the genera
Annona, Artabotrys, Asimina, Cananga, Rollinia.
ANNUALS (abbreviated ann. in this book).
An annual is a plant that naturally completes
its life within one year (Latin anniius, of a year's
duration) from germination to seeding and death.
In a horticultural sense the word frequently
denotes a plant that blooms the first year from
seed, whether or not it then completes its cycle
and dies. Thus, the common bachelor button or
cornflower (Ccntaurca Cyanus) is an annual,
but four-o'clock is a perennial that blooms freely
from seed the first year and is listed with annuals.
In the northern states the red pepper is classed
as an annual, but the plant is perennial in its
native tropical regions.
Plants that live only one year because they
are killed by frost but which in mild climates or
under glass may live two years or more are
properly plur-annuals, as the tomato, red pepper,
castor-bean, scarlet runner bean, and many
more. Other plants treated as annuals but
that are carried over winter as bulbs or tubers
are pseud^annuals, of which dahlia, potato,
gladiolus are examples. In this book the term
annual is employed mostly in the horticultural
sense to designate plants grown from seeds for
bloom or fruit only the same season.
Annuals are of simple cultural requirements
as a rule. They lend themselves well to amateur
gardening and experiment, and they possess a
fascination all their own. The range of stature,
habit and flower-color is very wide. Some of
them are attractive vines, Mostly they can be
crrn\nm with aiir>rt>aa in fhfi nnrfnArn afafAa if
Annuals
sown directly in the garden when the weather
becomes settled, in well-prepared "quick" soil.
In warm climates many of them are grown in
the cool season. Species that bloom very late,
as cosmos, single dahlias, moonflowers, castor-
beans, may be started indoors in pots or flats.
Some kinds are classed as ' 'hardy/' which may
be sown before frosts have ceased; others are
"half-hardy," an intermediate indefinite class
that may be sown before the full warm weather
comes: others are "tender," that require the
arrival of steady warmth before sowing or that
are commonly started under glass. In North
America these terms are now little used.
Ordinarily the seeds of annuals are sown
liberally. Many may not germinate. Even if
they all come up, the combined strength of the
rising plantlets will break the crust on hard soils;
and in the thinning which follows, only strong
and promising plants are allowed to remain.
Better effects are also often obtained when the
colors are in masses, especially if the flowers are
thrown into the bays of heavy shrub borders.
Plants continue to bloom for a longer period if
they are not allowed to produce seeds. The
flowers should be picked, if possible, as soon as
they begin to fade. Most annuals should be in
good bloom at three months from seed, and
many of them at two months.
Wide choice is possible in the kinds of annuals.
One's personal preference must be the guide.
Yet there are some groups considered to be
standard or general-purpose plants. They
are easily grown almost anywhere, and are
sure to give satisfaction. The remaining plants
are mostly such as have secondary value, or are
adapted to particular purposes or uses. Follow-
ing are sonic of the groups of general-purpose
annuals: Petunia, phlox, pink or diantnus,
larkspur or delphinium, calliopsis or coreopsis,
pot-marigold or calendula, bachelors-button or
Centaurea Cyanus, clarkia, zinnia, marigold or
tagctes, mignonette, collinsia, gilia, California
poppy or eschscholzia, verbena, poppy, China
aster, sweet pea, ncmophila, portulaca, silene,
candytuft or iberis, alyssum, stock or mathiola,
morning-glory, nasturtium or tropseolum, scab-
iosa, salpiglossis, amaranthus, cockscomb. Some
of the fruit-bearing plants belong with the
ornamental annuals, as the gourds of many
kinds, and the red peppers or capsicums.
White-flowered annuals: acroclinium, agera-
tum, alyssum, ammobium, antirrhinum, arc-
totis, argernony, aster, balsam, brachycome,
browallia, candytuft, centaurea, chrysanthemum,
clarkia, cosmos, delphinium, dianthus, four-
o'clock, gomphrena, nelichrysum, lavatera, lo-
belia, lupinus, malope, matricaria, nemesia,
nemophila, nicotiana, nigella, petunia, phlox,
poppy, portulaca, rhodanthe, scabiosa, scnizan-
thus, verbena, zinnia.
Pink-} rose-, and red-flowered annuals: abronia,
acroclinium, amaranthus, anagallis, antirrhinum,
aster, balsam, cacalia, canaytuft, centaurea,
chrysanthemum, clarkia, cockscomb, convolvulus,
coreopsis, cosmos, delphinium, dianthus, four-
o'clock, gaillardia, godetia, gomphrena, gyp-
sophila, helichrysum, lavatera, linaria, linum,
lupinus, lychnis, malope, morning-glory, nas-
turtium, nemesia, phacelia, phlox, poppy,
portulaca, rhodanthe, snlpiglossis, salvia, sapon-
aria, scabiosa, stock, sweet pea, verbena, zinnia.
Blue-, lilac-, lavender-, and purple-flowered
56 Anoda
annuals: ageratum, anagallis, anchusa, antir-
rhinum, aster, balsam, brachycome, browallia,
campanula, candytuft, centaurea, convolvulus,
cosmos, delphinium, gilia, linaria, lobelia,
lupinus, machseranthera, nemesia, nemophila,
nicotiana, nigella, nolana, petunia, phacelia,
phlox, portulaca, salpiglossis, salvia, scabiosa,
specularia, sweet pea, torenia, trachymene,
verbena.
Yellow- and orange-fldqpered annuals are to
be found in the following genera and groups:
abronia, argemony, cacalia, calendula, Cali-
fornia poppy, centaurea, chrysanthemum, coreop-
sis (calliopsis), cosmos, dimorphotheca, emilia,
erysimum, evening-primrose, four-o'clock, gail-
lardia, helichrysum, hunnemannia, marigold,
nasturtium, poppy, sanvitalia, sunflower, theles-
perma, thymopnylla, venidium, zinnia.
Annuals that continue to bloom after the first
autumn frosts: Abronia umbellata, Adonis
scstivalis, Adonis annua (autumnalis), Arge-
mone grandiflora, calendulas, callirrhoe, Cen-
taurea Cyanus, centauridium, Chciranthus Cheiri,
chrysanthemums, Convolvulus tricolor, dian-
thus of various kinds, Erysimum Perofskianum,
Erysimum asperum (arkansanum), eschscholzias
in several varieties. Gaillardia pulchella picta,
Gilia achillesefolia, Gilia capitata, Gilia laciniata,
Gilia tricolor, Iberis affinis, Lavatera trimestris,
Lychnis Coeli-rosa (oculata), Lychnis clegans,
Lychnis Viscaria, mathiolas or stocks, (Enothera
Lamarckiana, CEnothera Drummondii, (Eno-
thera rosea, Phlox Drurnmondii, Salvia splen-
dens, Salvia farinacca, Salvia Horminum,
verbenas, Virginia stocks.
Annuals adapted to edgings: abronia, ageratum,
alyssum, antirrhinum (dwarf), brachycome,
California poppy, candytuft, collinsia, coreopsis
(dwarf), dianthus, godetia, Gypsophila muralis,
lobelia, marigold (dwarf), mesembryanthemum,
nemophila, nigella, pansy, phlox, portulaca,
sanvitalia, Saponaria ocymoides (perennial),
verbena.
Annuals that are tendril- or petiole-climbers:
balloon-vine, balsam-apple, balsam-pear, canary-
bird-flower, cobea, eccremocarpus (grown as
annual North), gourds, nasturtiums, sweet pea,
wild cucumber.
Annuals that are twiners: bean (scarlet runner
and hyacinth bean), cardinal climber, cypress-
vine, gourds, Japanese hop, moonflower, morn-
ing-glory and related plants, thunbergia.
ANODA. Malvaceae. Mostly ann. herbs, or
grown as such in cold regions, of warm countries,
with alternate commonly lobed Ivs. and purple
or lilac fls. solitary in the axils; occasionally
grown under glass or in the open for summer
and autumn bloom. Propagated by seeds.
cristata (A. Dilleniand). To 2% ft., sts. yellow-pilose
to nearly glabrous: Ivs. simple to 3-lobcd, triangular-
lanceolate to hastate, entire or serrate, usually glabrous
beneath except on veins: fls. rose- pink to lavender, to
nearly 2 in. across, on long naked pUose peduncles. Cent.
Amer.
Dilleniana: A. cmtata.
hastate. Lvs. arrow-shaped, the upper heart-shaped
and 5-angled : fls. blue or white, about 1 }p in. across. Mex.
to Peru. — Differs from A. lavatercndea in the reticulated
carpels.
lavateroldes. Lvs. heart-shaped to arrow-shaped,
toothed or entire: fls. violet, purple or white, to 2 in. across.
Tex. to Mex. and S. Amer.
parviflora. Similar to A: cristata, from which it differs in
lower Ivs. cordate and the upper ones hastate, fercnate
petals and larger calyx. Mex.
Anoaa i
triangularis. To 3 ft., much branched: Ivs. triangular,
toothed at base > fls. lilac, 1% in. across. Mex.
Wrtghtii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, scarcely
lobed: ns. yellow, % in. across. New Mex.
ANOGRA: (Enolhera.
ANOMATHECA: Lapeirousia cruenta.
AN6PTERIS. Polypodiacex. One delicate
fern native in the W. Indies and sometimes
seen under glass. A. hexagdna (Pteris helero-
phylla). Fronds tufted, of two kinds, to 2 ft.
long, 2-3 pinnate, with marginal indusia.
See Ferns.
AN<5PTERUS. Saxifragacex. Small trees or
shrubs from Australia and Tasmania, having
glabrous alternate persistent leathery Ivs. and
terminal racemes or white fls. : petals, stamens
and calyx-lobes 6-9: fr. an oblong-conical caps,
dehiscing by 2 recurved valves; seeds winged at
one end.
glanduldsus. Shrub or small tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-
lanceolate to obovate, to 8 in. long, serrate: fls. in racemes
3-6 in. long. Tasmania.
AN&TA. Orchidacese. Epiphytic orchids with
leafy sts. and fls. in racemes, the lip entire and
spurred. See Orchids for cult.
densifldra (Vanda densiflora. Saccolabium giganteum).
Sts. to 8 in.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 2 in. wide: fls. 1 in. across,
in dense many-fld. pendulous racemes to 16 in. long; sepals
and petals wnite spotted at base with violet, lip purple,
white near base. Nov. Burma.
violacea (Vanda violacea. Saccolabium violaceum. Rhyn-
choatyhs violacea). Similar to the above but with white
sepals and petals spotted with violet and violet lip. Dec.-
Mar. Philippines.
ANSfiLLIA. Orchidacese. African epiphytic
orchids of a few closely related species, of which
one is sometimes grown in the hothouse. See
Orchids. A. africana. Sts. elongate, bearing
4r-7 linear Ivs. to 1 ft. long: fls. yellowish spotted
with chocolate-brown, about 1 in. long, in many-
fld. terminal panicles to 16 in. long. Dec.- July.
ANTELOPE-BRUSH: Purshia.
ANTENNARIA. EVERLASTING. PussYs-ToEU.
Composite. Per. white-woolly herbs with Ivs.
mostly basal and small clustered heads, the fls.
dioecious and tubular; pappus of bristles.
Sometimes grown for the dry flower-heads or in rock-
gardens and adapted to poor soil. Propagated by seeds
and division. «
alplna. To 6 in., stoloniferous: Ivs. oblanceolate, to
5^ in. long, silky-tomentose at least underneath, heads
Ys in. across, with brownish-green involucral bracts in
fertile heads. Alaska to B. C. and Lab.
aprica. Soft- woolly, making patches, to 12 in. or less,
with leafy stolons: Ivs. mostly spatulate and obtuse, to
1 in. or more long, tomentose on both sides, those on st.
linear: heads about \i in. across, the involucrai bracts
white or pink. S. D. to New Mex. and west.
camp6stris. To 4 in.: rosette Ivs. obovate, to 1J£ in.
long, tapering at base, hairy beneath and nearly glabrous
above; st.-lvs. linear, to 2i in. long, acute: heads sessile,
about \i in. across, involucral bracts white or pink. Mich,
to Sask., south to Mo. and Kans.
canadensis. To 12 in., slender: Ivs. spatulate or ob-
lanceolate, to 1H in. long, nearly or quite obtuse, with 1
prominent nerve: heads about V$ in. high, in close cluster,
the involucre green. Newf. to Conn, and west.
Candida: A. dioica.
carpathica. To 10 in., woolly: Ivs. oblanceolate to linear,
to 2 in. long: heads \i in. across, with brownish-purple
involucral bracts. N. N. Amer., Eu., N. Asia.
dioica (A. cbndida. A. lomentoaa). To 1 ft., stolonifer-
ous: Ivs. spatulate, to 1 in. long: heads ^ in. across, with
white or rose involucral bracts. Eu., Asia; reported as
having escaped in N. Amer. Var. rdsea is listed.
fallal. To 16 in., sts. occasionally glandular: rosette Ivs.
rhombic-ovate, to 3>$ in. long and 2 in. across, but often
smaller, densely white-woolly, obtuse; st.-lvs. oblong to
>/ Anthemis
spatulate: heads in dense corymb, styles often pink to
crimson. Que. to Minn, south to Va. and Tex.
lanata. To 6 in., densely woolly: Ivs. spatulate-lanceolate
to linear, to 2 in. long: heads in dense clusters. Mte., B. C.
to Ore.
magellanica. To 2 in., many-stemmed: Ivs. oblong-
linear, tomentose: heads 5-6, in sessile cymes. Magellan
region.
margarit&cea: Anaphalis rnargarUacea.
media. To 4 in., woolly rosette Ivs. spatulate to broadly
oblanceolate, to % in. long: heads 4-7, to \L in. across,
bracts very dark green, often white tipped. Alta. to B. C.
south to Colo, and Calif.
niicrophylla (4. parvifoha probably). Slender, to 12 in.,
with very short stolons: Ivs. spatulate, obtuse or apiculate,
% in. or less long, silky both sides: heads about % in.
nigh. Sask. south and west.
negl£cta. To 12 in., the slender stolons leafy at tip:
Ivs. mostly oblanceolate, tapering to base, tomentoso but
nearly glabrous above, 1-nerved, to 1^4 in. long: heads
about \i in. across, the involucre brownish with white tips.
Me. to Va., Kans. and Wis.
neodiolca. Slender, to 12 in., woolly, with many leafy
stolons: Ivs. broad-ovate to spatulate, only indistinctly
3-nerved, to 1 in. long, apiculate, white-tomentose under-
neath: heads to \i in. broad, the involucre with white tips.
Newf. to Va. and west.
obovata. To 1 ft., stoloniferous: Ivs. qbovate, 1 in. long,
tomentose both sides: heads about % in. high. Man. to
Colo.
parvif61ia: see A. microphylla.
ramdsum: listed name.
rhodantha. To 6 in.: Ivs. spatulate to linear, to % in.
long: heads ^ in. long, involucral bracts tipped witn red.
Wash.
rdsea. To 1H ft., stoloniferous, white- tomentose: Ivs.
oblanceolate, to %, in. long, heads to l/i in. long, with rose
involucral bracts. Alaska to Calif, and Colo.
subviscdsa. To 12 in., stoloniferous: rosette Ivs. spatu-
late, to % m. long, obtuse or mucronate, densely white-
tomentoae, glandular-hairy above: fls. in 3-9 heads, bracts
glandular-viscid, cream-colored or rose-tipped. Que.
tomentdsa: A. dioica.
umbrine'lla. To 4 in., stoloniferous: Ivs. spatulate, to
14 in. long, white-tomentose: heads about >t in. high.
B. C. to Colo.
ANTHEMIS. Composite. Herbs with finely
cut strong-scented foliage and solitary fl. -heads,
the ray-fls. yellow or white, disk-fls. yellow;
pappus none or a minute crown.
A few kinds are useful in wild-gardens and the border,
blooming from midsummer to fiost. Propagated by seeds
and division.
Aizo6n: Achillea ageratifolia. var.
altissima. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. 2-3-pin nalisect into lance-
olate segms.: ray-fls. white, in heads to 2 in. across. S. Eu.
arabica: Cladanthus arabicus.
austrlaca. Ann. or bien. to 2 ft., sparingly branched: Ivs.
1-2-pinnatisect into lanceolate segms.: ray-fls. white, in
heads to 1% in. across, outer involucral bracts ciliate.
Austria.
Biebersteiniana (A. Rudolphiana). To 1 ft. or less: Ivs.
bipinnate, silvery- white-tomentose: ray-fls. yellow, heads
to 1 in. across. Mts. of Cent. Eu. — Adapted to rockery.
carpatica (A. styriaca). Per. to 6 in., with many ste.:
Ivs. pinnate into narrow sogms. which are entire or 3-
lobed. heads to 1% in. across, rays white. E. Eu.
cindrea. Spreading per. to 1 ft., gray-pubescent or
-tomentose: Ivs. ovate, bipinnatisect into oblong obtuse
segms.: heads large, with white rays longer than the disk.
Balkans.
Kelwayi. Similar to A. tinctona (of which it is apparently
a form) but with deeper yellow fls. and foliage more finely
cut.
macedonica. Bien. to 5 in.: lower Ivs. pinnate into 3-5
linear segms., upper ones undivided: heads small, long-
stalked, rays white. Macedonia.
macrantha. Per. to 2 ft. or more, branched above- Ivs.
2-pinnatifid into linear-lanceolate segms.: heads few, 1 in.
and more across, rays white. Eu. — Probably only a variant
of A. Triumphettii.
montana. : Per. to 10 in., silky-pubescent: Ivs. pinnat-
isect into linear segms.: ray-fls. white. S. Eu.
n6bilis. CHAMOMILE. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. pinnatisect into
narrow-linear segms.: ray-fls. white. Eu. Var. grandifl&ra
has larger sometimes yellow fls. and fl&re-pleno double.
Anthemis
parnassii: A. tine tar ia.
ptarmicif6rmis: hort. name.
Rudolphiana: A. Biebersteiniana.
ruthe*nica. Ann. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. 2-3-pinnatisect. oblong,
woolly: ray-fls. white, heads to ll/2 in- across, solitary on
stout peduncles, outer bracts lacmiate. Cent. Eu.
Sancti-Johannis. Per. to 3 ft., slightly branched: ivs.
2-3-pmnatisect, eegms. apiculate-tipped: ray-fls. deep
orange, headH to 2 in. across, solitary on leafless peduncles
to 6 in. long. Bulgaria. — Differs from A. tinctoria in its black-
margined ciliately-incised mvolucral bracts, deeper colored
fls. and in the achene having a distinctly toothed crown.
styrlaca: A. carpatica.
tinctoria (A. par-nasaii). GOLDEN MARGUERITE. Per. to
3 ft.: Ivs. 2-pinnatisect into oblong or ovate segms.: ray-
fls. golden-yellow, in heads to 2 in. across. Eu., Asia. Vars.
pallida and alba are listed.
Triumphs' ttii. Per. to 2^ ft. high: Ivs. 1-pinnatisect,
Hegms. oblong, serrate, tomentosc beneath: ray-fls. white,
heads to 1 ^ in. across. Medit. region.
ANTHER: the pollen-bearing part of the stamen, borne
at the top of the filament or sometimes sessile.
ANTHfiRICUM. Liliacese. Herbs with tuber-
ous or fleshy roots, linear basal Ivs., and small
white wheel-shaped fls. in loose racemes terminat-
ing slender scapes.
Grown as border plants with protection or in cool green-
houses in pots or benches. Of easy cultivation. Propagated
by stolons, division, and by seeds when available.
Bichetii. Lys. variegated with white. W. trop. Afr. —
The botanical identity of this plant is uncertain, as is also
that of Phalangium Bichei which is probably the same.
combsum: Chlorophytum comosum.
e la turn: Chlorophytum elatum.
Goldianum: hort. form with Ivs. variegated with cream;
probably referable to Chlorophytum elitum.
graminifdlium: A. undulatum.
Liliago. ST.-BERNARD-LILY. To 3 ft , not branched: Ivs.
to 1 ft long: fls. about 1 in. across. Eu. Vars. giganteum
and m^jor are larger forms, and var. grandiflorum is
listed with larger fls.
Liliistrum: Paradisca Liliastrum.
Mandaianum: Chlorophytum comosum.
picturatum: Chlorophytum comosum.
plumftsum: liottionea thysanoloides.
racemdsum: catalogue name, probably of A. ramoaum.
ramdsum. To 2 ft., st. branched: fls. smaller than in
A. Liliayo Eu.
Rgnari: catalogue name.
undulatum (A. gramini folium). Lvs. linear, acuminate,
to 15 in. long and }i in. wide: fls. white, in lax raocmes to
0 in. long, segms. obtuse, to % m. long, on solitary jointed
pedicels. 8. Afr.
variegatum: Chlorophytum elatum or comosum.
vittatum: Chlorophytum datum.
ANTHOLtZA. Iridaccx. The identity of the
plants ascribed in the literature to this genus is
considered to have been imperfectly understood
until the relatively recent study of them by the
late N. E. Brown, who demonstrated that the
plant long known as A. cethiopica belonged to
another genus and that the true Antholyza
(A. ringcns, not known to be in cult, here) as
known to Linnaeus had been misinterpreted
by subsequent authors and erroneously placed
in the genus Babiana. The synonymy of the
plants in cult, or listed as Antholyza follows:
eethidpica: Chastnanthe aethiopica.
floribunda: Chusmanthe floribunda.
paniculata: Curtonus paniculatus,
praealta: Chaamanthe floribunda.
revoluta: Anapalina revoluta.
ANTHOPOGON: Gentiana.
ANTHOXANTHUM. Grammes. Ann. and
per. grasses adapted to meadows, fragrant when
drying, the spikelets in spike-like terminal
58 Anthurium
panicles, florets awned; native of Eu., Asia, and
N. Afr. See Grasses.
aristatum (A. Puehi). Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long
and K in. wide: panicles to 1^ in. long, conspicuously
awned. Eu.; escaped in E. N. Amer.
gracile. Tufted ann. to 8 in.: Ivs. hairy: spikelets % in.
long, silvery and shining, conspicuously awned, in racemose
panicles. Medit. region.
odoratum. SWEET VERNAL-GRASS. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to
6 in. long and % in. wide: panicles to 3 in. long, bronzy-
green, early. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
Pu61ii: A. aristatum.
ANTHRfSCUS. Umbcllifcne. Herbs with
pinnately compound Ivs., small white fls. in
compound umbels, and compressed frs.; grown
for the Ivs. which are used like parsley.
They are of easy cultivation in any soil, thriving in
shaded situations. Propagated by seeds.
sylvSstris. Per. or bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs 2-pinnate, the
segms. ovate-lanceolate and deeply cut: fr. not distinctly
beaked. Eu., W. Asia.
ANTHfrRIUM. Aracex. Trop. American
perennials of varied habit, having arrow- or
heart-shaped entire or lobed Ivs. arid bisexual
fls. in densely-fld. spadices subtended by widely
spreading or reflexed often colored spathes;
grown in the greenhouse for the striking foliage
and spathes.
Anthuriums require high temperatures, never below
55° in winter, and a humid atmosphere They thrive in
rough fibrous loam and the roots should be kept well
covered. Repotting is necessary only evciy few years with
older plants. Propagated by suckers or root-cuttings placed
in pots over bottom heat; also by seeds under a bell-glass
in a temperature of about 80°.
filbum. ITvbnd with A. Aiulrseanum as one parent, or a
variant, having white spathes.
Andraeanum. Lvs. oblong-ovate, heart-shaped at base
with deep narrow sinus, to 1 ft. long and G in wide, green,
the petiole longer than blade: spathes spreading, cordate,
to G in. long, orange-red varying to rose or \v lute. Colombia.
Var. giganteum is hbted as having larger spathes. Var.
r&seum has n glossy rose-pink spatho. Var. rubrum is
similar but spathe is darker red.
atrosangufneum: hort. name, probably for form of
A. Kcherze-nanum or A. splcndidum.
bogot£nse. Lvs. cordate, to 2 ft. long and 1G in. wide,
long-acuminate, dark green: spathes broadly lanceolate,
spreading, 8 in. long, yellowish. Colombia.
Brownii. Lvs lanceolate-cordate, to 3 ft long and 20 in.
across, shining green above, paler bi'noath: spathes lance-
olate, spreading, 6 in. long, green tinged with purple.
Colombia.
carneum. Hybrid between A. Andraanum and A.
nymph<rfolium with rose-colored spathes.
cordatum (Pothos cordatus). St. to ^ ft.: Ivs. triangular-
cordate, to 10 in. long and 12 in. wide, leathery, bright
dark groen above, on petioles longer than Ivs : spathes
green, linear-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, very long-acuminate;
spadix brownish-green, longer than spathe. W. Indies.
crystSllinum. Lvs. cordate-ovate, to 14 in. long and
10 in. across, deep velvety-green prominently veined with
white, pale rose beneath: spathes linear-oblong, to 6 in.
long, green. Colombia.
ferrier6nse. Hybrid between A. Andra-anum and A.
ornatum with ovate^-cordate Ivs. and spathes, the latter
rosy, and white spadices.
Forge" tii. Lvs. to 14 in. long and 0 in. wide, peltate, deep
velvety-green, venation lighter: spathes to 6 in. long and
H in. wide, green. Colombia.
grande. Lvs. oblong-ovate, to 2 f& long and 10 in. wide:
spathes ovate-cordate, G in. long, white or purplish. Bolivia.
Hodkeri (^4. Huegehi). Lvs. obovate-oblong, to 4 in.
long, short-pet ioled, midrib sharply keeled beneath, green,
dotted blade: spathe lanceolate-acuminate, shorter than
spadix, latter to 10 in. iong on peduncle to 15 in. long.
W. Indies.
Huegfclii: A. Hookeri.
Anthurium 59
magnificum. Lva. cordate-ovate, to 1^ ft. long and
10 in. wide, olive-green above with prominent white veins,
the petioles 4-angled: apathes lanceolate, 8 in. long, be-
coming recurved, green or reddish. Colombia.
regale. Lvs cordate-oblong, to 1G in. long and 8 in.
wide, very long-acuminate, green above with veins be-
coming whitish, paler beneath: spat lies broadly lanceolate,
3 in. long. Peru.
Rothschikhanum: ,-t. Scherzenanum var.
Scherzeri&num. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 8 in long and
2 m. wide, long-pointed, gieen: bpathes broadly ovate,
3 m. long, deep red varying to rose and white; spadix
spirally coiled, yellow. Cent. Ainer. Var. album, Bpathes
white. Var. atrorubrum, spathes dark blood-red. Var.
atrosanguineum, spathes red. Var. giganteum has larger
spathes. Var. maximum, spathes scarlet, large. Var.
rose urn, spathes rose^colored. Var. Rothschildianum has
red spathes spotted with white.
splendidum. Lvs. cordate-ovate, leathery, blue-green,
glaucous with blistered-like appearance, the depressions
and nerves brownish. Colombia. — Many hoit. forms and
hybrids have been developed m pait from this plant.
tetrag6num. Lvs. oblong to obovate-lanccolate, to 4 ft.
long arid 1^ ft. wide, glaucous-green above, yellowish
below: spathes oblong-lanceolate, to 8 in. long. Costa
Rica.
Veltchii. Lvs. long-oblong, to 3 ft. long and 10 in. wide,
cordate at base, rich metallic-gieen with prominent veins:
spathes ovate-lanceolate, 3 in. long, elect or becoming re-
flexed, greenish-white. Colombia.
velutinum. Lvs. cordate, 10 in. long and 6 in. wide,
shining green. Colombia.
Warocqueanum. Lvs. cordate-lanceolate, 3 ft. long and
10 in. wide, velvety-green veined with white: spathes linear-
lanceolate, reflexed, 4 in. long, gieen. Colombia.
ANTH^LLIS. Leguminosx. Per. herbs or
subshrubs from Eu., N. Afr. and Asia, with
pinnate Ivs. and papilionaceous fls. in dense
clover-like heads; grown for ornament and A.
Vulneraria for forage in Eu. on poor soils.
Propagated by seeds, division and cuttings.
alpestris: A. Vulneraria var.
Ba"rba-J6vis. JUPITERS-BEAKD. Silky-hairy evergreen
shrub to 12 ft.: Ifts. to % in. long: fls. yellowish-white.
S. Eu.
Dillenii: A. Vulneraria.
m on tana. To 1 ft. or less, white-silky Ivs. pinnate, the
many Ifts. small and entire, oval 01 oblong fls. purple or
pink, in dense mvoluciate headb. Alps. Vais. atrorubens,
carminea and rubra aic color forms.
tetraphflla. Ann., mostly prostrate: Ivs. with large
terminal lit. and 2-4 small lateial Ifts.: fls. yellowish-white
stuped with pink. Medit. region.
Vulneraria (A. Dillemi). KIDNEY VETCH. WOUND-
WORT. To 1 ft.: Ivs. with terminal 1ft. 1 in. long, lateral
Ifts. small or none' fls. yellow to deep red. Eu , W. Asia.
Var. alpestris.' To 8 in . basal Ivs. simple, ovate-lanceolate:
fls. in laiger heads. Eu.
Webbiana. LADYS-FINGER VETCH. Per. to 10 in., sts.
decumbent or erect, branched. Ifts. 7-11, oval-acute,
terminal 1ft. much larger than laterals, all with appresscd
white-silky hairs, fls. rose, in terminal heads. Teneriffe.
ANTIARIS. Moracex. Evergreen trees of
Malaya and Australia with alternate Ivs. and
unisexual fls , the starninate in dense heads and
the pistillate solitary; one intro. in S. Calif.
toxicaria. UPAS-TREE. To 250 ft., the milky juice
poisonous: Ivs. oblong, to 8 in. long, entire or slightly
toothed: fr. a fleshy purple or red diupe. Malaya.
ANTICLEA: Zigadenus.
ANTIDfiSMA. Euphorbiacex. Trees and
shrubs native in the tropics of the Old World;
the bark of some species furnishes cordage and
frs. are sometimes edible: Ivs. alternate, simple:
fls. dioecious^, without petals, in spikes or racemes :
fr. a small fleshy drupe. Sometimes cult, for
ornament in warm regions. Propagated by
cuttings.
Bunlus. BIGNAY. Evergreen tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
shining, to 6 in. long: fls. green, in spikes: frs. currant-like,
red, often made into preserves. India, Malaya.
Antirrhinum
ANTfGONON. Polygonacex. Tendril-climb-
ing vines with alternate entire Ivs. and red, pink,
white or yellowish fls. in racemes terminating in
a tendril.
One species is commonly grown in warm climates to
cover verandas, bushes and fences. Of easy cultivation,
but the soil should not be too rich, for the best bloom; it
may also be grown in a warm light greenhouse. Propagated
by seeds and cuttines.
16 Pt OpUS. CORAL-VINE. PlNK-VlNB. CORALLITA. CoN-
FEDERA/rE-ViNE. ROSA DE MONTANA. Climbing to 40 ft.:
Ivs. arrow-shaped or cordate-ovate, to 4 in. long: fls. bright
pink, in axillary racemes, outer sepals ovate in fr., the
achenes obscurely angled. Mex. Var. album has white fls.
macrocarpum. Similar to A. 1eptopust differing in the
thicker more hairy Ivs. to 5 in. long, the outer sepals or-
bicular in fr. and the achenes with wing-like angles. Costa
Rica; intro. in W. Indies and S. Fla.
ANTIPHYLLA: Saxtfraga oppomttfolia.
ANTIRRHINUM. SNAPDRAGON. Scrophib-
lariacese. Erect, climbing or procumbent herbs
usually grown as annuals, with sac-shaped 2-
lipped fls. in rose, red, purple, yellow arid white.
The snapdragon grown in gardens and for cut-flowers
in greenhouses is A. majus. For the garden, treat the same
as any annual. Plants sometimes winter over, if well pro-
tected, and bloom early in spring. For greenhouse culture
the seed for the first Jot is planted in July; by successive
sowings the grower may have snapdiagons all the year.
angustifdlium: A. siculum.
antirrhinifldrum: Maurandia antirrhimflora.
Asarina. Procumbent per., sticky-pubescent: lys.
cordate-ovate and crcnato, 5-lobed or -neived: fls. white
or pinkish, 1^ in. long, solitary. S. W. Eu.
assurgens: A. siculum.
carnif61ium: lusted as having blue fls.
Coulterianum. CHAPARRAL S. Ann. to 3 ft., erect or
climbing, glabrous except the mfl.: basal Ivs. ovate, to
l^i in. long, entire: fls. purplish to while with yellowish
hairy palate, % in. long, in spike-like racemes. Calif.
crassifdlium: Chamorrhinum origanifolium. The ma-
teiial in cult, as A. crassifolium is usually Anarihinum
bdlidifohum.
gibraltaricum: listed ns a per. with "reddish-green foliage
«»nu pink fls."; not known botanically.
glandul&sum. Viscid erect per. to 5 ft.: Ivs lanceolate,
sessile, to 2^2 m. long, those on sterile shoots linear: fls.
pink, in dense racemes, to % in. long. Calif.
glaredsum: Chxnorrhinum origanifolium.
glutindsum. Prostrate much branched per., sticky-
pubescent: Ivs. oval, entire: fls. yellowish- white with lip
red-striped, in racemes. Spain.
Huetii: A. sempervirens.
Iatif61ium. Per. to 2 ft., sts. somewhat woody, glandular-
baiiy: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, pubescent: fls. yellow-
ish or purple, to \Y^ in. long, in terminal spikes. 8. W. Ku.
majus. COMMON or LARGE S. Per. to 3 ft., glabious
except infl.: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, to 3 in.
long, entire: fls. purplish-red vaiying to white and other
colors, to 1H in. long, in long terminal racemes. Medit
region; escaped in E. U. S. Forms in the trade are grouped
under Tall, 2-3 ft., Intermediate or Half Dwarf, 15-18 in.,
Dwarf or Torn Thumb, 0-9 in.
maurandioides: Maurandia antirrhimflora.
m&timum: a giant race of A. majus with very large fls.
m611e. Per. to 1>£ ft., softly woolly and whitish: Ivs.
suborbicular to ovate, to % in. long, lateral veins seemingly
absent: fls. whitish to pale yellow, to 1^ in. long, in loose
leafy spikes. S. W. France.
nanum: a hort. race of A. majus.
Nuttallianum. Ann. to 3 ft., climbing, sticky-pubescent:
Ivs. broad-ovate, to 2 in. long: fls. blue or violet with white
spot on lower lip. S. Calif.
Orontium. Ann. to 1 ft., glabrous or pubescent: Iva.
linear, to 2 in. long: fls. purple, ^ in. long, solitary. Eu.,
Asia; escaped in N. Amer.
pr&cox: Linaria spartea.
pumilum. Botanically this is a synonym of Linaria
flava, which see, but some of the material so listed in the
trade may be a dwarf form of A. majus.
sempervirens (A. Huetii). Evergreen procumbent
much branched per., tomentose: Ivs. ovate or oblong: fls.
white spotted purple, with yellow throat. Pyrenees.
sfculum (A. anffustifohum. A. assurgens). Much
Antirrhinum
branched per. to 2 ft., pubescent or glabrous: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 1H in. long: fls. white or yellowish with
yellow throat, to 1 in. long, in racemes. Medit. region.
specidsum: Gahezia speciosn.
ANYCHIA: Paronychui argyrocoma.
APETALOUS: lacking or without petals.
APHAN(5STEPHUS. Composite. Ann. or
bien. herbs having alternate Ivs. and solitary
fl.-heads with white, violet or purple ray-fls.
and golden disk-fls. ; pappus a crown.
skirrobasis. To 1M ^.: Ivs. spatulate to linear, to 2H in.
long, gray-pubescent, the lower toothed or cut: ray-fls.
white, to 1 m. across. Tex. to Fla. — Adapted to the flower-
garden, with the look of erigeron.
APHELANDRA. Acanthacese. Trop. Ameri-
can herbs or shrubs with opposite simple Ivs.
and yellow, orange or red 2-lippcd fls. in dense
terminal spikes with large overlapping bracts.
Aphelandras are grown under glass for the showy bracted
spikes and are of easy cultivation. After blooming the
plants should be rested. Propagated by cuttings of half-
ripened wood or of young growth with a heel, and by seeds
when obtainable.
aurantiaca. Lvs. ovate to oblong, to 1 ft. long, deep
green above, pale beneath: fls. orange, 2^ in. long, in
spikes to 0 in. long. Mex. to S. Amer.
Leopoldii: A. aquarrosa.
squarrdsa (A. Leopoldii). Lvs. ovate, to 1 ft. long, dark
green veined with white above: fls. pale yellow, 1^ in.
long, in spikes to 1 ft. long, bracts orange-yellow. Brazil.
tetragdna. Lvs. oval, to 9 in. long, green: fls. scarlet,
2 in. long, the lateral lobes of lower lip veiy small, in clust-
ered spikes to 8 in. long. W. Indies, S. Amer.
APHYLLANTHES. Lilwcex. One per.
fibrous-rooted herb native in Medit. region,
somewhat allied to Aloe. A. monspeliensis.
To 10 in., with tufted juncus-like leafless sts.:
fls. blue, rarely white, in oblong terminal 1-2-fld.
heads, corolla withering-persistent.
APlCRA. Liliacese. S. African aloe-like suc-
culents with short sts., crowded or spirally
arranged Ivs. and greenish fls. in racemes. Cult,
as for Succulents.
aspera. St. to 6 in.: Ivs. triangular, % in. long and wide,
warty on back: fls. greenish tingod pink, % hi. long, in a
simple infl. to 1 ft. high.
pentagdna (Haworthm pentagona). St. to 1 ft.: Ivs.
triangular-lanceolate, to 2 in. long and % in. wide, in 5 rows:
fls. 1A in. long, the infl. to 1^ ft. high.
APIO: Arracacia xanthorrhiza.
APIOS. Leguminosse. Tuberous-rooted
twining herbs with pinnate Ivs., papilionaceous
fls. in short racemes, and long flat pods; native
in E. N. Amer. and Asia, one sometimes grown
in the wild-garden. Propagated by tubers and
by seeds.
americana (A. tuberosa. Glycine Apios). GROUNDNUT.
POTATO BEAN. WILD BEAN. To 8 ft., the roots with strings
of .tubers: Ifts. 6-7, to 3 in. long: fls. brown, fragrant, in
late summer. N. B. to Fla. and Tex.
tuberosa: A. americana.
APIUM. Umbettiferx. Herbs with pin-
nately compound Ivs., small white fls. in com-
pound umbels, and compressed frs.; one species
is a common vegetable grown for the blanched
If.-stalks and a var. for the edible roots. See
Celery.
gravdolens var. dulce (Celcri graveolens). CELERY.
Bien. to 3 ft., strong-smelling: Ivs. pinnate, each of the 6-7
Ifts. ternately compound and often again divided or toothed.
Widely distributed. Var. rapaceum, CELERIAC, has thick-
ened turnip-like edible root-crown.
Petroselmum: Petroselinum crispum.
APLfiCTRUM. Orchidacex. One N. American
terrestrial species, sometimes transplanted to
60 Aporocactus
the wild-garden or border. A. hyemale (A.
spicalum). PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-ANB-EVE. Lf.
to about 7 in. long and 3 in. wide, arising from
the corm: fls. yellowish-brown, with narrow
sepals and petals and 3-lobed lip, borne on
racemes to 4 in. long on leafless scapes to 20 in.
high. May-June.
APLOPAPPUS: Ericameria ericoides.
APOCYNACE^). DO&JANE FAMILY. Herbs,
shrubs and trees, sometimes vines, of about
130 genera most abundant in trop. countries,
grown for ornament or a few for the edible fr.
The family is characterized by the prevailingly
milky juice, regular fls. with garriopetalous
corolla, sagittate anthers, single style, and fr.
usually of 2 long follicles; from Asclepiadaceae
the family is distinguished by the absence of
corona in the corolla, separate filaments, and
anthers not connected with the stigmas, and
other technical characters. Genera herein
treated are Acokanthera, Allamanda, Alstonia,
Alyxia, Amsonia, Apocynum, Aspidosperma,
Beaumontia, Carissa, Dipladenia, Echites, Er-
vatamia, Funtumia, Lanugia, Mandevilla, Mas-
carcnhasia, Nerium, Ochrosia, Plumeria, Rhazya,
Stemmadenia, Strophanthus, Tabernoemontana,
Thevetia, Trachelospermum, Vallaris, Vinca.
AP(5CYNUM. DOGBANE. Apocynacese.
Per. herbs with milky juice, tough fibrous
bark, opposite entire Ivs., small white or pink
bell-shaped fls. with appendages in the throat,
borne in cymes, and long slender frs. Sometimes
planted in the hardy border and the roots have
medicinal qualities; propagated commonly by
division.
andros£emif61ium. SPREADING D. To 4 ft : Ivs. to 4 in.
long and 2}^ m. wide, pale beneath, apex acute: fla. pink-
ish, \i in. across, corolla twice as long as calyx. N. Amer.
cann£binum. HEMP p. INDIAN HEMP. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to
0 in. long and 3 in. wide: fls. greenish-white, corolla not
much longer than calyx. Conn to Wis. and Kans.
pumilum. To 20 in., usually pubescent: Ivs. ovate-
orbicular, to 23>3 m. long, apex obtuse: fls. rose-pink, corolla
twice as long as calyx. Utah to Calif., north to Mont, and
Wash.
APONOGfeTON. The only genus of Apo-
nogctonacex. Aquatic per. herbs from Asia, Afr.
and Australia, with tuberous rootstocks, floating
or submerged Ivs., fls. in spikes, and fr. of 3 or
more hard follicles.
Aponogetons are grown in ponds in the greenhouse, or
A. dmtachyus out-of-doors although tender North. They
should be potted and plunged 1 ^ to 2 feet under water.
Temperatures of 65-70° should be given A. fenestralis.
Propagated by division, offsets, or by seed when available.
The flowers should be pollinated and kept above water to
produce good seeds.
distachyus. CAPE PONDWEED. WATER-HAWTHORN. Lvs.
floating, solid, linear-oblong. Cape of Good Ho^e. Var.
Lagr&ngei has Ivs. violet beneath and fls. with violet in-
stead of white bracts. Var. giganteus is an improved form.
fenestralis (Ouvirandra fenestralis) . LACE- or LATTICE-
LEAF. Lvs. submerged, only a network of veins, broad-
oblong. Madagascar.— -Grown in tubs or under protected
conditions.
APOROCACTUS. Cactacex. A small genus
of slender creeping, hanging or clambering vine-
like diurnal cacti, emittingN aerial roots: fts.
rather small, solitary on the areole, funnelform,
pink or red : spines several at each areole, small.
See Cacti.
Conzattii. Sts. ^-1 in. diam.j with 8-10 rather prominent
ribs: fle. nearly straight, to 3H m. long, red, inner perianth-
segms. acute but not acuminate. Mex. i
flagellif6nnis (Cereus flageUiformis) . RAT-TAIL CACTUS.
Aporocactus
Sts. H to nearly 1 in. diam., with 10-12 ribs: fls. strongly
bent just above ovary, about 3 in. long, crimson j outer
segms. narrow, more or less reflexed; inner ones apiculate.
Probably Mex. — A good window, conservatory ana basket
plant; often grafted on other and erect cacti, also hybridized
with other species; of easy cult.
flagrifoimis. Differs from A. flagelhformis in its oblong
outer perianth-segms., acuminate inner ones and darker
crimson fls. Probably Mex.
le*ptophis (Cereus leptophis). Sts. cylindric, to ^ in.
diam., with 7-8 ribs, often creeping: fls. strongly bent just
above the ovary, about 2 m. long. Mex.
Mallisonii (Selenicereus Malhsomi. Cactus Mallisonii.
Cereus Mallisonii. Cereus Smithii. Cereus cnmsonn).
Hybrid between A. flagelhfortms and Heliocereua sp.: ats.
weak, creeping, usually 6-angled, to 1 ^ in. diam.: fls. usually
crimson but color variable in degree, tube may be very
short or elongated.
Martianus (Cereus Martianus). Much like A. Conzattii
but fls. deep rose-color and inner perianth-segms. long-
acuminate: sts. to %, m. diam. Mex.
APPLE. The common cultivated varieties
of apple are forms of Mains sylvestris, probably
native in Europe and southwestern Asia. The
paradise (or "garden," as the name signifies)
apple is a bush or small-stature form of the same
species, on which common varieties are some-
times budded or grafted to prevent the trees
from growing large or to dwarf them; this race
has been called Mains pumila. The true crab-
apples are Mains baccata, and some of the larger
crabs may be hybrids between the two species.
Other species may be involved in the long de-
velopment of the domesticated apple, but this
subject is not yet sufficiently understood. See
Mains.
The great variation in the adaptability of
varieties of apple to different soils and climates
makes its cultivation possible over a wider range
of territory than with most other temperate-
zone fruits. Commercial orchards are located as
far south as the mountains of Georgia and New
Mexico and north into Maine, Wisconsin, and
parts of Canada. In home plantings, by careful
choice of varieties, the range is much wider,
extending from the Gulf states to the more
rigorous climates of the northern plains states.
The larger commercial plantations, however,
are localized in regions particularly well adapted
to the apple, as, for example, western New York,
the Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley and the
valleys of the Pacific Northwest, and others.
Soils for* the apple are of wide range. Al-
though some apple varieties are restricted to
certain soil types for their best development,
most kinds will succeed on any good agricul-
tural soil that is fairly deep and well drained.
Friable, rather heavy, sandy, or gravelly loams
with good humus content and with an open
subsoil are considered ideal. In general, for any
given variety, climate is of much more impor-
tance than soil type, provided the soil is at all
suitable, particularly as to drainage.
Propagation of named varieties is by either
budding or grafting on one-year apple seedlings,
either French or American grown. For budding,
the seedlings are set out in early spring in the
nursery row, and the buds set in July and August
when the bark of the stock slips readily. Early
the following spring the stocks are cut off above
the bud forcing it into vigorous growth. Root-
grafting is\a common practice in the southern
nurseries. Cions 4-6 inches long are whip-
grafted on either whole or piece roots in the
winter and the grafts stored. In early spring the
grafts are planted out and make two-year trees at
the end of the second season. Root-grafted
61
Apple
trees are preferable for planting hardy varieties
in cold climates because the graft union is below
the surface of the ground and thus the tender
stock is protected from the cold.
Planting is undertaken with either one- or
two-year nursery trees. These are best set
out in the early spring in the northern states
but may be set in the fall to advantage in milder
climates. The standard planting distance on
good soils for vigorous sorts, such as Baldwin
and Greening, is 50 x 50 feet. On light soils
40 x 40 feet is satisfactory and with weaker-
growing varieties, such as Wealthy or Wagner,
35 feet is ample. A common commercial practice
is to plant filler trees of early bearing varieties
between the permanents. These are removed
after twelve to fifteen years, when they begin to
crowd. The most important consideration in
planting trees is to tamp the soil firmly about
the roots.
Tillage and fertilizers are various. Apples
can be grown successfully under either sod or
tillage. The latter method is often followed in
commercial orchards where the soil is readily
tillable without risk of serious erosion and
consists of annual fall or spring plowing or
disking followed by three or four cultivations
with disk or harrow in the early spring. The
last cultivation should be about July first
after which a natural cover-crop of weeds or
sowed crop, such as buckwheat, rape, or vetch,
is allowed to grow. In sod culture, which is
adapted to home plantings and where the land
is too rough or stony for tillage, the trees are
allowed to grow in a natural sod of grass, or
one composed of sowed clover or alfalfa. This
is mowed once or twice a year and the mowings
either allowed to lie where they fall or placed
about the tree as a mulch. Trees growing in
non-leguminous sod must be fertilized with
manure or commercial nitrates if good yields
are to be obtained. Sodium nitrate, or am-
monium sulfate, at the rate of 8-12 pounds to a
mature tree, applied just as the buds open, is
effective.
Younger trees, of course, require much less,
as for example, 2-4 pounds for a ten-year-old
tree. The nitrate should be spread under and
several feet beyond the branches, not next the
trunk. Any readily available nitrogenous
fertilizer may be used instead of those named,
the amount supplied depending on the actual
nitrogen content. Cultivated trees usually need
no fertilizer of any kind except on poor humus-
depleted soils where nitrate may oe beneficial
to the tree, or a complete fertilizer may be used
to increase the growth of the cover-crop and so
benefit the trees indirectly by increasing the
supply of humus. Rarely soils are found which
show potassium, boron or other minor-clement
deficiencies.
Pruning at time of setting the one-year whip
consists in heading at the desired point, 30 to
40 inches being a satisfactory height. In the
case of two-year trees all lateral branches are
cut off except one upright growing shoot at
the top, called the leader, and one or two others
spaced as far apart as possible along the main
stem. A good practice is to head these back
about a fourth of their length, leaving the
uppermost branch the longest. From this time
until the tree comes into bearing it should be
pruned as little as possible, removing only
Apple
suckers and such branches as interfere with
the development of the frame-work of the tree.
When the trees are in full bearing and especially
with old trees, the tops must be thinned to reduce
the number of fruit-spurs and to prevent injury
to the lower limbs by shading. Dead or diseased
lirnbs, those that rub others badly, and suckers
should be removed as soon as discovered. If
trees are too tall they may be headed back to
vigorous side branches. Apple trees may be
pruned at any time when they are dormant.
Harvesting, marketing, and yields require
few special comments. Trie apple crop is hand-
picked into bags or buckets, when the fruit
is mature but still firm. The degree of care
necessary in handling varies with the variety.
Tender fruits like Mclntosh should never be
poured from one container to another, whereas
Baldwin and Ben Davis may, with care, be
handled in that way. Marketing is done in
various ways. Recently much fruit has been
sold in roadside markets, at the farms. Where
the markets are near, the crop, packed in bushels
or hampers, is trucked directly to the wholesaler
or to retail stores. In most of the large fruit
districts, however, the fruit ^oes to the general
market, either in boxes, special crates or bushel
baskets. Barrels are used mostly for export.
Under good cultural conditions, early bearing
varieties such as Wealthy and Mclntosh begin
bearing four to six years after planting and by
the tenth year may yield 5-15 bushels to a tree
in the bearing year. Late bearing varieties like
Northern Spy may not fruit until after eight to
ten years in the orchard. Mature trees may
yield from 10 to 50 bushels in a single year.
On the average, however, 15 to 20 bushels to a
tree or 300 to 500 bushels an acre are considered
good yields.
Storage should be provided as soon as the
crop is off the trees, it it is to be kept for any
length of time. Tne best cold storage tem-
perature is about 31° F. Apples will not freeze
above 29° F. Developments in gas storage
indicate that the season can be greatly pro-
longed by storing in atmospheres of reduced
oxygen and increased carbon dioxide content.
Fruit can be stored fairly well for home use in
outside storage cellars or in a special compart-
ment of the house cellar. In either case the
temperature should be kept as near as possible
to 31° F. by regulating ventilators or windows.
An earth floor in such a storage will aid in
keeping the air moist. Sprinkling the floor now
and then with water may be necessary to keep
the fruit from shrivelling.
Varieties are numberless but the commercial
kinds are not numerous. The choice of suitable
varieties for planting in different regions is of
the greatest importance. Bud sports or mutations
of many varieties have been propagated and
may be superior in color to the standard sorts.
The following lists include most of the best
varieties arranged in order of ripening and are
chosen to give a succession for the home planting.
Commercial varieties are starred (*).
Varieties of more than average hardiness
adapted to the northern states or cold situations:
'Yellow Transparent, Early Mclntosh, "Olden-
burg, 'Wealthy, 'Mclntosh, Fameuse, Cortland,
*Delicious, Tolman Sweet, *Northern Spy.
Varieties adapted to New York and New
England: Yellow Transparent, Early Mclntosh,
62
Apple
'Oldenburg, Gravenstein, *Wealthy, 'Mclntosh,
Twenty Ounce, Cortland, 'Rhode Island Green-
ing 'Baldwin, *Red Canada, 'Delicious, 'North-
ern Spy, Rome.
Varieties adapted to the southeastern states,
especially the Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley
and the Eastern Shore: 'Yellow Transparent,
'Red June, 'Williams Favorite, 'Summer Rambo,
'Grimes Golden, 'Jonathan, 'Stayman Winesap,
'Winesap, 'York Imperial, 'Yellow Newtown,
Rome.
Varieties adapted to the southern and Gulf
states: Red Astrachan, Red June; Hackworth,
Rome, Delicious, Arkansas, Winesap, York
Imperial, Yates, Terry, Romanite.
Varieties for the Middle West: 'Yellow Trans-
parent, Red Astrachan, Oldenburg, 'Benoni,
Wealthy, 'Jonathan, 'Grimes Golden, 'Delicious,
Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Golden Delicious.
Varieties for the Pacific Coast and Rocky
Mountain states: 'Gravenstein, 'Jonathan,
'Winesap, 'Stayman Winesap, 'Ortley, 'Esopus,
Grimes Golden, 'Delicious, 'Golden Delicious,
Rome.
In the parts of Canada bordering the Great
Lakes the varieties recommended for New York
and the northern states are satisfactory. The
following list is made up of the hardiest varieties
that will stand extreme cold: Tetofsky, Olden-
burg, Charlamoff, Whitney, Wealthy. Hibernal,
Longfield, Patten Greening, Mclntosn, Milwau-
kee, Baxter, Scott Winter, Haralson.
To insure cross-pollination, several varieties
of apples should be planted together. Although
most varieties are satisfactory sources of pollen,
Baldwin, Gravenstein, Arkansas, Rhode Island
Greening and some others are exceptions and
should not be relied on as pollenizers. In com-
mercial orchards, yields can often be increased
by bringing in colonies of bees at blooming time
to distribute pollen. One strong colony to every
two or three acres is considered to be sufficient.
Of the many diseases affecting the apple the
most important is apple scab which may cause
many of the blossoms to drop off, and disfigure
fruit and leaves. The most important pest is
the codlin-moth which is responsible for most
wormy apples. Other insects of lesser, though
often of great importance, are the San Jos6 scale,
apple red-bugs, aphids, apple maggots, borers,
and a number of caterpillars. The control of
these pests and diseases is a complicated problem
in which the commercial grower needs expert
guidance based on a knowledge of the pests
present and their stage of development. In home
orchards of many localities, reasonably good
control of scab and codlin-moth and other
chewing insects can be obtained with three
sprays. The first, called the delayed dormant
spray, should be applied just as the tips of the
buds are showing green, the second or calyx
spray just after the petals have fallen and tne
third about two or three weeks later. Liquid
lime-sulfur, 1 gallon to 50 of water with 1-2
pounds of powdered arsenate of lead added, may
be used in all of these sprays. Scale can be con-
trolled by using lime-sulfur, 1, gallon to 11 of
water in the delayed dormant spray or with oil
emulsions while the trees are dormant. Aphids,
red-bugs, and other sucking insects can be kept
in check by adding 1A pint of nicotine sulfate to
50 gallons of spray. The delayed dormant is
the most effective spray for aphid control, the
Apple
calyx for red-bugs. If only one spray can be
applied, the calyx application is of the most
importance but often will not give satisfactory
control.
In many regions east of the Rocky Moun-
tains borers are a serious pest. These are
found at the bases of young trees where their
presence is indicated by sawdust-like fragments
of wood on the ground next the trunk, or by
dark sunken areas in the bark. An effective
control is to dig out the grubs with a sharp knife,
or to kill them by forcing a wire into the burrow.
This should be done in September and again in
the early spring.
Field-mice frequently cause great damage,
especially in the sod orchard, by girdling me
young trees at the base. Effective protection
may be secured by placing guards of J^-inch
mesh wire netting about the trees at the base,
making sure that the guard fits the ground closely.
A piece of netting 15 x 18 inches will make a
guard that will be adequate until the tree is 5-6
inches in diameter. Pine mice, if present, may
dig under such guards; they may be controlled
by poisoned bait placed in the burrows and
runways. Diced carrots or apples with powdered
strychnine or white arsenic sifted on them are
effective for both kinds of mice.
APPLE, BALSAM-: Momordlca Balsamina. Custard-:
Annona rrticulata. Kei-: Dovyahs caflra. Malay-: Eugenia
malaccensiit. Mammee-: Mammea americana May-:
Podophyllum. -of-Peru: Niraiulra Physalodes. Otaheite-:
Spondias cijtherca. Pond-: Annona glabra. Rose-: Eugenia
Jumbos. Star-: Chrysophyllum Caimto. Sugar-: Annona
squamosa. Vi-: Spondias cytherea. Wood-: Fcronia Li"
mOHia.
APRICOT. A stone-fruit, ripening mostly
in advance of peaches, pubescent or smooth at
maturity, with a flat stone or pit that is not
corrugated or furrowed on the side; much prized
as a summer fruit in the regions where it is
grown, also for dessicating and canning. It is
about as hardy as the peach. The apricot is of
one prevailing species, Primus Armentaca,
native in China, the so-called Russian race being
small-fruited hardy kinds adapted to severer
winters than the usual large-fruited commercial
kinds. The Japanese Prunus Mume yields a few
fruit-bearing varieties, as Bungo and Bungoume,
but it is not greatly grown except as an orna-
mental tree for its early bloom (the "plum
flowers" of Japan).
Regions of apricot growing are determined
largely by the early blooming period and con-
sequent damage from late spring frosts. Its
cultivation, therefore, is confined mostly to
regions where such frosts are not common.
Commercially it is grown on the Pacific Coast,
and in some of the Rocky Mountain states.
about 95 per cent of the crop being produced
in California. In home gardens it is planted
sparingly wherever peaches thrive, and while
not dependable in bearing gives occasional
crops and in some cases may supply local markets.
Soil and planting for apricots depend some-
what on the stocks on which the tree is worked.
Light soils are best in the case of peach and
apricot stocks, whereas plum stocks adapt the
apricot forN growth upon the heavier soil types.
As with other fruits, good drainage is necessary.
One- or two-year trees are planted in the early
spring in the East and in the late fall in California.
The common planting distance is 24 x 24 feet.
Cultivation, cover-crops, and in the West
63
Aquifoliacece
irrigation, are the common commercial practices,
as with the peach. Trees in the home planting
should be mulched to keep down the grass and
if growth is not fairly vigorous they should be
fertilized with manure or 2-3 pounds of nitrate
to a tree, applied early in the spring.
Propagation is by budding on apricot, peach
or myrobalan stocks. Apricot stocks are con-
sidered bast in the West and peach or plum is
used in the East.
The young trees are pruned to give them a
balanced head according to the modified leader
system. Bearing trees require moderate heading
and thinning to assure renewal of fruit-spurs
and invigorate new growth.
Harvesting and marketing are much as for
the peach. For home use the fruit ripens on the
tree to advantage. Commercially, for shipping
and canning, it is hand-picked, preferably with
the stems attached, while still firm but full size
and just beginning to take on the yellow color.
For drying the fruit is allowed to become riper
but not soft and in some cases is shaken from
the trees. For eastern shipment, apricots r~~
packed in five-pound baskets, four baskets to
the crate, and sent through in iced cars. Storing
this fruit for any length of time is not practicable.
Varieties recommended for planting in the
East are the Early Moorpark, Early Golden,
Hclmskirk, Moorpark and reach. In California
the Blenheim, Royal, Til ton, Peach, Newcastle,
Hclmskirk and Moorpark are among the most
important. For the northern limits of apricot-
growing, the Russian varieties are to be recom-
mended but are recognized as inferior.
Curculio, bacterial leaf-spot and brown-rot
are difficult to control in the case of the apricot.
In the East the same spray program recom-
mended for the peach is of value. Borers can be
controlled with paradichlorobenzine as with the
peach, using about % ounce to a tree. In the
commercial orchards of the West the spray
program is more complex and special practices
with expert guidance are advised.
APPRESSED: closely and flatly pressed against, aa
bracts applied to or appressed against a stem; adpressod.
. Aizoaceas. Monotypic S. African
genus, separated from Mcsembryanthemum
mostly by technical characters of f r. ; calyx lobed
to the ovary; parts of caps, lacking wings or flaps.
Frequently seen in conservatories ana window-
gardens. For cult, see Mcsembryanthemum.
A. cordifdlia (M. cordifolium) . Diffuse per.,
sts. to 2 ft. long, minutely papillose : Ivs. opposite,
flat, ovate, to 1 in. long: fls. purple, about ^ in.
across. Var. variegata has variegated Ivs.
AQUATICS are plants that pass their life
in deep water; the word is frequently but im-
properly employed for those that grow in bogs,
swamps and about the borders or ponds and
lakes. The true aquatic plants usually have
floating parts, and some of them are not per-
manently attached to the bottom. See Bog
Plants,
AQUIFOLlACEJE. HOLLY FAMILY. Three
genera of trees and shrubs, sometimes ever-
green, with alternate simple Ivs., small fls. with
mostly 4-6 sepals, petals and stamens, a superior
ovary, and fr. a berry-like drupe. Ilex and
Nemopanthus are cult, for ornament.
R
Aquilegia 64
AOUILfeGIA. COLUMBINE. Ranunculaceae.
Haroy per. herbs with attractive ternately
compound Ivs. and spurred fls. in white, yellow,
blue, lavender, red.
Columbines are favorites in rock-gardens and tho peren-
nial border. They thrive in light sandy loam and some of
them in shaly soils. Propagated by seed or by division in
the spring; Heeds sown in spiing snould give good bloom-
ing plants the following year. The chimps should stand
12-18 inches apart. Protection from strong winds favors
their development and safeguards the bloom.
The common garden aquilegias do not belong to clearly
recognized species; they are mutants or hybrids. Probably
A. glandulosa, A. vulgaris, A. sibinca, A. cxrulea, A.
chrysantha, and A. Skinneri are the main parents. The
Old-World species are characterized by strongly hooked
spurs and the American kinds (except certain undomesti-
rated ones in the Rocky Mountains arid westward) by
straight or at least not hooked spurs although there may
be a knob at the end. It is supposed that the character of
the spur in the horticultural kinds is an indication of
parentage. The "long-spurred hybrids" are now popular.
akit£nsis. To 6 in.: fls. with pale purple sepals and pale
yellow petals, the spurs nearly straight. Japan.
alplna. To 1 ft.: fls. blue, to 2 in. across, with incurved
spurs about length of petal-limb and sepals twice as long.
July-Aug. Switzerland. Var. £lba. fls. white. Var. atro-
violacea, fls. dark violet-purple. Var. caerulea, fls. blue.
Var. superba does not differ from the type. Var. grandi-
fldra is listed as an improved large-fld. form.
irctica: A. formosa.
atrata: A. vulgaris var.
atropurpurea: confused name; botanically the name
has been applied to plants of A. Buergeriana and also of
A. viridiflora, but the material in the trade may be a color
form of A. vulgaris.
aurea. To 20 in., tufted with many erect sts.: lys.
mostly basal, biternate, pumary segma. petioled, to IK in.
across, middle one 3-divided, lobes oblong to linear, obtuse:
fls. pale vellow, usually solitary, sepals to 1 in. and petals
about % in. long, spurs hooked. July-Aug. Bulgaria. —
The material in the trade under this name may be A.
chrysantha, a species having straight and much longer spurs.
baikallnsis: hort. name for a foim with large violet-
blue long-spurred fls.
Bauhmii: A. Einseleana.
Bertol&nli (A. Reuteri). To 1 ft., alpine: Ivs. small,
glaucous: fls. about 1 in. across, blue-violet, spurs very
short, knobbed. S. Eu.
bf color: A. sibirica.
brevtetyla. Per. to 3K ft.: basal Ivs. biternate, st.-lvs.
ternate or simple, Ifts. coarsely crenate: fls. nodding, about
% in. long, sepals blue, petals yellowish-white, spurs
hooked, to H in. long. Minn, to Alta. and north to Yukon.
Buergeriana. To 1 ft.: fls. to IK in. across, yellow tinged
purple, spurs nearly straight, as long as petal-limbs. Japan.
cierulea. COLORADO C. To 3 ft.: fls. to 2 in. across, the
blue-purple sepals longer than white petal-limbs; spurs to
2 in. long, stiaight or spreading, knobbed at end. May-
June. Rocky Mts.; the state fl. of Colo. Vars. 61ba and
candid fssima have white fls.; citrlna, fls. yellowish; cuprea,
fls. copper- red with darker spurs; fdiiis-aurea, Ivs. varie-
gated yellow: H£lenise, fls. blue and white; htfbrida and
lutea, sepals blue or pink and petals white or yellow; rdsea
is listed as having rose-pink fls. There is a wild var. albi-
fldra with white fls.
calif 6rnlca: A. formosa var. truncata.
canadlnsis. COMMON AMERICAN C. To 2% ft.: fls.
IK in. across, with yellowish or red sepals about as long as
yellowish petal-limb; spurs red, nearly straight, knobbed at
end, to % in. long. May-July. N. S. to Fla. and Tex.
Var. nana, 1 ft. high. Var. flav6scens (A. flayescens), with
yellow fls. is known to merge imperceptibly into forms of
A. formosa.
caryophylloides: garden name.
cauca'sica: A. vulgaris var. olympica.
chrysantha (A, thahctrifolia of Amer. authors). GOLDEN
or GOLDEN-SPURRED C. To 4 ft., much branched: fls. to
3 in. across, yellow, the sepals much longer than petal-
limb; spurs straight, to 2% in. long. May-Aug. Rocky
Mt. region and Tex. Some of the vars. are: alba, fls. whitish;
alba-plena (var. grandiflora alba), fls. whitish, partly double;
flavSscens, fls. tinged with red; fldre-pldno, fls. double;
grandiflbra sulphurea, fls. deep yellow; Jseschkanii, RED-
SPUR C., dwarf, with red spurs, probably a hybrid; nana,
dwarf.
citrina: A. c&rulea var.
clematfdea. To IK ft.: fls. to 3 in. across, with well-
developed spurs. A hybrid race differing from A. demati-
flora by its much longer spurs.
Aquilegia
clematifldra. To IK ft.: fla. to 3 in. across, pale pink
and blue, the 10 sepals and petals of equal size and similar
shape, spurs greatly reduced or absent. A hybrid race of
garden origin.
clematlquilla. Fls. large, white, with long spurs; hort.
form.
delicatlssima: a strain of hybrids with pink and rose
long-spurred fls.
discolor. Fls. of medium size, nodding in bud, with
blue petal-like sepals about twice as long as whitish petals,
spur length of petals, slightly curved at tip. Mts., N.
Spain. \
ecalcarata: plants of this name in the trade are variously
, described and are of unknown botanical identity. The
botanical status of the name is further confused because
it has been applied to three different plants, one from China,
a second from Colo, and the third of hort. origin and said
to be a synonym of A. vulgans. The Colo, plant is per. to
2 ft., basal Ivs. ternate, Ifts. sticky glandular-puberulent
beneath: fls. ivory-white, to 1 in. across, with spurs reduced
to sac-like outgrowths.
Einseleana (A. Bauhinii). To 15 in., sts. erect and little
branched: Ifts. somewhat hairy but not glandular-sticky,
segms. ovate to roundish: fls. bluish-violet, to IK in. across,
spurs short, nearly straight. Limestone regions of Austrian
Alps.
elegantula. To 1C in., usually with only 1 If.: fls. yellow
with straight scarlet spur to % in. long. Colo., Utal
New Mex.
ere"cta: hort. name, possibly a var. of A. vulgaris.
eximia: A. formosa.
FauriSri. To 8 in.: Ivs. biternate into orbicular Ifts.:
fls. sohtaiy, large, with nairow horned spurs. Japan.
flabellata. FAN C. To IK ft.: fls. 2 in. across, nodding,
lilac, sepals twice as long as petal-limb which is often white,
spurs incurved, shorter than petal-limb, summer. Japan.
Var. nana-alba (var. florc-alba) is dwarf with pure white fls.
flavescens: A. canadensis var., A. chrysantlia var.
florarie'nsis: hort. name.
formdsa (A. arctica. A. eximia). SITKA C. To 3 ft.:
fls. to 2 in. across, nodding, the red sepals twice as long as
yellow petal-limb; spurs red, straight, about length of
sepals. May-Aug. Calif, to Alaska and Siberia. Var.
hybrida (A. cahfornica var. hybrida, A. superba), supposed
hybrid between A. foimosa and A. chrysantha. Var. nana-
alba, dwarf, pale sometimes nearly white. Var. paucifldra
(A. pauciflora) is almost stemless and tufted. Var. rtibro-
plena, fls. double. Var. truncata (A. truncata, A. califor-
mca), petal-limb very short.
glanduldsa. ALTAI C. To 1^ ft.: fls. to 3 in. across,
nodding, lilac-blue, the sepals twice as long as the white-
bordered petal-limb, spurs much incurved, % in. long,
spring, early summer. Siberia. Var. jucunda (A. jucunda),
fls. somewhat double, with white petal-limb. Var. major
is listed as a larger form having blue and white fls.
grata: a confused name of uncertain botanical standing.
haylodge'nsis: a blue-fid, race with long spurs; hort.
form.
H£leniae: A. cscrulca var.
hirsutissima: listed name.
hybrida. A name of uncertain application to include
hybrids between several species.
Jaeschkanii: A. chrysantha var.
Jetschauii: listed name, perhaps a misspelling for A,
chrysantha var. Jseschkanii.
Jdnesii. Tufted stemless plant with scapes 2 in. high
bearing a solitary erect blue or purple fl. K in. long, spurs
slightly curved, H in. long. Alta. to Wyo.
jucunda: A. glandulosa var.
Kitaibdlii. To ll$ ft.: lower Ivs. dense, sparingly villous,
lobes obtuse: fls. blue, large, sepals very short, spur short,
incurved at tip, glabrous. Cent. Eu.
lactifl&ra. To IK ft.: fls. K.in. long, the white or bluish
sepals twice as long as petal-limbs, spurs nearly straight,
H in. long. Siberia.
Iapp6nica: listed name of plant to 2 ft., with violet
short-spurred fls.: botanical status unknown.
leptoceras. To 1 ft.: fls. violet with tips of sepals green-
ish and of petal-limbs yellow, spurs slightly curved, K in.
long. Siberia.
longlssima. To 3 ft.: basal Ivs.mternate with narrowly
segmented deeply-lobed Ifts.: fls. pale yellow, the sepals
longer than petals, the spurs 5 in. and more long. July-
Oct. S. W. Tex., Mex.
lucida: listed name of plant to 2 ft., having dark purple
double fls.; probably a \garden hybrid.
lutea. Probably a hybrid between A. caeruka and A.
chrysantha.
Aguilegia
65
Moorcroftiana. To 2^ ft., sts. branched: fls. white,
straw-colored to blue or purple, usually 3-9, rarely solitary,
to 2 in. across, spurs short and incurved at tip. June-Sept.
Himalayas. Var. cactifldra is advertised. Var. suav&olens
has fls. to 3 in. across with longer spurs.
nevade"nsis. To 2 ft., sts. hairy: basal Ivs. biternately
divided: 3s. pale to dark blue, about 1>^ in. across, spurs
long and incurved at tip. Spain.
nlgricans: A. vulgans.
nivea: A. vulgaris var.
olympica: A. vulgans var.
oxyp£tala: probably a catalogue error for oxysepala.
oxysepala. EARLY C. To 2H ft.: fls. to \Yi in- across,
with blue sepals much exceeding the white petal-limbs;
spurs bent inward, knobbed, shorter than petal-limb.
June. Siberia.
paucififtra: A . formosa var.
pubescens. To 1^ ft.: basal Ivs. 1- or 2-ternate with
rounded lobea: fls. about 1 in. across, erect, cream-yellow
varying to white or pink, spurs nearly 1 in. long, straight
or spreading. Calif.
pubifldra. A soft-pubescent form of A. vulgaris with
short spurs. Himalayas.
pyrenaica. To 1 ft.: fls. deep blue, about 2 in. across,
Ihe sepals about length of petal-limb, the spurs short and
incurved. June- July. Pyrenees.
Reuteri: A. Bertolonii.
sachalie*nsis: listed name.
saximontana. To 8 in.: fls. greenish or blue with yellow-
ish petals, spurs blue, K in. long, incurved or hooked.
Colo., Utah.
scopuldrum. To 8 in., glabrous or pubescent above:
lower Ivs. biternate, glaucous, segms. 3-lohed, sessile, rarely
to l/i in. long: fls. pale blue to pale purple, spurs to 2 in.
long, slender and straight. Mts. of Utan.
sibfrica (-4. bicolor. A speciosa). SIBERIAN C. To 2 ft.:
fls. to 3 in. across, lilac-blue, the sepals twice as long as
petal-limb, spur very incurved or even coiled, to 24 in.
long, summer. E. Siberia. Var. fldre-pleno, fls. double.
Var. spectabilis (A. spectabihs) , fls. large, with tips of
petal-limbs yellow.
Skinned. MEXICAN C. To 3 ft.: fls. about 1}^ in. across,
nodding, the greenish-yellow sepals rnuch longer than
yellowish petal-limb; spurs pale red, straight, to 2 in. long.
July-Sept. Mts. Mex., Guatemala. Var. fldre-pldno has
double fls.
specidsa: A. sibirica.
spectabilis: A. sibirica var.
stellata: A. vulgaris.
striata: listed as a double striped-fid, form of A. vulgar is.
Stuartii. Hybrid between A. glandulosa and A. vulgaria
var. olympica: fls. lilac-blue, very large, spurs incurved.
May- June.
suaveolens: A. Moorcroftiana var.
sup6rba: A. formosa var. hybrida.
thalictrifdlia. To 21A ft , sticky: Ivs. biternate, glandu-
lar-hairy, Ifta petiolea: flg. blue-violet, to nearly 1 in.
across, spurs' about H as long as sepals, straight. Alps of
S. Austria and N. Italy. — The American plant sometimes
referred to as A. Otahctnfolia is A. chrysantha.
transsilvanica: A. vulyaris.
truncata: A. formosa var.
Verveeneana: A. vulgaris var.
viridifl&ra. To 1H ft.: fls. about 1 in. across, greenish,
sepals and petals about equal, spurs straight, )$ in. long,
summer. Siberia. Var. atropurpurea, see A. atropurpurea.
vulgaris (A. stellata. A. nigricans. A. transsilvanica).
EUROPEAN C. To 2^ ft.: fls. to 2 in. across, nodding, blue,
purple, white, the sepals longer than petal-limb, spun
knobbed and much incurved, about length of petal-limb,
summer. Eu., Siberia. Vans, alba-pl&na and fl6re-pleno
have double fls. Var. atrata (A. atrata), plant to 1 ft., fls.
blue. Cent. Eu. Var. atrordsea, fls. deep rose-pink. Var.
compacta is listed. Var. ere" eta, said to be a dwarf form with
fls. oorne erect. Var. hybrida is probably a cross between
A. catwlensis and A. vulgar is, with lilac-purple spurs.
Var. nivea (var. alba), MCJNSTEADS WHITE C.t fls. large,
pure white. Var. olympica (A. olympica, A. Wittmanniana,
A . caucasica), sepals lilac, petal-limb white. Var. Vervsene-
aaa, Ivs. lined with yellow.
Wittmannjana: A. vulgaris var. olympica.
ARABID6PSIS. MOUSE-EAR CRESS. Cruci-
ferse. Ann. or per. white-fid, herbs of Eurasia and
NT. Amer., differing from Sisymbrium in pod
4-angled not terete, and from Arabis in pod
Arabis
flattened at right angles to the cross-partition
and not parallel to it.
Thaliana (Arabis Thaliana. Sisymbrium Thalianum).
Ann. to 18 in., usually branched: basal Ivs. spatulate, to
2*4 in- long, remotely toothed, sparsely stellate-hairy:
fls. white, about M m« across, in terminal racemes :pods to
H in. long, glabrous, ascending, beak very short. Eu., nat.
in E. and Cent. U. S.
ARABIS. ROCK-CRESS. Cruciferse. Annuals,
biennials and perennials, mostly low, with white,
pink or purple fls. in terminal spikes or racemes,
pods or siliques long and narrow; more than 100
species in widely separated temp, regions, a few
native to Amer.
Some of the rock-cresses are alpine, grown in the border
or rock-garden. They require plenty of sun but many of
them thrive even m poor soil. They are prevailingly spring
and early summer bloomers. Some of them produce at-
tractive mats of late-season foliage. Propagated by division,
seeds or cuttings.
(A. Btllardieri. A. caucasica). WALL R. Tufted
whitish soft-pubescent per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. spatulate and
tapering to base, 1-3 in. long, coarsely toothed on upper
broad part: fls. to % in long, white, in early spring, fragrant,
in loose racemes. Caucjisus. — Sometimes double-fld., ana
forms with vari-colored foliage. There are also compact
forms. Listed vars. include arge'ntea-variegata, lute'scens,
nana compActa, r&sea, supe*rba and variegata.
Allidnii. Per.: Ivs. glabrous, ovate-oblong and somewhat
toothed, those on st. ovate and sessile: fls. white, with
erect petals. Italy.
alpina. MOUNTAIN R. Per., mostly more slender than
A. albida and less pubescent: Ivs. oblong to oblong-acute,
broad at base, sharply toothed along sides: fls. smaller,
white. Mts., Eu. — Apparently not common in cult., the
stock usually grown under this name being A. albida.
Vars. listed under this name include alba, compact a,
grandifldra, nana, r&sea, sup6rba, variegata.
and rosace a. Per. to 2% in., densely cespitose, silvery-
hairy: Ivs. mostly in dense rosette, oblong-elliptic, nearly
entire, st.-ivs. linear: fls. white, in corymbose racemes:
pods nrect, to H in- long, short-pedicellea. S. E. Eu.
arenosa. To 6 in., hairy: Ivs. pinnntifkl, upper ones
toothed: fls. rose, sometimes white or bluish, on spreading
pedicels. Eu.
aubretioides. Densely tufted little per., either somewhat
tomentose or green: Ivs. very small, obovate and obtuse,
those on st. ovate and clasping: fls. purple. Asia Minor.
bellidifdlia. Per. to 0 in.: Ivs. glabrous, spatulate or
those on at. oblong-ovate and sessile, sparingly toothed:
fls. white, in short racemes. Pyrenees, Alps.
Billardieri: A. albida.
blepharophylla. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. spatulate to oblong,
toothed or entire, margins ciliate: fls. rose-purple, fragrant,
^ in. long. Calif.
Brfcweri. Per. to 6 in., much branched, pubescent: Ivs.
spatulnte to lanceolate, usually entire: ns. red-purple,
% in. long. Calif.
ccerulea. Per. to 6 in., with tap-root, st. producing
short stolons terminating m rosettes: basal Ivs. spatulate to
lanceolate-ovate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, usually
ciliate, thick and glossy green: fls. bluish-lilac or rarely
white, petals to h in. long, in 5-8-fld. somewhat branched
and erect infl.: pods small, about ^ in. long. Bavarian and
Salzburg Alps.
cane'scens. Per. to 1 f t , densely cespitose, short-
stellate-pubescent: Ivs. narrowly spatulate to linear-
oblanceolate, to 1 in. long and ^» in. wide, obtuse, densely
pubescent producing bluish-green effect: ns. white to pale
purple, to J<i in. long, pedicels recurved: pods pendulous,
usually lj^-2 in. long and nearly H m. wide. Dry plains
of Mont., Wyo. and Ore.
carduch&rum (Draba gigas). Per. a few in. high: Ivs. in
rosettes, linear, margins ciliate: fls. white. Armenia. —
Some of the material grown as Draba fladnizensis belongs
here.
caucasica: A. albida.
cebenne'nsis. Per. to 2^ ft., villous-pubescent, sts.
erect: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, all petiolate, irregu-
larly toothed, acuminate: fls. violet to pale violet-purple,
to nearly % in. across: pods erect. France.
cenfeia: A. corymbi flora.
ctickilis: catalogue name.
collina. Per., gray-pubescent: Ivs. oblong, wavy-toothed,
on st. sessile: fls. white. Italy.
corymbifl&ra (A. ceniaia). Bien. or per. to 8 in.: IVB.
Arabis
66
Arachnis
oblong, entire or slightly toothed: fla. white, M in« long.
Mts. of Eu.
corymbdsa: listed name.
Drummondii. Bien. to 2 ft., somewhat glaucous, nearly
glabrous: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate: fls. white or pink, H in.
long. Mts., Que. to Alta. and New Mex.
Fendleri. Bien. or short-lived per. to 20 in.: basal Ivs.
oblanceolatr, to H in- and rarely 1H in. long, cihate, acu-
tish, st -Ivs. linear- to oblong-lanceolate: fls. pink to white,
on ascending pedicels to % in. long: pods slightly curved,
to 2 in. long. Wyo., Ida.
Ferdinandi-Cobtirgii. Small: Ivs. in gray rosettes that
become green in winter: fls. small, yellowish. Macedonia.
Gerardii. Bien.. hairy: Ivs. oblong, finely toothed, the
Bt.-lva. cordate at base: fls. white. Eu.
gl&bra. Bien , strictly erect, to 4 ft., glabrous above,
glaucous: Ivs. oblong to oblanceolate, dentate, on sts.
sagittate and sessile: us. yellowish- white, small: pods erect-
appressed. N. B. to Pacific Coast, south to Pa., Eu., Asia.
glauca. Per., stellate-pubescent: st.-lvs. ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse, clasping : fls. not known: pods ascending,
cylindrical, apex long-attenuate with long persistent style.
Japan.
Halle ri. Slender weak pubescent or nearly glabrous bien.
to 1 ft.: Ivs. lyrate with large terminal lobe, on st. oblong or
lanceolate and toothed: fls. apparently purple. Hungary.
hirst) ta. Bien . erect, to 2^ ft., mostly hairy-pubescent:
Ivs. spatulate and dentate, on st. oblong and clasping: fls.
greenish- white, small. Widely distributed in N. Amer.,
Eu , Asia.
Holboellii. The true A. Holboettii is a Cent. European
species and not known to be in cult. : the plants so-named in
cult, originating in W. Amer. are referred to A. retrofracta.
KeUlereri, Hybrid between A, bryoides and A. Ferdin-
andi-Cobnrgii : distinguished by the deciduous ashy-gray
lanceolate small Ivs. hairy on both sides.
Kodhleri. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate to spatu-
late, to 1 in. long, entire, on st. few and very narrow: fls.
scarlet, to )^ in. long, in short racemes. Ore.
Lyallii. Per. to 10 in., mostly glabrous: Ivs. spatulate to
narrow-oblanceolate, to 1 in. long, entire, on st. narrow:
fls. rose, \i in. long. N. W. U. S., B. C.
lyrata. Per. to 1 ft.: basal Ivs. oblong-oblanceolate, to
2 in. long, coarsely lyrately lobed, st.-lvs spatulate to
linear, to 1 in. long, entire: fls. white, to U in long: pods
to 1 ^ in. long. Conn, to S. C. west to Sask. and Mo.
m611is. Per. to 2 ft., lightly pubescent, erect, little
branched: Ivs. ovate or roundish, cordate and blunt-dentate,
long-petioled, on st. clasping: fls. white, in terminal racemes.
Caucasus. — Plants recently cult, under this name are
probably all A. procurrens.
muralis (A. rosro). Bien. or per., tufted at base, pubes-
cent, to 10 in.: Ivs. spatulate and dentate, on st. oblong and
sessile: fls. white or rose, in elongating terminal racemes.
8. Eu.
dvirens. By recent authorities considered to be a sub-
species of A. Ifallcri, from which it differs in its usually
entire ovate long-petioled basal Ivs. and pod nearly twice
as long. E. and Cent. Eu.
procurrens. Per. to 1 ft., with creeping stolons: Ivs.
oblong to lanceolate or obovate, entire, pointed: fls. white,
in elongating racemes. S. E. Eu. — There is a form with
van-colored foliage.
pumila. Per. to 10 in., st. short, lateral shoots ter-
minating in rosettes: basal Ivs. obovate, petioled, ciliate,
st.-lvs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. white, to % in. long. Cent. Eu.
purpurascens. Per. to 21A ft., pubescent, usually livid-
purple: Ivs. obovate to oblong, toothed: fls. rose-purple,
Yi in. long. Ore.
purpurea. Per., st distinctly woody at base: Ivs. obovate
to oblong-cordate, remotely toothed to entire: fls. rose-pink
to pale purple, about % in. long. Greece.
racemdsa: listed name.
retrofracta. Bien. or per. to 20 in.: basal Ivs. oblanceo-
late, to 1*4 in. long, mostly entire, densely stellate^hairy;
st.-lvs. lanceolate, base sagittate: fls. white or pinkish, to
H in. across, in secund racemes: pods to 2% in. long, on
abruptly reflexed pedicels to H in. long. Man. to B. C.
south to Neb. and Calif.
rdsea: A. muralis.
stellaris rdsea: hort. name, probably for form of A.
Stcllen.
Stiller!. Small: Ivs. oblong or spatulate. the upper ones
toothed and partly clasping: fls. white, in a corymbose
raceme. E. Asia.
strfcta. Per. to 6 in., nearly glabrous: Ivs. thickish and
shining, oblong, crenate, radical ones in rosette, on st. small
and sessile: fls. yellowish-white, in short racemes. Eu.
Stftrii. Compact garden plant with large clear white fls.:
botanical position uncertain.
Suendermannii. Hybrid between A. Ferdinandi-Co-
burgn and A. procurrens: Ivs. lanceolate, twice as large as
in A. Ferdinandi-Coburgii.
Suksd6rfii. Per , tufted, to 8 in.: Ivs. oblong to lanceo-
late, slightly pubescent: fls. white, % in. long. Wash.
Thaliftna: Arabidopsis Thaliana.
Turrita. Bien. or per. to 2H ft., pubescent: basal Ivs.
in rosette, elliptic, toothed, blue-violet beneath: fls. yellow,
K in. long, in many-fld. racemes. Eu.
vochin6nsis. Per. to 6 <m., cespitose, st. producing
numerous short rosette-terminated stolons: basal Ivs.
obovate, obtuse, glabrous or remotely pubescent beneath:
fls. white, to y± in. long, on erect mostly unbranched leafy
peduncles. Cent. Eu.
(sometimes written Aroidea*). ARUM
FAMILY. AROIDS. More than 100 genera widely
distributed (but most abundant in trop. coun-
tries), of varied habit arid foliage but character-
ized by the infl. which is composed of a densely-
fld. spadix having the staminatc fls. at the top
and the pistillate below, and subtended by a
bract or spathe which is often colored and showy
and constitutes (as in the florists calla) the
ornamental part of the plant: fls. without
perianth or these parts merely scale-like; sta-
mens 1-many: fr. a berry borne tightly on the
spadix. The family furnishes many plants grown
for ornament, curiosity and food; some of them
are prominent "foliage plants." All are essen-
tially herbs, but some have more or less woody
sts. and attain a shrub-like character and many
of them are root-climbers on trees. The family
yields acrid and medicinal qualities, and a few
species produce edible tubers and frs. Among
cult, kinds are the genera Acorus, Aglaonema,
Alocasia, Amorphophallus, Anthurium, Arisa»ma,
Arum, Caladium, Calla, Colocasia, Cryptocoryne,
Dieffenbachia, Dracunculus, Helicodiceros, Ho-
malomena, Hydrosme, Lysichitum, Monstera,
Orontium, Pellandra, Philodendron, Pistia,
Rhektophyllum, Sauromatum, Schismatoglottis,
Scindapsus, Spat hiphy Hum, Symplocarpus, Syn-
gonium, Thomsonia, Xanthosoma, Zantedeschia.
. Leguminosde. Peanuts are grown
in gardens as a novelty and in conservatory
collections of economic plants and commercially
in field culture in mild long-season climates: Ivs.
compound: fls. yellow, papilionaceous, in axillary
spike-like clusters: seed-pods, the peanuts, are
carried beneath the ground where they mature;
mostly native in Brazil, one only cult.
Since the vines are very tender to frost, the plant cannot
be grown in the garden farther north than central New
York, but commercially from Virginia south. If the pods
are too hard, the seeds should bo removed for planting.
When so\\n under glass a medium temperature only is
required. In the open the plants of the bunch type should
stand 6-10 inches apart, in rows 30-36 inches apart.
hypog&a. PEANUT. GOOBER. GROUNDNUT. Ann. to
20 in., procumbent: Ifts. 4, to 2^ in. long.
ARACHNANTHE: Arachnis.
ARACHNIS. Orchidacex. Epiphytes native
in Asia, with fls. in panicles, the sepals and
petals equal, lip shorter and 3-lobed. See Orchids.
Clarke! (Arachnanthe Clarkei. Esmeralda Clarkei). Sts.
long and pendulous: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 1J^ in. wide:
fls. about 2U in. across, the spreading sepals and petals
yellow striped transversely with brown, the lip about the
same length and yellow spotted with brown, in 3-4-fld.
clusters to 8 in. long. June-Aug. Himalayas.
Ldwii (Arachnanthe, Renanthera, Vandopsis and Fonda
Lowii). To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 2H ft. long and 2^ in. wide: fls
to 3 in. across, the lower ones orange-yellow finely spotted
with red, the upper ones Ngreenish-yellow with large brown
spots, in pendulous many-fld. racemes to 9 ft. lon^ Aug.-
Nov. Borneo.
Aragallus
ARAGALLTJS: Oxytropia.
ARALIA (Dimvrvfianthus). Araliacex. Herbs.
shrubs or trees with alternate pinnate Ivs., small
whitish fls. in umbels which form terminal
panicles, and berry-like f rs. ; planted out-of-doors
and most of them nearly or fully hardy N.
Some of the smaller native aralias are planted in borders
or naturalized in woods; the larger speciea make bold lawn
specimens and provide somewhat subtropical effects with
tne large leaves; some of them, as A. spinosa, are grown for
curiosity. They thrive in rich soil. Propagated by seeds
in spring, or by root-cuttings with heat.
aurea: a yellow-lvd. form, probably of Polysciaa Guil-
foylei or P. Balfouriana.
Balfouriana: Polyscias Balfouriana.
cachemirica (A. cashmeriana) . Per. herb to 8 ft.: Ivs.
1-3-pinnate, the Ifts. to 3 in long: infl. with prominent
bracts to 1^4 in. long. Himalayas; to be planted only far S.
calif 6rnica. Per. herb to 10 ft. : Ivs. 2-pinnate, the Ifts.
to 1 ft. long: fls. in panicles to l^i ft. long. Ore. to Calif.
cashmeriana: A. cachemirica.
Chabrieri: Ekeodendron orientate.
chinensis (^4. sinensis). To 30 ft., somewhat spiny: Ivs.
2-pinnate, the Ifts. to 6 in. long and pubescent beneath:
fls. in panicles to 2 ft. long. China.
cordata (A. edulis). UDO. Per. herb to 8 ft.: Ivs. of
3-5 Ifts. to 8 in. long. Japan. — In spring the young blanched
shoots are eaten.
crassifdlia: Pseudopanax crassifolium.
edulis: A. cordata.
elata (A. chinensis var. mandshurica. A. japonica.
Dimorphanthus mandshuncus) . JAPANESE ANGELICA. To
50 ft., usually prickly: Ivs. 2-pinnate, the Ifts. to 5 in. long,
when young pubescent on veins beneath: infl. with spread-
ing somewhat umbellate branches to 1^ ft- long. Man-
churia, Korea, Japan. Var. aureo-variegata has Ivs. varie-
gated with yellow. Var. can£scens is densely tawny-
pubescent beneath.
elegant issima: Dizygotheca elegantissima.
filicif 61ia: Polyscias fihcifolia.
fruticdsa: Polyscias fruticosa.
Guilfoylei: Polyscias Guilfoylei.
hfspida. BRISTLY SARHAPARILLA. Per. herb or sub-
shrub to 3 ft., bristly: Ivs. 2-pinnate, the Ifts. to 3 in. long.
Newf. to N. C. and Minn.
jap6nica: A. elata and Fatsia japonica.
Kerchoveana: Dizygotheca Kerchoveana.
mandshurica: A. elata.
Maximowfczii: Kalopanax pictus var.
monstr&sa: Polyscias Guilfoylei var.
M6seri: Fatsia japonica var.
nudicaulis. WILD SARSAPARILLA. Per. herb to 1 ft.
nearly stemless: Ivs. 2-pinnate, the 3-5 Ifts. to 5 in. long.
Newf. to Ga» and Colo.
papyrlfera: Tetrapanax papyriferum.
pentaph^lla: Acanthopanax Sieboldianus.
quinquef61ia: Panax quinque folium.
racemdsa. AMERICAN SPIKENARD. Per. broad herb to
6 ft.: Ivs. very large, of 3-5 Ifts. to 6 in. long: berries brown-
purple. N. B. to Ga. and Mo.
Si&boldii: Fatsia japonica.
sine'nsis: A. chinensis.
spindsa. DEVILS-WALKINQ-STICK. HERCULES-CLUB.
To 30 ft., very spiny: Ivs. 2-pinnate, the Ifts. to 3 in. long
and glabrous beneath: fls. in panicles to 4 ft. long. 8. N. Y.
to Fla. and Tex.
trifdlia: Panax trifolium.
Veltchii: Dizygotheca Veitchii.
Victorias: Polyscias Guilfoylei var.
ARALIA or GINSENG FAMILY.
More than 50 genera, widely distributed in
temp, and trop. regions of eastern and western
hemispheres, herbs, shrubs and trees, often
having aromatic or odoriferous foliage, with
mostly alternate simple to much compound Ivs.,
small, regular, bisexual or polygamous fls. that
are individually not showy, borne in close umbels
or heads, having very small calyx, usually 5
petals, 5 stamens, inferior 1- or more-celled
67 Araucaria
ovary, and fr. a berry or drupe in which feature
the family differs from Umbelliferse. Many
species have medicinal value, and the following
genera are planted for ornament : Acanthopanax,
Aralia, Brassaia, Dizygotheca, Echinopanax,
Fatsia, Gilibertia, Hedera, Kalopanax, Meryta,
Nothopanax, Oreopanax, Panax, Polyscias, Pseu-
dopanax, Schefflera, Stilbocarpa, Tetrapanax,
Trevesia, Tupidanthus. Various plants formerly
known as Aralia and Panax are now distributed
in other genera. In the juvenile stage many of
the woody araliads are attractive in foliage and
are prized under glass, but it may be impossible
to name them confidently until they arrive at
flower and fruit. Those with palmately com-
pound Ivs., the petioled entire large glossy Ifts.
arising from the top of the petiole, are likely
to be Schefflera or Tupidanthus.
ARALU, FALSE: Dizygotheca.
ARAR-TREE: Tetraclinis articulata.
ARAUCARIA. Araucariacese. Evergreen trees
of great height, of about 12 species in S. Amer..
Australia and Pacific Isls., having symmetrical
whorled branches and scale-like, awl-like or flat
stiff Ivs. usually closely overlapping, and large
woody cones. The secondary branches are
mostly in 2 laterals rows and in mature trees are
early deciduous, leaving the primary branches
naked except at the tips. Juvenile forms persist
until trees arc large, often to 20-50 ft. Young
trees of different species may be closely similar
and juvenile Ivs. of all species are larger than
adult Ivs. and may differ from them also in form
and arrangement.
Arauoarias are grown in warm regions and as pot-plants
in juvenile forms. See Conifers. Specimens can be grown
in the open only in the warmer parts of the country, as in
Florida and Calif ornia, except A.araucana which will stand
considerably farther north.
angustifdlia (A. brasiliana). Lvs. loosely imbricated,
oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in long, sharp-pointed, glaucous-
green. Brazil. Var. 61egans (A. gracilis), branches more
slender and Ivs. narrower; var. Ridolfiana, robust form
with larger Ivs.
araucana (A. imbricata). MONKEY-PUZZLE. Lvs. densely
imbricated, ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, leathery, sharp-
pointed. Chile.
Balansiee. Adult Ivs. densely imbricated, ovate, carinate,
obtuse, dark olive-green, Y% in. long. New Caledonia.
Bidwttlii. BUNYA-BUNYA. Juvenile Ivs. spreading,
mostly in 2 rows, ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in. long,
sharp-pointed, firm and glossy; adult Ivs. imbricated,
spiral, ovate, to l/4 in. long, acute, rigid, woody: staminate
cones 3-5 in. long, \4~\4 in. diam.; ovulate cones 7-9 in.
long, 6-8 in. diam. Australia.
brasiliana: A. angustifolia.
columnaris (A. Cookii). NEW-CALEDONIAN-PINE.
Juvenile Ivs. awl-shaped, deep green, firm, to H in. long;
adult Ivs. imbricate, lance-ovate to triangular, to ^ in. long,
obtuse, rigid, with blunt incurved apex and prominent
midrib; phvllotaxy tyi, Vo» Vii' mature tree columnar;
secondary branches mostly in 2 rows: staminate cones
l^-3^i in. long, ^-^ in. diam; ovulate cones ovoid to
elhptoid, 4-5 in. long. New Caledonia, New Hebrides.
Var. pgndula, has drooping twigs and less closely imbricate
Ivs. — Young trees — to 25 ft. with only juvenile foliage — are
difficult to separate from A. excelsa but the habit of mature
trees is distinctive. Much material in cult, passing as
A. excelsa is of this species. A. columnaris has deeper green
foliage and closer tiers of branches and makes a better
ornamental tree, except in age.
Codkii: A. columnaris.
Cunninghamii. HOOP-PINE. Juvenile Ivs. needle-like,
laterally compressed, to }4 in. long, spiny pointed, often
recurved; adult Ivs. awl-shaped to lanceolate, incurved,
imbricate: mature tree with tufted twig clusters at end of
naked branches: staminate cones 2-3 j^ in. long, K-^S |n.
diam.; ovulate cones ovoid, 2^-3H in. long, 1^-2^ in.
diam. Australia. Var. glauca has silvery-glaucous foliage;
var. taxifdlia has the secondary branches Freely branching.
excelsa. NORFOLK-ISLAND-PINE. Juvenile Ivs. awl-
Araucaria
shaped, incurved, laterally flattened, decurrent, light green,
soft, to l/i in. long; adult Ivs. closely imbricate, lanceolate
to ovate-triangular with blunt incurved apex and obscure
midrib: phyllotaxy Via: mature tree pyramidal: staminate
cones 1^4-2 in. long; ovulate cones subglobose, 3-5 in.
long, 3U-G in. diam. Norfolk Id. Var. albo-spJca,
HILVER-OTAR A., young branchlets white-tipped; var.
glauca, Ivs. bluish-green; var. robusta, EMERAU) A., Ivs.
deep green; var. virgata, secondary branchlets very short.—-
The usual species grown by florists for pot-plants, propa-
gated by cuttings of vigorous erect tip shoots. Part of the
material passing under this name is A. columnaris.
gracilis: A. angusti folia var. eteyana.
imbricata: A. amucana.
Rulei. LVH. densely imbricated, oblong-lanceolate to
elliptic, to */i in. long, obtuse, silvery-gray above, glossy
below. Now Caledonia. Var. Goldieana, less branched
and Ivs. narrower; var. patens, Ivs. loosely imbricated;
var. polym6rpha is a juvenile stage.
ARAUCARlACE^. ARAUCARIA FAMILY. A
few genera, mostly of resinous evergreen conif-
erous trees in the southern hemisphere, of which
two, Agathis and Araucaria, are grown in N.
Amer. as conservatory subjects or in the open
where climatic conditions permit. Until recently
they have been treated with the Pinaceae, but
they differ in technical characters of the cone
whose scales are without distinct bracts and
bear only a single ovule: Ivs. alternate, awl-
shaped to broadly ovate, often leathery.
ARAtTJIA. Asdemndncex. Wo9dy twiners
with salver- or bell-shaped fls. in axillary cymes,
large leafy calyx, and long leathery pods; native
in Brazil and Argentina. Grown under glass
from cuttings or out-of-doors from seed sown in
heat in early spring.
seric6fera (Physinnthus albens). Lvs. oblong, to 4 in.
long, dark green above, white and mealy beneath: fls. white
or pinkinh, to 1 in. acroma. S. Brazil.
ARBORETUM. A growing collection of
trees (Latin arbor, tree); in common application,
a living collection of trees and shrubs, that is, of
woody plants. The term ordinarily connotes a
plantation of many kinds of woody plants
permanently maintained for purposes of study,
investigation, and education, a distinction from
a grove, forest, nursery, or a parking. An
arboretum may be one of the integral parts of a
botanic garden.
ARBORICULTURE. The cultivation of trees:
in common usage often applied to the growing of
woody plants, as trees and shrubs. It implies
the cultivation of the plants as individuals rather
than as elements in a forest, the latter subject
being silviculture and part ot the larger domain
of forestry. Arboriculture is to be distinguished
also from the growing of trees for a particular
product, as the raising of fruit which is fruit-
growing or pomology. The study of trees is a
large and important branch of human activity.
ARBOR-VTTjE: Thuja. False: Thujopsia ilofabrata. Hiba:
Thujopsia dolabrata.
ARBUTUS. Ericace&, Evergreen trees and
shrubs native in the Medit. region and W. N.
Amer., having red flaking bark, alternate Ivs.,
red or white urn-shaped fls. in terminal panicles,
and fr. a red berry-like drupe.
Arbutuses are grown out-of-doors in warm regions or
under glass in the North. They do best in well-drained
soil with protection from the wind. Propagated by seeds,
by cuttings of half-ripened wood in the fall under glass, and
also by layers, budding or veneer-grafting.
Andrachne. To 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, usually
entire: fls. dull white, in panicles to 4 in. long. Medit. region.
canariensis. To 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in.
68 Arctostaphylos
long, toothed, glaucous beneath: fls. greenish-white, nearly
H in. long, in erect panicles in spring. Canary Isls.
Menziesii. MADRONA. To 50 or 100 ft.: Ivs oval to
oblong, to 5 in. long, entire, glaucous beneath: fls. white,
\^ in. long, in erect panicles to 6 in. long. May-June.
B. C. to Calif.
Unedo. STRAWBERRY-TREE. To 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
to 4 in. long, toothed, shining above: fls. white or pinkish,
M in. long, in drooping panicles to 2 in. long, in autumn.
S. Eu., Ireland; stands in Ga. Var. integSrrima has entire
Ivs. Var. rubra (var. Croomn) has deep pink fls.
ARBUTUS, TRAILING: E^igsea repena.
ARCEUTHOBIUM: see Loranthacex.
ARCHANGELICA: Angelica.
ARCHONTOPHCENIX ( Loroma). KING PALM.
Palmacese. Unarmed monoecious forest feather-
palms of trop. and subtrop. Australia, of two
or three species: trunk single, ringed, the upper
part represented by a smooth green sheathing
column of If .-sheaths: pinnae many, long and
narrow, entire or somewhat bifid at apex,
mostly drooping or hanging and often turned
edgewise: spathe-lvs. 2, formed in the sheath of
lower Ivs. and expanding after the If. falls: infl.
compound on a short white peduncle, the long
strands at first hanging; fls. typically in 3's, the
middle one small and pistillate but often bearing
staminodes; staminate fls. 3-angled, with a
pistillode; anthers 8-24: fr. small, red, globose
or ellipsoid, % in. or less diam., the exocarp or
outer shell soon decaying on the ground and
exposing a covering of strong fibers; seed not
furrowed, the albumen strongly ruminate.
King palms are grown in S. Calif., Fla., Bermuda
and in American tropics. For cult, see Palm.
Alexandra (Ptychosperma Alexandra?}. ALEXANDRA
PALM. To 70 or 80 ft., in native regions: trunk enlarged or
bulging toward base: under surface of pmn:r prominently
grayiah-white, middle width of largest ones 1^-2 in. or
less, side nerves very prominent: fla. \vhite or cream-color:
fr. about ^ in. long, the fibers (under shell) clone and not
very prominent. Var. Be&triciae. STKPPALM. Bole enlarged
at base and rings so deep that the trunk appears to have
steps.
Cunninghamiana (Ptychosperma and Loroma Cunninu-
Jiamwina Loroma amethystinci) PICCABEEN PALM Trunk
not enlarging below, unless merely at surface of ground:
under surface of pinnte green or not prray-plaurous, the
side nerves not particularly prominent, width 2-4 in. at
middle in the central tmrt of If.: fls lilac or purplish: fr.
somewhat larger, the fibers or strands strong and loose.—
This palm is known to planters aa Scafortfna elegans.
ARCTERICA: Pier is nana.
BURDOCK. Composite. Coarse
rank-smelling biennials or short-lived perennials
with large alternate Ivs. arid tubular florets,
purple to nearly white, clustered in bur-like
heads; pappus of short scales; native in Eu. and
Asia, some widely distributed as weeds.
One species is grown for its edible roots and one for
medicinal purposes. In Japan the roots are eaten when
2 feet long or less; the plant is tieated as an annual, seeds
sown in May producing edible roots by autumn and the
fall-sown crop harvested in spring.
Lappa (Lappa major. L. eduhs). GREAT B. GOBO of
the Japanese. Stout, much branched, to 8 ft.: Ivs. cordate-
ovate, to 20 in. long, white-woolly beneath' heads 1^£ in.
across, in flat-topped clusters. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
minus (Lappa minor). COMMON B. Similar to A. Lappa
but not over 6 ft. high, the IVB. smaller and heads to $4 in.
across. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ( Cfy*- Ursi) . BEAR-
BERRY. MANZANITA. Ericaceae. Evergreen
shrubs and small trees with alternate usually
entire Ivs., small urn-shaped nodding fls. in
terminal racemes or panicles, and fr. a red or
brownish drupe. Th& trailing species are grown
for ground-cover in the N. and the others in
Arctostaphylos 69
warmer regions for ornament. Cult, as for
Arbutus.
alptaa: Arctous alpinus.
Andersonii. To 8 ft. and more: Ivs. crowded, oblong or
ovate, to 2^ in. long, cordate at base: ovary pubescent.
Calif.
bfcolor (Xylococcus tricolor). To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to
2% in. long, shining above, white-tomentoee beneath, the
margins revolute: fls. rose; ovary hairy at top. Calif.,
Lower Calif.
canescens. To 6 ft., white-pubescent: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in.
long: ovary densely tomentose. Calif.
cinSrea. To 6 ft., with ash-colored branchlets: Ivs.
oblong or obovate, whitish-green, to 1 in. long: fls. rose
or nearly white; ovary hairy at top. Ore.
columbiana. Erect shrub to 12 ft., young sts. densely
pubescent: Ivs. oblong to oblong-ovate, to 2^ in. long, pale
green, tomentulose beneath: fls. white, in clustered racemes:
fr. red. Wash. — By many authors not considered distinct
from A. tomentosa.
diversif&lia (Comarostaphylis diveraifolia) . To 15 ft.:
Ivs. elliptic or oval, to 3>£ in. long, tomentose beneath,
the margins toothed and revolute: fls. light pink; ovary
pubescent. S. Calif., Lower Calif.
franciscana. Low procumbent shrub, sts. often rooting:
Ivs. bright green, broadest at or below the middle: fls. white,
on glabrous pedicels in short terminal clusters: fr. de-
pressed-globose, to % in. across, dull. Calif.
glanduldsa. Low spreading shrub, sticky-glandular-
hairy throughout: Ivs. ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, petioled:
fls. white, to \i in. long: fr. brown. Calif. Var. crassifdlia
is listed.
glauca. GREAT-BERRIED M. To 30 ft. : Ivs. oval or broad-
ovate, to 2 in. long, glabrous, pale green: fls. white; ovary
glabrous. S. Calif., Lower Calif.
Hpdkeri. To 2 ft., or procumbent: Ivs. ovate or elliptic,
to 1 in. long, shining: ovary glabrous. Calif.
insularis. Erect shrub to 10 ft. high, sometimes tree-
like: Ivs. ovate to elliptic, to nearly 2 in. long, obtuse,
bright green: fls. white, m large panicles: fr. yellowish-
brown, nearly globose, glabrous. Santa Cruz Isl., Calif.
manzanita. Erect shrub to 12 ft. and sometimes much
more, crooked -branched, young parts pubescent: Ivs.
thick, oblong, pale green, to 1^ m« long: fls. white, some-
times tinged pink, in drooping panicles. Calif.
Areca
Maripdsa. To 8 ft.: Ivs. oval or elliptic, to
stiff, white-glaucous: ovary glandular-hairy.
.
lif.
* long,
media. Procumbent, branching, sts. to 2 ft. long and
1 ft. high: Ivs. obovate, blade to 1 in. long, puberulent be-
neath: fls. white or pale pink, in teinnnal racemes. Wash. —
Possibly a hybrid of A. tomenlosa and A. Uva-urai.
nevadensis. To 9 in., with creeping rooting sts.: Ivs.
obovate, to 1 in. long: ovary glabrous. Calif.
nummularia. To 1 ft. : Ivs. ovate to oblong, to % in. long,
glabrous: fls. white; ovary pubescent, Calif. Var. com-
pficta i.s listed.
p&tula. To 5 ft. or more: Ivs. orbicular, to 1^4 in. long,
bright green: fls. deep pink; ovary glabrous. Ore., Nev.,
Calif. «
pumila. To 8 in., prostrate: Ivs. obovate, to 5^ in. long:
ovary glabrous. Calif.
pungens. To 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong to elliptic, to 1 in. long,
becoming glabrous: ovary glabrous. Calif, to Mex.
Stanfordiana. To 6 ft., with dark red sts.: Ivs. ovate to
oblanceolate, to \]A in. long, glabrous: fls. pink or lilac;
ovary glabrous. Calif.
tomentdsa. WOOLLY M. To 18 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate to
oblong, to 2 in. long, tomentose beneath: fls. white or pink;
ovary tomentose. B. C. to Calif.
tTva-ursl. Prostrate and creeping: Ivs. obovate, to 1 tn.
long, glabrous, the margins revolute: fls. white or pinkish.
Eu., N. Asia, N. Amer.
ARCTOTIS. Composite. More or less white-
woolly S. African annuals with alternate Ivs. and
solitary radiate heads; pappus lacking or a crown
of scales ; grown in the flower-garden. Propagated
by seeds.
acaulis (A. scapigera. A. apecioaa). Stemless: Ivs. ob-
long, cut, lobed or Ivrate, 6-8 in. long, white-tomentose
beneath: £bv with yellow rays purplish beneath, on scape-
like peduncles.
aconis: hort. name; plant listed as somewhat succulent,
to 20 in. high, Ivs. silvery, wavy, with white ray-fls. and blue
disk.
breviscapa (A. leptorhiza var. breviacapd). Stemless: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, pinnately cut, longer than
scape: fls. with orange rays and dark center, the heads to
2 in. across. Var. aurantiaca. Fls. orange-yellow with
purple disk.
calendulacea: Cryptostemma calcndulaceum.
F 6s ten. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid, lower ones
to 16 in. long, petioled, white-woolly beneath, lobes oblong,
toothed, terminal one largest; upper Ivs. sessile and margins
often entire: heads solitary, to 4 in. diam., ray-fls. white
to pale salmon-pink with golden-yellow and purple spot at
base, red outside, disk-florets brownish tipped black.
gr&ndis: A. staechadifolta var.
Gumbletonii. St. very short: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 1H in.
wide, pinnately cut or lobed: ray-fls. deep orange-red
marked at base with brown, the heads 3 in. across, on
peduncles to 1 ft. high.
hybrid a: hort. name.
l&vis (A. squarroaa). Per. to 8 in., woody at base: Ivs.
slightly glandular, usually pinnatifid, the lateral lobes to
3 in. long and nearly % m. wide: ray-fls. brownish-orange
suffused scarlet, disk-fls. dark brownish-purple to nearly
black, on naked peduncle.
scaptgera: A. acaulis.
specidsa: A. acaulis.
squarrdsa: A. Iserris.
stcechadif&lia. AFRICAN DAISY. Bushy, to 2H ft.: Ivs.
obovate, to 4 in. long, toothed: ray-fls. white or white and
pale violet, in heads to 3 in. across, the stalks much longer
than Ivs. Var. grandis (A. grandis) has Ivs. to G in. long,
obovate-oblong, toothed, and long fl.-sts.
ARCTOUS (Mairania). Ericaceae. Deciduous
low shrubs grown for ground-cover, having
alternate finely toothed Ivs., urn-shaped fls. in
terminal clusters, and fr. a berry-like drupe.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Does best
in shady cool locations.
alphius (Arctostaphylos alpina). BLACK BEAIIBERRY.
Lvs. obovate or oblanceolate, to lj-$ in. long, turning red
in autumn: fls. white tinged with pink, H in- long: fr. black.
N. Eu., N. Asia, N. N. Amer.
erychrocdrpus: A. ruber.
ruber (A. erythrocarpus). Differs from A. alpinus in its
brighter green Ivs., narrower and more entire corolla and
bright red larger fr. N. W. N. Amer. and E. Asia.
ARDlSIA. Myrsinaccx. Trees and shrubs
with alternate simple leuthery Ivs.. small white
or rose fls. in cymes or panicles, and oorry-like frs.
Grown o\it-of-doors in warm climates and one a popular
greenhouse subject. Propagated by seeds sown lute in
winter or early in spring; also by cuttings of half-matured
wood over bottom heat.
crenata: A. crispa.
crenulata: A. crispa.
crfspa (A. crenulata. A. crenata). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate,
to «3 in. long, wavy-rnargmed, pale beneath: fls. white:
berries coral- red, l/i in. across. Malaya, China. — Shrub,
but grown as a pot-plant in conservatories and residences
for its abundant crop of durable bright red berries.
jap6nica. To l\4 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to 4 in. long, shining,
crowded at ends of branches: fls. white: berries red, \i in.
across. Japan, China.
paniculata (A. Pickeringia. Icacorea paniculata).
MARLBERHY. To 20 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 7 in. long,
entire: fls. white: berries black and shining, ^ in. acrow.
S. Fla., W. Indies, Mex.
Pickeringia: A. paniculata.
AR&CA. Palmacex. Graceful mostly very
slender-stemmed unarmed monoacious ringed
feather-palms of trop. Asia and the Pacific
Isls. and Australia, with spadix below the If.-
crown or in some species among the foliage,
some of the species soboliferous : base of petiole
widelv expanded and clasping; pinnae close
together and often joined, with several prom-
inent ribs: spadix much branched, staminate
fls. occupying the terminal part of the branches
or spikes, stamens 3-6; large and few pistillate
fls. at the base: fr. oblong or ovoid, more or less
drupe-like, 1-seeded, base inclosed in the en-
larging perianth. Formerly the genus Areca was
very broadly conceived, and many genera have
Areca
been segregated from it. As a result, the nomen-
clature of the group is much confused and old
literature should not be followed. Planted in S.
Fla. See Palm.
Alba: Linoma alba.
Alicae. Referable to A. triatvlra, erroneously supposed
at time of publication to be native in Australia. Plants
grown under thus name may be Ankuryroba schizophylla.
a urea: see Linomn.
Baueri: Rhopaloatylifi Ilaiun.
C&thecu. BETEL PALM. Very slender palm with solitary
trunk to 100 ft. and 0 in dmm., leafless below the relatively
small crown: Ivs. 3-0 ft. long, with many broad rather soft
pinnte not taper-pointed and irregularly notched or erose
at apex arid the upper ones confluent: fr. ovoid to globular-
ovoid, mostly 2 m. or less long, orange or scarlet, with soft
fibrous covering. Probably Malaya; cult, in India and
elsewhere for the nut which is chewed along with the If.
of betel pepper. Lvs. sometimes variegated. Fls. fragrant.
The name is commonly spelled Catechu but it was not so
written by Linnaeus, author of the name, in the three
editions of Species Planturum.
gland if6rmis. Tall and slender, with marked rings:
Ivs. to 8 ft. long; pinme long-pointed, the midrib prominent
underneath and secondary nerves more or less marked:
spadix short, branched near base into branches 1 ft. or so
long; pistillate fls. aggregated at base of branches, perianth
enlarging. Moluccas.
Ilsemannii. Hort. name for a palm from the Pacific Isls.,
perhaps not an Areca: sts. red: young Ivs. dark red, be-
coming green. Apparently no longer offered in N. Amer.
lutlscens: Chrysalidocarpua lutcscens.
Normanbyi: Normanbya Normanbyi.
rubra: see Linoma.
s&pida: Ithopalostylia sapida.
singapor£nsis: probably Ptychoraphia aingaporensia.
specidsa: Hyophorbe amaricaulis.
tri&ndra. Very attractive soft-lvd. pnlrn making several
green strongly ringed slender leafy sts. 5-10 ft.: Ivs. bright
green, 3-5 ft. long, with decurved broad pinnae toothed
or shallowly cut-lobed at the apex, the terminal pinna)
confluent or deeply 2-lobed: fr. oblong or long olive-like,
red or orange-scarlet at maturity. India, Malaya.
VerschaffSltii: Hyophorbe Verschaffeltii.
ARECASTRUM. Palmaccse. Separated from
Cocos on good botanical characters, considered
as a single polymorphous species; native from
Bahia in Brazil to Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay
and Bolivia. Unarmed monoecious feather-lva.
tree with solitary ringed trunk; spadix from
axils of lower Ivs., the staminate ns., with 6
stamens, on upper part of the branches and
pistillate on lower part; spathe strongly plicatc-
sulcate, or grooved, on outside; pistillate fls.
ovate when closed, the petals valvate at apex:
fr. variable, 1 or 2 in. long, globose, ovate,
elliptic or obovate; nutlet with thick bony wall;
albumen of seed solid and not ruminate. In
cultivation the trees vary widely in stature and
habit, but these differences may not be botani-
cally significant any more than comparable
divergencies in apple trees, American elms and
coconuts. See Palm.
Romanzomanum (Cocoa Romanzoffiana. C. plumosa).
QUEEN PALM. Medium-sized tree to 30 ft. or more, the
trunk smooth and plainly ringed, usually carrying a few
dead hanging Ivs. and old bases under the graceful crown:
Ivs. 8—15 ft. long, decurved, many or most of the mature
pinnce (which are soft in texture) making a characteristic
bend or knuckle beyond or near the middle at the point
where they begin to droop; pimw many, green both sides,
mostly not exceeding 1 in. broad and most of them nar-
rower, long-pointed, with faint side nerves: spathe 2-3 ft.
or more long; branches of big spadix drooping: fr. globose
to globose-ovate, about 1 in. lengthwise (to 1J^ in.) and
nearly or quite as long as broad, borne in a heavy hanging
truss. Cent, and 8. Brazil. Commonly planted in S. Fla.
and S. Calif, and in tropics. Var. australe (Cocos australia
of botanists, not hort. C. Arechamletana. C. Datil. C.
Aexuosa of hort.). Fr. ovate-elliptic, the breadth distinctly
less than the length and sometimes only about half as
much: considered to be a more slender and graceful tree
than the species and with rather smaller crown, but this
70 Arenaria
is to be confirmed; this var. appears to be the prevailing
form of the tree commonly planted in S. Calif., Fla. and
elsewhere as Cocos plumosa. S. Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay,
Argentina. Var. botryophorum (Cocoa bo(ryophora). Very
tall robust tree with heavy upright crown, fr. large, globofce-
ovate or -obovate, 1^~2 in. long. Brazil.
AREGELIA. Brorneliacex. Epiphytic herbs
with prickly-toothed Ivs. in a basal rosette and
white, violet or blue fls. in simple dense heads
among the Ivs.; sometimes grown under glass.
For cult, see Bromdia.
marmorata. Stainless: Ivs. lorate, to 1 ft. long, in rosettes
of 10-15, marbled with patches of reddish-brown on both
sides, bright red spot below cuspidate tip, marginal prickles
small: fls. pale violet, corolla scarcely longer than calyx,
heads to 2 m. diam. Brazil.
spectabilis. To 18 in.: Ivs. lanceolate to spatulate, to
15 in. long, light green transverse bands across reverse side,
margins serrulate, rounded apiculate apex with noticeable
red spot: fls. white becoming pale blue at tip. Brazil.
trfstis. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 6 in. wide, mottled with
brown: fls. purple. Brazil.
ARENARIA. SANDWORT. Caryophyllacese.
Low herbaceous annuals and perennials, often
forming mats, suitable for borders, carpets, rock-
and alpine-gardens, walls and lawn clumps:
spring or summer-blooming; fls. usually white,
small, terminal or clustered, sometimes axillary:
Ivs. entire, narrow and opposite: native around
the world but rare in the tropics.
A few of the kinds entered here are listed in the trade
also as Alsine, and a troublesome question of nomenclature
is involved. For our purposes, however, they are retained
in Arenaria. Usually only the perennial species are culti-
vated and these require no special soil or treatment unless
they are al pines. Propagated by division and by seeds,
the rare species sometimes by cuttings.
eequicaulis: A. verna var. pubescens.
alpina: plants so named are referable to A. sajanensis.
Arduinii: probably A. gramimfoha.
Armeria'stnim. Tufted per.- Ivs. linear-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, very short, glabrous, somewhat ciliate: fls. white,
usually 3-4 in dense head-like cymes, petals longer than
the lanceolate sepals; peduncles gland ular-puberulent.
Spain.
austrlaca. Per. to 10 in.' Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. white,
m 2's, on glabrous pedicels and peduncles; pedicels 6-9
times aa long as calyx. Alps.
bale&rica. CORSICAN S. To 3 in., creeping: Ivs. ovate,
to K in. long, glossy, thick and ciliated, fls. white, solitary,
on long slender capillary pedicels. Balearic Isls., Corsica;
not hardy north of N. Y. City.
banatica. To 8 in. or less: Ivs. ciliate: fls. white with
white sepals striped green, in 3-5-fld. clusters. S. E. Eu. —
Probably not distinct from A. setacea.
Bauhindrum: A. lini flora.
biflora (Alsinopsis biflora). Per. with decumbent sts.:
Ivs, obovate, to H in. long: fls. white, usually in pairs,
sepals obtuse, non-glandular, slightly shorter than pedicels.
Greenland to B. C.
caespit6sa: A. verna var.
capillaris. Per. to 8 in. with numerous very slender sts.:
Ivs. mostly basal, awl-shaped, ^ in. or more long: fls. white,
in loose cymes. B. C. to Calif., Asia. Var. formosa is listed
but may not differ appreciably from typical form.
caroliniana (A. squarrosa. Sabulina caroliniana). Tufted
per. to 10 in.: Ivs. awl-shaped, stiff; internodes short: fls.
white, H in. across, in few-fld. terminal cymes. N. Y. to
Fla. — Differs from A. capillaria in ite snorter Ivs. and
internodes.
caucasica: 4. pinifolia.
cephal&tes. Sts. erect: Ivs. filiform, ciliate: fls. in a
compact thyrse, petals exceeding the ovate-acuminate
sepals. S. Russia.
ciliata. Per., finely pubescent, sts. ascending, to 1 ft.
long: Ivs. ovate, acute, many-nerved, ciliate: fls. white,
usually 2-6 in loose cymes, pedicels^ commonly 2-4 times
as long as calyx, sepals ovate-lanceolate, slightly shorter
than the entire petals: caps, ovoid, about as long as calyx.
Eu.
compact*. Cushion-like per. to 2 in. : Ivs. linear, minutely
glanduiar and denticulate A to ^ in. long: fls. white, solitary.
Mts., Calif. v ^
congest*. Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. needle-like, to 2 in. long,
Arenaria
ciliate-serrulate near base, dense and viscid: fls. white, in
congested heads, on simple slender peduncles. Colo, to
Calif, and Wash.
cuspidata: listed name.
fl&ccida: see A. laricifolia.
form6sa: A. capillaris var.
glabre'scens (A. macradenid). Shrubby per. to 1 ft.,
glabrous: Ivs. filiform, to 1^ in. long: fls. white, sepals
ovate-lanceolate, acute. Utah to Ariz, and Nev.
gracilis. Slightly tufted sticky-pubescent per. to 4 in.:
Ivs. lanceolate: fls. white, in 2'a on long pedicels, petals
bifid. S. E. Eu.
graminifolia (A. Rosanii). To 1 ft., glandular-pubescent:
Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, borne stiffly erect, to 2 in. long,
acute: fls. white, in compact heads on peduncles to 1 in.
long. Eu. — Not known to be cult.; plants so listed are
A. Preslii.
grandifldra. To 10 in. or less: Ivs. flat awl-shaped,
ciliate: fls. white, large, solitary or in 2's or 3's, sepals with
single conspicuous midrib, glandular-puberulous: caps,
longer than calyx. Eu. — Runs into many forms although
much of the material so listed is A. laricifolia.
grcenlandica. Ann., glabrous, very low, forming mats,
the decumbent or erect sta. bearing 1-5 white fls.: petals
twice as long as the obtuse sepals: Ivs. small and narrow.
Greenland and Lab. to mts. of N. C.
Ho&keri. Tufted per. to 6 in.: Ivs. subulate, K~2 in.
long, sharp-pointed: fls. white, in dense cymes, sepals
narrowly lanceolate and shorter than petals, Mont, to
Colo.
iuniperina (Alsine juniperma). Tufted, to 6 in.: Ivs.
awl-like, nodes swollen, internodes to % in. long: fls. white,
in umbellate cymes, sepals about ^ in. long. Mts. of E.
Eu., Asia Minor.
Kfngii. Per. to 4 in., sts. somewhat woody, glandular
above but glabrous below: Ivs. filiform, to 3 in. long, mostly
erect, to 1^ m. long: fls. white, petals deeply 2-cleft, slightly
longer than the lanceolate and glandular-puberulent sepals.
Mts. of Utah and Nev.
Koriniana. Per. to 15 in.: Ivs. narrowly linear-lanceolate,
setaceous, arising from jointed nodes along erect sts., margin
scabrous: fls. white, in 2-7-fld. cymes to biternate corymbs,
long-pediceled, petals about twice as long as the ovate
obtuse sepals. Russia. — Similar to A. Presln, differing in
its much less leafy sts. and technical characters of the caps.
Much of the material listed as A. Koriniana is A. Preslii.
Kotschyana. Per to 6 in., glabrous: Ivs. linear, acute, to
\h in. long: fls. white, in cymes, on pedicels nearly 1 in.
long or more. Asia Minor.
Landriana: listed name.
Iaricif61ia. To 8 in.: Ivs. awl-shaped, falcate, to % in.
long, acute: fls. largo, white, solitary or clustered, sepals
lanceolate-oblong, 3-nbbed, hairy: caps, shorter than
calyx. Switzerland. — Much of the material listed as
A. grandi flora, A. pini folia and A. flacdda belongs here.
Ledebouriana. Alpine per., cespitose, glabrous, dichoto-
mous, branched to C in. long: Ivs rigid, narrow-awl -shaped
and crowded: fls. on stiffish slender glabrous pedicels,
sepals keeled, glabrous, mucronate, half as long as petals.
S. E. Eu. ,
Iept6cladus. Ann. similar to A. serpy Hi folia, differing in
its smaller narrower Ivs., with slenderer branches and
narrower caps. Piurasia; escaped in Va. and N. C.
linifldra (A. Bauhinorum) . Tufted, to 8 in.: Ivs. nar-
rowly linear, acute: fls. white, to ^ in. across, sepals densely
hairy, shorter than the caps. Eu.
Iith6phila. Per. to 1 ft., smooth: Ivs. filiform, usually
5^-2 in. long, erect: fls. white, petals twice as long as
obtuse sepals. Sask. to Wyo. and Ida. — Perhaps only a
variant of A. congesta from which it differs in ita more
open infl. and non-keeled sepals.
longifdlia: A. Preslii.
xnacraddnia: A. glabrescens.
macrantha (Alsinopsis macrantha). Spreading tufted
per. to 4 in.: Ivs. subulate-filiform, to % in. long, obtuse,
glabrous, 1-nerved: fls. white, petals longer than the acute
sepals. Colo.
marina: Spergularia salina.
montana (Alsine montana). To 4 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, to
% in. long: fls. white, large, solitary, petals 2-3 times as
long as calyx. S. W. Eu. Var. grandinora is listed.
muscdsa (Moehringia muscoaa). Per. to 1 ft., glabrous,
bright greens Ivs. linear-filiform, to 1 in. long, acute, fleshy,
1-nerved: fls. white, in cymes of 2-6. sepals lanceolate,
styles 2: caps. 4-valved. Cent, and S. Eu.
n6rica: hort. name.
obtusfloba. Allied to A. sajanensis and often confused
with it, differing in Ivs. obtuse and more oblong, calyx and
pedicels glandular, and wider petals. Alta. to New Mex.
71 Arenaria
octandra (Minuartia aretioides). Cespitose per. to 2 m.,
many-stemmed: Ivs. linear-lanceolate to ovate, to H in.
long, obtuse, fleshy. 3-nerved: fls. whitish, petals 4 and
shorter than lanceolate sepals, styles usually 3, Austrian
Alps.
patula. Ann. to 10 in., finely pubescent to glabrous: Ivs.
linear-filiform, to 1 in. long, obtuse to acutish: fls. white,
several in open terminal cymes, petals emarginate, sepals
lanceolate, ribbed, acuminate. Ky. to Minn, south to
Ala. and Tex.
peploldes. Branches procumbent, fleshy, to 4 in.: Ivs.
ovate-elliptic, to % in. long, light green, fleshy: fls. white.
Eu., N. Amer.
pinifdlia (A. oaucasica). Dwarf cespitose per. with
ascending parts: Ivs. narrow-awl -shaped or bristle-like,
usually ^j-1 m- long: fls. white, in small corymbs. Asia
Minor.
Pre"slii (A. longifolia. A. graminifolia of hort.). Tufted,
glabrous, to 15 in.: Ivs. linear and flaccid, the basal ones
grass-like, to 8 in. long, st.-lvs. to 2 in. long, margins usually
rough: fls. white, in loose open corymbs, petals about twice
as long as ovate and usually obtuse sepals. Cent. Eu. —
Widely distributed as A. graminifolia but this name must
be reserved for the plant so listed in last column and differ-
ing from A. Preslii in its shorter stiff Ivs. and compact
head-like infl. Most of the material in the trade as A,
tmolea is A. Preslii.
pubera: Stellaria pubera.
pungens. Forming bristly tufts to 8 in. and more high:
Ivs. thorny, very narrow, nodes swollen: fla. white, solitary
or in compact clusters, terminal or in axils near tip of
branches. Spain. — Resembles A. jumperina from wnich
it may be distinguished by its sepals >£ in. long or more
and internodes more than H in- long.
purpurfiscens. Decumbent, tufted, to 4 in.: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate: fls. rose-lilac, 2-3: caps, cylindrical and much
exceeding calyx-lobes. Pyrenees.
pusflla (Alsine pusilla). Ann. to 2 in : Ivs. lanceolate,
to Y* in. long, usually glabrous: fls. white, petals shorter
than sepals. Calif, to Wash.
racemdsa. Somewhat woody per. to 3 in. high, making
mats: Ivs. awl-shaped, curved, to ^ in. long, puberulous-
cihate: fls. white, solitary, sepals lanceolate, acute and
nearly as long as petals. Spain.
reciirva (Alsine recurva). Low tufted per. to 5 in.,
woody at base: Ivs. subulate, to \i m. long, often clustered:
fls. white, openly corymbose, petals as long or longer than
the 5-7-nerved lanceolate sepals. Asia Minor.
r&pens. Per., prostrate, pilose: Ivs. ovate, subsessile:
fls. solitary in axils, on short leafy peduncles, sepals :lan-
ceolate, acute, as long or longer than corolla. Nativity not
known.
rfgida. Per. to 1 ft., branched: Ivs. linear, to 5 in. long,
margins rough: fls. white, in panicles. S. Russia. — Differs
from A. Preshi in panicles compact and petals about aa
long as sepals.
Rosanii: A graminifolia.
rotundifdlia. Spreading tufted branches to 6 in.: Ivs.
roundish, ciliate, y± in. across: fls. white, in axillary or
terminal clusters on short pedicels. Siberia.
rupe'stris (Alsine rupestns). Tuftedper. to 3 in., woody
at base, glandular-puberulent: Ivs. stiffly subulate, obtuse:
fls. pink, in 3~5-fld. cymes, petals l^jj times as long as
calyx, and pedicel 2-3 times as long as calyx. Syria.
sajan£nsis. A somewhat confused name which has been
used for three different plants: true A. sajanensis, A.
obtusiloba and A. laricifolia. The true species ia compact,
with filiform branches, to 5 in.: Ivs. subulate, to M ">• long,
obscurely keeled: fls. white with very narrow petals. N.
Eu. and Arctic Amer. south in mts. to Aria, and Que.
saxatilis: a confused name horticulturally, much of
the material so listed may be referred to A. verna.
Saxffraga. Alpine cespitose per , glandular-hirsute: Ivs.
in rosettes, linear-lanceolate, about H in. longf acute,
5-7-nerved: fls. 2-7 in a cluster. S. E. Eu., Asia Minor.
serpyllifc-lia. Ann. or bien. or sometimes per. to 1 ft.,
upright or prostrate, much branched: Ivs. ovoid, hairy:
fls. white, solitary, sepals longer than petals. Eu., Asia,
N. Amer.
squarrdsa: A. caroliniana.
Steveni&na. Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. bristle-like, margins
white-cartilaginous: fls. white, in panicles. Armenia. —
Resembles A. Preslii, differing in its snorter Ivs. and glandu-
lar pedicels and peduncles.
stricta (Sabulina stricta). Tufted per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear-
awl-ahapea, to % in. long, stiff, with fascicles of smaller
Ivs. in tne axils: fls. white, % in. across, in axillary clusters,
sepals mostly ovate. N. H. to S. C. and Mo,
tetraqu&tra. Per. to 1 in.: Ivs. oval, imbricated, leathery:
fls. white, solitary, sepals and petals 4. Spain, Portugal.
Arenaria
tex&na. Per. resembling A. stricta and of which it may
be only a variant, differing in Ivs. only to ^ in. long, a
cleaner inn. and lanceolate sepals. Mo. to Tex.
tmdlea. Tufted, st. very short: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to
H in. long: fls. white, in clusters of 1-3, sepals and pedicels
glandular-hairy. Asia Minor (Mt. Trnolus, etc.).
verna. To 3 in.: Ivs. flat, narrow: fls. white, on thread-
like sts. Eu. and Rocky Mts. Var. aurea is listed as a
form with yellowish-green Ivs. Var. pubescens (A. seoui-
cauhti) differs from the typical form in its glandular-
pubescent to puberulent calyces and pedicels. A compact
leafy form making dense rnoss-like masses is listed as var.
caespit6sa, it occurs in dark and yellow-green foliage forms
and is best propagated by division or cuttings.
FJ
ARfiNGA. PalmacesB. Several monoecious
feather-palms (Ivs. sometimes pinnatisect) of
trop. Asia and Malaya, unarmed except for
needles in the heavy If .-sheath fibers in some
species, flowering from the upper If .-axils down-
wards, in some kinds the tree dying when the
last spadix has fruited: trunk solitary or several:
pinna? or parts with many strong nerves beside
the midrib, whitish or gray underneath, jagged,
notched or cut off at apex which is sometimes
broadened, and' often notched on sides: spadix
much branched, peduncle short, branches droop-
ing; sexes usually separate on different spadices
but sometimes a pistillate between two stami-
nates ; stamens many : f r. more or less drupe-like,
obovoid to globose, 2-3-seeded. Planted in
warmest parts of U. S., and in western tropics.
See Palm.
Amb6ng (A. mindorensia. A. tremulo). Trunk short
and thick, but plant becoming a tree: Ivs. very large, the
blade to 10 ft. long and petiole to 0 ft.; pinna? to 2 ft. and
more long, somewhat paper-like, with several deep in-
dentations or const notions on either side: fr. globular,
about 1 in. diam. Philippines.
fengleri. Handsome, dwarf, perhaps to 10 ft.: Ivs. gray-
tomentose or -pubescent underneath, with many pinnee
that are narrow at the base of the If. and broad towards its
top, the sides and apex variously notched and jagged:
Hpadix short: fr. about 1 in. or leas across, subglobose, 3-
secded. Formosa; reported outdoors in S. Calif.
mindorgnsis: A. Ambong.
pinna t a (A. saccJiarifcru) . SUGAR PALM. Monocarpic
large palm, dying when the last spadices have ripened their
fr. ; trunk solitary, to 40 ft.: Ivs to 20 ft. and more long,
whitened beneath; pinnro to 100 or more on either side,
single and fascicled, variously dentate or notched or 2-lobea
at apex: fr oblong-turbinate, about 2 in. long or somewhat
more, flat or depressed on top, borne on very long spadices.
Malaya.— Cult, in India for sugar made from the sap and
for other uses; planted in S. Fla.
saccharifera: A. pinnata.
trlmula: A. Ambong.
AREQUlPA. Cactacex. A small genus of the
subtribe Echinocactanse, composed of 2-3
species, growing in mts. of Peru and N. Chile,
characterized in part by long funnelform fls.
haying a scaly tube and ovary, with the scale
axils hairy, the dry fr. dehiscing by basal pore.
Ieuc6tricha (Echinocnctus Icucotrichui*) . Solitary or
cespitose, occasionally branching, globose to subcylindric,
to 2 ft. long, erect, ascending or prostrate; ribs 10-20. com-
pact; spines 6-20, pilose on seedling and young plants,
becoming glabrous with age, radials to 1 % in. long, centrals
longer; fls. scarlet, to 2H m. long, tube slender, straight.
Chile.
Weingarti&na: listed name of uncertain botanical
standing.
ARETHfrSA. Orchidaceae. Low terrestrial
orchids, one native in bogs in E. N. Amer. and
sometimes planted in cool moist protected
places. A. bulbdsa. To 10 in., with small bulbs:
If. solitary, linear, to 6 in. long: fls. solitary or
rarely 2, rose-purple, nearly 2 in. long; lip droop-
ing, fringed or toothed, white spotted with
purple and yellow.
72 Argyroderma
ARGANIA. Sapotacese. One hardwooded
evergreen tree to 20 ft., often with spiny branches,
native in Morocco. A. Sider6xylon. Lvs.
lanceolate-spatulate, entire, glabrous: fls. green-
ish-yellow, 5-pa^d, in clusters: fr. an oblong
berry, the seeds yielding oil. — May be planted
in S. Calif. Propagated by layers and cuttings.
ARGEMdNE. ARGEMONY. PRICKLY-POPPY.
Papaveracege. American prickly herbs (1 shrubby,
not in cult.) with yellow juice, pinnatifid spine-
tipped Ivs., and large terminal fls., sepals often
horn-tipped; grown as annuals in flower-garden.
They thrive in any good soil and sunny exposure.
Latin name in four syllables.
alba (A. intermedia). To 3 ft. and more, with pale or
glaucous foliage: fls. large, white, the sepals witn only
slight tips: caps, somewhat hispid. Southern states and
Mex.
grandifldra. To 3 ft.: Ivs. white-veined: fls. white. 2 in.
across, the sepals with stout long tips: caps, not prickly or
only slightly so. Mex. Var. lutea has yellow fls.
hfspida: A. platyceraa var.
intermedia: A. alba.
mexicana. To 3 ty.: Ivs. white-veined, glaucous: fls.
yellow or orange, 2 in. across: caps, prickly. Trop. Amer.
platyceras. CRESTED P. To 4 ft.: Ivs. somewhat glau-
cous: fls. white or rarely purple, 2 in. across, closely sub-
tended by bract-like Ivs.: caps, very spiny. N. and ?.
Amer.— Apparently most common garden kind. Var.
gigantea is listed as more vigorous. Var. hispida (A. his-
pida), HEDGEHOG P., is densely bristly as well as having
yellow spines. Var. rdsea has brownish-purple fls.
ARGENT ACER: Acer saccharinum.
ARGENTINA: Potentilla Anserina.
ARGETA: Gibbxum petrense.
\.. Convolvulacetp. Twining (seldom
nearly erect) pubescent or tomentose shrubs or
per. herbs of Asiatic origin, with alternate simple
Ivs. and showy purple or rose funnelform fls.;
grown under glass, and in the open far S. Prop-
agated by seeds and cuttings over heat.
specidsa. WOOLLY MORNING-GLORY. Large climber: Ivs.
to 1 ft. across, ovate-cordate, whitc-tomentose underneath:
fls. rose, 2-3 in. long, on stalks to 6 in. long. India, Java,
China.
spllndens (Convolvulus splendens}. SILVER MORNING-
GLORY. Tall climber: Ivs. to 7 m. long and 4 in. across,
elliptic with angular or rounded never cordate base, white-
silky-hairy underneath: fls. rose, 1^ in. long, on stalks
1-4 in. long. India.
ARGYRODfiRMA. Aizoaceae. S. African
succulents of the Mescmbryaiithemum associa-
tion, having solitary terminal bracted sessile
fls. with numerous free petals; stigma 1, circular
or oval.
aureum. Lvs. about 1 in. long, upper surface somewhat
rhomboid: fls. yellow or golden, seated between the diverg-
ing Ivs.; petals m 6 series, obtuse, truncate or emarginate.
Braunsii (Cheindopsis Braunsii} . Lvs .in 1 or 2 pairs,
keeled, shining blue-green, often with red edges and keel,
2 in. long and }^ in. wide and thick.
breVlpes (M. brevipes. Roodia digitifolia). Lvs. 4-6,
2 in long and l/i in. wide, half-cylindrical, obtuse: fls. rose
or purple, % in. across, petals linear.
Dela&tii: A. roseum.
fissum (M. fissum). Similar to A. brevipes but Ivs,
grayish- white.
Le'sliei: A. octophyllum.
necopinum. Plant becoming tufted: Ivs. to 1 in. long,
J^ in. wide and M in. thick, obtuse: fls. bright yellow, to
?£ in. across, petals linear.
octophyllum (M. octophyllum. A^ Lesliei). Lvs. about
1 in. wide, broader than long, ^ in. thick, whitish: fls.
yellow, to 1 M in. across, petals somewhat spirally curved.
roseum (A. Delaetii). Lvs. united about halfway, 1 J£ in.
long, 2 in> wide and 1 in. thick, bluish-green: fls. violet-
rose, 3 in. 'across, petals vyry lax.
Schltchteri. Plant of 1 pair of Ivs. united abotit half-
way, % in. long and H in. wide, bluish-green.
Argyroderma
testiculare (M. testiculare). Plant consisting of pair of
ovate IVB. to 1 H in- long, 2 in. wide and 1 in. thick, smooth
and whitish: fls. white. — The plant cult, under this name
is usually A. octophyUum.
ARIDARIA. Aizoacese. Segregate from
Mesembryanthemum, differing in technical char-
acters: corolla showy, %-l% in. or more across:
seeds compressed and tuberculate. S. Afr., in
dry habitats. For cult, see Mesembryanthemum.
longispinula: Sphalmanthus longispinulus.
pentag&na. Shrubby, with spreading branches to 6 in.
long: Ivs. erect or spreading, to 1 in. long and H in. wide
and thick: fls. solitary, orange to golden-brown, about
1 in. across.
rad icons. Prostrate, with rooting branches to 1 ft. long:
Ivs. erect or spreading, to 1 in. long and H in. wide and
thick: fls. solitary, white or pale yellowish, \\i in. across.
spinuldsa: perhaps an error for Mesembryanthemum
spinosum.
splendens (M. splendens). Somewhat woody per.,
branched, erect: Ivs. half-cylindric, glaucous, to 1 in. long,
crowded: fls. white, on short thickened peduncle, the petals
dentate.
AREKURYR6BA. ARIKURY PALM. Pal-
macese. One small graceful monoscious feather-
palm of trop. Brazil, unarmed except for the
strongly spined petioles, differing from Cocos
(from which it is a segregate) in the small
ovate pistillate fls. with valvate petals and
plicate-sulcate spathe as well as in habit and
much smaller fr. which has a solid and ruminate
albumen; nutlet with thin fragile wall. A.
schizophylla (Cocos schizophylla. Arikury schizo-
phylla. Arikuryroba Capanemse.) Tnmk 2-8 ft.,
solitary, covered for the most part with lf.-
bases: pinnae green both sides with strong
midrib and faint side nerves, about 1 in. broad,
notched or cut at apex: spadices in the axils of
lower Ivs., long-peduncled and becoming de-
clined; staminate fls. on upper part of branches:
fr. ellipsoid, 1 in. or more long, in a grape-like
cluster. Probably adapted to S. Fla. Butia
Bonnetii has apparently been planted as Cocos
schizophylla. See also Areca Alicse.
ARIL: an appendage or an outer covering of a seed,
inside the pericarp, growing out from the hilum or funic-
ulus; sometimes it appears as a pulpy covering.
ARIOCARPUS (Anhalonium). Cactaceae.
Spineless or nearly so, making a small nearly
globular or top-shaped body of which the larger
part is in the ground, with spirally arranged
leaf-like thick tubercles: fls. diurnal, opening
wide, from axillary areoles located between the
tubercles, the areoles on the apex of the tubercles
being barren.
fissuratus: Roaeocactus fiaauratus.
furfuraceus: A. retusus.
Kotschoubeyanus: Roseocactus Kotschoubeyanua.
L16yd& Roseocactus Lloydii.
McDowell!!: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
prigmaticus: A. retusus.
retusus (A. furfuraceus. A. prismaticus). SEVEN STARS.
Body globular or flattish, woolly in center, about 4 in.
across; tubercles to 1 in. long, spreading, not grooved on
upper side: fls. nearly or quite white to pink, to 2 in. or
more long; stigma 6-8-lobed. Mex.
scaphar6strus. St. to nearly 4 in. thick; tubercles tri-
angular to 2 in. long and angles acute, areoles absent: fls.
purple-red. Mex.
strobilif6rmis. Body slightly flattened, about 1H in.
high and 2K in. diam., bluish-green, covered with scale-
like tuber^es, resembling a pine cone, crown slightly sunken
and with short gray wool, areoles near top with 10-12
email bristles: fls. near the crown, very small. Mex.
sulcatus: Roseocactus Kotschoubeyanus.
trigdnus. Similar to A. retusus from which it differs in
its more erect tubercles to 2 in. long, its pale yellow fls.
and 8-10-lobed stigma. Mex.
73 Aristolochia
ARIS&MA. Aracese. Widely distributed
herbs mostly with tuberous roots, palmately
compound or dissected Ivs., and unisexual fls.
borne on a spadix which is surrounded by the
tubular spathe, the limb often arching above.
A few species are sometimes transplanted from the wild
into moist shady places. Propagated by tubers and seeds.
Dracontium. DRAGON-ROOT. To 4 ft.: Ivs. pedately
5-17-parted into Ifts. to 10 in. long and 4 in. wide: spathe
greenish, the tail-like spadix projecting: berries reddish-
orange. Me. to Fia. and Tex.
Grfffithii. Lvs. of 3 nearly orbicular Ifts. to 10 in. long:
spathes rich purple veined green, with a spreading and
wrinkled limb to 8 in. across. Himalayas.
japonlcum: A. serratum var. Blumei.
serratum. Lvs. pedately 5-11-partcd into slender-
pointed more or less serrate Ifts. to 6 in. long and 2 in. wide:
spathes green or purplish, on stalks to 20 in. high. Japan.
Var. Blumei (A. japonicum) has entire Ifts. and pale
spathes.
specidsum. Lvs. of 3 oblong to oblong-lanceolate Ifte.
to 16 in. long, the petiole spotted with purple: spathes
purple with striped tube and caudate-acuminate limb;
spadix with dark purple tail to H ft. long. Himalayas.
triphyllum. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. INDIAN TURNIP. To
3 ft.: Ivs. of 3 ovate or oblong-ovate Ifts. to 7 in. long and
3^ in. wide: spathes gieen striped with purple, arched in a
broad flap over the spadix: berries red. E. N. Amer.
Wallich&num. Lvs. of 3 broad-ovate Ifte. to 8 in. long:
spathes striped pale and dark purple, the slightly curved
limb with tail-like tip. Himalayas.
ARfSTEA. Iridaccx. African herbs with
Ivs. in basal rosette and blue fls. in spikes,
racemes or corymbs, the perianth-tube short
and segms. twisting up spirally after flowering;
grown under glass or in the open in Calif.
Propagated by seeds and division.
capitate. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 4 ft. long and H in. wide, rigid:
fls. H in. long, in long narrow panicles. S. Afr.
compressa. To 1% ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1 ft. long and H in.
across, strongly ribbed: fls. green with white and brown
edges, in lax panicles: pod to H in. long. S. Afr.
£cklonii. To 1 ft. or more: Ivs. to 1M ft. long and M in.
wide: fls. }$ in. long, in loose panicles. S. Afr.
lucida: name of a plant 2 ft. tall with blue fls., botanical
standing not clear.
ARf STIDA. Graminex. Tufted per. grasses,
having narrow often involute Ivs. and narrow
1-fld. spikelets borne in panicles; adapted to
dry soil and rarely planted.
purpurea. To 16 in.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, involute: panicles
to 8 in. long, with slender flexuous branchlets, spikelets
with awns to 1 in. long. Ark., La. to New Mex.
ARISTOLOCHIA. BIHTHWOKT. Aristo-
lochiacex. Per. shrubs and herbs, mostly
climbers, with usually heart-shaped entire Ivs.,
bent odd-shaped very irregular tubular calyx
simulating a corolla, often constricted at the
mouth and sometimes tailed, and fr. a caps. ;
native in warm and temp, regions, and grown as
porch vines or in the greenhouse, and a few of
them as erect garden herbs.
The tender kinds do best in a greenhouse border of rich
soil. Propagated by cuttings of ripened wood over heat,
layers, and seeds. A. durior, hardy North, is a rapid grower
and makes good screens for porches and for covering
buildings.
brasili6nsis. Climbing: fls. dingy-yellow veined with
purple, with 2 very unequal lips, the upper narrow and to
4 in. long, the lower to 4 in. long and 7 in. across. Brazil.
Var. macrophylla has large Ivs.
calif ornica. Climbing to 12 ft., woody, deciduous:
fls. greenish-purple, with strongly bent tube about 1)4
in. long, and 2-lipped limb, the upper lip 2-lobed. Calif.
Clematitis. Erect, to 2 ft., herbaceous: fls. yellowiah-
green, to 1 H in. long, with straight tube, hi axillary clust-
ers. Eu. ; nat. in E. U. S.
durior (A. macrophylla. A. Sipho).
Woody, climbing to 30 ft. : fls. yellowish-green, with curved
U-shaped tube to 3 in. long and 3-lobed brownish-purple
limb to 1 in. across. Pa. to Ga. and Kans.
Aristolochia
elegana. CALICO-FLOWER. Slender woody climber with
drooping branches: fls. with yellowish-green inflated tube
to 1^£ in. long and nearly circular entire limb to 3 in. across,
white veined purple outside, purple-brown inside. Brazil.
fimbriita. Sts. scarcely climbing: fls. with green strongly
curved tube inflated at base and one-sided cordate limb to
1 in. across, greenish-brown outside, purple-brown inside
veined with yellow, edged with long hairs. Argentina.
galeata. Climber: fls. with curved tube inflated below,
to 3 in. long, and 2-lpbcd dark purple lip, the upper to 3 in.
long and lower to 5 in. long which is clawed and expanding
into broad blade purple outside and whitish inside. Brazil.
Gale6ttii. Herbaceous climber: fls. brown, with straight
tube inflated below and broad-lanceolate limb barbed
within. Mex.
gigantea: A. grandiflora var. Hookeri.
gigas: A. grandiflora.
grandiflbra (A. gigas). PELICAN-FLOWER. Climbing,
woody, fls. with yellowish-green inflated tube and cordate-
ovate wavy limb 0 in. and more across, veined and spotted
purple, with long tail. Jamaica. Var. Hookeri (A. gigantea),
fls. with short tails. Var. Sturtevantii, fls. very large with
tails to 3 ft. long.
hastata. Erect herb to 3 ft.: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate or
linear, hastate or sagittate: fl. 8-shaped, greenish, near
the ground. S. U. 8.
kewensis. Hybrid between A. trilobata and A. braailien-
818.
macrophylla: A. durior.
macro ura. Herbaceous climber: fls. brownish-green,
with strongly curved tube inflated below and broad-cordate
dark brown lip with slender twisted tail to 1H ft. long.
Brazil.
odoratissima. Sweet-scented climber: fls. purple, with
inflated tube about 1 in. long and cordate-oblong limb to
3 in. long. Jamaica, Cent. Amer.
Serpentaria. VIRGINIA SNAKKROOT. Erect, to 3 ft.,
heibaceous: fla. about 1 in. long, greenish, with curved
tube and short slightly 3-lobed limb. Conn, to Fla. and La.
Slpho: A. durior.
Sturtevantii: A. grandiflora var.
tomentdsa. Climbing to 30 ft., woody: fls. about 1H in.
long, with greenish-yellow U-shaped tube and yellow re-
flexed 3-lobed limb % in. across. N. C. to Fla. and Mo.
triangularis. Herbaceous climber with triangular lys.:
fls. bright purple, spotted and veined, about 1 in. long, with
curved tube inflated below arid broad-ovate emargmate lip.
Brazil.
ARISTOLOCHtACE^. BIRTHWOBT FAM-
ILY. Five genera mostly of warm regions,
herbs or shrubs with alternate Ivs., bisexual fls.
with corolla-like 3-lobed calyx of various forms
and colors, 6-36 stamens, mostly inferior 4-6-
celled ovary, and capsular frs. Aristolochia and
Asarum are known to hort.
ARISTOTfeLIA. Elxocarpacex. Evergreen
trees or shrubs native in the southern hemisphere,
with simple Ivs. opposite or nearlv so. small
unisexual ils. and fr. a berry; planted in fe. Calif,
for ornament. Propagated by cuttings of ripe
wood under glass,
Colens6i. Similar to A. raccmosa but smaller with quite
glabrous Ivs., simple racemes ami smaller berries. New Zeal.
fruticosa. Shrub to 8 ft., much branched: Ivs. leathery,
obovate, to 1 in long, entire or lobed or on young plants
piunatifid: fls. solitary or in 3-6-fld. cymes. New Zeal.
Macqui, Shrub to 7 ft.: Ivs. oblong, about 3 in. long,
toothed, shining and sometimes variegated: fls. greenish.
Chile.
racemdsa. NEW ZEALAND WINEBERKY. Tree to 25 ft.:
Iva. ovate, to 5 in. long, deeply sharp-toothed: fls. rose, in
many-fld. panicles: berry dark red or nearly black, size of
pea. New Zeal.
ARMATOCfeREUS. Cactacese. A recently
segregated genus of cacti which has not been
yalidly published and whose botanical position
is difficult to ascertain. Most of the species
ascribed to it are given here under Lemaireo-
cereusy which see. Among those not referable
elsewhere are A. Jujuianus and A. matticanensis,
the latter said to differ from Lemaireocereus
latus in its thicker body and wider fls.
74 Armeria
ARMED: provided with any kind of strong and sharp
members, as if for defense, as of thorns, spines, prickles,
barbs.
ARMfiRIA (Statice, in part). THRIFT. SEA-
PINK. Plumbaginaceae. Dwarf perennials with
usually narrow persistent Ivs. in tufts or basal
rosettes, fls. in neads on wiry scapes blooming
early spring to late autumn. For discussion 01
generic nomenclature, see Statice.
Thrifts are useful in the border and rock-garden, and are
sometimes used as edging plants. They succeed in any
soil, doing best in a well-drained location in full sun; the
true alpine forms, such as A. jurnperifolia, require complete
surface drainage especially during the summer months.
Propagated by seed or cuttings. Many of the species and
their varieties hybridize freely and much of the material
in the trade represents mixtures of various trade binomials
and not the species indicated.
Recent studies indicate that most of the linear-leaved
forms represent variants of a single polymorphic species
and not separate entities as heretofore treated.
alpina: A. maritima var.
drctica: an ambiguous name; material so listed ia refer-
able to A. maritima var. californica or var. purpurea.
argyrocephala: A. oanescens var. leucantha.
Armeria: A. maritima var. elongata t but much of the
material so listed is A. maritima vur. purpurea.
atrosanguinea: hort. name for dark magenta-red fld.
forms of A. plantaginea var. bupleuroides, A. mantima var.
purpurea and A. pseud-armena.
bupleuroides: A. plantaginea var.
caesalpma. Hort. hybrid between A. juniperifolia and
A. mantima var. alpina, having the multicipital habit of
the former and the longer If. of the latter, with scapes
4-6 in. tali and rosettes 3-4 in. across and as high.
caespitdsa: A. juniperi folia.
canescens. To 18 in.: Ivs. of two kinds, the outer Ivs. of
each rosette of clump ^ as long as inner Ivs. and twice as
wide or wider, inner Iva. narrowly linear, to 3 in. long or
more and about tV m. wide: fls. robe-pink, in heads about
% in. across, involucral bracts subtending the head tan-
colored. Mts. of N. Medit. region. Var. brachyphylla
(A. majellensis) differs in its somewhat longer scape with
shorter calyx and calyx-lobe cusp. Var. leucamha (A.
argyrocephala and A. undulata) has the head subtended by
pale straw-colored involucral bracts and fls. usually white.
Attica Mts., Greece.
cephalbtes: A. pseud-armeria.
c6rsica: probably A. leucocephala var. procera; the name
has no botanical standing.
dianthoides: A. plantaginea var. leucantfia.
dracuncula: plants offered under this name have been
determined as Gypsophila, and the name has no botanical
standing.
elongata: A. maritima var.
fasciculata: A. pungens.
filicaulis. To 20 in.: Iva. as in A. canescens: scapes
usually stiffly erect, narrow, heads to % in. across, fls. white
or pink. Iberian Peninsula and S. France.
formdsa: plants so listed have been determined as A.
pseud-armeria, A. plantaginea and A. gaditana.
gaditana. To 2^ ft., glabrous: Ivs. broadly oblanceolate
to spatulate, to 8 in. long, usually 5-7-veined, somewhat
flaccid: fls. pink, in heads to 2 in. across on very stout
scapes with sheaths longer than heads are wide, outer
involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate to cuspidate and
usually longer than the inner, no bracts present among
the calyces within the head, calyx with conspicuous elon-
gated basal spur extending below the point of pedicel
insertion. Portugal and S. W. Spain. — Trie largest of the
thrifts and less hardy than A. cephalotes under \vhich name
it is sometimes offered in the trade and from which it differs
in its possession of a calyx-spur and in the absence of
interfloral bracts.
gigantea: listed name lacking botanical standing which
has been applied to plants of A. gaditana, A. mauritanica,
A. plantaginea or A. pseud-armena.
grandiflora: listed name of no botanical standing usually
applied to forms of A. p&eud-armeria.
Halleri: A. maritima. \
japonica: listed name without botanical standing usually
applied to hort. forms, of A. maritima.
juncea (A. setacea). To. 10 in.: Ivs. of two kinds, the
outer ones about % as long and twice as wide as the inner,
inner Ivs. of each rosette to 1 M in. long and A in. wide or
less, often glaucous-blue in color: fla. white or pink, inner
involucral bracts obtuse and about aa long as the outer
Armeria
ones, calyx-lobes abruptly aristate. Iberian Peninsula and
S. France.
juniperifdlia (A. caespitosa). To 2 in., in dense tufts of
many rosettes: Ivs. awl-shaped, to ^ in. long, triangular in
cross-section, pungently-tipped, margins ciliate: fls. white
to deep pink, in many heads to H in- across, on stout scapes
not more than 1 in. long. May. Guadarrama Mts., Spain. —
Very hardy alpine adapted to rock-garden culture, thriving
in well-drained soil wnose surface is covered with a fine
stony scree to prevent summer decay. Much of the material
in cult, as this species is undoubtedly of hybrid origin as is
evidenced by larger flat Ivs. and longer stout scapes. Var.
sple*ndens (A. aplendena) has flat and somewhat longer Ivs.
with scape 3-4 times as long and much narrower, head
usually nodding. Spain.
latifdlia: A. pseud-anneria.
Laucheana: a rose-crimson color form of typical A.
maritima.
leucocephala. To 8, rarely to 18 in.: Ivs. linear or nar-
rowly linear-lanceolate, 2^-1 in. long, limp and not erect,
conspicuously glandular-punctate: fls. usually white, each
individual cluster or cymule of head on distinct stalk within
head. Corsica — The typical form not known to be in cult.
Var. procera (A. cornea of hort. probably) has Ivs. 1^-5 in.
long, erect or ascending, fls. usually pale rose-pink or oc-
casionally white in erect heads on glabrous scapes. Var.
Soleirdlii (A. Soleiroln) differs from var. procera in Ivs.
finely and densely pubescent and scape often tomentose,
fls. white.
macrophylla. To 2 ft.: Ivs. very narrowly linear, usually
6-10 in. long, stiffly ascending, canaliculate, puberulous:
scape slender, erect; fls. usually pink, in heads 1-1^ in.
across, involucrul bracts glabrous, calyx-tube hairy on ribs
only, with base projected into distinct spur, interfloral
bracts absent. S. Spain and Portugal. — Probably not
hardy N., and material so listed is usually a variant of
A. maritima.
majelle*nsis: material in the trade under this name is
much confused; plants with Ivs. of uniform shape and size
are referred to A. mantima and its variants, those with
snorter and wider outer Ivs. and narrowly linear inner Ivs.
are referred to A. canesccns var. brachyphylla (fls. pink)
or var. leucantha (fls. white).
marftima (A. Halleri). To 1 ft.: Ivs. similar, linear to
narrowly linear-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, 1-nerved, hairy or
glabrous: fls. white to deep rose-pink, in hemispherical
heads to H "}• across on glabrous to densely tomentose
scapes, outer involucral bracts usually mucronate, inner
ones mucronulate to obtuse. S. Greenland, Iceland and
N. W. Eu. Forms having deep rose-crimson fls. on scapes
to 6 in. high are Laucheana (A. Laucheana) and spl£ndens,
those with white fls. are alba. — As noted below, there has
been brought together here under a single binomial several
groups of plants heretofore treated horticulturally as
species whose differences were supposed to be in technical
characters of the calyces and involucre; this grouping has
resulted because these characters are considered to be un-
reliable and no better ones have been found. Var. alpina
(A. alpina. A. rhenana. Statice montana). Heads to 1 in.
across on stout glabrous scapes to 8 in. tall: Ivs. usually
white-scariously margined and wider than scapes. Mts. of
Cent. Eu. iMost of the material in the trade as A. alpina
is referable to dwarf forms of typical A. maritima or forms
intermediate between the latter and A. juniperifolia. Var.
elongata (A. elongata. S. Armeria). To 2 ft.: outer in-
volucral bracts linear-lanceolate, longer than inner ones
and often exceeding width of head: Ivs. usually ciliate and
acute. Var. calif 6mica (A. arctica in pait). Differs from
var. elongata in its somewhat shorter scape, larger head and
Ivs. usually obtuse and non-ciliate. Var. purpurea (A.
vulgaria. A. purpurea). To 2 ft.: Ivs. usually narrower than
scapes: outer involucral bracts obtuse and shorter than
inner ones: fls. pink to magenta-purple. N. W. and Cent.
Eu., Alaska to Wash. Var. sibfrica (A. sibirica) has outer
involucral bracts H as long as inner ones or less, scapes
mostly only to 6 in. long. Arctic N. Amer. and Eurasia.
mauritanica. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to spatu-
late, to 7 in. long and % in. wide, acute: fls. white to deep
rose-pink, in heads to 1% in. across, interfloral bracts
present, calyces with distinct basal spur projecting down-
ward below point of pedicel insertion and ribs sparsely
hairy to glabrous. N. Afr., Iberian Peninsula. — Not
known to be cult, in N. Amer ; material so listed is usually
A. pseud-armeria.
plantaginea. To 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-spatulate, 4-8 in.
long, acute, 3-5-nerved, glabrous, flaccid: fls. white to
rose, in heaxis 5^-1 in. diam., outer involucral bracts nar-
rowly lanceolate and much longer than inner ones. Cent,
and W. Eu. Var. bupleuroides (A. bupleuroides) has outer
involucral bracts shorter than inner ones with fls. pink to
purplish-red and var. leucantha (A. dianthoides) differs
from it only in its white fls. and paler involucre. Var.
longibracteata (A. stenophylla) , differs from the typical
form in its head M~M ia. diam. and Ivs. rarely exceeding
4 in. in length.
75 Arnica
pseud-armeria (A. cephaloies. A. formosa of hort. A.
lad folia). To 2 ft.: Ivs. broadly lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, to 10 in. long and 1 in. wide, acute, 5-7-nerved,
margin narrowly scarious: fls. white to dark rose-pink,
head to 1 % in. diam., subtended by sheatn to 4 in. long,
outer involucral bracts usually longer than inner ones,
acute to cuspidate, calyx spurless with lobes truncate to
abruptly mucronate. Portugal. — The most commonly
cultivated of the, broad-lvd. thrifts, but sometimes confused
with A. yaditana and A. mauritanica.
pungens (A. fasciculata) . To 18 in.: Ivs. linear, to 5 in.
long, acute and harshly pungent, often canaliculate along
distal half, frequently recurved and closely fasciculate,
glabrous: fls. rose-pink to white, in heads to 1% m. diam.,
interfloral bracts rudimentary or lacking, involucral bracts
coriaceous and broadly white-membranaceous along
margin. N. W. Medit. region. — Not considered to be hardy
N. except perhaps on Pacific coast.
purpurea: A. maritima var.
rhenana: A. maritima var. alpina.
robusta: listed name of no botanical standing; plants so
named have been identified as A. maritima var. purpurea
and A. plantaginea.
rdsea: listed name of no botanical standing, but applied
to rose-colored forms of A. maritima and its vars.
setacea: A. juncea.
sibirica: A. maritima var.
Soleirdlii: A. leucocephala var.
sple*ndens: true A. splendent is here treated as A.
juniperifolia var., but most of the material so listed is the
rose-magenta fld. form of A. maritima known as Ijiucheana.
stenophylla: A. plantaginea var. longibracteata.
undulata: A, canescens var. leucantha.
ve'rna: listed name.
vulgaris: A. maritima var. purpurea.
Welwitschii. Tufted shrubby per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, to
4 in. long, canaliculate or flat, usually pungently acute,
glabrous: fls. pink, heads to \1A in. across, interfloral bracts
present, calyx with distinct basnl spur, outer involucral
bracts ovate, cuspidate to acuminate. Portugal. — Not
known to be in cult, and perhaps not hardy N. Plants so
listed have been identified as A. maritima var. purpurea.
ARMORACIA. Cruciferx. A few per.
herbs in Eu. and Asia, one widely grown in the
vegetable-garden and also run wild m N. Amer.:
one native species in N. Amer. is considered
by some to be referable to this genus: radical
Ivs. large and often dock-like, variously dissected:
fls. white, small: fr. an ovoid or snort-oblong
pod or silicle. A. rustic&na ( Nasturtium. Radi-
cula and Roripa Armorada), HORSE-RADISH
(which see), is a deep-rooted glabrous strong
per.: lower If .-blades to 15 in. long and 9 in.
across, crenate-dentate or jagged and sometimes
dissected into linear scgrns., upper st.-lvs.
lanceolate to oblong: fls. in spring in a terminal
panicle : seedless. S. E. Eu.
ARNfeBIA. Boraginacegp. Old World herbs
with alternate simple IVH. and yellow or violet
slender-tubed fls. in racemes or cymes, throat
without scales; sometimes grown in the border
or rock-garden. Of easy cult. Propagated by
seeds, division or cuttings.
cornuta. ARABIAN-PRIMROSE. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lan-
ceolate: fls. yellow spotted with black, changing to maroon,
% in. across. Orient.
echioides. PROPHET-FLOWER. Per. to 1 ft.: lys. obovate-
oblong: fls. yellow with purple spots, changing to pure
yellow. Armenia.
ARNICA. Composite. Herbaceous perennials
with clustered root-lvs. and opposite st.-lvs.
and large long-stalked heads of fellow ray- and
disk-fls.; pappus of bristles; native in Eu., Asia
and N. Amer.
Arnicas are grown in the rock-garden or border or
colonifeed in woodsy places. Tincture of A. montana has
medicinal uses. Propagated usually by division, seldom
by seeds.
alpina. To 15 in., pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate or spatulote,
to 4 in. long, nearly entire: heads about 2 in. across, usually
solitary; pappus white. N. N. Amer., N. Eu.
Arnica
76
amplexicaulis. To 2 ft., glabrous or somewhat viscid:
basal Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, acute, those on the at. clasping
with st. leafy to top: heads 3-5, to 2 m. across; pappus
brownisth. Ore., northward.
betoniceefdlia. To 6 in., nearly glabrous: Ivs oval to
oval-lanceolate, to 1 in. long, toothed: heads 1-3; pappus
white. Wash.
Chamissonis. To 2 ft., soft-pubescent: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 0 in. long, tool hod or entire: heads to 2 in.
across, corymbose; pappus white or yellowish. B. C. to
Mont.
chionopappa. To 15 in., white-villous: ba&il Ivs. long-
petiolod, lanceolate to narrowly-ovate, base cunealo, others
on lower half of st., the upper ones sessile' hcuds 1-3, to
1% in. across, ray-fls. 15; pappus white. Que., N. B.
Clusii: Dororucum CLujii.
cordifdlia. To 16 in , ats. villous: Ivs. ova e to orbicular,
basal ones cordate, to 4 in. long, dentate, petioled, pubes-
cent: head* 1-4, ray-fls. 8-12, pappus whi1*> N. Mich.,
S. D. to Colo, west to Calif ana north to Yukon.
foh&sa. To 2 ft., stolonifrroue, gray-silky Ivs. many,
lanceolate: heads I in. across N. VV. U. S.
Le'ssingii. To 1 ft. but often only 0 in : Iv-t. oblong-
lancoolate to spatulaic, to 3 in. long, scrrula c, usually
about 3 pairs: heads solitary, to 1?2 in. across, nodding;
rays light yellow, deeply notched or 3-toothed. Alaska.
longif&lia. To 2 ft , pubescent: Ivs linear-lanceolate,
to 0 in. long, er.tne or toothed: heads in flat-topped pan-
icles; pappus brownish, plumoHc Wash. 10 Mont, and
Calif.
m611is. To 2 ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to
0 in. long, toothed: heads 1-3; pappus brownish, plumose.
Ji. C. to Colo.
montana. To 2 ft.: radical Ivs oblong-lanceolate,
glabrous, entire: heads to 3 in. across, 3-4 m a cluster;
pappus white. Ku.
nevad6nsis. To 1 ft., pubescent: Iva. orbicular or ovate,
to 2 1/£ in. long, usually entire: heads }% in. long. Calif.
pedunculata. To 2 ft., villous or glandular: Ivs. oblong
to linear, to 4 in. long, mo.-tly basal, entire, st.-lvs. few:
heads solitary, ray-fls. orange. N. D to Colo, west to
Wash, and Calif.
sachalinensis. To 2 ft , nearly glabrous: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, toothed: heads few. Sachnlm I&1.
unalasch£nsis. To 6 in : Ivs. oblong, about 3 pairs,
somewhat hairy: heads solitary, ray-fls. bright yellow, disk
light brown. Unalaska.
AROIDE^E, AROIDS: A race*.
AROMA: Cailhca glomerata.
AR6NIA. CHOKEBKHUY. Rosaces? . N.
American deciduous shrubs with alternate
toothed lys., \vhite or pinkish fls. in terminal
corymbs in early spring, and fr. a small berry-
like pome.
Propagated by seeds sown when ripe or stratified and
by suckers, layers and cuttings of green wood under glass.
Useful for colonizing m low places, showy in bloom; fruit
attractive in autumn.
arbutifolia (Pjirus arbutifolia}. Run C. To 10 ft.: Ivs.
gray-tornentoRc beneath: fr. red. MMSS. to Fla. and Tex.
Var. brilliantfssima is advertised.
atropurpurea: A prunt folia.
floribunda: A. prumfolia.
melanoc&rpa (A. nif/ro. Pyrus mchinocarpn and P.
nigra). BLACK C. To 4 ft.: Ivs. nearly glabrous beneath:
fr. black. N. S. to Fla. and Mich. Var. elata is taller, with
larger Ivs. and frs. Var. grandif&lia grows to 10 ft. and has
larger Ivs. and frs.
nlgra: A. mclanocarpa.
pninifolia (A. atropurpurea. A. floribunda Pyrus
arbutifolia, var. atropurpurea). PURPLE C. To 12 ft.: Ivs.
pubescent beneath: fr. purple-black. Newf. to Fla. and
Ind.
ARONICUM: Doromcum.
ARPOPHtLLUM. Orchidacese. Trop. Ameri-
can epiphytes with slender pseudobulbs bearing
solitary Ivs. and red or purplish fls. in thick
racemes, the so pals and petals similar, the lip
concave and slightly 3-lobed; do best in a tem-
perate greenhouse. See Orchids for cult.
giganteum. To 2 ft pseudobulbs to 8 in. high: Ivs.
linear, to 1 ft. long, fls small, light rosy-red with somewhat
darker lip, in stiffly erect racemes to 1 ft. high. Apr.- June.
Mex , Guatemala.
Artemisia
ARRABIDJ&A. Bignoniaccae. Climbing trpp.
vines or shrubs mostly from S. Amer., having
bifoliate to triternately compound Ivs. whose
terminal 1ft. is often replaced by a tendril: fls.
white to pinkish-purple, campanulate to funnel-
form, usually in dense elongated panicle-like
clusters. One species is grown in Calif.
magnified (Rignoma magnified). Vine to 10 ft.: Ivs.
opposite, bifoliate, Ifts. obovate, to 4 in. long, usually
obtuse or abruptly blunt-acute, glabrous, leathery, short-
petioled: fls. rose-pink to pale purple, tubular-campanulate.
to 3 in. long, usually with 5 orbicular lobes, tube streaked
purple within: fr. a linear compressed caps. Colombia.
ARRACACIA. Unibelliferr. Stout per. herbs
native from Mex. to Peru, with pinnately
compound Ivs., small white or dark purple fls.
in compound umbels, and compressed frs.
One species is grown in the mountains of the tropics
for the thick edible roots. Propagated by the small heads
which form at the bases of the leaf-stalks.
escule"nta: A. xanthorrhiza.
xanthorrhiza (A ?xrulcnta). APIO. Roots branching,
with atarchy yellow flebh: Ivs. tcrnate or 2-pinnate. Co-
lombia.
ARRHENATHERUM. Graminer. Tall per.
grasses resembling oats, the spikelets in panicles,
florets awned; native in Medit. region, nat. in
N. Amer.; sometimes sown as a meadow grass.
See Grasses.
bulbosum: A. claims var. tuberosum.
elatius (A erui flntiar). TALL OAT-GRASS. To 4 ft.,
tufted: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and % in. wide, rough: panicles
1 ft. or more long, shining, light green or purplish, the
branches erect. Nat. in N. Amer. Var tuberosum (A.
bulboRum) haa a string of tubers at the ground; often with
striped Ivs.
ARROJAD6A. Cactacex. A small genus
whose members have been referred to Cercus and
to Cephalocereus, from which it differs in that
its pseudocephalum does not remain terminal
but forms a collar for the new joint which is
projected through its center.
rhod&n ha (Cereus and Ceplialocereuz rhorianthus). Sts.
erect, becoming somewhat prostrate with age, to 7 ft. long
and 1^ in. diam , 10-13-ribbed; spines brown becoming
white, areolca to }^ in apart: fls. solitary, pink to red, small,
diurnal, fr. red, a small berry. Brazil.
ARROWHEAD: Sagittaria.
ARROWROOT: Maranta arumhnacea.
ARROW- WOOD: Viburnum dentatum.
ARSENOCOCCUS: Lyonia ligustrina,
ART.ABOTRYS. TAIL-GRAPE. Annonace^
Trop. climbing evergreen shrubs with alternate
simple Ivs., hooked peduncles adapted to climb-
ing: fls. constricted above the closely packed
stamens, and fr. of separate carpels borne in
clusters on the hardened receptacle; grown in
greenhouses or the open far S. Require fertile
soil. Propagated by seeds.
odoratissimus. CLIMBING YLANO-YLANO. Lva. oblong,
to 6 in. long: fls. very fragrant, greenish or yellowish, to
2 in. long: carpels yellow, smooth, 1 in. or more long. Old
World tropics.
uncinatus. Shrub with climbing branches: Ivs. lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate: peduncle with a strong hook: fl.
brownish-red, pubescent: frs. several together, size of a
walnut. E. Indies, Madagascar. — Planted in S. Fla.
ARTEMfSIA. WORMWOOD. Composite.
Aromatic and bitter herbs or small shrubs with
alternate mostly dissected Ivs. and small numer-
ous yellow or white heads; fls. all tubular;
pappus none. They are per. unless otherwise
noted. \
Worm woods are grown for ornament but moktly for
the medicinal and aiomatic qualities. They thrive eveD in
Artemisia
poor dry soil. Usually increased by division; also by seed
when obtainable.
Abr6tanum. SOUTHERNWOOD. OLD MAN. Glabrous
green subshrub to 5 ft.: Iva. 1-3-pinnately divided into
thread-like segms.: heads yellowish-white, H in. across,
in a loose panicle. Eu.
Absinthium. COMMON W. ABSINTHIUM. Subshrub to
4 ft., white-silky: Ivs. 2-3-parted into oblong segms.. hea<l3
yellowish, H m. across, in many-fid, leafy panicles. Eu.
albula. Whito-tomentose, to 3Ji ft., with slender spread-
nig branches: lower Ivs ovate, to 2 in. long, with 3-5 short
bioad lobes, upper Ivs. linear or nearly so: heads small
ami numerous in little raceme* terminating the branches.
Tex., Colo., S. Calif. — Hardy N. and sometime* grown as
"Silver King Artemisia."
annua. SWEET W. Ann. to 5 ft., glabrous, very sweet-
scented: Ivs. 2-3-pmnate, the segms. deeply cut: heads
\ellow A m across, in a loose many-fid, panicle. Asia;
nut. in N. Amer.
arborise ens. Shrubby, to 2 ft.: Ivs. finely divided,
silvery: heads bright yellow, in one-sided racemes. Medit.
region.
arbuscula. Low SAQE-BUUSH. Shrub to 1 ft., silvery-
pubescent: Ivs. wedge-shaped, 3-lobed, to >2.m- long: heads
brownish, in simple panicles, often spike-like. Wash, to
Calif, and Wyo.
argentea. Shrubby, to 2 ft., white-silky: Ivs. 2-piimate
into linear or lanceolate segms.: heads woolly, nodding,
m raceme-like panicles. Madeira.
Baumgartenii. To 1 ft., silvery-pubescent: Ivs. 3-pin-
natifid: heads yellow, racemose. Alps.
Bfgelovii. Per. to 1 ft., woody at base: Ivs. linear-cuneate
to oblong, to M in long, usually 3-toothed at apex, silvery:
heads in leafy panicles, yellow. Utuh to Tex. and Ariz.
boreal is. Per. to 15 in , s)lky -pubescent: Ivs. to 2 3-6 in.
long, pinnate into linear lobes: heads small, greenish, in
dense terminal panicle. N. N. Amer., N. Asia. Var.
Wormski61dii is taller, to 1 % ft.
caxnp&stris. To 2 ft , shrubby, glabrous or becoming so:
Ivs. pinnatiftd into linear segms: heads yellow, minute,
raoemose. Eu., Asia.
camphorata. Shrubby, to 2*^ ft., camphor-scented: Ivs.
2-3-pmnate into thread-like segms., glabrous: heads yellow,
nodding, silvery -pubescent, m panicles. S. Eu.
canade*nsis. Nearly or quite glabrous per. to 2 ft.:
Ivs. mostly 2-pmnate, with very slender segms.: heads
greenish, small, in long narrow panicle. Newf. to New
England and far west, Eu.
diversifdlia. White-tomentose, st simple, to 4 ft. or
more: lower Ivs to 4 in. long, nioHtly pinnately cut into
narrow acute lobes, upper ones linear-lanceolate: fls. in a
nanow panicle. Neb. to Calif, and north.
Dracunculus. TARRAGON. EHTRAGON. Per. to 2 ft.,
glabrous, green: basal Ivs. 3-parted at tip; st.-lvs. linear or
lanceolate, entire or small-toothed: heads whitish-green,
to H in. across, in spreading panicles. Eu. — The Ivs. are
used as seasoning. Var. inoddra is listed. Var. sativa may
not differ from the type.
Fe"ndleri: catalogue name.
filifdlia., Subshrub to 3*/2 ft--' IYS- filiform, entire or
trifid, to 1^ in long, minutely and densely white-tomen-
tose: heads very small and numerous in narrow leafy
panicles. Neb. to Nev., south to Mex.
frlgida. FRINGED W. Per. to 1^ ft., silvery-pubescent:
Ivs. 2-pmnate into linear segms.: heads yellow, nodding,
in racemes. W. N. Amer., Asia.
glacialis (A. laxa). Per. to 4 in , gray-pubescent: Ivs.
pinnatisect: heads golden-yellow, in corymbs. Alps.
globulifdlia: catalogue name.
gnaphalddes. White-tomentose per. to 3 ft. or more:
Ivs. simple, oblanceolate and somewhat serrate, the upper
ones linear and entire: heads many in leafy panicles, small,
grayish. N. U. S. and Canda.
gracilis: A. scoparia.
granatensis. Cespitose to decumbent, densely white-
tomentose: Ivs. oblong-cuneate, palmate, lobes divided,
petiole longer than blade: heads many, inconspicuous.
Spain.
laciniata. Per. to 1>^ ft.: Ivs. finely divided: heads
nodding, H in. across, in panicles. Eu., Asia.
lactifl&ra. WHITE MUOWORT. To 4 ft., nearly glabrous:
Ivs. pinnately parted or cut into large toothed or incised
segms., pqle beneath: heads white, about, &. "*• across,
loosely pam'cled. China. — Much like A. vulgaria.
latifdlia. Per., glabrous: Ivs. l~2-pinnatified, segms.
oblong, entire: heads globose, in axillary racemes forming
an erect panicle. Russia.
lixa: A. glacialis.
longifdlia. White-tomentose per. to 3 ft. or so: Ivs.
77 Artemisia
linear or linear-lanceolate, simple and entire: heads erect,
in narrow panicle. Neb. northwest.
ludoviciana. WESTERN MUG WORT. Per. erect or ascend-
ing to 3 ft.: Ivs. linear-oblong, white- tomentose becoming
green abo\e, lower ones toothed or lobed, to 3^ in. long:
heads bell-shaped, in rather dense panicles. Mo. and Ulan
to Tex. and Ariz.
maceddmca: catalogue name.
maritirna. To 2 ft., much branched, silveiy-pubescent:
Ivs. 2-pinuate into linear segms.: heads brownish-yellow,
in erect or drooping oblong racemes. Eu.
Michauxiana. Per. to 1^ ft, woody at base: Ivs. to
2% in. long, 1- or 2-pinnate into linear or lanceolate segms.,
white-tomentose beneath: heads *a in. across, in spike-
ake infl. B. C. to Colo.
minuta. Undershrub to 4 in.: Ivs. H in. long, pinnatifid
with 5-7 divisions, silvery-silky: heads small, in spike-like
infl. to 1^ in. long. Alta.
montana: a listed name, botanical position uncertain.
M6xa. Shrubby, gray-pubescent. Ivs. 2-pinnate into
linear-lanceolate segma. : heads Yb in. across, nodding, hi
panicles. China.
mutellma. To 6 in.: Ivs. pinnatisect into linear-lanceolate
segms., silvery-pubescent: heads yellowihh-green, in ra-
cemes. Alps.
pedatffida. Woody per. to 6 in.: Ivs. tcrnate or biternate,
white-tomentose: heads small, few, brownish. Wyo.,
Mont., Ida.
pedemontana. Small silvery- woolly per. to C in.: Ivs.
moie or less rounded in outline, cut into linear divisions:
fls. pale yellow, few toward top of st., sometimes not pro-
duced. Alps, S. Eu. — See A. ponlica.
pe"rsica. Per. or bien. to 4 ft., white-tomentose: Ivs.
pinnatisect: heads yellow, % in. across, in racemes. W.
Asia.
p6ntica. ROMAN W. To 4 ft., shrubby: Ivs. hoary be-
low, pinnately cut into linear segms.: heads whitish-yellow,
Y* m. acioss, nodding in long open panicles. Eu.-— Often
remains sterile, foiming patches of low featheiy shoots;
has been planted as A. pedemontana.
Purshiana. CUDWEED W. To 2 ft.: IVH. ovate to lance-
olate, mostly entire, white-woolly on both sides: heads
white, in spike-like panicles. B. C. to Calif, and Neb.
R6throckii. Shrub to \Y* ft., grayish: Ivs. to % in.
long, spatulate, entile or 3-toothed at apex: heads ^ in.
long, in spikes. Wash, to Calif.
mpestris. To 6 in.: Ivs. somewhat silky, 2-pinnatisect
into linear segms.: heads yellow, nodding, in panicles. Eu.
sacrdrum. RUSSIAN W. Ann. or bien., shrubby below:
Ivs. hoary or white-pubeneent, simiatcly cut: hoods nodding,
in blender racemes. Russia, Siberia. Vai. viridis. SUMMER-
Fm. Pyramidal, to 10 ft., with rich gieen much dissected
foliage.
Schmidti&na. To 2 ft., covered with Hit very- white silky
hairs: IVH. bipinnati&ect, segms. lacimato, long-linear, acute:
heads small, in pyramidal panicles. Japan. Var. nana is
listed as a dwarf form.
scoparia (A. gracihs). Ann., slender, to 5 ft.: Ivs. much
divided into hair-like segms.: heads small, white, in broad
densely packed panicles. E. Eu.
serrata. Per. to 10 ft., much branched: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 6 in. long, serrate, white-woolly beneath: heads green-
ish, yS in. across, in panicles. 111. to S. D.
speciosa: listed name, of unknown botanical standing.
spicata. To 6 in.: Ivs. pinnatisect, silvery-pubescent:
heads yellow, in spikes. Alps.
spine* scens (Picrothamnus desertorum) . Spiny subshrub
with haiiy sts. to 2 ft. high: IVH. palmately 5-parted, each
segm. 3-lobed, the latter lobes Bpatulate. pubescent: heads
solitaiy or in small racemes. Wyo. to Ore. south to New
Mex. and E. Calif.
splendens. Tufted per., silky-pubescent: Ivs. pinnate
into narrow-linear segms.: heads globose, in long loose
racemes. Asia Minor.
StelleriAna. BEACH W. OLD WOMAN. DUSTY MILLER.
Per. to 2^ ft., densely white- woolly: Ivs. pinnatisect into
oblong entire or toothed lobes: heads ^ in. across, yellow,
in compact many-fld. racemes. Coasts, N. E. Asia, Que.
to Del.
tridentata. SAOE-BUUSH. Shrub to 12 ft., silvery-
pubescent: IVB. wedge-shaped, to 1 in. long, 3-6- toothed
or lobed, tips blunt: heads H in. across, many, in panicles.
B. C. to Calif, and Neb.
vulgaris. MUOWORT. Per. to 3H ft., much branched,
sts. often purplish: Ivs. pinnatifid into oblong toothed or
entire segms., fragrant, white-tomentose beneath, dark
green above: heads yellow, Y^ in. across, in panicled spikes.
Eu., Asia; nat. in E. N. Amer.
Wormskidldu: A. borealis var.
Arthrocereus
ARTHROCfeREUS. Cactacex. A small genus
of 3 known species from Brazil allied to Tricho-
cereus and Monvillea, differing from each of
these in the narrower and more pubescent fl.-
tube, the fls. borne mostly on terminal joints
and not on previous season's growth, and the
plants of a dwarf er habit.
Damazi6i: A. microsph&ricus.
microsph&ricus (Cereus microaphsericus. Cereua and
Monvillea Damfizioi). Prostrate, much branched, joints
globose to ellipsoid, glosHy green, to \1A in. long; ribs 8-11,
areoles about 1A in. apart; spines to 1A in. long, bristly,
erect, radiab 10-14, white, centrals 4-12, reddish-brown:
fls. white, to 5 in. long, fragrant.
rondonianus. St. slender, somewhat erect, to 20 in.
long; ribs 14-18, obtune, low, areolea ^£-H in. apart;
radial HPIUCH 40-50, bristly, mostly less than J£ in. long
with a few to % in. long, centrals 1-2, to 2% in. long: fls.
lilac-pink inside, about 2% in. long.
ARTHROP6DIUM. Liliacese. Tufted per.
herbs with fleshy roots, mostly basal Ivs., and
white or purplish fls. in racemes or panicles, the
perianth-segins. distinct; grown in S. Calif, and
cult, as for Anthcricum.
candid um. To 14 in.: Ivs. to 10 in. long and K in. wide,
grassy: fls. white, y± in. across, in simple racemes. New
cirrhatum. To 3 ft.: lys. to 2 ft. long and 2H in. wide:
fls. white, to 1 in. across, in panicles to 1 ft. long; filaments
with 2 tendril-like appendages. New Zeal.
ARTICHOKE: Cynara Scolymus. Chinese: Stachys Sie-
boldn, Japanese: Stachys Sieboldii. Jerusalem: Ileltari^
thus tuberoaus; see (Jiraaole.
ARTICULATE: jointed; provided with nodes or joints,
or places where separation may naturally take place.
ARTILLERY PLANT: Pilea microphylla.
ARTOCARPUS. Moracese. Trees with milky
juice, large alternate Ivs., staminate fls. in stiff
spikes, pistillate in hcads? and fr. imbedded in
tne flesny perianth forming a heavy syncarp;
native in the Asian tropics and grown in trop.
climates for the fr. or general interest. For
cult, see Breadfruit.
C&nnonii. Purple-lvd. greenhouse plant from the 8.
Seas, of doubtful botanical position: Ivs. 3- ribbed from
base and 2 basal side lobes and other lobes farther up, all
the lobes toothed, amuses open.
communis (A. incisa). BUKADFUUIT. To GO ft.: Ivs.
ovate, pinnatcly lobed, to 2 ft. and more long, dark green,
thick and leathery: staminate spikes yellow, club-shaped,
to 1 ft. long: fr. round or oval, to 8 in. across, yellow when
ripe, covered with prickles. Polynesia. — The seedless forms
are the breadfruits and those with seeds are known as
breadnuts.
incisa: A. communis.
Integra (A. intt-yn folia). JAKFRUIT or JACKFRUIT. To
70 ft.: Ivs. elliptic or obovate, to 8 in. long, stiff and glossy,
entire: staminate spikes cylindric or club-shaped, to 4 in.
long: fr. oblong, to 2 ft. long, greenish-yellow turning
brownish, covered with hard points. India to Malaya.
integrifdlia: A. integra.
Lakoftcha. To 00 ft.: Ivs. oblong or elliptic, to 1 ft. long,
entire, pubescent beneath: fr. globose, to 3 in. across,
smooth or \\rinkled. India to Malaya.
ARUM. Araccx. Tuberous herbs native in
Eu. and Asia, having arrow-shaped Ivs. and
unisexual fls. borne on a spadix surrounded by
a spathe which is often colored; many plants
once named in Arum are now transferred to
other genera.
Arums require rich soil, plenty of water, and shady
positions. Grown in pots in the greenhouse or some species
hardy out-of-doors. Propagated by offsets of the tubers
or by soeds.
cornutum: see Sauromatum guttatum.
crinitum: Helicodiceros muscivorus.
Dracunculus: Dracunculus vulgar is.
guttatum: Sauromatum guttatum.
78 Arundinana
it£licum. A variable species of robust habit: Ivs. about
8 in. long and broad, with petioles about \}4 ft. long:
spathes green, white inside with purple limb which is re-
nexed over opening. Eu., N. Afr.
maculatum. CUCKOO-PINT. LORDS-AND-LADIES. A
variable species to about 1 ft. high: Ivs. to 10 in. long, the
petioles about twice as long: spathes erect, to 10 in. long,
green margined and often spotted with purple. Eu., N. Afr.
palsestlnum (A. sanctum). BLACK CALLA. Lvs. to 8 in.
long, the petiole about 1 ft long: spathes green with limb
deep purple inside. Syria, Palestine.
pedatum: Sauromatum guttatum var.
pfctum. Lvs. oblong-ovate, to 10 in. long, deeply cordate
at base, the petioles to 10 in. long: spathe with green tube
and purple limb; spadix dark purple, longer than spathe.
Medit. region.
sanctum: A. pal stinum.
vendsum: Sauromatum guttatum var.
ARUM, ARROW-: Peltanclra. Ivy-: Scindapsus. Twist-:
Helicodiceros muscivorus. Water-: Calla palustns.
ARtJNCUS. GOATS-BEARD. Rosacex. Per.
erect hardy herbs with 2-3-pinnate long-stalked
Ivs., small white unisexual fls. in spikes forming
large panicles, and fr. of separate follicles,
stamens numerous; native in the north temp,
zone.
These plants thrive in moist partially shady locations'
attractive because of the upright astilbe-like panicles of
numerous small flowers. Propagated by seeds.
sylve'ster (Spirt a Aruncus. S. Humboldtii). To 7 ft.:
Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in long, toothed.
N. Amer., Eu., Asia. Var. Kneiffii is listed as having finely
dissected foliage.
ARUNDINARIA. Graminex. Large shrubby
grasses differing from Bambusa in having 3
instead of 6 stamens and other technical char-
acters of florets; native in N. Amer. and Asia.
See Bamboo.
aristata: Thamnocalamus aristatus.
aureo-striata: see Pleioblastus mridi-stnatus.
aurfcoma: Pleioblastus vindi-striatus.
chrysantha: Sasa chrysantha.
dgbilis. To 10 ft., much branched: Ivs. to 3 in. long and
H in. across, nearly glabrous. Ceylon.
ergcta: Pleioblastus Ilindsii.
falcata (Bambusa falcata). To 20 ft., sts., yellow-green:
Ivs. to 6 in. long and % in. wide, sheaths ciliate at apex.
Himalayas.
Fa"lconeri: Thamnocalamus Falconeri.
fastudsa: Semiarundinana fastuosa.
F6rtunei: Pleioblastus variegatus.
gigantda (A. macrosperma) . SOUTHERN CANE. CANE
REED. To 25 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 1*4 in. wide, finely
toothed, glabrous or pubescent. Va. to Fla. and La., in
swamps and by rivers.
gracilis: Pleioblastua humilis.
Hindsii: Pleioblaatus Hindsii.
Hookeriana. To 30 ft., glaucous: Ivs. to 6 in. long and
2£ in. wide, glabrous, rough on edges. Himalayas.
humilis: Pleioblastus humilis.
japoiiica: Pseudosasa japonica.
jaunsar6nsis. To 15 ft., sts. with yellow scales at base:
Ivs. to 6 in. long and M in. wide, rough on edges. Himalayas.
xnacrospe*rma: A. gigantea.
xnarmorea: Chimonobambusa marmorea.
Maximowiczii: Pleioblastus Chino.
Metake: Pseudosaaa japonica.
Murieliee: Sinarundinaria Murielise.
Narihlra: Semiarundinaria fastuosa.
nftida: Sinarundinaria nitida.
ndbilis: Thamnocalamus Falconeri.
palmata: *Sasa senanensis var. nebu^osa.
pumila: Pleioblastus pumilus.
pygnuba: Pleioblaatus viridi-striotus var. vogan*.
quadrangularis: Bambusa angulata.
Ragamowskii: Sasa tes^ellata.
Slmonii: Pleioblastiu Simonii.
tectA. Similar to A. gigantea and often treated as a
Arundinaria 79
variety but smaller, to 12 ft. high. Md. and Ind. to Tex.,
in low grounds and swamps.
tessellata: Sasa tessdlata.
variegata: Pleioblastus variegatus.
Veitchii: Sasa Veitchii.
ARtJNDO. Graminex. Very tall per. grasses
with large flat Ivs. and spikelets borne in large
terminal plume-like close panicles; native in
warm parts of the Old World and planted for
bold effects. See Grasses.
Ddnaz. GIANT REED. To 20 ft., sts. or canes rather
woody: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 3 in. wide: spikelets hairy,
on ascending branches in erect panicles to 2 ft. high. Medit.
region; more or less escaped in warm countries, and not
hardy in the northern states. Var. versfcolor (var. variegata)
has yellowish- or white-striped Ivs.
maxima: Phragmitea maxima.
AS ARUM. WILD GINGER. Aristolochiacex.
Stemless per. herbs with long-stalked heart-
shaped Ivs. and large purplish or brown fls.
borne singly near surface or ground; native in
north temp, zone and sometimes transplanted
to woodsy places from the wild. They require
moist rich soil.
arifftlium (Hexastylis arifolia). Lvs. arrow-shaped, to
5 in. long, on stalks to 8 in. long, usually mottled: fls. 1 in.
long, contracted at throat. Apr .-June. Va. to Fla. and Ala.
canadense. Lva. 2, to 7 in. across, on stalks to 1 ft.
long: fls. brownish-purple, 1 in. across. Apr .-May. N. B.
to N. C. and Mo.
caudatum. Lvs. 2, to 6 in. across, on stalks to 7 in. long:
fls. brownish-purple, with lobes prolonged into tails to
2 in. long. June. B. C. to Calif.
europseum. Lvs. 2, to 3 in. across, on stalks to 5 in.
long: fla. gieenish-pxirple or brown, >$ in. long. Eu.
Hfirtwegii. Lvs. to 5 in. across, on stalks to 8 in. long,
mottled with white: fls. brownish-purple, H in. across,
with lobes prolonged into tails to 2ft in. long. Ore., Calif.
heterophyllum. Lvs. orbicular, ovate or triangular, base
cordate: fls. purplish-brown without or occasionally orange-
purple, lighter within, calyx campanulate and not con-
stricted at mouth, to 1 in. long, lobes as long as tube. Mts.
of N. C., Term, and Va.
Lemmonii. Lvs. 3 in. across: fls. brownish-purple,
H in. across. Calif.
Shuttleworthii (Hexastylis t Shuttleworthii) . Lvs. 1-2,
to 3 in. across, on stalks to 8 in. long, usually mottled: fls.
mottled violet within, to 2 in. long. May-July. Va. to
Ga. and Ala.
virginicum (Hexastylis virginica). Lvs. 1-3, to 3 in.
across, on stalks to 7 in. long, usually mottled: fls. purple,
to H in- long. May-June. Va. to S. C. and Tenn.
ASCARINA. Chloranthacex. Aromatic shrubs
and trees native in New Zeal, and the Pacific
Isls., having opposite Ivs., minute unisexual
fls. in spikes, and fr. a drupe; some tunes grown
in Calif.
lucida. To 25 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long, coarsely
toothed, glossy dark green above: spikes branched and
drooping. New Zeal.
ASCENDING: in an upward direction but not truly
erect; produced somewhat obliquely or indirectly upward.
ASCLEPIADACE^). MILKWEED FAMILY.
About 220 genera of herbs, shrubs, frequently
vines, widely distributed over the earth, par-
ticularly in the tropics, mostly with milky juice,
opposite or whorled Ivs., regular fls. commonly
bearing a curious internal crown, anthers ad-
hering to the stigma and the pollen united in
masses called pollinia, monadelphous stamens,
and fr. of 2 follicles with the seeds usually bear-
ing long^tufts of hair; many have medicinal and
poisonous properties and some are grown for
ornament, as Acerates, Araujia, Asclepias,
Asclepiodora, Caralluma, Ceropegia, Chloro-
codon, Cryptolepis, Cryptostegia, Cynanchum,
Diplocyatha, Duvalia, Echidnopsis, Gompho-
Ascocentrum
carpus^ Gonolobus, Hoodia, Hoya, Huernia,
Huermopsis, Marsdenia, Morrenia, Pachy carpus,
Periploca, Philibertia, Piaranthus, Raphion-
acme, Sarcostemma, Stapelia, Stephanotis, Stro-
phanthus, Stultitia, Tavaresia, Trichocaulon,
Vincetoxicum.
ASCLfiPIAS. MILKWEED. SILKWEED. As-
clepiadaceae. Per. summer- or autumn-blooming
milky herbs with fls. in axillary or terminal
umbels, the 5 parts of the corolla strongly re-
flexed, showing a crown of 5 horned hoods: fr.
1 or 2 soft follicles, containing seeds with long
silk: mostly native in N. and S. Amer. and Afr.
Of easy cultivation in the wild-garden or border; many
of them have attractive habit, showy flowers and ornamen-
tal pods. Propagated by division, and also by seeds.
amplexicaulis. Sts. decumbent, to 2 ft. long, glaucous:
Ivs. cordate-ovate, apex obtuse, base clasping, glabrous:
fls. greenish-purple: fr. unarmed, erect on recurved pedicels.
N. C. to Fla. west to Tex.
cordifdlia. PURPLE M. To 2^ ft., glabrous: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, base cordate-clasping, tinged or
streaked with purplish shades: fls. dark red-purple: fr.
glabrous, to 5 in. long. W. Nev. to Calif.
Corautii: A. syriaca.
currassavica. BLOOD-FLOWER. To 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong: fla.
with reddish-purple corolla and orange hoods. Trop. Amer.;
nat. in S. U. S.
exalt&ta: name sometimes used for A. phytolaccoides.
grandiflora: a confused name which has been applied to
several different plants; the material in the trade may be
A. syriaca or Pachycarpus grandiflorus.
Hallii. To 16 in.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate:
fls. greenish tinged with purple. Colo.
incarnAta. SWAMP M. To 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate:
fls. rose-purple, rarely white (var. alba), to & in. across.
Swamps, N. B. to La. and Colo. Var. pulchra (A. pulchra)
has broader Ivs. and is hairy.
mexicana. To 5 ft.: Ivs. glabrous, whorled or opposite,
linear to narrow-lanceolate, to 6 in. long: fls. greenish- white,
sometimes tinged purple. Oie. to Mex.
phytolaccoides. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong: fls. green-
ish-purple with white or pink hoods. Mo. to Ga. and Ark.
pulchra: A. incarnata var.
pumila: A. verticillata var.
purpurascent. To 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 8 in. long,
acute or obtuse, almost glabrous above: fls. pale red to
purple, to % in. across. N. II. to N. C. west to Ont. and
Ark.
rubra. To 4 ft. : Ivs. ovate to lanceolate: fls. purplish-red,
to H in. across. N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
speci&sa. To 2ty ft., white-tomentose: Ivs. ovate or oval:
fls. purple-green, with long hoods. Minn, to B. C. and Calif.
subulata. To 5 ft., with rush-like sts. leafless or with
few thread-like Ivs.: fls. yellowish-white. Desert regions
of Nov., Cahf., Lower Calif.
Suilivantii. To 4 ft. : Ivs. [thick, oblong to ovate-oblong:
fls. purplish. Ont. to Minn, and Kans.
syriaca (A. CorntUii). To 5 ft.: lys. oblong to ovate,
pubescent beneath: fls. green or purplish. N. B. to N. C.
and Kans.
tuberosa. BUTTERFLY- WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT. To 3 ft.,
rough-hairy: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong: fls. orange. Me. to
Fla. and Ariz, Var. sulf urea, fls. primrose-yellow.
verticill&ta. HORSETAIL M. To 2 ft.: Ivs. narrowly linear,
in 3's to 7's: fls. greenish-white. Me. to Fla. and N. Mex.
Var. pdmila (A. pumila). To 10 in. high: Ivs. filiform and
densely crowded, the plant mat-forming.
ASCLEPIOD6RA. Asclepiadacex. N. Ameri-
can per. herbs differing from Asclepias in the
spreading corolla and the hoods with a crest
instead of a horn ; sometimes transplanted to the
wild-garden.
decumbens. Sts. to 1^ ft- long, decumbent or ascend-
ing: lys. lanceolate to linear, to 6 in. long, thick: fls. green-
ish with purplish hoods, in umbels 2 in. across. Ark. to
N. Mex.
ASCOCfiNTRUM. Orchidacese. Short-stemmed
epiphytes with many linear Ivs. and fls. in later-
al many-fld. short-stalked racemes, the
Ascocentrum
and petals equal, lip spurred. See Orchids for
cult.
ampull&ceum (Saccolabium ampullaceum) . Fla. %-l
in. across, bright rose-carmine. Mar .-June. Himalayas,
Burma, China.
miniatum (Saccolrihium miniatum). Fls. orange-red or
clear yellow, nearly 1 in. across. Jan.-June, Oct. Java,
Philippines.
ASCOTAlNIA. Orchidacex. Terrestrial or-
chids with 1-lyd. pseudobulbs and fls. in racemes
on scape arising from the rhizome, the sepals
and petals similar, the lip entire or 3-lobod and
usually with 3-5 keels. See Orchids for cult.
viridifusca (Tainia viridifusea). Lvs. up to 20 in. long
and 3 in. wide: fls. with brownish-olive-grecn sepals and
petals and yell o wish-white lip, the scapes lj£ ft. or more
high. Feb.-Mar. Burma, China.
ASCYRUM. Hypericacex. Tx>w herb-like
shrubs with opposite entire Ivs. and bright
yellow 4-parted fls. in terminal few-fid, cymes;
native in N. and Cent. Arner. and Himalayas;
differs from Hypericum in 4 rather than 5 sepals
in 2 unequal pairs and in the separate stamens.
Hardy in the N. with winter protection. Prop-
agated by division and seeds.
Crux-Andreae: name sometimes applied to A. hyperi-
coides.
hypericoides. ST. ANDREWS CROSS. To 2H ft., much
branched and often decumbent: Ivs, oblong to linenr, to
1H in. long: fls. ^ in. across. Mam. to Cent. Amer. and
W. Indies —Evergreen S. and useful in landscape work.
stAns. ST. PhTERflwoRT. To 2 ft., the bmnchlots 2-edged
or slightly winged: Ivs oblong to obovate, to 1^ in. long,
clasping: fls. 1 in. across. L. I. to Fla. and Tex.
ASEXUAL: sexless; without sex, as in propagation by
means of vegetative shoots rather than by seeds, also of
flowers without stamens or pistils.
ASH: Frajrinus. Mountain-: Sor&ws. Prickly-: Zanthox-
ylum nmericanum.
ASiMINA. Annonacesp. N. American shrubs
or small trees with alternate simple Ivs., axillary
nodding white or purplish fls., and fr. of 1 or
more berries.
They thrive in rich moist soil. Propagated by seeds
sown in autumn or stratified, bv layers, and by root-
cuttings. Only A. tnloba is hardy North.
angustif&lia. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. linear or ohlanceolate,
to 8 in. long: fls. white or yellowish, to 3 in. across: fr. to
2 in. long. Ga., Fla.
speciosa. Shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong or obovate, to
6 in long, tomentotie on both Hides: fls. yellowish-white,
3-4 in. across, before the Ivs. Ga , Fin.
trfloba. PAPAW. Deciduous tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. obovate-
oblong, to 1 ft. long, drooping: fls. purple, to 2 in. across,
before the Ivs.: fr. fleshy, 3-5 in. long, edible. N. Y. to
Fla. and Tex.
ASOKA: Saraca indica.
ASPARAGUS. Liliacex. Per. herbs or woody
vines and shrubs with fleshy, tuberous or cord-
like roots, one a common garden vegetable and
others grown for the ornamental groen: Ivs.
reduced to scales, the branchlets (cladodes)
narrow, green and leaf-like: fls. small and green-
ish: fr. a berry.
The decorative kinds are of easy culture but most of
them are tender to frost. They are commonly grown under
glass or other cover. Propagated by seed and division,
and woody kinds also by cuttings. See Kemtk; also Aspar-
affus, Garden.
acutifdlius. Shrub to 5 ft., branching: Ivs. cylindrical,
% in. long, spiny-tipped: fla. yellow, dicEcious: berries
olive-green, waxy. Medit. region.
africanus. Partially climbing, woody, spiny: Iva. cylin-
drical, filiform, stiff, to 1 in. long: fls. in umbula. S. Air.
80
Asparagus
asparagoldes (A. medeoloide*. Myrsiphyllum aspara-
ffoides). SMILAX A. SMILAX of florists. Branching vine:
Ivs. ovate, about 1 in. long: fls. 1-2 together, greenish-
white: berries dark purple, l/i in. across. S. Afr. Var.
myrtifdlius, BABY S., is a more graceful form with smaller
Ivs.
Brousson&tii. Per., rootstocks tuberous, sts. procumbent
or laxly drooping, terete, striate: stipules short-acuminate
with retrorse spines at base: Ivs. alternate, ternate, arcuate,
1 in. or more long, mucronulate: fls. greenish, usually in
pairs. N. Afr.
caspius: synonym of A. officinalis.
chine'nsis: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
Codperi. Vine to 60 ft.: Ivs. very dark green, to H in.
long, making fern-like sprays: fls. white: berries red, % in.
across. S. Afr.
crfspus (A. decumbens). Climbing or drooping, to 6 ft.:
Ivs. needle-like, to % in. long: fls. 1 or 2 together, white,
fragrant: berries white or pink, \£ in. across. S. Afr.
dahuricus. Herbaceous shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. acicular, in
fascicles, to ^ in. long: fls. inconspicuous, solitary. Da-
hurica.
decumbens: A. crispus.
drepanophyllus (4. Duchesnei). Climbing to 30 ft.: Ivs.
linear and sickle-shaped, to 3 in. long, forming fern-like
fronds: fls. in erect racemes, greenish: berries scarlet, % in.
across. Cent. Afr. „,
Duchesnei: A. drcpanophyllus.
elongatus: A. wrgatus.
falcatus. Climbing to 40 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate and
sickle-shaped, to 3 in. long, dark green: fls. in racemes,
white: berries brown. Trop. Asia and Afr.
fllicmus. Climbing or straggling, much-branched, spine-
less: Ivs. to l/i in. long: fls. axillary not in racemes. Asia.
Hfitcheri. A strong-growing form, probably A. plumosus
var. robustus.
laricinus. Shrub with woody much branched sts.: Ivs.
awl-shaped, to 1 in. long: fls. clustered: berries H in. across.
S. Afr.
Lutzii: an unidentified trade name.
madagascarie'nsis. Shrub to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, % in.
long, so arranged as to resemble a pinnate If.: fls. creamy-
white, 4 together: berries scarlet. Madagascar.
medeoloides: A. asparagoides.
myridcladus. Nearly erect shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. thread-
like, \i in. long: fls. in racemes to 1 in. long. Natal.
myrtif&lius: A. asparagoides var.
nanus: A. plumosus var.
officinalis: see Asparagus, Garden.
6-12. Modit. region.
plumftsus. FERN A. Tall climbing, the long fern-like
strands cut for decoration: Ivs. needle-like, to % in. long,
bright green: fls. whitish, 1-4 together: berries purple-
black, Y± in. across. S. Afr. Var. comorensis is a robust
form. Var. compactus is dwarf as is also var. nanus, DWARF
A. Var. robustus is a strong-growing sort. Var. tenuis-
simus has wiry sts. — Popular in its various forms.
retrofractus. Shrub to 6 ft., slightly climbing: Ivs. thread-
like, 1 in. long: fls. white, in umbels. S. Afr.
sc&ndens. Climbing to 6 ft.: Ivs. linear and curved, to
H in. long: fls. greenish-white, nodding, 1-2 together:
berries scarlet, H io. across. S. Afr. Var. defl£xus is a
smaller form with deflexed branches.
schoberioldes. Erect, to 3 ft.: Ivs. flat, 3-angled: berries
red. China, Japan.
spin&sus: listed name.
Spr6ngeri. Climbing to 6 ft.: Ivs. linear, 1 in. long: fls.
in racemes, pinkish, fragrant: berries bright red, ^ in.
across. S. Afr. Var. compactus is a dwarf form and varie-
gatus had variegated Ivs.
tenufssimus: A. plumosus var.
tetragonus. Climbing to 20 ft., roots tuberous: Ivs.
3-4-angIed, to % in. long: fls. white or pink, in racemes to
3 in. long, fragrant. S. Afr.
verticiliatus. Climbing to 15 ft., somewhat woody: Ivs.
thread-like, to 2 in. long: fls. 1-4 together: berries red,
% in. across. Persia to Siberia.
virgitus (4. elongatus). Erect, to 6 ft.: Ivs. needle-like,
to !^f in. long, dark green: fls. greenish-white, solitary:
berries orange-red, H in. across. S. Afr.
ASPARAGUS, GARDEN or ESCULENT
(Asparagus officituilis var. altilis). A devel-
oped or ameliorate^! cultivated form of the
native Asparagus officinalis of the seacoasts
of Europe and Asia, hardy perennial, grown
Asparagus
for its edible spring shoots; it has somewhat
run wild near habitations in places; the indig-
enous plant in its native countries is short-
branched and more or less prostrate at base
whereas the domestic asparagus (var. altilis)
is strongly erect, to 3 feet or more. The genus
comprises also many ornamental subjects: see
Asparagus, preceding this article.
The edible asparagus is a universal favorite
in the spring and is extensively cultivated. A
plantation should yield well for ten years or
more, but this longevity is dependent on good
land deeply and thoroughly prepared in the
beginning, fertile and enriched every year with
good manure or concentrated fertilizer or both.
Thickly planted garden beds are likely to run
out sooner by overcrowding, and also by lack of
tillage and other care.
Asparagus is propagated only by seeds,
which are sown in drills 18-30 inches apart
depending on the value of land and the method
of tillage; thin to 3 or 4 inches in the drill or
row. Till frequently, to keep the plants vigorous
and keep the bugs away. The following spring
the plants may be set in the permanent planta-
tion; that is, the plants are yearlings. Seedlings
vary considerably, and only the strongest should
be saved for planting. Varieties are several; but
the size and vigor depend largely on land, tillage
and general care. Mary Washington, Martha
Washington, Colossal and Palmetto, are well-
known kinds.
Plants are set permanently about 18-24
inches apart in rows 3 feet or more asunder;
in field culture with horse tillage and particu-
larly when plants are to be banked, the rows
are often 6-8 feet apart; 4-5 feet is a good
distance for most home places. Sometimes
beds are planted much thicker, but very large
succulent stalks are not to be expected. In
the kitchen-garden a row at one side but where
tillage may be given and 75 to 100 feet long
should supply the usual family. The plants
should be set deep, usually 6-8 inches in a fur-
row but not covered more than 2 or 3 inches
at first; the furrow or trench is filled as the plants
grow. Cutting should not be begun to any extent,
in most regions, until the plants have grown two
years. At three years the bed is usually ready for
a full cutting. If a knife is used for cutting
asparagus, make sure that it is given a slanting
direction so that younger shoots beneath the
surface will not be severed.
Keep the plantation free of weeds; till in
early spring before the plants are up; till after
cutting ceases and continue until the tops be-
come too large. In regions of severe freezing let
the old plants stand over winter to hold the
snows and thus prevent deep freezing and
alternate freezing and thawing. When feasible,
it is desirable to disk in the dead plants in the
spring to help maintain the humus supply of the
soil.
The beetle is controlled by spraying or dusting
with arsenicals after the cutting season is past;
sometimes a row is allowed to grow to attract
the beetles, on which they may be poisoned;
hand-kicking is practicable on small home
plantations; let poultry run in the patch. The
beetles hibernate in rubbish about the place.
Asparagus is blanched by hilling up or bank-
ing, much as is celery. The natural green shoots
are of better quality. The tenderness is a ques-
81 Asphodeline
tion of fertile soil, rapid growth and frequent
cutting.
ASPASIA. Orchidacese. Epiphytic orchids
with 1-2-lvd. oblong 2-edged pseudobulbs,
differing from Odontoglossum in having the lip
united to the column to the middle, and re-
sembling Brassia in habit. Cent. Amer. to
Brazil. Cult, as for Odontoglossum, in a moist
atmosphere and shady position.
epidendroides. Lva, lanceolate usually narrowly so,
rarely to 1 ft. long: fls. 2-10, about 1 ^ in. across, in loose
racemes; sepals and petals greenish-yellow transversely
streaked witn brown; lip white or yellowish with purplish-
brown spots. Nicaragua to Panama.
principissa. To 17 in. high: fls. 2-7, to nearly 3 in.
across, in loose racemes; sepals and petals greenish with
chocolate-brown longitudinal lines; lip white tinted with
rose. Costa Rica, Panama.
ASPEN: Populus.
ASPfiRULA. WOODRUFF. Rubiacese. Herbs
with square sts., whorled Ivs. and small funnel-
form 4-lobed fls. in forking cymes in early sum-
mer; native in Eu., Asia and Australia.
Woodruffs are grown in borders or rock-gardens where
they thrive in shady situations in moist soil, although A.
orientalis does well in the open flower-garden. Propagated
by seeds and by division of the roots and clumps.
Athda: A. Gussonei.
azurea-set&sa: A. orientalis.
ciliata. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. usually in 4's, linear-lanceolate,
to \y^ in. long, acute, margins revolute, setose-cihate,
midrib often setose beneath: fls. white, tube as long as
lobes, infl. a paniculate cyme. Cent, and E. Eu. — Very
similar to A. tinctoria, differing in the setose-cihate Ivs.
and longer corolla-lobes.
cynanchica. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. in 4's, linear, to % in.
long: fls. white or pink, few in paniculate cymes, tube
longer than lobes, fiu., Asia.
galioldes: A. fflauca.
glauca (A. galwidet). Erect per. to 3 ft., sts. terete,
glabrous, swollen at nodes: Ivs. linear-acute, in whorls of
6-10, to nearly 1 in. long, glaucous beneath, margins revol-
ute and minutely serrulate-spiculate, apex apiculate: fls.
white, about Vio in. long, in corymbose panicles. E. Eu.
Gussonei (A. suberosa. A. Athoa). Low tufted per.:
Ivs. opposite, in pairs, ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate:
fls. pinkish- white, inconspicuous. Sicily.
hexaphylla. Per. to 2 ft. or more: Ivs. in 6's, linear: fls.
white, tube 3 times as long as lobes. S. Eu.
hfrta. Hairy per. to 8 in.: Ivs. in 6's, linear: fls. pinkish,
small, tube slightly longer than lobes. Pyrenees.
humifusa. Per., decumbent, much branched: Ivs. in
6's, narrow-linear: fls. cream-colored, tube about length
of lobes. 8. E. Eu.
leevigata. Per. to
small. 8. Eu.
.: Ivs. in 4's, oval: fls. white, very
longiflora. To 1H ft.: Ivs. in 4's, linear or linear-lanceo-
late: fls. pink or white, tube 2-3 times longer than lobes.
Eu.
longifdlia: Qalium longi folium.
lutea. Probably per., to 3 in., woody at base, sts. erect
or ascending: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, in 4's, serrulate-
apiculate: fls. yellowish, to H in. across, in small terminal
clusters. Greece.
odorata. SWEET W. Per. to 8 in., spreading, herbage
fragrant: Ivs. in 8's, lanceolate: fls. white. Eu , Asia.
orientalis (A. azurea-setosa) . Branched ann. to 1 ft.:
lys. in 8's, lanceolate: fls. blue, % in. long, in terminal head-
like clusters subtended by leafy bracts. Eu., Asia.
scutellaris. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. filiform, covered with
translucent dots, margins revolute: fls. pale yellow, solitary,
axillary and terminal on short peduncles. Albania.
suberosa: A. Qussonei.
tinctdria. DYBRH W. Per. to 2 ft., with reddish roots:
Ivs. in 4's and 6's, linear, margins revolute, glabrous: fls.
white or reddish. Eu.
ASPHODEL: Asphoddus; also Asphodeline lutea. Bog-:
Narthecium.
ASPHODELlNE. JACOBS-ROD. LUiacese.
Herbs with fleshy roots, simple sts., and white
or yellow fls. in dense long racemes. Name in
five syllables.
ga:
Asphodeline
Hardy and of easy cultivation in any soil, useful for
border or wild-garden. Propagated by division, and by
seeds when available.
Bal&nue. To 2 ft.: Ivs. all basal, linear, to 10 in. long:
fls. white, about ^ in. long. Cilicia.
brevicaulis. To 2 ft.: Ivs. 3-6 in. long, linear: fls. green-
ish-yellow, in lax racemes to 8 in. long, scape leafy to one-
half its length. Asia Minor.
liburnica. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, sts. leafy only a
third or half the way to raceme: fls. yellow, in lax racemes,
bracts small, to ^ in. long. Greece, Austria, Italy, Dal-
matia.
lutea (Asphodelus luteus). ASPHODEL of the ancients.
To 4 ft., with leafy sts.: Ivs. linear, to 1 ft. long: fls. yellow,
fragrant, 1 in. long. Medit. region.
taurica. To 2 ft.: Ivs. 3-0 in. long, narrowly linear, erect,
sharp-pointed: fls. white, in dense cylindrical racemes,
leafy to base of infl. Asia Minor, Greece.
ASPHODELUS. ASPHODEL. Liliaccx. Fleshy-
rooted herbs with basal lys. and white funnel-
shaped fls. in racemes terminating leafless scapes.
Of easy culture in the open, in the border or wild-
irden. Propagated by division.
filbus (A. delphtnensis). Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. 3-angled: fls.
% in. long. Medit. region.
delphin6nsis: A. a! bus.
luteus: Asphodehne lutea.
ramdsus. Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. sword-shaped: fls. in a
branching infl. Medit. region.
tauricus: Asphodehne taurica.
tenuif&lius. Per.: Ivs. 3-angled: scape long, much
branched or panicled, biacts pale yellow. Medit. region,
Canary Isls.
ASPIDISTRA. Liliacex. Per. herbs with
thick roots, stiff and shining basal Ivs., and
dark bell-shaped fls. borne singly at surface of
ground and obscured by foliage (and therefore
not often observed).
Popular florists window-box and porch plants. They
withstand hard usage, dull light and poor soil. Propagated
by division in eaily spiing.
elatior (A. lurida). Lvs. to 2H ft., oblong-elliptic, to
4 in. across, evergieen: fls. purple-brown, 1 in. across.
China. Var. punctata has larger fls. which are pale green
spotted with purple inside. Var. variegata has Ivs. striped
green and white.
lurida: A. clattor.
ASPIDIUM: Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Polystichum.
ASPIDOSPfiRMA. Apocynaccse. Trees with
hard wood, native in S. Arncr. and W. Indies,
having simple Ivs., small fls. in many-fld. ter-
minal panicles, and fr. of 2 roundish or oblong
follicles; one species has been planted in S. Calif,
Quebricho-blanco. Tall tree with trunk to 3 ft. thick
and white wood* Ivs. oval-lanceolate, to 3 in. long and 1 in.
wide, entire, leathery and shining: fls. white: fr. to 3 in.
long. Argentina.
ASPL^NIUM. SPLEENWORT. Polypodiaccx.
A large genus of ferns, some of them native in
the N. and therefore hardy, but most cult, kinds
are grown in the greenhouse, usually evergreen
with simple, deeply cut or compound fronds;
sori attached to upper side of veinlcts. Some of
the species are now treated under Athyrium.
They require no special handling, but under glass should
not be too much exposed to strong sunshine; if kept too
wet they may lose color in the slow season. See Ferns.
acrostichoides: Athyrium thelypteroides.
angustifdlium: Athyrium pycnocarpon.
Belangeri. Fronds evorgieen, long and narrow, to 1^
ft. long and 4 in. wide, 2-pinnate, pinnules ^ in. long,
entire, often bulhlets at the axils. Malaya.
Bradleyi. Fronds evergreen, oblong-lanceolate, 1^-8 in.
long, 1-pmnate with the pinna* oblong-ovate, obtuse, in-
cised or pinnatifid, Y± to 1 in. long, stipe chestnut-brown.
N. Y. to Ga. and Okla.
bulbfferum. MOTHER S. Fronds to 4 ft. long and 1 ft.
broad, 2-3-pinnate, pinnse to 1)4 in. long, lobed or divided,
with bulbs or plantlete on upper surface. New Zeal.,
Australia, Malaya. Var. laxum is smaller with finer foliage.
82 Aster
ebeneum: A. platyneuron.
Filix-femina: Athyrium Filix-femina. Var. calif 6rnicum:
Athyrium Filix-femina var. californicum. Var. cyclosdrum:
Athyrium Filix-femina var. sitchense.
gemmfferum. Fronds to 2 ft. long and 8 in. wide, simply
pinnate, pinna) to 0 in. long, slightly toothed. Afr., Mada-
gascar.
Goeringianum: Athyrium Goeringianum.
Hemionltis. Fronds 6 in. long and wide, hastate, with 2
lateral lobes and triangular terminal lobe. Spain, Canary
Isls.
l£nceum: Diplazium lanceum.
longissimum. Fronds to 8 ft. long, simply pinnate,
pinnae to 4^ in. long, slightly toothed, rooting at tips,
stipes blackish, to 1 ft. long. Malaya.
lucidum. Fronds leathery, to 3 ft. long and 14 in. wide,
simply pinnate, pinnro to 6 in. long, wavy-toothed, stipes
grayish, scaly, to 1^ ft. long. New Zeal.
montanum. Fronds triangular-ovate, 1-2-pinnate into
ovate toothed or cut pinnae, on stalks dark brown at base.
Conn, to Ga. and Ark.
Nidus (A. Nidus- Avis). BIRDS-NEST-FERN. Fronds
simple, bright green, stiff, eiect, to 4 ft. long and 8 in. wide,
entire, wavy or slightly lobed. Asia, Polynesia.
Nidus- A vis: A. Nidus.
parvulum: A. resiliens.
platyneuron (A. ebeneum). EBONY S. Hardy: fronds to
15 in. long and 3 in. wide, pinnate, stipes purplish-brown.
Me. to Ga., Tex., Kans., and Colo.; S. Afr.
pycnocarpon: Athyrium pycnocarpon.
resfliens (A. parvulum). Fronds linear-elliptic, to 10 in.
long, simply pinnate into elliptic entire or slightly crenate
pinnio, the stipes blackish and shining. Pa. to Fla. and
Mex.; S. Amer.
Ruta-muraria. Fronds ovate-lanceolate to deltoid, to
3 in. long, 2-3-pinnate into narrowly cuneate or roundish-
obovate pmme, toothed at the apex, with green stipes.
E. U. S. and Eurasia. (The American and Old World plants
are sometimes separated as subspecies).
thelypteroldes: Athyrium thelypteroides.
Trich6manes. MAIDENHAIR S. Hardy: fronds evergreen,
simply pinnate, clustered, to 8 in. long and ^4 in. wide,
pinnae about ^ in long, slightly toothed. N. Amer., Eu.,
Asia. Var. vespertinum: A. vespertinum.
vespertlnum. Tufted, evergreen with numerous fronds,
to 11 in. long and 1 in. wide, pmnse oblong, deeply crenate,
stipes purplish-brown, shining. S. Calif.
vlride. Fronds to 8 in. long and J^ in. wide, simply
E Innate into ovate deeply crenate pinna). N. N. Amer.,
u., Asia.
viviparum. Fronds to 2 ft. long and 8 in. wide, 2-pinnate,
pinnae about Y± in. long, often bulb-bearing. Mauritius,
Bourbon.
ASPRELLA: Ilystrix.
ASPRIS: Aira.
ASSONIA: Dombeya.
ASTARTfeA. Myrtacex. Australian heath-
like shrubs with small opposite Ivs. and small
pink or white fls. solitary in the axils; one
species occasionally planted in S. Calif.
fascicularis. To 10 ft.: Ivs. linear, % in. long, sometimes
clustered. W. Australia.
ASTfeLIA. Liliacese. Tufted per. herbs
native in New Zeal., Australia and Pacific Isls..
with linear mostly basal Ivs. and small unisexual
fls.; one species is grown in the open in S. Calif.
Cockaynei. Differs from A. nervosa in Ivs. 1-1 \$ in. wide,
silky on both sides and often villous, and fls. m smaller
less branched panicles. New Zeal.
nerv6sa. Lvs. to 8 ft. long and l}^-4 in. wide, leathery,
many-nerved, margins recurved: fls. dark green, fragrant,
to y^ in. across, in much branched panicles. New Zeal.
ASTER. STARWORT. MICHAELMAS DAISY.
Composite. Herbaceous leafyvstemmed per-
ennials, rarely annuals, with alternate Ivs. and
fl. -heads usually clustered, sometimes solitary,
blooming in summer and autumn ; rays numerous,
flattish, white, blue, red or purple; disk-fls.
mostly yellow; pappus olf bristles. Asters of n^any
kinds are characteristic of the N. American
Aster
autumnal flora. Some of them, as A. novi-belgii,
have been much modified under cult. The
species here listed are perennials.
Most perennial asters thrive beat in a medium rich soil.
The named garden forms are increased usually by division
or cuttings as seeds do not reproduce true to type. The
more common native asters may be propagated by seed
sown in spring for bloom the following year, or by division
in either autumn or spring. They are adapted to rear bor-
ders, for colonizing, and for bold clumps. The China aster
of flower-gardens is a different plant: see Calhstephut.
acris. To 3 ft., rough -hairy: lys. linear, entire, to 1^
in. long: heads clustered, to IJi in. across; ray-fls. blue.
8. Eu. Var. nanus is very dwarf, not over 15 in.
acuminatus. To 3 ft., slightly pubescent: Ivs. broad-
oblong, to 6 in. long, sharp-toothed: heads clustered, to
1H in- across; ray-fls. white or purplish. Lab. to Ga.
Alices: probably Erigeron Ahcese.
alplnus. ROCK A. To 10 in., pubescent: Ivs. spatulate
to linear-lanceolate, to 2 in. long, entire: heads solitary,
1H in. across- ray-fls. blue or violet. Mta. of Eu., Asia,
W. N. Arner. Vars. in the trade are: alb us, fls. white; dolo-
initicus, dark lavender; giganteus, robust with larger fls.;
himalaicus, lilac; Leichtlinii, bright blue; magnificus, white,
said to be larger than albus; rdseus, bright rose; ruber,
rosy-purple; specidsus, heads to 4 in across; supe"rbus,
larger than type and more showy; Wolfii, plant taller,
sparsely pubescent, fls. blue. Alps.
altaicus. To 3 ft., sts. green, grooved: Ivs. linear-oblong,
to 2 in. long, sessile, obtuse, entire: ray-fls. blue, 20-30,
in solitary heads to % in. across. Cent. Asia.
amelloides: A. Amellus.
Amellus (A. amelloides). ITALIAN A. To 2 ft., rough-
hairy: Ivs. oblong or oblong-lanceolate, nearly entire: heads
clustered, to 1% in. across; ray-fls. purple EuM Asm.
Var. bessarabicus (A. bessarabicus) has larger deeper purple
fls. Var. elegans is lower and free -flowering. Var. ibericus
(A. ibericus") has bright dark blue fls.
amethystinus. To 5 ft., rough-hairy: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, to 2 in. long, entire: heads clustered, to 1 in. across;
ray-fls. blue or violet. Vt. to Neb.
Andersonii. To 15 in.: Ivs. mostly basal, linear, to 8 in.
long, entire: heads solitary, to 2 in. across; ray-fls. purple
or blue. Calif.
apricus. To 8 in., pubescent: Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long:
heads usually solitary; ray-fls. purple. B. C. to Colo.
Var. Pikeanus has large blue-lavender fly., to 10 in. high.
asteroldes: probably Sericocarpus asteroides.
azure us. To 4 ft., rough-hairy: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
entire, to 6 in. long, the lower cordate and long-stalked:
heads numerous, % in. across; ray-fls. bright blue. Ont.
to Ga. and Tex.
B&tesii. Per. to 2 ft., much branched: Iva. linear, to
1^ in. long and about H m- wide, sessile, spine-tipped,
hispidulous-strigose: ray-fls. sky-blue, disk-fls. flesh-colored,
heads to % in. across, Dracts bristle-tipped. Neb.
Bellidiastrum (Bellidias rum Michelii). To 1 ft.: Ivs. in
a basal rosette, toothed: heads single; ray-fls. white. S. Eu.
Bergerianus: Felicia Bergeriana.
bessarabicus: A. Amellus var.
Bfgelovii (A Townshendii. Machseranthera Bigelovii).
Bien. to 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, coarsely
toothed: heads clustered, to 2)^ in. across; ray-fls. violet.
Colo, to Ariz.
brachtftrichus. To 10 in.: Ivs. obovate, to 2% in. long:
heads solitary, to 2 in. across; ray-fls. violet. China.
cabulicus: Microglossa albescens.
caeruleus: listed name for a blue-fld. form.
Canbyi. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate. to 8 in, long: heads
clustered, to 1H in. across; ray-fls. red-purple or rose. Ida.
to New Mex.
cape" ns is. Shrubby per., st. woody at base: Ivs. usually
opposite, oblong to suborbicular, base obtuse or cuneate,
hairy, margins reflexed: ray-fls. bluish, in solitary heads.
S. Afr. Var. rotundifdlius (A. rotundifolius) may not differ
from type, although some authors consider it an aim.
caroliniftnus. More or less woody, diffuse or climbing, to
4 ft., soft-pubescent: Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate, 2-4 in. long:
heads few or solitary on branehlets; ray-fls. pink or purplish.
S. C. to Fla.
cassiarfibi^us. To 2 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate, toothed:
heads clustered; ray-fls. pink. Russia. Var. grandifldrus
is listed. ^
caucasicus. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to
2 in. long, slightly toothed: heads solitary, about \}A in.
across; ray-fls. purple. Caucasus.
Chamissdnis: A. Mensi*.
83 Aster
Chipmanii. To 3 ft., unbranched, glabrous: Ivs. linear,
to 1 ft. long, entire: heads solitary, to 1 in. across; ray-fls.
violet. Fla.
chile'nsis (A. Chamissonia). To 3>£ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, entire: heads clustered, to 1 in. across; ray-fls.
white, lavender or bluish. Calif.
cognatus. To 1H ft.t shrubby: Ivs. elliptic or oblong,
to l^i in. long, spiny-toothed : heads solitary, to 2 in.
across; ray-fls. blue or violet. Desert, Calif.
c6ncolor. To 2)<j ft., st. little branched: Ivs. linear-
oblong to ovate, to 2 in. long, acute, densely canescent on
upper sides and usually so beneath: ray-fls. lilac, in numer-
ous heads forming an elongate raceme. 8. New England
to Fla. and La.
conspfcuus. To 2 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate to obovate,
M in. long, toothed: heads in corymbs, to 1 in. across;
ray-fls. violet. B. C. to S. D.
cordifdlius. BLUE WOOD A. To 5 ft., much branched: Ivs.
ovate to lanceolate, to 5 in. long, the basal coidate and
long-stalked, pubescent: heads numerous, to % in. across;
ray-fls. violet or blue. N. S. to Ga. and Mo. Var. verslc-
olor, with light pink fls., is listed.
corymbdsus: A. divaricatus.
Curtisii. To 5 ft., glabrous: Ivs. varying from linear to
ovate, toothed: heads panicled, 1 in. across; ray-fls. violet-
blue. N. C., Tenn. to Ga.
decurrens: A. laevis.
Delavayi. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, toothed: heads
solitary, to 4 in. across; ray-fls. blue-purple, disk violet-
brown. China.
delic&tus: hort. name.
diffusus: A. lateriflorus.
diplostephioides. To 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate, to
3 in. long, entire: heads solitary, to 3 in. across; ray-fls.
blue or pale purple. Himalayas. A listed name under thig
species is Leichtlinii, pale blue.
divaricatus (A. corymbosus). WHITE WOOD A. To 2H
ft., glabrous: Iva. ovate-lanceolate, toothed, long-stalked:
heads in corymbs, to 1 in. across; ray-fls. white. Que. to
Ga. and Tenn.
Douglasii. To 4 ft. : Ivs. lanceolate to linear, to 6 in. long,
entire or slightly toothed: heads in panicles, % in. across:
ray-fls. light blue. B. C. to Calif, and Wyo.
dracunculoides (Gala(elladracunculoides). Much branched,
very leafy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: heads in corymbe; ray-
fls. blue. S. Eu., W. A&ia.
Drummondii. To 5 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, toothed, to 4 in. long, basal cordate: heads
numerous, to ^ in. across; ray-fls. blue. Ohio to Minn,
and Tex.
dumdsus. To 3 ft. : Ivs. linear or spatulate, to 3 in. long,
entire: heads numerous, JHz in- across; ray-fls. blue to white.
Mass, to Fla. and La.
£atonii. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear, entire: heads numerous,
Yi in. across; ray-fls. lavender to whitish. B. C. to Colo.
elongatus. To 2 ft., woody at base, rigidly hispid, much
branched: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to linear, to lW in. long,
1-nerved, often entire and glandular-pubescent, thin: heads
on long leafless stalks. S. Afr.
ericoides. HEATH A. To 3 ft. : Iva. spatulate to linear, to
3 in. long, toothed: heads numerous, ^ in. across; ray-fls.
white or pinkish. Me. to Fla. and Mo. Var. villosus
(A. pilosus) is pubescent.
Farreri. To 1H ft., pubescent: Ivs. linear or linear-
lanceolate, to 6 in. long, entire: heads solitary, to 3 in. across;
ray-fls. deep blue. Tibet.
Fe"ndleri. Tufted per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1% in.
long, sessile: ray-fls. violet, disk yellow, heads to % in.
across, bracts and peduncle glandular. Kans. to Colo.
south to Tex. and New Mex.
fiUf&lms (Diplopappus filifolius). Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs.
linear-filiform, 3-5-nerved, glandular-punctate, glabrous:
heads solitary, to 1 in. across; ray-fls. purple. S. Afr. Var.
elongatus as listed is probably A. elongatus.
floribundus: A. novi-belgii.
fluvia'tills. Per. to 3K ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-linear, to 4 in.
long, slightly clasping or sessile, entire to denticulate:
ray-fls. purple, disk yellow, heads to 1 in. across. la. to Colo.
foliaceus. To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, nearly
entire: heads few, 1 in. across; ray-fls. violet. N. N. Amer.
Var. frondeus is A. frondeus.
Forrestii. To 1 ft.: Ivs. mostly basal, obovate-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, entire, dark green: heads solitary, to 3 in.
across; ray-fls. purple-violet, disk rich orange. Mta.,
Tibet, Yunnan.
Fremontii. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 4 in. long,
entire: heads in small corymbs; ray-fls. purple. B. C. to
Colo.
Aster
Frlkartii. Hybrid between A. Thomsonii and A. Amdlus:
2 ft.: heads solitary, to 3 in. across, fragrant; ray-fls.
violet-blue.
fr6ndeus (A. foltaceutt var. frondeus). To 3 ft.: Ivs.
oblanceolate, to 8 in. long, entire: heads solitary or few,
to 1 in. across. B. C. to Colo.
fruticdsus (Diplopappus fruticulosua). Shrub to 3 ft.,
densely branched: Ivs. broadly linear, entire: heads solitary,
1 in. across; ray-fls. purple. S. Afr.
Garibaldi! is referred to A. alpinua.
gr£cilis. To I ft ft., corymbowely branched: Ivs. ovate to
linear-oblong, petioled, to 3 in. long, minutely scabrous:
ray-fls. 9-15, violet, heads about % in. across, numerous.
N. J. to Ky. and S. C.
gracfllimus: hort. name fur a form with small white fls.
turning blue.
grandifldrus. To 2)4 ft., hairy, much branched: lys.
oblong to linear, to 2 in. long, entire: heads solitary, 2 in.
IUTOHH; ray-fls. deep violet. Va. to Fla.
Greatai. To 2]4 ft., pubescent: Ivs. obovate, to 8 in.
long, toothed above middle: heads numerous; ray-fls.
light purple. Cuhf.
Harrowianus. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in.
long, toothed: heads in corymbs; ray-fls. pale purplish-
blue. China.
hesperius. To 3 ft., somewhat hairy: Ivs. lanceolate, to
4 in. long, neaily entire: heads numerous; ray-fla. white
or violet. Calif.
himalaicus. To 1^ ft., pubescent: Ivs. obovate or oblong,
to 2 in. long, entue or tootned: heads solitary, 1^ in. across;
ray-fls. lilac-blue. Himalayas.
horizontalis. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-acute, to 3><j
ID. long, heads to % in. across, very abundant, in somewhat
spreading panicles; ray-fls. pink to purpliah. Probably
W. Medit. region.
hylmdus: hort. name of uncertain application, but
often applied to a garden race of dwarf forma in a wide
awsortmont of colors and to which many varietal names
have been given. The plant known as var. luteus is Soli-
daster luteus.
ib6ricus: A. Amellua var.
incisus: Cahmerm incisa.
japdnicus. Per. to 14 in., erect, pilose: Ivs. elliptic, to
21*} in. long, entire, many-nerved, margins long-ciliate:
heads to 1J^[ in. across; ray-fls. purplish. Japan.
Kumleinii. To !}•£ ft., st. often yellowish: Ivs. oblong,
1 in. long, sessile: heads to ^a m- across; ray-fla. bluish-
violet. WIH. to Tex.
Isevis (A. dccarrens) . To 4 ft., glabrous: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, entire or toothed: heads numerous,
1 in. across; ray-fls. blue 01 violet. Me. to La. — Modified
in cult., and often grown in tropics. Var. subalpinus is
liHted as a dwarf nit. form to 2 ft.
lanceolatus: a confused name; plants so listed may
usually be referred to A. pamculatus or A. sahcifolius.
laterifldrus (A. diffusus). To 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate to linear-
oblong, to 5 in. long, toothed: heads numerous, ^ in.
across; ray-fls. white or pale purple. N. S. to N. C. and Tex.
Var horizontalis has long wide-spreading branches.
ledophyllus (Eucepfialua ledophyllus) . To 2^ ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate, to 2 in. long, entire or slightly toothed, tomentose
beneith: heads solitary or clustered; ray-fls. violet. B. C.
to Ore.
Iikiang6nsis. Dwarf, glandular-hairy, to 9 in., bearing
1 /lead: Ivs. mostly bannl, lanceolate to ovate or obovate,
to I in. or more long and ^ in. broad: heada large; ray-fls.
blue-purple, about ^ in long. Yunnan, China.
linariifdlius (lonactm liiianifolius) . To 2 ft , very leafy,
hairy; IVH. linear,! to 1^ in. long, entire, stiff: heads several,
1 in across; ray-fla. violet or rarely white. Me. to Fla.
and Tex.
Lin6syris: Linosyris vulgaris.
Lfpskyi. Differs from ^1. subarruleus in the more robust
habit and larger lilac fls. Tibet.
longifolius (A. nryineua). To 3 ft., much branched: Ivs.
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, entire: heads
numerous, 1 in. across; ray-fls. violet or pale purple. Lab.
to Mont.
LowrieAnus. To 4 ft., glabrous or nearly so: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, to 6 in. long, base cordate, serrate or incised,
petioles frequently winged: ray-fls. light blue, heads to
\\i in. across. Conn, to Ky. and to Ont.
luteus: the material in cult, so named is probably
Solidaster luteus.
Maackii. To 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2H in. long,
nearly entire: heads solitary, large; ray-fls. bluish. Japan.
macrophfllus. To 3 ft., rough: Ivs. cordate-ovate to
oblong, to 10 in long, toothed: heads numerous, about 1 in.
across; ray-fls. lavenaer. Canada to Minn, ana N. C.
84 Aster
m&itus. Ascending to 1*4 ft.: Ivs. narrowly-elliptic
to lanceolate, to 2J^ in. long, acute sessile, serrulate, base
of larger Ivs. cuneate: ray-fls. violet, heads to 1 in. across.
S. D. to B. C.
miser: p. name of uncertain botanical standing; the plants
BO named in the trade may be A. vtmineua.
multiflftrus. To 7 ft., rough: Jvs. linear or linear-oblong,
to 1)4 in. long, entire: heads crowded, ^ in. across; ray-
fls. white. Me. to Ga. and Ariz.
nebraskSnsis. Per. to 2K ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to
3 in. long, acute, sessile, entire: heads few, to 1^ in. across;
ray-fls. purple. Neb.
nemoralis. To 2 ft., slender, st. pubemlent: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate or narrower, acute, to 3 in. long, dentate or
entire, sessile: fla. violet or purplish, to 1^2 in. across.
Newf. to N. J. and west.
n6vee-angli«. NEW ENGLAND A. To 5 ft., very leafy,
hairy: Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in. long, entire: heads crowded,
to 2 in. acro&s; ray-fls. deep purple. Que. to S. C. and Colo.
— Color forms listed are albus, rdseus, ruber and violaceus.
ndvi-b61gii (A. flvribundus. A. thyrsiflorus) . NEW
YORK A. To 3 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong to linear-lanceolate,
to 6 in. long, uearlv entire: heads numerous, about 1 in.
across; ray-fls. bright blue-violet. Newf. to Ga. — Many
of the named hort. asters belong here, largely of Europear
origin. Var. nanus is listed.
oblongifftlius. To 2 ft. or more, pubescent, much
branched: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate, somewhat clasping,
entire, acute, to 2 in. long: fls. violet to rose-pink. Pa.
south and west. Var. rigidulus has more rigid and hispidu-
lous Ivs. and is of lower stature.
occidentalis. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 8 in.
long, entire or with few teeth: heads in corymbs, ^ in.
across; ray-fls. violet. Alaska to Calif.
6rcuttii. Bushy per. to 3 ft., woody at base: Ivs. obovate
to oblong, to 2 in. long, glabrous, spiny-toothed: heads
solitary, to 2^ in. across; ray-fls. lavender. Calif.
oreganus. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, to 3
in. long, entire: heads clustered, */i in. across; ray-fls. pur-
plish or white. B. C. to Nev.
oredphilus. Probably per., to 18 in., pubescent: Ivs.
spatulate to oblong-linear, to 2^ in. long, obtuse, sessile,
pilose beneath: heads usually 3-7 in erect fastigiate corymb,
to \\i in. across; ray-fls. violet, bracts of involucre obtuse.
China.
orientalist Inula britanmca.
paluddsus. To 2ft ft., scarcely branched: Ivs. linear,
to 6 in. long, entire: heads few, to 2 hi. across; ray-fls. deep
violet. Swamps, N. C. to Fla. and Tex.
paniculatus. To 8 ft., much branched, nearly glabrous:
Ivs. lanceolate to linear, to 6 in. long, slightly toothed:
heads numerous, % in. across; ray-fls. white or tinged
violet. N. B. to Mont, and Mo.
patens. To 3 ft , rough, branched: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to
3 in. long, entire: heads solitary, 1 in. across; ray-fls. pur-
plish-blue. Me. to Fla. and Tex.
Pattersonii (Mactueranthera Patterscma). To 8 in., bien.,
hairy: Ivs. spatulate, to 23^ in. long, slightly toothed: heads
solitary or few, 1 in. across; ray-fls. purple. Mts., Colo.
paucicapitatus (Bucephalus paucicapitatus) . To \\^ ft.:
Ivs. elliptic-oblong, 1 in. long: heads usually solitary, IJ^
in. across; ray-fls. white turning pink. Wash.
peregrinus: Eriyeron peregrinus.
pildsus: A. ericoides var. villosus.
Porteri. To 1 ft., glabrous: Ivs. linear or oblanceolate,
to 4 in. long: heads numerous; ray-fls. white. Colo, Var.
superbus is an improved form.
pi&cox: hort. form with purple rays and orange disk.
ptarmicoides (Unamia alba). WHITE UPLAND A. To
2 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, nearly entire:
heads corymbose, to 1 in. across; ray-fls. white. Mass, to
Colo.
pulch611us: hort. name; perhaps Erigeron pulchellus.
punlceus. To 8 ft., with reddish hairy sts.: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 6 in. long, toothed or entire: heads numerous, to 1H in.
across; ray-fls. violet-purple to white. Swamps, Newf. to
Minn, and Ga.
Purdomii. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. mostly basal, few, ovate to
obovate-elHptic, to 1H in. long, distinctly petioled, briefly
setose-pubescent on each side, margin 2-3-toothed: heads
to 2^ in. across; ray-fls. pale violet. China.
pyramidAlis: listed form with light blue fls. tinged rose.
pyren&us. To 1H ft., rough-pubescent: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, toothed: heads solitary or few, 2% in. across;
ray-fls. lilac; S. Eu. N
RAdula. To 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long, toothed?
heads several, to l\4 in. across; ray-fls. violet. Swainpa,
Newf. to W. Va.
Aster
R6binsonii: listed name.
roseus. The material so named in the trade is probably
a form of A. nom-befoii. True A. roseus from Caucasia is
a per. to 15 in., with Ivs. narrowly linear, entire and sessile.
rotundifdlius: A. capensis var.
sagittifdlius. To 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, toothed, the lower cordate or sagittate at base: heads
crowded, ^ in. across; my-fls. light blue or purplish. N. C.
to Ga. and Mo.
salicifdlius. To 5 ft., much branched, glabrous: Ivs.
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire or
slightly toothed: heads numerous, 1 in. across; ray-fls.
violet-purple to white. Me. to Fla. and Tex.
salvieefdlius. Alpine: Ivs. pubescent: fls. white, large,
single. Japan.
Schreberi. To 3 ft.: Ivs. cordate-triangular to lanceolate,
to 7 in. long, toothed: heads corymbose, to 1 in. across;
ray-fls. white. N. Y. to Mich, and Va.
se rice us. To 2 ft , much branched: Ivs. oblong, to 1 H in.
long, entire, silvery-pubescent: hernia numerous, IJi in.
across; ray-fls. violet-blue. 111. to Tex.
Sh6rtii. To 4 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate to lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, nearly entire, pubescent beneath: heads numerous,
1 in. across; ray-fls violet-blue. Pa. to Ga. and Tenn.
sibfricus. To 2 ft : Ivs. oblong to lanceolate, 1-3 in. long,
toothed: heads solitary, to % m. across; ray-fls. violet.
N. Asia, N. Eu. Var. alaske"nsis is listed.
sin6nsis of lists is Callistephus chmensis.
spectabilis. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oval to linear-oblong, to 5 in.
long, nearly entire: heads several, 1^£ in- across; ray-fls.
bright violet. Mass, to Del.
Stracheyi. Stolomferous, dwarf: Ivs. obovate-spatulate,
to 2 in. long, toothed or cut: heads solitary, 5i m. across;
ray-fls. lavender-blue. Himalayas.
subcaeruleus. To 1 ft., pubescent, unbranched: Ivs.
oblong, entire or toothed: heads solitary, to 2 in across;
ray-fls pale blue. India. A listed form with lavender fls.
is Leichtlinii.
subcordatus caeruleus: hort. form with lavender-blue
heads.
subse'ssilis. Erect to 3 ft. or more, much and stoutly
branched: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 3 in. long, sessile, entire,
acute, often clasping: heads small, many, very short-
peduncled. Mo. to Ala.
supe'rbus: probably A. alpinus var.
surculosus. CREEPING A. To 1% ft.: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, somewhat dentate, lower ones
petioled: ray-fls. violet, heads to 1^ in. across. Ky. to Ga.
Var. albus is listed.
tataricus. To 7 ft., hairy: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, the basal to 2 ft. long, entire: heiuls numerous,
1 in. or more across; ray-fls. blue or purple. Siberia.
tenuifdlius. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 6 in. long, entire:
heads few, to 1 in. across, ray-fls. pale purple to white.
Salt marshes, Mass, to Fla.
Th6msonii. To 3 ft., hairy: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 4 in.
long, coarsely toothed: heads few, to 2H in. across; ray-
fls. lilac. Himalayas. Var. nanus is listed. — Plants grown
under this name muy be forms of A. navi-bflgii.
thyrsifldrus: A. novi-belgii.
tibe'ticus. To 1 ft., hairy: Ivs. lanceolate to oblanceolare,
to % in long, often petioled, entire: ray-fls. bright blue,
heads 1 -3, to 2 in across. W. Himalayas and Tibet.
tortifdlius. To 2 ft., ehrubby, white-pubescent: Ivs.
linear to lanceolate, to 3 in. long, spiny-toothed: head
solitary, to 2% in. across; ray-fls. purple or violet. Desert,
Calif., Utah.
tT6wnshendii: A. Bigdomi.
Tradescantii. To 5 ft., much branched: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate or lanceolate, to 6 in. long, toothed or entire,
glabrous: heads numerous, J^ in. across; ray-fls. white.
Me. to Va. and Mo.
Tranchii: hort. name for a stout late purple-fid, plant.
tricephalus. Closely allied to A. himalaicus but taller
and with red instead of white pappus. Himalayas.
trinervius. To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-ovate, to 4 in. long,
toothed, rough: heads corymbose, H in. across; ray-fls.
blue or purple varying to white. Himalayas. Var. congeV
tus has denser corymbs. Japan.
Tripdliun^. To 3 ft., glabrous: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
entire: heads corymbose; ray-fls. blue. Eu.
turbinellus. PRAIRIE A. To 3 ft., much branched: lys.
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, entire: heads usually solitary, 1 in.
across; ray-fls. violet. Ill to Neb. and La.
umbellatus (Doellingeria umbeUata). To 8 ft.: lys.
lanceolate, to 6 in. long, entire: heads corymbose, % m«
across; ray-fls. white. Newf. to Ga. and la.
85 Astilbe
undulatus. To 3H ft,, rough-pubescent, much branched:
Ivs. ovate-cordate to lanceolate, to 6 in. long, entire or
wavy-margined: heads numerous, % in. across; ray-fls.
pale blue or violet. N. B. to Fla. and La.
versicolor. To 3 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
slightly toothed: heads corymboae, }£ in. across; ray-fls.
violet or white. Probably N. Amer.
vestitus. To 2 ft., densely tomentose: Ivs. narrow-
lanceolate, to 2 in. long: heads corymbose, small; ray-fls.
white. Yunnan.
vimineus. To 5 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
entire or nearly so: heads numerous, H in- across; ray-fls.
white to purplish. Ont. to Fla. and Ark.
virgineus: A. longifolius.
Weinholtzii: listed name.
yunnangnsis. To 2^ ft., pubescent: Ivs. obovate or
lanceolate, to 8 in, long, slightly toothed: heads solitary or
2-3, to 2*$ in. across; ray-fls. riolet-blue. Yunnan.
ASTERAGO: Solidaster.
ASTER, BEACH: Engeronglaucus. China: Callistcphus.
Golden: Chrysopsis. Stokes: Stokesia. Tree: Olcaria.
ASTfLBE (Hoteia). Sajrifragaecv. StronR
herbaceous perennials with 2-3-ternatcly coin-
pound lys. having toothed or cut Ifts. and bear-
ing panicles of white or pink fls.; Cent, and K.
Asia and E. U. S. Often confused with the
herbaceous spirea group, especially Aruncus.
but those plants have many stamens and several
to many separate pistils while the astilbes have
usually only 8-10 stamens, and 2-3 pistils dis-
tinct or variously united. There are many
variables and hybrid astilbes offered by florists;
these are sometimes forced under the name
Spiraea. The name has three syllables.
Astilbes are of easy cultivation and grow beat in rich
soil with plenty of water. Propagated by division or by
seeds. They may be grown in the open border or forced
under glass. It requires from ten to fourteen weeks to
bring them into bloom when forced and they will need
abundant moisture.
Arendsii. A scries of hybrids of A. Darirfii with different
species is in the trade under this collective name; fls. range
in color from purplish to nearly white. Var. pyramidalis,
of pyramidal habit; var. rdsea magnified is listed as having
rose-colored fls. in large panicles.
astilboldes (Spiraea astilboides). To 3 ft.: Ivs distinctly
2-i3-pinnate; Ifts. ovate, rounded at base, to 2' 2 in. Jong,
sharp-toothed, hairy: fls. white, crowded in dense spikes,
forming a panicle; petals very narrow. Japan.
bite mat a (A. dccandra}. To 6 ft : Ivs. to 2 ft. across;
Ifts. ovate, cordate to rounded at hose, sharp-serrate,
to 5 in. long: fls. numerous, yellowiah-white, the fertile
ones with minute petals or none. Mts., Ky. and Va. to Ga.
chine'nsis. To 2 ft.: Ifts. doubly toothed, longer and
narrower than in A. asttlboules: fls. white, in narrow branch-
ing panicles. China. Dwarf forms are listed as pumila and
huniilis.
crispa: listed as a dwarf plant to 0 in. tall.
Davidii (A. chinensis var. Davulii). To G ft., hairy:
primary divisions of Ivs. pinnate, the Ifts. elm-like, to
1ft in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. rose-pink with dark
blue anthers, densely clustered in long mirrow panicles
to 2 ft. long. China.
decandra: A. br tern at a.
filip6ndula: see Filiperulula.
grindis. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ternately pinnate or 3-pinnate;
Ifts. ovate, doubly toothed, to 4 in. long, somewhat hairy:
fla. creamy-white, crowded in panicles to 3 ft. long, with
spreading branches. Cent. China.
humilis: A. chinensis var.
hybrida: a name of uncertain application for garden
forms.
japonica. To 3 ft.: Ivs. 2-3-ternate; Ifts. narrow- to
lanceolate-ovate, sharp-toothed, wedge-shaped at base:
fls. small, white, in erect terminal and axillary panicles;
petals broad and obtuse. Japan. Listed names are Moer-
heimiif an improved form, and rubens, rosy-crimson.
koreana: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
Lemdinei. A race of garden hybrids in which A. astilr
boide* has entered, having feathery panicles of white
pink-stamened fls.
lobata: see Filipendula rubra.
Mderheimii: see A. japonica.
Astilbe
palm&ta: see Fihpendula purpurea.
rivularis. To 5 ft., with creeping rhizome: Ivs. 2-ternale;
Ifts. ovate, toothe<l, to 3 in. long: fls. yellowish-white, in
large panicles, the divisions spike-like. Nepal, W. China.
rosea. Hybrid between A. chinensis and A. japonica:
similar to A. jnponica m habit but fls. pinkish. The beat
known forms are Peach Blossom with lighter pink fls.,
and Queen Alexandra with deeper pink fls.
rubella. Hybrid with A. Davidii parentage, having
rose-colored fls.
simplicifdlia. Not over 1 ft.: Ivs. simple, ovate, deeply
lobed or rut, 3 in long: panicle slender, nmrow, with star-
like white flw. Japan. Var. came a has dark red flfl.: var.
rdsea lias rone fls.
sine'nsis: A. chincnsis.
sup£rba: listed name of a garden form.
Thunbergii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. 2-3-pinnate; Ifts. ovate, to
3^ in. long, toothed, hairy: fls. white often becoming
pink, in spreading panicles. Japan. Var. M6erheimii is
probably A japomcd var.
tomentdsa: probably Spiraea tomentosa.
Ulmaria: see Filiperulula Ulmaria.
ASTRAGALUS. MILK VETCH. Leguminossc.
Herbs with alternate pinnate Ivs. and purple,
white or yellow papilionaceous fls. mostly
in spikes or racemes : pods leathery, fleshy or
papery, not much swollen. Occasionally planted
in the border or rock-garden for ornament.
Propagated by seeds or division in spring.
aculeatus. Per., branches prostrate, numerous from
woody st., forming mat to 2 ft. across: Ifts. 5^7, linear-
oblong, long-murroiinte: fls. purple, to % in. long, usually
2-7 on a peduncle. Big Horn Mts , Wyo. — A true alpine.
adsurgens. Per. to 1}£ ft., grayish: Ifts. 1 in. long: fls.
bright purple, in spikes: pod 2-celled, sessile, pointed.
B. C. to Kans.
alopecuroides. Per. to 5 ft., pubescent, erect: Ifts.
ovate-oblong, 1 in. long, acute: fls. yellow, in dense ovate
to cylindrical spikes: pod erect, inclosed in woolly calyx,
ovoid, pubescent and without grooves. Siberia, Cent. Eu.
alplnus (Tium alinnum). Per. to 15 in , often decumbent:
Ifts to 1A in. long: fls. violet, in short racemes: pod 1-celled,
black-pubescent. Mts. of N. Eu., Asia and N. Amer.
apilosum (Tium Michauxii). Per. to 3^ ft., st. simple,
glabrous: Ivs. to 0 in. long, Ifts. 15-35, oblong-elliptic, to
% in. long: fls. white, to % in. long, drooping, in lax racemes
to 4 in. long: nod linear-falcate, to 1^ m. long, glabrous,
erect or ascending. N. C. to Fla.
arist&tus: A. aempervirens.
austrmus (Hamosa austnna) Ann. or bien. to 16 in.,
often decumbent: Ifts. to ^ in- long: fls. purplish, in head-
like racemes. Tex. to Mex.
bisulcatus (Diholcos bisulcntus). Per. to 2^ ft., often
decumbent: Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. purple, in dense spike-like
racemes: pod 1-celled, 2-grooved on upper side. Sask. to
Colo
Blakei. Similar to A. alpinus but taller and more erect,
with whitish or bluish-purple fls.: pod pubescent, inflated,
somewhat 3-sided, to 1 in. long. Me., Vt.
ceespit&sus: see A. gilviflorus.
ceramicus (A. pictus. Phaca picta). Per. to 8 in., gray-
pubescent: Ifts. to 2-4 in. long: fls. yellowish-white, in few-
fid, racemes: pod elliptic-acute, mottled, to % in. long.
Colo, to New Mex.
Clcer. Ann., procumbent, sts. to 1^ ft. long: Ifts. to
1 in. long: fls. yellowish, in spikes: pod ovoid, inflated,
bristly. Eu.
crassicarpus (Geoprumnon crassicarpiim) . Per. to 15 in.,
often decumbent, pubescent: Ifts. to H in. long: fls. violet-
purple, in short racemes: pod subglobose, to % in. thick,
stipitate. Minn, to Tex.
danicus: A. hypoglottis.
Drummondii (Tium Dn/mwondn). Per. to 2^ ft.,
pubescent: Ifts. ^ in. long: fls. cream-colored, in racemes
to 4 in. long: pod^ 1-celled, stalked, glabrous, grooved.
Saok. to Colo.
Echinus. Shrub, much branched and spiny: Ifts. 5-7
pairs, oblong-lanceolate, to ^ in. long, woolly, spiny: fls.
in globose heads. Asia Minor.
falcatus. Per. to 2 ft.: Ifts. elliptic-oblong, lti-20 pairs,
acute to mucronate: fls. greemsn-yellow, in spikes: pod
pendent, curved, 2-celled, appressed-pilose. Siberia.
flexuosus (Homalobus fltxuosus). Per. to l\4 ft., sts.
fiexuous or decumbent: Ifts. to ^ in. long: fls. purple, in
racemes: pod cylindrical, acute, strigose, to % in. long.
Plains Sask. to New Mex.
86 Astrantia
frigidus (Phaca frigida). Per. to 2 ft.: Ifts. to 1 in or
more long: fls. yellowish-white, in short racemes. Eu.
galegiformis. Erect or prostrate per.: Ifts. 12-15,
elliptic: fls. in long lax racemes: pod oblong, acute, in-
curved. Caucasus.
gilvifl6rus (Orophaca csespitosa). Tufted per. to 4 in.,
silvery-pubescent: Ivs. trifoliate, Ifts. % in. long: fls. yel-
lowish, few in axils: pod less than H in- long, oblong, acute,
strigose. Man. to Wyo.
glycyphyllos. Per. to 3^ ft., sts. prostrate or ascending,
glabrous: Ifts. 4-6 pairs, large, oval: fls. yellow, in raceme
whose peduncle is about half as long as If.: pod cylindrical,
acute, glabrous. Cent. Eu., W. Asia.
goniatus. To 10 or 12 in , zigzag and more or less de-
cumbent, from a cespitose rootstock: Ifts. 15-21, hnear-
obloug to elliptic, sometimes retuse, about % in. long,
stipules lanceolate: fls. purple, in a short spike: pod ovoid,
to % in. long, villous, 2-celled. Minn, south and west.
hypogldttis (A. danicus). To 6 in , ascending, from a
straggling rootstock: Ifts. to 19 and more, oblong or nar-
rower, Y% in. or less long, obtuse, stipules broad and connate:
fls. blue-purple, m spikes 1 in. long: pod erect, ovoid,
covered with appressed white hairs. Eu. — The plant cult,
under this name may be A. gomatua.
mexicanus (Geoprumnon mejricanum). Per., spreading
or decumbent: Ifts. to \i in. long: fls. yellowish- white
tipped with blue, in short racemes. 111. to Tex.
Michauxii: see A . apilosum.
missourie'nsis (Xylophacos missouriensis) . Per. to
5 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, silky-pubescent, Ifts. to % in. long
or less: fls. violet-purple, few in short loose spikes: pod 1-
celled, sessile, cylindrical-oblong, acute, leathery, to 1 in.
long Sask. to Kans. and N. Mex.
monspessulanus. Per. to 10 in., sts. trailing: Ifts.
broadly-elliptic, 18-25 pairs, to M in. long: fls. purple or
violet, in short racemes on long ascending peduncles: pod
subcylindncal, acute, almost glabrous. Eu., N. Afr.
narbonensis. Per. to 3 ft., erect, white- villous: Ifts. in
15-20 pairs, linear-oblong: fls. pale yellow, to 1 m. long:
pod globose-pyramidal, villous, 2-4-seeded. France, Spam.
Ondbrychis. Per. to \l/% ft., sts. decumbent or ascend-
ing, gray -pubescent: Ifts. to ^ in. long: fls. bright violet,
about 1 in long, in short racemes: pod oval-oblong, villous,
short. Eu., W. Asia.
pictus: A. ceramicus.
Purshii. Mat-forming per., white-woolly: Ivs. to 2H in.
long, Ifts. 9-19, to l/2 in- long: fls. white or white and blue,
to 1 in. long, in clusters of 3-5: pod oblong, woolly, to
% in. long, beak absent. Rocky Mts. Var. tinctus has
purple fls.
Rubyi. The plant offered under this name is an Oxy-
tropis, probably O. tenella, which see.
sempe'rvirens (A. anstatus). Spiny procumbent sub-
shrub: Ifts. J4 in. long: fls. white or pinkish, in few-fid,
heads: pod inclosed in calyx. S. Eu.
sericoleucus (Oroptiaca smcea). Broadly cespitose with
prostrate branches to 3 in. long, very leafy: Ivs. trifoliate,
Ifts. oblanceolate to cuneate-oboyate, to H in. long, densely
white-silky: fls. purple, about J£ in. long: pod ovoid, hoary.
Colo, to Neb. and Wyo.
Shortianus (Xylophacos Shortia-nus). Per., st. to 4 in.
long: Ifts. to 1 in. long, silky-hairy: fls. blue or violet, in
short racemes: pod sessile, lanceolate, curved and beaked.
Neb. to Wyo. and Ariz.
spatulatus (Homalobus caespitosus) . Tufted per.: Ivs.
simple or with 3-5 Ifts., linear-oblanceolate, to 2 in. long,
appressed silky-hairy: fls. about H in. long, in short racemes
of 2-10 or more: pod about H in. long, finely strigose.
Neb. to Sask. south to Colo, and Utah.
ta uric us. Matted per., silky-pubescent: Ifts. linear,
5-6 pairs: fls. purple, small, in loose racemes: pod about
^ in. long, appressed-hairy, oblong-conical. S. E. Eu.
tridactylicus (Orophaca tndactylicd). To 2 in. high,
densely white-silky: Ivs. trifoliate, Ifts. oblanceolate, to
*/i in. long and usually less: fls. purple, often becoming
yellowish with age, to H in. long: pod globose-ovoid, hoary.
utahensis (Xylophacos utahensis). PINK LADY-FINGERS.
Per , st. to 4 in. long: Ifts. to \i in. long: fls. violet or purple,
in dense racemes: pod ovoid, to % in. long, villous, sessile,
1-celled. Mont., Wyo., Utah.
ASTRANTIA. MASTERWORT. Umbelliferae.
Herbs with palmately lobed or dissected Ivs.,
indifferent small polygamous fls. in umbels
which have leafy involucres, and nearly cylin-
drical frs.; a few species are sometimes planted
in borders for variety. Propagated by seeds and
division.
Astrantia
Biebersteinii. Per. to 1 ft. or less: Ivs. 3-parted, the
middle section more or less 3-lobed, oblong, serrate: fls.
whitish, calyx-lobes pinkish, as long as petals. Caucasus. —
By some authors treated as a variety ot A. major, differing
in its smaller and more obtuse basal If.-segms. and its
oblanceolate involucral bracts.
carniolica. Per., similar to A. major but only 1 ft. high
and the bracts subtending the umbels much shorter than
fls. Eu.
gracilis. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. 5-parted: fls. whitish, the
umbels subtended by whitish bracts. Eu.
major. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. mostly basal, with 3-5 deep
toothed lobes: fls. pinkish, rose or white, the umbels sub-
tended by showy bracts which are longer than fls. and are
often tinged purplish. Eu. — Adapted to stream-side
planting.
ASTRAPJEA: Dombeya.
ASTRfDIA. Aizoacex. Succulent shrubs with
3-cornered Ivs. and terminal short-stalked fls.,
solitary or few; separated from Mesembryan-
themum on characters of seed.
maxima (M. maximum). To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long,
crowded, half-moon-shaped, 3-angled but flattened, clas}>-
ing, obtuse, glaucous, dotted: fls. rose, ^4 in. across.
ASTROCARYUM. Palmacex. More than 40
species of strongly armed monoecious feather-
palms from Mex. to Brazil, the infl. among the
Ivs., acaulescent to rather tall trees, trunk
solitary or plant soboliferous: Ivs. with more or
less spiny petiole and rachis; pinnso acuminate
or obliquely truncate, mostly plicate, white or
much lighter colored underneath, margins
aculeate : spadix rather closely or simply branched ;
staminate fls. in dense spikes at end of branches,
pistillate few and below: fr. drupe-like, oblong,
ovoid, obovoid or globose, often aculeate,
1 -seeded. Probably none of the species is planted
in the continental U. S. unless merely under
test and not distributed. See Palm.
ASTR6PHYTUM. STAR CACTUS. Cactaceae.
A few small Mexican species with condensed,
cylindric, globular or flattened body and a few
prominent ribs or wings that often give it a
star-like shape: spines weak or wanting: fl. large,
reddish with yellow center, soon fading, borne
on the top of the plant. Treatment as for
Echinocactus. See Cacti.
Astdrias (Echinocactus Asterias). Plant depressed, 1 in.
high and 3 in. broad; ribs 8, areoles prominent, circular;
spineless: fls. yellow, 1 in. long. N. Mex.
capric6rnfe (Echinocactus capricornia). Plant somewhat
globose to nearly cylindric, to 8 and 10 in. high; ribs 7 or 8;
spines several, to 2 in. long: fls. about 2*^ in. long, spreading
wide open, lemon-yellow at center and orange in bottom.
Listed vars. include aureum, crassispinum, major, minor,
niveum and senile.
myriostigma (Echinocactus myriostigma) . BISHOPS-HOOD.
Plant globose or cylindric, about 2 in. high; ribs mostly 5;
spines absent: fls. about 2 in. long, outer segms. with brown
tips. Listed vars. include coahuil6nse,columnare,potosinum,
quadricostatum, tamaulipgnse, tetrag6num, and tulense.
nudum: listed name.
ornatum (Echinocactus ornatus. Echinopsis Haageana).
Plant nearly globose to cylindric, to 1 ft. or more high,
white-floccose: nbs 8; spines several or many and about
1 in. long ana sharp: fls lemon-yellow, to 3H in' broad.
Listed vars. include alb£scens» columnare, flavispmum,
glabr&scens, glaucescens, Mirbellii, spirale and vlrens.
potosinum: A. myriostigma var.
Stella turn: listed name.
ASYSTASIA. Acanthacex. Herbs or shrubs
native in tropics of Old World, with opposite
entire lvs> and tubular 5-lobed fls. in terminal
racemes, spikes or panicles; one species grown
as a ground-cover in S. Fla. and the tropics.
bella: Mackaya bella.
cor omande liana (A. gangetica). Procumbent or clamber-
ing per. to 4 ft. and more: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long: fls.
87 Athyrium
purple to yellow or white, 1 in. or more long, in racemes to
6 in. long. Malaya to Afr.; nat. in W. Indies, clambering
in bushes and on fences.
gangetica: A. coromandeliana.
ATAL&NTIA. Ruiacese. Trees or shrubs
native from India to Australia, sometimes grown
as a proposed stock for citrus fruits and for
interest, having simple Ivs. and petioles jointed
at base of If., 3-5-celled ovary, and fr. resembling
a small orange. For cult, see Citrus Fruits.
buzifdlia: Severinia buxi folia.
citrioides. Small spiny tree: Ivs. oval, emarginate.
alternate: fr. about % in. across, with glandular skin and
pulp- vesicles. Indo-Chma.
ATAMOSCO: Zephyranthes.
ATHAMANTA. Umbelliferx. Per. herbs
from the Medit. region and Asia: Ivs. pinnately
parted: fls. white, in umbels subtended by
linear involucral bracts: frs. linear, cylindrical
and hairy.
Matthiolii. To 10 in.: If.-segms. thread-like: rays of
umbel 20-25, woolly. S. E. Eu.
ATHANASIA. Composite. S. African small
glandular shrubs or subshrubs with small
yeliow-fld. heads in corymbose infl.; heads
composed entirely of disk-fls. with pappus
absent or of very minute scales or hairs.
finnua: Lonas inodora.
parviflfcra. Shrub to 4 ft., densely leafy, young branches
loosely pubescent: Ivs. pinnatipartite from the middle with
only few hneur lobes, to 2}$ in. long: heads sulfur-yellow.
3-4-fld., to nearly % in. across, in dense much branched
corymbs.
ATHROTAXIS. Taxodiacex. Large densely
branched evergreen trees, of 3 species in Tas-
mania, allied to Cryptomeria, with small scale-
like or lanceolate Ivs. and small woody globose
cones. Sometimes grown in warm climates, as
Calif.; cult, under Conifers.
cupressoides. Lvs. rhombic- ovate, to H in. long,
obtuse: cones to }$ in across.
laxifftlia. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, % in. long, acute or
obtuse: cones % in. across.
selaginoides. Lvs. lanceolate, to H in- long* spiny-
pointed: cones to 1 in. across.
ATHYRIUM. Polypodiacex. Foliage similar
to that of Aspleniunij with which genus this has
been united, the distinguishing characteristic
being in the shape and position of the sori;
widely distributed, mostly in the tropics, a few
cult. See Ferns.
acrostichoides: A. thelyptcroides.
alpestre. Fronds t\ifted, fiom a short rootetock, to 3 ft.
long, bipinnate, elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
pinna) oblong or lanceolate, with segms. sharply toothed:
sori circulai, small, seemingly without an induwum; spores
blackish and reticulate. Eu., Asia, Iceland, Newf. Var.
americanum (A. americanum and A. alpestre var. (jaapense).
Differs from A. Filix-femina in the very narrow more distant
pinnee and the lack of indusia. Alaska to Calif., Que.
americanum: A. alpestre var.
angustifftlium: A. pycnocarpon.
cyclos&rum: a variety or subspecies of A. Filix-femina.
Fllix-f£mina (A. cyclosorum. Asplenium Filii-femina).
LADY-FERN. Hardy, bright green: fronds to 3 ft. long,
bipinnate, pinnis deeply toothed or cut. Eu., Asia, W. N.
Arner. — The E. American plants represent two species or
varieties (A. anguslum and A. asplenwidea) differing in
technical characters. Geographical vars. are cahfornicum
and sitchense. Some of the nort. vars. derived from the
European type are Craigii, dwarf and crested, crispum,
Frizelliae, grand ice ps, laciniaturn, latifdlium, multfndum,
plum 6s urn, pulche"rrimum, setfgerum, Victoria with pinnee
forked to base and crested at tips.
Filix-mfis: listed name, probably a mistake for 4-
Filix-femina or Dryopteris Fuix-mas.
Goeringianum (Asplenium Coe-singianum). Hardy:
Athyrium
fronds deciduous, usually drooping, to 1 V6 ft. long, pinnate,
the pinna toothed or cut. Japan. Var. pic turn nas stipes
purplish, fronds with central gray band.
pycnocdrpon (A. angusti folium. Asplenium angusti-
fohum and pycnooarpori). FrondH to 2% ft. long, simply
pinnate, the pinnae to 5 in. long, nearly entire. Que. to Ga.,
La. and Kans.
sitchense: a variety or subspecies of A. Filix-femina.
thelypteroides (A. acroatichoidea. Asplenium acros-
tichoides and thelypteroides). Fronds to 3 ft. long, deeply
bipmnutifid, pinnse toothed, on long straw-colored stipes.
N. S. to Ga. and Mo.; E. Asia.
ATRAGENE: Clematis.
ATRAPHAXIS. Polygonacex. Deciduous
subshrubs with small Ivs., white or pinkish
fls. in terminal racemes, and fr. an achene;
native in Asia, Greece, N. Afr.
They thrive on rather dry soil in sunny positions.
Propagated by seeds in spring, by layers, and by cuttings
of young wood in early summer under glass.
buxif61ia. To 2 ft. or more: Ivs. obovate-cuneate, obtuse,
margin crisp, to nearly 1 in. long, yellowish-to brownish-
green: fla. rose-pink. Cent. Russia to Caucasia.
frutescens (A. binceolata). To 3 ft : Ivs. oblong to
lanceolate, to 1^ in. long, grayish-green: fls. whitish, in
raceme* to 3 in. long. Aug.-Sept. S. Russia to Cent.
Amu; hardy far N.
lanceolata: A . frutescens.
AXRIPLEX. SALTBUBH. Chenopodiacese.
Mealy or scurfy herbs or shrubs with alternate
or opposite Ivs. and small greenish unisexual
fls. in clusters; often native in salty situations.
One species, the orach, is grown for greens. Seeds are
sown in drills m early spring and tho seedlings thinned out
in the row. Others are grown for ornament and as forage
plants in desert regions.
Breweri. Shrub to (j ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, silvery-gray
to 1 '£ in long. S. Calif. — Planted for hedges.
H&limus. Shrub to G ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate or ovate-
oblong, to 2}-<j in. long, silvery. S. Eu.
hort£nsis. ORACH. Ann. to Oft : Ivs, triangular-ovate or
. .
Ientif6rmis. QUAIL-BUSH. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
arrow-shaped, silvery, to \\% in. long. Calif , Ariz.
semibacc&ta. Diffuse or spreading grayish per. to 3 ft.:
Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long, toothed or entire Australia;
nat. in Calif, and Ariz. — Somewhat grown for forage.
AXROPA. Sotanacex. A few Old World herbs,
one economically important as the source of
atropine and other drugs: Ivs. alternate, entire:
fls. bell- or funnel-shaped: berries purple, poison-
ous, in an enlarged calyx.
Belladonna. BELLADONNA. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
6 in. long: MH. blue-purple or dull red, about 1 in. long,
johtary or in pairs, nodding, axillary: berry nearly globular,
^ m long, shining black. Eu., Asia.
ATTALfeA. Pabnacex. About 20 species of
Attnlea are known in the western hemisphere, a
similar number of Orbignya, and about 40
species of Hcheelea. These three genera are much
alike in stature and frs. but are readily dis-
tinguished by the staminate fls.: these fls.,
although abundant, are seldom noted by planters,
and therefore the plants in cult, may not be
accurately determined. It is supposed that
Attulea Cohune is planted in S. Fla., but this is
doubtful. This species was founded by Martius
on frs. alone and the tree at that time was not
known or described. It has lately been supposed
to be an Orbignya. Probably most of the trees
of this group seen in plantations in the tropics
are Schecleas. The Attalea group comprises
heavy pinnate monoecious or dioecious palms,
producing eventually a massive single trunk
88 Aucuba
and very long erect and outwardly arching Ivs.;
fls. in heavy interfoliar clusters within very large
woody spathes; fr. nut-like, 2-3 in. long, with
fibrous covering.
AUBRlfiTA. Cruciferx. About 15 species of
choice little mat-forming perennials prized for
the abundant lilac-magenta to bright purple
spring bloom: pods or silicles short-oblong to
globose. Native in south-central Eu. and Asia
Minor. Closely allied to and resembling Arabis,
but differing in the style much more slender
than the ovary and often as long. The name
was originally spelled Aubrieta, not Aitbrietia.
Propagation is by seeds, sown a season in advance of
blooming, by division of the mats or clumps, and by layers
of the trailing shoots. Aubrietas thrive well in half shady
exposure, the foliage covering spaces between rocks and
along borders.
aOrea-variegata: hort. name, probably for form of A.
deltoidea.
Bougainvillei: see A. deltoidea.
CdmpbelUi: see A. deltoidea.
cilfcica: A. Pinardii.
Column®. To C in., green, loosely hairy, not much spread-
ing: lys. long-spa tulate, to % in. long: fls. pale purple, large,
to 1 in. across, on short ste. not exceeding foliage: fr. to
5^ in. long, ellipsoidal, stellate-hairy, style as long as ovary.
Italy. Var. croatica (A. croatica) has obovate- to rhombic-
cuneate Ivs. and infl. exceeding the foliage, style of fr. less
than half as long as ovary. Northwestern Balkan Peninsula.
cro&tica: A. Columme var.
deltofdea. To 6 in. or occasionally to 1 ft., spreading,
bushy and compact: Ivs. ihombic- to obovate-cuneate : fls.
rose-lilac to purple, to % in. across, calyx cylindrical, infl.
usually much exceeding foliage: fr. to M in. long, broadly
elliptic, somewhat swollen, covered with simple and forked
hairs, styles usually only to H as long as ovary. Sicily,
Greece to Asia Minor. Var. gr&ca (A. grseca) is larger and
more bushy than typical form with larger petals and calyces
and pods with styles M~% as long as ovary. — Many names
in the trade are probably hort. valiants or intervarietal
hybnds of this species arid include: Bougainvillei, Camp-
bdlii, Eyrei, gloiiosa, grandiflora, Hendersomi, Leichthnn,
Marschalln, Moerheimn, purpurea, roaea, tauricola, varie-
gata, violacea.
ifeyrei: see A. deltoidea.
gloridsa: see A. deltoidea.
gracilis (A. deltoidea var.). To 4 in., eta. slender and
prostrate, forming thin carpets or tufts: Ivs. narrowly
lanceolate, entire, to H in. long: fls. £B in. across, calyx
saccate: fr. narrowly linear, flat, to 1 in. long or more, finely
stellate-hairy to glabrescent, style to % in. long. Greece,
Albania. — Variants with toothed Ivs. and densely hairy
frs. are known, but may not be in cult.
gnfeca: A. deltoidea var.
grandifldra: see .4. deltoidea.
H&idersonii: see A. deltoidea.
hybrida. True A. hybrida (A. gracilis X A. intermedia)
differs from typical A. gracihs in the Ivs. toothed and the
many-fld. infl. much exceeding the foliage. Material so
listed in the trade, however, may be hort. forms of A.
deltoidea.
Leichtlinii: see A. deltoidea.
Marschallii: see A. deltoidea.
Mderheimii: see A. deltoidea.
olympica (A. deltoidea var.). To 6 in., hairless or nearly
so, tufted: Ivs. long-spatulate, entire or sometimes rhombic
to obovate and toothed: fls. to 1 in. across: fr. broadly
oblong to lanceolate, to % in. long, flat, stellate-hairy to
glabrous, style about ^ in. long. Asia Minor.
Pin&rdii (A. cilicica). To 8 in.: Ivs. linear-oblong to
epatulate, to 1H in. long, entire or remotely toothed, long-
petioled: fls. to 1 in. across: fr. narrowly linear, to \\i in.
long, flat, style to % in. long, stellate-hairy. Asia Minor.
purpurea: see A. deltoidea.
rftsea: see A. deltoidea.
taurfcola: see A. deltoidea. N
variegata: see A. deltoidea.
violacea: see A. deltoidea.
AUCtrBA. Cornacep. Evergreen shrubs na-
tive in Asia, with opposite simple Ivs., ^small
purple dioecious fls. in terminal panicles, and fr.
Aucuha
a berry-like drupe. The name is sometimes but
was not originally spelled Aukuba.
Aucubas are grown in a cool greenhouse and out-of-
doors in mild climates for the ornamental foliage. They
thrive m a partially shaded position in moist well-drained
soil. Propagated by cuttings of half -ripened wood, seeds,
or the vaneties by grafting.
crotonif61ia. Lvs. cro ton-like, green spotted with white.
Probably a var. of A. japonica.
glauca nana: catalogue name, probably for a form of
A . japonica.
himalaica. To 15 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or broader, to 8 in.
long, finely toothed: fr. orange to scarlet. Himalayas; to
be planted only far S.
jap6nica. To 15 ft.: Ivs. dark green and shining, ovate
or oblong, to 7 in. long, coarsely toothed above middle:
fr. scarlet, rarely yellow or white. Himalayas to Japan;
hardy in D. C. Var. variegata (var. maculata), GOLD-DUST
TREE, has yellow-spotted Ivs. Var. dentata has smaller
coarsely toothed Ivs. Var. longifdlia (var. angustt folia) ,
narrow Ivs. to 5 in. long. Var. macrophylla, large broad
Ivs. Var. picturata (var. latimacula.tn , var. aureo-macukita)
has a large yellow blotch in center of If. Var. punctata m a
synonym of var. variegata. Var. serratifdlia (A. serratifolw)
has If.- margins serrate.
serratifdlia: A. japonica var.
AUDIBERT1A: Salvia.
AUDIBERTELLA: Salvia oarnosa.
AUDOUINIA. Bruniacex. One heath-like
shrub in S. Afr., A. capitata (Diosma capitata),
suitable for Calif, and under glass, with treat-
ment as for Diosma: to 2 ft., branches erect
and more or less whorled: Ivs. small and sessile,
linear, imbricate: fls. crimson, in long spike-like
terminal crowded heads.
AULIZA: Epideiidrum ciliare.
AUREOLARIA. Scrophulariacese. N. Amer-
ican herbs parasitic on the roots of Quercus,
with entire or bipinnatifid Ivs. and yellow fls.
with spreading lobes, on axillary peduncles or
in a terminal leafy raceme or panicle; sometimes
transferred from the wild.
flava (Gerardia and Dairisloma flam). Per. to 4 ft., gray-
downy: Ivs. oblong to ovate-lanceolate, to 6 in. long,
sinuate-dentate to entire, rarely pinnatifid: fls. yellowisn-
orange, to 2 in long, glabrous outside with spreading lobes.
July- Aug. Me to Wis., Ga. and Miss.
pedicularia (Gerardia and Dasistoma pedicularia). Ann.
or bien. to 4 ft.: Ivs. pinnatifid two-thirds to midrib: corolla
to 1^ in long, puoescent outside, with spreading lobes.
Aug.^Sept. Me to Fla. and Mo.
virglnica (Gerardia and Dasiatoma virginica). Per. to
4 ft : Ivs. deeply pinnatifid, to 0 in. long, pubescent: fl.
1^ in. lon'g, glabrous outside. June-Aug. N. H. to Fla.
ana La.
AURICLE: an ear-shaped part or appendage, as the
projections at the base of some leaves and petals.
AURICULA. A favorite spring cool-season
perennial of European fanciers, little grown in
North America. It is Primula Auricula (which
see), in many forms and colors, but some of the
races may be of hybrid origin with other'species.
It is grown mostly in pots or boxes under frames;
propagation is by seeds in general and for the
production of new varieties, and by offsets or
division for the perpetuation of particular
varieties. Seeds sown in early spring should give
blooming plants the following spring, but soma
of the seeds may not germinate until the second
year. In the North plants may be carried over
winter in a cold greenhouse.
AVfeNA. OATS. Graminese. Mostly arm.
grasses, having flat Ivs. and long-pointed mostly
awried and hanging spikelets in loose panicles;
native in temp, regions of the world and grown
for the grain, forage, hay and occasionally for
ornament. The panicles may hang in all direc-
89 Avocado
tions (all-sided) or to one side only. They are
sown in early spring or sometimes in autumn in
mild climates. See Grasses.
barbata. SLENDER WILD OAT. Differing from A. fatua
in the more slender panicles and in technical characters
of the florets. Eu.; nat. on Pacific Coast.
brevis. To 3 ft.: panicle one-sided; spikelets with 2
awns; oat short and broad. Eu.
elatior: Arrhenatherum elatius.
fatua. WILD OAT. To 4 ft., tufted: Ivs. to 8 in. long and
\$ in. wide: panicles to 1 ft. long, all-sided, the spikelets
drooping ana with awns to IJ^ in. long. Eu., Asia; nat.
in N. Amer.
flavescens: Trisetum flavescens.
nuda. NAKED OAT. Differs from A. sativa in the grain
separating from the hull; panicle close. Probably cultigen.
sativa. COMMON OAT. To 4 ft., tufted: Ivs. to 1 ft.
long and 1A in. wide: panicles to 1 ft. long, the branches
all-sided or from one side in the forms known as SIDK OATS,
awns to £4 in. long or lacking; grain of fr. permanently
inclosed in hull. Cultigen.
8t6rilis. ANIMATED OAT. To 3 ft.: panicles to 1 ft. long,
awns to 2 in. or more long and twisted, the florets moving
by hygroscopic action. Medit region.- Much of the seed
planted under this name is A . fatua .
strig6sa. Much like A. aativa but differing in technical
floral characters: spikelets prickle-pointed. Eu.
AVENS: Geum.
AVERRHOA. Oxalidaceae. Evergreen trees
with alternate pinnate Ivs., small fragrant fls.,
and large fleshy berry-like edible fr.; native in
trop. Asia.
They can be grown only in regions free from frost, and
thrive on deep rich soil in a moist climate. Propagated by
seeds or by budding.
Bilimbi. BILIMBI. To 50 ft.: Ifts. 24-25: fls. red-purple:
fr. greenish-yellow, to 4 in. long, with 5 obscure angles.
Known only in cult.
Caramb61a. CARAMBOLA. To 30 ft : Ifts 6-9: fls. white
marked with purple: fr. yellow or golden-brown, to 5 in.
long, with deep ribs. Malayan region and spread in tropics.
AVIGNON BERRY: Rhamnus infectoria.
AVOCADO. The large pear-shaped or ob-
long or nearly globular fruit of Pcrsca americaria
(which see), a tropical or subtropical American
evergreen broad-leaved tree; other species may
be involved in their origin.
The avocado is of considerable importance in
southern California and southern Florida as a
market fruit and a special literature has devel-
oped. It is grown m orchard plantings, the
trees standing 20-30 feet apart either way, on
well-drained fertile open land. Spacing distance
varies with the vigor of the variety and the
richness of the soil. The tree reaches a hoight
of 30 feet or more. Transplanting is commonly
undertaken in spring and early summer, a ball of
earth being removed with the tree. In two or
three years most varieties begin to bear.
Named varieties are propagated on socdling
avocado stocks by shiold-budding and side or
clef {^grafting in autumn or spring. Skill is
required in choosing bud wood at just the proper
stage of maturity so that the "eyes" will not fail.
Either budding or grafting the avocado is a more
exacting technique than with citrus or most
temperate zone fruits.
Pollination presents a special problem with
the avocado because the period of pollen shedding
of one group of varieties does not overlap the
time of receptivity of the pistils of that group.
Plantings should include several varieties chosen
for their pollen value. Orchards may be grown
under mulch or with cultivation and cover-crops.
For shipment the fruit is nested in excelsior in
well-ventilated small crates. In California,
Fuerte (December to July) is the leading com-
Avocado
90
Aztekium
mercial variety. Nabal, Taft, Queen are ex-
cellent summer and autumn varieties, Impor-
tant Florida varieties are the Collinson, Lula
and Trapp. Yield varies widely from year to
year, depending largely on weather conditions
at blooming time which is March and April,
Averaging over several years? under good
auspices 150 pounds to a tree is considered a
conservative estimate for trees ten years old
and over under California conditions. Average
yields in Florida have been 80 pounds to a tree
or less,
The avocado varieties are of several groups,
as West Indian. Guatemalan, Mexican. The
first comprises the tenderest varieties and can
be grown only in the warmer parts of Florida.
These kinds, as Trapp, Pollock, Simrnonds,
ripen late summer to early winter, The Gua-
temalans or their hybrids, represented by Lula,
Taft, Taylor, Wagner, are hardier and can be
grown in central peninsular Florida; they ripen
from early winter to spring. The Mexican group
is about as hardy as the sweet orange, in the
varieties Puebla, San Sebastian, Gottfried; the
ripening season is June to October.
AWL-SHAPED: narrow and sharp-pointed; gradually
tapering from base to a slender or stiff point.
AWN: a bristle-like part or appendage.
AXIL: upper angle that a petiole or peduncle makes
with the stem that bears it.
AX6NOPUS. Graminex. Ann. and per.
grasses of warm regions, having flat Ivs. and
small spikclets borne in narrow one-sided
spike-like racemes; one species is grown in
pastures, in the S. See Grasses.
compre"ssus (Amstrophus compresws). CARPET-GRASS.
Per. to 2 ft , stoloniferous: Ivs. to 4 in. long and % in. wide:
racemes to 2 in. long, in clusters of 2-5 toward top of sts.
Vn. to La., trop. Amer.
AYLOSTfcRA. Cactacex. A small genus of
S. American cacti closely allied to Rebutia and
by some authorities retained therein, but differ-
ing in the ovary bristly, styles and stamens fused
to the tube.
deminDta (Rebutia deminuta). Cespitose, globose, to
2V$ in. tall; tubercles in 1M3 rows; spines about l/{ in.
long, usually 1(M2, white or brown: Ms. dark orange-red,
to \Yi in. long, stamens pink, stigma 8-lobed, white.
Argentina.
Fifcbrigii (Rebutia Fiebrigii). Usually solitary, de-
pressed-globose to Bubcylindrical, to 2 J^ in. diam. j tubercles
in about IS rows, somewhat spiralled, to J-f m. high; radial
spines 25-40, about *g in. long, white; centrals 2-5, to
% in long, white tipped brown: fls. bright yellowish-red,
to 1^ in. long, stamens white, stigma pale yellow, 6-lobed.
Bolivia.
KupperUna (Rebutia Kupperiana). Sts. depressed-
globose, to 4 in. high and 3^ in. diam.. gray to glaucous
gray; tubercles in about 20 rows, to H in. high, acute;
radial spines about 20, brown to gray; centrals 3-4: fls.
not known. Bolivia.
pseudodeminuta {Rebutia pseudodeminuta) . Differs
from A. deminuta in its longer brown spines and golden-
orange fls. Argentina. Var. Schneider&na is listed. Var.
Schumanni&na has flexible brown spines to 1 in. long.
Spegazzini&na (Rebutia Spegazziniana). Cespitose,
globose to cylindrical, about I fa in. diam., yellowish-green;
tubercles in 20-25 rows, spiralled; spines about A in. long,
radiate many, centrals 1-2, yellowish-broA\n: fls. dark red,
to nearly 1 % in. across, stigma white. N. Argentina.
spinosfesima (Rebutia spinosissima) . Densely cespitose
and cushion-forming, sts. depressed-globose, to 1% m.
diam., radial spines white, numerous; centrals 5-6, whitish,
tipped brown: fls. pale brick-red, to 1J^ in. diam., stamens
and stigma white. N. Argentina.
AYO: Tetrastigma Harmandii.
AZADIRACHTA, Mdiacex. Probably not
planted here outside test grounds: see Melia.
AZALEA: Rhododendron. Alpine-: Loisekuria.
AZALEASTRUM: Rhododendron arborescens.
AZARA. Flacourliacese. Evergreen trees and
shrubs native in S. Amer., with alternate simple
Ivs., small fragrant fls. in axillary racemes and
clusters, and fr. a berry,
Grown for ornament in warm regions and sometimes
under glass. Propagated by seeds or ripened cuttings.
celastrtna. Much branched shrub to 9 ft: Ivs. round-
oval, to 1^ in. long, slightly toothed, shining above: fls.
golden-yellow, densely tomentose. Chile.
Gflliesii. To 15 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 3 in. long, with
coarse spiny teeth: fls. yellow. Chile.
integrif&lia. To 20 ft.: Ivs. obovate or oblong, to 1^ in.
long, entire: fls. yellow, in racemes. Chile.
microph^lla. To 12 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to % in. long: fls.
greenish: fr. orange. Chile.
AZAROLE: Cratssgus Azarolus.
AZ6LLA. Salviniacex. Moss-like floating
plants, with pinnately divided leaf-like sts. and
minute Ivs.; widely scattered. Readily prop-
agated by self-division.
caroliniina. Plants about 1 in. long, greenish or reddish.
N, Amer., trop. Amer.— Sometimes grown on the surface
of aquaria and greenhouse tanks.
AZTfeKITIM. Cactacex. One species native
in Mex. A. Ritteri (Echinocactiis Ritteri). Plant
2 in. across and 1J4 in. high, simple at first but
forming clumps, crown sunken and filled with
white wool ana short spines which soon fall;
ribs 7-11, deeply separated, areoles with dirty
white wool: fls. solitary in crown, white tinted
rose toward tips, J^ in. long.
B
BABlANA. Iridacex. Low cormous herbs
from S. Afr., the st. bearing several plicate Ivs.
and lilac, yellow, pink or red fls. in terminal
clusters or racemes, the perianth with slender
tube and eaual sepns. Sometimes grown in
pots under glass or in the open in mild climates
for spring bloom. Propagated by cormels
and seeds.
Alba: listed name of a white-fid, form.
disticha. To 9 in.: Ivs. aword-sliaped, hairy, plicate:
fls. pale lilac, with slender tube to 1 H *n- long and limb to
IK in- long, the segms. clawed.
plicata. Lvs. eneiform, to 6 in. long and H in. wide: fls.
lilac to red, fragrant, in spike usually not as long as Ivs.
pygmefea (Gladiolus nanus). Lvs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long:
fls. pale lilac, usually 2-6 in erect spike.
strlcta. To 1 ft.: Ivs. sword-shaped, hairy: fls. red or
lilac, to \1A in. long, the bracts hairy. Var. rubro-cyanea
has lilac limb and red throat. Var, sulphurea (B. sulphured),
fls. pale yellow to white.
sulphurea: B, stricta var.
BABY BLUE-EYES: Nemophila.
BABYS-BREATH: Gypsophila paniculata. False: Ga-
Ifam Mollugo and aristatum. -Tears: Helxine.
BACCHARIS. Composite. Shrubs with small
white or yellowish dioDcious heads in corymbs or
panicles; florets all tubular; pappus of the fr.
snow-white and showy: Ivs. alternate, sometimes
evergreen.
The species are sometimes transferred to grounds for
their more or less persistent foliage, or the profuse white or
yellowish bloom; B. halimifolia is valuable for seashore
planting. .Some of them require well-drained soil and a
sunny position, and others are marsh plants. Propagated
easily both by seed and by cuttings' rooted under glass.
angustifblia. To 8 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 3 in. long, nearly
entire, leathery. N. C. to Fla. and Tex., in brackish marshes.
Douglasii. To 5 ft., sticky: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
nearly entire. Calif., in lowlands.
genistell6ides. To 2^ ft-: Ivs. very small and bract -like
or scale-like, borne on prominently winged leaf-like branches.
Peru, Brazil.
glomerulifl6ra. To 10 ft.: Ivs. spatulate, to 2 in. long,
toothed above middle or entire, leathery and light green.
N. C. to Fla., swamps and lowlands.
halimifdlia. GROUNDSEL-BUSH. To 12 ft.: Ivs. oblong or
obovate, to 3 in. long, coarsely toothed, the upper entire.
Mass, to Fla. and Tex., along the coast and in marshes.
pilularis. To 5 ft., evergreen: Ivs. obovate, to 1 in. long,
few-toothed or entire. Calif., Ore., on hills and dunes.
BACHELORS-BUTTON: Centaurea Cyanus.
BACKHOUSIA. Myrtacese. Australian trees
or shrubs with opposite Ivs., fls. in cymes or
umbels, and capsular frs.; planted occasionally
in S. Fla.; related to Metrosideros.
citriodora. Large tree: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, leathery, haying strong citron odor when
crushed: fls. small, in umbel-like clusters.
BACTRIS. Palmacese. Spiny small and mostly
gregarious feather-leaf palms of the western
Hemisphere, many species, with small more or
less succulent frs. in a close globular or oblong
cluster under a broad spiny spathe. None of the
species is regularly planted within the con-
tinental U. S.
BAfiCKEA. Myrtacex. Heath-like shrubs of
the Melaleuca relationship with small opposite
entire lyg. and small white or pink fls.; mostly
Australian and one planted in S. Calif.
virgata. To 12 ft.: Ivs. linear- lanceolate or narrow-oblong,
to 1 in. long: fls. in loose umbels in upper axils. Australia,
New Caledonia.
BAEL FRUIT: Agle Marmelo*.
BAJ)RIA. GOLDFIELDS. Composite. California,
mostly annuals with opposite Ivs. and many-fld.
yellow heads of ray- and disk-fls.; pappus of
scales or awns or lacking. Grown in the flower-
garden for spring and summer bloom, and
propagated by seeds.
aristata (Actinolcpis and B. coronaria. Hymenoxys
californica. Shortia calif ornica) . Sts. weak, to 10 in. long:
Ivs. 1-2-pinnate into linear segms : heads Hi in. across.—
Used for edgings and as an everlasting.
aristdsa: a minor form of B. chrynoxtorna.
chrys6stoma (B. gracihs). Much branched, 4-12 in.
high: Ivs. linear to thread-like, entire: heads to 1 in. across.
coronaria: B. aristata.
gracilis: B. chrysoatoma.
macrantha. Sts. simple or nearly so, to 2 ft., from
horizontal tuberous per. roots: Ivs. linear, entire, to 5 in.
or more long, ciliate and toothed: fls. to 1 in. across, slender-
pedicel led. — Variable .
marftima. Spreading and much branched, with fleshy
sts. to 1 ft. or more long: Ivs. oblong-linear, about 1 \i in.
long, entire or with broad teeth: heads to J^ in. across.
Calif, to Vancouver Isl,
BAHIA LAN AT A: EriophyHum cxspitosum.
BAlLEYA. Composite. Densely woolly herbs
native in deserts and dry regions of W. N. Amer.,
having alternate Ivs. and solitary heads of disk-
fls. and yellow ray-fls. which become papery
with age; pappus none.
multiradiata. To 1^ ft., ann. or per., white-woolly:
Ivs. pinnutifid or upper entire: heads to l*i in. across.
Calif., Tex., Mex.
BAILLONIA. Verbcnacex. Two S. American
deciduous woody plants with opposite or whorled
sessile Ivs. and somewhat 2-lippod fls. in racemes
or spikes, the corolla 5-lobed: fr. a drupe in the
persisting calyx. Adapted to Calif, and under
glass.
juncea (Diostea juncea). Small tree or shrub to 20 ft.
with rush-like branches and small opposite remote dentate
Ivs.: fla. lilac, in short dense spikes, the corolla K~M in.
long. Chile, Peru.
BALAKA, PalmacedB. Small palms of few
species in the Fiji Isls., differing irom Ptychos-
perma in very broad or half-rhornboid pinntc,
seed not furrowed and albumen not ruminate;
not regularly planted in the continental U. S.,
the one sometimes called B. Scemcmnii being
PtycJwsperma elegans.
BALAtrSTION. Myrtaccx. One shrub native
in W. Australia, with decumbent or prostrate
sts. to 1 ft. long. B. pulcherrimum. Lvs. opposite,
linear, to ^ in. long, keeled or 3-angled, stiff,
entire: fls. red, solitary in axils, petals about
}/2 in. across.
BALISIER: Heliconia Bihai.
BALLOON-BERRY: see Rubus illccebrosus. -Flower:
Platycodon grandiflorum. -Vine: Cardiospermum Halicaca-
bum.
BALL&TA. LaUatx. Pubescent per. herbs
or subshrubs with toothed Ivs. and small 2-
lipped fls. in axillary clusters; native in the Old
World and sometimes planted for ornament.
Of simple requirements.
fdbtida. Similar to B. nigra and perhaps a form of it,
very ill-scented. Medit. region.
nigra. BLACK HOARHOUND. To 3 ft.: Ive. ovate, to 2 in.
long: fla. reddish-purple or whitish, to % in. long. Eu.:
nat. in E. N. Amer.
BALM: Melissa. Bee-: Monarda didyma. Canary-:
Cedronella oanariensis. Field-: Nepeta hederacea. Fragrant-:
91
Balm
92
Bambusa
Monarda didyma. Horse-: Collinsonia. Molucca-: Molu-
ct'lla Lt'vis. -of-Gilead: Populus candicans.
BALSA: Ochroma.
BALSAM, Garden: Impatiens Balsamina. -of-Peru:
Myrojrylon Pereirtf. -Root: Balsamorhiza. -Tree: Myroxy-
Inn
BALSAMINACE^. BALSAM FAMILY. Two
genera; one widely distributed, of ann. and per.
succulent herbs with simple Ivs., very irregular
bisexual fls. having 3 sepals one of which is Targe
and petal-like, 5 unequal petals or 2 pairs united
forming 3 petals, 5 stamens, 5-celled ovary, and
fr. a caps, or berry. The genus Jmpatiens is
grown for ornament, the other genus, Hydrocera,
with a single species from Ceylon to Java, not
being in cult.
BALSAMITA VULGARIS: Chrysanthemum Balsamita.
BALSAMOCfTRUS. Rutacese. A few African
usaally spiny trees with mostly 3-foliolate lys.,
sometimes grown for interest and as possible
stocks for citrus fruits: stamens 10-20: fr. large
and hard-shelled and often persistent. B.
D&wei reaches 50-60 ft. : mature Ivs. with 3 lance-
ovate stalked Ifts.: fr. 4-6 in. diam., globose or
nearly so, 8-celled, dropping from the pedicel
when ripe.
BALSAMORHlZA. BALSAM-ROOT. Com-
posite. Low per. herbs with thick roots, large
mostly basal Ivs. and few or solitary showy
yellow heads of ray- and disk-fls.: pappus none;
native in W. Amer. on nits., foot-nills and sandy
regions, and sometimes planted for ornament;
spring and summer bloomers.
deltofdea. To 2 ft., whit e-t omen tosc: basal Ivs. cordate-
ovate, to 1 ft. long, entire or toothed: rays to 1^ in. long.
13. C. to Calif.
hirsuta. To 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. pinnately divided into
toothed or cut segms.: heads to 1% in. across. B. C. to
Calif, and Utah.
Hodkeri. To 1H ft., gray-pubescent: Ivs. pinnately
divided into toothed or cut segms.: heads to 2^ in. across.
Calif, to Wash, and Utah.
macrophylla. To 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. pinnately divided
into entire segms.: heads to 3% in. across. Utah, Wyo.
sagittata. To 2 ft.: Ivs. cordate to sagittate, to 8 in. long,
nearly entire, white-tornentose: heads 2 in. or more across.
B. C. to Calif, and Colo.
terebinthacea. To 14 in.: Ivs. mostly basal, lanceolate,
to 8 m. long, pinnatisect or incised-toothed, finely pubescent
to glabreacent: fls. yellow. Ida., Wash., Ore.
BAMBOO. Gramines*. Various giant long-
lived woody grasses, mostly of the genera
Arundinaria, Bambusa, Cenhalostachyum, Chim-
onobambusa, Chusquea, Dendrocalamus, Phvl-
lostachys, Pleioblastus, Pseudosasa, Sasa, Sni-
butira, Thamnocalamus, as known in this
country. The species of these genera are mostly
Asian, but some of the Arundinarias are plants
of the western hemisphere, two of them being
native as far north as Missouri and Maryland.
A few of them, as Chusqueas, are climbers.
The bamboos are adapted only to the southern
parts of the country, although certain small
kinds are hardy as far as Philadelphia or even
northward. They usually do not produce seed
in this country, and propagation is by division
of the clumps and cuttings of the stolons.
Bamboos require fertile soil and a uniform supply
of clean underground water, and some of them
thrive along water-courses. With age and
thorough establishing of the roots, the clumps
become conspicuous or even commanding
objects. The larger kinds make good shelter-
belts and groves.
BAMBOO, MEXICAN-: Polygonum cusp i datum.
BAMBUSA. BAMBOO. Graminese. Tall woody
grasses, sometimes climbing, with cylindrical
hollow sts., persistent If. -sheaths, and spikelets
borne in panicles, stamens 6; native mostly in
tropics of Old World and not hardy in nortfu rn
states. See Bamboo.
Alph6nse Karri: B. nana var.
angulata (B. and Arundunaria quadrangularis) . To 3 ft.,
st. 4-angled: Ivs. to 7 in. long and 1 in. wide, hairy beneath.
China.
angustifdlia: Pleioblastus distichus.
argentea: see Pleioblastus viridi-striatus.
arg£nteo-striata: see Pleioblastus vindi-striatus.
arundinacea. To 100ft., culms yellow, branches flexuose
and spiny: Ivs. to 8 in. long and ^ in. wide, nearly glabrous:
infl. a large panicle produced only once after which the
plant dies. India.
aurea: Phyllostachys aurea.
aureo-striata: see Pleioblastus viridi-striatua,
Castilldni: Phyllostachys bambusoides var.
chrysantha: Sasa chrysantha.
disticha: Pleioblastus distichus.
falcata: Arundinaria falcata.
fastudsa: Semiarundinaria fastuosa.
flexudsa: Phyllostachys flexuosa.
Fdrtunei aurea: Pleioblastus wridi-striatus.
gracilis: Pleioblastus Hindsn.
Hendnis: Phyllostachys niger var. Henonis.
jap6nica: Pseudosasa japonica.
kumasaca: Shibatxa kumasaca.
Layd6ckeri: Pleioblastus Chmo.
marmdrea: Chimonobambusa marrnorea.
Me take: Pseudosasa japonica.
mitis: Phyllostachys sulphurea.
multiplex. Per. to 12 ft., many erect thick terete sts.,
long internodes: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, flat,
glabrous, reddish-green: fls. erect, terminal in short spikes.
Coohm-China.
nana. To 10 ft., sts. yellow: Ivs. to 3 in. long and >£ in.
wide, rough on edges, glaucous-blue. China, Japan. Var.
Alphtinse Kdrri (B. Alphonse Karri) has sts. variegated
yellow and green, Ivs. mottled rose and green. Var. varie-
gata (B. wttata-argentea) has Ivs mottled with silvery-
white — Much of the material cult, as B. nana is Sasa
disticha.
nlgra: Phyllostachys niger.
nutans. To 45 ft., the culms glossy-green: Ivs. to 1 ft.
long and 1 in. wide, rough above and on edges, glabrous
or hairy beneath. India.
palmata: Sasa senanensis var. nebulosa.
pygm&a. To 1 ft , sts. purple, slender and much branched:
Ivs. to 4 in. long and J$ in. across, pubescent, bright green
above and glaucous beneath, margins serrate. Japan. — The
smallest of the bamboos, a vigorous grower and used for
carpeting,
quadrangularis: B. angulata.
Ragamdwskii: Sasa tessellata.
Slmonii: Pleioblastus Simonii.
striata: Phyllostachys sulphured.
sulphurea: Phyllostachys sulphurea.
tessellata: Sasa tessellata.
Thoua*rsii: B. vulgaris.
Tdlda. To 70 ft., the culrns gray-green: Ivs. to 13 in.
long and 1>6 in. wide, rough above and on edges, paler
and usually Hairy beneath. India.
VeJtchii: Sasa, Veitchn.
ventricdsa: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
verticillata: a name of doubtful botanical application.
Vilmorlnii: Pleioblastus distichus.
vimin&lis: Shibatssa kumasaca.
violescens: Phyllostachys violescens^
virginiina: listed name.
vlridi-glauc^scens: Phyllostachys viridi-glaucescens.
vfridi-striata: Pleioblastus vindi-striatus.
vittita-arg6ntea: /?. nana var. varieffata.
vulgaris (B. Thouarsii)\ FICATHERY B. To 50 ft., with
yellow longitudinally banded sts.: Ivs. to 10 in. long and 1H
in. wide, glabrous. Java and perhaps elsewhere. Var.
aureo-variegata is listed.
Banana 93
BANANA. A tropical fruit extensively grown
for local use and for export to temperate regions.
It is a perennial herb but the stem and leaf-
sheaths produce a trunk-like structure and the
plant may attain a height of 20-30 feet with a
crown of big long leaves and a heavy cluster of
fruits. The common species is of two main races
(sometimes regarded as two species), Musa
paradisiaca, the plantain of which the fruit is
edible when cooked, and var. sapie7itum, the
true banana which is edible raw at maturity.
Another species is the dwarf or Chinese banana,
Musa nana (M. Cavendishii), which may be
grown commercially in warm-temperate climates,
as in Bermuda, the Canaries and the Hawaiian
Islands. See Musa.
A single "trunk" bears but one bunch and
then dies; in the meantime suckers (one or more)
have arisen from the rhizome to continue the
fruiting. A vigorous sprout or new trunk should
bear in ten or twelve months (or later than that
if the plant is grown for curiosity under cover).
A plantation continues to bear indefinitely if
diseases, insects and soil defects do not intervene.
As the plantation gets older the rows become
irregular as offsets are formed farther away from
the original plant.
Inasmuch as the commercial bananas are
seedless, propagation is by vegetative moans.
Pieces of the rhizome weighing 3-4 pounds, each
with a bud or "eye," are used in establishing a
now plantation. Rooted suckers may also be
planted. Dwarf bananas (M. nana) may be set
as close as 8-10 feot either way, but the ordinary
large kinds should stand 14-20 feet apart in com-
mercial plantations. The banana requires moist,
deep and fertile soil but well drained, and protec-
tion from wind. Surplus suckers are removed to
control the succession of fruiting and to space
the fruiting trunks.
Within the continental United States the
banana is infrequently a commercial fruit except
the dwarf Chinese, although it is somewhat
planted for home use, ornament and interest in
Florida, along the Gulf Coast and elsewhere. The
fruit is destroyed by frost, but new shoots arise
from the crowns if the freezing is not too severe.
BANANA-SHRUB: Michelia fuscata.
BANEBfcRRY: Actsea.
BANFFYA: Gypsophila transsylvanica.
BANGALAY: Eucalyptus botryoides.
BANKSIA. Proteacex. Australian evergreen
trees or shrubs with alternate Ivs. and yellowish
fls. borne in pairs in dense terminal spikes
becoming woody and cone-like in fr. ; sometimes
grown in S. U. S . Propagated by cuttings under
a bell-jar or with difficulty by seeds. See also
Pimelea.
Baxter! . Tall shrub: Ivs. to 4 in. long, divided to midrib
into triangular lobes 1 in. long and % in. wide at base, pale
beneath: spikes globular, to 3 in. across. W. Australia.
Caleyi. Low shrub: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in. long,
prickly-toothed or cut: spikes nearly globular, to 3 in. long.
W. Australia.
coccinea. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. obovate to orbicular,
to 23^ in. long, stiff, prickly-toothed: spikes globular,
2 in. across. W. Australia.
colllna. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 3 in. or more long,
sharply toothed, white-tomentose beneath: spikes to 6 in.
long.
ericifolia. Shrub or tree to 14 ft.: Ivs. narrowly linear,
about % in. long, with entire re volute margins, notched or
truncate at end: spikes to 10 in. long. New S. Wales.
grindis. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long, divided to
midrib Into triangular lobes to 2 in. long and 1 in. wide
Baptisia
at base, pale and tomentose beneath: spikes to 1 ft. long.
W. Australia.
integrifdlia. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. scattered, oblong to
lanceolate, to 8 in. long and 1 in. wide, entire or sometimes
toothed, white-tomentose beneath: spikes to 6 in. long.
littoralis. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 8 in. long, usually
toothed, white-tomentose beneath: spikes to 10 in. long.
W. Australia.
marginita. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to
2 in. long, usually entire with recurved margins, white
beneath: spikes to 3 in. long.
Meissneri. Low spreading shrub to 3 ft. across: Ivs.
linear, to % in. long, crowded, revolute, white-hairy be-
neath: fls. to ^ in. long, in ovoid spikes, style about y± in.
long, hooked.
Me"nziesii. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 1 in. wide,
truncate, rusty -tomentose beneath: spikes to 5 in. long.
W. Australia.
n titans. Shrub: Ivs. narrow-linear, to 1 in. long, with
entire revolute margins, glabrous: spikes to 2 in. long,
sometimes nodding. W. Australia.
occidentals. Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 4 in. long,
notched or toothed at end, margins recurved, white be-
neath: spikes to G in. long. W. Australia.
pulche*lla. Shrub: Ivs. linear, to l/i in long, with entire
revolute margins: spikes to 1>2 in. long. W. Australia.
quercifdlia. Shrub to 6 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong, to
4 in. long, truncate, deeply toothed or cut: spikes to 4 m.
long. W. Australia.
repens. Prostrate shrub: Ivs. to 1 ft. long, long-stalked,
deeply pmnatifid, thick and stiff: spikes to 4 in. long. W.
Australia.
serrata. Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in.
long and 1 in. wide, deeply toothed, tomentose beneath,
leathery: spikes to 6 in. long.
specidsa. Tall shrub, sts. dense, tomentose: Ivs. pinnate,
8-42 in. long, lobes rounded to triangular, becoming larger
toward base of If., white-hairy beneath: fls. greenish, to 1 in.
long, in dense oblong spikes to 5 in. long, style incurved at
base.
sphaerocfirpa. Shrub to 4 ft., tomentose: Ivs. linear,
1-3 in. long, with entire revolute margins: spikes globular,
to 3 in. across. W. Australia.
verticillata. Small tree: Ivs. in whorls, oblong-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, margins recurved, white beneath: spikes to
8 in. long W. Australia.
BANYAN: Ficw bcnghalensis.
BAOBAB: Adansonia digitata.
BAPHIA (Bractcolaria). Leguminous*. Thirty
or more simple-lvd. African trees and shrubs,
one of which is intro. for ornament in S. Fla.:
fls. papilionaceous, in panicles or axillary ra-
cemes: pod linear-lanceolate, flattened, narrowed
to apex. B. racemdsa, CAMWOOD, is a shrub,
with oblong-lanceolate pointed entire Ivs. to
2^2 in- long: fls. white with purplish veins, the
standard nearly % in. across, in short paniclcd
leafy clusters: pods 2 in. long. Trop. and S. Afr.
BAPTfSIA. FALSE or WILD INDIGO. Le-
guminosae. Per. herbs with mostly digitate Ivs.
of 3 Ifts., papilionaceous fls. in racemes, and
short inflated pods; native in K. N. Amer. in
dry lands, adapted to borders and wild-gardens.
Propagated by division or seeds.
Alba. To 3 ft.: Ifts. oblong to lanceolate: fls. white, to
14 in. long, in long peduncled lateral racemes. N. C., west
and south, extending northward.
Australia. To 6 ft.: Ifts. to 2^ in. long, oblanceolate to
oval: fls. indigo-blue, to 1 in. long, in long terminal racemes,
summer. Pa. to Ga. and Tex.
bracteata. To 2M ft.: Ifts. to 4 in. long, oblanceolate to
obovate, softly pubescent: fls. white or cream-colored, in
spring. Mich, to Tex. east to Ga.
grandifldra: trade name for B. australis.
leuc&ntha. To 4 ft. : Ifts. to 2 in. long, obovate to cuneate:
fls. white, to nearly 1 in. long, in lateral racemes. June-
July. Ont. to Fla. and Tex.
leucoph&a. Probably not distinct from B. bracteata,
but separated by some authors on the basis of Ifts. narrowly
oblanceolate-spatulate and villous.
minor. Distinguished by some authors from B. australis
by the divaricate branches and Ifts. %~2 in- long. S. U. 3.
Baptisia
94
perfoliata. To 3 ft.: Ivs. simple, orbicular, to 2 in. long,
perfoliate: Ms. yellow, in spring. Ga., S. C.
tinct&ria. To 4 ft.: Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. bright yellow,
in summer. Me. to Fla. and La.
verslcolor: referable to B. australis,
villdsa. To 4 ft., plant pubescent throughout, especially
when young: Ivs. nearly sessile, Ifts. to 4 in. long, entire,
euneate at base: fls. yellow, to 1 in. long, in lateral racemes
to 1 ft long. June-July. Va. to Fla. and Ark.
BARBADOS FLOWER-FENCE: Poinciana pulchenima.
-Nut: Jatropha Curcas. Pride: Poinciana pulchernma.
BARBARfeA (Cawpe). WINTER-CRESS. UP-
LAND-CRESS. Cruciferse. A few biennials and
perennials in temp, regions, some of them be-
coming field and roadside weeds, a few kinds
more or less grown as edible cress, and sometimes
for ornament: they are erect branching herbs
with small yellow fls. in terminal racemes,
elongated erect or spreading pods or siliques,
and pinnatificd or lyrate Ivs. See Cress.
plantagfnea. Bien. similar to B. vulgaris but larger in
all its parts: Ivs. oblong, toothed or somewhat lyrate, the
lateral lobes toothed: pods \]^ in. long. Asia Minor.
praecox: B. verna.
rupfcola. Per., forming mate or sods: st. to 1 ft.: radical
lys. with large con late terminal scgm. or part, caulme
pirinntifid: fls. large, the pedicels longer than sepals. Corsica,
Sardinia.-- -Grown for ornament.
verna (B. praecox). EARLY or BELLE ISLE CHESS. Bien.,
probably sometimes per., to 2 ft.: Ivs. irregularly pmnatifid,
the sogins. of the radical ones mostly 4-8 pairs: pod at
maturity \Y^ in. or more long, sharply 4-angled, on pedicel
nearly or quite us thick as itself, the beak or point short and
thick. Eu.; sometimes urn wild. — Blooms in very eaily
spring.
vulgaris. Per. or perhaps bieri. to 2 ft.: Ivs. with 1-3 pairs
of segrns,: pod 1 in. or less long, obtusely angled, on relatively
thin pedicels, the beak commonly veiy thin. Eu.; ex-
tensively nat. in N. Arner. and occasionally a noxious weed
in new meadows and cult, land.- — Blooms later. Double-fld.
and vanegated-lvd. forms aie known.
BARBERRY: Berberi*. Holly: Mahonia Aquifolium.
BARKERIA: according to recent practice treated as a
well marked section of the polymoiphic genus Epidendrum,
which soe.
BARKHOUSIA: Crept*.
BARKLYA. Lcguminosse. One tree to 60 ft.
native of Queensland and intro. in S. Calif.
B. syringifdlia. Lvs. simple, broad-cordate, to
4 in. long: fls. golden-yellow, small, regular ^ in
dense racemes to 9 in. long forming terminal
panicles.
BARLfeRIA. Acnnthaccse. Herbs or shrubs
with opposite entire Ivs. and funnelform 5-
lobed ns. solitary or in spikes or heads, with
large often showy bracts; native in Old World
tropics and grown under glass or in the open
in warm climates. Propagated by cuttings of
young wood over heat.
caerulea. To 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 6 in. and more long:
fls. blue, to 2 in. long, in dense spikes to 3 in. long; bracta
veiny, large, entiie. India.
cristata. To 3 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 3j^ in. long: fls. blue,
2 in. long, in dense spikes; bracts with long spiny teeth.
India.
strigdsa. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, somewhat leathery and
strigose Ms. blue, to 2 in. long, in terminal spikes. India.
BARLEY: Hordeum vulgare.
BAR6SMA. Rutaccx. S. African heath-like
shrubs with mostly opposite leathery Ivs. and
«5-parted fls. solitary or clustered; one species
intro. in S. Calif. Propagated by cuttings of
mature wood.
ovata. To 2 ft., much branched: Ivs. ovate or obovate,
to H in. long, shining: fls. white, H in. long, solitary.
pulchella (Diosma pulchdla). To 4 ft., much branched:
Batemannia
Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong, to ]>4 in. long, scattered, glossy,
margins revolute: fls. purplish- white, Y% in. long, in racemes
at ends of branches or occasionally solitary in axils.
BARRINGT&NIA. Lecythidacese. Evergreen
trees of the Old World tropics, having large lys.
crowded at ends of branches and white or reddish
fls. with many protruding stamens, borne in
spikes or racemes; the following planted in
tropics and intro. in S. Calif.
specidsa. To 50 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 15 in. long, entire,
shining: fls. with white petals 2 in. long and longer purplish
stamens: fr. 4-angled, 3 in. across, with 1 large seed, style
and calyx-lobes persistent. India.
BARTONIA: Mentzdia.
BARTSCHfiLLA. Cactacese. One species from
Lower Calif., distinguished from related genera
by the circumscissile fr. B. Schftmannii (Mam-
millaria Schumannii). Sts. tufted, to 2 in. high;
tubercles large; radial spines 9-15, to ]/2 in. long,
central spines usually hooked: fls. near top of
plant, purple or lavender, \Yi in. across.
BARYXYLUM: Pdtophorum.
BASELLA. MALABAR-NIGHTSHADE. Ba-
sellacese. IVo Asian twining herbaceous vines
with fleshy ovate to ovate-lanceolate Ivs. and
small inconspicuous fls. in clusters on long
thickened stalks; grown as pot-herbs in trop.
regions. In the N. seeds must be started indoors
under heat.
alba. Lvs. longer than broad: fls. whitish.
rubra. Lvs. about as broad as long: fls. reddish.
tuberdsa: Ullucus tuberosus.
BASELLACE^). BASELLA FAMILY. Five gen-
era of climbing or decumbent perennials from
trop. Amer. and Asia, somewhat allied to the
chcnopods, haying alternate fleshy Ivs. and
small regular bisexual fls. with 2 sepals, 5 petals
and stamens, superior 1 -celled ovary, and fr.
inclosed by trie corolla. Basella and Ullucus are
sometimes grown for food and Boussingaultia
for ornament.
BASIL: Ocimum.
BASKET-FLOWER: Centaurea americana, Hymenocallis
calathina.
BASKET-OF-GOLD: Alyssum saxalile.
BASKET PLANTS are those of a more or
less viney or trailing or diffuse habit that make
a good appearance in hanging baskets and pots
and that are of simple cultural reauirements.
The term is employed for those subjects cus-
tomarily grown on porches and in windows rather
than regularly in greenhouses. Some of them are
annuals of simple culture. Others are perennials
propagated by means of cuttings, as ivy (Hedera),
vinca, strawberry-geranium, nasturtium, senecio,
glechoma. Sometimes oxalis and spring bulbs
are included. Basket plants do not constitute a
cultural group, and need not be further con-
sidered separately. In growing basket plants one
must be sure that caution is taken against
excessive drying out.
BASSWOOD: Tilia.
BAST, CUBAN: Hibiscus datus. \
BATEMANNIA. Orchidacese. An American
genus of epiphytes with few-lvd. pseudobulbs,
plicate Ivs. and lateral pendulous loosely-fld.
racemes, with the btoad base of the petals
running down the long column-foot. x
Cdlleyi. Pseudobulbs compressed, ovate to oblong.
Batemannia
obtusely 4 -angled, 1-3-lvd. at summit: Ivs. oblanceolate-
elliptic or obovate-oblong, plicate: raceme lateral, to 6 in.
long; fls. to 10; sepals and petals green without, dull brownish-
purple within; lip 3-lobed, white or whitish-yellow dotted
with red. Trinidad, British Guiana.
Burtii: Huntleya Burtri.
BATOCYDIA UNGUIS: Doxantha Vnguis-cati.
BATODENDRON: Vaccinium arboreum.
BATRACHIUM: see Ranunculus.
BAU^RA. Saxifragacex. Evergreen shrubs
of Australia and Tasmania, often somewhat
heath-like in foliage, with opposite 3-parted
Ivs. and white, pink or purple fls. solitary in
the axils or clustered at ends of sts.
One attractive species is grown in the cool greenhouse
and blooms throughout winter and spring. Propagated by
cuttings of half-ripened wood in spring.
rubioldes. To 6 ft. or more, often prostrate: Ifts. oblong
or lanceolate, to H in. long, toothed: fls. pink or white,
H in. across.
BAUHfNIA. Leguminosse. Warm temp, and
trop. trees or shrubs, often climbing, with
simple Ivs. which are usually 2-lobed or -parted,
fls. in terminal or axillary cymes, and long flat
pods; grown for ornament in warm countries.
Propagated by seeds, suckers, and cuttings over
heat.
aculeate (B. Ungula). Tree-like shrub with spine-like
stipules: Ivs. glabrous, subcordate at base, the 2 lobes
ovate and 3-nerved and parted about one-fourth the way
down: petals lanceolate and crenate, stamens 9 or 10:
pods narrow, flat. Colombia.
acuminate. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. lobed less than half way:
fls. white, in racemes: pods to 5 in. long. India, Malaya,
China.
alba: B. variegata var. Candida.
candicans: probably B. Candida is meant (corniculata).
Candida: B. corniculata, B. variegata var.
corniculata. Erect shrub: Ivs. lobed nearly one-half
depth of If., lobes obtuse: fls. white, 2^-3 in. long, with
narrow long-clawed petals and prominent colored stamens.
Brazil, Paraguay. — The plant grown in Calif, as B. Candida
apparently belongs here.
corymbdsa. Climbing: Ivs. lobed nearly to middle:
fls. pinkish, in loose racemes. E. Asia.
forficata. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. foiked into long nar-
row lobes: fls. white or cream-colored, 1-3 in the axils, with
long nairow petals, pods to 10 in. long. Brazil.
Gfilpinii. Shrub to 10 ft., half-climbing: lys. 2-lobed:
fls. brick-red, in few-fld. racemes: pods to 5 in. long. S.
and trop. Afr.
grandifldra: a name often applied to B. variegata.
K&ppleri:* B. monandra.
mexicana. PATA-VACA. Large shrub or small tree: Ivs.
forked one-half-way down, lobes spreading and acute:
fls. small, in clusters, petals white, stamens very long. Mex.
mon&ndra (B. Kappleri). BUTTERFLY-FLOWER. JERU-
SALEM DATE. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. broadly lobed
about one-third their length: fls. pink with purple markings,
in terminal racemes, having only 1 fertile stamen, pods to
9 in. long. Probably Guiana.
pfcta. Erect: Ivs. roundish-elliptic, the lobes nearly
ovate and acutish: fls. white, in terminal racemes, petals
oblong. Colombia.
purpurea (B. triandra). Tree: Ivs. broadly lobed about
one-third their length: fls. red or white (var. alba), with
long narrow petals. India, China.
racemdsa. Small bush-like tree with hanging branches:
Ivs. rather small, broader than long, with short very obtuse
lobes: fls. yellow, small, in loose racemes. India.
toraentdsa. ST.-THO MAS-TREE. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs.
small, broadly lobed to one- or two-thirds their length: Cs.
yellow with a red or chocolate blotch on one petal, 1-3 in
the axils: pals to 5 in. long. India, China, Afr.
triandra: B. purpurea.
Ungula: B. aculeata.
Vahlii. MALU CREEPER. Tall climber: Ivs. very large,
broadly lobed to one-third or one-fourth their length:
fls. white becoming yellowish, in many-fld. terminal clusters:
pods to 1 ft. long. Himalayas.
variegata. MOUNTAIN EBONY. ORCHID-TRBB. Tree:
Ivs. broadly lobed to about one-third their length: fla.
95 Bean
lavender to purple, with broad petals, few together in the
axils: pods to 1 ft. long. India, China. Much planted in S.
Fla. Var. Candida (B. alba) has white fls.
BAYBERRY: Myrica.
BAY, BULL: Magnolia grandiflora, Persea Borbonia.
Loblolly: Gordonia Lasianthus. Red: Persea Borbonia and
palustns. Rose: Rhododendron. -Rum-Tree: Pimenta
acris. Swdefc Laurus, Magnolia mrginiana.
BEAD-PLANT: Nertera deprcssa.
BEAD-TREE: Adenanthera, Melia.
BEAM-TREE, WHITE: Sorbus Aria.
BEAN. Various species of Phaseolus are
commonly known as Deans, as: common field,
kidney or snap bean, PJiascolus vulgaris; lima
bean, P. limensis: sieva or civet bean, P. luna-
tus; these species are annual twiners, but with
bush or dwarf varieties. White Dutch Runner
and Scarlet Runner, P. coccineus, are perennial
but grown as annuals, also twiners with bush
forms. All these plants are tender, to be planted
only after the weather is warm and settled.
Broad, Windsor or horse bean, Vicia Faba, is a
stiffly erect hardy annual grown in North
America mostly in Canada, and especially in
the maritime districts; it does not thrive in hot
dry summers. Other kinds of beans are grown
for ornament, for forage and special purposes.
See Dolichos, Glycine, Phaseolus. Vigna.
The present statements about culture of
beans apply to the phascplus kinds mentioned
above. In respect to their uses, they may be
divided into tnree categories; viz., those used
as string or snap beans, the entire pod being
eaten; tnose used as shell beans, the full-size
but immature beans being shelled from the
pod and cooked; dry beans, or those eaten in
their dry or winter condition. The same variety
of bean may be used for all of these three pur-
poses at different stages of its development,
but there are varieties better suited to one
purpose than the other.
Beans will grow in most soils, but the best
results may be expected in ground well enriched
and in good physical condition. Little is to be
gained by planting bean seed before the soil has
become warm. No vegetable seed decays quicker
than beans, and the delay caused by waiting
for the ground to become warm and free from
excessive moisture will be more than made up
by the rapidity of growth when finally they are
planted. The beans may be dropped 2 inches
deep in shallow drills, the seeds to lie 2 inches
apart. Cover to the surface of the soil, and if the
ground be dry, firm it with the foot or the back
of the hoe. For the bush varieties, allow 2-2 J^
feet between the drill-rows. Pole beans are given
more room, and support must be provided. The
bush varieties may be planted at intervals of
two weeks from the first planting until about
two months before the average date of the first
frosts in fall. Each planting may be on ground
previously occupied by some early-maturing
crop. Thus, the first to third plantings may be
on ground from which has been harvested a crop
of spinach, early radish or lettuce; after that, on
ground where early peas have been grown; and
the later sowings where beets or early potatoes
have grown. String beans for canning are
commonly taken from the last crop. One quart
of seed will plant about 100 feet of drill.
Limas are the richest of beans, but the pole
varieties often fail to mature in the northern
states. The land should not be very rich in
Bean 96
nitrogen (or stable manure), else the plants will
run too much to vine and be too late. Choose a
fertile sandy or gravelly soil with warm exposure,
use some soluble commercial fertilizer to start
them off, and give them the best of culture.
Aim to have the pods set before the droughts
of midsummer come. The pole limas are com-
monly planted in hills that are 2 to 4 feet apart
in the rows; 1 quart of beans plants about 100
hills. Good trellises for beans are made by
strong twine stretched between two horizontal
wires, one of thich is drawn a foot above the
ground and the other G or 7 feet high. Dwarf
Jimas are more desirable for small gardens than
the pole varieties, as they may be planted much
closer, the bother of procuring poles and twine is
avoided , and the garden will have a more sightly
appearance; they are grown in rows that are
about 2l/2 feet apart. But the dwarf limas and
pole limas require a longer season than the
common garden bush beans, and usually only
one planting is made.
Beans are attacked by a good number of
diseases and insects, for the control of which
the grower should consult the latest bulletins
and books.
BEAN: Phascolus. Asparagus: Viyna sesquipedalis.
Black: Castanonpermum auxtrale. Broad: View, Faba.
Castor-: If in nun communis. Goa: Piophorarpus tetrayon-
olobiis. Horse: Vina Faba. Hyacinth: Dohchos Lablab.
Indian-: (latalpa biynomoides. Jack: Canaealia ensiformis.
Lyon: titizolvbium mveum. Mescal: tiophora secundijlora.
Potato: Apiosamencana. Sarawak: Dohchou Hoxei. Screw:
Prosopia pubescens. Soy: seo Soybean. Sword: Cana-
valia gladiata. -Tree: Laburnum anayyroidex. Velvet:
fttizolobiurn Wild: Apio.i americana. Yam: Pachyrlnzus.
Yard-long: Viyna aesqutpeilaUs. Yokohoma: Stuolobium
] I tin j oo.
BEARBERRY: Arctostaphylos, Arctous.
BEARD: a long awn or bristle-like hair, particularly
when in tufts.
BEARD-TONGUE: Peristemon.
BEARS-BREECH: Acanthus.
BEARS-TAIL, CRETAN: Celsia Arcturua.
BEAUCARNEA. Liliaccse. Tree-like plants
in dry regions of Tex. arid Mex. with tall trunks
somewhat swollen at base, long linear stiff Ivs.
and small whitish fls. in panicles; sometimes
retained in the genus Nolina; suitable for outdoor
planting in warm dry regions. Cult, as for Y-ucca.
recurvata (Nohna tubcrculata) . To 30 ft.: Ivs. to 6 ft.
long and ^4 in. wide, recurving. Mex.
BEAUF6RTIA. Myrtaccx. Stiff heath-like
shrubs of W. Australia, with small opposite Ivs.
and mostly red sessile fls. in dense heads or short
spikes; one species intro. in S. Calif. Propagated
by cuttings of hardening shoots under glass.
decuss&ta. To 4 ft. with stiff branches: Ivs. ovate, rarely
to li in. long: fls. in spikes, the red stamens to 1 in. long,
petals not exceeding calyx-lobes.
purpurea. Small shrub: Ivs. ovate- to linear-lanceolate,
to H m. long: fls. small, in dense heads, stamens purple.
squarrdsa. Differs from B. decussate in petals twice as
large as calyx-lobes.
BEAUM(3NTlA. Apocynacex. A few woody
vines from Java to E. India, with opposite Ivs..
very large showy funnelform fls. in terminal
cymes, leafy lobed calyx, and long cylindrical fr.
One is grown in greenhouses in rich loamy soil; it should
not be planted in pots; also planted out-of-doore in the
South. Propagated by cuttings.
grandifldra. HERALDS-TRUMPET. Lvs. oval or ob ovate,
to 8 in. long: fls. white, trumpet-shaped, to 5 in. long and
as broad, fragrant, spring-blooming. Himalayas. — Some-
times a small tree.
Bedding
Jerdoni&na. Differs from B. grandiflora in the corolla
funnelform rather than campanulate and the calyx-lobea
narrow-lanceolate, not broad-ovate. India.
BEAUTY-BERRY: Callicarpa.
BEAUTY-BUSH: Kolkwitzia amabilis.
BEDDING is a more or less technical term
to denote the growing of plants in beds or masses
in distinction from placing them singly or in
lines or "hills." It is commonly employed
to designate the close massing of plants in the
open ground for the making of striking displays
of color or leafage; it is ordinarily a more or less
temporary recourse for spring, summer or
autumn show, although the name is sometimes
given to assembled effects of perennials as of
grasses and even of low evergreens. Sometimes
the bed is of short duration even though the
plants are perennial, as with the spring bulbs.
It is evident that for temporary or seasonal
effects the site must be well chosen and the
ground carefully prepared so that results are
obtained speedily and at the desired date.
In spring bedding the plants arc commonly
tulips, hyacinths, crocuses or other early-
flowering bulbous plants. In this case, the grorniv,
is usually occupied later in the season by other
plants. These later may be annuals, the seeds
of which are sown amongst the bulbs as soon as
the season is far enough advanced; or the an-
nuals may be started in boxes and the plants
transplanted amongst the bulbs as soon as the
weather is fit. Heavy early over-planting of this
kind, however, is likely to weaken the bulbs or
prevent their proper maturation.
Summer bedding is often made with perennial
plants carried over from the preceding year, or
better, propagated for that particular purpose
in February and March. Such plants as gera-
nium, coleus, alyssum, scarlet salvia, ageratum
and heliotrope may be grown for these beds. It
is a common practice to use geranium plants
which are in bloom in winter for bedding out in
the summer, but such plants are tall and un-
gainly in form and have expended the greater
part of their energies. It is better to propagate
new plants by taking cuttings or slips late in the
winter and setting out young, fresh, vigorous
subjects. Many of the low-growing and compact
continuous-flowering annuals are also excellent
for summer bedding effects.
Bedding of another type attempts to make
patterns or designs; it is carpet-bedding. Com-
paratively few subjects are adapted to this
purpose, for the plants must be such as will
stand shearing and have very strong and con-
stant colors of foliage. The most popular bedding
plants are coleus (particularly the yellow Golden
bedder), alternanthera, iresinc, Centaurea gym-
nocarpa, and such succulent plants as the
houseleeks. Some of the annual flowers may also
be used for strong color effects? as Lobelia Erinus
and sweet alvssum. Ordinarily the making of
carpet-beds snould be left to professional gar-
deners, since it requires much skill and care to
make and keep the beds in perfect condition;
and a ragged or imperfect carpet-bed is worse
than no bed at all. CarpeVbeds are really
curiosities, and they have no more legitimate
place in the general pictorial landscape design
area th^n painted stones or sheared evergreens.
Therefore, they should be placed by themselves
at one side, where they do not interfere with the
general design of the place. In public parks they
Bedding
make a very useful attraction when set off by
themselves, the same as topiary work or other
specialties.
Bold subtropical effects can be produced by
planting in the open such subjects as palms,
bananas, crotons, araucarias, caladiums and
cannas as well as by castor-beans and other
quick growers. Plants like bananas and palms,
which are kept normally in pots, would better
be left in the pots and plunged to the rims rather
than turned out directly into the ground. To
attain quick and continuous effects, it is advisable
to set the plants rather close. As these plants
are likely to be injured by strong winds, it is
well to have subtropical beds in a somewhat
protected place. Care must be taken to provide
good water supply, for the effects are conditioned
largely on luxurious growth and clean foliage.
BED STRAW: Galium.
BEECH: Fag us. Australian: Eucalyptus polyanthemos.
Blue: Carpinua carohmana.
BEEPWOOD: Caauarina.
BEET: Beta.
BEFARIA (Bejaria). Ericaceae. Evergreen
shrubs with alternate entire Ivs. and white,
yellow or red fls. in terminal racemes or corymbs;
native Fla., Mex., S. Amer. and one species
sometimes planted in Fla.
racemdsa. TAR-FLOWER. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oval or oblong,
to 2 in long, leathery: fls. white, 2 in. across, in showy
racemes to 8 in. long. S. Ga., Fla., in sandy soil and low
places.
BEGGARS-TICKS: Bidens frondosa.
BEGGARWEED: Dexmodium purpureum.
BEGONIA. Begoniacese. Many species and
hybrids in a great trop. genus, around the world,
comprising subjects ornamental for foliage,
habit and bloom: sappy or succulent herbs or
herb-like shrubs; a few of them are annuals: Ivs.
alternate, often large and colored or illustrated,
usually oblique or lop-sided: fls. monoecious,
white, pink, red, yellow, the ovary inferior and
usually similarly colored. Begonias have given
rise, under cult., to numberless forms and hybrids
and many of them bear Latin names as if they
were species, thus adding to the confusion of
the nomenclature. Present-day florists' begonias
are mostly of the B. semperjlorens relationship.
The following species are per. unless otherwise
stated. Many kinds bearing only vernacular
names are not included in this account.
Begonias are all tender plants, impatient also of dry
and droughty conditions. They are glasshouse or lathhouse
or window-garden subjects, requiring protection from burn-
ing sun, although many of the kinds are useful for bedding-
out in protected areas. Three main horticultural classes
may be recognized: the fibrous-rooted (or rootstock very
small, if any), mostly tall and branching; the rhizomatous,
with the stems or rootstocks running on the surface of the
ground and the plants usually without erect branching
stems, comprising species with conspicuously heavy orna-
mental foliage; the tuberous-rooted. B. socotrana is bulb-
ous. The lines between these divisions are often more or
less indefinite. The stem-bearing fibrous-rooted kinds grow
readily from cuttings of the firm half-ripened wood, and
rhizomatous species by division of the rootstocks. All the
species are readily raised from seeds under cover; the heavy-
leaved kinds propagate from leaf-cuttings, as the rex va-
rieties. The tuberous kinds, which are summer bloomers,
are grown mostly from seeds although the tuber may be
divided; the tubers rest in winter. Tubers usually produce
their best bloom two years or seasons from seed, although
they may be dried off when flowers are past and growth is
fully mature and used over again for several years. Reeds
of begonias are small and they must be covered lightly and
always treated with care in a protected seed-bed. The
fibrous-rooted branching kinds contain the winter bloom-
era although many of them also bear colored and attractive
97 Begonia
leaves; it is well to keep fresh plants of them coming on each
year.
acida (B. braziliensis of hort.). Rhizomatous: Ivs. basal,
nearly orbicular, to 9 in. across, rugose, bright green, hairy:
fls. creamy-white to faint pink, W in. diam., in loose
clusters hanging on erect sts. Brazil.
acuminata: B. acutifolia.
acutangula (B. acutangulans) . Like B. angularis, but
Ivs. broader and larger, veins pale green, margins coarsely
toothed.
acutangularis: B. acutangula.
acutifdlia (B. acuminata). Fibrous: subshrubby to 3
or 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong to ovate-acuminate, 2-3 in. long, ser-
rate: fls. white, about 1 in. acroos, 3-5 on a peduncle.
Jamaica.
filba perf 6cta: trade name for a tall fibrous-rooted plant
with white fls.
alba scandens: see B. scandens.
aJbo-pfcta. Fibrous: shrubby, branched, compact: Ivs.
elliptic-lanceolate, not large, glossy-green and silvery-
spotted: fls. rather small, greenish-white. Brazil.
Alleryi. Medium in size, bushy, hairy: Ivs. ovate, dark
green, toothed, purple-veined underneath: fls. pule pink:
B. me tall tea X B. gigantea.
andina. Medium size, brown-scurfy, branches drooping
or spreading: Ivs. fleshy, ovate, pointed, dull green: fls.
white. Bolivia.
angularis (B. zebrind). Fibrous: plant smooth, shrubby,
to 8 ft.: Ivs. long ovate-acuminate, green and glossy above
with white veins, tinged reddish underneath: fls. white,
% in. across, in large clusters. Brazil.
argenteo-guttata. Fibrous: strong and branching, 2-4
ft., glabrous: Ivs. ovate-acuminate, 4-6 in. long, angled or
toothed, white-speckled: fls. white tinged pink, in axillary
clusters. Cultigen; B. albo-picta X B. olbia.
argyrostigma: B. maculata.
ascotiensis. Fibrous: Ivs. ovate, 2 in. long, dentate,
brown with green margin: fls. bright red, long-pcduncled.
Cultigen; supposed to be B. fuchsioidea X B. semper flor ens.
Bertmii: hort. name for a plant closely allied to J9.
bolivienais, differing in its less pendent light scarlet fla.
bolivie'nsis. Tuberous: at. 2-3 ft. high, somewhat hairy,
becoming more or less drooping: Ivs. lanceolate to narrow-
ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-5 in. long: fla. cinnabar-scarlet,
fuchsia-like. Bolivia. — lias entered into some of the garden
tuberous begonias (B. tuber hybrida).
Bowringiana: B. laciniata.
brazili^nsis: B. acida; the true brastlienst.* I.H riot in cult.
Bunchii: see B. Feaatii.
calla. Lvs. variegated with white, on new growth some-
times clear white like a small calla: one of the B. semper-
florena group.
carminata. Fibrous: rather tall, branching: Ivs. ovate-
acuminate, deeply toothed but not lobed, green: fls. in
hanging clusters, rose-scarlet. Recorded as a cross between
B. coccinea and B. Dregei.
caroliniffifftlia. Fibrous: st. thick and fleshy: Ivs. pal-
mate, divided into 6-8 long ovate stalked Ifts.: fls. small
and pink, on long peduncles. Mex.
Carrierei: derivative from B. aemperflorena.
cathayana. Fibrous-rooted, to 18 in., erect: Ivs. hanging,
large, obliquely cordate, pointed, toothed, green above
with crimson nerves, mottled crimson underneath: fls.
vermilion. China.
Cathcartii of hort. is B. xanthina.
cheimintha. Group name for the B. socotrana and B.
Dregei hybrids, including Gloire de Lorraine raised in 1892,
Glory of Cincinnati, Lady Mac, Mehor.
Cl&rkei. Tuberous: st. erect to 2 ft., fleshy, puberulent:
Ivs. cordate-ovate, serrate: fls. large and bright red, in
pendulous racemes. Bolivia at high altitudes. — Has con-
tributed to the race of hort. tuberous begonias (B. tuber-
hybrida).
coccfnea (B. rubrd). Fibrous: sts. glabrous, becoming
3-4 ft., branching: Ivs. thick, oblong to ovate, 4-6 in. long,
reddish underneath: fls. large, wax-like and coral-red, m
drooping clusters. Brazil. — Has given rise by variation
and hybridization to many good forms, as Lucerna, Presi-
dent Carnot.
c6mpta. Tall slender hort. begonia: Ivs. long-pointed,
grayish-green with gray center: fls. small, white, in large
clusters.
concluefolia (B. Warscewiczii). Rhizomatous: Ivs. ovate-
cordate, 4-6 in. long, basal lobes overlapping, reddish and
hairy underneath: iis. pink to nearly white, fragrant, on
long peduncles. Cent. Amer.
corallina. Fibrous: related to B. maculata or a form of it,
very free-flowering; 8-10 ft., needing support: Ivs. cordate-
Begonia
lanceolate, glossy green: fl». coral-red, in drooping long
dusters. Cuitigen. — The name is also applied to a form of
B. coccinca.
Cre'dneri. Medium ai/e, bushy, soft-hairy: IVH. ovate,
olive-green, reddish underneath: fls. pink: 13. ticharffiana
X B. metallic^.
crfspa: B. manicata var.; also a form of tuberous begonia.
cristata: hprt. name for a race of tuberous-rooted
begonias having a crested outgrowth from the center of fl.
cypraea: a form of B. mcialhca.
Davisii. Tuberous, aoaulescent: Ivs. ovate-cordate, thin-
hairy, red underneath: fls. bright red, as well as peduncles.
J'eru. — Has contributed to the garden tuberous begonias
(B. tuberhybnda) .
decdra: hort. name for a tall fibrous-rooted begonia, with
white odojous fls.
diadema. Fibrous: sts. 2 ft., fleshy: Ivs. deeply parted,
maple-like, dentate, green blotched white: fls. very small,
pink. Boineo.
dicho'toma. Fibrous: upright, 2-3 ft., glabrous, at.
thick' Ivs. neatly oibicular to ovate, 3-12 in. long, serrulate
and angled, bright green: fls. white, small, in long-peduncled
clustejs. Venezuela.
dichrba. Low, spreading: Ivs. broad-ovate, pointed,
glossy green: fls. largo, orange, in dense clusters. Brazil.
Digwilliana. Fibrous: neatly or quite erect, of inter-
mediate stature: Ivs. elliptic, 2-4 in. long, senate, dark
rich gieen: fls. rosy -scarlet, drooping. Cultigen; probably
a hybrid fiom B. fuchaioides.
doming6nsis. Subshrubbv but low, with hard glabrous
branches and hairy brarichlets: Ivs. small, ovate-acute,
somewhat coidate and lobed, 1 in. or so long, glabrous
above and hairy on nerves undeineath: fls. white, small,
in close cymes. Hispaniola.
dominicalis. Fibrous: sts. glabrous, to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-
cordate, to 4^ in. long, acuminate, membianous: fls. white,
to \£ in. long, in mucn branched erect glabious dichotom-
ous cymes. Dominica.
DrSgei (B. parvifoha). Tuberous or semi-tuberous: sts.
aim. from the tuber, succulent, red, 1-3 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
rhombic, about 3 in. long, angled and more or less lobed,
red-iibbed underneath, fls. few and white, on axillary
peduncles. S. Afr. Var. MacbSthii (B. Macbethii) is mostly
smaller and more slender, 1-1^ ft. high: Ivs. smaller, deeply
notched-lobed: fls. smaller. Probably a cultigen.
Druryi: hort. form differing from B. Haageana in its
white fls. and Ivs. purple beneath.
Duch&rtrei. Fibrous: st. branched and hairy, 2-3 ft.
and more* Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 5-8 in.
long, dentate, reddish underneath: fls. large, waxy- white
and with red hairs, in long-stemmed compact clusters.
Cultigen; apparently hybrid from B. Scharffiana.
cchinose'pala. Medium in sizef hairy, sts. erect and
much branched: Ivs. ovate and pointed, coarsely toothed,
green and glossy, purple underneath: fls. pink, hairy on
outside. Brazil.
ecuadore'nsis. Trade name for a begonia grown from
Ecuadorean seeds: st. upright: Ivs. large, neaily palmate,
green with whitish markings when young: fls. white to pink.
Another ecuadorensis is B. acida.
fingleri. Tall, succulent, somewhat branched: Ivs. ovate,
coarsely tootheu, green with purplish veins: fls. clear pink.
Trop. Afr.
ferfordii. Fibrous: dwarf and bushy, to 1^ ft.: fls. rose-
carmine. Hybrid of B. Schmidtiana and a form of B.
semper flor ens.
Evansiana. Tuberous: glabroxia, branching, sts. to 2 ft.,
deciduous: Iva. ovate, acute and subcordate, lobed and
denticulate, red underneath: fls. large, flesh-color. China,
Japan. — Stands some frost; propagates by axillary bulblets.
Faureana. Sts. erect: Ivs. palmately parted to middle
into 3 or 5 main divisions which are again parted or notched,
marked silvery-white and brownish. Brazil.
F&astii. Rhizomatous: Ivs nearly orbicular, thick, red
underneath, hairy on edges: fls. light pink, long-peduncled.
Hybrid of B. rnanioita. and B. hydrocotyli folia. — A form
with If. -margins crested and frilled is B. Bunchii.
fimbriata: reported as a tuberous begonia with fringed
petals.
floribunda: B. multifl&ra.
folidsa. Fibrous: small smooth semi-shrubby very leafy
plant to 1)^ ft.: Ivs. about ^ in. long, distichous on short
shaggy branchlets, noteh-lobed: fls. 1-3 together on slender
axillary peduncles, white tinged rose, about J^ in. across.
Colombia. — Good basket and conservatory plant.
Francbnis. Ann., pubescent, erect, to 6 in.: Ivs. small,
unequally ovate, subcordate, to 2 in. long, crenate and
cilmte, 7-nerved: fls. white or pinkish, axillary and few. Mex.
Fro&belii. Tuberous: Ivs. cordate-acuminate, with fleshy
98 Begonia
purplish hairs: fls. bright scarlet, large, in tall branching
drooping clusters (see B. tuberhybrida) . Ecuador.
frutescens. Trade name of a begonia of low spreading
habit with red sts.: Ivs. strongly undulate, green above
red beneath: fls. white with pedicels and peduncles rod, ir»
stiff terminal clusters.
fruticdsa: trade tille for a set of the Scliarffiana group
with leathery Ivs. green to almost black on upper surface
and red underneath: Us. white or tinted.
fuchsioldes. Fibrous but with very short rootstock:
st. slender, 2-3 ft , branchlets shaggy: Ivs. ovate and lop-
sided, to l^a in. long, serrulate: fls. fuchsia-like, scarlet,
ti-% in. across. Mex. — Good conservatory plant. Var.
coccmea. Fls. transparent-scarlet.
gigant£a: B. semperflorems var. Another B. gigantea is a
rhi/omatous plant, probably of garden origin, with st.
2-3 ft. high: Ivs. long-acuminate, to 1 ft. long: fls. many
and small, white or pale pink.
Gflsonii. Fibrous: st. shrubby, to 2 ft., more or less
procumbent: Ivs. large, lobed, pointed and somewhat
fluted, dark green: fls. double or crested, light pink, on long
erect peduncles. Cultigen.
glandulifera. To 2 ft,, with a fleshy creeping rooting
st.: Ivs. obliquely cordate-ovate, to 6 in. long, serrulate,
sparsely hairy underneath and on margins: fls. white, in
long-stalked open clusters. W. Indies.
glaucophylla. Rhizornatous: sts. glabrous, long and
drooping or climbing on rafters: Ivs. ovate and \vuvy, 3 in.
long, ghmcous, white-spotted above, purple underneath:
fls. brick -red, to 1 in. across, in clusters. Brazil. — Some-
times erroneously called B. scandens.
goegoe'nsis. Rhizomatous, compact: Ivs. erect, ovate-
orbicular, peltate, blistered or puckered green above and
handsomely blotched nnd veined, dull red underneath:
fls. small, rose-pink. Sumatra.
gr&cilis. Tuberous: st. erect, mostly unbranehed, smooth:
Ivs. heart-shaped, lobed and denticulate: fls. pink, in sum-
mer, on short axillary peduncles: bulblets in the If.-axils
may be used for propagation. Mex. Var. alba, fls. white;
var. compdcta of the trade is B semperflorens Tauaendschon;
var. r6sea is listed: var. lumm&sa, Ivs. bronzy-red, fls.
scarlet,
gunnercefdlia. Fibrous: tree-like but little if at all
branched, sts. scaly arid more or less woolly: Ivs. large,
to 10 in. across, nearly orbicular, dentate-notched or with
small angle-lobes: fls. very small, whitish, in axillary
clusters. Colombia.
Haageana: B. ScJiarflii.
heracleifdlia. Rhizomatous, hairy: Ivs. long-stalked,
orbicular, to 1 ft. or more across, with 5-9 deep narrow
dentate lobes that extend to the middle of the blade or
beyond: fls. white or rose, small, to 1 in. across, on peduncles
2-4 ft. high. Mex.
hiemalis. Group of hybrids between B. socotrana and
Andean tuberous species, represented by varieties Emily
Clibran, Flambeau, Optima, The Pearl.
hirt611a. Low and bushy, hairy: Ivs. broad-ovate, green,
small: fls. greenish-white. Brazil.
Houghtonii. Low and bushy, soft-hairy, resembling
B. Scharffii but Ivs. smaller, paler and often^inore strongly
lobed, long-acuminate. Hort. plant, once identified with
B. urophylUi.
Hugelii. Medium in size, white-hairy, erect: Ivs. broad-
ovate, large, dentate, shallowly lobed, reddish underneath:
fls. white. Brazil.
humilis. Ann. to 15 in., erect and branching: Ivs. thin,
narrow-ovate and pointed, 2 in. long, oblique and sub-
cordate, sparsely hairy, dentate and serrulate: fls. white,
small, in open long-stalked clusters. Trinidad.
hydrocotylifdlia. Rhizomatous, hairy: Ivs. roundish-
cordate, repund and not lobed, short-stalked: fls. rose-
colored, small but many, on peduncle to l^a ft. high. Mex.
illustrata: small-lvd. form of B. Rex.
imperialis. Rhizomatous very hairy condensed low
plant: Ivs. cordate-ovate, 2-6 in. long, serrulate, green
above arid lighter along the veins, brown-green underneath:
fls. white, about l/i in. across, on scapes or peduncles not
exceeding the foliage. Mex.— Commonly grown as Otto
Foerster. In var. smaragdina the Ivs. are wholly bright
green.
incana (B. peltata of cult.). Fibrous, scurf y-tomentose
on stalks and foliage: st. 1-2 ft. tall and mostly simple:
Ivs. broad-ovate to nearly orbicular, peltate, 4-9 in. long,
entire or repand: fls. white, 1 in. across, in clusters on long
peduncles. Brazil.
incarn&ta. Fibrous: st. branching, erect, 2-3 ft.: Ivs.
oblong td ovate, 4-10 in. long and long-pointed, notched
and semi-lobed, reddish-green underneath, often vmore or
less spotted or feathered above: fls. rose-colored, to 1H
in. across, in hanging clusters. Mex.
Begonia
99
tngramii. Fibrous: to 3 ft., with horizontal blooming
side branches: Ivs. small, lance-ovate, serrate, green, tintea
red in the sun: fls. rose, large for the group, as the plant is a
hybrid of B. nitida and B. fuctmoides; free-blooming.
is6ptera. Fibrous: st. branching, 1^-2 ft., glabrous: Ivs.
ovate-oblong, to 3H m. long, strongly ol hque, subcordate,
margin undulate-dentate to denticulate: fls. pink, in cymes
to 4 in. long. Java. Var. hirsute has glandular-hairy
petioles.
kewensis. Tall, of hort. origin, sts. branching: Ivs.
ovate, acuminate, green: fls. greenish-white, in drooping
clusters.
laciniata (B. Bmoringiana) . Fibrous: sts. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
broad cordate-ovate, 5-8 in. long, glabrous or nearly so
except on edges, angled to sharp-lobed to laciniate, purplish-
black above and broad green band between margin and
rib: fls. white, about 2 in. across, few on a long peduncle.
China.
Lesoudsii: reported as a form of Rex begonia.
lettonica. Rhizomatous: medium size, pubescent: Ivs.
large, ovate and acuminate, cordate, shall owly lobed, green
above and reddish underneath, dentate and ciliate: fls.
pink: B. heradei folia X B. nelumbii folia.
Lidbmannii. Rhizomatous: low, hairy: Ivs. orbicular,
erect, lobed, green blotched with silver, purplish under-
neath: fls. white and greenish, large, in short infl. Mex.
Lindleyana. Erect, st. fleshy, red-hairy: Ivs. ovate-acute,
peltate, to 6 in. long, toothed and somewhat lobed: fls. in
branching clusters, white. Guatemala.
L16ydii. Tuberous: drooping habit: fls. single and double,
white and colored. Hort. name.
lobata. Fibrous: Ivs. pointed, spotted: fls. white. Hort.
name.
lobulata. Tali and erect, with few branches: Ivs. broad-
ovate, large, glossy green, shall owly lobed and finely
toothed, brown-tomentose underneath: fls. white or pale
pink, in erect clusters. Mex.
Luce'rna: form of B. cocrinea, or hybrid, with white-
spotted foliage.
lumindsa: B. gracilis var.
luxurians. Fibrous: sts., stalks and Ivs. hairy: Ivs.
palmately compound, Ifts. 7-17, lanceolate and serrate
and 3-6 in. long and about 1 in. broad, upper surface red-
dish, under surface green: fls. small, cream-color, in long-
peduncled clusters. Chile.
Macbe'thii: B. Dregei var.
macrophylla: B. nelumbii folia.
maculata (B. argyrostigma). Fibrous: plant smooth,
sts. branched, 2-5 or more ft.: Ivs. oblong to oblong-ovate,
thick, 4-8 in. long, obtuse or nearly so, undulate, green and
with circular white dots above, red underneath: fls. pale
rose to white, about 1 in across, in hanging clusters. Brazil.
magnifica: hort. name for a form of B. Rex-cultorum as
well as for one of the B. semper flor ens typo; the true B.
m'ignifica of Colombia, a smooth and shining suffrutescent
rhizomatous species, is probably not in cult, with us.
malab&rica. Low and bushy, pubescent: Ivs. small,
ovate, green, dentate: fls. light pink, drooping, in short
clusters Malabar, India.
manicata. Rhizomatous: plant mostly glabrous except
on If.-margins and ribs: Ivs. short-ovate, 4-8 in. long,
fleshy, sinuate-dentate, shining green above, reddish
underneath, fls. about M in. long, pink, the peduncles
exceeding the foliage. Mex. — Runs into cristate and
spotted forms under cult.; see also B. Feastii.
Mannii. Low, with erect branching sts.: Ivs. ovate and
acute, green, reddish underneath, dentate: fls. pink, in
short infl. W. Afr.
Margaritas. Fibrous: sts. 1-2 ft. high, purple and hairy:
Ivs. ovate-acuminate, sinuate-dentate, green and purplish
above, red underneath: fls. large, rose-colored, in clusters.
Cultigen; B. metallica is said to be one parent.
Martiana: form of B. gracilis.
metallica. Fibrous: sts. erect and shaggy, to 4 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, to 6 in. long, angled or lobed, margins sinuate-serrate,
green and metallic-tinted above, lighter underneath: fls.
blush- white to light rose, to l^j in. across, in peduncled
clusters. Brazil.
multifl6ra (B. floribunda). Fibrous: tall, resistant; a
form of B. fuchsioidea or a derivative: fls. delicate pink.
narcissifldra: hort. name for a class of tuberous begonias
with fls. §haped like a single daffodil, yellow, pink and red.
nelumbiifdlia (B. macrophylla). Rhizomatous: Ivs.
round-ovate to nearly orbicular, to 18 in. long, peltate, not
lobed, serrulate and ciliate, short-pointed, green both sur-
faces, mostly hairy on nerves: fls. white or pinkish, % in.
or less across, on tall peduncle. Mex.
nfgricans (B. subpdtata nigricans of hort. liste). Fibrous:
erect, branched, 2-3 ft. : Ivs. ovate, acuminate, to 9 in. long,
Begonia
angled-toothed, bristly-serrate, silvery-green and somewhat
marked above with darker areas, red underneath, hairs
often dark red: fls. rose, about 1 in. across, in peduncled
clusters. Cultigen.
nitida. Fibrous: glabrous, sts. branched, 3-5 ft.: Ivs.
reniform-ovate, 4-6 in. long, crenate-dentate, green and
glossy: fls. pink or rose, to 1^ in. across, in large peduncled
clusters. Jamaica. Var. odorata alba has smaller sweet-
scented fls.
odorata: B. nitida var.
61bia. Fibrous: st. short and erect, mostly branched:
Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long, dentate and somewhat angle-lobed,
hairy and bronzy-green and white-dotted above, red under-
neath: fls. white, in short drooping axillary clusters. Brazil.
palmaris. Fibrous: much like B. olbia but Ivs. not spotted
and reinform-ovate, to 10 in. long and usually with about
3 triangular-acute lobes: fls. white, with serrate petals, more
or less hidden in the foliage. Brazil.
palmata: hort. name for a plant with cane-like growth
and large palmate silver-striped Ivs.
palmifdlia: hort. name for a plant with large lobed green
Ivs. and white fls. in clusters.
parvifdlia: B. Dregei.
Pearcei. Tuberous: sta. branched, 1 ft. high: Ivs. broad-
ovate and cordate, acuminate, toothed, glabious and green
above, tomentose and pale red underneath: fls. bright yel-
low, large, in axillary clusters. Bolivia. — It has intro. the
yellow color into the hort. tuberous begonias (B. tuber-
hybrida).
peltata: B. incana.
pendula: hort. tuberous begonia with drooping branches,
in colors.
phyllomaniaca. Fibrous: sts. erect, branching, producing,
as do the Ivs., many buds and leafy growths: Ivs. nan owly
cordate-ovate arid long-acuminate, to 7 in. long, side-lobed
and toothed, j?reen both surfaces: fls. pale pink, % in.
across, in hanging clusters. Brazil.
pfcta: hort. name for a fibrous-rooted begonia with
small narrow Ivs. spotted white and white fls. (picta alba);
picta rosea has rose-colored fls. and often spotted foliage:
both are probably forms of B. coccinea.
P6ggei. Low, with erect sts.: Ivs. ovate, acute, dull
green, pmnately veined: fls. greenish with red wingless
ovanes, in very short clusters. Trop. Afr.
prunifolia: hort. name for a plant of the Scharffiana
type, with foliage plum-colored underneath: fibrous: ste.
branched, hairy: Ivs. to 6 in. long, oblique-ovate, red -hairy
on veins underneath: fls. white, in large pendent clusters.
Rajah. Rhizomatous: Ivs. angular-orbicular, papery,
serrate, smooth above and with green ribs and brown-red
intermediate areas, setose on veins underneath: fls. pink,
small, on peduncles about as high as foliage. Malaya.
R6x. Rhizomatous: Ivs. ovate, to 12 in. long, hanging
on the haiiy petiole, sinuate-dentate, reddish underneath
and hairy on veins, metallic-green above with silvery zone
about 1 in. wide midway between margin and outside of
which is purplish, fls. pale rose, about 2 in. across, above
the foliage. Assam. — Little known in hort.
Rex-cultdrum. The Rex begonias of hort., with variously
marked, blotched or marbled not lobed Ivs. that are some-
times helix-like or spiralled in center. Derivatives from
B. Rex through variation or hybridization. — Known some-
times as "beefsteak-geranium.
Richardsiana (B. Richardsonii) . Tuberous: plant small
and bushy: Ivs. like those of B. Dregei var. Macbethii but
more deeply cut: fls. small, white. S. Afr.
Rfchardsonii: B. Richardsiana.
ricinifdlia. Hybrid derivative from B. heradeifolia:
rhizomatous: Ivs. orbicular in outline, to 1 ft. and more
across, the lobes usually not extending more than about
one-third the depth of the blade, bronzy-green: fls. rose-
pink, to 1 in. across, on tall peduncles.
robusta: hort. name for a fibrous-rooted plant of inter-
mediate growth, probably an offshoot of &. fuchsioides:
sts. red, reproduced continuously from the root: Ivs. oblong-
acuminate, lop-sided, to 3 in. long, dentate, reddish: fls.
pink to red, the staminate to 1 l/^ in. or more across.
rosasflora. Tuberous: Ivs. orbicular or reniform, 2-6 in.
across, lobed, green but red-edged: fls. rose-red, 2 in. across.
Peru, at high altitudes. — Has entered into the development
of garden tuberous begonias (B. tuberhybrida) .
rdsea gigantea. Fibrous-rooted, erect: Ivs. largo,
orbicular, glossy, with red spot at petiole: fls. deep rose to
red, in large clusters. Hort.
R6ssii: hort. name for a fibrous-rooted plant with
bronzy foliage and light pink fls.
R6xburghii. Medium size, sparsely hairy, sts. slender
and branched: Ivs. broad-ovate, large, glossy green, paler
underneath: fls. white, fragrant, in short infl. Himalayas.
Begonia
100
Belamcanda
rubella: B. rubelhna.
rubellina (B. rubella of hort. Hats). Rhizomatous: Ivs.
broad-ovate, shallowly lobed and pointed, to 8 in. long,
dull green sprinkled with dark brown spots, petiole shaggy:
fls. pink, about 1 in. across, long-peduncled. Cultigen.
rubra: B. cocdnea.
rubro-vfenia. Rhizornatous: low, with erect branching
sts.: Ivs. ovate, oblique, pointed, glossy green, often red or
brown underneath, shallowly scalloped: fls. white and
pink. Himalayas.
Sandersonii. Fibrous: st. glabrous, nearly or quite
erect, the plant low and bushy: Ivs. ovate-acuminate, to
3 or 4 in long, doubly serrate, dark green: fls. bright scarlet.
1 in. or less long, drooping. Cultigen; probably a hybrid
derivative from B. fuchsioides.
sanguine a. Fibroiis: plant smooth and shining through-
out, low, sts. several, 1% ft. or more, red, leaf -bearing
toward base: Ivs. cordate- ovate, slightly peltate, to 6 in.
long, entire, abruptly pointed, green above and^ blood-red
underneath: fls. small, white, staminate to % in. across,
mostly above the foliage. Brazil.
sc&brida. Tall, rough-hairy, erect, branching: Ivs. broad-
ovate, green, dentate: fls. small and many, white, in erect
clusters. Venezuela.
scandens: a name commonly applied to the more
scandent forms of B. ylaucophylla. Ihe true B. scandens
has crenate-dentate Ivs. and small white fls , from trop.
Amer ; perhaps represented in the plant listed as B. alba
scarulens.
Scharffiana. Fibrous: plant 1-3 ft., robust, hairy: Ivs.
broad-ovate, to 8 in. long, pointed, olive-green above and
bright red underneath: fls. large, waxy-whito with con-
spicuous red hairs, in heavy long-peduncled clusters.
Brazil.
Scharffii (B. Haagcana). Fibrous: plant red-hairy, st.
shrubby, 2-4 ft.: Ivs. ovate-cordate, to 10 in. long, wavy,
nerves red above: fls. rose-pink, in large hanging showy
clusters. Brazil.
Schmidtiana. Fibrous: plant usually 1 ft. or less high,
sts. hairy and red-tinged: Ivs. ovate-acuminate, to 3 in.
long, angled or shall ow-lobed, dentate, reddish underneath:
fls. white tinted rose, small. Brazil.
Schnitzeri: hort name for a low branching semi-tuberous
plant, perhaps a form of B. Drcyei; fls. orange.
semperfl&rens. Fibrous: variable plant, glabrous and
more or less succulent, sts. little branching, to 3 ft. high: Ivs.
ovate to oval, 2-4 in. across, finely serrulate and ciliate,
glossy-green and commonly red-tinged on ribs: fls. rose-red
to nearly white, 1 in. across, in axillary clusters. Brazil. —
In its vnrs. and derivatives, some of them hybrids, this
plant is the prevailing type of florists and bedding begonias;
some of the well-known offshoots are Carrierei, Chatelaine,
Cincinnati, Erfordii, Gigantea llosea, Gloire de Louve-
ciennes, Mehor, Triornphe de Lorraine, Vernon. See also
B. socotrana.
sempervirens: probably an error for semper flor ens.
smar&gdina: B, imperially var.
Sn Itched: apparently a B. Itex-cultorum offshoot.
socotrana. Bulbous: sts. ann , erect, to 1 ft., somewhat
branched: Ivs orbicular, to 6 or 7 in. across, centrally
peltate, margins rolled or scalloped: fls. rose-pink, to 2 in.
and more across, in a long-pecluncled small forking cluster.
Socotra, Indian Ocean. — It has entered into garden kinds,
largely through hybridization with B. semper flor ens t in
such forms as Cincinnati, Gloire de Lorraine and Gloire de
Sceaux. Seo B, cheimantha; also B. hiemtilis.
speculata. Rhizomatous: Ivs. broad-ovate to nearly
orbicular, acuminate, to 8 in. across, triangular-lobed to
one-quarter or one-half depth of blade, dull grav, speckled
gray above and reddish underneath: fls. pink-white, about
1 in. across, on long peduncle. Cultigen.
subpeltata: B. nigricans.
subvilldsa. Medium size, glandular-hairy and soft,
succulent: Ivs. ovate, green, dentate: fls. white, hairy on
outside, in drooping clusters. Brazil.
Sunder bruchii. Rhizomatous: a form of B. heracleifolia
with palmate bronze-green Ivs. bearing silver bands along
the nerves and purple underneath: fls. pinkish.
Sutherland!!. Tuberous or semi-tuberous, 1-2 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate, lobed and serrate, green red-veined and mar-
gined: fls. orange or salmon. Natal.
T6mplinii. Recorded as sport from B. phyllomaniaca:
Ivs. with milled and fringed margins and blotched white,
yellow and reddish: fls. pink.
Teuscheri. Fibrous: st. strong and erect, branched, to
6 ft. high: Iva. large and fleshy, ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
bright green with grayish blotches or dots, red underneath:
fls. large, bright red, in axillary clusters. Malaya.
Thurstonii. Fibrous: st. 2 ft. tall, smooth and glossy:
Ivs. orbicular-acuminate, red underneath: fls. pink, small,
in erect clusters. Cultigen; reputed hybrid between B.
metaUica and B. eanguinea.
tuberhybrida: the hort. tuberous begonias, a class name,
the plants of various habit and color of bloom, the issue of
such species as B. bohviensis, Clarkei, Dansii, Pearcei,
rosaflora, Veitchu, with perhaps B. Froebehi, gradlis and
others; some of them have low branching sts. and others
only scapes.
ulmifftlia. Fibrous: sts., branching, shaggy-hairy, to
3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong and elm-like, to 5 m. long, double-
serrate, somewhat hairy: fls. small, white, ^ in. or more
across, many in peduncled clusters. Colombia.
undulata. Much like B. kewensia but Ivs. smaller and
undulate: fls. white. Brazil.
urophylla. Low, much like B. Scharffii: Ivs. large, broad-
ly cordate, dentate, long-pointed, green, veins chaffy: fls.
white tinged bluish, in large clusters. Mex.
valida: a listed name.
Ve"dderi. Seedling of B. compta, smaller, Ivs. broader-
based and shorter and lacking gray center.
Veitchii. Tuberous, one of the elements in the garden
tuberous begonias (B. tuberhybrida) : st. very short or prac-
tically none: Ivs. nearly orbicular, lobed and cut, green:
fls. cinnabar-red, 2}£ in. across. Peru, high altitudes.
ven&sa. Medium size, white-scurfy, sts. thick, covered
by large thin stipules: Ivs. reniform but not peltate, fleshy:
fls. white. Brazil.
Verschaffeltiana (Verschaffeltii). Rhizomatous: Ivs.
very large, ovate-acuminate, lobed. green: fls. rose, in large
clusters. Cultigen; reported hybrid of B. mamcafa and B.
carolinicefoha.
vitifdlia. Fibrous: strong, to 4 ft.: Ivs. large and grape-
like, orbicular to reniform, lobed, serrate, pubescent, green
above, rusty underneath: fls. small and white. Brazil.
Wadei. Low, with stiff erect sts. which bear foliage on
upper part: Ivs. fleshy, oblong-ovate, green, convex: fls.
few, pink. Philippines.
Wallichiana. Fibrous: st. to 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate-suborbicular,
strongly oblique, to 3 in. long, obtuse or acute, dentate-
serrulate, petioles sticky-pubescent: fls. pink, few in cymes
to 2 in. long. India.
Warscewlczii: B. conchspfolia.
wellingtonie'nsis: dark green foliage and pink fls.: B.
weltoniensis*
weltonie'nsis. Tuberous or semi-tuberous: st. reddish,
to 3 ft.: Ivs. small, ovate-acuminate, to 2 in. across, dentate,
green and smooth: fls. pink, many on short peduncles. Cul-
tigen; hybrid from B. Dicgei. Vars. &lba and rdsea are listed.
Wettsteinii: hort. name for a fibrous-rooted begonia of
intermediate stature, wavy green Ivs. and bunches of
brilliant red fls.
xanthina. Rhizomatous: habit of B. Rex: Ivs. glossy-
green above and purplish underneath: fls. bright yellow,
tinged red outside, large. India.
zebrma: B. angularis.
BEGONlACE^E. BEGONIA FAMILY. Some
500 species of per. and a few ann. herbs, some-
times shrub-like, mostly more or less succulent,
affording many subjects prized for ornamental
foliage and bloom. Some of them are somewhat
tree-form although not many ft. high, others
are lopping or scandent. Many of them are
tuberous and not in foliage all the year. Nearly
all the species are in the great genus Begonia.
The other three genera (Begoniella, Hillebrandia,
Symbegonia) are of very few species and not in
general cult.
BEJARIA: Be/aria.
BELAMCANDA. Iridacex. Chinese and
Japanese perennials with stout rootstocks; often
planted in gardens and of easy cult, in sunny
locations in rich sandy loam; prized for the fls.
and also for the ornamental black seeds. Prop-
agated by seeds or division.
chin£nsis (B. punctata. Gemmingia chinensis. Par-
danthus chinensis and sinensis). BLACKBERRY-LILT. To
4 ft.: Ivs. /borne on st., to 10 in. long and 1 in. wide: fls.
orange spotted with red, to 2 in. across, peduncles about 1
in. long: caps, splitting in autumn, leaving a column of
seeds resembling a blackberry. Nat. in U. 8., and hardy N.
flabellata. Differs from B. chinensis in its lower habit,
Belamcanda 101
Ivs. more tightly condensed and imbricated: fls. light yellow
with segins. orange spotted at base, peduncles about 1 }<j
in. long. Japan. — May be distributed as B. umbellata.
punctata: B. chinensis.
BELIS: Cunninghamia.
BELLADONNA: Atropa Belladonna.
BELLEVALIA: Hyacinthus romanus.
BELLFLOWER: Campanula. Chilean: Lapageria rosea.
Giant: Ostrowskia magnified.
BELLIDIASTRUM MICHELII: Aster Bellidiastrum.
B&LLIS. Composite. Herbaceous annuals and
perennials, growing in tufts or with branching
sts.: Ivs. alternate or all basal: heads solitary,
the rays white or rose, disk-fls. yellow; pappus
mostly lacking. Native in Eu. and the Medit.
region.
English daisies are easily raised from seed sown in the
spring for bloom the following year. The more special
varieties are propagated by division in cool weather as the
seeds do not reproduce true to type. The plants are favor-
ites for edging and for colonizing in lawns; they should have
fertile moist soil.
alpina: B. perennis.
annua. Bien. or per. to 6 in.: Ivs. rhombic-ovate to
spatulate, to % in. long, often long-petioled, margin cihate
and somewhat serrate: heads to % in. across, ray-fls. pure
white or white tipped pink. N. W. Medit. region. — Similar
in appearance to B. rotundifolia from which it differs in its
pappus-less achenes.
bellidioldes: Belliwn belhdioidea.
caerulescens: B. rotundifolia var.
helichrysoides: B. perennis var.
integrifdlia. To 15 in., branched: Ivs. spatulate to linear,
entire: heads 1 in. across, rays usually violet. Ky. to Tex. —
Much of the material so listed is referable to Brachycome.
minuta: presumably Bellium minutum.
monstrdsa: B. perennis var.
per6nnis (B. alpina). TRUE or ENGLISH DAISY. Per. to
6 in.: Ivs. spatulate or obovate, in basal tufts: heads to 2 in.
across, white or rose, in spring and early summer. W. Eu.
A double form is var. ranunculifldra. A taller form is var.
stricta. Other listed forms are: dlba, white; helichrysoides,
pink with long incurved ray-fls.; lutea, fls. cream- colored;
monstrdsa, fls. large; rdsea, fls. rose-pink; tubuldsa.
rotundifdlia. Lvs. ovate or broader, often subcordate,
long-stalked, coarsely toothed: heads to 1% in. across,
with mostly white or in var. caerulescens blue rays. Algeria,
Morocco.
B^LLIUM. Composite. Small herbs with
basal tufted Ivs. and solitary heads of fls. with
white rays and light yellow disk; pappus of
bristles and scales; native in Medit. region and
suitable for the rock-garden and similar places.
bellidioldes. Per. to 4 in., stoloniferous: Ivs. spatulate
or rhombic with long petiole, the latter pubescent: ray-fls.
usually white, occasionally pale pink, to % in. across.
Var. nivale (B. nivale} is a compressed form with very short
st.
minutum. Ann. to 3 in.: Ivs. narrow-spatulate: heads
^ in. across. — Much of the material so listed is B. belli-
dioides.
nivale: B. bclhdioides var.
BELLOTA: Cryptocarya.
BELL-VINE, PURPLE: Rhodochiton volubik.
BELLWORT: Uvularia.
BELOPfiRONE. Acanthacete. Trop. American
herbs and shrubs with opposite entire Ivs. and
tubular 2-lipped fls. in racemes or spikes with
overlapping bracts; planted out in S. U. S. and
also grown under glass as pot-plants.
calif6rnica. CHUPEROSA. Low spreading shrub to
4 ft., branches often leafless and canescent: Ivs. ovate, to
% in. long, early deciduous: fls. dull scarlet, to 1H in. long,
axillary, in short 4-rowed racemes. Colo. Desert, Calif,
to Lower Calif.
guttata. SHRIMP^PLANT. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2H
in. long, hairy: fls. white spotted with purple, IK in. long,
borne beneath broad reddish-brown imbricated showy
Berberis
bracts % in. long, in dense spikes to 3 ££ in. long. Mex. — Is
cult, also under the name comosa, but the true B. comoso
(of Mex.) is a very different plant and apparently not
grown in this country, with ovate acuminate Iva. and
narrow acute floral bracts.
longisplcua purpurea: listed name, probably hort. form
of B. ffuttata, said to be of more dwarf and floriferous habit
with golden-brown bracts.
tomentosa: listed as a plant 3 ft. high with drooping
racemes of cream and purple fls. inclosed in rosy-copper
bracts.
BELVEDERE: Kochia scoparia.
BENE: Sesamum.
BENINCASA. Cucurbitacex. Ann. hairy pump-
kin-like tendriliferous vine grown, particularly
by Chinese, for the large fr. which is used in the
making of preserves and sweet pickles and said
to be eaten raw in warm countries; probably
only one species. Cult, as for pumpkin arid
squash.
cerifera: B. hispida.
hSspida (B. cerifera). WAX or WHITL GOURD (of India).
ZiT-KwA. TUNKA. CHINESK WATERMEI.ON and PRE-
SERVING MELON. Long-running vine: Ivs. broadly cordate-
ovate, angled or somewhat lobed and toothed: fls. yellow
and veiny, corolla nearly rotate and to 3 in. across: fr. ob-
long to cylindrical, to 16 in. long, hairy and white-waxy,
flesh white; seeds oblong-pointed, white, l/i-H in. long.
E. Asia. — The plant has been grown erroneously as Cassa-
banana, which is Sicana.
BENSONIA. Saxifraaacese. One species,
B. oregdna, from S. W, Ore., similar to Mitella
but differing by its much elongated styles and
filaments. Per., with basal cordate Ivs. to 2 in.
long, 7-lobed. crenate-dentate: fls. cream-white,
on leafless stalks to 10 in. high, racemes 15-20-fld.
BENTHAMIA: Cornus.
BENZOIN: Lindera.
BERBERIDACE^. BARBERRY FAMILY. Ten
genera of herbs and shrubs mostly in the north
temp, zone, having alternate Ivs., bisexual fls.
solitary or in racemes, with sepals and petals
usually imbricated in 2 rows, stamens as many
as petals, superior 1-celled ovary, and fr. a berry
or pod. Among the ornamental genera are
Aceranthus, Achlys, Berberis, Caulophyllum,
Diphylieia. Epimedium, Jeffersonia, Mahober-
beris, Mahonia, Nandina, Podophyllum, Van-
couveria, all plants for outdoor use.
BERBERTD<5PSIS. Flacourtiacex. One par-
tially climbing shrub from Chile, grown out-of-
doors in S. Calif. Propagated by seeds, cuttings
of green wood in spring, or layers in autumn.
B. coral Una. Lvs. alternate, cordate-ovate, to
3 in. long, coarsely sharp-toothed: fls. crimson,
% in. long, in terminal many-fld. racemes: fr. a
berry.
B£RBERIS. BARBERRY. Berberidacex. Spiny
shrubs with yellow wood /simple deciduous or
evergreen Ivs., turning bright colors in autumn,
yellow fls., and fr. a red, yellow or black berry;
native in northern hemisphere and also S. Amer.;
the deciduous species are mostly hardy in the
northern and central states and in S. Ont.
Barberries are widely grown for hedges and as specimen
bushes for their general beauty and for the attractive
flowers in spring and the fruits in autumn and winter.
The evergreen species are not hardy in the northern states.
The evergreen kinds do best in moist well-drained light
loam, but the deciduous species may have drier soils.
They are all of easy cultivation. Propagated by seeds
which should be separated from the pulp, sown in autumn
and they should germinate the following spring; by lavera,
cuttings of young wood in early June planted in sand in a
shaded hotbed, and rare kinds by grafting on common
Berberis
102
Berberis
ue removed from uie parent
stocks; sometimes suckers
plant.
actinacantha. Half-evergreen, to 4 ft.: Ivs. obovate to
orbicular or heart-shaped, to % in. l°ng, with 2-3 spiny-
serrate teeth along apical margin and spine-tipped, dark
glossy green, leathery; spines 3-7-palrnately branched and
spreading: fls. yellow on icd pedicels, fragrant. Chile.
acuminata. To (> ft.: Ivs. to 7 in. long, narrowly lanceo-
late, minutely dentate-serrate, bright green above, paler
below: fls. yellow, small, in fascicles of 8-15 on pedicels
to \\-i in. long: fr. zed. W. China. — Similar to B. insignia
with which it is sometimes confused.
aetne'nsis. To 8 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs. to % in. long,
obovate, margins oiliate-serrate: fls. in erect 5-10-fld.
racemes: fr. globose, red. Eu. — Differs from B. vulgaris
in having erect infl.
aggregata (B. fferaldii). SALMON B. Deciduous, to 10
ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs. to 1 in. long, sharp-toothed: fls.
pale yellow, in sessile panicles to 1^ in. long: fr. red,
prumose. W. China. Var. Prattii (B. Prattii) has longer
often entire Ivs. and longer panicles. Var. recurvata has
Ivs. often entire and panicles to 4 in. long.
amurensis. Deciduous, to 10 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs.
to 3 in. long, densely ciliate-toothed: fls. in drooping
racemes to 4 in. long: fr. bright red. N. E. Asia. Var.
jap6nica (B. Regeliana, B. Hakodate) has broader ivs. and
shorter racemes. Japan, Korea.
Aquifdlium: Mahonia Aquifolium.
aristata (B. Jloribunda. B. petiolaris') . Deciduous, to 10
ft., spines simple or 3-parted: IVH. to 2% in. long, spiny-
tootned or entire: fls. bright yellow, in racemes to 4 in. long:
fr. red or purple, pruinose. Himalayas.
asi&tica. HIMALAYAN B. Evergreen, to 10 ft., with
small spines: Ivs to 3 in. long, toothed or entire, whitish
beneath: fls. m racemes to 2 in. long: fr. purple. Himalayas;
adaptable far S.
atrocarpa. Evergreen, to 6 ft.: Ivs. narrow, to 3 in. long,
coarsely spiny-toothed, the teeth spreading divergently:
fls. in clusters of 0-12: fr. jet-black. W. China.
Bealei: Mahonia Beahi.
Beaniana. To 8 ft., sts. with 3-parted spines to 1 in. long,
grooved on under side: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, usually
serrate with 2-12 teeth on a side, spine-tipped, dark green
above, in fascicles of 5 to 8: fls. yellow, to l/£ in. across, in
erect panicles to 2 in long: fr. to *£ in. long, distinctly
ovoid, bright purple. W. China.
B6rgmannifle. Evergreen, to 6 ft.: Ivs. to \Yi in. long,
coarsely toothed: fls. in clusters: fr. black, pruinose on
reddish stalks. YV. China. Var. acanthophylla has longer
Ivs.
bidentata. To 5 ft., branchlets terete and grayish,
spines 3-parted: Ivs. lanceolate, apex with 2 spine-tipped
teeth, glaucous beneath, margins reflexed: fls. few in
corymbs which are longer than Ivs.: fr. violet, about % in.
long. Chile.
brachybotrys: the plant in cult, under this name is
probably a form of B. vulgaris.
brachypoda: the plant grown under this name is B.
mi ti folia.
brevipaniculata. Deciduous, to 0 ft., spines 3-parted:
Ivs. to l)-4 in. long, entire or nearly so, glaucous beneath:
fls. pale yellow, in short panicles: fr. red, pruinose. W.
China.
buxifolia (B. dulcis). MAGELLAN B. Evergreen, to 10
ft., spines 3-parted or simple: Ivs. to 1 in. long, entire: fls.
orange-yellow, solitary: fr. dark purple. Chile. Var. nana
is dwarf and compact, and var. pygmsea dwarf, tufted,
unarmed.
canad£nsis (B. Fischeri). ALLEGHENY B. Deciduous,
to 6 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs. to 2 in. long, toothed, grayish-
white beneath: fls. bright yellow, in racemes to 1 }£ in. long:
fr. scarlet. Va. to Ga. and Mo.
candfdula. Evergreen dwarf shrub: Ivs. to 1M in. long,
with few spiny teeth, white beneath: fls. solitary. China.
Chenaultii. Hybrid between B. verruculosa and B.
Gagnepainn: Ivs. glossy, glaucous beneath.
chile'nsis. Spines brown, 3-parted: Ivs. shorter than
spines, stiff ana thick, broad-obovate to obovate-cuneate,
coarsely spiny-toothed, glaucous underneath: fls. many,
in nodding racemes: fr globose, black, pruinose. Chile.
chin6nsis (B. Guimpelii. B. sinensis of some. B. serotina.
B. spathulata). Deciduous, to 10 ft., spines simple or
3-parted: Ivs. to 1^ in- long, nearly entire, pale beneath:
fls. in racemes to 3 in. long: fr. dark red. Caucasus. Var.
Langeana is B. laxiflora var.
circumserrata. Deciduous, to 3H ft., sts. yellowish-red,
spines 1 -5-parted, to 1 in. long: Ivs. obovate, to 1H in.
long, usually spiny-toothed, often whitish beneath, base
wedge-shaped, apex rounded: fls. in clusters of 1-3, on
peduncles to 1 in. long: fr. yellowish-red, to $i in. long.
N. W. China.
concfnna. Deciduous or semi-evergreen, to 3 ft., spines
3-parted: Ivs. to 1U in. long, spiny-toothed, white beneath:
fls. bright yellow, y& in. across, solitary or in 2's: fr. red.
Himalayas.
congestifldra var. hakeoides: B. hakeoides.
cor&llina: B. stenophylla var.
Cdryi: B. Wilsomse var. subcauliakita.
crataegma. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 1^ in. long, oblanceolate,
deciduous, usually entire: many-fld. racemes to 2 in. long:
fr. bluish-black. Asia Minor.
erotica. Deciduous, to 3 ft. or procumbent, spines 3-
parted: Ivs. about % in. long, entire: fls. in short 2-7-fld.
racemes: fr. purple-black. Greece; not liardy N.
Darwinii. Evergreen, to 10 ft., spines 3-7- parted: Ivs.
to 1 in. long, spiny-toothed, glossy dark green above, paler
beneath: fls. orange-yellow, in drooping racemes to 4 m.
long: fr. dark purple. Chile; adaptable only far S. and
Calif. Vars. depre"ssa and nana are dwarf forms.
di£phana. KANSU B. Deciduous, to 6 ft., spines simple
or 3-parted: Ivs. to 1^ in. long, toothed or entire, glaucous
beneath: fls. bright yellow, solitary or in clusters of 2-5: fr.
red, slightly pruinose. W. China.
dictyophylla. CHALKLEAF B. Deciduous, to 6 ft., spines
3-parted: Ivs. to 1 in. long, entire or toothed, white beneath,
fls. pale yellow, solitary: fr. red. China.
dicty6ta: a form of Mahonia Aquifolium.
Dielsiana. Deciduous, to 10 ft., spines simple or 3-
parted: Ivs. to 2 in long, entire or toothed: fls. in racemes
to 3 in. long: fr. bright red. W. China.
dulcis: B, buxifolia; also a form of B. vulgaris.
elegans: B. Lycium.
elegantissima: listed name.
emarginata. Hybrid between B. vulgaris and B. sibirica,
with fls. in dense racemes and deep red frs.
empetrif61ia. CROW B. Evergreen, to 2 ft., branches
often prostrate, spines simple or 3-parted: Ivs linear, to }{
in. long, entire, spiny-pointed: fls. golden-yellow, solitary
or in 2's: fr. bluisn-black. Chile.
fascicularis: Mahonia pinnata.
F6ndleri. Deciduous, to 4 or 5 ft., with red-brown
branchlets: Ivs. obova'e to oblanceolate, acute, to l}j> in.
long, sometimes spinulose: fls. yellow tinged red outside,
0-10 in slender racemes. Colo., New Mex.
Fischeri: B. canadensis.
floribunda: B. aristata.
F6rtunei: Mahonia Fortunei.
Fr&montii: Mahonia Fremontii.
Gagnepamii. Evergreen, to 6 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs.
narrow-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, spiny-toothed, pale
beneath: fls. bright yellow, in clusters: fr. bluish-black,
prumose. W. China.
Geraldii: B. aggregata.
Gilgiana. Deciduous, to 6 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs. to
about 2 in. long, toothed, pubescent: fls. bright yellow, in
racemes to 1 in. and more long: fr, deep red. China.
gracilis: the plant in the trade under this name is
probably Mahonia Aquifolium var. gracilis, although there
is a species in Mex. known as Mahonia gracilis.
Guimpelii: B. chinensis.
heematocarpa: Mahonia hsematocarpa.
hakeoides (B. congestiflora var. hakeoides). CHILKAN B.
Evergreen, to 12 ft., spines small: Ivs. nearly orbicular, to
1 in. long, spiny-toothed: fls. in dense clusters: fr. bluish-
black. Chile.
Hakodate: B. amurensis var. japonica.
Henry ana. Shrub to 8 ft., sts. yellowish to brown: Ivs.
petioled, ovate-elliptical, entire or somewhat serrate; spines
absent, or if present simple to 3-parted: fls yellow, in
peduncled racemes to 2^2 in. long: fr. red, elliptical, to _
% in. long. Cent. China. — Differs from B. lulgans in
having brown, rather than gray, branchlets.
heterophylla. Half -evergreen, to 5 ft., spines 3-7-parted:
Ivs. to 1 in. long, entire or vvith large spiny teeth: fls.
solitary: fr. black, pruinose. Chile.
heteropoda. TURKESTAN B. Deciduous, to 6 ft., spines
simple or 3-parted or wanting: Ivs. to 2 in. long, entire or
finely toothed, bluish-green: fls. oVange-yellow, in short
racemes, fragrant: fr. black, pruinose. Turkestan.
Hodkeri. Evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in. long, spiny-toothed,
white beneath: fls. clustered: fr. black-purple. Himalayas.
Var. vlridis has Ivs. green beneath.
ilicifolia. HOLLY B. EVergreen, to 8 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long,
spinv-toothed at apex: fls. orange-yellow, in short ^racemes.
8. Chile. — The plant cult, as B. ilicifolia is usually Mahober-
berit Neubertti var. latifolia.
Berberis
103
Berberis
ins ignis. Evergreen, to 6 ft., spines few: Ivs. to 5 in,
long, spiny-toothed, glossy: fla. golden-yellow, in clusters:
fr. black. Himalayas; hardy only far S.
Jficquinii: B. vulgaris.
Tamesonii. Evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in. long, oblong, entire
or few-toothed: fls. in panicles on short pedicels. Peru.
jap6nica: B. Thunbergii or Mahonia Bealei; see also
Mahomet japonica.
Julianee. WINTEROHEEN B. Evergreen, to 6 ft., spines
3-parted: Iva. to 3 in. long, spiny-toothed: fls. in clusters:
fr. bluish-black, pruinose. China. Var. nana is a dwarf form.
Knightii: B. xanthoxylon.
koreana. Deciduous, to 6 ft., spines mostly simple:
Ivs. to 3 in. long, toothed, pale beneath: fls. in racemes
1 in. and more long: fr. bright red. Korea. Vur. atro-
purpurea may not differ from the typical form, in which
the Ivs. normally turn deep red in autumn.
latif&lia: Mahoberberis Neubertii var.
laxifldra. Hybrid between B. vulgaris and probably
B. chinensis, with fls. in racemes to 4 m. long. Var. Lan-
geana has purplish ,branchlets becoming grayish-brown.
ISvis: synonym of B. atrocarpa; the true species is
Erobably not cult, and differs in If. teeth fewer and pointing
arward.
Liechtenstein: B. Potaninii.
Lycium (B. eleyans). Half -evergreen, to 10 ft., spines
3-parted: Iva. to 2 in. long, entire or toothed: fls. bright
yellow, usually in racemes to 4 in. long: fr. purple, pruinose.
Himalayas; adaptable only far S.
macracantha. Hybrid between B. aristata and B.
vulgans: to 10 ft. or more: Ivs. mostly obovate, somewhat
spinose-serrate: racemes with 10-20 fls.
macro phylla: B. vulgaris var.
mentorensis. Hybrid of B. Thunbergii and B. Julianx,
growing to 3 ft., with persistent spiny-toothed Ivs , ovate-
elliptic, about 1 in. long, mostly acute: fr. dark dull red.
minor: probably B. Thunbergii var.
mitifftlia. Deciduous, to 8 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs. to 2H
in. long, finely toothed, pubescent: fls. pale yellow, in
spike-like racemes to 3 in. long: fr. red. China.
nepalensis: Mahonia nepalensis.
nerv&sa: Mahonia nervosa.
Neubertii: Mahoberberis Neubertii.
Nevinii: Mahonia Nennii.
notabilis. Hybrid between B. hetfropoda and B.vulgaria:
Ivs. obovate, toothed: fr. dark red, bloomy.
nummularia. To 10 ft., twigs purple, glaucous when
young, terete, spines moHtly simple, to 1 in. long: Ivs.
broadly obovate, to 1J^ in. long, entire or few-toothed: fls.
yellow, to % in. across, in dense racemes to 2 in. long:
fr. red, globose-ovoid, to % in. long. Turkestan, N Persia.
Var. pyrocarpa has oblong-lanceolato to oblanceolate Ivs.
and is reported to be more commonly cult, thun the type.
orthobotrys. Similar to B. tulgaris, but the fls. some-
what corymbose and differing in technical characters.
Persia. '
paryif&lia. Half-evergreen, low, spines 3-parted: Ivs.
to H in. long, spiny-toothed or entire, pale beneath: fls.
in dense clusters: fr red, pruinose. W. China.
petiolaris: B. aristata.
pinna ta: Mahonia pinna ta.
Poir6tii. Deciduous, to 6 ft., spines simple, small: Ivs.
to l^jjj in. long, entire, bright green above, pale beneath:
fls. bright yellow, in racemes: fr. bright red. N. China,
Siberia.
polyantha. Deciduous, to 12 ft., spines simple or 3-
partea* Ivs. to 1 in. long, spiny-toothed or rarely entire,
glaucous beneath: fls. deep yellow, in drooping branched
panicles to 5 in. long: fr. salmon-red. W. China.
Potaninii (B. Liechtensteinii}. Deciduous, spines simple
or 3-parted: Ivs. to 2% in. long, spiny-toothed, white
beneath: fls. in racemes to 1J^ in. long: fr. red. W. China.
Prfittii: B. aggregata var.
pruinosa. Evergreen, to 10 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs. to
2 in. long, spiny-toothed, glossy dark green above, white
beneath: fls. in clusters; fr. bluish-black, pruinose. China.
pumila: Mahonia pumila.
Regehana: B, amurensia var. japonica.
repens: Mahonia repens.
replicata. Evergreen, branchlets yellowish: Ivs. to 1 ^ in.
long, margins revolute: fr. scarlet, turning black. China.
rubrostilla. To 6 ft., st. with 3-parted orange spines to
nearly % in. long: Ivs. oblanceolate, margins spinose-
dentate, tip briefly mucronate or obtuse: fls. rarely solitary,
usually 2-4 in lax racemes: fr. ovate, to % in. long, bright
red. Probably of hybrid origin.
rugidicans: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
sanguine a. Closely related to B. Gagnepainii but differ-
ing in the grooved branchlets and the pedicels and outside
of fls. red. W. China.
Sargentiana. Evergreen, to 6 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs.
to 4 in. long, spiny-toothed, pale beneath: fls. in clusters:
fr. bluish -black. China.
ser6tina: B. chinensis.
serrata: plants under this name may be B. aristata or
B. canadensis.
sibfrica. Deciduous, to 2 ft., spines 3-11-parted: Ivs. to
1 in. long, spiny-toothed: fls. solitary or in 2's, nodding:
fr. red. Siberia.
Sieboldii. Deciduous, to 5 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs. to
2^ in. long, ciliate-toothed: fls. pale yellow, in few-fld.
racemes: fr. bright red. Japan.
sin6nsis: B. chinenais, B. Thunbergii.
Soulieana. Evergreen: Ivs. to 4 in. long, usually spiny-
toothed, pale beneath: fr. bloomy. Cent. China.
spathulata: B. chinensis.
Stapfiana: B. Wilsonise var.
stenophylla. Hybrid between B. Darwinii and B.
empetrifolw: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, to 1 in. long, revolute
at margins, dark green above, pale beneath: fls. golden-
yellow, in clusters: fr. black, pruinose Var. corallina is a
form having reddish-orange fls.; var. Darwimi is listed aa a
form having orange fls. and var. Irwinii with yellow fls.
subcaulialata: B. Wilsonix var.
Swiseyi: Mahonia Swaseyi.
Thunbergii (B. japonica. B. stnensisof some). JAPANESE
B. Deciduous, to 8 ft., spines mostly simple: Ivs. variable,
to 1 j^ in. long, entire: fls. solitary or in clusters: fr. bright
red. Japan; hardy and popular. Vnr. atropurpurea has
bronzy-red foliage. Var. atrosangufnea has Ivs. becoming
dark scarlet-red. Var. compact a is a slower growing and
more densely branched form. Var. lutea has yellow fra.
Var. Maximowiczii has acute rather than obtuse Ivs. Vars.
minor and nana are low forms. Var. plurifldra, TRUEHKDGH
COI,UMNBERRY, is listed as being more erect, compact and
leafy than the type. Vara. tricolor and variegata are listed.
triacanth6phora. Evergreen, to 5 ft.: Ivs. narrow, to 2 in.
long, toothed, glaucous beneath: fls. whitish, in clusters: fr.
blue-black. China.
trifoliolata: Mahonia trifoliolata.
turcomanica. To 14 ft., twigs subterete, spines simple
or 3-parted: Ivs. obovate-oblonjr, to 1?4 in. long, entire or
sparsely serrate, obtuse: fls bright yellow, in dense racemes
to 3 in. long: fr. red. S. Asia Minor.
umbellata: a confused name; much of the material in the
trade appears to be B. aristata, although the name is also
applied to a different plant from, Chile and a third plant
of the Himalayan region.
e. Deciduou», to 6 ft.f spines simple: Ivs. variable,
to 1 in. long, entire: fls. in dense racemes to 1^ in. long:
fr. red. China.
verruculdsa. Evergreen, to 3 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs. to
1 in. long, spiny-toothed, margins revolute, glossy dark
green above, glaucous beneath: fls. golden-yellow, solitary
or in 2's: fr. black, pruinose. W. China. Var. compacta is
listed.
virgsceiis. Deciduous, to 10 ft., spines simple or 3-
partod: Ivs. to 1 in. long, toothed or entire, glaucous be-
neath: fls. pale yellow, in few-fld. racemes: fr. purple,
pruinoso. Himalayas.
viridis: B. wlgaris.
vulgaris (B. Jacquinii. B. viridis}. EUROPEAN or COM-
MON B. Deciduous, to 8 ft., spines 3-parted: Ivs. to 2 in.
long: fls. m racemes to 2 in. long: fr. red or purple. Eu.;
nat. in N. Amer. — A host of the wheat rust. Hort. vars.
are: alba, fr. whitish; dlbo-variegata, Ivs. variegated with
white; arge"nteo-marginata, margins of Ivs. white; aureo-
marginata, margins of Ivs. yellow; atronurpurea (var.
purpurea), Ivs. deep purple; dulcis (B. dulcix), fr. sweet;
latea, fr. bright yellow. Var. macroph^lla is listed.
Wallichiana. Evergreen, to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long,
spiny-toothed, pale beneath: fls. in clusters: fr. black.
Himalayas. Var. latifdlia is listed as a broad-ivd. form.
WflsonifiB. Deciduous or half-evergreen, to 6 ft., spines
3-parted: Ivs. to 1 in. long, entire, glaucous beneath: fls.
golden-yellow, in dense clusters or panicles: fr. salmon-red.
W. China. Var. Stapfiana (B. Stapfiana} has infl. of 4-7 fls.
Var. subcaultalata (B. subcaulialata, B. Coryi) has Ivs.
whitish beneath and sometimes with few teeth, and strongly
angled branchlets.
xanthfixylon (B. Kniohtii). Evergreen, spines 3-parted:
Ivs. to 4 in. long, spiny-toothed: fls. in clusters: fr. black,
Java; hardy only far S.
Berchemia 104
BERCH&MIA. Rhamnacese. Twining de-
ciduous shrubs bearing alternate entire Ivs.
having conspicuous parallel veins, small fls. in
terminal panicles, and drupaceous fr.
The species thrive in any soil but are not reliable far
North. Propagated by seeds and root-cuttings in spring
or by layers and cuttings of ripe wood in autumn.
kulingensis. Vine to 10 ft. high: Ivs. ovate to broadly
lanceolate, to 2 in. long, acute, base subcordate, glabrous:
fls. greenish, in panicles 3-8 in. long. China.
racemdsa. Lvs. ovate, subcordate at base, to 2^ in.
long, somewhat glaucous underneath: fls. greenish, the
panicles to 6 in. long: fr. red turning black, to ^ in. long.
Japan, Formosa.
scandens (B. volubths). SUPPLE-JACK. Climbing to
15 ft. or more: Ivs elliptic to oblong-ovate, rounded at
base: fls. greenish-white, in panicles to 1^ in. long: fr.
bluish-black. Low woods, Va. and Ky. to Fla. and Tex.
volubilis: B. scaiulens.
BERGAMOT: Citrus Bcrgamia. Wild: Monarda fistu^
losa.
BERGfiNIA (Mcgasea). Saxifragaceap. Per.
herbs with thick rootstocks from which the
plants develop into large low clumps or colonies:
Ivs. large, thick, wavy, entire or toothed and
with gland-bearing pits, the petioles sheathed
at base: fls. large, pink or white, in spring, on
scapes. The Ivs. are ornamental and more or
less evergreen. Cult, as for Saxifraga.
cordifdlia (Saxifraga cordifolia). To 20 in.: Ivs. fleshy,
orbicular-cordate, margin wavy-toothed, smooth and
shining: fls. clear rosef in dense nodding cymes, on thick
shiny scapes, partly hidden in the IVM. Siberia. Var. pur-
purea, panicles taller, fls. deep reddish-purple.
crassifdlia (Saxifraga crass? folia) . To 20 in.: Ivs. smooth
and shining, obovate, slightly toothed or entire: fls. rose,
lilac or purple, in dense panicles standing well above the
Ivs. Siberia, Mongolia. Var. orbicularis (S. orbicularis)
has broad Ivs. and rose fls.
Delavayi (Saxifraga Delavayi). To 1 ft.: Ivs. broadly
obovate, to 0 in. long, short-potioled, occasionally denticu-
late at apex: fls. violet-purple, to % in. long, campanulate,
usually 0-7 in slender racemes. Yunnan.
gigantea: catalogue name.
Leichtlinii: B. hgulata var.
ligulata (Saxifraga Hgulata). To 1 ft.: lys. obovate or
orbicular, cordate at base, margins entire, ciliate: fls. white,
rose or purplish, nodding, in racemes. Himalayas. Var.
Leichtlinii bus crimson Ivs. and rose fls. Var. r&sea, fls.
rose. Var. speci&sa (M. speciosa), fls. crimson or deep rose.
mddia (Saxifraga icmula). Hybrid between B. cordifolia
and B. bi folia.
purpurascens (Saxifraga purpurascens). To 1 ft.: Ivs.
obovate or oblong, to 3 in. long, wavy-margined: fls. purple,
nodding, in few-fld. panicles on purplish scapes. India.
specidsa: B. hgulata var.
Stracheyi (Saxifraga Stracheyi). To 1 ft.: Ivs. obovate,
margins ciliate: fls. pink or rose, in branching panicles.
India.
BERGERANTHUS. Aizoacese. A few S.
African plants formerly included in Mesem-
bryanthemum (which see for cult.), nearly or
quite stemless: Ivs. standing cross-wise and
more or less connate at base, somewhat glaucous
and often dotted: fls. long-stalked; stigmas
mostly 5.
multiceps (M. multiceps). Tufted: Ivs. flat above and
keeled underneath, to 1^ in. or more long, % in. wide,
shining green, not dotted: fls. yellow, 1-5 on a somewhat
compressed scape, 2 in. across.
scapiger (M. scapigerum). Lvs. to 3 in. long, H in.
broad and l-i in. thick, glaucous and dotted: fls. 1-3, bright
yellow tinged with reddish on back, 1 in. across, on pedun-
cles to 2^ in. long.
vespertinus (M. vespcrtinum) . Root thick and fleshy:
Ivs. to 2H in- long andj % in. wide, 3-angJed, gray-green
with darker pellucid dots: fls. 3-5, yellow, 1 in. across.
BERGEROCACTUS. Cactacex. One species in
extreme S. Calif, and in Lower Calif., a segregate
from Cereus: fls. with scale-bearing ovary: plant
making colonies or patches, the branches cylin-
Bessera
dric or columnar, closely many-ribbed, with many
yellow sharp spines: fls. small, pale yellow: roots
somewhat tuberous. See Cacti. B. fimoryi (Cereus
and Echinocereus Emoryi). Making large colonies
or patches: branches or sts. erect, to 2 ft.
and 2 in. or more diam.: fls. about % in. long
and broad, diurnal. — Sometimes planted in
gardens in its native regions.
BERLANDlfiRA. Composite. Per. ' hairy
herbs with alternate Ivs. and heads 'solitary
or in corymbs, of yellow ray- and disk-fls.;
pappus none or of awns; native in S. U. S. and
Mex.; sometimes transferred to grounds. They
bloom in spring and summer.
lyrata. To 8 in., white-pubescent: Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid:
heads solitary, 1 in. across. Plains, Kans. to Mex.
BERRY: pulpy, indehiscent, few- or many-seeded fruit;
technically, the pulpy fruit resulting from a single pistil,
containing 1 or more seeds but no true stone. Botamcally,
fruits of eggplant, tomato, grape are berries, but in pomol-
ogy the term is commonly restricted to the bush-fruits,
as currant, gooseberry, cranberry; blackberry, raspberry,
strawberry, are not true berries.
BERSEEM : Trifolium alexandrinum.
BERTEROA. Cruciferx. A few species of
ann. or per. herbs in* Eu. and Asia, differing
from Alyssum in the thick pods or silicles, and
2-cleft petals; one is sometimes grown in sunny
places for ornament. B. incana (Alyssum in-
canum) is bien., strict, to 2 ft., grayish or hoary:
Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. white,
in terminal elongating racemes. Eu.; nat. in
N. Amer.
BERTHOLLfeTIA. Lecythidacese. Large trop.
American trees furnishing commercial Brazil-
or Para-nuts, also called "Castanea," mostly
the product of B. excelsa. To 100 ft. : Ivs. oblong,
leathery, to 2 ft. long, wavy-margined: fls.
cream-colored, in spike-like racemes: fr. to 6 in.
across, the dark brown walls thick and hard,
containing 18-24 triangular nuts with single
kernel. Brazil, Venezuela, Guiana. — Suited only
for trop. climates, but small specimens are likely
to be seen in collections of economic plants under
glass. Propagated by seeds or layers.
BERTOLONIA. Melastomacex. Mostly
Brazilian dwarf or creeping herbs with simple
3-9-nerved Ivs., white, rose or purple fls. in
racemes, and capsular fr.
Grown in greenhouses for the attractive foliage, which is
purplish underneath and with various metallic colors above.
They thrive in dense shade and a humid atmosphere.
Propagated by cuttings over heat and by seeds.
maculata. Lvs. broadly ovate, hairy, velvety-green
above, the veins bordered with purple or magenta band:
fls. rose.
marmorata. Lvs. ovate-oblong, slightly hairy, streaked
with white along veins: fls. purple. Var. abnea has coppery
tinged Ivs. only slightly spotted.
pub6scens. Lvs. ovate, with long white hairs and choco-
late-colored band down center. Ecuador.
Sanderiana: hort. name; probably a form of B. maculata.
BESCHORNfiRIA. AmarylUdacex. Small
Mexican genus of evergreen subshrubs re-
sembling Yucca and characterized by a tuberous
rootstock. fleshy lanceolate 4vs. and green or
red funnelforrn fls. in tall racemes.
yuccoides. Lvs. to 2 ft. long, glaucous above and 'scab-
rous beneath: fl.-st. red, much branched, to 4 ft. high;
fls. green,, to 2 in. long, abundant, subtended by bright red
bracts. ' \
B£SSERA. Liliace&. Small genus of JVtexican
bulbous plants, one of which is cult, as a showy
Bessera 105
ornamental. B. elegans (Pharium elegans),
CORAL-DROPS, grows 2-3 ft. tall, one plant
producing several slender naked scapes: Ivs.
2 or 3, to 2 ft. long: fls. about 1 in. long, brilliant
red usually marked with creamy-white, scentless,
5-10 of them drooping in a more or less irregular
or lop-sided umbel terminating a scape. MiUa
biflora, a very different plant, has been grown
under this name.
BESSEYA: Synthyria.
BETA. BEET. Chenopodiacex. Herbs with
alternate Ivs. and small greenish or reddish fls.
in panicled spikes, one widely grown for the
edible roots and Ivs. B. vulgftris. BEET. BEET-
ROOT. SUGAR-BEET. MANGEL. Bien. or ann.
to 4 ft., with thick roots of various sizes, forms
and colors, and ovate to oblong-ovate Ivs.
Cultigen. Var. Cicla (B. chilensis}, LEAF-BEET,
has much larger Ivs. and no fleshy root, in Swiss
chard the midribs much enlarged. Grown as a
pot-herb and sometimes for the ornamental
colored foliage.
Beets are of easy cultivation in any good
garden soil. Seeds may be sown early in spring
and at intervals of a few weeks throughout the
summer to insure a steady crop. For very early
use seeds may be sown in boxes or hotbeds in
February and March and transplanted to the
open when frost is out of the ground. Beets
sown in late summer may be dug before cold
weather and stored in the cellar in barrels
packed in earth or sphagnum. The long-rooted
varieties should be planted only in open well-
tilled soil, else they will become misshapen.
BETONICA: Stachys.
BETONY: Stachys. Wood-: Pediculans.
BfiTULA. BIRCH. Betulacex. Deciduous
monoecious trees and shrubs native in the
northern hemisphere, with alternate toothed Ivs.
and unisexual fls. borne in catkins, the staminate
showing in autumn and remaining naked during
the winter and opening in spring, the pistillate
becoming cone-like with 3-lobed scales; cult,
for ornament and for the timber which is used
for making furniture and other articles. They
inhabit lowlands, sandy or light-soil regions and
mountains.
Birches are mostly short-lived trees suitable for northern
climates. They thrive on moist sandy soil or some species
in drier locations. Propagated by seeds sown at once or
stratified, in sandy soil which is kept moist and shady.
Seedlings should be transplanted when about one year old.
Other methods of propagation are by layers, greenwood
cuttings under glass, and grafting or budding or seedling
stocks.
alaskana: B. papyrifera var. neoalaskana.
&lba: the material cult, under this name may be either
B. pendula, B. pubescens, B. papyrifera or vars. of them.
albo-sinensis. Tree to 100 ft., bark exfoliating, orange-
red, the branchlets somewhat glandular, not pubescent:
Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 2% in. long, apex acuminate, base
obtuse truncate to subcordate, margin doubly serrate,
glabrous and dark yellowish-green above, paler and some-
what pubescent at least along midrib below. China. Var.
septentrionalis has brownish- orange bark, Ivs. to 3 ^ in*
long and more silky beneath. W. China.
Bhojpathra: B. utilis.
costata. Tree to 100 ft., with flaking papery bark: lys.
ovate, to 3 in. long, long-acuminate: cones ellipsoid, $£ in.
long. N. ^E. Asia.
cylindrostachya. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to
6 in. long, slightly pubescent beneath: cones to 3^ in. long.
Himalayas.
davurica. Tree to 70 ft., with flaking and peeling puiv
plish-brown bark, branchlets pubescent and glandular:
Ivs. ovate, to 3}£ in. long, acute or acuminate, more or less
Betula
pubescent below and glabrous above at maturity: oones to
1M in. long. N. E. Asia, Japan.
Ermanii. Tree to 60 ft., bark exfoliating, grayish-white
to reddish: Ivs. triangular- ovate, to 4 in. long, light green
beneath, acuminate, coarsely toothed: cones oblong, about
1 in. long. N. E. Asia, Japan.
exc61sa: B. lutea.
fastigiita: B. pendula var.
fontinalis (B, occidentalis). WATER B. Shrubby tree to
40 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 2 in. long: cones about 1 in. long.
Alaska to Ore. and Colo.
fruticdsa. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long: cones
oblong-cylindrio, to 1 in. long. N. E. Asia. — Differs from
B. humilis in Ivs. more finely and sharply serrate and twigs
less glandular as well as in the fr.
glanduldsa. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. nearly orbicular to
obovate, to 1 in. long, pale beneath: cones cylindric, to
% in. long. N. Amer.
grossa. JAPANESE CHERRY B. Tree to 80 ft., bark dark
gray to black, twigs glabrous, yellow-to chestnut-brown:
lys. ovate, to 4 in. long, acuminate, base subcordate, lower
side glandular with silky veins, coarsely doubly serrate:
cones to 1 in. long. Japan.
humilis. Shrub to 10 ft., with pubescent and glandular
branchlets: Ivs. usually ovate to elliptical, to 1^ in. long,
apex acute rarely obtuse, margin dentate-serrate to entire,
glabrous above and below. Eu., N. Asia.
jap6nica: B. mandshunca var.
kenaica: B. papyri/era var.
laciniata: B. pendula var. dalecarlica.
lenta. CHERRY or SWEET B. Tree to 75 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
ovate, to 5 in. long, when young silky-pubescent beneath:
cones ovoid-oblong, to 1% in. long. Me. to Ala., in moist
woods.
Ititea (B. excelsa). YELLOW B. Tree to 90 ft., with
flaking yellowish or silvery bark: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long,
glabrous or pubescent beneath: cones oblong, about 1 in.
long. Newf. to Ga. and Tenn., mostly in moist woods.
macroph^lla: B. papyrifera var. grandis.
mandshurica (B. japonica var. mandshurica) . Tree to
60 ft., with white bark, twins glandular: Ivs. ovate to
triangular-ovate, to 2)2 i»- long, apex acuminate, base
mostly broadly cuneate, unequally serrate: cones cylindrical,
pendulous. Manchuria, Korea. Var. jap6m'ca (B. japonica
of cult.), JAPANESE WHITE B., has Ivs. truncate to sub-
cordate at base and more broadly ovate-trnmgulur. Japan,
N. China. Var. szechudnica (B. japonica var. szechuanica)
has Ivs. tapering toward base, heavily glandular-punctate
and glabrous to somewhat pubescent beneath, margins
irregularly dentate-serrate. W. China.
Maximo wicziana. MONARCH B. Tree to 100 ft., the
bark flaking: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 6 in. long, heart-shaped
at base: cones cylindric, to 3 in. long. Japan.
nAna. Spreading branching shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. orbicular,
to ^ in. long, when young sticky and pubescent beneath:
cones ^ in. or less long. N. Asia, N. Eu., Alaska.
neoalaskana: B. papyrifera var.
nigra (//. ru&ra). RIVKR or BLACK B. Tree to 100 ft.,
with flaking papery bark: Ivs. rhombic-ovate, to 3 in. long,
whitish below: cones oblorig-cyhndnc, 1% in. long. Mass,
to Fla. and Kans., by streams and in bottom-lands.
occidentalis: the trade name may refer either to B.
fontinahs or to B. papyrifera var. occidentals.
odorata: B. pubescena.
papyracea: B. papyrifera.
papyrifera (B. alba, in part. B. papyracea). CANOE or
PAPER B. Tree to 100 ft., with white flaking papery bark,
young branchlets pubescent and somewhat glandular,
becoming glabrous and less noticeably glandular with age:
Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, apex acuminate, base cuneate or
obtuse to heart-shaped, usually somewhat pubescent on
nerves below but glabrous above, margin coarsely serrate:
cones cylindrical, to 2 in. long. N. N. Amer., in light rocky
lands. Var. cordif&lia. Small tree or shrub: Ivs. broadly
ovate, margin doubly serrate, veins pubescent beneath.
Lab. to Minn. Var. grfindis (B. macro phylla) has large
heart-shaped Ivs. Var. kenaica has bark tinged orange-
brown and shorter cones. Var. occidentalis (var. Lyalliana)
has orange or dark brown bark. B. C. to Mont. Var. neo-
alaskana (B. alaskana, B. neoalaskana) has resinous-gland-
ular twigs. Sask. to Alaska.
pendula (B. verrucosa). EUROPEAN WHITE B. Tree to
60 ft., with white bark peeling off in layers, the branches
usually drooping: lys. rhombic-ovate, to 2^ in long: cones
cylindric, about 1 in. long. Eu., Asia Minor. Some of the
hort. vars. are: dalecarlica (B. laciniata) , Ivs. deeply lobed;
f astigiata ( B. alba pyramidalis, B. pyramidalis) , of < col-
umnar habit; gracilis (B. alba elegans laciniata), branches
drooping, Ivs. finely dissected; pur pure a (B. alba atro-
Betula
106
Bignonia
purpurea), Ivs. purple; trlstis, branches drooping and form-
ing a round head; Youngii (B. alba Youngii), head irregular,
branches drooping and very slender.
populifolia. GRAY B. Tree to 30 ft., with chalky bark:
Ivs. triangular-ovate, to 3 m. long, shining above, apex
acuminate, base truncate rarely cuneate: cones cylindnc,
about 1 in. long. N. 8. to Del , on light lands. Var. laciniata
has pirinately Tobed Iva , pe'ndula drooping branches, and
purpurea purple young Ivs
pub6scens (B. odorata). Tree to 60 ft., with white
peeling bark: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long, usually pubescent
beneath: conos eylmdnc, 1 in. long. Eu., Siberia. Var.
urticifdlia (B. urticifolia) has Ivs. coarsely toothed or lobed.
Var. variegata has variegated foliage.
pumila. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. orbicular to obovate, about
1 in. long, when young densely pubescent beneath: cones
cylindric-oblong, 1 in. long. Newf. to N. J. and Minn.
purpurea: B. pendula var.
pyramidalis: B. pendula var. fastigmta.
rubra: B. mgra.
urticifdlia: B. pubescena var.
utilis (B. Bhojpathra). Tree to GO ft., with flaking dark
brown bark: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, pubescent beneath:
cones cylindnc, 1 in. long. Himalayas.
verrucdsa: B. pendula.
BETULACE^E. BIRCH FAMILY. Six genera
of deciduous mostly monoecious trees and shrubs,
in the north temp, zone, having alternate simple
Ivs., staminate fls. in long drooping catkins,
pistillate in short catkins or clusters, 2-10 sta-
mens in the axils of bracts, 2-celled ovary, and
fr. a small nut-like body. The family furnishes
many ornamental subjects, valuable timber,
some edible nuts, bark used for making canoes
and writing paper. Alnus, Betula, Carpinus,
Corylus and Ostrya are best known to hort.
BHANG: see CannaUa.
BIANCJBA: Cseaalpinia.
BICUCULLA: Dicentra.
BlDENS. BUR-MARIGOLD. STICK-TIGHTS.
TICKSEED. Composite. Herbaceous ann. and
per. mostly weedy plants, with opposite toothed,
cut or divided Ivs. and solitary or clustered heads,
the rays white or yellow when present, the disK
yellow; pappus of stiff bristles. Some species are
grown from seed for ornament in the flower-
garden; they are closely allied to Cosmos.
Native wild species are weedy.
astrosanguinea: Cosmos atrosanguineua.
bipinnata. Ann. to 5 ft. : Ivs. 1-3-pinnate, segms. ovate
to oblong, toothed or lobed, lower ones to 8 in. long: ray-
fla. 3-4 or absent, yellow. R. I. to Fla. west to Neb. and
Ariz.
chrysanthentoides: B. Isevia.
coronata (B. trichoaperma. Coreopsis trichoaperma). Ann.
or bien. to 5 ft. : Ivs. pinnately but into lanceolate or linear
segrna. : heads to 2 H in. across, rays golden-yellow. Mass,
to Ga. and Ky.
dahlioides: Cosmos atrosanguineua.
ferulaefdlia. FERN-LEAVED B. Ann., branching: Ivs.
2-pinnate into narrow segms.: heads corymbose, less than
1 m. across; rays and disk bright yellow. Mex.
frond&sa. BEGGARS-TICKS. Ann. to 3 ft., st. often
purplish: Ivs. 3-5-pirinate, segms. lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate: ray-fls. usually absent, heads about H in. high,
awns long. N. S. to Fla. west to B. C. and Calif.
grandifl6ra: B. serrulata.
humilis. Dwarf, almost procumbent: Ivs. irregularly
2-pinnately 5-parted, segms. narrow: heads yellow, solitary.
Ecuador. — Probably a form of B. triplinenria, not in cult.
involucrata: B. polylepis.
lefevis (B. chrysanthemoides). Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 8 in. long, toothed: heads to 2^6 in. across, rays golden-
yellow. Mass, to Fla. and Mex.
leucantha: B. pilosa var. radiata.
pilosa. Ann. to 3 ft. and more: Ifts. usually 3, ovate to
lanceolate, serrate: known in cult, in var. radiata (B.
leucantha), with white or yellowish rays. 8. U. S. and 8.
polylepis (B. involucrata). Ann. or bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs.
pinnatisect to simple, segms. linear-lanceolate, incised or
sharply serrate, long-acuminate: heads to 2 in. across, ray-
fls. orange-yellow. Swamps, 111. to Kans. south to Ark. and
Tex., also in 8. E. Pa. and Del.
serrulata (B. grandi flora). To 4 ft., somewhat glaucous,
branched: Ivs. pinnately divided into narrow segms.: heads
golden-yellow. Mex.
trichosperma: B. coronata.
BIENNIALS (abbreviated bien. in this book)
are plants that live two years from seed, bloom-
ing only or mostly the second year. Some of the
perennials are so short-lived that they become
practically biennial in cultivation and may be
so listed. Examples of plants that are actually
or essentially biennial are common forms of red
clover, parsnip, cabbage, foxglove, Canterbury
bell, hollyhock, verbascum, snapdragon, pansy.
Of most ornamental kinds, bloom may be
obtained from seeds sown the previous mid-
summer, the seedlings being handled promptly
to insure continuous growth.
BIFRENARIA. Orchidaceae. S. American
epiphytes with pseudobulbs bearing 1 leathery
If. and fls. in lateral racemes, the sepals and
petals similar, the lateral sepals running down
the column-foot to form a) spur, the lip usually
3-lobed, with a callus or ridges. Suited to a
temperate or cool greenhouse; see Orchids.
atropurpurea. Pseud obulbs to 3 in. high, bearing a
linear-lanceolate If. to 10 in. long: fls. about 2 in. across,
very fragrant, in 3-5-fld. racemes to 3 in. long, the sepals
and petals wine-red with yellow center, the lip entire,
whitish tinged with rose, with linear callus. June. Brazil.
aurantiaca (Lindleyella aurantiaca). Pseudobulbs to 2 in.
high, bearing 1 plaited elliptic If. to 10 in. long and 3 in.
wide: fls. in 7-13-fld. racemes to 8 in. long, yellow spotted
with purple, the lip with a brighter callus between the side
lobes. Jan.-Mar. Trinidad, British Guiana.
Harrisoniae (Lycaste Harriaonise). Pseudobulbs to 3 in.
high, bearing a narrow-elliptic If. to 1 ft. long: fls. about
2% in. across, in short 1-3-fld. racemes, the sepals and
petals yellowish tinged with red, the lip violet-red with
yellow nairy callus, the base of the column prolonged into
a spur-like part over 1 in. long. Mar.-May. Brazil.
velutina: listed name.
vitellina. Pseudobulbs to 1^ in. high, bearing 1 If. to
1 ft. long and 1>£ in. wide: fls. 1 in. across, in 6-8-fld.
racemes to 8 in. long, orange-yellow with purple spot on
lip. June— July. Brazil.
Wittiana: listed name.
BIGNAY: Antideama Buniua.
BIGN&NIA. Bignoniacese. One evergreen
climbing shrub with Ivs. of 2 Ifts. and a terminal
tendril, funnelform fls. in axillary cymes; and
linear flattened frs. The genus is variously
understood, but is here considered to have only
one species. It is grown as a wall cover in the S.
and sometimes in the greenhouse. Propagated
by cuttings, and by seeds when available.
aequinoctialis: Cydista sequinoctialis.
alliacea: Adenocalymna alliaceum.
argyrea (B. argyreo-violcscens) . Greenhouse vine with
narrow-ovate or ovate-lanceolate Ivs. purple underneath
and veined above with white; not known in fl. and fr. and
genus uncertain. Supposed to be S. American.
atropurpurea, atrosangulnea: B. capreolata var.
aus trails: Pandorea pandorana.
buccinatoria: Phsedranthua buccinatoriua.
callistegioides: Clytostoma callistesioides.
cap&nsis: Tecomaria capensia.
capreolata (Anisostichus and Doxantha capreolata. B.
crucigera). TRUMPET-FLOWER. CROSS-VINE. Climbing
to 50 ft.:, Ifts. ovate or oblong, to 6 in. long, entire: fls.
yellow-rea, paler within,\ 2 in. long: caps, to 7-in. long.
Fields, Va. and 111. to Fla. and La., but root-hardy farther
N. Kinds with fls. in darker colors are known as B. atro-
purpurea and B. atrosanguinea.
Bignonia
107
Biota
Chimberlaynii: Anemopaegma Charnberlaynii.
Cherere: Phsedranthus buctinatonus.
chin6nsis: Campsis grandi flora.
crucfgera: B. capreolata.
grandifldra: Campsis grandiflora.
jasminoides: Pandorea jasminoides.
laurifdlia: listed name for an evergreen vine with
lavender fls.
M&kenii: Podranea Ricasoliana.
magnffica: Arrabidxa magnified.
muricata: Pithecoctenium echinatum.
Prince i: Campais Tagliabuana.
purpurea: Clytostoma purpureum.
radicans: Campsis radicans.
serratifdlia: Tabebuia serratifolia.
siderafdlia: Pithecoctenium echinatum.
speciosa: Clytostoma callistegioides.
stains: Stenolobium stans.
Tweediana: Doxantha Unguis-cati.
tJnguis-cati: Doxantha Unguis-cati.
venusta: Pyrostegia ignea.
violacea. Lfts. oval, 4 in. long: fls. violet, 1 in. long, in
terminal branched paniclea. Bolivia. — Undoubtedly not a
true Bignonia, but genus undetermined.
BIGNONlACEJE. BIGNONIA FAMILY. About
100 widely distributed genera of trees, shrubs,
vines, and herbs, with mostly opposite simple or
compound Ivs. which are often even-pinnate,
showy, more or less irregular gamopetalous fls.
in racemes or panicles, having 5-lobed corolla-
limb, 5 stamens of which 1 or 3 are sterile,
superior 1-2-celled ovary, and fr. a long caps,
or pod with winged seeds. Many genera are
cult, for ornament, as Adenocalymna, Amphi-
come, Anemopsegrna, Arrabidaea, Bignonia,
Campsidium, Campsis, Catalpa, Chilopsis, Cly-
tostoma, Cresccntia, Cydista, Delostoma, Dis-
tictis, Dolichandra, Doxantha, Eccremocarpus,
Incarvillea, Jacaranda, Kigelia, Markhamia,
Oroxylon, Pandorea, Parmentiera, Phaedranthus,
Pithecoctenium, Podranea, Pyrostegia. Rader-
machia, Spathodea, Stenolobium, Tabebuia,
Tecoma, Tecomaria, Tecomella, Tourretia. Most
of the bignoniads are native in warm regions.
BIHAI: Hehconia.
Bf JLIA. Aizoacese. A monotypic genus
segregated from Mesembrvanthemum. B. c&na
(M. canum). Stemless: Ivs. 3-angled, keeled
on back, to \Y^ in. long, % in. wide and thick
near apex, whitish: fls. yellow, 1 in. across, in
1-3-fld. cymes; stigmas 5, filiform. S. Afr.
BIKUKULLA: Dicentra.
BILBERRY: Vaccinium.
BILIMBI: Averrhoa Bilimbi.
BILLARDI^RA. Pittosporacese. Small Aus-
tralian shrubs with twining branches, alternate
Ivs., and mostly yellow or purple fls. solitary
or clustered; grown under glass or out-of-doors
in mild climates. Propagated by cuttings under
glass or by seeds.
longiflora. Lvs. varying from ovate to linear, to 1 ^ in.
long, entire: fls. greenish-yellow or becoming purple,
solitary, drooping: berries blue.
BILLB&RGIA. Bromeliacex. Stemless epi-
phytic h^rbs native in trop. Amer.. having stiff
Ivs. in rosettes or clusters, and snowy mostly
blue fls. in spikes or panicles; grown for ornament
and as oddities under glass or as house-plants.
For cult., see BromeHacese.
Forge tiana. Lvs. green banded with white. Of uncertain
botanical standing.
iridifdlia. Stemless or nearly so: Ivs. to 1)4 ft. long,
lanceolate, undulate, dark green above and purplish-green
beneath, margin spiny: floral bracts rose-red, corolla
yellowish-green. Brazil.
Leopoldii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. strap-shaped, concave, apex
obtuse, margin somewhat coarsely serrate with serrations
tipped with minute brown spine: fls. reddish-violet, on
lax peduncle. Colombia.
Liboniana. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 1 H in. wide, with small
spiny teeth: fls. in an erect simple spike on scapes to 1 ft.
long, with red sepals and blue-tipped petals. Brazil.
macrdcalyx. Stemless or nearly so: Ivs. to 1^ ft. long,
erect or recurved, concave, dark green with scattered pale
green spots, apex acute, margin somewhat spinose-serrate:
floral bracts rose-red, corolla yellowish-green tipped with
blue. Brazil.
Morglii. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 2 in. wide, with small
spiny teeth: fls. in drooping spikes on scapes to 1 ft. long,
with long red bract-like Ivs., red sepals and blue-tipped
petals. Brazil.
Muirii: listed as having bright red fls.
nobilis. Lvs. transversely barred: petals green, curling
in spirals after blossoming, bracts carmine. Brazil.
nvitans. Lvs. to 114 ft- long and H in. wide, finely
toothed: fls. few on scapes to 1 ft. long, drooping, with
bright red bracts and green petals edged with blue. Brazil.
— One of the commonest in cult.
palle'scens. Stemless or nearly so: Ivs. to 2 ft., strap-
shaped, suberect, leathery, green with small white spots
on both surfaces, apex cuspidate, margin with minute
prickles: fls. in lax panicles, leafy bracta bright rose, corolla
green tipped violet. Brazil.
pallida: B. speciosa.
Perringeana. A hybrid of B. nutans and B. Liboniana.
Lvs to 2 ft. long, narrowly strap-shaped, acuminate,
finely serrate: fls. few, on scapes to 1 ft. long, with pale
rose-pink bracts and more or less viscid green fls.
pyramidalis (B. thyrsoidea). Lvs. to 3 ft. long and 2)$
in. wide, finely spiny-toothed: fls. in dense spikes to 4 in.
long, with bright red bracts and red petals tipped with
violet. Brazil.
Quintusiana. Stemless or nearly so: Ivs. to l^i ft. long,
strap-shaped, obtuse, concave, recurved, bright green with
small white spots on upper side and transverse bands on
reverse, margin not conspicuously toothed: fls. with rose
to carmine-red bracts. Habitat not known.
rhodocyanea: Mchmea fasciata.
Sanderiana. Lvs. leathery, about 1 ft. long, spiny-
toothed: panicles loose, to 10 in. long, on nodding scapes;
sepals tipped with blue; petals blue with yellowish-green
claw; bracts rose. Brazil.
Saundersii. Lvs. green above, reddish beneath, with
red spines and white blotches: fls. greenish tipped with
blue. Brazil.
Sdari: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
specidsa (B pallida). Lvs. to 2 ft. long, spiny-toothed,
striped on back: fls. pale green tipped with blue, bracts
rose, in loose drooping clusters. Brazil.
thyrsoidea: B. pyramidahs.
vittata. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long, transverse bands
across reverse side, apex recurved obtuse and abruptly
pointed with red spine: petals deep blue and recurved,
bracts red. Brazil.
zebrina. Lvs. to 3 ft. long and 3 in. wide, prickly-toothed,
spotted and banded with white: fls. in spikes on drooping
scapes shorter than Ivs., with pink or salmon bracts and
green or yellowish-green fls. Brazil.
BILTIA: Rhododendron Vaseyi.
BINDWEED: Convolvulus.
BINGHAMIA. Cactacese. Peruvian branched
cacti with many low spiny ribs: fls. nocturnal,
with straight stout tube.
chosice'nsis: Haageocercus chosicensis.
Humboldtii (Borzicactus Humboldtii and plagioatoma) .
To 3 ft. long and 2 in. diam., dull green dotted white; ribs
12-13, about ^ in. high and notched, areoles to % in.
apart, yellow-woolly; spines brownish-red to gray, radials
to 25, about ^ in. long, straight, centrals 4-7, slightly
longer: fls. pale pink to crimson, to 2 in. long. Peru.
icosagdna (Borzicactus icosagonus). To 20 in. long and
2 in. diam.; ribs 18-20, angular, areoles nearly ^ in. apart;
spines pale golden-yellow, numerous, to % in. long: fls.
orange-red to red, about 3 in. long. Ecuador.
melanostdle: Haageocereus chosicensis.
pseudomelanostdle: Haageocereus pseudomelanoatele.
BIOTA; Thuja orientate.
Birch 108
BIRCH: Betula.
BIRD-OF-PARADISE FLOWER: Strelittia.
BIRDS-EYES: Gilia tricolor.
BIRTHWORT: Anstolochia.
BISCH6FIA. Euphorbiacese.^ One evergreen
or somewhat deciduous tree native in trop. Asia,
sometimes planted in extreme S. U. S. B.
javanica (B. trifoliata). Tooa. To 75 ft.: Ivs.
alternate, of 3 ovate-acuminate bronzy-green
serrulate Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls. small, greenish,
direcious, without petals, in many-fld. racemes
not exceeding the Ivs.: fr. berry-like, brown or
reddish or blue-black, size of a pea.
BISCUTfiLLA. Cruciferse. A few arm. and
per. herbs of the Old World, one sometimes
planted for ornament, interesting for the 2
circular winged lobes of the flat pods or silicles:
radical Ivs. large, entire, toothed or pinnatifid:
sts. mostly slender-branching: fls. small, yellow.
B. laevigata is per., to 2 ft., hairy in lower part:
Ivs. variable, the radical ones long-oblong and
toothed and forming rosette: fls. in terminal
racemes, in spring and summer: pods about
% in. across. Cent, and S. Eu.
BISHOPS-CAP: Mitella. -Hood: Astrophytum myriostig-
ma. -Weed: Mgopodium Podagraria.
BISMARCKIA. Palmacex. One heavy fan-
palm in Madagascar, allied to Latania and
Hyphsene; from the former it differs in bearing
staminate and pistillate fls. on similar spadices,
and from Ilyphacne in its trunk being columnar
and unbranched as well as in fr. and seed.
The name has appeared in N. American lists
but the plants in cult, probably belong to other
genera.
BISTORTA: Polygonum.
BITTERNUT: Carya cordiformia.
BITTER-ROOT: Lewisia redinva.
BITTER-SWEET: Solanum Dulcamara. False: Celaa-
trua scandens.
BfXA. Bixacese. A trop. American tree much
planted in the tropics for the annatto dye which
is extracted from the pulp around the seeds.
B. Orellana. ANNATTO. To 20 ft. or more: lys.
ovate, to 7 in. long: fls. pink or rose, to 2 in.
across: fr. reddish-brown, to 2 in. long, covered
with soft spines. — Propagated by seeds 'and
cuttings. Grown in S. Fla. and southward.
BIXA FAMILY. Two genera of
trees and shrubs having alternate simple Ivs.,
regular bisexual fls. witn 5 sepals and petals,
numerous stamens, superior 1-celled ovary, and
capsular fr.: native in the warm parts of Amer.
and Australia. Bixa is cult, for the annatto dye.
See Cochlospermaceae.
BLACK-BEAD: Pithecellobium Unguis-cati.
BLACKBERRY. The American pomological
blackberry is a native fruit, having been de-
veloped from indigenous species. The species of
wild blackberry are more numerous than for-
merly supposed and their identities are not yet
clearly understood, and the exact parentage of
the named horticultural varieties is mostly yet
obscure. See Rubus.
The culture of the blackberry is limited by
the cold winters of the northern and plains
states and by drought and dry heat in the
Blandfordia
Southwest. Elsewhere it is grown in some of its
forms, although nowhere does it assume great
commercial importance. Quantities of fruit are
gathered from the wild throughout its natural
range. Almost any good soil will grow black-
berries provided it is well drained and retentive
of moisture with a good humus content. The
heavier clay loams are preferred.
Propagation of varieties is by suckers which
come up from the roots, and for more rapid
increase by root-cuttings. Roots are cut into
sections 2-3 inches long, buried in soil to callus
during the winter, and planted in the nursery
row in early spring. Some of the trailing or
lopping sorts root at the tips of the canes.
Planting is done in the very early spring either
in rows 7-8 feet apart, plants 2-3 feet apart in
the row, or in hills 7 x 7 or 8 x 8 feet on the square.
Clean cultivation is essential for successful
culture of blackberries on a large scale. Home
plantings may be heavily mulched to keep down
the weeds and retain moisture. Suckers outside
the row or hill must be destroyed or the planting
will become a thicket. Blackberries respond
to the application of manure or complete fer-
tilizer on poor soils. Care should be taken not
to stimulate the plants to over- vegetative growth.
Pruning consists in cutting out the fruiting
canes soon after the fruit is picked and thinning
out the new canes in the early spring to space
them about a foot apart in the row, or 5-6 to the
hill. The canes are biennial, growing from the
ground one year and fruiting the next year.
Canes may be shortened back if very tall.
Trailing kinds must be trained on a trellis.
For home use fruit should become soft-ripe
on the plants. For market the berries should
be black but still firm. Picking is by hand, the
berries usually falling into the same quart berry
baskets in which the fruit is marketed. A good
yield is about 2,000-3,000 quarts to the acre,
the average about 1,000.
In choosing varieties, adaptation to climate
is important. Varieties of more than average
hardiness are Eldorado, Ancient Briton, Snyder,
Hardy, Taylor, Wachusett, Minnewaski, Erie,
Mersereau. Varieties adapted to regions south
of New York are Nanticoke, Rathbun, Agawam,
Dorchester, Early King, Lawton. Varieties for
the far Southwest are Dallas, McDonald, Haupt.
Varieties for the Pacific Coast include Jordan,
Kittatinny, Himalaya, Erie, Mammoth, Ever-
green, Lawton, Crandall. Varieties specially
resistant to rust are Eldorado, Snyder, Taylor,
Erie.
Care should be taken to plant only disease-
free plants. If rust is prevalent the only remedy
is to plant resistant varieties. The commercial
grower should give particular attention to special
pest and disease proolems.
BLACKBUTT: Eucalyptus pilularis.
BLACK-EYED SUSAN: Rudbeckia hirta, Thuribergia
alata.
BLACKTHORN: Prunus spinoaa.
BLADDER-NUT: Staphylea.
BLADDER-POD: Veaicana. Silyery: Lesquerella ar-
gentea.
BLADDERWORT: Utricularia.
BLADE: the expanded part of a leaf or petal.
/
BLANDF<3RDIA. x LUiacese. Australian
fibrous-rooted herbs with Ivs. mostly nea*r base
of st., large drooping 6-lobed fls. in terminal
Blandfordia
racemes, and capsular frs. Adapted to mild
climates. Propagated by seeds and sparingly
by division of roots.
flammea. To 3 ft. or more: Ivs. narrowly linear-lanceo-
late: fls. yellow to orange, suffused red at base, on pedicels
l^jj-2 in. long, few in loose racemes. Queensland.
marginata. To 2 ft.: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, to 1*^ ft.
long and l^j in. across, rigidly suberect, margins scabrous:
fl.-st. green below, purple above, with fls. brick- to copper-
red outside and yellowish within, on pedicels to 1^ in.
long, in dense racemes. Tasmania.
nobilis. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1^ ft. long and H in. wide,
margins serrate: fls. brownish-red tipped with yellow, to
1J4 in. long, on pedicels to l/i in. long. New 8. Wales. —
Less tender than B. marginata.
BLAZING STAR: Chamselirium luteum, Liatris, Ment-
zelia kevicaulis.
BLfiCHNUM. Polypodiacese. Rather coarse
ferns, with compound or deeply cut fronds;
sori in a line close to midrib of segms.
A few species are cultivated in greenhouses. Propagated
by spores except in the species that develop plantlets at the
ends of the creeping rhizomes. They require a rather dry
atmosphere but plenty of moisture at the root, and a
temperature of 60-65°; good as specimen plants. See Ferns.
brasiliense. With scaly trunk to 3 ft. high: fronds to
3 ft. long and 15 m. wide, deeply pinnatifid, pinnaj finely
toothed. Brazil, Peru.
fluviatile (Lomaria fluviatdis) . Fronds to 2><j ft. long
and l^j in. wide, simply pinnate, pinnae to % in long,
wavy-margined, sterile and fertile different. New Zeal.,
Australia.
gibbum (Lomaria gibba}. With trunk to 5 ft. high:
fronds to 3 ft. long and 1 ft. wide, deeply pinnatifid, pinnie
finely toothed, the sterile and fertile different. New Cale-
donia, Aneiteurn in S. Pacific. Var. platyptera of the trade
is to be referred to the species.
Mo6rei (Lomaria ciliata). Trunk 6 in. high: fronds to
1 ft. long, simply pinnate, toothed or lobed, the sterile
and fertile different, stipes blackish. New Caledonia.
occidental. Trunkless: fronds to l\i ft. long, simply
pinnate, pmnte to 3 in. long, entire. Trop. Amer.
orientate. Trunk stout, erect: fronds to 5 ft. long and
3 ft. broad, simply pinnate, pinna) to 8 in. long. Australia,
China, Himalayas.
serrulatum. SAW-FERN. Fronds to 2 ft. long and 15 in.
wide, simply pinnate, pinna) finely toothed, linear-oblong.
Swamps, Fla. to Brazil.
spicant (Struthiopteris and Lomaria spicant). DEER-
FERN. Sterile fronds in crown surrounding fertile fronds,
evergreen, to 3^ ft. long, simply pinnate, pinnae entire
or slightly toothed. Alaska to Calif., Eu., Asia. Var.
calif 6rnica is listed in the trade.
BLEEDING-HEART: Dicentra spectabilis.
BLEPHARIGLOTTIS: Habenaria.
BLEPHfLIA. Labiate. Per. E. N. American
herbs allied to the Monardas but differing in
having smaller more dilated corollas and the
calyx-tube with 13 instead of 15 nerves. Adapted
to the wild-garden.
ciliata. To 2 ft., rarely branched: Ivs. lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in. long, remotely serrate, the upper
ones sessile: fls. bluish-purple, in axillary and terminal
clusters. Woods of Vt. to Minn, south to Ga. and Mo.
hirsuta. To 2^ ft., usually branched: Ivs. ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, sharply serrate, the upper
ones distinctly petioled: fls. pale purple, pubescent, in
axillary and terminal clusters. Que. to Minn, south to
Ga. and Tex.
BLETIA. Orchidacex. Erect terrestrial orchids
from trpp. Amer., allied to Calanthe but differing
in the lip not being spurred and only jointed with
base of column: fls. numerous, in terminal often
branched raceme on erect leafless scape that
arises from side of corm.
alta (B. purpurea, B. verecunda). To 2^ ft- high or
more: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, to 2^ ft. long, contracted
into a sheathing petiole: fls. rosy-purple or crimson (rarely
white), lateral lobes of lip broadest below and tapering
toward the apex. Fla., Mex., Cent, and 3. Amer., W.
Indies.
florida. To 3^ ft.: Ivs. narrowly to broadly lanceolate,
109
Blueberry
to 2 ft. long, contracted into a sheathing petiole: fls. dark
purple, sometimes rose-pink with white lip, lateral lobes
of lip rounded above ana narrowed toward base. Jamaica,
Cuba.
hyacfnthina: BletiWi stria ta.
purpurea: B. alta.
verecunda: B. alta.
BLETfLLA. Orchidacew. Terrestrial orchids
with tuberous rhizomes, rather thin Ivs. and
fls. in terminal racemes on leafless scapes, the
sepals and petals similar, the lip free and 3-lobed;
confined to the Old World tropics. Sometimes
planted out-of-doors ; see Orchids.
hyacfnthina: B. stria ta.
striata (Bletia and Bletilla hyacinthina). To 2 ft.: Ivs.
3-5: fls. purple, about 1 in. long, in 3-7-fla. racemes longer
than Ivs. June. China, Japan. Var. alba is listed.
BLlGHIA. Sapindacex. One tree natiye
in W. Afr. but now cult, and nat. widely in
the tropics, producing edible frs. that are
seriously poisonous at certain stages or parts.
B. sapida (Cupania sapida). AKEE. To 40 ft.:
Ivs. of 6-10 obovate-pblong Ifts. to 6 in. long:
fls. small, greenish-white, polygamous, in axillary
racemes: fr. straw-colored to magenta-red, 3
in. long, splitting into 3 parts, with 3 shining
seeds having a white fleshy aril at base. — Akees
withstand a few degrees of frost when well
established. They succeed on moist loamy soils.
Propagated usually by seeds.
BLITTJM: Chenopodium capita turn.
BLOOD-FLOWER: Asclepias curassavica.
BLOOD-LEAF: Iresine.
BLOODROOT: Sanguinaria canadensis.
BLOODWOOD: Eucalyptus. Tree: Hamatoxylum cam-
pechianum.
BLOOD WORT FAMILY: ILvmodoracex.
BLOOMfeRIA. Liliacex. Herbs native in
S. Calif., having corms, basal grass-like Ivs.,
and yellow wheel-shaped fls. in umbels ter-
minating the scapes.
Bloomerias withstand several degrees of frost. The
plants thrive in sandy well-drained soil and sunny exposure.
The corms should be dug after ripening and replanted in
autumn; they are good summer bloomers, allied to Brodiaea.
Propagated by seeds.
a urea: B. crocea.
crdcea (B. aured). GOLDKN-STAUS. To !><j ft.: fls.
orange- yellow striped with darker lines, % in. long.
BLUEBEARD: Caryopteris.
BLUE BEDDER, CALIFORNIA: Penstemon heterophy-
Ilu8 var. Purdyi.
BLUEBELL: Campanula rotundi folia. California: Pha-
celia Whitlavia. Creeper, Australian: Sollya heterophylla.
English: Scilla nonscripta. Spanish: Scilki hispanica.
BLUEBELLS: Mertensia.
BLUEBERRY. Certain North American Vac-
ciniums are known as blueberry, but in horti-
cultural practice the name is restricted mostly
to V. corymbosum, one of the highbush species,
and V. angustifolium var. Isevifolium (V. pensyl-
vanicum), a lowbush species. The fruit of the
latter is gathered in large quantities for canning
and market from blueberry barrens in New
England, particularly Maine. These barrens
are given a special culture of burning over every
third year, fertilization and spraying to control
fruit-flies. In recent years, the highbush blue-
berry has been greatly improved in productive-
ness and size of fruit by selection and breeding;
and the knowledge that it requires an acid soil
has contributed to its introduction as one of the
pomological products.
Blueberry 110
Common alkaline or neutral lands do not
produce blueberries. An acid soil is essential,
one composed of peat and Hand but with good
drainage and aeration. It is not necessary to
plant in swamps; in fact, the plant does not
thrive when the roots are permanently under
water. The water-table should be at least one
foot below the surface in the growing season.
The permanent plantation is set about 8 feet
apart each way. Surface tillage is advised but
heavy mulching with peat, oak leaves, sawdust
or other material is satisfactory and is well
adapted to the home planting. Plants begin to
bear well in three or four years after setting and
they should last a lifetime. They grow to a
height of 6 to 8 feet. In home gardens it is
advised that plants be set in ample holes or
trenches about 1 foot deep in a mixture of one
part peat or half-rotted oak leaves to one part acid
sand; a similar mixture is used as a top-dressing
in the plantation. If the soil is not naturally
acid, aluminum sulfate scattered on the surface
at the rate of y± pound to a square yard each
year is of benefit. Chemical fertilizers that
leave an acid reaction in the soil may be applied,
as sulfate of ammonia, acid phosphate, sulfate
or muriate of potash.
Propagation of the blueberry is by dividing
the clumps or rootstocks, by layering, by cuttings
and by seeds, but the seeds do not reproduce the
variety or strain. Softwood cuttings are the
source of most nursery-grown plants. The home
gardener, if he attempts blueberries at all, will
probably purchase his plants.
Some of the varieties now in the trade are
the Pioneer, llubel, Catherine, Jersey and
Chabot .
BLUE-BLOSSOM: Ceanothua thyraiflorus. -Bottle:
Centaurea Cuunua. -Curls: Tnchostema. -Devil:
Echium vulgare. -Dicks: Brodiwa capitata. -Eyed
Mary: Collinsia verna. -Lips: Colhnsia grandiflora.
-Weed: Echium vulgar e.
BLUET, MOUNTAIN: Centaurea montana.
BLUETS: Houstonia.
BLUMENBACHIA (Saloa). Loasacex. Ann.
herbs armed with stinging hairs, native of S.
Amer., having opposite lobed Ivs. and odd
interesting fls. solitary in the axils: caps, opening
at top. Propagated by seeds sown under glass
and seedlings transplanted after danger of
frost is over.
Hiertinymii. Bien.: Ivs. ovate, palnmtely 5-lobed, lobes
toothed: na. white, to 1 i^ in. across, on peduncles to 4 £•£ in.
long. Argentina. See also Loasa vulcamca.
ins Ignis. Ann. or grown as such, twining, the sts. to
2 ft. or more long: Ivs. to 3 in. across, deeply palnmtely
6-lobed: fls. white, 1 in. across, hooded, with thick yellow
scales spotted with red at base of petals. S. Amer.
laterftia: Caiophora later itia.
BOCCONIA. Papaveracex. Trees, shrubs
or per. herbs with yellowish juice, alternate
mostly pinnately lobed or parted Ivs. and small
fls. without petals, borne in terminal branching
panicles; native in Mex. and trop. Amer.;
seldom planted m S. U. S.
cordata: Macleaya cordata.
frut6scens. Shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. to 16 in. long,
pinnatifid: fls. purplish, the panicles 1 ft. or more long.
Cent. Amer. to Peru, W. Indies.
jap6nica: Macleaya cordata.
microcarpa: Macleaya microcarpa.
Thunbergii: probably Macleaya microcarpa.
BCEHMfiRIA. Urticacex. Various herbs,
shrubs or trees mostly native in warm countries,
Boisduvalia
with alternate or opposite simple Ivs. and very
small unisexual fls. in clusters or spikes.
Grown under glass for the ornamental foliage or out-of-
doors in the South, one species furnishing fiber. Propagated
by division, or seeds when produced. Ramie is grown to
some extent in southern United States; it requires fertile
well;dramed soil, and is easily grown. Seine of the Boeh-
merias are weedy plants native in North America.
arg£ntea. Lvs. alternate, to 1 ft. long and 7 in. wide,
finely toothed, spotted above with silvery-gray, veined
with red-brown below: fls. in branched drooping spikes to
10 in. long. Mex.
cylindrica. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long and \l/4 in.
wide, coarsely toothed: fls. in spikes to 1^ in. long. N.
Amer., W. Indies.
macrophylla. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. opposite, lan-
ceolate, to 1 ft. long, finely toothed, usually pubescent
beneath: fls. in drooping spikes to 1 ft. long. Himalayas.
nlvea (Urtica utilis). RAMIE. CHINESE SILK-PLANT.
Herb or shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs alternate, broad-ovate, to
0 m. long, coarsely toothed, white-tomentose beneath:
fls. in panicles to 6 in. long. China, Japan, S. Asia.
platyphylla. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. opposite and alternate,
broad-ovate, to 9 in. long, coarsely toothed, usually pubes-
cent: fls in long drooping spikes. Asia, Afr. — A variable
poorly-defined species.
Urfcra: the plant cult, far S. under this name is probably
the trop. American Urera caracasana.
BOENNINGHAUSfiNIA. Rutacese. A mono-
typic genus allied to Ruta and differing from it
in fls. with 4 petals, 6-8 stamens and ovary pedi-
celled. One species from E. Asia, B. albifidra
(Ruta albiflora). Diffuse per. to 2 ft. : Ivs. 2-3-pin-
nate, petioled, segms. obovate to obcordate, to
% in. long, glaucous beneath, the terminal one
largest: fls. white, to ^ m- across, usually nod-
ding, in leafy many-fld. cymes.
BOERHAAVIA. NycUiginacese. About 50
species or more of trop. herbs, having minute
5-lobed funnelform fls. in heads, umbels or
panicles, differing from Oxybaphus in the
absence of an involucre.
adsc6ndens: B. coccinea.
co c cine a (B. adscewlens) To 2 ft.: Ivs linear-ovate to
oblong, base obtuse or cordate, to 2 in long, usually white
beneath, petioled: fls. red, capitate heads in slender
branched panicles. Probably Ceylon, but widely distributed
throughout tropics. — A very variable species having weakly
prostrate and procumbent variants as well as erect and
robust forms.
BOGBEAN: Menyanthcs trifoliata.
BOG PLANTS, in horticulture, differ from
aquatics in the fact that they do not live per-
manently in deep water, but rather in wet places
as about lakes and ponds and in swamps. Mostly
they are native plants transferred to wet places
in grounds, and sometimes colonized. For the
most part they are easily grown if the natural
habitat is understood and imitated. Commonly
they are perennials and woody plants that take
care of themselves when once established.
Sedges, rushes, pickerel-weed, arrow-leaf, water
plantain, spatterdock, are common bog and
swamp plants, as well as some of the eupatoriums,
loosestrifes and lythrum. Any region outside
deserts and plains yields interesting material
for the appreciative planter.
BOISDUVALIA. Onagracex. A few ann.
herbs or many-stemmed little bushes, native
Ore., Calif., and Pacific S. Amer., one of which
may be grown in flower-garden or border in
sunny situations ; propagated by seeds.
densifityra (Godetia and (E not her a den^i flora). Ann.,
erect, 1-5 ft., hairy: lvs.\ narrow-lanceolate, acute, denti-
culate: fls. light purple, small, ^ in. or less across, an close
leafy axillary clusters that comprise a long interrupted
terminal spike. Calif,
Bolandra
111
BOLANDRA. Saxifragacese. Herbs native
in W. N. Amer. and adapted to rock-gardens;
fls. purplish, in loose corymbs.
oregana. To IH ft., pubescent: Ivs. kidney-shaped,
angularly lobed, toothed: fls. deep purple, less than H ^
long. Ore., Wash.
BOLBOXALIS: Oxalia cermM.
BOLDO: Peumus Boldua.
BOLDOA FRAGRANS: Peumus Boldua.
BOLLEA: Zygopetalum.
BOLLWILLERIA: Sorbopyrus auricularis.
BOLT6NIA. Composite. Tall erect her-
baceous aster-like perennials, glabrous: Ivs.
alternate and entire, usually becoming vertical
by a twist at the base: heads with white, pur-
plish or violet ray-fls. Native in U. S. and E.
Asia, in moist places and on prairies.
Boltonias are often planted in the border or colonized:
they are of the easiest culture. Propagated by division
in the spring, also by seed. They resemble wild asters.
asteroides (B. glastifolia) . To 8 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to
5 in. long, sessile: heads % in. across, rays white to violet
and purple. Conn, to Fla. and La.
glastifdlia: B. asteroides.
laevigata: hort. name; perhaps B. asteroides.
latisquama. Differs from B. asteroides in the larger heads
1 in. across, rays blue-violet, and in the involucral bracts.
Mo. to Okla. Var. nana is 2-3 ft. tall with pinkish rays.
BOLUSANTHUS. Leguminosse. One African
tree sometimes planted in S. Calif. B. specidsus
(Lonchocarpus speciosus). To 15 ft.: Ivs. pinnate,
the Ifts. lanceolate: fls. papilionaceous, bright
blue, in terminal often pendulous racemes: pods
oblong-linear, flattened.
BOMAREA. Amaryllidacede. S. American
twining herbs, with parallel-veined Ivs. and
tubular fls. borne in drooping umbels.
Bomareaa may be grown out-of-doors in the South in
partial shade or in a cool greenhouse. They require abun-
dant water and liquid manure in the growing season. The
roots may be left in the soil over winter, the tops being
cut off. .Propagated by division of the roots or by seeds
over heat.
Caldasiana. Lvs. to 6 in. long, oblong-acute, with dis-
tinct petiole, puberulent on lower side: fls. with reddish-
brown short outer scgms. and bright yellow longer inner
segms., in simple umbels on pedicels to 2 in. long. Guate-
mala.
confdrta: B. patacocensis.
formos^ssima. Lvs. broadly lanceolate, to 10 in. long
and 2 m. wide, acuminate, glabrous, petiole winged: fls.
with yellow spatulate petals and red sepals, to 1% in. long,
in dense umbels of 60-80 fls., pedicels densely reddish-
pubescent: fr. dehiscent. Peru.
multifldra. Lvs. oblong, to 4 in. long: fls. in dense many-
fld. umbels, 1 in. long, the perianth-segms. nearly equal,
outer tinged red, inner reddish-yellow spotted with brown.
Colombia, Venezuela.
oligantha. Lvs. oblong, to 4 in. long: fls. to 1J< in. long,
the perianth-segms. equal, the outer red, the inner yellow
spotted with reddish-brown. Peru.
patacocensis (B. conferta). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, to
6 in. long: fls. bright red, the inner jperiantn-segms. to 2%
in. long and yellow-keeled. Andes of Ecuador and Colombia.
BOMBACACE^E. BOMBAX FAMILY. Trees of
about 20 genera in the tropics, mostly American,
differing in technical characters from Malvaceae,
with simple or palmately compound Ivs., regular
bisexual fls. having 5 sepals and petals, 5 to
numerous stamens, superior 2-5-celled ovary,
and dry or fleshy frs. some of which contain a
woolly or cottony fiber. Only Adansonia, Bom-
bax, Ceiba, Chorisia, Durio, and Pachira are
cult, on our southern borders. The American
genus Ochroma, supplying balsa wood, renowned
for its lightness, belongs in this family; the
species are probably not planted in the U. S.
Borassus
B(3MBAX. Bombacacese. Big trees with
digitately compound Ivs., large red fls. before
the Ivs., and capsular frs. woolly within and
with woolly seeds; planted for ornament in the
tropics and the lint in the pods sometimes used
for fiber and the fleshy calyces eaten.
malabaricum. To 75 ft., spiny: Ifts. 3-7, to 7 in. long:
fls. to 4 in, long, clustered near ends of branches: fr. to 6 in.
long. India to Malaya; planted in S. Fla.
BONAPARTBA HYSTRIX: Agave stricta.
BONAVIST: Dolichoa Lablab.
BONESET: Eupatorium.
B6NTIA. Myoporacex. One evergreen shrub
or tree to 30 ft., native in W. Indies and N. S.
Amer. and sometimes grown for ornament in
our southernmost areas and in the tropics ; much
like Myoporum but fls. deeply 2-lipped. B.
daphnoides. Lvs. oblong or lanceolate, to 4 in.
long, willow-like: fls. yellow spotted with purple,
Ji in. long, 2-lipped, solitary or clustered: fr.
yellow, pointed, l/t in. long.
BORAGE: Borago.
BORAGINACE-flE. BORAGE FAMILY. Herbs,
shrubs or trees, of about 85 or more genera of
wide range, prevailingly with bristly hairs,
having mostly alternate simple Ivs. and bisexual
regular fls. with 5-lobed calyx and corolla, 5
stamens, superior 2- or 4-celled ovary, and fr.
commonly composed of 4 nutlets; in the her-
baceous groups, the fls. are usually small but
many or numerous and borne in one-sided
scorpioid spikes or racemes; the colors in blue
are likely to fade or change to pink; other colors
abound, as yellow and orange, white, shades of
red. The family furnishes medicinal plants and
dyes, and also many ornamental subjects in tho
genera Adelocaryum, Anchusa, Arncbia, Borago,
Brunnera, Caccinia, Cerinthe, Cordia, Cryp-
tantha, Cynoglossurn, Echium, Ehretia, firi-
trichium, Euploca, Heliotropium, Lappula, Lin-
delofia, Lithodora, Lithospermum, Mertensia,
Moltkia, Myosotidium, Myosotis, Omphalodcs,
Onosma, Onosmodium, Oreocarya, Pcntaglottis,
Pulmonaria, Solenanthus, Syrnphytum, Trachy-
stemon.
BORAGO. BORAGE. Boragiruicese. Hairy
ft/Tedit. herbs with alternate simple Ivs. and
blue saucer-shaped fls. in open leafy cymes,
throat filled by scales, stamens forming a cone*
one or two grown in the flower-garden ana
B. officinalis sometimes as a pot-herb and for
bees. Propagated by seeds sown in spring, by
division or cuttings.
Iaxifl6ra. Decumbent per.: Ivs. oblong or ovate: fls.
pale blue, drooping, on long pedicels. Corsica.— Good for
the rock-garden.
officinal is. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong or ovate: fla. blue,
purple or white. Eu., N. Afr.
orientalis: Trachystemon orientate.
BORASSUS. Palmacese. Large heavy di-
oecious fan-palms of Asia and Afr., of 7 recognized
species: trunk single and erect, unarmed: Ivs.
large and stiff, the petiole somewhat spiny-
dentate on margins: infl. among the Ivs.; stam-
inate infl. long and much branched, the fls. under
closely imbricated bracts in dense spikes 1 in.
diam. and about 1 ft. long, the stamens 6;
pistillate infl. smaller and little branched, the
fls. fewer: fr. a large dru|>e-like body with 1-3
seeds, subtended by enlarged perianth-parts.
Borassus 112
flabellifer. PALMYRA PALM. To 100 ft. and trunk to
3 ft. ciiam., old Ivs. hanging on young trees: Ivs. to 10 ft.
acroBH, many-cleft, rigid: fr. t>-8 in. diam.. depressed-
globular, with fibrous pulp. India and Malaya. — Much
planted in 8. Asia for its many uses and products; once
mtro. in S. Fla.
BORDER. In the horticultural sense a border
is a narrow planting along a boundary or division
line (as a walk or road) or against a building or
wall or foot of slope, although the term is
sometimes inaccurately employed for any long
narrow or strip planting even though it has no
relation to margins or confines. Ordinarily it is
5 feet or less broad so that it can be planted and
tended from one side, but it may be broader if
there is easy access from either side. A border is
properly not only a place in which plants can be
conveniently grown2 but it has relation to the
lay-out and subdivision of the home property.
A good border, well placed for the growing of
plants, provides an attractive receiving plot for
accessions, and should afford a never-ending
variety in bloom and vegetation.
The border receives different designations,
depending on the kinds of plants; it may be a
shrub border, a flower border, a hardy border
for native and other hardy plants, a vine border.
As a rule, the most effective planting is that
which is thrown into masses, for one plant
reinforces the other, and the flowers have a good
setting or background. Very striking displays of
foliage and flowers and plant forms can be made
when massed. Plants are more easily grown when
planted in a border, since the whole area can be
kept cultivated with ease; and if a plant becomes
weak or dies, its place is readily filled by the
neighboring plants spreading into it. The border
may be mixed, — that is, composed of a great
variety of plants, — or it may be made up of one
species in considerable quantity. In long and
very striking borders, it is often best to have the
background — that is, the back row — of one
general type of plant in order to give continuity
and strength to the whole group. In front of
this a variety of plants may be set. Shrub bor-
ders are sometimes planted of one species only,
for continuous or artistic effect.
For best results in border planting the land
should be fertile. The whole area should be
plowed or spaded. If the border is composed
of shrubs, and is large, a horse cultivator may
be run in and out between the plants for the
first two or three years, since the shrubs will be
set 2 to 4 feet apart. Ordinarily, however, the
tillage is by hand tools. After the plants are
once established and the border is filled, it is
best to dig up as little as possible, for the digging
disturbs the roots and breaks off the crowns.
It is usually best to pull out the weeds and give
the border a top-dressing each autumn of well-
rotted manure. If the ground is not very rich,
an application of ashes or some commercial
fertilizer may be given from time to time. The
border may be planted thick to allow the plants
to run together, thereby giving one continuous
effect. Most shrubs should be set 3 feet apart.
Those as large as lilacs may go 4 feet and some-
times even more. Common herbaceous peren-
nials, as bleeding-heart, delphiniums, bellflowers
and the like, should go 12 to 18 inches. On the
front edge of the border is an excellent place for
annual and tender flowering plants. These
herbaceous plants may be planted far enough
apart to allow of full development. Spring- and
Bosea
summer-flowering bulbs may find good conditions
in a well-made border. Into the heavy borders
about the boundaries of the place the autumn
leaves will drift and afford an excellent mulch.
If these borders are planted with shrubs, the
leaves may be left there to decay, and not all be
raked off in the spring.
BORECOLE: Kale.
BORONIA. Rutacess. Australian shrubs or
subshrubs with simple or compound Ivs., at-
tractive fragrant purple, red or white fls., 4-
parted ovary and 4 styles, and fr. of 2-4 carpels.
Grown in a cool greenhouse in well-drained soil and
out-oMoors in California. Plants should be cut back after
flowering to make bushy specimens, and should be replaced
by new plants after two years. Propagated by seeds and
cuttings of half-npened wood.
alata. Mostly glabrous shrub, somewhat glaucous:
Ivs. to 7-11 obovate or oblong obtuse Ifts., entire or crenate,
to l/i in. long: fls. in terminal clusters, pink, fragrant, with
very sharp petals, opening wide.
elatior. To 4 ft.: Ivs. of 5-13 linear Ifts.: fls. rose-red
or purplish, nodding, about M in- long, not wide-opening.
heterophylla. Glabrous tall shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. some-
times simple and linear, to 2 in long, sometimes with 3oi 5
linear Ifts.: fls. pink or scarlet, drooping, solitary on axillary
whorled peduncles, to /^ in. diam., not opening widely.
megastigma. To 2 ft.: Ivs. of 3-5 linear Ifts.: fls. purple,
yellow inside, rather open.
spathulata. Glabrous and glaucous undershrub: Ivs.
simple, spatulate to obovate or lanceolate, but broad-
ovate on young branches, mostly obtuse, to about 1 in.
long: fls. small, pink, in little terminal clusters.
viminea. Glabrous small shrub: Ivs. simple, linear-
lanceolate, to 1 in. long: fls. solitary, axillary and terminal,
the petals to y± in. long.
BORZICACTUS. Cacbiccx. Erect or pro-
cumbent cacti, usually with numerous low ribs
and areoles close together bearing needle-like
spines: fls. solitary, orange to scarlet or white,
diurnal, tube short.
acanthftrus (Cereus acanthurus) Branches hanging or
§rocumbent, to 1 ft. long and 1^ in. diarn ; ribs 15-18,
owering areoles with tufts of white wool; central spines
to % in. long: fls. scarlet, 1 in. across. Peru. Var. ferox
has longer spines.
decumbens: Haageocereus decumbens.
eri6trichus. St. semi-prostrate, to l^o ft. long, brandling
from the base; branches to 1^ in thick, 15-16-nbbeo,
latter straight, to iV in. deep; areoles large, white, to % in.
apart; radial spines about 10 or less; central spines 3-6,
to % in. long: fls. red: fr. yellowish-green. Peru. Var.
longispinus has longer spines.
Faustianus. St. erect or prostrate, to nearly 4 ft. long
and about 2 in. diam., bright green, branched from base;
ribs 12, acute, narrow; spines 30 or more, to % in- long,
yellowish. Peru.
Humboldtii: Binghamia Ihimboldtii.
icosagdnus: Binyhamia icosagona.
Jajoianus. Cespitose, erect to decumbent, to 2 ft. tall,
pale green, joints about 2% in. thick; ribs about 12, low,
obtuse; radial spines about 20, to ^ in. long; centrals 1-4,
swollen at base, pale yellow: fls. orange. S. Peru.
Morleyanus. Clump-forming, branches erect or pendu-
lous, to 21A in. diam.; ribs 13-16, rounded, tuberculate;
spines 15-20, bristly or acicular, to 1 in. long: fls. to 2% in.
long, perianth-segms. slightly spreading. Ecuador.
plagiost&ma: Binghamia Humboldtii.
platinospinus (Cereus and Haageocereus platinospinus).
bout 13,
in. long;
eu ae
Branches aecumbent, ascending at tips; ribs about 13,
areoleagray-tomentose; radial spines 10-13 and
centrals 2-4 and 2 in. long. Peru.
Strausii: Cleistocactus Strausii.
BOSCIA UNDULATA: Vepris landeolata.
BdSEA. Amaranthacex. Upright shrubs
with alternate entire Ivs., small fls. in terminal
spikes or racemes, and ornamental crimson
berries; native in Canary Isls., Cyprus and
Himalayas. Hardy only in S. U. S. Propagated
by seeds and cuttings.
Bosea
113
Boussingaultia
Amherstiana (Deeringia Amherstiana) . LVB. ovate,
to 7 in. long: fls. greenish, perfect, with 2-4 basal bracts,
in terminal panicles: lorries H in. across. Himalayas.
Var. variegata is listed.
Yervamdra. Differs in its short-stalked polygamous fls.
which have only 2 bracts at base. Canary Isls.
BOSSEKIA: Rubus delitiosu* and others.
BOSSL&A. Leguminosde. Australian shrubs
with simple mostly entire Ivs., yellow, orange or
red papilionaceous fls. solitary or in clusters,
and flat pods; intro. in S. Calif.
Aquifdlium. Lvs. opposite, broad-cordate, to % in.
across, prickly-toothed: fls. yellow, about >£ in. long,
solitary.
biloba. To 1^ ft.: Ivs! alternate, linear or brooder,
to 2 in. long, retuse or 2-lobed, margins revolute: fls. to
\i in. long.
ornita. To 2 ft.: Ivs. alternate, ovate to lanceolate,
to 2 m. long: fls. to % in. across, in clusters.
BOTANIC GARDEN. A controlled and
staffed institution for the maintenance of a
growing collection of plants under scientific
management and control for purposes of educa-
tion and research, together with such libraries,
herbaria, laboratories and museums as are
essential to its particular undertakings. Each
botanic garden naturally develops its own special
field, depending on the personnel, location,
extent, available funds, as well as on the terms
of its charter. It may include greenhouses, test
grounds, herbary, arboretum and other de-
partments. It maintains a scientific as well as a
plant-growing staff, and publication is one of its
major modes of expression.
The botanic garden may be an independent
institution, or it may be connected or affiliated
with a college or university. If a department of
an educational institution it may have close
relation with the teaching program; but in any
case it exists for scientific ends and is not to be
restricted or diverted by other demands. It
is not a landscape or ornamental garden although
it may be artistic, nor an experiment station,
nor yet a park with labels on the plants. The
essential element is the intention of the enter-
prise, which is the acquisition and dissemination
of botanical knowledge.
BOTHRIOCLINE: Erlangea tomentosa.
BO-TkEE: Ficua rcligiosa.
BOTR^CHIUM. GRAPE-FERN. MOONWORT.
Ophioglossacex. Mostly somewhat fleshy ferns
with short underground sts. each of which sends
up a single petiole bearing a 1-3-pinnate blade
and an erect panicle of sessile sporangia arranged
like grapes; native chiefly of temp, regions of
both hemispheres, many in the U. S.; the species
are mostly not showy and they do not commonly
appeal to the cultivator. See Ferns.
calif6rnicum: see B. multifidum.
dissect urn. Hardy, to 1^ ft.: blades to 6 in. across,
ternately compound into finely disserted segms., evergreen.
N. S. and Que. to S. C , Tenn. and Mo. Var. obllquum
(B. obliquum, B. ternatum var. obliquum) has blades ter-
nately divided into entire or finely toothed segms. to 1 in.
long.
Lunaria. Hardy, to 10 in.: blades pinnate into lunate
entire or toothed segrns. N. and S. Amer., Eu., Asia,
Australia.
matrifeariaefdlium (B. ramosum). Hardy, to 1 ft.: blades
sessile or short-stalked, 1-2-pinnate, segms. toothed or
divided. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
multffldum. Very variable, from 2 in. to 1^ ft.: blades
thick, from % in. to 1 ft. wide, ternately decompound into
obliquely ovate segms., entire or minutely toothed. N.
Amer., Eu., Asia. — B. californicum (B. silaifolium var.
ealij brntcum), a large lax plant of Calif., and B. silaifolium
(B. ternatum var. intermedium), the common plant of the
northern and western U. S. and southern Canada, with
large coriaceous blade, are to be referred here as sub-
species or geographical varieties.
obllquum: B. dissectum var.
raxndsum: B. ma tncarisc folium.
silaifolium: see B. multifidum.
tern&tum: the plant cult, under this name is B. dissectum
var. obliquum.
virginianum. RATTLESNAKE-FERN. Hardy: blades to
21A ft. high, broadly triangular, ternate, the segms. pinnate
and much cut. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
BOTTI6NEA. Liliaccx. One bulbous per.
herb from Chile. B. thysanoloides (Anthericwn
plumosum. Trichopetalum gracilc). To 16 in.:
Ivs. to 10 in. long, linear-subulate, strongly
channelled, glabrous: fls. white, to ?£ in. across,
usually in 2s at end of simple glabrous scape,
inner perianth-seems, fringed with many white
hairs. Differs from Anthericum in haying
glabrous stamens, oblong caps., short straight
style and fringed inner petals.
BOTTLE-BRUSH: Callistemon, Mclaleuca.
BOTTLE-TREE: Brachychiton.
BOUGAINVlLLEA. Nyctaginacex. The cult.
kinds grown as woody vines but may be trained
as standards, in the open far S. and in greenhouses
N.: Ivs. simple, alternate, ovate to elliptic-
lanceolate, commonly entire: fls. inconspicuous,
inclosed by showy mauve, magenta, purple or
red corolla-like bracts: native in 8. Amer. Many
forms bear Latin names as though they were
species. The generic name was originally made
Buginvilldea, a Latinization of the personal
name De Bougainville, and it is the correct
spelling under the Rules. The international com-
mittee now proposes that the current usage
Bougainvillea be adopted; this eliminates the
digraph # and does not throw the entry out
of accustomed alphabetic sequence.
Of easy cultivation in any soil, thriving best in full
sunshine; in the North grown as pot-plants in a cool green-
house. Propagated by cuttings, some kinds more easily
than others.
brasilie'nsis: B. spectabitis.
glabra. Glabrous or nearly so: Ivs. slender-pointed and
with narrow base: bracts
lighter shades.
rose bracts. Var.
erous form. Var. variegata has Ivs. variegated with white.
Harrisii. Lvs. dark green marbled with creamy-white;
probably a form of B. glabra.
laterftia: B. spcctabiha var.
Lindleyana. Hairy, with strong curved opines: Ivs. acute,
slightly wavy: bracts cinnabar-rod.
magnfflca: listed name.
praetdria. Recorded as a sport from Crimson Lake, with
yellow bracts turning to golden-salmon.
refulgens. Pubescent: bracts purple, the racemes long
and drooping. Probably a form of B. upcctabilis.
r6sa-catallna: a hort. form with rich rose bracts.
rdsea-specidsa. Resembling B, Lindleyana but Ivs.
and bracts smaller.
Sanderiana: B. glabra var.
spectfbilis (B. brosiliensis}. More or less pubescent or
tomentoee: Ivs. short- or blunt-pointed and broad at base:
bracts in shades of red. Brazil. Var. Crimson Lake has
bright crimson bracts, and var. laterftia brick-red bracts.
Yellow bracts are reported.
Th6masii. Listed as a hybrid with red bracts of deeper
color than B. spectabilis var. lateritia.
BOUNCING BET: Saponana officinalis.
BOUSSINGAtfLTU. Basellacex. Trop.
American per. vines with alternate fleshy, Ivs.
and small ns. in spike-like racemes.
Grown for ornament out-of-doors in warm regions and
rous or neary so: vs. sener-pone an
se: bracts purple or magenta, running into
Brazil. Var. C^pheri is larger with deep
ar. Sanderiana, PAPEII-FI>O\VI,TI, is a, florit-
BoussingauUia
under glass in cold regions; alao root-hardy North. Prop-
agated by seeds, division of root* and by tubercles produced
in leaf-axils.
Ijaselloldeg. MADEIRA-VINB. MIONONETTE-VINE. Tall
vigorous twiner: Iva. ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. white, fra-
grant, the racemes sometimes 1 ft. long, in late summer or
autumn.
BOUVARDIA. Rubiacex. Mostly shrubs
native in Mex. and Cent. Araer., with opposite
or whorled Ivs., tubular 4-lobed red, yellow or
white fls. in terminal cymes, sometimes solitary,
and capsular fr.
Bouvardins are grown in the greenhouse and were once
very popular. Many of the old florists kinds are supposed
to be hybrids. They thiive in a temperature of about 55°
in rich soil with abundant water. Propagated by root-
cuttings and cuttings of fresh shoots taken with a heel
and placed over bottom heat.
HArlandii: listed name of hort. form said to be dwarf
and compact, to 3 ft. tall.
Humboldtii. Lvs. opposite, ovate: fls. white, fragrant,
to 2\4 in. long and 1*4 in. across. Hort. form.
Jacquinii: B. terni folia.
leiantha. Lvs. in whorls of 3-5, ovate, to 3 in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. deep red, % in. long, glabrous
outside. Mex. to Costa Rica.
longifldra. To 5 ft.: Ivs. opposite, ovate or lanceolate,
to 2 in. long: fls. white, to 3>£ in. long, glabrous outside,
solitary. Mex.
tcrnif&lia (B. Jacquinii. B. triphylld). To 6 ft.: Ivs. in
3's and 4's, lanceolate to ovate: fls. rea, to 1^ in. long,
pubescent outside. Mex., W.Tex.
triphylla: B. ternifolia.
BOWER-PLANT: Pandarea fasminoides.
BOWIEA: Schizobasopsis.
BOWKfiRIA. 8crophulariace&. S. African
shrubs or trees with Ivs. usually in 3's and
2-lipped fls. ; may be grown in S. Calif.
Gerrardiana. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. oval-lanceolate, to
6 in. long, finely toothed, paler beneath: fls. white, upper
lip to ^ in. long and ?'g in. uroad.
triphylla. Very similar to the above but differing in the
narrow upper lip of corolla.
BOX: Buxua, Eucalyptus. Brisbane: Triatanw, conferta.
-Elder: Acer Ni-gundo. -Thorn: Lycium. Victorian:
Pittoaporum undulatum.
BOYKfNIA (Therofon). Saxifragaccse. Per.
American herbs with creeping rootstocks, al-
ternate broad Ivs. and white fls. in cymes or
panicles; useful in the wild- or rock-garden;
native mostly in woods and mts.
elata (B. occidentalism. To 2 ft.: Ivs. 1-4 in. across,
deeply lobed and toothed: petals much longer than calyx-
lobos. Calif.
Jamesii (Telesonix Jamesii). To 4 in.: Ivs. round-
kidney-shaped, to 1^ in. wide, deeply wavy-toothed:
fls. reddish-purple, in contracted leafy panicle. Colo.
major. To 3 ft.: Ivs. 4-8 in. across, cut and toothed:
petals slightly longer than calyx-lobes. Ore., Calif.
occidentalis: Ft. elata.
ranunculif 61ia: Ifemieva ranunculifolia.
rotundifdlia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. 2~7 in. across, shall owly
lobed and toothed: petals only slightly longer than calyx-
lobes. Calif.
tellimoldes (Saxifraga tettimoides). To 3 ft.: Ivs. to
5 in. across, 7-0-lobed: fls. greenish, petals twice or more
longer than calyx-lobes. Japan.
BOYSENBERRY. A recent offshoot of the
well-known loganberry group (Rubus logano-
baccus) produced in California but exact parent-
age unknown, named after Rudolf Boyscn who
was instrumental in its introduction. It is a
dewberry, much like the Young but later in
ripening. Berries are largo, as much as 11A inches
long and three-fourths as thick, dark wine-rod
to almost black, juicy, soft when ripe, tart, in
flavor. In the northeastern country it requires
or profits by winter protection, a safeguard
114 Brachypodium
readily provided inasmuch as the canes may be
laid down and covered with straw. It should be
grown on trellis or wires, and much room should
be provided; canes may grow 8-10 feet. The
general culture is as for loganberry and the
dewberries. The berry is established as a home
and market iruit in California, and has given
promising results in many parts of the East.
BRACHfCHITON. BOTTLE-TREE. Slercu-
liacese. Australian trees sometimes with swollen
trunk, bearing alternate entire or palmatcly
lobed Ivs., unisexual or polygamous fls. without
petals but the calyx mostly corolla-like and
bell-shaped, commonly ill axillary panicles, and
fr. a woody follicle, tardily dehiscing; planted
for ornament in southern regions, and particu-
larly in Calif. Propagated by seeds and cuttings
of ripened wood.
acerifdlium (Sterculia aceri folia") . FLAME-TREK. To
60 ft.: Ivs. deeply 5-7-1 obed, to 10 in. across, shining: fls.
bnght scarlet: fr. black, to 4 in. long.
Bfdwillii (Sterculia Bidwillii). Shrub or tree, tomentose:
Ivs. deeply 3-1 obed: fls. red.
discolor (Sterculia discolor). Lvs. irregularly 5-7-1 obed
or angled, white-tomentose beneath, to 6 in. across: fla.
livid: fr. to 6 in. long, densely rusty-tomentose.
diversifftlium: B. populneum.
lurid ura (Sterculia lurida). Lvs. palmately 5-7-Iobed,
pubescent on both sides: fls. livid and variegated: fr. to
6 in. long, tomentose.
populneum (Sterculia diver si f olio) . KURRAJGNQ. To
60 ft.: Ivs. ovate and entire or 3-5-1 obed, to 3 in. long,
shining: fls. yellowish- white, reddish inside: fr. to 3 in.
long. Var. occidentalis (Sterculw Grtyun) lias deeply 3-1 obed
Ivs. and salmon-pink fls.
rupe'stris (Sterculia rupestris). Tree with swelling trunk
often contracted at top and bottom: Ivs. oblong-linear,
entire, to 0 in. long, or digitately compound into 5-9 linear-
lanceolate Ifts.: Qs. tomentose: fr. 1 in. long.
BRACHtfCOME. Composite. Herbaceous
annuals and perennials with simple or branching
sts., basal or alternate Ivs., entire or more or
less pinnately cut: heads solitary or loosely
clustered at ends of branches: ray-fls. white,
blue or lilac; pappus of bristles or scales or
lacking. Of easy cult, in the flower-garden.
Propagated by seeds.
iberidifdlia. SWAN RIVER DAISY. Ann., branching, to
l*<j ft : Ivs. alternate, pinnate into narrow segms.: heads
1 in. across, blue, rose or white. Australia. — A good edging
and border aim.
rdsea: hort. name, probably for color form of B. iberidi-
foha.
BRACHYGL(5TTIS. Composite. New Zealand
shrubs or small trees with large lobed Ivs. and
small heads borne in terminal branched panicles,
with ray- and disk-fls.; pappus bristly. Grown
out-of-doors in S. Calif.
Rangiora. To 14 ft.: Ivs. to 15 in. long, sinuate, white-
tomentose beneath, glossy above: heads 1A in. long, in-
volucral bracts purplish.
repanda. To 20 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long, sinuate, white-
tomentose beneath, dull above: heads Y^ in. long, involucral
bracts white, shining. Var. variegata is listed.
BRACHYPODIUM. Grammes. Slender ann.
or per. grasses mostly of the north temp, zone,
having many-fld. flattened spikelets borne in
spike-like racemes; a few sometimes grown
for ornament. See Grasses. ^
dis tachy on. Ann. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long and H in.
wide, slightly hairy: racemes to 3 in. long, awns* to %, in.
long. Medit. region, S. Afr.
gracile: B. sylvaticiim.
sylvfiticum (B. gracile). i*er. to 4 ft.: Ivs. to % in. across,
flaccid, hairy: racemes nodding, to 6 in. long, awns to
>i in. long. Medit. region, Asia.
Brachysema
115
Brassica
BRACHYSfiMA. Leguminosx. Australian
shrubs with simple Ivs., mostly red papilio-
naceous fls. solitary or clustered, and swollen
pods; cult, out-of-doors in S. Calif.
acuminatum. Subshrub, often spreading: Ivs. opposite,
oval-elliptic, silvery-canescent beneath.
lanceolatum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. usually opposite, lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, silvery-canescent beneath: pods about % in.
long.
BRACKEN: Pteridium.
BRACT: a much-reduced leaf, particularly the small
or scale-like leaves in a flower-cluster or associated with the
flowers and on the upper part of flowering stems.
BRACTEOLARIA: Baphia.
BRACTLET: bract borne on a secondary axis, as on
the pedicel or even on a petiole.
BRADBURYA: Centrosema.
BRAHEA. ROCK PALMS. Palmaceas. A very
few determined species of Mexican fan-lvd.
palms, inhabiting calcareous hills, some of them
not yet well understood and of doubtful generic
position : trunks solitary or sometimes eventually
sprouting from near the base, unarmed: Ivs. of
medium size, stiff, perhaps thinly glaucous, the
petiole in most species bearing small callous
teeth: spadices interfoliar, mostly exceeding the
If .-blades, the many branches not subtended by
spathes; fls. sessile and more or less immersed on
tomentose or pubescent branchlets of spadix,
hermaphrodite: fr. small, about J^ in. long,
oblong to nearly globular. The names B.
calcarea and B. Pimo are sometimes mentioned
but it is doubtful whether intro. to our territory
and they are not true Braheas. B. armata and
B. glauca are Erythea armata; B. edulis is Erythea
edulis and B. filifera is Washingtonia filifera.
For cult., see Palms.
dulcis. The common species, probably intro. in Calif.:
trunk stout, to 20 ft., bearing scars of old Ivs. or at top
covered with old Ivs., naked at base: Ivs. 4-5 ft. lengthwise,
green, divided to middle or beyond into about GO rather
broad long-pointed and deeply bifid long-hanging segms.,
the filaments few; petiole rather slender, coarsely retrorse-
spiny: spadix to 5 or 7 ft. long, pendulous; fls. partly im-
mersed, the branchlets terete and thick and densely to-
mentose: fr. oblong-ellipsoid, yellow and succulent; seed
free from endocarp. Mex.
BRAKE: Pteridium, Pteris. Cliff-: Pcllxa. Rock-:
Cry p togramma .
BRAMBLES: Rubus.
BRAS^NIA. Nymph&acex (or Cabombacacex) .
One aquatic herb; often in deep water, native
in N. Amer., Asia, Afr. and Australia, grown
sometimes in ponds. Propagated by seed or
division of roots. B. Schreberi (B. pcltata.
B. purpurea). WATER-SHIELD. Lvs. floating,
to 4 in. long and 2 in. wide, peltate, submerged
parts coated with thick transparent jelly: fls.
Surple, y<i in. across, on long axillary peduncles:
•. % in. long, of separate carpels.
BRASSAIA. Araliacese. A tree sometimes
included in the genus Schefflera, now somewhat
planted in S. Fla., from Australia, with stiff
digitate Ivs. and small involucrate fls. in dense
little short-stalked globular heads that form long
racemes with stout woody axis and that may
become paniculate: petals 7-18, less prominent
than the stamens of equal number: fr. a globose
drupe. XB. actinoph^lla, to 40 ft. with glabrous
parts and glossy foliage: Ifts. 7-16, long-stalked,
the blades long-oblong and entire, to 1 ft. long:
raceme sometimes a few ft. long.
BRASSAVOLA. Orchidacex. Trop. American
epiphytes having stem-like pseudobulbs, fleshy
Ivs. and fls. solitary or in short racemes, the
sepals and petals narrow and spreading, the lip
entire and often toothed, attached to column at
base. For cult, see Orchids.
cucullata. Pseudobulbs to 7 in. high, bearing a If. to 9 in.
long: fls. usually solitary, the sepals and petals orange,
yellow or white, the lip white, toothed on edges, with long
point. May-Dec. Mcx. to Honduras, Venezuela, Colombia
and W. Indies.
Digbyana: L&lia Digbyana.
glauca: Lselia glauca.
nodftsa. Pseudobulbs 1-4 M in- high, bearing 1 If. to 9 in.
long: fls. solitary and short-stalked; sepals and petals
greenish-yellow or white, linear, to 3 in. long; lip white,
not toothed. Jan.-Dec. W. Indies, Cent. Amur., Colombia,
Venezuela, Surinam.
BRASS-BUTTONS: Cotula coronopifolia.
BRASSIA. Orchidacex. Epiphytes native in
trop. Amer., with pseudobulbs bearing 1 or 3 Ivs.
and fls. in lateral racemes, the sepals and petals
narrow and long-pointed, often tail-like, tne lip
entire and shorter than the sepals. Grown in an
intermediate temperature; see Orchids.
anther&tes. Fls. deep yellow, sepals and petals blotched
with blackish-purple. Colombia, Ecuador.
brachiata. Pseudobulbs to nearly 5 in. high, bearing 2
linear-lanceolate Ivs. to 1 ft. long: scapes to 3% ft. long,
bearing a 7-10-fld. raceme; sepals about 8 in. long, yellow-
ish-white marked with brown below, the petals aoout half
as long; lip light yellow marked with green. July-Oct.
Guatemala.
caudata. Pseudobulbs to 6 in. long: Ivs. oblong or oblong-
elliptic, acute, to 11 in. long: intt. a raceme of 6-15 fls.:
sepals and petals greenish-yellow with brown spots on basal
half, the lateral sepals to 6 in. long, petals to 1 in. long;
In/light yellow with brown spots. Jan. -Aug. Fla., W. Indies,
Cent. Amer.
Gireoudiana. Pseudobulbs to 5 in. high, bearing 2
oblong or elliptic-oblong Ivs. to over 17 in. long and 2 in.
wide: scapes to over 2 ft. long, usually 7-10-fld.; sepals
linear-lanceolate, taporirig, to 6 in. long, cream-color or
greenish-yellow, spotted with brown on banal third; petals
to 2H in. long, yellow, spotted with brown on lower half.
Dec.-May. Costa Rica, Panama.
Keiliana. Pseudobulbs much compressed, to 2 in. high,
narrowly ovate, bearing 1 strap-shaped If. to 10 in. long:
scapes equalling or surpassing the Ivs., few- or many-flo.;
bracts equalling or surpassing the pedicolled ovary; fls.
yellow, spotted with brown; sepals to 3 in. Jong, the petals
to 1% in. long; lip whitish. May-June. Colombia, Ven-
ezuela.
Lawrence ana. Pseudobulbs over 2 in. long, bearing 2
oblong or lanceolate Ivs. to 8 in. long: scapes to 8 in. or
more long; sepals and petals greenish or bright yellow
spotted with brown, the former to almost 3 in. longt the
lip bright yellow. May-June. British and Dutch Guiana,
Brazil.
longissima (7?. Isiwrenceana var. longissima) . Pseudo-
bulbs to 5 in. high, bearing 1 or 2 lys. to 15 in. long and 2%
in. wide: scapes to 2 ft. long, with a 10~15-fld. raceme:
sepals and petals golden-yellow or greenish-yellow spotted
with brown at base, the lateral sepals to 12 in. long; lip
acuminate, pale yellow or white spotted with red-brown.
Feb.-Oct. Costa Rica.
maculata. Differs from B. longissima in lateral sepals
only 2-3 in. long, smaller petals and much broader acute
lip. Apr.-June, Oct. W. Indies, Cent. Amer.
verrucdsa. Pseudobulbs to 3 in. or more long, bearing
2 oblong or elliptic-oblong Ivs. to 1 ft. long: scapes to about
2% ft. long, with 4-i16>-fla. racemes; sepals and petals green
or yellowish spotted at base with brown, the former to 5 in.
long; lip warty, white spotted with dark green below.
Apr.-June. Mex., Guatemala, Honduras, Venezuela.
BRASSICA (incl. Simipis). COLES. MUS-
TARDS. Cructferse. Mostly aim. and bien. herbs,
sometimes per., yielding many edible plants:
see Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauli-
flower, Collar -ds, Kale (Borecole), Kohlrabi,
Mustard, Pe-tsai, Rape, Rutabaga, Turnip.
The species are probably 40 or more, original
in the Old World, but the nativity of many of
them is unknown; some of them are widespread
weeds. They are erect, tall branched and for the
most part glabrous often glaucous plants with
Brassica 116
variously pinnatifid or lyrate or strongly toothed
lower Ivs., yellow or yellowish-white or some-
times white fls. in terminal racemes in spring
and summer, pods or siliques elongated. The
cult, is simple; they are essentially cool-season
subjects.
ac6phala: B. oleracea var.
dlba: B. hirta.
alboglabra. Ann., perhaps sometimes living over winter,
glabrous arid very glaucous, to 3 ft.: Iva. thick, lower ones
oval, miniate, to 10 in. long, auricled or lobed at base of
blade, long-stalked, upper st.-lvs long-oblong and petioled
or not clasping: fls. white, large, cabbage-like: pod 2-3 in.
long. Probably from Orient, there grown as pot-herb.
arv6nsis: B. kaber.
botrytis: B. oleracea var.
bullata: form of B. oleracea var. capitata.
campestris. Arm , in grain fields eastward ana a great
weed on Pacific Coast, glaucous all over, 2-0 ft.: Ivs. clasp-
ing, the lower ones variously lyrate-lobed: fls. email, bright
yellow: pod 2-3 in. long.
capitata: B. oleracea var.
caulifldra: B. oleracea var. botrytis.
caulorapa. KOHLRABI. Low bien., glabrous and glaucous:
st. swelling just above ground into the "turnip" or edible
1>art: IVH rather small, 10 in. or less long, with oval dentate
>lade arid long petiole: fls. cream-yellow: pod 2-3 in. long,
with short thick beak.
chinensis. PAK-CHOI. Ann. or bien , glabrous, some-
what glaucous at maturity: lower Ivs. shining green making
a rather compact crown or cluster to 20 in. high but not a
head, obovato and entire or nearly so, the petiole white
and narrowly winged or margined but not jagged, st.-lvs.
clasping: fls. pale yellow, % in. long: pod to 2J^ in. long.
Crown as pot-herb.
fimbriata. KITCHEN KALES, formerly included in B.
olnacea var. acepfuila. Low dwarf plants producing much
edible herbage for winter and spring use, then going to
seed: IVH oblong or narrower, deeply side-lobed and curled
or fringed, glaucous-blue and sometimes purplish: fls. large,
light yellow: seeds small, more or less angled. Dwarf
Siberia and Scotch kales belong here.
gemmifera: B. oleracea var.
hirta (B. and Sinapia alba). WHITE MUSTARD. Ann. to
4 ft , sparsely hairy: Ivs. oval to obovate, deeply divided on
sides: fls. yellow, about 1A in. long: pod to 1^ in. long,
spreading, lower part seed-bearing and nodulose, beak flat.
japdnica: B. juncea var. crispifolia.
juncea (.Smetpis juncea. B. rugosa). LEAF MUSTARD.
Ann., green but st. sometimes slightly glaucous, to 4 ft.:
lower Ivs. oval to obovate, rather thm, lyrate-lobed or
divided, with toothed or scalloped edges, st.-lvs. narrowed
at base but not clasping: fls. bright yellow: pod to 1)4 in.
long. Sometimes run wild. The commonest form of leaf
mustard for greens, often in the var. crispifdlia (B. japonica
of hort. but not botanically) known as Southern Curled.
Var. fohdsa comprises forms with very large broad lys.
grown for greens. Var. 16ngidens has long narrow Ivs. with
prong-like large teeth. Var. multis6cta has finely divided
Ivs.
kaber (B. and Sinapsis aroensis). CHARLOCK. Ann. to
3 ft. or more, green, commonly hispid toward base and
sometimes above: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, variously
lobed or lyrate, not clasping: fls. small, yellow: pod about %
in. or less long, nodulose, beak often y^ in. or more long.
Sometimes cult, for mustard. The naturalized plants in
the New World are varieties of this species.
Napobra'ssica. RUTABAGA. Bien., very glaucous and
thick-lvd., glabrous, the underground tuber with solid
yellow or white flesh and with long neck or crown and often
withstanding winter in the N.: lys. large and long, lyrate-
pinnatifid, those on st. with clasping base: fls. light yellow
to whitish-yellow: pod much spreading on stout pedicels,
the beak stout and short. Var. solidifolia has long not-
lobed radical Ivs.
N&pus. RAPE. COLZA. Ann., but late-sown plants
pass the winter and bloom following spring, making thin
tap-root: otherwise much like B. N apobransica except that
the pods are ascending on rather thin pedicels and the beak
is slender and commonly V6 in. or more long.
narinbsa. Stout low glabrous not glaucous bien., bearing
short clusters of orbicular-ovate small puckered mostly
entire lower Iva. with broad whitened petioles; st.-lvs. very
broad and clasping, entire: fls. yellow: pod very thick and
relatively short, £4 in. or less long and % or & as broad,
the beak very short and atout. Grown for pot-herb by
Chinese.
nlgra (Sinapis nigra). BLACK MUSTARD. Tall ann. to
6 ft. and more, mostly hispid-hairy at least below, little
Brassocattleya
if at all glaucous: Ivs. pinnatifid or lobed, terminal part
large, petioled, dentate: fls. yellow, in many short racemec-
pod 1 in. or less long, 4-sided, appressed to rachis. A
widespread weed, and as a cult, plant a main source of
table mustard.
oleracea. Thick-lvd. glaucous per. (probably also bien.)
on coasts of W. England, represented in cult, by many
races: lower Ivs. to 20 in. long, rounded or obovate, lobed
at base; st.-lvs. narrow, long, sometimes clasping: fls.
whitish-yellow or cream-yellow, large, to 1 in. long: pod
to 4 in. long, spreading; seeds large and rounded. Not in
cult, except now and then in test grounds. Var. acephala
(B. acephala) comprises forms without heads or dense
rosettes: TALL or TREE KALE, COW-CABBAGE. Var.
botrytis (B. botrytis) has whitish heads formed of thickened
transformed fl.-clusters: CAULIFLOWER, BROCCOLI. Var.
capitata (B. capitata) has one dense head of consolidated
Ivs.: CABBAGE (one form being Savoy, sometimes known as
var. bullata or B. bullata). Var. gemmifera (B. gemmifera)
has small compact buds or heads in If.-axils along the st :
BRUSSELS SPROUTS, known commonly as "SPROUTS."
Var. it£lica with thickened fl.- branches riot condensed into
a solid head: SPROUTING, BRANCHING or AHPARAGUH
BROCCOLI. Var. Tronchuda, a low- cabbage-like plant with-
out head and with broad midribs: PORTUGUESE CABBAGE
or KALE. See B. firnbriata.
parachinensis. FALSE PAK-CHOI. Like B. chinensis
but with radical Ivs. more orbicular and petiole not
margined, st.-lvs. narrowed to base and not clasping.
Grown by Chinese as pot-herb.
pekin£nsis (B. Pe-Tsai). PE-TSAI (which see). CELERY
CABBAGE. Ann. with green soft foliage, glabious or essen-
tially so: basal Ivs. large and very broad, with undulate or
obscurely toothed margins, the petiole broad, flat arid with
jagged wings, st.-lvs. either stalked or clasping: fls. light
yellow: pod to 2^ m. long. Grown as a cool-season vege-
table, the Ivs. forming a more or less solid attractive head.
perviridis. TENDERGREENT. Lower foliage abundant and
tender, spatulate-oblong and nearly entire, not lobed on
petiole, glossy-green both surfaces, root not tuberous, fls.
large: seeds small, somewhat angled.
Pe-Tsai: B. pekinensis.
?urpur&ria. PURPLE MUSTARD. Ann., with sts. and ribs
VB purple: lower Ivs. lyrate-ninnatifid with broad ribs
and veins: fls small, at first crowded: seeds small, somewhat
angled. Planted for greens.
Rapa. TURNIP. Green-lvd. bien., with white- or yellow-
fleshed flat or globular tuber not bearing a long neck or
crown and that does not withstand the winter in the N.:
Ivs soft but hispid, to 20 in. long, lyrate-pinnatifid, st -Ivs.
clasping: fls. yellow: pod 2% in. long or less. Var lorifdlia,
STRAP-LEAVED T., has radical Ivs. nearly or quite unlobed.
rugdsa: B. juncea.
Ruvo. TURNIP BROCCOLI. Bien. if sown in autumn, the
young spring shoots eaten, ann. if sown in spring, with
tap-root, 2^-3^2 ft. at maturity, foliage dark green and
often glossy, Ivs. deeply lobed to petiole: fls small, in close
clusters: pod small, about 2 in. long. Of recent intro. in
N. Amer.
se'pticeps (B. Rapa var septiceps). SEVEN-TOP TURNIP.
Bien , very leafy and florifcrous, producing several tall sts.
from one thick crown, foliage glaucous: louer Ivs. deeply
few-lobed, st.-lvs. clasping: fls. small, in short clusters: seeds
small, angled or irregular. Young shoots used for food, and
sometimes called broccoli. Spontaneous in Va. and south,
perhaps also in milder regions northward.
BRASSOCATTIjfeLIA. Orchidacese. Tri-
generic hybrids between the genera Brassavola,
Lselia and Cattleya, most of which have been
given English or vernacular names. Those known
to have Latin names are :
Mackayi (B. Digbyana X L. -C. elegans).
prevenusta (B. Digbyana X L. -C. bletchleyensis) .
pulch&rrima (B. Digbyana X L. -C. Canhamiana) .
Truffautiana (B. -C. Leemannix X L. -C. Truffautiana).
Victoria Regrna (B. -L. King Edward VII X C. Mossix).
BRASSOCATTLEYA. Orchidacese. A group
comprising hybrids between the genera Bras-
savola and Cattleya.
amabalensis (B. -C. heatonensis X C. amabilis var. alba).
CHftonii (B.-C. Digbyano-Mossix X C. Trianxi).
CHf tonii var. magnlfica (B. -C. Veitchii X C. Triansei) .
Fournieree (B. Digbyana X C. labiatd).
fulgens (B. Digbyana X C. Mendehi).
heatonlnsis (B. Digbyana X C. Hardy ana).
H61fordii (B. Digbyana X C. Forbeni).
Brassocattleya 117
Hye« (B. Digbyana X C. Harrisoniana). 1 ]
Jlssopii (B. Digbyana X C. Dowiana).
langleye'nsis (B. Digbyana X C. Schroederiana).
Leemanniae (B. Digbyana X C. Dowiana).
Lindleyana (B. tuberculata X C. intermedia).
Marlee (B. Digbyana X C. Warneri).
Mar&niae (B. Digbyana X C. gigas).
Mardnii (B. Digbyana X C*. Mendelii).
Massangeana (B. -C. Leemanniae X C. Triansei).
mirfibilis (B. -C. Leemanniss X C. Mendelii).
Praetii (B. Digbyana X C. Leopoldn).
Rubyana (B. -C. Ruby X C. Triansci).
Sedfcnii (B. Digbyana X C. Trianxi).
specidsa (B. -C. Imper. de Russie X C. Schroederiana) .
Thdrntonii (B. Digbyana X C. Gaskelliana) .
Veitchii (B. Dibgyana X C. Mossise).
Vilmoriniana (B. -C. Mrs. J. Leemann X C. Mossiae).
BRASSOL^LIA. Orchidacex. A series of
hybrids between Brassavola and Laelia.
Gratrixiae (B. Digbyana X L. cinnabarina) .
J6ssopii (B. Digbyana X L. xanthina).
Veitchii (B. Digbyana X L. purpurata).
BRASSOL^LIOCATTLEYA. Orchidacex. A
group of trigeneric hybrids between Brassavola,
Laclm and Cattleya.
Mossmaniana (B. -C. Mrs. J. Leemann X L.-C. Firminii).
pulch6rrima (B, Digbyana X L. -C. Canhamiana).
Truffautiana (B. -C Mrs J. Leemann X L. -C. luminosa).
Truffautiana aurea is listed as having the same parentage.
BRAUNERIA: Echinacea.
BRAUNSIA: Echinus.
BRAVOA. Amaryllidacex. About 4 species
of Mexican tuberous herbs, to be grown in well-
drained sandy soils of warm regions, with-
standing a few degrees of freezing temperatures
when given winter protection: basal Ivs. linear
to lanceolate, thin, st.-lvs. small: fls. whitish
to red, stalked, in racemes, perianth consisting
of a long tube and unequal segms.: fr. a caps.
One species, B. geminifldra, is offered. To 18 in.,
tuber globose: Ivs. 6-8, sword-shaped^ usually
12-18 in. long, mostly basal: fls. bright red,
in pairs, to 134 m- l°ng- Cent. Mex.
BRAZIL-NUT: Bertholletia.
BRAZIL-WOOD: Cxsalpinia echinata.
BREADFRUIT. The great rough syncarp
of Artocarpus communis (A. incisa), native
probably in the Malayan Archipelago and now
widely dispersed in the torrid zone; it is cooked
for eating. The tree is large and heavy-leaved.
The fruit is borne on small branches; it is com-
monly 4-8 inches in diameter when full grown,
spherical or short-oblong. The tree is sometimes
seen in economic collections under glass and may
be set out in the open in the warmest parts of
the continental United States, but its real
culture is confined to low moist regions in the
tropics. The usual breadfruit is seedless and is
propagated by means of suckers and root-
cuttings. The seed-bearing form, usually called
breadnut, may be raised from seeds; this is
grown for the seeds which are roasted or boiled.
BREADNUT: Brosimum Alicastrum; see Breadfruit.
BREADROOT, INDIAN: Paoralea esculenta.
BREVO6RTIA. Liliacex. One California
connpus herb, grown in shady well-drained
locations. B. Ida-Maia (Brodi&a coccinea).
FLORAL FIRE-CRACKER. To 3 ft.: Ivs. basal,
linear: fls. tubular, scarlet tipped with green,
Broccoli
1J^ in. long, nodding in umbels terminating the
scape.
BRfeYNIA. EuphorUacex. Shrubs or trees
with alternate simple Ivs., monoecious apeta-
lous fls. usually solitary in the axils, and fr. a
berry; native in Old World tropics. Distin-
guished from Phyllanthus by the absence of a
disk around the base of the gyncecium and
andrcecium. Grown for ornament and hedges
in the warmest parts of the country and in
greenhouses in the N. Propagated by cuttings of
green wood and roots.
niv6sa (Phyllanthus nivosus). SNOW-BUSH. Loose-
growing shrub, 3-4 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 2 in. long, mottled or
speckled green and white: fls. small and greenish. S. Sea
Isls.; more or less run wild in Fla. and tropics. Var. atro-
purpurea (var. purpurea) has dark purple Ivs. and var.
rdseo-pfcta has Ivs. mottled with pink and red.
BRICK^LLIA (CoUosanthus). Composite.
American herbs or shrubs with alternate or
opposite Ivs. and heads in panicles or cymes, of
white, yellowish or pink disk-fls.; pappus bristly;
achenes 10-ribbed. One species is grown in the
border where it thrives in moist shady locations.
Propagated by cuttings over heat.
grand ifldra. TASSEL-FLO WEK. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. tri-
angular-ovate, to 4 in. long, toothed: heads about % in.
across, yellowish-white. \V. N. Amer., in mts.
BRIDAL WREATH: Spiraea prunifolia and trichocarpa;
see also Frnncoa ramosa.
BRIDGESIA: Ercilla spicata.
BRIER: Rosa, Smilax. Sensitive: Schrankia uncinata.
BRISTLY: bearing stiff strong hairs or bristles.
BRITOA. Myrtaccx. Brazilian trees allied to
Pimcnta, one intro. into Fla. for the edible fr.;
cultural requirements similar to the guava.
acid a. PARA GUAVA. To 30 ft., the branohlets winged:
Ivs. oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls.
white, solitary in the axils: fr. sulfur-yellow, oval, to 3 in.
long, with soft whitish pulp.
BRITTONASTRUM. Labiate. Per. herbs
native in Ariz, and Mex., with toothed opposite
Ivs. and white, red or purple 2-lippcd fls. in
whorls in terminal spikes, stamens exserted;
sometimes grown in the herb-garden but not
hardy in the N. Propagated by division.
canum (Cedronelia and Agastache cana). To 3 ft., woody,
hoary: Ivs. ovate, to 1^ in. long: fls. pink, 1 in. long.
mexicanum (Cedronelia mexicana. Gardoquia betomcoidea,
but the plant sold under this name may not be correct).
To 3 ft., with creeping roots: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 2%
in. long: fls. pink, 1 in. long.
BRITTONIA DAVISII: Hamatocactua hamatacanihus.
BRtZA. QUAKING-GRASS. Graminex. Small
ann. and per. grasses having many-fld. flattened
nodding spikelets borne in panicles with hair-
like branchlets; native in Old World and S.
Amer. , a few grown for ornament.
genie ulata: Eragrostia obtusa.
gricilis: B. minor.
Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and M in. wide:
spikelets ovate, ^ in. or more long, often bronzy, in panicles
to 3 in. long, decorative. Medit. region.
media. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long and H in. wide:
spikelets ovate, to % in. long, often purplish, in panicles
to 10 in. long. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
minor (B. gradlis). Ann. to \}4 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long
and H in. wide: spikelets triangular, to H in. long, in
panicles to 5 in. long. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
BRIZOPYRUM: Desmazeria sicula.
BROCCOLI (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis).
A form or race of the cauliflower tribe, requiring
a long season and, where the climate permits,
Broccoli
118
Bromus
the plants may be allowed to stand over winter
and make their heads in spring. The leafage of
the plant is likely to be more erect than in the
cauliflower and the leaves narrow and long. A
related plant, not making a large single white
head but a loose more or less leafy panicle of
edible flower shoots, is the asparagus or sprouting
broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica). Turnip broc-
coli is B. Ruvo. For culture of broccoli, see
Cauliflower.
BRODL&A. LiliacesB. Cormous herbs mostly
native in W. N. Amer., in fields and on hills
and mountains, with few basal grass-like Ivs.
and funnel-shaped or campanulate fls. in loose
umbels terminating the slender scapes.
Brodiceaa arc hardy in the Pacific and southern states
and useful in borders; also sometimes grown in pots;
spring and summer bloomers. They thrive on any soil
that is not wet or heavily manured. Propagated by seeds,
or by offsets if produced.
blcolor. To 1 ft. or more: fls. .blue and white. Calif.
Brfdgesii. To 9 in.: fls. pale lilac, about l}4 in. long,
fertile stamens 6. Calif., Ore.
calif 6rnica. To 1 ft.: fls. violet-purple, to \\% in. long,
fertile stamens 3. Calif.
Candida. Similar to B, laxa but with white or pale blue
fls. Calif.
capitata (Dichelostemma capitatum). BLUE-DICKS. To
2 ft.: fls. blue, % in. long, in head-like umbels, fertile
stamens 0. S. Ore. to Lower Calif. Var. paucifl6ra has
2-10-fld. umbels of pale blue fla.
coccinea: Brevoortia Jda-Maia.
conge*sta: B. pulchellii
coronaria (B. grawliflora) . To 1^ ft.: fla violet-purple,
to \y± in. long, fertile stamens 3. B. C. to Calif.
crdcea. To 1 ft.: fls. bright yellow, *{ in. long, fertile
stamens 0. Calif.
Douglasii (Tritcleia grand* flora). To 2 ft.: fls. blue, to
1 in. long. B. C. to Ore. and Mont.
Eastwoodii. A recent species with umbels of pure
white fls.
grandifl&ra: B. coronaria.
He'ndersonii. Similar to B. Bridgenii but with yellow
fls. having purple band down center. Ore.
hyaclnthina. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear: fls. white to pxirplish,
to 1 in. long with segms equalling or exceeding perianth-
tube, infl. an umbel of 10-30 fls. Calif.
ixioldes (Calliprora ixioides). PRETTY FACE. To 1>£ ft.:
fla. salmon-yellow veined with dark purple, Y\ in. long,
fertile stamens 0. Ore. to S. Calif, var. splgndens has
large bright yellow fls.
lactea (Hesperoscordum hyacinthinum). WIU>HYACINTH.
To 1H ft.: fls. white or lilac, ^2 in- l°rig, fertile stamens 6.
B. C. to Calif.
laxa (Tnteleia laxa). GRABS-NUT. TRIPLET-LILY. To
2 ft.: fls. purple or rarely white, to 1 H4' in. long, fertile
stamens 0.
Leachias: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
minor (B. Purdyi. I look era minor) To 10 in.: fls.
violet-purple, 1 in. long, fertile stamens 3. Calif.
multifldra. To 2 ft.: flk light purple, ȣ m. long, in
head-like umbels, fertile stamens 3 Calif., Ore.
t peduncularis (Triteleia peduncularis). To 3 ft.: fls.
violet-purple or white, Y± in. long, fertile stamens 6. Calif.
puchella (B. congesta. Dichelostemma pulchellum).
To 3 ft.: fls. violet-purple, **' in. long, in head-like clusters,
fertile stamens 3. Wash, to Calif.
Purdyi: /?. minor.
Italians (Hookera atcllnri*). To 6 in.: fls. violet-purple,
5^ in. long, fertile stamens 3. Calif.
terre'striff. Very low, the mostly large umbel at or near
the ground: fls. purple, wide open, }£ in. long. Calif.
unifl&ra (Milla uni flora. Tritcleia uni flora. Leticocoryne
umflora). SPRING STAR-FLOWER. To 8 in., with onion-like
odor: fls. white tinged with blue, solitary, 1 in. long. Ar-
gentina. Var. caarulea hns porcelain-blue fla. and violacea
violet fls.
volubilis (Dichelostemma and Stropholirion calif ornicum) .
SNAKE-LILY. To 3 ft. or twining to 8 ft.: fla. rose or pink,
?i in. long, fertile stamens 3. Calif.
BROM&LIA, BrQineliacex. Trop. American
terrestrial herbs with stiff spiny-margined Ivs.
in basal rosettes, and fls. in heads or panicles;
Elanted in the tropics and sometimes in green-
ouses. See Bromeliacex.
fastuosa. To 2 ft.: Iva. to 5 ft. long, rigid and arching,
margins with stout recurved triangular spines: petals
reddish- lavender, subtended by scarlet bracts to 1 ft. long:
fr. lemon-yellow, ovoid, to Js in long. Brazil.
Plnguin. PINOUIN. Lvs. to G ft. long and 1>£ in. wide,
light green, with hooked prickles: fls. white or pinkish, in
mealy panicles shorter than Ivs. W. Indies, S. Amer.
rubro-viridis is listed.
BROMELlACEJE. BROMELIADS. BROMELIA
or PINEAPPLE FAMILY. American herbs or
subshrubs, of tropics or warm countries, mostly
epiphytic, of about 40 genera, with usually long
stiff Ivs. often in rosettes, regular bisexual fls.
in spikes, heads or branching panicles often with
showy colored bracts and sometimes with or-
namental fls., having 6 perianth-parts in 2
series, 6 stamens, 3-celled ovary and fr. a berry
or caps. Several genera are grown for ornament,
mostly under glass, and the pineapple for food,
such as jEchmea, Ananas, Aregelia, Billbcrgia,
Bromelia, Canistrum, Cryptanthus, Dyckia,
Greigia, Guzmania, Hechtia, Hohenbergia, Ni-
dularium, Pitcairnia, Puya, Rhodostachys, Til-
landsia, Vriesia. Distinctions between the genera
are mostly technically botanical and cannot be
detailed here.
Many of the bromeliads, in several genera, make showy
and effective greenhouse and conservatory subjects. Al-
though many of the cultivated kinds are variously epiphytic
in their native habitats, they are usually grown in pots,
wire baskets or wooden cribs, in a soil of fibrous material.
Growth is mostly in summer, when plenty of water should
be supplied; bloom is usually best in the following late
\vinter to early summer. The spikes of showy bracts and
often of colored flowers made the plants unusually attractive.
Most bromeliads require a night temperature m the winter
of 50-75°, and plenty of light and sunshine. In winter
only a light sprinkling over the foliage is necessary. Propa-
gated by suckers or sprouts from the base of the old plants.
BROMUS. BROME-GKASS. Graminese. Ann.
and per. grasses with flat Ivs. and usually droop-
ing spikelets in open terminal panicles; mostly
natives of the north temp, zone, some kinds
grown for forage and others for the flower-
garden. See Grasses.
brizsef6rmis. QUAKE-GRASS. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in.
long and J£ in. wide: spikelets ovate-oblong, flattened, to
1 in. long, awnless, m panicles to 8 in. long, the branches
nodding. N. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer. — Useful m dry
bouquets.
ere"ctus. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 1A in. wide:
spikelets to 1^ in. long, awned, in panicles to 7 in. long,
the branches erect. Eu.; nat. in E. N. Amer.
ine'rmis. HUNGARIAN or AWNLESS B. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs.
to 1 ft. long and ^ in. wide: spikelets oblong, to 1 m long,
awnless, in panicles to 10 in. long, the branches ascending.
Eu.; grown in pastures and sometimes escaped.
intenne'dius (Serrafalcus Hughii). Ann. or bion. to 1^
ft.: spikelets 1 in. long, greenish or yellowish, in panicles to
4 in. long. Medit. region.
jap6nicus (B. patulus). Ann. to 2 ft.: lys. to 8 in. long
and \i in. wide: spikelets lanceolate, to 1 in. long, awned,
in panicles to 8 in. long, the branches nodding. Eu., Asia;
sparingly nat. in N. Amer.
macr6stachys. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and y± in.
wide: spikelets to 1 ^ in. long, flattened, with awns to % in.
long, in panicles to 4 in. long, the branches erect. Eu., W.
Asia. — Grown for ornament. Var. lanuginosus has Ivs. and
spikelets pubescent. sy
madrite'nsis. Ann. to 2^ ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and }£ in.
wide: spikelets to 2 in. long, with awns to % in. long, in
dense panicles to 6 in. long, the branches erect. Eu.; e»-
caped in N. Amer. — Grown for ornament.
patulusr B.japonicus. ^
pendulums. Per. to 3 ft.: Iva. to 6 in. long an4 *4 in.
wide: spikelets to ^ in. long, awned, in panicles to 6 in.
long. Mex.
Bromus
119
Brunfelsia
unioloides (Ceratochloa pendula). RESCUE-GRASS. Ann.
or bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and \i in. wide: spikelets
to 1 in. long, much flattened, awnless, in panicles to 10 in.
long, the branches ascending. S. U. S. to 8. Amer. —
Grown for forage in the S.
BROOKLIME, EUROPEAN: Veronica Beccabunga.
BROOM: Cytisus, Genista, N otospartium. Spartium.
Butchers: Ruscus aculeatus. Climbing Butchers: Semcle
androgyna. Turpentine: Thamnosoma montana.
BR(3SIMUM. Moracex. Trop. American
milky-juiced trees with alternate entire leathery
Ivs., staminate fls. of a single stamen, pistillate
fls. and frs. immersed in the fleshy receptacle;
grown in trop. regions for the nuts, and lor the
Ivs. which are used for fodder. Propagated by
cuttings over heat.
Alicastrum. BREADNUT. To 100 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 7 in.
long and 2^ in. wide: fr. globose, about 1 in. across, yel-
low, with a single large seed which is eaten and roasted.
Mex., Cent. Amer., W. Indies.
BROUGHTONIA. Orchidacex. A small genus
of W. Indian epiphytic orchids differing from
Epidendrum in that the free lip is produced
below into an adnate spur and the ovary is
produced into a long hollow neck. The species
are sometimes cult, under glass; treat as Epiden-
drum.
o neary . ong, ermnaing in sor ax raceme: s.
rose-lilac, to \}4, m- long, lip with nerves densely bearded.
Dec.-May. Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Santo Domingo.
sanguinea. Differs from B. domingensis in its fls. crim-
son-scarlet and usxially 3^-!s m- l°nK and in having a lip
with smooth nerves. Jan.-May, Sept. Cuba, Jamaica.
BROUSSONfeTIA. PAPER-MULBERRY. Mora-
ce&. Deciduous trees or shrubs with milky juice,
alternate toothed often lobed Ivs., staminate
fls. in drooping catkins, pistillate in globose
heads, and fr. a small syncarp composed of
orange-red drupelets; native in E. Asia, where
the bark is used for making paper.
Propagated by seeds, suckers, cuttings of green or ripe
wood m a cool greenhouse, root-cuttings over slight heat,
and by layers. Varieties may also be grafted in spring m the
greenhouse on roots of the type or budded in summer.
papyrifera (Papyrius papyri/era). To 50 ft.: Ivs. ovate,
to 8 in. long, usually deeply lobed, grayish-pubescent be-
neath: syncarp tomentose, ^4 in. across. China, Japan:
much planted as a street tree and nat. N. Y. to Fla. and
Mo. Var. laciniata, Ivs. finely dissected. Var. leucocarpa,
fr. white. Var. vanegata, Ivs. variegated white or yellow.
— Hardy in central states, and farther north in protected
places.
secundifl&ra: Sophora secundiflora.
BROWALLIA. Solanacex. Annuals grown in
the garden or greenhouse for the blue, violet or
white tubular fls. with spreading 5-lobed limb,
which are solitary and axillary or in more or less
one-sided racemes; Ivs. usually simple; native
in trop. Amer. and of the simplest cult.
americana (B. demissa. B. elata). To 2 ft., glabrous or
somewhat pubescent, not viscid: Ivs. ovate, to 2ty in. long:
fls. blue or violet, tube ^ in. long and limb }£ in. across,
segms. 2-lobed, calyx hairy. Trop. Amer. Var. alba has
white fls., caerulea pale blue fls., and nana is dwarf.
Czerwiakdwskii: B. viscosa.
demissa: B. americana.
elata: B. americana.
grandifl&ra (B. Roezlii). Similar to B. americana, with
white or pale blue broader fls. and glabrous calyx. Peru.
Jamesonii: Streptosolen Jamesonii.
majort B. speciosa.
pulchella: B. viscosa.
Rogzlii: B. grandiflora.
speciosa (B. major). To 5 ft., shrubby at base: Ivs.
ovate: fls. with tube 1 in. long, limb dark purple, pale lilac
beneath, varying to blue, violet and white, to 2 in. across,
segms. entire. Colombia.
viscosa (B. Czenoiakowskii. B. pukhella). To 1 ft.,
sticky-hairy, at least on young parts: Ivs. ovate: fls. dark
blue with white eve, or white, to % in. long, the segms.
short and 2-lobea. S. Amer. Var. compacta is listed. —
Some of the stock otherwise named belongs here.
BROWNEA (f'emwsias). Leguminosse. Small
trees native in trop. Amer., with leathery pinnate
Ivs. and very showy red fls. in racemes or dense
heads; sometimes planted in the warmest parts
of the country.
capitella. Lfts. 9 in. or more long, long-acuminate: fls.
in dense heads about 11 in. across, the stamens long-ex-
serted. Venezuela.
grandiceps. Lfts. about 7 in. long, caudate: fls. in dense
heads about 9 in. across. S. Arner.
Iatif61ia. Lfts. to 4 in. long and 2 in. wide, pointed: heads
small, stamens slightly protruding. Trinidad, Venezuela.
macrophylla. Partially climbing shrub to 18 ft.: Ifts.
toruentose beneath: heads to 6 in. across, borne near base
of trunk. Panama, Colombia.
R6sa-de-m6nte (B. rosea). Lfts. 3-4 in. long, abruptly
acuminate: fls. in heads. S. Amer.
rdsea: B. Rosa-de-monte.
BROWN-EYED SUSAN: Rudbeckia triloba.
BROWNfNGIA. Cactacca*. One species native
in S. Peru and N. Chile. B. condemns (Cereus
candclaris) . To 15 ft., with simple trunk branch-
ing at top, very spiny when young; ribs 30-34,
low, areoles % in. apart, becoming much elevated;
spines on trunks 20-50, the longest to 6 in.:
fls. brown or rose to white, to 5 in. long, nocturnal.
BRUCKENTHALIA. Ericaceae. One ever-
green heath-like shrub to 10 in. high, adapted
to the rock-garden and hardy N. Propagated by
seeds and cuttings. B. spiculifdlia. SPIKE-
HEATH. Lvs. crowded, linear, about 15 in. long:
fls. pink, very small, bell-shaped, in racemes to
y± in. long, the style exserted, in summer. S. Eu.,
Asia Minor. Var. dlba is listed as a white-fld.
form.
BRUGMANSIA: Datura.
BRUNELLA: Prunella.
BRUNFfiLSIA (Franciscea) . Solanacese. Shrubs
and trees usually winter blooming, with mostly
large showy often fragrant funnel-shaped fls.
in loose or dense terminal cymes or sometimes
solitary: Ivs. alternate, simple and entire. Na-
tive in trop. Amer., a few grown in conservatories
arid in the open in Fla. and S. Calif, Linnaeus,
in 1753, spelled the name Brurisfelsia, but in
Genera, 1754, Brunfelsia, apparently a correction.
Brunfflsias need a rich loose compost and liberal feeding
during their growing season, blooming best if pot-bound.
They should have a night temperature of 50°. Propagated
by cuttings from the new growth in spring or in autumn
from pieces of ripened wood.
americana. LADY-OF-THE-NWHT. Shrub* to 8 ft.: Iva.
oval to obovate, to 4 in. long: fls. white fading to yellow,
mostly solitary, the slender tube to 4 in. long and Limb to
2 in. across, very fragrant at night; calyx short: fr. a yellow
berry % in. diam. W. Indies.
calycina. Erect or spreading: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 4 in.
long, dark green above, lighter below: fls. rich dark purple,
limb 2 in. across, in few-fid. rnontly terminal cymes; caly^
with tube to 1 in. long, half or more length of corolla-tube.
Brazil. Var. eximia, fls. rich purple soon fading to almost
white. Var. floribunda (B. floribunda), dwarf, fls. rich
violet with small white eye. Var. macrantha (B. grandiflora,
B. Lindeniana, B. macrantha), Ivs. rich dark green, to 8 in.
long, fls. rich deep purple with lavender-blue ring around
white eye at mouth of tube. Peru.
capitata. Shrub: Ivs. obovate-oblong, to 9 in. long:
fls. in many-fid, cymes, corolla-tube slightly longer than
calyx which is 1 in. long. Brazil.
floribunda: B. calycina var.
grandifl&ra: B. calycina var. macrantha.
Hopeana. Slender branching shrub: Ivs. lanceolate-
oblong, to 3 in. long, rich dark green: fls. small, solitary or in
Brunfelsia
pairs along the leafy growths, limb light violet-blue chang-
ing to nearly white, tube nearly white, 1 in. long; calyx
% in. long. Brazil, W. Indies.
Iatif61ia. Rather dwarf: Ivs. oval, to 4 in. long: fls. nearly
white to lavender and purple with lighter center, solitary
or in few-fid. clusterM, lube 1 in. long, hmb 1% in. across;
calyx short. Trop. Arner.
Lindeniana: B. calycina var. macrantha.
macrantha: B. calycina var.
macrophylla. Shrub: Ivs. oblong, to 9 in. or more long:
fls. m loose many-fld. cymes, corolla-tube twice as long as
calyx. Brazil.
120
Buddleja
BRUNIA FAMILY. About a
dozen genera of heath-like subshrubs, mostly in
S. Afr. but extending to 8. Australia, placed in
the sequence near Harnamelidaceie and Saxi-
fragacea!. The family is characterized by small
bisexual and regular fls., with the parts mostly
4 or 5, and a dry fr. with commonly 2 parts.
Only Audouinia appears to be cult, in N. Amer.,
and this is likely to be listed under Diosma,
which is one of the Rutaceie.
BRUNNfeRA. Boragimcese. A small her-
baceous genus of W. Siberia and E. Medit.
region, usually referred to Anchusa, but of
different habit, broad net ted- veined Ivs. and
naked infl.
macrophylla (Anchusa myosotidijlvra) . Per. to 1^ ft.:
IVH. ovate, heart-shaped at base: fls. blue, H in. across, in
summer. Siberia, Caucasus.
BRUNONIA. Goodeniaceaz. A mono ty pic Aus-
tralian genus having nearly regular fls. in head-
like clusters, with a superior 1-celled ovary con-
taining a single basal ovule, the seeds without
endosperm and in a small nut. B. australis.
BLUE PINCUSHION. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. basal,
obovate to snatulate, to 3 in. long, cuneate,
entire: f I. -heads blue,
BRUNSD6NNA. Hybrids between Amaryllis
Belladonna and Brunsvigia Josephinix. Such
hybrids have been produced crossing either way,
those with Amaryllis seed parent apparently
being more satisfactory horticulturally.
BRUNSFELSIA: sec Brunfelsia.
BRUNSVfGIA. Amarylliilacese. S. African
summer- and autumn-flowering bulbs having
basal Ivs. and red or pink funnelform fls. in
umbels terminating the scape.
rtMinflvigina require rich sandy soil together with heat and
sunlight. After flowering the bulbs should be rested.
Propagated by offsets.
Josephines (Amaiyllia Josephinsc). JOSEPHINES-LILY
To 1 ty ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 2 in. wide, ribbed: fls. bright
red, 3 in. long, the tube about }£ in. long.
BRUSSELS SPROUTS (Brassica oleracea
var. gemmifcra). Biennial, the first year from
seed producing little heads or "sprouts" in the
leaf-axils, and the second year bearing seeds.
The culture is essentially that for kale except
that it is always a fall crop, the seed being sown
in spring in a seed-bed and the young plants
set m the field in late spring or summer, 18-30
inches apart in rows 30-36 inches apart. The
' 'sprouts attain a diameter of 1 or 2 inches;
they are gathered as they mature from the
bottom upwards, and a good plant should yield
about one quart. As the sprouts attain form and
considerable size, the subtending leaf is removed,
the terminal crown of foliage maintaining the
vigor of the plant. The crop is desired after
frosty weather comes. The little sprouts or
buttons are amongst the most delicate products
of the cabbage tribes; they are best when not
too large, say an inch or even less in diameter.
The insects and diseases are those of the cabbage.
BRYANTHUS: Phyllodoce Breweri.
BRYONIA. BRYONY. Cucurbitacese. Herbs
with per. more or less fleshy or tuberous root,
mostly dioBcious, one of them seldom grown in
this country as an ornamental or arbor vine:
fls. not large, the staminate in racemes, the
pistillate few or solitary in axils: species 7 or
more, in temp. Eu. and W. Asia.
dioica. To 10 or 12 ft , from fleshy tuber or strands: Ivs.
palmately 5-lobed, rough: fls. greenish, to % in across:
fr. a smooth red berry ^ in. diam. Eu., W. Asia, N. Afr.
BRYON(3PSIS. Cucurbilacex. Two ann. ten-
dril-climbing herbs, Asia, Afr. and Pacific Isls.,
one of which may be grown as an ornamental
vine: plant monoecious: fls. small and greenish,
fascicled and mostly in the axils.
lacinidsa. Sts. slender, glabrous, tall-climbing: Ivs.
deeply 3-5-lobed, with obtuse sinuses: fr. yellow-green to
reddish and striate, nearly % in. diam.
BRYONY: Bryonia. Black: Tamus communis.
BRYOPHYLLUM: Kalanchot.
BUCARE: Erythrina Poeppigiana
BUCHU: Diosma ericoides.
BUClDA. Combretaceae. Trop. American trees
and shrubs with entire leathery Ivs. clustered at
ends of twigs, small fls. without petals borne in
spikes, and fr. a small drupe.
Buceras. BLACK OLIVE. Tree to 75 ft.: Ivs. spatulate or
elliptic, to 3^ in. long, obtuse or notched: fls greenish-
yellow, in spikes to 4 in long, stamens exserted: fr. ^ in.
long. Fla., W. Indies, Panama.
BUCKBEAN: Menyanthes tnfoliata.
BUCKBERRY: Gaylussacia ursina.
BUCK-BRUSH: Ceanothus cuncatus.
BUCKEYE: ^Esculus, Ungnadia.
BUCKLE^A. Santalaccx. Deciduous para-
sitic shrubs with opposite entire Ivs., staminate
fls. in umbels, pistillate solitary, and drupaceous
frs.; 3 species in China, Japan, and N. Amer.
As the cultivated species is parasitic on the roots of
Tsuga, seeds must be sown in u pot with the host plant
and set out with the hemlock. Hardy in New England.
distichophylla. To 12 ft : Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
to 2% in. long, sessile: fls greenish, small' fr yellowish-
green, about % m- long. N. C., Tcnn. — A graceful shrub.
BUCKTHORN: Rhamnus. False: Bumeha lanuginosa.
Sea-: Hippo phae.
BUCKWHEAT: Fagopyrum. -Tree: Chftonia mono-
phylla. Wild: Erioyonum fasciculatuni.
BUDDING: see Graftage.
BUDDLfejA (Buddleia) BUTTERFLY-BUSH.
Loganiacex. Shrubs or rarely herbs, deciduous
or evergreen, bearing stellate, glandular or scaly
pubescence, with mostly opposite lanceolate
Ivs., 4-lobed fls. in heads, panicles or spikes,
and fr. a 2-valved caps.; several showy species
are grown for ornament. — Spelled Buddleja by
Linna?us, but the i and j have the same pho-
netic value.
Even when buddlejas are not hardy North, the roots
may survive with winter protection, but some of the species
stand the whiter in New York. They thrive in sunny loca-
tions in rich well-drained soil. Propagated by seeds sown
over heat in spring, by cuttings ol green wood, and by
cuttings of ripe wood kept over winter in a frost-proof room.
alnifolia: listed name. ,
alternifdlia. To 12 ft. or more, branches dropping or
arching: Ivs. alternate, to 4 in. long, gray-tomentose be-
Buddleja
121
Bulbophyllum
neath: fls. lilac-purple, in dense clusters to % in. long.
June. China.
amplfesima: hort. name.
asi&tica. Lvs. to 8 in. long, entire or fine-toothed, white-
or yellpw-tomentose beneath: fls. white, fragrant, in droop-
ing spikes to 9 in. long, in winter and spring. China to
India. — ^jlrown under glass; in the open adaptable only
in southernmost parts.
brasilie*nsis. Erect shrub to 10 ft. or more: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 8 in. long, dentate-crenate, white-tomentose
beneath: fls. yellow-orange to reddish-orange, in many-fld.
verticillate leafy racemes. Brazil; not hardy N.
caryopteridifdlia. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 2% in.
long, with large irregular teeth, tomentose: fls. lavender,
in narrow panicles to 3 in. long. China; not hardy N. but
in Calif.
C6*lvilei. To 30 ft.: Ivs. to 7 in. long, toothed, pubescent:
fls. purple or crimson with white eye, in drooping panicles
to 1^ ft. long. Himalayas; to be grown far S.
crispa (B. paniculata). To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long,
coarsely toothed, pubescent above, white or yellow-tomen-
tose beneath: fls. lilac with white eye, fragrant, in panicles
to 4 in. long, in summer. Himalayas.
curvifldra: B. japonica.
Davidii (B. variabilis). SUMMER LILAC. To 15 ft.: Ivs.
to 10 in. long, finely toothed, dark green above, white-
tomentose beneath: fls. lilac with orange eye, fragrant, in
spikes to 10 in. long, m late summer. China. — One of the
hardiest and probably commonest. Var. magnifica has
larger rose-purple fls. in dense spikes. Var. nanhoe*nsis
grows to 5 ft. high with Ivs. to 4^ in. long. Var. superba
resembles magnifica but has larger panicles. Var. Veitchiana
bears mauve-colored fls. iu large dense spikes. Vnr. Wilsonii
has rose-lilac fls. in drooping spikes to 2 ft. long.
F&rquhari. Hybrid between B. officinahs and B. asiatica:
Ivs. yellow-tomentose beneath: fls. pale pink, in spikes;
adaptable S.
F6rrestii: plants grown under this name are confused.
F6rtunei: hort. name.
globdsa. To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long, wavy-toothed,
yellow-tomentose beneath, wrinkled above: fls. orange,
fragrant, in dense long-stalked heads % in. across. June.
Peru; planted in Calif.
Hartwegii: hort. name.
intermedia. Hybrid between B. Lindleyana and B.
japonica: Ivs. to 6 in. long: fls. violet, in drooping panicles
to 8 in. long. Var. insignis has rosy-violet fls. in erect
spikes.
japdnica (B. curviflora). To 6 ft., with 4-wingcd branch-
lets: Ivs. to 8 in. long, slightly toothed, tomentose beneath
when young: fls. hlao, in drooping panicles to 8 in. long,
in summer. Japan.
Lindleyana. To 6 ft , with 4-nngled branchlets: Iva. to
4 in. long, slightly toothed, nearly glabrous beneath: fls.
purplish- violet, in erect spikes to 8 in. long, in summer.
China; not hardy N.
madagascariensis. To 20 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, dark
green aoove, white- or yellow-tomentose beneath: fls.
orange, in panicles, in winter. Madagascar; stands in Calif,
and otner mild climates.
magnifica: B. Davidii var.
nanhognsis: B. Davidn var.
nivea. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long, coarsely] toothed,
dark green above, white-tomentose beneath: fls. lilac or
purple, in dense spikes to 6 in long, corolla tomentose out-
side, in late summer. China. Var. yunnanensis has Ivs.
pubescent above and yellow-tomentose beneath.
officinalis. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, entire or fine-
toothed, gray-pubescent above, white- or yellow-tomentoso
beneath: fls. lilac with orange eye, fragrant, in panicles 6 in.
long, in winter and spring. China; adapted only far S.
paniculata: B. crispa.
salvifdlia. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, finely toothed,
rusty-tomentose beneath, pubescent above: fls. yellowish-
white with orange throat, in panicles to 6 in. long. Trop.
and S. Afr.
supe'rba: B. Davidii var.
variabilis: D. Davidii.
Veitchiana: B. Davidii var.
BUFFALO-BERRY: Shepherdia argentea.
BUGBAISTE: Cimicifuga.
BUGINVILL^A: Bougainvillea.
BUGLE-WBBD: Ajuga.
BUGLOSS: Anchusa. Vipers-: Echium.
BULBiNE. Liliacex. Herbs from Australia
and Afr., having bulbs or tuberous roots, linear
or lanceolate Ivs., and usually yellow fls. hi
racemes; seldom grown under glass or in the
open in warm regions; bloom in spring and
summer. The name is pronounced in three syl-
lables.
alooldes. Stemless per. with tuberous rqotstock: Ivs. to
9 in. long: fls. bright yellow, ^ in. long, in racemes to 1
ft. long. S. Afr.
annua. Stemless ann. without rootstock or bulb: Ivs. to
1 ft. long: fls. bright yellow, l/£ in. long, in racemes to 6 in.
long on scapes. S. Afr.
bulbosa. Stemless or essentially so, per. to 1^ ft-: Ivs.
narrowly lanceolate to linear, grooved above, often fleshy:
fla. yellow, all filaments bearded: caps. 1-2-seeded. Aus-
tralia.
caullscens. To 2 ft. or more, distinct st. to 1 ft. high,
simple or branched: Ivs. terete, to 1 ft. long, crowded above:
fls. bright yellow, in dense racemes to 1 ft. long. S. Afr.
semibarbata (Bulbinella semibarbata of hort.). Stemless
or essentially so, per. to 2 ft., tuberlew: fls. yellow, the 3
outer stamens with short beardless fihiments: caps. 3-4-
seeded. Australia. — By some authorities formerly con-
sidered inseparable from B. bulbosa.
BULBINfiLLA. Liliacex. Per. herbs with
fleshy tuberous roots, linear basal Ivs. and
yellow or white fls. in a dense raceme terminating
the naked scape; native in S. Afr. and New Zeal.
Grown in the border where they do best in rich
moist soil; useful in warm regions. Propagated
by division or seed.
Ho6keri (Chrysobactron Hooken). To 3 ft : fls. bright
yellow, ^ in. across, in racemes to 10 in. long. New Zeal.
robusta. To 1^£ ft.: fla bright yellow, Yi in. long, in
racemes to 4 in. long. S. Afr.
semibarbata: Bulbine semibarbata.
BULBOCODIUM. Liliaccse. One crocus-like
cormous herb native in Eu. and Asia. B. ve"rnum.
Lvs. radical, narrow: fls. violet-purple, funnel-
form, 1-3 from each bulb and borne close to the
ground in very early spring in advance of full
leafage, the narrow segms. 2 in. long. A recent
treatment has combined this genus with Col-
chicuin, from which it may be distinguished by
the distinctly clawed pemnth-segms. and the
entire single 3-lobed style. For cult, see Crocus.
BULBOPHtLLUM. Orchidaceae. Epiphytes
having more or less prominent pseudobulbs
which bear 1 or 2 Ivs. and from the base a raceme
of fls. or sometimes solitary fls., having petals
smaller than the sepals and a commonly fleshy
strap-shaped lip. Grown in a warm greenhouse;
see Orchids.
appendiculatum (Cirrhopctalum appendiculatum). Fls.
about 3 in. long, solitary, with petals and dorsal sepal pale
yellow lined with purple and tipped with purple fringe,
and thick bright purple lip. India, Burma.
barblgerum. Pseudobulbs to 1 in. long, with 1 If. to
3 in long and 1 in wide: fls. in mnny-fld. racemes to 4 in.
long, the sepals dull purple, the lip green with yellow mark-
ings, hairy and tipped with long purple hairs. June-July.
Trop. Afr.
Careyanum. Pseudobulbs to 2% in. high, with 1 If. to
10 in. long and l^j in. wide: fls. in dense nodding racemes
to 3 in. long, yellow thickly spotted with red-brown. Oct.-
Dec. Himalayas.
caricinum: listed name of plant said to differ from B.
Careyanum in its more open fl.
C611ettii (Cirrhopetalum Collettii). Pseudobulbs 4-lobed,
ellipsoidal: Ivs. ovate to elliptic-oblong, to about 4 in. long,
acutish, fleshy: scapes pendulous, to 6 in. long, umbellate
infl. of 5-7 fls.; fls. 4-5 in. long, sepals long-attenuate, pale
orange with crimson stripes, dorsal sepal and petals con-
spicuously fringed, lip bright carmine-crimson to magenta,
column orange. Burma.
comdsum. Pseudobulbs to 11A in. high, with 2 broad
Ivs. to 8 in. long: fls. small, yellowish-white, in dense racemes
on scapes to 10 in. high, the lip yellow. Jan. Burma.
congo lAn urn. Pseudobulbs about 1 in. high, with 2 Ivs.
to 3 H m. long and ^ in. wide: fls. pale yellow, in racemes
on flattened red scapes. W. Afr.
Bulhophyllwn
Cumingii (Cirrhopelalum Cumingii). Lvs. to 7 in. long:
fls. purple, in 9-12-fld. umbels, with yellow fringed petals
and dorsal sepal, and fleshy lip. Philippines.
cupreum. Differing from D. Careyanum in the copper-
yellow fls. and the red lip. Nov.-May. Cochin-Cnuia,
Burma.
cylindraceum: listed name.
Dayanum. Pseudobulbs about 1 in. high, with 1 oblong-
elliptic If. to 4 in. long: fls. about 1 in. across, in 2-3-fld.
clusters, the sepals yellow-green spotted with red and
hairy, the petals half as long and purple-red edged with
yellow, the lip green with red ridges. May-July. Burma.
Ddarei. Pseudobulbs up to 1^ in. high, with 1 strap-
shaped If. to 6 in. long: fls. solitary, large, the sepals brown-
ish-yellow spotted with red, the petals shorter, yellow
marked with red, the lip white finely dotted with purple.
May-June. Philippines, Borneo.
densifldrum. Pseudobulbs ovoid-oblong, to 1)^ in. long,
2-lvd.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, about 4 in. long, acute, pale
green: scape suberect, about 5 in. tall, terminated by a
densely fld. raceme; fls. small, greenish-yellow, malodorous,
the lip deeper yellow than sepals and petals. Himalayas.
firicssonii. Pseudobulbs cylindrical, to 5 in. high, 1-lvd.:
If. elliptic-oblong, acute, about 5-6 in. long: scape to 7 in.
long, usually 10-15-fld.; fls. umbellate; sepals lanceolate,
long-acuminate, deep yellow-green spotted with brown,
up to 3 in. long; petals similarly colored, smaller. Oct.
Probably from Molucca Isls.
falcatum (Meyaclinium falcatum}. Pseudobulbs to 2 in.
high, with 2 Ivs. to 3 in. long and ^ in. wide: fls. green and
yellow or dark reddish-purple and orange. Apr .-June,
Oct. W. Afr.
gibbdsum. Rhizome creeping, with very small pseudo-
bulbs: Ivs. lanceolate, to 7 in. or more long and IK in. wide,
leathery: fls. pale brownish, sepals tipped with yellow, lip
small and yellow or orange, in erect spikes about 6 in. or
more high. Java, Sumatra.
Krandifldrum. Pseudobulbs \\i in. or more high, with
1 If. to 10 in. long and 2 in. wiae: fls. solitary on scapes
about 0 in long, very large, the sepals brownish-green with
light spots, the petals very small, the lip small, greenish
dotted with red-brown, hairy at base. Oct. New Guinea.
guttulatum: B. umMlutum.
lilacinum. Pseudobulbs to 2 in. long, ovoid or oblong-
cylindric: If. oblong or oblong-elliptic, to 8 in. long, fleshy:
fls. in dense racemes on short peduncle, sepals and petals
lilac spotted with pink to purple. Hiam, Malaya.
Lfibbii. Pseudobulbs to 2 in. high, with 1 If. to 8 in. long
and 2 in. or more wide: fls. solitary, 2-4 in. across, the
sepals and petals yellow spotted or lined outside with red,
the lip golaen-yellow. May-June, Nov. Borneo, Java to
Sumatra, Burma.
longtflorum (Cirrhopetalum Thouarsii). Lvs. to 7 in.
long and 1 £$ in. wide: fls. whitish or pale yellow to reddish-
brown, almost 2 in. long, in several-fld. umbels, the dorsal
sepal and petals with a thread-like tail. Dec.-Apr., Aug.
Mauritius, Pacific Isls.
Medusae (Cirrhopetalum Medusa). Lvs. to 6 in. long and
2 in. wide: fls. pale yellow spotted at base with red, in many-
fld. umbels, the lateral sepals prolonged into tails to 6 in.
long. Jan.-Feb. Malnya, Siam, Borneo.
odoratfssimum. Pseudobulbs to 1^ in. high, with 1
linear-oblong If. to 3 in. long: fls. small, in dense globose
heads, yellow, fragrant. India to China.
ornatfesimum (Cirrhopetalum ornatissimum) . Pseudo-
bulbs ovoid, to 2 in. tall: If. leathery, to 6 in. long: fls.
umbellate, yellowish, greenish or pale purplish-brown with
dark purple stripes and reticulations, to 4 in. long, lip
crimson-purple, on stout scape surpassing the Ivs. Hima-
layas, Philippines.
picturatum (Cirrhopetalum picturatum). Lvs. to 6 in.
long and 1>£ in. wide: fls. about 2 in. long, in 10-fld. umbels,
sepals and petals green spotted with red, the upper sepal
with a terminal red thread, the lip dark red. Oct., Nov.,
Apr. Burma.
pulchrum (Cirrhopetalum pulchrum). Fls. purple, in
5-7-fld. umbels, the lateral sepals yellow spotten with
purple, over 1 in. long. Malaya.
refractum (Cirrhopetalum refractum) . WINDMILL ORCHID.
Lvs. 2, lanceolate, to 5 in. long: fls. yellow, 2^ in. long, the
lip spotted with red. Himalayas, Java.
ReinwArdtii: B. uniflorum.
rlgidum. Pseudobulbs indistinct: Ivs. oblong, to 10 in.
long, obtuse: scape not exceeding Ivs.: fls. laxly racemose,
8-14. yellowish tinged with green and streaked with red,
sepals lanceolate, petals oblong, lip dull orange-yellow,
finely speckled and streaked with purple. Himalayas.
R6xburghii (Cirrhopetalum Roxburghii). Lvs. oblong to
elliptic-oblong, to 4 in. long: fls. umbellate, lateral sepals
yellow, petals and dorsal sepal yellow striped with red, lip
red-purple. India.
122
Bulbs
sauroclphalum. Pseudobulbs bearing 1 oblong If.: fls.
in many-fld. racemes with a bright red rachis, the sepals
light ochre lined with brown, petals small and white
bordered with reddish, lip ochre, deep purple at base.
Philippines.
suavlssimum. Pseudobulbs 1 in. high, with 1 lanceolate
If. to 4 in. long: fls. bright rose or whitish, the lip yellow,
in many-fld. arching racemes to 10 in. long. Feb. Burma.
Thouarsii: B. longiflorum.
U-mbellatum (Cirrhopetalum guttulatum). Pseudobulbs
ovoid, to 2 in. high, with If. to 6 in. long: scape greenish-
yellow speckled with purple, to 10 in. tall; fls. in umbels,
yellow-green with bright purple dots, to nearly 1 in. across,
lip purple, the lower sepals twisted and spreading. India.
unifldrum (B. Reinwardtii) . Pseudobulbs to 4 in. high,
with 1 elliptic If. to 9 in. long: fls. about 4 in. long, yellowish
tinged with brownish-red. Java, Malaya.
virescens. Pseudobulbs about 6 in. high, with 1 If. to
8 in. long and almost 4 in. wide: fls large, in umbels, the
sepals and petals greenish-yellow, the lip greenish-yellow
spotted with purple near base. June. Java, Amboina.
BULBS, when defined as a horticultural class,
are ornamental partial-season mostly simple-
stemmed plants arising from bulbs, corms,
tubers or thickened rootstocks that may be
cured and dried off and stored over winter. The
term is incapable of close definition: it includes
crocuses, tulips, hyacinths, narcissi, squills,
lilies, amaryllids and similar groups. It specially
denotes spring-blooming subjects. Because of
their quick growth and showy bloom, bulbs are
unceasing favorites with cultivators.
The outdoor culture of the common bulbs
is simple. The plants care for themselves
throughout a greater part of the year, many of
them flowering very early when no other kinds
are able to grow and bloom out-of-doors. Success,
depends to a large degree on good stock to be-
gin with. Not only should the varieties be good
and true to name, but the bulbs themselves
should be well ripened and firm although it is
not necessary to choose the biggest ones. While
the so-called Holland bulbs thrive in any kind
of soil, all do better in deep sandy ground well
enriched with well-rotted manure; but do not
let the manure come into direct contact with the
bulb. Even heavy clay may be fitted for the
growing of bulbs by the addition of sharp sand,
either worked into the soil or placed directly
under the bulb when planted.
To make a bulb bed, choose, if possible, a
loose or loamy soil and throw out the top earth
to the depth of 6 inches. Put into the bottom
of the bed about 2 inches of well-rotted (not
fresh) manure and spade it into the soil. Throw
back half of the top soil, level it off nicely, set
the bulbs firmly on this bed and then cover them
with the remainder of the soil; in this way one
will have the bulbs from 3 to 4 inches below the
surface and of uniform depth. When the weather
is cold enough to freeze a hard crust the bed
should have its winter covering. This may be
straw, hay, cornstalks or leaves spread over the
bed to the depth of 6 inches if the material is
coarse; but if leaves are used, 3 inches will be
enough, because the leaves lie close together and
may smother out the frost that is in the ground
and let the bulbs start. If they start too early
the hard freezes of March and early April will
spoil their beauty if the leaves or flowers are
near or above the surface. N Early in April, in
New York, the covering may be removed
gradually, and should all be off the beds before
the leaves show above the ground. Some of the
bulbs may be readily naturalized in grassy and
untilled areas, as grape-hyacinth, crocus,gonquil,
daffodil, lily-of-the-valley, tulip. The plants
Bulbs
123
Butea
are usually massed irregularly for pleasing and
striking effect. The area may be fertilized in
autumn with top-dressing.
The growing of flowering bulbs in winter
adds to the fist of house plants a charming
variety. Hyacinths, narcissi, tulips, and crocus
can be made to flower in the winter without
difficulty. Pot the bulbs by the middle or last
of October, or if earlier all the better. The soil
should be rich sandy loam, if possible; if not,
the best one can get, to which add about one-
fourth the bulk of sand and mix thoroughly.
If ordinary flower-pots are to be used, put in the
bottom a few pieces of broken pots, charcoal or
small stones for drainage, then fill the pot with
earth so that when the bulbs are set on it the
top of the bulb is even with the rim of the pot.
Fill around it with soil, leaving just the tip of
the bulb showing. If the soil is heavy, a good
plan is to sprinkle a small handful of sand under
the bulb to carry off the water, the same as is
in beds outdoors. If one does not have pots,
boxes may be used; and excellent flowers are
sometimes obtained from bulbs planted in old
tomato cans. If boxes or cans are used, care
must be taken to have holes in the bottoms for
drainage. A large size hyacinth bulb will do well
in a 5-inch pot. The same size pot will do for
three or four narcissi or eight to twelve crocuses.
After the bulbs are planted they should be placed
in a cold pit or cellar, or on the shady side of
a building, or, better yet, plunged or buried
up to the rim of the pot in a shady border.
This is to force the roots to grow before the top
appears, as only the bulbs with good roots will
give good flowers. When the weather is so cold
that a crust is frozen on the soil, the pots should
be covered with a little straw, and as the weather
becomes colder more straw must be added. In
six to eight weeks after planting the bulbs, they
should have made roots enough to grow the plant,
and the pots may be taken up and placed in a
cool room for a week or so, after which, if plants
have started into growth, they may be taken
into a warmer room where they have plenty of
light. They will grow very rapidly now and
will want much water. When just coming into
bloom the plants may have full sunlight part of
the time to help bring out the color of the flowers.
Crocuses and tulips open only in sunlight. After
blooming in the house, the bulbs are usually
discarded and new ones purchased for the
following year, although it is possible to grow
them on for future blooming.
BULLACE, DAMSON: Prunus domestica var. in-
sititia.
BULLATE: the surface blistered or puckered, as the
leaf of a Savoy cabbage.
BULLOCKS-HEART: Annona reticidata.
BULRUSH: Scirpus.
BUMELIA. Sapotacese. Evergreen or de-
ciduous often thorny shrubs and trees in S. U. S.
and southward with very hard wood, one some-
times transferred to grounds in its region: Ivs.
mostly fascicled or crowded on short spurs:
fls. small, white, fascicled in axils: fr. small,
black, drupe-like.
lanugin&sa. CHITTAMWOOD. FALSE BUCKTHORN. De-
ciduous tree to 25 ft., but the obi ong-ob ovate thick Ivs.
persisting late, tomentose underneath, entire, 2-3 in. long:
fr. about l/i in. long. Woods and copses, Va. to Fla. and
west to Kans. and Tex.
BUNCHBERRY: Cvrnua canadensis.
BUNCH-FLOWER: Melanthium.
BtTNIAS. Cruciferae. Coarse bien. or infre-
quently per. herbs of E. and S. Eu., one species
nat. throughout most of Eu. and locally in
N. Amer.
orientals. To 4 ft., coarsely branched above: basal
rosette Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid, oblong-elliptic, to 1 ft. long,
acute; *t.-lvs. lanceolate-elliptic, becoming only toothed
above: fls. yellow, about ^ in. across, in dense branched
racemes: fr. oyoid-apiculate, scarcely ^ in. long, on stout
ascending pedicels about ^ in. long, cotyledons accumbent
and somewhat contorted.— -Often of a weedy nature when
well established.
BUNYA-BUNYA: Araticaria Bidwittii.
BUPHTHALMUM. Ox-EyE. Composite.
Showy herbaceous perennials with large yellow
heads of disk- and ray-fls. and alternate entire
or toothed lys.; pappus of scales united into a
crown. Native in Eu. and W. Asia. Of easy
cult, in the border, and mostly hardy N. Prop-
agated by division; also by seeds and sometimes
blooming first year.
cordif&lium: B. apeciosum.
grandifl&rum. Perhaps synonymous with B. salici folium
but with long-acuminate nearly glabrous Ivs. S. Eu.
salicifdlium. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, toothed,
white-hairy: heads solitary and terminal, to 2 in. across.
S. Eu. — Spreads rapidly by underground parts.
speciosissimum (Telekia speciosissima) , To 5 ft.: Ivs.
oval-cordate, clasping, toothed, hairy only on midrib below:
heads solitary and terminal. S. Eu.
specidsum (B. cordifolium. Telekia speaosa). To 4 ft.,
pubescent: Ivs. cordate-ovate, coarsely toothea, very large:
heads 2-5, large. S. Eu., W. Asia.
BUPLEtTRUM. THOROUGH-WAX. Umbellif-
erse. Old World herbs or shrubs with simple
entire Ivs., yellow fls. in compound umbels, and
compressed frs.; suitable for dry sterile soils in
warm climates, being grown for ornament.
fruticdsum. Subshrub to 6 ft., evergreen or partially so:
Ivs. oblong, to 3^ in. long, leathery: umbels to 4 in. across,
subtended by deflexod bracts. B. Eu.
ranunculoides. Per. to 2 ft. with famous sts.: Ivs.
lanceolate or linear, 3-7-nerved: involucels with 5-6 oval
bracts, not deflexed. Cent, and S. W. Eu.
rotundif&lium. Ann. to 2 ft., with stiff glabrous branch-
ing sts.: Ivs. broadly ovate or oval, to 1 ^ in. long, obtuse or
mucronate, perfoliate: umbels to 1 in. across with large
yellowish involucral bracts. Eu.; nat. in cult, fields of U. S.
BUR, BUTTER-: Petasites. New Zealand: Acxna
microphylla.
BURDOCK: Arctium.
BURLINGTONIA FRAGRANS: Rodriguezia venusta.
BURNET: Sanguisorba.
BURNING-BUSH: Dictamnus albus, Euonymus atro-
purpureus.
BURSARIA. Pittosporacese. Shrubs or trees
with alternate simple Ivs., small fls. in terminal
panicles, and fr. a flat caps.; one species grown
in S. Calif, for ornament.
spin&sa. Spiny shrub or small tree: Ivs. to 1 in. long:
fls. white: caps, about ^ in. across. Australia.
BURST-WORT: Uerniaria.
BUSH: shrub, particularly when dense and much
branched.
BUSHMANS-POISON: Acokanthera venenata.
BtfTEA. Leguminosae. Small Asiatic genus
of trees and climbing shrubby vines, having
large and showy papilionaceous (pea-like) fls.,
with nodes of racemes swollen, stamens dia-
delphous, the style beardless and pods 1 -seeded.
frond 6s a. FLAME-OF-THE-FOREST. Tree to 50 ft., twigs
gray or brown silky-pubescent: Ivs. trifoliolate on petioles to
6 in. long, Ifts. rhombic with terminal one more rounded,
to 8 in. long, leathery, silky beneath: fls. bright orange-red,
corolla silvery-tomentose outside, to 1 in. across or more,
in racemes to 6 in. long: pods silvery-canescent, to 8 in.
long and 2 in. wide. India to Burma. — A trop. tree of which
seeds are offered in the 3.
Butia
BUTIA. YATAY PALMS. Palmacex. Species of
Cocos segregates but without the aspect of Cocos,
Arecastrum, Ilhyticocos or Syagrus, of warm-
temp. Brazil to Uruguay, Paraguay and Ar-
gentina: short stocky monoecious feather-lvd.
palms, trunk solitary and covered with If .-bases
or their scars and 3-15 ft. high, plant unarmed
except for the spine-margined hard flattened or
thin-edged petiole: Ivs. stiffish, decurved beyond
the middle, grayish- or glaucous-green; pinnae
standing well up from the rachis then curving,
strongly conduplicate toward base, long and
narrow: spadix from axils of lower Ivs., the
spathe not plicate or grooved outside; stamens
6. borne on upper part of spadix branches: fr.
globose, ovoid or ovoid-conic, yellow or reddish,
1 in. long more or less, with a pulpy-fibrous or
rather soft yellowish exterior, 3-celled but 1 or
2 seeds sometimes aborted; albumen not rumi-
nate. The Butias are hardy palms, hardly re-
garded an real trees by planters, thriving in S.
Calif., on the Gulf Coast and southward, and
on coast to N. C. See Palm.
Bonnetii (Cocos Bonnetii. C. (Jaertneri). Low palm, the
trunk 1-4 ft., small in all parts: pinna* equally spaced, not
aggregate, narrow: spadix 2 ft. or so, the spathe glabrous
on outside; fls. and fr. small, the latter about % in. long and
four-fifths as broad, ovoid-conic and acute and held for a
third or half its length in the enlarging perianth. Brazil. —
See note under Ankuryroba.
capitata (Cocos capitata. C. austral™ and C. coronata
of hort. not of botanists). Variable in arrangement of
pinnce and character of fr.: trunk stout, to 12-20 ft. or more
and 1 % ft. diam., becoming bare of If -bases at the bottom:
Ivs. long and gracefully curving; pinna) many, to 2^ ft.,
whitish beneath, often 2-3 together; petiole glabrous,
spiny at base: Hpadix 4-5 ft. long, spathe generally glauces-
cent: fr. ovoid, about 1 in. long or a little more at maturity
and four-fifths as broad; nutlet elliptic, more or less acute;
perianth deeply cup-like at base of fr. Brazil; commonly
planted in S. Calif, and elsewhere. Var. Nehrlingiana
(Cocos Nchrtinoiana) has violet-red fls. and frs. Var.
odorata (Cocos odorata). Fr. depressed-globose, about %-l
in lengthwise, at maturity broader than long; nutlet nearly
spherical; fruiting perianth not cup-like, flattened and ex-
panded under base of fr. Var. pulpdsa (Cocos pulposa).
Fr. globose, only lightly depressed, very pulpy, 1^-1^ in.
lengthwise; nutlet and seed spherical; fruiting perianth
cup-like but not deep. Var. strfctior. Upright close grower,
all the Ivs strongly ascending. Var. vire'scens. Lvs. brilliant
green, not glaucous.
eriospatha (Cocos eriospatha). Trunk stout, 4-10 ft.,
becoming naked below: spathe densely brown-tomentose
on outside: pinnao equally distant, riot assembled unless at
oaseof rachis, green above and somewhat glaucous under-
neath, petiole tomentose on margin at base: fr. small,
nearly globular, %~/i in. either way, with a short abrupt
rmt; nutlet globose; fruiting perianth shallowly cup-like.
Brazil. — Cocos Blumenaina, planted in Calif., apparently
belongs here.
Nehrlingiana: B. capitata var.
Yatay (Cocos Yatay). Stout palm, trunk to 8 or 10 ft.
and about 1}$ ft. diam.: petiole glabrous and armed on
margin; pinna* numerous, about equally placed or some-
what aggregate near the base, glaucescent underneath: fr.
ovoid-come and acuminate, 1 /-^-2 in long and 1 in. or more
thick; cup-like fruiting periantn l{-~l$ length of fr. Uru-
guay, Argentina.
BUTNERIA: Calycanthua.
124 Byrnesia
BtTOMUS. Butomacese. One erect aquatic
herb native in Eu. and Asia, B. umbelktus.
FLOWERING-RUSH. Lvs. linear, to 3 ft. long:
fls. rose-colored, 1 in. across, in many-fld. umbels
on naked rush-like scapes to 4 ft. high. Easily
grown in ponds, hardy N. Propagated by
division.
BUTTER-AND-EGGS: Linaria vulgaria.
BUTTERCUP: Ranunculus. Bermuda: Oxal%8 cernua.
BUTTERFLY-BUSH: Buddleja.
BUTTERFLY-FLOWER: Schizanthua, Bauhinia mon-
arda.
BUTTERFLY-WEED: Asclepias tuberosa.
BUTTERNUT: Juglans cinerea.
BUTTERWORT: Pinguicula.
BUTTON-BUSH: Cephalanthus.
BUTTONWOOD: Platanus occulentalis.
BUTOMUS FAMILY. Four
genera of aquatic per. herbs with basal Ivs.,
bisexual fls. solitary or in umbels, having 3
sepals and petals, 9 or more stamens, and 6 or
more ovaries. By some writers the genera have
been placed in AlismacesB. Butomus, Hydrocleis
and Limnocharis may be grown in ponds and
aquaria.
Box FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs
or trees, with persistent foliage, of about 6
widely distributed genera, with simple Ivs.,
monoecious fls. without petals, superior usually
3-celled ovary, and capsular or drupaceous fr.
The ornamental genera Buxus, Pachysandra,
Sarcocca and Simmondsia are cult.
BfJXUS. Box. Buxacese. Evergreen shrubs
with small opposite entire stiff Ivs., very small
fls. in little axillary clusters or spikes, and fr. a
caps.
Extensively used for hedges and edgings, as the plants
stand pruning and shearing well. Box is suited to any well-
drained soil and thrives in partial shade. Plants may be
set out in spring or in August and September Propagated
by hardwood cuttings, suckers or division, or layering.
Seeds may be sown but the plants grow very slowly. Dwarf
varieties may also bo propagated by division. In protected
or favored places both common species stand in parts of
New York and central New England.
arborescens: B. sempervirens var.
baleaiica, To 30 ft.: Ivs. larger and not so shining as
B. sempervircns. Spain, Balearic Isls.
F6rtunei: B. microphyllavaT.japonica.
Harlandii. Differs from B. microphylla in Ivs. oblanceo-
late to oblong, to % in. long, somewhat narrowed toward
base. China.
jap6nica: B. microphylla var.
kori&nsis: probably B. microphylla var. koreana.
microphylla. To 3 ft. or often prostrate, branches
conspicuously winged, mostly glabrous: Ivs. somewhat
obovate, broadest above middle. Japan Var. jap6nica
(B. japonica. B. Fortunei). To 6 ft.: runs into several
forms, as angustifdlia with long narrow Ivs., aurea with
yellowish foliage, latifdlia with broad Ivs., rotundifdlia
with large bluish-green Ivs. Var. koreana, to 2 ft. Korea.
Var. sinica, twigs briefly pilose, Ivs. usually emarginate
and orbicular to ovate-lanceolate. China.
nana: dwarf forms of B. sempervirens.
sempe'rvirens. COMMON B. To 25 ft., with 4-angIed or
slightly winged branches, mostly somewhat pubescent:
Ivs. elliptic, broadest about or below the middle Eu.,
N. Afr., W. Asia. There are many forms in cult., such as:
angustif&lia (vars. longifolia and salicifohd) with long
narrow Ivs ; arborescens which grows to a small tree;
arge'nteo-variegata (var. argentea), the Ivs. edged with
silvery-white; aureo-variegata (var. aurea), Ivs. yellow
or variegated with yellow; bullata, Ivs. bullate, large;
£legans, a variegated form with oblong Ivs. ; Handsworthii,
a bushy type with large broad Ivs.; marginata, Ivs. edged
with yellow; myrtif&lia, a dwarf form with narrow lys.;
pyramidata (var. conica), of erect conical habit; rosmanni-
f&lia, alow kind with narrow Ivs.: rotundifMia (var. lati-
folin) has broadly oval Ivs.; suffrutic6sa, a dwarf form with
small Ivs. Other listed forms include: fastigwta, globosa
and olesefolia.
suffruticdsa: B. sempervirens var.S
BYRNESIA; Graptopetaium.
CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata).
One of the standard garden vegetables and truck
crops, essentially a cool-season plant but growing
continuously through the summer; in all stages
it withstands considerable frost, although young
plants from hotbeds must be hardened off. Soil
should be deep and fertile, and it should be
capable of holding abundant moisture to supply
the heavy demands in growth. The cabbages of
many kinds have been developed through cen-
turies apparently from Brassica oleracea of
coasts of western Europe. The varieties differ
in season, in color and size and shape of head.
The Savoy cabbages, which are of excellent
quality, are a race with puckered or blistered
(bullate) leaves. It is usual to classify by season
into three groups, early, midscason, late or
winter. Consult experiment station and govern-
ment bulletins, and dealers catalogues, for
current varieties.
For very early and early crops, as of Wake-
field, Golden Acre, and Copenhagen Market,
seeds are usually sown in a hotbed or indoors
a month at least before hard frosts are expected
to cease. The seedlings may be transplanted
into flats or into other frames, to keep them
stocky. They should be given plenty of air,
with reduction of temperature, to harden them
for the field. In the field the plants are placed
in rows 30-36 inches apart, and about 18 inches
in the row.
For later and midscason crop, as of Glory,
Succession, and All Season, seeds are commonly
sown in the open in seed-beds six to eight weeks
before time for planting in the field in rows 3
inches or more apart; from these rows they are
usually transplanted directly to the field, the
plants having been well thinned in the meantime
if they begin to crowd. These later or main
summer kinds are commonly given more room
in the field, both because they grow larger and
to allow for horse tillage.
Of the autumn and winter kinds, as Ballhead,
Drumheads, and Flat Dutch, seeds arc some-
times placed in hills where the plants are to
stand, all plants but one being removed as they
grow. A much better procedure, however, is to
grow in seed-beds, transplanting to the field
in July in the North. The plants usually stand
2 feet apart in rows with 3 feet space between.
For winter storage only the long-keeping varieties
should be employed; the heads should be mature
and solid, free from injury and disease, internally
moist and plump, but the center ot the head
should be free of water. They may be buried,
usually heads down to keep them clear of water,
or placed on racks in a building kept near
freezing yet warm enough so that the heads
do not freeze. When buried, care must be
taken to choose a well-drained place, and if
any quantity is stored provision should be made
for ventilation; they are covered deeply enough
to keep^them cool in warm spells and also to
protect from hard freezing in cold weather. If
too warm they may rot. Usually 3 or 4 inches
of earth are first placed on the pit or trench,
and more added, or a straw covering applied,
as cold weather advances. The heads are
usually not more than two tiers deep.
In the midsouthern parts of the United States,
cabbage plants are often started in autumn ana
carried over winter in the field; they are then
ready for growth in earliest spring. Far South
cabbage is treated as a winter or early spring
crop, being grown continuously in the cool season.
Allowing for losses, 4 to 6 ounces of seed are
generally required to produce sufficient plants
for an acre.
Many insects and fungi attack cabbages.
The grower should keep in touch each year
with the new advice issuing from the experiment
stations and departments of government. The
root-maggot is often a serious post: young
plants in seed-beds may be protected irom the
adult fly by covering securely with cheese-cloth,
or by soaking the soil of the bed with a solution
of corrosive sublimate 1 ounce to 8 or 10 gallons
of water. In the field early cabbage plants
can be protected by applying about % pint of
corrosive sublimate solution around each plant
when the fly appears and making two additional
applications a week apart. The club-root
fungus is controlled by long rotations in which
related plants (crucifers) are not grown; also
by liming to bring the soil reaction to neutral
(pH 7) or slightly alkaline. Cabbage-worms
can be kept in check by dusting or spraying with
poisons such as arscnate of lead, rotenone or
pyrethrum; it is not safe to apply arsenates
after the heads begin to form but the other
poisons are safe as they are not poisonous to
humans. Aphis or louse is controlled by spraying
or dusting with preparations of nicotine sulfatc.
CABBAGE, DEER-: Lupinua diffusus. Squaw: Caulan-
thus inflatns. Wild: Caulanthus.
CABBAGE, SKUNK-: Symplocarpus fatidus. Yellow:
Lysichitum.
CABBAGE-TREE: Andira inermis, Sabal Palmetto, and
other palms in the tropics.
CAB6MBA. FAN WORT. WATER-SHIELD.
Nympfi&aceae (or Cahombacficex] I. Aquatics of
the western hemisphere, sometimes grown in
ponds and aquaria: floating Ivs. entire, sub-
merged Ivs. finely divided: fls. very small, with
3 sepals and petals. Grown from cuttings set
in the earth in 1-2 ft. of water, by division of the
plants, and by seeds.
aqu&tica of some authors: C. caroliniana.
caroliniana (C. aquahca. C. viridifolia). WASHINGTON
PLANT. FISH-GRASS. Floating Ivs. green, very narrow, to
% in. long: fls. axillary, ^ in. broad, white with 2 yellow
spots at base of each petal. Ponds and slow streams, 8. 111.
to Fla. and Tex. Var. pulch£rrima, sts. reddish-purple,
Ivs. darker with narrow Begins., petals bright purple. Ua.
Var. rosaefdliaj has reddish Ivs. and is more difficult to
propagate than the type.
viridifdlia: C. caroliniana.
C AC ALIA: Emilia, Kleinia repens.
CACAO: Theobroma Cacao.
CACClNIA. Boraginacex. Per. W. Asiatic
herbs allied to Borago. One species, C. glauca,
is cult. To 3 ft. tall, somewhat branched,
scabrous and bearing tubercles or small prickles
and depressed wart-like glands: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong, to 8 in. long, very pale green, margins
dentate-spiny, midrib somewhat enlarged and
fleshy: fls. violet-blue turning red, the ovate-
lanceolate lobes about ^ in. long, exserted beyond
calyx and rotate to recurved. Persia, Afghanistan.
Cacti
126
Cadi
CACTI, CACTACE.ffi. CACTUS FAMILY. Over
1,300 species of cacti are known, now arranged
in more than 100 genera. They are American
plants, the few that occur wild in other parts of
the world being probably spread from the west-
ern hemisphere. They are plants of varied
habit, but in most kinds (with marked exception
in Pereskia) the leaves are minute and in-
distinguishable to the general observer, or are
very early deciduous, and the vital functions
are performed by the green plant body. For the
most part the cacti are spiny, the spines arising
from cushions or areoles; often, as in Opuntia,
the spines are accompanied by small easily
detached barbed bristles or glochidia that
penetrate the skin. In many or most cases some
of the spines at the areole are spreading or
radial and others more or less erect and central.
The flowers are bisexual, mostly without well-
defined distinction between calyx and corolla;
they are often very showy, in wnite, yellow and
shades of red. The fruit is mostly a fleshy berry-
like body, sometimes edible. Cacti are grown
for the odd shape of the plant body as well as
for the flowers; sometimes the plant is rigidly
columnar, or barrel-shaped or even globular; but
there are slender climbing and trailing forms
and massive tree-like structures. Cacti are
fascinating to lovers of oddities and novelties,
and any number of kinds may be brought into
cultivation from the wild; in fact, much of the
stock has been collected rather than propagated
plants. In this book obviously only the more
generally cultivated or mentioned species can
be included. The genera represented in
cultivation are Acanthocalycium, Acanthocereus,
Ancistrocactus, Aporocactus, Arequipa, Ario-
carpus, Arrojadoa, Arthrocereus, Astrophytum,
Aztekium, Bartschella, Bergerocactus, Bing-
hamia, Borzicactus, Browmn^ia, Carnegiea,
Cephalocereus, Cereus (now divided into many
genera), Chamaecereus, Chilenia, Cleistocactus,
Cochemiea, Copiapoa. Corryocactus, Cory-
phantha, Deamia, Denarocereus, Denmoza, Dis-
cocactus, Disocactus, Dolichothele, Echino-
cnotus, Echinocereus, Echinofossulocactus,
Echinomastus, Echinopsis, Epiphy Han thus, Epi-
phyllum, I^pithelantha, Erdisia, Eriosyce, Es-
cobaria, Escontria, Espostoa, Eulychnia, Fach-
eiroa, Ferocactus, Frailea, Grusonia, Gym-
nocalycium, Haageocereus, Hamatocactus, Har-
risia, Hatiora, Heliocereus, Homalocephala,
Hylocereus, Lemaireocereus, Lepismium, Lep-
tocereus, Leuchtenbergia, Lobivia, Lophocereus,
Lophpphora, Machsorocereus, Malacocarpus,
Mamillopsis, Mammillaria, Matucana, Medio-
cactus, Mediolobivia, Melocactus, Mila. Mon-
villea, Myrtillocactus, Neobesseya, Neolloydia,
Neoporteria, Neoraimondia, Neowerdermannia,
Nopalea, Nopalxochia, Notoeactus, Nyctocereus,
Obregonia, Opuntia, Oreocereus, Oroya, Pachy-
cereus, Parodia, Pediocactus, Pelecyphora, Pen-
iocereus, Pereskia, Pereskiopsis, PfeifTera, Phel-
losperma, Phyllocactus, rilocereusj Porfiria,
Pyrrhocactus, Rathbunia, Rhipsalis, Roseo-
cactus, Schlumbergera, Sclerocactus, Seleni-
cereus, Solisia, Spegazzinia, Stenocactus, Stet-
sonia, Strombocactus, Thelocactus, Toumeya,
Trichocereus, Weberocereus, Wilcoxia, Wil-
mattea, Zehntnerella, Zygocactus. See Succu-
lents. The Cactus and Succulent Society of
America publishes a journal in Los Angeles.
The Cactacese or Cactus Family divides it-
self into two rather marked groups, one of
which is characterized by regular foliage leaves
as in other plants and not looking much like
cacti to the general observer, and the flowers
are more or less stalked: to this group belongs
the single genus Pereskia with about a score
of species. The other group has no true foliage
leaves, except in the anomalous genus Peres-
kiopsis, such leaves as appear being small or
rudimentary and often falling early, and the
flowers are without stalks. The second group
divides itself into two tribes, the opuntia-like
plants mostly bearing glochids on the areoles,
the vegetative parts having small and short-lived
leaves and the flowers rotate (wheel-shaped,
without definite tube), and the cereus-like plants
without glochids and leaves and the flowers
mostly with definite and often very long tubes.
To the Opuntia tribe belong seven genera, as
now treated, only Opuntia and perhaps Nopalea
being much known horticulturally. To the
Cereus tribe belong all the other genera of the
Cactaceao, of which some of the most prom-
inent horticulturally are Cereus, Cephuloccreus,
Echinocactus, Echinocereus, Echinopsis, Epij>-
phyllum, Ilarrisia, Hylocereus, Mammillaria,
Nyctocereus, Rhipsalis, Selenicereus, Zygocactus.
In the recent studies of cacti many new
names have been introduced, but the familiar
old names are given here as synonyms (in par-
entheses) so that the identities and relationships
may be traced; and these synonyms also suggest
the cultural requirements of plants under
strange appellations.
Although most of the cacti are desert or dry-
country plants^ they need liberal supply of water
in their growing period. For the most part
they are summer bloomers and are more or less
dormant in winter, when care should be taken
not to over-water them, but they soon suffer in
pots if allowed to be dry for any length of time,
and they should not be grown close to hot pipes.
Soils should be open in texture to insure proper
drainage; sand and sometimes pounded brick
are often added to the soil, and care should be
taken not to have much fresh organic material
in it. In summer, if placed out-of-doors, the
plants are usually plunged rather than turned
out of the pots.
Propagation is by offsets in the species that
produce them, and most kinds grow readily
from cuttings made of the stems or joints. The
severed or cut surface should be allowed to dry
in the air for several days, until it is seared or a
corky layer has formed; the cutting is then
inserted shallowly in sand in a pot or pan. Cacti
start quickly from seeds, when they are available,
and seed-grown plants commonly are more
amenable under glass than those transplanted
directly from the wild. Seeds should be sowa_
only in sterilized soil. Seeds of some cacti, as of
opuntias and echinocacti, germinate in a few
days. The seedlings may remain in their pots
or pans for several months or more before trans-
planting. When large enough they are trans-
planted to other pots or pan^s; and the shifting
may then proceed as required, being careful
not to use too large pots.
The cacti are easily grafted on other stocks.
This practice is employed in order to provide
weeping kinds with straight stout stems or
standards, and also to propagate the many
crested and contorted forms, and sometimes to
Cacti
elevate small globiuar kinds. Pereskia stocks
are often employed, and also some of the strong
columnar kinds of the Cereus group. The cacti
graft rather indiscriminately. Any method of
applying the cut surfaces of stock and cion
together is satisfactory if the surfaces are held
firmly in place by cords or thongs. Wax is not
employed. The cleft-graft is perhaps most
commonly used, but when small globular forms
are grafted on columnar stocks it is necessary
only to cut off squarely the top of the stock and
the base of the cion and to set one on the other,
and tie the parts firmly together.
CACTUS (as a genus): see Melocactus. CACTUS (as
a popular name): Button: Epithelantlia. Christinas:
Zygocactus truncntus. Crab: Zygocactus truncxtus. Deer-
horn: Pemocereus Creggn. Easter: Schlumbergera Oaertneri.
Fishhook: Ancistrocactus Scheeri. Giant: Carnegiea gigan-
tea. Hair-brush: Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum. Hatchet:
Pelecyphora. Hook: Ancistrocactus. Mistletoe: Rhipsahs
cassutha. Mountain: Oreocereus. Old-Man: Cephalocereus
semhs. Organ-Pipe: Lemaireocereus marginatus. Rain-
bow: Echinocereus rigidissimus. Rat-tail: Aporocactus flag-
elliformis. Redbird-: Pedilantkus tithymaloides. Sea Ur-
chin: Echinopsis. Snowball: Pediocactus Simpsonn. Star:
Astrophytum. Turks-Cap or -Head: Melocactus communia.
Vine-: Fouquieria splendens.
C^ESALPlNIA. Lcguminosx. Armed or un-
armed trees and shrubs, sometimes climbing,
native in warm regions of both hemispheres,
with 2-pinnate Ivs., yellow or red fls., not pap-
ilionaceous, in racemes, and mostly flattened
pods; planted for ornament in tropical and
subtropical countries.
Propagated by seeds which will germinate more readily
if soaked in warm water some hours before sowing. Trans-
plant into pots as soon as seedlings show the first true leaf.
In frost less regions the plants may soon be set permanently
out-of-doors.
Bonduc (Guilandina and C. Crista of hort. and authors).
NiCKKR-Nur. Straggling more or less climbing prickly
shrub: Ifts. numerous, ovate: fls. yellow: pods oval, prickly,
2J^ in. long. Trop. Amer.
coriaria (Libidia coriana). Drvi-Divi. To 30 ft.: Ifts.
numerous and small: fls. yellow: pods oblong, curved, about
1 in. long. Trop. Amer.
Crista (C. Nuga. Ticanto Nuga). Wooo-Gossfp. Prickly
climbing shrub: Ifts. ovate: fls bright yellow: pods ovoid-
oblong, 2 in long. Malay Archipelago to S. China and
Australia. — Recent studies have shown the name of this
smooth-fruited plant to be the true C. Crista of Linnaeus
and the prickly-fruited C. Crista of the trade to be C.
Bonduc.
echinata. BRAZIL-WOOD. Tree with prickly trunk: Ifts.
numerou's, rhombic-oblong: fls. yellow: pods oblong, 3 in.
long. Brazil.
Gflliesii: Poinciana Gilliesii.
jap6nica. Thorny shrub to 8 ft.: Ifts. oblong: fls. canary-
yellow with bright red stamens: pods 3 in. long. Japan.
mexicana. Shrub or small tree to 18 ft., unarmed: Ifts.
oblong to nearly orbicular: fls. yellow: pods 2% in. long.
Mex.
Nuga: C. Crista.
pulche'rrima: Poinciana pulcherrima.
regia: Delonix regia.
Sappan (Diancsea Sappan). Prickly tree to 15 ft.: Ifta.
rhombic-oblong: fls. yellow: pods oblong, 3 in. long, beaked.
India, Malaya.
sepiaria (Biancsea sepiaria). MYSORE THORN. Prickly
scrambling shrub: Ifts. oblong: fls. yellow: pods 3 in. long,
beaked. India.
spindsa (C. tinctoria. Coulteria tinctoria. Tara spinosa).
Tree or large shrub, the trunk covered with short sharp
tubercles: Ifts. oblong: fls. yellow, in dense racemes to 8 in.
long: pods to 4^ in. 1°U8 and * m- wide. Cuba, S. Amer.
tinctdria: C. spinosa.
CJESALPINIACE^E: Leguminosx.
CAFTA: Catha edulis.
CAILLlfeA (Dichrostachys) . Leguminosse.
Shrubs with finely divided acacia-like Ivs.,
fls. in spikes, the upper ones bisexual and those
127
Calamus
on the lower half of spike with long slender
staminodia, and flattened twisted pods; one
species sometimes planted out-of-doors in
S. Fla. and S. Calif, for ornament.
glomerate. (Dichrostachys nutans). Spiny hard-wooded
shrub or small tree: fls. sulfur-yellow on upper part of
spike, rosy or lilac on lo\\er part: pods in heads. Trop.
A^fr. — A serious pest in Cuba, where it is known as Aroma.
CAIOPHORA (spelled also Cajophora). Loa-
saceae. S. American herbs usually with stinging
hairs, opposite Ivs., yellow, white or red fls.,
and capsular twisted frs.; one species cult, in
the flower-garden. Propagated by seeds and
cuttings.
lateritia (Blumenbachia lateritia. Loasa lateritia. L.
aurantiaca). Ann., twining to 20 ft.: Ivs. pinnate: fls.
orange-red, to 2 in. across, on very long stalks.
CAlANUS. Leguminosde. One shrub native
probably in the old World. C. Cajan (C. indiais).
PIGEON-PEA. CAJAN. Much cult, in trop.
countries for the edible small truncate-orbicular
somewhat flattened seeds which often are known
simply as "peas." To 10 ft.: Ivs. of 3 lanceolnrp
soft-hairy Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls. yellow or orange,
papilionaceous, in axillary racemes: pods to
3 in. long, hairy, constricted between the seeds,
slender pointed. — Often grown as an aim. from
seeds; in greenhouses propagated by cuttings.
It thrives in the open in S. Fla.
CAJBPUT-TREE: Melaleuca Leucadendra.
CAJOPHORA: Caiophora.
CALABASH GOURD: Lagenaria.
CALABASH-TREE: Crescentia Cujete.
CALABAZILLA: Cucurbita faetidissima.
CALACINUM: Muehlenbeckia.
CALADIUM. Aracex. Trop. American herbs
with tubers or rhizomes, usually peltate arrow-
shaped Ivs. mostly beautifully marked in many
colors and patterns, and unisexual fls. on spadices
slightly shorter than the spathes which have
boat-shaped limbs; popular foliage plants in the
S. and under glass in the N., often improperly
called Colocasias.
Tubers may be planted in the open in well-worked soil
to which bone-rneal has been added. In the greenhouse
tubers may be started in boxes of moss in a temperature
varying from 70° to 85°; when roots are formed they should
be put in pots arid shifted as they grow. Propagation may
also be effected by seeds.
argyrltes: C. Uumboldtii.
bicolor. Lvs. ovate, variously colored above, giving
rise to many named forms, glaucescont beneath, the
petioles 3-7 times longer than blades: spathes green, violet
at throat, the limb tipped white. Trop. Amer. — The usual
species in cult.
bulbosum: hort. name.
candidum: unidentified trade name.
escullntum: Colocasia esculenta.
Humboldtii (C. argyrites). Lvs. ovate-oblong or oblong,
green; spotted between veins with large transparent white
markings, the petioles 2-3 times longer than blades. Brazil.
picturatum. Lvs. lanceolate, variously colored above,
pale beneath, the petioles variegated below: spathes green,
purplish inside, the limb white. Brazil, Peru.
Sch<5mburgkii. Lvs. obliquely elliptic-ovate, midrib
and veins silvery or red, slightly spotted above, petiole?
4 times longer than blades. Guiana, Brazil.
CALAMINTHA: Satureja.
CALAMONDIN: Citrus mitis; see Citrus Fruits (page
183).
CALAMPELIS: Eccremocarpus.
CALAMUS. CANE and RATTAN PALMS.
Palmaceae. The largest genus of palms, with
more than 300 species in trop. and subtrop.
Calamus
128
Calathea
Asia arid Afr. to the Philippines, New Guinea
and Australia; some of them have been tried in
S. Fla., but are not sufficiently hardy; Dsemono-
rops is a similar genus. The calami are mostly
climbing plants with hooks on the midrib or the
upper pinna) transformed into hooked spines or
the rachis perhaps prolonged and whip-like and
making very long reed-like sts.; feather- palms,
polygamo-dioocious, with axillary branched spa-
dices : fr. globose or ellipsoid, clothed with close
scales. See Palm.
ciliaris. Very slender, covering a trellis or other support,
climbing by means of long leafless branches with hooked
spines: If -blade l^-2}£ ft. long, petiole very short, pimue
4O-/K) pairs and hairy: fr. globose, about ^2 m- diarri. Java,
Sumatra.
Rdtang. One ot the species that yield rattan: very blender
climber: IVH. 1 V£ -2 ft. long, without whip-like prolongation;
petiole very short; pinnae very many and ^4 in. or less
broad, setose on ribs and margins: fr. subglobose, % in.
diuiu. India.
CALANDRlNIA. Pvrtulacacex. Rather fleshy
low herbs of the western side of the Americas,
with narrow alternate or basal Ivs., red or rose
ephemeral fls. in racemes or panicles, and cap-
sular frs.; suitable for borders or rock-gardens.
Cult, as annuals and propagated by seeds or
cuttings.
Burridgei. Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls.
copper-rose or brick-red, small. 8. Amer.
caulescens: C. ciliata.
ciliata (C. caulescent*). Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear-spatulate,
to \1A in. long, margins usually glabrous or ciliate: fls.
purple or white fading to purple, to ^ in. across, solitary,
axillary Peru, Ecuador. Var. Menziesii (C. Menziesii.
C .t pec iota). RED MAIDH Ann , diffuse or erect, sts. to 2 ft.
long: Ivs. oblanceolate to linear, to 2 in. long: fls. crimson or
rose-red, about }$ in. long. W. N. Amer.
grand ifldra. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 8 in. long: fls.
light purple. Chile
Menziesii: C. ciliata var.
speci6sa: C. citiala var. Menziesii.
umbellata. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. linear, basal: fls. bright
crimson-magenta. Peru.
CALANTHE. Orchidacex. Terrestrial or epi-
phytic orchids, sometimes haying pseudobulbs,
with broad plaited Ivs. and white, rose or yellow
fls. on erect or nodding scapes, the sepals and
petals similar, the lip with the claw united to the
column, usually 3-lobed and spurred. They
require hothouse conditions, are mostly de-
ciduous, and require rest after fls. are past in
winter. See Orchids.
bella (C. /iarriaii). Hybrid between C. Veitchii and
C. Turneri (the latter a form of C. vestita with crimson-
blotched lip).
discolor. Lvs. 2-3, broadly lanceolate-elliptic, to 12 in.
long, strongly stnate, acute: scape erect, to 1C in. high;
tnfl. about 0-12-fld ; sepals and petals wine-red, lanceolate-
elliptic; lip white suffused or dotted with pale pink, 3-lobed,
the center lobe bifid. Japan — Varieties of this species
have yellow or green sepals and petals.
f urcata (C. veratnfolia) . Lvs. to about 2 ft. long, lan-
ceolate-elliptic: fls. snow-white often with yellow at base
of lip, to almost 2 in. across, in many-fld. racemes on scapes
to 3 ft. or more high, lip 4-lobed, spur slender. Jan.-Dec.
In'Jir., Pacific Ifb., Australia.
HArrisii: C. bella.
Lassel liana. Hybrid.
Murray!: hort. form having white fls. with wine-colored
center.
Orpetiana: fls. white with dark pink center.
Regnieri: C. vestita var.
Sanderiana. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 1 ft. long: fls.
in many-fld. racemes, the sepals and petals rose-colored,
the lip bright rosy-crimson. Trop. Afr.
Sandhurstiana: C. Veitchii var.
Vanderbiltii: fls. cream with purple center.
VeHchii. Hybrid between C. roaea and C. vestita, having
rose-colored fls. with a white spot at base of lip. Var.
Sandhurstiana (C. Sandhurstiana} has crimson fls. Other
listed forms are r&sea and summitensis.
veratrif dlia: C. furcata.
vestita. Pseudobulbs 3 in. high; Ivs. broad-lanceolate,
to 1% ft. long: fls, white or creamy, 2\^ in. across, in 6-12-
fld. racemes on scapes to 2]^ ft. long, the 4-lobed lip marked
with orange-yellow at base and with slender spur. Nov.-
Dec. Burma, Malaya. Var. Regnieri has less deeply lobed
rose-colored lip marked with purple in throat. Var. Wflliam-
sii has white sepals and petals bordered with rose and deep
rose lip.
Whittiana. Hybrid.
Williamsii: C. vestita var.
CALATHfeA. Marantacese. Trop. American
or African per. herbs with attractively colored
basal tufted Ivs. and fls. in heads or cones borne
on scapes among the Ivs.; commonly known as
Marantas. but Maranta is a separate genus
distinguished by technical characters. These
plants, in both genera, are difficult to determine
as to species without inflorescence, and foliage
should be had from normally grown and devel-
oped subjects. Leaf-blades are intended in the
subjoined dimensions of Ivs.
Calatheas should be grown in a moist close greenhouse
with a night temperature not below 05°. They require good
drainage and loam soil mixed with leaf-mold and sand.
They should be shaded from the direct rays of the sun. In
subtropical climates calatheas may be grown out-of-doors
with winter protection. Leaf colors are likely to differ
between young and old plants. Propagated by dividing
the crowns, by tubers or by cuttings in spring.
Allouia. To 4 ft , with edible tubers: Ivs. to 24 in. long
and (i in. broad, light green above, silvery beneath. Trop.
Amer. — Tubers edible.
Bachemiana (Maranta Kegeliana). To 16 in.: Ivs. to
10 in long and 2 ^2 m- wide, unequal-sided, silvery-green
above with white lines along nerves, purplish or greenish
beneath. Brazil.
bella. Stemless: Ivs. to C in. long and 3 in. broad, whitish-
green above, pale purple beneath. Habitat unknown.
bf color: Maranta bicolor.
Chantrieri. To 7 ft.: Ivs. to 1*£ ft. long, rich dark green
but in juvenile stages pule yellowish-green with dark green
band around margins and midrib, purplish-red beneath.
Brazil.
eximia. To 1% ft.: Ivs. to 15 in. long, striped above
with olive-green and silver, wine-red and pubescent be-
neath. Cent. Amer.
fascia ta. To 1 ft.: Iva. to 9 in. long and 7 in. broad, dark
olive-green above transversely barred with silvery-white,
dull grayish-green below. Brazil.
Gouletii: C. Vandenheclei.
illustris. To 9 in.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 5 in. wide,
shining olive-green with metallic luster above having
white marginal zone, dull red beneath. Ecuador.
imperialis: a variant of C. ornata.
insignis. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to IK ft. long and 10 in. broad,
pale yellowish-green above margined and blotched with
olive-green, dark maroon-red beneath. Brazil.
Legrelliana. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and 3M in. wide,
shining green above with broad white central band and
white transverse lines, whitish-green marked with red
and green beneath. Colombia, Ecuador.
leopardina. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and 3^ in.
broad, rich green but in juvenile stage dark ohye-green in
center surrounded by band of paler green. Brazil.
Lietzei (Maranta conspicua). To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 9 in. long
and 2^ in. broad, velvety green above striped between
side veins with olive-green and splashed with yellowish-
green, purplish-red underneath. Brazil.
Lindeniana (Maranta Lindenh). To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft.
long, dark green above with olive-green zone either side
the midrib and then darker zone, purplish zone beneath.
Brazil. — Probably Phrynium Lindenn, Hort. belongs here.
Louis®. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long, light green above
feathered with white along midrib, tinted with purple-red
below. Habitat unknown. \
Luciana. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long, light green above
with zone of greenish-white near margin and feathered
along midrib, grayish-green beneath. Trop. Amer.
Makoyana. To 4 ft.: Ivs. olive-green or cream-colored
beneath blotched witli^dark green, red beneath. Brazil.
medio-pfcta. To 20 in.: Ivs. to 8 in. long ^nd 3J$ in.
wide, dark green above feathered with white along the
midrib, pale green beneath. Brazil.
Calathea
mlcans. To 8 in.: Ivs. to 4 in. long and 1 in. broad,
shining green above feathered with white, pale green
beneath. Brazil.
mus&ica. Dwarf: Iva. cordate-ovate, to 6 in. long, pale
shining green above transversely lined with lighter green.
Brazil.
Oppenheimiana: C tenant he Oppenheimiana.
ornata. To 3 ft.: Iva. to 3 ft. long, rich green above,
dull purple-red beneath, in juvenile forma often striped
with pink and white. Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador. Var.
roseolineata is listed.
Pavonii (C. tubispatha). To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long and
5H in. wide, bright green above spotted with light green
and brown. Peru. — The plant cult, as Maranta tubispatha
may be a form of M . bicoior.
piinceps. Lvs. to 30 in. long and 10 in. wide, light
green above with broad central band of black-green,
violet-purple below. Amazon.
pulchella. Lvs. to 4 in. long and 2 in. wide, light green
with transverse green bands, purple beneath. Brazil.
rdseo-picta. To 8 in.: Ivs. to 9 in. long and 0 in. broad,
dark green above with red midrib and zone of bright red
near margin, purple beneath. Brazil.
Sanderiana: a variant of C. ornata.
smaragdina: Monotagma smaragdinum.
splendid a. To 1H ft.: Ivs. to 14 in. long and 10 in. wide,
shining dark green above transversely barred with pale
green, purple beneath. Brazil.
tubispatha: C. Pavonii.
undulata. To 8 in.: Ivs. to 4 in. long and 2 in. broad,
wavy, shining dark green above with a central white stripe,
purplish beneath. Peru.
Vandenh6ckei (C. and Maranta Gouletii). To 2]4 ft.:
Ivs. to 9 in. long, dark green above marbled with silvery-
white along midrib and band along margin, purplish-red
beneath. Brazil.
Veitchiana. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 0 in. wide,
shining dark green above with irregular pale green band on
either side midrib having brownish blotches, reddish under-
neath. Peru.
vittata. To 3 ft. : Ivs. to 1 H ft. long and 9 in. broad, light
green above transversely striped with white, tinted yellow-
ish-green beneath. Colombia.
Wallisii. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long, light green above
with a row of olive-green blotches on either side midrib,
grayish-green beneath. Peru.
Warscewiczii. To 3 ft.: Ivs. 1 ft. long and 5 in. broad,
velvety green above and midrib feathered with yellow-
green, purple beneath. Costa Rica.
zebrina. ZKBRA. PLANT. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and
1 ft. across, velvety green above with transverse bands of
gule yellow-green and olive-green, purplish-red beneath,
razil. Var. Bindtii is a largo form with darker colored Ivs.
CALCEOLARIA (Fagelia). SLIPPERWORT. Scrop-
hulariaccse. Herbaceous arid shrubby plants cult,
in greenhouses in the N. and in the open in
warmer 'regions, having irregular cymes of
showy saccate fls., the upper part of the fl. small
and more or less pouched, the lower lip, in the
cult, forms, very large and inflated and some-
what slipper-like, usually yellow, sometimes
purple, often spotted; mostly native from Mex.
to Chile.
The herbaceous calceolarias are grown from seed sown
from late spring to early autumn for plants for the next
winter and spring. Finely sifted soil should be provided,
preferably one containing leaf-mold, and cure snould be
exercised in watering as the seed is very small; sub- irriga-
tion is the best method. A temperature of 60° is recom-
mended and no direct sun till the plants are rather large.
The shrubby types are grown from seed or from cuttings.
The latter are usually taken when the plants are trimmed
in late summer or early autumn, choosing firm wood and
cutting down to two joints, giving a temperature of 45-50°
and protection from the sun.
ftlba. Shrubby, to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 2 in. long, remotely
toothed: fls. white, ^ in. long and H "*• across. Chile.
angustii^lia: C. integrifolia var.
bifldra. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. in basal rosettes, ovate or
spatulate, to 2% in. long, toothed: fls. yellow, j^ in. long
and % in. wide. Chile, Argentina.
chelidonioldes. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long, pinnate
into toothed segms.: fls. yellow, ^ in. long and 2 in. wide.
Ecuador, Peru, Chile.
CHbrinii: C. profusa.
129
Calendula
\1A i
red,
crenatifl&ra. Per. to 2\£ ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate, to
8 in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. drooping, to 1 in. long and
broad, yellow with orange-brown spots on the inflated
wavy lower lip. Chile. — Much grown by florists in many
colors and large fls.
Darwinii. Low cespitose nearly stemless per.: Ivs. oblong,
to 3 in. long, margin minutely toothed and wavy, glabrous:
fls. yellow with large reddish-brown spots, to 1 in. wide,
on scape*} to 6 in. tall. Patagonia. — Said to be hardy on
Pacific Coast, north to Vancouver.
Fothergfllii. Stemless per. to 6 in.: Ivs. spatulate, to
in. long, margin densely hairy: fls. sulfur-yellow spotted
d, to ^s in- wide. Patagonia. — Hardy to Vancouver.
fruticohybrida. A group of shrubby cultigens with yel-
low, orange or dull red spotted fls.; to be considered as
forms of C. integnfolia.
gracilis. Ann. to 1)$ ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. pinnate,
the lobes toothed, white beneath: fls. pale yellow, ^ in.
long and Y± in. wide. Peru, Ecuador.
grandiflora tigrina. A group with very large yellow,
orange or dull red spotted fls. ; probably forms of C. crena-
tiftwa.
herbacea: see C. herbeohybrida.
herbeohfbrida (C. herbacea. C. hybrida. C. Youngii).
A group of herbaceous cultigens, usually dwarf or small,
2 ft. or less, with inflated pouches, in many colors; to be
regarded as forms of C. crenntiflora.
hybrida: see C. herbeohybrida.
integrifolia (C. rugosa). Sts. woody, to 6 ft.: lys. oblong
or oval, to 3 in. long, rugose, toothed: fls. ^ in. across,
yellow to red-brown, not spotted. Chile. — Much used by
gardeners. Var. angustifdlia (C. angustifoha) has lanceolate
Ivs. Var. viscosissima (C. viscosissima) is a sticky-hairy
form.
ligndsa: a hort. form adapted for bedding, 1 ft. high,
with golden-yell ow fls.
Lymanii: a hort. shrubby form with bronzy-red fls.
Me'dfordii: a hort. form with velvety-maroon fls.
mexicana. Ann. to 1 ft., glandular-hairy: lower Ivs.
3-parted or -lobed, the upper pinnate into ovate toothed
segrns., to 2% in. long: fls. pale yellow, % in. long and ^ in.
wide. Mex., Cent. Amer.
multifl&ra. Low shrub: Ivs. ovato, to ^ in. long, op-
posite, margin toothed: fls. yellow, to 2s in. long, 3-4 in
terminal clusters. Peru. — The material listed in trade as
C. multiflora nana is probably a small-fld. floriferous form
of C. crenatiflora.
pinna ta. Ann. to 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. pinnate, to 3 in.
long: fls. pale yellow, % in. long and broad. Chile, Peru,
Bolivia.
polyrrhlza. Dwarf tufted per. to 2 in.: Ivs. lanceolate.
to 2Ji in long: fls. yellow spotted purple, 1 in. long and
1^ in. wide, solitary on scapes to 4 in. long. Chile . — One of
the hardiest species, grown with protection in N. Y.
profusa (C. Clibranii). A garden form, to 3 ft., very free-
flowering: fls. light and graceful, rich golden-yellow.
racemdsa. Per. to 20 in.: Ivs. oblong-acute, to 5 in long,
villous, margin toothed: fls. sulfur-yellow, remotely spotted
red inside the sac, to 5s in. long. Chile.
rugdsa: C. integrifolia.
scabiosaef61ia. Pubescent ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, to
8 in. long, the bases of the petioles united across the sts.,
Ifts. toothed or cut: fls. pale yellow, ^ in. long and % in.
across. Ecuador to Chile.
St&wartii: a hort. shrubby form with yellow fla.
tenella. Low creeping subshrub to 8 in. tall: Ivs. broadly
ovate, to % in. long or less, margin remotely toothed: fls.
yellow, spotted within, to H in. long, usually 2-3 on pedun-
cles to 6 in. long. Chile. — -Hardy, if protected, on Pacific
Coast.
umbellata. Cespitose herb, mostly with very short st.:
Ivs all nearly or quite radical, oblong, lanceolate or some-
what ovate, obtuse, entire, slightly hairy underneath: fls.
yellow, 2-8 terminating a scape-like peduncle, the lip ^ in.
or less across. Bolivia.
Veitchii. Hybrid with C. alba as one parent, to 5 ft.:
fls. rather small, pale lemon-yellow.
violacea: Jovellana violacea.
viscosfssima: C. integrifolia var.
Youngii: C. herbeohybrida.
CALENDULA. Composite. Herbaceous an-
nuals and perennials with simple alternate Ivs.
and usually large yellow or orange heads of
ray- and disk-fls. ; pappus none: fr. large, flattened
or curved. Native from Canary Isls. to Persia,
one a garden favorite.
Calendula
130
Callirhot
Calendulas are of easy culture in the greenhouse as well
as in the garden, growing quickly from seeds. Also propa-
gated by cuttings, of special colors.
aegyptlaca. Ann. to 20 in , sticky-hairy: Ivs. linear to
linear-lanceolate: heads to nearly *>£ in. across, few-fld.
with very short ray-fls.: acheries ending in a beak as long
as or longer than seed. Asia Minor to Egypt.
arv6nsis (C, bicolor). Ann. to 1 ft., sts. ascending, pubes-
cent: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, sessile, nmcronate, dentate or
entire: ray-fls. yellow, heads solitary, to 1% in. across.
Medit. region.
bicolor: C. arvensia.
chrysantha: C. officinahs var.
eriocarpa. Branching ann.: Ivs. lanceolate, partly clasp-
ing, nearly glabrous: heads yellow, about 1 in. across.
Country unknown.
hybrida: Dtmorphotheca hybrida.
mader6nsis. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-spatulate. at-
tenuate at base, rough, nearly entire: heads yellow. Madeira.
maritima. Ann., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. obovate to
lanceolate, entire, the upper partly clasping: heads yellow,
about \Y% in. across. Sicily. — Probably only a race of C.
offlcinahs.
maroccana. Similar to C. suflruhcona, differing in its
much narrower Ivs. which are entire or somewhat repandate-
dentate. Morocco.
officinal is. POT-MARIOOLD. Hardy branching ann. to
2 ft., hairy: Ivs. thickish, oblong to oblong-ovate, entire
or minutely toothed, partly clasping: heads to 4 in. across,
rays white-yellow to deep orange, closing at night, blooming
for the entire season; sometimes proliferous from the in-
volucre S. Eu. — A favorite flower-garden plant and grown
for cut-flowers in winter. Var chrysantha (C. chrysanttia),
a strain with chrysanthemum-like double fls. of buttercup-
yellow.
pluvialis: Lhmorphotheca annua.
P6ngei: Dimorphotheca annua var. ligulosa.
sfcula. Probably only a race of C. officinalis distinguished
by being almost glabrous and heads only about 1 in. across.
S. Italy.
stellata. Ann. to 1 ft., rough: Ivs. ovate-oblong, the upper
partly clasping, wavy-toothed: heads yellow, 1-2 in. across.
Medit. region.
suffrutic&sa. Ann., woody at base, pubescent: Ivs.
lanceolate, somewhat toothed: heads bright yellow, very
numerous, about 1 in. across. Medit. region.
Tragus: Dimorphotheca aurantiaca.
CALICO-BUSH: Kalmia latifolia.
CALICO-FLOWER: Aristolochia elegans.
CALfMERIS. Composite. Hardy per. aster-
like herbs, differing from Aster in the character
of the involucre; native in Asia. One is cult, in
the border and requires the same treatment as
the perennial asters.
inclsa (C. incissefolia. Aster incinus). To 2 ft.: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, cut-toothed, the upper narrower and
entire: heads solitary, 1 in. across, rays purple or almost
white, disk yellow. Siberia. Var. rosea has pink fls.
CALLA. Araceae. One herb growing in bogs
in the north temp, zone, sometimes trans-
planted to pond-margins and wet places. The
callas of gardens belong to the genus Zante-
deschia. C. paHistris. WATER-ARUM. WILD
CALLA. Lvs. ovate-cordate, to 6 in. long and
broad, the petioles to 10 in. long: spathes green
outside, white inside, about 2 in. long and 13^
in. wide; berries red, in dense cluster. — C. pfcta
is Aglaonema pictum.
CALLA, BLACK: Arum palmstinum. Red: Sauromatum
guttatum.
CALLlANDRA (Anneslia). Leguminosse.
Trop. shrubs and trees with 2-pinnate Ivs., fls.
in heads or clusters haying long conspicuous
stamens, and flat pods with thickened margins;
grown out-of-doors in trop. and subtrop. regions
and in greenhouses N. Propagated by cuttings
over bottom heat, when seeds are not available.
calif 6rnica. To 4 ft.: weak slender spines at base of
petioles: Ifts. #in. long: fls. purple with long purple stamens.
Lower Calif.
eriophylla. Low woody shrub to 1% ft.: usually 1-4
pair of Ifts. to % in. long or less, pubescent beneath and
glabrous above: fls. purple, pubescent, in few-fld. heads.
W. Tex. to Ariz.
Gufldingii. Small tree: Ifts. to 2f£ in. long: fls. greenish-
white with crimson stamens to 3 in. long. Trinidad.
Houstoniana. To 20 ft.: Ifts. to ^ in. long: fls. brown-
tomentose with long purple stamens, the heads in terminal
racemes. Mex., Cent. Amer.
portoricensis. To 25 ft.: Ifts. H in. long: fls. white with
long white stamens. W. Indies.
Twefcdii (Inga pulcherrima) . To 6 ft.: Ifts. linear: fls.
purple with long purple stamens. Brazil.
CALLICARPA. BEAUTY-BERRY. Verbenaceap.
Shrubs and trees with opposite simple Ivs.,
small pink, bluish or white fls. in axillary clusters,
and attractive berry-like frs.
Callicarpas can be grown in a light airy place in the
greenhouse in a compost of loam and peat. Propagated by
cuttings, layers and seeds. They are raised for both the
ornamental flowers and colored fruits in clusters. Home of
them are fairly hardy in the North and if the tops kill,
new shoots usually bloom and fruit.
amcricana. FRENCH-MULBERRY. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. to
6 in. long, toothed, white- or rusty-tornentose beneath:
fls. bluish, May-July: fr. violet or white in var. l&ctea
(var. alba). Va. to Tex., W. Indies; not hardy N.
Arnoldiana: C, japonica.
Bodinieri (C. Ciraldiana var. subcanescens) . To 10 ft.:
Ivs elliptic to oblong-elliptic, to 4 in. long, toothed, pubes-
cent beneath: fls. pink, in dense cymes to 1)£ *n- across,
July-Sept.: fr. violet. China; stands N. Var. Giraldii (C.
Giraldiana) is a glabrcscent form.
cana (C. sinensis). To 12 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, toothed,
gray- or white-pubescent beneath: fls. lavender: fr lav-
ender. Malaya.
dich6toma (C. purpurea. C. korcana). Shrub to 4 ft.:
Ivs. to 3 in. long, toothed above middle: fls. pink, Aug.: fr.
lilac-violet. Japan, China; stands well N.
Giraldiana: C. Bodinieri var. Giralhi.
japonica (C. Mimurazakii. C. Arnoldiana). Shrub to
5ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, finely-toothed: fls. pink or whitish,
Aug.:fr. violet or white in var. leucocarpa. Japan; stands
koreana: C. dichotoma.
longifdlia. Shrub: Ivs to 5 in. long, lanceolate, pubescent
beneath: fls. pink or purple: fr. white. Himalayas, China.
Mimurazakii: C. japonica.
purpurea: C. dichotoma.
sin6nsis: C. cana.
CALLICHROA: Layia.
CALLlCOMA. Cunoniaccse. A few small
trees of Australia having opposite leathery Ivs.
and small fls. in heads, without petals; one
species planted in S. Calif.
serratifdlia. To 40 ft.: Ivs. oblong to ovate-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, coarsely toothed, shining above, tomentose
beneath: heads globular, dense, stamens much exserted.
CALLICORE ROSEA: Amaryllis Belladonna.
CALLIGLOSSA: Layia Calliglossa.
CALLIOPSIS: Coreopsis.
CALLIPRORA: Brodixa ixioides.
CALLfRHOE. POPPY-MALLOW. Malvaceae.
N. American herbs, root often tuberous, with
alternate lobed or dissected Ivs. (as if compound)
and showy pink or red-purple fls.; some of them
are attractive flower-garden subjects.
Seeds should be sown where the plants are to stand.
Perennial kinds may also be propagated by cuttings and
division of the roots.
digitata. Per. to 1^ ft.: IVs. deeply parted into linear
lobes or sometimes entire: fls. reddish-purple to violet, to
2 in. across, with small calyx. Mo. to Tex.
involucrata (C. terticillata). Per. to 1 ft., hirsute to
hispid: Ivs. deeply 5-7-partea: fls. red-purple or paler, to
2]4 in. across, witi^ leafy calyx. Minn, to Tex. Var. lineart-
loba (C. lineariloba) is less hairy with smaller Ivs., the upper
ones linear lobed. Tex., Mex.
linearfloba: C. involucrata var.
Callirhot 131
Papaver. Per., main st. 1 ft. or more, peduncle-like
branches 8-12 in. long and solitary or somewhat clustered:
Ivs. 3-5-parted into narrow divisions: fls. rose or purple,
2 in. across. Ga., Fla. to Tex.
pedata. Ann. to 3 ft.: lower Ivs. 5-7-lobed, the upper
ones 3-5-parted: fls. red-purple to lilac, 1 in. long, with
small calyx. Mo. to Tex.
triangulata. Per. to 3^ ft.: Ivs. mostly basal, triangular-
hastate, to 2 in. long, upper ones usually 7-lobed, the segms.
coarsely toothed to pinnatifid: fls. deep purple, • few to
several on each peduncle. N. C. to Tex., north to Minn.
verticillata: C. involucrata.
CALLISTACHYS: Oxylobium.
CALLISTEMMA: Callistephus.
CALLISTfeMON. BOTTLE-BRUSH. Myrtacese.
Australian shrubs or small trees with scattered
linear or lanceolate entire simple leathery Ivs.,
showy yellow or red fls. in dense spikes resem-
bling a bottle-brush due to the long exsertcd
stamens (which are not united with each other)
and capsular frs.; suitable for cult, in warm-
temp, regions, particularly in Calif.
They are not particular as to soil. Propagated by seeds
or cuttings of ripened wood. Seeds are gathered in summer
by allowing the capsules to open in boxes or sheets of paper
and are sown the next spring.
brachyandrus. Shrub: Ivs. stiff and needle-like, to 1^ in.
long: fls. with dark red stamens and yellow anthers, in
spikes to 3 in. long.
citrinus: C. lanceolatus.
coccineus. To 30 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 1J^ in. long:
fls with red stamens and yellow anthers, the spikes not
very dense.
Cunninghamii. Branches yellowish: Ivs. elliptic, pale,
reddish when young.
hybridus: a name of uncertain application.
lanceolatus (C. citrinus. Metrosideros floribiinda. M.
semperflorens M. citrinn). To 30 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to
3 in long: fls. with bright red stamens, the spikes not very
dense.
lateritius: listed as of drooping habit, with bright scarlet
fls.
linearis. Lvs. narrowly linear, to 5 in. long: fls. with
red stamens, the spikes dense.
paluddsus: C. sahgnus var. australis.
phoenfceus. Lvs. narrowly lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls.
with rich red stamens, the spikes not dense.
pinifdlius. Tall shrub: Ivs. stiff and terete, linear, to 4 in.
long: fls. with yellowish -green stamens.
rlgidus. Lvs linear or narrowly lanceolate, to 5 in. long:
fls. with red stamens, the spikes very dense.
ruguldsus: name of uncertain application.
salignus. To 40 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls.
with yellow or light pink stamens, the spikes not very dense.
Var. aust^alis (C. paliulo*us) has Ivs. to 2 in. long. Vur.
viridifldrus has greenish-yellow stamens and shorter Ivs.
specidsus. To 40 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls.
with rich red stamens and yellow anthers, the spikes very
dense.
viminalis. Tree of pendulous habit: Ivs. linear-oblong:
fls. with bright red stamens, infl. a dense spike. Var. p6n-
dulus is probably not distinct from type and this species
may be only a form of C. speciosus.
CALLfSTEPHUS. CHINA ASTER. Composite.
Erect branching plants with herbage of strong
odor, large terminal heads bearing prominent
rays; pappus of bristles. A single species from
Asia whicn has resulted in many races of well-
known and adaptable garden annuals. Grown
from seed; for early bloom the seed is sown in-
doors in late spring, but the main crop may be
sown directly in the open. The distance at which
the plants are to stand is governed by the
stature of the particular variety, ranging from
6 in. to 2 ft.
chinensls. Erect, hairy, to 2^ ft.: Ivs. alternate, ovate,
deeply toothed or lobed: heads terminal, in the wild plant
with 1-2 series of ray-fls. and yellow disk-fls., but under
cult, the rays are numerous and vary in color from violet,
purple, blue, rose to white but no true yellow, and 5 in.
and more across; there are dwarf and condensed forms.
China, Japan. — Known also as Cattistemma chincnse and
C. hartenst.
Calochortus
CALLlTRIS. CYPRESS-PINE. Cupressacex.
Evergreen trees with scale-like Ivs. and jointed
mostly angled branchlets, staminate fls, in
ovoid or cylindrical catkins and cones usually
of 6 unequal scales; native in Australia and New
Caledonia. Grown in warm regions, as Fla.
and Calif.; for cult, see Conifers.
Actinostrdbus: Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
arbdrea: Widdringtonia juniperoides.
australis: C. oblonga.
calcarata. Tree to 60 ft. and more: cones ovoid, ^ in.
across. Australia.
cupressif6rmis (C. rhomboiden). Tree to 50 ft.: cones
nearly globose, >$ in. across, often clustered. Australia.
Drummondii. Shrub or small tree: cones globose, H in.
across. Australia.
glauca: C. robusta.
Muelleri. Tree to 30 ft.: cones globular, to 1 in. across.
Australia.
ob!6nga (C. australis). Tree to 25 ft.: cones ovoid or
oblong, to 1 in. long, usually clustered. Tasmania.
quadriva'lvis: Tetrachnis articulate.
rhombofdea: C. cupressiformis.
robusta (C. glauca. C. verrucofta). Tree to 100 ft.: cones
subglobose, %-~l in. or more across. Australia.
verrucdsa: C. robusta.
Whytei: Widdringtonia Whytei.
CALLtTNA. HEATHER. Ericaceae. One hardy
evergreen shrub native in Eu. and Asia Minor
(also in a few localities in E. N. Arner., but
probably intro.), cult, as for Erica and differing
in having a colored calyx longer than the corolla.
C. vulg&ris (Erica vulgaris). To 3 ft.: Ivs. scale-
like and overlapping: fls. natively mostly purplish,
J/8 in. lonjz;, in racemes to 10 in. long, blooming
profusely in late summer. There are numerous
nort. vars., as: &lba, fls. white and its forms
data, minima, minor, multiflora, pilosa, pumila,
rigida, tenella; Alportii, tall and vigorous,
fls. carmine; argentea, Ivs. pale; atr6rubens,
fls. crimson; a urea, dwarf, Ivs. golden; carnea, fls.
pink; coccinea, fls. deep red; compa'cta, of com-
pact habit; cuprea, Ivs. golden turning bronze;
erecta, tall, fls. white; F6xii, dwarf and matted;
H&mmondii, fls. white, taller and with brighter
green Ivs. than var. alba; hirsuta (var. tomentosa),
Ivs. gray-tomentose; h&milis, low, fls. white;
hypnoides, to 1 ft., fls. deep pink; monstrdsa;
nana (var. pygmxa), to 4 in., fls. purple; plSna
(var. multiplex), fls. double, pink; purpurea (var.
rubra), fls. dark purple; rdsea, fls. pink; Se&rlei,
fls. white, late; serfcea, fls. white, late; spicata,
fls. deep pink; tSnuis, dwarf, fls. purple; varieg&ta,
Ivs. somewhat variegated with white.
CALLUS: a hard prominence or protuberance; in a
cutting or on a severed or injured part, the roll of new
covering tissue.
CALOCARPUM: Achras.
CALOCfiPHALUS. Composite. Australian
ann. herbs or small shrubs with niostly alternate
entire Ivs. and fl.-heads in terminal clusters, fls.
all tubular; pappus of scales or plumose bristles.
One species is grown in Calif, as a foliage edging.
Propagated by cuttings.
Brownli (Leucophyta Brownii). To 1 ft., white-woolly:
Ivs. linear, H in. long: heads ^ in. across, subtended by a
few floral Ivs.
CALOCH<5RTUS. MARIPOSA-LILY. GLOBE-
TULIP. Liliacese. Cormous herbs native in
W. N. Amer., with linear-lanceolate Ivs. borne
on the st. and broadly campanulate yellow, white
or lilac interesting fls. solitary or in terminal
clusters, usually with a somewhat flattened
Calochortus
132
Calopogon
gland on the inner basal third of the petals,
blooming in spring and summer, mostly showy.
Calochortuses should have a light porous soil, not too
stimulating, with perfect drainage, such as equal parts of
light loam and spent tan-bark, with a little broken char-
coal. They withstand much cold but not alternate thawing
and freezing. Winter protection of leaves should be pro-
vided. Planting should be late in autumn and bulbs lifted
after ripening the following season. They are useful in
borders and frames and are sometimes bloomed indoors.
Propagated by natural increase and by seeds when ob-
tainable.
albus. To 2 ft.: fls. white, purplish at base, 1% in. long,
nodding, petals arched. Calif. Var. rube'lius has fls. tinged
with rose.
amibilis. GOIJ>BN G. To 1H ft.: fls. golden-yellow, 1^
in. long, nodding. Calif.
am&nus. PURPLE G. To 1^ ft-: fls. rose-purple, 1 %, in.
long, nodding. Calif. Var. major is listed as a large form.
apiculatus. GIANT STAK G. To ll/i ft : Ivs. to 12 in. long
and % in. wide, linear, flat, glossy: fla. white to straw-
colored, 1 -9 from single bulb. B. C. to N. Ida.
a lire us. To 6 or rarely 14 in. high: fls. pale yellow, to
1^ in. long. H. Calif, to S. Utah. — Frequently confused
with C. Kennedy i.
barbatus (C. flams. Cydobothra flava). To 2 ft.: fls.
yellow, 24 iQ- long- Mex.
Benthamii: C. monophyllus.
caeruleus. CATS-EAK. To 6 in.: fls. blue, % in. long,
hairy, erect. Calif.
catallnae. To 2f£ ft.: fls. white to lilac-purple, maroon
at base, 2 in. long. H. Calif., Catalina Isl.
citrinus: C. luteus var.
clavatus. To 3 ft.: fls. rich yellow lined with brown,
having club-shaped haira at base, 2 in. long. Calif.
Davidsonianus. To 2 ft.: fls. lilac-purple, to 1!^ in. long.
8. Calif.
eurycarpus. To \% ft.: fls. white to lavender, with deep
blue spot in center of petals, to 1]^ in. long. Ore. to Nev.
excavatus. To 1H ft-: fla- white streaked and suffused
with purple. Calif.
flavus: (7. barbatus.
flexudsus. fits, decumbent or ascending and flexuose:
fla. purple or white with yellowish base, 1 in. long. Nev.,
Utah, Ariz.
Grefcnei. To \}$ ft.: fls. lilac marked below with yellow,
to 1^ in. long. Cnlif.
Gunnisonii. To 1^ ft.: fla. white streaked with purple,
1 5i in long. S. D. to New Mex.
Howellii. To \Y2 ft.: fls. white, 1 in. long. Ore.
Kennedy i. To G or rarely 14 in. high: fls. orange-red or
vermilhon, to 1)£ in. long. Calif., Nev., Ariz.
Leichtlmii. To 1 ft : fls. white tinged with purple, yellow
at base with dark spot, 1^ in. long. Ore. to S. D. and Calif.
lilacinus: C. uniflorus.
luteus. To 2 ft : fla yellow or orange lined with brown,
to 2 in. long. Calif. Var. citrinus has lemon-yellow petals
with dark brown spot near base. Var. oculatus has white
or lilac petals, the brown spot bordered with yellow.
Lyallii: listed name of undetermined botanical standing.
macrocarpus. GREEN-BANDED M. To 2 ft.: fls. purple
with green band down middle, 2 in. long. B. C. to Calif.
Maweanus. To 8 in.: fls. white or tinged with purple,
I in long Ore. to Calif. Var. grandiflorus is listea. Var.
major is n larger form. Var. purpurascens, larger form with
fls tinged deeper purple. Var. rose us, fls. tinged with rose.
monophyllus (C. Benthamii). YELLOW STAR-TULIP. To
10 in.: fls. yellow with brown at base, *,\ in. long. Calif.
nftidus. To 1^ ft.: fls. lilac or purple with dark purple
spot, 1% in. long. Wash., Mont., Ore.
Nuttallii. SKOO-LILY. To 1^ ft.: fls. white lined with
purple, with purple spot at base, to 1 ^ in. long. Wash, to
Calif, and New Mex.
obispognsia. To 2 ft.: fls. deep orange tinged brown,
}£ in. long, fringed on margins. Calif., San Luis Obispo Co.
oculatus: C venustus var.
Plummeree. To 2 ft.: fls. purple with orange-colored
hairs, 1^ in. long Calif.
pulch611us. To 2 ft.: fls. golden-yellow, eiliate on margin,
IJf in. long, nodding. Calif.
Pikdyi. To 1 ft.: fls. creamy-white tinged with purple,
hairy, ft in. long. Wash., Ore.
purpurascens: C renustus var.
spl£ndens. LILAC M To 2 ft.: fls. lilac, 2 in. long. Calif.
Var. rubra has reddish-lilac fls.
supe'rbus: name given to a tall hort. strain reported to
have very large fls. white inside with a maroon eye, lav-
ender outside; probably C. venustus.
T61mei. Erect or ascending, to 18 in., usually branched:
fls. creamy-white tinged purple, to % in. long, usually 2-
several. Ore.
unifldrus (C. lilacinus). To 10 in.: fls. lilac, 1 in. long.
Calif.
venustus. WHITE M. To 10 in. or more: fls. pale lilac
with reddish-brown spot, 2 in. long. Calif. Var. citrinus,
fls. deep yellow with black eye. Var. oculatus (C. oculatus),
fls. cream-white, tinted purple with dark eye. Var. pur-
pur&scens has darker fls. and var. rdseus a rose-colored
spot at apex. Var. supe'rbus is an improved form.
V6sta. Form of C. venustutt with larger fls. having across
the center a reddish or brown band.
Wefcdii. To 2^ ft.: fls. yellow dotted with orange-
brown, 1)^ in. long. Calif.
CALODfiNDRUM. Rutacese. One S. African
evergreen tree adapted to cult, in warm regions
(as S. Fla.) for interest and beauty, for its dark
green foliage and profusion of showy bloom.
C. cape"nse. CAPE-CHESTNUT. To 70 ft.: Ivs.
simple, ovate, the veins parallel, to 5 in. long:
fls. \l/2 in. long, light rose-lilac with purple dots,
in large terminal panicles: frs. nearly spherical,
woody, covered with tubercles. — Propagated
by cuttings of young wood over heat.
CALONfCTION. MOONFLOWER. Convolvu-
lacex. American twining herbs of tropics and
subtropics, with heart-shaped to arrow-shaped
Ivs., large fragrant white or purple fls. blooming
at night, having long tube, flat limb and exserted
stamens and style ; grown rarely as a greenhouse
vine in the N. and out-of-doors in the S. Prop-
agated by seeds, which are often notched to
hasten germination. Per., but often grown as
ann.
aculeatum (Ipomaca Bona-Nox. J, noctijlora T. mexi-
cana grawhjlora) . Juice milky: sts. more or less prickly:
Ivs. broad-ovate, to 8 m. long, sometimes 3-lobed: fls white,
often banded with green, with tube to 6 in. long and limb
6 in. across. Tropics, Fla. — The common moonflower.
muricatum. Similar to (7. aculeatum but with smaller
purple fls. to 3 in. across. Tropics.
Tuba (IponxEa Tuba). Differs from C. aculeatum in
thick cordate ovate not lobed Ivs. and very broad obtuse
rather than narrow-acuminate calyx-lobes: fls. white, 5 or
6 in. long. S. Fla., W. Indies.
CAL6PHACA. Leguminosx. Low shrubs
or herbs with alternate pinnate Ivs., yellow or
violet papilionaceous fls. in racemes or solitary,
and cylindrical pods. Grown in borders or on
rocky slopes in well-drained soil. Propagated by
seeds and sometimes grafted high on Laburnum.
wolgarica. To 3 ft.: Ifta. H in. long: fls. bright yellow,
1 in. long, in racemes: pods to 1^ in. long. S. Russia,
Turkestan.
CALOPHANES: Dyschoriste.
CALOPHfLLUM. Guttiferae. Trees of trop.
Asia and Amer., with opposite leathery Ivs.
which have numerous parallel cross veins,
polygamous fls. in racemes or panicles, and fr. a
drupe. Several species yield on and gum; some-
times planted for ornament in tropics.
antillanum (C. Calaba of some authors). MARIA. To
90 ft. or more: Ivs. to 6 in. long: fls. white, fragrant, in
axillary few-fld. racemes: fr. about 1 in. across. W. Indies.
Calaba: C. antillanum.
inophfllum. KAMANI. To oO ft. or more: Ivs. to 8 in.
long and 4 in. wide, shining: fls. white, fragrant, in axillary
racemes to 7 in. long: fr. to 1^ in. across. Trop. Asia.
CALOPOGON. Orchidacese. N. American
terrestrial orchids with grass-like Ivs. and fls.
borne in racemes on naked scapes,^ the sepals
and petals similar, the lip long-clawed and hairy
Calopogon
133
Camarotis
above; sometimes planted in bog- or rock-
gardens.
pulchellus (C. tuberosus. Limodorum tuberosum) . GRASS-
PINK ORCHID. To about 19 in.: Ivs. linear, to 10 in. long:
fls. violet-rose, 1H in. across, in 1-11-fld. racemes, the lip
bearded with golden-yellow hairs. June-Aug. Swamps,
E. N. Amer.
tuberdsus: C. pulchellus.
CALOTHAMNUS. Myrtacex. Australian
shrubs with narrow scattered Ivs., usually
showy red fls. in clusters or spikes, the stamens
long-exserted and united into bundles, and
capsular fr. For cult, see Callistemon.
asper. Pubescent: Ivs. crowded, linear, to 1 in. long,
stiff and rough: fls. in short dense clusters.
coccineus: a hort. name for C. quadrifidus.
homalophyllus. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong to nearly linear,
very obtuse, 1-2 in. long: fls. rich crimson, to 1 in. long, in
spikes.
longissimus. Low shrub: Ivs. terete, 6 in. to 1 ft. or
more long: fls. 1 in. long, in few-fld. spikes.
quadrifidus. To 8 ft.: Ivs. needle-like, to 1 in. long: fls.
rich crimson, to 1 in. long, in clusters.
rupestris. Low evergreen shrub: Ivs. needle-like, densely
covering branches: fls. with bnght red filaments and
golden-yellow anthers, in clusters on previous seasons
growth.
sanguine us. Tall shrub: Ivs. terete, to 1H in. long:
fls. rich red, 1 in. long, in clusters or short spikes.
CALPIDISCA: see Ulricularia.
CALPURNIA. Leguminosae. Trees or shrubs
with pinnate Ivs., yellow papilionaceous fls. in
racemes, and rather flat slightly winged pods;
native in Afr. Grown out-of-doors in subtrop.
climates, and sometimes in greenhouses, for
ornament; propagated by cuttings under glass
or by seeds.
aurea (C. lasiogyne). To 15 ft.: Ifts. oval, to 1 % in. long:
fls. about j-jj in. long: pods linear, to 3 in. long. S. Afr.
Iasi6gyne: C. aurea.
CALTHA. Ranunculacex. Per. small herbs
growing in marshes in tho north temp, zone,
having simple usually heart-shaped Ivs. and
yellow, white or pink fls. without petals but
with petal-like sepals; grown in moist and bogj^y
situations. Propagated by division of roots in
autumn and by seed.
asarifdlia: C. palustns.
bifl&ra., To 10 in.: Ivs. to 3 in. wide, broader than long:
fls. white, to 1^ in. across, solitary or 2. June-Aug. Alaska
to Calif.
Chelidonii (C. uni flora). To 3 in.: Ivs. broad-cordate
or ovate, to 1 in. long: fls. white, 1 in. across. July-Aug.
B. C. to Mont.
leptos£pala (C. rotundifolid) . To 1 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 4 in.
long: fls. white tinged blue outside, about 1 in. across,
solitary. June-Aug. Alaska to New Mex.
palustns (C. asari folia. C. parnassifolia) . MARSH-
MARIGOLD. To 2 ft.: Ivs. cordate, to 7 in. wide: fls. bright
yellow, to 2 in. across, several together, Apr.-June, making
masses of yellow. Newf. to S. C. and Neb. — The young Ivs.
are eaten as greens under the name "cowslip." Var. alba,
a white-fld. form. Var. monstr6sa-pl£no (var. flare-plena)
has large double fls.
parnassif&lia: C. palustris.
poly pet a la. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. across: fls. golden-yellow,
to 3 in. across, in spring. Caucasus, W. Asia.
rotundifdlia: C. leptosepala.
unifldra: C. Chelidonii.
CALTROP FAMILY: Zygophyllacese.
CALYfcANTHACEJB. CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.
Two or three genera of deciduous shrubs having
aromatic bark, opposite entire Ivs., bisexual
solitary fls. with many similar sepals and petals,
many stamens, and fr. of many 1-seeded achenes
inclosed in the receptacle; native in N. Amer.
and E. Asia. Calycanthus and Chimonanthus
are cult.
CALYCANTHUS (Butnerid). SWEET-SCENTED
SHRUB. SWEET-SHRUB. Calycantkacex. Decid-
uous N. American shrubs with large fragrant
brownish fls. borne at the tips of short branchlets;
hardy in the N. except C. occidentalis. They do
best in rich well-drained soil. Propagated by
seeds, layers, suckers, and division.
elongatus: C. fertilis var. ferax.
f6rtilis (C. glaucus). To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to
6 in. long, glaucous and nearly glabrous beneath: fls. red-
dish-brown, to 2 in. across: fr. contracted at mouth. Pa. to
Ga. and Ala Var. ferax (C. Isevigatus, C. elongatus) has
Ivs. green beneath.
floridus. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
elliptic, to 5 in. long, densely pubescent and pale beneath:
fls. dark reddish-brown, 2 in. across: fr. contracted at
mouth. Va. to Fla. Var. oyatus, Ivs. ovate. Var. ruber is
listed as having more reddish fls.
glaucus: C. fertilis.
leevigatus: C. fertilis var. ferax.
macrophyllus: C. occidentalis.
occidentalis (C. macrophyllus). To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, green and nearly glabrous
beneath: fls light brown, to 3 in. across: fr. not contracted
at mouth. Calif.
pr&cox: Chimonanthus prxcox.
CALYC(5TOME. Lcguminosse. Spiny de-
ciduous shrubs with Ivs. of 3 Ifts., yellow pap-
ilionaceous fls. solitary or in clusters, and linear-
oblong pods with thickened or winged margin;
native in the Medit. region. Sometimes grown
in mild climates for ornament. Cult, as for
Cytisus.
spindsa. To 5 ft.: Ifts. H in. long: fls. in clusters of 1-4,
H in. long: pods about 1 in. long. vS. Eu.
CALYPSO (Cytherea). Orchidaccse. One ter-
restrial orchid native in cool bogs in N. Amer.,
Eu. and Asia, and sometimes planted in similar
places. C. bulbdsa (C. borealis). To 9 in., with
small bulbs: If. solitary, round-ovate, to 2J^ in.
long: fls. solitary, variegated purple, pink and
yellow, with large saccate lip.
CALYPTRIDIUM: see Spraguea umbcllata.
CALYSTEGIA PUBESCENS: Convolvulus japonicus.
CAL^TRIX. Myrtacese. Heath-like Australian
shrubs with small scattered entire Ivs. and
yellow, pink, lilac or white fls., stamens com-
monly numerous; one species intro. in Calif.
Sullivanii. Shrub, glabrous or nearly so: Ivs. linear-
3-angled, to J4 in. long: fls. probably white, in heads or
short spikes terminal or lateral on branchlets; calyx-lobes
awned.
CALYX: the outer circle of floral envelopes whose in-
dividual parts are termed sepals. The sepals may be
separate or marginally coherent, in the latter case forming a
saucer, cup, bell or tube.
CAMAR6TIS. Orchidacese. Epiphytes with
narrow distichous Ivs. and fls. in erect or stiffly
spreading racemes, the sepals and petals similar,
the lip consisting of a thick-walled sac or spur
which is more or less 3-lobed, the column with
an upright beak. Suitable for hothouse cult.;
see Orchids.
H&rtmannii: listed name of a plant said to have white
fls. spotted with red.
Mannii. Lvs. linear, very thick, to 4 in. long and % in.
wide: fls. K in. across, of pale color, in short racemes. India.
purpurea: C. rostrata.
rostrata (C. purpurea). St. to 3 ft. long: Ivs. to 4 in. long
and H in. across: fls. about H in. across, in 6-20-fld. spread-
ing racemes about length of Ivs., sepals and petals pale
purple, lip somewhat saccate, deeper purple. Mar.-May.
India.
Camassia
CAMASSIA (Quamasia) . C AMASS. LiHacex.
N. American bulbous herbs with linear basal
Ivs. and blue or nearly white fls. in bracted
racemes terminating scapes, the perianth-segms.
distinct.
Camassiaa are hardy and do well in loamy soils. Bulbs
should be planted 3-4 inches apart in early autumn and not
disturbed; also propagated by seeds. Useful in borders.
azurea: C. Leichthnn.
Cusickii. To 3 ft.: Ivs. 1 in wide or more: scapes few to
several; fls. pale blue, % in. long, perianth-segms. not
twisted over ovary after pollination. Ore
escul£nta (C. Fraxeri. Q. hyannttmiu). To 2 ft.: fls.
light blue or rarely white, Jjj in. long: caps, globose, to ^ in.
high. Pa. to ()a. and Tex.
Fraseri: C. eaculenta.
Hovfrellii. To 20 in : basal Ivs. linear, keele<l, shorter
than scape1 fls. pale blue, the segms twisted together over
ovary after pollination: caps, to \£ in. long. Vancouver
Isl. to Utah and N. Calif.
hyacinthina: C. esculenta.
hjrbrida: hort. name.
Lcichtlinii (Q. azurea). To 2 ft : fls. dark blue to creamy-
white, 1 in long, the segrns twisted over ovary after pol-
lination: caps. % in. long or more. B. C to Calif. Var.
alba has white fls. Var. caerulea has blue fls.
Ouamash (C. esculenta of some authors) To 3 ft.: Ivs.
to % in. wide: scapes usually solitary; fls. dark blue to
nearly white, 1 in. long, Begins not twisted over ovary
after pollination. B. C. to Calif.
CAMEL-HAY: CymbopoyonSchxnanthus. -Thorn: Acacia
Giraflx.
CAMELLIA. CAMELIA. Theacex or Tern-
stramiacesp. Evergreen trees and shrubs native in
E. Asia, having alternate simple toothed Ivs.,
white to red showy sessile fls. with deciduous
sepals, and capsular frs. Sometimes classified
under Thea but that genus has smaller pedi-
celled fls. with persistent sepals.
Camellias are popular ornamentals for the greenhouse
and out-of-doors in the South and on the Pacific Coast,
blooming in winter and spring. When grown in the green-
house a temperature of 60-55° F. is required during the
flowering season. They are among the finest shrubs for
growing in shaded locations. Usually grown from cuttings
of the current seasons growth taken m summer; also prop-
agated by grafting on stocks secured from seeds or from
cuttings of easily rooted sorts.
cuspid&ta: Thea cuspidata.
jap6nica (Thea iaponica). COMMON C. JAPONICA. To
40 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, dark green and shining above: fls.
red, pink, white, or variegated, to fi in. across, single, partly
or completely double. China, Japan. — Popular ornamental
out-of-doors S , from N. C. along the Gulf of Mexico and on
the Pacific Coast. Latin-named hort vars. are: a'lba-pl&na,
white, selfj imbricated, regular double, early; alba-plena
fimbriata, identical with above except outer petals fimbri-
ated; althaearlora, semi-double, dark crimson; amabilis,
single white; americana, pale pink with darker stripes;
Bealii rosea, fls. small, deep pink, regular double- Bonomi-
ana, variegated white with red, irregular double; candi-
dfesima, white self, regular tiered; Carswelhana, double,
deep crimson; Cliviana, large, rose-pink, white stripes, oc-
casional irregular double: Collettii maculata, semi-double,
very dark red marked with white; Derbyana, fls. large, deep
pink to red, semi-double; Donklaari, large, cherry-red, varie-
gated, splotched white; 61egans C handled, variegated,
cerise-red splashed white, irregular double, numerous small
petals, large; Feastii, double, pink and white; gigant&a,
large red fla.; grandifldra rdsea, very large, semi-double,
rose-madder with darker markings; Gune'llii. semi-double,
rose-pink; imbricata rubra-pldna, double, deep carmine;
Leana sup£rba, semi-double, red; Lflyi, small, white with
small phlox-pink markings; magnoliaefl&ra, medium, white
flushed light pink, semi-double; Mathotiana, large, carmine-
pink, regular double and its forms alba, white and rubra
red to purplish-ied; nobilfssima, medium, white, irregular
double, outer petals large, inner small: tricolor Sieboldii.
medium, wni-clcuwie, whitewashed, striped &nd blotched
madder-rose; variabilis, semi-double, white and oink;
variegata, crimson and white; Wilderi, medium, rose-pink,
double. Some of the best-known English-named vars. are:
Fred Sanders, semi-double, medium to large, carmine self
or with scattered white splashes: Oloire de Nantes, medium
to large, petals curved, cerise-reel, irregular double; Hermes,
medium irregular double, variegated, white ground with
rose-madder; Jarvis Red, medium to large, self carmine,
irregular double; Kumasaka, medium to large, self carmine
134 * Campanula
or variegated with white splashes; Mme. de Strekaloff,
medium, blush-pink with darker markings, irregular double;
Mrs. Abby Wilder, medium, white with occasional phlox-
pink markings, irregular double, center elevated of many
twisted whorled petals; Mrs. Fred Sanders, medium, white,
single; Pink Perfection, small, phlox-pink, regular double;
Prince Eugene Napoleon, medium, self carmine, regular
imbricated double; Prof. C. S. Sargent, medium, self crim-
son, white fleckings toward center occasional, double with
center of many small elevated petals; Sarah Frost, medium,
pink to lighter shade at center, double; Semi Double Blush,
medium, pale neyron-rose, semi-double; Snowdrift, medium,
semi-double, white; T. K. Variegated, medium, pink ground,
with deeper shadings, semi-double.
reticulata. Shrub: Ivs. to 5 in. long, dull green, veins
prominent: fls. large, to 7 in. across, crimson-rose, single
(semi-double to double in cult, forms). China.
Sas&nqua (Thea SasarHfua). Shrub: Ivs. to 2 in. long,
dark green, shining above: fls white to red, to 2 in. across,
single (double in some forms). China, Japan. — Important
English-named forms are: Apple Blossom, medium, white
shaded pink, single; Blanchette, medium, self white, single;
Briar Rose, medium, clear pink, single; Cleopatra, large,
cherry-red, petals creped, single to double; Hebe, medium,
deep rose-pink, single; Judith, medium, clear pink, funnel-
form, single; Mino-no-yuki, large, self white, irregular
double; Tanya, medium, deep rose, single.
Thea: Thea sinensis.
CAMOfiNSIA. Legwninosse. Trop. African
woody climbers with digitately 3-parted Ivs.,
papilionaceous fls., and flattened pods; one
species planted in tropics and intro. in S. Calif.
maxima. Lfta. obovate, to G in. long, shining: fls. white,
to 4 in. across, petals frilled and edged with gold: pods to
8 in. long.
CAMPANULA. BELLFLOWER. Campanu-
lacese. Many herbs, arm., bien., per., prized for
the erect, declined or drooping bright fls. which
are usually in shades of violet although com-
monly called blue: Ivs. alternate or sometimes
only radical, of various shapes and sizes: corolla
gamopetalous, mostly bell-shaped but some-
times rotate, lobes normally 5 or sometimes
more numerous in cult.; stamens 5 on appressed
broad-based filaments, soon collapsing, much
exceeded by the style which is 3- or 5-lobed: fr.
a caps, opening at bottom or top. Species
perhaps 300, mostly in northern hemisphere
from low lands to mts. and far northwards.
Bellflowers are popular for the flower-garden, rock-
garden and borders, and C. < Rapunculua is known as a
vegetable, the roots and lea'vea being eaten as a salad.
The perennial species are propagated by seeds under
glass and transplanted to the open after danger of frost is
over, and by cuttings and division; seeds arc sometimes
so\vn in summer to produce blooming plants the following
season, and this is the procedure with the biennials as
Canterbury bells. A covenng of leaves is good winter
protection in the North. Many choice montane species well
adapted to rock-gardening are not yet in circulation in
North America The annuals are propagated by seed sown
out-of-doors or under glass. In the following account, the
species are perennial unless otherwise stated. In this
enumeration the flowers may be called "blue," as is the
custom, but are probably prevailingly in tones of violet.
abietina. Diffuse but essentially erect, to 2 ft., glabrous,
not very leafy: Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate, crenate to entire:
fls. toward top of st.; erect or ascending, 1 m. or more long,
deeply lobed, light violet. E. Eu.
acaulis: dwarf form of C. glomerata. _
acut&ngula: C. arvatica.
Adria. Recently proposed name for the cult, garganica-
fenestrellala complex, assumed to be hybrids. Another view,
supported by European authors, is that the native plants
of this group sometimes separated under binomials are only
variables of a single widespread species. See C. Elatines.
affinis: listed name of garden plants that may not be
the C, affinis of botanists which ia probably not in regular
cult. here.
Airoon. Small, about 1 ft., with basal rosette, glabrous:
radical Ivs. spatulate and obtuse, st.-lvs. triangular-lan-
ceojate: fls. pale blue, erect, in a panicle, long-bell-ehaped.
Mts., Greece. x
alaskana: C. rotundifolia var. K
albescens: listed name.
Campanula
135
Campanula
alliariaef&lia (C. lamii folia) . Erect, to 3 ft. and more,
pubescent: Ivs. soft-pubescent, cordate-ovate to almost
reniform: fls. white, in long raceme-like spikes, about 1 in.
long, calyx-lobes auricled. Caucasus, Asia Minor.
Allidnii (C. alpestns). Very dwarf, usually only 2-3 in.
high: Ivs. linear to very narrowly oblong: fls. single on each
st., erect or declined, blue or white, the broad corolla about
1 % in. long. Mts., 8. France, Italy.
alpestris: C. Allionii.
alpina. Dwarf, usually not exceeding 6 in.: Ivs. linear to
narrowly oblanceplate, hairy: fls. few to each st., deep blue,
declined or nodding, about % in. long. Eu., in Alps and
Carpathian Mts.
amabilis: C, phyctidocalyx.
americana. Tall, even sometimes to 6 ft., glabrous or
hairy: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, serrate: fls. small,
H-% in. long, blue or white. E. N. Amer. in shady places;
ann. or bien.
ardonensis. Small and slender, with grass-like foliage,
cespitose: Ivs. linear or filiform, sparsely serrate: fls. deep
blue, solitary on st. scarcely surpassing radical Ivs. Cau-
casus.
arv&tica (C. acutangula). Low, with partly prostrate
leafy sts. that rise only 2 or 3 in.: basal Ivs. small, about
^j in. long and usually somewhat broader, st.-lvs. narrower:
fls few to a st., violet to light purple, 1 in or more across.
Mts., N. Spam. — Once confused with Wahlenbergia hed-
eracea.
asiatica: garden name.
fittica: C. drabi folia.
Aucheri. Small, pubescent, in clumps, 4-5 in. tall: Ivs.
lanceolate to narrowly spatulate, dentate, 2-3 in. long: fls.
mostly solitary, large, violet-purple, about 1 in. across,
erect or spreading. Mts., Armenia, Caucasus, Persia.
azure a: C. rhomboidalis.
barbata. Low hairy plant, but sometimes reaching 18
in., the st. nearly or quite simple: basal Ivs. narrow-lan-
ceolate to oblanccolate, to 5 in. long: fls. near top of st.,
light lilac, about 1 in. long. Mts., Eu. Var. alba is listed.
Barbeyi: C. Elatines var.
bavirica: C. Portenschlagiana.
Bell&rdii: apparently not in cult., the plants so named
probably being C. csespitosa or C. cochlean/oha.
bellidifdlia: confused name; the plant intended in cult,
is probably C. patula or C. Aucheri.
betonicaefdlia. Bien. to 2^ ft., soft-pubescent: Ivs.
ovate-oblong, to 1 in. or more, crenate: fls. blue or bluish,
about 1 in. long, narrow-bell-shapcd. Mts., Greece.
bo no ni 6ns is. Erect, glabrous to caneacent, often 3 ft.
tall: Ivs. broad-lanceolate to long-ovnte, light colored
underneath, 2-3 in. long: fls light purplish, spreading or
drooping, 1 in. or less long, in long racemes. E. Eu., S. W.
Asia.
caespitosa. Low, tufted, 3-6 in., erect, foliage glabrous
and mostly basal and low down on st.' Ivs. nearly or quite
linear, radical ones ovate or broader and tapering to a short
petiole: fls. ascending or declined, narrow-bell-shaped, lobes
very short, blue, or var. filba white. Eu. — Often confused
with C. cochleari folia.
calaminthif61ia. Pubescent, 6-10 in, sts. simple and
bearing 3-5 fls.: Ivs. thickish, the radical ones oblong-
spatulate and obtuse and nearly entire, the cauline ones
ovate-orbicular: fls. about Yi in. long, blue, corolla narrow
and tomentose. Greece.
calycanthema: race of C. Medium.
canarina: listed name; perhaps Canarina campanulata.
carnica. Low, slender, glabrous, 6-8 in.: early lower
Ivs. broad and obtuse and long-petioled with crenate margin,
other Ivs. linear and entire or remotely notched: fls. solitary
or very few to each st., mostly upright but sometimes
declined, blue, bell-shaped, lobes very short, very narrow
calyx-lobes reflexed. S. Eu. — Plants grown under this
name are likely to be C. rotundifolia.
carp&tica. TUSSOCK B. Glabrous, making leafy clumps or
tussocks above which are borne the fls., few to a st. or
solitary, that stand erect, broad-bell-shaped to almost
saucer-shaped, about 1^ in. across, in bright violet to
white or wnitish: Ivs. ovate, 1^ in. long, dentate. E. Eu. —
Common hardy summer-blooming plant in cult., in several
statures and tints, as vars. Alba, caerulea, coelestina,
grandifldra, nana, pfillida, turbinata, the last with more
decumbent^sts. and top-shaped fls.
cashmiriana. Sts. zigzag or flexuous: Ivs. oblong, entire
or nearly so, hairy: fls. bright blue, to 1 in. across. India.
C6cilii; C. propinqua var. grandiflora.
celtidifdlia: C. lactiftora.
cenfsia. To 2 in., tufted: Ivs. obovate, \i in. long, entire
and ciliate: fls. deep blue, to H in. long, solitary, erect. Alps.
Cervicaria. Bien. to 30 in., hairy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate
to linear, to 6 in. long, toothed: fls. blue, H in. long, in
axillary and terminal bracted heads. Eu.
cochlearifdlia (C. pusilla). Little nearly or quite gla-
brous open-growing plant 2-8 in. high: radical Ivs. cordate-
ovate to nearly reniform, not tapering to the very long
petiole: fls. solitary or several on a st., mostly inclined or
nodding, about H in. long, blue; also var. alba is listed.
Mts., Eu. — Tractable rock-garden plant; often confused
with C. csespitosa.
collma. Lightly hairy, 6-12 in.: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate,
the lower long-stalked: fls. several on a st., deep blue, in
few-fld. one-sided racemes. Caucasus.
cristallocalyx. Glabrous, stout, to 3 ft.: Iva. in rosette,
shining, broadly spatulate-oblong, crenate, those on st.
lanceolate or linear: fls. many in long racemes, blue, broad-
bell-shaped, lobed \i the length. S. E. Eu.— Probably a
form of C. persicifotia.
dahurica: C. glomerata var.
dasy&ntha: C. pilosa.
dichroa'ntha: listed.
divaricata (C. flexuosa). Much branched, to 3 ft., gla-
brous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sharp-toothed, to 3 in. long:
fls. pale blue, H in. long, nodding, in compact panicles.
Va. to Ga. and Tenn.
drabifolia (C. atticd). Ann. to 6 in., hairy: Ivs. oval-
oblong, to H in. long, toothed: fls. blue with white tube,
to % in. long, solitary. Greece, Asia Minor.
Elatmes. Plant slender, spreading, more or less vine-
like, sts. ascending at ends to 6 or 8 in. and somewhat
hairy to almost glabrous: lower Ivs. cordate-ovate, very
sharply long-toothed: fls. several or many, azure, nearly
rotate (wide open), ty in. or more across. S. Eu. — Variable
group in the Adriatic region and eastward. The garden
plants representing this species are not closely definable,
although botanical varieties are distinguished; it the grower
does not care to separate these vars he may call the cult,
group Campanula Adria. The species itself, C. Elatines,
may not be much in cult. Var. Barbeyi (C. Barbeyi).
Plant very green and glabrous: corolla violet-blue, lobed
H or more to the bottom; calyx-lobes ^ or more length
of corolla. Var. elatinoldes (C. elatinoides). Plant white-
tomentose, compact in growth, Ivs. thickish. Var. fen-
estrellata (C. fencstrellata) Plant glabrous and shiny:
Plant gray-pubescent: corolla light violet-blue, spreading,
with long lobes; style not much exserted; calyx-lobes jMj or
less as long as corolla. Var. istrlaca (C. istriacd). Plant
gray-pubescent or woolly: corolla lobed nearly to base,
lobes spreading or recurved; style much exserted; calyx-
lobes M or less length of corolla.
elatinoldes: C. Elatines var.
elegans. St. pubescent, 1 ft. or more, simple: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, entire, sessile, the lower ones broader and
subpetiolate: fls. interruptedly spicate; calyx-lobes very
narrow and as long as corolla. Siberia. — Plants cult, under
this name are likely to be C. rapunculoides.
ephesia. Erect, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, sinuate,
silvery-tomentose: fls. urn-shaped, pale lilac, lobes short
and blunt. Ephesus, Asia Minor.
Erinus. The name appears in hort. lists, probably in
confusion with C. Elatines. The true Erinus is perhaps not
in cult.: it is a thinly hairy ann. of S. Eu., erect, 6-15 in.:
Ivs. oblong and crenate-dentate: fls. very small and sessile
in clusters.
excisa. Slender little plant 4-6 in. tall, sts. glabrous: Ivs.
linear, and some of the lower ones narrow-spatulate and
toothed: fls. solitary or 2-3 to a st., nearly or quite erect,
violet, bell-shaped, about % in. long, lobes sharp, calyx-
lobes very narrow, shorter than corolla-tube. S. Eu.
exfgua. Diffuse, 2-6 in. high, more or less hispid: lys.
obovate to linear: fls. erect, few or several, light blue, H in.
or less long; calyx-lobes very narrow, prominent. Coast
ranges, Calif.
fenestrellata: C. Elatines var.
fiexudsa of Amer.: C. divaricata.
floridana (Rotantha floridana). Sts. weak, branched and
interlocking to make a ground-cover, 8-16 in. long, glabrous:
Ivs. elliptic to oblanceolate, shallowly crenate, about 1 in.
or less long: fls. rotate, violet, % in. across, lobes very
narrow. Low lands, Fla., and has been brought into cult.
Fonnanekiana. Erect to 2 ft. or so but a dwarf form does
not develop the main st., dying after blooming which may
be the second year from seea or later: lower Ivs. in a rosette,
silvery, long and narrow, cauline Ivs. much smaller and
nearly covered by the white horizontal or ascending tubular-
bell-shaped large showy fls. with short reflexed lobes.
Macedonia.
Campanula
136
Campanula
fragilis. Large-fld., vine-like, late-blooming, to 6 in.,
with trailing sts. to 16 in.: Ivs. round-cordate to ovate-
lanceolate, toothed, the lower long-stalked: fls. purplish-
blue with white center, 1 ^ in. across, in corymbs. Italy.
Franchetii: listed name.
garganica: C. Elatines var.
glomerata. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long, toothed,
the basal long-stalked: fls. blue or white, to 1 in. long, often
double, in dense clusters. Eu., Asia. Var. acaulis (nano)
has sts. to 5 in. high. Var. dahurica has clusters 3 in. across.
Var. superba has deep violet fls. in large clusters.
grandifl&ra: C. persicifolia var.
grandis: C. latiloba.
Grdssekii. To 2% ft., stiff-hairy: Ivs. ovate, basal ones
very broad and coarsely toothed: fls. violet, large, in long
racemes, with appendages or wings and stiff hairs on
calyx-tube. S. Eu. — See C. Trachelium.
haylogensis: listed name.
Hdstii: C. rotundifolia var.
imeretlna. To 6 in., branching: Ivs. obovate. narrowed
into winged petiole, 1 in. long: fls. violet-blue, ft in- long.
Caucasus.
imperialis rosea: hort. name.
incana: listed.
incurva. Erect, 12-18 in , pubescent, dying after seeding:
Ivs in rosette cordate or remform, crenate, those on st.
cordate-ovate: fls. pale blue, erect, 2 in. long, stigmas 3.
Greece.
isophylla. Sts. trailing, making good basket-plant: Ivs.
cordate-ovate, to 1^ in. long, the lower long-stalked: fls.
pale blue, saucer-shaped, 1 in. across, solitary, numerous.
Italy. Var. alba has white fls. Var. Mayi has larger white-
hairy Ivs. and bigger fls.
istriaca: C. Elatines var.
kewensis. Hybrid between C. arixitica and C. excisa:
3-4 m., glabrous or neai ly so: Ivs. small, narrow, the lower
ones notched: fls single terminating branches, not nodding,
about ^ in. across, deep violet.
Kladniana. Small plant with look of C. rotundifolia but
st.-lvH. broader, radical Ivs. oblong or elliptic rather than
rounded, sts. 3-10 in. high: fls largo for size of plant, about
1 in. across, dark violet. E. Eu.
kolenatiana. To 9 in.: Ivs. ovate, toothed, 1 in. long:
fls. bluish-violet, 1 in. long, nodding, in racemes. Caucasus.
lactifldra (C. celtidi folia) . To 4 ft. or more: Ivs. oval-
oblong, to 3 in long, toothed: fls. milk-white (var. &lba)
or pale blue (var. caerulea), 1 in. long, in terminal panicles.
Caucasus.
lamiifblia: C. alharise folia.
lanata. Erect to 2 or even 3 ft., leafy: Ivs. pubescent and
silky-hairy, lower ones cordate, upper ones broadly ovate:
fls. large, white or pale yellow, terminal and axillary,
narrow-bell-shaped, more than 1 in. long, not drooping.
S E. Eu — Probably C. velutina is a form of this species.
lasiocarpa. Small, 3-0 in , nearly glabrous: Ivs. spatulate,
obovate to linear, to 1 ?4 in. long, sharp-toothed: fls. blue,
to 1 in long, solitary, fragrant, calyx-lobes toothed. N.
N. Arncr., N. Asia.
latifdlia. To 4 ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 6 in. long,
toothed, the lower long-stalked: fls. purplish-blue, IJ^ in.
long, solitary Eu., Asia. Var. filba has white fls.; var.
caerulea blue; vnr. eriocarpa, calyx hairy; var. macrantha
(C. macrantha), fls to 2 J^ in. long.
latfloba (C. grandis). To 4 ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 6 in. long, toothed: fls. blue, to 2 in. across, solitary or
clustered, with 3 long styles. Caucasus. Var. alba has white
fls.
Laurii (Loreyi): C. ramosissima.
Ledtweinii. The true species, from Greece, appears not
to be in cult. here. C. incurva, has been mistaken for it, and
C. Grossekii and C. rapunculoides have been grown under
the name.
lingulata. Bien. to 15 in., bristly-hairy: Ivs. oblong-
spatulate, wavy-toothed: fls. violet, in sessile terminal and
axillary strongly bracted heads. S. E. Eu.
linifdlia. Erect, to 18 in., lightly pubescent to nearly
glabrous: st.-lvs. abundant, linear to linear-lanceolate,
2 in. or loss long, more or less crenate: fls. several to many,
violet, 2^-1 in. across. Eu.
longestyla. To 2*A ft., hairy: Ivs. oval to oblong, the
basal lobed and with winged petiole: fls. blue-purple,
constricted below middle, nodding. Caucasus. Var.
parvifldra has smaller fls.
longifdlia: C. speciosa.
Ldreyi: C. ramosisaima.
macrantha: C. latifolia var.
macrorrhlza. Tufted, with thick rootstocks: Ivs. ovate
to linear, toothed: fls. blue, solitary, erect. S. Eu.
macr6styla. Ann. to 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to
2 in. long, nearly entire: fls. purple, broad-bell-shaped, to
2^ in. across, solitary, erect, stigma to 1 in. long. Asia
Minor.
Marchesettii. Of the C. rotundifolia kind, and some of
the cult, stock may be that species: radical Ivs. less broad,
st.-lvs. very narrow-linear, erect: fls. few or several, not
hanging, narrow-bell-shaped, nearly 1 in. long. E. Eu.
Medium. CANTERBURY BELLS. Popular bien. to 4 ft.,
hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 10 in. long, toothed and wavy:
fls. violet-blue, 1 in. across, 1-2 together and forming open
racemes S. Eu. Color forms are vara. alba, caerulea and
rosea. Var. calycanthema has calyx resembling the corolla
in the Hose-in- Hose or Duplex race, and in the Cup-and-
Saucer race spreading or wheel-shaped. — All forms are
excellent for late spring and early summer bloom.
michauxioJdes. To 4 ft., hairy: Ivs. ovate-cordate to
oblong, coarsely toothed, the lower long-stalked: fls. pale
blue, nodding, in panicles. Asia Minor.
rnirabilis. To 1 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 6 in. long, coarsely
toothed, with winged petioles: fls. pale lilac, 2 in. across,
erect, numerous. Caucasus.
Mderheunii: C. persicifolia var.
m611is (C. velutina in part). Silvery-silky, 3-12 in. high:
Ivs. in the rosette spatulate and crenate, those on st. erect
and usually entire: fls. blue, wide open, about ^2 m. across,
stigmas 5. S. Eu. — C. incurva has been grown under this
name; also C. sarmatica and tiymphyandra pendula.
Morettiana. A very dwarf alpine in Eu., probably not
planted with us; plants grown under this name are similar
to C. hm folia.
muralis: C. Portenschlagiana.
nitida: listed name, application uncertain.
n6bilis: C. punctata.
oKmpica. Bien , slightly pubescent, sts. slender and
simple: radical Ivs. slender, obovate, lightly oreriate, cauhne
ones narrow-oblong to lanceolate: fls. solitary or in short
racemes, pale blue. Mt. Olympus, Greece. — Other plants
are grown under this name: see C. rotundifolia var. olympica.
Pallasiana: C. pilosa.
Pfirryi. Erect, 3-10 in., glabrous: Ivs narrow-lanceolate
or spatulate, upper onca linear, entire or slightly denticu-
late: fls. usually single?, erect, broad, about 1 in across,
violet. Rocky Mts., subalpme. — This is the C. planiflora
of American botanists.
patula. Erect, to 2 ft., much forking, sts. hispid on angles:
Ivs in rosette spatulate or oblanceolate, crenate, cauhne
Ivs. lanceolate to linear, sessile: fls. terminating slender
branches, very broad, sometimes 1*4 in. across, blue,
ctvlyx-lobes very long and spreading. S. Eu.
pentag6nia: Specular la pentagonia.
ptrsicifdlia. WILLOW B. Strong-growing, erect, stirfish,
usually unbranched, to 3 ft. and more, glabrous: Ivs. long,
narrowly oblanceolate to linear, entire, 4-8 in : fls. large,
1^ in. long and broad (larger in hort. vars ), blue. Eu.
Vars. alba fls. white, Backhouse! white, caerulea blue, fl6re-
pleno double, gigantda, grandifldra very large, humdsa
double, macrantha very large, M6erheimii double white,
Pfitzeri, splendida. — Favorite species.
petiolata. Slender, erect, glabrous, to 18 in.: Ivs. very
narrow, ascending, the radical ones broad-ovate: fls. several
on a st , blue, about 1 in. or less long. W. N. Amer. — Plant
so named in gardens may be incorrect.
petr&a. Bien. to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, toothed,
gray-hairy beneath: fls. pale yellow, M in. long, in dense
heads. S. Eu.
phyctidfcalyx (C. amabilis). Small plant, 1 ft. in its
native region, otherwise much resembling C. persicifolia
(which may be grown under this name) but calyx-teeth
much longer and acuminate, corolla smaller and short-bell-
shaped. S. W. Asia.
pildsa (C. dasyantha. C. Pallnsiana). Little rock-garden
pilose subject 3-9 in. high: lys. oblanceolate to narrow-
oblong, those on st. sessile: fl. single, large, 1 in. long, violet,
narrow-bell-shaped, lobes acute. N. Asia, Alaska.
Plperi. Small, tufted, 1-4 in. high in its native mts.,
glabrous, leafy: Ivs. short, more or less spatulate, serrate:
fls. 1-several, bright blue, corolla opening broadly. Olym-
pics, Wash.
planifldra: probably C. versicolor is meant; the American
planiflora is C. Parryi.
Portenschlagiana (C. muralis. C. bavarica). Related to
the Adria bellflowers and may he compared with the many
forms of C. Elatines: corolla bell-shaped, longer than broad,
to 1 in. long, lobes about H length ana outwardly curved.
Dalmatia.
Campanula
Poscharskyana. Allied to the Adria bellflowers, larger,
corolla cut % or more to base, broader than long, lobes
sharp and erect: fls. twice larger than in the C. Elatines
group. Dalmatia.
prenantholdes. Erect and slender, 1-3 ft., glabrous or
puberulent, not branched: Ivs. lance-ovate to lanceolate,
1 1^ in. or less long, dentate: fls. remotely racemose, corolla
H~M in. long, very narrow, style long-exserted. Calif., Ore.
primukefdlia. Erect, to 3 ft., hairy: Ivs. lanceolate to
oblong, coarsely toothed: fls. violet or purple, tomentose at
bottom, wheel-shaped, in close racemes. Portugal.
propinqua. Ann., hispid, 1 ft., forked: Ivs. oblong and
obtuse, entire or nearly so, upper ones sessile: fls. violet and
mauve, broad-campanulate. Var. grandifldra (C. Cecilii)
has large fls. 1 ^ in. long and somewhat broader. Armenia,
Persia.
pseudo-Raineri: name in hort. for a dwarf form of
C. carpatica.
pulch£rrima. Erect, nearly glabrous, 1-2 ft.: radical Ivs.
cordate-ovate, st.-lvs. lanceolate, all dentate: fls. violet,
sharply lobed half way down, in an axial raceme. Ap-
parently one of the C. rapunculoides variants.
pulla. Alpine, 2-6 in. high, erect, glabrous: Ivs. many,
ovate, blunt, crenate, 1 in. or less long: fls. solitary, dark
purple, bell-shaped, lobes short, nodding. S. E. Eu. —
Other species are grown under this name.
pulloides. Supposed hybrid between C. pulla and C.
carpatica var. turoinata: plants to 8 in. tall: fls. blue-purple,
very large and broad.
Pulsatilla: listed name.
punctata (C. nobihs). To 2 ft., hairy, showy: Ivs. ovate.
to 5 in. long, coarsely toothed, the lower long-stalked and
cordate: fls. many, white spotted inside or lilac-blue in
"Marian Gehnng," 2 in. long, nodding, solitary. Asia.
pusflla: C. cochlean folia.
pyramidalis. CIIIMNKY B. Strict, to 5 ft., glabrous: Ivs.
ovate, 2 in. long, toothed, the lower long-stalked and cor-
date: fls. pale blue, 1 in. or more long, saucer-shaped, in
narrow racemose panicles. S. Eu. Var. alba has white fls.,
compacta a dwarf dense large-fld. form.
pyrave"rsi. Hybrid between C. pyramidalis and C. versi-
color (as the name suggests), shown in France in 1912, with
habit of the former: fls. close together in long spike-like
racemes, wide open and parted nearly to base, light violet
with dark ring in center. It does not follow that stock now
raised from seeds maintains the hybrid characteristics.
pyrenaica. Sts. simple, to 1 ft., soft-hairy: radical Ivs.
rounded and crenate, st.-lvs. lanceolate: fl. terminal, about
Min. long, corolla blue, scarcely longer than calyx-lobes.
yrenees, Balearic Isls.
Raddeana. To 1 ft., glabrous: Ivs. ovate, toothed, the
lower deeply cordate and long-stalked: fls. hanging, dark
purple, % in. long, solitary in axils. Caucasus.
Rained. Small, to 3 or 4 in., leafy, lightly hirsute: Ivs.
spatulate to oblanceplate, obtuse, crenate: fl. solitary, erect,
deep violet, 1-1 \i in. long, broad, lobes short. Alps, N.
Italy. — Plant bearing this name in cult is a dwarf compact
form of C. carpatica, and to this the var. alba also probably
belongs.(
radula. Low, 1 ft. or less, hispid, erect and stiffish: Ivs.
ovate, denticulate, the upper ones small and sessile: fls.
1-3 on branches of panicle, blue, corolla densely rough-
pubescent. S. W. Asia.
ramosissima (C. Loreyi). Ann. to 1 ft., nearly glabrous:
Ivs. obovate to lanceolate, to 2 in. long, toothed: fls. violet,
whitish at base, 1 in. across, saucer-shaped, solitary, erect.
S. E. Eu. Var. alba has white fls.
rapunculoides. ROVKR B. Vigorous persistent invading
plant often occupying the place in gardens of other bell-
flowers that have died out, and if roots or seeds are dis-
tributed confusion in names results: erect, to 3 ft., mostly
very lightly pubescent: radical Ivs. long-petioled, cordate-
ovate, acuminate, dentate, st.-lvs narrow-ovate to lanceo-
late and upper ones sessile: fls. many in a long raceme, hang-
ing or declined, 1 in. and more long, violet-purple, lobed
about half way down, calyx not hispid but perhaps thinly
pubescent. Eurasia; nat. about properties and along road-
sides, making large colonies; variable; spreading by stolons.
Ranunculus. RAMPION. To 3 ft., with thick tap-root,
usually bien.: basal Ivs. oval, to 8 in. long, longnstalked,
wavy-toothed, st.-lvs. linear-lanceolate: fls. lilac, ^ in. long,
in narrow racemes. Eu. — First-year roots and radical Ivs.
sometimes used as salad.
rhcmboidalis (C. azurea) . Erect, to 2 ft., nearly glabrous:
Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long, toothed: fls. purplish-blue, to 1 in.
long, nodding, in racemes, calyx glabrous. Eu. Var. alba
has white fls.
R6bsonii. Described as a hybrid between C. carpatica
var. turbinata and C. Scheuchzeri, with deep blue fls.
rotundifdlia. HAREBELL. Erect, or spreading at base,
137 Campanula
simple or branched, mostly glabrous, to 1^ ft., slender:
basal Ivs. ovate or orbicular, 1 in. across, long-stalked, st.-
lvs. linear or lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. bright blue, to
1 in. long, in loose racemes or in some forms solitary. Eu.,
Asia, N. Amer. Var. alaskana (C. alaskana) is leafy to top,
corolla 1 in. or more long, bright violet. Var. arctica, a
stiffer or rigid little plant with 1 or few fls. to st., in high N.
Var. Hdstii has larger fls. Var. soldanellseflora has fls.
partially double and the corolla split into shreds. Other
listed garden vars. are alba, arcuata, Baumgartenii, coeles-
tina, grandifldra, Marchesiana, olympica (not C. olympica),
Rdbsonii (see C. Robsonii), sup6rba.
rup6stris: confused name in the trade; perhaps the true
plant of Greece is not cult, with us.
salicifdlia: dubious name in hort., probably not a
Campanula.
sarmatica. Soft-hairy and grayish, 1-2 ft., erect, mostly
not branched: radical Ivs. hastate-lanceolate, 3 in. long,
unequally dentate, st -Ivs. oblong: fls. nodding in raceme,
violet, about 1 in. long, lobes curving. Caucasus. Var.
Watkinsii is listed. — Sometimes labelled C. molhs.
Sart&ri. Velutinous, 6-10 in., st. somewhat fleshy: Ivs.
very small, orbicular: fls. white, narrow-bell-shaped, hairy
outside, much like those of C. Portenschlagiana. Greece.
saxatilis. Bien., tufted, to 6 in.: basal Ivs. in rosettes,
oblong-spatulate, to 2 in. long, toothed: fls. lilac, % in.
long, in 2-5-fld. racemes. Crete. — C. alliarisefolia has been
distributed under this name.
Saxifraga. To 6 in. : Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, nearly
entire, ciliate: fls. violet, to 1 in. long, solitary. Caucasus.
scabr€lla. Sts. many, 2-4-fld. and 2-5 in. tall, puberulent
to glabrous: radical Ivs. spatulate, upper ones linear: fls.
blue, more erect than in C. uniflora, to which it may be
referred, and larger. Mts., Calif, northward.
Scheuchzeri. Low, to 6 or 12 in., usually thinly pubes-
cent: lower Ivs. lance-linear, upper ones very narrow: fls.
large, to 1 in. long, bell-shaped, blue. Mts., Eu., Asia.
Scouleri. Low soft plant, 3-12 in., making offshoots at
base, leafy, glabrous or nearly so: Ivs. ovate to oblong, upper
ones linear, serrate: fls. small, J^ in. long, drooping, pale
blue. Woods, Calif, northward.
sibirica. Bien. or per to 1 J^ ft., bristly-hairy: Ivs.
obovate and crenulate, those on st. lance-acuminate: fls.
violet, 25 or more m a panicle, drooping. Eu., Asia. Var.
filba is listed. — Variable.
spathulata: name of doubtful botanical meaning.
speci&sa (C. longifolia). To 1 ft., very hairy: Ivs. oblong-
to linear-lanceolate, toothed: fls. blue, 1 in. long, solitary
in the axils and forming a pyramidal raceme. S. Eu.
spectabilis: hort. name.
Speculum: Specularia Speculum- Veneris.
spicata. Bien. to 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
nearly entire: fls. blue, in a long interrupted spike. Eu.
Spruneriana (C. Spruneri). Sts. erect and slender, 8-14
in., usually long-forked, glabrous: Ivs. obovate, the upper
ones lanceolate or narrower, sessile: fls. terminal, bell-
shapod, nearly or quite 1 in. long, blue, corolla lobed ^ way
down, calyx-lobes slender and long. S. E. Eu.
Stansfieldii. Supposed hybrid, perhaps between C.
carpatira and C. Waldstciniana; described as a creeper with
deep purple fls.
stenocddon. Similar to C. rotundifolia but more slender,
with narrower st.-lvs. and tubular rich lilac-purple fls.
Alps.
Stevenii. Low, in clumps or mats, with ascending sts.:
Ivs. oblong-spatulate, entire or crenate, those on sts. linear:
fls. purple-blue, 1-4 on a st. Caucasus, Siberia, in mts.
Var. alba is listed.
strigosa. Ann., white-setose, erect, forking above: Ivs.
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile: corolla glabrous,
twice or more as long as calyx. S. W. Asia.
subpyren&ica. Per.: Ivs. long and narrow, curving out'
ward: fls. blue or white, in racemes, larger than C. persici-
*olia and having a bigger hairy calyx. Montserrat, N. E.
Spain.
thessala. Decumbent, gray-pubescent: basal Ivs. oblong,
? innate or pinnately lobed, st.-lvs. toothed: fls. pale violet,
in. long, in loose racemes. Thessaly.
thessalica, thessal6nica: listed; probably C. thessala.
thyrsoides. Erect unbranched very leafy bien., 6-30 in.,
hairy: Ivs. long-lanceolate or narrower, ascending, sessile:
fls. creamy or yellowish, in a dense bracted spike. Eu. Vars.
carni6Uca and lutea are listed.
Tommasiniana. Sts. 6-15 in. long, strict at first, be-
coming diffuse or lopping over rocks, glabrous: Ivs. lanceo-
late or narrower, about % in. long, tapering both ways,
crenate: fls. violet, $•£ in. long, mostly drooping, narrow,
lobes blunt and very short. Istria. — It has been confused
Campanula
138
Canaigre
with C. Walhteinuina of Croatia but that plant has fls.
sharply lobed half way down and the lower Ivs. are obtuse
and apparently not in cult, with us.
Trachdlium. To 3 ft., rough-hairy: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, coarsely toothed, the lower long-stalked: fla.
blue-purple, to 1 in. long, sometimes double, nodding, in
loose racemes. Eu., Asia; escaped in N. Amer. Var. dlba
has white fls — Sometimes grown as C. Orossekii, but it
has no appendages on calyx-tube.
tridentata. To 5 in.: Ivs. oblong to linear, cihate, entire
except the 3-toothed apex: fls. deep blue, solitary. Asia
Minor.
tubulosa. Bien., soft-pubescent, 1 ft. or less, sparsely
branched: radical Ivs. ovate-oblong and dentate, those on
st. ovate-lanceolate: fls. 1-3, corolla tubular and pubescent
outside Crete.
turbinata: C. carpatica var.
uligindsa. Very weak branching plant, sts. 1-2 ft. long:
Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, pointed, 1-2 in. long: fls.
blue, about H m. across, deeply lobed. Moist land, Ind.
and Neb. northward.
unifldra. St. simple, nearly or quite glabrous, 1-fld.,
(j in. or less high: Ivs. linear-oblong, blunt, practically en-
tire: fls. erect, calyx turbinate, corolla about % in. long,
blue. High N. and on mts., Eu. and N. Amer.
Van Houttei. Garden plant described in France in
1878 with aspect of C. nobihs (punctate) of which it may be
a hybrid: radical Ivs. usually more or less lobed, st.-lys.
oval-lanceolate, toothed: fls. blue or violet, more than 2 in.
long.
velutina: probably C. lanata is usually meant.
versfcolor. To 4 ft., glabrous: Ivs. ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, toothed, the lower long-stalked: fls pale blue
with violet throat, in long spike-like racemes. Greece.
villicaulis: plants grown under this name may be C.
punctata.
Vidalii. To 2 ft., glabrous and clammy: Ivs. oblong, to
4 in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. white with yellow base, 2 in.
long, nodding, in short racemes. Azores.
Waldsteiniana: see under C. Tommasiniana.
warley6nsis and var. filba: garden forms.
W6ckii. Dwarf, 2-5 in., glabrous: Ivs. ^ in. long more
or less, oblong and tapering both ways, crenate: fls. lavender,
erect, small, deeply lobed.
Zdysii. To 4 in., tufted, the sts. few-fld.: Ivs. ovate or
obovate, entire, those on st. becoming oblanceolate: fls.
pale blue, mostly terminal on 1-fld. peduncles, the corolla
cylindrical and constricted at apex. Austria, alpine.
CAMPANULACE-flS. BELLFLOWER FAMILY.
Probably 40 genera of widely distributed herbs,
shrubs or trees, with usually alternate simple
Ivs., bisexual mostly showy fls. prevailingly in
blue, and having gamopetalous 5-lobed corolla.
5 stamens, mostly inferior 1-5-celled ovary, and
fr. a dehiscent caps, or sometimes berry-like.
Several herbaceous genera are flower-garden
subjects, as Adenophora, Campanula, Canarina,
Codonopsis, Cyananthus, Edraianthus, Jasione,
Michauxia, Ostrowskia, Phyteuma, Platycodon,
Spccularia, Symphyandra, Trachelium, Wahlen-
bergia. For the most part they are of simple
cultural requirements.
CAMPANULATE: bell-shaped.
CAMPE: Barbarea.
C AMPHORA OFFICINARUM: Cinnamomum Can*
phora .
CAMPHOR6SMA. Chenopodiacex. Small
shrubs or herbs with camphor-like odor, native
in Eu., Asia and Afr., haying needle-like Ivs.
and small fls. in dense spikes toward ends of
branches; iritro. in Calif.
monspeliaca. Hairy subshrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. clustered:
fls whitish, solitary in the axils and forming leafy spikes.
Medit. region.
CAMPHOR-TREE: Cinnamomum Camphora.
CAMPION: Lychnis, Silene.
CAMPSfDIUM. Bignvniacese. Evergreen
climbing shrubs with pinnate Ivs., orange
tubular 5-lobed fls. in terminal racemes, and
narrow capsular frs.; grown out-of-doors in
S. U. S. Propagated by cuttings of green wood
under glass.
valdividnum. Lvs. of 11-13 oval-oblong sessile Ifts. to
1H in. long, toothed at tip: fls. 1^ in. long, the racemes
drooping: caps, to 4 in. long. Chile.
CAMPSIS. TRUMPET-CREEPER. Bignoniaceae.
Two shrubs climbing by aerial rootlets, having
deciduous pinnate Ivs. with toothed Ifts., orange
or scarlet funnelforrn fls. in late summer with
spreading 5-lobed limb, and fr. a long dehiscent
caps.
The trumpet-creepers thrive in fertile soil in sunny
locations. C. radicans is fairly hardy North and both species
do well in southern United States. Propagated by seeds,
cuttings of green wood under glass, layers, and cuttings of
mature wood or roots.
chine'nsis: C. grandiflora.
grandifldra (C. chinensis. Bignonia chinensis. Tecoma
and Bignonia grandiflora). CHINESE T. Lvs. of 7-9 ovate
or ovate-lanceolate glabrous Ifts. to 2i£ in. long: fls. scar-
let, to 3 in. across, the tube only slightly longer than the
deeply 5-lobed calyx. China.
hybrida: C. Tagliabuana.
radicans (Bignonia and Tecoma radicans). TRUMPET-
VINE. Lvs. of 9-11 oval Ifts. to 2% in. long, pubescent at
least on midrib beneath: fls. orange with scarlet limb 2 in.
across, the tube 3 in. long, about 3 times as long as short-
toothed calyx. Pa. to Fla. and Tex. Var. flava (var.
aurea), fls. orange-yellow.
Tagliabuana (C. hybrida. Bignonia and Tecoma Pnncei).
Hybrid between C. grandiflora and C, radicans with fls. to
3 m. long and 2 in. across.
CAMPTOSORUS. WALKING-FERN. Poly-
podiacese. Hardy small ferns with simple long-
pointed fronds that root at the tip and therefore
are called "walking fern" or "walking leaf";
sori linear or oblong, irregularly scattered; 2
species, the native one, growing usually on
lime-bearing rocks, used somewhat in rock- and
wild-gardens; the other is N. Asian.
rhizophyllus. Fronds evergreen, to 9 in. long, heart-
shaped at base, tapering to a long often thread-like point.
Que. to Ga., Ala. and Okla.
CAMPTOTHfeCA. Nyssacese. One decidous
tree native in China and intro. into S. Calif.
C. acuminata. To 75 ft., quick-growing, with
pale gray smooth bark: Ivs. alternate, ovate,
to 6 in. long: fls. small, polygamous, in
heads which are solitary or racemose, the white
stamens long-exserted : fr. a samara about 1 in.
long, brown and shining.
CAMPYLANTHUS. Scrophulariacex. Small
shrubs of serni-trop. regions, having alternate
fleshy Ivs. and tubular fls. in terminal racemes.
About 8 species are known of which one from
the Canary Isls., C. salsoloides is cult. Lvs.
oblanceolate to lanceolate, to 1 in. long, entire,
glabrous: fls. in racemes to 4 in. long, sticky-
pubescent, on recurved pedicels. Var. p£ndulus
is listed, but may not differ from type.
CAMPYLOBOTRYS: Hoffmannia Ghiesbreghtii.
CAMPYLONEURON: Polypodium Phyllitidis.
CAMPYL6TROPIS. Leguminosx. Deciduous
shrubs and subshrubs of Asia distinguished
from Lespedeza by the pedicels mostly solitary
in the axils of usually deciduous bracts and
jointed below the calyx "rather than usually 2
in the axils of persistent bracts and not jointed.
macrocarpa (Lespedeza macrocarpa. L. chinensis. L.
ciliata). To 3 ft.: Ifts. 3, oblong, to 2 in. long, not pointed,
silky/ underneath: fls. purple, about ^ in. long, in attractive
racemes. China; hardy N.
CAMWOOD: Baphia raccmosa. *>
CANAIGRE: Rumex hymenosepalus.
Canaliculate
139
Canndbis
CANALICULATE: channelled,
groove.
CANANGA (Canangium). Annonacex. Ma-
layan trees with alternate simple Ivs., large fls.
in axillary clusters, and fr. of many oblong
fleshy carpels; one species is grown for ornament
and for the perfume derived from the fls. It
requires a warm or trop. climate.
odorata. YLANQ-YLANG To 80 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to
8 in. long: fls. greenish or yellowish, drooping, very fragrant,
with narrow petals to 2 in. long: fr. greenish, 1 in. long.
CANANGIUM: Cananga.
CANARlNA. Cam,pamdacese. Bellflower-like
per. herbs that differ from Campanula in pro-
ducing a berry rather than a dry caps, and fl.
parts in 6's; native in Canary Isls. and Afr.
They may be grown in a cool greenhouse or in
the S. perhaps with protection.
Campanula: C. campanula ta.
campanulata (C. Campanula). St. slender, 6-8 ft.,
semi-scandent, nearly or quite glabrous, arising from a
tuber: Ivs. opposite or ternate, petioled, narrowly ovate-
oblong, lobecl at base and notched on margins, blade about
3 in. long: fls. solitary on axis and branches, open-bell-
shaped, about 2 in. long, yellowish overlaid with brick-red
or purplish-brown. Canaries.
Eminii. Lvs. ovate, about 2 in. or less long, not decidedly
lobed at base but notched: fls. 2^ in. long and broad, open-
bell-shaped, orange-yellow with red lengthwise nerves.
Trop. E. Afr.
CANARY-BIRD-FLOWER: Tropseolum peregrinum.
CANAVALIA. Leguminosse. Trop. herbs or
sts. somewhat woody, twining or nearly erect,
with pinnate Ivs. of 3 Ifts., papilionaceous fls.
in axillary racemes, and large nat woody pods
strongly ribbed near upper margin.
Sometimes grown for ornament in warm countries, as
stock feed, a green-manure crop, and the beans for human
food. Adapted to about the same climatic conditions as
cotton and require a long season. Seeds should be planted
6 to 12 inches apart in rows 3 feet apart.
ensif6rmis. JACK BEAN. Ann., partially erect, to 4 ft.:
fls. purple: pods to 14 in. long, with white seeds. W.
Indies.
ffladiata. SWORD BEAN. Twining: pods to 12 in. long,
with seeds usually red, pink or brown. Tropics of Old
World.
CANDELILLA: Euphorbia antisyphilitica.
CANDLE-BERRY-TREE: Aleuntes moluccana.
-Plant: Kleinia articulata. -Tree: Parmentiera cereifera.
CANDLENUT: Aleuntes moluccana.
CAND<5LLEA. DUleniace^. Shrubs or herbs
with alternate simple Ivs. and mostly yellow fls.
few or solitary at ends of branches, the parts
mostly in 5's; grown in S. Calif, or sometimes
under glass.
cuneifdrmis (Hibbertia cuneiformis) . Shrub to 6 ft.:
Ivs. oblong, 1 in. long, toothed at apex: fls. ^ in. or more
long, solitary and sessile. Australia.
CANDYTUFT: Iberia.
CANE, DUMB: Dieffenbachia Seguine. Southern:
Arundinaria gigantea.
CANELLA. Canellaces?. One evergreen tree
of S. Fla. and W. Indies. C. Winterana (C.
alba). WILD CINNAMON. To 45 ft., of ten shrubby,
with gray aromatic bark: Ivs. oblanceolate or
rtulate, to 4 in. long, obtuse, shining above:
purple, red or violet, to % in. long, in corymbs,
anthers yellow: fr. a crimson berry J^ in. across.
CA2S(ELLACE-fl2. CANELLA FAMILY. Five
genera of aromatic trees or shrubs native in
trop. Amer. and Afr., having alternate entire
Ivs., bisexual fls. of 3 sepals, 4-12 or no petals,
many stamens with filaments united in tube,
superior 1-celled ovary, and fr. a berry. Canella
may be grown in S. Fla. or S. Calif.
with a longitudinal CANESCENT: gray-pubescent and hoary, or becoming
CANISTEL: Lucuma neroosa.
CANfSTRUM. Bromeliacese. Brazilian ter-
restrial or epiphytic herbs with Ivs. in a basal
rosette and green, yellow or blue fls. in heads or
spikes subtended by colored bract-lvs.; occasion-
ally cult, in the greenhouse. Cult, as for Bromelia.
amaz6nicum (Nidularium amazonicum) . Lvs. to 1^$
ft. long and 3 in. wide, finely toothed, brownish: fls. green-
ish-white, in dense heads.
aurantiacum. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 2 in. wide, finely
toothed, spotted with dark green when young: fls. orange-
yellow, in dense heads, the inner bract-lvs. bright red.
Lindenii (Nidularium Lindenii). Lvs. to 2 ft. long and
3 in. wide, finely toothed, green spotted with darker green:
fls. pure white, in dense heads.
CANNA, Cannacex. Striking tall erect
tender per. herbs with thick branching root-
stocks and mostly simple main sts., grown
usually in masses and lines for foliage effect
and the showy terminal fl. -clusters; botanical
characters of the family (Cannacese); native
in tropics and subtropics. They reach 2% to
10 ft. in height, bearing large simple ivs. that
are sometimes bronzy. Few of the original
species are in common cult., those known to
hort. being hybrid or other derivatives.
Of easy cultivation in fertile moist deeply-prepared soil:
in the North, cannas should not be planted out until all
danger of frost is past. In spring, old roots sh ould be divided
before planting; for mass effects, plants may stand 12-24
inches apart. In autumn the roots should be dug and stored
over winter in a warm dry place. The usual method of
rapid multiplication is by division of the roots, each piece
having a bud. These pieces should be started in heat in
early April, covering them 2 or 3 inches in loose soil. Also
propagated by seed sown in flats or pots in February and
March and grown over heat; the seedlings usually bloom
the first year; new varieties are obtained this way. To
hasten germination, seeds may be soaked in warm water
before sowing, or the seed-coat notched or filed.
edulis. EDIBLE C. Bearing edible tubers which are cult,
under the name "Tous-Jes-m ois" : to 10 ft., at. purple: Ivs.
to 2 ft. long, purplish beneath: fls. bright red, 3 upper
staminodia varying to orange and 2^ in long. W. Indies,
S. Amer.
flaccida. To 5 ft., st. green: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 5 in.
wide: fls. tubular at base, yellow, the petals strongly re-
flexed and the 3 staminodia to 3 in. long. S. C. to Fla. —
The most important parent of the orchid-fld. cannas.
gene rails. COMMON GARDEN C Varying in height and
color of foliage but usually glaucous: fls. not tubular at
base, in many colors, to 4 in. across, with commonly 4 erect
staminodes, and petals not reflexing. Of garden origin .—
The original Crozy or French cannas are incorporated in
this group.
glauca. To 6 ft., st. glaucous: Ivs. 1^£ ft. long and 4 in,
wide, white-edged: fls. yellow, sometimes spotted or tinged
with red in hort. forma, the 3 upper staminodia to 3 in. long.
Trop. Amer.
tndica. INDIAN SHOT. To 4 ft., st. preen: Ivs. to 1H in-
long and 8 in. wide: fls. bright red, the lip orange spotted
with red, 3 upper staminodia 2 in. long. Trop. Amer.;
spontaneous in 8. U. 8.
iridifldra. To 10 ft., st. green: Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 1^
ft. wide: fls. rose, drooping, the corolla-tube 2^ in. long.
Peru.
orchiddes. ORCHID-FLOWERED C. Foliage green or
bronzy: fls. tubular at base, yellow to red, striped and
splashed, to 6 in. across, with soft flowing outlines, the
petals reflexed after first day, having 5 staminodes. Of
garden origin. — To this group belong such varieties as
Italia and Austria.
Warscewfczii. To 5 ft., st. purplish or brown-purple:
Ivs. about twice as long as broad: fls. scarlet often tinged
with blue, the 2 or 3 upper staminodia to 3 in. long. Costa
Rica, S. Amer.
CANNABIS. Horaces. One variable ann.
herb native in temp. Asia and nat. in E. N.
Amer., grown for the fiber obtained from the
inner bark and used for cordage. C. sativa
(C. gigantea). HEMP. To 12 ft.: Ivs. alternate,
digitately divided into 3-7 narrow toothed Ifts.
Cannabis
to 9 in. long: staminate fls. in panicled racemes
to 1 ft. or more long; pistillate spikes short and
leafy: fr. a small achene.
The dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant have
been used as a narcotic in this country arid abroad and have
received considerable publicity under the names of mari-
juana, hashish, and bhang. The dried flowering tops of the
pistillate plants are very rich in the narcotic drug mari-
juana which, for medicinal purposes, is extracted with
alcohol and m the illicit narcotic trade pulverized and made
into the form of cigarettes or mixed with tobacco for the
same use. Three active ingredients, cannabmene, tenano-
cannabmene and cannabmol have been obtained from the
resinous exudate of the plant: the first two are alkaloids.
the last a dangerous narcotic glucoside. The principal
effects of the smoking of marijuana are due to changes in
the central nervous system in which it produces a mixture
of depression arid stimulation, the latter accompanied by
irrational hallucinations and incoordination of the loco-
motor muscular system of the body during which period
the subject is not responsible for his actions. Continual
use of the narcotic causes deterioration of the nervous
system.
Under the Federal Marihuana Tax Act (pnssed in 1937)
any person m the United Staten who cultivates the plants
or deals in them or thoir parts mast register with the
Federal Bureau of Narcotics and pay a tax.
140
Caragana
CANNA FAMILY. One trpp.
or subtrop. genus of some 30 species, haying
alternate entire Ivs. with sheathing petioles
and red or yellow fls. in terminal spikes, racemes
or panicles, of peculiar structure: sepals 3, small;
petals 3 and sepal-like, remaining erect or
reflexing; showy part of fls. represented by 2~5
petal-like staminodia, one reflexcd and forming
the lip; ovary inferior, 3-cclled: fr. a dry caps.
CANNON-BALL TREE: Couroupita {juiancnsis.
CANTALOUPE: Cttcumia Mclo; see Melon.
CANTERBURY BELLS: Campanula Medium.
CANTUA. Folemoniaccv. S. American shrubs
or small trees with opposite simple lys. and red,
violet or white long-tubular fls. in terminal
clusters; grown in a cool greenhouse or out-of-
doors in mild climates. Propagated by cuttings
under glass.
bf color. Similar to C. bun folia but with shorter Ivs. and
solitary fls. with a short yellow tube Peru.
buxifolia. Shrub to 10 ft : Ivs. 1 m or less long, entire:
fls. narrow, pinkish-red striped with yellow, to 3 in. or
somewhat more long, handsome. Peru, Bolivia, N. Chile.
CAOUTCHOUC TREE: Hevca brasiliensis ; see Cryp-
tostffjia.
CAPER-BUSH: Capparia spinoxa.
CAPILLARY: hair-like; very ^lender.
CAPITATE: headed; in heads; formed like a head; ag-
gregated into a very dense or compact cluster.
CAPNOIDES: Corydalis.
CAPOLLIN: Prunus Capuli.
CAPPARIDACE^. CAPER FAMILY. About
35 trop., subtrop. and temp, genera of herbs
and shrubs, sometimes trees, with simple or
palmately compound Ivs., mostly bisexual
irregular fls. witn 4-8 sepals and petals or rarely
petals lacking, 6 to many stamens, superior
sessile or stalked 1-celled ovary, and fr. a caps.
or berry. Capparis, Cleome and Polanisia are
known to hort.
CAPPARJS. Capparidacev. Shrubs or trees
with simple Ivs., large white fls. in corymbs, the
ovary long-stalked, and berry-like frs.; one
species grown for the flower-buds which are
pickled and sold as capers. Propagated by
cuttings in heat or by seeds. Not hardy N.,
but may be grown as annual.
rupe'stris: C. spinosa.
spinftsa (C. rupestris). CAPKR-BUHH. Spiny shrub to
3 ft.: Ivs. roundish, to 2 in. long: fls. about 1 in. long,
solitary on thick stalks. Medit. region. Var. inermis ia
unarmed.
CAPRIFOLlACE^. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
Thirteen widely distributed genera consisting
mainly of shrubby plants: Ivs. opposite, simple
or pinnate: fls. bisexual, with 4-5-toothed calyx,
gamopetalous 4r-5-lobed corolla, 4-5 stamens,
and inferior usually 1-5-celled ovary: fr. a berry,
drupe, achene or caps. The family furnishes
many very attractive ornamental plants in the
genera Abelia, Alseuosmia, Diervilla, Dipelta,
Kolkwitzia, Leycesteria, Linnaea, Lomcera,
Sambucus, Symphoricarpos, Triosteum, Vibur-
num, Weigela.
CAPRIOLA: Cynodon.
CAPSICUM. RED-PEPPER. Solanacex. Shrubs
but grown mostly as herbaceous annuals in the
N., much branching and glabrous: Ivs. simple
and entire: fls. small, white or greenish-white
sometimes tinged violet, corolla wheel-shaped:
fr. a pod-like many-seeded fleshy indehiscent
berry varying widely in size, shape, color and
pungency under cult. For cult, see Pepper.
abbrevi&tum: C. frutescens var.
&nnuum: C. frutescens.
baccatum: C. frutescens.
frut6scens (C. annuum. C. baccatum). Shrub to 8 ft.,
trunk becoming 3 in. through: Ivs. from 1-5 in. long: fls.
about ^2 in across: fr. variable, erect, declined or droop-
ing. Native in warm countries. The type of C. frutescena
is the BIRD PEPPER, with erect spherical or oblong fr. to
% in long, usually red The races with developed frs. may
be grouped as follows: Var. abbreviatum (C. abbrewatum).
Fr. ovoid, to 2 in long or less, usually rugose; grown for
ornament or pickling Var. cerasif6rme. CHERRY P. Fr.
erect or declined, spherical, to 1 in across, yellow or pur-
plish, very pungent. Var. conoides. CONE P. Fr. conical
or oblong-cylindrical, to 2 in. long, usually erect. Var.
fasciculaturn. RED CLUSTER P. Fr. erect, fascicled, very
slender, to 3 in. long, red, very pungent. Var. grdssum.
BELL or SWEET P. Tall, stout: fr. large and puffy with
depression at base, sides usually furrowed, oblong, bell-
shaped or apple-shaped, red or yellow, mild in flavor. Var.
16ngum. LONO P. Fr. mostly drooping, elongated to 1 ft
long, usually tapering to apex, often 2 in. across at base;
includes Long Red, Long Yellow, Chilli, Cayenne and
others.
CAPSULE: a dry fruit of more than one carpel, usually
opening at maturity; compound pod.
CARAGANA. PEA-TREE. PEA-SHRUB. Le-
guminossp. Shrubs or small trees mostly from
Cent. Asia, with deciduous pinnate Ivs., papil-
ionaceous mostly yellow fls. borne singly or in
few-fld. clusters, and linear cylindrical 1-celled
pods; grown for ornament, hardy in central
and northern states.
Pea-trees should be planted in sunny positions in sandy
soil. Propagated by seeds sown in fall, or in spring after
being soaked in warm water; by root-cuttings, layers, or
grafting on C. arborescens.
Altagana: C. microphylla.
arborescens. To 20 ft.: Ifts. 4-6 pairs, the stipules spiny
and much shorter than petioles: fls. yellow, calyx-teeth very
short: pod 1^-2 in long. May-June. Siberia, Manchuria.
Var. alb6scens has lighter green and more glaucous foliage.
Var. L6rbergii (C. Lorbergn) has Ifts. narrower than type,
also standard and wings of fls. Var. nana is smaller than
type and with twisted branches. Var. pendula has pendu-
lous branches.
aurantiaca. To 4 ft.: Ifts. of 2 pairs, the stipules spiny:
fls. orange-yellow. May-June. Cent. Asia. — Differs from
C. pygmxa in its persistent rachis and broad calyx.
Boisii. To 6 ft.: Ifts. 5-6 pairs, to fy in. long, somewhat
pubescent beneath, stipules spiny, to */& in. long: fls. yellow,
solitary, calyx-teeth not spiny. W. China.
brevispma. To 8 ft.: Ifts. 5-7 pairs, rachis and stipules
spiny: fls. yellow, usually 3-4 on a peduncle. June. Him-
alayas.
Ch&mlagu. To 4 ft.: Ifts. of 2 pairs, not close together,
oboV^ate, the If.-s^alk spine-tipped: fls. reddish-yellow.
May. N. China. \
dec6rticans. Lfts. 3-6 pairs, to % in. long, Viot pubescent
beneath, stipules spiny: fls. yellow, to 1 in. long, calyx-
teeth spiny. June. Afghanistan.
Caragana
141
Carica
ferox: C. agn'nosa.
frut6scens: C.frutex.
frutex (C. frutescens). To 10 ft.: Ifts. of 2 pairs close
together, obovate: fls. bright yellow. May. 8. Russia to
Japan. Var. macrantha (var. graruli flora) has larger fls.
L6rbergii: C. arborescens var.
Maximo wicziana. To 6 ft.: Ifts. of 2-3 pairs, the stipules
spiny: fls. bronzy -yellow. W. China.
microphylla (C. AUagana). To 10 ft.: Ifts. of 6-9 pairs,
the If.-stalk with short deciduous spine: fls. yellow. May-
June. Siberia, China.
pygm&a. To 4 ft. or sometimes prostrate: Ifts. of 2 pairs,
rachis deciduous, the If.-stalk spine-tipped: fls. yellow,
calyx narrow-campanulate. May-June. Caucasus to
Tibet. Var. atirantiaca erScta is C. aurantiaca.
sophoraefolia. A hort. hybrid between C. arborescens
and C. microphylla, differing from the former in its pod
about % in. long and somewhat shorter Ifts.
spindsa (C. ferox). To 6 ft. or sometimes prostrate, the
branches spiny: Ifts. of 2-4 pairs, those of spurs with 2
pairs. Siberia.
CARALLUMA. Asclepiadacesr. Succulent leaf-
less herbs with angled sts., allied to Stapelia
and of similar cult.: fls. usually in clusters, with
5-lobed corolla and crown of 2 series.
Bdrchardii. Similar to C. europ<ra, with very irregular
sts., corolla unmarked inside and covered with white hairs.
Canary Isls.
caudata. Sts. with 4 rounded toothed angles: fls. near
base of sts., 3^ in. across, yellow mottled with purple,
corolla-lobes tapering into long narrow tails. Cent. Afr.
europgea. Sts. erect or prostrate, 4-angled, with blunt
teeth and rudimentary Ivs : fls. at tips of sts., % in. across,
greenish-yellow with transverse brown lines and brown
hairs, tips of corolla-lobes red-brown. Medit. region.
Leendertziae: C. melanantha.
lutea. Sts. to 4 in high, 4-angled, with sharp teeth,
mottled with purple: fls nenr middle of sts , to 2^ in.
across, yellow, corolla-lobes ciliate with purple hairs.
S. Afr.
melanlntha (C. Leendertzix) . Sts. to 4 in., 4-angled,
with sharp teeth: fls. at sides of sts , 2 in. across, purple-
black, corolla rough inside, ciliate with long h;nrs. S. Afr.
Nebrownii. Sts to 7 in., 4-angled, with prominent teeth
having small side stipules' fls in large clusters, 4 in. across,
dark red-brown, ciliate with purple hairs. S. Afr.
psetido-Nebrownii. Similar to C Nebrownii but fls. in
smaller clusters and marked with yellow. S. Afr.
ramdsa. To 1 ft., with many slender 4-angled branches:
fls. purplish, small, in clusters along grooves near branch
tips. S. Afr.
Sprgngeri. To 5 in., sts. branched, 4-angled, angles
coarsely toothed, dark green mottled purple: fls. purple,
to % in. across, annular and inner corona reddish. Ethiopia.
CARAMBOLA: Averrhoa Carambola.
CARARA CORONOPUS: Coronopua procumbena.
CARAWAY: Carum Cam.
CARDAMINE. BITTER-CRESS. Crudferse.
Erect ann., bien. or per. herbs with fibrous roots
or bulbiferous rootstocks, entire or dissected
Ivs., white to purple fls. and elongate flat de-
hiscent siliques. Tne genus is confined to temp,
regions of both hemispheres, has about 150
species some of which are showy, but they
appear not to be in general cult.
angulata. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. of 3 or rarely 5 rhombic Ifts.
which are 3-lobed or -toothed: fls. white, % in. long. B. C.
to Ore. and Wyo.
cordifdlia. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. cordate, to 2 in. long, wavy-
toothed: fla. white, about Ji in. long. Wyo. to New Mex.
prat£nsis (Dentaria digitata). LADIES-SMOCK or CUCKOO-
FLOWER. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong, pin-
nately divided, segrns. of 3-7 pairs, or if unlobed entire or
toothed: fls. white to rose-colored, often double. Ku., Asia
and N. N. Amer. — Adapted to rock-gardens and cool moist
borders or to bog-margins. In parts of Eu. the Ivs are said
to be used as a cress. Propagated usually by offsets, but
may be started from seed.
CARDAMON: Elettaria.
CARDlANDRA. Saxifragacex. Japanese and
Chinese subshrubs, sometimes essentially her-
baceous, with alternate Ivs. and small fls. sur-
rounded by large sterile fls. borne in summer in
terminal corymbs; not hardy N. Propagated by
cuttings of young wood under glass.
alternifdlia. To 3 ft.: Iva. elliptic, to 7 in. long, coarsely
toothed: fls. pink, lilac or white. Japan.
CARDINAL-CLIMBER: Quamoclit Sloteri. -Flower:
Lobelia cardinahs.
CARDIOSPfiRMUM. HEART-SEED. Sapin-
dacesB. Herbaceous vines with alternate bi-
pinnate coarsely toothed Ivs., small irregular
polygamous or dioecious fls. in axillary corymbs
which have two opposite tendrils, and fr. an
attractive inflated caps.
These vines are grown for ornament and for covering
trellises and bushes. Propagated by seeds sown where plants
are to grow and treated as annuals; in mild regions they
may self -sow.
grand ifl6rum. Slender essentially glabrous vine, prob-
ably ann. or bien., with white fls. about % in. across and
oblong pods to 2 in. long. W. Indies, S. Amer.
Halicacabum. BALLOON- VINE. Ann. or bien., perhaps
sometimes per., climbing to 10 ft.: fls. white, very small:
fr. much inflated, nearly globular but 3-angled, about 1 in.
long and broad. Bermuda, Fla., Tex., trop. Amer. but nat.
in many parts of world and commonly cult.
hirsutum. Probably ann. or bieu , perhaps per., with
densely hairy st.: fls. white: fr. much inflated, 3-angled,
pubescent, to 2 in. long and much narrower. Afr.
CARDOON: Cynara Cardunculwt.
CARDUUS. PLUMELESS THISTLE. Composite.
Stout herbs with sessile spiny- toothed or lobed
Ivs. and spiny heads, solitary or in panicles, the
fls. all tubular; pappus bristly but not plumose
(see Cirsium); native from the Canary Isls. to
Japan.
The plumeless thistles grow well in ordinary soil, and
are easily propagated by seeds or division. They are em-
ployed for bold effects of herbage and bloom.
arfibicus: C. pycnocephalus; see also Silybum eburneum.
benedictus: Cmcus benedictus.
K6rneri. Bion. or per., much branched, to 3 ft., sts. with
spiny winds' IVH pmnatoly lobed: heads solitary or in pairs,
rose-purple, to 2^ i"- across. Probably Balkans.
Marianus: Silybum Maiianum.
pycnoc£phalus (C. aiabicuti). Ann. to 3 ft. or more,
spiny: Ivs. pmnatitid: heads 2-5, purple. Medit. region.
CAREX. SEDGE. Cyperacetr. Per. grass-like
herbs of about 900 widely distributed species,
having inconspicuous unisexual fls. borne in
dense spikes, and achenes inclosed in a sac
(pcrigynium) ; mostly moncrcious.
Sedges arc sometimes planted for edgings in the green-
house or as pot-plants; many of the native species, with
pendent spikes, are useful for colonizing in bogs and along
pond borders; some of them make attractive clumps.
Propagated by division of the clumps or rhizomes, or oy
seeds sown in autumn.
cdmans. Densely tufted: Ivs. thread-like, to Iftf ft.
long. New Zeal.
crinita. To 5 ft.: Ivs. several ft. long and to \$ in. wide:
spikes hanging. Newf. to Fla. and Tex.
elegantissima: listed name.
Fraseri (Cymophyllus Fraseri). Lys. evergreen, flat, to
1^} ft. long and 2 in. wide, without midnerve. Va. to N. C.
jap6nica: C. Morrowii.
Morrowii (C. jnponica). Tufted: Ivs. evergreen, flat, to
1 ft. long and \£ m- wide, often white-striped. Japan.
pendula. More or less tufted: Ivs. to 3 ft. long, glabrous.
Eu., W. Asia and N. Afr., in moist dense woods.
plan tag fnea. Woods plant with flat persistent strongly
ribbed lys. to 1 in. broad and 1 ft. or more long, and early
culms with red-brown sheaths and 3 or 4 fertile spikes.
N. B. south and west. — Useful for colonizing and in rock-
gardens.
CARICA. Caricacex. More or less succulent
trees, commonlv dioecious or often imperfectly
so, with straignt trunks bearing at summit a
crown of palmately lobed Ivs., and fr. a fleshy
Carica
142
Carnation
berry resembling a melon; one species is widely
grown in the tropics for the edible fr. Com-
mercial papain is also extracted from the fr.
and other parts of the plant.
Papayas require tropical temperatures but withstand a
few degrees of frost. They do best on rich well-drained loam.
Trees Dear within a few months after planting but are
short-lived. For orchard cultivation they should be set
about 10 feet apart. Care must be taken to have both
staminate and pistillate plants, although some varieties
have bisexual flowers. Propagated by seeds although some-
times cuttings or grafts are employed.
Papaya. PAPAYA. PAWPAW. To 25 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft.
across, deeply 7-lobed, the lobes themselves pinnately
lobed: fls. yellow, the staminate slender and long-tubed,
to 1 in. or more long, in racemes to 3 ft. long, pistillate much
broader, solitary or few together; staminate plant sometimes
bearing a few pistillate fls.: fr. yellow or orange, to 20 in.
long, with thick yellow flesh. Trop. Amer.
CARICACE^E. PAWPAW FAMILY. Two genera
of trees with milky juice, Carica grown for the
edible fr. The family is characterized by pal-
mately lobed Ivs. in terminal clusters, mostly
dioecious fls. having 5-lobed calyx and corolla,
10 stamens, superior 1 -celled ovary, and fr. a
berry.
CARINATE: keeled: provided with a projecting central
longitudinal line or ridge on the lower or under surface,
like the keel of a boat.
CARfSSA. Apocynacese . Spiny much branched
evergreen shrubs of the tropics of Afr., Asia
and Australia, with opposite leathery Ivs.,
milky juice, white or pink mostly fragrant fls.
in terminal cymes, arid berry-like often showy
fr.; grown as popular hedge plants and for the
edible frs.
Carissas are grown on almost any soil hi regions having
only a few degrees of frost. Propagated by cuttings, layers
and shield-budding.
acuminata: C. Arduina.
Ardulna (C. acuminata. C. bispinosa). HEDGE-THORN.
To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 3 in. long: fls. white, $4 in.
across: fr. bright red, % in. long. S. Afr.
bispinftsa: C. Arduina.
Carandas. KARANDA. Lvs. ovate or oblong, to 3 in.
long: fls. white or pink, fragrant: fr. red but becoming
black, to 1 in. long. India.
edulis. Straggling much branched shrub: Ivs. ovate,
to 2 in. long: fls. white or purple, % in. long: fr. purple to
black, K in. across, edible. Egypt.
grandiflora. NATAL-PLUM. AMATUNGULA. To 18 ft.:
Ivs ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. white, fragrant, about 2 in.
across: fr. scarlet, 1-2 in. long, edible. S. Afr. Var. nana
compacta is listed as a low dense form.
ovata. To 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate, usually % in. long: fls. H in.
long: fr. to % in. long, edible. Australia.
spinarum. Lvs ovate, to 1^ in. long: fls. white, % in.
long: fr. black, % in. across. India, Ceylon.
CARLiNA. Compositx. Herbs with spiny
usually pinnately cut Ivs. and large heads of
tubular fls.; involucre with outer row leaf-like,
inner often ray-like; pappus with plumose
branches; native in Eu. and Asia. Sometimes
grown in the rock-garden or similar places.
acanthifolia. Stemless per.: outer Ivs. pinnatifid, inner
entire, white-tomentose beneath: heads white, solitary,
4 in. across. S. Eu. to W. Asia.
acaulis (Ctratum acaule. Cnicus acaulis). Stemless per.
to 9 in.: Ivs. pinnatifid, glabrous or pubescent beneath:
heads white, solitary, to 6 in. across. S. Eu.
CARLUDOVlCA. Cyclanthaceae. Shrubby or
herbaceous plants with palm-like Ivs. and
unisexual fls. borne in a dense spadix subtended
by bract-like spathes, as in many aroids; about
40 trop. American species.
Carludovicas are grown in greenhouses and require
abundant water and good drainage after the manner of
palms. Propagated by division or by seeds sown on surface
of finely chopped sphagnum, after the pulp has been washed
off.
atrovirens. Stemless: Ivs. 2-1 o bed to below the middle,
glabrous, very dark green. N. S. Amer.
hftmilis. Dwarf, nearly stemless: Ivs. angular, 2-lobed
and jagged at tip. Colombia.
Laucheana (Ludovia Lausheana). St. very short: Ivs.
to 12 in. long, 2-lobed to middle or below, the segms. linear-
oblong, acuminate, 5- to 7-ribbed. Colombia.
palmata. Stemless: Ivs. fan-shaped, 4-lobed nearly to
base and the lobes cut, ends drooping. Peru. — The Ivs.
furnish fiber from which Panama hats are made; frequent
in greenhouses.
plicata. Sts. to 1 ft.: Ivs. deeply 2-lobed, the segms. 1-
nerved. Colombia.
CARMICIL&LIA. Leguminosx. New Zealand
shrubs with flattened or cylindrical green
branches functioning as Ivs., simple or pinnate
Ivs. which soon fall and leave the plants with
bare odd twigs, small papilionaceous fls. in
lateral racemes, and small leathery pods; oc-
casionally cult, in warm regions for ornament
and interest, as in Calif.
a us tralis. To 12 ft., much branched: Ivs. to 2 in. long,
of 1-5 Ifts.: fls. pale purple, to K in. long, in 3-12-fld. ra-
cemes: pods to % in. long.
finysii. Mu^h branched, forming dense patches 2 in.
high: fls. reddish, to ^ in. long, solitary or in 3-6-fld.
racemes: pods to ^ in. long.
flagellif6rmis. To 8 ft., much branched: Ivs. to 11A in.
long, of 3-5-lfts.: fls. minute, in 3-7-fid. racemes: pods to
^ in. long.
grandifldra. To 6 ft., much branched: Ivs of 3-5 Ifts.:
fls. purplish veined with violet, % in. long, in 5-12-fld.
racemes: pods to % in. long.
odorata. To 10 ft , with pendulous branchlets: Ivs.
to y\ in. long, pinnately 3-7-parted: fls. white or lilac,
K in- long, in 10-20-fld. racemes: pods to ^ in. long.
unifldra. Matted, sts. to 2 in. high: flu. purplish-red,
% in. long, solitary: pods to ^ in. long.
Williamsii. To 12 ft. or more, much branched: Iva. of
1-3 Ifts.: fls. pale yellow marked with purple, to 1 in. long,
solitary or in 2-6-fld. racemes: pods to 1% in. long.
CARNATION (Dianthus Caryophyllus) . Per-
ennial herbaceous fragrant pinks or dianthus of
many forms, some of which are hardy with
protection in the northern states and parts of
Canada. In North America the name carnation
is ordinarily understood to mean the florists
plant, grown under glass for cut-flowers, but it
rightly belongs to all the forms of the species.
The highly developed large-flowered forms are of
two general groups, the border or outdoor car-
nations and the glasshouse or florists carnations:
these are commonly propagated by means 01
cuttings to perpetuate particular varieties and
sometimes by means of layers. The border
carnations are little raised or fancied in North
America although they arc charming plants
when well grown. The interest in this general
group of plants is represented in the American
Carnation Society.
Another group comprises the marguerite
carnations, mostly propagated from seeds and
that usually bloom tne first year, although
unspent plants may be carried over winter in
the open outside the severer parts of the country
and should flower freely the second year. The
marguerites make attractive house plants if
potted in autumn. The seeds of these carnations
may be sown in boxes in March and the young
plants set out as early as possible, pinching out
the center of the plant to make it branch freely.
Give the same space as ft>r other garden pinks,
8-15 inches apart.
The winter-flowering or perpetual carnations
have long been favorites although in the com-
mefcial field demands change from year to year.
They may be considered either as House plants
or as florists stock grown in glass ranges. The
Carnation
143
Carpel
propagation and general cultural requirements
are the same in either case, although the extent
of the operations may be very different.
Propagation of carnations for window-garden
and greenhouse is by means of cuttings taken
from the strong shoots that arise at the base,
the side shoots of the flowering stem, or the
main shoots before they show flower-buds. The
cuttings from the base make the best plants in
most cases, or from the middle of strong flower-
stems.
For window-garden use, the cuttings may be
taken at any time in autumn or winter, rooted
in sand and potted up, to be held in pots until
planting out time in spring, usually in April,
or any time when the ground is ready to handle.
Care should be taken to pinch out the tops of
young plants while growing in the pot, and later
while in the ground, causing them to grow stocky
and send out new growths along the stem. The
young plants should be grown cool, a temperature
of about 50° suiting them well. Attention should
be given to syringing the cuttings each day while
in the house to keep down red-spider. In sum-
mer, the plants are grown in the field, and not
in pots. Ihe soil in which they are to be planted
should be moderately rich and loose. Clean
cultivation should be given throughout the
summer. Frequently pinch out the tops. The
plants are taken up in September ana potted
firmly, and well watered; then set in a cool
partially shaded situation until root growth
has started. They are then taken to the residence,
on approach of cold weather, to bloom. The
usual living-room conditions as to moisture and
heat are not such as the carnation demands, and
care must be taken to overcome the heat and
dryness. Pick off most or all the side buds, to
add to the size of the leading flowers. It is
probably advisable in most cases to purchase
plants from a florist, and after blooming either
throw them away or store them for planting in
the spring, when they will bloom in the summer.
Be sure tnat plants and cuttings are free from
disease.
For commercial or florists work cuttings are
preferred from good flowering stems, not choos-
ing either the soft tip or the hardened base.
They are cut midway between the joints and
inserted a half inch or so in sand, the lower leaves
having been removed. The illustration in Fig. 15,
(Propagation), shows a good carnation cutting.
The cuttings are set close together in a well-pre-
pared sand bed on a bench. Cuttings are usually
taken December to March, for the following
winter bloom. When well struck the cuttings
are potted, to make ready for planting out in
summer.
The plants grow thereafter in the field, being
set in late spring when the weather has become
settled, and turned out of the pots; the soil should
be deep and in a good state of cultivation. They
are set 8-10 inches apart in the row. The space
between rows is determined by the ground
available, and by the method of tillage; it varies
from 16-24 inches or even more. Late in summer
or at least before freezing weather the plants
are dugxand removed to greenhouse benches for
winter bloom. The exact date of digging must
depend somewhat on the strength of the plants
and also on the time at which bloom is required.
In some cases plants are grown continuously
in the house for summer or very early bloom.
Blooms may be expected in a month or six
weeks after benching.
Benches are refilled with good soil in summer
or autumn, the house being thoroughly cleaned.
Plants are spaced regularly about 9 by 12 inches
on the benches. The beds should be kept uni-
formly moist until the plants are well rooted.
The field stock is assorted before it is brought
to the house, and all weak and diseased plants
discarded. If plants are dug early, the weak
ones may be left for later digging if they are
healthy.
Carnations are cool-temperature plants. If
the house is too warm the growth becomes soft
and the flowers are fewer and of poor quality.
About 50° F. night temperature is commonly
advised; it may run 10° higher by day; it should
be steadily maintained. The house should be
well ventilated but cold currents should not
strike the plants.
The varieties of florists carnation are many,
and new ones are continuously introduced. The
intending grower will need to keep informed
on them. The character of bloom depends on
the skill in growing as well as on the particular
variety. For cut-flowers, the plants are grown
to single long stems by pinching out side snoots.
The usual blooming season is September or
October to May or June, and in this period a
plant should yield 18-24 good flowers.
Red-spider is combatted by fumigation with
proprietary materials. Similar treatment may
be given for thrips, under glass. Aphis is con-
trolled by rotenone sprays. Rust and other
diseases are controlled by propagating only from
healthy stock, by disease-free soil, by keeping
benches clean and sterile, by maintaining uni-
form temperature and plenty of fresh air and
general good growing conditions with care not
to keep the plants wet, by removal of affected
plants, and then by dusting with sulfur or by
other fungicide.
CARNfeGDEA. Cactacex. One great desert
cactus of Ariz., S. E. Calif, and Sonora, Mex.,
with an erect columnar trunk sometimes with
a few akimbo branches, many ribs and strong
spines: fls. at or near top of plant. See Cacti.
C. gigant&a (Cereus and Pilocereus gigantcus).
SAHUARO. GIANT CACTUS. Post-like, 20-60 ft.,
sometimes 2 ft. diam., tapering to either end;
ribs 18-21 in mature plants; spines different on
fertile and sterile areoles: fls. white, diurnal,
4 in. long or somewhat more: fr. 2-3 in. long,
pale red, edible. — ^Sometimes transplanted from
the wild in its native regions or similar climates,
but does not thrive under cult.
CARO: Enterolobium cyclocarpum.
CAROB: Ceratonia Siliqua.
CAROLINEA PRINCEPS: Pachira aquatica.
CARO SELL A: Faniculum vulgare var. piperitum.
CARPANTHEA. Aizoacer. One S. African
plant separated from Mesembryanthemum
(which see for cult.): stigmas and cells of fr.
12-20; expanding keels of caps, terminating in
awns. C. pomeridUna (M. pomeridianum).
Ann., with ascending branches to 1 ft.: Ivs.
spatulate or somewhat narrower, to 4 in. long,
flat, narrowed to petiole: fls. yellow, to 2 in.
across, on peduncles to 5 in. long, opening in the
afternoon.
CARPEL: one of the units of a compound pistil; a simple
pistil is one carpel.
Carpenteria 144
CARPENTARIA. Saxifragacear. One ever-
green shrub native in the southern parts of the
Sierra Nevada Mts., Calif. C. calif6rnica. To
10 ft.: Ivs. opposite, oblong to lanceolate, to
4 in. long, bright green above, whitish-tomentose
beneath: fls. pure white, 2-3 in. across, fragrant,
showy, single or few in a cluster, June- July. —
Hardy only in warm-temp, regions. It requires
a well-drained light and sandy soil, and a sunny
sheltered position; the excess of water in winter
is especially harmful, probably more than the
cold. Propagated by greenwood cuttings under
glass in summer, by suckers which are freely
produced, and by seeds sown in spring.
CARPET- WEED FAMILY: Aizoaeex.
CARPHfiPHORUS. Composite. Simple per.
herbs with narrow alternate Ivs. and rose-purple
fls. in terminal cymose infl. Two species are
offered.
bellidif&lius. To 20 in., sts. glabrous or glabrescent: Iva.
linear-Bpatulute, to 3 in. long: heads in open slenderly
branched cymes. Coastal plain, N. C. to Fla.
corymbdsus. To 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. spatulate to
elliptic-ovate: heads in compact cymes. N. C. to Fla.
CARPlNUS. HORNBEAM. Betulacex. North-
ern hemisphere deciduous momrcious trees of
medium or small size, with smooth gray bark,
alternate toothed Ivs., unisexual fls. in catkins,
and fr. a small achene-like nut subtended by a
3-lobed leafy bract; planted for hedges and
specimen plants.
Hornbeams are hardy North and thrive in most soils.
Propagated by seeds m fall; if seeds do not germinate
the next spring the bed should be covered with moss and
kept moist until the remaining seed sprout. Varieties may
be grafted or budded on seedling stocks.
americana: C. carolmiaua.
Be'tulus. EUROPEAN II. To 70 ft.: Jvs. ovate or ovate-
oblong, to 4 in. long: fruiting catkins to 5 in long, bracts
to 2 in. long, the middle lobe much larger. Ku. to Persia.
Some of the hort. vars. are. Carpinizza, Ivs. smaller and
slemh
Carthamus
lender pyramidal habit;
pyramidal form; incisa,
often cordate; columnaris, of
fastigiata (var. pyramitlnh.,), of py
IVB. deeply lobed; p^ndula, branches drooping; purpurea,
young Ivs. purple; quercifolia, Ivs. with deep toothed lobes.
caroliniana (C. americana). AMERICAN H. BLUB BEECH.
To 40 ft., but usually small: ivs. ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long:
fruiting catkins to 4 in. long, bracts about 1 m. long, the
middle lobe largest. Quo. to Ma. and Tex.
cordata. To 50 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, cordate,
to 5 in long: fruiting catkins to 3 in. long, the bracts over-
lapping. N. Asia.
jap6nica. To 50 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceo-
late, to 4 in. long: fruiting catkins to '2% in. long, the ovate
bracts ?( in. long and overlapping. Japan.
laxiflftra. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. usually ovate, to 2».{ in.
long, pubescent only in axils of veins beneath, base heart-
shaped, catkins loose, t o 2 ?4' m. long. Japan.
populif 51ia: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
Tschon6skii (C. yedotiunn). To 50 ft., young branches
densely pubescent: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, to 3}jj in.
long: fruiting catkins to 3 in. long, bracts lobed on one
aide. N. Asia.
yedoensis: C. Tschonoskii.
CARPOBR&TUS. Aizoacvr. A widely dis-
persed group separated from Mesembryanthe-
mum on the mostly 10-16 stigmas and fleshy fr. :
per. with sts. trailing or decumbent: Ivs. op-
posite, sharply 3-an«led and very fleshy: fls.
large, showy in sunlight, yellow to reddish and
purple: fr. indehiscent, edible. S. Afr., Australia,
New Zeal., Calif., Chile. For cult, see Mesem-
bryanthemum.
acinacif6rmis (M. adnaciforme) . Sts. angled, to 4 ft.:
Ivs. scimitar-shaped (incurved, acinacif orm) , widely keeled,
to 3 in. long: fls. very large, purple, on 2-bracted peduncle;
stigmas 14. 8. Afr.
aquilaterus: see C. chilensia.
chilgnsis (Af. chilense). Trailing several ft.: Ivs. fleshy-
triangular, 2H in- or less long: fls. rose-purple, diurnal,
2 in. or less broad, the petals 1 m. or less long, anthers
yellow or yellowish. Coasts Ore., Calif., Chile, making a
good sand-cover. — Heretofore known m N. Anier. as Af.
xquilaterale, but that name is properly a synonym of C.
tequilaterus, an Australian plant not native in N. Amer.
nor in cult.
edulis (Af. edule). HOTTENTOT-FIQ. Much like C.
chilensis but parts larger: Ivs. to 3 in. and more long:
fls. yellow varying to rose-purple, opening wide, to 3 in.
across, petals about 1^ in. long: fr. very large. 8. Afr.,
planted and somewhat escaped in Calif. — Usually seen
with yellow fls.: frequently grown under glass.
glauce'scens (M. glaucescens) , Similar to the other
species: stouter than C. chilensis, with smoky-brown
anthers: plant more or leas glaucous: sts stout, % in. thick:
lys. 2 in. or less long and K.m- to nearly ^ in. thick near
tip: fls. rose-purple. Australia.
CARPOCERAS: Thlcispi cihcicum.
CARP(5DETUS. Saxifragacex. One New
Zeal, shrub or small tree to 30 ft., intro. to cult,
in Calif. C. sernttus. Lvs. alternate, ovate-
oblong, to 2 in. long,- coarsely toothed, often
lobed when young: fls. white, K in. across, in
many-fld. panicles: caps, black and shining,
globose, to J4 in. diarn.
CARRlfeREA. Flacourtiacex. One or 2 de-
ciduous trees native in Cent. China; one is
planted in Calif, and has been fairly hardy in
the S. E.; attractive for its foliage. Propagated
by seeds and by cuttings of green wood and roots.
caljrcina. To 30 ft : Ivs. alternate, oval or ovate, to 6 in.
long, toothed, shining: fls. dioecious, with white sepals % in.
long and no petals, in corymbs or racemes: fr. a caps, to
2^ in. long.
CARRION-FLOWER: Slapeha, Smilax herbacea.
CARROT (Daucus Carota var. saliva). Bien-
nial or sometimes annual plant, grown for the
thick edible root. It is an esteemed garden
vegetable and also a farm crop raised for stock
feed.
Carrots require deep friable soil for the largest
and most shapely roots. They are hardy and
easily grown. The extra-early varieties may be
forced in a hotbed, or seed may be sown as soon
as the ground is fit to work in the spring. The
stump-rooted, or half-long varieties, are sown
for the early garden crop. Well-enriched mellow
loam, deeply dug or plowed, is best suited to the
requirements of carrots. The time of planting
of the seed for the main crop is determined by
the appearance of the several broods of carrot
rust-fly maggots. In the North, plantings made
after the first week of June will avoid the early
brood. These carrots can be harvested in
September before the late brood of maggots does
much damage. How thickly, thinning to 3-4
inches in the row. The rows, if in a garden that
is hand-worked, may be 12 inches apart. If the
cultivation is by horse, the rows should be 2 to 3
feet apart. One ounce will sow 100 feet of drill.
Seeds germinate slowly, and they should not
be placed in land that is likely to become hard
and crusted.
CARRUANTHUS. Aizoacea*. One S. African
succulent similar to Bergeranthus. C. caninus
(Mesembryanthemum canityum). Short-stemmed,
much branched: Ivs. clustered, 3-angled, to 2 in.
long and J^ in. wide, toothed toward tip, grayish-
green: fls. usually solitary, yellow, reddish out-
side, 2 in. across, petals linear.
CARTHAMUS (Kentrophyttum). ^Compositae.
Stiff spiny-lvd. annuals with yellow, purple or
Carthamus 145
whitish heads of disk-fls. subtended by leafy
spiny involucres; pappus scale-like or lacking;
native from the Canary Isls. to Cent. Asia.
Cult, for ornament and for the dye obtained
from the fls. of one species. Propagated by seeds.
lanatus. Ann. or bien. to 3 ft. high, sometimes cob-
webby: root-lvs. lyrate, st.-lvs. lanceolate and spiny
pinnatifid: heads yellow, 1 in. long. Medit. region.
leucocaulos. Glabrous: Ivs. pinnatifid into lanceolate
spiny segms., shining: heads pale rose. Greece.
tinct&rius. SAFFLOWER. FALSE SAFFRON. To 3 ft.,
glabrous: Ivs. broadly ovate, minutely spiny-toothed:
heads orange, 1 in. long, with broad short lower bracts.
Asia.
CARUM. Umbelliferx. Thick-rooted herbs
with pinnately or ternately compound Ivs.,
small white or yellow fls. in compound umbels,
and somewhat compressed frs. Of easy cult, in
any garden soil. Propagated by seeds sown in
spring.
C&rvi. CARAWAY. Ann. or bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnately
cut into linear or thread-like scums.: fls. white. Eu.; nat.
in N. Amer. — Grown for its seeds which are used as flavoring.
Gairdneri. SQUAW-ROOT. To 4 ft., with tuberous root:
Ivs. pinnate into linear Ifts., upper Ivs. usually simple:
fls. white. Calif, to B. C.
oreganum. Differs from C. Gairdneri in its more divided
Ivs. with shorter Ifts. B. C. to Ore.
CARUMBIUM: Homalanthus populifolius.
CARYA (Hicoria). HICKORY. Juglandaceae.
Deciduous monoecious trees, all but one native
in N. Amer., with alternate odd-pinnate Ivs.,
unisexual fls., the staminate borne in drooping
catkins, and fr. a nut inclosed in a thick green
husk which splits into 4 valves; grown for orna-
ment, the edible nuts, and for the strong hard
wood.
Any of the native hickories may be transferred to parks
and private grounds. Hickories are of slow growth and
not readily transplanted. Propagated by seeds stratified
and sown in spring, by root-sprouts, or special varieties
by grafting. For cultural details see Hickory-Nut and
Pecan.
&lba: C. tomentosa.
aqufitica. BITTER PECAN. To 90 ft.: Ivs. of 7-13 lanceo-
late Ifts. to 5 in long, yellow-tomentose when young: nut
broad-obovoid, compressed and 4-angled, reddish-brown.
Va. to Fla. and Tex.
cathaye"nsis. CHINESE H. To 60 ft.: Ivs. of 6-7 ovate
to ovate-lanceolate Ifts. to 6 in. long, yellowish beneath:
nut ovoid, slightly angled. China.
cordifdrmis. BITTERNUT. To 90 ft.: Ivs. of 5-9 ovate-
lanceolate to lanceolate Ifts. to 6 in. long: nut almost
globose, nearly smooth, gray. Que. to Fla. and La.
glabra (C. porcina). PIGNUT. Tree to 40 ft., with close
not shaggy bark: Ifts. mostly 5, oblong or somewhat
oblanceolate, acuminate, serrate, to 6 in. long: nut obovoid
and somewhat ridged, to 1 in. long, the kernel astringent.
Me. and Ont. to Fla.
lacinidsa (C. sulcata). Bia SHELLBARK H. To 120 ft.:
Ivs. of 7-9 oblong-lanceolate Ifts. to 8 in. long, pubescent
beneath: nut nearly globose, compressed and angled,
yellow or reddish. N. Y. to Okla.
olivaef6rmis: C. Pecan.
ovat*. SHAQBARK H. To 120 ft.: Ivs. of usually 5
elliptic Ifts. to 6 in. long: nut ellipsoid, slightly angled,
white. Que. to Fla. and Tex.
Pecan (C. olivseformis). PECAN. To 150 ft.: Ivs. of 11-17
oblong-lanceolate Ifts. to 7 in. long: nut ovoid or oblong,
smooth, light brown. Ind. to Mex.
porcina: C. glabra.
sulcata: C. laciniosa.
tomentdsa (C. alba). MOCKERNUT. To 90 ft.: Ivs. of
7-9 oblong Ifts. to 7 in. long, tomentose beneath: nut
nearly globose, angled, light brown. Mass, to Fla. and Tex.
CARYOLOPHA: Pentaglottis.
CARYOPHYLLACEJE. PINK FAMILY. Herbs
or sometimes subshrubs, of about 75 widely
distributed genera, with sts. usually swollen
at the joints, opposite entire Ivs. with parallel
Casimiroa
veins, regular mostly bright colored fls. having
4-5 sepals, commonly 4-5 petals, 8-10 stamens,
superior 1-celled ovary with 2-5 styles, and fr.
a caps, or rarely a berry. The family furnishes
many ornamental subjects, such as Acan-
thpphyllum, Agrostemma, Arenaria, Cerastium,
Diantnus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Petrocoptis,
Sagina? Saponaria, Silene, Spergula, Spergularia,
Stellana, Telephium, Tunica.
Most of the species are outdoor plants, but
the carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus) is ex-
tensively grown under glass for cut-flowers.
Some of them are annuals, others essentially
biennials, and many are good low perennials
for borders. They are plants of simple culture,
grown from seeds, cuttings and sometimes from
layers and division of the stools. They require
open sunny situations.
CARYOPHYLLUS: Eugenia.
CARY6PTERIS. BLUEBEARD. Verbenace<r.
Asian deciduous shrubs or herbs with opposite
toothed Ivs. and lavender or white fls. in cymes,
the stamens exsertcd.
Grown in pots in the greenhouse in a compost of peat
and loam. Not fully hardy out-doors in the North, but in
the southern states may bloom from root shoots. Propa-
gated by seeds in spring or by cuttings in autumn under
glass.
incana (C. Mastacanthus. C. tangutica). Shrub to 5 ft.
but often dying back and treated essentially as a per. herb:
Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, grayish-tomentowe beneath: fls.
violet or lavender-blue, ^4 in. long, in autumn. China,
Japan. — Sometimes called "blue spirea." Var. cAndida has
white fls. Var. nana is a dwaif form. Var. sup6rba is listed.
Mastacanthus: C. incana.
mongh61ica. Shrub: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 2 in. long,
nearly entire: fls. % in. long. N. China, Mongolia.
tangdtica: C. incana.
CARYOTA. FISH-TAIL PALMS. Palmacece.
Irregularly pinnate morurcious unarmed often
soboliferous palms, perhaps 20 species, trop.
Asia, Malaya to Australia, monocarpic (dying
after fruiting): Ivs. 2-pinnate or -pinnatisect,
the pinnse or Ifts. broadly cuneate and widening
upwards and variously Jagged or lobed at apex
and many-veined: spaoices axillary, long and
narrowly branched and mostly hanging, the
staminate and pistillate blooming alternately
from the top of the tree downward and the tree
perishing when the bottom infl. has fruited;
stamens many: fr. globose or short-oblong,
YT-% in. diam. Attractive as tub specimens,
and grown in the open in S. Fla. See Palm.
mltis (C. sobolifera). Soboliferous, trunks ringed, to
25 or 40 ft.: Ivs. 4-9 ft. long and light green; pinna? rather
thin and with many light ribs or nerves, the toothed edge
or end usually not occupying more than half the length
and" the outer margin produced into a short point: spadix
not greatly elongated, the stamens 16-25. Burma.
Rumphiana. Trunk solitary, GO ft. or more: Ivs to 20 ft.
long; pmnsB very oblique and about half-fan-shaped, as
much as 1 ft. and more long, rigid, obtusely toothed, the
lower margin sometimes extended into a long obtuse lobe:
spadix to 2 ft. and more; stamens more than 30. Malaya,
Australia.
sobolifera: C. mitia.
urens. WINE PALM. Trunk solitary, to 60 ft.: Ivs. to
20 ft. long and 10-15 ft. broad, dark green; pinnte thick
and rigid, strongly ribbed, lateral ones long-obliqi'3 so
that the prominently toothed edge commonly occupies
more than half the length, the outer margin mostly pro-
duced into a long finger-like lobe: spadix 10-12 ft. long,
pendent; stamens 40 or more. India, Malaya.
CASCARA SAGRADA: Rhamnua Purshiana.
CASHEW: Ana&irdium occidentals.
CASIMfROA. Ruiacesp. Trop. American
trees with leathery digitate Ivs., small fls. in
Casimiroa
axillary panicles or corymbs, and fr. a large
2-5-seeded drupe; one species is grown in warm
countries for its edible fruit.
The white sapote thrives on any well-drained soil.
Propagated by seeds sown in flats or pots. Seedlings should
not be planted out until about 3 feet high and should then
receive liberal watering. The terminal bud should be
pinched off to induce branching. For quick results and to
reproduce special vaneties, shield- budding should be
practiced.
edulis. WHITE SAPOTE. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 3-7 ovate to
lanceolate Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls. greenish: fr. 3-4 in. across,
globular, smooth, yellowish-green, with soft cream-colored
edible pulp bearing 3 or 4 seeds.
tetrameria. Similar to C. edulis but Ifts. densely pubes-
cent beneath.
CASSABANANA: Sicana odorifera.
CASSANDRA: Chamxdaphne calyculata.
CASSAVA: Mamhot eaculenta.
CASSENA: Ilex wmitoria.
CASSIA. SENNA. Leguminosip. Very large
genus as here accepted but by some authors
divided into several, comprising herbs, shrubs
and trees native in trop. and temp, regions,
having pinnate Ivs., showy nearly regular fls.
often in large racemes, and flattened or cylin-
drical sometimes winged pods; grown for orna-
ment, and many species of medicinal value for
the senna Ivs. used as a cathartic.
The woody species require a tropical climate and can
be grown only under glass in the North. Propagated by
division and cuttings. The herbaceous kinds may b<s grown
in the border from seeds or division.
abyss fnica: see Acacia abyssimca.
alata (Jlerpetica alata). RINGWORM C. Shrub to 8 ft.:
Ivs. very large, of 12^28 oblong Ifts. to 2^ in. long: fls.
yellow, in spike-like racemes: pods winged, to 6 in. long.
Tropics.
artemisioldes. WORMWOOD S. Shrub covered with
silky gray pubescence: Ivs of 6-8 linear needle- like Jfts. to
1 in. long: fls. sulfur-yellow, in axillary racemes: pods
flattened, to 3 in. long. Australia.
aus trails. Tall shrub: Ivs. of 12-24 oblong-lanceolate
to linear Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. yellow, in clusters of 2-6:
pods to 4 in. long, often curved. Australia.
Beareana. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. of 10-20 elliptic Ifts. to
2 in. long' fls. canary -yellow, veined with red or brown, in
short racemes: pods cylindrical, to 2}$ ft. long. Trop. Afr.
bicapsularis (Adipera bicapsularis). Shrub to 10 ft.:
Ivs. thickish, Ifts. 3-5 pairs and oblong or obovate to nearly
orbicular: fls. yellow, not large: pods slender, to 0 in. long,
nearly terete. W. Indies and continental tropics; planted
in S. Fla.
Chameecrlsta. Per., sts often woody at base, prostrate
or ascending, rarely erect, to 1 ft. long: Ivs. of 5-16 pairs of
linear Ifts.: fls. to J^ in, long, stamens 5-7: pods linear, to
\\i in. long. W. Indies, probably not planted in U. S. —
For the ann. plant escaped or cult, here see C. fasciculate.
cinerea (Chavwcrista cincrca). Shrub with ascending or
prostrate sts to 6 in. long: Ivs. of 12-15 linear Ifts. to % in.
long: fls. yellow, solitary or clustered: pods to 2 in. long.
Mex.
corymbdsa (Adipera corymbosd). Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs.
of 6 oolong-lanceolate Ifts. that are nearly or quite obt'use
and not much more than % in. broad: fls. yellow, in axillary
corymbs, blooming under glass from spring to autumn:
pods cylindrical, 3 in. long. Argentina; nat. in southern
states and frequent in cult. Vtir. plurijuga (C. floribunda)
has broader more acute Ifts. and larger fls. S. Amer.; often
planted.
didymobotrya (Chamy senna didymobotrya). Shrub to
10 ft.: Ivs. about 1 ft. long; Ifts. 8-16 pairs, oblong to ovate-
elliptic, to 2 in. long, apex mucronate, base rounded;
stipules ovate, about ^ in. long: fls. to % in. long, racemes
erect, to 1 ft. long: pods to 4 in. long and % in. wide. Trop.
Afr.; nat. locally in S. Fla.
fasciculi ta (C. Chamsccrista of hort.). PARTRIDGE-PEA.
Ann. to 1)£ ft.: Ivs. of 12-44 linear-oblong sensitive Ifts.
to % in. long: fls. yellow, clustered in axils, to % in. long,
stamens 10: pods flat, linear, to !)•£ in. long. N. Amer.,
W. Indies.
Fistula. GOLDEN-SHOWER. PUDDING-PIPE-TREE. Tree
to 30 ft.: Ivs. large, of 8-16 ovate Ifts. to 2^ in. across: fls.
pale yellow, in racemes 1 ft. or more long, blooming in
spring before the Ivs.: pods cylindrical, to 2 ft. long. India.
floribunda: C. corymbosa var. plunjuga.
Y(
Ic
146 Cassinia
glauca. Tall shrub or tree: Ivs. of 12-20 obovate Ifts.
about 1H in. long: fls. bright yellow, in umbel-like racemes:
pods flat, to 6 in. long. Trop. Asia.
grandifldra: C. kemgata.
grand is. PINK-SHOWER. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. of 16-40
oblong Ifts. to 2H in- long, tomentose beneath: fls. rose-
colored, in lateral racemes: pods somewhat flattened, to
2 ft. long. Trop. Amer.
hirsuta (Ditremexa hirnuto). Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. hirsute;
Ifts. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 pairs, to 3 in. long, acute
or acuminate: fls. to % in. long, in short axillary racemes:
pods linear, to 6 in. long, densely hairy. Trop. Amer.
javanica. Small tree: Ivs. of many oval Ifts. to 2 in. long:
fls. rosy-pink: pods cylindrical, to 2 ft. long. Sumatra,
Java.
laevigata (C. grandiflora. Adipera Ixvigata). Shrub to
6 ft.: Ivs. of 6-8 ovate-lanceolate Ifts. to 3 in. long: fls.
yellow, in axillary racemes: pods cylindrical, to 3^ in.
.ong. Tropics.
magnifica is referred to C. multijuga.
marilandica (Ditremexa manlandica) . WILD S. Per.
herb to 4 ft.: Ivs. of 10-20 oblong Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls.
yellow, in axillary racemes: pods linear, flat, to 4 in. long.
E. U. S.
M6dsgeri (Ditremexa Medsgeri). Per.: Ivs. of 8-16 ob-
long or elliptic Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls. yellow, in axillary
racemes: pods linear, curved, to 4 in. long. Pa. to Ga. and
Tex.
moschata. Tree to 30 ft. and more: Ivs. of 10 or more
pairs of oblong Ifts. pubescent beneath: fls. yellow or orange-
red, 1 in. across, in drooping racemes to 8 in. long: pods
cylindrical. Trop. Amer.
multijuga (Peiranisia multijuga). Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. of
18-40 pairs of linear-oblong Ifts. to 54 in. long: fls. yellow,
to 2 in. across: pods flattened, 6 in. long. S. Amer., W.
Indies.
nairobe'nsis. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. of numerous oblong
Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls. yellow, 1)^ in. across, in racemes:
pods flattened, 4 in. or more long. Afr.
nictitans (Chamycrista procumbens). WILD SENSITIVE-
PLANT. Ann. to 18 in., erect or decumbent, somewhat
pubescent: Ivs. sensitive; Ifts. linear, 6-22 pairs, to % in.
long: fls. yellow, very small, axillary: pods linear, to lf£ in.
long. Me. to Ga. west to Ind. and Tex., W. Indies.
noddsa. JOINTWOOD. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. of 12-24 oblong
Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls. bright pink, in dense racemes: pods
cylindrical, to 15 in. long. E. Himalayas to Malaya.
pillfera. Herb or subshmb to 6 ft.: Ivs. of 4 ovate Ifts.:
fls. 1 in. across, petals contracted into long claw. Brazil.
polyantha (Pterocassia polyantha). Shrub or small tree
to 18 ft.: Ivs. of 1(5-28 elliptic- obi ong Ifts. to M in. long:
fls. yellow: pods flattened, winged, about 2^4 in. long. Mex.
Roemenana (Earleocassia Roemenana). Per. to 1H ft.:
Ivs. of 2 linear-lanceolate Ifts. to 2J^ in. long: fls. orange-
yellow, in terminal corymbose racemes: pods about 1 in.
long. Tex. to Mex.
siamea (Sciacassia siamea). KASSOD-TREE. Tree to
40 ft.: lys. of 16-18 oblong Ifts. to 3 in. long: fls. bright
yellow, in corymbs forming a large terminal panicle: pods
flat, to 9 in. long. E. Indies and Malaya.
spectabilis (Pseudocassia spectabilis). Tree to 40 ft.:
Ivs. of 8-15 pairs of lanceolate Ifts. to 3 in. long: fls. bright
yellow, 1 H in. across, in racemes to 2 ft. long: pods cylin-
drical, 1 ft. long. Trop. Amer.
splendida. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. of 4 oval to oblong Ifts.
to 3 in. long: fls. yellow, large, in panicled racemes: pods
nearly cylindrical, to \% in. long. Brazil.
stenop^tala: listed name.
toment6sa (Adipera tomentosa). Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs.
of 12-16 oblong Ifts. to 2^ m. long, white-;tomento8e be-
neath: fls. deep yellow: pods flattened, to 5 in. long. Mex.
CASSIA-BARK-TREE: Cinnamomum Cassia. -Flower-
Tree: Cinnamomum Loureiri.
CASSIE: Acacia Farnesiana. ~
CASSfNIA. Composite. Evergreen shrubs
native in Australia, New Zeal, and S. Afr., with
alternate entire Ivs. and small heads of disk-fls.
borne in corymbs or panicles; pappus bristly.
A few species are grown ou^t-of-doors in Calif.
albida: C. Vauvilliersii var.
a urea. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, to 2 in. long, glandular
beneath, glabrous above: heads in compound corymbs;
scales, with bright yellow tips. Australia.
fulvida. To 6 ft.: IVB. crowded, to ^ in. long, yell o wish -
tomentose beneath, sticky above: heads wh^te in dense
corymbs to 2 in. across; scales lacking or few among the
florets. New Zeal.
Cassinia
leptophylla. To 15 ft.: Ivs. crowded, to H.in. long, white-
or yellowish-tomentose beneath: heads white, in terminal
corymbs; scales many among florets. New Zeal.
Vauvllliersii. To 6 ft.: Ivs. crowded, \i in. long, white-
or yellowish-tomentose beneath, sticky above: heads white,
in terminal corymbs; scales many among florets. New
Zeal. Var. albida (C. albida) has Ivs. whitish beneath.
CASSlOPE. Ericaceae. Low evergreen shrubs
with scale-like or linear Ivs., small solitary nod-
ding white or pinkish fls., and capsular frs.;
useful for rock-gardens.
Cassiopes should be planted in moist and partially shady
locations, in peaty or sandy soil. Propagated by cuttings
of mature wood in August under glass; also by layers and
seeds.
fastigiata. Densely tufted shrub 6-12 in. high: Ivs.
ovate-oblong, imbricated, ciliate: fls. white, broadly
campanulate, to H »n. long, axillary. Himalayas.
hypnoldes. To 3 in. or more, sts. densely tufted,
branched, ascending: Ivs. linear-subulate, to K in. long,
not grooved: fls. clear white or tinged pink, 5-cleft, on
terminal peduncles to 1 in. long. Arctic regions of northern
hemisphere.
lycopodioldes. Sts. creeping and filiform: Ivs. about
%, in. long, closely imbricated in 4 ranks: fls. white, style
slender. Siberia, Alaska to Ore.
Mertensiana. To 1 ft., tufted, the sts. covered w;th
small thick crowded Ivs. H in. long: fls. white, to H in.
across. Alaska to Calif.
Stelleriana (Ilarrimanella Stelleriana). Spreading, with
matted sts.: Ivs. spreading, oblong-linear, ^ in. long: fls.
white, % in. long. Alaska to Wash.
tetragdna. To 1 ft., sts. erect or ascending: Ivs. to H in.
long, with deep dorsal furrow, usually pubescent when
young: fls. 5-lobed, on lateral peduncles to 1 in. long. Ore.
to Alaska and eastward.
CASTALIA: Nymphsea.
CASTANEA. CHESTNUT. Fagacex. Attractive
hardy deciduous trees and shrubs of the north
temp, zone, having alternate, toothed, oblong
or lanceolate Ivs., unisexual fls. in catkins, and
1-7 large brown nuts inclosed in a prickly de-
hiscent involucre or bur; grown for ornament
and the edible nuts. For cult, see Chestnut.
americana: C. dentata.
crenata (C. japonica) JAPANESE C. To 30 ft.: Ivs. to
6 in. long, closely toothed with sinuses between, commonly
tomentose beneath: nuts usually 2-3, about 1 in. across.
Japan.
dentata (C. americana). AMERICAN C. To 100 ft.: Ivs.
to 10 in long, coarsely toothed, glabrous beneath, mostly
tapering or narrow at base: nuts usually 2-3, 1 in. or less
across. Me. to Miss.
H&iryi. Tree to 90 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, apex acuminate, tapering to base or broadly obtuse
to heart-shaped, margin sharply dentate, glabrous: nut
usually solitary, about ^ in. across. China.
jap6nica: C. crenata.
koraignsis: trade name.
mollfosima. CHINESE C. To 00 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long,
coarsely toothed, pubescent beneath: nuts usually 2-3,
about 1 in. across. China, Korea.
pubine'rvis: referable to C. crenata.
pumila. CHINQUAPIN. Shrub or tree to 45 ft.: Ivs. to
5 in. long, coarsely toothed, white-tomentose beneath:
nut usually solitary, ^ in. or less across. Pa. to Fla. and Tex.
satfva (C. vesca). SPANISH or EURASIAN C. To 100 ft.:
Ivs. to 8 in. long, with coarse spreading teeth, pubescent
beneath when young, mostly rounded or broad at base:
nuts 1-3, 1 in. or more across. S. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia. —
There are forms with variegated Ivs., var. asplenifdlia has
lobed and abnormal Ivs., and var. macroca'rpa has larger frs.
Seguinii. Tree or shrub to 30 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, el-
liptical or ob ovate, to 5% hi. long, apex acuminate, base
obtuse to heart-shaped, pubescent on veins beneath: nuts
usually 3, about H m- across. China.
tamba: listed name.
v6sca: C. sativa.
CASTAN<5PSIS. Fagacex. Evergreen trees
and shrubs native in Asia and W. N. Amer..
with alternate entire or dentate Ivs., unisexual
fls. usually in separate catkins, and 1-3 nuts
147 Castilleja
inclosed in a spiny or tubercled involucre; not
hardy in cold climates. Cult, as for Chestnut.
caudata. Shrub to 20 ft., much branched: Ivs. usually
glaucescent, coriaceous and glossy. China.
chrysophylla. GIANT CHINQUAPIN. To 100 ft. or more
although sometimes shrub-like: Ivs. oblong, to 6 in. long,
entire, shining dark green above and with golden-yellow
scales beneath: fr. with spiny husk. Ore , Calif., Nov. Var.
sempervirens (C. sempervirens) is a shrubby form.
cuspidata (Quercus cuspidatd). Lvs. ovate or oblong,
to 3 in. long, entire or toothed toward tip, gray-tomentose
beneath: fr. with tubercled husk. Japan.
Delavayl. Lvs. stiff, elliptic to obovate, toothed or
crenate, glabrous at maturity, grayish underneath: fr.
about H ln. across, spiny. W. China.
sclerophflla. Lvs. oblong-ovate, to 6 in. long, toothed
above middle: fr. with tubercled husk. China.
semp6rvirens: C. chryaophylla var.
CASTANOSPfiRMUM. Leguminosx. Two
species, only one from Australia planted in
trop. and semi-trop. regions. C. australe.
MoRETON-B AY-CHESTNUT. BLACK BEAN. Ever-
green tree to 60 ft. with large pinnate Ivs. com-
posed of 11-15 broadly oblong Ifts. to 5 in. long,
striking yellow to orange and reddish papiliona-
ceous long-stamened fls. in racemes to 6 in. long,
and cylindrical pods to 9 in. long. Propagated
by seeds; the latter are eaten by the natives.
CASTfLLA (Castilloa). Horace*. Trop. Amer-
ican trees with milky juice from which com-
mercial rubber is obtained, having large alternate
Ivs. and unisexual fls. in dense heads.
Propagated by seeds and the seedlings should be trans-
planted to a permanent position when about 1 foot high.
Trees are ready for tapping at about eight years old.
elastica. MEXICAN RUBBER-TREK To GO ft.: Ivs. el-
liptic-obovato, to 1^ ft. long, densely pubescent beneath,
short-stalked. Mex., Cent. Amer., N. S. Amer.
CASTILLfejA. PAINTED-CUP. Scrophu-
lariacese. Herbs usually parasitic on roots of
other plants, ann., bien., per., with narrow
alternate Ivs., small 2-lipped tubular fls. in
terminal gaudy-bractcd heads or spikes; mostly
native in western hemisphere, many of them in
U. S. They are seldom grown in the garden.
affinis. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear to lanceolate, to 4 in.
long: fl.-bracts scarlet; fls. yellowish, 1% in. long. Calif.
Var. linearieefdlia is C. linearise folia.
angustifdlia. Per. to 1 ft., sts. pilose-hispid: Ivs. lance-
olate, to ljf'4 in. long, entire or 3-parted: fl -bracts reddish;
corolla to 1 ^ in. long. B. C. to Colo, arid Calif.
calif 6rnica. INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH. Per., slender, to 1^
ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1 Ja in. long: fl -bracts red 01 red-tipped;
fls. bright red, the tube greenish-yellow, 1 in. long. Calif.
coccfnea. SCARLET P. Ann. or bien. to 2 ft., hairy: Iva.
oblong to linear, to 3 in. long; st -Ivs. 3-5-lobed: fl.-nracts
scarlet; fls. pale yellow, to 1 in. long. Me. to N. C. and Tex.
col Una. Cespitose per. to 1 ft., sts. somewhat wl.ite-
villous: Ivs. to 2 in. long, segms. linear, dark green: fl.-
bracts green near base, scarlet above, deeply lobed; corolla
green, crimson rimmed, to 1 ^ in. long. Wyo. to Colo.
folioldsa. WOOLLY P. Per., white-woolly, to 1^ ft.,
base woody: Ivs. linear, 1 in. long: fls. yellowish or greenish,
% in. long. Calif.
Haydenii. Per. to 10 in., sts. glabrous below infl.: Ivs.
linear to lanceolate, entire to 3-5-parted: fl.-bracts dark
crimson, deeply 3-7- cleft; corolla green tipped dark crim-
son, to 1 in. long. Mts. of Colo.
indivlsa. TEXAS P. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long: bracts bright red, calyx red and
about length of corolla. Tex.
Integra. Per. to 1 ft., tomentose: Ivs. narrow-linear, to
3 in. long: fl.-bracts crimson, pink or yellowish; fls. green
bordered with crimson, 1 in. long. Colo, to Mex.
lancifdlia. Per. to 2 ft., sts. solitary: Ivs. lanceolate, to
2 in. long, entire, usually glabrous: fl.-bracts crimson,
lanceolate and often cleft. Alaska to Ore. and Alta. south
to Colo.
latifdlia. Per., viscid-pubescent, to 1H ft.: Ivs. thick,
mostly oval or obovate, to 1 in. long (usually shorter), the
Castilleja
148
Catasetum
upper ones sometimes 3-lobed at apex- fls. in leafy spike,
the bracts yellow or red; corolla about % m. long. Calif.
Lindheimeri. Per. to 1 ft., hairy: Ivs. cut into 3-5 linear
flegms., to 2 in. long: bracts rose or brick-red; fls. green
edged with pink, 1 in. long. Tex., Colo.
lineariaafbHa (C. aflime var linearise/olio) . Lvs. linear,
sometimes cut into linear Begins., to 4 in. long: fl.-bracts
crimson; fls. greenish-yellow tinged red, 2 in. long. Calif,
to Wyo. nnd New Mex.
lute'scens. Per to 20 in , fits, hairy: Ivs. linear to lanceo-
late, entire, the upper ones 3-cleft and 5-nbbed: fl.-bracts
yellow tipped brown or red, mostly entire or only slightly
lobed. Mont, to Wash, and Ida.
Martinii. Per. with woody decumbent base, branches
ascending, sticky-hairy: Ivs. linear, 1 in. long: bracts scar-
let-tippeu; fls. reddish, 1 in. long. Calif.
miniata. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 2 in. long:
fl -bracts tipped brick-red; fls. green edged with red, % in.
long. Alaska to Calif.
occidentalis. Per. to 8 in., sts. hairy: Ivs. linear to
lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fl.-bracts browniBh-crimson to
yellowwh-greon, villous: corolla to % in- long. B. C. to
Alta. south to Utah and Colo.
parvifldra. To 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. cut into lanceolate or
linear segms , or the upper ones entire: corolla about 1 in.
long, the bracts red, yellow to white. Colo., Calif, and
elsewhere. — Variable.
pinetdrum. To 1H ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls.-bracts red above; fls. 1 in.
long. Ore., Calif., Nev.
rhexifolia. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to ovate.
2 in. long: fl -bracts scarlet or rose; fls. green bordered
with scarlet, 1 in. long. Kocky Mts.
sessilifl6ra. To 1 ft., sts. villous: Ivs. linear or linear-
lobed, to 2 in. long, entire, puberulent: fls. yellow, to 2 in.
long, in loose terminal leafy spikes. 111. to Sask. south to
Mo. and Ariz.
sten&ntha. Ann. to 2% ft., glandular-pubescent: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: bracts tipped with scarlet;
fls greeti or yellowish, lower lip with scarlet teeth, to 1^
in. long. Calif.
sulphurea. Per. to \]^ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, 2 in.
long: fl.-bracts light yellow; fls. greenish, 1 in. long. Rocky
Mts.
CASTILLOA: Castilla.
CASTOR-OIL PLANT: Ricinus communis.
CASUARlNA. BEEFWOOD. SHE-OAK. AUS-
TRALIAN-PINE. Casuarinacese. Ilardwooded trees
or shrubs native in Australia and Pacific Isls..
having jointed branches resembling the horsetail
or equisetum, Ivs. reduced to minute scales or
teeth, unisexual fls., the staminate borne in
spikes and the pistillate in dense heads becoming
dry cones in fr.
Casuarinas are much planted as avenue trees in Florida
and other warm regions; they do well near salt water.
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood, and also by
Heeds.
Cunninghamiana. To 70 ft.: cones globular, H in. or
less across, with glabrous valves: teeth on branchlets
8 -10.
distyla. Shrub or small tree: cones oblong, to 1 in. long,
the valves with dorsal protuberance: teeth on branchlets
usually 6.
equisetifdlia. HORBETAIL-TRER. To 70 ft., the branches
drooping: cones globular, ^ in. across, with pubescent
valves: teeth on branchlets commonly 7. Nat. in Fla.
glauca. To 50 ft., glaucous: cones globular, ^ in. across:
teeth on branchlets about 16.
h6rnda. Shrub to 9 ft. with erect stiff branches: cones
nearly globular, about ^ in. across, bristly: teeth on
branchlets 10 or 12.
lepidophldia. To 40, or rarely to 70 ft., twigs smooth or
faintly ribbed, ascending: cones 1 in. or more in diam.,
globose, pubescent: teeth on branchlets 9-16.
quadrivalvis: C, stncta.
strfcta (C. quadrivalvis). To 30 ft., the branches drooping:
cones globular or ovoid, 1 in. or more across: teetn on
branchlets about 10.
suber&sa. To 60 ft.: cones cylindrical-oblong, >£ in.
across: teeth on branchlets 6-8.
CATABRdSA. Graminese. Aquatic per.
grasses with creeping rhizomes, 2-fld. spikelets
in open panicles. N. Amer., Eurasia. C. aqu&tica
(Glyceria aquatica and G. specUibilis). BROOK-
GRASS. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long and J^ in.
across, glabrous: panicle erect to 8 in. high,
usually pyramidal, yellowish-brown. Wet places.
CATALPA. Bignoniacex. Small or large trees
with large, simple, long-stalked Ivs., mostly
deciduous, bell-shaped irregular white, whitish
or rose-colored fls. in terminal panicles or racemes,
and fr. a long narrow caps. 1 ft. or more long;
native in N. Amer. and E. Asia.
Catalpas are popular lawn and avenue trees and mostly
hardy North, very showy when in bloom in late spring and
early summer; sometimes planted for small timber. They
do well in any good soil. Propagated by seeds in spring
and cuttings of mature wood; also by layers, root-cuttings,
cuttings of young wood in early summer, and named varie-
ties by grafting on seedlings or cuttings of young trees.
bignonioides (C. syringse folia. C. cordifolia). COM-
MON C. INDIAN-BEAN. To 60 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 8 in. long,
abruptly short-acuminate, pubescent beneath: fls. white
with 2 yellow stripes and brown spotted, 2 in. across, in
panicles 8 in. long. Ga. to Fla. and Miss. Var. aurea has
yellow Ivs. and var. nana is dwarf, and is usually grafted
on upright boles forming standards with dense umbrella-
like heads and is the C. Bungei of horticulturists.
Bungei. Small tree: Ivs. triangular-ovate, to 6 in. long,
long-acuminate, sometimes toothed or angled near base,
glabrous: fls. white spotted purple, 1^ in. long. China. —
This name is often applied to C. bignonioides var. nana.
cordif&lia: C. bignomoidea.
Duclouxii: C. Fargesn var.
F&rgesii. To 60 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 6 in. long, long-acum-
inate, densely pubescent beneath, 3-lobed on young plants:
fls. pink or purplish spotted with brown, 1 % in. long. China.
Var. Duclouxii (C. Duclouxii), to 80 ft., Ivs. somewhat
larger, glabrous and fls. rose marked with orange.
h^brida (C. Teasii). Hybrid between C. bignonioides
and C. ovata, intermediate in character: Ivs. larger than
in C. ovata, mostly purplish when young, sometimes angled
or shallowly lobed: ns. resembling C. bignonioidea but
smaller. Much planted.
Kaempferi: C. ovata.
longfssima. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. small, oblong-pointed
to broad-lanceolate, 4-5 in. long and less than one-half as
broad: fls 1 in. or less long, white with fine purple or pink
lines: pod very slender, to 18 in. or more. W. Indies. —
Planted in S. Fla.
ovata (C. Kaempferi). To 30 ft. or more: Ivs. broad-
ovate, sometimes 3-5-lobed, to 10 in. long, abruptly acum-
inate, pubescent on veins beneath: fls. yellowish-white
marked with orange and violet, to % in. long, in panicles
to 10 in. long. China.
speci&sa. WESTERN C. To 100 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 1 ft.
long, long-acuminate, densely pubescent beneath: fls.
white spotted with brown, 2)£ in. across, in panicles 6 in.
long. 111. to Ark.
syringaef&lia: C. bignonioides.
Teasii: C. hybrida.
CATANANCHE. CUPIDS-DART. Composite.
Herbaceous annuals and perennials with narrow
Ivs. borne near base of st. and long-stalked blue
or yellow heads of ray- and disk-ns. and chaffy
involucre; pappus of bristles or scales; native
to Medit. region.
One is cultivated in the flower-garden and as an ever-
lasting. It grows well in the average garden soil and under
the usual treatment for perennials. Raised from seed sown
in spring and blooming the same year; also by division.
cerulea. Per. to 2 ft., blooming first year from seed:
IVB. lanceolate, few-toothed, tomentose: heads 2 in. across,
ray-fls. blue, involucre chaff -like, June-Aug. S. Eu. Var.
alba has white rays and tricolor blue rays edged with white.
CATASfeTUM. Orchidaceas. Trorj. American
terrestrial or epiphytic orchids, having pseudo-
CASUARINACE^. CASUARINA FAMILY. Only bulbs bearing 2 or more plaited lys., polygamous
one genus, trees or tree-like, Casuarina which is fls. of 3 different forms borne in racemes, the
employed for ornamental planting in Calif., Fla. pollen-masses flying out when the Appendages
and other southern parts. of the column are touched. Cult, in the hot-
Catasetum
house, commonly suspended and given a resting
period. See Orchids.
Bungerdthii: C. pileatum.
call&sum. Fls. in 10-15-fld. racemes to 1 ft. high; sepals
and petals brown, about 2 in. long; lip green spotted with
red, shortly saccate at base. Dec. Venezuela, Colombia.
Christyanum: C. saccatum var.
integ£rrimum (C. maculatum) . Fls. in 6-12-fld. racemes
to 16 in. high; sepals and petals bright green often spotted
with purple; lip green without (sometimes purple spotted),
purple-suffused within. Jan.-Dec. Cent. Amer.
macrocarpum (C. tridentatum) . Pseud obulbs oblong, to
8 in. long, striated: Ivs. to 1^ ft. long, elliptic-lanceolate,
keeled: scape erect or arching, 6 in. -IK ft. tall, about
5-14 fls. in male spike; sepals and petals yellowish-green
spotted with red or purple within; lip bright yellow with
greenish at apex or bright green, usually purple-spotted
within. Trinidad, S. Amer. — Somewhat variable in fl.
coloration.
maculatum: C. integerrimum.
medium. Fls. small, in many-fld. racemes; sepals and
petals greenish-yellow barred with brown; lip yellowish,
purple- spotted. Habitat unknown.
pileatum (C. Bunyerothii) . Racemes several- to many-fld.,
to 1 ft. high; fls. white or yellowish-white or light rose
sometimes purple-spotted; sepals about 2 in. long; lip
transversely oblong or semiorbicular and shortly saccate.
June. Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil. — Varieties have red,
orange or yellow in their fls.
Russellianum. Racemes pendent, many-fld., nearly
\\^ ft. long; sepals and petals oblong, about 1 £•£ in. long,
pale green; lip sac-like with a double fringe of teeth. Aug.-
Bept. Cent. Amer.
saccatum var. Christyanum (C. Christyanum). Fls. in
5-8- or more-fld. loose pendent racemes to 1 ^ ft. long;
sepals and petals about 2 in. long, narrowly lanceolate,
acute, greenish with brownish-red spots; lip greenish fringed
with rose-red hairs, the mouth of the central saccate area
white. Nov. -Mar. Brazil.
scurra: C. Warscewiczii.
tridentatum: C. macrocarpum.
viridiflavum. Pseudobulbs oblong, to 5 in. long: lys.
lanceolate-elliptic, acute, to about 1 ft. long, striate: spike
shorter than Ivs., up to 12-fld.; petals wider than sepals,
all uniformly yellow-green; lip yellow or yellow-green
without, deep yellow within, margin ciliate. Cent. Amer.
(Panama).
Warscewiczii (C. scurra). Fls. pale straw-color or white
with green veins, in drooping racemes, fragrant, the lip
with the 2 fringed side lobes and the protuberant middle
lobe bilobed and fringed at the apex. Cent. Amer., Colom-
bia, Venezuela, British Guiana.
CAT-BRIER: Simla* glauca.
CATCHFLY: Silene. German: Lychnis Viscaria.
CATESB^fcA. Rubiacese. W. Indian spiny
shrubs or small trees with opposite or whorled
Ivs., white, funnelform or campanulate, 4-lobed,
solitary fls., and fr. a white berry; one species
grown in S. Fla. and other warm regions.
spindsa. LILY-THORN. To 15 ft., with spines 1 in. or
more long: lys. ovate, to 1 in. long: fls. creamy, to 6 in. long,
much exceeding the small Ivs.: berries to 2 in. long. Cuba,
Bahamas.
CATHA. Celastracese. Evergreen shrub native
from Abyssinia to S. Afr., the Ivs. much used
by the Arabs in the preparation of a drink.
C. edftlis. KHAT. CAFTA. To 10 ft. : Ivs. opposite,
sometimes alternate on infertile shoots, oval,
to 4 in. long, toothed: fls. small, white, in
axillary clusters: fr. a 3-angled caps., about
\i in. long. — Planted in S. Fla. and Calif., and
also sometimes under glass for its economic
interest. See Gymnosporia.
CATHARTOLINUM: Linum.
CATHCARTIA: Meconopsis.
CA'TJANG: Vigna Catjang.
CATKIN: a scaly-bracted spike with unisexual flowers;
ament; prominent in willows and poplars.
CATMINT: Nepeta Catena.
CATNEP, CATNIP: Nepeta Catena.
CATS-CLAW: Doxantha Unguis-cati, PitheceUobium
Ungvi*-cati. -Ban Calochortut cseruleus, Hypochseris.
149
Cattteya
CAT-TAIL: Typha. Redhot: Acalypha hispida.
CATTLEYA. Orchidacese. Epiphytes native
in trop. Amer., having pseudobulbs with 1-3
very thick Ivs. and fls. in terminal clusters or
rarely solitary, the sepals similar, the petals
broader, lip of commonly 2 lateral lobes which
form a tube around the column, and spreading
middle lobe. Popular orchids grown in the
intermediate house; see Orchids for cult. There
are large numbers of hybrids and hort. forms.
Aclandiae. Pseudobulbs to 6 in. long, with 2 broadly
elliptic Ivs. to nearly 3 in. long: fls. to 4 in. across, 1 or 2
together; sepals and petals yellowish-green spotted with
purple-brown; hj> with short whitish-rose side lobes and
magenta wavy middle lobe. May-June, Sept.-Oct. Brazil.
Alwynii alba. Hybrid between C. Enid alba and C.
amabihs alba.
amabilis. Hybrid between C. labiata and C. Warsce-
wiczii.
amethystog!6ssa. Lvs. 2, elliptic-oblong, to over 8 in.
long: fls. about 4 in. across, 5-8 together; sepals and petals
white suffused with rose and spotted with violet; lip with
whitish side lobes and bluish-violet middle lobe. Nov.-July.
Brazil.
ardent issima. Hybrid between C. fabia and C. Petersii.
armainvillierensis. Hybrid between C. Mendclii and
C. Warscewiczii.
Armstrongiae. Hybrid between C. Hardyana and C.
Harrisoniana.
Ashtonii. Hybrid between C. Harrisoniana and C.
Warscewiczii.
aurantlaca (Epulendrum aurantiacum). Fls. orange-red,
to l}$ in. across. Dec.-May. Cent. Amer.
a urea: C. Dowiana var.
Ballantineana. Hybrid between C. Trianxi and C.
Warscewiczii.
Ballaurea. Hybrid between C. Ballantineana and C.
Dowiana var. aurea.
Banksise. Hybrid between C. Catherine and C. Mendelii.
belaire'nsis. Hybrid between C. intermedia and C.
Skinner i.
belair6nsis alba. Hybrid between C. intermedia var.
alba and C. Skinneri var. alba.
Be'rtii. Hybrid between C. Harrisoniana and C. libiata*
Beyrodtiana: C. labiata var.
blcolor. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, to about 6 in. long: fls.
3-4^ in. across, 2-8 together; sepals and petals bronze-
green; lip rose-purple sometimes edged with white, toothed,
without side lobes. Jan.-Apr., Sept. -Nov. Brazil.
Bl&ckii. Hybrid between C. Gaskelliana and C. Mcnddn,
Bowringiana. Lvs. oblong or elliptic-oblong, to 8 in.
long: fls. about 3 in. across, 5-13 together; sepals and
petals rose-violet; lip rose, lilac within, white edged with
chestnut-brown in throat. Oct.-Dec. Cent. Amer. Var.
triumphans has rich purple fls.
Cappei. Hybrid between C. Triansei and its var. Schroe-
deriana.
Cappei Alba. Hybrid between C. Triansei var. Schroe-
deriana and var. alba.
Chapmanii. Hybrid between C. Bowringiana and C.
Warneri.
choco£nsis: C. Trianxi var.
chrysotoxa: C. Dowiana.
citrlna. TULIP C. Lvs. strap-shaped, to 9J^ in. long:
fls. citron-yellow, usually solitary on drooping stalks
slightly longer or shorter than Ivs.; lip white on edges and
wavy. Apr.-June. Mex.
Clarkiae. Hybrid between C. labiata and C. bicolor.
Cooksonii. Hybrid between C. Hardyana and C.
Triansei.
Cooksonii 41ba. Hybrid with same parents as C. Cook-
sonii.
Dowiana (C. labiata var. Dowiana. C. chrysotoxa) •
QUEEN C. Lvs. solitary, to 1 ft. long: fls. to nearly 7 in-
across, 2-6 together; sepals and petals nankeen-yellow;
lip dark purple lined with radiating golden threads. Mar.-
May, July- Aug. Costa Rica. Var. aurea (C. awrea). Lip
with more and deeper yellow lines. Colombia. Var. rosfta
has creamy-white sepals tinged with purple, and rose-
purple petals tinged with yellow.
Dupreana. Hybrid between C. Warneri and C. War-
scewiczii.
Dusseldorfii. Hybrid between C. intermedia var. alba
and C. Mossise var. alba.
Cattleya
150
Cattleya
alba. Hybrid between C. Suzanne Hye and
C. Triansei var. 0/60.
Edwardii. Hybrid between C. Schilleriana and C.
Eldorado. Pseudobulbs to 8 in., 1-lvd., atout: Ivs. oblong
or elliptic-oblong, to 12 in.: fls. fragrant, to about 6 in.
across, pale rosy-lilac » hading to white; lip crisped, cen-
trally blotched with orange and with purple margins.
Brazil.
elongata. Pseudobulbs elongate, 2-lvd.: Ivs. elliptic,
to 6 in. long: fls. 3-4 in. across, 2-8 together; sepals ana
petals red-brown or orange, undulate on the margins; lip
rone, darker lined. Mar., Oct. Brazil.
Enid. Hybrid between C. Moaaiee and C. Warscewiczii.
Fernandii. Hybrid between C. Warscewiczii and C.
Aclandiss.
Fdrbesii. Pseudobulbs stem-like, 2-lvd.: Ivs. elliptic-ob-
long, to 5 in. long: fls. 3-4 in. across, 1-5 together; sepals
and petals olive- or yellow-green: lip white or pale yellow
outside, yellow inside often marked with red. May-Get.
Brazil.
Gaskelliana (C. labiata vnr. Caskelliana') . SUMMER C.
Pseudobulbs 1-lvd : Ivs. oblong, to almost 1 ft. long: fls.
to 7 in across, 2-3 together; sepals and petals purple- violet
suffused with white; hp purple- violet with a saddle-shaped
yellow blotch, crisped on margin. May-Sept. Venezuela,
Brazil. Var. alba has pure white sepals and petals, creamy-
white lip with yellow throat. Var. caerulea has pure white
fls. with bluish spot on base of lip. Var. delicata has very
pale purple- violet fls.
gig as: C. Warscewiczii.
Gfldenii. Hybrid between C. Hardyana and C. Maggie
Raphael.
granuldsa. Lvs. 2, elliptic-oblong, to 6 in long: fls. to
4 in. across, 5-8 together; sepals and petals olive-green
more or less spotted with red-brown; hp white dotted with
purple, the claw of the middle lobe yellowish marked with
red, wavy. Aug.-Sept. Guatemala, Brazil.
guttata. Lvs. 2, oblong-elliptic, to 9 in. long: fls to 4 in.
across, about 4-6 together; nopals and petals green spotted
with red-purple; lip with sufe lobes rose or white, and
middle lobe violet- purple. Apr.-Oct. Brazil.
Hardyana. Hybrid between C. Dowiana and C. Wars"
cewiczii. Named variants of this hybrid are alba, aurea,
delicata, elegans, excel lens.
Harrisoniana. Lvs. 2, oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in. long:
fls. to 4 in. across, 2-5 together, rose-lilac, the middle lobe
of lip whitish-rose with yellow spot. Jan.-Feb., July-Get.
Brazil.
Hassellii. Hybrid between C. labiata and C. Empress
Frederick.
Heloisise. Hybrid between C. Forbesii and C. Mossix.
Hentschelii. Hybrid between C. Dupreana and C.
Warscewiczii.
intermedia. Lvs. 2, oblong, to 6 in. long: fls. to 5 in.
across, usually 3-5 together, pale rose with middle lobe of
lip purple and crisped. Apr.-June, Sept.-Nov. Brazil.
Var. Alba has pure white fls.
intert£xta. Hybrid between C. Mossi.r and C. Warneri.
iridescens. Hybrid between C. Eldorado and C. bicolor.
Kienastiana. Hybrid between C. Dowiana and C.
Lueddemanniana.
labiata. AUTUMN C. Lvs. solitary, oblong, to 10 in.
long: fls. to 6 in. across, 2-5 together, rose-hlnc, the very
wavy limb of lip violet-purple bordered with rose-lilao
with deeper streaks and yellow throat. Get .-Mar. W.
Indies, Brazil. Var. alba has white fls. with a yellow throat.
Yar. Amesiana has white fls. with lilac lip. Var. Beyrod-
tiana has yellow lip streaked with purple. Var. Codksonue
has white fls. with crimson-purple lip edged with white.
Var. rosea has very light rose fls.
Lawrenceana. Lvs. solitary, oblong or elliptic-oblong,
to 9 in. long: fls. to 5 in. across, 5-7 or more together, rose-
purple, the limb of lip purple with a maroon band and a
white throat below. Feb. -Apr. British Guiana, Venezuela.
Leopold!! (C. guttata var. Leopoldii). Lvs. 2-3, oblong-
elliptic, to 8 in. long: fls. to 4 in. across, 10-25 together;
sepals and petals brown dotted with purple-red; lip white
in the throat, purple above, wavy. Oct.-Nov. Brazil.
lobata: Lselia lobata.
Loddigesii. Pseudobulbs to 12 in. long, 2-lvd., cylindric:
Ivs. elliptio-oblong, to 5 in. long: fls. to 4 in. or more across,
rose-lilac, the lip 3-lobed and white inside with yellow at
base, crisped on the margins. Brazil.
Lueddemanniana (C. labiata var. Lueddemanniana.
C. speciosiasima) . Lvs. solitary, oblong or elliptic-oblong,
to 10 in long: fls. to 6 in. across, 2-5 together, rose-purple,
the lip with wavy amethyst-purple limb, throat spotted
with yellow or white. July-Sept. Brazil, Venezuela. Var.
alba has white fls. In var. Stanley! the white fls. have the
limb lined with purple.
Luegeee. Hybrid of C. Dowiana var. Rosita and C. Enid.
luteola. Lvs. solitary, oblong-elliptic, to 9 in. long: fls.
to 2 in. across, 2-6 together, citron-yellow sometimes with
lilac stripes, the middle lobe of hp whitish and wavy.
Nov.-Aug. Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.
M&ntinii. Hybrid between C. Bowringiana and C.
Dowiana var. aurea.
Marliata. Hybrid between C. labiata and C. Marriottiana.
M&ronii. Hybrid between C. Dowiana and C. velutina.
Marriottiana. Hybrid between C. Eldorado and C.
Warscewiczii.
m^rimfl, Lvs. solitary, oblong, to 10 in. long: fls. to 5 in.
across, 3-7 together, lilac or pale rose, the limb of lip whitish
to crimson-purple with darker veins and orange-yellow
central band, wavy. Apr.-July, Oct.-Nov. Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru.
McMfistersiae. Hybrid between C. Schilleriana and C.
Mendeln.
Mendelii (C. labiata var. Mendelii). VIRGINS C. Lvs.
solitary, oblong, to 10 in. long: fls. to 8 in. across, 2-3 to-
gether, white or rosy, the limb of lip very wavy, white or
rosy at base, purple near apex, with yellow throat. Apr.-
Sept. Colombia.
Mendel issima. Hybrid between C. Lueddemanniana
and C. Mendehi.
Minucia. Hybrid between C. Loddigesii and C. Wars-
cewiczii.
M6ssiae. SPRING C. Lvs. oblong, to 8 in. long: fls.
5-8 in. across, 3-5 together, rose, the very wavy lip with
purple limb variegated with violet and edged with rose,
the throat yellow and orange. Mar.-Aug. Venezuela.
Var. alba has white fls. In var. caerulea the sepals and
petals are blue-violet. Var. Reineckiana has white fls. with
yellow throat and violet limb. Var. Wageneri has white fls.
with yellow spot on lip. Other listed varieties include
aurea, delicata, grandifldra, luteola and matutina.
Mossmanlana. Hybrid between C. A. Dimmock and
C. Triansei.
Murray!. Hybrid between C. Mendelii and C. Law-
renceana.
Ora'tinii. Hybrid between C. Princess Royal and C. Enid.
Peetersii. Hybrid between C. Hardyana and C. labiata.
Peetersii alba. Hybrid between C. Hardyana var. alba
and C. labiata.
Percivalliana (C. labiata var. Percivalliana) . CHRISTMAS
C. Similar to C. Mossise but with smaller somewhat darker
colored fls. Jan.-Mar. Venezuela. Var. alba, fls. white.
Var. Roeblingiana, fls. white with rose-purple hp.
Pittiana. Hybrid between C. Dowiana and C. granulosa.
R&faeliae. Hybrid between C. Dowiana and C. Tnansei.
R6r. Lvs. solitary, oblong, to 1 ft. or more long: fls.
6-7 in. across, 3-6 together; sepals and petals yellowish-
white; lip yellow with crimson limb edged with white, wavy.
July-Sept. Peru.
Roehrsiana. Hybrid between C. Hardyana and C.
Mendelii.
Rothschildiana. Hybrid between C. Dowiana and C.
Gaskelliana.
Sanderiana: C. Warscewiczii.
Schilleriana. Lvs. 2, elliptic, to 4 in. long: fls. to 4 in.
across, 1-2 together; sepals and petals wavy on the margin,
green spotted with brown; lip within yellow near base,
purplish-crimson above, fimbnate. Apr.- May, Sept.-Oct.
Schroederiana: C. Triansei var.
Skinner!. Lvs. 2, elliptic, to 8 in. long: fls. 4-^5 in. across,
4-rarely 13 together, rose-purple with yellowish- white in
throat of lip. Jan.-Aug. Cent. Amer. Var. alba has white
fis.
specios Issima: C. Lueddemanniana.
Stuartii. Hybrid between C. Mendelii and C. Mossise.
suavior. Hybrid between C. Mendelii and C. intermedia.
superba: C. violacea.
Thayeriana. Hybrid between C. intermedia and C.
Trian&i var. Schroederiana.
Thayeriana alba. Hybrid oetween C. intermedia var.
alba and C. Tnansei var. Schroederiana alba.
Thurgoodlana. Hybrid between C. Hardyana and C.
Lueddemanniana.
Tjiansei (C. labiata var. Triansei). WINTER C. Lva.
solitary, oblong, tov8 in. long: fls. to 7 in. across, 2-3 to-
gether, rose, the lip with dark purple wavy lirtab and yellow
throat. Dec.-Mar. Colombia. Var. Alba has white fla.
and var. atropurpurea crimson-purple. Var. Backhousiina
Cattleya 151
has rose-purple sepals and petals with darker spot at tip.
Var. chocoensis has fragrant white fls. sometimes tinged
with pale lilac. Var. Schroederiana, EASTER C., has fragrant
pink fls. with purple-tipped lip. Forms of this var. are
alba, c&rulea, citnna ancl refulgens. Var. triumphans has
rose-pink sepals and petals with purple lip and golden-
yellow tube. Var. variegata is listed. Var. W611esley«
(C. Wettesleyx) has white fls.
triumphans. Hybrid between C. Dowiana and C, Rex.
velutina. Lvs. 2, broadly lanceolate, to 10 in. long: fls.
3^-4 in. across, 2-8 together, fragrant; sepals and petals
orange-yellow spotted with purple; lip \vhitish with purple
lines, throat yellow. Feb.-May, Aug.-Oct. Brazil.
veriflbra. Hybrid between C. labiata and C. Triansei.
vestalis. Hybrid between C. Dowiana and C. maxima.
violacea (C. superba). Lvs. 2, elliptic or oval, to 6 in.
long: fls. 4-almost 5^ in. across, 3--C together, fragrant;
sepals and petals rose-purple; lip deep purple, the throat
with a central band of yellow separating 2 white blotches.
Jan.-Dec. Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Brazil,
Peru.
Walkeriana. Pseudobulbs to 5 in. high, furrowed, 1- or
2-lvd.: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, to 5 in. long: fls. 1-3, to 5 in.
across; sepals and petals pale to deep lilac-purple, disk of
lip yellow streaked with purple and with a deep border of
purple. Brazil, Bolivia.
W&rneri (C. labiata var. Warneri). Lvs. solitary, oblong,
to 7 in. long: fls. to 8 in. across, 3-5 together, rosy, with
limb of lip carmine and very wavy and yellow tnroat.
May-July. Brazil. In var. alba the fls. are white except
for the yellow throat.
Warscewfczii (C. labiata var. Warscewiczii. C. gigas.
C. Sanderiand). ST. JOHNS C. Lvs. solitary, oblong, to 10 in.
long: fls. to 9 in. across, 2-3 together; sepals and petals
violet-rose; lip deep purple with 2 yellow spots in tnroat,
wavy. May-Aug. Colombia. Forms are alba with pure
white fls and rochel!6nsis with white fls. having lip tinged
with color.
Wavriniana. Hybrid between C. granulosa and C.
Warscewiczii.
Wellesleyae: C. Triansei var.
Wendlandiana. Hybrid between C. Bowringiana and
C. Warscewiczii.
Whitei. Hybrid between C. Schilleriana and C. Warneri.
Wlganii. Hybrid between C. Dowiana and C. Schiller-
iana.
Wflliamsiae. Hybrid between C. GaskeUiana and C.
Harrisoniana.
CAUDOXALIS: Oxalis Bowieana.
CAULANTHUS. WILD CABBAGE. Cruciferx.
Mostly ann. herbs, fls. with narrow and usually
crisped petals, fr. a terete or compressed nearly
sessile pod with short beak; sometimes confused
with Streptanthus, a per. with lyrate basal Ivs.
and pods not beaked.
inflatus (Streptanthus inflatua). SQUAW-CABBAGE. Ann.
to 2 ft»., sts. conspicuously inflated, glabrous: Ivs. clasping,
oblanceolatc to ovate: fls. white, to % in. across or more,
petals crisped near tip, stigma deeply 2-lobed: pods stout,
to 4 in. long, ascending.
CAULESCENT: more or less stemmed or stem-bearing;
having an evident stem above ground.
CAULIFLOWER, BROCCOLI (Brassica oler-
acea var. botrytis). Biennial plants (running
to seed the second year) of the cabbage tribe
but more tender to frost and untoward conditions,
the edible part being a head formed of the
condensed and thickened malformed flower-
cluster rather than an aggregation of leaves.
If the old plant is set out the following year,
good flowering and seed-bearing shoots will
arise from the stump and from such parts of
the head as may not have been removed, as in
the cabbage.
Cauliflower is not as cosmopolitan as to
conditions as cabbage, or as easy to grow. It
does best in a rather cool moist soil and under
equable conditions; only highly selected seed
should be used; the plant must be kept in a
continuous state of thrift. Insects and diseases
must be kept under full control; they are tho
•same as the pests of cabbage.
Ceanothus
The great heats and dryness of midsummer
are to be avoided as far as possible at heading
time, if the crop is to be grown in untoward
regions. To this end. very early varieties may
be grown, starting tnem under glass and har-
vesting the crop in June or early summer. The
plants are handled as are cabbages, and the
distances for the early varieties may be 18 inches
in the row. For the late or main crop, seeds may
be sown in seed-beds in late spring or early
summer, and as these varieties make bigger plants
the distances should be 2 feet in the row or
even more for the larger kinds. Far South the
crop may be grown for early spring use from
seeds sown in autumn. In parts of California
the crop is grown in winter. Wherever irrigation
is available, many of the difficulties of cauli-
flower growing may be overcome.
A continuous steady growth from high-class
sends and well-grown plants should produce
a solid head of regular shape, without "buttons'1
or breaks or straggling branches. To whiten the
head, the outer leaves are sometimes tied to-
gether over it, but openings should be left on
the sides for ventilation or the head may decay
from the accumulation of moisture. Heads
should be harvested as fast as they mature or
they may crack or become discolored or develop
decayed spots. In harvesting, a good circle of
leaves should go with the head, and these leaves
are trimmed a little above the head to serve as a
protection, and to provide a cup in which the
head sits attractively.
A race of very late large cauliflower is known
as broccoli; the culture is in general the same
as for the ordinary cauliflower except that it
requires the entire season in which to grow; in
mild climates it may be left in the field over
winter, maturing its heads in spring. The
Asparagus or Sprouting broccoli, Calabrese,
is a different plant, Brassica oleracea var. italica
(or var. asparagoides) . It does not produce a
thick solid white head but rather a small greenish
head on the main stalk and similar heads on
thick branches after the first head is cut: all
these shoots are edible and are prized by those
who know them. It may be started early in
plant beds and brought to maturity in late
spring or in autumn of the same year. All the
broccolis are specially prized by Italians.
Another plant sometimes but erroneously
known as broccoli or "Italian kale" is the Seven-
top turnip; see Brassica sepiiceps; also B. Ruvo.
CAULINE: pertaining or belonging to the stem.
CAULOPHfLLUM. Berberidaccar. Two erect
per. rhizomatous herbs, one in E. N. Amer., and
one in E. Asia, the former sometimes planted
in the wild-garden or border. The genus is
distinguished by the naked seeds left by the
bursting of the pericarp and which become
blue and berry-like. Fls. small, in a cluster,
with the young ternately compound rue-like Ivs.
thalictroides. BLUE COHOSH. To 3 ft.: fls. yellow-green,
plant) has less deeply toothed and more pointed Ifts.
CEANdTHUS. Rhamnacese. N. American
shrubs, particularly on the Pacific Coast, or
small trees, with simple deciduous or persistent
Ivs., mostly showy blue or white small fls. in
dense panicles or racemes, and 3-lobed capsular
fr.; furnishes many ornamental subjects, among
Ceanothus
152
Cecropia
them many hybrids of European origin and
giving rise to named hort. va»*s. The Pacific
species and their derivatives are not hardy in
the northeastern states. The following species
are mostly deciduous.
Ceanothus thrives best in light well-drained soil in sunny
positions. Few species are hardy North and plants may be
dug in fall, stored in a frost-proof place, and set out again
in spring. Propagated by seeds sown in spring, layers, and
varieties by grafting on roots of C. americanus in spring
under glass; also by cuttings of mature wood m autumn or
soft-wood cuttings in spring from forced plants. Those
native in the eastern parts of the country are sometimes
transferred to grounds in that region.
americanus (C procumbens). NEW- JERSEY-TEA. To
3 ft.: Ivs. alternate, ovate, finely toothed: fls. white. Me.
to S. C. and Tex.
arbdreus. Evergreen shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. alter-
nate, ovate, finely toothed, white-tomentose beneath:
fl». pale to deep blue, fragrant. Isls. off Calif, coast.—
The plant cult in Calif, as C. hybndus is said to be a hybrid
between C. arboreus and C. spinosus.
Arnouldii: C. Dvhlianua.
austromontanus. Similar to C. foliosus, growing to 8 ft.
high. Mts. of 8. Calif.
azure us: C. cseruleus.
cseruleus (C. azureus). Shrub or small tree to 20 ft.
and more: Ivs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, finely
toothed, rusty-tomentose beneath: fls. blue or nearly white.
Mex., Guatemala.
calif6rnicus: C. inteoerrimus.
cordulatus. Much branched spiny shrub to 4 ft., forming
flattened clumps: Ivs. alternate, ovate, entire or finely
toothed: fls. white. Ore , Calif.
crassifMius. Shrub to 6 ft., young sts. pubescent: Ivs.
opposite, elliptic to obovate, to 1 in. long, white-pubescent
beneath, somewhat flenhy, margins usually revolute and
dentate: fls. white S. and Lower Calif. Var. planus has
Ivs. entire without revolute margins.
cuneatus. BUCK-BRUSH. Erect shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs.
opposite, persistent, spatulate-obovate. to 1 in. long: fls.
white, lavender or blue. Calif.
cyaneus. Shrub to 10 ft : Ivs. alternate, persistent,
ovate-elliptic, to 2 in. long, glossy, margins entire to
glandular-toothed: fls. dark blue becoming paler, in clusters
to 1 ft. long. S. Calif.
Delilianus (C. Arnouldii. C. hybridus). A hybrid be-
tween C. americanus and C. wruleus: to 3 ft.: Ivs. alternate,
ovate, finely toothed: fls. pale or deep blue. The commonly
cult. "Gloire de Versailles belongs here.
dentatus. To 3 ft., densely branched, evergreen: Ivs.
alternate, obovate, margins revolute: fls. blue. Calif. Var.
imprgssus is C. impressus.
divaricatus: the material in cult, under this name is
C. leucodermis.
F6ndleri. To 1M ft-, spiny: Ivs. alternate, ovate, entire,
silky beneath: fls. white. S. D. to Wyo. and N, Mex.
folidsus. Evergreen, to 1 ft. or more, densely branched:
Ivs. alternate, oblong, to 5* in. long, pale beneath: fls. blue.
Cent. Calif.
gloridsus. Prostrate shrub to 1 ft.: Ivs. opposite, per-
sistent, broadly elliptic to round, to \1A in. long, dark green,
leathery, usually spiny-toothed: fls. deep blue to purple.
S. Calif. Var. exalt&tus is an upright plant to 12 ft.
Grlggii. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, to JHs in.
long, grayish on both sides, entire or with 1-3 small teeth
near the base, rarely concave above: fls. white, in small
umbels. N. Mex. to New Mex. and S. Calif. Var. per-
pl£xans has yellowish-green Ivs. broadly elliptic to obovate,
to 5^ m. long or more, usually more pungently tipped.
hybrid us: see C. Delilianus and C. arboreus.
impress us (C. dentatus var. impresses). Spreading shrub
to 8 ft. high and 20 ft. across: Ivs. alternate, persistent,
broadly elliptic to round, to 1 in. long, loosely villous:
fls. dark blue. S. Calif.
incanus. To 8 ft., bark white: Ivs. alternate, ovate,
usually entire, whitish-pubescent beneath: fls. white. Calif.
integgrrimus (C. calif ornicus) . DEER-BRUSH. To 12 ft.:
Ivs. alternate, ovate, entire: fls. white, rarely pale blue or
pink. Calif.
Jepsonii. To 5 ft.: Ivs. opposite, elliptic, leathery, spiny-
toothed: fls. white or blue. Calif. Var. purpureus is C.
purpureus.
leucodermis (C. divaricatus) . To 12 ft.: Ivs. alternate,
persistent, elliptic-oblong to ovate, to 1 >£ in. long, 3-veined
from base, entire to serrulate, glabrous: fls. pale blue to
white: fr. globose. Calif., Lower Calif.
Lobbianus. Hybrid between C. dentatus and C. thyrsi-
florus: evergreen shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. alternate, oblong,
remotely toothed, whitish beneath: fls. dark blue.
macrocarpus: C. megacarpus var. insular is.
megacarpus. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. mostly alternate,
cuneate-obovate, to 1 in. long, apex truncate or notched:
fls. white, in small clusters: fr. globose, to % in. diam., with
large dorsal horns. S. Calif. Var. insularis (C. macrocarpus)
has Ivs. often opposite with fr. scarcely if at all horned.
Var. pendulus has long slender arching or drooping branches.
microphyllus. Shrub to 2 ft., sts. erect, diffuse: Ivs.
suborbicular to elliptic, to % in. long, entire, somewhat
fleshy: fls. white, to ^i in. across, in loose terminal and
axillary panicles. Ga. to Fla. and Ala.
oltganthus. To 12 ft.: Ivs. alternate, ovate, finely toothed,
pale green or brown beneath: fls. deep blue or purplish.
Calif.
oyatus. To 3 ft.: Ivs. alternate, oblong or oval, toothed,
shining above: fls. white. Vt. to Colo, and Tex.
pallid us. Hybrid between C. Delilianus and C. ovatus:
to 3 ft. or less: Ivs. alternate, oblong, finely toothed: fls.
light blue. "Marie Simon," with flesh-colored fls. belongs
here.
papillosus. To 6 ft , evergreen: Ivs. alternate, oblong to
linear, margins revolute, upper surface papillose, pubes-
cent beneath: fls. blue. Calif. Var. Roweanus is spreading,
to 3 ft. high, of compact habit with narrower Ivs. Var.
supre'ssus, prostrate.
Parryi. To 6 ft. or more, evergreen: Ivs. alternate,
oblong, finely toothed but margins becoming revolute,
tomentose beneath: fls. blue. Calif.
parvifdlius. Spreading shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. alternate,
deciduous, oblong-elliptic to elliptic, to 1 in. long, entire or
sometimes toothed: fls. pale to deep blue, in clusters to
3 in. long. Calif.
procumbens: C. americanus,
prostratus. MAHALA MAT. Prostrate: Ivs. evergreen,
opposite, obovate, coarsely spiny-toothed: fls. blue. Wash,
to Calif. Var. dive'rgens has horizontally spreading or
trailing branches.
pumilus. Prostrate shrub to 8 in. or less high, sts. mat-
forming, to 18 in. long, much branched: Ivs. cuneate to
obovate, to H in. long, finely white-pubescent beneath,
nearly sessile: fls. blue to white. Ore.
purpureus (C. Jepsonii var. purpureus). HOLLY-LEAF C.
Erect or spreading shrub to 4 ft. high: Ivs. opposite, per-
sistent, orbicular to broadly elliptic, sinuate, to % in. long,
dark green, glossy: fls. deep blue to purple, in umbellate
clusters to 2 in. across. Calif.
ram u 16s us. To 4 ft., branches spreading, arching or
procumbent: Ivs opposite, persistent, oblunceolate, obovate
or nearly round, to % in. long, nearly sessile: fls. blue,
lavender or white, in small umbels. Calif.— Grown in
rocky sandy situations.
rfgidus. To G ft., stiffly branched: Ivs. opposite, cuneate-
obovate, entire or toothed near tip: fls. bright blue. Calif.
Var. albus, fls. white.
sanguine us. Shrub to 10 ft., young twiga greenish,
long-pubescent, older sts. reddish: Ivs. alternate, oval,
to2K in long, obtuse at apex: fls. white. B. C. to Mont,
and N. Calif.
sorediatus. To 7 ft., stiffly branched: Ivs. alternate,
ovate, finely toothed, pale beneath: fls. blue or nearly
white. Calif.
spindsus. To 10 ft., sometimes tree to 24 ft., often
spiny: Ivs. alternate, oblong, entire or finely toothed:
fls. pale blue or white. Calif.
thyrsifldrus. BLUE-BLOSSOM. Evergreen, to 8 ft. or
tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. alternate, oblong, finely toothed, shining
above: fls. blue or rarely white. Ore. to Calif. Var. griseus
has Ivs. densely silky-pubescent beneath, margins revolute
between teeth and mn. more dense and compact. Calif.;
said to be more hardy.
Veitchianus. Hybrid between C. rigidus and C. thyrsi-
florus: to 10 ft. : Ivs. evergreen, alternate, obovate, remotely
toothed, shining above, whitish beneath: fls. deep blue.
velutinus. To 15 ft., evergreen: Ivs. alternate, elliptic,
finely toothed, shining above, tomentose beneath: fls. white.
B. C. to Calif, and Colo.
verruc&sus. Low shrub: Iva. alternate, obovate, entire
or slightly toothed, small, pale beneath: fls. white. S. and
Lower Calif. ^
CEBATHA: Cocculus.
CECR6PIA. Moracese. Trop. American trees
with milky juice, large palmately-lobed peltate
Ivs. and unisexual fls. in dense spikes; grown in
trop. countries and sometimes in 8. Fla. and
S. Calif. As plants are dioecious both pistillate
Cecropia
153
Celery
and staminate should be planted if fruiting
specimens are desired.
palmata. SNAKEWOOD TREE. To 50 ft., with soft wood:
Ivs. borne at ends of branches, 7-11-lobed to middle or
below, rough above, white-tomentose beneath. W. Indies,
S. Amer.
CEDAR: Cedrus. Cigarbox-: Cedrela odorata. Ground-:
Lycopodium complanatum. Incense-: Libocedrus. Red-:
Jumperus. Spanish-: Cedrela odorata. Stinking-: Torreya
taxi folia. West-Indian-: Cedrela odorata. White-: Cham-
xcyparis, Tabebuia pallida.
CfiDRELA. Meliacete. Trees with colored
wood furnishing valuable timber, that of C.
odorata extensively used for cigar-boxes, also
several species grown for ornament: deciduous
or evergreen: Ivs. alternate, many-pinnate and
somewhat ailanthus-like : fls. small and whitish,
in panicles: fr. a woody caps., with winged seeds:
occidental and oriental tropics and warm regions.
Cedrelas thrive in fertile loamy soil. Propagated by
seeds, cuttings of mature wood, and root-cuttings, over heat.
australis: C. Toona.
ffssilis. Tree to 50 ft. or more: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate,
densely pubescent beneath: fls. yellowish, in pubescent
panicles longer than Ivs., petals velvety: fr. 1 in. or more
long. Panama, S. Amer., perliaps Mex.
odorata. WEST-INDIAN- or SPANISH-CEDAR. CIGAR-
BOX-CEDAR. To 100 ft.: Ifts. entire: fls. yellowish, in
panicles shorter than Ivs.: fr. to 1^2 in- I°n8> the seeds
winged below middle. W. Indies, S. Amer.
sin£nsis (Toona sinensis). To 50 ft.: Ifts. toothed: fls.
white, in very long pendulous panicles: fr. 1 in. long, the
seeds winged above. China; stands in N. Y. and S. New
England.
To6na (C. australis. Toona ciliata). To 70 ft., nearly
evergreen: Ifts. entire or wavy -margined: fls. white, fragrant,
in panicles shorter than Ivs.: fr. to 1 in. long, the seeds
winged at both ends. Himalayas; planted in S. Fla.
CEDRONfiLLA. Labiate. One per. shrub-
by herb to 4 ft. high, native in Canary Isls. and
grown in the flower-garden. Propagated by
cuttings. C. canarie"nsis (C. triphylla. Draco-
cephalum canariense). CANARY-BALM. Lvs. of
3 oblong or lanceolate toothed Ifts.: fls. white or
lilac, in whorls in loose terminal spikes. For
C. nana and C. mexicana see Drittonastrum.
CfiDRUS. CEDAR. Pinacese. Large evergreen
trees with wide-spreading branches, of 4 species
in N. Afr. and Asia, having stiff needfe-like
4-angled clustered Ivs. and small ovoid erect
cones with closely imbricated scales. For cult,
see Qonifcrs. The species are not reliable north
of the latitude of N. Y. on the eastern side of
the continent, and then only in favorable
locations; they are mostly trees for the middle
and warmer parts of the country, but all except
perhaps C. brevifolia can be grown in favorable
sheltered locations in S. New England.
atlantica. ATLAS C. Lvs. less than 1 in. long, bluish-
green: cones to 3 in. long. N. Afr. Var. argSntea, Ivs.
silvery-white; var. aurea, Ivs. yellowish; var. glauca,
Ivs. glaucous; var. fastigiata, habit narrow-pyramidal;
var. pendula, branchlets drooping.
brevifolia. Closely allied to C. libani but with shorter
glaucous Ivs. and shorter cones. Cyprus.
Deodara. DEODAR C. Branchlets drooping: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, dark bluish-green: cones to 6 in. long. Himalayas.
Var. arg£ntea, Ivs. silvery- white; var. aurea, Ivs. yellow;
var. crassifdlia, stiff stunted tree with shorter thicker lys.;
var. fontinalis is listed as producing elongated flexible
shoots, it is probably var. p£ndula which has long drooping
branches; var. prostrata, a low-lying form; var. robusta,
a stronger form than type with stiffer Ivs. ; var. verticillata,
compact form with bluish-white Ivs.; var. vfridis, Ivs. deeper
green.\ Other listed names are compacta and repandens.
libani. (<?. libanitica). CKDAB OF LEBANON. Lvs. 1 in.
long, dark or bright green: cones to 4 in. long. Asia Minor.
Var. aurea, foliage yellowish-green; var. compacta is listed
as more dense growing than type; var. glauca, Ivs. blue or
silvery- white; var. nana (var. T'Comte de Dijon"), dwarf
and compact; var. pendula, branches drooping.
libanitica: C. libani.
CED3A. Bombacaceae. Very large deciduous
trees with digitately compound Ivs., showy
fls. in axillary clusters and fr. a leathery caps.,
the seeds with long cotton-like fiber which is the
kapok of commerce; planted as a shade tree in
the tropics.
Casearia: C. pentandra.
pentandra (C. Caseana. Eriodendron anfractuosum) .
SILK-COTTON-TREB. To 120 ft., with widely spreading
branches, the trunk often 9 ft. thick and the thm buttresses
sometimes extending for 30 ft.: Ifts. 7, to 6 in. long: fls.
white or rose, the woolly petals about 1 m. long, often
appearing before the Ivs.: fr. to 5 in. long. Tropics of both
hemispheres.
CELANDINE: Chelidonium. Tree: Macleaya cordata.
CELASTRACEJE. STAFF-TREE FAMILY.
Widely distributed trees and shrubs, often
twining, of about 45 genera, with simple mostly
deciduous Ivs., small regular usually bisexual
fls. having 4-5 sepals, petals and stamens,
superior 3-5-celled ovary, and seeds usually
with a pulpy aril which is disclosed when the
pericarp ruptures in autumn. Species in the
following genera are cult, for ornament: Catha,
Celastrus, Elicodendron, Euonymus, Gymno-
sporia, Maytenus, Pachisterna, Tripterygium.
CELASTRUS. Cclastracese. Species here en-
tered are twining shrubs, seldom evergreen,
with alternate simple Ivs., greenish-white polyg-
amous fls. in racemes or panicles, capsular fr.
and seed with a crimson aril showy when ripe.
Suitable for covering walls, trellises and the like. They
thrive in common soils. Propagated by seeds so\*n in fall
or stratified, by suckers, cuttings of young or mature wood,
and root-cuttings.
angulatus (C. latifolius). Branches angular: Ivs. to 7 in.
long: fls. in terminal panicles to 0 in. long: frs. orange-
red. China; not hardy in northern states.
articulatus: C. orbiculatua.
cassinoldes: Gymnosporia cassinoides.
flagellaris. Branches with spmy stipules: Ivs. to 2 in.
long: fls. in few-fld. axillary cymes: frs. orange-yellow.
N. China, Korea, Japan; hardy in S. New England.
latifdlius. C. angulatus.
orbiculatus (C. articulatus) . Branches spiny only when
young: Ivs. to 4 in. long: fls. in few-fld. axillary cymes:
frs. orange-yellow. Japan, China. Var. punctatus is a
less vigorous form with smaller Ivs.
orientalis: listed name.
Orixa: Orixa japonicti.
panic ulat us. Branches with pale lenticular warts: lys.
to 4 in. long: fls. in terminal pendulous panicles to 8 in.
long. Himalayas; adaptable S.
punctatus: C. orbiculatua var.
Rosthornianus. Lvs. to 3 in. long: fls. in nearly sessile
cymes. China; not hardy far N.
scandens. WAXWORK. FALSE or SHRUBBY BITTER-
SWEET. Lvs. to 4 in. long: fls. in terminal racemes to 4 in.
long: frs. orange-yellow. Que. to N. C. and N. Mex.
CELERI: Apium graveolens var. duke.
CELERIAC: see Celery.
CELERY (Apium, which see). Biennial or
perennial herb grown for the edible leaf-stalks:
it is raised from seeds, coming to horticultural
maturity the same year, but flowers are normally
produced the second year although the plant
sometimes runs to seed the first year. The leaf-
stalks are blanched in the field but the process
is often completed in the storage cellar for the
late kinds.
Ordinary deep fertile mellow garden land will
produce good celery. It must be thoroughly
prepared, and if not naturally retentive of mois-
ture it should be supplemented with a system of
irrigation or watering for dry times. The
large-area commercial growing of celery is an
Celery
154
Celsia
important industry on reclaimed lands, par-
ticularly on muck and other lowlands that can
be drained. Under such conditions a uniform
moisture supply can be assured and the ground
readily provides the proper tilth. In such areas
celery-growing has become a special skilled
industry of great importance.
Celery should make a continued rapid growth.
It is specially important that the plants get a
"quick'' start. Stimulation by some form of
available nitrogen, as in nitrate of soda, is
advisable. This nitrate may be applied to
seed-beds, about I teaspoonful to a gallon of
water. Heavy applications of well-rotted stable-
manure are advisable on uplands, and a chemical
fertilizer of a 4-8-12 analysis on muck lands
liberally applied. Side dressing the plants with
nitrate of soda once or twice during tneir growth
is usually advantageous.
For the home-garden celery may be planted
in shallow trenches to facilitate blanching,
but this method is now less used than formerly.
The plants are commonly set 6 inches apart in
rows 28^-40 inches apart. Blanching may be
accomplished by banking with earth late in the
season until only the tops are visible, by shading
with boards placed on edge on either side, and
by tying with paper, or a drain tile put over each
plant. The late crop may be packed in boxes,
the roots covered with earth, and placed in the
cellar to complete the blanching. Self-blanching
may also be practiced, which consists of setting
the plants very close together; this requires very
rich soil and plenty of moisture; the plants
may be set 5 or 6 inches apart in rows 10-24
inches apart.
Propagation is entirely by seed which for the
early crop should be sown in boxes or hotbeds
and transplanted once before being permanently
set out. Seed for the late crop should be sown
in a well-prepared seed-bed from which the
seedlings should be transplanted to the garden
or field. It requires eight to ten weeks for the
plants to reach the proper size for setting in the
field, depending on the temperature.
Celery is harvested by cutting the plants
just beneath the crown. This is accomplished
with a spade in small areas, and by special
horse, garden tractor or hand tools in large
plantations. The plants are usually trimmed
slightly in the field, They may be packed there
in crates for storage or taken to a packing shed,
where they are trimmed and washed, then tied
in bunches or crated for local market or shipment.
Storage of celery may be combined with the
blanching of it, as already indicated. Plants
are placed closely in crates; the storage house
or cellar should not freeze but there should be
good ventilation and clean sanitary conditions.
For late autumn or early winter use late celery
may be stored and bleached in field trenches,
the tops being covered with straw or similar
material.
The celery crop is subject to devastation by
early and late blight, that produce spots and
holes on the foliage. These diseases may be
prevented by spraying thoroughly every week
or ten days with bordeaux mixture, beginning
in the seed-bed. Other diseases and pests are
freemen t, and the grower should avail himself
of tne latest books and bulletins.
Celcriac is grown the same as celery for the
thickened edible crown, except that no blanching
is required; the leaves are not eaten after the
manner of celery.
CELMfSIA. Composite. Per. herbs of New
Zeal, and Australia, having basal Ivs. or im-
bricated st.-lvs. and large solitary heads of
white ray- and disk-fls.; pappus of bristles;
planted somewhat on Pacific Coast.
coriacea. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 3 in. wide,
leathery, silvery-tomentose: heads to 3 in. across, on woolly
scapes. New Zeal.
graciI6nta. To 15 in., ste. tufted: basal Ivs. narrowly
linear, to 15 in. long, white-tomentose beneath, margins
strongly revolute: scapes white-tomentose: heads to % in.
across. New Zeal.
longif&lia. To 1 J$ ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, to
10 in. long, white-tomentose beneath. Australia. — The
New Zeal, plant known under this name has been separated
into other species, of which C. gracilenta is cult.
spectabilis. Lvs. to 6 in. long and % in. wide, leathery,
woolly beneath: heads 1^ in. across, on woolly scapes.
New Zeal.
CEL6SIA. Amaranttiacex. The cult, celosias
are herbaceous annuals, with the st. and branches
terminated by dense chaffy spikes usually en-
larged and highly colored and in various often
fantastic shapes; native in warm countries. The
fls. are small and not individually showy.
Celosias thrive in fertile soil with plenty of moisture.
Propagated by seeds.
argSntea. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear to ovate-lanceolate, to
2 in. long: fl.-spikes 1-4 in. long, erect or drooping, silvery-
white. Tropics. — Little cult. Var. cristata (C. cristata).
COCKSCOMB. Inn. in many forms, some with heavy-crested
heads, others plumy or feathered with a large number of
intermediates, the colors ranging from white to yellow,
purple, and shades of red; also with variegated Ivs. Often
the cult, types have Latin-form names as C. ylobosa, glori-
osa, magnified, chrysanthe flora, pyramidahs, spicata, Thomp-
sons, Thompsonii magnified, Childsii, plumosa, flonbunda.
aurantlaca: orange-yellow form.
Childsii: C. argentea.
chrysanthefldra: C. argentea.
cristata: C. argentea var.
floribunda. Much branched green or glaucous glabrous
shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. triangular- ovate to somewhat hastate,
to 8 in. long, becoming oblong toward top: fls. very many
in close panicles. Lower Calif; sometimes planted in S.
Calif, for general interest. — The flower-garden plant known
as C. flonbunda is a form of C. argentea var. cristata.
globdsa: C. argentea.
Huttonii. To 2 ft., bushy, pyramidal: Ivs. red or crimson:
spikes Ij^j in. long, cylindrical, red. Java.
kermeslna is listed as a crimson form; probably belongs
under C. argentea.
magnffica: C. argentea.
plumosa: C. argentea.
pyramidalis: C. argentea.
spicata: C. argentea.
Th6mpsonii: C. argentea.
C£LSIA. Scrophulariacese. Yellow-fld. ann.,
bien. or per. herbs much like Verbascum but with
4 stamens instead of 5; mostly native in Medit.
region and Asia, frequently planted for orna-
ment.
Propagated by seeds sown in the greenhouse, the planta
set out in the open after all danger from frosts is past; also
by cuttings.
Arcturus. CRETAN BEARS-TAIL. Bien. or per. to 1*^
ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate, toothed, the lower lyrate-pinnat-
ifid: fls. clear yellow, long-stalked, with purple anthers, in
loose racemes. Crete, Asia Minor.
cre'tica. CRETAN MULLEIN. Stout hairy bien. or per. to
6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, clasping, toothed, the lower lyrate-pinnat-
ifid: fls. yellow marked with purple, almost sessile, in loose
racemes, violet anthers. Medit. region.
orientalis. Ann. to 3 ft., sts. slender, very leafy: Ivs.
bipinnate, segms. linear to oblong: fls. yellow, in long lax
racemes. N. Medit. region.
pontica. Bien. toJ5 ft.: lower Ivs. oblong, to 9 in. long,
obtuse, base somewhat cordate, petioled, upper Ivs. ovate,
acuminate: fls. yellow, in racemes to 2 ft> long, calyx
glandular-hairy. Armenia.
Celtis
155
Centaurea
CELTIS. HACKBERKY. Ulmacex. Northern
hemisphere deciduous or seldom evergreen
trees or rarely shrubs, with alternate elm-like
Ivs., unisexual or bisexual small fls., and drupa-
ceous frs.
Most of the species are hardy in the northern and north-
central states wnere they are grown for shade and orna-
ment. They are not particular as to soil. Propagated by
seeds, layers and cuttings in the fall, or sometimes grafted
on C. occidentalits.
Audibertiana: C. occidentalis var. crassi folia.
australis. To 80 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, sharply toothed,
grayish-green and pubescent beneath: fr. dark purple.
S. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia.— Grown in Calif.
Bungeana (C. Davidiana). To 50 ft.: lys. to 3 in. long,
slightly toothed only above middle, shining above: fr.
purplish-black. China, Manchuria, Korea.
caucasica. Similar to C. australis but with Ivs. to 3 in.
long and reddish-brown frs. Caucasus, W. Asia.
cordata: C. occidentahs.
Davidiana: C. Bungeana.
Douglasii (C. rugulosa). To 20 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
coarsely toothed, pubescent on veins beneath: fr. brown.
Colo, to Wash. — The Colorado form is separated by some
authors as C. rugulosa, distinguished by the Ivs. being
pubescent beneath.
Julian*. To 80 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, wavy-toothed
above the middle, yellowish-green and pubescent beneath:
fr. orange. China. — Grown in Calif, and mild climates.
labilis. To 60 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, wavy-toothed above
the middle, pale or brownish beneath, pubescent on veins:
fr. orange. China. — Grown in Calif, and mild climates.
laevigata (C. mississippiensis. C. occidentalia var. in-
tegrifoha). SUQARBERRY. MISSISSIPPI H. To 100 ft.: Ivs.
to 4 in. long, long-acuminate, usually entire, thin: fr.
orange-red becoming dark purple. S. Ind. to Fla. and Tex.
mississippie'nsis: C. kemgata.
occidentalis (C. cordata). To 120 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long,
toothed, shining above, paler below: fr. orange-red to dark
purple. Oue. to N. C. and Ala. Var. crassifdlia (C. Audi-
lertiana) has firmer larger Ivs. pubescent on nerves beneath.
orientalis: C. Tournefortii.
ruguldsa: C. Douglasii.
sinensis. To 60 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, wavy-toothed,
pubescent beneath when young: fr. dark orange. China,
Korea, Japan. — Grown in Calif, and elsewhere.
Tala. Shrub, with short spines: Ivs. about 1 in. long,
coaisely toothed or nearly entire. Uruguay.
Tournef6rtii (C. orientalis). To 20 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
toothed, bluish- or grayish-green: fr. reddish-yellow.
S. E. Eu., W. Asia.
CENTAUREA. Composite. Herbaceous an-
nuals and perennials with entire, pinnately
lobed or divided Ivs. : heads solitary or paniclea,
purple, blue, yellow or white; fls. all tubular,
the marginal ones often enlarged; pappus of
scales or bristles. The genus yields a wide variety
of ornamental subjects from flower-garden
annuals to bedding and foliage plants, basket
plants, and stout thistle-like species for rear
background effects. They are prevailingly Old
World plants.
The annuals are grown from seeds sown directly in the
garden or started earlier indoors. C. Cineraria and other
foliage types are increased from cuttings taken in Sep-
tember and carried over winter indoors or sometimes from
seeds sown in August. C. Cyanus, the bachelors-button,
is an easily grown hardy annual.
alplna. To 3 ft.: Ivs. spiny, tomentose beneath: heads
yellow. S. E. Eu.
amara. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lobed. briefly pubescent, upper
ones linear-lanceolate: heads to \%, in- across, pale purple;
bracts of involucre scan ous. the Ivs. beneath not equalling
the head. Medit. region. — By some authors considered to
be only a variant of C. Jacea.
An^berbdi: C. moschata.
americana. BASKET-FLOWER. Ann. to 6 ft.: lys. mostly
entire, oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long: heads solitary, rose
or flesh-colored, sometimes purplish, to 5 in. across, mar-
ginal fls. enlarged; bracts of involucre with fringed appen-
dages. Mo. to La. and Mex. Var. Alba has white fls.
arenaria. Per. to nearly 3 ft.: Ivs. 1-2-pinnatisect, green
to canescent-tomentose, segms. linear-lanceolate, mu-
oronate, upper Ivs. with segms. dentate or entire: heads often
solitary, to ^ in. across, rose-pink. Balkans to Caucasia.
arge*ntea: C. gymnocarpa.
atrppurpurea. Per. to 7 ft., sparsely tomentose: Ivs.
1-2-pinnate, segms. frequently dentate, acute: heads to
5i in. across, corolla dark purple or rarely yellow. Car-
pat hmia.
babyldnica. Per. 4-12 ft., silvery- white or greenish
with white webby tomcntum: basal Ivs. lyrate, to 2 ft.
long, st.-lvs. oblong to lanceolate, entire or wavy: heads
yellow, subsessile, ll/i in. long, in stiff panicles; bracts of
involucre with short recurved spiny tips. Asia Minor.
be'lla. Per. to 15 in, sta. usually simple, erect: basal
Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid, glandular-punctate above and densely
white-tomentose beneath, segms elliptic to obovate,
entire, st.-lvs. with narrowly linear seisms.: head? about *^
in. across or less, ray-fls. purple or pinkish-lavender;
involucral bracts with orbicular membranous lacerated
appendage, liussia.
benedfcta: Cmcus beriedictus.
Biebersteinii: C. micrantha.
candid fssima: see C. Cineraria.
carai61ica. Very similar to C. nigrescens, differing in
involucre cylindrical and nearly twice as long as wide.
Cent. Eu. — By some authors this and C. mgrescens are
treated as variants of the older C. dubia, a species not known
to be in cult.
Cineraria. DUSTY MILLER. Per. to 1 ft. or more, white-
tomentose: Ivs. pinnately parted into obtuse linear-lanceo-
late lobes: heads rather large, golden-yellow or purple;
bracts of involucre ciliate. S. Italy, Sicily. — For the plant
known in cult, as var. candidissima see Senccio leucostachys.
Cle'mentei. Per., white-woolly: Ivs. pinnate into ovate
lobes: heads terminal, yellow; bracts of involucre ciliate.
Spain.
conffera: Leuzea conifera.
cristata. Ann. or bien.: lower Ivs. 3-pinnate, upper
linear, entire: heads pale pink; bracts of involucre ciliate.
S. Eu.
Crocodylium. Ann. to 4 ft.: lower Ivs. ovate or lyrate,
upper pinnate into linear segms.: heads solitary, rose,
marginal fls. enlarged. Syria.
Crupina: Crupina vulgaris.
Cyanus. CORNFLOWER. BACHELORS-BUTTON. BLUE-
BOTTLE. Popular hardy ann. to 2)2 ft., woolly-white only
when young: Ivs. linear, to 0 in. long, entire or lo\\er toothed,
sometimes pinnately cut: heads blue, purple, pink or white,
to li^ in. across, marginal fls. enlarged; bracts of involucre
fringed. S. E. Eu.; frequently self-sows and sometimes
escapes. Var. fldre-pl&no has double fls. Var. nana-
compacta is listed as a dwarf form.
cynaroides (Rhaponticum cynaroides). Per.: lys. oblong
to ovate, pmnatifid: heads solitary or lew. purplish; bracts
o f in v o lucre f r in god . Pyre n ces .
dealbata. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnate into coarsely toothed
lobes, lower to 1,V£ ft. long, white-tomentose beneath:
heads solitary, inner fls. red, marginal ones rosy or white;
bracts of involucre fringed. Asia Minor, Persia.
depr£ssa. Per., almost prostrate, white-pubescent:
lower Ivs. oblong, entire or lyrate, upper linear-lanceolate:
heads blue, about 1L^ in. across, marginal fls. enlarged;
bracts of involucre with black or white margins. Persia,
Caucasus.
dichroantha. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. glabrous, lanceolate-
oblong, to 10 in. long, pinnatisect, segms. linear, about % in.
wide: fls. purple-reef or yellow, heads to 1^ in. across;
involucral bracts with short pectinate fringe, the margin
brownish-black. Cent. Eu.
diluta. Ann. to 314 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong, to 4 in.
long, lyrate-pinnatind or entire, dentate, the teeth spines-
cent: heads white to pale rose, to 1^ in. across. Spam.
£ndressii: C. nigra.
Fritschii. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. mostly pinnatifid, segms.
linear-lanceolate, toothed or entire, to ty m. wide, glabrous
above: heads long-peduncled, to % in. across, rose to
purple; involucral bracts white-tomentose with blackish
cilia. Balkan region. — Similar to C. Scabwsa, differing in
its taller habit, the appendages of involucral bracts only
to A in. long and Ivs. not scabrous above.
fuscata. Per. to 2 ft., not much branched: Ivs. lyrate-
pinnatifid to lanceolate and entire: heads yellow; involucral
bracts ovate, yellowish tipped brown. N. Afr.
glastifdlia. Much branched per. with winged st.: Ivs.
entire, oblong, the basal ones sometimes divided: fls. yellow,
in solitary heads to I in. across, leafy bracts absent. Cent.
Eu.
grsbca. To 1% ft., rarely branched: Ivs. lanceolate to
narrowly linear, lower ones bipinnatifid, upper ones entire
to pinnatisect, muoronate, all webby-woolly when young:
Centaurea
156
Centaurea
fls. rose-purple, in heads to 1^ in. across; bracts of in-
volucre with stout terminal spine having minute pectinate
lateral cilia along basal fourth. Greece.
Grlsebachii. Per. to 1>$ ft. or more, paniculately
branched: Ivs. scabrous, pinnatisect, segms. oblong-linear:
heads solitary in dense panicles; fls. purple, marginal ones
radiating and larger than inner; involucral bracts with
small pectinate-ciliate triangular appendages. Greece.
gymnoc&rpa (C. argentea). DUSTY MILLER. Per. to 2 ft.,
densely white-woolly: Ivs 2-pinnate into linear entire lobes:
heads in panicles, small, rose- violet or purple, mostly
hidden by the Ivs. Capri.
imperialis. Supposed hybrid between C. moschata and
its var. alba: to 4 ft.: heads white, TOHC, lilac or purple,
fragrant.
Jacea. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. entire, lanceolate: heads solitary,
purple or rarely white, to 1 V£ in. across, marginal fls. en-
larged; bracts of involucre brown and fringed. Cent. Eu.;
nat. in N. Amer.
Kotschyana. Per., sts. erect, scabrous: Ivs. lyrate-
pmnatifid to lanceolate and dentate, segms. toothed,
Moniewhat setaceous above: heads globose, to 1 ^ in. across,
dark purple Balkan region.
Ieuc61epis. Bien. to 2 ft., sts. angular, scabrous: basal
Ivs. bipmnatisect, segms. lanceolate, toothed, green on
both sides, st.-lys. pinnatisect: heads about % in. wide,
pale rose or white; involucral bracts white-scarious with
or without a short single terminal spine. Mcdit. region.
Lippii. Per. to 1 ft., sts. pubescent, striated: Ivs. narrowly
oblong-spatulate, to 4 in. long or more, pinnate, white-
cinereous, segrns. obtuse, dentate: heads small, violet-
purple. N. Afr.
lugdun£nsis. Per. to nearly 2 ft., sts. usually simple:
Ivs linear-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent: heads to 1 in.
across or less, blue, solitary; margins of bracts brownish-
cihate. France.
macrocephala. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
toothed: heads solitary, yellow, to 4 in. across; bracts of
involucre fringed and Hcarious. Armenia.
macu!6sa (C. rhenana). Bien.: Ivs. 1-2-pinnate into
linear segms : heads pale purple or rarely white; bracts of
involucre uniformly pectinate. S. Eu. Var. &lba is listed.
margaritacea: C. Kplendens.
Margaritas: C. moschata var. alba.
melanoc6phala. Hybrid between C. alpina and C.
Fritxchii. per. to 3 ft., webby-pubescent: lower Ivs. pinnatifid,
upper ones pumatisect with dentate lanceolate segms. to
3 in long: neads purple to yellow, to ^4 in. across; in-
volucral bracts broadly ovate, black-tipped, peetinate-
lacerato anil tertmnated by spine. Serbia.
melanosticta: listed name.
melitensis. Ann. to 4 ft., gray-pubescent, the sts.
wmge<l by docurrent If. -bases: basal Ivs. lyrate, upper
entire or lobed: heads solitary or clustered, yellow, small;
bracts of involucre spiny-tipped. Metlit. region; nat. in
N. and S. Amer.
micrantha (C. Bicbersteinii) . Similar to C. maculosa
from which it differs in having only the terminal end of
involucral bracts fringed. Cent, and E. Eu.
montana. MOUNTAIN BLUET. Per. to 1 ft. or more:
Ivs. broadly lanceolate, silvery-white when young: heads
blue, to 3 in. across, marginal fls. enlarged; bracts of in-
volucre with black fringe. Eu. Color forms are alba,
carnea, citrina, purpurea and rosea.
moschata (C. odorata. C. suaveolens. C. Amberboi).
SWKKT SULTAN. Ann , glabrous, to 2 ft.: Ivs. toothed or
pinnately cut: heads solitary, fragrant, white, yellow or
purple. 2 in. across, marginal fls. enlarged: bracts of in-
volucre entire. Orient. Var. alba (C. Margarita) has white
fls. Var. rosea fls. rose-pink to purplish-pink.
muricata: Amberboa muricata.
nemoralis. Very similar to C. niara from which it differs
in its smaller heads with appendages of the involucral
bracts lanceolate and smaller. Cent. Eu.
nervdsa: C. plumosa.
nigra (C. Kndressii). KNAPWEED. HARDHEADS. Per.,
rough-pubescent, to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, entire
or toothed, to- 6 in. long: heads solitary, rose-purple, to
1 in. across; bracts of involucre fringed, the appendages
broadly ovate. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer. Var. vanegata has
Ivs. margined with white.
nigrescens. Per. to 2\4 ft,, glabrous or nearly so: Ivs.
oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, toothed, acute: ray-fls. purple,
heads 1-4, to 1 in. across; involucre ovoid, nearly as wide
as long, bracts terminated by a broadly dilated appendage
having a stiff blackish pectinate fringe. S. and Cent. Eu.
odorata: C. moschata.
orientals (C. riqidi folia) . Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. somewhat
leathery, mostly pinnately cut into linear-oblong segms.:
beads yellow, to 2yfr in. across; bracts of involucre chestnut-
brown with pale tan or reddish ciliate margin and fringe.
Eu. Var. rosea is listed, but may not be this species.
oxylepis. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid
to dentate, green on both sides or sometimes webby-
tomentose, margins somewhat spmy-ciliate: heads about
^2 in. across, rose-purple; involucral bracts lanceolate,
denticulate to pectinate-fringed, recurved. Cent. Eu.
panicuUta. Bien. to 2^ ft., pubescent to white-woolly:
Ivs. 1-2-pinnate, segms. linear to oblong: ray-fls. purple,
heads solitary and often close together in an elongated
panicle; distal end of bracts short-lacmiate. S. W. and
S. Eu — A confused Lmnsean name; some of the material
so listed is C. maculosa.
phrygia (C. pseud ophrygia) . Per. to 2 ft. or more, panic-
ulately branched: Ivs. oblong, toothed: heads sohtaryi rose;
bracts of involucre fringed, brownish-black, long-tapering.
Eu.
plumosa (C. nervosa). Per. to 2V£ ft., not or only little
branched: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, toothed: heads solitary,
deep purple; bracts of involucre fringed. Cent. Eu. — Some
of the material so named in the trade is referable to C.
yymnocarpa.
pseudophrygia: C. phrygia.
pulcherrima (JStheopappus pulcherrimus) . Per. to 2%
ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or pinnatifid, to 7 in. long, gray-pubescent
beneath, heads solitary, purple; bracts of involucre brown
and fringed. Caucasus.
purpurata. Bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong, pinnatifid, to 1 ft.
long, glaucous to tomentose beneath, margin somewhat
spiny-ciliate: heads solitary, terminal on lateral branches,
purple; involucral bracts pungent and strongly reflexed.
Japan.
ragusma. Per. to 3 ft., sts. white-tomentose: Ivs. oblong,
lyrate-pinnatifid, to 5 in. long, white-canescent, lobes en-
tire to pinnatisect, obtuse: heads to 1^ in. across, bright
yellow. W. Medit. region. — Perhaps not hardy N.
rhenana: C. maculosa.
rigidifdlia: C. orientalis.
rup6stris. Per. to 2}^ ft., usually branched, webby-
hairy: Ivs. pinnate, Ifts. pinnatisect with segrns narrowly
linear, acute to mucronate: heads yellow or rarely orange,
to 1 in. long: involucral bracts with long yellowish terminal
spine and fringe-like lateral appendages: achenes with
pappus in 2 rows. S. E. Eu.
ruthenica. Per. to 3 ft., glabrous: Ivs. pmnate'y cut into
linear toothed lobes: heads usually solitary, pale yellow,
to 2 in. across, marginal fls. enlarged; bracks of involucre
entire. Eu., W Asia.
rutifdlia. Per. to 3 ft , gray-pubescent: lower Ivs.
pinnate, upper oblong, entire: heads 5-7, rose, marginal
ns. enlarged; bracts of involucre ciliate at tips. Bulgaria.
salmantica. Per., sts. usually glabrous: Ivs. lyrate-pin-
natifid, denticulate, mucronate: neads long-pcdicelled, white
to pale violet-purple; involucral bracts spine-tipped.
Dalrnatia.
salonitana. Per., sts. scabrous: Ivs. lanceolate-elliptic,
entire or pinnatifid, mucronate: heads yellow, sometimes
white to purplish, to l\£ in. across, without leafy bracts
subtending the involucre; involucral bracts with pectinate
fringe around obtuse apex. Dalmatia.
Scabidsa. Per, to 2 ft , pubescent: Ivs. pinnately cut, to
6 in. long: heads solitary, purple or yellow, 2 in. across-,
marginal fls. enlarged; bracts of involucre fringed and
black-margined, the terminal appendage about Y% in. long.
Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
s6rdida. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnatifid into linear entire
lobes: heads purple or yellowish; bracts of involucre ciliate
and spiny-tippeu. Reported to be a hybrid between C.
rupestns and C. Fritschii.
splendens (C. margaritacea'). Bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs 1- or
2-pinnate into narrow entire segms.: fls. rose-red, solitary
at tips of branches, the involucre about ^ in. long and
wide. S. Eu.
sten61epis. Per. to 3j^ ft., webby-pubescent: Ivs. simple,
entire or dentate, ovate to lance olate-cuneate to sessile:
heads small, marginal fls. radiating, purplish. Cent, and
E. Eu.
stenophylla. Per., sts. much branched, to 2 ft. or more,
slender: Ivs. narrowly ovate-oblong to lanceolate-linear,
pinnatifid to filiform: fls. purple or rarely white; involucral
bracts 3-spined, latter short and slender. Spain. — By some
authorities considered as a var. of C. aspera.
suaveolens: C. moschata.
Tauscheri. Per., erect, white-tomentose: Ivs. pinnatisect
to pinnately lobed, webby-woolly, segms. lanceolate to
linear: heads rose-colored, solitary, involucre about $£ in.
across; bracts with triangular terminal appendages having
black pectinate-ciliate margins. Cent. Eu.
verbascifdlia. Per., branching: Ivs. oval-lanceolate,
toothed, white-tomentose: heads violet; bracts of involucre
brown. Arabia.
Centauridium 157
CENTAURIDIUM DRUMMONDU; Xanthima tex-
anum.
CENTAURIUM (Erythraea). CENTAURY. Gen-
tianacese. Small mostly ann. herbs with opposite,
simple and entire Ivs. and red or rose more
or less pink-like bright fls. borne in cymes.
Sometimes cultivated in the rock-garden and in borders.
They thrive in light sandy loam and require protection
from sun and frost. Propagated by seeds, the perennials
by cuttings and division. The following are annuals or
perhaps sometimes biennials.
Beyrichii. To 8 in., sts. ascending: Ivs. to 1 in. long:
fls. deep pink, 1 in. across. Ark. to Tex.
conferta (Erythrsea conferta and E cMoodes). Ann.
or bien. to 4 in., glabrous, the sts. many: Ivs. fleshy, oblong,
obtuse, lower ones in rosette, upper ones narrower: fls.
rose. England, S. W. Eu.
d iff us urn: C. Massonii.
Massonii (C. diffusum). To 4 in , tufted: Ivs. to ^ in.
long: fls. bright rose Azores.
pulch£lla (C. ramosissima') . To 6 in.: Ivs. oval: fls.
pink. Eu.
ramosissima: C. pulchella.
venustum. To 8 in.: Ivs. to 1 in. long: fls. rose, the
throat white spotted with red. Calif.
CENTAURY: Centaurium.
CENTIPEDE-PLANT: Homalocladium.
CENTRADfeNIA. Melastcmuicese. Herbs and
small shrubs native in Mex. and Cent. Amer.,
with entire unequal Ivs., small pink or white fls.
in cymes, and capsular f r. ; grown in greenhouses
for the attractive fls. and often showily colored
Ivs. They thrive in soil composed of rich leaf-
mold and sharp sand. Propagated by cuttings.
floribunda. Little shrub with obscurely angled not
winged somewhat pubescent sts.: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate,
3-nerved, to about 2 in. long, red underneath: fls. pink. Mex.
grandifdlia. To 2 ft., the sts. winged: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, very unequal-sided, about 5-nerved, to 6 in.
long, bright red beneath: fls. rose-pink. Mex.
CENTRANTHUS (or Kcntranthus). Vakri-
anaceae. Ann. or per. herbs native in the Medit.
region, having small white or red fls. in dense
terminal clusters, the calyx pappus-like, corolla
tubular and 5-parted, spurred at base, stamen 1.
A few species are grown in the flower-garden, C.
ruber being common. Propagated by seeds and
division.
albus: probably C. ruber var.
angustifdlius. Per. to 2 ft., glaucous: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late or linear, entire, to 3 in. long: fls. rose, fragrant. S. Eu.
atrococcineus: listed name, perhaps a form of C. ruber.
Cephalaria
CENTROSfiMA (Bradburya). BUTTERFLY-
PEA. CONCHITA. Leguminosde. Twining vines
with pinnate Ivs. mostly of 3 Ifts., white or
purplish papilionaceous fls. in the axils, and
flat linear pods; native of Amer., the first two
described species grown as cover-crops in the
tropics.
brasilianum. Lfts. ovate-oblong, to 2}4 in. long: fls.
white or blue, \\^ in. across: pods to 4 in. long and H in.
wide. Brazil.
grandifldrum: C. Virginia na.
Plumieri. Lfts. ovate, to 5 in. long, blackening in
drying: fls. 2 or more in. across, white witn purple center:
pods to 6 in. long and H in. wide. Trop. Amer.
pub6scens. Lfts. ovate to oblong, to 3 in. long: fls.
white or yellowish: pods to 8 in. long and % ui. wide.
Trop. Amer.
virginianum (C. grandijlorum) . Lfts, ovate to linear-lanceo-
late, to 2 in. long: fls. purple to whitish: pods to 5 in. long
and H in. wide. E. N. Amer., trop. Amer., Afr.
CENTROSOLENIA BULLATA: Episcla tessellata.
CENTURY PLANT: Agave.
CEPHAfeLIS (Even). Rubiacese. Trop. shrubs
or small trees with opposite Ivs. and rather small
fls. in terminal heads subtended by involucral
bracts; one intro. in S. Calif.
tomentdsa. Shrub to 15 ft., hairy: Ivs. lanceolate to
elliptic, to 10 in. long, long-acun \inate: fls. yellow, the
bright red bracts to 2 in. across: fr. blue. Mex. to Bolivia.
CEPHALANDRA: Coccinea.
CEPHALANTHfeRA. Orchidacese. Terrestrial
orchids with generally leafy sts. and fls. in spikes;
sepals and petals nearly equal; lip saccate.
falcata. Lvs. to 8, distichous, lanceolate, strongly nerved:
fls. yellow, sessile, in terminal spikes to 5 in. long. China,
Japan.
CEPHALANTHUS. BUTTON-BUSH. RMaccse.
A few shrubs or small trees with opposite or
whorled entire Ivs., ours deciduous, and small
tubular 4-lobed fls. in dense globose showy
heads, the styles long-exserted ; native in Asia,
Afr. and N. Arner.
Of easy cultivation in good land if moist. Propagated
by seeds and by cuttings of mature wood in autumn or
green wood in spring.
occidentalis. To 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oval-lanceolate,
to 6 in. long, shining above: fls creamy, in long-stalked
heads about 1 in. across, July -.Sept. N. Amer., in swamps. —
It runs into narrow-lvd. and pubescent forms.
CEPHALARIA. Dipsacess. Ann. and per.
Old World mostly coarse scabiosa-like herbs
Calcitrapa. Ann. to 1}$ ft : Ivs. pinnatifid, the lower with Opposite Simple or compound Ivs., small
lyrate, to 3 m. long: fls. rose. S. Eu., N. Afr. 4-parted whitish, yellowish or bluish fls. in long-
stalked prominent heads, and fr. a ribbed achene;
grown in the flower-garden. Easily propagated
by seeds.
coccineus: C. ruber.
macrosiphon. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long,
toothed or lobed, glaucous: fls. rose. Spain. Var. albus
has white fls.
ruber (Valeriana coccinea and rubr.a). RED VALERIAN.
JUPITKRS-BEARD. Per to 3 ft., glaucous: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, nearly entire: fls. crimson or pale
red, fragrant Eu. to S. W. Asia. Var. albus has white fls.
Var. rose us is listed.
CENTRIPETAL: developing towards the center from
without.
CENTROP6GON. Lobeliacex. Trop. Ameri-
can shrubs or herb-like with alternate toothed
Ivs., red, orange or greenish tubular 2-lipped
fls. having the stamens united with the lower
part of corolla-tube, and fr. a berry; grown in
hanging-baskets in a warm greenhouse. Propa-
gated by cuttings over heat.
Lucyanus. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate- or oblong-lanceolate:
fls. rose-carmine, l\i in. long, clustered at ends of branches,
the stamen-column exserted.
suriname'nsis. To 3 ft., with purplish sts.: Ivs. ovate,
to 6 in. long: fls. red, to 2 in. long, solitary at ends of
branches, the stamen-column ezserted.
alpina. Per. to 6 ft.: Iva. pinnately cut into toothed
decurrent lanceolate segms.: fls. sulfur-yellow, in heads to
\l/i in. across. S. Eu.
balearica. Per. to 2H ft.: Ivs. entire or lyrate-pinnatifid,
oval or the upper entire, toothed, shining: fls. yellowish-
white. Balearic Isls.
centauroldes: probably C. corniculato.
corniculata. Per. to 3H ft.: Ivs. pinnately-lobed, lobes
oblong, entire: fls. pale yellow, usually double, on long
peduncles; autumn. S. E. Eu.
flava: C. grveca.
gr&ca (C. flava). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnatisect, segms.
ovate to oblong, often dentate or incised: fls. yellow, in
long peduncled heads to 1 ^ in. across. Macedonia, Greece.
tevigata. Erect glabrous per.: Ivs. lanceolate, pinnately
lobed, incised or entire: heads pale yellow, involucre with
8 small teeth. Cent. Eu.
leucantha. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. pinnately-lobed, lobes
linear- oblong: fls. creamy-white, in nearly spherical heads.
S. Eu.
radiata. Per.: Ivs. pinnatisect, segms. elliptic to lan-
ceolate, terminal one largest, all pubescent: heads yellow
Cephalaria
to white, lower involucral bracts ovate-orbicular, upper
ones acute. Hungary.
rigida. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. stiff, ovate-oblong, to 3 in. long,
toothed: fls white. S. Afr.
syrlaca. Ann. to 1 ft., sts. scabrous-prickly: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, entire or toothed, cilia te: fls. pale blue to lilac,
in somewhat elongated heads to ^ in. diarn. June-July.
Medit. region.
tatarica. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. pinnately divided into toothed
broad-lanceolate Ifts.: fls. creamy-white, in heads to 2 in.
across. Russia, W. Asia.
Tchihatchewii. Per. to 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid
into oblong-lanceolate 3-5-parted segms.: fls. yellow, in
long-stalked heads. Armenia.
transylvanica. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lyrate to pinnatelv-
lobed, lobes linear-lanceolate: fls. creamy-white or bluish,
in globular heads on long peduncles. S. Jb. Eu.
CEPHALOCfeREUS. Cactacex. About 50
species of tall slender-columnar spiny or bristle-
bearing cacti, Fla. and N. Mex. to Ecuador and
Brazil, often with long white hair or wool at or
near tne top: fls. small, mostly nocturnal, fleshy,
often in a head-like aggregation. See Cacti.
With the exception of C. aenihs the species of Cephalo-
cereus are little known in our horticulture. They are
handled in the same way as the columnar or arboreous
kinds of Cereus, mostly in large collections of cacti or
succulents. They are propagated by seeds and cuttings.
albispmus: see Pilocereua albispinua.
alensis. To 20 ft., branching from base, sts. slender,
12-14-nbbed; spines acicular, 10-14, to % in. long; flowering
areoles woolly, haiis to 2 in. long: fls, light purple to pur-
plish-green. Mex.
arrabidae (C. ejrerens. Cereus ererens. Pilocereua arra-
bulse). To 10 ft , often much branched at base, ribs 6-8 with
areoles rather close together and having long hairs when
young; spines 5-10, to l^a in. long, brownish: fls. white,
2J4 in. long. Brazil.
brasiiiensis (Pilocereua brasiHensia). To 10 ft., branches
slender and weak, erect becoming reclining, glaucous- to
bright green; ribs 4 or 5, wing-like, obtuse; areoles close
with white hnirs longer than spines; radial spines 3-8, to
Y* in. long, brown; central usually solitary, to £4 in. long,
porrect: fls. to 2 in. long. Brazil.
eating {cola. To 40 ft., with short trunk and much
branched top; ribs 4-5, bluish-green, intercostal spaces
wider than ribs; areoles woolly; spines yellow when young,
unequal, to 1 as in. long: fls. white, about 3 in. long. Brazil.
Celsianus: Oreocercua Celsianus.
Chrysacanthus (Ccrcua and Pilocereua chryaacanthus) .
To 15 ft., branching near base, glaucous; ribs 12, areoles
y^ in. apart; spines 12-15, to 1^ in. long, golden-yellow
becoming darker: fls rose-red, to 3 in. long, with mass of
long white hairs. Mex.
chrysomallus: Pachycereus chrysomallus,
chrysostele. Similar to C. Counellei from which it differs
in sts. with 15-20 ribs, areoles \^-*/i in. across, radial spines
12-20, to % in. long, yellow or reddish, central spines
reddish with yellow tip and base. Brazil.
C611insii (Pilocereua Collmsii). To 10 ft., branches few,
to 1% in. diam ; ribs usually 6-8, rounded; areoles woolly,
to % in. apart; spines mostly alike, unequal, to 1 5^ in.
long, numerous, needle-like: fls. about 2 in. long. Mex.
colombianus (Cereus and Pilocereus colombianus) . To
20 ft., branched; ribs 8, areoles with long white wool;
spines 25 or more, slender: fls. pale pink, 3 in. long.
Colombia.
Columna-Trajani: Pachycereua Columna-Trajani.
cometes (Cereus cometes), Cylindric; ribs 12-15; areoles
close together, the flowering ones with yellow hair or wool;
spines *{ in. long, pink or brownish. Mex.
Dautwftzii: Espostoa lanata.
Deeringii. To 35 ft., st. slender, simple or remotely
branched, 9- 10-ribbed ; areoles short-hairy; spines 25-31,
to M in. long: fls. white, to 2H in. long: fr. dark red. Fla.
Dybowskii. To 15 ft., sts. much branched, erect, to 3H
in. diam.; ribs 18-20, areoles about ^ in. apart; central
spines 1-2, yellow, to 1J^ in. long; radial spines hidden in
yellowish-white matted wool: fls. white, opening at night,
to 1>£ in. long: fr pinkish, globulur. Brazil.
erythroc6phalus: see Denmoza rhodacantha.
eupborbioides (Cereus and Pilocereua eitphorbioides) .
Columnar and usually simple, to 15 ft. and more, with 8
sharp ribs and nreoles close together and felted with white,
the flowering ones not confluent: fls. diurnal, brownish
outeide, rose-red inside, tube to 2 in. long. Probably S.
Amer.
158 Cephalocereus
exerens: C. arrabidae.
fernambucensis: hort. name, probably Cereus pernam-
bucenaia.
flumine'nsis. Forms clumps, sts. erect, pendent or
ascending, to 7 ft. long; ribs 12-17, to ^ in. deep, angle
acute; spines many, yellow, longest to 1& in. intermixed
with bristles to 2% in. long: fls. white, to nearly 3 in. long:
fr. bright red to purple. Brazil.
glaucescens. St. to 2 in. thick, usually 7-9-ribbed,
angles acute, light glaucous-green; areoles about 1A in.
apart, with yellow wool and hair; radial spines 14-20,
golden-yellow, to nearly ^ in. long; central spines golden-
yellow to reddish-brown, usually 3-5, to % in. long: fl.
color not known. Brazil.
Goun611ei (Pilocereua Gounellei and setoau*. Cereua
Gounellei). To 8 ft., much branched, lower branches
spreading or creeping; ribs 10-11, areoles % in. across,
flowering ones with long white hairs; radial spines 15-24,
to nearly % in. long, brown; central spines 3-5, amber-
yellow fading to white: fls. white, to 3% in. long. Brazil.
hapalacanthus. St. 7-9-ribbed, angles obtuse, dark
green, notched; areoles about % in. apart, tufted with
brown hairs to y% in. long; radial spines usually 11-13, to
%, in. long, brown; central spines 1-2, to ^ in. long. Brazil.
H6ppenstedtii (Cereus and Pilocereus H oppenstedtii) .
To 30 it., often clambering; ribs 20 or more, areoles close
together; radial spines 14-18, short, white: fls. white tipped
with rose, 3 m. long. S. Mex.
keyensis. To 18 ft., with few erect branches: ribs 9-10,
very glaucous, areoles ]/^ m. apart- spines 15, \^ in. long,
yellow, wool snort and grayish: fls. brownish-purple, 2^ in.
long. Fla. Keys.
lanugindsus (Pilocereua lanuginosus) . Tree-like,
branched; ribs 9-13, bright blue, areoles woolly; spines
light yellow: fls. white, green outside, 2^ in. long. Curacao.
Ieucoc6phalus. To 17 ft. long and 4 in. diam., usually
3-15 branches arising from lower portion, usiially 12-ribbed;
spines 8-12, to % in. long, hairs of flowering areoles to 4
in. long: fls. white, to 2|^ in. long: fr. to 1M in diam., dull
purple. Mex.
leucostele (Pilocereus and Stephanocereus leucostele).
Cylindrical, to 10 ft. high and 4 in. diam., usually un-
branched, glaucous-green; ribs 12-18, shallow; areoles to
y^ in. apart, dense wool covering the st.; radial spines 10-20,
to y% in. long, white to brownish, slender; centrals 1-2,
to 1% in. long, white to yellow: fls. white, to 2^ in. long,
stigma ll-lobed and exceeding stamens. Brazil — Cepha-
lium usually densely white-woolly with yellow bristles to
3 in. long.
Llanosii: listed name of plant thought to be similar to
Cereua perumanua.
macrocephalus (Cereus and Pilocereus macrocephalus).
To 30 ft. and more, with woody trunk, simple or slightly
branched; ribs 24, pale green; radial spines 12; flowering
areoles with white hairs or bristles: fls. 2 in. long. Mex.
melanostele: Haageocereua chosicensia.
Moritzianus (Cereua and Pilocereus Moritzianus) . To
30 ft., much branched; ribs 7-10, areoles ^ in. apart,
white-woolly; radial spines 6-8, to 1^' in. long: fls. white,
2 in. long. Venezuela.
Nfckelsii: C. polylophua.
nlger: listed name.
n6bilis (Pilocereua nobilia). Erect, cylindrical, to 3 in.
diam., branched, dark green: ribs 5-11, rounded; areoles
to y± in. apart, wool yellow becoming black; radial spines
7-10, to 1^ in. long, reddish-yellow becoming brownish:
centrals 1-4, to nearly 2 in. long: fls. light pink within and
greenish-red outside, to 2 in. long: fr. red to violet-red.
W. Indies.
Palmeri (Cereus Palmeri. Pilocereua Houttetii). To 18 ft.,
much branched; ribs 7-9, white-hairy at top, areoles ^ in.
apart; radial spines 8-12, 1 in. long, brown: fls. purplish
or brownish, 2\i in. long. E. Mex.
pasacana: Trichocereua paaocana. _
pentodrdphorus (Pilocereua pentedrophorua) . Sts.
slender, usually to 15 ft., rarely to 35 ft. high, and about
4 in. diam., bluish-green; ribs 4-8, notched; areoles gla-
brous; spines alike, yellow, 6-12, to 1% in. long: fls. to 2$4
in. long, tube bent near middle. Brazil.
phaeacanthus (Cereua phseacanthus. Monmllea phaea-
cantha). To 12 ft., branching at base; ribs usually 13;
areoles H in. apart, with tufts ^of white wool; spines nu-
merous, H in. long: fls. white, greenish-brown outside, 2^
in. long. Brazil.
piauhyensis. Tree-like to 40 ft., trunk woody, to 20 in.
diam.: branches many, usually 12-13-ribbed, slender,
bluish-green; areole* about H in. apart, yellow, woolly,
the hair to % in. long; spines yellow, radials 10-15, to H i?.
long, centrals 3-5, to ^ in. long: fls. to lf^ in. roug. Brazil.
poco: listed name; perhaps Trichocereus poco.
Cephalocereus
159
Cerastium
polylophus (Cereus Nickelsii. Pachycereus poly tophus).
St. columnar, to 40 ft. tall and 14 in. diam.; ribs usually
15-40, acute, about H in. high; spines yellow tipped brown,
to % in. long, radials 7-9, central 1 and to 3 in. long: fls.
dark red, to 2 in. long. W. Mex.
purpureus. Unbranched, to 12 ft. or more; ribs 12-20.
strongly notched, areoles white-woolly; radial spines 15 or
more, to % in. long; central spines 4-6, unequal, to 2 in.
long: fls. pale pink outside, white within, to 1^ in. long:
fr. obconical, purplish-violet. Brazil.
Purpusii (Pilocereus Purpusn). Sts. erect, to 10 ft. high
and 2 in. diam., rarely branched; ribs 12, to Yi in. high,
notched or irregularly depressed; areoles about H in. apart;
spines alike, swollen at base, needle-like, to 1J4 in. long,
yellow becoming gray. Mex.
rhodanthus: Arrojadoa rhodantha.
R6binii. To 27 ft. or more, branching profusely above
the base, branches bright glaucous-green when young, to
4 in. thick; ribs 10-13; spines 15-20, to 1 in. long, yellow
becoming gray: fls. brownish-green, to 2 in. long: fr. reddish-
purple. Cuba.
Royenii (Cereus Royenii). To 20 ft., branching near
base, glaucous; ribs 7-11, areoles close together and with
wool when young; spines %-2% in. long: fls. greenish-
yellow or purplish, 2 in. long. W. Indies.
Russelianus (Cereus and Pilocereus Russelianus) . To
25 ft., with woody trunk branched at top; ribs 4-6, areoles
large, % in. apart, with white wool when young; spines
8-14, ^ in. long, dark brown becoming gray: fls. cream or
pinkish, to 3^ in. long. Venezuela, Colombia.
salvadore*nsis: listed name.
Sartorianus (Pilocereus Sartorianus. Cereus Houlletii).
To 15 ft.; ribs 7; areoles ^ in. apart, with cobwebby hairs;
radial spines 7-8 or more, Yi in. long: fls. rose, to 3 in. long.
Mex.
senilis (Cereus and Pilocereus senilis). OLD-MAN
CACTUS. To 40 ft. and more, mostly simple; ribs 20-30,
the areoles bearing long white bristles or hairs and ag-
gregated into a head: fls. about 2 in. long, rose-colored. Mex.
Smithianus (Pilocereus Smithianus) . Erect or clamber-
ing simple or branched; ribs 9-11, areoles felted j spines \Yi
in. long: fls. white, to 3 in. long. Venezuela, Trinidad.
sublan&tus: listed name.
Swartzii. To 20 ft. or more, not much branched; ribs
usually 10, rounded, deeply notched; spines 8-10, or to
20 in young plants, to 1 in. long: fls. yellow tinged pink or
green, to 2% in. long. Jamaica.
TetStzo: Pachycereua Tetetzo.
TrelSasii: Lemaireocereus Treleasii.
versicolor: Haageocereus versicolor.
CEPHALOPHtfLLUM. Aizoacex. A large
S. African genus separated from Mesembryan-
themum, having cylindrical or 3-angled Ivs. with
pellucid dots, borne in rosettes, and solitary
terminal long-stalked fls.; petals numerous,
linear; stigmas 10-20.
acutum: C. subulatoides.
Alston!! (M. Alstonii). Lvs. to 4^ in. long and % in.
wide, glaucous: fls. ruby-purple with violet anthers, to 3 in.
across.
anemonifidrum (M. anemoniflorum) . Lvs. 1 in. long
and K in. wide, glaucous-green suffused with purple: fls.
salmon-colored, 2}4 in. across.
confusum (Af. confusum). Lvs. to 1 ^ in. long and K in.
thick: fls. golden-yellow, 1 in. across.
decipiens (C. Iseve. M. decipiens). Lvs. 2 in. or more long
and l/i in. wide, bright green: fls. yellow.
Iflbve: C. decipiens.
spongidsum (Af. spongiosum). Lvs. to 4 in. long and
\^ in. wide, with whitish spongy surface: fls. vermilion
with yellow base, 2% in. across.
subulatoides (C. acutum. M. acutum). Lvs. spreading,
to 3 in. long and J^ in. wide, gray-green: fls. purple-red,
to 1 Yi in. across, on stalks to 3 in. long.
tricoldrum (Af. tricolorum) . Lvs. 2 in. or more long and
J^ in. thick, bright green or often reddish: fls. yellow, purple
at base and reddish at tip, about 2 in. across.
CEPHALOSTACHYUM. Graminex. East In-
dian bamboo-like shrubby grasses with spikelets
borne in heads or the heads panicled or clustered,
stamens 6. Sometimes planted in warm countries.
See Bamboo.
pergracile. To 40 ft., sta. glaucous: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and
1H in- wide, rough on edges, rugose: heads about 2 in.
apart in the large panicles.
CEPHALOTAXACE^). PLUM-YEW FAMILY.
A small family of the southern hemisphere of
which one genus, Cephalotaxus, is cult. It is
composed of evergreen resinous coniferous trees
or shrubs and was formerly included in Taxacese,
from which it differs in the fertile pistillate fls.
composed of several 2-ovuled carpels from which
only 1-2 seeds develop; the branches are op-
posite and the Ivs. have 2 broad glaucous-green
lines beneath.
CEPHALOTAXUS. PLUM-YEW. Cephalo-
taxacese. Asian evergreen trees and shrubs with
linear Ivs. having 2 broad glaucous bands be-
neath, and drupe-like stalked frs. or seeds; t\\^r
can be grown in N. Y. and New England. Dis-
tinguished from Taxus in the glaucous lines on
under surface of Ivs., the drupe-like fr. and
characters of fls. For cult, see Conifers.
drupacea. JAPANESE P. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. 1 -2 in. long,
abruptly pointed: fr. green. Japan. Hort. vars are:
fastigata, ^SPIRAL P., of columnar habit; nana, to 0 it. tall;
peduncul&ta (C. Harnngtoma, C. pedunculata), HARRING-
TON P., with heads of male fls. long-stalked; hardy in shel-
tered positions Northeast, but grous slo\sly; sin£nsis, a
shrub to 14 ft., Ivs. tapering acutely. China.
F6rtunii. CHINESE P. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. 2-3 in. long,
tapering: fr. purple. China; hardy in sheltered positions
in the Northeast, but usually remains a bush.
Harringtdnia: C. drupacea var. pedunculata.
6liveri. Shrub: Ivs. closely set, 1 in. long, spiny-pointed.
China.
pedunculata: C. drupacea var.
CERASTIUM. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.
Caryophyllacex. Herbaceous often tufted or
mat-forming annuals and perennials, usually
more or less hairy and sometimes hoary, with
white fls. in terminal cymes and small entire
opposite Ivs.; of world-wide distribution, espe-
cially abundant in temp, zones.
Cerastiums are employed in rock-gardens or for edgings
in bedding and bo refers. They grow well under ordinary
garden conditions. Propagated by divisions or by cuttings
taken after flowering, also by seeds.
alpinum. Per. to 6 in., generally silky-hairy: Ivs. small:
fls. white, solitary or in rather hairy few-fid, panicles,
summer. Que , Ltib., arctic Arner., und in alpine and
arctic Eu. and Asia. Var. groenlandicum is listed. Var.
lanatum. Very hairy, the rosettes white-woolly.
argSnteum: C. grandijlorum.
arve'nse (C. strictum). STARRY GRASS-WORT. Per. to
10 in., densely tufted with erect or ascending sts.: Ivs. very
narrow, to 1% in. long: fls. numerous, white. Apr.-May.
N. Amer., Eu., Asia. Var. compile turn is a low form. Var.
gaspe'nsis is said to be a large-fld. form from the Gaspd
Peninsula.
Bibbers teinil. Per. to 6 in., creeping and spreading:
Ivs. grayish- wo oily, to 1)4 in. long and ,H in. wide: fla.
white. May-June. Mts. of Asia Minor.
Boissieri (C. gibrallancuni) . Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. silvery:
fls. large, white, in cymes. Spain.
casspitosum. Per. to 1 ft., sts. often procumbent: Ivs.
about \^ in. long and % in. wide: fls. white. Eu.
Columna: C. tomenlosum.
gibralUricum: C. Boisaieri.
glaciale: C. unijlorum.
grandifldrum (C. argenteum). Per., creeping, to 8 in.:
Ivs. linear, grayish: fls. transparent white. K. Lu.
Lerchenfeldianum. Erect, to 8 in.: Ivs. lanceolate,
about % in. long and M in. wide, ciliate: fls. white, the
cymes usually many-fld. Eu.
s trie turn: C. ar tense.
Th6masii. Low per., with sts. 1-2 fld., peduncle very
short: lower Ivs. obovate, upper ones oblong. Alpine
region, Cent. Italy.
toment&sum (C. Columnx). SNOW-IN-SUMMER. Per.,
creeping, branching, to 6 in., grayish-woolly: Ivs. to % in.
long and % in. wide: fls. white, rather large, early summer.
Eu.
unifldrum (C. glaciale). Per. to 3 in.: Ivs. to % in. long
and M in. wide: fla. white, to l/i in. across, in 1-3-fld. cymes,
summer. Eu.
Cerastium 160
villdsum: the plants cult, under this name are probably
C. alpinum.
CERASUS: Cherry; see Prunus.
CERATOCHLOA PENDULA: Bromus unioloides.
CERAT6NIA. Leguminosas. One evergreen
tree to 50 ft., with pinnate lys. of 4r-Q round or
oboyate shining Ifts. to 4 in. long, small red
fls. in short lateral racemes from old branchlets,
and flattened leathery pods to 1 ft. long. C.
Sfliqua, CAKOB, ST. JOHNS-BREAD, from the
E. Medit. region, has been intro. into S. Calif,
and Fla. for the pods which are eaten by live-
stock and as human food; a special dehydrated
product has been developed as a breakfast food
and for other uses.
The carob sometimes withstands a few degrees of frost
but M generally adapted to the same range as the orange.
It will grow on any well-drained soil, and trees in orchards
should be planted 35-40 feet apart. Propagated by seeds,
preferably under glass, and the seedlings afterwards budded;
or by cuttings over bottom heat.
CERATOPfiTALUM. Cunoniacex. Austra-
lian resinous trees or shrubs with opposite Ivs.
of 1-3 digitate Ifts. and small white, rose or
yellow fls. in terminal cymes or panicles; grown
under glass or out-of-doors in the S. Propagated
by cuttings of half-ripened wood.
apetalum. Tree to 60 ft., bark silvery: Ifts. usually 1,
ovate-lanceolate, to 5 in. and more long, toothed: fls.
without petals, calyx to M in- long in fr.
gummfferum. Tree to 40 ft.: Ifts. 3, lanceolate, to 1^ in.
and more long, toothed: fls. with deeply lobed petals, calyx
to M in. long in fr.
CERATOPHtLLUM, the only genus of
Ceralophyllacex. One submerged aquatic herb,
widely distributed in ponds and lakes in temp,
and trop. regions, sometimes grown in aquaria
for its foliage; fls. not showy. C. demersum.
HORNWOKT. Lvs. forked into thread-like divi-
sions, to 1 in. long, in whorls: fls. minute, uni-
sexual, without perianth, solitary and sessile
in the axils: fr. oval, with a spine-like beak. — Of
easy cult., pieces being transferred from ponds.
CERAT6PTERIS. WATER-FERN. FLOATING-
FERN. The only genus of Ceratoptcridaceae. The
only true aquatic ferns, growing m the mud with
the sterile fronds often floating, the fertile fronds
erect, 2-4-pinnate.
These ferns are useful in ponds and aquaria, planted
in pots and submerged slightly. Propagated oy buds which
are formed on all parts of the fronds.
cornuta: C. thahctroidfs.
pteridoides. Sterile fronds to 10 in. long, short-stalked,
irregulat ly lobed, floating; fertile fronds erect, to 16 in.
long, divided into linear segms. Fla. to Brazil.
thalictroides (C. cornuta). Sterile fronds long-stalked,
1-2-pinnatifid into triangular segms., not floating; fertile
fronds similar but segms. linear. Old World tropics.
CERATOSTfGMA. Plwnbaginncex. Per.
herbs or shrubs with alternate simple Ivs. and
blue or rose salver-shaped fls. in terminal clusters
or heads; grown in the border. Propagated by
division and cuttings.
Grfffithii. Low shrub, much branched, rusty-hairy:
Ivs. spatulate, with red margins: fls. blue. India.
Larpentiae: C. plumbaginoides.
plumbaginoides (Plumbago Larpentiae). Per. to 1 ft.,
diffuse: Ivs. obovate, to 3 in. long, the margins ciliate:
fls. deep blue, ^ in. across. Aug.-Sept. China; hardy N.
Willmottianum. Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. rhombic, to 2 in.
long, ciliate. fls. bright blue with rosy tube, to % in. across.
July-Nov. China.
CERATOTHfcCA. Pedaliocex. Small genus
of African annuals having membranous toothed
Cerds
Ivs. and solitary zygomorphic fls. in If.-axils.
One species is cult., C. trfloba. To 6 ft. tall,
simply branched, with hairy obtusely 4-sided
sts.: Ivs. ovate-cordate to triangular and 3-lobed,
to 6 in. long, coarsely crenate to entire: fls. lilac,
striped purple in throat, to 3 in. long: fr. a caps,
to 1 in. long, pubescent. S. Afr.
CERATOZAMIA. Cycadacex. Mexican palm-
like cycads with stiff pinnate Ivs. borne in a
whorl at top of short trunk, the fls. in cones and
the cone-scales horned; 6 species, one sometimes
grown in the greenhouse or out-of-doors in warm
regions. For cult, see Cycas.
latifdlia. To 3>$ ft. or more; Ivs. nearly 3 ft. long, with
15-20 pairs of lanceolate Ifta. to 5 in. long and 1 % in. wide,
petiole prickly.
longifdlia: C. mexicana.
mexicana (C. longifolia) . To 4 or rarely 6 ft., trunk
short: Ivs. about 3 ft. long, with 15-20 pairs of Ifts. to
12% in. long and 1 in. wide, petiole prickly.
CERBERA THEVETIA: Thevetia nereifolia.
CERCEDIPHYLLACE^E. CERCIDIPHYLLUM or
KATSURA-TREE FAMILY. Only the genus Cer-
cidiphyllum comprises this family which is
separated from Trochodendraceae : Ivs. opposite,
with stipules: carpel in the fl. 1.
CERCEDIPHtLLUM. Cercidiphyttaceae. One
odd deciduous tree sometimes attaining 100
ft., from Japan. C. jap6nicum. KATSURA-TREE.
Lvs. orbicular or ovate, to 4 in. long, cordate
at base, obtuse, wavy-toothed, palmately veined,
becoming yellow or scarlet in autumn: fls.
unisexual, before the Ivs. : fr. a pod about % in.
long. Japan. Var. sinense is a taller form from
China. — The katsura-tree grows best in rich
moist soil; hardy in N. Y. and Cent. New Eng-
land. Propagated by seeds, cuttings of green
wood in spring, or by layers.
CERCIDIUM. Leguminosx. A few trees
and shrubs in the warmer parts of Amcr., with
alternate bipinnatc deciduous Ivs., sharp spines
and green-barked branches: fls. not papiliona-
ceous, nearly regular, yellow, in short axillary
racemes: pods flattish, linear or oblong.
Torreyanum. PALO VERDE Characteristic small bushy
tree in the arid regions of Mex., Ariz., S. Calif, and some-
times planted in its region: to 25 ft., leafless most of the
year, trie foliage appearing in spring and soon falling, some-
times a second leafage in autumn: fls. to % in. across: pods
to 3 in. long.
CERCIS. REDBUD. JUDAS-TREE. Legumi-
nosx. Small trees and shrubs native in N. Amer.,
S. Eu. and Asia, with simple entire broad Ivs.,
pink or red imperfectly papilionaceous fls. in
racemes or clusters appearing in spring before
or with the Ivs., and flattened pods having
narrow wings on the ventral suture.
Redbuds thrive in fertile sandy loam; only C. conodenaw
is hardy north of New York. Propagated by seeds sown in
spring m heat; by layers, greenwood cuttings in spring* or
C. chinensia by soft cuttings in summer under glass.
canadgnsis. Shrub or tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. roundish,
abruptly acute: fls. rosy-pink, ^ in. long, in clusters: pods
to 3H in. long. N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Var. alba has white
fls. and plena double fls.
chinlnsis (C. japonico). Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. roundish,
abruptly acute: fls. purplish-pink, % in. long, in clusters:
pods to 5 in. long. China, Japftn. Vars. alba and arbdrea
are listed.
japdnica: C. chinensis.
occidentalis. Shrub to 15 ft.: lys. kidney-shaped,
notched or obtuse at tip: fls. reddish. H in. long, in clusters:
pods 2^ in. long. Calif.
racemoaa. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. roundish, abruptly acute:
fls. rosy-pink, 34 >n. long, in many-fld. racemes: pods to
4 in. long. Cent. China.
Cercis
161
Cereus
renif6nnis. Shrub or tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. reniform, blunt-
pointed: fls. reddish, H in. long, in clusters: pods to 4 in.
long. Tex., N. Mex.
Siliquastrum. Shrub or tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. roundish,
obtuse or notched at tip: fls. purplish-rose, $i in. long, in
clusters: pods to 4 in. long. 8. Eu., W. Asia. Var. alba has
white fls.
CERCOCARPUS. MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.
Rosaceae. Evergreen shrubs or partially de-
ciduous small trees native in W. N. Amer.; with
simple Ivs., small greenish or reddish fls. without
petals, solitary or clustered, in spring and sum-
mer, and fr. an achene with a long feathery style.
Sometimes planted as shrubbery in regions of which
they are native or in similar places; they succeed in dry
soils and mostly with sunny exposure. Propagated by
seeds or cuttings.
betulaefdlius: C. betuloides.
betuloides (C. betulsefoliua). To 30 ft.: Ivs. obovate,
to 2 in. long, toothed, pale beneath. Calif.
ledifdlius. To 40 ft.: IVH. lanceolate, to 1 in. long, with
entire revolute margins, pubescent beneath. Wash, to
Calif, and Ariz.
montanus (C. parvifoliua). To 6 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to
2 in. long, toothed, pale beneath, pubescent both sides.
S. D. to New Mex.
parvifdlius: C. montanus.
Traskiae. To 20 ft.: Ivs. broadly ovate, to 2 in. long,
toothed toward apex, densely white-tomentose beneath.
Catalina Isl.
CfeREUS (Piplanthocereus). Cactaceae. Some
900 names have been used in Cereus, a genus
formerly held to include many inharmonious
species; as now defined, it has about two dozen
species in S. Amer. and W. Indies: mostly
arborescent columnar plants (but sometimes
spreading or prostrate), often massive, usually
branching, strongly angled or ribbed, areoles
spiny and more or less short-woolly but not
bearing long hairs: fls. funnelform, mostly
white, nocturnal, tube nearly or quite naked on
outside: fr. naked. See Cacti.
The word Cereus is most popularly known in the name
"night-blooming cereus," but the plants so designated are
now placed in other genera. The kinds of true cereus are
not much known in cultivation with us, and mostly under
glass. The flowers are not very attractive or striking. The
plants are mostly large and columnar. They propagate
readily by seeds and cuttings.
ffethiops (C. cserulescena) . Bush-like, to 6 or 7 ft., sts.
bluish-green to purplish; ribs 7 or 8, areoles large and
black: fls. 7 in. or more long and about 5 in. across, white.
Brazil. ,
alacriportanus (C. peruvianua var. alacriportanua. C.
paraguayensta) . Tall and columnar, to 6 ft.; ribs mostly
5 and strongly compressed, the areoles nearly or quite 1 in.
apart; spines (M) and spreading: fls. 8 or 9 in. long and 4 in.
broad, white with rosy tinge. S. Brazil, Paraguay.
argentinSnsis. Erect, to 70 ft. tall, tree-like and much
branched, sts. to 6 in. diam.; ribs 4-5, thin, intervals wide,
about 2 in. deep; spines brownish, radials 5-8, to 2 in. long,
centrals 1-2, to 4 in. long: fls. white inside, to 10 in. long.
Argentina.
a lire us: botanically a synonym of C. nobilia, a species not
known to be in cult., but applied to several hort. forms of
various e^nera.
azureus (C. Seidelii). Slender and flexuose, 3-4 ft. high
and 1 in. diam., bluish; ribs 6 or 7, areoles several inches
apart; radial spines 8-12: fls. 4-5 in. long, white. Brazil.
cajrullscens: C. aethiopa.
c&sius. Cylindrical, to about 20 ft. tall and 7 in. diam.;
ribs 5-6, acute, narrow and wing-like, notched; spines
yellowish-brown, radials 7-9, spreading, centrals 4-7, to
4 in. long: fls. white. S. Amer.
chalybcbus. To 10 ft.; ribs 6 and very high, areoles
distant; radial spines 7 or more, dark brown: fla. white,
pinkishNxitside, 8 in. long. Argentina.
Chfldsii: C. hexagonus.
Dayamil. Erect or tipped, much branched and tree-like,
to 80 ft. tall, sts. to 8 in. diam.; ribs 5-6, thin, about 1H
in. high, notched; spines 3-4, to M in. long, orange to
reddish-brown: fls. white, to 10 in. long. Argentina.
Fdrbesii: C. validus.
formdsus: C. pernambucenais.
glaucus: C. Jamocaru.
Hankeanus: C. validus.
hezagdnus (C. lepidotua. C. Childsii). To 45 ft. with
trunk 1 ft. diam., branches erect; ribs usually 6 with wavy
margins, areoles $i in. apart and felted; spines on old
branches S-ylO or more and to 2 in. long: fls. white tinged
purple outside, to 10 m. long. W. Indies, N. S. Amer.
Hildmannianus. Tall and columnar, to 15 ft., often
much branched; ribs 5 or 6, young joints dark blue, areoles
distant and developing a few spines: fls. to 9 in. long, white,
inner segms. obtuse. Brazil.
h6rridus: C. Jamocaru.
Huntingtonianus. To 12 ft. high, much branched at base;
ribs 6-8, acutish, to 1^ in. high; ladial spines 1-4 to % in.
long, grayish; central 1, to 4 in. long, often absent: fls.
pink inside, to 1^ in. diam., inner segms. somewhat
fringed. Probably S. Amer. but known only in cult.
Jamacaru (C. glaucua. C. homdus). To 30 ft., very much
branched, with short woody trunk, the top compact of
upright branches, joints blue when young; ribs 4-0, areoles
large and about 1 in. apart; spines usually many: fls. 1 ft.
long, white, green outside, ovary purplish. Brazil. Var.
monstr&sus is listed.
jugatifldrus. To 10 ft. high and 1 ft. diam.; ribs 6-8,
narrow, subcrenate; radial spines 5-7, acicular, to % in.
long; centrals 1-3, gray-black: fls. whitish within, 6-9 in.
long: fr. yellowish, about 3 in. long. Described fioni cult.
lepidfttus: C. hexagonus.
microspSrmus. Trunk to 1 ft. thick, with slender
branches; ribs 20, areoles close together and tornentose;
spines 12-10 or more, % in long, golden-brown. Peru.
mil6simus: C. pernambucenaia.
monstr&sus: C. vanabiha.
Monvilleanus. A species of uncertain botanical affinity:
columnar, branching; ribs 19; radial spines about 20. S.
Amer.
paraguay£nsis: C. alacriportanus.
perlucens. Erect and branched to 10 ft. or more, sts.
blue-green to green; ribs 5-0, thick, straight, somewhat
notched; spines 5-10, about H in. long, reddish-brown:
fls. white, to 6 in. long. Brazil.
pernambuc£nsis (C. formosus. C. milesimus). To 1 ft. or
more, often prostrate, making clumps to 15 ft. across;
ribs 3-5, very thick and prominent, ureoleH }*> in. apart
with white wool; spines 4-10, to 2 in. lon«, yellowiHh: fls.
white. Coast, Brazil, Uruguay. Var. monstrdsus is a
cristate form.
Peruvian us. Tall, to 40 ft. or more, much branched
and tree-like, branches usually green but sometimes
glaucous; ribs 4-9; spines needle-like: fls. about 0 in. long,
outer segms. red or brownish, inner white. S. K. S. Arner.
Var. monstr6sus has ribs broken into irregular tubercles.
Pitah&ya: C. variabiha.
Ro6zlii. Said to be columnar, with sts. 9-nbbcd, radial
spines 9-12 and a longer solitary central spine. JPeru or
Ecuador. Probably a Lemaireocereus or Tnchocereus.
Seidelii: C. azureus.
stenogdnus. To 25 ft., tree-like; ribs 4-5; spines 2-3
and 1 % in. long: fls. rose, to 9 in. long. Paraguay, Argentina.
tetragdnus. To 6 ft., much branched; ribs usually 4,
areoles close together and white-woolly; radial spines
5-6, H in. long: fls. reddish, 5 m. long. Brazil.
vaiidus (C. Hankeanua. C Forbeaii). Shrubby, 6 ft. or
more, somewhat branched, glaucous when young; ribs
4-8 and obtuse: radial spines 5 and short and stout: fls.
funnelform, reddish outside, ^hite or reddish inside.
Argentina.
variabilis (C. Pitahaya. C. monatroaua of hort.). Much
branched and shrub-like, to 14 ft. high; ribs 3-5, acute, to
\y% in. high, dull green; spines yellowish-brown, radials
5-7, to % in. long, stout, centrals 1-2, to % in. long,
straight: ns. white, to 8 in. long. Brazil, Uruguay.
xanthocarpus. To 20 ft., tree-like, very spiny at top:
ribs 4-6, high and narrow, areoles to 1^4 in. apart and
white-woolly; spines 3-4: fls. white, greenish outside, 5 in.
long: fr. yellow. Paraguay.
Other names in Cereus may now be dis-
covered in the following places:
acanthurus: Borzicoctua acanthurua.
acifer: Echinocereua ocifer.
adscendens: Harriaia adacendena.
aggregatus: Echinocereua coccineut.
alamos6nsis: Rathbunia alamoaenait.
albisplnus: Pilocereut olbiapinus.
amecamfinsis: Heliocereus amecamensia.
Cereus
aureispinus: listed, perhaps Parodia aureispina.
a Ore us: Erdisia Meyemi.
Bdckebergii: Pilocereus Backeberyii.
Bankianus: listed name.
Baumannii: Cleiatocactus Baumannii,
bav6sus: Lemaircocereus Hollianus.
baxaniensis: Acanthoitrvus pentagonus.
Beneckei: Lemaireocereus Beneckei.
Berlandieri: Echinocereus Blanckn,
biformis: Disocactus bifc/rrms.
Bi611eyi: Weberocereus Biolleyi.
Blanckii: Echinocereus Blanckii.
Bo6ckmannii: Selemccreus Boeckmannii.
bolivianus: perhaps referable to Tnchocereus macro-
yon us.
Bonpl&ndii: Harrisia Bonplandii.
brachype" talus: Cvrryocactus brachypetalus.
brevistylus: Corryocactus brevistylus.
Bridgesii: Trichocereus Brulgesn.
Brodkei: Harrisia Brookci.
caespitdsus: EJunocireun Ifcichenbachii.
calcaratus: Hylocereus calcaratus.
candelabrum: Lemaireocereus Weberi.
candelaris: Browningia ctindelaris.
cfindicans: Tnchocerius landicans.
Cartwrightianus: Lemaireoccreus Cartwnghtianus.
Cavendishii: Monmllea Cavendishii.
Celsianus: Oreocereus Celsianus.
cephalomacrdstibas: Tnchocereus cephaloniacrostibas.
Ch£nde: Lemaireocereus Chende.
Chfchipe: Lemaireocereus Chichi pe.
chiloensis; Tnchocereus chiloensis.
ChiotHla: Eacontna Chiotilla.
chloranthus: Echinocereus chloranthus.
chosicensis: Haagcocereus chosicensis.
chrysacdnthus: Cephalocereus chrysacanlhus.
chrysom^llus: Pachyccieua chrysomallus.
cinerfiscens: Echinocereus cinera^cens.
coccfneus: Echinowreus coctineus; Heliocereus elegan-
tisHttnus, Alcdiocurtns coccnuus.
Cdchal: Afurttllocartms Cochnl.
colombianus: Ccphnlocenus colombianus.
colubrlrtus: Clrlblocartu* Banni«nrni
Coiumna-Trajani: Pachj/rrrens Columna-Tmjani.
conietes: Cephalocereus comttcs.
compisplnus: listed name.
conglomeratus: Echinocereus conglomerate.
conirl6rus: Stlem<erius comjlorus.
conoldeus: Echuioiercutt conoidcus.
coquimbanus: Ti nhoci rcus co<. uimbanus.
Cor^ne: Stctsonia Coryne.
costaricensis: Hylocerent costaricensia.
crimsonii: Aporocaclus Malhsonn.
Ctenoldes: Echinocertus cf monies.
cuzco£nsis: Trichoceicus cu:coensis.
Damazi6i: Arthroctreus nncrosphicricus.
dasyacanthus: Echinocertus daxyacanthus.
Datitwitzii: Espostwi linata.
decumbens: Jfaagcocrn us dccumbens.
deffciens: Lcmaircoceicus dcficiens.
d€l Moral ii: Lcmaireocneus Chende.
Donkelaari: Kelenicereus Donkelaari.
dubius: Echinocereus dubius.
Dumortieri: Lemaireocereus Dumortieri.
eburneus: Lenunreoctreus gnseus.
^moryi: Bcrgerocactus Emoryi.
fengelmannii: Echinocereus Engelmannii.
enneacAnthus: Echinocereus enneacanthus.
eri6phorus: Hamxia eriophora.
Eruca: Afacha-rocere'is Eruca.
ery throe £phal us: Denmoza rhodocantha.
euphorbioides: Cephalocereus euphorbioides.
exdrens: Cephalocereus arrabidx.
Faischerfta: listed name.
162
Cereus
fascicul&ris: Trichocereus fascicularis.
Faustianus: probably Borzicactus Faustianus.
F6ndleri: Echinocercus Fendleri.
femambucensis: catalogue name for Cereus pernam-
bucensis.
flagellif 6rmis: Aporacactus flagelliformis.
fossulatus: Oreocereus Celsianus var. foveolatus.
Fricii: Pilocercus Fncii.
fulgidus: C Maynardii.
Funkii: Trichocereus chiloensis.
gemmatus: Lernaireocereus marginatus.
geometrizans: Myrtillocactus geometri^an*.
giganteus: Carnegica giyantea.
gladiatus: Trichocereus cand icons.
glycim6rphus: Echinocereus ulycirnorphus.
gonac&nthus: Echinocereus triglochidiatus.
Gounellei: Cephalocereus Gounellei.
gracilis: Harrisia gracihs.
grandifl6rus: Selemcereus grandijlorus.
Greggii: Peniocereus Greggn.
griseus: Lemaireocereus griseus.
guatemalensis: Nyctocereus guatemalensis.
gumm6sus: Macfui-rocereus gummosus.
hamatus: Selemcereus hamatus.
Hdssleri: Mediocactus cocci neus.
Herreraanus: listed name.
Hertzogianus: listed name.
Hirschtianus: Nyctoceieus Hirschtianua.
Hollianus: Lemaireocereus HoUianus.
hondurensis: Selemcereus hondurensis.
Hoppenstedtii: Cephalocereus Hoppenstedtii.
horribilis: Acanthocereua horiibihs.
horridus: Cereus Jamacaru.
Houlletii: Cephalocereus Saitonanus.
hu^scha: Tnchocereus huascha.
h^rstrix: Lemaireocvrtus hystrur.
Irigoyenii: Oteocereus Ttollu.
Jfisbertii: Harrisia Jusbertii.
lefetus: Lemaireoctreus laetus.
lampiochldrus: Tnchocereus lamprochlorus.
Lauterb&chii: allied to Monmllea Cavendishii but not
understood botamcally.
Lemairei: Ilyloccieus Lemairei.
Le6nii: Leptocereus Leonii.
leptophis: Aporomctut leptophis.
litoralis: Tnchocereus hi oral is.
longisetus: Echinocereus longisetus.
longispina: hoit. name, possibly referable to Tricho-
cereus stnyosus var.
Macdo'naldiae: Selemcereus Macdonaldiae.
macrocephalus: Cephalocereus rnacrocephalus.
macrogdnus: Trichocereus macrogonus.
M&llisonii: Aporocactus Malhsomi.
mamillatus: Echinocereus mamillalus.
marginatus: Lcmaireocereus marginalua.
Martianus: Aporocacfus Afartianus.
Mfirtinii: Harrisia Martimi.
M£ynardii (C. fulgidus). Hybrid between Selenicereua
grandiflorus and Hehocereus apeciosus; fls. scarlet, to 7 in.
aCI 088.
meUmostele: Haageocereus chosicensis.
melanotrichus: Corryocactus melanotrichus.
microcirpus: listed name.
microsphdericus: Arthrocereua microsphsericus.
mojav6nsis: Echinocereus mojavensis.
monaca^nthus: Hylocereus monacanthus.
Moritzianus: Cephalocereus Moritzianua,
Munzii: Echinocereus Munzii.
Nashii: Harrisia Nashii. \
Nfckelsii: Cephalocereus polylophus.
nyctic&llus: Selemcereus pteranthus.
obtusAngulus: Epiphyllanthus microsphsericu*.
ocamp6nis: Hylocereus ocamponis.
octadbithus: Echinocereus octacanthu*.
6stenii: listed name.
Cereus
pacala£nsis: perhaps Haageocereua pocolaenaia*
P&lmeri: Cephalocereus Palmeri.
pasac&na: Trichocereua paaacana.
paucispinus: Echinocereua triglochidiatua.
pe'cten-aboriginum: Pachycereua pecten-arboriginum.
pectinatus: Echinocereus pectinatus.
pellucidus: Harrisia Fernowii.
pgnsilis: Echinocereus pensilia.
pentagdnus: Acanthocereus pentagonus.
pentalophus: Echinocereus pentalophus.
phaeacanthus: Cephalocereus phaeacanthus.
phatnospermus: Monmllea phatnoaperma.
phcenfceus: Echinocereus coccineus.
platinospinus: Borzicactus platinoapinua.
p6co: see Trichocereus poco.
polyac&nthus: Echinocereus polyacanthus.
polylophus: Cephalocereus polylophus.
polyrhJzus: Hylocereus polyrhizus.
pomanensis: Harrisia pomanensis.
portoric£nsis: Harrisia portoricenaia.
Pose'lgeri: Wilcoxia Poselgeri.
Prfnglei: Pachycereus Pringlei.
procumbens: Echinocereus pentalophus.
pruin6sus: Lemaireocereus pruinosus.
pter£nthus: Selenicereus pteranthus.
pseud omelanostele: Haageocereus pseudomelanostele.
quadricostatus: Leptocereus quadricostatus.
queretaroensis: Lemaireocereus queretaroensis.
Reichenbachianus: Echinocereus Reichenbachii.
remolinensis: Pilocereus remohnensis.
repandus: Harrisia gracilis.
rhodac&nthus: Denmoza rhodacantha.
rhoddnthus: Arrojadoa rhodantha.
Roemeri: Echinocereus coccineus and E. octacanthua.
RoStteri: Echinocereus Roetteri.
rostratus: Selenicereus hamatus.
Royenii: Cephalocereus Royenii.
Russelianus: Ccphalocereus Russelianus.
Schdttii: Lophocereus Schottn.
Schrankii: Heliocereus Schrankii.
sciurus: Echinocereus sciurus.
senilis: Cephalocereus senilis.
serpentinus: Nyctocereus serpentinus.
setaceus: Mediocactus coccineus.
Shaferi: may be Lobivia Shaferi or Trichocereus Shaferi.
Silvestrii: Chamxcereus Silvestrn.
Smfthii: Aporocactus Mallisonn.
sonore'nsis: Rathbunia alamosensis.
Spachianus: Trichocereus Spachianus.
speciosissimus ; specidsus: Heliocereus apecioaua.
Spegazzinii: Monmllea Spegazzinii.
spinibarbis: Eulychnia apimbarbia.
spinuldsus: Selenicereus spinulosus.
splendens: Monvillea Cavendishii.
squarrdsus: Erdisia squarrosa.
stellatus: Lemaireocereus stellatus.
stenopterus: Hylocereua stenopterus.
strain ineus: Echinocereus stramineua.
Straussii: Cleistocactua Strauaaii.
striatug: Wilcoxia striata.
8trig6aus: Trichocereus etrigoaua.
sup6rbus: Heliocereus superbua.
tephracanthus: Trichocereua tephrocanthua.
Terschficku: Trichocereua Teracheckii.
testudo: Deamia teatudo.
Tetfitzo: Pochycereua Tetetzo.
tex6nsis: Echinocereua Reichenbachii and E. papillosus.
thelegonoldes: Trichocereua thelegonoides.
thelegi&nus: Trichocereua thelegonua.
Thiirbcri: Lemaireocereua Thurberi.
tortudsus: Harriaia tortuoaa.
TrelSasei: Lemaireocereua Treleaaei.
triangularis: Hylocereua triangularia.
tricostatus: Hylocereua undotua.
163
Ceropegia
triglochidiatus: Echinocereua triglochidiotua.
Trdllii: Oreocereua Trolhi.
tuberdsus: Wucoxia Poselgeri.
undatus: Hylocereua undatus.
usitatus: listed name.
vagans: Selenicereus vagans.
veralcolor: Haagaocereua versicolor.
viridifldrus: Echinocereua viridiflorua.
Weberbaueri: Trichocereus faacicularia.
W^beri: Lemaireocereus Weben.
Weingartianus: Leptocereus Weingartianua.
Werdermannianus: probably Trichocereua Werderman-
nianus.
CERIMAN: Monstera deliciosa.
CERfNTHE. UONEYWORT. Boraginaceae. Old
World herbs, often glabrous and glaucous, with
alternate simple Ivs. and yellow fls. among leafy
bracts in terminal racemes or cymes; ovary in
2 parts but style undivided. Of easy cult.
Propagated by seeds.
major. Ann. to 1 ft.: Iva rough and cilmte: fls. ptnphsh
at top, the bracts showy. Medit. region.
ret6rta. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. glaucous, often spotted with
white or red: fls. tipped with purple, the bracts purple.
Greece.
CERNUOUS: drooping; declining somewhat from the
perpendicular.
CEROCHLAMYS. Aizooceae. One of the
Mesembryantheinum group allied to Punctillaria
but differing in the caps, having only 5 valves
arid other technical characters; one species in
H. Afr. C. trigdna. To 2 in., stainless or nearly so:
Ivs. to % in. broad and thick, obtusely 3-angled,
covered with waxy secretion: fls. pink, 1J4 in.
across.
CEROPfeGIA. Asdepiodocep. Herbs or sub-
shrubs, sometimes twining, with opposite Ivs.
(sometimes lacking) and tubular fls. mostly in
axillary clusters; corolla tubular and often
inflated at base, crown joined to the stnminal
tube; follicles slender; native in trop. Asia,
Afr. and Malaya; grown in the greenhouse.
They grow in soil composed of lomn, leaf-mold or peat,
and sand. Propagated by cuttings in spring over bottom
heat.
B&rklyi. Sts erect and sometimes twining, to l^o ft.
long: Ivs linear to lanceolate, to IK in- long, fleshy, dark
green with whitish veins: fls. greenish veined with purple-
brown, corolla-tube to % in. long, 2-3 together. S. Afr.
bulbdsa. Sts. twining: roots tuberous: Ivs. very variable,
from narrowly linear to orbicular, to S in. long: fls. greenish
outside, purple within, to 1 in. long; infl. 3-5-tid. W. India.
caffrdrum. Sts. twining: Ivs. linear to ovate-lanceolate,
to 1 in. long, fleshy, glabrous: fls. green outside with purple
lines, purplish-black within, to l/^ in. long, lobes cihate.
S. Afr.
debilis. Sts. twining, to 4 ft. long: Ivs. partially cy-
lindrical, to IJ^ m- long: fls. greenish marked with purple,
corolla-tube to ^ in. long, 1-3 together. Trop, Afr.
dich6toma. Succulent subshrub to 3^ ft., sts. to 1A in.
diarn., mternodes to 4 in. long: Ivs. linear, to 1^4 in long
and K m- wide, early deciduous: fla. pale yellow, incon-
spicuous, in clusters of 3-6 in axils of fallen Ivs. Canary
Isls.
fusca. Shrub to l*A ft. or more: Ivs. soon falling, linear,
to 2 in. long: fls. dull reddish-brown with light yellow
crown. Canary Isls.
hastata. Sts. twining: Ivs. linear- to ovate-hastate, to
1)4 in. long: fls. purple with darker veins, to H iQ- long;
corona may be wnitish. S. Afr.
Meyeri. Sts. twining, to 4 ft. tall: roots somewhat
tuberous: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 3 in. long, base often
cordate, somewhat hairy, margin toothed or lobed: fls.
greenish- violet, to 2 in. long. S. Afr.
radlcans. Sts. prostrate and creeping: Ivs. ovate or
orbicular, to 1% in. long, fleshy: fls. greenish or whHish
spotted with purple, lobes purple-brown, corolla-tube
to 2 in. long, 1-2 together. S. Afr.
stapeliaef6rmis. Sts. decumbent or trailing: Ivs. nidi-
Ceropegia
164
Chcenostoma
mentary, about ^ in. long: fls. white marked with purple,
corolla-tube to 1 % in. long, 1-several together. 8. Air.
Th6rncroftii. Twining per.: Ivs. ovate to elliptic-ovate,
to 2^4 in. long, somewhat fleshy, glabrous, margin wavy:
fls. white with small purplish -red blotches, corolla-tube
1 in. long, inflated at base, lobes linear to % in. long, arched
with tips almost fused together, margins strongly reflexed
producing an inflated balloon-like structure. Transvaal.
Woddii. Sts. trailing or prostrate: Ivs. heart-shaped, to
% in. long: fls. light purple or pink, to % in. long, usually
2 together. Natal.
CEROPTERIS: Pityrogramma.
CEROTHAMNUS: Myrica.
CER6XYLON. Palmaccx. Tall unarmed
feather-palms of the Andes from Venezuela and
Colombia to Peru, at high altitudes; monoecious
or polygamous, with long paniculate spadices
among the Ivs.; species perhaps 5: Ivs. terminal,
making a heavy crown: fls. large; stamens 9^-15:
fr. a red or purplish berry, 1 in. or less diam.
For cult, see Palm.
and f col a. WAX PALM. Very tall, the trunk ringed and
inrrusted with wax, swollen at or above the middle: Ivs.
to 20 ft. long; pmme many, linear, acuminate, bifid at
apex, deep green above, densely silvery-tomentose under-
neath: fr. purplish — This tree has been intro. into S. Calif.,
but with only indifferent success; not regularly cult, m U. S.
CESPITOSE, CjESPITOSE: matted; growing in tufts
or dense clumps; said of low plants that make mats or
turf of their basal growths.
CfiSTRUM. Solanacex. Shrubs and small
trees grown in warm countries and under glass
in northern latitudes for the axillary or terminal
cymes of bright small tubular mostly fragrant
fls., red, yellow, greenish or white, blooming
from Jan. to Apr.: Ivs. simple, entire and usually
narrow, deciduous or persistent: fr. a small
berry: native in American tropics.
Propagated by cuttings in February or early March
and kept in a warm temperature; also by seed when ob-
tainable.
aurantiacum. Half-climbing shrub: Ivs. oval, to 4 in.
long: fls in a terminal panicle, orange-yellow, 1 in. long,
the lobes strongly reflexed. Guatemala.
cocclneum: color form of C. fasciculatum.
diurnum. DAY- JESSAMINE. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong
or oval, to 3^ in long, thick and evergreen, glossy above:
fls. white, \$ m. long, the lobes reflexed, fragrant by day,
in short clusters on long axillary sts. W. Indies. — Frequently
planted far S. even along the coast.
elegans: C. purpureum.
fasciculatum. Differs from C. purpureum in the broader
Ivs. to 2^ in. wide, larger purplish-red fls. in compact
clusters usually subtended by Ivs. Mex. Var. N6wellii
(C. Newellu), fls. crimson, large, free-blooming; foliage
more glandular.
N6wellii: C. fasciculatum var.
nocturnum. NIGHT-JESSAMINE. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs.
oblong-ovate or oval, to 8 in. long, more or less shining
on both sides: fls. greenish-white to cream-colored, % in.
long, the pointed lobes erect or spreading, very fragrant
at night, in axillary clusters, blooming at intervals through-
out the year. W. Indies.
Parqui. WILLOW-LEAVED JESSAMINE. Shrub to 6 ft.:
Ivs. lanceolate, to 6 in. long: fls. greenish-white to greenish-
yellow, 1 in. long, and pointed lobes spreading, fragrant
at night, in profuse axillary and terminal clusters. Chile;
probably the hardiest.
purpureum (C. elegant. Habrothamnua elegant). Shrub
to 10 ft. or more, somewhat climbing, branches soft-hairy:
Iva. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long and 1 ^ in. wide:
fls. in loose terminal more or less nodding clusters, to 1 in.
long, red-purple, constricted at throat, of continuous bloom:
berries red. Mex. Var. Smtthii (C. Smithii), fls. blush-rose.
There is also a variegated form.
Smtthii: C. purpureum var.
CH^NACTIS. Composite. Ann. or per.
herbs of W. N. Amer. with alternate usually
dissected lys. and heads of yellow disk-fls.
solitary or in cymes; pappus of scales. Propa-
gated by seeds or division.
glabriuscula. To 1 ft., branching: Ivs. to 1H in. long,
1-2-pinnate into linear seams. : heads solitary, H in. across,
marginal corollas longer than others. Calif.
FLOWERING QUINCE.
Rosacese. Deciduous or semi-evergreen shrubs
native in E. Asia, with alternate toothed Ivs.,
solitary or clustered showy waxy fls. in early
spring before the Ivs., and fr. a hard quince-like
pome. Often listed as Cydonia.
These are attractive ornamental subjects and hardy
North except C, sinensis, and this fruits on Long Island and
in similar climates. The fruits of some kinds are also used
sparingly for making preserves. Propagated by seeds
stratified and sown in spring, by root-cuttings or cuttings
of half-ripe wood under glass, by layers, and rare kinds by
grafting on C. lagenaria or Cydonia oblonga.
cathaye'nsis: C. lagenaria var.
japonica (C. vedrariensis. (7., Pyrus, and Cydonia Maulei.
Pyrus japonica). DWARF JAPANESE QUINCE. To 3 ft., with
spiny branches: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 2 in. long, coarsely
toothed: fls. orange-scarlet, to 1^ in. across, clustered,
Mar .-Apr.: fr. yellow, 1% in. long. Japan. Var. alpina
(Cydonia Sargenth) has procumbent sts. and Ivs. to
1 in. long.
lagenaria (Cydonia japonica of horticulturists). JAP-
ANESE QUINCE. To 10 ft., with spiny branches: Ivs. oblong,
to 3 in. long, finely toothed, shining above: fls. scarlet-
red, to 2 in. across, clustered, Mar.-Apr.: fr. greenish-yellow,
to 2 in. long. China. Var. a"lba, fls. nearly white; var.
B<zii, fls. rosy-pink; var. Candida, fls. white or nearly so;
var. cardinalis, fls. cardinal-red; var. cathay6nsis, Ivs.
lanceolate; var. cont6rta has twisted and contorted branches,
fls. white; var. cor^llina, fls. salmon-pink; var. fdliis rubris,
Ivs. bronzy; var. frutico-a'lba, frs. whitish; var. (frandifl&ra,
fls. laige, nearly white; var. kermesiana, fls. pink to red,
semi-double; var. macrocdrpa, sts. thornlcss, fls. red; var.
mannorata, fls. pink variegated white; var. Moerlodsei,
fls. white, stiiped with pink; var. ni van's, fls. nearly white;
vars. nana and pygm&a are listed as dwarf forms; var.
rdseo-pleno, fls. rose, partially double; var. rubra grandi-
fl&ra, fls. deep crimson, large; var. sanguinea plena, fls.
scarlet, double; var. umbilicata, fls. rose-red: var. Wllsonii,
Ivs. tomentose beneath, fls. salmon-pink; other listed vars.
are semper flor ens, Simonsii end versicolor. — This, in its
many forms, is the commonly cult. Japanese quince, and
formerly supposed to be the plant originally intended to
bear the name japonica.
Maulei: C. japonica.
singnsis (Cydonia, and Pseudocydonia sinenais).
CHINESE QUINCE. To 20 ft., spineless: Ivs. elliptic, to 3 in.
long, sharp-toothed, often persistent or turning scarlet in
autumn: ns. light pink, solitary, to 1^ m. across, May:
fr. yellow, to 7 in. long, woody, aromatic. China.
SUpe'rba. Hybrid between C. japonica and C. lagenaria:
Ivs. narrowly ovate to obovate, to 3 in. long, twigs hairy:
fls. typically blood-red, to 2 in. across. Forms having white,
rose or scarlet fls. are known.
vedrarie'nsis: C. japonica.
CELENORRHlNUM. Scrophuktriacex. Ann.
or per. herbs native in Medit. region and Asia:
Ivs. entire: fls. 2-lipped, solitary in the axils of
upper Ivs. and often forming racemes. Once
combined with Linaria from which it is separated
by the caps, dehiscing by narrow distal openings
and the plants glandular-pubescent.
glare6sum: C. origanifolium,
minus (Linaria minor). Ann. to 1 ft., much branched,
glandular-pubescent: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, sessile: fls.
lilac, to M in. long, long-stalked, in loose leafy racemes. Eu
origanifdlium (Linaria origanifolia. Anarrhinum and
Antirrhinum crassifolium, in part. Antirrhinum and C.
olareo8um). Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. oolong to obovate, glandular-
hairy: fls. pale purple to white with yellow palate, % in.
long, spur shorter than corolla. 3. Eu.
CHJEN6STOMA. Scrophulariacese. S. Afri-
can herbs and subshrubs with usually opposite
Ivs., white, yellow or reddish tubular fls. with
4 exserted stamens, and capsular frs.
Certain low kinds are grown out-of-doors in southern
United States and in the greenhouse for the profuse small
bloom and compact habit; useful for edgings. Propagated
by seeds or cuttings.
fastiffiatum (Sutera cephalotes). Per. to 1 f$.: Ivs. oblong,
about \\ in. long, with few teeth toward apex: fls. ^ in,
long, in head -like racemes.
Chcenostoma
165
Chamcecyparis
grandiflorum (Sutera grandiflora). Erect subshrub to
1 ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. usually alternate, ovate-oblong,
to 1H in. long, base wedge-shaped, hispid, margin crenate-
serrate: fls. deep purple, to 1 K in. long and as wide, tube
very slender, in racemes to 1 ft. long.
hfopidum (Sutera brachiata). Per. or subshrub to 2 ft.,
hairy: Ivs. oval to oblong, to 1^ in. long, entire: fls. pink
or whitish, to M in. long, in leafy racemes.
phlogifidrum (Sutera phlogi flora) . Decumbent or sub-
erect subshrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. somewhat fasciculate, ovate to
obovate or oblong, to H in. long, incise-dentate or pinnati-
fid.: fls. bright purple to white, to H in. long, in lax racemes.
polyanthum (Sutera polyantha). Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate
to lanceolate, to 1)^ in. long, toothed: fls. bluish-lilac, M in.
long, in racemes.
rdseum: listed as a shrubby plant with pink fls.
CHJEROPHfLLUM. Umbelliferae. Herbs with
pinnately or ternately compound Ivs., small
white fls. in compound umbels, and flattened frs.;
one species is grown for the edible root. See
Chervil.
bulbdsum. TURNIP-ROOTED CHERVIL. Bien. to 3 ft.,
with gray or blackish tuberous root having yellowish- white
flesh: Ivs. decompound into linear Begins. Eu.
CRflETOCHLOA: Setaria.
CHJETOSPERMUM: Swinglea.
CHAFF: a small, thin, dry and membranous scale or
bract; in particular, the bracts in the flower-heads of
composites.
CHALCAS: Murrsea.
CHALICE-VINE: Solandra.
Rosaceae. Two shrubs na-
tive in Calif, and Lower Calif., with alternate
thrice-pinnatifid Ivs. and white fls. in terminal
corymbs; related to Purshia.
Adapted to rock-gardens in warm parts of the country,
doing best in sunny positions in sandy well-drained soil.
Propagated in spring by seeds, or by cuttings of green
wood under glass.
foliol&sa. To 3 ft., partially evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, finely divided: fls. to % in. across. July. Calif.
CHAM-dGBATlARIA. Rosaceae. One aromatic
deciduous shrub native Ida. to Nov. and Calif.,
sometimes included in Spiraea. C. Millefdlium.
To 4 ft., glandular-pubescent: Ivs. alternate,
bipinnate. to 3 in. long, with linear deeply cut
segms.: fls. white, % in. across, in terminal
leafy panicles to 6 in. long. — It does best in a
sunny well-drained position. Propagated by
cuttings of half-ripened wood in Aug. and by
seeds sown in spring.
Coctocex. One species,
Argentina, forming little clumps of cylindric
plant-bodies or joints that are 2 in. or so long
with 6-9 ribs and soft white spines. C. Silve"stri
(Cereus Silvestri) resembles some of the creeping
kinds of Echinocereus, with orange-scarlet
diurnal solitary fls. nearly 3 in. long, the tube
narrow and stamens included : fr. small, globular,
woolly. Var. crassicaule (C. crassicaule) is
listed as having more spherical sts.
CHAMJECRISTA; Cassia.
CHAMJECfPARIS. FALSE-CYPRESS. Cup-
ressacese. Large evergreen trees of pyramidal
habit, mostly attaining 100 ft. or more m native
habitats, with scale-like Ivs. densely clothing
the branchlets, appressed on old branches,
spreading and needle-like on young growth,
yellow (or red in C. Lawsoniana) staminate fls.,
and small globose cones of peltate scales bearing
a point or prominence in middle; species few,
in northern hemisphere. For cult, see Conifers.
Excellent in cult, as small trees, ornamental
and most of them hardy in the northern parts of
the country, and widely variable. Retinisporas
(or retinosporas) are juvenile forms of Cham-
secy paris and Thuja.
andelylnsis: C. thyoides var.
decussata: Thuja orientalis var.
filicoides: C. obtusa var.
filtfera: C. pisifera var.
formosensis. Branches drooping at tips: cones to H in.
across. Formosa. — Not to be contused with C. obutsa var.
formosana.
Lawsoniana (Cupressus Lawsoniana). Branches usually
drooping, the branchlets frond-like: Ivs. obtuse, with
indistinct white markings below: cones H in. across. Ore.,
Calif.; hardy in latitude of central states and some of the
forms stand in sheltered positions in S. New England;
much grown in warm regions and much prized in its many
very ornamental forms. Some of the hort. vare. are:
albo-splca. CREAM C., branchlets creamy- white at tips;
Allumii, SCARAB C., columnar form witn very glaucous
foliage; arg6ntea, foliage silvery; aurea, foliage golden-
yellow when young; Bowleri, compact form with branohlets
drooping at tips; darley6nsis, low form with Iva. slightly
golden-yellow; Ellwoodii is listed as a compact slow-growing
dwarf form with gray-green foliage; er6cta (var. erecta
viridis), columnar form with bright green Ivs. or glaucous
in its form glauca; filifdrmis, branchlets drooping; Fle'tcheri,
dense columnar form with glaucous Ivs.; Forsteckiana,
branchlets twisted into cockscomb-like neads; Fraseri,
columnar form with dark blue Ivs.; glauca, Ivs. steel-blue;
gracilis, branchlets drooping, Ivs. light green; interte'xta,
pyramidal form with bluish-green Ivs.; Krftmeri of thin
habit with slender whip-like branches; lutea, young growth
bright yellow; lycopodipides, with irregular oranches and
twisted branchlets; minima glauca, dwarf form with steel-
blue Ivs.; nana, of dwarf globose habit, and its form glauca
with Ivs. bluish-green; nidif6rmis, horizontal branches
radiating from dense center; pitula, compact, branches
spreading, Ivs. glossy dark green; pSndula, branchlets
drooping and its form vfcra with branches also drooping;
Pdttensii has dense and compact ultimate branch systems;
pyramidalis, columnar and its form alba with young growth
white; Steifrartii, young shoots with deep yellow foliage;
W6stennannii, of stiff pyramidal habit, Ivs. light yellow;
Wisselii, of columnar habit, with glaucous Ivs.; Youngii,
vigorous upright form. Other listed names under this
species are: cserulea, Drummondii, departs, elcgantissima,
globosa, grandis, lutescens, monumentalis, nestoides, Rosen-
thalii, semper -horizontalis, stricta, sulphurea, tortuosa,
Veitchhglauca and versicolor.
leptoclada: C. thyoides var. andelyensis.
nootkat£nsis (Cupressus nootkatensis. Thujopsis bar-
ealis). NOOTKA C. Branchlets drooping: Ivs. acute, dark
green, without white markings: cones % in. across. Alaska
to Ore.; hardy N., but should have protection from winter
winds. Var comp&cta, dwarf and compact: glauca, Ivs.
very glaucous; lutea, young growth light yellow; p£ndula,
branches drooping. A form wridis is also listed.
obtusa (Retinospora and Cupressus obtusa). HINOKI C.
Branchlets flattened and frond-like, drooping: Ivs. obtuse,
glossy above and with whitish lines beneath: cones % in.
across. Japan. Some of the hort. vars. are: filbo-splca,
shoots creamy-white when young; aurea, Ivs. golden-yellow
when young and its form Youngii with more drooping
branchlets: breviramea, pyramidal form with short branches:
compacta, dwarf broad form; Crippsii, Ivs. pale yellow;
er£cta, branches ascending; ericoides (C. pisifera var.
Sanden), low form with linear bluish-gray Ivs ; filicoldes,
branchlets short and frond-like; fllif6nnis, branches thick
and thread-like, drooping; formosana, with slenderer
branchlets and smaller cones, Formosa; gracilis, pyramidal
form with dark green Ivs. or in aurea bright yellow when
young; lycopodioldes, of dwarf shrubby habit; magnmca.
vigorous form with glossy bright green Ivs.; mfnima ana
nana, of low growth and in aurea golden-yellow when
young: p£ndula, drooping habit; pygm&a, very dwarf form
with almost creeping branches; tetragona, dwarf form with
4-angled brancmets, partly golden-yellow. Other listed
names under this species are: acuta, decusaata, letinca aurea,
lutea, pyramidalis glauca and viridis.
pisifera (Retinispora and Cupressus pisifera). SAWARA C,
Branchlets flattened and slightly drooping: Ivs. acuminate,
glossy above and with whitish lines beneath: cones to JUJ in.
across. Japan; likely to suffer in expoped places N. There
are many hort. vars. as: aurea, Iva. golden-yellow; ericoides
with smaller Ivs.; fillfera, branches thread-like, drooping,
and its forms aurea with young growth golden-yellow, and
aureo-variegata with branchlets variegated yellow; plumdsa,
dense conical habit with feathery branchlets, and its forms
argentea with tips of branchlets whitish, aurea with young
growth golden-yellow, and flave'scens with tips of branch-
lets yellowish, lutescens, low form with branchlets tipped
yellow: squarrosa, MOBS R., bushy habit with feathery
branchlets, and its form dumosa of more compact and
slower-growing habit, and sulphurea with yellow Ivs.,
Veitchii and Sieboldii are listed under this var.; sulphurea,
Chamcecyparis
166
Chamarops
Ivs. light yellow. Other vars. liated are: globosa, nana and
pygmtea.
Sender i: C. obtuaa var. ericowks.
sphaeroidea: C. thyoiden.
texana glauca; a listed name.
thyoldes (C. syhseroidca. CupreKsus thyoides). \VHITE-
CKDAII. Branchlets flattened, not drooping: Ivs. acute,
light green or glaucous: cones % in. across. Me. to Fla.
and Miss , hardy rio'ir count Hort. vara nre: andely&nsis
(C leptocladti) t of upright habit with loosely appressed Ivs.;
ericoides, CEDAR R , dense shrub with spreading Ivs. having
2 glaucous lines beneath; glauca, Ivs. nearly silvery-white:
H6veyi, of slender habit, the branchlets with dense terminal
tufts; variegata, branchlets variegated yellow.
WSstennanii: C. Lawsomana var.
CHAMPED APHNE. Ericacese. One evergreen
shrub to 5 ft., native in bogs in N. Eu., N. Asia
and N. Amer. C. calyculata (Andromeda and
Cassandra calyculata). LEATHER-LEAF. Lvs.
alternate, oblong, to 2 in. long, rusty-scaly
beneath: fls. white, urn-shaped, nodding, y± in.
long, in racemes to 5 in. long, Apr.— June. Var.
nana, to 1 ft. — A good shrub for the rock-garden
where it does best in a moist soil of sand arid
neat. Propagated by seeds only slightly covered,
by cuttings of ripe wood under glass, by layers
and suckers.
CHAMPED 6RE A. Palmacese. Small thin-lvd.
shade-loving unarmed dicecious or seldom
rnonoocious palms, Mex. to S. Amer., with
solitary or clustered reed-like ringed or jointed or
sheathed sts., sometimes climbing, and pinnate,
pinnatisect or pinnate-veined Ivs., probably
more than 60 species: spadices among the Ivs.
or below them, simple and cord-like or panicu-
lately branched and with slender parts, the
snathes usually prominent; stamens 6; pistillate
fis. very small and often sunken in pits: fr.
small, of 1-tf globose or oblong carpels, purplish
or red or orange. The Chamacdoreas are im-
perfectly known botanically; the identity of the
cult, kinds is perplexing inasmuch as the two
sexos may not be grown together and as fr. is
little known. They are attractive neat green-
stemmed palms for porch and patio use where
protection may be provided from winds and
burning sun, in S. Calif, and 8. Fla.; well adapted
to lath houses. For cult, see Palm.
Arenbergiana. St. erect, 5-0 ft., remotely ringed: Ivs.
pinnate, recurved at apex; pinna) 10-30, long-oblong and
falcate, very long-acuminate, the apex pendulous, primary
nerves 9: spadices below the Ivs.: fr. subglobose, in a dense
cluster. Cent. Amer.
corallina. St. solitary, sheathed and not ringed, to 4 ft.
or more: spadices among the Ivs., the pistillate divaricately
branched: Ivs. pinnate, green both sides but lighter under-
neath, 2 ft or more long; pumas S-12 in. long, broad-oblong
and abruptly long-pointed, 3 in. broad at middle, the
terminal one confluent and bifid and many- ribbed, lateral
ones with 1 prominent rib off-center and many secondary
ones Venezuela.
desmoncoldes. Climbing with age, with long slender
sts.: lys. pinnate, 2-3 ft long; pinnae 12 in. long, narrow,
drooping; petiole glaucous. Mex.
elatior. Slender and more or less climbing, the st. covered
with petiole-sheaths: st.-lvs. pinnate, 0-8 ft. long, sheath
18 in. long; pinnae 2 ft. long, 1 in. broad, long-acuminate,
strongly several-nerved. Mex.
elegans: €ollima elegant.
firnesti-Augustii. St. solitary, slender, ringed, with
brace-roots at base: Ivs. simple; blade obovate or ovate-
oblong, 1^4 ft. long and half as broad, bifid at apex to half
or more the depth, strongly many-ribbed, the margins
bluntly dentate; sometimes the If. is pinnate, with a broad
bifid terminal lobe and many-ribbed lateral pinna* 1-2 in.
broad: fertile spadix simple; staminate erect, branched: fls.
reddish. Mex.
fragans. St. 4-0 ft., scarcely 1 in. thick, ringed: Ivs.
mostly 5 or 0, 1 ft. long, 2-lobed below the middle, each
lobe long-acuminate and many-nerved: fls. fragrant: fr.
elliptic, black-purple. Peru.
geonomaefdrmis. St. solitary, sheathed, about 4 ft.:
Ivs. simple, oblong, 8-12 in. long, 5 or 0 in. broad, deeply
bifid, deep green, about 12 nerves on either lobe: staminate
spadix from st. just below the Ivs , with several long droop-
ing branches 8-10 in. long. Guatemala.
glaucifdlia. St. tall, to 20 ft , solitary, ringed remotely:
Ivs. pinnate, 4-0 ft. long, glaucous on both sides; pinnse
70-80, long and slender, very long acuminate: spadix tall,
erect or ascending, among the Ivs., on slender elongated
peduncle. Guatemala.
graminifdlia. St. remotely ringed: Ivs. pinnate, erect,
dark green; pinnse about 40, rather close together, linear-
lanceolate, very long-acuminate, spreading horizontally,
strongly several-nerved: staminate spadix erect, with long
pendulous branches. Guatemala.
Martiana. St. short, creeping, dwarf and spreading,
with many forking sts.: Ivs. pinnate; pinnce many, linear,
pendent, 0-8 in. long. Mex.
oblongata. St. ringed: Ivs. pinnate, at apex pinnse con-
fluent and commonly truncate and erose but otherwise
oblong or falcate-acuminate: pistillate spadix erect, much
branched: fr. oblong, black. Mex.
Pacaya. St. slender and erect, 8-10 ft., remotely ringed:
Ivs. erect-spreading, 2-3 ft. long; pmnro about 7, dull
green, plicnte, middle ones 7-8 in. long and \l/% in. broad,
long-acuminate, the terminal ones very broad and Sercete
on outer margins: fertile spadix about 20 in. long, witn
flattened peduncle compressed below to caudex, the
branches 5 or 6 and 3-4 in. long: fr. obhque-obovoid, about
^} m. long. Costa Rica.
Pringlei. Nearly or quite stemless: Ivs. pinnate, erect,
firm in texture, 3 ft. long; pmna3 25-30, widely spaced,
linear-lanceolate and very long-acuminate, 6-8 in. long
and 1.3 in. or less broad, strongly nerved: spadix simple.
San Louis Potosi, Mex.
Sartori. St. 8-14 ft., solitary, ringed and above covered
with If. -sheaths: Ivs. pinnate, 3 ft. long, rather soft;
pmiiCB about 15, broacf-lanccolate, 10-12 in. long and to
2% in. broad, abruptly acuminate, with 1 mostly off-center
rib and several secondary ones, the upper ones more or
less confluent at base: spadices with and below the Ivs.,
simply branched, the staminate with long pendulous
branches Mex.
Tepejil6te (Edanthe Tepejilote). St. to 10 ft , solitary,
strongly and rather closely ringed, with swollen joints:
Ivs pinnate, to 4 ft. long; pinnffi 20-30, about 1-1 H ft.
long, 1^2 -2 in broad, long-acute: spadices below the Ivs.
with a sheathed peduncle, simply branched, the staminate
branches long-drooping. Mex.
Wendlandiana. St. stout, solitary, a few ft., ringed:
Ivs. pinnate, large, strongly ascending, to 4 ft.; pinna)
36-40, narrow-lanceolate, \\^ ft. long and to 2 in. broad,
long-acuminate, with several or many very strong light-
colored ribs: spadix on the trunk, the staminate with
many and the pistillate with few branches. Mex. to Panama.
CHAM^LAtCIUM. Myrtacex. Australian
heath-like shrubs with mostly small opposite
Ivs., 5-partcd fls. borne in axils or short terminal
racemes, the stamens 10; planted in Calif.
ciliatum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. terete or 3-ungled, to % in. long:
fls. about i*y in. long, axillary, the calyx-lobes fringed.
uncinatum. Lvs. opposite, linear, 3-sided, to % in. long,
apex usually hooked, tapering below middle: fls. 2-4 in
axillary corymbs, petals orbicular. Australia.
CHAM^LfRIUM. Uliacex. One per. herb
with tuberous roots, native from Mass, to Fla.
and Ark., sometimes planted in shady situations
in the garden. C. luteum. BLAZING STAR.
FAIRY WAND. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and 1J^
in. wide: fls. yellowish- white, small, dioecious,
in spike-like racemes.
CHAM^EMELUM CAUCAS1CUM: Chrysanthemum cot*-
casicum. Tchihatchewii: Matricaria Tchihatchewii.u
CHAM^ENERION: Epilobium angustifolium.
CHAM-ffiPERICLYMENUM: Cornua canadenais.
CHAMJEPEUCE: Cirsium Diocantha.
CHAML&ROPS. Palmacex. One low bushy
dicecious (or polygamous) fan-palm in the
Medit. region, tlie only palm native in Eu., and
much planted where a hardy small species is
required and under glass: very variable, and
several specific names have been applied to the
forms, riant usually suckering ana making a
Chamcerops
clump but growing to a single trunk in some
forms and when sprouts are removed: spadices
among the Ivs. and shorter than they, short-
branched, not pendent; stamens 6-9: fr. ovoid,
oblong or globose (depending on the var.),
drupe-like, J^-l^ in. long, with somewhat
succulent exterior, brown or yellow; one group
of vars. has ovoid or oblong frs.^ and another
group has nearly or quite spherical frs. Tra-
chycarpus was formerly included in this genus.
See Palm.
antillarum: Zambia antillarum.
arg£ntea. Glaucons-blue form of C. humihs.
exc61sa: see Trachycarpus.
F6rtunei: see Trachycarpus.
illy with trunks only 3-5 ft. tall, but
ft. or more in arborescent forms: Ivs.
humilis. Usually
somelimes to 20
relatively small, mostly 2-3 ft. across, stiff, Kreen or glau-
cous-blue, \vith many narrow bifid segms. extending nearly
to the base; petiole long and slender, strongly long-spmed —
Easily grown; hardy along the Gulf Coast and somewhat
northward; propagated by seeds and suckers. There are a
number of named vars , differing in stature, Ivs. and fr.,
but hardly distinguishable as species.
macrocarpa. A large-fruited var. of C. humilis: fr.
spherical, ?4 in. diam.
Mocinii: Cryosophila nana.
Ritchieana: Nanrwrrhops Ritchieana.
CHAM^SENNA: Cassia didymobotrya.
CHAMBEYRdNIA. Palmacex. Two rec-
ognized monoecious unarmed tall handsome
feather-palms of New Caledonia, more or loss
confused in cult, and usually known as Kentia
or Kentiopsis; the name Kentia Lindcnii ap-
pears to have been applied to both species.
From Kentiopsis the genus differs in technical
characters of the larger fr., and the indefinite
(rather than definite, say 20 or less) number
of stamens.
macrocarpa (Kentia and Kentiopsis macrocarpa').
Tall tree, attaining 60 ft. and more: Ivs. large, reddish
underneath when young but becoming nearly equally
green both sides; pirmse many, 3—1 in. broad, equidistant
on rachis, with strong rib on margin as %\ell as midrib and
prominent intermediate nerves: spadix below the crown,
branched, glabrous; fls normally in 3's, center one pistillate
or all stammate toward end of branches; stammatc fis.
about 'Y% in. long, stamens numerous: fr. ovoid-elliptic,
about \\i in long, in a shallow cup-like enlarged perianth.
— C. Hodkeri has Ivs. paler underneath: stammate fls.
larger: fr. long-ellipsoid, about 2 in long, the perianth
deeply cup-like Both grown sparingly under glass, prob-
ably adapted to S. Fla.
CHAMISO: Adenosto-ma.
CHAMOMILE: Matricana, Anthemis nolnlis.
CHAMOMILLA: Matricana.
CHAPTALIA. Compos fix. Small woolly per.
American herbs with Ivs. in basal rosette and
solitary nodding heads on simple naked scapes,
the white or purple ray-fls. sterile and disk-fls.
2-lippcd with anthers caudate at base.
tomentdsa. To 1 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to oblanceolate, to 4 in.
long, apiculate, glabrous above and densely white-tomen-
tose beneath: ray-fls. purple on reverse, whitish above,
in heads to % in. across. N. C. to Fla. west to Tex.
CHARD, SWISS: see Beta.
CHARIEIS. Composite. One ann. herb in
S. Afr., sometimes grown in flower-gardens and
of easy cult. C. heteroph^lla (C. Neesii. Kaul-
fussia^ amelloides). To 1 ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong,
entire, to 2^» in. long: heads solitary and long-
stalked, % in. across, rays blue, disk yellow or
blue; pappus plumose.
CHARITY: Polemonium cseruleum.
CHARLOCK: Brasaica kaber.
167 Cheilanthes
CHASMANTHE. Iridacese. A small genus
of S. Afr., formerly united with Antholyza and
differing from it in sts. ending in a spike of 5-25
fls. with the upper lobe of corolla much longer
than other 5, being spatulate and hooded; it is
distinguished from Gladiolus by the fl.-tube
abruptly contracted below the middle into a
slender basal part. Cult, as for Gladiolus.
eethi&pica (Antholyza sethiopica). To 4 ft.: basal lys.
to lj^ ft. long and 1 in. broad: fls. red-yellow, to 2% in.
long, curved.
floribunda (Antholyza floribunda and praealta). Differs
from C. sethiopica in its much broader Ivs. and perirtnth-
tube tapering or rounding into constricted portion and not
abruptly truncated.
CHASMATOPHfLLUM. Aizoacex. Succu-
lents of the Mesembryanthemum group, with
creeping branches, short thick Ivs. having
whitish warts beneath, and solitary terminal
short-stalked fls.; stigmas 5, filiform.
musculinum (3/. musculinum). Creeping, making thick
clumps: Iva. to 1 in. long and % in wide, convex above,
often with 1 or 2 small teeth near apex: fls. yellow, % in-
across. S. Afr.
CHASTE-TREE: Vitex Agnus-castus.
CHAULMOOGRA: see Taraktogenos.
CHAYOTE (Sechium edule, which see for
botanical description). A cucurbit grown for
the edible fruits and root tubers, native in
tropical America, widespread in the western
tropics as a cultivated plant and adaptable
also to the coastal parts of the United States
from South Carolina southward and in southern
California; in regions in which the ground does
not freeze more than an inch or so deep the roots
survive the winter if given protection. If grown
only as an annual each year from seed, the plant
may be raised to fruiting stage farther north,
although a long season is required. Two or more
plants should be grown to insure pollination.
The chayote is propagated from seed, the
entire ripe fruit being planted in spring, or per-
haps in autumn in southern Florida; the fruit
is placed with the broad end sloping downward
and the stem end slightly exposed. There is
one seed in a fruit. The plants are started where
they are to stand, and they should be 8-12 feet
apart and trellis or other support provided.
Special or named varieties are propagated by
cuttings of shoots taken at the crown of the plant,
and struck under glass or other protection. If
the soil is fertile, a plant should produce 50 to 100
or more fruits in a season. The fruits are boiled,
and prepared in various ways for eating. In
tropical countries the large root tubers are eaten
after the manner of potatoes; the tubers are
usually harvested after the second years growth.
If tubers arc left in the ground in regions where
they do not freeze, the plant is of course peren-
nial. The chayote fruit is much prized in tropical
America, where it may be known also as christo-
phine and chuchu, and in some places as mirliton
and vegetable-pear. The herbage supplies good
forage, and the young parts are sometimes used
after the manner of asparagus and spinach.
CHECKERBERRY: Gaultheria procumbena.
CHECKERBLOOM: Sidalcea malwe flora.
CHEILANTHES. LIP-FERN. Polypodiacese.
Small rock-loving greenhouse or semi-hardy
ferns, often hairy or woolly: fronds 1-3-pinnate;
sori terminal on veins: widely distributed in
temp, and trop. regions, where they do best in
Cheilanthes
168
Cheiridopsis
dry rocky situations. Under glass the foliage
should be kept dry. See Ferns.
alabamlnsis. Fronds to 10 in. long, 2-pinnate, nearly
glabrous, on black stipes to 7 in. long. Va. to Ala. and
Ariz.
calif 6rnica. Fronds to 1 ft. long, 3-4-pinnate, glabrous,
on browmih stipes to 1 ft. long. Calif.
Cdvillei. Fronda tufted, to 4 in. long, 3-pinnate, dense-
ly covered beneath with white or brown scalea, on brown
or purplish stipes to 7 in. long. S. Calif., Nev., Ariz., Utah.
d£nsa: Pellaea densa.
Fdei. Fronds to 5 in. long, 2-3-pinnate, densely woolly
beneath, on slender stipes to 5 in. long. Wis. to B. C.,
Tex., and Calif.
F6ndleri. Fronds to 10 in. long, 3-pinnate, brown-scaly
beneath not tomentose, on brown stipes. Tex., Colo.,
Ariz., Cuhf , Mex.
gracillima. LACE-FERN. Fronds to 10 in. long, 2-pinnate,
woolly beneath, margins of Begins, strongly reflexed, on
dark brown stipes to 6 in. long. B. C. to Calif.
lands a. Fronds to 9 in. long, 2-pinnate, densely rusty-
hairy, on brown stipes to 4 in. long. Conn, to Ga. and Tex.
myriophylla. Fronds densely tufted, to 9 in. long, 3-4-
pinnate, densely scaly and woolly beneath, on brown
stipes. Mex. to S. Arner.
siliquosa: Pcllxa drnsa.
tomentdsa. Fronds to 1% ft. long, 3-pinnate, covered
all over with brownish-white hairs, on stout brown to-
mentose stipes to 8 in. long. W.Va. to Ariz, and Mex.
CHEIRANTHUS. Cruciferx. A few peren-
nials, sometimes woody at base, native from
the Canary and Madeira Isls. to the Himalayas,
one of them an old garden plant, and others
sometimes planted for ornament. Plants more
or less grayish-pubescent: Ivs. narrow, nearly
or quite entire: fls. for the most part yellow or
orange, sometimes brownish: pod or silique long,
angled.
The usual species in cultivation is the wallflower, C.
Cheiri. It is a spring-blooming low erect perennial, much
like stork but the colors m yellow, yellow-brown, red to
red-black, much prized in Europe (where it is native) but
less popular in this country. It requires a cool season for
best bloom, and in the northern United States the maiden
plants must usually be carried over in a frame. In England
they are frequent inhabitants of fence-walls and quarries.
The free flowering, rich deep colors, and pleasant fragrance
make wallflowers good subjects for very early spring bloom,
or for winter bloom in mild climates. Special colors are
Rropagated by means of cuttings. Usually they are grown
•orn seeds; plants should be strong and bushy to go through
the winter well Seeds may be sown early in the year, the
plants transplanted once or twice, and be ready for bloom
the following spring. If wanted for bedding-out, they may
be carried over winter dormant in pots, and turned out
as soon as the ground is open. Plants started in late spring
or early summer may make satisfactory spring-blooming
subjects if the season and all other conditions turn out
favorable to them, but it is better to sow seeds earlier. Good
plants may be purchased of dealers. Some of the strains
give bloom the first year from seeds, started early, the
plants being practically annual.
Allionii of gardens: see Erysimum asperum.
alplnus. To 1 ft.: Ivs lanceolate, pubescent: fls. lemon-
yellow. Norway, Lapland.
Cheiri (C. fruticulosus) . WALLFLOWER, discussed above.
To 2 V^ ft., strongly erect: Ivs. lanceolate or narrower, acute,
to 3 in. long: fls. to 1 in. long, fragrant, yellow to yellow-
brown. S. Eu.
fruticuldsus: C. Cheiri.
kewgnsis. Bushy per. with upright racemes: fls. about
1 in. across, brownish-orange inside and reddish-brown
outside, becoming pale purple. Hybrid.
linifdliusr-j&n/st'mwm hmfolium.
marftimus: Malcomia maritima.
Sen&neri. Per., woody, much branched, with curved
parts: Iva. ovate-oblong and entire or short-toothed: fls.
orange, fragrant. Greece.
CHEEUD6PSIS. Aizoacex. A large genus of
segregates from Mesembryanthemum, with
tuftea habit, usually spotted Ivs. and solitary
terminal stalked fls. with numerous petals;
stigmas 8-19. S. Afr.
acuminate. Lvs. «^ in. long and about \i in. wide and
thick, pale green, spotted: fls. pale yellow, on pedicels 1 in.
long; stigmas 11.
aspera. Short-stemmed, slightly branched: Ivs. 2 in.
long and K in. wide and thick, bright green with many
whitish cartilaginous dots: fls. yellow, 2 in. across, on
pedicels 1^ in. long; stigmas 10.
bglla: probably Lit hops bella.
Braunsii: Argyroderma Braunsii.
candid Issima (M. candidiasimum) . Lvs. to 4 in. long,
14 in. wide and % m. thick at top, white or whitish, not
spotted: fls. white or pale pink, 2 in. across, on pedicels
to 3 in. long: stigmas 17-19.
carinata. Lvs. 2 in. long and H in- wide and thick,
glaucous, spotted: fls. ivory-white, sepals conspicuously
keeled; stigmas 10.
Caroli-Schmidtii (M. Caroli-Schmidtii). To 2 in.: Ivs.
to 11A in. long and 1A in- wide and thick, whitish-green
dotted with dark green: fls. yellow, 1>£ in. across, on pedi-
cels ^ in. long.
ch^rri-be'lla: listed name.
cigarettffera (M. cigarettiferum) . Plant in resting state
a tuft of cup-like sheaths % in. long inclosing a pair of
erect Ivs. % in long: free Ivs. to 1H in- long, \i in. wide
and Y* in. thick, glaucous, dotted, second pair united into
an oblong-ovoid body: fls. bright yellow, 1% in. across,
on pedicels to 1^ in- long; stigmas 10.
C6mptonii: a name without description.
Derenbergiana. Stemless, much branched: Ivs. in 2
pairs, the second to 1 in. long and % in. thick and wide,
keeled on back: fls. undescribed.
He"irei. Stemless, branched, sterile growths with 4
flowering growths bearing 2 Ivs. H^84 m. long, ^-J^ in.
broad, keeled on back, velvety to the touch, glaucous or
brownish-gray: fls. to 2 in. across, on pedicels % in. long;
stigmas 10.
insequalis. Stemless, branched, sterile growths with
4-6 Iva , flowering growths each with 2 Ivs. to !•% in. long,
V<j in. broad and % in. thick, velvety to the touch, glaucous-
green with inconspicuous dots: fls. 2 in. across, yellow,
reddish outside, on pedicels to 1 % in. long.
ins Ignis. Sts. short and thick: Ivs. 1J£ in. long, % in.
wide and thick, bluish-green, with many dark dots: fls.
unknown.
inspe'rsa (M. inspersum). Similar to C. tuberculata but
with longer branches, shorter smoother Ivs. with a da*k
purple tumor at base of upper surface.
Johannis-Winkleri: C. Schlechteri.
16ngipes. Lvs. about 2 in. long and \£ in. wide and
thick, spotted: fls. bright yellow, reddish outside, to 2 in.
across, on pedicels 3 in. long; stigmas 11.
Marlothii. Lvs. to IJ^j in. long, % in. wide and thick, one
pair free, the other united, sheaths white, glaucous dotted
with dark green, tinged red at apex: fls. citron-yellow, ^ in.
across.
Meyeri. To 1 in., growths an orbicular body M in.
long: Ivs. an opposite pair united at base, to 1 in. long, % in.
wide and % in. thick, keeled on back, dotted, the second
pairs of Ivs. a solid body keeled on top: fls. bright yellow,
on pedicels ^3 m- long; stigmas 10.
multiseriata. Sterile growths with 4 Ivs. 1 H^2 in. long,
U in. broad and H m. thick, keeled, bluish glaucous-green:
fls. 2^ in. across, golden-yellow, reddish outside, on pedi-
cels 1 in. long; stigmas 10.
peculiar is. Plant in resting stage a laterally flattened
whitish ellipsoid body: Ivs. a broad spreading pair with
second pair between united nearly to tneir apex, glaucous
tinged purple and dotted dark green: fls. yellow, 2 in.
across, on pedicels 3 in. long; stigmas 14-15.
Pefersii (Nananthus Peersii. Deilanthe Peersii). Stem-
less: Ivs. flattened, spreading, to 1^ in. long, L£ m> wide
and Y\ in. thick, velvety-pubescent, whitish-green: fls.
yellow, 1-1 H in. across, slightly fragrant; stigmas 10-13. —
There is confusion as to the exact application of this name.
Pfllansii. Lvs. laterally compressed, to 3 in. long and
1 in. wide, velvety: fls. cream-colored, white toward base,
3 in. across; stigmas 11.
purpurascens (M. purpurascens) . Nearly stemless,
branched: Ivs. to 3 in. long, >$ jn> wjde and Lf m. thick,
united at base, bluish-green, purplish at base, ootted with
dark green: fls. deep yellow, 2 \n. across, on pedicels to 3 in.
long.
Richardiana. Sterile growths with 4 Ivs. K-l in. long
and H in. broad and thick, pale glaucous-green, dotted:
fls. 1 H in. across, golden-yellow, on pedicels % in. long.
Schlechteri (C.x Johannis-Winkteri). Lvs. of one kind,
united at base, free part to % in. long and M m- wid«,
light green indistinctly dotted: fls. unknown.
serrulate. Sterile growths with 4 Ivs. to IJi in. long,
Cheiridopsis 169
H in. broad and K in. thick, keeled and the keel serrulate,
green: fla. 1)^ in. across, lemon-yellow, on pedicels to 1^
in. long.
tuberculata (A/, tuber culatum) . Stemless: Ivs. to 4 in.
long, H in- wide and >s in. thick, united at base into a
cylindrical body, blue-green with transparent dots: fls.
yellow, 1 ^i in. across, on pedicels to 4 in. long.
Vanzijlii. Lvs. to 1 in. long and about ^ in. wide and
thick, velutinous, spotted: fls. yellow, paler outside, 2 in.
and more across, on pedicels H in. long; stigmas 10.
velutina. Lvs. 1^ in. long, glaucous-green, velutinous,
inconspicuously spotted; fls. yellow, 2>£ in. across, on
pedicels 2^ in. long.
verrucdsa. Tufted: Ivs. united to form a conical body
about ?<£ in. long and wide and H in. thick, gray-green with
dark dots: fls. yellow, 1 in. across, on pedicels \i in. long.
CHEIRINIA: Erysimum.
CHEIROSTYLIS: Doaainia.
CHELIDftNIUM. CELANDINE. Papaveraceae.
One weedy bien. or per. herb with orange-colored
juice, sometimes grown in wild-gardens. Prop-
agated by seeds or division of roots. C. majus.
To 4 ft.: Ivs. deeply pinnatifid, glaucous beneath:
fls. yellow, to % in. across, in small umbels,
sometimes double: fr. linear, to 2 in. long. Eu.;
nat. in E. N. Amer. Var. laciniatum has more
finely divided Ivs. See Dicranostigma for C.
Franchetianum.
CHELONE. TURTLE-HEAD. Scrophulariacex.
Hardy herbaceous perennials, closely allied to
Penstemon, with showy 2-lipped or gaping fls.
in dense axillary or terminal spikes, in summer:
Ivs. opposite and toothed: native in N. Amer.
These plants thrive in partial shade and in soil not too
dry as they are native mostly in swampy places and damp
woods. Propagated by seed or by division.
barbata: Penstemon barbatua.
chlorfintha. To 5 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 7 in.
long, sharply toothed, long-acuminate: fls. white to yellow-
ish-green, not tinged purple or pink, to 1 in. long. N. C. — •
Close to C. glabra, differing in wider Ivs., longer petiole
and fl. color.
glabra (C. dbliqua var. alba). WHITE T. SNAKE-HEAD.
To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 6 in. long, short-petioled: fls.
white or pinkish, 1 in. long. Newf. to Ga. and Minn.
Lyonii. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 7 in. long, long-pet ioled:
fls. rose-purple, 1 in. long. Mts. N. C , S. C. and Tenn.,
but hardy N. There is a lower or dwarf form.
nemor6sa: Penstemon nemoroaus.
obliqua. To 2 ft.: Ivs oblong, to 8 in. long, very veiny,
petioled: fls. deep rose, 1 in. long. Md. to 111., Fla. and
Miss. Var. alba is C. glabra.
Pentstdmon: Penstemon Ixwgatus.
CHENILLE PLANT: Acalypha hispida.
CHENOPODlACE-SS. GoosErooT FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs of about 75 widespread genera,
many of them weedy but a few grown as vege-
tables and for ornament. Family characterized
by mostly alternate simple Ivs. and small in-
conspicuous bisexual or unisexual fls. having no
petals, 2-5-lobed calyx or sometimes lacking,
2-5 stamens, usually superior 1-celled ovary,
and fr. a utricle or achene. Those herein treated
are Anabasis, Atriplex, Beta, Camphorosma,
Chenopodium, Enchylsena, Eurotia, Kochia,
Rhagodia, Salicornia, Salsola, Sarcobatus, Spin-
acia.
CHENOP6DIUM. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED.
Chenopodiacese. Mealy or glandular herbs or
subshrubs with alternate Ivs. and small greenish
bisexual fls. in spikes or panicles; mostly weedy,
but & few grown as pot-herbs and for ornament,
and one is medicinal. Of easy cult. Propagated
by seed.
Album. LAMBS-QUARTERS. Ann. to 10 ft.: Ivs. rhombic-
ovate to lanceolate, to 4 hi. long, entire, toothed or lobed,
often white-mealy beneath. Eu., Asia, N. Amer. — Some-
times collected for greens.
Cherry
amarantfcolor. Ann. to 8 ft.: Ivs. triangular- ovate, to
4 in. long, irregularly toothed and notched, violet-red
toward top of plant. Original habitat unknown.
ambrosioldee. AMERICAN WORMSEED. MEXICAN TEA.
Ann. or per. to 3^ ft., strong-smelling: Ivs. ovate to lance-
olate, to 5 in. long, coarsely toothed or cut. Trop. Amer.;
nat. in N. Amer., Eu., Asia. — Has medicinal properties.
Atrfplicis: C. purpurascens.
Bdnus-Henrteus. GOOD KINO HENRY. MERCURY.
Per. to 2% ft.: Ivs. arrow-shaped, to 3 in. and more long,
entire. Eu., nat. in E. N. Amer.--Grown as pot-herb.
Bbtrys. FEATHER-GERANIUM. JERUSALEM-OAK. Ann.
to 2 ft., glandular-pubescent and strong-smelling: lys.
oval to oblong, to 2 in. long, lobed or pinnatifid. Eu., Asia,
Afr. ; nat. in N. Amer. — The plant is sometimes cult, under
the name Ambrosia mexicana.
capitatum (Blitum capitatum). Ann. to 1^ ft.: lys.
triangular-ovate, toothed: fls. in dense heads becoming
berry-like in fr. Eu. — Sometimes grown for pot-herb.
purpurascens (C. Atriplicis). Ann. to 3 ft., covered
with violet-purple crystalline pubescence: lower Ivs.
spatulate to oval and toothed, upper lanceolate and entire.
China.
Quinoa. QUINOA. Ann. to 5 ft.: Ivs. triangular-ovate,
angular-toothed or pinnatifid. Andes. — The seeds are
extensively eaten in S. Amer.
CHERIMOYA (Annona Cherimobi). A South
American small tree, cultivated in warm and
subtropical regions for the delicious edible
fruit, which is heart-shaped or conical, averaging
about a txmnd or less in weight. The flesh is
white, soft and melting, containing black bean-
like seeds. It is a dessert fruit, with a subacid
flavor somewhat suggestive of the pineapple.
There are many varieties, superior to the average
run of seedlings. It is riot strictly a tropical
fruit, being native in more or less elevated
regions, and requires a relatively dry climate.
It should thrive in parts of southern California
where it has been planted in a small way. It
does not endure temperatures much below
freezing without injury.
The cultivation of the cherimoya is similar
to that of the citrus fruits. It is planted 20 to
30 feet apart. Choice varieties are multiplied
by shield-budding or grafting on seedlings of
cherimoya although other species of Annona
may be employed as stocks. Trees begin to
bear in three or four years after planting in the
orchard. Probably the scant yield of some
trees of cherimoya is the result of insufficient
pollination.
CHERRY. Fruits of the Rose family, genus
Prunus. The usual fruit-bearing cherries are of
two species, the sweet cherry, Prunus avium,
and the sour cherry, Prunus Cerasus; the duke
cherries, with the habit of P. avium but bearing
acid fruit, are P. avium var. regalis, by some
investigators accounted hybrids between the
two species. The dwarf cherries of the Plains
region are Prunus Besseyi, a native species;
this is sometimes employed as a stock for sour
cherries in cold regions. Prunus tomentosa and
other species also yield edible fruits.
The sweet and sour cherries differ markedly
in their ability to succeed under a wide range of
climatic and soil conditions. The sweet cherry
is the much more restricted of the two and can
be grown to advantage only in the more favored
fruit regions which have an equable climate, as,
for example, the Hudson Valley of New York,
the shores of the Great Lakes and on the Pacific
Coast. It is about as tender to injury from
winter cold and late frosts as is the peach and
does not endure heat as well. The sour cherry,
on the other hand, can be grown over a much
wider territory extending north of the sweet
Cherry
170
Chestnut
cherry belt and south into the Mississippi
Valley and along the Atlantic Coast. The
largest sour cherry plantings are in New York,
Michigan and Wisconsin.
Soils are of less importance than climate in
cherry growing. Sour cherries thrive on most
well-drained soils, either light or heavy, and
withstand rather dry conditions. Sweet cherries
arc more exacting, and reach their best develop-
ment in deep well-drained sandy or gravelly
loams.
Propagation of both sweet and sour cherries
is by budding on seedling stocks. The sweet
cherry grows best on Mazzard stock although
Mahaleb stocks are used in many cases with
fair results. Sour cherries are commonly budded
on the Mahaleb stock which is preferred by the
nurserymen because it makes a better nursery
tree. Mazzard stocks make better orchard trees
under most conditions.
Orchard treatment is not unusual. One- or
two-year nursery trees are set in very early
spring or, in the milder climates, in the late
autumn. Sour cherries arc placed about 18 x 18
feet, although 24 x 24 feet is better for the more
vigorous sorts on good soil. Sweet cherries may
be set 25 x 25 feet, or 30 x 30 feet in favorable
situations. Sour cherries succeed best com-
mercially under cultivation and cover-crops,
as described for the apple, although in the home
fruit-garden considerable fruit will be produced
under sod or almost total neglect. Sweet cherries
withstand sod culture even better than the sour
kinds. Fairly vigorous terminal growth is
necessary for crop production with both sweet
and sour cherries. This can be stimulated by
nitrate of soda or other nitrogenous fertilizer
applied early in the spring at the rate of 3-5
pounds to the mature tree.
Pruning is begun when the two-year tree is
set out; all but the leader and two well-spaced
laterals should be removed. The remaining
branches should not be headed back. For the
mature sweet cherry the spreading type of tree
with several large scaffold branches is the most
desirable. The main branches may be headed
back when they become too high for convenient
harvesting. Sour cherries are pruned rather
lightly at first, but as soon as growth begins to
get short and spurry, the branches must be
thinned out and renewal pruning practiced to
keep up the vigor of growth.
Harvesting and marketing require special
attention. For the cannery and freezer, which
absorb a large part of the crop in the fruit
districts, cherries are allowed to become dead
ripe and then picked without the stems, into
lugs or buckets. If they are to be sold fresh on
the market they are picked with the stems, taking
great care not to bruise the fruit. In the East
they are packed either in quart berry baskets
ana shipped in berry crates or in climax baskets
holding 4-12 pounds. In the West sweet cherries
are usually marketed in 15-pound boxes which
are faced. Quantities of sour cherries are pitted
and frozen at about 0° F., either with or without
sugar, and thus held indefinitely.
Yields are likely to be very variable, due to
local conditions. Sour cherries may yield from
15-40 quarts a tree or 3 or 4 tons to the acre.
Sweet cherries may yield much more than this
under good conditions. Storing fresh cherries
for more than a few weeks is not practicable.
Most varieties of sweet cherries need a pol-
linizer, so at least two varieties should be
planted near together. In commercial planting
this matter should receive careful attention
for some varieties, as for example Napoleon
(Royal Anne), Lambert and Bing, will not
pollinate each other, but may be pollinated by
such varieties as Black Tartarian, Black Re-
publican, and Windsor. Sour cherries do not
need a pollinizer but yields are increased by
placing honeybees in the orchard to self-
pollinate the blossoms. The following lists are
given in approximate order of ripening, com-
mercial varieties being starred: Sweet cherries —
Seneca, Lyons, Ida, Governor Wood, Coe,
*Black Tartarian, *Black Republican, * Napoleon,
"Lambert, *Bing, *Yellow Spanish, *Schmidt,
*Windsor. Sour cherries — Early Richmond,
*Montmorency, *English Morello, Chase. Duke
or hybrid cherries — May Duke, Arch Duke,
Olivet, Louis Phillippe, Reine Hortense, Late
Duke.
Serious diseases of cherries are brown-rot
and leaf-spot; the most important pests cherry
fruit-flies and on sweet cherries the black aphis.
In the commercial orchard an adequate spray
program should be worked out with local spray
service agencies with reference to the spray
residue tolerances. Control is based on the
application of a spray mixture made up of 2
gallons liquid lime-sulfur, 2^4 pounds lead
arsenate, 100 gallons water, applied just as the
early varieties of cherries show color and again
two weeks later. For aphid and tent caterpillar
control this spray may be employed with the
addition of 1 pint of nicotine sulfate as the tips
of the buds show green.
CHERRY, BARBADOS-: Malpighia glabra. Cornelian-:
Cornus mas. Ground-: Physahs. Indian-: Ithamnus caro-
hniana. Jerusalem-: Solanum Pseudo-Capsicum and
Capsicastrum. Madden-: Maddenia hypoleuca. Spanish-:
^flnlusops Elengi. Surinam-: Eugenia utuflora. Winter-:
Phy salts Alkekengi.
CHERVIL. Two vegetable-garden plants
are known as chervil, both native in Europe
and members of the Parsley family.
Salad chervil is a hardy annual, Anthriscus
Cercfolium, of simple culture, the leaves em-
ployed in salad and garnishing. It is grown as a
spring or autumn crop, not thriving in the heat
of summer. Usable leaves are obtained in six
or eight weeks after seeds are sown; the autumn
sowing is sometimes carried over winter in
frames or in mild climates with a protection of
mulch. Plants may stand at distances of 8-12
inches; they grow \l/i feet or more tall.
Tuberous chervil is a hardy biennial, Chsero-
phyllum bulbosum, producing a carrot-like small
gray or blackish edible root. Seed may be sown
in August or September (that is, as soon as ripe),
but usually it does not germinate till spring and
the roots mature in four to six months thereafter;
culture otherwise as for carrot. It is the better
practice to stratify the seeds in autumn, and
they are then regularly sown in spring. If kept
in the usual way and allowed to remain dry.
they may probably not germinate till the second
spring if at all.
CHESTNUT. Attractive trees grown for
edible nuts and to some extent for shade and
ornament. Tha native chestnut, Castanea
dentata (americana) , formerly covered large
areas of the eastern United States but this
Chestnut
171
Chilopsis
species has been nearly destroyed by the chest-
nut bark disease or blight. It persists mostly
as sprouts, coming up from the old stumps in
the native forests. The European chestnut,
C. sativa, has been introduced and rather widely
distributed but plantings of this species also
have succumbed to the bark disease.
More recently the Japanese chestnut, C.
crenata (laponica). and C. mollissima, the
Chinese chestnut, nave been introduced. Both
of these species are more resistant to the blight
than the American or European sorts and prom-
ise by hybridization to give rise to acceptable
varieties that can be grown in the blight-in-
fested area. Hybrid sorts being propagated for
their nuts and tried in the East are the Carr,
Hobson, and Stoke. Although not immune to
the blight, they are sufficiently resistant to
persist in spite of blight infection.
The American species excels the others in
hardiness to cold and quality of nuts which
are much smaller in size. The larger fruited
species mostly produce nuts lacking sweetness
and used for their food value. A few of the
hybrid selections have nuts of good quality.
Varieties of Chinese and Japanese origin are
subject to winter injury in parts of the North
having winter temperatures of 20° to 30° F.
The European kinds are somewhat hardier.
Commercially, chestnuts are raised to some
extent on the Pacific Coast of the United States
which is outside the blight-infested region.
Here the American and European species and
their hybrids may be grown. In the eastern part
of the country the varieties of Japanese and
Chinese origin are being tried out in a small way
with some promise of success.
Chestnuts are naturally tolerant of acid soils
and present no special cultural difficulties on
well-drained land. Blight is the limiting factor,
though weevils may become troublesome. The
trees are precocious, often bearing nuts two or
three years after planting.
Propagation by budding or grafting on chest-
nut stocks is practiced. Seedlings of the Chinese
species are suitable stocks for varieties of
oriental origin. Expert workmanship is essential
for a high percentage of "take." The breeding
of chestnuts for blight resistance, both as forest
trees and nuts, is receiving much attention from
federal and otner agencies and enough progress
has been made to indicate that in the future
chestnuts again may be grown in the United
States in spite of the blight.
CHESTNUT: Castanea. Cape-: Calodendrum capensis.
Guiana-: Pachira aquatica. Horse-: dZsculus. Moreton-
Bay-: Cistanospermum australe. Water-: Trapa. Water-,
Chinese: Eleocharis dukia.
CHICKWEED: Stellaria media. Mouse-ear: Cerastium.
CHICORY (Cichorium Intybus). This per-
ennial, native in Europe, is grown for the roots
and also as salad. The same plant is also ex-
tensively run wild in North America along
roadsides and in neglected fields.
The thick roots are employed as substitute
for coffee. In this capacity it is a field crop,
grown in deep well-prepared soil. Seeds are
sown hi spring in drills about 18 inches apart,
good tillage is provided, arid the hard parsnip-
like roots are garnered in autumn.
Chicory is grown for the foliage, used as
greens or salad. The best-known product is
witloof, which is the crown of uncolored leaves
forced in winter or spring from stored roots.
Seeds of the strain of chicory mostly employed
for the production of witloof are sown in drills
in spring and thinned to about 6 inches in the
row. At the close of the season the roots are
lifted, the tops cut off above the crown, and
stored in a cellar, the same as other root-crops.
For the production of the crown of leaves known
as witloof, the roots are trimmed on the lower
end to 8 or 9 inches long, then placed upright
in soil or sand in a box and the crowns covered
with about 8 inches of sand; temperature is
kept at about 60°, and in a fortnight the white
salad witloof should be ready, a good "head"
being 6 inches long.
Sometimes the leaves of chicory are blanched
in the field late in the season by banking as for
celery; or the same treatment may be applied
in spring to the new leaves arising from roots
remaining in the ground over winter. Some
persons lorce the stored roots in darkness to
obtain the blanched tops. The unblanched
leaves are sometimes used as greens.
CHILDSIA: Hidalgoa WcrcMei.
CHILEAN NUT: Gevuina Avellana.
CHILE-BELLS: Lapageria rosea.
CHILfiNIA. Cactacex. A Chilean genus
segregated from Neoporteria and said to differ
in producing 2 flower-buds simultaneously of
which one may not mature.
acutfesima (Neoporteria acutissirna. Echinocactus acu-
tissirnus'). Plant subcylindrical, erect becoming prostrate,
gray-green; ribs 18-21; radial spines about 24, to % in.
long; centrals 4, to 1^ in. long, yellowish: fls. carmine-red,
to 1 Ji m. long.
castaneoides. Plant globose, gray-green; ribs 15-18,
acute to somewhat thickened and rounded, areoles about
}$ in. apart and white- wo oily; radial spines 16-20, to 54 in.
long, grayish; centrals 6, erect, brownish, usually longer:
fls. carmine-red with whitish throat: fr. reddish-green to
rose.
chil£nsis (Neoporteria and Echinocactus chilensis).
Plant globose to short-cylindrical, to 10 in. tall, top woolly;
ribs 20-21, tubercled; spines curved, yellow becoming
brown or whitish; radials 20-30, to % in. long; centrals
about 6, to 2i in. long: fls. pink to carmine-red, to 2 in.
across, segms. narrow, acute, toothed, style and stigma
white.
heteracantha. Depressed-globose, to 4 in. diam.; ribs
about 10, notched, areoles about M in. apart; radial spines
about 20, stiff and closely clustered, to y% m. long, slightly
curved; centrals 6, to \Y§ in. long, dull white to brownish-
gray: fls. carmine with white throat: fr. red.
nigrih6rrida. Depressed-globose, to 4 in. diam. and 2^
in. high; ribs usually 16-18, to ^ in. wide, acutely com-
pressed between areoles; spines gray but appearing black
when wet; radials 16-18, to % in. long; centrals 6-8, to
\}$ in. long, stout: fls. carmine, white in throat, to \% in.
across: fr. reddish-green.
senilis: listed name, perhaps Neoporteria Nidus.
subgibbdsa (Echinocactus guyannensis. E. erculptus.
Neoportena subyibbosa). Globose becoming cylindrical,
to about 4 in. diam., erect becoming prostrate or pendent
from rooks, pale green, densely spiny; ribs usually 15-20,
compressed, to ]^> in. high, warty; spines yellow to brown;
radials about 24, slender, sharp; centrals 4-5, stouter:
fls. carmine-red, to 1 % in. long. — Said to differ from C.
acutwsima in its more warty ribs and sharper stiffer spines,
but by some authors the two are treated as conspecinc.
CHILICOTHE: Echinocyntis macrocarpa.
CHEL6PSIS. Bignoniacex. One deciduous
shrub or tree to 20 ft., native Tex., Calif, and
Mex. in dry regions, mostly near springs or
stream beds, and! planted in the S. C. line^ris
(C. saligna). DESERT- or FLOWERING- WILLOW.
Lvs. linear, to 1 ft. long, entire: fls. trumpet-
shaped with 5-lpbed crimped limb, lilac with
2 yellow stripes inside, to 2 in. long, in terminal
racemes: fr. linear, to 1 ft. long. Var. ilba has
white fls.
Chimaphila
CHIMAPHILA. PIPSISSEWA. Pyrolacex.
Evergreen woods herbs or little subshrubs with
creeping sts., toothed Ivs. in irregular whorls,
white or pinkish fls. in few-fld. terminal long-
stalked umbels, and capsular f rs. ; grown in the
wild-garden where it prefers partial shade.
Propagated by divisions of the creeping sts.
mac ull ta. To 10 in.: Ivs. broadest below the middle,
variegated white along the veins. Me. to Ga. and Ala.
Menziesii. To 10 in : Iva. broadest below the middle,
sometimes variegated. 13. C. to Calif.
umbellata. To 10 m.: Iva. broadest above the middle,
not variegated. Eu., Asia. Var. cisatlantica is the form
native in E. N. Arner.
CfflMONANTHUS. Calycanthacese. Two
Chinese shrubs with opposite entire Ivs., yellow
fls. long before the Ivs., and fr. contracted at the
mouth. Requires winter protection in the N.
Propagated oy seeds sown in spring and by
layering in autumn. — Chimonanthus has been
conserved over the older Meratia by ruling of
the International Botanical Congress.
fragrans: C. prsecox.
praecox (C. fragrant. Calycanthus and Meratia pr&cox).
To 10 ft., deciduous: Ivs. elliptic-ovate to oblong-lanceo-
late, 6 in. long: fls. fragrant, about 1 in. across, tne inner
sepals striped with purplish-brown. Var. grandifldra has
larger Ivs. and fls.
CHIMONOBAMBtSA. Grammes. Bamboo-
like shrubs with creeping rootstocks and nearly
solid round sts. whose sheaths are deciduous
and with several branches arising from each
node: differs from Arundinaria in fls. having
2 styles, not solitary. About a dozen species,
from E. or S. Asia.
marmdrea (Arundinaria and Bambusa marmorea). To
3 ft. or more, sheaths marbled with purple: Ivs. to 5 in.
long and % in. wide, toothed, bright green. Japan.
CHINA-BERRY: Melia Azedarach. -Brier, False: Smilax
laurifolia. -Tree: Melia Azedarach.
CHINESE EVERGREEN: Aglaonema simplex. -Hat
Plant: Holmskioldia sanguinea.
CHINKAPIN, WATER: Nelumbium pentapetalum.
CHINQUAPIN: Castanea pumila. Giant: Castanopsis
chrysophylla.
CHIOC<5CCA. SNOWBERRY. Rubiacex. Shrubs
or vines with opposite leathery Ivs., small
yellow or white fls. in axillary racemes, and fr.
a globular white drupe; native Fla. to trop.
Amcr.
alba (C. racemoaa). Shrub to 10 ft., or vine: Ivs. elliptic
or ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. yellow, to H in. long,
racemosa: C. alba.
CHI6GENES. Ericaceae. Two evergreen
creeping little plants with small alternate Ivs.,
bell-shaped solitary fls. and fr. a white berry;
adapted to the rock-garden, forming mats.
A moist peaty soil and partial snade are desirable.
Propagated by seeds, division or cuttings.
hlspfdula (C. aerpyllifoha. (Saultheria hispidula). CREEP-
ING SNOWBERRY. Lva. ovate, to ^jj in. long: fls. white,
H in. long. May-June. N. Amer.
•erpyllifdlia: C. hispidula.
CHIONANTHUS, FRINGE-TREE. Oleacex.
Two deciduous practically dioecious trees or
shrubs with opposite entire Ivs., many small
white fls. in showy panicles, the 4 petals linear
and united only at base, and ir. a dark blue drupe.
The fringe-trees are hardy North with some protection.
They succeed in sunny positions in moist sandy loam.
Propagated by seeds in autumn or stratified, by layers and
cuttings of forced plants, and by grafting or budding on
the ash.
retuaa. To 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate or elliptic, to 4 in. long:
panicles to 4 in. long. June-July. China.
172
Chlidanthus
virgfnica. To 30 ft.: Ivs. mostly oblong or obovate-
oblong, to 8 in. long: panicles to 8 in. long. May-June. Pa.
to Fla. and Tex.
CHIONOD6XA. GLORY-OF-THE-SNOW. Lil-
iaceae. Early spring-blooming bulbous herbs
with narrow basal Ivs. and blue or white short-
tubed open fls. in loose racemes terminating
the scape.
Chionodpxas thrive in any soil but need plenty of mois-
ture and light. Bulbs should be planted approximately
3 inches deep and leplanted about the third year. Propa-
gated by offsets or seeds.
Allenii. Said to be a natural hybrid between C. Lucilise
and Scilla bt/olia, having the general habit of the former
but with perianth segms. cut to the base and an indistinct
white eye.
cretica. Differs from C. Luciliee in having smaller fls.
with only 1-2 on a scape, white or very pale blue. Crete.
Var. alba is offered.
gigant&a: a large form of C. Lucilise.
grandifldra: a large-fld. form of C. Lucilise.
Lucfliae. To 8 in.: fls. bright blue with white center, 1 in.
across. Asia Minor. Var. alba has white fls. Var. rbsea,
fls. pink.
sardgnsis. Perhaps only a form of C. Luciliae with fewer
dark blue fls. without white center.
tmolusii: a late-blooming form of C. Lucilise.
CHION<5GRAPHIS. Lilioceae. A monotypic
genus from Japan allied to Cham aelirium and
differing in having only 3-4 perianth-segms., the
stamen filaments very short or absent, and fls.
perfect and in a spike rather than unisexual and
m a raceme. C. jap6nica. Per. to 12 in.: basal
Ivs. in rosette, broadly elliptic to linear-oblong,
to 3 in. long, irregularly toothed to entire,
reticulatelv veined, st.-lvs. linear, to 1J^ in.
long, sessile: fls. white, to ^ in. across, segms.
narrowly linear and spreading.
CHION6PHILA. Scrophulariacex. One per.
herb to 6 in. high native in the Rocky Mts. of
Colo, and Wyo. and sometimes transferred to
the rock-garden. C. Jitmesii. Lvs. mostly basal,
spatulate or lanceolate, entire: fls. cream-
colored, J^ in. long, tubular and 2-lipped, in
one-sided spikes.
CHIRlTA. Gesneriacese. Soft per. herbs,
more or less succulent, much like Gesnerias,
E. Indian and Malayan: Ivs. opposite: fls.
irregular, showy in terminal small clusters or
on short axillary branchlets; fertile stamens 2:
fr. a long narrow caps. C. lavandulacea is an
attractive warmhouse plant to 3 ft. high,
branched: Ivs. soft-pubescent, broad-ovate, with
many parallel side-ribs departing from the
midrib: fls. about 2 in. long; corolla finely
pubescent, tube white and upper part lavender-
blue.
CHIR.6NIA. Gentianacese. African herbs
with simple opposite Ivs, and pink or rarely
purple 5-lobed fls. borne in cymes; intro. in Calif.
baccffera. Much branched per. to 2 ft.: lys. linear to
linear-oblong, to 1J^ in. long, entire: fls. rose-pink, to % in.
across: fr. a reddish-orange berry-like caps. Trop. Air.
ixffera: C. linoides.
linoides (C. ixifera). Ste. to 3 ft.: Ivs. linear or lanceo-
late, to 1^ in. long: fls. about M in. long, solitary or 2-6
together. S. Afr.
CHITTAMWOOD: Bumdia lanuginosa.
CHIVE: under Onion.
CHLIDANTHUS. Amaryltidaceas. Trop.
American bulbs1 with basal strap-shaped Ivs.
and fragrant yellow fls. borne in few-fld. umbels
at tips of solid scapes, blooming in summer; one
Chlidanthus
species intro. in Calif, and hardy when well
mulched. Propagated by offsets or seeds. See
Bulbs.
fragrans. To 10 in.: Ivs. with the fls., glaucous: fls. to
3 in. long. Andes.
CHLORANTHACE^E. CHLORANTHUS FAMILY.
Three genera growing in warm regions, trees or
shrubs with opposite Ivs., small unisexual fls.
without perianth borne in spikes or panicles,
having 1 or 3 stamens, 1-celled ovary, and
drupaceous f r. The family is allied to Piperacese.
Ascarina and Chloranthus may be planted
out-of-doors in the S.
CHLORANTHUS. Chlorantkacese. Trop.
herbs or shrubs with opposite simple Ivs. and
inconspicuous fls. in slender terminal spikes;
one species intro. in S. Calif .
brachystachys: <7. glaber.
glaber (C. brachystachys). Shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, coarsely toothed: fr. a bright red
globose drupe. India, China, Malaya.
CHL6RIS. FINGER-GRASS. Graminese. Ann.
and per. grasses grown for ornament or forage,
native in warm regions of the world: spikeleta
awned, in 2 rows on one side of the rachis, in
spikes which are solitary or in terminal umbels.
See Grasses.
barbata: may be either C, paraguayensia or C. poly-
dactyla; see also C. truncata.
Slogans: C. virgata.
Gayana. RHODES-GRASS. Per. to 4 ft., stoloniferous:
Ivs. to 1 ft. long and ^ in. wide, flat or folded: spikes to
4 in. long, in umbels of 6-15. Afr., but nat. elsewhere. —
Grown in the S. for forage.
paraguaye'nsis. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, flat or
folded: spikes to 2 in. long, purplish, few or several in
the umbels. Tropics.
polydactyia. Per. to 4 ft,: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and ft in.
wide: spikes to 6 in. long, in umbels of 6-25. Trop. Amer.
truncata (C. barbata vera). Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. short, to
T^J in. wide, flat or folded: spikes to 6 in. long, several in
one or two whorls. Australia, but nat. in N. Amer.
virgata (C. elegant). Per. or ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long
and A in. wide, flat or folded: spikes to 2H in. long, pale
or purplish, in umbels of 6-15 or more. Tropics.
CHLOROCODON (Mondia). Asclepiadacex.
Vines with opposite large Ivs., toothed or frilled
stipules, and wheel-shaped fls. in axillary pan-
icles ; 2 species in Afr., the roots used in medicine
and one grown under glass or out-of-doors in
the S. Propagated by cuttings over bottom heat.
Whttei. MUNDI-ROOT. Tall-twining: Ivs, ovate, heart-
shaped at base, to 7 in. long: fls. purplish, to 1 in. across,
having a white 5-lobed crown, Aug. Natal, trop. Afr.
CHLOR6GALUM (Laothoe). Liliacex. Tail
bulbous herbs with mostly basal tufted Ivs.
and white or purplish fls. in panicles, the perianth-
segms. distinct; native in Calif. Cult, as for
Cwnassia*
angustifdlhim. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. narrow and grass-like:
fls. white lined with green, to H in. long, perianth funnel-
form, segms. narrow-oblong, pedicels very short.
oomeridianum. SOAP-PLANT. AMOLB. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to
1H ft. long and M in. wide, wavy-margined: fla. white
reined purple, % in. long, opening in afternoon.
CHLOR6PHORA. Moraceae. Milky-juiced
trees from trop. Amer. and trop. Afr., with
alternate Ivs., stamina te fls. in dense catkin-like
spikes, pistillate in dense heads, and fr. an achene :
grown in trop. countries for the yellow dye ana
the valuable yellow wood.
tinctdrfo. FUSTIC. To 60 ft, with spreading broad head:
Ivs. lanceolate to elliptic, to 5 in. long, entire or toothed.
W. Indies, S. Amer.
173
Chrosperma
CHLOR6PHYTUM. Liliacex. Trop. herbs
closely related to Anthericum and differing
chiefly in the somewhat broader Ivs. and sharply
3-angled caps. ; fls. in long open erect racemes or
spikes. Grown in greenhouses and out-of-doors
in warm regions; they are more or less pro-
liferous, and are easily multiplied.
COxnosum (Anthericum comosum. C. Stembergianum) .
To 3 ft.: Iva. 1 ft. long: fls. white, to % in. across, in leafy-
tipped racemes. S. and Cent. Afrv— A white-striped form
is known as Anthericum Mandavanum; A. picturatum haa
Ivs. striped yellow.
elatum (Anthericum elatum). To 3 ft.: Ivs. 1 ft, long:
fls. ivory-white, to % in. across, in non-leafy racemes. S.
Afr. — Forms known as Anthericum varieyatum and vittatum
have Ivs. striped white.
Sternbergiknum: C. comosum.
CHOlSYA. Rutacese. Mexican evergreen
shrubs with digitately compound Ivs.. showy
white fls. in axillary cymes, and fr. of 3 or 5
carpels.
One species is grown under glass, and out-of-doors in the
South and California where it stands a few degrees of frost.
Propagated by cuttings of young wood over heat or of older
wood in a coldframe.
ternata. MEXICAN-ORANGE. To 10 ft.: Ivs. of 3 oblong
to ovate or obovate lfw». to 3 in. long: fls. fragrant, 1 in. or
more across, conspicuous over the foliage.
CHOKEBERRY: Aronia.
CHOKE-CHERRY: Prunua virginiana.
CHOLLA: Opuntia.
CHONDROSEA: Saxifraga Aizoon.
CHORlSIA. Bombacacex. S. American spiny
trees with alternate digitately compound Ivs.,
large fls. and pear-shaped capsular frs., the silky
floss on the seeds used for stuffing pillows.
Sometimes planted in S. U. S.
gpecidsa. FLOSS-SILK TREK. Lfts. lanceolate, toothed:
fls. yellowish striped with brown at base, 3 in. across,
solitary in axils. Brazil.
CHORIZANTHE. Polygonaceae. Ann. and
per. herbs native in Calif, and Chile: Ivs. usually
in basal rosettes, the st.-lvs. reduced to bracts:
fls. included in the involucre, usually solitary.
Adapted to dry locations in warm regions.
Pilmeri. To 12 in., erect or prostrate: Ivs. linear to
oblong-spa tulate, to 1M in- long, lanate becoming glabrate
above, sessile or nearly so: fls. rose-pink, calyx-lobes
rounded, the inner ones fringed. S. Calif.
staticoldes. To 10 in., with spreading branches, reddish
or purplish: Ivs. oblong, to % in. long, on long petioles,
white- tomentose beneath: fls. very small, rose or white calyx
ex&erted from involucre, lobes not fringed. 8. Calif.
CHORfZEMA. Leguminosse. Shrubs or sub-
shrubs with simple alternate Ivs., papilionaceous
showy fls. in racemes, and short pods; Australia.
They may be planted out-of-doors in the South or grown
in greenhouses; they require plenty of sun. Propagated by
cuttings in spring under glass.
cordatum. Shrub to 10 ft. with weak branches: Ivs
with small prickly teeth, ovate-lanceolate: fls. orange-red,
or scarlet with purplish keel, in long loose or open racemes,
abundantly produced.
grandifldrum: a form of (7. var-ium.
ilicilolium; the plant known to the trade under this
name is C. cordatum.
varium. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, with prickly
teeth: fls. with light orange standard and purple-red wings
and keel, borne in short close racemes. — Apparently not
in general cult, with us.
CHOROGI: Stachy* Sieboldii.
CHRISTMAS-BERRY: Heteromelea arbutifolia. -Tree:
Schinuf terebinthifoliua.
CHRISTMAS-ROSE: Helleborua niger.
CHRISTOPHINE: Chayote, Sechium.
CHROSPERMA: Amianthium muacsetoxicum.
Chrysalidocarpus
CHRYSALIDOCARPUS. Palmacese. About
10 often gregarious unarmed feather-palms
of mostly small stature in Madagascar, one of
them popular in cult.: sts. slender, ringed: Ivs,
plume-like, gracefully arching; pinrue very
many, bifid, narrow: spadix among the Ivs.,
branching; stamens 6, pistillode more or less
3 lobed: fr. ovoid or ellipsoid, about 1 in. or
less long. See Palm.
Iucub6nsis. St. single, ringed, to 30 ft. or more:
in clusters along the midrib and l^o ft. long and
broad, glossy on upper surface: spadices much branc
about YI as long as blade of If.: fr. oblong, about % in.
long, tne exterior thin and hard. Forest of Lucuba, island
of Nossi-Be off northwest coast of Madagascar. — Planted
in S. Fla., and farther S.
lut£scens (Areca lute&cens) . Sts. many, forming an
attractive clurnp to 2.1) or 30 ft., fohaged nearly or quite to
the base: pmnie 40-00 pairs, mostly less than 1 in. broad,
midrib strong, the ends not much arching or drooping;
petiole 2 ft. long, yellow, convex below and deeply furrowed
above, suddenly much expanded at base: fr. oblong-
ellipsoid, about 24 in. long, violet-black. — Much grown as
a florists plant for pots and tubs, and attractive in the open
in S. Fla. and tropics.
madagascariensis (Dypsis madagaacariensis) . Clumps
with a denser head than C. lutescens and less likely to be
foliaged to base, the Ivs. more numerous and the pinnae
about twice as many with the tips arching or hanging:
fr. ovoid-elliptic, about % in. long.
CHRYSAMPHORA: Darlingtonia.
CHRYSANTHEMUM. Composite. Large
genus of ann. and per. herbs, some of them
woody at the base, a number of which are
grown for the showy bloom * native in temp, and
boreal regions, mostly in tne Old World. Mat-
ricaria, Myconella and Tanaceturn are closely
allied.
Cultivated chrysanthemums are hardy and half hardy
mostly strong-scented and rather coarse plants, with colors
in various series except blue and true purple- they usually
bloom late in the season in the open A half do/en cultural
classes may be distinguished: 1. The fl oner-garden annuals;
2. feverfews; 3 pyrethrurns; 4. marguerites; o. perennial
border kinds, yielding some of the flowers known as daisies;
0. the florists chrysanthemum. In these various ranges are
excellent decorative materials and possibilities. The inter-
est in these plants is represented by the Chrysanthemum
Society of America.
1. The annual chrysanthemums are big flower-garden
subjects, suitable for late summer and autumn mass colors,
raised readily from seeds which commonly are sown as
soon us the ground is fit directly where the plants are to
stand; they may be grown thickly in back rows, but for
best blooms should be thinned to 12-24 inches apart;
provide an open sunny position. Three species are involved.
C\ coronnrium is the tallest, and single large plants some-
times need staking. C. carinatum is the usual flower-
garden kind, in many colors. C. segetum yields good clear
yellows
2. Feverfews nre forms of C. Parthenium, sometimes
known as a pyrethrum. All are perennial, hardy, of the
simplest culture, and persistent. Thev are grown for the
abundant little white-rayed heads with yellow center, and
dwarf compact forms for the foliage which is sometimes
crisped and yellow-tinged; the latter kinds are known as
Golden-Feather. They grow readily from seeds, blooming
the second year, and frequently they seed themselves;
offsets may be taken from the clumps.
3. Pyrethnims, product of C. corcineum, useful for cut-
ting and employed as a florists flower. The stems are long
and simple from a crown of attractive foliage; the daisy-
like heads are bright white, rose, carmine, lilac and other
shades; bloom in late spring and summer; an autumn cut-
ting may bo had if the flowers are all cut regularly. Propa-
gated by seeds, blooming the second year; named horti-
cultural varieties by offsets or division.
4. Marguerite chrysanthemums belong to C. frutescens,
although the related C. aneOn folium is sometimes seen; it
is frequently known as Pans daisy. It is tender in the
North, and is grown in pots and tubs for late winter, spring
and summer bloom. Propagated by cuttings, like the
florists chrysanthemum; taken in spring they should give
blooming plants for the following winter and spring. Shift
into larger pots as needed. Old plants may be cut down
and bloom renewed for another year if grown in tubs or
big pots.
5. The perennial border chrysanthemums are hardy
strong plants propagated by division, and by seeds which
174 Chrysanthemum
give blooming plants the second year; if necessary, they
may be multiplied by short cuttings of young firm shoots.
They require sunny positions. Some of the recent intro-
ductions belong to C. rubrllum.
6. The common chrysanthemum of florists (C. mori-
fohum) is known in two races or types: the kinds developed
mto very large flowers for pot culture, and the border bushy
kinds that remain always in the perennial garden. These
two types are not essentially different, however, as the
large flowers of the florists kinds are developed not alone
by selection but by extra care in propagation, culture,
pruning and disbudding, they express the skill of the
grower; if left to themselves to produce bushy plants, the
florists kinds bear many small or medium-sized flowers.
All these plants are essentially hardy perennials, propa-
gated by seeds, cuttings and division.
The usual propagation of the house chrysanthemum is
by cuttings taken in spring from shoots that arise from
crowns of plants that have been carried through the winter;
when the plants begin to stool or to send up new growth,
the shoots are cut 2 or 3 inches long and inserted in sand
in boxes or on a bench; the cuttings are trimmed of their
lower leaves and the remaining (upper) leaves are usually
cut in two to reduce evaporating surface; as soon as rooted
they are placed in small pots, say 2^2-inch.
The young plants may be carried through the summer
in pots, after repotting two or three times, or planted in
the ground and lifted in October or November. Every
pains should be taken to keep the plants growing without
check or insect or fungus injury. If one does not care to
propagate them, plants may be purchased in late spring
or early summer, that have been potted and are well
rooted and stocky. By the time the plants are to bloom they
should be in 6-mch pots or larger; if very large bushy
plants are desired, the pots should be 10- or 12-inch.
For cut-flowers, the plants are usually grown by florists
in benches u^der glass from first till last, after the cuttings
are turned out of their first small pots; if to be grown to
single stems for very large bloom, the plants may be set
8-12 inches apart each way on the benches, and they are
tied, trained and disbudded as they grow, only the terminal
bud being retained.
The amateur usually prefers to allow bushy plants with
a good number of smaller flowers. The plants are allowed
to branch. All weak growths should be removed as they
appear, and when buds begin to show they should all be
removed except the terminal one on the branch; in this
way there will be as many flowers as branches, say one to
two dozen depending on the size and vigor of the plant
and the wish of the grower. The heads or flowers will be
of approximately one size. The plants may be bloomed in
pots 6 inches or larger or in soap boxes for the window.
The plants are discarded after blooming unless one wants
to propagate a new lot for the following year, and in this
case the tops are cut down and the pot or box placed in a
cellar and kept dry enough to maintain life and strength
but not to start into growth or induce decay; in February
or March the plant may be brought to warmth and light,
given water, and shoots for cuttings will soon start. It
is to be remembered that the plant is a hardy perennial
and that it should be grown cool when in the house.
The types or groups of C. morifohum are n>any, and
there are named varieties under each group. This range
allows of a choice to satisfy any taste.
achilleaefolium. YARROW C. Per. border species, 2 ft .
little branched, rooting at bottom: Ivs. soft-hairy: fls. yel-
low. Siberia, Caucasus.
alpmum (Leucanthemum alpinum). Per., 2-6 in. high,
with 1 terminal head on each st.: Ivs. to 2 in. long at base
of st , cut into narrow segms., those on st. few and very
small: fl. -heads white. High Alps. — Rock-garden.
Amalise: listed as a dwarf summer-blooming plant with
pink fla.
anethifdlium. GLAUCOUS MARGUERITE or DILL C.
Per. with fine glaucous foliage: fls. white, sometimes lemon-
yellow. Canaries — Greenhouse plant in the N. much
like marguerite but less coarse.
arcticum. ARCTIC C. Per. to 6 in., more or less decum-
bent at base: fls. aster-like, to 2 in. across, white to tilao.
Arctic regions. — Border plant; the material usually cult,
under this name is referable to C. yezoense.
atratum (C. coronopi folium). Per. 6-12 in., mostly
1-headed: lower Ivs. 1 -divided, the segms. 5-7-toothea,
those on st. lanceolate or linear: rays white. Alps.
atrococctneum: C. carinatum.
aureum: C. Parthenium var.x
Balsamita (Balsamita vulgaris. Tanaceturn Balsamita).
COSTMARY. Per. 2-3 ft.: Ivs. serrate: heads many, Y\-y% in.
across, with very short white rays; commonly rayless and
then known as var. tanacetoides. W. Asia. — Persistent
plant sometimes grown for its sweet-smelling herbage,
and erroneously called "lavender"; also knoAvn as "mint-
geranium."
blcolor: C. carinatum.
Chrysanthemum
175
Chrysanthemum
Broussondtii (Ismelia Broussonetii) . Per. 2-3 ft.: lys.
ovate or obovate, pinnatifid, the narrow segms. pinnatifid
or toothed: heads long-peduncled, to 3 in. across, rays
lilac, yellowish at base. Canaries.
Burridge&num: C. carinatum.
carinatum. TRICOLOR C. Glabrous ann., 2-3 ft., nearly
simple or somewhat forking: Ivs. pinnatifid into linear
lobes: heads large, 2^ in. or less, rays white, red, purple,
yellow, disk purple, colored ring at base of rays. Mo occo.
— Flower-garden; cult, also as C. atrococcineum, C. bicolor,
C. Bumdgeanum, C. Dunettii, C. tricolor.
caucasicum (Pyre thrum caucasicum. Chamaemelum
caucasicum). Per., st. erect from the rhizome, 1-headed:
Ivs. parted into hnear-awl-like lobes: head long-pedunclod,
l^jj in. across, rays white. Caucasus.
cinerariaef61ium. DALMATIAN C. or PYRETHRUM. Per.,
12-24 in , producing many slender sta., herbage silvery:
heads white, 1 in. or more across, on very long sts. Dal-
matia. — A source of insect powder.
coccineum (Pyre thrum roscum. P. carneum. P. atro-
sanguineum). PYRETHRUM. PAINTED DAISY. Per., nearly
or quite simple, 1-2 ft : Ivs. bipmnatifid, fern-like: heads
large and showy, terminating the sts., red in various
shades, pink, lilac, white, sometimes double. Caucasus,
Persia. — Used by florists. Var. K£lwayi has dark red fls.
Var. rdseum has rose-pink fls. Var. Wilsonii (C. Wilsomi)
has pure pink double fls.
coreanum: hort. name for a form with single white fls.;
it may be C. rubellum or C. Zawad&kti var. sibiricum.
coronarium. GARLAND C. CROWN DAISY. Stout
branchy aim., 3-4 ft., with Ivs. divided nearly to the mid-
rib, the segrns. less than % in. broad and again cut or
toothed: heads many, 1-1 M in. across, yellow or whitish,
often double; achenes with prominent straight parallel
ridges on back. Medit. region. — Flower-garden; young
shoots eaten in Japan. Var. spatidsum. To 2 ft. or more,
stout and very leary, glaucous: Ivs. broad-spat ulate, mostly
1 in. or more across, lobed or cut half way or less to midrib
or with deeper lobes on narrow lower part: fls. light yellow:
grooves on achenes not prominently parallel or deep.
China. — Grown for the young shoots which are eaten, and
not unknown in this country; known as "boong-hau-ts'ai,"
"shungiku" and "chop suey greens."
coronopif&lium: C. atratum; sometimes C. coccineum
is meant.
corymb6sum (Pyrethrum corymbosum) . Per., 2-4 ft.:
Ivs. bipmnatifid: heads many on terminal branches, 1 in.
or less across, white. Caucasus. — Border.
Dune*ttii: C. carinatum.
erube"scens: the plant in cult, in N. Amer. under this
name is apparently C. rubellum. C. erubescens itself is a
smaller more slender plant than C. rubellum with ovate to
reniform Ivs. cut only about to the middle and sinuses
very narrow.
Fontan&sii (Hymenostetnma Fontanesii). Ann., slender,
much branched, 12-18 in.: Ivs. spatulate, toothed or almost
lobed: heads small, about ^ in. across, rays white. W.
Medit. region. — Flower-garden.
frut£scens. MARGUERITE. PARIS DAISY. Per., to 3 ft.,
much branched, becoming woody: Ivs. not glaucous,
coarsely divided, rather fleshy: heads many, on straight sts.,
1^-2*^ in. across, white or lemon-yellow. Canaries. —
Florists subject.
glaucum: see C. multifidum.
hispanicum (Pyrethrum hispanicum). Per.: lower Ivs.
pinnatifid, lobes linear and cuspidate: heads with white,
yellow or reddish rays that are 4-nerved and 3-toothod.
Spain — Varies in cut of Ivs.
hort&rum: C. mori folium.
hybridum: hort. name, perhaps for a garden race of
C. coccineum.
indicum. Per., 2-3 ft., much branched, soft-foliaged:
Ivs. divided, felty gray beneath: heads numerous, short-
stemmed in clusters, J^-l in. across, yellow, showy only
in mass. China. — Border; very little known in cult.
inoddrum: Matricaria inodora.
jappnfcola (C. Makinoi var. japonicum). Small per.,
8-32 in. high: Ivs somewhat glaucous, cuneate, 3-lobed:
heads to 1 jj^ in. across, on slenaer peduncles, white. Japan.
—Once described as C. japonicum (C. sinense var. japoni-
cum), but name invalidated by the earlier japonicum of
Thunberg which is a confused unit. C. japonense is another
but similar Japanese plant. The plant listed in North
America as C. japonicum awaits identification.
jesofense: C. yezoense.
laciniatum: botanically the name is a synonym of C.
stgetum, but material so listed in the trade may be C. maxi-
mum var.
lacustre. PORTUGUESE C. or DAISY. Tall per., 3-6 ft.,
branched at top: Ivs. narrow, serrate-dentate: heads long-
atemmed, 2-3 in. across, white. Portugal. — Border.
lavendulcef&lium. Per. to 4^ ft., sts. erect, short-
pubescent: Ivs. broadly ovate, to 4 in. long, acuminate,
often pinnate: heads to % in. across, in paniculate cymes,
ray-fls. yellow. Japan.
Leucaiithemum (Leucanthemum vulgare. L. Brandt-
/forum). WHITE WEED. OX-EYE DAISY. Per., slender,
1-2 ft., simple or little branched: Iva. simple, notched or
cut: heads terminal and long-stemmed, 1-2 in. across,
white. Eurasia, and an abundant \\eed in E. U. S. — Some-
times planted in borders. Var. calif drnicum has cream-
colored fls. Var. grandifldrum is said to have larger fls.
Var. prabcox is listed as an early bloomer.
macrophyllum (Tanacetum macrophyllum). TANSY C.
Per , 2*6 to 3}$ ft., erect, branching: Ivs. coarsely pinnati-
sect: heads numerous in terminal corymbs, \^ in. or less
across, with small white or yellowish rays. S. E. Eu. to
Caucasus. — Border.
Mfiwii. Half-shrubby per. to 18 in. high: lys. 1 in. long,
main ones pinnatifid: heads 1^2 in. across, with rays white
on face and rose on back. Greater Atlas Mts , N. Afr.
maximum. MAX C. or DAISY. Short-lived per., often
treated as bien , erect, simple or only sparingly branched,
1-2 ft.: Ivs. long and narrow, serrate-dentate: heads
terminal and large, 2-4 in. across, with many white rays.
Pyrenees. — Border plant, known in many forms, as King
Edward VII, Chrysanthemum daisy, Shasta daisy, Glory
of the Wayside, C. Hobinsonu and erroneously as (7. Leu-
canthemum. Var. laciniatum has fringed or lacimate ray-fls.
millefoliatum. Per. to 2}^ ft., pubescent: Ivs. pinnati-
sect, lobes linear, entire, ucutish: hoiuls yellow, in lax
corymbs, ray-fls. 10-20. S. W. Kussia — Similar to C.
achillesc folium, differing m its larger Ivs. and longer If.-segms.
morifdlium (C. sincnse in part. C. hortoruni). FLORISTS
C. Per , 2-4 ft., branched: Ivs. broad, lobed, gray-pubes-
cent, strong-scented: heads many terminating branches,
of various sizes and greatly modified in shape, fashion and
color. Cultigen, probably of Chinese origin. — Under glass,
and some of the Kinds in the permanent border.
multifidum (Pyrethrum glaucum'). Differs from C. Bal-
samita in Ivs. lyrate-pmuatifid and achenes more nearly
ovoid. E. Eu. to W. Asia.
Myc&nis: Afyconclla Myconis.
nippdnicum. NIPPON C. or DAISY. Per., shrubby at
base, 1K~2 ft., leafy above, sts. simple or little branched:
Ivs. thick, spatulute and obtuse, serrate at end: heads
terminating sts, lM-3£$ in. across, white. Japan. —
Border.
Nlvellei. Ann., sts. erect, about 1 ft. or less, leafy:
Ivs. thickish obovate, pinnately parted: heads solitary on
branches, 1 in. or more diam., tomentose, rays white.
Mts., Morocco.
pallens. Per., st. erect, hispid, simple or nearly so,
10-16 in : lower Ivs. obovate, obtuse, crenate, petiolatc,
upper ones ligulate and somewhat clasping and becoming
entire toward top of st.: heads solitary, rays white. Mts,
France.
Parthenium (Pyrethrum Parthenium and P. parthcm-
fohum. Afatricana parthcnoidcx, M. rn pen sis, M. erimw
and Af. alba). FKVKRFEW. Bushy per , 1-2 or 3 ft., ver>
leafy: Ivs. variable, pinnatisect, often yellowish (var.
aureum), sometimes crisped (var. crispum): heads many
in open terminal clusters, % in. and less across, white-
rayed, sometimes rays absent. Eurasia. — Border; there
are dwarf very compact forms.
ptarmicaefldrum. Shrubby, white-tomentoso, 1 ft. and
more high: Ivs. bipinnately parted much as in certain
achilleas: heads corymbose, small, with white rays.
Canaries.
radiatum: hort. name of unknown botanical standing.
Robinsonii: C. maximum.
rotundifolium. Per., st. glabrous, simple, erect, to IS in.:
lower Ivs. ovate to broad-cordate, petiolate, mucronate-
dentate, upper ones becoming narrower: head solitary,
1 in. and jnore across, white. Hungary.
rube'llum (C. erubcsrens of hort. Chrysoboltonia pulchcr-
rima). Per. to 3 ft , slightly to much branched: Ivs. to 0 in.
long, pinnately 5-partite, scgms. far apart and coarsely
toothed or lobed, onght green above, thinly white-pubes-
cent beneath: heads numerous, to 3 ^4 in across, ray-fls.
pink. Known only in cult , and recently recognized as a
separate species. Var. Clara Curtis belongs here — Similar
to C. Zawadskii, differing in larger size, more coarsely cut
Ivs. and larger fls.
sggetum. CORN-MARIOOLD. Ann., 1-2 ft., much
branched: Ivs. notched or shallow ly pinnatifid: heads
terminating branches, to 2^ Jn- across, yellow to whitish.
Old World. — Flower-garden cult, forms with more divided
Ivs. are supposed to belong here, as Morning Star, Evening
Star, Gold Star, Northern Star, White Glory, although
different things may be grown under one or another of
these varietal names.
Chrysanthemum
176
Chysis
selaginoides (Pyrethrum selaginoides) has golden-
yellow foliage and is presumably a race of C. cocdneum.
ser6tinum: uncertain name in lists.
sibiricum: C. Zawadskn var.
sin^flse: C. morifolium.
Tchihitchewii: Matncaria Tchihatcheurii.
tricolor: C. carinatum,
uligindsum. HIGH or GIANT DAISY. Tall and much-
branched per., 4-7 ft.: Iva. narrow, long-pointed and cut-
toothed: heads terminating branches, l%-3 in. across,
white. Eu. — Border.
vfecidi-hfrtum (C. tn«co«wm)* Ann., somewhat viscid,
st. fleshy, mostly branched above: lower Ivs. oblong, nar-
rowed at base, pinnatind with short obtuse denticulate
lobes, upper ones oblong-lanceolate and clasping: rays
long-oblong, yellow. 8. Spain, N. Afr.
yiscdsum: C. viaddi-hirtum.
Vulgar e: Tanacetum mtlgare.
Wflsonii: C. cocdneum var.
yezoense (C. iesoense). Similar to C. arcticum from which
it differs in its larger more robust habit, growing to 10 in.
tall, and fls. to 2^ in. across becoming pink with age.
Japan. — More flonferous than C. arcticum and blossoms
about a month later.
Zawddskii. To \l/4 ft., simple or only closely branched:
Ivs. 2-pinnate, segms. linear-oblong and sometimes toothed:
ray-fls. white to pale pink, heads to 1 % in. across, solitary.
Galicia. Var. sibiricum (C. and Leucanthemum sibiricum)
differs in its more broadly dissected Ivs. Siberia.
CHRYSOBACTRON: Bulbinella Hookeri.
CHRYSOBALANTJS. Rosacex. Shrubs or
small trees with alternate simple leathery Ivs.,
small white or greenish fls. in cymes or panicles,
and fr. a pulpy drupe; native in Amer. and Afr.
and planted somewnat in S. U. S.
Ic&co. COCO-PLUM. To 30 ft., evergreen: Ivs. broad-
obovate or nearly orbicular, to 3 in. long, obtuse or emar-
ginate, shining above: fls. white, in short cymes: fr. to 1^
in. long. S. Fla. to N. 8. Amer.
CHRYSOBOLTONIA PULCHERRIMA: Chrysanthe-
mum rubellum.
CHRYSOBOTRYA: Ribes aureum and odoratum.
CHRYS<5COMA. Composite. Low S.African
subshrubs with small alternate linear Ivs., the
branches terminating in short-peduncled yellow
globose heads composed only or perfect disk-fls.
cdma-aurea. To 1^ ft., sts. erect, fastigiately branching:
Ivs. usually H in. long, flat, glabrous, entire, about A in.
wide: heads about ^ in. across, on slender peduncles to \%
in. long.
CHRYSOCOPTIS: Coptia ocddentalia.
CHRYS<5GONUM. Composite. One per.
herb native from S, Pa. to Fla. and Ala. and
sometimes transferred to gardens. C. virgin-
ianum. GOLDEN-STAR. To 1 ft., hairy: lys.
basal and opposite, ovate or oblong, to 3 in.
long, toothed: heads yellow, to \l/2 in. across,
long-stalked, of ray- and disk-fls., Apr .-July;
pappus a short crown. Var. cane*scens is listed.
CHRYSOPlrfLLUM. Sapotocese. Trop. ever-
green trees, one in S. Fla., with alternate entire
Ivs., small 5-lobed fls. in clusters, and fr. a berry;
one species grown for ornament and the edible ir.
The star-apple requires tropical temperatures and a
humid atmosphere. It has been grown successfully in
southern Florida. It is not particular as to soil. Propagated
by seed, by cuttings of ripe wood over heat, and probably
by budding.
Cainito. STAR-APPLE. Ornamental, to 50 ft.: Ivs. oval
or oblong, to 0 iu. long, shining above, golden-brown and
silky beneath: fls. purplish-white: fr. globular, to 4 in.
across, smooth, purple or light green, with 3-8 shining
seeds embedded in white translucent pulp. Trop. Amer.
olivif6rme. SATIN-LEAF. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. mostly
•mailer than in C. Cainito, densely brown- or reddish-
tomentose underneath : f r. about % in. long, purple, usually
1-oeeded. Fla., trop. Amer.
CHRYS(5PSIS. GOLDEN ASTER. Composite.
N. American per. herbs with alternate entire
pa
fer
sessile Ivs. and yellow heads of ray- and disk-fls.;
ppus of bristles or scales. Sometimes trans-
erred to the border. Propagated by seeds and
division.
amplifdlia. To 20 in., branched, pubescent: basal Ivs.
spatulate, to 2 in. long, obtuse, upper ones cordate: heads
sessile, subtended by Ivs., in corymbif orm infl. Colo., Wyo.
falcata. To 1 ft., woolly-pubescent: Ivs. linear, to 4 in.
long, stiff: heads K in- across, in corymbs. Mass, to N. J.
folidsa. To 2 ft., pubescent: basal Ivs. oblanceolate, to
2 in. long, acute, white-silky-strigose: heads subsessile,
subtended by Ivs., bracts strigose, linear. Minn., Kans.,
Utah, Wash.
gossip ina. Bien., densely woolly: Ivs. oblanceolate to
oblong, white-lanate, obtuse: heads long-peduncled, few.
Pine barrens, Va. to Fla.
graminifdlia. To 3 ft., silvery-pubescent: lys. linear,
grass-like, to 1 ft. long: heads y^ in. across, in few-fld.
corymbs. Del. to Fla. and Mex.
mariana. To 2% ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblong or spatulate.
to 4 in. long: heads to 1 in. across, numerous, in panicled
corymbs. S. N. Y. to Fla. and La.
villosa. To 2 ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate,
to 2 in. long: heads 1 in. or more across, in few-fld. corymbs.
Minn, to B. C. and New Mex. Var. prostr&ta is a low
prostrate form.
CHRYSOSPLfiNIUM. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.
Saxifragaceae. Semi-aquatic little creeping or
prostrate paludose herbs with very small greenish
fls., sometimes employed as a cover on moist
ground or in bog-gardens or at pools.
alternifolium. To 6 in.: Ivs. alternate, orbicular-reniform,
coarsely toothed: fls. in early spring. Eu., N. Asia.
amexicanum. Sts. creeping, to 8 in. long: Ivs. opposite
or the upper alternate, ovate or orbicular, to % in. long:
fls. solitary in the axils, in spring. N. S. to Minn, and Ga.
oppositifdlium. To 4 in.: Ivs. opposite, orbicular: fls.
May-June. Eu., N. Asia.
CHRYSOfHAMNUS. Compositse. Low
shrubs of W. N. Amer. with linear entire mostly
alternate Ivs. and heads of yellow disk-fls. ; pap-
pus of bristles. Sometimes transferred to grounds
in dry regions.
grav&olens. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 2^ in. long: heads in
compound corymbs. Mont, to New Mex.
linifolius. To 3 ft., tufted, branches white: Ivs. to \M
in. long: heads numerous, in cymes. Wyo., Colo.
nause6sus. To 3^ ft., white-tomentose: Ivs. to 2^ in.
long: heads in cymes. B. C. to Mont, and Calif.
pumilus. To 1 ft., branches whitish: Ivs. to 1H in. long.
Mont, to Colo. Var. varus is much branched with strongly
twisted Ivs.
CHRYSURUS: I^amarckia.
CHUCHU: see Chayote.
CHUFA: Cyperus esculentus.
CHUPEROSA: Beloperone californica.
CHUSQUfiA. Graminese. Bamboo-like
shrubby or climbing grasses with rather small
Ivs. and spikelets borne in terminal panicles,
stamens 3; native in the Andean region from
Mex. to Chile. See Bamboo.
tessellata. Shrub: Ivs. to 3 in. long and >^ in. wide,
toothed, tessellated: panicle spike-like, to 6 in. long. Colom-
bia.
ClrtSIS. Orchidacese. Cent. American epi-
phytes with pseudobulbs or spindle-shaped sts.
and often fleshy fls. in lateral racemes, the petals
and dorsal sepal similar, the side sepals forming
a chin or extension with the foot of the column,
the lip with 3 lobes. Grown in the trop. green-
house; see Orchids.
aurea. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes to 17 in. long:
fls. about 2 in. across, in 4-13-nd. racemes to 6 in. long;
sepals and petals golden-yellow, whitish near base; lip
yellow marked with red, maroon or purple, keeled at base,
the limb wavy. Mar .-Aug., Deo. Cent. Amer., Colombia,
Venezuela.
Chysis
177
Cineraria
bracte'scens. Fla. to 3J£ in. across, in 3-^8-fld. partially
drooping racemes, ivory-white with yellow lip marked with
red or purple. Feb.-May. Mex., Guatemala.
Ch61sonii. Hybrid between C. Isevis and C. Limminghei:
sepals and petals yellow with a large red-brown spot; lip
white finely spotted with purple.
CIBdTIUM. Dicksoniacex. A small group
of stout tree-ferns, often grown under glass in
juvenile form, with mostly 3-pinnate fronds,
son at tips of veinlets; native in Cent. Amer.,
Mex. and Polynesia. See Ferns.
Barometz. SCYTHIAN LAMB. Trunkless: fronds fragrant,
segms. linear- oblong, to 6 in. long, glaucous beneath.
China, Malaya. — Sometimes grown for its historic interest.
A Dryopteris has been grown erroneously under this name.
princeps: probably a mistake for Cyathea princepa which
is a synonym of Cyathea inaignia.
regale. Trunk to 30 ft. high: fronds to 12 ft. long, with
falcate deeply cut segms., glaucous beneath. Mex.
Schiedei. Trunk to 15 ft.: fronds to 5 ft. long, gracefully
drooping, segms. to 8 in. long, deeply cut, glaucous beneath,
on stout brown-hairy stipes. Mex., Guatemala.
CICCA DISTICHA: Phyllanthua acidua.
CICELY, SWEET: Myrrhis odorata.
ClCER. Leguminosae. Herbs with pinnate
toothed Ivs., small inconspicuous papilionaceous
fls., and short inflated pods; native in W. Asia,
one species grown for the edible seeds which
may be planted 8-12 in. apart in drills 2 ft. apart.
arietinum. CHICK-PEA. GARBANZO. Ann. to 2 ft.: fls.
white or reddish, solitary in the axils: pods to 1 in. long and
% in. wide, containing 1 or 2 seeds. — Long cult, in S. Eu.
and Asia for human food, and in the American tropics.
CICHORIUM. Composite. Herbs of the Old
World, mostly with deep hard roots, alternate
Ivs. usually near base of plant, and blue, purple
or white heads of ligulate or ray-fls. See Chicory
and Endive.
Endfvia. ENDIVE. Ann. or bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. many at
base, brittle, oblong, lobed or much cut and curled: heads
purple, subtended by leafy bracts usually longer than heads.
ProDably India.
tntybus. CHICORY. SUCCORY. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. broad-
oblong or lanceolate: heads bright azure-blue, 1££ in.
across, opening in forenoon, in some races pink or white,
subtended by bracts shorter than heads. Eu.; extensively
nat. in N. Amer.
CICtlTA. WATER-HEMLOCK. Umbelliferde.
Per. heavy-scented herbs with poisonous roots
and decompound Ivs., very small white fls. in
terminal compound umbels, and slightly flat-
tened'frs.; sometimes transplanted to the wild-
or bog-garden.
maculata. MUSQUASH-ROOT. To 6 ft.: Ivs. 2- or 3-pinnate
into lanceolate segms. to 5 in. long. N. B. to Fla. and New
Mex., in swamps.
CIENFUEG6SIA (Alyoayne. Fuqosia). Mal-
vaceae. Shrubs or subshrubs from the tropics of
Afr., Amer. and Australia, resembling Hibiscus
in habit and to which it is allied, differing in
style thickened toward the top and grooved or
divided into short erect lobes with decurrent
stigmas.
hakeeefdlia. Erect glabrous shrub to 5 ft., branches few,
twiggy, dark green: Ivs. bipinnatifid to ternate or uppermost
ones entire, segms. linear and somewhat fleshy: fls. pale
purplish-lilac with a deep red-purple eye surrounding the
long staminal column, to 3 in. across. W. Australia.
CIGAR-FLOWER: Cuphea platycentra.
CILIATE: bearing hairs on the margin; fringed with
hairs.
\
CIMICfFUGA. BUGBANE. Ranunculaceas.
Erect and mostly tall herbaceous perennials,
usually of rich woods, sometimes planted in the
back of the border or in partially shaded places
in the wild-garden: Ivs. 2-compound, rather
large: fls. small, white, in racemes: native in
north temp. zone. Closely allied to Actsea but
fr. a follicle instead of a berry.
Bugbanes thrive best in rich soil. Propagated by seed
or division of roots in early spring or fall.
acertna: C. japonica.
amaricAna. To 5 ft.: Ifts. ovate to oblong, to 3 in. long:
fl.-pedicels with minute bracts; pistils 3-8. stalked.
Aug.-Sept. N. Y. to Ga.
cordifftlia (C. racemosa var. cordifolia) . To 6 ft.: Ivs.
broad-ovate, to 7 in. wide, cordate at base: fl.-pedicels
bracted; pistil 1, sessile. Aug. Va. to N. C. and Tenn.
davurica. To 4 ft.: Ivs. cordate: fls. creamy-white,
pedicels bracted; pistils 5. Autumn, Asia.
elata. To 8 ft.: Ifts. cordate, to 4 in. across, lobed:
petals none; pistils 1-3, sessile. Wash., Ore.
fdbtida (Actsea Cimitifuga.) . To 6 ft.: Ifts. ovate or
lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fl.-pedicels with minute bracts;
pistils 4-8. Summer. E. Eu., Siberia.
japonica (C. acerina. Pityrosperma acerinum. Actsea
japonica). To 3 ft. but true st. almost none, the scapes and
Ivs. arising from near the ground: Ivs. ternate, Ifts. thin,
to 6 in. long and nearly or quite as broad, lobed and dentate,
with the look of foliage of Anemone japonica: fls. sessile,
without bracts, in slender spikes, dull-colored; stamens
about 6. Japan. — Variable, in several forms.
laciniata. To 5 ft.: Ifts. oblong or ovate, laciniatcly
toothed: petals usually present; pistils 3-5, stalked. Ore.
racemosa. BLACK COIIOSH. BLACK SNAKEHOOT. To
8 ft.: Ifts. ovate or oblong: fl -pedicels bracted; pistils 1-2,
sessile: fr. ^ in. long. July-Aug. Me. to Ga. and Mo.
rubifdlia. Similar to C. raremosa, differing in shorter
stamens and fr. to ^ in. long. Tenn.
simplex (C. racemosa var. simplex). To 3 ft.: fla. in
slender dense racemes, pedicels with minute bract or none;
pistils 2-3, stalked. Autumn. Kamtschatka.
CINCH6NA. RuUacex. Trees and shrubs
native in the Andes, the bark yielding quinine
for which they are cult, in trop. regions and
known as Peruvian bark trees: Ivs. opposite:
fls. small, rose or yellowish-white, tubular,
5-lobed, in terminal panicles: fr. a caps, with
winged seeds.
A few species are grown for ornament and economic
interest in southern California, and sometimes under glass.
Propagated by seeds.
Calisaya. Tall tree: Ivs. oblong to obovate, to 7 in.
long, shining, purplish-green below: fls. rose or whitish:
caps, ovate, scarcely as long as fls. Bolivia, Peru.
offlcinalis. Tall tree: Ivs. oblong, to 6 in. long: fls.
rose, % in. long, in panicles to 6 in. long: caps, oblong, j^j
in. long. Peru, Bolivia. Var. condamlnea has ovate caps.
succirubra. Tall tree: Ivs. ovate or oval, to 9 in. long,
pale beneath: fls. rose with purplish-red calyx: caps,
lanceolate. Ecuador.
CINERARIA of florists is a Senecio, supposed
to be the issue of S. cruentus either directly or
in hybridization with other species. It is much
grown under glass for the profuse bloom in
many colors except yellows, well set off by the
heavy attractive foliage. Trie plant is perennial
but it is commonly grown as an annual inasmuch
as the bloom from strong well-grown new stock
is most profuse. The single-flowered kinds are
mostly preferred, being raised each year from
seeds. For bloom in autumn and early winter
seeds may be sown in May : for winter and spring
bloom in late summer or early autumn. The
main lot is usually started in midsummer. The
young plants are pricked off into pots and after-
wards shifted to maintain a continuous growth,
and not allowed to bloom until in their final
6- or 6-inch pots or 8-inch for very large speci-
mens. The double-flowered kinds are propagated
by cuttings of strong shoots that arise after the
flowering tops are removed. Cinerarias must be
grown cool or they will not give good results,
as cool as carnations. If broad bushy plants are
desired, the center may be pinched out when
Cineraria
178
Cirsium
the flower-buds begin to show. The cineraria is
subject to greenfly or aphis; if fumigation cannot
be practiced, the pots may be stood on tobacco
stems or tobacco preparations may be employed.
Cineraria is adapted to window-garden culture
if not grown too not or neglected and stunted.
Other plants known as cinerarias are some
of the dusty millers: see Senecio Cineraria and
S. leucostachys.
CINEREOUS: ash-colored; light gray.
CINNAM6MUM. Lauracex. Aromatic trees
and shrubs from Asia and Australia, usually
evergreen, with coriaceous Ivs. strongly 3-nervcd
from base except in C. Camphora, small bisexual
or unisexual its. in panicles, and fr. a berry;
grown somewhat far S. for ornament and for
medicines and spice, and likely to be seen as
specimens in collections of economic plants.
A sandy loam soil is good for them. Propagated by
seeds and the seedlings early transplanted into pots pre-
paratory to permanent planting out; also cuttings of half-
ripened wood in spring with heat.
Burmanii. Tree: Ivs. opposite or sometimes alternate,
ovate-oblong, acuminate. Malaya.
Camphora (Camphora oflitinarum. Taurus Camphora).
CAMPHOR-TREE. Tree to 40 ft., the buds inclosed by
large imbricated scales: Ivs. alternate, ovate-elliptic,
acuminate, to 5 in. long, whitish beneath: fls. yellow, in
panicles shorter than Ivs. China, Japan. — Wood furnishes
commercial camphor; thrives in S. Calif, and in southern-
most states, as a street tree.
Cfissia. CAHMA-BARK-TREE. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. opposite,
oblong to lanceolate, long-acuminate, to G in. long' fls. in
panicles as long as Ivs. China. — Bark used as substitute
for cinnamon.
gland ul if erum (Laurus ylandubfera). Tree: Ivs. alter-
nate, elliptic or lanceolate, to 5 in. long, caudate-acuminate:
fls. in panicles 2 in. long. Himalayas.
Lourelri. CASSTA-FIX) WEH-TREE. Medhim-sized tree:
Ivs. alternate or opposite, elliptic to oblong, to 5 in. long.
China, Japan.
pedunculatum. Tree: Ivs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, to 5 in. long: fls. in corymbs about length of
Ivs. Japan.
zeylanicum. CINNAMON-TREE. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs.
ovate to oyjvte-lanreolate, obtuse or acute, to 7 in. long:
fls. yellowish-white, in panicles as long as Ivs. India,
Malaya. — Bark yields commercial cinnamon.
CINNAMON-TREE: Cinnamomum zeylanicum. -Vine:
Dioscorea Batatas. Wild: Canella Wmterana.
CINQUEFOIL: Potentilla.
CIP"&RA (Marica). Iridacex. Trop. American
bulbous herbs with white or blue fls. having
short tube and 3 inner petals much shorter
than 3 outer; grown under glass or out-of-doors
in S. Propagated by offsets and seeds.
martinice'nsis: Trimeza marhmcensis.
paluddsa. Lvs. linear, to 1 ft. long: fls. in clusters, white,
54 m. long, opening in morning and soon withering. Trini-
dad, S. Amer.
CIRC^A. Onagracex. A few species of
small soft erect per. herbs, mostly in woods of
the northern hemisphere, not regular hort.
plants but sometimes raised in shaded or moist
rock-gardens: lys. opposite, ovate, dentate or
angled: fls. whitish, very small, 2-petalled, in
terminal raceme: fr. bristly.
lutetiana. ENCHANTERS-NIGHTSHADE. Soft closely
pubescent herb to 2 ft or more, branched, with thick
stolons: Ivs. broad-ovate: petals broad-obovate, longer
than broad. En. — An American plant that has mostly
passed under this name is C. tati folia, with sts. glabrous
Below the infl , stolons very slender, Ivs. oblong-ovate,
petals sometimes as broad as long. N. B. to Tenn. and
Okla., and E. Asia.
CIRCASSIAN SEEDS: Adenanthera pawmina.
CIRCUMSCISSILE: opening or dehiscing by a line
around the anther or fruit, the valve usually coming off as
a lid.
CIRRHOPETALUM: Bulbophyttum.
CfRSIUM. PLUMED THISTLE. Composite.
Prickly coarse herbs with basal or alternate
very spiny Ivs. and purple, yellow or white heads
of disk-fls., the bracts of involucre densely im-
bricated and often spiny-tipped; pappus plu-
mose, this differing from Carduus. A few species
are grown for ornament, being adapted to
bold effects.
acaule: Carlina acaulis.
altissimum. Bien. or per. to 10 ft., st. branched, pubes-
cent: Ivs. ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, to 8 in. long,
densely white-tomentose beneath, margins spinulose,
dentate, sometimes pinnate: heads light purple, to 2 in.
across, usually solitary. Mass, to Fla. west to Minn, and
Tex.
bulb&sum: C. tuberosum.
ciliatum. Bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. pinnate into linear-lanceolate
segms., hairy above, gray-tomentose below: heads purple.
S. Russia.
Diadtntha (Chamaepeuce Diacantho). FISHBONE THISTLE.
Bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, slightly toothed,
glabrous above, white-tomentose beaneath: heads purplish.
Asia Minor.
discolor. Bien. or per. to 7 ft.: Ivs. pinnately cut into
linear toothed segms. white-tomentoso beneath: heads
pale purple or pink, to 2 in. across. N. B. to Ga. and Mo.
eriophorum. Bien. to 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, white-to-
mentose beneath, not derurrent, margins spiny: heads
large, purple, involucral bracts much constricted back of
spatulate tip. 8. and Cent. Eu.
Hfllii. Per. to 2 ft : Ivs oblong, lobed or pinnatifid into
broad obtuse toothed segms , green both sides: heads
purple, to 3 in. across. Ont. to Pa. and la.
horridulum. Bien. or per. to 5 ft., woolly when young,
becoming glabrescent: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong, somewhat
clasping at base, green on both sides, margins spiny: heads
pale yellow, occasionally purple, to 4 in. across, outer
involucral bracts prickle-pointed. Me. to Fla. west to Tex.
lanceolatum. BULL THISTLE. Bien. to 5 ft.: Ivs. pinna-
tifid into lanceolate toothed segms., hairy above, brown-
tomentose beneath: heads dark purple, to 2 in. across.
Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
monspessulanum. Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
to lanceolate, acute, margins ciliate-bnstly but not spiny:
heads purple, to 1^ in- across. Medit. region.
mtiticum. SWAMP THISTLE. Bien to 8 ft., woolly when
young, becoming glabrescent: Iva lanceolate-oblong, to
8 in. long, pinnatifid, densely wlute-tomentose beneath,
segms. lanceolate, usually serrate and spiny: heads purple,
' * ' ' in. across, usually solitary, peduncle naked. Newf.
to 1
to
*. west to Sask. and Tex.
occidentale. Bien. to 3 ft., the herbage mostly white-
floccosc: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong, to 10 in. long, dentate
or pinnatifid, more or less prickly: heads to 2 in. high,
reddish or purple. S. Ore., Calif. Var. candidlssimum is
very stout and prominently white-tomentose. Var. Cdul-
teri has long branches bearing single heads. Var. venus-
tum has heads webby rather than wooly or tomentose.
Pitcher!. Bien. to 2 ft., \\hite-tomentose: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 1 ft. long, pinnately divided, segms. linear, entire or
pinnatifid, margins revolute: heads cream-colored, to 1>£
in. across. Shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior
pulch6rrimum. Probably bien. to li^ ft-, leafy, gray-
tomentose: Ivs. lanceolate, to 6 in. long, white-woolly
beneath, pinnately divided, segms. pinnatifid, spiny: heads
rose-pink, to 1 % in. across, outer bracts with yellow spines
to l4 in- long. Wyo. to N. Mex.
purpuratuxn. To 3 ft.: Ivs. pinnatifid, to 8 in. long,
lower ones with cuneate base and winged petiole, others
sessile and cordate, segms. ovate-lanceolate, acute, often
spiny-toothed: heads violet-purple, involucral bracts
strongly reflexed and pectin ose-spmed. Japan.
syriacum (Notobasis syriacd), Ann. to 3 ft. or more: Ivs.
oblong, lobed, spiny-toothed, the upper pinnate into narrow
segms., pubescent beneath: heads lilac, to 1 in. long.
Medit region. •
tuber6sum (C. buttosum). Bien. to 5 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-
lanceolate, woolly beneath, pinnate, segms. lobed or serrate:
heads purple, rarely bright rose to white, to 1>£ in. across,
solitary, peduncle naked or nearly so. Cent. Eu.
undulatum. Bien. to 3 ft., white-tomentose: Ivs lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, lobed or pinnati-
fid, often prickly: heads rose or purple, to 3 in. across.
B. C. to Tex. and Mich.
Velen6vskyi. Per. to 4H ft.: Ivs. pinnatifid into linear-
lanceolate or linear segms., spiny: fls. purple, in globose
heads to 3>g in. across, the involucre cobwebby. E. Eu.
Cissus
179
Citropsis
ClSSUS. Vitaceae. Mostly tendril-climbing
shrubs often with fleshy sts., Ivs. simple or
compound, deciduous or persistent, fls. with
parts in 4's, bisexual or unisexual, in cymes , fr. a
berry. Grown under glass, and out-of-doors in
warm regions. Propagated by cuttings, and by
seeds when obtainable.
ficida (Vitia acw/a). Low somewhat succulent climber:
Ivs. stiff, 3-f oliolate, Ifts. sharply toothed near apex: fls. in
compound umbel-like clusters: fr. enlarged above middle.
S. Fla., Ariz., and south.
aden6podus. Herbaceous climber, roots tuberous: Ivs.
3-foliolate, to 6 in. long, pubescent, green above and red
beneath, Ifts. coarsely serrate with nerves sunken above:
fls. pale yellow, in clusters to 4 in. long. Trop. Afr. — A very
rapid grower.
albo-nitens. Climber: Ivs. usually simple, oblong-
acuminate, silvery- white and glossy above, base somewhat
cordate. Brazil.
antarctica (Vitia antarctim) . Lvs. ovate to oblong, to
4 in. long, entire or slightly toothed, shining above. Aus-
tralia.
arbdrea: Ampelopsia arborea.
capensis (Vitia capensis). Roots tuberous: Ivs. ever-
green, orbicular or kidney-shaped, to 8 in. across, wavy-
toothed, rusty-tomentose beneath. S. Afr. — Much planted
in S. Calif.
discolor. Lvs. ovate, to 6 in. long, finely toothed, pur-
plish beneath, tinged above with white, pink and purple.
Java. — An old green house "foliage plant.
gongyl&des (Vitia gongylodes and pterophoro). Sts.
4-angled and -winged, the brunches bearing a terminal
tuber to 6 in. long: Ivs. of 3 Ifts. which arc often 3-lobed.
Brazil.
himalayana (C. neilgherrensis) . Plant without tendrils,
fleshy: Ivs. 3-f oliolate, ovate to obovate, acuminate or
obtuse, to 5 in. long: fls. in clusters to 8 in. long. Himalayas.
hypoglauca (Ampelopsia and Vitis hypogluuco). Husty-
tomentose when young: Ivs. of 5 obovate leathery Ifts. to
3 in. long, toothed toward the apex, pale beneath. Australia.
inclsa (Vihs incisa). MARINE IVY. Long climber.
fleshy: Ivs. of 3 ovate Ifts. to 1 in. long, coarsely toothed
or lobed* fls. in 3-parted clusters: fr. thickened below middle.
Mo. to Fla and Ariz.
neilgherrensis: C. himalayana.
ob!6nga (Vitis dblonga). Bushy tree: Ivs. oblong, to
23/2 in. long, entire, very obtuse. Australia.
quadrangularis (Vitia quadra ngufant>). Sts. 4-angled and
-winged: Ivs ovate, entire or deeply 3-lobed, to l^j in- l°nK-
Trop. Asia and Afr.
rhombifdlia (Vitia rhombi folia). Lvs. evergreen, of 3
rhombic-ovate Ifts. to 4 in. long, sharp-toothed, rusty-
hairy on veins beneath. N. S. Amcr.
sicyoides. Climber, sts. striate: Ivs. simple, ovate to
oblong, to 4 in. long, bristly-serrate or somewhat lacmiate,
usually pubescent, green: fls. green through white to
purplish. Fla., trop. Aiiier.
stria'ta. Lvs. evergreen, of 3-5 obovate or spatulate Ifts.
usually about 1 in. long, toothed at apex. S. Amer. — Has
been cult, as Vitia sempermrens.
ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. Shrubs
or herbs of about 8 genera, characterized by
simple entire Ivs., regular bisexual fls. with 5
sepals of which 2 are small, 5 petals which usually
fall early, numerous stamens, superior 1 -celled
ovary, and capsular fr.; mostly in the Medit.
region and N. Amer. The genera Cistus, Cro-
canthemum, Fumana, Halimium, Helianthcmum
and Hudsonia are known to general hort.
CfSTUS. ROCK-ROSE. Cistacex. Low Med-
iterranean shrubs with opposite simple entire Ivs.,
and showy wide-open white or purple fls. with
yellow blotch at base of petals, in terminal cymes
or solitary; grown in the rock-garden; mostly
evergreen or partially so.
Rock roses prefer well-drained limestone soil and
sunny exposures and will not stand many degrees of frost.
Propagated by seeds which should be sown in pots as
seedlings do not transplant well. Also increased by layers
or cuttings under glass. The species are useful in California
and stand in the southern states. They are plants long
known to horticulture.
acutifdlius: C. hybrid us.
£lbidus. To 6 ft. : lys. ovate-oblong, to 2 in. long, sessile,
white- tomentose: fls. lilac or rosy, 2 ><j in. across. S. W. Eu.,
N. W. Afr.
algarv6nsis: Halimium ocymoidcs.
can£scens. Hybiid between C. albidus and C. villoaua:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, slightly pe doled, gray- tomentose: fls.
dark purple.
corbari6nsis: C. hybridus.
cre'ticus: C. villosus var. undulatus.
crfspus. To 2 ft.: lv«. oblong-elliptic, 1 in. long, wrinkled:
fls. deep rose, to 2 in. across. S. \V . Ku.
cyprius. Hybrid between C. ladaniferua and C. lauri-
fohus: to 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, petioled,
white- tomentose beneath: umbel 2-many-fld.; fls. white
with purple spot at base, 3 in. across.
florentinus. Hybrid between C. monspehcnsis and (7.
sahifolius: Ivs. lanceolate, to I,1 2 in. long, petioled: infl.
2-many-fld.; fls. white, 2 in. across.
form&sus: Halimium lasianthum.
halimifolius: Halimium halimifvlnim.
hirsutus. 1*0 3 ft., hany: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 2%
in. long, sessile, margins cihate: fls. white, l}£ in. across.
Spain, Portugal.
hybridus (C. coibariensis. C. acutifolius). Hybiid be-
tween C. populifohwi and C. salvifvhus: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in.
long: fls. white, 1 \^ in. across.
ladaniferus. To 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, ses-
sile, dark green and glutinous above, white-tornentose
beneath: fls. solitary, white, sepals 3: carpels 10. S. W. Eu.
Var. albifldrus is synonymous with the species. Var.
maculatus, petals with crirn.son blotch at base. Var.
petiolatus, Ivs. petioled, vi.vid not glutinous, carpels less
than 10. N. Afr.
laurifdlius. To 8 ft.: Ivs. ovote to ovate-lanceolate, to
21-j in. long, white- or bro \vn-tomentose beneath: infl. an
umbel; fls. white, to 3 in. acmsb, .sepals 3: carpels 5,
Lor6tii: C. xtenophyllus.
maculatus: C. ladamferux var.
monspeliensis. To 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2 in. long,
scshile, wrinkled: infl. scorpionl; fls. white, to 1 in. across.
parviflorus. Shrub to 2 ft., sl.s. much blanched, pubes-
cent: Iva. elliptic-ovate, to 1 in. long, undulate, twisted:
fls. pale rose, to 1 in. aeioss, petals not overlapping. Greece.
populifdlius. To 6 ft.: Ivs. roi date-ovate, to 3^ in.
long: fls. white, 2 in. across.
purpureus. Hybrid between C. ladanifcrua and C.
viUosus: Jvs. lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. purple, yellow at
base with maioon i-pots, 3 in. aeioss.
salvifdlius. To 2 ft.: IVM. oval to oblong, to 1 ?4 in. long,
petioled, wrinkled and tomentose. infl. 1-2-tld.; fl«. white.
stenophylhis (C. Loietn). Hybrid between C. monape-
lienna and C. ladaniferus: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 2^ in.
long, sticky, gray-pubescent beneath: infl. 2- or more-fld.;
fls. white with crimson spot at bnse, to 2} j in. across.
symphytifdlius. Shiub to 2 ft,: Ivs. ovate, acuminate,
petioled: fls. claik rose. Canary Ifels.
tauxicus: C. viUosus var.
yilI6sus. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 2^ in. long,
petioled, gray-tomentose beneath: fls. purple or rose, to
2^j in. acioss. Var. tauricus (C. tauncutt), IVH. loosely
connate, not glnnduhir. Var. undulatus (C. creticua),
Ivs. strongly connate, glandular.
CITHAREXYLUM. Verbenocex. Shrubs or
small trees with opposite simple Ivs. and small
fragrant yellow or white fls. in racemes; fr. a
little drupe: planted out-of-doors in the lower S.
They have something the look of wild cherry
trees, and are frequently scon in warm countries.
ilicifolium. Low shrub: Ivs. leathery, to 2 in. long,
entire or spiny-toothed: fin. while, in short racemes.
Ecuador.
spinbsum. FIDDLK -Wooo. Tree to f>0 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in.
long, entire or coarsely toothed: fls. white, in slender
racemes to 1 ft. long. W. Indies.
CITRANGE: see Citrus Fruits (page 184).
CITRANGEQUAT: see Citrua Fruits (page 184).
CITRON: Citrua medico, ; name also applied to a form
of watermelon, for which see Ciirullus.
CITRONELLA: Colhnsonia canadenyis.
CITR6PSIS. AFRICAN CHERRY-ORANGE. Ru-
tacese. Several trop. African small spiny trees
mentioned as stocks for citrus frs. and for hy-
bridizing, and of interest to cultivators: Ivs. with
Citropsis
180
Citrus Fruits
3, 5 or 7 Ifts. and winged rachis and petiole: fls.
large and white, borne in the If. -axils ; stamens
8: fr. small, in clusters. C. Schweinfurthii has
3-5 narrow-lanceolate acute Ifts.: fr. like limes,
1^2 in. diam., sweet.
CITRtJLLUS. Cucurbitacese. Tendril-bearing
arm. and per. vines of a few species in S. and
trop. Afr. and probably Asia, one extensively
cult, for its edible frs.: monoecious: fls. medium-
size, solitary in axils, corolla 5-parted.
vulgar is. WATERMELON, which see. Ann., long-running,
, . ,
hairy: Ivs. pinnately divided or dissected: fls. about
in. across: fr. globular to oblong to cylindric, mottled or
striped green, flesh red. Trop. and S. Afr.: run wild in
different parts of western Hemisphere. Var. citroldes.
CITRON or PRESERVING MELON. Fr. small, with white
hard flesh, used only for preserving: seeds not marked or
marbled (aw they usually are in watermelon).
CfTRUS. Rutacex. Small or medium-sized
mostly evergreen sometimes spiny trees of trop.
and subtrop. Asia and regions beyond, comprising
several much-prized citrus frs., as orange, lemon,
lime, citron: Ivs. compound but reduced to a
single 1ft. (developed Ifts. may appear on young
strong shoots): fls. clustered in the axils or in
cyrnes or sometimes solitary, white or pink and
usually very fragrant; stamens 15 or more: fr.
mostly thick-skinned, 8-15-celled, juicy, pulpy
arid aromatic, the kind of fr. known as a hes-
peridium. Propagated by seeds and by grafting
on seedlings. For cult, see Citrus Fruits.
aurantifdlia (C. Limetta in part). LIMB. Small very
tender tree with sharp spines: Ivs. small, petiole narrowly
winged: fls. white: fr. oval,1 \y^ in. or less diam., thin-skinned
and smooth, greenish-yellow, very acid. Probably India
and S. E. Asia. — Much grown in W. Indies.
Aurantium (C. Biuaradia. C. vulgaria). SOUR or SEVILLE
ORANGE. Medium tree with rather blunt spines: petioles
broadly winged: fls. white: fr. sour, with a hollow core
when ripe, usually with loose skin, globose and some-
what flattened, to 3^ in. diam. Probably Cochin-China. —
C. myrtifoha is a short-jointed narrow-lvd. form, useful as a
pot-plant.
Bergamia. BERG A MOT. Small spiny tree: Ivs. oblong-
oval, petiole winged: fls. small, white: fr. pyriform, sour.
thin-skinned, 3-4 in. diam.-^-Grown in Eu. for the essential
oil and perfume, and sometimes for curiosity here.
Bigaradia: C. Aurantium.
decumana: C. maxima.
deliciftsa: C. nobilia var.
grandis: C. maxima.
ichangensis. Small slender-spined tree from S. W.
(Ichang region) China, grown somewhat as an ornamental
Fla. to Miss.: Ivs. narrow-oblong, not much broader than
the winged petiole: fls. white: fr. lemon-form, 3—4 in. long.
jap6nica: Fortunella japonica.
Lim6tta: C. aurantifolia.
Limdnia. LEMON. Small tree with short spines: Ivs.
long-ovate, petiole not winged: fls. reddish-tinted in
bud: fr. oval or oblong with a terminal nipple, 3-5 in.
long, very sour. Probably farther Asia.
maxima (C. decumana. C. grandis). SHADDOCK. PUM-
MELO. POMPELMOUS. Very tender tree 15-30 ft. high: Ivs.
large, 4-8 in. long, somewhat pubescent underneath, petiole
widely winged: fr. very large, borne singly, flesh coarse-
grained and the segms. often separating readily, oil-glands
of rind few and large. See C. paradisi. Scarcely known in
U. S.; native probably of Malaya and Polynesia.
medica. CITRON. Large thorny shrub or email tree:
Ivs oblong, 4-7 in. long, serrate, petiole wingless: fls. large,
clustered, reddish in bud: fr. oval or oblong, 6-10 in. long,
rough or warty, with scant acid pulp. Probably farther
Asia. The specific name is geographic, from the ancient
country Media. — Grown in S. Eu. for the peel which ia
candied; sometimes planted in Fla. and Calif, for interest,
being a striking fr. The Etrog is a form of C. medica.
mitis. CALAMONDIN or PANAMA ORANGB. Small thick-
topped tree, spineless or with few very short prickles: Ivs.
broad-oval, petiole very narrowly winged: fls. small: fr.
borne on tips of branches, globose or oblate, to 1 % in. diam.,
with loose skin and acid pulp. Philippines. — One of the
hardiest citrus frs.: used same as limes and lemons.
inyrtifdlia: see C. Aurantium.
nobilis. KINO ORANGE. Small tree, thornless or nearly
so, with small lanceolate to oval Ivs. and short petioles
nearly or quite wingless: fls. small and white: fr. oblate,
orange or reddish, with rather loose peel and hollow pith,
sweet or subacid, segms. separating from each other and
from the rough rind. Cochin-China. Var. deliciosa. MAN-
DAHIN and TANGERINE ORANGES. Lvs. willow-like: fr.
small, depressed-globose, with nearly or quite smooth
loose thin skin, yellow to reddish, all parts separating freely.
Sometimes called kid-glove orange. Var. Unshiu. SAT-
BUMA ORANGE. Lvs. broad, large, rounded at apex: fr.
medium, depressed-globose, pulp orange, of fine quality.
Hardiest of the sweet oranges.
paradisi (C. maxima var. uvacarpa). POMELO. GRAPE-
FRUIT. Larger and hardier tree than the pummel o (C.
maxima) with smooth Ivs : frs. large and borne close to-
gether forming clusters, relatively fine-grained, with many
small oil-glands in the rind. Much grown in U. S.; origin
unknown.
ponder6sa; listed name.
sinensis. COMMON or SWEET ORANGE. Medium tree,
with rather blunt spines or none: Ivs. oblong-ovate, more
or less acuminate, petiole narrowly winged: fls. white: fr.
subglobose or oval, with solid core and sweet pulp. China
or Cochin-China. — The Navel orange is a form with
supernumerary carpels.
taitensis. OTAIIBITB ORANGE. Small, usually a little
bush of unknown origin, sometimes grown as a pot plant:
Ivs. oblong to elliptic, finely crenulate, petiole narrowly
winged: fls. piuk outside, fragrant: fr. lemon-shaped,
about 2 in. long, ornamental.
trifoliata: Poncirus trifoliata.
vulgaris: C. Aurantium.
CITRUS FRUITS. The genus Citrus, with
its allies, yields several fruits of major importance
in semi-tropical regions of the world. The
present article presents a general discussion of
citrus fruits from the pomological point of view,
and then separate discussions of certain ones
of them as follows (see also Citrus):
Sweet oranges, page 182
Sour orange, page 183
Calamondm, page 183
Kumquat, page 183
Trifoliate orange, page 183
Grapefruit, page 183
Shaddock, page 183
Lemon, page 184
Lime, page 184
Citrus hybrids, page 184
Among subtropical fruits those belonging to
the citrus group are the most important and
they are grown the world around in regions
suited to them. In the continental United States
they are produced most largely in California and
Florida, and in the Rip Grande Valley in Texas,
and to a lesser extent in Arizona, and the warmer
sections of the Gulf states.
None of these citrus regions is free from the
effects of frost, and the extension of culture
northward is definitely limited by winter tem-
peratures. Within the group, which includes
the lime, lemon, grapefruit, orange, tangerine
or manaarin, satsuma, calamondin and kum-
quat there is a marked variation in their cold
resistance. Roughly they are hardy in_ the
order named and while the lime requires an
almost frostless climate and succeeds well in
the tropics, the kumquat has withstood tem-
peratures down to about 12° or 15° F. Tangerine
iruits are more tender to freezing injury than
oranges, though the wood is more hardy. In-
deed it is doubtful whether the best citrus
fruits of some kinds can be grown outside those
regions in which frosts occur at intervals during
their ripening season. Orchard heating is stan-
dard procedure in the intensive citrus districts
particularly in California. v
Soils varying from very light sand to heavy
Citrus Fruits
sticky clay are capable of producing citrus
fruits. A careful survey of older plantings,
however, makes it plain that many soils on
which groves are planted are not satisfactory
and should have been avoided. If soils are
too light and sandy ^ it is more difficult and
expensive to maintain fertility and the opti-
mum of organic matter so necessary to the
welfare of the trees. On the other hand, those
that are too heavy and sticky are difficult to
handle and are likely to be poorly drained.
The necessity for adequate drainage must be
emphasized, as nothing is more inimical to the
welfare of the trees than the presence of stag-
nant water. A deep mellow rather open soil is
desirable.
Propagation of citrus trees for orchard
planting is by shield-budding desired varieties
on two- or three-year seedling stocks of the
same or other species. Seedling sweet orange,
sour orange, grapefruit, rough lemon ana
trifoliate orange have all been employed, but
propagation is now limited mostly to sour orange,
rough lemon and trifoliate orange. Sour orange
is used for lands of good quality, rough lemon
for light sandy soils, and trifoliate orange for
heavier soils with good moisture supply in the
colder districts. Rough lemon is the most tender
of the three. Seeds are sown in rows or drills
much as are garden peas. They are liberally
supplied with fertilizer and usually the seed-beds
are irrigated. At the end of twelve to eighteen
months, the seedlings are large enough to plant
out in the nursery rows. About 8,000 are set to
an acre. Selection is made at time of transplant-
ing and only the most vigorous seedlings saved.
In the nursery rows they are grown for one or
two years, when they are budded.
Best results follow dormant budding in au-
tumn, thus giving a full growing season when
the buds start in spring. Just before the buds
push out, the stocks are cut off with a sloping
cut. As soon as the buds are started, a stake
is set against each one and the growing shoot
trained and tied to it until a height of 24 to 30
inches is reached, where the top of the bud
growth is cut off to force branching. At the
end of the seasons growth they are ready for
transplanting or they may be allowed to re-
main a year or two longer.
Planting of nursery trees in the grove is
usually in winter^ but to a limited extent they
are also set during the early summer season
in the Southeast. If rains are sufficient and
frequent enough, this can be undertaken suc-
cessfully. The usual planting distances are
25-30 feet for oranges and grapefruit, 20-
25 feet for tangerines and lemons and 15 feet
for kumquats. It is important that trees should
be set no deeper than they grew in the nursery,
with earth well packed about the roots and in
the drier districts watered copiously.
Cover-crops and tillage must receive careful
attention. The maintenance of an adequate
supply of organic matter in citrus soils is im-
portant. It is impossible to keep a planting in
good condition unless the humus is adequate.
In California and other irrigation districts this
is accomplished by growing cover-crops in winter,
while in the southern and southeastern sections
they are commonly grown in the summer season.
In the first instance they are raised in winter
because water is then available, while in the
181
Citrus Fruits
latter they do the useful work of using up the
surplus moisture supplied by summer rains. In
the West the favorite cover-crops are vetch,
Canada field peas and bur clover, while in the
East cowpeas, velvet beans, beggarweed and
crotalaria are used. Occasionally groves are
grown in sod, grass in the East and alfalfa in
the West.
Citrus groves or orchards are usually clean-
tilled in the eastern districts from early spring,
when growth starts after the winter dormant
season until about the first of July, when the
summer rainy season starts; and in the western
irrigation sections throughout the summer.
Once every week or ten days is usually sufficient
to keep down weed growth. Disk, spring-tooth
or acme harrows are employed. In autumn the
groves are either plowed or disked to incor-
porate the summer cover-crop in the soil and
as a safeguard against fire.
Irrigation is essential in the western districts,
with an insufficient rainfall of about 25 inches;
sufficient water is added to meet the requirements
of the trees. Thus a total of 40 to 45 inches is
secured. Irrigation and cultivation are alter-
nated. In the southeastern districts irrigation
is seldom practiced.
Fertilizers are applied to citrus plantings to
supply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash.
In some sections, as in Florida, the use of com-
mercial fertilizer is an important part of suc-
cessful citrus culture. Indeed, there are few
locations in that area where their judicious
and continued use is not necessary, and results
are usually in direct proportion to their liberal
use. In California, on the other hand, soils
commonly contain sufficient phosphorus and
potash and only fertilizers containing nitrogen
are useful.
The common practice in Florida is to make
three applications each year, February, June,
September or October. Young trees receive
applications containing relatively higher amounts
of nitrogen or ammonia, while bearing trees
receive larger amounts of phosphorus or phos-
phoric acia and potash. A standard formula
for young trees in Florida contains 6 per cent
phosphoric acid, 5 per cent potash and 4 per
cent ammonia, while a mixture for fruiting
trees will contain about 8 per cent phosphoric
acid, 10 per cent potash and 3 per cent am-
monia. Trie amount required will depend on the
size and age of the trees and the crop carried.
It will vary from 4 or 5 pounds each for young
trees to 50 or more pounds for old trees in full
bearing. Application may be made by machin-
ery, but fertilizer is more frequently scattered
by hand, being evenly distributed fairly close to
and around young trees and over the whole
surface of the ground in old established groves.
Immediately after being applied the ground
is usually cultivated. In recent years the practice
of supplying certain trace elements to the trees
either as a soil amendment or in the form of a
foliage spray to control certain physiological
disorders has been a spectacular development
in both Florida and California. Zinc, copper,
manganese and magnesium are the principal
trace element supplements used.
Pruning nursery trees, one to three years old,
is by cutting back to 18 to 24 inches at time of
planting, thus insuring low branched heads.
No further pruning is undertaken for a year or
Citrus Fruits
182
Citrus Fruits
two unless to remove sprouts that have come
from below the bud union. The first pruning
after the trees are well established consists in
removing all branches from the original stem
except four or five chosen to form the framework
of the tree.
It is the habit of citrus trees to grow with
shapely symmetrical heads and comparatively
little pruning is required to secure this end. Too
numerous sprouts are removed from time to
time. Dead branches are taken out. If these
are the result of frost injury it is best to allow
sufficient time for new shoots to grow before
pruning away the dead parts; by so doing much
unnecessary labor is avoided. Neglected or
out-of-condition trees can often be rejuvenated
by heading back.
Harvesting, marketing, yields vary greatly
in different regions. Citrus fruits are in the
markets in quantity the year around. The
Florida crop, consisting of oranges and grape-
fruit, is marketed from October 15th to July
1st. California oranges are shipped the year
around, the navel orange crop moving from
November to May and the Valencia oranges
from June to October. Lemons arc harvested
in California to some extent every month in
the year, the heaviest cropping season being in
February, March and April. Limes are har-
vested in greatest quantity in the summer months.
Oranges and grapefruit are allowed to mature
on the trees. If picked g;rcen, development is
checked and the product is unsatisfactory. The
shipment of green fruit is prohibited by law.
Lemons and limes are picked when still green
although they must have reached a certain size
and degree or* maturity. Lemons are cured and
ripened before shipment. Limes are shipped
while still green but have usually colored wholly
or in part when seen on the markets.
Citrus fruits of all kinds are gathered care-
fully to prevent bruising or injury to the rind,
each individual fruit being cut closely with
short stems and smooth cuts. Special clippers
are used for the purpose. As a rule the crop is
prepared for packing in large centralized packing-
nouses by washing and polishing, graded by
hand and sized by machinery, wrapped and
packed by hand in standard boxes. More
recently Florida oranges have been artificially
colored to improve their appearance. Much of
the fruit is waxed to delay dedication and
improve the "finish." Quantities of lower grade
fruit reach the market without wrapping in
boxes or sacks made from netting. When loaded
in cars for shipment the boxes are stood on end
and securely cleated or braced in place to pre-
vent shifting. The bulk of the American crop
is sold through cooperative marketing agencies.
The total crop approximates 90,000,000 boxes
annually. An average of three boxes a tree for
oranges and five boxes for grapefruit is a good
yield at ten to twelve years.
Insects ^ind diseases are numerous, although
many of them are of minor importance. The
greater portion of the damage from year to
year is credited to purple scale, red scale, black
scale, whitefly and rust mite among insects,
and stem-end rot, scab, melanose, anthracnose
and brown-rot among diseases. The fungus
diseases are more troublesome in moist climates
than in dry ones and insects more difficult to
control in dry climates than in moist ones. In
damp climates insects are held in check to a
considerable extent by the attacks upon them
by parasitic fungi.
In the Florida and other southern districts
insect and disease control is almost entirely
by spraying with bordeaux mixture and lime-
sulfur or wettable sulfur wash, while in California
fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is the
favorite method against most insects. The
popular sprays against insects are miscible oil
and lime-sulfur wash. In all sections powdered
sulfur in different combinations is employed
for dusting to control red-spider and rust or
silver mite.
Sweet oranges
The sweet oranges of grove cultivation and
the markets are botanically Citrus sinensis,
of numerous varieties. Products of these plants
far surpass all other citrus fruits in quantity
E reduced and the esteem in which they are
eld. The crop for 1937 produced in Florida was
24,000,000 boxes and 40^461,000 boxes in
California. Its cultivation in these states jpes
back to the earliest beginnings of fruit-growing,
and orange culture with its related industries
has become a commercial enterprise of vast
proportions. Interest in planting and cultivation
has had much to do with the development of
those sections in which oranges are grown.
American markets are supplied almost entirely
from domestic sources.
Orange culture in America was started with
trees raised from seed, and many seedling
plantings are still in bearing. The product of
those groves still makes up a large part of the
Florida midseason crop, while a relatively
smaller amount is still marketed from California.
Many seedling trees have been top-worked.
Numerous seedling varieties have been selected,
propagated by budding and planted, but in
later years the number has been greatly reduced.
A large number of varieties, such as Valen-
cia, Majorca, Jaffa and Ruby were introduced
from Mediterranean countries and elsewhere.
Few of these have gained a permanent place
in grove plantings. As the growing of citrus
fruits has become a great commercial enter-
prise, the standardization of cultural prac-
tices and marketing procedure has made it
necessary to limit more recent plantings to a
smaller number of varieties of proved merit.
Climatic conditions in California make it
possible to cover a twelve-month shipping
season with two varieties, the Bahia or Wash-
ington Navel (from Brazil) covering the period
from November to April and May. and the
Valencia (from Spain) covering the season
from May or June to November. A miscel-
laneous crop of seedling and other varieties is
marketed in May and June.
It is necessary to use a larger number of
varieties in Florida to cover the shipping sea-
son from October to July. In order of their
ripening from early to late the varieties com-
monly planted are Hamlin and Parson Brown,
Homasassa, Pineapple, ^Valencia and Lue Gim
Gong. All except Valencia are seedlings of local
origin.
Of the fruits referable to Citrus nobilis, the
high quality Ifing orange, with a green color
and rough skin, is grown sparingly in Florida
as a fancy fruit. The mandarin or tangerine
Citrus Fruits
oranges (var. delidosa) are of greater importance,
particularly the variety Dancy which is planted
commercially in Florida and is usually available
on northern markets in early winter. The
Satsuma orange (var. Unshiu) is one of the
hardiest citrus fruits when grown on trifoliate
stock and has been planted in northern Florida
and the coastal regions of the Gulf states. Severe
freezes make the growing of even this hardy
variety precarious outside the citrus regions
of Florida.
Sour orange
In Spain the sour orange, Citrus Auranlium,
is grown for its fruit and some of the most
beautiful plantings in that country are of this
species. In America, however, the sour orange
is not a cultivated fruit in the usual accepted
sense of the term. Such trees as occur here and
there are either those that are feral on the
shores of lake and river or in similar locations,
as in Florida, or are to be found in plantings of
sweet oranges when the top variety has died out
and the stock has sprouted and taken its place.
Under these conditions the trees are usually
neglected and ill-kept. The fruit of the sour
orange is valuable in the making of orangeade
and marmalade. For the latter purpose it is
widely and largely employed and the quality
of the product is scarcely surpassed by that
secured from any other citrus. Seedlings are
largely used for stock on which to grow many
other kinds of citrus. The stock is adapted to
heavy and moist soils of good depth; it is very
hardy, remarkably resistant or immune to foot-
rot and gum diseases. On it a high quality fruit
is produced and in a world-wide way it is more
commonly used than any other stock.
Colamondin
The calamondin, Citrus mitis, is unique among
citrus fruits in being the hardiest of the acid
species now grown in America. Its dense head
with bright green leaves, upright habit, and
small fruits resembling tangerines in shape and
color make it one of the most ornamental of
the citrus allies. The fruits are bright orange-red,
1-1 3/£ inches in diameter, with deep orange
flesh., The juice is well flavored and very acid.
It is a valuable garden fruit adapted to those
sections where the Satsuma orange and kumquat
are grown. Among ade-making fruits it is
unsurpassed.
Kumquat
The kumquats, the smallest both in size of
plant and fruit among the citrus in cultivation
m America, are closely related to the genus
Citrus. Commonly they are grown as shrubs,
the largest reaching a height of 12 feet or so
with a head diameter of about 8 feet. The
tops are dense and when well fruited the plants
are very ornamental.
Three kinds representing as many species
are grown. These are Nagami (Fortunella
margarita), Marumi (Fortunella japonica) , Meiwa
(Fortunella crassifolia) . The fruits of Nagami
are oblong, 1J4 by \Y% inches, with acid juice;
those\)f Marumi are round, 1J4 inch in diameter,
acid; those of Meiwa are round, \l/z in^h in
diameter, with sweet rind and almost juiceless
pulp. They are grown as ornr mental shrubs,
the fruits are used for decorations and in the
making of jellies and fine marmalades. They
183
Citrus Fruits
arc propagated on trifoliate orange and rough
lemon stocks and commonly planted 15 feet
apart when grown in orchards.
Trifoliate orange
The trifoliate (trifoliolate) or three-leaved
orange is Poncirus trifoliata (formerly Citrus
trifoliata). The fruit is not eaten but the plant
is prized for its hardiness as an ornamental and
hedge plant, as far north as Washington and
Philadelphia; for use as stocks on which to work
sweet and Satsuma oranges; and as a parent in
hybridization in the procuring of hardy races
and of fruits superior for the making of ades.
Trifoliate seedlings are extensively grown as
orange stocks, to be employed on the northern
limits of orange culture and for moist deep rich
soils.
Grapefruit
Once considered to be of the same species
as the shaddock, the grapefruit or pomelo is
now regarded as a distinct species, Citrus
parodist. The culture of grapefruit, essentially
an American enterprise, has been developed
in Florida to a greater extent than in otner
citrus districts of the continental United States,
although also grown in southern Texas arm
California. Total production in the United
States in 1937 was 26,000,000 boxes. The fruit
was unknown to early European citrus growers;
there is evidence that it originated as a seedling
sport in the West Indies and its introduction
into the United States, probably about 1809, was
much more recent than that of the sour or
sweet orange. The first fruit was marketed
from Florida about 1880 or 1885. Plantings
have been increased greatly, to the point of
serious over-production. The market outlook
has been improved somewhat by the use of
very considerable amounts of fruit in canning
the pulp and juice.
Here and there small seedling grapefruit
groves are to be found, but in a large way the
fruit marketed is the product of budded trees.
The varieties are of Florida origin, selections
from eailier plantings of seedling trees. The
number of varieties introduced from time to
time is much less than that of Kvveet oranges.
Present plantings are usually made with Dun-
can, McCarty, or Marsh. Other varieties are
Walters, Hal!, and occasionally Triumph.
The last is a small-sized early sort. Marsh is
the favorite variety in California. When va-
rieties containing seeds are held late on the
trees, the seeds sprout and the flavor of the
fruit is impaired. Marsh w favored as a late
variety because it is seedless. Duncan is hardy
and unsurpassed in quality. Several pink-
fleshed varieties, including the Foster, Thomp-
son and Pink Marsh, are grown somewhat in
groves and as garden fruits and commercially
in Texas.
Shaddock
This fruit. Citrus maxima, has taken its
name from Captain Shaddock who is credited
with having brought it to Barbados some time
prior to 1707. It is also properly called pum-
melo. In the far East it is known as pampel-
mous. By some writers it has been regarded
as the progenitor of the grapefruit. It is of
no commercial importance in North America but
is occasionally found in the warmer citrus dis-
Citrus Fruits
184
Clarkia
tricts where its large glossy foliage and huge
fruits (sometimes weighing several pounds)
make it an interesting and valued garden
plant. Since it is tender, its cultural range is
limited. In southern Asia the shaddock is
highly esteemed.
Lemon
Of the acid citrus fruits, the lemon (Citrus
Limonia) is the most widely and largely grown
in commercial plantings. The success achieved
in the culture of the lemon in California is one
of the outstanding horticultural developments of
recent years. Elsewhere in American citrus dis-
tricts it is grown only as a garden fruit. At one
time considerable quantities of lemons were
raised in Florida, but a combination of difficulties,
among which may be mentioned cold weather,
scab and other diseases, and troubles in curing,
led to the abandonment of the plantings.
The lemon is hardier than the lime but less
hardy than the orange and, consequently, unless
adequate protection can be given, its cultivation
is limited to warmer locations than are required
for that fruit. In addition to this lack of hardiness
the lemon is perhaps less resistant to certain
diseases than either the orange or grapefruit.
Lemons are picked green when they have reached
a diameter over 2J4 inches. This is determined
by passing them through a ring of that size.
Those that pass through are allowed to remain
and increase in size. They are cured to shrivel
the rind and become light yellow in color before
marketing. The greater care in picking and
curing add materially to the cost of handling.
Losses sometimes occur in curing.
The principal varieties planted in California
are Lisbon and Eureka. The latter is the
favorite. In Florida the variety usually planted
is Villa Franca. Recently the Perrine, a lime-
lemon hybrid, has seemed promising.
Lime
The acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is a dis-
tinctly tropical fruit. It is grown in the tropics
the world around and, because it is very tender,
its culture does not extend far outside that
region. In southern California it is grown as a
homo-garden fruit, while in extreme southern
Florida it is a crop of considerable importance.
It is also grown in the latter state as a garden
fruit for considerable distances north of the
commercial areas.
The greater part of the lime crop that finds
its way into the markets both from Florida
and from the tropics is the product of seedling
trees. Usually this fruit is named for the point
of origin, as Key, West Indian, or Mexican
lime. The trees are very thorny and very
thick-headed and receive a minimum of at-
tention in pruning, cultivation and fertilizer;
they are much like wild trees. The fruit is thin-
skinned, round, about 1J^ inches in diameter,
and very acid. It is produced to some extent
the year around but the season of heaviest
production is the summer months. The Tahitian
limes, apparently a distinct race or type, are
larger, resembling small-fruited lemons. On
rough lemon stock they are grown in small
plantings for home use and local market. The
Bearss, a variety grown in California, is of this
type. Rangpur from India is not a true lime
and is much hardier. It is orange-red in color,
aromatic, and very acid.
Citrus hybrids
Citrus hybrids are many. By far the most
important are the tangelos obtained by crossing
the grapefruit and the tangerine in various ways.
The fruits of many of these are of good size,
beautifully colored and of excellent flavor and
aroma. Unfortunately they have the disadvan-
tage of being too tender to stand up under long-
distance shipment and are mostly limited to
local market and home use. Among the varieties
listed are the Sampson, Thornton, Seminole and
Mineola.
The citrange is a hybrid between the sweet
and the trifoliate orange. The plants are hardier
than oranges and on trifoliate stock may be
grown in southern Georgia and the southern
part of the cotton belt. The acid orange-like
fruits 2-3 inches in diameter are used for ades
and culinary purposes. Named varieties are
the Coleman, Morton and Rusk. The citrange-
quats are secondary hybrids produced by
crossing the citrange with the kumquat. They
are useful for ades and marmalades and be-
cause of their hardiness may be grown north
of the citrus belt.
Hybrids of the Marumi kumquat and the
West Indian lime have been named "limequats."
One variety, the Eustis, has light yellow oval
fruits about 2 inches long that are agreeably
acid. Propagated on trifoliate orange stock
they have about the same cultural range as
the kumquat.
The citrus breeding work of the federal and
state experiment stations has produced many
new and promising hybrids that have not been
tested as to their merit. A good summary is
given in the United States Department of
Agriculture Yearbook of Agriculture for 1937.
CLADANTHUS. Compositx. One herbaceous
strong-smelling arm. native in S. Spain and
Morocco and sometimes grown in the flower-
garden. C. arabicus (C. proliferus. Anthemis
arabica). To 3J^ ft. : Ivs. alternate, finely divided :
heads solitary and others arising from beneath
them, yellow, of ray- and disk-fls.; pappus none.
CLADOTHAMNUS. Ericacex. One decid-
uous shrub native Alaska to Ore. and sometimes
planted, related to Ledum and Elliottia. C.
pyrolsefldrus. To 10 ft., much branched: Ivs.
alternate, obovate-oblong, to 3 in. long, entire:
fls. pink, to 1 in. across, usually solitary.
CLADRASTIS. YELLOW-WOOD. Lcguminosde.
Deciduous trees native in N. Amer. and E. Asia,
with pinnate Ivs. and alternate Ifts., white
papilionaceous fls. in usually panicled racemes,
and flattened pods; planted for ornament. See
Maackia.
Propagated by seeds in spring, and by root-cuttings
kept over winter in moderately cool and moist sand or moss.
amurensis: Maackia amurensis.
Ifttea (C. tinctona. Virgiha lutea). To 50 ft.: Ivs. of
7-9 ovate Ifts.: fls. 1 in. long, fragrant, in June: pods to
4 in. long. S. E. U. S.
platycarpa (Sophora platycarpa). To 60 ft.: Ivs. of 7-15
ovate Uta.: fls. H in. long, white with yellow spot at base:
pods to 3 in. long, winged all around. Japan.
sin£nsis. To 80 ft.: Ivs. of 9-13 oblong Ifts.: fls. ft in.
long, June-July: pods to 3 in. long. China.
tinctdria: C. lutea.
CLARKIA. \ Onagracese. Ann. herbs with
alternate Ivs., rose or purple showy fls. in ra-
cemes or solitary, and linear capsular frs.
Clarkia
185
Clematis
Grown in flower-gardens and latterly as greenhouse
subjects for winter and spring bloom. Of easy cultivation
in sunny situations. Propagated by seeds sown where
plants are to stand in the open.
alba: listed name of a hort. form.
Brdweri (Eucharidium Breweri). FAIRY FANS. To 9 in.:
Ivs. lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fis. deep pink, petals fan-shaped,
3-lobed, middle lobe much narrower than lateral ones.
Calif.
conclnna (C. grandiflora. Eucharidium concinnum,
E. grandiflorum). RED RIBBONS. To 2 ft.: IVB. ovate-
lanceolate to elliptical, to 2^ in- long: fls. deep pink to
lavender, petals fan-shaped, 3-lobed, middle lobe as wide
as lateral ones. Calif.
Slogans. To 3 ft. (more under glass), with reddish
glaucous sts.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate: fls. purple or
rose or white in var. alba, sometimes double; claws of
petals not toothed or notched. Calif. Var. salmdnea, fls.
salmon -pink.
grandiflora: C. concinna.
pulchella. To \H ft.: Ivs. linear to linear-lanceolate:
fls. lilac varying to white in var. alba, the claws of petals
toothed. B. C. to Calif. Var. holop6tala (var. integripetala)
has entire petals. Var. marginata has claws of petals
notched at tip.
CLARY: Salvia Sclarea.
CLASPING: leaf partly or wholly surrounding stem.
CLAUSfeNA. Rutaceae. Several species of
spineless trees in trop. Asia, Australia and
Afr., with pinnate Ivs. and small fls. in racemes
or terminal panicles; stamens 8-10: fr. berry-
like, small and globose, 4-5-celled. C. punctfcta
(C. Lansiwn. C. Wampi). WAMPI. Small tree
sometimes planted far S. for ornament or interest:
Ifts. 5-9, ovate-elliptic, more or less punctate:
fr. ovate-globose, about 1 in. long. China,
where it is sometimes cult, as a fruit-tree; can
be grafted on Citrus.
CLAVATE: club-shaped; said of a long body thickened
toward the top.
CLAVEL DE LA INDIA: Ervatamia coronana.
CLAVljA. Theophrastaccas. Evergreen trees
or shrubs with unbranched trunk bearing at
top a cluster of stiff simple Ivs. with spike-like
racemes of unisexual fls. in the axils; fls. white,
yellow or orange; native in trop. Arner. and one
intro. in S. Calif. Propagated by seeds and
cuttings of half -ripe wood.
Iongif61ia fC. ornato). Dioecious tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. to
2 ft. long ana 6 in. wide, with few spiny teeth: fls. small,
deep orange, the staminate fragrant, in drooping racemes
to 10 in. long. Trinidad, S. Amer.
orn&ta: C. longi folia.
CLAW: the long narrow petiole-like base of petals or
sepals in some flowers.
CLAYTONIA. SPRING BEAUTY. Portulacacese.
Succulent little spring-blooming perennials hav-
ing deep-seated hard corm or tuber, 2-1 vd. sts..
white or rose fls. in terminal racemes, ana
capsular frs.; sometimes transplanted from the
wild to moist shady positions and rock-gardens.
caroliniana. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. broad in middle, to ^ in.,
obtuse, those on st. with distinct petiole. E. N. Amer.
megarrhiza. Per., sts. and Ivs. from fleshy root: basal
Ivs. spa tula te with margined petioles, to 6 in. long: fls.
pink or white, sessile, in 3-7-fld. corymbs. Wash, to New
Mex.
multiscapa. To 6 in.: basal Ivs. narrowly oblong to
oblanceolate, to 2 in. long, st.-lvs. lanceolate, shorter:
fls. white with purple veins, sepals rhombic-ovate. Iowa
to Mont.
nival is. To 3 in., with tap-root, corm absent: basal Ivs.
very fleshy, in rosette, spatulate, to 3 in. long: fls. rose-
pink, to % in. across, in 3-7-fld. corymbs on pedicels
about H in. long, sepals ovate, H in. long. Wash.
parvifldra: Montia parviflora.
perfoliata: Montia per foliata.
rosea. To 4 in. or more: Ivs. rarely basal, spatulate, to
2 in. long, sessile: fls. rose-pink, sepals rounded-ovate, }>i in.
long or less. Colo, to Utah and Wyo.
Swedtseri: see Montia Sweetseri.
virgfnica. Per., sts. to 1 ft. long: Ivs. linear or linear-
lanceolate. to 5 in. long, about ££ in. broad: fls. white
tinged witn pink, ^ in. across. E. N. Amer.
CLEfSTES. Orchidacex. A small genus of
terrestrial American orchids closely allied to
Pogonia and Isotria, differing from Pogonia
in having compound pollen-grams which cohere
in 4's and from Isotria in having its Ivs. solitary
or alternate, not whorled. One species, C.
divariciita (Pogonia divaricata) is cult. To 2J£
ft.: If. oblong or lanceolate-elliptic, to 6 in. long:
petals pale salmon-pink, elliptic-lanceolate,
sepals narrower and darker colored, lip greenish
with purple veins, not bearded. Apr.-July.
N. J. to Fla. and Ala.
CLEISTOCACTUS. Cactacese. Slender erect
or clambering plants known by the fl. remaining
closed or the perianth-limb not expanding, of
S. S. Amer.: spines many and slender and very
sharp; ribs many, not prominent, the areoles
close together: fls. orange-red. See Cacti.
areplatus. Sts. columnar; ribs 12, acute, shallow.
conspicuously notched; radial spines 9-10, slender; central
2-4, stout. Andes.
aureus: Erdisia Meyenii.
Baumannii (Cereus Baumannii and colubrinus). Sts.
columnar and flexuose, to 0 ft. and 1^4 in. diam., with few
erect branches and fascicled yellow-broyvn spines most
of them about ^ in. long; ribs usually 14 with yellow-brown
areoles: fls. orange-scarlet, to 3 in. long: fr. a small red
berry. Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina. Var. colubrlnus
is listed and may not be distinct from the typical form,
although said to differ in its slightly thicker and darker
green sts. and longer nearly black spines.
Buchtienii: C. llerzogianua var.
Herzogianus. Treelike, to 7 ft., sts. to 2 in. diam., dull
gray-green; ribs usually 11. obtuse and slightly notched:
radial spines usually 8, to ft in. long: 1 central spine to %
in. long, all pale yellow: fls. bright red, to 2 in. long or less:
fr. pinkish-orange. Bolivia. Var. Buchtienii is listed with
wine-rod fls. to 2^ in. long and 12 radial spines with central
spine to 1 ^ in. long.
Morawetzianus. Much branched shrub to 7 ft., sts.
erect, gray-green; spinea golden-yellow becoming grayish:
fls. white, to 2 in. long and % in. diam., cylindrical, style
long-exaerted. Peru.
RoSzlii. Erect, sts. to 2 in, diam.; ribs about 9, low,
rounded, notched, areoles white-woolly; radial spines 10-12,
slender, glossy-white; central 1, to 54 i.n- long: fls. brick-
red, to 2 in. long, tube somewhat constricted. Bolivia.
smaragdifldrus. Sts. to 1 in. diam.; ribs 12-14; central
spines to % in. long: fls. to 2 in. long, outer petals emerald-
green, inner ones orange-rod. Argentina.
Straussii (Borzicactus, Cereus and Pilocereus Straussii).
Sts. erect to 3U ft., light green; ribs usually 23-27, shallow;
trade aa ia var. tupiz6nsis (C. tupizenais), a red-spined form
with somewhat paler red fls.
tupiz6nsis: C. Strausmi var.
CLEISTOGAMOUS FLOWERS: small closed self-
fertilized flowers, as in some violets; they are mostly on or
under the ground.
CLEISTOYUCCA: Yucca.
CLEMATIS. CLEMATIS. VIRGINS-BOWER.
Ranunculacex. Per. herbs or woody climbing
vines with opposite usually compound Ivs.,
solitary or panicled fls. "vithout petals but with
petal-like sepals and numerous stamens (unless
otherwise stated the fls. open wide and flat),
and fr. an achene with commonly a long feathery
style; mostly native in the north temp, zone,
and many 01 them much prized for ornament.
Clematis prospers in fertile light loamy soil which is
well drained. Propagated by stratified seeds, layers,
division, and cuttings under glass in summer. Varieties
may be grafted on roots of C. Flammula or C. Viticetta;
roots should be taken from plants out-of-doors to avoid
Clematis
186
Clematis
nematode infection, and cions from those grown in a
greenhouse.
Some clematises are perennial herbs and should be
treated as such in the border. Others are small-flowered
woody vines not much modified by domestication, planted
for permanent cover of fen res, arbors and porches. Others
are large-flowered vines used extensively in the development
of horticultural hybrids.
These hybrids are segregated into three groups, with
the divisions based on the nature of growth and time of
blossoming They are: (1) the Florida group, whose flowers
appear on old wood in summer; (2) the Patens group, whose
flowers appear on old wood in spring ; and (3) the Jackmanii
type (including also those of C. lanuginosa and C. Viticella
parentage) which blossom on new wood during summer
and autumn. The plants of all three groups should be
grown on trellises or posts.
Plants of the Florida group should be pruned lightly
iind not too frequently. Members of this group in cul-
tivation include: Banllet-Descharnps, Belle of Woking,
Cornete, Coste et I^a Brix, Duchess of Edinburgh, En-
chantress, Lucie Lemoine, Mrne. Alfred Bourneau, Mme.
Andre Lecaux, Mme. Chas. Lecaux, Mme. Jouannet, Mme.
Victor Vanderrnarcq, Miss Cavell, Proteus, Soldat Inconnu,
T. J. Patyn, Undine, Venus Victrix, Ville de Limoges.
Plants of the Patens group should be treated as the
above and include, among others, the following named
forms: Baronno de Verdiers, Countess of Lovelaces, Duke
of Buccleigh, Edith Jackman, Edouard Defosse, Etoile de
Paris, Fair Rosamond, King of the Belgians, Lady Loudes-
borough, LaLorruine, Lasurstern, La Cid, Lord Gifford,
Lord Napier, Miss Batemari, Miss Crawshay, M. Koster,
Monstrosa, Mrs. Qmlter, Nelly Koster, Sir Garnet Wo 1st1 ley,
Standishii, Stella, The Bride, The Queen, Uranus, Violacea.
Those plants that bloom on wood of the current season
should be pruned to the ground during the dormant period.
Generally speaking, these plants are more resistant to
extreme cold than arc the other large-flowered hybrids.
Members of this group include such forms as: Admiration,
Alexandra, ascotierisis, Beauty of Worcester, Comtesse de
Bouchard, Countess of Onslow, Crimson King, Duchess
of Albany, Duchess of York, Elsa Spath, Empress of
India, Gipsy Queen, Henryi, Jackmannii superba, lan-
uginosa Candida, Lady Caroline Neville, Lawsoniana,
Lord Neville, Mme. Baron- Vcillard, Mme. Edouard Andre,
Mrs. Cholmondeley, Nelly Moser, Prince Hendick, Ramona,
Ville de Lyon, William Kennett.
Mobt of these hybrids succeed best when planted in
partial shade, in well-drained soil to which some lime has
been added. It is advisable to provide the base of the
steins with some protection against mechanical injury
until plants are well established. In regions where the
ground freezes about the roots clematis will not be seriously
infested with the nematode disease.
Addisonii. Per. herb to 3 ft.: lower Ivs. simple and
sessile, upper Iva. pinnate: fls. red to bluish-purple, nodding,
solitary, sepals thick and leathery. May-Aug. Va., Tenn.
and N. C.
eethusifolia. Climbing to 6 ft.: Ivs. 1- or 2-pinnate into
small deeply cut Ifts.: fls. pale yellow, % in. long, in few-
fid, clusters. Aug.-Sept. Chirm, Manchuria. Var. latis£cta
has 1 -pinnate IVM. with Ifts. often deeply lobed, fls. white.
afoliata. Climbing, sts. leafless: Ivs. of young plants of
3 minute Ifts.: fls. greenish-white, to ^ in. across, in few-
fid, clusters. New Zeal.
akebioldes: A. glauca var.
alpma (Atragene nlfnna). Climbing to 6 ft.: Ivs. usually
biternate, Ifts. coarsely toothed: fla. violet-blue, 1^ in.
long, solitary, spring. Eu., Asia. Var. occidentalis is C.
pseudoalpiiui. Var. sibirica. Fls. yellowish-white. Siberia.
angustifdlia. To 3 ft.: lys. of few or many narrow entire
glabrous Ifts.: fls. yellowish-white, 1^-2 in. across, in
loose terminal panicles. Asia, S. Eu.
apiif61ia. Climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs. of 3 toothed or lobed
Ifts., sometimes biternate: fls. white, about ^ in. across,
in axillary panicles. Sept.-Oct. Japan.
aristata. Dioecious evergreen vine to 30 ft.: Ivs. ternate,
margins briefly and sparsely serrate: fls. white, campanulate,
erect, to ?£ in. across, in corymbs of 4-7, peduncles shorter
than Ivs. Australia.
Armandii. Evergreen, climbing to 15 ft.: Ivs. of 3 entire
leathery Ifts.: fls. white, to 2^> in. across, in axillary leafless
panicles, in spring. China. Var. Farquhariana has light
pink fls.
aromatica. Hybrid between C. Plammula and C. integ-
rifolia: upright, to G ft.: fls. bluish-violet, fragrant, to
1 ^ in. across, in terminal cymes. July-Sept.
ascotilnsis. Hybrid with large azure-blue fls. having
greenish-white band down center of back of each sepal.
June-Aug.
aus trails. Climbing: Ivs. ternate, Ifts. pinnate: fls.
white, to 1 in. across, in few-fld. panicles or solitary. New
Zea1
Baldwinii (Viorna Baldurinii). PINE-HTACINTH. Erect
herb to 1^ ft.: Ivs. simple or the upper ones of 3 Ifts.:
fls. urn-shaped, purple or pinkish, about 1 in. long, solitary
and nodding, in early spring. Fla.
balearica. Climbing: Ivs. of 3 toothed or 3-lobed Ifts.:
fls. greenish-yellow spotted with red inside, in spring. S.
Eu., Asia Minor.
Beadlei (Viorna Beadlei). Vine, sts. pubescent at nodes:
Ifta. ovate to lanceolate, to 3 in. long, usually lobed, acute
to acuminate: fls. to 1 in. long. Mts. of Tenn. to Ga.
brachiata. Climbing: Ivs. 1-2-pinnate into coarsely
toothed Ifts.: fls. greenish-white, fragrant, to 1^ in. across,
in axillary panicles. S. Afr.
brevicaudata. Climbing: Ivs. bipinnate, Ifts. toothed
or entire: fls. white, to % in. across, in axillary cymes.
Aug.-Oct. Manchuria, W. China.
Buchananiana. Climbing, hairy: Ivs. pinnate into
toothed or lobed Ifts.: fls. to 3 in. across, in panicles.
Himalayas.
cserulea: C. patens.
campaniflora. Climbing to 20 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate into
entire or lobed Ifts : fls. white, to 1 in. across, nodding.
July-Aug. Portugal.
Catesbyana (C. holoxencea') . Climbing: Ivs. mostly
biternate, Ifts. lobed or entire: fls. white, 1 in. across, in
panicles, spring and summer. S. C. to Fla. and Miss.
chin£nsis. Climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs. of usually 5 entire
Ifts.: fls. white, to % m. across, in axillary leafless panicles.
China to Indo-China.
chrysocoma. Erect or climbing to 20 ft.: Ivs. of 2
coarsely toothed or 3-lobed Ifts., yellow-pubescent: fls.
white or pinkish, 2 in. across, in clusters. June-Sept.
China. Var. sericea (C. Spoonen). Fls. to 3^ in. across,
from old wood.
cirrhdsa. Climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs. simple, toothed or
sometimes lobed: fls. yellowish-white, to 2 in. across,
1-2 in the axils. Mar.-May. S. Eu., Asia Minor. Var.
heterophylla is listed.
coccinea: C. texenms.
Colens6i. Climbing: Ivs. of 3 toothed, lobed or divided
Ifts.: fls. greenish-yellow, to 1 in. across, in panicles or
solitary. New Zeal.
columbiana: the western representative of C. verticillaris:
fls. blue or purple, with narrow pointed sepals and narrow
mostly entire Ifts.
conn&ta. Climbing to 25 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, glabrous, Ifts.
ovate-lanceolate, toothed or rarely 3-lobed, frequently
connate, petioles dilated at base: fls. pale yellow, 1 in.
across, m panicles. Aug.-Sept. Himalayas, China.
crispa (C. cyhndrica. Viorna crispa). Climbing to 10ft.:
Ivs. of 3-7 thin entire or lobed Ifts : fls. urn-shaped, bluish-
Surple, to 1^2 in- l°ng, solitary and nodding, fragrant,
une—Sept.: achenes without plumose styles. Va. to Fla.
and Tex. Var. Walteri. Lfts. linear or linear-lanceolate.
cylindrica: C. crispa.
Davidiana: C heraclearfolia var.
Delavayi. Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, Ifts. entire, silvery-
white underneath: fls. white, 1 in. across, silky outside, m
terminal cymes. July-Aug. China.
dioscoreaefdlia: C. paniculata var.
Douglasii. Erect herb to 2 ft.: Ivs. 2- or 3-pinnate into
linear or linear-lanceolate Ifts.: fls. tubular, purple inside,
paler outside, to 1}£ m- l°ng, solitary, calyx elongate-
campanulate, distal fourth of sepals spreading. May- July.
Colo, to Wash. — By some authorities this is treated as
synonymous with C. hirsutissima, a plant now placed in
the genus Anemone. Var. Sc6ttii is C. Scottii.
Drummondii. Climbing, ashy-pubescent: Ivs. pinnate,
Ifts. coarsely cut: fls. white, % in. across, in cymes or
solitary. Sept. Tex. to Anz.
Durdndii. Hybrid between C. Jackmanii and (7. tn-
tegrifolia: climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs. simple: fls. violet-blue,
to 5 in. across. June-Sept.
erecta: C. recta.
eri6phora (Viorna eriophora'). Erect white-hairy herb
to l}i ft.: Ivs. 2-pinnate into linear Ifts.: fls. bell-shaped,
purple, about 1 in. long, solitary and nodding. May-
June. Wyo. to New Mex.
eriostemon (C. Hendersbnii. C. intermedia). Hybrid
between C. Viticellz and C. integrifolia: subshrub to 10 ft.
with blue fls. to 2% in. across.
Fargesii. Climbing to 20 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate, Ifts. cut or
lobed: fls. white, to 2 in. across, in cymes or solitary.
June-Sept. Chma.
Flimmula. Climbing to 15 ft.: Ivs. 2-feinnate, the Ifts.
entire or lobed: fla. white, fragrant, about % in. across, in
Clematis
187
Clematis
many-fld. panicles. Aug.-Oct. Medit. region to Persia.
Var. rdsea-purpurea, fls. listed as rose-colored. Var.
rotundifdlia has Ifts. broader than type.
fl6rida. Climbing to 12 ft.: Ivs. usually biternate, the
Ifts. entire or lobed: fls. creamy-white with green band on
back and purple stamens, to 4 in. across, solitary ^ June-
July: styles not plumose. Cent. China. In var. plena the
fls. are double. In var. Sifcboldii (C, Sieboldii) part of the
stamens are changed to purple staminodia.
foetida. Climbing: Ivs. of 3 entire or lobed Ifts.: fls.
yellowish, fragrant, to }£ m- across, in branched panicles.
New Zeal.
Fdrtunei: C. patens var.
Fremontii (Viorna Fremontii). Erect herb to 1H ft.:
Ivs. simple, leathery and reticulated, sessile: fls. bell-
shaped, purple, 1 in. long, solitary and nodding, spring and
shaped, purple, 1 in. lo
summer. Mo. to Neb.
fruticdsa. Erect shrub: Ivs. simple, lanceolate, entire or
cut-toothed: fls. yellow, in clusters of 1-4. Cent. Asia.
fusca. Climbing to 15 ft.: Ivs. of 5-7 entire Ifts.: fls.
violet, brownish-pubescent outsidCj 1 in. long, solitary,
nodding. June-Aug. Asia. Var. violacea, fls. violet out-
side.
Gattingeri (Viorna Gattingeri). Climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs.
pinnate, pubescent and glandular: fls. purple, ^ in. long,
summer. Tenn.
Gebleriana: C, songarica.
gentianoides. Sts. prostrate or creeping, to 4 ft.: Ivs.
simple or of 3 ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate Ifts.: fls. white,
solitary or few. Tasmania.
glauca. Climbing: Ivs. 1-2-pinnate, Ifts. 2- 3-lobed: fls.
yellow, to 2 in. across, solitary or few. Aug.-Sept. China,
Siberia. Var. akebioides has broad toothed Ifts. and bronzy-
yellow fls. Var. angustifdlia has narrow Ifts.
globuldsa. Hybrid between C. Scottii and C. texensis:
fls. deep purple.
Gouriana. Climbing: Ivs. of 5-7 Ifts.: fls. white, }£ in.
across, in large panicles. Himalayas, China. Var. Fine'tii
has glabrous foliage.
grandifldra. Slender climber: Ivs. usually pinnately
5-foliolate, Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, broadly
crenate-toothed to denticulate, teeth mucronate: fls.
greenish, to 1% in. long, solitary, axillary, sepals nearly
erect. Trop. Afr.
grata. Climbing: Ivs. usually of 5 coarsely toothed Ifts.:
fls. white, to % in. across, in panicles, sepals spreading.
Sept.-Oct. Himalayas. Var. argentilucida (var. grandi-
dentata) has larger and more coarsely toothed Ifts., with
fls. to 1 in. across. W. China. Reported to be a more vigor-
ous grower than type.
graveolens: C. orientalis.
grewiaefldra. Climbing, tomentose: Ivs. of 3-5 toothed
or lobed Ifts.: fls. tawny-yellow, 1^ in. long. Himalayas.
Hendersonii: C. errostemon.
He"nryi: C. Lawsoniana var.
heracleeefdlia (C. tubulosa). Erect herb to 4 ft., woody at
base: Iva. of 3 large coarsely toothed Ifts.: fls. tubular,
polygamous, to 1 in. lonjr, blue, in axillary clusters. Aug.-
Sept. China. Var. Davidiana (C7. Davidiana) has dioecious
fragrant deep blue fls.
hexasepala. Climbing: Ivs. of 3 toothed or lobed leathery
Ifts.: fls. white, to 1H in- across, in panicles. New Zeal.
Hilarii. Climbing: Ivs. of 3 toothed or 3-lobed Ifts.: fls.
dioecious, in few-fld. panicles. Brazil.
hirsutissima: Anemone patens.
holosericea: C. Catesbyana.
indivisa. Climbing, with thick woody sts.: Ivs. of 3
leathery entire or lobed Ifts.: fls. dioecious, white, to 4 in.
across, in axillary panicles, in spring, or winter when grown
indoors. New Zeal. Var. lobata is listed.
instrfcta: listed name of no known botanical standing.
integrifdlia. Erect herb or subshrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. thin,
simple and entire, sessile: fls. urn-shaped, blue, to 1^ in.
long, solitary and nodding. June-July. Eu., Asia.
intermedia: C. eriostemon.
Jackmanii. A group of hybrids between C. lanuginosa
C. Viticella: climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs. pinnate or the
upper simple: fls. violet-purple, to 6 in. across, usually in
3's and forming terminal panicles. Listed color forms in-
clude alba, purpurea supe"rba and rubra. See introductory
paragraph for other names having this parentage.
Jouiniana. Hybrid between C. heradesefolia and C.
Vittilba: climbing: fls. white or lilac, 1 in. across, in large
panicles. Aug.-Oct.
jubata. To 3 ft., herbaceous: Ifts. ovate or heart-shaped,
glaucous when young: fls. white or cream, fragrant, in
large terminal panicles, early summer. Habitat unknown.
koreana. Prostrate: Ivs. of 3 toothed Ifts. which are
lobed or parted: fls. yellow or violet, solitary and nodding.
Korea. Var. lutea, fls. creamy-yellow with dark centers,
fragrant. July-Get.
lancif&lia. Shrub to 15 in.: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, leathery, deep green: fls. 1 in. across, solitary.
China.
lanugindsa. Climbing to 6 ft.: Ivs. simple or of 3 entire
Ifts.: fls. lavender or white, to 8 in. across, 1-3 together.
July- Sept. China. Var. Candida, fls. white with light
purplish shading around sepal margins.
lasiandra. Climbing to 15 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate, Ifts.
toothed: fls. whitish or dull violet, ^ in. long, solitary or
few. Aug.-Sept. China.
lasiantha. PIPESTEM C. Climbing: Ivs. of 3 coarsely
toothed or lobed Ifts.: fls. polygamous, \\hite, to 2>£ in.
across, fragrant, 1-3 together. Apr.-May. Calif.
Lawsoniana. A group of hybrids between' C. lanuginosa
and C. patens: Ivs. usually ternate: fls. rose-purple with
darker veins, to 6 in. across, solitary. Var. Henryi (C.
Henryi) has creamy- white fls.
ligusticif&lia. Climbing to 20 ft.: Ivs. of 5-7 coarsely
toothed or 3-lobed Ifts.: fls. dioecious, \\hite, % in. across,
in cymes. Aug.-Sept. B. C. to Calif, and New Mex.
lilacina floribunda: listed as a la^ge-fld. hybrid.
macrope'tala. Climbing: Ifts. deeply toothed or lobed:
fls. violet, 2 in. long, solitary. China, Siberia.
mandschurica: C. recta var.
marata. Tall evergreen vine: Ivs. dark brownish-green,
ternate, Ifts. linear, to 1 in. long: fls. greenish-yellow, to
1 in. across, fragrant, abundant in long panicles. New
Zeal.
Meyeniana. Climbing: Ivs. of 3 entire leathery Ifts.:
fls. white, to 1 in. across, in many-fld. panicles, summer.
Asia.
microphylla. Climbing: Ivs. 2-3-ternate into small Ifts.:
fls. cream-colored, % m- l°ng» in short panicles. Australia.
missourie'nsis: C. virginiana var.
montana. Climbing to 25 ft.: Ivs. of 3 cut-toothed Ifts.,
fls. white turning pink, with yellow stamens, to 2 in. across:
in 1-5-fld. clusters, fragrant. May-June. Himalayas,
China. Var. ilba, ns. white. Var. grandifldra lias fls. to
3 in. across. Var. lilacina, fls. bluish-lilac. Var. perfgcta,
fls. bluish-white, large. Var. platyphylla is listed. Var.
rubens, fls. rose or pink, Ivs. purplish. Var. undulata is a
cross between C. montana and C. aracihfotia, with large
bluish-white fls. Var. Wilsonii has fls. to 3 in. across.
ochroleuca (C. ovata. Viorna ochroleuca and ovata).
Erect herb to 2 ft.: Ivs. simple, entire, sessile, base rounded
or cordate: fls. yellowish- white 01 sometimes suffused with
purple, to 1 in. long, nodding, solitary, sepals silky outside:
achenes with yellowish-brown plumes. May-June. N. Y,
to Ga.
(3lgse: said to be an oriental form of C. integrifolia.
orientalis (C. graveolens). Climbing to 20 ft.: Ivs. pinnate
or biiJinnate, the Ifts. coarsely toothed or lobed: fls. yellow,
to 2 in. across, solitary or in few-fld. clusters. Aug.-Sept.
Persia to Himalayas.
ovata: <7. ochroleuca.
paniculata. Climbing to 30 ft.: Ivs. of 3-5 entire or lobed
Ifts.: fls. white, about 1 in. across, fragrant, in many-fld.
panicles. Sept.- Oct. Japan. Var. dioscoreeefdlia (C.
dioscoreaefoha) has heart-snaped Ifts. and broader sepals.
Var. grandiflora is an improved or selected form.
patens (C. cserulea). Climbing to 12 ft.: Ivs. of 3-5 entire
Ifts.: fls. violet to white, to 6 in. across, solitary. May-
June. Japan. Var. Fdrtunei (C. Fortunei). Fls. creamy-
white turning pink, to 5 in. across. Var. grandifldra has
larger fls. Var. Standishii. Fls. lilac-blue: Ifts. 3.
pauciflora. Climbing: Ivs. of 5-9 toothed or lobed Ifts.:
fls. white, to 1 in. across, usually solitary. Mar.-Apr.
S.Calif.
Pitcher! (Viorna Pitcheri. C. and Viorna Simni).
Climbing: Ivs. of 3-7 entire or lobed Ifts., the terminal one
sometimes a tendril: fls. urn-shaped, purplish, to 1 in. long,
solitary, in summer: achenes without plumose style. Ina.
to Neb. and Tex. Var. Sargentii has smaller and paler fls.
than type and Ifts. rarely lobed.
pseudoalpina (C. almna var. occidentalis) . Climbing:
Ivs. biternate, Ifts. lobea or cut-toothed: fls purple or blue,
to 2 in. long, solitary. Colo., Utah, New Mex.
pseudoflammula. To 5 ft., upright: fls. creamy-white,
fragrant. Aug. Caucasus.
pu be" scene. Climbing: Ivs. of 3 slightly toothed or entire
Ifts.: fls. white, in panicles. Mex.
re"cta (C. erecta). Erect or ascending herb to 5 ft.: Ivs.
of 5-9 entire Ifts.: fls. white, to 1 in. across, fragrant, in
many-fld. terminal panicles, in summer. S. Eu. Var.
fdliis purpureis has dark brownish-red foliage. Var. grandi-
fidra, fls. white, to 2 in. across. Var. mandschurica (C.
Clematis
188
Clerodendrum
mandschurica) has sts. decumbent and longer with terminal
and axillary panicles. Var. plena has double fls. Other
listed forms are hiapanica, lathyn folia.
Rehaeriana. Climbing to 25 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, Ifte.
toothed or 3-lobed, silky beneath: fls. pale yellow, fragrant,
^ in. long, nodding, in short panicles. Aug.-Oct. China.
reticulata (Viorna reticulata). Climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs.
of 3-7 entire leathery reticulated Ifts.: fls. urn-shaped,
yellowish outside, pale violet within, about *A in. long,
solitary and nodding. July. S. C. to Fla. and Tex.
Scottii (Viorna Scottii). Erect herb to 1H **••' IVB. bi-
pinnate, the petioles often twisted: fls. urn-shaped, purplish-
brown, to 1% in. long, solitary. May-July. Wyo. to New
Mex.
serratif&lia. Climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs. biternate, the Ifte.
toothed or lobed: fls. yellow with purple stamens, 2 in.
across, 1-3 together. Aug.-Sept. Korea.
serrulata: listed name, perhaps referable to C. orientalis
var. or to C. serratifolia.
siblrica: C. alpina var.
Sidboldii: C.floridavox.
Slmsii: C. Pitcheri.
smilacifolia. Climbing: Ivs. ovate, leathery, entire or
rarely ternate: fls. purple, brown-tpmentose outside, to
1^ in« across, in axillary panicles. Himalayas, E. Indies.
songanca (C. Gebleriana). Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
toothed or slightly pinnatifid near base: fls. yellowish- white,
1 in. across, in terminal cymes. Aug.-Sept. Asia.
Spodneri: C. chrysocoma var. sericea.
stans. Erect herb to 6 ft.: Ivs. of 3 large coarsely toothed
or lobed Ifts.: fls. dioacious, tubular, white or bluish, about
££ in. long, in long terminal panicles and axillary clusters.
Sept.-Oct. Japan. — Sometimes woody at base and closely
related to C. heracleve folia.
tangutica. GOLDEN C. Climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs. pinnate
or bipinnate, the Ifts. toothed or lobed: fls. bright yellow, to
4 in. across, usually solitary. June and again in autumn.
Mongolia, N. China. Var. obtusiuscula has smaller Ifte.
and more obtuse sepals. Var. Farreri, fls. golden.
texgnsis (C. and Viorna coccinea) . SCARLET C. Climbing
to 0 ft.: Ivs. of 4-8 rather thick glaucous Ifts.: fls. urn-
shaped, scarlet, about 1 in. long, solitary and nodding.
July-Sept. Tex.
Thunbergii. Climbing: Ivs. pinnate or ternate, Ifte.
toothed or cut: fls. to 2 in. across, in many-fld. panicles.
Afr.
trifoliata. Climbing vine to 10 ft. or more, sts. tinged
purple: Ivs. ternately decompound, glabrous, Ifts. ovate,
obtuse, dentate, petioles about 1^ in. long: fls. whitish,
in panicles. Japan.
troutbecki&na. Climbing to 10 ft.: lower Ivs. simple,
ovate, to 4 in. long; upper Ivs. pinnate into entire lite.:
fls. lavender outside, pale green inside, in compound infl.
July- Aug. Perhaps a natural hybrid allied to C. Viorna.
tubuldsa: C. heraclesefoha.
vedrari£nsis. Hybrid between C. montana and C.
chrysocoma: fls. mauve-pink or rose, 2 in. across.
Veitchiana. Climbing: Ivs. bipinnate, Ifts. toothed or
3-lobed, silky beneath: fls. yellowish, fragrant, ^ in. long,
nodding, in panicles. Sept.-Oct. China.
versfcolor (Viorna versicolor) . Climbing to 12 ft.: Ivs.
pinnate, the Ifts. entire, glaucous beneath: fls. urn-shaped,
% in. long, purplish, solitary and nodding. July. Mo., Ark.
verticillaris (Atragcne americand). Climbing or trailing
to 10 ft.: Ivs. of 3 entire or coarsely toothed Ifts.: fls. purple,
to 4 in. across, solitary. May-June. N. Amer.
Vi6rna (Viorna Viorna). Climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs. of
6-7 entire or lobed Ifts.: fls. urn-shaped, reddish-purple,
about 1 in. long, solitary and nodding. May-Aug. Pa.
to Ga. and Ala.
virginiana. Climbing to 20 ft.: Ivs. of usually 3 coarsely
toothed Ifts., glabrous beneath: fls. dioecious, white, to 1 in.
across, in leafy panicles, Aug.-Sept. N. S. to Ga. and
Kans. Var. missourie'nsis (C. missouriensis) usually haa
6 Ifts., 2-3 in. long, appressed hairy beneath.
Vitalba. TRAVELERS-JOY. OLD-MANB-BEARD. Climbing
to 30 ft.: Ivs. of 5 entire, toothed or 3-lobed Ifte.: fls. green-
ish-white, to 1 in. across, fragrant, in panicles. July-Sept.
Eu., N. Afr., S. W. Asia.
Viticflla. Climbing to 12 ft.: Ivs. pinnate or bipinnate,
the Ifts. entire or 3-lobed: fls. blue, purple or rose-purple,
the stamens yellow, to 2 in. across, 1-3 together, June-Aug.:
achenea without plumose styles. S. Eu., W. Asia. Var.
albifldra (var. alba), fls. white. Var. caerulea, fls. blue-
violet. Var. kennetiina has wine-red fls. Var. purpurea
(var. rubra), fls. reddish-purple.
CLEMENTSIA: Sedum rhodanthum.
CLE&ME. Cavparidacex. Warm-country
herbs and subshrups with simple or palmately
compound Ivs., white, green, yellowish or pur-
plish fls. solitary or in racemes, petals narrow
and stamens long, the ovary long-stalked (on a
gynophore), and narrow capsular frs.
One annual species is commonly cultivated as a flower-
garden and border subject for its rose-purple or white
flowers; it is raised from seeds sown usually where the plants
are to stand.
arborea. Pubescent white-fld. shrub of Venezuela;
the arborea of the trade is sometimes (perhaps always)
C. spinosa.
gigantea: C. spinosa.
grandis: see under C. spinosa.
integrifdlia: C. serrulata.
lutea. Ann. to 3 ft., glabrous: Ifts. 3-5: fls. golden-yellow.
Wash, to Calif, and Colo.
pungens: C. spinosa.
serrulata (C. integri folia) . Glabrous ann., 2-3 ft., some-
times planted, formerly as a bee-plant: Ifts. 3: fls. pink or
white. N. Anier.
specidsa: Gynandropsis speciosa.
spin6sa (C. gigantea of the trade. C. pungens). SPIDER-
FLOWER. Pubescent erect strong-scented ann. to 4 ft.,
with short strong spines on the sts. and very long stamens
and stalked pods: Ifts. 5-7. Trop. Amer., sometimes run
wild. Vars. alba and rdsea are listed. — Some of the stock
raised as C. gigantea and C. grandia is Polamsia trachysperma
(which see).
CLERODlSNDRUM (Volkameria). GLORY-
BOWER. Verbenacese. Trees, shrubs or herbs
with opposite or whorled simple Ivs. and white,
violet or red fls. in terminal cymes or panicles,
the stamens long-exserted: grown in the green-
house or out<>f-doors in the S. Propagated by
seeds or cuttings of half-ripened wood kept in a
temperature of about 70°.
Bdlfouri: C. Thomsonise.
Bungei (C. fcelidum). Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. broadly ovate,
to 1 ft. long, coarsely toothed, reddish pubescent beneath:
fls. rose-red, % in. across, in a head-like cluster to 8 in.
across. China; adapted only to southern parts, as Fla.,
Gulf Coast, Calif.
Colebrookianum. Shrub to 8 ft.: Iva. cordate-ovate, to
9 in. long: fls. rose-purple to white, in loose panicles 1-2 ft.
across, corolla-tube to 1 in. long: fr. blue, to % in. across.
India.
cyrtophylluxn. Shrub: Ivs. oblong-ovate to lanceolate,
usually long-acuminate, glabrous, pale beneath: fls. Ja
cymose panicles, calyx 4-lobed, lobes acute. N. China.
del6ctum: C. Thomsonise var.
fallax: C. speciosissimum.
Fargesii: C. trichotomum var.
fdbtidum: C. Bungei.
fragans. Shrub 6 to 8 ft.: Ivs. broadly ovate, to 10 in.
and more long, coarsely toothed, pubescent: fls. white or
pale pink, 1 in. across, in terminal clusters resembling
the hydrangea, fragrant, with exserted stamens and
pistils. China, Japan; adapted Fla. to Calif. — The single-
fld. form is seldom seen, the common one both in cult, and
run wild being var. plenifldrum, with double fls. in a very
compact head.
glabrum. Shrub or small tree, glabrous except sometimes
on veins of Ivs., which are opposite or whorled, oblong-
ovate, to 5 in. long, mostly pointed, entire, glossy above:
fls. small, white or pinkish, fragrant, in dense broad ter-
minal cluster. S. Afr.; adapted to S. Calif., S. Fla.
h^bridum is listed as a red-fld. hort. form. ~
jap6nicum (C. aquamatum). Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. oval,
cordate at base, entire or toothed: fls. bright scarlet, in
panicles. China.
ntoans. Shrub 5-7 ft. high: Ivs. obovate to oblanceolate,
to 8 in. long, acuminate and often sharply so, usually entire:
fls. white, few in lax terminal panicles, tube to ^ in. long:
fr. purple, to ^ in. across. A^ssam to Himalayas.
Siphoninthus (Siphonanthus indica}. TUBE FLOWER.
TURKS-TURBAN. Striking erect shrub or woody herb to
8 ft., bearing terminal panicles of white fls. with tube to
4 in. long, closing in morning: Ivs. mostly whorled, lance-
oblong, to 5 in. or more, entire: fr. showy, red-purple
persistent berry subtended by red-brown calyx. E. India;
grown in Fla. and spontaneous. ^
specioslssimum (C. fallax). Shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate,
Clerodendrum
189
Clon
heart-shaped at base, to 1 ft. long, entire or toothed, densely
pubescent: fls. bright scarlet, to 2 in. across, in panicles to
ong. Java.
speci&sum. Hybrid between C. Thomsonise and C.
splendens, having dull red fls.
splendens. Twining shrub: Ivs. oblong or elliptic, to
6 in. long: fls. bright scarlet or yellow, 1 in. across, in many-
fid. cymes. Trop. Afr. — Grown under glass.
squamAtum: C. japonicum.
Th6msoniae (C. Balfoun). Twining evergreen shrub,
favorite in greenhouses: lys. ovate, to 5 in. long, entire:
fls. crimson with large white calyx, in branching racemes.
W. Afr. Var. de!6ctum has very large clusters of rose-
magenta fls. Var. variegatum is a variegated form.
trich6tomum. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long,
entire or toothed, pubescent: fls. white with conspicuous
reddish-brown calyx, in panicles. Japan: hardy N. Var.
Fargesii (C. Fargesii} lias smaller nearly glabrous Ivs.
CLfiTHRA. WHITE-ALDER. Clethracex.
Shrubs or small trees with alternate simple
toothed deciduous or persistent Ivs. and fragrant
white or pink fls. in terminal racemes or panicles
in late summer. Allied to Ericaceae; species in
E. Asia, E. N. Amer., Madeira, and in tropics;
most of those listed below are hardy in northern
or north-central states.
Propagated by seeds sown in pans in spring, greenwood
cuttings under glass, layers, and division.
acuminata. To 15 ft.: Ivs. oval or oblong, to 8 in. long,
acuminate: racemes nodding, usually solitary. Va. to Ga.
alnifdlia. SWEET PEPPERBUSH. SUMMER SWEET.
To 10 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 4 in. long, obtuse or acute:
racemes erect, usually panicled. Me. to Fla. Var. panicu-
Uta (C. paniculata) has Ivs. less toothed, smooth on both
sides; fls. in panicles; by some authors not considered
distinct from the typical form. Var. rosea has pink fls.
arbdrea. To 20 ft., evergreen: Ivs. narrow-elliptic, to
4 in. long, acuminate, shining above: racemes panicled;
fls. fragrant. Madeira; not hardy N.
barbingrvis. To 30 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 5 in. long,
acuminate, pubescent: racemes panicled; fls. fragrant.
Japan.
Fargesii. To 12 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 6 in. long,
sharply toothed: fls. white, in racemes to 7 in. long, fragrant.
Cent. China.
paniculata; C. alnifoha var.
tomentdsa. To 8 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 4 in. long, acute or
acuminate, tomentose beneath: racemes erect, solitary or
few. N.C. to Fla. and Ala.
CLETHRACE^E. WHITE-ALDER FAMILY. Only
one genus, Clethra, which is grown for ornament.
Family is characterized by regular bisexual fls.
having 5-parted calyx, 5 separate petals, 10
stamens, superior 3-celled ovary, and capsular
frs.
CLEYERA JAPONICA: Eurya ochnacea.
CLlANTHUS. Leguminosse. Shrubs par-
tially trailing and often trained on rafters in
greenhouses or grown out-of-doors in the S.,
with pinnate Ivs. of many small Ifts., large
papilionaceous fls. in pendulous axillary racemes.
the keel petal long and beak-like, and cylindrical
inflated pods. Propagated by seeds and cuttings
and C. Dampieri by grafting on roots of Colutea
arborescent.
Dampleri. GLORY-PEA. To 4 ft., grayish-pubescent:
fls. scarlet with a large purplish-black blotch at base of
standard, to 3 in. long: pods to 2^ in. long. Australia.
punlceus. PARROTS-BILL. PARROT-BEAK. RED KOWHAI.
To 6 ft.: fls. crimson, to 3 in. long: pods to 3 in. long. New
Zeal. Var. albus has white fls.
CLIFF-BRAKE: Peltea.
CLJFTdNIA. BUCKWHEAT-TREE. Tin. Cy-
rillaceae. An evergreen shrub or small tree,
C. monoph^lla (C. ligustrino), native in swamps
Ga., Fla. to La., may sometimes be transplanted
to grounds. It has narrow simple Ivs. to 2 in.
long and terminal racemes of white-blush fls.
in spring, and winged fr.
CLINOP6DIUM. LaUatae. Shrubs or herbs
of the north temp, zone: fls. in axillary cymes,
the calyx and corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4. By
many authors this genus is included in Satureja.
Calamlntha: Satureja Calamintha.
carolinlanum: C. georgianum.
cocclneum (Satureja coccinea). Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs.
obovate or spatulate, entire: fls. scarlet, about 1^ in. long,
in axillary cymes. Ga. to Ala.
dentatum. Shrub to 2^ ft.: Ivs. obovate to elliptic,
about }$ in. long or less, toothed at apex, petioled: fls.
white or purplish, to ^ in. long, in clusters of 1-3. Fla.
georgianum (C. carolinianum) . Shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, to 1 in. long, toothed, sessile or nearly so: fls. white
or pinkish-purple spotted with purple, M in. long, in clusters
of 5-6. N. C. to Fla. and Miss.
N6peta: Satureja Nepeta.
CLINT6NIA. Lilmcex. Herbs spreading by
long underground rhizomes, having broad basal
Ivs. and fls. in umbels or solitary at end of scape,
the perianth-segms. distinct; native in N. Amer.
and E. Asia. There is another Clintonia which
is properly Downingia, comprising the species
clcgans and pulchclla.
Clintonias should be planted in moist shady and woodsy
places. Propagated by division of roots in spring; attrac-
tive for colonizing.
Andrewsiana. To 1% ft.: fls. rose-purple, }£ in. long,
in umbels: berries blue. Calif.
borealis. To Iftf ft.: fls. greenish-yellow, % in. long,
nodding, in 3-6-fld. umbels: berries blue. E. N. Amer.
umbellata. To 1^ ft.: flu. white often spotted with
purple, H in. long, in many-fld. umbels: berries black.
N. Y. to Ga. and Tenn.
unifldra. QUEEN-CUP. To 8 in.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate:
fls. pure white, to 1'a in. across, usually solitary: berries
Prussian blue. Deep woods, N. W. U. S. and B. C.
CLITORIA. BUTTERFLY-PEA. Leguminosge.
Per. herbs or shrubs, often climbing, with pinnate
Ivs., showy papilionaceous fls., solitary or in
axillary racemes, and flattened pods: grown for
ornament far S. and also under glass. Propagated
by seeds or cuttings under glass.
cajanif&lia. Herb to 2 ft.: Ifts. 3, gray-pubescent be-
neath: fls. pale violet, to l^j in. long: pods to 2% in. long.
Trop. Amer., trop. Asia.—<jrown as a cover-crop in the
tropics.
mariana. To 3 ft., often twining: Ifts. 3: fls. light blue,
2 in. long., June-July: pods to 2 in. long. N. J. to Fla.
and Tex.
tern at da. Slender twiner: Ifts. 5-7: fls. bright dark
blue with lighter markings, 2 in. long: pods to 4J£ in. long.
Spread in the tropics, probably Asian. — An attractive
climber, hardy only in southern parts. Fls. sometimes
more or less double, also white.
CLlVIA. KAFIR-LILY. Amaryllidaceae. S.
African herbs with fleshy roots, the expanded
If.-bases forming bulb-like parts, narrow ever-
green Ivs., and showy reddish-yellow or scarlet
fls. in terminal umbels, the perianth-tube short.
Clivias are good greenhouse or house subjects. Weil-
grown plants should be kept in the same potg for several
years, giving applications of liquid manure. Water should
be practically withheld during resting period. In sub-
tropics they are grown in shady places. Propagated by
division.
cyrtanthiflora (Imantophyllum cyrtanthiflorum). Hy-
brid between C. miniata and C. nobilis.
hybrida: hort. name.
miniata (Imantophyllum miniatum). Lva. to 1% ft.
long and 2 in. wide, thick and glossy: fls. erect, scarlet,
yellow inside, to 3 in. long: berries bright red, 1 in. long. —
The usual species in cult.
n6bilis. Fls. many, drooping, narrower and shorter
than in C. miniata, red and yellow and tipped green.
CLOCK- VINE: Thunbergia.
CLON, CLONE. Variety, group or variation
propagated by asexual or vegetative parts. Such
races may not "come true" from seeds. The horti-
Clon
190
Coccolobis
cultural varieties of roses, apples, oranges, straw-
berries, carnations are clons, also the cultivated
forms of day-lilies and plantain-lilies that do not
produce seeds. Clon is a horticultural rather
than taxonomic term.
CLOUDBERRY: Rubua Chamaemorus.
CLOVER. Species of Trifolium. The clovers
are primarily hardy forage and meadow plants
and do not come within the range of this Hortus.
Many of the species are interesting and showy
in the garden, as for example Trifolium rubens,
T. incarnatum, T. olpestre, T. hylyridum; some
of the small kinds are useful in the rock-garden.
Clovers are best propagated by seeds; some of
them are annuals but even the perennials are
likely to be short-lived. T. repens may be in-
creased by the rooting runners, but as a con-
stituent of lawns it is started from seeds. See
Trifolium , also Alysicarpus.
CLOVER: Trifolium, Medicago. Alyce: Alysicarpua.
Bokhara: Mehlotus alba. Bur: Medicago. Bush: Lespedeza.
Holy: Onobtyctna mcwr folia. Hubam: Melilotus alba var.
annua. Japan: Lespedcza striata. Mexican: Richardia
scabra. Muck-: Erodium moschatum. Owls: Orthocarpus.
Prairie: Petalostemum. Sweet: Mehlotus. Tick: Desmodium.
Water-: Marsilea.
CLOVE-TREE: Eugenia aromatica.
CLUB-MOSS: Lycopodium.
CLUSIA. GuttifersB. Dioecious trees and
shrubs of trop. ana subtrop. Amer., occasionally
seemingly epiphytic in habit, branches usually
horizontal, and Ivs. leathery without conspicuous
lateral veins. Technically the fls. differ from
those of Calophyllum and Mammea in having
a many-ovuled ovary with style wanting or
very short : f r. a fleshy caps.
rdsea. Tree 20-50 ft. high, growing on other trees and
rocks: Ivs. obovate, to 8 in. long, base cuneate: fls. pink
and white, to nearly 2 in. across: fr. greenish-white, globose,
to 3 in. diarn. W. Indies, Panama, Venezuela. — The seeda
contain a sticky resin which is extracted and used in caulk-
ing the seams of boats.
CLYT(3STOMA. Bignoniaceae. Evergreen
climbing shrubs with Ivs. of 2 entire Ifts. and
a terminal tendril (or simple on blooming
twigs), large attractive funnelform fls. in panicles,
and prickly capsular frs.; native in S. Amer.
Clytostomas are grown under glass in the North and in
the open in warm regions. They thrive in fertile soil.
Propagated by cuttings.
callistegioides (Biononia speciosa). Lfts. oval-oblong,
to 3 in. long, wavy-margined: fls. lavender and streaked,
to 3 in. long and 3 in. across. Brazil, Argentina.
purpureum (Biononia purpurea). Lfts. ovate-oblong,
to 3 in. long, usually entire: fls. mauve with white throat,
1 in. long. Uruguay.
CNEORfiDIUM. Rutacese. Stiff-twiggy ever-
green shrub 2-4 ft. high, on hills in S, Calif.,
with abundant very fragrant pedicelled fls. in
upper axils or in very short clusters, nearly
white inside and pinkish outside: Ivs. linear,
about 1 in. long, obtuse, dotted: fr. globose,
drupe-like, reddish-brown, about % in. diam.
C. dumosum is the only species; adapted to
cult, in its region.
CNE6RUM, the only eenus of Cneoracese.
Shrubs with alternate leathery entire Ivs. and
solitary or cymose fls. having 3-4 sepals, petals
and stamens, and fr. a 3-parted drupe; native
in the Medit. region and Canary Isls.; to be
grown in mild climates.
tricoccon. SPURGE-OLIVE. Evergreen, to 4 ft., glabrous:
Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long, shining: fls. deep yellow, 1-3 in
the axils: fr. greenish-black. S. Eu.
CNiCUS. BLESSED THISTLE. Composite.
One branching thistle-like ann. in the Medit.
region and Caucasus, suitable for rock- and
wild-gardens. Easily grown from seed. C.
benedictus (Carduus benedictus. Ccntaurea bene-
dicta}. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong, pinnately cut and
toothed, spiny: heads yellow, 1 in. across,
terminal, surrounded by leafy bristly bracts.
See Cirsium and Carlina for other species ad-
vertised as Cnicus.
CNID<5SCOLUS. TREAD-SOFTLY. Euphor-
biacede. Per. monoecious American herbs or
subshrubs, mostly with stinging-bristly foliage:
Ivs. alternate, petioled, entire, toothed or divided:
fls. in cymes, apctalous: ir. an ovoid caps.
separating into 2-valved carpels. Distinguished
from Jatropha by the apetalous fls. and stami-
nate fls. with 10-30 stamens.
tex&nus (Jatropha texana). To 2 ft., covered with stiff
bristly yellowish hairs: Ivs. to 6 in. across, deeply 3-5-lobed
into toothed or cut Begins. on long petioles: fls. white, small,
staminate calyces bristly. Ark. to Tex. — A closely related
species not known to be in cult, is C. stimutosns, having
stinging hairs and staminate calyces mostly glabrous at
maturity. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
COACH- WHIP: Fouquieria splendens.
COAT-FLOWER: Tunica Saxifraya.
(Rosenbergia). Polemoniacete. Trop.
American climbing shrubs or big herbs with
pinnately compound Ivs. terminating in a
branched tendril and bell-shaped violet or bright
green fls. solitary in the axils, the calyx large.
inflated and leaf-like; grown under glass ana
in the open. Treated as annuals in northern
gardens. Propagated by seeds.
macros t6ma. Climbing to 10 ft.: Ivs. of 6 obovate Ifts.:
fls. yellowish-green, on long stalks. Guatemala.
scandens. Climbing to 25 ft.: Ivs of 4-0 oval or oblong
Ifts.: fls. violet or greenish -purple, 2 in. long and 1^ in.
across, on very long stnlka. Mex. Var. alba nas white fls.
and purpurea deeper purple.
COBNUT: Corylus Avcllana var. grandis.
COCA: Erythroxylon Coca.
COCAINE-PLANT: Erythroxylon Coca.
COCClNIA (Cephalandra). Cucurbitacesp. Ten-
dril-bearing vines from the Asian and African
tropics, perhaps a score of species, one of which
is rarely seen under glass and is somewhat run
wild in trop. Amer.: Ivs. angled or lobcd: plants
mostly dioecious, the pistillate fls. solitary and
staminate solitary or racemose: fr. roundish to
oblong and somewhat berry-like, small, inde-
hiscent.
cordif61ia (C. indica). Ivr GOURD. Climbing or prostrate,
to 6 ft. or more, smooth, root per.: Iva. broadly triangular-
ovate and angled, 2-4 in. across: fls. white, bell-shaped,
corolla about 1^ in. long with sharp lobes: fr. ovoid or
oblong, smooth, scarlet. Asia, Afr.
fadica: C. cordifolia.
COCCOCfPSELUM (Tonianca). Rubiacex.
Prostrate herbs of trop. Amer. with opposite
simple Ivs. and funnelform fls. in heads'; one
suitable for ground-cover or basket-plant.
guianense. Lvs. ovate, to 2J^ in. long, hairy: fls. pur-
plish, small: fr. a blue berry about % in. long. Trinidad,
N. S. Amer.
COCC6LOBIS (sometimes spelled Coccoloba).
Polygonacex. Trop. knd subtrop. American
trees and shrubs with alternate entire often very
large Ivs., greenish fls. in racemes or spikes and
f}eshy berry-like frs.
Grown out-of-doors in warm and frostless climates,
and under glass northward. They do bqst in rich sandy
soil. Propagated by seeds, cuttings of ripe wood and layer-
Coccolobis
191
Coconut
floridana (C. laurifolia'). PIGEON-PLUM. Small tree
near coast in S. Fla.: Ivs. oblong, entire, 2-4 in. long:
racemes short bearing edible pear-shaped fr. about H ia-
long.
grandifdlia (C. pubescens). Tree to 80 ft.: Ivs. orbicular,
to 3 ft. across, rusty-pubescent below and with prominent
veins: fls. greenish, in erect terminal racemes to 2 ft. long. —
Grown in its juvenile stage as a pot-plant for the great
ornamental Ivs.
laurifolia: C. floridana.
pub6scens: C. grandifolia.
uvifera. SEA-GRAPE Tree to 20 ft. or more: Ivs. orbi-
cular, to 8 in. across, cordate at base, leathery, glossy and
veined red: fls. white, in dense racemes to 10 in. long: frs,
purple, resembling bunches of grapes, used for jelly. A
characteristic native tree on coasts from S. Fla. south ward.
COCCOTHRlNAX. SEAMBERRY PALMS. Pal-
macex. Perhaps 30 species now recognized, from
8. Fla. through the W. Indies: small or slender
unarmed hermaphrodite fan-palms distinguished
from Thrinax by the spadix mostly shorter than
petioles (and often curling or incurving with
age), stamens mostly 9-12, fr. dark colored
inside and out, berry-like, and particularly by
albumen ruminate and outside of seed furrowed
to correspond. The species hav€ been greatly
confused and it is not yet clear how many of
them may be planted within our territory.
<a (Thrincoma alta. Thringis laxa and latifrons). To
20 or 30 ft., with largo Ivs. and broad segms. silvery under-
neath and fr. distinctly pedicelled; segms curved over but
usually not hanging, mam ones to 11A in. broad at middle:
fr. about \^ in. diam., dark brown to blackish. Puerto Rico.
— Planteu m S. Fla. where it has been called Thrinax
altissima.
an6mala: Zambia antillarum.
argentata (C. jucunda. C. Garberi). To about 15 or
20 ft. but sometimes (in the stature called Curben) fruiting
at only 1-2 or 3 ft. of trunk, with small very deeply divided
Ivs. decidedly silvery underneath and glossy above, the
degms narrow (usually less than 1 in. broad) and in mature
plants many of them hanging in irregular fashion: fr.
9s-/ s in. diam., short-pcdicelled, brown at maturity.
S. Fla (Broward Co. to Marquesas Isls), Bahamas.
argentea. To 30 ft. or more, with medium large Ivs.
silvery underneath and dull green above; segms. usually
not drooping and about %-l in. across: fr. H in. diam.,
sessile. Hispamola. — Apparently little known in U. S.
barbad£nsis: confused name.
crinita. To 30 ft , stocky, the trunk buried in very long
hair-like fibers: Ivs. parted J*j or more depth of blade,
greenish underneath and glossy above, segms. %-l 1A in.
broad and curved over: fr. to % in. diam., on short tnick
pedicels. Cuba, where it was long known only in a sterile
state; it has been represented in the U. S. by a single
sterile plant under glass at the Brooklyn Bot. Gard., but
may now be expected elsewhere.
Garberi: C. argentata.
jucunda: C. argentata.
radiata: confused name.
COCCULUS (CebatJia. Epibaterium) . SNAIL-
SEED. Menispermacede. Shrubs, erect or twining,
with alternate, entire or lobed Ivs., small un-
showy unisexual fls. in racemes or panicles, and
drupaceous frs.; of wide distribution. Easily
cult, in moist soil. Propagated by seeds or
cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass.
caroHnus. CAROLINA MOONSBED. Twining: Ivs. ovate,
to 4 in. long, entire or 3-5-1 obed, pubescent beneath*
panicles to 5 in. long: fr. red. Va. to Fla. and Tex.; hnrdy
well N.
Iaurif61ius. Evergreen shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to
6 in. long, leathery and shining: panicles to 2 in. long: fr.
black. Himalayas; adaptable only in warm climates.
trilobus. Twining: Ivs. ovate, to 3J^ in. long, entire
or 3-lobed, pubescent on both sides: fls. in axillary cymes:
fr. black. Japan, China, Philippines; hardy N.
COCHEMlfeA. Cactacex. A few small cy-
lindric tubercled cacti of Lower Calif, with
tubular slender scarlet fls. bearing petal-like
sepals, formerly included in Mammillaria and
treated the same under cult. See Cacti.
Halei (Mammillaria Halei). Cespitose, sts. nearly
upright to 20 in., densely covered with reddish-brown to
gray spines, tubercles short with woolly axils; radials 10-20;
centrals 3 or 4, to nearly 1^ in. long, not hooked: fls. to
2 in. long, scarlet-red.
maritime: an invalid name for a plant differing from
C. Halei in the spines being bright reddish-brown and
arising from white- wo oily areoles. Lower Calif.
P6ndii (Cactus Pondii). Sts. to 18 in. tall and 2^ in.
diam., tubercles conical; radial spines 15-25 the outer
ones white, the inner brown; centrals 4-6, to & in. long,
often hooked: fls. glossy pale scarlet.
Pose*lgeri (Mammillaria Poselgeri and M. Roseana).
Sts. numerous, sometimes creeping or hanging, often 6 ft.
long and \\i in. thick, tubercles far apart and somewhat
flattened; radials 7-9; central 1 and hooked: fls. about \y± in.
long.
setispina (Mammillaria setispina). Sts. ascending, to 1
ft. high, axils woolly; radials 10-12 and white with black
tips; centrals 1-4: fls. about 2^2 in. long, scarlet-red.
COCHINEAL PLANT: Nopalea cochenillifera.
COCHLEARIA. SCURVY-GRASS. Crucifcrx.
One little bien. or per., C. officinalis, of high north-
ern regions, is a medicinal plant, and has been
grown as a salad plant but the tarry flavor is
against it for most persons. For salad, it is
grown as an ann., Ivs. being ready two to three
months after sowing; succession sowings may be
made. The plant prefers a cool position, or one
partially shaded. It grows 1 ft. high, less or
more, when in bloom; the early basal Ivs. arc
heart-shaped or kidney-shaped; fls. small,
white, in spring; pod or silicic }<£ in. or less long.
Other species of Cochlearia inhabit the colder
parts of north temp, zone but are not cult.
For C. saxatilis and Boissieri see Kcrnera.
COCHLIODA. Orchidacese. Epiphytic orchids
native in the Andes of S. Amer., having rose or
scarlet fls. in commonly long racemes, the sepals
and petals similar. Cult, as for Odontoglossum.
Noezliana. Pseudobulbs to 2 in. long: l\s. linear-oblong:
fls. orange-scarlet or rose-red, about 1^ in. across; hn
3-lobed with yellow on disk. Peru, Bolivia.
COCHLOSPERMACE-ffi. COCHLOSPERMUM
FAMILY. Two genera of woody plants native in
trop. regions, separated from Bixaceae on tech-
nical characters of fls. and capsules. Cochlo-
spermum is treated below.
COCHLOSPfiRMUM (MaximiKanea). Coch-
losperniacex. Trop. trees or shrubs with pal-
mately lobed or divided Ivs.. fls. in racemes or
panicles appearing at end or dry season before
the Ivs., and capsular fr.; one species grown in
tropics and intro. in S. Calif.
vitifdlium. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. alternate, deeply 5-lobed,
to 1 ft. across, the lobes toothed: fls. bright yellow, 4 in.
and more across, in terminal clusters, with numerous
stamens: caps, to 3 in. long, velvety-pubescent. Mex.,
Cent, and S. Amer.
COCKSCOMB: Celosia argentea var. cristata.
COCKS-EGGS: Salpichroa rhomboidea.
COCKS-FOOT: Dactylis glomerata.
COCONUT. The fruit of Cocos nucifera, a
widespread palm. The products of the coconut-
tree are mainly four: toddy or beverage derived
from the sap obtained from incising the flower-
clusters and which may also be a source of sugar;
coir, the fiber from the husk of the nut, much
used in cordage and in the making of brushes
and mats and otherwise; copra, the dried meat
of the nut, employed in the making of oil; the
mature edible nut itself.
Coconuts thrive in the tropics, but not nec-
essarily on the seacoast, and grow well in south-
ern Florida but the nuts are there less an article
Coconut
of commerce than for propagating purposes;
that is, in Florida they are planted for ornament
and home use. The tree is grown only from seeds,
which are ordinarily planted in a shaded seed-
bed with the nut not completely covered and
preferably once or more transplanted before
being set in permanent place. When only a few
trees are desired, the nut may be planted where
the plant is to grow if quick effects are not de-
sired. For fruit-bearing, the trees are planted
when perhaps three or four years old. About 25
feet apart each way is a good spacing for a
commercial grove. Ordinarily coconuts receive
little attention in tillage or fertilizing but they
respond to good treatment as well as other plants.
A few fruits may be borne in four or five years
but no important yield is to be expected before
about ten years. Beyond twenty years the grove
should be in full bearing. A good tree on fertile
ground should yield 75 or more nuts a year,
but the average is probably not more than one-
third of this number. There are many varieties
of coconuts; and in any case the grower should
choose nuts from trees producing abundantly
of choice fruits if he expects the best product.
COCONUT, DOUBLE: Lodoicea.
COCOS. Palmacex. As now defined, a
monotypic genus including only the coconut,
C. nuclfera, considered to be of Asiatic or
Polynesian origin. Ubiquitous practically un-
armed tree in trop. littorals, reaching 60-80 ft.
or more, with a more or less crooked or inclined
trunk, the spadices from the lower axils of the
crown; spatne stria te on the outside but not
plicate-silicate : Ivs. pinnate, to 15 or more ft.
long; pinnue many, linear-lanceolate and long-
pointed, of firm texture: staminate fls. numerous
and borne on the upper part of the branches of
the spadix, the few large pistillate fls. near the
base; stamens 6: sepals and petals of pistillate
fls. convolute-imbricate : fr. very large, 1 -seeded,
with an interior cavity containing nutrient
liquid. An abundant tree in southern part of
peninsular Fla., apparently spontaneous on
some of the Keys. See Coconut.
The breaking up of the old genus Cocos
places the kinds planted in the U. 8. or in our
literature under the following genera : Arecastrum,
Arikuryroba, Butia, Rhyticocos, Syagrus. Fol-
lowing are the Cocos names likely to be met in
lists :
Alph6nsei: unrecognized name.
amara: Rhyticocos amara.
Arechavalet&na: Arecastrum ' Roman zoffianum var.
australe.
arg6ntea: Syagrus argentea, apparently not cult., and
probably the hort. name belongs with another palm.
australis: Butia capitata; of botanists, Arecastrum
Roman 20 ffianum var. australe.
B 1 time na via: see Butia eriospatha.
Bonndtii: Butia Bonnetii.
botry6phora: Arecastrum Romanzoffianum var. bot-
ryophorum.
brazilie"nsis: unidentified name.
campe'stris: Syagrus campestris. probably not in cult,
here, but the name haa been attached to a Butia.
capitata: Butia capitata.
comosa: Syagrua comosa, apparently not in cult., but
name has been associated with a Butia.
coronata: see Butia capitata.
Datil: Arecastrum Romanzoffianum var. australe.
eriospatha: Butia eriospatha.
flexudsa: Arecastrum Romanzoffianum var, australe;
of botanists, a Syagrus apparently not in cult.
192 Codiceum
Ga£rtneri: Butia Bonnetii.
humilis: unidentified name ; has been applied t o a Butia.
ins ignis: Syagrus insignia .
lapidea: confused name; has been attached to a Butia.
littoralis: unidentified name; has been used for a Butia.
macrocarpa: Syagrus macrocarpa.
Marise-Reginffi: unidentified name.
maritima: unidentified name.
Maximiliana: probably a Syagrus.
Nehrlingiana: Butia capitata var. Nehrhngiana.
Norm&nbyi: Normanbya Normanbyi.
odorata: Butia capitata var. odorata.
rraguaySnsis: Butia Paraguay ensis; apparently not in
in our territory,
petrefea: Syagrus petrsea.
plumbsa: Arecastrum Rumanzoffianum.
Procopiana: Syagrus macrocarpa.
pulpdsa: Butia capitata var. pulposa.
Romanzoffiana: Arecastrum Romanzojffianum.
rupestris: Syagrus petrsea.
s&pida: Syagrus sapida, probably not grown here; the
hort. name may mean Rhopalostylis sapida.
schizophylla: Arikuryroba schizophylla.
vinffera: applied to an undetermined Butia.
Weddelliana: Syagrus Weddelliana.
Yatay: Butia Yatay.
Yurumaguas: a doubtful Butia.
CODAR1OCALYX: Desmodium motorium.
CODLfeUM (Phyttaurea). CROTON (of flor-
ists). Euphorbiacese. Shrubs from the Old
World tropics with thick alternate simple or
lobed Ivs., small monoecious fls. in axillary
racemes, and capsular fr.; extensively grown
in southern regions and under glass for the
colored ornamental foliage, extensively variable.
Any good soil is suitable for crotons. They develop better
coloring if planted in sunny situations. Propagated by
seeds, but named sorts should be increased by cuttings of
half-ripened wood over bottom heat. Separate plants may
be produced from large branches by air-layering; a cut is
made in the stem below the leaves and tied with moss;
roots will form in about three weeks and the part may be
cut and potted.
variegatum var. pictum. To 6 ft. and more: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate to linear, entire or lobed, sometimes cut almost to
midrib, variously marked with white, yellow or red: fls.
white. — Runs into numerous named forms of which the
following are the best known: am&bile with bright colored
lanceolate Ivs • anatome'nse with narrow Ivs.: Andreftnum
with broad yellow Ivs.; aucubsefdlium with broad yellow
red-blotched Ivs. ; aureo-maculatum with green Ivs. spotted
yellow; BeVgrnanu with broad cream-yellow Ivs. blotched
with green; brilliantfssimum with narrow Ivs.; bruxelle'nse
with broad Ivs.; Chantrieri with narrow red Ivs.; Che"lsonii
with yellow red-mottled Ivs.; Chfldsonii with narrow Ivs.;
corautum with mottled yellow Ivs. and projecting midribs:
Craigii with 3-lobed Ivs.; Cr6nstedii with spirally twisted
Ivs. variegated yellow; Davisii with narrow Ivs. variegated
white; Dormanniftnum, small bronze-red and yellow Ivs.;
edmonte'nse with narrow bright colored Ivs.; elegantfe-
simum with narrow yellow dotted Ivs. and red petiole:
Eyansianum with 3-lobed yellow Ivs. veined and mottled
with red; fasciatum with broad Ivs. veined yellow; filif&lium
aureum with narrow Ivs.; gloriosum, lys. linear with prac-
tically no red coloration; Hfimmondii with narrow Ivs.;
Hanburyanum with narrow yellow Ivs. marked with rose;
illdstre with 3-lobed Ivs. variegated with yellow; inim-
itable, Ivs. yellow veined with red; interruptum, Ivs. yel-
low with red midrib, sometimes twisted; irregulare with
irregular Ivs. and yellow spots and midrib; J&mesii with
broad Ivs. irregularly blotched with yellow or white;
Johfinnis, long narrow Ivs. with yellow margins and center;
macrophyllum with large Ivs.; montefontain&ase, with
slightly 3-lobed red Ivs. veined with yellow; M6rtii, Ivs.
broad, green and yellow; musiicum with yellow and green
lys.; Ndwmannii with broad dark crimson Ivs.; n6bile with
linear yellow Ivs. variegated with red; picturatum with
richly colored Ivs.; Pucci&nuxn with broad Ivs.; punctatum
a&rewn with narrow Ivs.; R&idii, Ivs. yellow variegated
with red; rdseo-pfctum, lys. yariegated with yellow and
red; rub&rrimum, linear crimson Ivs. marked with creamy
white: rubro-lineatum with yellow Ivs. shaded with crim-
son; Sanderi with broad irregularly blotched Ivs.; ScMttli
with broad Ivs.; Sinitzianum with narrow Ivs. spotted with
yellow or white; suplrbuxn, narrow Ivs. mottled green and
Codiceum
193
Coelogyne
yellow; Th6msonii, Ivs. prominently yellow marked; tdrtile
with spirally twisted Ivs. variegated with red; trflobum
with 3-lobed yellow blotched Ivs.; undulatum, broad wavy
Ivs. veined with red or purple; variabilis with narrow Ivs.;
Veitchii with broad Ivs. variegated with red; volutum with
narrow lys.; W&rrenii, Ivs. yellow variegated with red:
Welsmanii with narrow wavy-margined Ivs. variegated
with yellow and with red petiole.
CODON6PSIS. Campanulacex. Per. herbs of
Cent, and E. Asia, 40 or more species, bearing
bell-shaped or nearly rotate fls. in shades of blue
and yellow with darker veins and blotches, some
of them climbing or lopping, with milky juice
and heavy scent: Ivs. mostly opposite: fr. a caps.
They are odd rather than showy plants; require
winter protection in the N.; otherwise cult, as
for Campanula.
clematfdea (Glossocomia clematidca). St. erect to 1 ft.
or sometimes flexuose and more or less running or climbing:
Ivs. ovate to oblong to nearly lanceolate, about 1 in. long,
petiolate: fls. terminal and usually solitary, pale blue with
dark lines and purple blotch inside, nearly or quite 1 in.
long, broadly bell-shaped; calyx-lobes large and at length
strongly reflexed, not ciliate unless at tip. Cent. W. Asia.
meleagris. St. erect, to 18 in.: Ivs. clustered near base,
oblong, nearly sessile, 2-3 in. long: fls. terminal, solitary,
drooping, greenish-yellow with purplish spots and veins,
\Y2 in. long. W. China.
ovata. St. upright or somewhat decumbent at base, to
1 ft.: Ivs. ovate, about % in. long, sessile or nearly so: fls.
solitary or few on long bracted pedicels, 1 in. or more long,
narrowly bell-bhaped, blue with darker veins; calyx-lobes
erect, finely ciliate on margins. Kashmir. — Plants grown
under this name are likely to be C. clematidea.
pilosula (C. silvestns). Twining: Ivs. broadly ovate and
subcordate, undulate, hairy underneath: fls. pale yellow or
greenish-yellow, bell-shaped, 1 in. long more or less; calyx-
lobes broadly lanceolate, glabrous. N. E. Asia.
rotundif61ia. Trailing or climbing, somewhat hairy: Ivs.
ovate, mostly cordate, petioled, crenate-serrate: fls. solitary
arid terminal, to 1 in. long, uarrow-bell-shaped, yellowish-
green and veined purple; calyx-lobes large and leaf-like,
nearly as long as corolla, becoming reflexed. Himalayas.
silve"stris: C. pilosula.
Tangshen. Twining, more or less hairy at joints: Ivs.
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, about 2 in. long, short-petioled,
indistinctly crenate-serrate: fls. axillary on long peduncles,
bell-shaped, more than 1 in. long, greenish with purplish
stripes and spots; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate. China.
thalictrifdlia. Very slender: Ivs. small, rounded, densely
hairy, not more than ^ in. long: fls. nearly cylindrical or
tubular, about 1 in long, blue. Himalayas.
viridifl&ra. Climbing: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, 1 in. long
more or leas, subcoidatc, lightly hairy, petioled, sinuate:
fls. terminal, long-stalked, about 1 in. long, yellowish-green
with purplish dots in base; calyx-lobes serrate. E. Asia.
CCDLIA. Orchidaccde. Epiphytes native in
Cent. Amer. and W. Indies having pseudobulbs
bearing 2-4 Ivs. and fls. in dense racemes, the
column produced into a foot to which the
lateral sepals are attached at base. For cult,
see Orchids.
Baueriana: C. trip t era.
macrostachya. Lvs. narrowly oblong-lanceolate, to
about 2 ft. long: fls. rose, on scapes somewhat shorter than
the Ivs , the lip with 2 small sacs below. Aug.~Oct. Mex.
to Costa Rica.
trfptera (C. Baueriana). Lvs. linear-lanceolate, to 18 in.
long: fls white, on short scapes to about 6 in. long, the ovary
sharply 3-winged. Mar.-May. Mex., W. Indies, Guate-
mala?
CCELOGLOSSUM: Habenaria viridis var. bracteata.
COEL6GYNE. Orchidacese. Epiphytes from
the eastern hemisphere having pseudobulbs
bearing 1-2 Ivs. and showy fls. in racemes, the
lip concave at base, usually 3-lobed and keeled.
Grown under glass, often suspended, mostly in
intermediate temperatures: see Orchids.
asperata. Lvs. to about 2^ ft. long and 3-6 in. wide:
fls. wnite or cream-white, fragrant, 3 in. across, in several-
to many-fld. drooping racemes to about 16 in. long; lip
marked with yellow, orange and brown, and wavy on
margins. Mar. -Aug., Dec. E. Indies, Philippines, Malaya.
barbata. Lvs. to 18 in. long and about 2 in. wide: fls. in
a dense erect raceme about as long as the Ivs., white with
lip brownish within and fringed. Oct.-Feb. Himalayas.
burfordie'nse. Hybrid between C. asperata and C.
pandurata having green sepals and brown lip.
cinnamomea. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. in 6-8-fld.
recurved racemes, yellowish or yellowish-white, the side
lobes of lip yellowish-brown with white margin. Java.
corrug&ta: C. nervosa.
cristata. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 1 in. wide: fls. in droop-
ing racemes, large, fragrant, snow-white with 5 yellow keels
on lip. Feb.-Apr. Himalayas. Var. Ch&tsworthii has large
pseudobulbs and fls. Var. hololeuca fvar. alba) has white
keels. Var. Lemoniana has keels fringed with citron-yellow.
Var. maxima has very large fls.
Day ana. Lvs. to 1 H ft. long and 4 in. wide: racemes
drooping, loosely many-fld., to 40 in. long; fls. to 2^ in.
across, whitish or pale yellow with the lip blotched with
chocolate-brown within and traversed by G white keels.
May-Aug. Malaya. Var. grandis is listed.
elata. Lvs. to IK ft. long and 3 in. wide: racemes erect,
to 14-fld., to 16 in. nigh; fls. white or cream-white with lip
having orange or yellow spot and 2 keels edged with red.
Feb. -May. Himalayas.
fimbriata. Lvs. to 5 in. long and rarely IJ-j in. wide: fls.
in 1-4-fld. racemes, white or greenish-yellow with fringed
lip streaked with brown. July-Nov. China, Himalayas.
flaccida. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and about 1 in. wide: racemes
to 10 in. long, to 12-fld.; fls. white or cream-white with lip
having brownish streaked side lobes, yellow spot in the
middle in front, and 3 yellow keels. Feb.-Apr. Himalayas.
fuliginftsa. Lvs. to 7 in. long and about 1 in. wide:
racemes shorter than the Ivs., to 5-fld.; fls. brownish-yellow
or brownish-white with fringed lip blotched with deep
brown. Aug.-Nov. Himalayas, Burma, Java.
Huettneriana. Lvs. to about 10 in. long and 2 in. wide:
racemes drooping, S-10-fid.; fls. white with lip spotted with
citron-yellow. Apr.-June. Burma. Var. l&ctea (C. lactea)
has no yellow on lip.
lactea: C. Huettneriana var.
Lawrenceana. Lvs. to about 11 in. long and 1 in. wide:
racemes to 8 in. long; fls. 1-3, large, greenish-yellow or
brownish-white, the lip having brown side lobes, a large
central brown spot, wnite on sides separated by a sulfur-
colored band. Mar.-Apr. Indo-China.
lentigindsa. Lvs. to 8 in. long and 1% in. wide: racemes
to 4 in. long, about 4-8-fld.; fls. straw-yellow or yellow-
green with the white lip having brown edged side lobes and
orange blotched mid-lobe. Dec.-Mar. Burma.
Massangeana. Lvs. to 20 in. long and 6 in. wide: ra-
cemes pendulous, to 2 ft. long, loosely many-fld.; fls. pale
rellow with lip having brown and yellow streaked side
_obes and yellow, brown and white mid-lobe. Mar.-June,
Oct.-Nov. Assam, Malaya, Java.
Mayeriana. Lvs. to 8 in. long and 1 in. wide: racemes to
1 ft. long, to 10-fld.; fls. green with lip streaked with dark
brown. Apr., Oct.-Nov. Malaya.
Mooreana. Lvs. to 20 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls. in
3-8-fld. racemes to 10 in. long, snow-white with lip spotted
with golden-yellow. Dec. Cochin-China.
nervdsa (C. corrugata). Lvs. to 6 in. or more long and
about 1 in. wide: fls. in 3-0-fld. racemes, white with lip
marked with yellow. Aug.-Sept. India.
nitida (C. ocellata). Lvs. to 10 in. long and 1% in. wide:
racemes 3-6-fld.; fls. white with golden- yellow spots on lip.
Mar .-May, Sept.-Nov. Himalayas, Burma, Indo-China.
Var. maxima has much larger fls.
ocellata: C. nitida.
pandurata. Lvs. to about 26 in. long and 2^ in. wide:
racemes arching, nearly as long as Ivs., up to 9-fld.; fls.
large, pale green, having a warty lip marked with blackish-
brown or black. Jan.-Mar., May-July. Malaya, Borneo,
Sumatra.
prolifera. Lvs. to 7 in. long: fls. in many-fld. racemes
subtended by bracts, greenish-yellow. Himalayas.
Rhodeana. Lvs. to 14 in. long and about 1 in. wide:
racemes 3-5-fld., to 4 in. long; fls. greenish-white, the lip
with brown side lobes and 2 yellow stripes on mid-lobe.
Molucca Isls.
Sanderiana. Lvs. to 15 in. long and 3 in. wide: racemes
as long as the Ivs., to 9-fld.; fls. large, white with side lobes
marked with brown and mid-lobe yellow. Sunda Isls.,
Borneo.
sparsa. Lvs. to about 6 in. long and 1 ^ in. wide: racemes
arching, 7^ in. or less long, up to 7-fld.; fls. small, whitish
with brown mottling on side lobes of lip and orange blotch
on mid-lobe. Jan. -May, Nov. Philippines.
specidsa. Lvs. to 15 in. long and over 2 in. wide: racemes
shorter than Ivs., 1-4-fld.; fla. very large, greenish or
r;
Ccelogyne 194
yellowish-brown, lip yellowish-white heavily marked with
dark brown. FeD.-July, Sept. Java.
tomentdsa. Lvs. to 20 in. long and 3 in. wide: racemes
pendulous, hairy, to 18 in. long; fls. large, light orange-red
or red-brown, lip with side lobes streaked with brown and
mid-lobe yellow with brown margins. May. Malaya.
COFFfeA. COFFEE. Rubiacex. Evergreen
shrubs and trees with usually opposite Ivs.,
cream or white salverforrn fls. in axillary clus-
ters, and a small 2-seeded colored berry; native
in Asia and trop. Afr. and widely grown in the
tropics for the coffee "beans" which are really
the seeds within the pulpy fr.
In the United States coiTee is grown only occasionally
as an ornamental subject and for its general interest, and
is sometimes seen under glass. Propagated by cuttings of
ripe wood, and in the tropics by seeds from which the
pulp is removed.
ar&bica. COMMON or ARABIAN C. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs.
oval, to 6 in. long, shining dark green: fls. pure white,
fragrant, 5-lobed, % in. long: fr. red, ^ in. long. Trop.
Afr. — Listed names of hort. forms are: columnaris, erecta
and excelsa.
libdrica. LIBERIAN C. Shrub: Ivs. obovatc, to 1 ft.
long, shining: fls. 6-7-lobecl, 1 in. long: fr. black, % in.
long. Trop. Afr.
Zanguebariee. ZANZIBAR C. Tree to 6 ft.: Ivs. oval or
obovate, to 4 in. long: fls. 6~7-lobed: fr. red turning black,
% in. long, nerved longitudinally. Trop. Afr.
COFFEE: Coffea. -Berry: Rfiamnus californica. -Tree,
Kentucky: Cymnocladus dioica. Wild-: Pitychvtna.
COGSWELLIA: Lomatium.
COHERENT: two or more similar parts or organs
Joined.
COHOSH: Actxa. Black: Cimicifuga racemosa. Blue:
Caulophyllum thalictroides.
COIR: see Coconut.
COIX. Graminex. Tall grasses with broad
Ivs., grown for the peculiar bead-like involucre
which contains the pistillate spikelets, the
stuminate spikelets deciduous and borne on
the axis projecting from the bead; source of a
cereal food (adlay) in parts of Asia. Sec Grasses.
Lacryma-J6bi. JOBS-TEARS. Per. but grown as an ann.
and not winter-hardy in cold countries, to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft.
long and 1 ^ in. wide: beads from pearly white to lead color,
to 1^ in. across, hard and shining. Trop. Asia, but nat.
elsewhere. Var. aurea zebrlna has Ivs. striped yellow.
COLA. Sterculiaceae. Trop. African trees
with alternate entire or lobed Ivs., unisexual
or polygamous fls. without petals borne in
axillary panicles, and fr. of 4-5 leathery or
woody carpels; grown in the tropics for the
kernel of trie fr. which is used in making drinks
and in medicine.
Colas do best on sandy loam soil. Propagated by seeds,
preferably singly in pots and then set out permanently,
as they ao not transplant well; also by cuttings of mature
wood over heat.
acuminata. COLA or GOORA NUT. To 40 ft. evergreen:
Ivs. entire, obovate, to 8 in. long, leathery: fls. yellow: fr.
to G in. long.
C6LCHICUM. AUTUMN-CROCUS. Liliacese.
Mostly autumn-blooming cormous herbs with
broad basal Ivs. the following spring, and very
long-tubed purple or white fls. arising from the
ground without sts.
Adapted to the sunny border and a loamy soil. Bulbs
should be planted 2-3 inches deep in August or September,
and not lifted until they show signs of deterioration.
Propagated by separation of bulbs and by seeds.
agrippinum. Similar to C. variegalum but more robust
and Ivs. nearly erect. Cultigen.
autumnale. To 4 in.: Ivs. to 2 in. wide: fls. purple or
white, sometimes double, to 4 in. across, in autumn. Eu.,
N. Afr. Var. album has white fls., atropurpureum purple.
Var. majus is more robust. Var. minus is listed as a dwarf
form. Var. rdseum, fls. rose-pink.
Bornmuelleri. To 8 in.: Ivs. to 2 in. wide: fls. rose or
lilac turning purple, the tube white, 5 in. across, in autumn.
Asia Minor.
Coleus
byzantlnum. To 6 in.: Ivs. to 4 in. wide: fls. lilac-purple,
to 4 in. across, many from a spathe, in autumn. S. E. Eu.
Decalsnei. Lvs. to 1^ in. wide: fls. pale rose, 3 in. or
more across. Nov.-Jan. Medit. region.
giganteum: hort. form with pink fls.
luteum. Lvs. to % in. wide: fls. yellow, to 1% in. across,
in spring. Himalayas.
Parkinsonii. To 8 in. : Ivs. usually 3, lanceolate, margins
strongly undulate, lying flat on the ground: fls. white,
heavily tessellated with purple, to 4 in. across, segms.
narrowly lanceolate, autumn. S. Eu. — By some con-
sidered synonymous with C. vartegatum.
specidsum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. wide: fls. violet with
white throat or pink, to 6 in. across, in autumn. Caucasus.
Var. album has white fls. Vars. illyricum and magnificum
are listed.
variegarum. To 3 in.: Ivs. 1 in. wide: fls. rose with white
tube, checkered, to 4 in. across, in autumn. Greece, Asia
Minor.
COLE, COLEWORT. A general name for what may be
called the tiue Brassicas as distinguished from the mustards.
The term covers the blue-leaved species, mostly biennial,
as the cabbage tribe, kohlrabi, rutabaga, rape.
COLEONfiMA. Rutacese. S. African shrubs
with scattered linear Ivs., fls. solitary in the axils,
and capsular frs.; one species sometimes planted
in warm climates and grown under glass in pots.
For cult, see Diosma.
album (Diosma alba). To 1 ft. or more, much branched:
Ivs. K m. long. fls. white, about ]/« m. across.
pulchrum. Taller than C. album, with longer Ivs. and
larger red fls.
COLEOSANTHUS: Brickellia.
COLEUS. Labiate. Ann. or per. showy-lvd.
herbs grown in the window-garden, greenhouse,
porch boxes, and to some extent for bedding-out:
Ivs. toothed: fls. small or medium-sized, usually
blue or lilac, in terminal spike-like racemes:
native in tropics of Old World.
Coleus is very easily propagated from short cuttings
taken at any time; seeds produce many inteiestmg varia-
tions. New plants from cuttings eveiy year give best
results.
amboinicus (C. aromaticus). Per. to 3 ft., huiry-pubes-
cent: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 2 in. long, coarsely round-
toothed, fleshy: fls. pale purplish. India, E. Indies. — Cult,
in trop. Amcr. and shoots sometimes seen in market as
"Spanish thyme;" aromatic.
arom&ticus: C. amboinicus.
Autranii. Sts. villous at nodes and glabrous along inter
nodes: Ivs. broadly ovate, to 5 in. long, base coidate to
rounded, pilose above and briefly hispid beneath: fls. lilac,
in spikes to 6 in. long, corolla to nearly % m. long. Ethiopia.
barbatus. Per. to 4 ft., woody toward base: Ivs. ovate to
oblong, to 4 in. long, cuneate, apex obtuse, margins crenate,
very hairy on both sides: fls. bright blue, to >3 in. long, m
lax racemose panicles to 2 ft. long. Tiop. Afr.
Blumei. The common cult, coleus, in many forms: per.
to 3 ft., erect: Ivs. ovate, acuminate or pointed, obtusely
toothed, 4 in. or more long, variously colored with yellow,
dull red and purplish, sometimes deeply cut: fls. dark blue
or whitish, the whorls nearly sessile in the spike. Java.
Var. Verschaff eltii is more branching and brilliantly colored.
hybridus: hort. name for probable garden hybrids of
unknown parentage.
lanugindsus. Herb, the root bearing tubers: Ivs. ovate,
to 3 in. long, densely pubescent: fls. in short-stalked clusters
in long loose panicles. Cent. Afr.
ornatus: hort. name for a large-lvd. form of C. Blumei.
Persodnii. Erect herb: Ivs. ovate, wrinkled and soft-
pubescent, in many-fld. nearly sessile clusters. Madagascar.
pumilus. Sts. lax, more or less decumbent and rooting
at lower joints: Ivs. small, mostly 2 m. or less long, broad
and obtuse, coarsely toothed, sometimes lighter colored
along rib and nerves: fls. small, in long racemes. Philippines;
sometimes cult., and somewhat escaped in S. Fla.
regalis: listed name.
Rehneltianus. Per., sts. \much branched, procumbent:
Ivs. ovate- triangular, to % in. long, usually wider than long,
obtuse, crenate, base acuminate to heart-shaped, margins
dark-purple-hairy: fls. blue, about JHj in. long, in 7-8-fld.
cymes forming an elongate raceme to 6 in. long, corolla lip
o? 4 white lobes^ Ceylon. Var. supgrbus is listed.
shirensis. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, deeply
toothed, pubescent beneath: fls. dark blue, hi stalked clust-
ers in large erect terminal panicles. Cent. Afr.
Coleus
thyrso'deus. BUSH C. Shrub to 3 ft. : Ivs. cordate-ovate,
to 7 in. long: fls. bright blue, the clusters in the spike-like
racemes long-stalked. Cent. Afr.
Verscha£f61tii: C. Blumei var.
COLEWORT: see Cole.
COLIC-ROOT: Dioscorea villosa. Yellow: Aletris aurea.
COLLARD, COLLARDS. A large kale,
Brassica oleracea var. acephala. grown in the
South for greens. It is biennial or potentially
perennial, producing a hard stalk 1-2 feet high
and bearing a loose crown of cabbage-like leaves
(but not a solid head) which are eaten. Some-
times collards are grown as a winter annual for
spring use; and sometimes the leaves are taken
as needed and the plant allowed to stand for a
year or more, where winters are very mild. The
usual procedure is to sow seeds in spring in a
seed-bed, transplant to 3 or 4 feet apart in the
field, till through the season, and harvest the
crop in autumn; the plant endures hot weather
better than cabbage. If seed is wanted, the
3tocks may be allowed to stand where climate
permits, or they may be stored for the winter
and planted out the next year as are cabbage
stumps.
Sometimes young cabbage plants, or re-
lated things, arc erroneously called collards
when used for greens.
COLLfeTIA. Rhamnacex. Spiny stiff S.
American shrubs with thickened often flattened
branchlets, the Ivs. very small or usually wanting,
yellowish or white fls., and fr. a leathery 3-lobed
caps.; grown out-of-doors in warm regions or
under glass as a curiosity. Propagated by
seeds or cuttings of half-ripened wood.
armata. Branches and spines usually pubescent, spines
straight or slightly cuived, to % in. long, Ivs. small: fls.
Sept. -Dec. Chile.
cruciata. ANCHOR-PLANT. To 4 ft., with very broad-
spiny flattened branches and few small Ivs.: fls. yellowish-
white, in autumn. S. Brazil, Uruguay; seen in Fla. and S.
Cahf.
fiphedra. Small shrub with flattened branches: fls.
white, in spring. Chile.
hdrrida: a synonym of the true C. spinosa but in hort.
applied either to C. ciuciata or C. infausta.
infausta. To 10 ft., the stiff green branches with cylin-
drical spines to 1 in. long and small Ivs.: fls. greenish- white,
in early spring. Chile.
spin6&a of gardens is C. infausta or C. armata; the plant
long known botamoally as C. spinosa is now considered to
be two distinct species, C. spinosissima of Argentina and
C. aciculata of Peru, neither in cult.
COLLlNIA. Palmacese. One graceful pinnate-
Ivd. shade palm of Mex. and Cent. Amer.,
differing from Chamsedorea in having inner
floral envelopes of staminate fls. united at base
with filaments and pistillode, corolla of both
staminate and pistillate fls. campanulate-tubi-
form and open at apex.
61egans (Chamsedorca elegans. Neanthe betta). Sts.
solitary or somewhat clustered, ringed, 2-8 ft.: pinnae
narrow-lanceolate and long-acuminate but sometimes
broader and short, green on both surfaces, not ridged, not
harsh in texture: spadix much branched: fr. small, globu-
lar.— A good porch and pot plant.
COLLfNSIA. Scrophulariacex. Hardy her-
baceous attractive annuals with Ivs. opposite
or in whorls of 3's, the bell-shaped 2-hpped
fls. in "the axils of the Ivs. either solitary or in
umbel-like clusters, blooming in mid-summer,
the colors ranging from white, lilac, rose to
violet and clear bright blue; mostly native in
W. N. Amer.
Collinsias require only the usual treatment for annuals,
195 Colocasia
the seed may be sown outdoors in autumn, if well protected
in winter, but preferably in spring in the North.
bartsiaef61ia. SEASIDE C. To 1 ft., sticky: Ivs. ovate
to linear, 1 in. long: fls. nearly sessile, whitish, marked with
lilac or purple, with short upper lip. Calif.
bfcolor. To 2 ft., glabrous or sticky: Ivs. oblong, toothed,
to 2 in. long: fls. nearly sessile, to 1 in. long, lower lip violet
or rose-purple, upper lip white. Calif. Var. candidfssima
has all white fls. Vnr. multicolor (C. multicolor) has varie-
gated fls. Var. purpurea, fls. rich purple.
candidfssima: C. bicolor var.
carnea: listed name, probably a color form of C. licolor.
grandifldra. BLUE-LIPS. To 15 in.: Ivs. oblong to linear,
to 1% in. long, entire: fls. to *\ in. long, pedicels length
of fls., corolla-tube shorter than limb, lov\cr lip deep blue
or violet, upper lip purple or white. Calif, to B. C.
multicolor: C. bicolor var.
parvifldra (C. tenella). Erect or spreading, to 8 in. high:
Ivs. orbicular, oblong or linear, often toothed, acutish, to
% in. long, in whorls of 3-5: fls. violet or blue, to H in.
long, axillary, usually solitary, the tube of corolla longer
than limb. Ore., Wash. — Some of the material so listed
is Tonella tenella.
tenella: C. parviflora.
tinct&ria. To 2 ft., sticky, giving off an iodine- like stain:
Ivs ovate to lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. nearly sessile,
pale purplish or nearly white and streaked, the upper lip
very short. Calif.
v6rna. BLUE-KYED MA.KY. To 2 ft • Ivs. ovate to oblong,
to 2 in. long: fls. ^2 in- long, long-stalked, lo\\er lip bright
blue, upper white or purplish. N. Y. to Wis. and Ky.
COLLINSONIA. HORSE-BALM. HORSE-WEED.
STONE-ROOT. Labiatse. Aromatic per. herbs of
E. N. Amer., with large opposite Ivs. and small
yellowish fls. in panicled racemes, the 2 stamens
long-exsertcd; one sometimes grown in the wild-
garden in moist woodsy places.
canad6nsis. CITRONELLA. To 5 ft., with thick clumpy
root: Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, to 10 in. long, coarsely
toothed: fls. ^ in. long, lemon-scented, in panicles to 1 ft.
long. Que. to Fla. and Ark.
COLLOMIA. Polemoniaccse. Herbs from
W. N. Amer. and Chile, allied to Gilia but
differing in technical characters, with alternate
Ivs. and red, yellow or white tubular fls. often
borne in heads subtended by leafy bracts.
Of easy cultivation in any garden soil. Propagated by
seeds sown where plants are to stand, in open exposures.
bifldra (C. and Cilia coccinea). Ann. to 2 ft : Ivs. linear,
toothed or cut near end: fls. scarlet tinged outside with buff.
Bolivia, Chile, Argentina.
coccinea: C. biflora.
grandifl&ra (Gilia grandiflora). Variable ann. to 2% ft.:
Ivs linenr-lanceolate, entire: fls. buff or salmon-color.
Rocky Mts. to Calif.
Larsenii. Ann. to 6 in. tall or less: Ivs. pedately 3-7-
divided, to 1 in. long: fls. violet, ^ in. long. Wash., Ore.,
Calif.
linearis (Gilia linearis). Ann. to 16 in.: Ivs. linear to
linear-lanceolate, entire: fls. red-purple or pink. B. C. to
Calif, and Colo.
purpurea: listed name.
COLOCASIA (Leucpcasia) . ELEPHANTS-EAR.
Aracex. Big trop. Asian herbs grown for orna-
ment or the edible tubers, having peltate heart-
or arrow-shaped Ivs. and unisexual fls. borne
on spadices wnich are shorter than the spathes.
Cplocasias are usually planted out-of-doors for sub-
tropical foliage effects, tubers having been started indoors.
They should have damp rich soil. The dasbeen is grown
for the edible roots in warm climates. Tubers may be
planted in hills 3 feet apart in rows 4 feet apart. In about
seven months the tubers will be ready for harvesting. The
young shoots of dasheen forced and blanched are used as
a winter vegetable. Taro is also widely grown for food in
the Hawaiian and other Pacific Islands, particularly in the
form of "poi."
antiquorum. Lvs. ovate-cordate, to 2 ft. long, green,
the petioles to 5 ft. long: spathes pale yellow, to 15 in. long;
spadix with very long sterile appendage. E. Indies. — Runs
into several forms, a few of which are: Var. euch!6ra having
dark green Ivs. with violet margins and petioles; var.
Fontanesii (C. violacea) with dull green Ivs. margined and
Colocasia
196
Commelina
veined with purple and purplish petioles; var. illustris
has Ivs. spotted with dark green between the veins and
violet petioles.
escule'nta (Caladium esculentum). TARO. EDDO. DASH-
EEN. Closely resembling the above but having large edible
tubers and the spadix with very short sterile appendage.
indica. Lvs. ovate-cordate, to 1 H ft long, the petioles
to 3 ft. long: spathes glaucous, to 6 m. long; spadix with
short sterile appendage. Malaya.
monorhiza: hort. name.
multifldra: hort. name.
nSo-guinee'nsis: ticfnsmatoglottis nco-guineensis.
odorata: Alocasia indica.
violacea: C. antiquorum var. Fontanesii.
COLPOTHRlNAX. Palmacex. One species
of fan-palm in Cuba, sometimes referred to
Pritchardia but differing in the singularly swollen
trunk and in technical floral characters as well
as in its range.
Wrlghtii (Pritchardia Wrightii). BOTTLE or BARREL
PALM, endemic in Pmar del Hio and Isle of Pines, where it
is known as barrigona palm. Tree to 40 ft., the trunk much
swollen at or below the middle, slender above: Ivs. more or
less circular in outline, to 5 ft. or more across, with many
segms.: fls. sessile, fleshy: fr. globose, |*j in. or more diam.
COLQUHOtNIA. IMitx. Tender erect
or twining shrubs with all parts of the plants
white-woolly when young, the fls. scarlet and
yellow; native to 8. Asia, one cult, somewhat
in the S. Propagated by cuttings of growing
tips in summer and rooted under glass.
vestita. To 4 ft., permanently white-woolly: Ivs. oval
or ovate, to 2% in. long, wavy-toothed: fls. orange-scarlet,
% in. long, in whorls, autumn and winter.
COLTSFOOT: Tussilago Farfara. Sweet: Petasites
fragrans.
COLUMBINE: A qutlegia.
COLUMBO: Frasera.
COLUMN: body formed of union of stamens and pistil
in orchids, or of stamens, as in mallows.
COLUMNBERRY, TRUEHEDGE: Berbers Thunbergii
var. pluriflora.
COLtJMNEA. Gesneriacesp. Trop. Ameri-
can shrubs or vines with opposite Ivs., 2-lipped
tubular red or yellow fls. solitary or clustered
in the axils, and fr. a berry; grown in the green-
house. Propagated by cuttings.
glori6sa. Per., epiphytic, hairy: Ivs. ovate to ovate-
oblong, to 1J4 in. long, strongly nerved: fls. scarlet and
yellow, to 3 in. long, 2-lippcd, solitary. Costa Rica.
hfrta. Per., epiphytic, glandular-haiiy: Ivs. narrowly
elliptic, to 2H m. long, entire or remotely toothed: fls.
vermillion marked orange, to 3 in. long, solitary in leafy
axils. Costa Rica.
spl6ndens: N ematanthus longipes.
COLUTEA. BLADDER SENNA. Leguminosse.
Shrubs or little trees from the Medit. region to
the Himalayas, with deciduous pinnate Ivs.,
papilionaceous fls. in axillary few-fld. racemes,
and inflated bladder-like pods; planted for or-
nament and hardy N. Propagated by seeds,
cuttings in autumn, or choice varieties by graft-
ing on C. arbor escens.
arbdrea is arborescens.
arbore*scens. To 15 ft.: fls. yellow, the wings about as
long as keel: pods to 3 in. long. 8. Eu., N. Afr. Var.
bullata is a dwarf form with small Ifte. Var. crlspa has
wavy-edged Ivs.
cilfcica (C. longialata). Differs from C. arborescens in
the wings being longer than the keel. Asia Minor.
cm6nta: C. orientahs.
hale" pica: C. istria.
(stria (C. halepica). To 6 ft.- fls. orange-yellow, the wings
longer than keel. Asia Minor.
longialata: C. cthcica.
mddia. Hybrid probably between C. arboreacens and
C, orientalis: to 10 ft. : fls. orange or reddish-yellow.
orientals (C. cruenta). To 6 ft.: fls. brownish-red with
yellow spot at base of standard, the wings shorter than
keel: pods 1^ m. long. 8. E. Eu., Asia.
persica. To 8 ft.: fls. yellow, the wings longer than keel:
pods to 2 in. long. Persia, Kurdistan.
COLVfLLEA. Lcguminosae. One African tree
rarely planted in semi-trop. regions for the
showy bloom. Propagated by seeds. C. racemdsa.
To 50 ft., with thick trunk: Ivs. 2-pinnate into
segms. J/2 in. long: fls. scarlet with yellow
stamens, in dense drooping showy racemes to
1J/2 ft. long: pods round.
COLZA: Brassica Napus.
COMANTHOSPHACE. LaUatx. Hardy
Japanese subshrubs or suffrutcsccnt per. related
to Klsholtzia, having 5-lobed strongly bilobed
corolla and globose 2-valved anthers, large
early-deciduous bracts subtending the fls. and
usually apparent only beneath the undeveloped
terminal part of infl. One species, C. japtfnica,
is cult. To 2 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, acuminate, serrate, base cuneate,
veins depressed above: fls. yellow, to % in. long,
in erect terminal and axillary spikes, stamens
and style long-exserted, bracts orbicular to
ovate, to J/2 in. long.
COMAROSTAPHYLIS: Arctostaphylos diver si folia.
COMARUM: Potentilla palustns.
COMBRETACE^. COMBRETUM FAMILY.
Trees and shrubs of about 15 trop. genera, in
eastern and western hemispheres, characterized
by simple Ivs., mostly small bisexual fls. having
4-8-lobed calyx, 4-5 petals or none, 4-10 stamens,
inferior 1-celled ovary, and dry often winged fr.
Bucida, Combretum, Quisqualis and Terminalia
are cult for ornament and fr.
COMBRfeTUM. Combretacex. Trop. trees
and shrubs, often climbing, with mostly opposite
entire Ivs., polygamous fls. in spikes or racemes,
the stamens lorig-exserted, and leathery 4-6-
winged frs.
coccfneum (Grislea coccinea). Vine to 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
to 4 in. long: fls. bright red, H in- long, in terminal panicled
racemes. Madagascar.
grandifldrum. Vine: Ivs. ovate-elliptio, to 4 in. long,
briefly acuminate, pubescent becoming glabrous' fls. red,
about 2 in. long, in shoit axillary and terminal spikes.
Trop. Afr.
secundum. Vine: Ivs. oval-oblong, to 6 in. long: fls.
scarlet, 1% in. long, in dense terminal spikes. Trinidad,
N. S. Amer.
COMESPERMA. Polijgalacex. Australian
herbs or shrubs, often twining, with small
alternate Ivs. and irregular fls. in terminal
racemes; one planted in Calif.
spindsum. Much branched leafless shrub with thorny
branches, the Ivs. reduced to scales: fls. small, solitary and
scattered.
COMFREY: Symphytum.
COMMELINA. DAY-FLOWER. Commelinacex.
Widely distributed herbs with jointed sts.,
alternate entire Ivs. and irregular mostly blue
short-lived fls. in cymes subtended by a leafy
bract; grown in greenhouses or out-of-doors,
often as ground-cover. Propagated by seeds,
cuttings over heat, or division of the tubers
when produced.
angustifdlia. Sts. erect or diffuse, to 2 ft. or more long:
Ivs. nearly or quite linear, to 5 in. long: sheaths often
purplish: fls. blue. S. TJ. S.
clandestlna: confused name of uncertain application.
co3le"stis. Per. with fibrous or tuberous robtd, to 1H ft.
high: fls. deep blue, to 1 in. across. Mex. — A frequent
Commelina 197
greenhouse plant. Var. alba has white fls. and variegata
blue and white.
crfspa. Creeping per. with sts. to 3 ft. long: Ivs. lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, to 3^ in. long, crisped: fls. with
2 upper petals light blue and lower white. Mo. to New Mex.
diffusa (C. nudiflora. C. Sellowiana). Creeping per.
with sts. rooting at joints: fls. blue, to ^ in. across. N.
Amer., S. Amer., Asia, Afr., growing natively as far north
as N. J. — Employed as an open-garden plant.
nudifldra: C. diffusa.
satlva: listed name, possibly referable to C. tuberosa.
Sellowiana: C. diffusa.
sikkimgnsis. Creeping per.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in.
long, base unequal and usually obtuse: sheaths glabrous or
nearly so: fls. blue, usually 6-12 in terminal cymes. Hima-
layas.
tuberdsa. Diffusely branching from tuberous root: Ivs.
narrowly lanceolate, to 3 in. long: sheaths pubescent: fls.
blue. Mts. of Mex. — When planted in the open, the tubers
should be lifted and stored in dry sand during winter.
virginica. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 5 in. long
and 1 in. across: sheaths often pubescent: fls. blue, to 1 in.
across. June— Sept. N. Y. to Mich, south to Paraguay.
COMMELINACE^E. SPIDERWORT FAMILY.
Herbs of about 26 genera widely scattered,
particularly in the tropics, with simple, alternate,
parallel-veined, mostly sheathing and entire Ivs.,
bisexual fls. in cymes subtended by leafy bracts
(spathcs), having 3 sepals and petals, mostly
6 stamens, superior 2-3-cellcd ovary and capsular
or sometimes berry-like frs. The family provides
many ornamental subjects, the larger part of
which are grown under glass in the N. The
genera known to hort. are Commelina, Com-
rnelinantia, Cuthbcrtia, Cyanptis, Dichorisandra,
Palisota, Pollia, llhceo, Spironema, Tinantia,
Tradescantia, Zebriiia.
COMMELINANTIA. Commelinacex. Ann.
succulent herbs, erect or decumbent, native in
Tex., one sometimes grown in that region.
C. anomala (Tinantia anomala. Tradescantia
anomala). Basal Ivs. linear-spatulate, to 1 ft.
long: fls. lavender-blue with small white petal,
2-16 in terminal infl. subtended by leaf -like
spathe.
COMPARfiTTIA. Orchidacex. Small genus
of American epiphytes with pendulous simple
or branched racemes, similar to lonopsis from
which it differs in having lateral sepals forming
long slender spur in contrast to lateral sepals
only saccate at base. See Orchids.
falcata. Pseudobulbs oblong, clustered, smooth, 1-lvd.:
If. elliptic-lanceolate, acute, to 6 in. long or less: scape
arising from base of If., pendent, to 28 in. long, filiform,
bearing loose raceme of 2-15 (more when paniculate)
purple-red to crimson fls.; spur slender. Cent. Amer.,
W. Indies, S. Amer.
COMPASS-PLANT: Silphium laciniatum.
Conandron
COMPOSITE FAMILY. Over
800 widely dispersed genera of herbs and some-
times shrubs or little trees characterized by the
fls. being assembled in involucrate heads and
with the anthers joined around the pistil;
corolla gamopetalous, often of two kinds in one
head, regular and 4-5-lobed, and ligulate or
produced into a long limb on one side; stamens
4-5; ovary inferior, 1-celled: fr. an achene
mostly crowned by a pappus of scales, barbs or
hairs. The family contains numerous ornamental
subjects and others grown as vegetables. Most
of themxare sun-loving plants of simple cultural
requirements; the predominant types are sum-
mer- and autumn-blooming. The genera known
to hort. are Achillea, Actinea, Actinomeris,
Ageratum, Agoseris, Amberboa, Amellus, Am-
mobium, Anacyclus, Anaphalis, Antennaria,
Anthemis, Aphanostephus, Arctium, Arctotis,
Arnica, Artemisia, Aster, Athanasia, Baccharis^
Baeria, Baileya, Balsamorhiza? Bellis, Bellium,
Berlandiera, Bidens, Boltoma, Brachycome,
Brachyglottis, Brickellia, Buphthalmum, Cal-
endula, Calimeris, Callistephus, Calocephalus,
Carduus, Carlina, Carpephorus, Carthamus,
Cassinia, Catananche, Celmisia, Centaurea,
Chnaaectis, Chaptalia, Charieis, Chrysanthemum,
Chrysocoma, Chrysogonum, Chrysopsis, Chry-
sothamnus, Cichorium, Cirsium, Cladanthus,
Cnicus, Coreopsis, Corethrogyne, Cosmos, Cotuia,
Craspedia, Crepis, Crocidium, Crupina, Cryp-
tosternma, Cynara, Dahlia, Dimorphotheca,
Diotis, Doronicurn, Echinacea, Echinops, Emilia,
Encelia, Engelmannia, Ericarneria, Erigeron,
Eriocephalus, Eriophyllum, Erlarigea, P]upator-
ium, Euryops, Felicia, Filago, Gaillardia, Gal-
actites, Gamolepis, Garberia, Gazania, Geraea,
Gerberia, Gnaphalium, Grindelia, Guizotia,
Gutierrezia, Gynura, Haastia, Haplopappus,
Hazardia, Helenium, Helianthella, Ilelianthus,
Helichrysum, Heliopsis, Helipterum, Hetero-
pappus, Heterospermum, Heterothcca, Hidal-
goa, Hieracium, Homogyne, Hulsea; Humea,
Hymcnopappus, Hyrx>chceris, Hystcnonica. In-
ula, Jasonia, Jurinea, Kleinia, Krigia, Kuhnia,
Lactuca, Lagenophora, Lasthenia, Layia, Leon-
todon, Leontopodium, Lepachys, Leptosyne,
Lessingia, Leucheria, Leucogencs, Leuzea, Lia-
tris, Ligularia, Lindheimera, Linosyris, Lonas,
Luina, Machaeranthera, Madia, Malacothrix,
Marshallia, Matricaria, Melampodium, Micro-
glossa, Mikania, Monolopia, Montanoa, Mos-
charia, Mutisia, Myconella, Myriocephalus,
Notonia, Odontospermum, Olearia, Onorpordum,
Othonna, Pachystegia, Parthenium, Perezia,
Pericome, Petasites, Phagnalon, Picris, Piqueria,
Pluchea, Podachaenium, Podolepis, Polypteris,
Prenanthes, Pulicaria, Pyrethrum, Raoulia,
Rainiera; Reichardia, Rudbeckia, Santolina,
Sanvitaha, Saussurea, Scolymus, Scorzonera,
Senecio, Sericocarpus. Serratula, Sideranthus,
Silphium, Silybum, Solidago, Solidaster, Son-
chus, Spilanthes, Stephanomeria, Stevia, . Stoke-
sia, Tagetes, Tanacetum, Taraxacum, Theles-
pcrma, Thymophylla, Tithonia, Tolpis, Town-
sendia, Tragopogon, Tridax, Trilisa, Tripteris,
Tussilago, Uropappus, Urospermum, Ursinia,
Venidium, Verbesina, Vernonia, Vittadinia, Wede-
Ha, Wyetnia, Xanthisma, Xeranthemum, Zex-
menia, Zinnia.
COMPOSITE: compound; said of an apparently simple
or homogeneous organ or structure made \ip of several
really distinct parts; applied to the heads of Composita).
COMPOUND: of two or more similar parts in one organ,
as a leaf of 2 or more leaflets, a fruit of 2 or more carpels.
COMPRESSED: flattened, especially sidewise.
COMPSOA: Tricyrtia.
COMPTdNIA. Myricacese. One fragrant
deciduous shrub native in E. N. Amer., adapted
for covering banks or dry sandy soil. C. pere-
grina (C. asplenifolia. Myrica asplenifolia) .
SWEET-FERN. To 5 ft.: Ivs. fern-like, linear-
oblong, deeply pinnately cut, pubescent: fls.
unisexual, in catkins. — Propagated by seeds,
layers, and division of the clumps.
CONANDRON. Gesneriacex. One stemless
tuberous-rooted herb native in the mts. of
Japan and suitable for rock-gardens in S. U. S.
C. ramondioides. Lvs. basal, to 7 in. long, oblong,
wrinkled and toothed: fls. white or pink with
Conandron
198
Conifers
purple eye, 1 in. across, in drooping clusters on
scapes to 1 ft. long.
CONCHITA: Centrosema.
CONDALIA. Rhamnacese. Shrubs and trees
inhabiting the New World, mostly in warm
regions, with alternate usually entire Ivs. and
fls. in umbels, with or without petals; one species
is grown out-of-doors in Calif.
llne&ta. Spiny shrub: Ivs. spatulate or obovate, JA in.
long, leathery, without veins above: fls. whitish, without
petals: fr. an oblong drupe % in. long. Patagonia.
CONE: a dense and usually elongated collection of
flowers or fruits boine beneath scales, the whole with scales
and axis forming a detachable homogeneous fruit-like body;
some cones are of short duiation, as those of araucaria,
and otheis become dry, woody and durable.
CONEFLOWER: Echinacea, Lepachys, Rudbeckia.
CONE-PLANT: Conophytum.
CONFEDERATE-ROSE: Hibiscus mutabihs.
CONFEDERATE-VINE: Antigonon leptopus.
C(3NGEA. Verbenacede. Malayan climbing
shrubs with opposite entire Ivs., fls. in head-
like cymes subtended by leaf-like bracts and
borne in large panicles, and fr. a small drupe;
one species sometimes grown out-of-doors in
S. Calif, and other mild climates.
tomentdsa. Lvs. ovate, to 3 in. long, tomentose be-
neath: fls. white, the oval bracts to 1 in. long, white or
lilac, tomentose. India.
CONIC6SIA. Aizoaccx. S. African segre-
gate from Mesembryanthemum (which see
For cult.), per. with erect or procumbent sts.,
alternate crowded long narrow 3-sided soft
Ivs. without dots, and large yellow pcdicelled
fls.; stigmas 10-20.
elongata (M. clongatum). St. ann., prostrate, 1'ft. or
more, from a tuberous root: lys. to 6 in. long and l/± in.
thick, semi-cylindrical: fls. solitary on peduncles to 6 in.
long, the petals linear. — Somewhat escaped in Calif.
Muirii: see under C. pugiomformis.
pugionif6rmis (M. pugiom forme). St. tall, thick, to
2 ft.: Ivs. to 0 in. long, glaucous, 3-unglod, gradually taper-
iiig from base to apex (pugioniform or dagger-shaped):
petals as long as calyx-lobes. — Plants passing under this
name may be C. capensis, a weak not erect plant and petals
shorter than calyx-lobes. C. Muini may be involved: it
has a long fleshy radish-like tuber crowned by the tuft of
Ivs , whereas C. capensis has a fibrous root and a st. 2-3 ft.
long.
CONIFERS. A general term employed for
cone-bearing trees of the pine, spruce and cy-
press kind, but sometimes used as the English
equivalent of Conifers, a technical family
name for plants now segregated in the eight
families, Araucariaceae, Cephalotaxaceac, Cup-
ressacese, Ginkgoaceae, Pinacese, Podocarpaccae,
Taxaceic and Taxodiaceae.
The conifers are gymnosperms, representative
of a class of plants with ovules naked rather
than borne in a sac or ovary as in the angiosperms :
other living gymnosperms are the cycads, of
about 10 genera. Gymnosperms and angiosperms
together comprise the spermatophytes (pheno-
gams or "flowering plants"). The conifers, in a
broad usage to include also ginkgo, the junipers
and yews,- are about 300 species, in about 40
genera, widely spread over the globe but most
prominent in temperate regions; they are all
woody plants, many of them shrubs and others
majestic trees that give character to extensive
areas. They are well represented in the native
flora of North America. To cover the families
Taxacese and Pinaceae, the word conifer has a
definite connotation even though some of the
kinds bear berry-like fruits rather than true
cones; but the characters of foliage and of
woody structure, and the balsamic odors, are
such as to show the similarities of most of
them even to uncritical observers. A few species,
as the larches, bear deciduous leaves, but the
group as a whole is known as "the evergreens"
and it has a horticultural unity. The conifers
are treated in their various relations and adapta-
bilities for American conditions in "The Culti-
vated Conifers," published by the Macmillan
Company.
Conifers are grown for ornament as single
specimens, for shelter-belts, the smaller ones
for foundation-planting about buildings and
in private grounds, and the arboreous species
for groves and forests. The timber trees among
the conifers constitute the main Large forestry
stands in this country. All the kinds abound
in interest, because of their evergreen character
and their strong individuality. Although lacking
showy flowers, the striking habit, interesting
cones, details of foliage and color of new growths
give them an ornamental quality quite their
own. They are particularly striking in the
winter landscape. These qualities vary widely
between the different genera. Most of the genera
are known in cultivation somewhere in the
United States and Canada.
The conifers are mostly high-land plants.
Many of them do well on rather thin land, yet
the best results are to be expected in private
grounds, when the soil is good or well enriched,
for much of the beauty depends on the verdurous
growth. For low grounds, the larches, taxodiums,
and chamsccyparis may be chosen. The common
arbor-vita) is particularly valuable in low and
even swampy places. For effects in large trees,
the pines, spruces and firs are generally most
adaptable, particularly in cold climates, but
cryptomcria, Douglas fir, and sequoias are
majestic in milder climates. Of the smaller and
shrubby kinds, selections may be made among
the true cypresses, junipers, chamaecyparis,
thuja, yews; the rctinisporas are juvenile states
of chamaocyparis and thuja. Inasmuch as so
many species of conifers are available for cul-
tivation from so many parts of the world and
of such varied characteristics, it follows that
the successful planter of them is the one who
notes with much care the requirements of each
as to climate, soil and exposure.
Seedlings of many conifers vary widely, as
in Thuja, Juniperus, Chamsocyparis, and even
in some species of Picea. The dwarf forms
originating in this way, propagated often by
cuttings and layers, arc specially interesting for
small places and for rock-gardens, and they
have the charm of special form and variety of
color.
Transplanting of conifers is best performed,
as a rule, in spring just before the active liew
growth begins or about when the buds begin to
swell. Early autumn planting is satisfactory
in mild climates and with small potted or pruned
stock if the land is moist and in good condition
and the exposure protected so that they do not
dry out seriously befote making a roothold.
August planting, after the main growth is com-
pleted, is often successful if the rainfall is ade-
quate or sufficient water can be supplied. The
younger the tree the greater is the likelihood of
success in transplanting; but the ysual height
for the arboreous species is 2 to 3 feet; any addi-
Conifers
199
Coniogramme
tional height is likely to entail greater care in
the transplanting. Very large conifers should be
moved only by those skilled in the work. Ex-
perience shows that moving large conifers with
a frozen ball of earth large enough to include
all the roots is usually successful.
The top is not pruned, as a rule, at trans-
planting. Therefore the roots should be kept
intact as much as possible, special care being
exercised in the digging, and they should not
be allowed to dry out. Plants from shady
positions should not be transplanted to the
open sun. If the hemlock, for example, is wanted
in a sunny exposed place, young trees occupying
such positions in the wild should be found.
Better results, however, with all conifers, are
to be expected from well-handled nursery-grown
plants. Newly planted trees may be mulched
the first year with straw or similar material to
retain the moisture. All the conifers, and es-
pecially the hemlocks, should be well guyed
after transplanting, for loss is certain if the newly
planted tree is racked by the wind.
The after care of conifers requires no pe-
culiar attention except to meet the attacks
of the special insects and fungi, and for this
work the most recent authoritative books or
bulletins should be consulted. Probably the
most serious of the diseases at present, since
it involves natural forests, is the white pine
blister-rust, due to an imported fungus. It
attacks the five-leaved or white pines, appear-
ing on the twigs and extending into trie trunk.
Thorough removal of the blistered or cankered
twigs from valuable trees as soon as the injury
appears may save the specimen. But the
main procedure is to destroy the alternate
host on which the fungus lives. These other
hosts are currants and gooseberries, and none
of these plants should be allowed to stand
within 200 to 300 yards of white pines; the
cultivated black currant is particularly amen-
able to the disease. For aphis and scale in-
sects, thorough spraying is the proper safe-
guard. The five-needle pines also suffer from
the white pine weevil, which attacks the leading
shoots.
Conifers require the minimum of pruning
inasmuch as most of them are symmetrical
growers. Pines seldom give satisfactory re-
sults when clipped. To keep spruces, firs and
some of the smaller kinds within bounds or to
make them compact and to delay the death
of the lower limbs, the tips of the shoots may
be pinched back in spring or early summer.
Propagation of conifers is accomplished by
means of seeds, cuttings, grafting on other
stocks. Seeds are the usual means for the
raising of forest stock and for the propagation
of the species in general. The horticultural
varieties, however, must be increased by cut-
tings, for seedlings may not come true. Spe-
cies of which seed is not available, and also
certain of the named cultivated varieties, are
grafted on other stocks.
Seeds are gathered as soon as ripe and kept
in bags or boxes in a dry place until the fol-
lowing spring or else stratified over winter.
The seeds are planted in rows in a mellow
well-prepared seed-bed, and covered one-half
inch or less depending on the size. Small seeds
may be broadcast. Rows are usually as close
together as 6 inches, and the bed is strewn with
pine needles or other mulch. The young seed-
lings require protection under lath screens or
brush and plenty of moisture, although the
seeds themselves may be kept fairly free from
water until germination takes place; seed-beds
therefore should be in well-drained soil. If mice,
squirrels or birds are likely to be troublesome,
the beds may be covered with wire netting; the
beds would better be protected from washing
by a border of boards. Care must be taken to
avoid damping-off under the screens. The plants
will need protection the first winter. Care
should be taken to keep the young seedlings
constantly lightly mulched to prevent rain
from spattering them with soil, which adheres
to the young plants and causes considerable
loss. In eighteen months or more, when making
the first set of rough leaves, the seedlings may be
transplanted; and the subsequent process will
determine itself for each species. Conifer seeds
may also be stratified the first autumn in boxes
or flats, and the seedlings allowed to grow in
these boxes the first year; this is a good method
for small quantities or for garden practice, and
for tender species. Seedlings of some of the
rarer species, as of Abies, are so small that it is
inadvisable to transplant them until the end
of the second year.
Cuttings are made from firm tip shoots late
in the season, representing one-year wood
and a two-year base, the bottom third or half
being trimmed of leaves. These are set in clean
sand or peat in flats or a greenhouse bench,
close together in rows and the soil firmed tightly
about them. Mild bottom heat should be given
at first, and raised to perhaps 70° later. In four
to eight months, depending on the kind of conifer
and the conditions, the cuttings should be rooted
and ready for transplanting. Taxus, cedrus,
thujas, retinisporas, cham&cyparis, junipers,
and the like are the kinds most commonly
grown from cuttings, although the piceas and
others are amenable. Piceas and others that
contain a large amount of resin are the most
difficult to root, and removal of the resin by
dipping the lower end in hot water has been
recommended.
Cuttings may also be rooted in outdoor
summer frames, with bottom heat provided
by a little fermenting manure or other means;
a fair percentage of some kinds will root without
other bottom heat than that supplied by the
sun.
Grafting of conifers is performed on stocks
of the same genus, usually in spring when the
roots begin to start. The stocks may be grown
from seeds or cuttings, usually the former.
The stock in any case represents the most
abundant or most easily propagated or most
seedful species of the genus, as red-cedar for
the other junipers, native arborvitse for the
other thujas, Norway spruce for the other
piceas, white pine for related species, and so on.
When large enough for grafting, the stocks are
potted and the cion is sideworked near the root
and firmly tied. The grafted plants are kept in
frames or a propagating house, and in four to
six weeks union should have taken place.
See the article Propagation.
CONIOGRAMME (Dictyogramma) . Poly-
podiacex. Strong-growing conservatory ferns,
useful as specimen plants; fronds 1-2-pinnate;
sori naked, following the veins; native in Japan
Coniogramme
200
Convolvulacece
and Pacific Isls. Sometimes cult, under glass,
requiring a rather cool or moderate atmosphere
and a well-drained soil. See Ferns.
japonica (Gymnogramma japonica). BAMBOO-FERN.
Fronds mostly 1-pmnate, to 2 ft. long, pinnse to 1 ft. long
and 1 in. wide, finely toothed. Japan, 1 ormosa.
CONlUM. Umbelliferx.. Poisonous herbs
with pinnately decompound Ivs., small white
fls. in compound umbels, and ovate somewhat
flattened frs.; one species grown for medicinal
purposes. Propagated by seeds.
maculatum. POISON-HEMLOCK. Bien. to 4 ft.: Ivs. finely
cut into ovate toothed segms., dark green, sometimes known
as "winter- fern." Eu.; nat. in N. and S. Amer.
CONNATE: united or joined; in particular, like or
similar structures joined as one body or organ, as opposite
leaf-blades united about a stem.
CONNECTIVE: the filament or tissue connecting the
two cells of an anther, particularly when the cells are dis-
tinctly separated.
CONNIVENT: coming together or converging, but not
organically connected.
CONOCLINITJM: Eupatorium.
CONOPH1TLLUM. Aizoacese. Small suc-
culent shrubs of the Mesembryanthemum group
of S. Afr., close to the genus Mitrophyllum:
Ivs. of two kinds, one pair united into a conical
body: fls. whitish.
chrysoleucum: Monilaria chrysoleuca.
H^rrei. To 1^ ft. .'plant-body 2 in. long and 1 in. thick:
fls. to 3 in. across, on pedicels 1 in. long; stigmas 5.
CON6PHYTUM. CONE-PLANT. Aizoacese.
One of the groups separated from the old poly-
morphous genus Mesembryanthemum, native
in S. Afr.: very small succulent plants with
abbreviated roots, several or many growths in
a clump but stemless at least when young: each
of the growths consists of 2 Ivs. completely
joined into one body which is globose, obconic,
or depressed, 2-lobed or notched at apex and
with a small orifice at the center; from this
orifice arises a solitary fl., the corolla having a
slender tube, color white to rosy, magenta, red,
yellow.
albe'scens. Plant-body about 1 in. high and broad and
% in. thick, harsh to the touch, whitish-green, indistinctly
dotted: fls yellow, 1 in across.
bilobum (M. bilobum}. Plant-body heart-shaped, 1^ in.
high and 1 in broad and thick: fls. yellow, 1J4 in. across.
Braunsii: C. Pearsonn var. minor.
brfeve. Plant-body about M in. high and broad, flattish
at top, smooth, pale glaucous-green with a few darker dots:
fls. yellow, % in. across.
Calculus (M. Calculus). Plant-body globose, to 1 in.
across, smooth and whitish-green: fls. light yellow, % in.
across.
Ernianum. Plant-body to 1 in. high and % in. broad,
gray-green spotted with dark green: fls. rose or lilac, to
1 in. across.
frut£scens. Shrubby, to 4 in.: plant-body oblong, 1 in.
long and \$ in. wide, deeply 2-lobed, keeled with red: fls.
of a very peculiar coppery- orange, 1 in. across.
Johannis-Winkleri (M. Johannis-Winkleri). Tufted:
plant-body about J^ in. high and wide, glaucous-green:
fls. not described.
kubusanum. Plant-body about ^ in. high and broad,
flattish on top, smooth, dull gray-green with scattered dots
of dark green: fls. unknown.
kubusberg£nsis: probably meant for C. kubusanum.
Luisae. Much branched: plant-body heart-shaped,
about \^ in. high and not quite so wide and thick, slightly
dotted: fls. yellow, % in. across.
Maughanii: Ophthalmophyllum Maughanii.
Mejreri. Plant-body obovoid, *4 in. high and wide
and }| in. thick, only slightly notched at apex, velvety:
fls. yellow, >{s in. across.
minutiflorum (M. minutiflorum). Plant-body obconic,
to *£ in. high and wide, \4 in. thick, glaucous-green: fls.
yellow, }4 in. across.
minutum (M. minutum). Plant-body to \i in. wide,
slightly convex at apex, light bluish-green, dotted: fls. with
outer petals rosy-magenta and inner yellow, to % in. across.
NeVillei (M. Nevillei). Plant-body obconic, about
M in. across the depressed-flattish top, green, dotted: fls.
white or cream, % in. across.
obcon611um: C. obcordellum.
obcordellum (C. obconellum. M. obcordellum). Forming
cushion-like tufts: plant-body obconic, about % in. high,
wide and thick, somewhat glaucous dotted with purplish:
fls. white to straw-color, ^ in. or more across.
odoratum (M. odoratum). Plant-body to 1 in. high and
wide, 5^ in. thick, notched at apex, grayish-green, dotted:
fls. magenta-pink, fragrant, 1 in. across.
PSarsonii. Plant-body broad-obconic, J^-l in. high
and thick, light bluish-green: fls. bright magenta with
orange-pink tube, % in. across. Var. minor (C. Braunsii)
has smaller growths.
pfctum (M. pictum). Plant-body % in. across, convex
on top, dull green with irregular brown lines: fls. whitish,
to % m. across.
Pillansii. Plant-body not clustered, surface velvety:
fls. large, rose-pink, white at base, anthers golden; petals
broad, notched.
Purpusii (M. PurpusiiY Plant-body depressed-conical,
about ^ in. high and thick, bluish-green, dark-spotted:
fls. pale yellow, % m- across.
truncat£llum (M. truncatellum) . Plant-body depressed,
J^ in. or more thick, glaucous-green with darker dots:
fls. pale yellow, ^ in. across.
uveeforme (C. vanrhynsdorpense) . Plant-body to % in.
long and somewhat broader, lobed to % in , pubescent,
spotted: fls. white or pale yellow, % in. across.
vanrhynsdorpe'nse: C. uvseforme.
Vanzfjlii. Differs from C. breve in the exserted calyx
and petals in many series.
We'ttsteinii (M. WcttsteiniiY Plant-body broad-obconic,
to % in high and 1J4 m. truck, glaucous-green, slightly
dotted: fls. bright magenta with paler tube, 1 in. across.
CON(5STYLIS. Hxmodoracese. An Australian
genus of about 40 species of herbaceous per-
ennials whose amaryllid-like fls. have the style
conical at base. One species, C. c&ndicans, is
offered. Lvs. arranged in two vertical ranks or
in crowded tufts on a short rhizome: fls. white
or yellowish, in terminal heads or shortly
dichotomous cymes. Usually treated as a
warmhouse subject.
CONRADiNA. Labiatse. Shrubs of the
S. U. S., with narrow clustered Ivs. having entire
revolute margins and bluish or purplish 2-lipped
fls. in axillary cymes; of the Satureja group.
can£scens. To 1^ ft., stiffly branched: Ivs. to H in.
long: fls. >s in. long, in spring. Fla. to Ala., in sandy soils.
CONSOLEA: Opuntia corallicola.
CONVALlARIA. LTLY-OF-THE-VALLEY. Lilia-
cedB. One per. herb (or the variations considered
as distinct species), having horizontal root-
stocks, the upright parts called "pips." C.
majalis. Lvs. 2, basal, oblong-oval: fls. bell-
shaped, white, fragrant, nodding, in a one-
sided raceme terminating the scape. Eu., Asia,
E. N. Amer. Var. F6rtunei has larger foliage and
fls. Var. rdsea is listed as a pink-fld. form.
(7. japonica is a synonvm of Ophiopogon japoni-
cum. C. Polygonatum is Polygonatum offidnale.
The lily-of-the-valley is hardy out-of-doors in shadv
places and persists for many years without removal. It is
often forced from pips planted in benches of sand in the
greenhouse and kept at a temperature of about 65°. The
pips are often held in cold storage.
CONVOLVULACE^E.X MORNING-GLORY FAM-
ILY. Twining herbs as usually known, but often
shrubs or even trees, of nearly or about 50
widely distributed genera: juice often milky:
Ivs. alternate, \simple or compound : fls. regular
and bisexual, often large and bright colored,
with 5-parted calyx, funnelform gamopetalous
Convolvulacece
201
Coprosma
corolla, 5 stamens, superior prevailingly 2-celled
ovary: fr. a caps, or berry. Many species have
medicinal properties and other kinds are grown
for ornament, as Argyreia, Calonyction, Con-
volvulus, Dichondra, Evolvulus, Ipomcoa, Jac-
quemontia, Lettsomia, Porana, Quamoclit.
CONVOLVULUS. BINDWEED. ConvolvuLacex.
Herbs, mostly twining or trailing, pubescent,
with simple or lobed Ivs., bell-shaped or funnel-
form fls. something like those of morning-glory,
having a plaited 6-angled limb and capsular
frs. C. arvensis is a persistent weed in cult,
grounds.
Bindweeds are of easy cultivation but should be planted
with care as they are likely to become troublesome weeds.
They are grown out-of-doors as covering for fences and
banks and the tender kinds in the greenhouse. Propagated
by seeds, cuttings of young wood, and by division.
altfaeoldes. Per., sts. twining to 3 ft.: lower Ivs. ovate-
cordate, upper pinnatifid: fls. 1-2, pink, about 1 in. long.
Medit. region.
arve'nsis. Per. vine with deep persisting roots, glabrous
or nearly so: Ivs. oblong to ovate with sagittate or hastate
base, to 2 in. long: fls. pink or whitish, to 1 in. across. Eu.;
nat. and a troublesome weed, but has been used in hanging
baskets and elsewhere.
aureus superbus. Per. but grown as ann., sts. twining
or trailing to 5 ft.: Iva. cordate-ovate: fls. golden-yellow.
Of uncertain origin and botanical position.
Cantabrica. Erect or prostrate, to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong or
lanceolate: fls. in clusters, rose or pink, about H in. long.
Medit. region.
Cne&rurn. To 4 ft., erect or ascending: Ivs. lanceolate
or spatulate, persistent: fls. 1-6, white or pinkish. S. Eu.
Cupanianus: C. tricolor.
elongatus. Ann.: Ivs. cordate-ovate: fls. solitary, white,
small. Canary Isls.
farin&sus. Climbing, pubescent: Ivs. cordate-ovate,
irregularly toothed: fls. 1-6, white veined with brown, to
% in. long. Afr., Mascarcne Isls.
fl6ridus (Rhodorhiza florida). To 6 ft., woody: lys.
linear-lanceolate: fls. in many-fld. terminal clusters, white
or pale pink, small. Canary Isls.
incanus. Finely pubescent usually gray per., trailing or
decumbent, to 3 ft: Ivs. ovate, lanceolate, linear, with
diverging lobes at base, to 2 in. long: fls. rose to white.
Neb. west and south.
jap6nicus (Calystegia pubescens). CALIFORNIA-ROSE.
Per., sts. twining to 20 ft.: Ivs. narrow-arrow-shaped: fls.
solitary, bright pink, to 2 in. across. E. Asia; a sterile
double form is nat. in E. U. S.
lutSolus. Per. somewhat woody below, climbing to
10 ft. or more: Ivs. triangular to lanceolate with sagittate
base, to 3 in. long, glabrous and glaucous above: fls. pur-
plish and white, to 2 in. long. Calif.
mtfjor: apparently Ipomoea purpurea.
mauritaiiicus. Per., sts. prostrate, woody at base: Ivs.
round-ovate, small: fls. 1-6, blue or violet-purple with palo
throat, to 2 in. across. Afr. — Useful in baskets and vases.
minor: C. tricolor.
Nuttallii. SufTrutescent, ste. twining, to 6 ft. long: Ivs.
sagittate or hastate, to 3 in. long or more, lobes entire or
toothed: fls. whitish, to 1H in. across. S. Calif.
pentapetaloides. Ann., sts. prostrate: Ivs. oblong or
linear-lanceolate: fls. solitary, blue. S. Eu., W. Asia.
Scammdnia. Per. trailing vine, sta. angular: Ivs. cordate-
sagittate: fls. white to pink, calyx without membranaceous
bracts at base. Asia Minor.
sepium. RUTLAJTO BEAUTY. Per., sis. trailing to 10 ft.:
Ivs. ovate-cordate or arrow-shaped: fls. solitary, white,
rose or pink striped with white, 2 in. long. Eu., Asia, N.
Amer.
sfculus. Ann., sts. prostrate, to 11A *V Ivs. ovate-
cordate: fls. solitary, pale blue, small. Medit. region.
Soldanella. Per., ste. prostrate to 1^ ft- Ivs. kidney-
shaped: fls. solitary, pink, to 2 H in. across. Seashores
around the world.
8p\6ndens: Argyreia splendens.
tricolor (C. Cupanianus. C. minor). DWARF MORNING-
GLORY. Ann., sts. erect or ascending to 1 ft. and often
much branching: Ivs. linear-oblong: fls. 3, blue with yellow
throat margined white, to 1J^ in. across. S. Eu. — An old
flower-garden subject.
undularus. Ann., sts. ascending: Ivs. ovate-oblong,
undulate: fls. in nearly sessile clusters, blue. Medit. region.
COONTIE: Zamia florida na.
COOPfeRIA. RAIN- or PRAIRIE-LILY. Ama-
ryllidacex. Bulbous night-blooming herbs with
basal grass-like Ivs. and fragrant white salver-
form fls. solitary at end of scapes, the perianth-
tube long.
Sometimes planted, valuable for naturalizing in gardens
of the Gulf coast country. Of easy cultivation. In colder
areas the bulbs should be stored over winter in dry soU.
Much like Zephyranthes; flowers in spring and summer
with the narrow leaves.
Drummondii. Bulb largo, subglobose: Ivs. linear, gray-
green, upright or declinate: scapes 4-10 in.; fls. white
tinged with red outside, to 6 in. long, the tube to 5 hi. long.
Tex., New Mex., Mex.
pedunculata. Bulb flattened-globose, deeply buried at
maturity: Ivs. linear, ^ in. wide or slightly more, glaucous-
green, twisted, recumbent: scapes 5—8 in.; fls. white tinged
red outside, to 3 in. long, the tube to 1H in. long. Tex.,
Mex.
Traubii. Bulb globose, to % in. diam.: Ivs. linear, to
10 in. long, glaucous, recumbent: fls. star-like, white tinted
pink outside, perianth-lobes separated, tube long, slender.
Tex.
COPAfFERA (Copaiva). Leguminosse. Trees
of trop. Amer. and Afr., yielding balsam of
copaiba: Ivs. pinnate, leathery: fls. small, usually
white, not papilionaceous, borne in panicles.
officinalis. To 70 ft.: Ivs. of 1-5, usually 3. pairs of ovate
Ifts. to 3 in. long: pods ovoid-globose, slightly flattened.
Trinidad, N. S. Amer.
COPAIVA: Copaifera.
COPERNfCIA. Palmaccse. Tall or middle-
sized hermaphrodite fan-palms of many species
Cuba to Argentina, unarmed except on petioles:
spadices very long, much branched, borne among
tne Ivs. and often surpassing them; fls. solitary
or glomerated on the slender branches, numerous:
stamens 6, inserted in tube of perianth ana
connate at base: fr. globose or ovoid, more or
less succulent, of 1 carpel, small. One or 2
species sometimes planted in S. Calif, and S.
Fla., but little known in the continental U. S.
See Palm.
australis. To 70 ft. or perhaps more: If .-blade orbicular,
2-2H ft. long, whitish underneath, bearing many rusty
dots, deeply divided into about 48 narrow acuminate bifid
segms. with very small deciduous filaments; petiole strongly
armed: fr. ovoid-olive-form, % in. or less long. Paraguay,
Argentina.
cerifera. CARNAUBA PALM. To 30 or 40 ft., with
globose dense head, lower part of trunkjong retaining the
If .-bases: If. 4-6 ft. long, nearly orbicular, light colored
with a waxy covering, divided to the middle or beyond
into about 60 narrow segms. that are bifid into long very
narrow points; petiole with remote spines: fr. ovoid to
globose-ovoid, about 1 in. long. Brazil.
nana: Cryosophila nana.
COPIAP6A. Cactaceae. Globose to subconical
Chilean plants allied to Rebutia, with top of
body densely woolly through which the yellow
or reddish campanulate fls. arise; stigmas
yellow, lobed; fr. green-scaled on top.
cinerascens. To 5 in. diam., pale green with dense pale
yellowish wool on top; ribs about 20, to ^ in. high, com-
pressed between the areoles, the latter % in- apart; spines
brown becoming gray, radials 7-9, to ^4 in. long; central
solitary, to 1 in. long and stouter: fls. yellow, inner segms.
lanceolate, dentate.
COPPERLEAF: Acalypha Wilkesiana.
COPPERTIP: Crocosmia aurea.
COPRA: see Coconut.
COPR6SMA. Rubiacex. Dioecious shrubs or
small trees native from Hawaii to Australia and
Borneo, one in Chile, with opposite persistent
Ivs., small white or greenish fls. in clusters or
solitary, the corolla bell-shaped or funnelform
and 4-5-lobed, and fr. a fleshy drupe.
Coprosma
202
Cordia
Com osrn.'ks are grown for ornament in the open ground
in Calitorma and other warm regions, for the attractive
foliage and fruit, and some of them for hedges. Propagated
by cutting of ripe wood.
areolata. To 15 ft.: Ivs orbicular-spatulate, to M in.
long, acute or apiculate: fr. black, globose, H in- across.
New Zeal.
Bailed (C. Stockii). To 25 ft., withstanding clipping
and uweful in hedges: Jva. ovate or oblong, to 3 in. long,
obtuse or notched, thick and shining: fr. orange- yellow,
ovoid, y> in. long. New Zeal. Var. arge"ntea is listed with
Ivs. smaller, and silver variegated. Var. marginata, Ivs.
margined yellow. Var. variegata (var. picturata) has Ivs.
blotched with yellowish-green. — The usual species in cult.
brunnea. Low spreading shrub to about 3 ft. high, sts.
twisted and contorted, rigid: Ivs. narrowly-linear, to & in.
long: fr. oblong to globose, pale blue, to % in. long. New
Zed.
cuneata. To 10 ft., very leafy: Ivs. linear- or cuneate-
oblong, to JK m. long, usually clustered, stiff and leathery:
fr. red, globose, H in. across. New Zeal.
Cdnningharnii. To 15 ft.: Ivs linear or linear-lanceolate,
to 2 in long, acute, leathery: fr. pale and translucent, ob-
long, ]4. in. long. New Zeal.
Kfrkii. To 4 ft. or procumbent, much branched: Ivs.
linear or linear-oblong, to 1 in. long, obtuse: fr. oblong,
% in. long New Zeal.
lucida. To 15 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 5 in. long, obtuse or
acute, leathery and shining: fr. reddish- orange, oblong,
^ in. long. New Zeal.
macrocarpa. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 7 in. long,
obtuse or acute, leathery and glossy: fr. ovoid, to 1 in. long.
New Zcul.
microcarpa. To 12 ft.: Ivs linear, to J<j in. long: fr.
globose, '/io in. across. New Zeal.
parvifldra. To 15 ft : Ivs. obovate, to % in. long, usually
clurttcrad, fo-ithery: fr. bluish or black, globose, Y% in.
acroBs. New Zeal.
Petriei. Creeping, making mats and useful for rock-
work: Ivs. about l/\ in. or less long, narrow-oblong or ob-
ovate, hairy: fls. solitary on short branchlets: fr. purplish,
to \i in. diam. New Zeal.
ramu!6sa. To 4 ft , prostrate or decumbent: Ivs. linear-
obovate, }•£ in. long: fr. dark red, globose, K in. across.
New Zeal.
rhamnoldes. To 6 ft.: Ivs. orbicular to narrow-oblong,
to $4 in long: fr. rod or rarely black, globose, H ni. across.
New Zeal.
rfgida. To 15 ft : Ivs. obovate, to % in. long: fr. yellow,
oblong, to l/i in. long. New Zeal.
robusta. To 15 ft.: lys. oval, to 5 in. long, acute, leath-
ery, dark green ami shining above, pale beneath: fr. orange,
oblong, )£> in. long. New Zeal
rotundifdlia. To 12 ft.: Ivs. orbicular or ovate-oblong,
to 1 in. long: fr. red, globose, K in. across. New Zeal.
rugdsa. To 10 ft.: Ivs. narrow-linear, to % in. long: fr.
pale blue, oblong or nearly globose, H in. long. New Zeal.
spathulata. To 5 ft.: Ivs. orbicular, to 1% in. long, with
winged petiole, obtuse or notched: fr. black, globose, ^ in.
across. New Zeal.
St6ckii: C. /fatten.
tenuicaulis. To 8 ft., much branched: Ivs. orbicular,
Vg in long, obtu.se: fr. black and shining, globose, l/s in.
diam. New Zeal.
tenuif61ia. To 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to
4 in. long, brownish-green above, pale beneath: fr. ovoid,
% in. long. New Zeal.
C(5PTIS. GOLDTHIIEAD. Ranunculaceae . Little
per. herbs with slender rootstocks which yield
a yellow dye and have medicinal properties:
Ivs. basal, compound: fls. white or yellow,
borne on scapes, with petal-like sepals, small
hood-like petals and numerous stamens; native
in north temp. zone.
A few species sometimes planted in the border or rock-
garden. Ihe plants thrive in shady damp situations in
peaty soil. Leaves remain green all winter if given some
protection. Propagated by seeds which should be covered
with leaves or paper and kept moist.
asplenif6Ha. Lvs. of 5 long-petioled pinnately divided
Ifts.: Us. whitish, sepals and petals filiform. Alaska to
B. C.
brachyp6tala (Thnlictnim japonicuni). Habit as in (7.
asplenifolia: Ivs biternate, segms. pinnatifid with lobes
incised-serrate: fls. 3-4, erect, long-peauncled, petals shorter
than the linear and acute sepals. Japan.
grcenlandica. To 6 in., the rootstocks yellow: Ivs. shining,
long-stalked, of 3 broadly obovate coarsely toothed petiolu-
late Ifts.: fls. white, usually solitary, about £4 in. across,
the petals broader than long. May-Aug. N. E. N. Amer
in bogs and damp mossy woods. — Until recently confused
with C. tnfolia.
laciniata. To 6 in.: Ivs. of 3 deeply cut or divided Ifts.:
fls. whitish, sepals linear-lanceolate, petals nearly filiform,
a third shorter. Wash, to Calif.
occidentals (Chrysocoplis occidentalism. Lvs. shining, of
3 Ifts. which are pinnately 3-5-lobed: fls. greenish or yel-
lowish-white, sepals and petals subulate. Wash., Ore.
to Mont.
quinquefdlia. A Japanese species differing from C.
groenlandica in the fr. follicle being half-round with upper
surface flattened, not ellipsoid, and tip not prominently
hooked.
trifdlia. Lfts. sessile or essentially so: petals rather
narrow, mostly rhombic and as long as broad. N. E Asia,
Alaska.
CORAL-BELLS: Heuchera sanyuinea. -Berry: Sym-
phoricarpos orbiculaiua. -Blow: Russeha. -Bush: Templetoma
retusa. -Drops: Bessera elegajis. -Plant: Jatropha multifida,
Husselia ecfitisetiformis. -Root: Corallorrhiza. -Tree: Ery-
thntta. -Vine: Antiyonon leptopus.
CORALLITA; Antigonon leptopus. White: Porana
pamculata.
CORALLORRHiZA. CORAL-ROOT. Orchid-
acex. Terrestrial saprophytic orchids with
masses of coral-like rootstocks, Ivs. reduced to
scales, and small fls. iri terminal racemes. May
be grown in rich shady places.
Bigelovii: C. stnatti.
maculata (C. multiflora). To 8 in. tall, scape usually
pinkish: racemes to 7^ in. long; sepals and petals brownish-
purple, to about H in. long, lip always 3-lobed, white with
purple spota (yellowish forms occur). Newf. to N. C. west
to Calif., Ore. and Wash.
multifl&ra: C. maculata.
striata (C. BigdoiuY To 18 in. tall, scapes often brown-
ish-purple: fls purplish striped with dark purple (yellowish
forms occur), about ^2 in- long, lip simple. Que. to B. C.
south to Mich , New Mex. and Calif.
CORCHO: Microcycas calocoma.
CORCHOR(3PSIS. Tiliacese. A monotypic
genus allied to Sparmannia but differing in
having only 5 staminodia and 10—15 fertile
stamens. C. crenata. Shrub to 4 ft., sts. much
branched and ascending, tips herbaceous: Ivs.
alternate, ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, coarsely
crenate-dentate, usually stellate-hairy: fls. yel-
low, solitary in axils, calyx tornentose outside,
glabrous within: fr. a cylindrical caps, about
1 in. long. Japan.
C6RCHORUS. Tiliacex. Trop. herbs or
subshrubs with alternate simple toothed Ivs.,
very small yellow fls., and capsular frs.; grown
for the fiber contained in the inner bark and
the young shoots eaten as pot-herbs.
Jute requires a warm moist climate and loam soil.
Seed may be sown broadcast in spring and the crop will
be ready to harvest in about three months. The fiber is
grown from Egypt to Japan.
capsularis. JUTE. Ann., to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in.
long: fr. globose and wrinkled. India.
jap6nicus: Kerria japonica, _
olitdrius. JEWS-MALLOW. Differs from C. capsularis
only in its elongated and beaked fr. India.
CORDATE: heart-shaped; ovate in general outline,
with a sinus and rounded lobes at base.
C(3RDIA. Boraginacese. Trop. trees and
shrubs, sometimes partially climbing, in Old
and New Worlds, with alternate simple Ivs.
and white or orange mostly 4-merous fls. in
forking bractless clusters or coiled cymes,
bisexual or polygamous, the corolla tubular
or bell-shaped. The genus is polymorphous
and is divided by certain authors; some of the
Cordia
203
Coreopsis
species bear very small fls., others large and
showy ones: fr. a drupe.
Grown in the greenhouse, and out-of-doors in warm
regions, for ornament. Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
41ba. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate to roundish, rough,
to 4 in. long: fls. papery, white. H &• across, in large open
clusters: fr. an oblong drupe about ^ in. long. American
tropics.
Boissieri. Evergreen shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. ovate
or oblong-ovate, to 5 in. long, velvety-tomentose, wavy:
fls. white with yellow center, 1^ in. long, in terminal
clusters. Tex. to Mex.
M^xa. Deciduous tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, stiffish,
to 5 in. long, glabrous, entire or wavy-toothed: fls. white,
polygamous, H in. or less long, in large clusters: fr. tan-
colored, % in. diam., mucilaginous and used in medicine.
India to Australia; planted in Calif, and American tropics.
Sebestena (Sebtsten Sebestena). GEIGER-TREE. Ever-
green shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 8 in. long, rough-
hairy, margins entire or wavy: fls. orange or scarlet, to
2 in. long, in large terminal clusters. Ha. keys and south.
thyrsifldra: Ehretia thyrsiflora.
CORDULA: Paphiopedilum.
CORDYLtNE. DRACENA. Liliacese. Trees
or shrubs with leathery or stiff narrow Ivs.
usually crowded at top of branches, often varie-
gated, and greenish or yellowish fls. in panicles
on solitary pedicels; grown under glass and
out-of-doors in warm climates for the foliage;
often more or less palm-like in appearance.
C. terminalis has foliage in many color com-
binations. See Drac&na.
Propagated by seeds, cuttings and root-layering. The
leaves may be removed from ripened stems, these stems
cut into 2-4-inch lengths and laid in sand in propagating
bed with bottom heat. When the eyes have developed
growth of about six leaves, the shoots should be cut off
with an eye and put in propagating-bed until rooted and
then transplanted into pots.
am&bilis. A form of C. terminalis having shining deep
green Ivs. becoming spotted with rose and white.
australis (Dracxna austrahs). To 40 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft.
long and 2K in. across: fls. white, fragrant, in large terminal
panicles. Now Zeal. Var atropurpurea has base of If. and
midrib beneath purple. Var. Veitchii is bright crimson on
midrib and base of If.
Banksii. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 6 ft. or more long and 31^ in.
across: fls. white, in drooping much branched panicles to
5 ft. long. New Zeal.
Baptistii. A form of C. terminalis having deep green Ivs.
striped with pink and yellow.
Bru&ntii. A garden form of C. rubra.
cannaef&lia. A var. of C. terminal** with oblanceolate
Ivs. ab,out 1 ft. long.
congesta: C. strwta.
Douce til. A form of C. australis having Ivs. edged and
striped with white.
Haageana. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 2^ in. wide,
abruptly contracted into long petiole: fls. white to reddish-
purple, to ? s in. long, segms. equal, in few-branched panicles
to 1 tt. long or often only to 6 in. long: fr. about ^j in.
diam. Australia.
hybrid a. A form of C. terminalis having deep green Ivs.
margined with rose.
imperialis. Lvs. deep metallic green marked with crim-
son or pink; form of C. terminalis.
indivisa (Dracaena indivisa'). To 25 ft.: Ivs. to 6 ft. long
and 6 in. wide: fls. white, in drooping panicles to 4 ft. long.
New Zeal. Var. Parei is listed.
marginata (Drac&na marginata'). Sts. slender, to 12 ft.,
roughened by abscission scars of old Ivs. and terminated by
a tuft of Ivs : Ivs. narrowly ensiform, to 2 ft. long, flat or
somewhat concave above toward base, gray-green with
purple margins, pungently-tipped: fls. in elongated panicles.
Madagascar.
metallica. A form of C. terminalia becoming purple-
bronzes in age.
nigro-rubra. Lvs. narrow, dark brown with rosy centers;
form of C. terminalis.
norwoodie"nsis. A terminalis variant having Ive. striped
with yellow, green and crimson.
Pumflio. Stemless or with st. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long
and % in. across: fls. white or bluish, in slender panicles
to 3 ft. long. New Zeal.
Robinsoniana. Lvs. light green striped with bronze and
brownish-crimson; form of C. terminahs.
rubra. To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 15 in. long and 2 in. across:
fls. lilac, in nodding lateral panicles. Country unknown.
strfcta (C. congesta). To 12 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and
1^ in. across: fls. hlac, in terminal 01 lateral panicles.
Australia. Var. gr&ndis is a large highly colored form.
terminalis. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 2^ ft. long and 5 in. across:
fls. yellowish, white or reddish, in panicles to 1 ft. long.
E. Asia. — Runs into many foliage forms, and some of them
have been given Latin names as if species.
tricolor: color form of C. terminalis.
Veitchii: C. australis var.
Youngii. A form of C. terminalis with bright green Ivs.
streaked with red, bronze in age.
CORfeMA. Empetracese. Evergreen heath-
like small shrubs with dioecious fls. in terminal
heads, without sepals or petals; native in N.
Amer. and Eu. Propagated by cuttings.
C6nradii. BROOM CROWBERRY. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear, to
\i in. long: staminate fls. with long purple stamens. Newf.
to N. J. in rocky and sandy places. — Useful for colonizing
and for ground-cover.
CORE6PSIS (Calliopsis. Leptosyne). TICK-
SEED. Composite. Ann. and per. herbs, seldom
shrubby, with mostly opposite Ivs. that are
entire or variously lobed or cut: heads solitary
or loosely paniclcd, yellow, brown or rose,
blooming in summer and autumn, of ray- and
disk-fls.; pappus of teeth or scales or none.
Grown in the flower-garden and border.
Coreopsis grows well in any garden soil. The annuals
are started from seed sown indoors in curly spring or in
the open when the ground is warm, the perennials from
seed, or by cuttings of growing wood in summer, and by
division. The annual kinds are well-known flower-garden
subjects, as C. Atkinsomana, Drummondn, tmctona. See
Thelesperma.
Atkinsoniana. Ann. or per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. l~2-pinnate
into linear lobes: heads to 1^ in. across, on long stalks,
rays with brown-purple base, toothed or lobed, disk purple
or brownish: achenes narrow-winged. B. C. to N. D.
atrosanguinea. A flower-garden ann., probably Thele-
sperma Burridgeanum.
auriculata. Per. to 1^ ft.: Iva. oval, simple or with few
basal lobes: heads 2 in. across, rays yellow, toothed:
achenes narrow-winged. Va. to Fla. — C. aunculata of the
trade is C. pubescens.
tricolor: C. linctoria.
Bfgelovii (Leplosyne Bigclovii). Ann. to 14 in.: Ivs. in
basal tuft, pinnate into linear lobes or sometimes entire:
fls. 1^ in. across, rays yellow, pappus of scales. Calif.,
deserts.
calliopsfdea (Leptosyne calliopsidea) . Ann. to 2 ft. or
less, sts. leafy: lower Ivs. narrow or hgulate, the upper ones
pinnately parted: heads to 3 in. across; pappus of scales.
Calif., on moist hillsides.
carda mine folia. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. 1-2-pinnate into
ovate to linear lobes: heads about 1 in. across, rays brown-
purple at base, toothed, disk dark purple: arhenes winged.
Kans. to Ariz.
coronata: C. nuecensis; see also Bid ens coronata.
delphinifdlia. LARKSPUR C. Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, palmately 3-parted and middle segm. again cut into
linear lobes: heads to 2% in. across, disk purple-brown,
rays yellow, entire: achenes narrowly winged. Va. to Ga.
and Ala.
Douglasii (Leptosyne Douglasii. L. calif ornica) . Ann.
to about 1 ft.: Ivs. all basal, filiform to linear and entire or
pinnately parted: heads 1% in. across; pappus none or a
little cup. 8. Calif., Ariz.
Drummondii (C. picta). GOLDEN-WAVE. Ann. to 2 ft.:
Ivs. pinnate into ovate to linear lobes: heads to 2 in. across,
long-stalked, rays yellow, brownish-purple at base, toothed
or lobed, diak dark purple: achenes with thick margin.
Tex.
elegans: C. tinctaria.
floribunda: C. grandiflcra.
gigant&a (Leptosyne gigantea). Succulent shrub to 6 ft.,
leafy only towards top: If.-divisions nearly or quite filiform:
heads to 3 in. across, on clustered peduncles 3-6 in. long;
pappus none. Coasts, 3. Calif.
grandifl&ra (C. floribunda. C. lanceolata var. grandiflora').
Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. narrow and entire but mostly 3-5-parted,
Coreopsis
204
Cornacece
petioles ciliate: heads to 2^ in. across, on long stalks, rays
yellow, lobed, disk yellow: achenes with broad wings. Ga.
to New Me*.
lanceolata. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. usually entire, mostly near
the base: heads to 2^ in. across, very long-stalked, rays
yellow, lobed, disk yellow: achenes broad-winged. Ont. to
Fla. and La. Var. nftre-plfcno has double fls. Var. grandi-
fldra is C. grandiflora.
Iatif61ia. Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 9 in. long, acuminate,
sharply serrate, not divided: heads numerous, to 1^ in.
across, disk- and ray-fls. yellow. N. C. to Ga.
major (C. sem/oha). Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate and
entire or palmately cut into .3 lanceolate scorns.: heads to
2 in. across, rays yellow, entire, disk yellow: achenes
winged. Va. to Fla. arid Ala.
marftima (Leptosyne maritima). SEA-DAHLIA. Per. to
3 ft , sts. leafy and hollow: If.-divisions linear or broader:
heads to 3^ in. across, solitary on sts. to 1 ft. long; pappus
none. Coasts, S. Calif.
marmorata: C. tinctoria.
microphylla: listed name.
myriophyllum: listed name.
nigra: C. tmctona var. atrojmrpurea.
nuec6nsis (C. coronata). Ann , glabrous or sparsely pu-
bescent, branched, to 2 ft.: Ivs. obovate or spatulate-oblong,
to 3 in. long, entire or lower ones 3-parted: rays yellow,
dark-lined, the heads to 2 in. across. Tex.
oculata: hort. name,
palmata. FINGEU C. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. palmately 3-eleft
to below middle: heads to 2^ in. across, rays bright yellow,
toothed, disk yellow: achencs narrow- winged. Ind. to
Neb. and La.
plcta: C. Drummondii.
pub6scens. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. oval, entire or with small
lateral lobes: heads to 2J^ in. across, rays yellow, lobed,
disk yellow: achenes winged. Va. to Fla. and La.
radiata: hort. name for a form with rollcd-up ray-fls.
rdsea. Per. to 2 ft. with slender creeping rootstocks:
Ivs. linear, entire or 3-parted: heads to 1 in. across, short-
stalked, rays rose-color, slightly toothed, disk yellow:
achenes not winged. Mass, to Ga. Var. nana is listed.
saxfcola. Similar to C. grandiflora from which it differs
only in its non-ciliate petioles, broader outer involucnil
bracts and achenes with fimbriately dissected wings.
Ga. to Ala.
senifdlia: C. major.
Stfllmanii (Leptosyne Stillmanii). Ann. to 1 ft., slightly
fleshy, sts. leafy: Ivs. with long linear lobes: heads 1% in.
or more across; pappus a cup. Calif.
tenuifdlia: C. verticillata.
tinctoria (C. bicolor. C. elcgans. Calliopsis marmorata).
Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. divided into lanceolate or linear segms.:
heads to 2 in. across, long-stalked, rays yellow, crimson-
brown at base, toothed, disk brownish-purple: achenes
wingless. Minn, to Neb. and Ariz. Var. atropurpurea
(C. nigra) has rays crimson-brown throughout. Var. fl&re-
pleno has double fls. Var. nana is dwarf. Var. spl£ndens
is offered as an improved form.
trichospe'rma: Bidens coronata.
trip tens. Per. to 8 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate and entire or lower
3-parted: heads 1^ in. across, rays yellow, entire, disk
yellow: achenes narrow-winged. Ont. to Fla. and La.
verticillata (C. tenuifoha). THREAD-LEAF C. Per. to
3 ft.: Ivs. ternately divided into thread-like segms.: heads
to 2 in. across, rays deep yellow, entire, disk yellow:
achenes narrow-winged. Md. to Ark. and Neb.
CORETHR<5GYNE. Composite. A few per.
herbs of Calif., somewhat like Aster and differing
in technical characters, the herbage cottony-
white when young: lys. sessile, entire or serrate:
heads with yellow disk and rays in the purple
series.
calif 6rnica. To 1M ft. high, the sts. prostrate or de-
cumbent at base and tnen ascending: Ivs. linear to spatulate
or obovate, the lowest few-tootned: heads solitary on
peduncles, to $$ in. high, rays purple to lilac.
CORIACEOUS: leathery, as of leaves that are thick
and stiff.
CORIANDER: Coriandrum sativitm.
CORlANDRUM. UmMlifersp. Ann. herbs
with pinnately compound Ivs., small white
fls. in compound umbels, and ovoid frs.; one
species grown for the frs. or seeds which are
used as seasoning. It is of easy cult, in any
garden soil. Propagated by seeds sown in
autumn or spring, the latter time in the N.
sativum. CORIANDER. To 3 ft., strong-smelling: Ivs.
decompound, the upper divided into narrowly linear segms.,
the lower Ivs. with ovate deeply cut segms. S. Eu.
CORlARIA, the only genus in the family
Coriariaceae. Herbs or shrubs with opposite
or whorled Ivs., small greenish fls. in racemes,
with 5 sepals and 5 petals, 10 stamens, superior
ovary, and berry-like fr.; the following species
grown in S. U. S. and Calif. Propagated by
seeds, cuttings of green wood, suckers and layers.
jap6nica. Shrub to 6 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, acute, 3-nerved: fls. greenish or
reddish, in racemes: fr. red to blackish. Japan; hardy south
of Washington.
myrtif&lia. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2^ in. long:
racemes 1 in. long: fr. black. S. Eu., N. Afr.
ruscifdlia (C. sarmentoso) . Shrub or small tree to 25
ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long: racemes to 1 ft. long, drooping:
fr. purple-black. New Zeal.
sarmentc-sa: C. ruscifolia.
terminalis. Herb or subshrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in.
long: racemes 10 in. long: fr. black. China.
thymifolia. Suffrutesrent herb 1-4 ft. high, sts. with
winged angles, much branched: Ivs. oblong-ovate, ovate
to lanceolate, 1A-1 in. long, acute: fls as in C. ruscifolia,
but smaller. New Zeal., Peru. — Very variable as to If.
size and outline.
CORKSCREW-FLOWER: Phaseolus Caracalla.
CORK-TREE: Phellodendron.
CORKWOOD: Leitneria floridana.
CORM: a solid bulb-like part, usually subterranean,
as the "bulb" of crocus and gladiolus.
CORMEL: a corm arising from a mother-corm.
CORN as a horticultural subject implies
sweet or sugar maize (Zca Mays var. rugosfi)
as distinguished from the field or agricultural
corns, and also certain kinds grown for the
striped ornamental foliage.
Sweet corn, grown for the edible immature
ear, is a tender annual, requiring warm "quick"
land and full sun exposure. The first planting
should be made in the home garden as soon as
frost is past. It is well to plant early, inter-
mediate and late varieties at the same time,
then at intervals of two weeks until early sum-
mer, thus having a succession from the first
crop until October. For late crop, corn may be
started in pots and transplanted when peas and
other crops arc off. The soil for corn should be
fertile, and the coarser manure left from the
preparation of the ground for small crops may be
used to good advantage. Corn for the garden
is better planted in drills, the drills 3 to 4 feet
apart, dropping the seed 10 to 12 inches apart
in the drills. Some gardeners prefer to plant in
"hills" 2-3 feet apart, of 3-5 stalks each. One
quart of seed will plant 200 hills. The hybrid
varieties such as Golden Cross are now in general
use for home-garden, market-garden and can-
ning-crop production.
Pop corn (Z. Mays var. everta) is grown the
same as sweet corn.
CORNACE^. DOGWOOD FAMILY. Shrubs
and small trees, sometimes practically her-
baceous, of about 10 genera most abundant in
the northern hemisphere, having simple Ivs.,
small bisexual or dioecious fls. sometimes sur-
rounded by a , showy corolla-like involucre,
with 4-5-lobed calyx, 4-5 petals or^none, 4-5
stamens, inferior 1-4-cellea ovary, and fr. a
drupe or berry. The genera Aucuba, Cornus,
Cornacece
205
Corokia
Corokia, Griselinia, Helwingia, are grown for
ornament.
CORN» BROOM-: Sorghum vulgare var. technicum.
Chicken-: Sorghum vulgare var. Drummondii. Cockle:
Agrostemma.
CORNFLAG: Gladiolus scgetum.
CORNFLOWER: Centaurca Cyanus.
CORN-SALAD: Valerianella.
CdRNUS. DOGWOOD. Cornacex. Mostly
shrubs and small trees with simple entire usually
opposite and mostly decidous Ivs., small white
or greenish-white fls. in a terminal infl., and little
drupaceous frs., sometimes with large showy
involucre like a corolla.
Dogwoods are useful for shrubberies and sometimes as
single specimens. They are of easy cultivation in any usual
soil. Propagated by cuttings of mature wood, layers, or
varieties by budding and grafting on common stocks. The
following species are hardy m the North unless otherwise
stated.
filba. TATARIAN D. To 10 ft., with blood-red branches:
Ivs. ovate or elliptic, to 5 in. long, glaucous below: fls.
in cymes to 2 m. across: fr. whitish or tinted blue. Siberia,
N. China. Var. argenteo-marginata (dcgantissima mne-
gata) has Ivs. edged with white. In var Gouchaultii the
Ivs. are variegated with yellowish-white and pink. Var.
sibirica (C. sibirica) has bright coral-red branches. In var.
Spaethii the Ivs. are broadly edged with yellow.
alternifdlia. PAGODA D. To 25 ft.: Ivs. alternate, oval
or ovate, to 4 in. long, pale beneath: fls. in cymes about
2>£ in. across: fr. dark blue, rarely yellow. N. S. to Ga.
and Mo.
Amdmum (C. sericea. C. cxrulea). SILKY D. To 10 ft.,
with purplish branches: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to
4 in. long, usually silky-pubescent beneath: fls. in cymes to
2^ in. acrobs: fr. pale blue. Newf. to Fla. and Tex.
argenteo-marginata: C. alba var.
Arnoldiana. Hybrid of C. oblujua and C. racemosa,
differing from C. obliqua in its more erect habit, slenderer
and grayer sts.: fr. white or pale blue.
asperifdlia. ROUGH-LEAVED D. To 15 ft., with reddish-
brown branches: Ivs. ovate to oval, to 4 in. long, rough
above and pale beneath: fls. in cymes to 3 in. across: fr.
white. Ont. to Fla. and Tex.
australis. Branches purplish or greenish: Ivs. ovate,
to 3 in. long, rough and hairy beneath: fls. in small dense
cymes: fr. purplish-black. W. Asia.
autumnalis: hort. name.
Bailey i. To 10 ft., with reddish branches: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, white beneath: fla. in cymes to
2 in. across: fr. white. Ont. and Pa. to Minn., mostly on
shores.
brachypoda: C. macrophylla.
caerulea: C. Amomum.
calif6rnica. CREEK D. Shrub to 15 ft., sts. glabrous,
purplish-red: Ivs. ovate to elliptical, to 4 in. long, acute,
somewhat puberulent: fr. white Calif.
involucre of 4-6 large white petal-like bracts: fr. bright
red. Newf. to Alaska, south to W. Va., and E. Asia.
candidissima: C. racemosa.
capita ta (Bcnthamia fragiftrd). To 40 ft., partially
evergreen: Ivs. leathery, oval-lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls.
in dense heads subtended by 4-6 large creamy-white petal-
like bracts: fr. scarlet. Himalayas; to be grown only far S.
circinata: C. rugosa.
colorad£nsis: C. stolonifera var.
controy6rsa. To 60 ft.: Ivs. alternate, ovate, to 5 in.
long, whitish beneath: fls. in cymes to 4 in. across: fr.
bluish-black. Himalayas to Japan. Var. variegata has Ivs.
edged with white.
D unbar i. Hybrid between C. asperifolia and C. macro-
phylla: Ivs. ovate, to 6 in. long: fls. in corymbs to 2% in.
across: fr. blue.
elegantissima: probably C. alba var. argenteo-marginata.
florid a (Cyno xylon floridum) . FLOWERING D. To 40 ft.:
Ivs oyate, to 6 in. long: fls. in dense heads subtended by
4 large white petal-like bracts: fr. scarlet. Me. to Fla. and
Tex. Var. alba is listed. Vars. fructo-luteo and xantho-
carpa, fr. yellow. Var. multibracteata, double-fld. Var.
pendula has drooping branches. Var. plena has double fls.
In var rubra (var. rosea) the bracts are pink or rose. Var.
salicifdlia is listed as a small tree of willowy" growth.
Var. W61chii, Ivs. variegated red and yellow.
fdbmina (('. and Svida stricta). To 15 ft., with purplish
branches: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls.
in cymes to 2^ in. across: fr. pale blue. Va. to Fla. and
Tex.; not hardy far N.
Gouchaultii; C. alba var.
H6msleyi. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, hairy and
pale beneath: fr. bluish-black. China.
Kousa (Benthamia japonica). KOUSA. To 20 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, to 4 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls. m dense heads
subtended by creamy-white petal-like bracts 1-2 in. long:
frs. grown together into a head. Japan, China. Var.
chinensis. Lvs. larger and often more pubescent, infl.
with bracts about 2^ in. long. China.
lutea : C. stolonifera var. flaviramea.
macrophylla (C. brachypoda). To 50 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-
ovate, to 6 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls. in panicle^like
cymes to 6 in. across: fr. bluish-black. Himalayas, China,
Japan; to be planted in north-central regions.
ma's (C. mascula). COHNKLIAN-CHEHJIY. To 20 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, to 4^fc in. long, essentially glabrous beneath: fls.
yellow, before the Ivs., in umbels about ^4 **!• across: fr.
scarlet, edible. S. Ku., Orient. In var. a urea the Ivs. are
yellow and in elegantissima (var. aureo-degantissima) the Iva.
are variegated with creamy-white and pink. Var. varie-
gata has Ivs. bordered with white.
xn&scula: C. mas.
Nuttallii. To 75 ft.: Ivs. ovate to obovate, to 5 in. long,
glaucous beneath: fls. in dense heads subtended by white
or pinkish bracts: fr. rod or orange. B. C. to S. Calif.;
hardy only far S.
obliqua. To 10 ft., the branches purple or yellowish-
red: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 3 in. long, glaucous beneath:
rls. in cymes 2 in. across: fr. blue to nearly white. Que. to
Kans.
officinalis. To 15 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, pale and with brown
axillary tufts of hair beneath: fls. yellow, before Ivs., in
umbels to about % in. across: fr. scarlet. Japan, China.
paniculata: C. raoemosa.
paucine"rvis. To 6 ft.: Ivs. narrowly oval, to 4 in. long,
more or les-s persistent: fla in cymes to 3^ in. across: fr.
black. China: hurdy in north-central parts of U. S.
pubescens (Svida pubesrcns). To 18 ft., the branches
purple: Ivs elliptic, to 4 in. long, tomentose and glaucous
beneath: fls. in cymes 2 in. across: fr. white. B. C. to Calif.;
not hard} N.
racemdsa (C. candidismma. C. paniculate). To 15 ft.:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, to 4 in. long, pale be-
neath: fls. in panicles: fr. white. Me. to N. C. and Neb.
rug6sa (C. circinata'). To 10 ft : Ivs. broadly ovate or
orbicular, to 6 in. long, pale and pubescent beneath: fls.
white, in dense cymes to 2^ in. across: fr. light blue. N. S.
to Va. and N. D.
sanguine a. BLOODTWIG D. To 12 ft., with purple or
red branches: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. in cymes to 2 in.
across: fr. black. Ku., Orient. Var. varieg&ta has Ivs.
variegated with yellowish-white. In var. viridissima the
branches and fr. are green.
sericea: C. Amomum.
sibirica: C. alba var.
Spaethii: C. alba var.
stolonifera. RED-OSIER D. To 10 ft., with dark red
branches, spreading by underground sts.: Ivs. ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, to 5 in long: fls. in cymes to 2 in across:
frs white or bluish. N. Amer Var. colorad6nsis has
brownish-red branches and bluish fr. Var. flaviramea
(vars. aurea and lutea), COLDEN-TWIG D., has yellow
branches. Var. KSlseyi is listed.
strict a: C. foemina.
COROJO: Acrocomia.
COROKIA. Corruicex. Evergreen shrubs
or trees native in New Zeal., with alternate
entire small Ivs., small yellow axillary fls.
usually clustered, and drupaceous frs.; grown
out-of-doors in Calif.
buddleoides. To 12 ft., much branched: Ivs. lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, white-tomentose beneath:
fls in terminal panicles: fr. dark red. Vox. line&ris has
narrower Ivs.
Cheesemanii. To 12 ft : lys. oblanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, to 1U in. long, silvery-white-tomentose: fls.
yellow, usually 4-5 in axillary fascicles or terminal panicles:
fr. red.
Cotoneaster. To 10 ft., the branches numerous and
interlaced: Ivs. ovate, to 1 in. long, white-tomentose be-
neath: fr. red.
Corokia
206
Cortusa
macrocArpa. To 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long, white-
tomentoM; beneath: fls. in axillary racemes: fr. dark red.
COROLLA; inner circle of floral envelopes; if the parts
are sepaiate, they are petals; if not separate, they are
teeth, lobes or divisions. The corolla is commonly the
colored showy part of the flower.
CORONA: crown, coronet; any appendage or intmsion
that stands between the corolla and stamens, or on the
corolla, as (he «:up of a daffodil, or that is the outgrowth
of the stamina! part or circle, as in the milkweeds.
CORONARIA: Lychnis.
CORONfLLA. Leguminosse. Herbs and shrubs
with odd-pinnate Ivs., papilionaceous fls. in
long-stalked axillary umbels, and cylindrical
or angled pods constricted between the seeds;
grown out-of-doors and in the greenhouse.
Propagated by seeds and division, or by cuttings
under glass.
cappad6cica (C. iberica). Per. to 1 ft.: Ifts. 9-11: fls.
yellow, large. Asia Minor.
cr6tica. Per., sts. procumbent or ascending, radiating
from a single crown, slender: Ifts. 5-8 pairs, oblong-obovate,
to nearly 1A in. long: fls. rose, with Keel blotched purplish
at apex, to K in. long, in umbels of 3-~6. Greece to Balkans.
— Although per. in native habitat, it is best treated as aim.
emeroides. Similar to C Erncrus, with 7 or sometimes
5 Ifts , fls. H in. long, and pods to 3 in. long. S. E. Eu.
fimerus. SCORPION SKNNA. Shrub to 9 ft.: Ifts. 7-9:
fls. yellow, % in. long, the claw of the petals much longer
than the calyx: pods 2 in. long. iS. Eu.; nardy N.
glauca. Shrub to 4 ft.: Ifts. 5-7: fls. yellow, }4in. long,
the oliuv of the petals about length of calyx. S. Eu. Var.
variegita has variegated foliage.
iberica: C. cappadocica.
juncea. Shrub to 3 ft., gray-green, with nearly naked
branches: Ifts 3-7: fls golden-yellow, the claw of petal
about length of calyx. Medit. region.
minima. Procumbent subshrub to 4 in., gray-green:
Ifts. 7-13: fls. golden-yellow, fragrant. Eu.
montana. Tall per.: Ifts. 11-13: fls. yellow. Caucasus.
Securidaca: Securiyera Secundaca.
Valenthia. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ifts. 7-13: fls. deep yellow,
fragrant. S. Ku.
varia. CROWN VKTCH. Straggling herb to 2 ft.: Ifts.
11 -25: fls pinkish-white, % in. long, the claw of petals
about length of calyx. Eu.; nat. in northeastern states.
COR6NOPUS (Sencbicra). WART-CRESS.
Crucifer&. A few more or less weedy diffuse
or procumbent small ann. and bien. herbs
with strong odor, sometimes listed, perhaps
useful for ground-cover: Ivs. commonly pin-
natifid: fls. minute, whitishj in little racemes:
fr. or silicic very small, twin. C. procthnbens
(Carnra Corotwpus) is tufted and prostrate,
glabrous, glaucous, the sts. a few in. long: foliage
finely cut: pods crested. Eu.; sometimes es-
caped.
COR6ZO. Palmacese. One species as now
named and understood, C. oleifera, AMERICAN
OIL PAI.M, in Cent. Amer., Panama, Colombia
and the Amazon region, supposed at one time
to have been the palm meant by El&is melano-
cocca, but that name belongs to a variant of
E. quinecnais. Monoecious low tree with part
of the trunk reclining or lying on the ground,
the erect part reaching 5 or 6 ft.: lys. long,
pinnate, -spiny on the petiole: spadix dense
axillary bodies close in the crown of the tree: fr.
about 1 in. long, black at maturity, sitting in a
shallow cup or enlarged floral parts, oblong, some-
what tapering at apex and broad at base, the
oxterior flesh yielding oil and early employed in
the making of candles by European colonizers.
Common about city of Panama, and elsewhere
on Zone, but apparently little planted. As a ver-
nacular name. Corozo is applied to species of
Acrocomia ana other palms.
CORPUSCULARIA (Schonlandia). Aizoaceae.
Succulent shrubby or stemless plants with
prostrate branches, thick 3-angled Ivs., solitary
terminal fls.; stigmas 5-6. S. African, a Mesem-
bryanthemurn segregate.
algoense: listed name.
Lehmannii (M. Lehmannii). Sts. prostrate, to 10 in.
long: Ivs. to 1 in. long and ^ in. wide, gray-green: fls. pale
yellow, to 2 in. across, with bracts inclosing the calyx.
CORREA. Rutacex. Australian shrubs or
trees with opposite simple Ivs., red, white or
yellowish-green fls., 4-parted ovary and single
style, and fr. of 4 carpels. Marked by the scurfy
Ivs. and branches.
Grown under glass or in the open in warm regions.
Propagated by cuttings, or some species by grafting on
C. alba. Shoots should be pinched back to induce bushy
growth.
&lba. To 4 ft.: Ivs. orbicular to ovate, white-tomentose
beneath: fls. white, bell -shaped, ^ m» long.
bfcolor: C. speciosa.
pulche'lla: C. speciosa.
specidsa (C. bicolor C. pulchclld). To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, white-tomentose beneath: fls. red or yellowish-
green, tubular, \-\\^ in. long.
ventric&sa. Similar to C. speciosa, and by some treated
as a variant of it, having bright crimson fls. with segms.
tipped giecn.
CORRYOCACTUS. Cactacese. Columnar cacti
branching at base, with strong ribs and very
spiny areoles: fls. yellow or orange, with short
tube arid open throat: native Peru and Bolivia.
bolivianus: hort. name, possibly of Tnchocereus macro-
gonus.
brachvpgtalus (Ccreus brachype talus) . To 12 ft., much
branched; ribs 7-8, nrcoles large, ^4 in. apart; spines about
20, the longest to G in.: fls. deep orange, 3 in. across. Peru.
brevistylus (Ctrcus brcvistylus). To 10 ft, much
branched, light green or yellowish; ribs 0-7, very prominent,
areoles large, 1% in. apart; spines about 15, the longest to
10 in : fla bright yellow, 4 in across. Peru.
melan6trichus (Ccreun melanotnchus) . To 7 ft. high,
sts. slender; ribs 7-8, shallow, areolcs to % in. apart;
radial spines about 12, to 5's in long; central spines 1-3,
to 2 in long: fls. glossy pink, to 2?4 m. across. Bolivia.
procumbens: listed name.
CORTADERIA. PAMPAS-GRASS. Graminese.
Large per. grasses with mostly basal foliage
forming great clumps: Ivs. rough on edges:
spikelets dicrcious or sometimes bisexual,
borne in panicles which are usually large, plume-
like and very decorative; native in S. Amer.;
not hardy N. See Grasses.
arggntea: C. Selloana.
jubata: C. rudiuscula.
Quila: C. rudiuscula.
rdsea is listed as having rose-colored plumes; it is
probably C. Selloana or a var. of it.
rudiuscula (C. Quila. C. jubata. Gynerium jubatum).
To 6 ft : Ivs. to 4 ft. long and ^ in. wide: panicle yellowish
or purplish, to 2 ft. long, branches drooping. Ecuador to
Chile and Argentina.
Selloana (C. argentea. Gynerium argenteum). To 20
ft.: Ivs. many ft. long and to ^ in. wide: panicles white
or pink, silky-hairy, to 3 ft. long. Argentina.
CORTtJSA. Primulacex. Per. hairy herbs
with long-petioled orbicular lobed Ivs. and
rose or yellow fls. in umbels terminating the
scape; a few species planted in rock-gardens.
They dp well in any goodxsoil but require winter
protection in the N. Propagated by division of
roots.
Matthtolii. To 6 in.: fls. rosy-purple, nodding. Eu.,
N. Asia. Var. pubens (C. pubens) lias deeply lobed Ivs.,
the lobes coarsely toothed. Var. villcso-hirsuU is hairy
with deeply lobed Ivs. x
pubens: (7. Matthiolii var.
Coryanthes
207
Corylopsis
CORYANTHES. Orchidacex, Epiphytic
American orchids similar to Stanhopea from
which they differ in having the lateral sepals
larger than the dorsal sepal and petals and the
terminal lobe of lip helmet-shaped: not to be
confused with the Asiatic genus Corysanthes,
a relative of Pogonia and not known to be in
cult. Members of the genus Coryanthes require
warmhouse cult, as given for Stanhopea.
B tinge rothii. Pseudobulbs ovoid-oblong, 2*4 in. long:
scape 1^£ ft. long, 1-fld.; fla. with whitish-green sepals
and petals speckled with reddish-purple, lateral sepala to
6 in. long and 2 in. wide, dorsal one to 2^ in. long, petals
very narrow and about 3 in. long; terminal lobe of lip or
hood yellow, spotted \vith brown within. Venezuela.
macrantha. Pseudobulbs to G in. long, narrowly sub-
conical, usually strongly 8-nbbed, 2-lvd.: Ivs. elliptic-
lanceolate, to 1 ft. long, acuminate: peduncle usually 2-
fld , to 6 in. long, arising from the base of the pseudobulb,
pendent; sepals and petals membranaceous, pale yellowish
or flesh-color dotted with red or purple; dorsal sepal oblong-
lanceolate; lateral sepals lunate-semielliptic, 3-5 in. long,
twisted; petals narrow, to 2^ in. long, undulate; lip fleshy,
with a narrow claw about 1 in. long abruptly passing into
a subglobose cup from which rises the helmet-shaped 3-
lobulate terminal lobe which is orange-yellow spotted with
red. Apr.-July. Trmtdad, Venezuela, British Guiana.
maculata. Pseudobulbs ovoid and somewhat conical,
slender, to 6 in. long, 2-lvd.: Ivs. lanceolate (often broadly
so), to about 15 in long: scapes to 1^ ft. long, arising from
base of pseudobulb, pendulous; sepals and petals pale
ochraceous-yellow; terminal lobe of lip lemon-yellow spotted
with purple within. May-July, Dec. British Guiana,
Venezuela.
specidsa (Gongora spcciom). Pseudobulbs oblong-conic,
to 5U m. long, tapering slightly upward, deeply stnate,
2-lvu : Ivs. hnear-Hnceolate, to 16 in. long, tapering at each
end: scape arising from base of pseudobulb, to about 20 in.
long, pendent, 2-5-fld ; fls about 23-i in. across, fragrant;
sepals and petals clear yellow; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate,
about 1^ in. long, laterals sernielliptic-lunate, twisted or
undulate, to about 2^ m. long; terminal lobe of lip reddish
to tawny yellow. Brazil, Cent. Amer., Tobago, Innidad.
COR'fDALIS (Capnoides). Fwnariacex. Herbs
with pinnately cut Ivs., irregular yellow, blue,
purple or rose dicentra-like fls. in terminal
racemes, and capsular frs.J sometimes grown for
ornament. Of easy cult, in any garden soil.
Propagated by division or seed; sometimes
tuberous-rooted.
aurea. Ann. to 6 in. or more, plants many-stemmed,
without basal tuber: Ivs. tripmnate: fls yellow, with short
gibbous spur, ^ m. or more long, subtended by toothed
ovate to ovate-oblong bracts: pods curved, spreading or
pendulous, usually 1 in. long; seeds glossy. N. Amer.
bracteata. Per to 10 in., robust, usually 1 -stemmed and
only J2 -3-lvd , st arising from solid corm-hke tuber: fls.
sulfur-yellow, to 1 in. long, usually 10-20 in erect elongate
terminal raceme, subtended by palmately-lobed bracts
which are much longer than pedicel, spur straight or ascend-
ing, about % in. long. Siberia.
bulbbsa: a name here included m C. cava.
Capnoides. Bien. to 18 in., sts. erect or ascending, much
branched, without basal tuber: fls. yellowish-white with
yellow spot, about % in. long, spur long, bract of lowest
fl. of infl. as long as corolla or longer: seeds glossy. Eu.
Caseana. Per to 3 ft., sts. several, without basal tuber:
Ifts. broadly ovate-elliptic, mueronate: fls. pale yellow to
white, occasionally tinged pink, spur straight and lty~2
times as long as corolla, pedicels shorter than subtending
lanceolate bract. Calif.
cava. Differs from C. Halleri in tuber having deep de-
pression on lower side and subtending floral bracts ovate
and entire. Cent. Eu. Var. albifldra, fls. white.
cheilanthifdlia. Nearly stemless per. to 8 in. or more
high: fls. yellow, ^ in. long. China.
curvisiliqua. Per. to 2 ft., much branched, without
basal tuber: Ifts. linear to narrowly oblanceolate, acute or
obtuse, less than l/i in. long and A in- w ide: fls. yellow to
crearn-colored, about *A in. long, spur as long as fl. or nearly
so, pedicels shorter tnan subtending lanceolate bracts:
pods to 1 in. long, curved, somewhat quadrangular. Tex.
decfpiens: C. pumila.
densifdlia: C. HaUcn.
flavula. Ann. or rarely bien. to 18 in., many-stemmed,
without basal tuber: Ifts. narrow, acute: fls. yellow, to
\i in. long, spur short and gibbous, floral bracts ovate to
ovate-oblong, toothed: fr. pedicel more than half as long
as pod, latter drooping or spreading; seeds glossy. Ont.
to Va. west to Minn, and La.
formdsa: Dicentra formosa.
glauca: C. sempervirens.
Halleri (C. sohda. C. densi folia). To 8 in., 1-stemmed,
borne from solid conn-like tuber about 1 in. diarn.: Ivs
usually only 2-3: fls. deep rose to purple, usually 10-20
in erect racemes bracts broadly wedge-shaped, pahnately
lobed and shorter than the fruiting pedicel. ILU. Var.
alba is listed. Vai. australis, fls. larger, eailier.
lutea. Per. to 15 in., many-stemmed, without basal
tuber: fls. golden-yellow, about % in. long, spur short and
gibbous, floral bracts ovate to ovate-oblong, toothed: fr.
pedicel more than half as long as pod; seeds glossy. S. Eu.
micrantha. Differs from C. flavnla in its more slender
habit and shorter nearly sesaile pod which is stiflly ascend-
ing. Va. to I1 la. west to Alum- and Mo.
montana (C. aurea var. occUentahs). Differs from C.
aurea in its paler more finely divided Ivs. and ascending
nearly terete pods.
n6bilis. Per. to 10 in., robust, 1-stemmed, arising from
solid corm-hke tuber, usually only 2- -3-lvd.: iis. white
tipped with yellow and with puiple spot, to 1 in. long,
usually 10-20 in much condensed raceme, floral bracts
broadly wedge-shaped and usually puhuutrly lobed, longer
than fr. pedicel. {Siberia.
ochotSnsis. Per. to 2 ft , many-stemmed, without basal
tuber; fls. pale violet stnped with Mark at apex, long-
spurred, pedicels often longer than subtending nmi broadly-
elhptic bract. Sibeiia.
ochroleuca. Per. to 15 in., many-stemmed, without
basal tuber: fls. to % in. long, ydlowi.sh-white with short
gibbous yellow spur, bracts ovate to ovate-oblong, toothed:
seeds dull, not glossy. Italy.
ophiocarpa. Ann. or bien. to 3 ft., many-stemmed,
without basal tuber: fls. yellow, to j-2 in. long, spur short
and conspicuously constricted along basal half, bracts
linear-lanceolate, entire: pods about ?± m. long or more,
strongly torulose. Himalayas.
orthocarpa. To 8 in.: fls. '4 in. long, in racemes to 2>$
in. long. Formosa.
pallida. Per. to 1% ft., many-stemmed, without basal
tuber: fls. golden-yellow with brown patch, to nearly 1 in.
long, spur short, bracts linear-lanceolate, entire: pods
nearly 1 in. long, strongly torulobe. China, Jnpmi.
pumila (C. decipiens). Diffeis from Cr. sohda in its
smaller more delicate habit and lax l-.Vfld. mil. Ku.
r&sea. Per. to 2 ft.: fls. rose, 1 m. long. China
rup6stris. Per. to 8 in , many-stemmed, without basal
tuber: fls. yellow, spur short and swollen, bracts linear-
lanceolate, entire: pods about ^ in. long, not torulose.
Persia.
Scouleri. Per. to 4 ft., many-stemmed, without basal
tuber: fls. rose, to 1 in. long, spurs very long: pods ovate-
oblong. Wash., Ore.
semp6nrirens (C. glauea). ROMAN Won M WOOD. Ann. or
bien. to 2 ft., much branched, without b:isal tuber: fls.
pale pink to nearly purple, tipped yellow, to ^4 in long,
spur very short, swollen: pods narrowly linear, erect, to
1 £ 4' in. long. N. S. to (Ja. west to Alaska and Mum. Var.
rdsea is listed.
sibirica. Ann. to 16 in., sts. branched, without basal
tuber: Ifts. linear-oblong: fls. reddish tun stnped red,
lowest bracts lobed, upper ones entire. Siberia.
s61ida: C. Halleri.
thalictrifolia. Per. to 18 in , with woody rootatocks but
not corm-like tubers, many-stemmed: Ifts. 1-3 m. long and
long-petioled: fls. yellow, to 1 in. long, spur long, pedicels
shorter than subtending lanceolate entire bract. China.
tuberdsa: confused name; plants so listed may be C.
cava, C. pumila or C. Halleri.
Wilsonii. Per., with basal rosette of Ivs.: fls. canary-
yellow, 1 in. long, in branched and leafless lacemes. China.
CORYL<5PSIS. WINTEB HAZEL. llama-
mdidacex. Asian deciduous shrubs with al-
ternate toothed strongly veined Ivs. and fra-
grant yellow fls. in nodding racemes before the
Ivs., caps, with 2 beaks; planted for ornament.
They thrive in a soil of peat and sand, and require pro-
tection in the North. Propagated by seeds, by greenwood
cuttings under glass and by layers.
glabrgscens (C. Go'oana). To 20 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in long,
pubescent on veins beneath: racemes 1 in. long. Japan.
Gotoana: C. glabrescena.
paucifldra. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, glaucous beneath
and pubescent on veins: fla. to % in. long, 2-3 together.
Japan.
Corylopsis
208
Coryphantha
platypetala. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, ovate, glabrous,
toothed, petioles glandular-bristly: fls. pale, to ^ m. long,
racemes to 2 in. long. Cent. China. Var. levis has glabrous
petioles.
sinensis. To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, obovate to oblong,
finely toothed, pubescent on veins, grayish-green beneath:
fls. to % in. long, in racemes to 2 in. long with bracts
silky outside, calyx pubescent. Cent. China.
spicata. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, pubescent and
glaucous beneath: racemes to IJjj in. long with bracts
glabrous outside, calyx pubescent. Japan.
Veitchiana. To 0 ft.: Iva. to 5 in. long, glaucous and
glabrous beneath: racemes to 2 in. long. China.
Wfllmottife. To 12 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, glaucous and
pubescent on veins beneath: racemes to 3 in. long. China.
C6RYLUS. HAZELNUT. FILBERT. Bctulacex.
Deciduous monoecious shrubs and small trees
native in the north temp, zone, with alternate
toothed generally ovate Ivs., unisexual fls.
before the Ivs., the starninate in drooping catkins,
and fr. a nut with leafy involucre borne in
clusters at ends of branches; grown for ornament
and the edible nuts. For cult, see Filbert.
americana. AMERICAN H. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long,
pubescent beneath: frs. 2-6, the involucre about twice
length of nut, with deep irregular lobes. E. N. Amer.
A ve liana. EUROPEAN II. To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long,
pubescent beneath: frs. 1-4, the involucre shelter than nut
or only slightly longer, with deep irregular lobes. Eu.
Hort. vars. are: aurea, Ivs. yellow; contorta, branches
twisted; fusco-rubra (var. atropurpurea^ var. purpurea),
Ivs. dull purple or brownish-red; grandis, COBNUT, nuts
large; heterophylla (var. laciniata) , Ivs. pinnately lobed:
pendula, branches drooping; quercifdlia, Ivs. with broad
lobes resembling an oak.
califdrnica. Similar to C. comuta but Ivs. cordate at
base and more pubescent beneath, and beak about length
of nut. Wash, to Calif.
chin^nsis. CHINESE II. To 120 ft.: Ivs. to 7 in. long,
pubescent: frs. 4-6, the involucre contracted above the
nut into a tube, and divided into linear lobes. China.
Colurna. TURKISH H. To 80 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long,
pubescent on veins beneath: frs. in clusters, the involucre
divided into linear lobes. S. E. Eu., W. Asia.
cornuta (C. .^strata). BKAKED H. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in.
long, pubescent on nerves beneath: frs. 1-2, the tubular
bristly involucr** much contracted above the nut into a
long beak. Qut. I"* Ga. and Mo.
heterophylla. True or shrub to 25 ft.: Ivs. oval to obovate,
to 4 in. long, apex acuminate to nearly mucronate, base
obtuse to heart-shaped, margin somewhat Kerrate or partly
lobedi smooth above, nerves beneath pubescent, petiole
to % in. long and glandular-hairy: frs. 1-3, involucre longer
than nut, eampanulate. hairy at base, lobes entire or
dentate. N. E. Asia. Var. jap6nica is listed. Var. sutchuen-
6nsis, Ivs. truncate at apex, glabrous or nearly so.
maxima. FILBERT. To 30 ft.: Ivs. to 5U in. long: frs.
1 -3, the tubular involucre lobed at top ana about twice as
long as nut. 8. E. Eu. Var. purpurea has dark purple Ivs.
rostrata: C. cornuta.
Sieboldiana. JAPANESE H. Large bush to 15 ft.: Ivs.
elliptic to obovate, to 4 in. long, hairy on veins underneath:
frs. 1-3 in tubular-constricted setose involucre. E. Asia.
CORYMB: short and broad more or less flat-topped
indeterminate flower-cluster; outer flowers opening first.
CORYNOCARPUS. The only genus in
Corynocarpacete. Kverjip-een trees with alternate
simple Ivs., small bisexual fls. in terminal
panicles haying 5 sepals and petals, 5 stamens,
5 staminodia, and drupaceous fr. The following
specias. with poisonous seed (unless steamed, or
steeped in salt water) but the pulpy part edible,
is planted in Calif. In Melanesia are two other
species.
leevigata. To 50 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 8 in. long: fls. green-
ish, the panicles to 3 in. long: drupe 1J4 in. long, orange.
New Zeal.
CORYNOPUNTIA: Opuntia.
CORtPHA. Palmacex. About 8 ponderous
hermaphrodite fan-palms in trop. Asia, mono-
carpic (flowering and fruiting once and then
dying at the age of 20-80 years), unarmed
except for the spiny petioles, the immense
panicled spadices terminal (above the crown):
Ivs. very large, stiff and heavy j deeply divided
into many ridged segms.; petioles long, hard
and stiff with strong spines or hooks on the
margins: fls. small, produced in prodigious
quantity; stamens 6: fr. a globose drupe size of a
cnerry. The true Coryphas are little planted
within the limits of the U. S., the palms generally
known under this name being Livistonas (a
practice so far out of date that it should be
discontinued); the name was once used for
other fan-palms, as Sabal. For cult, see Palm.
australis: Lmstona australis.
elata (C. Gebanoa). To 60 or 70 ft., the trunk bearing
strong rough spiral ridges and furrows: Ivs. 8-10 ft. diam.,
cut to about half the depth into 80 or 100 smooth hard
segms. with rather obtuse bifid apex; petiole broad, 8-12
ft. long with black margins and widely spaced strong
straight or curved spines: spadix much narrower than
crown: fr. about 1 in. diam., olive-colored. Bengal and
Burma. — The Ivs. wither and fall when the plant begins
to bloom.
Gebanga: C. elata.
nana: Cryosophila nana.
rotundifdlia: Liviatona rotundi folia.
umbraculffera. TALIPOT PALM. To 40-80 ft., stocky,
trunk ringed after If. -bases fall: Ivs. to 12 or 16 ft. broad,
cleft to center into 80 or 100 linear-lanceolate stiff ridded
acute or bifid segms.; petiole to 10 ft., narrowly channelled,
with rather short compressed spines often in pairs: spadix
equalling or exceeding crown: fr. about 1^ in. diam.
Ceylon and Malabar Coast.
CORYPHANTHA. Cactacex. Ball-like or
cylindric solitary or cespitose small cacti,
Cent. Mex. to 8. Canada, covered with spine-
bearing tubercles which (except when very
young) are grooved on upper face: fls. mostly
yellow but sometimes red or purple, showy,
expanding, borne near top of plant, the perianth
long-persistent. Sometimes grown as little pot
specimens, mostly known in cult, as Mammil-
larias. See Cacti.
aggrcgata (MammiUaria aagregata) . Solitary or in clumps,
body globular or nearly so and very spiny; radial spines
many and appressed, centrals several and more erect: fls.
showy. 2-3 in. across, purplish. New Mex., Ariz., Mex —
Very aho\\y when in clumps.
Alversonii. Subcylindrical, to 5 in. high and 4 in.
diam.; spines 12-14, usually %—% in. long, spreading.
Lo\\er Calif.
Andreee (Mammillaria Andrese). Sts. globose to sub-
cylindrical, to 3 in. diam., dark glossy green, woolly on
top; tubercles rounded, to % in. high, woolly in groove;
spines yellowish-gray; radials about 10, to % in. long,
spreading; centrals 5-7, to 1 in. long, darker: fls. pale
yellow, to 2^ in. across, segms. linear, acute, toothed.
Mex.
arizonica (Mammillaria arizonica). Sometimes in clumps
3 ft. across, each head or body globose or ovoid and to
4 in. diam., the tubercles deeply grooved; spines many,
stiff and straight: fls. 2-3 f^ in. across, rose-colored. N.
Ariz.
Asterias (Mammillaria Asterias). St. globular to briefly
cylindrical, to 5 in. tall and about 3 in. thick; tubercles
tnick, groove not conspicuous; spines yellow, bulbous at
base, radials 9, centrals 1-2, the lower one hooked: fls.
white to pink. Mex.
Bergeriana. St. club-shaped, to 5 in. tall and 2>$ in,
diam.; tubercles conical, groove glandular; radials 18-20,
to % in. long, gray; centrals 4, to H in. long, yellowish
often recurved: fls. white with yellowish center, to 1J4 in.
long. Mex.
bumfimma (Mammillaria bumamma). Globular, with
few very large bluish-green tubercles and 5-8 radial spines
% in. long: fls. yellow, 2 in. across Mex.
ChAffeyi (Escdbaria^ Chaffeyi). St. short-cylindric, to
5 in. tall, to 25^ in. diam.; tubercles short; spines many,
white, black-tipped, centrals slightly shorter than radials:
fls. cream-colored, often tinged purple, to % in. long: fr.
crimson, to ^ in. K\ng. Mex.
chiorantha (MammiUaria chlorantha). Cylindric, to
10 in. high and 3 in. across; tubercles hidden by densely
matted spines; centrals 3-5, white with brown tip: fls.
Coryphantha
209
Corytholoma
yellow or greenish -yellow, 1*4 in. across. Utah, Ariz.,
Nev., Calif.
cl&va (Mammillaria clava). Club-shaped, deep green,
woolly in axils and red gland at base of groove; central
spine 1, radials about 7: fls. 3 in. or more across, pale yellow,
outer parts tinged red. Mex.
corn if era (MammiUaria cornifera). Body globose and
pale green, with short broad tubercles; radial spines 16 or
17 and central spine 1: fls. yellow tinged red. nearly 3 in.
broad. Mex. Var. scolymoides (C. scolymoides, Mammil-
laria scolymoides^ has the tubercles more densely packed
together and radial spines more numerous.
Delaetiana (Mammillaria Delaetiand). Clump-forming,
sts. club-shaped or cylindrical, spiny at top; tubercles to
H in. long; radial spines about 15, to % in. long, base
bulbous, mostly spreading, yellowish* centrals 1-2, to
% in. long, black: fls. clear yellow, to 1 ^ in. long or more.
Mex.
demonoceras. Similar to C. cornifera, differing in its
smaller more compressed tubercles, and centrals 3-4 and
longer. Mex.
d£serti (Mammillaria deserti). Solitary or in clumps, to
8 in. high and 3 in. thick, densely covered with white spines:
fls. pale pink, 1 in. across. Deserts, S. Calif, and Nev.
difficilis (Mammillaria difficihs). St. globular, flattened;
tubercles rhomboidal: spines bulbous at base, radials 12-14,
to % in. long, centrals 4, curved, to % in. long: fls. yellow.
Mex.
Dyckiana (Mammillaria Dyckiana). St. cylindrical;
tubercles conical, compact, short; radials 16-18, to y» in.
long, white; centrals 2, yellow tipped red: fls. red. Mex.
echinofdea (Mammillaria echinoidea). Nearly globular.
2 in. across, very woolly at top, with conical tubercles and
20-25 radial spines H in. long: fls. rose, to 3 in. across.
Mex.
Echinus (Mammillaria Echinus). Globose to somewhat
conic, 1-2 in. diam., with many closely appressed spines,
the radials white, centrals often blackish: fls. 1-2 in. long,
yellow. W. Tex.
eleph&ntidens (Mammillaria elephantidens. Echino-
cactus elephantidens). Nearly globose, to 5 in. high and
somewhat broader; tubercles obtuse and to 2 in. long,
densely woolly in axils; spines 8 and all radial: fls. about
4 in. across, rose-colorea. Mex.
er6cta (Mammillaria erecta). Cylindric, yellowish-green,
to 12 in long; tubercles obliquely conic; spines 8-14, awl-
like: fls. large and yellow, with very narrow segms. Mex.
exsudans (Mammillaria exsudans). Nearly cylindrical,
1 V£ in. across, with thick tubercles having pale yellow
glands; radial spines 6-7, to ^ in. long, yellow: fls. yellow.
Mex.
Ge6rgii. Globose, depressed and woolly at top, 2 in.
high and 3 in. thick, with prominent tubercles; radial
spines 8-9, spreading, ^ in. long: fls. white, 1^ in. across.
Mex.
gladiispuia (Mammillaria gladiispina) . St. ovoid to
ellipsoid, to 4 in. tall and 2}4 in. diam., shining dark green,
less spiny towards base; racfials 17-20 with the 7-8 upper
ones brush-like; centrals 4, to 1 in. long: fls. yellow, to
2^ i1}- across. Mex.
grandifl6ra: Neolloydia grandi flora.
jaumave'nsis: listed name; the plant may be referable
to C. Palme n.
macromSris (Mammillaria macromeris). Branching at
base, body more or less cylindrical, to 8 in. long; tubercles
soft and several in. long, grooved two-thirds their length;
radials many and white, centrals black: fls. to 3 in. broad,
purple. Mex., W. Tex.
macrothele: C. octacantha.
missouriensis: Neobesseya missouriensis.
Muehlbaueri&na. Ovoid or cylindric, to 2 in. high and
1 in. thick, shining dark green; radial spines 15-20 and
white; centrals about 6 and ^ in. long: fls. greenish-
yellow striped with red, 1 in. across. Mex.
Mufchlenpfordtii (Mammillaria Scheen). Body nearly
globular and commonly simple, to 8 in. long and 6 in.
thick; tubercles to 1 in. long ana very woolly when young;
radials 6-16 and straight, centrals 1-4: fls. yellow, about
2K in- long. W. Tex., New Mex., Mex.
Ne"ilie». Cylindric, to 2 in. high; ribs 8^14, tubercles
grooved; spines 13-18, all radial, mostly straight, to K in.
long, white or pinkish with yellowish base, bristle-like:
fls. purplish, to y% in. long. W. Tex.
neo-mexicana (Mammillaria neo-mexicana). Body
globular or short-oblong, to about 4 in. long, covered with
spines; radials needle-like and white; centrals stouter and
brown or black toward apex: fls. to 2 in. broad, greenish,
purplish inside. New Mex., W. Tex.
NtckelsiflB (Mammillaria Nickelsise). Globular and
cespitose, to about 3 in. high, pale green and glaucous,
becoming purplish; tubercles almost hidden by overlapping
radial spines: fls. bright yellow with red center, 2-3 in.
broad. S. Tex., Mex.
octac&ntha (Mammillaria octacantha. M. and C. mac-
rothele). Cylindric, to 1 ft. high and 6 in. diam., white-
woolly in axils, the long tubercles with 1 or 2 red glands;
radials 8 and rigid; centrals 1 or 2 and stouter: fls. straw-
colored, 2 in. or more broad. Mex.
Ottdnis (Mammillaria Ottoms), Nearly globular, to
5 in. high and 3 in. diam., glaucous or grayish, with 8-12
radial spines H in. long: fls. white, 1J^ in. long. Mex.
p&llida. Solitary or clustered, globular, to 5 in. across,
bluish-green; radial spines 20 or more and white: fls.
lemon-yellow, greenish outside, 2^j in. across. Mex.
Palmeri. St. globular to 4 in. diam.; tubercles conical,
close; radials 11-14, spreading; central 1, hooked, to % in.
long: fls. pale yellow to nearly white, to 1^ in. long. Mex.
pectin&ta (Mammillaria pectinata). Globose, 1-2% in.
diam.; tubercles spiral; spines 16-24 and all radial, some
of them arched over apex of areole and yellowish-white
with black tip: fls. yellow, 2 in. long. S. Tex , Mex.
Poselgeriana (C. vahda. Mammillaria valida. Echino-
cactua Poselgerianus. E. saltillensis). St. globular, apex
often acutish; tubercles large, to 5-t in. long and 1^ in.
across, grooves woolly, glandular; rndials 5-7, to 2 in. long,
base bulbous; central 1, to 2 in. long: fls. salmon-pink,
rarely yellow, to 2 in. long. Mex.
P
con
cent „, _ f F „
yellowish-green in throat, to % in. long and about 1)4 in.
across. Mex.
radians (Mammillaria radians). Globose, about 3 in.
diam ,• tubercles ovoid, the axils glabrous; spines 16-18.
all radial and white or yellowish: fls. lemon-yellow, ringea
red outside, 4 in. broad. Mex.
radidsa: C. vivipara.
recurvata (Mammillaria recurwta and recurvispina) .
Body depressed -globose, 4-8 in. diam., often making large
masses; tubercles not prominent; radial spines about 20,
yellow and recurved; centrals 1 or 2: fls. about 1-1 % in.
long, brownish outside and lemon-yellow inside. Ariz.,
Mex.
retusa (Mammillaria retusa). St. depressed-globose,
2-4 in. diam., top woolly: tuberrlos large; spines all radial,
6-12, recurved orappresseu: fls. yellow, to 1 ^m. across. Mex.
robustispma (Mammillaria robustispina and M. liroivnii).
Solitary or clustered, body globular or nearly so, 2-6 in.
high, almost hidden by spines, the radial 12-15 and 3
lower very stout, central 1: fls. salmon, about 2 in. long.
Ariz., New Mex., Mex.
Runyonii. Forming clumps to 3 ft. across, with thick
tap-root and irregular tubercles j radial spines 6 or more,
1 in. long; central spines to 2 m. long: fls. purple, 2 in.
across. S. Tex., Mex.
Salm-Dycki&na (Mammillaria Salm-Dj/ckiana). Plants
solitary or clustered: st. globular to club-shaped, to 6 in.
diam.; radials usually 10-15, whitish, to % in. long;
centrals 1-4, bulbous at base, to 1 in. long, black: fls. pale
yellow tinged red, to 1 ^ in. long. Mex.
Scheeri: C. Muehlenpfordtii.
scolymoides: C. cornifera var.
sfmilis: Neobesseya similis.
sulc&ta (Mammillaria sulcata). Forming clumps, to
5 in. diam., with rather large tubercles and white spines:
fls. yellow with red center, 2 m. across. S. Tex.
sulcolanata (Mammillaria sulcolanatd). Globose or
depressed, 2 in. high and 2^ in. diam., clustered; spinos
9-10 and all radial and ^ in. long: fls. yellow or white,
lf£ in, long. Mex.
valida: C. Poselgeriana.
Vaupeli&na (Mammillaria Vaupcliana). Globose or
ovoid, to 3 in. diam.; tubercles Spangled; radial spines about
15 and yellowish-gray and horizontally spreading; central
spines 4 and to % in. long: fls. yellow. Mex.
yhrfpara (Mammillaria mvipara. M. radiosa). Solitary
or in mound-like clusters, body globular and to 2 in. diam.;
tubercles prominent and woolly; radials about 16 and white;
centrals 4-6: fls. nearly 2 in. long, purple, sepals fringed.
Minn., Man., Alta. to Colo, and N. Tex.
We*rderxnannii. Globose becoming elongated; radial
spines 25-30 and to 1 in. long; centrals 4 and brownish-
white: fls. golden-yellow, shining, to 3 in. across. Mex.
CORYTHOL6MA. Gesneriacex. Trop.
American herbs with tuberous roots, Ivs. op-
posite or in 3's, fls. Ttubular and often 2-lipped,
solitary or clustered in the axils, and fr. a caps.;
one species grown under glass.
Corytholoma
210
Cotoneaster
cardinalis (Gcsneria cardinalis. 0. macranthd). To 1 ft.,
hairy: Ivs. ovate-cordate, to 6 in. long, toothed: fls. red,
to 3 in. long. Habitat unrecorded.
Warszewlczii (Cesneria Warszewiczii). Erect, stout, st.
little branched: Iva. ovate, to 3 in. long, obtuse or acute,
crenate, rough-hairy above, villous beneath: fls. to 1% in.
long, tube somewhat swollen. Guatemala.
COSMIDIUM: Thelcsptrma Bumdgeanum.
C6SMOS. Composite. Showy late-flowering
arm. or per. herbs with opposite usually pinriately
cut Ivs. and heads solitary or in panicles, rays
variously colored; pappus of awns or crown;
native in trop. Amer. Closely allied to Dahlia.
Cosmos is cultivated in the flower-garden and is easily
grown from seed but in the North it may be sown indoors
in early spring if bloom is desired in late summer and early
forms should be chosen. Sandy soil is preferred as the plants
do not bloom well in rich soil in short-season climates.
atrosangufneua (Bidena atrosanyuinea. B. dahlioides.
Dahlia Zimpami). BLACK C. Differs from C. diversifolius
is heads smaller, with red disk and dark velvety-red rays.
Mex.
bipinnatus. Ann. to 10 ft.: Ivs. 2-pinnate into linear
Begins.: heads to 3 in. or more across, rays white, pink,
crimson, dink yellow: achenes beaked Mex. — In the
anemone- or double-fid, forms the disk is replaced by a
compact crowded mass of petal-like parts the same color
as trie rays Early arid late flowering strains of both the
single and double forms are now sold.
diversifdltus. Per. to 16 in., grown as ann., with tuberous
roots: Ivs. entire or pmnatoly parted into 5-7 Ifts.: heads
to 2 in. across, long-stalked, disk yellow, rays lilac to rose:
achenes angled, not beaked. Mex. Var. nlger is listed.
sulphureus. YKLLOW C. Ann. to 7 ft.: Ivs. 2-3-pinnate
into lanceolate lobes: heads to 3 in. across, rays pale or
golden -yellow, disk yellow: achenes beaked. Mex.
COSSdNIA. Cruciferx.t Per. herbs of the
Medit. region, with Ivs. in basal rosettes and
fls. in corymbs borne on solitary pedicels in
axils of Ivs.
africana. Tufted: Ivs. lyrute-pinnatifid, fleshy, glaucous:
fls. lilac-purple or yellow, petals ^ in. long, in dense corymbs
on pedicels 1 in. long. Algeria, Morocco.
COSTMARY; Chrysantlunnurn Balsamito.
C6STUS. SPIRAL FLAG. Zingiberacese. Stout
trop. per. herbs, the sts. often spirally twisted,
having leafy sts. and yellow, red or white fls.
in dense spikes, the 1 staminode or lip petal-like.
They require tropical temperatures and rich moist soil.
Propagated by cutting the stalks into about one-inch lengths
and planting in sand and sifted moss or petit; also by
division of the rootstocks. The plants are not often seen
under glnss as they require too much room. See Zingi-
bfracex1.
elegans: (7. Mnlortieanus.
fgneus. To 3 ft. high : Ivs. to 6 in. long, oblong-lanceolate:
fls. orange-red. Brazil.
Malortieanus (C. degnns. C. zcbrinus). To 3 ft. high:
rvs. to 14 in. long and 7 in. wide, obscurely banded with
green above: fls yellow, the lip marked with red, in spikes
to 2><j in. long. Cent. Amer.
specidsus. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and 2% in. wide:
fls. white with yellow center, in spikes to 5 in. long. E.
Indies
zebrinus: C. Malortieanus.
C6TINUS. Anacardiacese. Two woody de-
ciduous species, one native in N. Amer. and
the other S. Eu. to Cent. Asia and China, with
simple Ivs., small polygamous fls. in large loose
terminal panicles, the sterile pedicels of the
Old World^ species lengthening and clothed
with spreading hairs and producing the ' 'smoky' '
effect that gives the plant its common name,
5 stamens, fr. a small compressed drupe.
Cotinus requires well-drained and not too rich soil.
Propagated by seeds, root-cuttings and layers.
americanus (Khua americana and R. cotinoides). Small
tree to 30 ft. or more, with Ivs. mostly obovate and cuneate
or tapering at base: taller tree than the following and
probably not as hardy, the panicles not showy but autumn
If .-col or attractive. Tenn., Ala., to Tex. — Little planted.
Coggygria (Rhu9 Cotinus). SMOKB-TBBE. Bushy shrub
to 15 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 3 in. long: panicles much branched,
to 8 in. long, usually purplish. June-*July. S. Eu. to Asia.
Var. purpilreus (var. alropurpureus) has purplish Ivs. and
panicles with dark purple hairs. Var. plndulus lias droop-
ing branches. — Hardy N.
COTONEASTER. Rosacex. Shrubs or rarely
small trees native in temp, regions of Old World,
with alternate entire deciduous or persistent Ivs.,
small white or pink fls. solitary or in clusters,
and fr. a small red or black drupe. Some of
them are more or less evergreen.
The genus has many ornamentals of first-class value
in home gardens and landscape work, of attractive habit,
interesting bloom and showy often persistent fruit. Most
of them (unless otherwise noted) are hardy in the northern
parts of the United States. Cotoneasters prefer sunny
positions in well-drained soil. Propagated by seeds sown
when npe or stratified, by layers in autumn, by cuttings of
young wood under glass late in summer, and rare kinds by
grafting on stock of C. integemma and the common quince
or hawthorn.
acuminata. To 12 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 214 in. long,
pubescent on both sides: fls. pinkish, in 2-5-fld. clusters:
fr. bright red. Himalayas.
acutifdlia. To 12 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 2 in. long,
pubescent on both sides when young: fls. pinkish, in 2-5-
fld. clusters: fr. black. China. Var. villdsula, Ivs. densely
pubescent beneath.
adpre~ssa. Prostrate, deciduous: Ivs. to % in. long,
usually wavy at margins: fls. pinkish, 1-2 together: fr.
bright red. China. Var. pnbcox (C. prxcox) is more vigor-
ous, with larger Ivs.
affinis. Tall deciduous shrub: Ivs. to 3 in. long, pubescent
beneath when young: fls. white, in many-fid, corymbs:
fr. brown or nearly black. Himalayas; adapted to S. Var.
bacillaris (C. bacilbins) has Ivs. soon glabrous.
aldenham£nsis: C. friyida var.
ambigua. To 6 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 2 in. long, pubescent
beneath: fls. pinkish, in 5-10-fld. clusters: fr. black. China.
amoena. To 5 ft., densely branched, deciduous: Ivs.
about Jjj in. long, densely pubescent below: fls. pinkish,
in 6-10-nd. clusters: fr. orange-red. China.
angustifdlia; Pyracantha angustifolia.
apiculata. To 6 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to % in. long, pale
and nearly glabrous below: fla. pink: fr. bright red. China.
applanata: C. Dielsiana.
bacillaris: C. affinis var.
Bakeri: listed name of plant advertised as dwarf, with
gray foliage and red fr.
bullata. To 6 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 3 in. long, rugose,
slightly pubescent: fls. pinkish, in 3-7-fld. clusters: fr.
red. China. Var. flpribunda, clusters many-fld. Var.
macro ph^lla, Ivs. to 5 in. long.
buxifolia. Low, densely branched: Ivs. about \^ in.
long, densely tomentose beneath, margins revolute: fls.
white, in 2-6-fld. clusters: fr. red. India. Var. yell&a has
smaller Ivs. and often solitary fls. — The material usually
cult, under this name is C. rotundifoha var. lanata.
cinerascens: C. Franchetn var.
congesta (C. microphylla var. gladalis). Differs from
C. mtcrophylla in Ivs. glabrous beneath at maturity and
more ovate in outline. Himalayas.
Co61idgei: listed as a dwarf evergreen, perhaps referable
to C. pannosa var. nana.
crenulata: Pyracantha crenulata.
Dammeri (C. humifusa'). Prostrate, the branches often
rooting, evergreen: Ivs. about 1 in. long, dark and shining
above, pale beneath: fls. white, solitary: fr. bright red.
China. Var. radlcans has smaller Ivs. and 1-2 fls. together.
Davidiana: C. horizontalis.
dec&ra: listed name for a low spreading evergreen
form with red berries.
Dielsiana (C. applanata). To 8 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to
1 in. long, tomentose beneath: fls. pinkish, in 3-7-fld.
clusters: fr. bright red. China. Var. elegans has smaller
often persistent Ivs. Var. mljoi^ lias larger and broader Ivs.
dlsticha (C. rotundi folia of hort.). To 8 ft., eemi-ever-
rn: Ivs. to % in. long, slightly pubescent when young:
white tinged pink, usually solitary: fr. bright red.
Himalayas, China.
dfraridtta. To 6 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to % in. long, dark
and shining above/ pale beneath: fls. pinkish, in 3-fld.
clusters: fr. bright red. China. v
formosana. Lva. 3-5 at tips of brancbiets, to 1 in. long,
Cotoneaster
211
gray-pubescent, notched at tip: fls. white, in corymbs.
Formosa.
foveolata. To 10 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 4 in. long, pubes-
cent and with prominent veins beneath: fls. pinkish, in
3-6-fld. clusters: fr. black. China.
Franchgtii. To 10 ft., evergreen or partially so: Ivs. to
l^i in. long, toinentose beneath: fls. pinkish, in 5-11-fld.
clusters: fr. orange-red. China; not hardy N. Var. ciner-
&scens is mure vigorous.
frigida. To 25 ft., deciduous or semi-evergreen: Ivs. to
5 in. long, tomentose beneath when young: fls. white, in
dense tomentose clusters to 2^ in. across: fr. bright red.
Himalayas; for southern states. Var. aldenhamensis has
oblong lanceolate Ivs.
Gfbbsii: Pyracantha Gibbsii.
glabrata. Evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in. long, glaucous and
nearly glabrous beneath: fls. white, in dense corymbs 1 in.
across. China; not hardy N.
glacialis: C. congesta.
ovoid, to .H in. long. W. China.
gracilis. To 10 ft , deciduous: Ivs. to ^ in. long, whitish-
tomentose beneath: fls. rose, in 3-6-fld. clusters. China.
Harroviana. To 6 ft., semi-evergreen: Ivs. to 2 in. long,
leathery, densely tomentose beneath when young: fls.
white, in dense clusters to l}£ in. across. China.
hebephylla. To 8 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 1 in. long, glau-
cous and becoming glabrous beneath: fls. white, in 6-16-
fld. corymbs. China.
Henry ana. To 12 ft., semi-evergreen, the branches
drooping: Ivs. to 5 in. long, gray-tomentoso beneath when
young: fls white, in loose clusters to 2 in. across: fr. red.
China; not hardy N.
horizontalis (C. Davidiana). To 3 ft., semi-evergreen,
the branches spreading horizontally: Ivs. to H in- long,
slightly pubescent beneath: fls. pinkish, 1-2 together: fr.
bright red. China Var. minor, a smaller form with smaller
fls. and berries. Vur. perpusflla has Ivs. % in. or less long.
Var. variegata has Ivs. marked with \vhite.
humifusa: C. Dammeri.
hupeh£nsis. To 6 ft., deciduous, the branches arching:
Ivs. to 1 H m. long, gray-tomentose beneath: fls. white,
in 6-12-fld. clusters: fr. bright red. China.
hymalaica. Large vigorous shrub: Ivs. deciduous, ob-
long-elhptic, base wedge-shaped, to 4 in. long, obtuse,
entire, villous when young becoming glabrous: fls. rose:
fr. purplish-black, globose. Nativity not known.
ignava. To 7 ft , spreading, twigs pubescent when young:
Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong, to 2 in. long, acute, mucronulate:
fls. pinkish, in many-fld. pendulous cymes: fr. dark purple,
to H m. across. Turkestan.
integSrrima (C. vulgans. C. pyrenaica). To 6 ft.,
deciduous: Ivs. to 2 in. long, tomentose beneath: fls. pink-
ish, in nodding 2-4-fld. clusters: fr. red. Ku., N. Asia.
l£ctea. To 10 ft , evergreen or partially so: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, white- or yellow-tomeutose beneath: fls. white, in
corymbs 2 in. across: fr. red. China.
la'xifldra: C. melanocarpa var.
Lemdinei: listed name.
Lindleyi. Similar to C. racemijlora but with longer Ivs.
and black fr. Himalayas.
lucida (C. sinensis). To 10 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, shining above, pubescent beneath when young: fls.
pinkish, in 3-8-fld. clusters: fr. black. N. Asia.
macrophylla: C. bullata var.
melanocarpa (C. nigra). To 6 ft , deciduous: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, dark green above, white-tomentose beneath: fls.
pinkish, in nodding 3-8-fld. clusters: fr. black. Eu., Asia.
Var. laxifldra (C. laxiflora) has larger1 Ivs. and many-fld.
clusters.
Meyeri: see C. racemi flora.
microphylla. To 3 ft., evergreen, the branches spreading:
Ivs. to % in. long, dark and shining above, gray-pubescent
beneath: fls. white, usually solitary: fr. bright red. Hima-
layas. Var. cochleata is prostrate, with Ivs. somewhat spoon-
shaped. Var. glacialis is C. congesta. Var. minor is listed.
Var. thymifdlia (C. thymifoha) has narrower Ivs. and
2-4-fld. clusters.
moupine'nsis. To 15 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 4 in. long,
pale and pubescent beneath, the veins conspicuous: fla.
pinkish, in many-fld. clusters: fr. black. China; needs
protection N.
multifldra (C. reflexa). To 6 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, becoming glabrous: fls. white, in many-fld. loose
clusters: fr. red. Asia. Var. calocarpa has larger Ivs. and fr.
nigra: C. melanocarpa.
nltens. To 4 ft., deciduous, the branches spreading:
Cotton
Ivs. to H in. long, dark green and shining above, becoming
glabrous beneath: fls. pink, in 3-fld. clusters: fr. purplial>
black. China.
nummularia: C. racemiflora.
obscura. Deciduous, to 10 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to obovate
or somewhat rhombic, to 2 in. long, gray underneath: fls.
pinkish, in short clusters of 3-7: fr. somewhat pyriform,
dark red. China.
panndsa. To 10 ft., semi-evergreen, the branches arch-
ing: Ivs. to 1 in. long, white-tomentose beneath: fls. white,
in 6-20-fld. clusters: fr. red. China; not hardy N.; common
hi Calif. Var. nana is listed as a dwarf form.
Parneyi. Similar to C. Harroviana, but with larger Ivs.
and fewer larger red berries.
pr&cox: C. adpressa var.
procumbens: listed name.
prostrata: C. rotundifoha.
Pyracantha: Pyracantha cocciiiea,
pyrenaica: C. integcrnma, but the plant in cult, under
this name may be C. conyenta.
racemifldra (C. nummuland). To 8 ft., deciduous: Ivs.
to 1^ in. long, gray-tomentose beneath, apex mucronate:
fls. white, in 3-12-fld. clusters: fr. red. S. Eu , N. Afr.,
Asia. Var. microcarpa has glabre.^ceiit Ivs. to % m. long.
Var. nummularia (var. Meyeri), Ivs. broader and obtuse.
Var. Royleana (var. orbiculans) is a low form with broad
Ivs. Var. soongftrica has less pubescent Ivs. Var. Veitchii
has Ivs. acute at ends, usually elliptic.
reflexa: C. multtflora.
repens: listed name.
rhytidophylla. Evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in. long, wrinkled
above, white- or yellow-tomentose beneath: fls. white, in
dense corymbs 1 in. across: fr. orange-red. China; not
hardy N.
Rogersiana: Pyracantha crcnulata var.
r&sea. To 6 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 2 in. long, grayish-
green beneath: fls. pinkish, in 3-9- fld. clusters: fr. red.
\V. Asia.
rotundifdlia (C. prostrata. C. microphylla var. Uva-
ursi). To 12 ft., evergreen, the branches arching: Ivs. to
^4 in. long, dark and shining above, slightly hairy beneath*
fla. white, m 1-3-fld. clusters: fr. red. Himalayas; probably
not hardy N. Var. lanata (C. Wheeleri), Ivs. toinentose
beneath. — Most of the material so lisled is C. disticha.
rubens. Deciduous or half evergreen, to 7 ft.: Ivs
orbicular to broadly elliptic, to *,» in. long, obscurely
mucronulate, glabrous above, densely reddish-tornentoue
beneath: fls. red, solitary, teimmal, calyx villous. Yunnan.
salicifdlia. To 15 ft., evergreen or partially so: Ivs. to
3 in. long, rugose, tomentose beneath, fls. white, m tomen-
tose clusters to 2 in. across: fr. bright red China Var.
flocc&sa has Ivs. shining above and var. rugdsa dull green
above.
Schneideri: probably synonymous with C. Didsiana
var. elegans.
ser6tina. Small tree, young shoots silky-pubescent: Ivs.
to 3 in. long, becoming glabrous: fls in clusters to 3 in.
across: fr. reel. China. — Perhaps a form of C. ylaucophylla.
Simonsii. To 10 ft , semi-evergreen: Ivs to 1^ in.
long, pubescent beneath: fls. white, in 2-4-fld. clusters: fr.
bright red. Himalayas.
sinensis: C. lucida.
soongdrica: C. racemijlora var.
t£nuipes. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, elliptic-ovate,
acute or obtuse, to 1 in. long, brown-pubescent beneath:
fls. solitary or m pairs: fr. ovoid, to % in. through. W.
Szechuan.
thymif61ia: C. microphylla var.
tomentdsa. To 10 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 2^ in. long,
gray-tomentose beneath: fls. pinkish, in nodding 3-12-fld.
clusters: fr. brick-red. S. K. Eu , W. Asia.
turbinata. To 6 ft., semi-evergreen: Ivs. to \% in. long,
silky-pubescent beneath: corymbs many-fld., white-
tomentose: fr. bright red. China.
unifl6ra. Differs from C. intcgerrima in its smaller Ivs.
which are glabrous at maturity and solitary fls. Altai.
vulgaris: C. integerrima.
Wheeled: C. rotundifolia var. lanata.
Wflsonii. To 4 ft.: Ivs. pale and pubescent below: fls.
white, in panicled clusters. Japan.
Zabelii. To 6 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 1^ in. long, gray-
tomentose beneath: fls. pinkish, in nodding 3-9-fld. clusters:
fr. bright red. China. Var. miniata is a smaller form.
COTTON: Gossypium. Lavender-: Santoltnct
cypartMua. -Weed: Diotis candidissima. Wild: Thurberia
thespesioides.
Cottonwood 212
COTTONWOOD: Pojndua.
C6XULA (Leptinetta). Composite. Ann. and
per. herbs, mostly of low stature and creeping
or tufted, in the southern hemisphere but a
few of them nat. elsewhere and one of them
listed in this country as a rock-garden foliage
subject: Ivs. alternate, pinnatifid or rarely entire:
heads small, peduncled, without rays; pappus
lacking.
anthemoldes. Ann. to 6 in., sts. pubescent, spreading
and ascending: Ivs. obovate, to % in. long, pinnatifid.
Bourns, apiculate: heads to %, in. across. Afr , India.
aurea: Matncana aurea.
barbata. Ann., silky-hairy, cespitose: Ivs. pinnate above
n.iudle, petioled, nearly all basal, in tufts, villous: heads
uftout J^ in. across. 8. Afr.
coronopifMia. BHAHB-BUTTONB. Per. somewhat de-
cumbent, sts to 1 ft. long: Ivs. linear-oblong, to 2% in.
long, glabrous, entire or toothed: heads bright yellow, to
jh< in. across. Afr.; nat. m H. Calif. — Prefers moist or wet
habitat along stream banks.
diolca. Sts. to 1 ft. long, creeping, tips ascending: Ivs.
Jinear-obovate, serrate to pinnatifid, to 2 in. long: heads
about % in. diarn., yellow. New Zeal.
squdlida. Per. a few in. high, the branches creeping 12 in.
or more, soft-hairy: Ivs. narrow, to 2 in. long, deeply pin-
uatifid and fern-line, the scgms. also cut: heads ^ in. or
less diarn. New Zeal.
COTYLEDON: seed-leaf; the primary leaf or leaves in
the embryo; in some plants the cotyledon always remains
in the seed-coats and under ground and in others (as
common bean) it emerges on germination.
COTYLEDON. Crassulacex. Succulents with
simple basal or st.-lvs. and yellow, red or green-
ish, campanulate fls. in terminal cymes, char-
acterized by tubular corolla that is much longer
than the calyx; natives of the Old World, par-
ticularly 8. Afr. and Medit, region, cult, in
greenhouses or rock-gardens. Cult, as for Sedum
and Sempcrvivurn; see Succulents.
agavoldes: Echeveria ayavoules.
ausana: C. urbiculata.
Bdrbeyi. Plant nearly stemless, hoary-white: Ivs.
shovel-Hhaped, thick: fls. olive-green and red, 1 in. long.
Abyssinia, Arabia.
caespitdsa: Echeveria cxspitosa.
calif 6rnica: Echeveria cirspitosa.
chrysintha: Sedum chrysanthum.
Codperi: Adromischus Cooperi.
cymdsa: Echeveria cymosa.
decussata ((7. Flanayanii) . iSts. leafy below: Ivs. partially
cylindrical, to 5 in. long, glaucous, thick: fls. red, 1 in. long,
in many-fid, corymbs on peduncles to 1^ ft. long. S. Afr.
densifldra: Echeveria densiflara.
elegans: Echeveria Harmsii.
farindsa: Echeveria farinosa.
fimbriata: Sedum fimbnatum.
FUnaganii: C. decussata.
gibbifldra: Echeveria gibbiflora.
glauca: listed name, of doubtful status, perhaps refer-
nble to Echeveria glauca.
Hoveyi: Echeveria lloveyi.
lanceolata: Echeveria lanceolata.
Ifixa: Echeveria laxa.
lurida: Echeveria lanceolata var.
macrantha. Shrub to 2H ft.: Ivs. obovate, fleshy,
margined with red: fls. red, greenish-yellow inside, 5 4 in.
long. S. Afr.
macrophylla: listed name.
nevadensis: Echeveria nevadensis.
nudicaulis: Echeveria densijlora.
oolyphjrlla: listed name.
orbiculata (r auwma) To 4 ft.: Ivs. opposite, oblong to
roundish, to 4 in. long, entire: fls. red, drooping. 8, Afr.
Yarn comp&cta, major and minor are listed.
oregana: listed name.
ovlfera: listed name, perhaps Pachyphytum oviferum.
Pachyphytum: Pachyphytum bracteosum.
Cover-Crop
papillaris. Ste. decumbent: Ivs. ovoid-oblong, to 1 in.
long, fleshy: fls. H in. long, in few-fld. cymes on peduncles
6 in. long. 8. Afr.
papilldsa. To 4 in.: Ivs. obovate-epatulate, to M in.
long, fleshy, papillose: fls. pink, K in. long, in many-fld.
cymes. Afghanistan.
paraguaye"nsis: Graptopclalum paraguayense.
parvifolia: listed name.
Platti&na: Echeveria Plattiana.
platyph^lla: see Sedum semperinvoides.
pulverul^nta: Echeveria pulverulenta.
Purpusii: Echeveria Purpusii.
rotundifdlia: var. of C. orbiculata*
sectinda: Echeveria secunda.
Semen6vii: Sedum Semenowi.
septentrion&lis: Echeveria septentrionalis.
simplicifdlia. To 6 in : Ivs. roundish, irregularly and
coarsely toothed: fls. yellow, drooping. S. Eu.
spindsa: Sedum spinosum.
teretif61ia. Sts. woody, to 8 in.: Ivs. nearly cylindrical,
to 5 in. long, hairy: fls. ^ in. or more long, in many-fld.
corymbs on peduncles to IJtf ft. long. S. Afr.
Umbilicus: Umbilicus pendulinus.
undulata. To 3 ft., shrubby: Ivs. opposite, obovate,
3-5 in. long, 2 in. wide, undulate on margins: fls. orange or
red, drooping, 1 in. long. Probably S. Afr.
Van de He*ydenii: listed name.
Wickensii. Shrub to 7 ft.: Ivs. obovate or oblanceolate,
thick, almost flat, 2-3 in. long, ^-1 in. wide: fls. orange-
red, nodding. S. Afr.
Wightii: listed name.
Winkleri: Sedum Winkleri.
Wftchmannii: listed name.
COULTERIA: C&salpinia spinosa.
COURANTIA: Echeveria.
COUROUPiTA. Lecythidacex. A trop. Ameri-
can genus of trees represented by about 9 species,
planted in warm climates for shade or for the
curiosity aroused by the large ball-like frs.
borne on the trunk. One species is cult. C.
guianensis. CANNON-BALL TREE. Lys. oblong-
obovate to broadly lanceolate, to 8 in. long or
more, alternate, acute, entire or obscurely serrate :
fls. tinged yellow or red on outside, crimson-lilac
within, about 4 in. across, borne in racemes to
3 ft. long which arise from the trunk and larger
branches: fr. nearly globose, to 8 in. diam.,
reddish and hard on outside, pulpy and ill-
smelling within.
COUTAREA. Rubiaceae. Trees and shrubs,
native Mex. to S. Amer., bearing opposite
simple stalked Ivs., and large (2-4-in. long)
white or yellowish funnelform-carnpanulate
pedicillate fls. mostly in small cymes; stamens
5-8; style filiform: fr. an ovoid or obovoid caps.
hezandra. To 15 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate to oval, to about
5 in. long, sharp-pointed, entire: fls. mostly in 3's, the
corolla white or yellowish and tinged purple toward base.
Mex. to Argentina.
COVER-CROP. A crop grown primarily
for the covering and protecting of land, par-
ticularly in orchards, after the final tillage in
summer until the following spring when tillage
recurs. It may be a green crop not killed by- the
winter as crimson clover, or a one-season crop
that is killed by frost but remains on the land
till spring, as peas. The crop is turned under in
spring and then acts as an amendment to the
soil. Many kinds of plants may be employed as
cover-crops; crimson cloyer, vetch, rape, wheat,
winter oats, soybean, cowpeas, buckwheat,
beggarweed, crotalaria, peas, barley, millet
are some of them. In this sense the term cover-
crop was first employed in 1892 (Cornell Bulletin
59), suggested by the author's observations of
"cover" for game in Ireland.
Covillea 213
COVTLLBA: Larrea.
COWAGE: Stizolobium pruritum.
COWANIA. Rosacese. Evergreen shrubs or
small trees of Mex. and S. W. U. S., with leath-
ery sticky Ivs., solitary fls., and achenes with
long featnery tails; not showy, but sometimes
planted in native or similar regions.
mexicana (Geum dryadoidea). Shrub to 7 ft., differing
from C. Stansburiana in its brownish bark, lobes of Ivs.
entire and the calyx-tube campanulate. Mex.
Stansburiana. Shrub to 12 ft., bark grayish: Ivs. to
% in. long, 3-5-parted into toothed lobes: fls. white or
pale yellow, % in. long; calyx-tube funnelform. Colo, to
Mex.
COWBERRY: Vacdnium Vitis-Usea.
COW-HERB: Saponaria Vaccaria.
COWITCH: Stizolobium pruritum.
COWPEA: Vigna sinenaia.
COW POISON: Delphinium trollh folium.
COWSLIP: Primula veris; also Caltha palustris, Mer-
tensia virginica. American: Dodecatheon. Cape-: Lache-
nalia.
COYAL: Acrocomia.
CRAB-APPLE: Pyrus.
CRACCA: Tephrosia.
CRAMBE. Cruciferx. Herbs, sometimes
woody at base, usually with large basal Ivs.,
arm., bicn. and per., mostly in Eurasia, some-
times grown for ornament and one as an esculent :
Ivs. mostly thick or fleshy, glaucous, often very
large, lobed, cut, lyrate or pinnatifid: fls. small
but numerous, in panicles: fr. a 2-ppinted inde-
hiscent pod or silicic, the upper joint 1-scedcd
and globular.
cordifdlia. Stout striking per. to 7 ft.: radical Ivs.
cordate, to 2 ft. and more across, somewhat lobed and
stout-dentate, long-stalked, more or less hispid-hairy : fls.
% in. across, white, in great terminal leafless panicle.
Caucasus.
hispanica. Hispid much branched ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. with
oval to nearly orbicular terminal part and lobed or lyrate
below, to 3 in. across, margins sinuate: fls. small, white,
in long open racemes. Medit. region.
maritima. SEA-KALE (which see). Stout stocky per. to
3 ft., with fleshy large glaucous-blue foliage: radical Ivs. to
2 ft. or more long and nearly as broad, notched and shal-
lowly lobed, stout-stalked: fls. white, in panicles: fr. a
pea-like body. Seac oasts, W. Eu. to Asia Minor.
CRANBERRY. The trailing swamp cran-
berry, Vacdnium macrocarpon, is cultivated
extensively, particularly in Massachusetts, New
Jersey and Wisconsin, in artificial or developed
bogs. The small or European cranberry, native
in the northern parts of America, is a distinct
species, Vacdnium Oxycoccus, not cultivated
here ; the mountain cranberry, brought to market
from the wild in the northern parts of America
and Europe is still another Vaccinium, V.
Vitis-idxa.
The American cranberry is grown in acid
peat bogs, which may be flooded. The area
is kept under water during winter, largely to
protect the plants from winter injury by the
neaving and thawing of the bogs. Flooding
may also be employed at other intervals to
drown insects, mitigate drought, and protect
against frost and fires. Every good cranberry
bog should have facilities for flooding. The
ordinary practice is to choose a bog with a
creek running through it. or through which a
crefek or ditch may be diverted. At the lower
side of the bog flood-gates are provided, so that
when the gates are shut the water backs up and
covers the area. It is best that the bog be com-
paratively flat, so that the water will be of
approximately equal depth over the whole
Crassula
area. At the shallowest places the water should
stand about a foot above the plants. The water
is usually let on the bog early in December and
kept on until April or early May. No flooding is
provided at other times unless there is some
particular occasion therefor.
Before the vines are set all the wild and turfy
growth should be taken off the bog. This is
accomplished either by digging it off and re-
moving it bodily, or by drowning it out by a
years flooding. The latter method is generally
considered to be the better. After the turfy
growth is removed, the bog is smoothed and
covered 2 or 3 inches deep with clean sand.
The vines are then set, the lower ends of them
being shoved through the sand into the richer
earth with a dibble. Covering the bog with
]/2~ 1 inch of clean sand every three to five years
is standard practice in well-kept fields. This
rcsanding induces new rooting of the plants,
increases yields, and helps to control insects.
Plants for setting are merely cuttings or
branches of the vines 5-10 inches long. They arc
usually planted at distances of 12-18 inches each
way, and the vines allowed to cover the entire
ground as with a mat. In three years a good
crop should be obtained if the weeds and wild
growth are kept down.
Important varieties arc the Early Black,
Howes, Centennial and McFarlin.
Berries are harvested with special rakes or
scoops. An average yield to the acre is about
20 barrels with exceptional yields of 100 barrels
or more. The fruit is carefully sized and graded
and marketed in half-barrel boxes. The growing
of cranberries is a highly specialized enterprise
requiring considerable capital investment and
much attention to detail.
CRANBERRY-BUSH: Viburnum Opulus and trilobum.
CRANESBILL: Geranium.
CRANTZIA: Alloplectua.
CRAPE-MYRTLE: Lagers traemia.
CRASP^DIA. Composite. Per. herbs with
alternate or basal entire Ivs. and small heads
of disk-fls. crowded in dense compound in-
yolucral heads; pappus of plumose hairs; native
in New Zeal., Australia and Tasmania, some-
times planted in Pacific region.
unifldra. To 1% ft., usually tomentose: Ivs. mostly
basal, oblong or spatulate, to 8 in. long: compound heads to
2 in. across, solitary and terminal.
CRASSINA: Zinnia.
CRASSOCEPHALUM: Gynura.
CRASSULA. Crassulaccae. Herbs and sub-
shrubs, usually succulent, mostly S. African,
with opposite fleshy Ivs. and white, rose or
yellow fls. in cymes or clusters, the petals little if
at all united, sepals, petals and stamens 5 or
sometimes 4. Grown in greenhouses and win-
dows and out-of-doors in warm regions; in
Calif, and similar climates other species may
be found in the collections of fanciers. For
cult, see Succulents.
acutifMia (C. densifolio). Subshrub or subherbaceous,
erect or decumbent, to 1 ft., branched: Ivs. closely placed,
awl-shaped, % in. long, connate: fls. white, very small,
in terminal cymes on long peduncles. S. Afr.
albifldra. Subshrub with Ivs. ovate or oblong, st. erect,
simple, scabrous above. S. Afr.
Alston!!. To 4 in.: Ivs. deeply imbricated, round, to
% in. across, grayish -green: fls. wnite, small, in pcduncled
cymes. 8. Afr.
arbore'scens. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. roundish-ovate, ob-
tuse, to 2% in. long, covered with a grayish waxy bloom,
copiously and distinctly punctate: fls. rose-red. S. Afr.
Crassida
214
Crassula
Archeri: listed name.
argentea (C. i»>rtulacea'). Shrub to 10 ft. with opposite
branching or forking habit: Ivs. oblong-spatulate. ovate or
obovute, obtuse or subacute, to 1^» in. long, distinct at
base, very thick, green and shining: fls. rosy-red. S. Afr. —
Known Hornet irneH under the erroneous names Sedum
denilroidenm, »S. arbf/reum arid $. upectabile ; popular as a
fleshy shrub in S. Calif, where it blooms freely; frequent
as a pot-plant in the N. but seldom blooms.
argyrophflla. Succulent subshrub to S in.: Ivs. flattish,
subrosulate, obovate-cuneate, obtuse, to 1 in. long: fls.
whitish 8. Afr.
barbata. Kreet herb to \1A ft.: radical Ivs. cuneate, to
2 in. long, apex truncate and fringed \vith long white hairs:
fl». in Hpike-like infl. S. Afr.
Bdlusii: C. Cooperi.
canariense: listed name, perhaps JEonium canariense.
canescens: C. crptuilophvra.
cardifldra: listed name.
caulescens: listed name.
centauroldes: plant* listed under this name may be
referable to C. hneolata, C. marginalia, or C. pellucida.
cepha!6phora (C/. mwwcm). Per. herb branched from
the base, st. thick: IVM ranescent, obovate-cuneate, some-
times oblanceolate or subhnear, obtuse or suhacute, 1-3
in. long: (Is in dense cymules, yellowish. S Afr.
ciliaris: synonym of C. dtjccta but plants in the trade
probably are (\ obmlldta.
clavifdlia. Krect, shrubby: Ivs. oblong-spatulate, obtuse,
fleshy: fls. small, in terminal head-like cymes f£ in. across.
8. Afr.
cocclnea: Rochca coccinea.
C611inberi: listed name.
columbaria: listed name.
columnar is. To 4 in., the st. with closely imbricated
orbicular obtuse fleshy Ivs. to 1 in. across: fls. white, in
terminal head-like cymes. 8. Afr.
C6mptonii: listed name.
conges ta (('. laticephala. C. parhyphylla) . To 2 in.: Ivs.
loosely imbricated, ovate-lanceolate. \\\ in. long, strongly
deflexed: fls. white spotted with red-orown at tip, in dense
heads I in across. S. Afr.
Cooperi (C. liolusn). Tufted, to 5 in. high: Ivs. opposite,
elliptic-lanceolate, acute, to 1 in. or less long, with black
blotches' fls. very small, in little terminal clusters, calyx
rod, petals pale flesh-color. S. Afr. — See also C. rupestris.
corallina. To 2 in , with many short decumbent branches
rooting at the lower nodes: IVM closely crowded, ^-A in»
long, compresscd-subglobose or ellipsoidal: fls. 5-parted.
S. Afr.
cordata. Shrubby, to 3 ft : Ivs. opposite, petiolate,
cordate-kidney-shaped and obtuse, to 1 in. across, entire:
fls. white or reddish, small, in peduncled cymes. S. Afr. —
See C. «]xithultita.
cornuta. Sta short, covered with imbricated thick
glaucous Ivs.: Us. dull white, very small, in panicled cymes
on peduncles to 2? £ in high. S. Afr.
corymbul&sa. Succulent per. herb with Ivs. subdistnnt,
lanceolate or oblong, acute: fls. with petals recurved. S.
Afr.
cultrata. To 3 ft., shrubby, sts. leafy: Ivs. obovate-
pblong, to 2'3 in. long, curved, connate: fls. green, amah1,
in panicles S Afr.
deceptrix. Sts. 2 in. long: Ivs. deeply imbricated, % ip«
long and wide, 3-cornered, grayish- white: fls. white, in
peduncled cymes S. Afr.
decfpiens: C. /<><*/«.
dejecta: see C. olmillata for plants in trade.
del to Idea (C. rhomboitiea). Subshrub with st. and
branches fleshy: IVH. connate, gravish-puberulent, sub-
rhomboid, keeled on back, channelled aoove: fls. small,
with petals H in. or less long. S. Afr.
densifMia: C. acutifoha.
dentata (C. minima). Weak herb, st. 3-6 in. long: Ivs.
kidney-shaped to round, \4r\ in. wide: fls. in cymes.
fj. Afr.
domdstica: listed name, perhaps Aichryson domesticum.
Dregeana. Sts. weak and branching: Ivs. ovate-oblong,
\4 in. long, connate: fls. whitish, small, in few-fld. heaa-
like sessile cymes. S. Afr.
elata. White-pubescent, to 2 ft.: Ivs. opposite, oblong to
nearly lanceolate, to lf$ in. long, somewhat acute: fls.
small, white or whitish, in small dense sessile clusters.
S. Afr. Vnr. rosea is listed.
falcata (Rochca /o/mta). Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
falcate, nearly or quite obtuse, to 4 in. long, joined at base,
glaucous: fls. bright crimson, rarely white. 8. Afr.
gigantea: see C. perfoliata.
graciiis: C. Schmidtii.
grandis: hort. name.
hemisph£rica. Lvs. closely imbricated, roundish, con-
nate: fls. white, small, in spicate panicles. S. Afr.
heter6tricha: C. perfoliata.
Hoffmeyeriana: listed name.
impressa: C. Schmidtii.
Justus-Corder&yi: plants in the trade under this name
are referable to C. namaqucnsis.
lactea. Shrubby, to 2 ft.: Ivs. connate, narrow-obovate,
to 3 in. long, more or less acute or acuminate: fls. white.
S. Afr. — Belongs in group with C. argentea and C. arbor-
escens.
laticephala: C. congesta.
lineolata. Prostrate per. with branches ascending, to
4 in.: Ivs. sessile, connate, pilose at base, to ^ in. long:
fls. white or reddish-tinged. S. Afr.
longifolia: see C, perfohata.
lycopodioides. Sts. 1--2 ft. long, lopping or spreading,
lycopodium-like, with slender brittle branches covered
with appressed scale-like Ivs. in 4 ranks: fls. minute, green-
ish, 1 or few in axils. S. Afr.
marginalis. Prostrate per. with branches rooting at
nodes: Ivs. sessile, glabrous, with a row of spots along the
margin, H~/£ in. long: fls. white or reddish-tinged. S. Afr.
marginata: C. pellucida,
minima: C. dentata.
monticola: C. rupestris.
multicaulis: listed name.
multicava (C, quadnftda). Low herb: Ivs. oval, to 3 in.
long, the bases of petioles joining: fls. white to pale pink.
S. Afr. — Frequent in S. Calif, and in conservatories.
namaquensis. Densely tufted: Ivs. partially cylindrical,
1 in. long, densely covered with short thick papillae: fls.
small, pink, in loose panicles on dark red peduncles having
whitish hairs. 8. Afr. Var. brevif&lia is dwarf, with Ivs.
$ 8 in. long.
nudicaulis. To 2 ft , sts. densely leafy: Ivs. partially
cylindrical, to 6 in. long: fls greenish, small, in dense cymes
in panicles on scape-like peduncles. S. Afr.
obovata: probably a. variation of C. ramuli flora.
obvallata. St. to 6 in. long, leafy, simple' Ivs. lance-
oblong or knife-shaped, obtuse or nearly so, to 2^ m long,
glabrous, cilnito: peduncle scape-like, bearing a panicle of
small green fls. S. Afr. — Said to be sometimes grown im-
properly as C. dejecta.
orbicularis. Per. succulent herb with runners: Ivs.
rosulate: petals curved outward below the middle, white at
base, reddish towards apex. S. Afr.
pachyphylla: C. congesta.
pebra: listed name.
Pe"gleree. Per. herb with shoots erect to 6 in.: Ivs. ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, with thick papillae on margins: calyx-
lobes subglabrous, nearly 3i length of petals. S. Afr.
pellucida (C. marginata'). Per. succulent herb: Ivs.
sessile or subsessile, quite glabrous, without spots: petals
about % in. long. S. Afr.
perfoliata (C. heterotricha'). Like C. falcata but Ivs. longer,
lanceolate and acuminate, to 6 in. long, concave above:
fls. crimson or white. S. Afr. — Said to be grown as C.
gigantea and C. longifolia.
perforate. To 2 ft., shrubby: Ivs. ovate, Joined at base,
to I in. long, punctate: fls. in thyrsi forming panicles to
1 ft. long. S. Afr.
perf6ssa: C. rupestris; name also has been applied to
C. cordata.
portulacea: C. argentea.
psenoldly: listed name.
pseudolycopodioldes. Similar to C. lycopodioides but
with thicker stronger sts., more obtuse gray-green Ivs. and
numerous axillary fl.-clustere. A species of doubtful status.
pulverulenta: listed name.
pulvinata: listed name.
punctata: this name has been applied variously to C.
arborescens, C. ramuliflora and f. rupestris.
purpurascens: see JEonium arborewn.
pyramidalis. Branched per. herb to 8 in.: Ivs. triangular-
ovate, subacute, in pairs close together and forming a dense
column or pyramid: fls. whitish. S. Afr.
quadrffida: C. m<ictna.
rad leans. Subshrubby, decumbent or vith branches
ascending to 1 ft.: Ivs. flattish, glabrous or almost so: fls.
white, in dense cymulee. S. Afr.
Crassula
ramuUfidra (C. dbovata). Erect per. herb: Ivs. with
marginal papillce, ovate, oblong or obovate, acute or obtuse,
fls. whitish or reddish, with sepals rough-edged. S. Afr.
reversisetdsa. Per. herb, decumbent or weakly ascending
to Y\ in.: sts. and margins of Ivs. and sepals retrorsely
papillose: Ivs. roundish: fls. white. S. Afr.
rhomboldea: C. deltoidca.
rosularis. Herbaceous, with radical Ivs. in a rosette,
oblong-lanceolate to strap-shaped, to 5 in. or more long,
acute, flat, ciliate: fls. small, white, in branching panicle.
S. Afr.
rubicunda. Erect per. herb to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
diminishing in size from below upwards: fls. deep red with
sepals ciliate. S. Afr. — See note under C. Schmtdtii.
rupe*stris (C. monticola. C. perfossa). To 1 ft. or more,
glabrous: Ivs. connate, ovate-acute, to % in. long, glaucous:
fls. small, pinkish, in short-pedunrled terminal clusters.
S. Afr. — Said to be grown sometimes under the name
C. Cooperi.
sarcocaulis. Subdichotomously branched subshrub with
fleshy sts.: Ivs. lanceolate, acute: fls. white or pink. S. Afr.
sarmentdsa. Per. weak-stemmed herb with Ivs. flat,
ovate, acute, and with margin rather coarsely crenato-
Berrate: petals white or tinged with red. Natal.
Schmfdtii (C. irnpressa. C. ffracilis). Dwarf, to 6 in.:
Ivs. opposite, linear-lanceolate, thick, convex on back, to
1^£ in. long, acute, punctate above, ciliate: fls. small,
rose-colored, in little terminal clusters. S. Afr. — Much
like C. Cooperi. Sometimes erroneously grown as C. rubi-
cunda or as Sedum perfossum.
Schoenlindia: listed name.
spathulata. Shrubby with trailing sts.: Ivs. broadly
cordate, wavy-margined, petioled: fls. pink. S. Afr. —
Sometimes erroneously called C. cordata.
tScta (C. decipiens). Much branched: Ivs. partially
cylindrical, thick, covered with white papilla): fls. in head-
like clusters. S. Afr.
t&res. Dwarf herb with Ivs. very fleshy and with a
hyaline margin, forming a short subcylmdrical column:
fls. white S. Afr.
tetragdna. Shrub to 2 ft : Ivs. 3-sided, to 1 in. long,
nearly joined at base: fls. white. S. Afr.
tomentdsa. To 2 ft , densely bristly-hairy: Ivs. mostly
basal, oblong or obovate, obtuse: fls. m dense clusters
forming a long interrupted spike. S. Afr.
trachysantha. To 1H ft. erect or spreading, densely
hairy: Ivs. awl-shaped, partially cylindrical, to $4 in. long:
fls. in flat-topped peduncled cymes; petals tipped with
fleshy gland. S. Afr.
turrita. Succulent per. herb with Ivs. opposite, in 4 ranks,
gradually reduced in size upwards, ciliate: fla. white or
rarely pink, in sessile cymules. S. Afr.
CRASSULACE^. ORPINE FAMILY. Suc-
culent herbs or pliable shrubs of about 25
widely distributed genera in temp, and trop.
regions of both hemispheres, characterized by
bisexual regular fls. navin^ 4-5 sepals and
petals which are free or united, 4-10 stamens
and superior ovary of 4^5 carpels free or united
below. Several genera are grown in the green-
house or rock-garden or regularly in the open,
as jEonium, Aichryson, Cotyledon, Crassula,
Keheveria, Graptopetalum, Greenovia, Kalan-
choe, Lenophyllum, Monanthes, Pachyphyturn,
Rochea, Sedum, Sempervivum, Sinocrassula,
Umbilicus, Urbinia, Villadia.
CRAT^GOMfiSPILUS. HAW-MEDLAR. Ros-
acex. A group of hybrids between the genera
Cratjegus and Mespilus, of which a few forms
are known; deciduous shrubs or small trees.
grandifldra (Cratacgua grand iflora) . Hybrid between
C. Oxyacantha and M. germanica: shrub or tree: Ivs. to
3 in. long, toothed, pubescent beneath: fls. white, 1 in.
across, 1-3 together, May-June: fr. about % in. diam.,
nearly globose, pubescent. Old plant of European origin.
HAWTHORN. THORNAPPLE.
Rosacex, Spiny deciduous shrubs or small
trees, often horizontally branched, with alter-
nate toothed or Ipbed Ivs., white or rarely red
fls. in corymbs in spring and early summer,
215 Crategus
and fr. a small pome with 5 or fewer 1-seeded
nutlets; native in north temp. zone. The species
of hawthorn are numerous and most of them
are desirable ornamental subjects. In this
account only those kinds are included that are
most planted or are in trade-lists. The native
American species should have greater attention
from planters. Nearly all of them are hardy N.
The English hawthorn, considerably planted in
this country, is two species, C. tnonogyna and
C. Oxyacantha.
Hawthorns are very ornamental and any of them are
likely to be transplanted from the wild They are attractive
in habit, in bloom and in fruit. They prefer sunny locations
and limestone or rich loamy soils Propagated by seeds
sown when ripe or stratified; the seeds should be separated
from the pulp by allowing the fruit to decay or by soaking
the fruit in water. Seeds will take two years or more to
germinate, and should be sown in flats and kept in a cool
cellar. Rare sorts may be budded or grafted on stock of
C. Oryacantha or other species.
apiifdlia: material so listed is C. Marshallii.
aprica. Shrub or tree to 20 ft spines to lj<j in. long:
Ivs. usually broadly ovate, to \}>> in. long, serrate above
middle or slightly lobed, petioles short and densely glandu-
lar: fls. Y* in. across: fr. orange-red, to H in. across. Va.
to Ga. and Tenn.
arkans&na. To 20 ft., spines to J£ in. long or wanting:
Ivs to 3 in. IOIIK, with shallow lobes: fls. 1 in. across: fr.
bright red, to 1 in. long Ark.
Arnoldiana. To 20 ft., spines to 3 in. long: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, shall owly lobed, shining above: fls. to 5i i«. across:
fr. bright red, % in. long. Mass, to N. Y.
Azar&lus. AZAROLE. To 30 ft., spines small or wanting:
Ivs. to 3 in. long, deeply 3- , 5-1 o bed, pubescent beneath:
fls. H in. across: fr. orange-red or yellow, to $4 in. long.
S. Eu., N. Afr , W. Asia.
Barry ana. Shrub to 15 ft , with slender spines: Ivs.
broad-ovate, slightly lobed, double-serrate, glaucous below,
to 3 in. long: flu. % in. across, anthers purple: fr. crimson,
pale-dotted. W. N. Y.
Cajpod6ndron (O. tomentosa). PKAR or SUCMK II. To 20
ft., spines to 1 \(t in. long or wanting: Ivs. to 5 in. long, some-
times slightly lobed, pubesrent'beneath: fls. \^ in. across: fr.
dull orange-red, ^ in. long. Out. to Ua. and Kans.
Canbyi. Shrub or tree to 20 ft , with thick spines: Ivs.
oblontf-obovate, to 3 in. long, coarsely toothed: fr. dark
red, i-s m. long. Pa., Del., Md.
Carrierei: C. La vail ei.
cerronis (C. cri/thropoda). To 15 ft., spines 1 in. long:
Ivs. 2 iri. long, coarsely toothed: fle. J^ in. arrows: fr. black
or bro\\n. Colo , Wyo.
chippewa6nsis. To 25 ft., spines to 1% in. long: Ivs. to
3 in. long, ahull o\vly lobed: fls. % in across: fr. crimson,
»i' in. long. S. Ont.
chlorosarca. Small tree: Ivs. triangular-ovate, to 3^ in.
long, 3-5-1 o bed: fls. % in. across: fr. black, % in. across.
Manchuria.
chrysocfirpa. Small tree with tuigs villous becoming
glabrous: Ivs. ovoid to rhombic, obtuse, lobes 7-9, sharply
glandular-serrate, dark green above: fls. in compound
corymbs with 10 roddish to yellow stamens: fr. golden-
vellow. Colo. Var. phoenfcea (C rotuiuhfolia) has Ivs.
broad-ovate to obovate and margins doubly serrate: fr.
rod with yellow flesh. N. S. west, south to Va.
cocclnea: C. inlricata.
coccinioides. Tree to 20 ft., thorny: Ivs. broad-ovate,
glabrous, shallowly lobed. wavy: fls. \i~Y* in. across: fr.
subglobose and angular, bright crimson. 111. westward. —
Some of the material so listed may be C. Putnamiana.
colorad6nsis. To 15 ft., spines to 2 in. long: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, toothed: fls. about Yi in. across: fr. scarlet, about
}/i in. long. Colo.
colorata: C.macrosperma.
c /rdata: C. Phxnopyrum.
crenulata: Pyracantha crenulata.
Crus-galli. COCKBPUR THORN. To 25 ft. or more, spines
several in. long: Ivs. to 3 in. long, toothed: fin. ^4 in. across:
fr. dull red, j£ in. long Que. to N. C. and Mich. Var.
spllndens, Ivs. elliptic-oblanreolate and glossy.
cuneata. Shrub to 5 ft , spines about % in. long, slender:
Ivs. obovate to oblong, short-netioled, irregularly toothed:
fls. about f^ in. across, in few-fld. corymbs: fr. small,
globose to pyriform. Japan, China.
diffusa. To 30 ft., spines to 1^ in. long: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, shallowly lobed, pale beneath: fls. ^ in.
fr. dull red, about \i in. long. N. H. to N. Y.
Cratcegus
216
Cratcegus
Douglasii. To 30 ft., spines to 1 in. long: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, toothed, shining above: fls. % m- across: fr. black,
snimng, ^ in. long. B. C. to Calif, and Minn.
dsungArica. Rpines to *A m. long: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
8-6-1 obed: fla ^ in. acrowj: fr. black, shining, % "». long.
N. Asia.
Dunbari. To 12 ft., spiny: Ivs. nearly orbicular, slightly
lobed: fls. ^ in. across: fr. crimson, \i in. across. W. N. Y.
ii: C. macrosperma.
Ellwangeriana. To 20 ft , spines to 2 in. long: Ivs. to
4 in. long, shall owly lobed: fls. 1 in. across: fr. bright red,
shining, 1 in. lonK- Ont. to Pa. and Mich.
erythr6poda: C. cerruni*.
flabellata: material so listed in trade is referable to
C. Cray ana.
flava. To 20 ft., spines about 1 in. long: Ivs. 2 in. long,
coarsely toothed: fl». % in. across: fr. dark orange-brown,
% in. long. Ga , Fla.
florentina: Mains florentina.
Fontanesiana. Closely resembling C. Crus-gallii but
with thinner Ivs. and brick-red frs. Pa.
formosa. To 10 ft , spines to \\i in. long: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, doubly toothed, pale below: fls 1 in. across: fr. bright
red, M in. long. N. Y.
genesegnsis. Tree to 12 ft., spiny: Ivs. obovate-oblong,
prominently veined: MH. in many-fld. lax corymbs: fr.
scarlet, }$ in. across. N. Y. — Allied to C. Crua-gallii.
g la bra: Photinia serrulata.
grandifldra: Crntu-yomcitpilun yrandiflora.
Grayana (C. fahcllata). .Shrub to 18 ft., spines to 4 in.
long: Ivs ovate, to 3 in. long, toothed and lobed: fls. ^ in.
across: fr. crimson, subglobose, dark. i£ in. across. Quo.
to N. Y. and 111.
Heldreichii. Lvs. to 1 in. long, with nearly entire lobes,
pubescent beneath: fr. red. Greece.
hupehe'nsis. To 18 ft., spines to % in. long: Ivs. ovate,
to 4 in long, petiole long and glabrous: fls. to ^ in. across,
in many-fid. compact corymbs: fr. dark red, to 1 in. across,
globose. W. China.
intricata (C. coccinea). To 10 ft., spines few: lys. to 3 in.
long, shallowly lobed: fls. 1 in. across: fr. reddish-brown.
MHHS. to N. C.
iracunda. Shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2^ in.
long, toothed: fls. % in. across: fr. red, y& in. across. Ga.
LalAndii: the plant advertised under this name is
undoubtedly Pyracantha coccinea var. Lalandii.
Laneyi. To 10 ft., spines to 2 in. long: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
doubly toothed: fls. 1 in. across: fr. dark orange-red,
shining. N. Y.
LavAllei (C. Carrierei). Hybrid probably between C.
Crua-(/alhi and C. piibescens. to 20 ft., spines 2 in. long:
Ivs. to 4 in. long, toothed, pubescent beneath: fls. with.
red disk, *4' in. across: fr. brick-red, >2 in. long.
macracAntha. Hhrub to 15 ft , spines to 5 in. long: Ivs.
elliptic or obovate. to 3 in. long, toothed, shining above:
fls. J-«j in. across: fr. dark red, shining, H in. across. Vt.t
N. Y., Pa.
macrantha: listed name, possibly an error for C. mocra-
cantha.
macrosp6rma (C. coloratn. C Eoanii). Shrub or small
tree to 25 It , spines to 1 ft in. long: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long,
somewhat lobed, doubly serrate: fls. to £jf in. across, in
few-fid glahroua corymbs: fr. to nearly *£ in. across. N. Y.
to Ga. and Tenn.
Marshall!! (C apii folia). To 20 ft., spines about 1 in.
lon«: Ivs. to I1*} in IOIIK, pinnately 5-7-lobed: fls % in.
aeroHH: fr. scarlet, about % in. long. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
MAsekii: trade name for a plant with double rose-pink fla.
mex'cana: (' pubescent.
m6llis. To 30 ft , spines to 2 in. long: Ivs. to 4 in. long,
doubly toothed, pubescent beneath: fla. with red disk, 1 in.
across: fr. scarlet, to 1 in. long. Ohio to S. D. and Kans.
monogyna. KNOLIHH 11. To 30 ft., spines to 1 in. long:
Ivs. to 2 in. long, deeply 3-7-1 obed and margins nearly or
quite entire: fls }$ in across; style prevailingly 1: fr. bright
red, \$ in. lon«, with 1 stone or seed. Ku.t N. Afr , W. Asia.
— Often confused with C. Oxyacantha. Var. Alba, fls. white.
Var. p^ndula has drooping branches. Var. pteridifftlia
(C. Oryticttntha var. filici folia) , Ivs. deeply lobed. Var.
rose a, fls. rose-pink. Var. strlcta, habit fastigiate. Some
of the vars advertised under C. monoyyna belong to
C. <)jry<icantha.
nftida. To 30 ft , spines to 1^ in, long: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, coarsely toothed, shining above: fla. \i in. across:
fr. dull rod, H in. long. 111. to Ark.
OxyacAntha (C. oryacanthoides). ENGLISH H. To 16 ft.t
spines 1 in. long: Ivs. to 2 in. long, with 3-6 broad serrate
lobes: fls. H in. across; styles prevailingly 2: fr. bright red,
\$ in. long, with 2 stones. Eu., N. Afr. yar. Alba, fls. white.
Var. coccinea, fls. crimson. Var. Paulil (var. splendent,
fls. bright scarlet, double. Var. plena (C. monogyna var.
albo-plena), fls. white, double. Var. punfcea, fls. dark red.
Var. rosea, fls. rose.
pedicellate . Tree to 30 ft., spines to 2 in. long: Ivs. broad-
ovate, to 4 in. long, toothed: fls. ^ in. across: fr. bright
scarlet, shining. Ont. to Pa.
pentAndra. Tree to 15 ft., with many thorns: Ivs. oval
to ovate, to 2|^ in. long, with many short sharp lobes:
fls. to *,i in. across, anthers red-purple: fr. short-oblong,
dark crimson and shining. Vt., Conn., N. Y.
peregrtna. Tree: Ivs. with 4-6 pairs of narrow lobes,
pubescent beneath: fr. dull purple, about ^ in. long.
Probably W. Asia.
persistens. Like C. Crus-gallii and perhaps a hybrid,
the stamens more numerous (15-20) : tree to 12 ft. or more,
thorny: Ivs oblong to obovate, to 3 in. long, serrate, glossy
above arid remaining green to winter: fls. % in. across:
fr. persistent.
Phaenopyrum (C. cordata). WASHINGTON THORN. To
30 ft., spines to 3 in. long: Ivs. to 3 in long, 3-5-1 obed,
shining above: fls. ^ in. across: fr. bright red, $4 in. long.
Va. to Ala.
pinna tifida. To 20 ft., spines small or lacking: Ivs. to
4 in. long, pinnately 5-9-lobed, dark and shining above:
fls. % in. across: fr. red, % in. long, edible. N. E. Asia.
Var. major lias larger Ivs. and fr.
procera. To 20 ft., spines 1 in. long: Ivs. to 2 in. long,
doubly toothed: fls. to 1 in. across: fr. bright red, H m-
across. N. Y.
pruindsa. To 20 ft., spines to \% in. long: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, shallowly lobed: fls 1 in. across: fr. dark purple,
^ in. long. Vt. to Va. and 111.
prunifdlia. To 30 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, doubly toothed:
fls. with pink anthers: fr. red. Origin unknown.
pub£scens (C. mexicana). To 30 ft., spines to 1J£ in.
long or wanting: Ivs. to 3 in. long, finely toothed, pubescent
beneath: fls. ?4 in. across: fr. greenish-yellow or orange,
1 in. long. Mex.
punctata. To 30 ft., sometimes unarmed: Ivs. to 4 in.
long, toothed, pubescent beneath: fls. 14 in. across: fr.
dull red, to % in. long. Que. to Ga. and 111. Var. aurea,
fr. yellow.
punicea: plants so listed are probably C. Oxyacantha var.
Putnamiana (C. coccinwides, in part). Differs from true
C. coccinioulcs in Ivs. scabrous above and pubescent on
veins beneath, margins sharply and unevenly serrate: fls.
about *i in. diam.: fr. subglobose, rounded., bright red,
about % in. diam. Ky. to S Intl.
PyracAntha: Pyracantha coccinea.
rivularis. To 20 ft., spines to 1^ in long: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, doubly toothed, pale beneath: fls. ^ in. across: fr.
dark red, becoming black and shining, to \\ in. long. Wyo.,
Colo., Utah.
rotundifolia: C. chrysocarpa var. phcetiicea.
saltgna. To 20 ft., spines to \l/i in. long: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, aark and shining above, pale beneath: fls. ^ in.
across: fr. dark red and shining, -^ in. long. Colo.
SArgentii. To 20 ft., spines to 1J^ in. long: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, shallowly lobed, pale beneath: fls. to 1 in. across:
fr. yellow flushed with red, ^ in. long. Ga. to Ala.
spathulata. To 25 ft., spines 1 in. long or wanting: Ivs.
to 2 in. long, often 3-5-lobed at apex: fls ^ in. across: fr.
bright red, shining, H in. across. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
stipul&sa. Tree: Ivs. to 3 in. long, finely toothed, pale
and pubescent beneath: fls. $£ in. across: fr. orange-red,
to 1 m. long. Mex.
subm611is. Tree to 25 ft., spines to 3 in. long: Ivs. ovate,
to 3 in. long, doubly serrate, leathery: fls. white, to 1 in.
across, stamens 10: fr. orange-red, pynform. Que. to Mass,
and E. N. Y.
succul£nta. To 15 ft., spines to 2 in. long: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, coarsely toothed, shining above: fls. ^ in. across:
fr. bright red, ^ in across, pulpy. Que. to 111.
tanacetifdlia. Shrub or small tree to 40 ft., branches
mostly erect, tomentose when young: Ivs. pinnatind, to
2 in. long, villous-pubescent on both sides, lobes 6-7,
glandular-serrate, veins to the points of the segms. and to
the sinuses: fls. to 1 in. across, usually in corymbs of 6H3:
fr. yellow or reddish, to 1 in. across. W. Asia.
tomentosa: botanically rejected as an ambiguous name
and the next valid name is C. Calpodendron which see.
venusta. Shrubby tree to 25 ft., spines branched, to
6 m. long: Ivs. mostly ovate, to 2^ in. long, glabrous, dull
green above, paler beneath, acute, base rounded, lobed,
serrate: fls. to 1 in. across, in 4-9-fld. coryxiba: fr. dull red
or reddish-brown, to X in. diam. Ala.
Cratcegus
217
Crinodendron
viridis. Tree to 40 ft., spines to 1 ^ in. long: Ivs. oblong-
ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, to 2^£ in. long, glossy above,
base cuneate, margins serrate: fls. to nearly % in. across,
in many-fid, corymbs: fr. red, about ^ in. across, spherical.
Md. to Fla. west to Iowa and Tex.
Wattiana. Small tree to about 20 ft., branches reddish-
brown, glossy, few-spmed or spineless: Ivs. ovate, glabrous,
glossy, to 3><j m. long, acute, base truncate to broadly
cuneate, lobes serrate: mfl. to 3^ in. across, fls. white,
stamens whitish: fr. orange- or reddish-yellow, to % in.
across. N. China \vest to Beluchistan.
yunnan£nsis: plants cult, under this name are pre-
sumably Pyracantha Gibbsii var. yunnanensis.
CRATOXYLON. Hypericacex . Trop. Asiatic
trees or shrubs with entire papery Ivs. and white
or pink fls. in axillary or terminal cymes; allied
to Hypericum and differing in caps, dehiscing
loculicidally (midway between the partitions)
and the seeds winged. One species may be cult.
C. poly&nthum (Hypericum pidchcUum). Shrub,
aromatic, branchlets compressed: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong, to 4 in. long but usually less, pellucid-
punctate and black-dotted beneath: fls. pink,
to l/2 in- across, in 1-3-fld. axillary cymes: seeds
1-winged, about }£ in. long. China to Borneo.
CRAWFtJRDIA. Gentianacey. Glabrous twin-
ing herbs native in Asia, having opposite 3-
nerved Ivs. and showy tubular fls. solitary in
the axils; allied to Gentiana.
Blumii: C. trmcrvis.
jap6nica. Climbing: Ivs. cordate-lanceolate, to 3 in.
long: fls. greenish-yellow, to 1^ in. long' berry ellipsoid,
red. Mts , Himalayas to Japan. — Yellow-fruitecl forms are
known but may not be cult.
trin6rvis (C. Blutnii) Climbing to 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, 1*2 in long: fls yellow striped with purple,
1^ in. long. Mts., Java, Sumatra.
CREAM-CUPS: Platystemon cahfanricus.
CREEPER: a trailing plant or shoot that takes root
mostly throughout its length; sometimes applied to a
tight-clinging vine.
CREEPING CHARLEY: Pilta nnmmulari.rfolm. Charlie:
Ljjsimnchia Nnmmulana. Jennie: Lyirimachia Nummuhiria.
CREMNOPHILA: Xcdum nutans.
CRENATE: whallowly round-toothed or obtusely
toothed, scalloped.
CREOSOTE BUSH: Larrea.
CRiPIS. HAWKS-BEARD. Composite. Herbs
with pinnate toothed or lobed Ivs. and solitary
or panicled heads of yellowy orange or red ray-fls.;
pappus of soft white hairs; native mostly in
the northern hemisphere, a few grown in the
flower-garden. Propagated by seeds.
aurea. Per. to 1 ft • Ivs. black-pubescent, lower ones
fipatulate, toothed, glowy: fls. orange, heads umially solitary.
Alps.
bar bata: Tuljn it hi rbn ta .
DioscorJdis. Ann , branching: basal Ivs. obovate or
oblong, toothed or lyrate, upper linear, entire: heads
solitary, yellow. Greece.
grandifldra. Per to 1 ft : Ivs. line.ir-lancpolato, toothed,
white-hairy: heads 2-5, golden-yellow, 2 in. across. Eu.
occidentalis. Per. to t.S in , pubescent or scabrous: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, to 10 in long, pinnivtifid, acute, upper
ones sessile and clasping: heads yellow, corymbose, to 1 in.
acroas, involucre canescent. Mont, to B. C. south to Neb.
and Calif.
rubra (Barkhouxia rubrn). Branching ann to IK ft-"
Ivs toothed or lobed, nearly glabrous* heads solitary on
lonjz peduncles, red. Italy, Greece. Var. alba has white
or flesh-colored fls. Var rosea has pink fls.
virens. Arm. to 1 \4 ft.: Ivs. toothed or pinnate, glabrous:
heads yellow, the outer florets tinged pink. Eu.
\
CRESCfiNTIA. Bignonmcey. Trop. American
trees with simple usually clustered Ivs., large
tubular 5-lobed fls , and hard-shelled globose
frs.; grown in the tropics for the fr. which is used
for water-gourds, as well as for ornament.
Cuiete. CALABASH-TREE. To 40 ft., with long spreading
branches and broad head: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 0 in. long,
nearly sessile: fls. yellowish-purple, 2 in. long, the lobes
cut: fr. to 1 ft. or more across, like a hard-shelled gourd,
nearly or quite globular, smooth. Trop. Amer.
CRESS. Cruciferx. Several plants are known
as cress, the piquant basal leaves used as salad,
Reasoning, or garnishing, but the usual kinds
are of three very unlike genera and they should
not be confused. See also Cardaminc.
The usual or common garden cress is a pepper-
grass, Lc indium sativum. It is a quick-growing
hardy upright annual, native in western Asia
but now sometimes escaped as a weed. Seeds
may be sown in the open as soon as the ground
can be made ready, usually in drills about 1 foot
apart; leaves may be had in five to eight weeks,
and new ones arise if the cutting is not too close.
New sowings may be made every two or three
weeks for succession, although the product is
not so much prized in midsummer and the
plants quickly run to seed in hot weather. In
August sowings may be begun for autumn use
in the North, while in mild regions plantings
may be made at intervals during fall and winter.
The curled variety is most prized for garnishing,
like parsley. Cress thrives in any good garden
soils, those retentive of moisture being preferable.
Upland-cress, sometimes called winter-cress,
is a hardy biennial, Harbnrca vtnia (pr&cox))
native in Kurope and sometimes run wild in
this country. Seeds of it may be sown in very
early spring in the open, and considerable
tufts of leaves are formed by midsummer or a
little later; if left in the ground, the plant per-
sists the winter even in the northern states
and in the spring goes to seed. A closely re-
lated plant is the common weedy yellow-rocket
(H. vulqaris) that is conspicuous in spring in
fields with its light yellow flowers. Upland-cress
is a rather coarse, plant, and is not largely grown.
Water-cress is a prostrate or trailing plant
whose brittle soft shoots root in the water and
mud. It is Naxlurtium offidnala of botanists,
although it carries other Latin names, as Roripa
Nasturtiunirfiqiuiticum and Sisymbnum Nas-
tw'tium-aqwiticum. It is native in Kurope and
is extensively naturalized in other parts of the
world. The phuit thrives in ditches, pools and
stream margins, but it can be grown readily in
frames or other places where the ground can bo
kept wet. Jt is usually propagated by planting
pieces of the stems, although it is readily grown
from seeds. It, is perennial and hardy everywhere,
and takes care of itself when once established.
It may be colonized in a clear clean pool or
stream.
CRESS, BITTER-: Cardaminr. Blister-: Erysimum.
Indian: Trop.rolum. Mouse-ear: Arnbulopma. Penny-:
Thbispi. Rock-: Arabia. Stone-: AHlhioncma. Wart-:
Coronopus.
CRESTED: bearing elevated and irregular or toothed
ridge or protuberances.
CRINKLE-BUSH: Lomatia silaifolva.
CRINOD£NDRON (Tricuspidtiwi). Eixo-
carjMice%. Two Chilean trees with simple
toothed alternate or opposite IVH., solitary
axillary fls. and leathery canstilar frs.; grown
for ornament in S. Calif, ana sometimes under
glass.
dep£ndens (r*. JJookerianum). To 30 ft.: Iva. obovate
or elliptic, to 2\<z in. long: fla wnite, about 5^ Jn- long.
Hookeri&num: C. dependent.
Pat&gua (T. lanccoldla). To 30 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to 6 in.
long: fls. rod, \Y\ in. long, urn-shaped, hanging.
Crinodonna
218
CRINOD6NNA. Hybrids between Amaryllis
and Crinum. C. C6rsii was raised from seeds of
Amaryllis Belladonna, fertilized by Crinum
Moorei, produced in Italy and probably not in
cult, in N. Amcr. but interesting as being an
older name for the hybrid known here as Amar-
crinuin (which see): it is an evergreen autumn-
blooming bulbous plant, the many attractive
fls. rose-colored.
CRlNUM. Amaryllidacese. Herbaceous plants
from a large bulb, grown for the showy lily-like
white, pink or red fls., native in trop. and warm-
temp, regions in both hemispheres; mostly
spring and summer bloomers, grown seldom
indoors in the N. because they require much
space but popular outdoors in the southernmost
states, and two or three of them are hardy in
protected ground as far north as N. Y. City.
The fls. appear with the Ivs. or after the foliage
is well grown.
These plants are sometimes called "crinum lilies,"
although belonging to another family. They are of simple
cultuie and usually i etna in without rhange for several
years, often forming large clumps. Some of the species are
evergreen, the leaves remaining all the year; in others the
leaves perish in summer 01 autumn. The large showy flow-
ers are home in an umbel topping a strong solid scape or
peduncle that arises at or near the ground. If taken up
for the winter they are treated as dormant bulbs, or the
evergreen species as semi-dormant in pots or boxes. In
the early growing season they should have plenty of
moisture and fertility. For the most pait, crmuma are
ineiely planted out-of-doois in the South and allowed to
lemain.
Propagation is by the natural offsets from the bulbs.
Sometimes the plants fruit, and seeds may then be employed
although good flowering plants are not to be expected
before two or three years.
The cnnums bear a general resemblance to amaryllis
and hippeastruin but are distinguished by the long slender
flower-tube, which equals or exceeds the segments or
"petals" of the flower.
amabile. Stout plant with rather small bulb with neck
about 1 ft. long. Ivs. many, 3-4 in. broad and 3-4 ft. long:
fls. 20-30, powerfully fragrant, bright red outside and
lighter within, tube 3-4 in. long, segms. nearly linear,
^2 in. or so broad, scape 2-3 ft. high. Sumatra.
americanum. SOUTHERN SWAMP CHINUM. Scape 1&-24
in., mostly preceding Ivs. which are few and very narrow,
bearing 2-0 white showy fls. with linear segms. Fla. to
Tex. —Winter and spiing.
asiaticum. I'OISON-UULB. Lvs. many and broad, forming
a big clump: fls. many, white with greenish tube, fragrant,
the very narrow segms. diooping. Trop. Asia. — Frequent in
Fla. and Gulf Coast region, Calif.
augustum. Sturdy plant with bulb sometimes 6 in.
thick and neck I ft. long: Ivs. many, 3—4 in. broad* fls.
many on scape 2-3 ft. high, differing from C. amabile in
broader lanceolate segms. and deeper wine-red color out-
side and milder fragrance. Mauritius, Seychelles.
campanulatum. Lvs. linear, channelled, 3-4 ft.: fls. few,
funnelforrn. light red, tube curved and 2 in. or less long,
the bell-ishaped limb of similar length and with conriivent
obtuse segms. S. Afr.
capense: C. longifolium.
erubescens. Lvs. many, thin, strap-shaped, slightly
scabrous on edges, fls. a dozen or less, salverform, the
erect tube 5-0 in. long, segms. half that length and re-
curving, white inside and purplish outside. Trop. Amer.
flmbriatulum, Lvs. rather narrow, 2-3 ft., ciliate on
margins: fls. few, funnelforrn, greenish-white with red
stripe in center of the broad segms., tube 4-5 in. long.
Angola (Afr.).
fimbriatum: catalogue name, probably an error for
C. fimbnatulum.
fioridanum: probably C. americanum.
giganteum. Lvs. lanceolate, 3-4 in. broad at middle,
2-3 ft. long. fls. pure white, mostly 4-6, sometimes more,
the slender curved tube to 7 in. long. Trop. Afr.
h^bridum: C. <maf«cum.
Klrkii. Lvs. strap-shaped, 3-4 ft.: fls. a dozen or so,
funnelform, tube somewhat curved and greenish and about
4 in. long, the segms. longer and keeled bright red. Zan-
zibar.
Kunthiamun. Lvs. star-shaped, 2-3 ft.: fls. few. salver-
Crocidium
lanceolate and
form, with slender tube 5-8 in., segms. lance<
about 2 Yi in. long, white or purple. Trop. Amer.
longifdlium (C. capense. Amaryllis longifolia). Lvs.
relatively narrow, usually less than 3 in. broad, rough to
the finger and sometimes minutely denticulate on the edges:
fls. a dozen or less, funnelform, white or pmk, about 3 in.
across, tube 3-4 in. long and curved, segms. of similar
length and 1 in. or less broad. S. Afr. Vars. album and
r6seum are lusted. — Probably the commonest crmum in
tins country, hardy in parts of the N. and much planted S.
Mo6rei. Larger plant than <7. longifolium with much
broader smooth-edged Ivs.: fls. 4 in. or more across, funnel-
form, rose-red. S. Afr. Var. album has white and roseum
pink fls.
pedunculatum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 4 in. broad,
glaucous, thick, fls. about 25, with green tube to 4 in. long
and linear white segms. 2 l/% in. long. Australia.
podoph^llum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 1 ft. long
and 2 in. wide, usually 5-6. fls. white, the tube to 6 in.
long, pedicels veiy short or absent. Trop. Afr.
Powellii. An old hybrid between C. longifolium and
C. Moorei, doubtfully m cult, in this country.
Sanderianum. LVP. thin, 2 ft. or less long, crisped and
denticulate on edges, fls. few, funnelform, white with red
keels, the curved tube 5-0 in. long, segms. less than 1 in.
broad and 3-4 in. long and not spreading. Trop. Afr.
scabrum. Lvs. narrow, 2 in. or less, with rough edges:
fls. few, funnelform, white with crimson keels, the greenish
curved tube 3-5 in. long and hnib hhortei. Trop. Afr.
virgmicum: a name for a hort. var.
zeylanicum. Lvs. broad, often 4 in., with slightly rough
edges: fls. many, funnelforrn, fragrant, whitish with broad
led keels, the curved tube 3-4 in. or more long, segms. 1 in.
broad. Trop. Asia and Afr.
CRISTARIA. Malvaceae. Herbs, often pros-
trate, native in Chile and Peru, with lobed or
dissected Ivs. and usually violet fls. solitary or in
racemes; one speeies intro. in 8. Calif.
glaucophylla. To 2 ft. or more, glaucous: Ivs. 3-lobed
witn middle lobe much larger than lateral ones, to 2 ^ in.
long, broadly toothed . fls. % in. long, in panicles. Chile.
CRISTATE: crested.
CRfTHMUM. Umbelliferse. One species,
native on seashores of Eu., is sparingly grown
as a salad plant or for ornament. C. maritimum.
SAMPHIRE. Per. 1-2 ft.: Iv^s. 2-3-ternate into
linear fleshy glaucous segms. Yi in. long: fls.
very small, white or yellowish, in compound
umbels: fr. ovoid, ^ in. long. — Does best in
sandy or gravelly soil. Propagated by seed sown
as soon as ripe, and by division of roots.
CROCANTHEMUM. Cistocex. About 25
species of shrubs or low suffrutescent herbs of
the New World, confined mostly to N. and Cent.
Amer. and by many authors formerly united
with the Old World genus Helianthemum from
which it differs in the fls. having short straight
styles, and from the related genus Halimium
in Ivs. alternate and in the production of cleis-
togamous fls. For cult, see Helianthemum.
canadense ( Helianthemum canadense). Per. with rarely
branched erect sts. to 20 in.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 1 in.
long, densely pubescent beneath, margins revolute: fls.
yellow, to 1 in. across, solitary. E. N. Amer.
rosmarinifdlium (Helianthemum rosmarinifolium) . -To
2 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1 in. long, white-tomentose below: fls.
of two kinds, with and without petals, the former j^ in.
across. S. C. to Fla. and Tex.
scoparium (Helianthemum scoparvum). HUSH- ROSE,
Tufted subshrub to 1 *4 ft.: Ivs. narrow-linear, to l>i in.
long, soon falling: fls. yellow, J>$ in. across. Calif. Var.
vulgare, ste. rush-like.
CROCfDIUM. Composite. One small ann.
native B. C. to Ida. and Calif., of the Arnica
relationship. C. multicaule. To 6 in.: Ivs. in
basal tuft, oboyate or spatulate, to l/% in. long,
woolly when young: noads solitary, golden-
yellow, rays H in. long; pappus of bristles.
Crocosmia
219
Crotalaria
in. long, in autumn.
CROC6SMIA. Iridaceae. One African cor-
mous herb, blooming in autumn, and grown
b'ke gladiolus. In the N. the corms should be
set out after frost and stored over winter in peat
or sphagnum. Propagated by offsets or seeds.
C. a urea. COPPERTIP. To 4 ft., the sts. branch-
ing and with few Ivs.: fls. brignt orange-yellow,
to 2 in. long, in panicled spikes. See Tritonia.
CROCUS. Iridaceae. Spring- and autumn-
blooming cormous herbs with no evident st.,
basal grass-like Ivs. and white, yellow or lilac
fls., the expanded segms. raised above ground
by the long slender perianth-tube.
Crocuses should be planted 3-4 inches deep in good
well-drained soil. As new conns f onn on top of the old ones
and so push the plants out of the soil, it is well to replant
every few years. Propagated by offsets and seeds, the
latter blooming in about three years. They are of simple
culture and popular; most of them are hardy, but a winter
mulch is desirable.
aerius. Fls. lilac, segms. to 1 in. long, throat yellow,
in winter. S. E. Eu.
Aitchisonii: C. apeciosus var.
asturicus. Fls. lilac, segms.
Spain.
aureus: C. m&sicus.
Bal&ns®. Fls. orange-yellow, eegms. to 1J£ in. long,
outer tinged brown on back, in spring. Smyrna.
bifldrus. Fls. tinged with purple, segms. 1^ in. long,
the outer with 3 stripes of purple, throat tinged yellow,
in spnng. Italy to S. W. Asia. Var. Adamii, fls. pale purple,
outer segms. sometimes striped. Var. arg£nteus is more
robust and fls. deeper purple. Var. pusfllus is a smaller-
fld. form and var. Wemenii has uniform slaty-purple
segrns.
Bdryi. Fla. white or tinged lilac, segms. to 1^ in. long,
throat yellow, in autumn. Greece. Var. marathonfseus
has less divided style-brunches. Var. Tournefdrtii has
hlac fls.
byzantinus (C. irithflorus). Fls. purple, segms. to 2 in.
long, the inner ones lilac or white, in autumn. S. E. Eu.
Cambesse'desii. Fls lilac to white, segms. to 1 in. long,
outer buff lined with purple, m autumn. Majorca, Minorca.
cancellatus. Fla. white or lilac, segms. to 1 ^4 in. long,
throat yellow, in autumn Asia Minor. Var. albus, fls.
white. Var. cilicicus, fls. hlac veined with purple.
caspius. Fls. white, segms. to 13<i in. long, throat yellow,
in autumn. Near Caspian Sea.
chrysanthus. Fls. orange-yellow, segms. to 1^ in. long.
in winter. Asia Minor. Var. fusco-tinctus, fls. tinged
brown outside.
etruscus. Fls. lilac or cream-colored, segms. to 1^£ in.
long, throat yellow, in winter. Italy.
Fleischeri. Fls. white striped hlac, segms. to 1^ in.
lo'ig, throat yellow, in winter. Asia Minor.
hadriaticus. Fls. pure white, segms. 1^ in. long, throat
white or purple, bearded, m autumn. Gieece. Var. chryso-
be!6nicus has yellow throat. Var. Wllhelmii has purple
markings.
hyemalis. Fls. white striped with purple, segms. 1% in.
long, throat yellow, in spring. Palestine.
Imperati. Fls. lilac or white with 3 dark purple atripes
on outside, segms. 1 1A in. long, in very early spring. Italy.
Var. Albus has white fla.
iridifl6rus: C. byzantinus.
Karduch&rum. Fla. lilac, segms. to 1^ in. long, in
autumn. S. W. Asia.
Korolk&wii. Fls. orange-yellow, segma. 1 in. long, in
spring. S. E. Eu.
leeyigatus. Fls. white, segms. 1 in. long and outer striped
lilac, in autumn. Greece. Var. Fontenayi ia tinted buff and
later blooming.
longiflorus? Fls. bright like, segms. 1 *^ in. long, throat
yellow, slightly bearded, in autumn. 8. Eu. Var. melit£nsis,
fla. veined yellow at base.
marathon ise us: C. Boryi var.
Nmediu8. Fls. bright lilac, segms. to 2 in. long, throat
whitish, in autumn. S. France, Italy.
minimus. Fls. violet, seisms, to 1 in. long, outer buff
lined with purple outside, in spring. Corsica, Sardinia.
mdbsicus (C. aureus). Fls. bright yellow, segms. 1^$ in.
long, in spring. 8. E. Eu., Asia Minor.
nudifldrus. Fla.* lilac, segms. to 2 in. long. S. W. Eu.
obovatus: a form of C. vernus.
ochroleucus. Fls. pale cream tinged with orange, segms.
1J^ in. long, throat orange, slightly bearded, in autumn.
Asia Minor.
6livieri. Fls. orange-yellow, segms. to 1J$ in. long,
in spring. Greece to Asia Minor.
pulchlllus. Fls. bright lilac, indistinctly striped, segms
1^ in. long, throat bright yellow, in autumn. Greece to
Asia Minor.
purpureus: C. Sicberi var.
Salzmannii. Fls. lilac, segms. to 2 in. long, throat yel-
lowish, bearded, in autumn. Morocco. Var. erectophyllus,
fls. clear purple-lilac.
sativus. SAFFRON C. Fls. lilac or white, segms. to 2 in.
long, throat bearded, in autumn. Asia Minor. Var. Pallasii
has a yellow throat. Var. Cartwrightianus is striped. Var.
Elwesii has lilac fla. somewhat veined with purple, stamens
longer than scarlet pistil and perianth -segms. wulo.
Sieberi. Fls. lilac, segms. 1)£ in. long, throat yellow,
in spring. Greece, Crete. Vur. purpureus has darker
purple fls.
specidsus. Fls. lilac tinged with purple, segnis. 2 in.
long, in autumn. S. E. Eu , Asia. V'nr. Aitchisonii is larger
and has pale bluish-lilac fls. Var. Albus hua white fls. Var.
globdsus has dark blue fls.
stellaris. Lvs. banded with white: fls. bright orange
striped with brown on back, segms. to l^j in. long, in
spring. Hybrid.
susianus. CLOTH-OF-GOIJ) C. Fls. bright orange-yellow
tinged with brown outside, Begins. IJ-j m. long, in spring.
Crimea.
Tauri. Fls. pale purple, to l,1^ in. long, throat yellow,
in spring. Asia Minor.
Tomasinianus. Fls. pale reddish-blue, sometimes with
dark spot at tip, sogrna. I,1 2 in. long, m spring. Dalmatia,
Serbia. — Like C. vernus, but throat not bearded.
Tournefortii: C. Boryi var.
vernus. Fls. lilac or white often striped with purple,
aegms. 1H in. long, tliroat bearded, m spring. Eu. Var.
albus, fla. white.
verslcolor. Fls. purplo sometimes striped with darker
purple, segms. 1J3 in. long, throat whitish or yellowish,
in spring. S. France. Var. picturatus is listed as white
outside with purple feat hoi ing
vitellinus. Fls. orange-yellow, argma. to 1 in. long and
outer tinged brown, m winter. A«ia Minor. Var. graveolens
luw outer segms. tmgcd black.
zonatus. Fls. rose-lilac veined with puri)le und spotted
inside writh orange, Begins. 2 in. long, throat yellow, bearded,
in autumn. Cihcia.
CROCUS, AUTUMN: Colchicum.
CROSNES DU JAPAN: Stachys Sicboldii.
CROSS ANDRA. Acunthaccx. ITerbs and
shrubs with opposite or whorlod Ivs. and \vhite,
yellow or red tubular Ha. with split limb, borne
in dense braeted spik(;s; native in tropics of Old
World, drown under glass or out-of-doors in
warm countries and the tropics. Propagated by
cuttings over heat.
infundibulifdrmis (C. wrululwfolin) . Shrub to .3 ft.: Ivs.
ovate to lanceolate, to 5 in. long, somewhat wavy-margined :
fla scarlet-orange, ?4 in. long arid 1 in. across, in an angled
spike. India.
unduleefdlia: C. infundibulifurmis.
CROSS-VINE: Biynonia capreolata.
CROSSWORT: Crucianella.
CROTALARIA. RATTLE-BOX. Lcauminosx.
A very large genus of herbs and shruos mostly
native in trop. regions, a few grown as cover- or
green-manure crops in the 8. and sometimes
lor ornament under glass: Ivs. simple or pinnate:
fls. papilionaceous, usually in racemes: pods
inflated. Propagated by seeds which should
first be soaked in warm water, and the shrubby
species by cuttings under glass.
agatiflfcra. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. of 3 ovate Jfts. to 2% in.
long: fls. greenish-yellow with tip of keel brownish-purple,
standard 1^£ m. long, in terminal racemea to 14 in. long.
E. Afr.
anagyroldcs. Shrub to 8 ft.: Iva. of 3 ovate of lanceolate
Ifta.: fla. yellow with darker lines, ^ in. across: poda 1M in.
long. Trinidad, Venezuela.
Crotalaria
220
Cryptanthus
argyr&a. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. with Ifts. to 1^ in- long,
oblanceolate, fleshy, glaucous: fls. bright yellow, in lax
elongated lateral racemes: pocto ^ in. long, oblong. Trop.
Afr.
candicans. Shrub covered with silky brown hairs: Ivs,
ovate-oblong, acute: fls. yellow, 1 in. and more long: pods
to 1 % in. loug. India.
capensis. Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. of 3 obovate obtuse Ifts.:
fls bright yellow, 1 in. and more long. S. Afr.
juncea. SUNN HKMP. Shrub to 8 ft., brunches slender,
Bilky: Jvs. simple, to IJ in Jong, linear to oblong, brown-
villous on each Hide: fls. bright yellow, in 12-20-fid racemes
to 1 ft. long: pods to 1 *-£ in. long, stellate-pubescent. India.
laburnifdlia. Low nhrub: Ivs of 3 obovate-oblong acute
IftH.: fls. bright yellow, 1 in. long: pods to 2 in. long. Trop.
AH in.
lanceolata. Herb to 3 ft : Ivs. of 3--5 narrow-lanceolate
noutc lft».: lis yellow veined with purple, M m. long: pods
1 in. or more long. S. Afr.
mucronata (C. atriata). \Voody per. to 8 ft : Ivs. of 3
elliptical obtuse Ifts.: fl«. yellow Htnped with brown, /£ "'•
long: podH I ^2 jn long. TropicH — Much plunte<l in Fla.
for green -manuring.
retusa. Arm. to 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblanceolate, ob-
tuse: fls. yellow with variegated standard, to 1 in. long:
pods to !><j in. long. Asia; nut. in trop. Anier.
Retzii: C Bpntabdis.
serlcea: C. spectatnlm.
Spectabilis (C. Retzn. C. smcm). Subshrub to 4 ft.,
branches stout: IVH. entire, oblanceolate, to i> in. long, base
cuneate, glabrous above, villous beneath: fin purplish, in
20HUMld. racemes to 1 ft. long, usually terminal: pods
stalked, to 2 in. long. India.
striata: C. mucronata.
CROTON: Codia-um.
CROWBERRY: Empetrum. Broom: Core ma Conradii.
CROWFOOT: Kanunndus.
CROWN: corona; alHo, as a common-language word,
that part of the stem at the surface of the giound; also a
part of a rhizome with a large bud, suitable for use in
propagation; sometimes used for head 01 top of a tree.
CROWN IMPERIAL: Fntillarui tmprnalis.
CROWN-OF-THORNS: JSuphwbia Npltndana.
CRUCIANfiLLA. CROSS wo KT. Rulriaceae. Ann.
and per. herbs from the Modit. region and W.
Asia, with opposite or whorled IVH. and small
tubular 4 5-lobed fin. having bracts at base;
grown in rock-gardens where they thrive in
partial shade. Propagated by division and by
weeds.
angustifdlia. Ann. to 1% ft : Ivs. all linear-subulate,
in whorls of 4 -0, margins recurved, very scabrous: fls. white,
minute. Cent. Ku. and Medit. region.
herbacea. Ann. to 1 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate-oblong or
upper linear: Us in dense linear spikew to 2m. long Egypt.
latifdlia. Ann. to IN ft.: lower Ivs. obovate to oblong,
upper IvM. linear-lanceolate: Us. whitish, in slender linear
spikes. Medit. region.
styldsa. Prostrate aim. with sts. to 0 in.: Ivs. lanceolate:
fls. dee-prose, in globose bonds ^ in. across, the styles long-
exserted. I'ernia. Vur. carmine a is listed as a color form.
CRUCfFER^E. MUSTARD FAMILY. A large
natural assemblage of herbaceous plants, a
few of them subshrubs, probably upwards of
1800 species, distributed mostly in temp, and
cold regions. They are of various habit, but
agree in general in the 4-sepalled and 4-pet ailed
fls. and stamens commonly 6 of which 2 are
shorter than the others, and in the characteristic
dry pod (silique when elongated, silicle when
short and broad) : Ivs. prevailingly alternate,
entire, dissected or essentially compound: fls.
white, yellow, orange, lilac, purple, mostly not
large but abundant. The family abounds in
peppery and piquant qualities. It yields useful
plants to the flower-garden and the vegetable-
garden, and many of the species are cosmopolitan
weeds. (Genera entered in this book are JFAhio-
nerna, Alyssum, Anastatica, Arabidopsis, Arabis,
Armoracia, Aubrieta, Barbarea, Berteroa, Bis-
cutella, Brassica, Bunias, Cardamine, Caulanthus,
Cheiranthus, Cochlearia. Coronopus, Cossonia,
Crambe, Dentaria, Diplo taxis, praba, Eruca,
Erysimum, Farsetia, Goldbachia, Heliophila,
llesperis, Hutchinisia, Iberis, lonopsidium,
Isatis, Kernera, Lepidium, Lesquerella, Lobularia,
Lunaria, Malcornia, Matniola, Moricanda, Mor-
isia, Nasturtium, Notothlaspi, Parrya, Peltaria,
Petrocallis, Phyaaria, Kaphanus, Ricotia, Schi-
vereckia, Schizoputalon, Smelowskia, Stanleya,
Stenodraba, Thelypodium, Thlaspi, Vesicaria.
CRUNOCALLIS: Montia C'hamissoi.
CRUPlNA. Composite. Ann. herbs with
pinnately cut Ivs. and long-stalked few-fld.
purple heads of ray- and disk-fls.; pappus of
bristles and scales; native from S. Ku. to W.
Asia. Sometimes grown in flower-gardens.
vulgaris (Centaurea Crupina). To 2 ft.: Ivs. cut into fine
linear segrns.: heads 3-5-fld., the fls. scarcely longer than
the pale acuminate bracts of involucre. S. Eu.
CRYOPHYTUM. Aizoacesr. One of the
genera separated from the old genus Mesern-
bryanthemum: ann. and bien., often prostrate:
Ivs. opposite or scattered or sometimes alternate
at base of plant: fls. solitary, white, yellow, or
red, the petals many and very narrow; stigmas
usually 5. Several species, in S. Afr., Medit.
region, S. W. Asia, Calif., one of them com-
monly grown. For cult, see Mesembryanthemum.
Aitonis (Af. Aitonin. Af. angulatum. M. lanceolatum} .
Decumbent: Ivs. lanceolate, flat, somewhat obtuse, the
peduncles and calyx with shining watery pustules: fls.
white. 8. Afr.
crystallinum (Af. crystallinuni) . ICE-PLANT. Ann.,
readily grown from seeds in warm sunny exposure, fleshy,
sts threading and proBtrate, plant covered \\ith ^listening
watery pustules: early Ivs. broad-ovate, to G in long and
3 in. or more broad, eventually perishing: Ivs on flo\venng
shoots much smaller: fls. small, whitish to rose S. Afr,
Medit. region, coasts of S. and Lower Calif — Grown in
window-gardens and elsewhere for the glistening herbage,
and sometimes used as a pot-herb.
nodifldrum (M. nodiflorum), Ann., somewhat crystal-
line: Ivs. linear, nearly cyhndric, to 1 in. long: Ha. very
small, white, axillary. S. Afr., Medit. region, S. W. Asia,
S. Calif.
CRYOS6PHILA. Palmaccx. Four species in
Mex. and Cent. Amer., as at present understood,
with which Acarithorrhiza is now combined:
small or medium fan-lvd. palms with root-
spines closely covering the trunk: fls. hermaphro-
dite: fr. small, globular to oblong, drupe-like.
Probably none of the species is regularly planted
in our area, but the following, from S. Mex.,
may be in lists under its various names: C. nana
(Corypha nana, CopcrnicMi nana, Chamserops
Mocinii, Acanthorrhiza Mocinii and A. aculeata).
CRYPTANTHA. Koragituicey. Ann. his-
pid herbs mostly in W. N. Amer., with alter-
nate, simple and entire Ivs. and inconspicuous
white fls. in coiled spikes or racemes, the throat
of corolla commonly closed by scales; rarely-
sown in the wild-garden in the regions where
they grow.
barbigera (Entriclrium barbigerum. Krymtzkia 6ar-
bigtra). To 1 ft., covered with long whitish stiff hairs:
Ivs. broadly linear, to 1|<> in long: fls. '5 in. long, calyx-
lobes to J3 in. long. Utah to Calif. — The plant cult, aa
C. Imrbigera may be C. intermedi«\.
intermedia. To 1 ft., covered with spreading white
hairs: Ivs. lanceolate or linear, to 1 in. long: fls. K in.
across, calyx-lobes ^ in. long. S. Calif.
CRYPTANTHIIS. Bromeliacex. Epiphytic
stoloniferous S. American herbs wit hx flattened
rosettes of stiff prickly-margined Ivs. and white
Cryptanthus
221
Cucumber
fls. borne in a little head amongst the foliage;
grown as foliage plants under glass. Cult, as
for Bromeliacex.
acaulis (C. undulatus. Tillandsia acaulis). Lvs. to 6 in.
long and 1 ^ in. wide, with wavy prickly margins, in shades
of green, white-scurfy beneath; small foliage plant in many
vars. Brazil. Var. bromelioides has a tall st. with elongated
somewhat spmulose remotely undulate Ivs.; var. diversi-
f&lius has medmm st , with strap-shaped Ivs. deep green
above and scurfy beneath; var. genulnus is nearly stemleaa
with Ivs. strongly undulate, elliptic-lanceolate; var. rdseus
has Ivs. tinged rose-pink; var. ruber has a branching st.
with Ivs. short, reddish and undulate.
Beuckeri. Lvs. to 5 in. long and 2 in. wide, narrowed to
a petiole about 2 in. long, brownish-green or rosy spotted
or striped with light green. Brazil.
bivittatus. Stemless or nearly so: Ivs. strongly acuminate,
arching, spiny, green above, brovvn beneath, with 2 reddish-
brown longitudinal stripes above: fls. ^hite. S. Amer.
r&seus: probably C. acauhs var.
terminalis: listed name.
undulatus: C. acaulis.
zonatus. Lvs. to 0 in. long and 1^ in- wide, crinkly,
with transverse bands of white, green or brown above,
and white-scurfy beneath. Brazil. Var. zebrinus is listed.
CRYPTOCARYA (Bdlotd). Lauraccv. Trees
and shrubs mostly of the southern hemisphere,
with leathery Ivs. and small bisexual fls. in
panicles, and small dry fr. inclosed in the calyx;
sometimes planted in 8. Calif.
Miersii. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. opposite, oblong or oblong-
ovate, entire, thin, glabrous, shining above, veins prominent
beneath. Chile.
Peumus: C. rubra.
rubra (C. Prumus). Tree 50-GO ft.: Ivs. nearly opposite
or alternate, ovate, thick, glabrous, glaucous beneath.
Chile.
CRYPTOCORtNE. Aracex. Aquatic Asian
herbs with creeping stoloniferous rhizomes
and momreious fls. without perianth, the
staminate on upper part of spadix and pistillate
on lower portion, inclosed by spa the; rarely
grown in aquaria.
Wfllisii. Lvs toOin 1 ong and 1 in. wide, wavy-margined,
when young reddish-brown marked with greenish-black.
CRYPTOGRAMMA. HOCK-BRAKE. Poly-
podiaccsp. Small alpine and boreal ferns of both
Hemispheres, the fronds of two types, both
compound, the segrns. of the fertile ones pod-
like due to the folding back of the edges over
the fruit-dots; sometimes in rock-gardening and
similar undertakings. See Ferns.
acrosticholdes: C. crispa var.
crispa var. acrostichoides. AMERICAN PARSLEY-FERN.
Fronds clustered, many, on straw-colored stalk* to (5 in.
long, 2-3-pmnate, fertile with linear segms. Lake Huron
arid Lake Superior northward, southward in western mts.
d6nsa: PdLva densa.
Ste"lleri (Pellsca gracihs). SLKNDKU R. Differs from C.
crispa var. acro^hcfioiden in the creeping rootstocks, scat-
tered foliage and fertile fronds with broader segms. N. N.
Amer. and Asia.
CRYPT6LEPIS. Asclepiaddcex. Twining or
erect shrubs in warm parts of Old World, one
sometimes planted in Calif.: Ivs. opposite: fls.
in terminal or axillary umbel-like cymes or
sometimes practically solitary; corolla tubular,
with spreading limb, crown of 5 fleshy lobes:
follicles smooth, mostly terete and spreading.
Iongifl6ra. Erect, 3 ft.: Ivs. willow-like, long-pointed,
to 5 in. long, clustered toward top of st , often tinted red:
fls. white, among the foliage or just above it, very slender,
1 in. or more long. Nativity in doubt.
CRYPTOMfeRIA. Taxodiacex. One Japanese
evergreen tree of pyramidal habit, magnificent
when mature and particularly when in avenues,
the trunks and root-flanges being distinctive.
jap6nica. To 125 ft. or more: Ivs. to 1 in. long, keeled
on both sides, bluish-green: staminate fls. yellow, in short
racemes: cones globose, to 1 in. across, having thick wedge-
shaped scales with pointed processes at apex. Hardy at
Washington and somewhat northward, in SS New England
the foliage usually browning m winter but may recover
following season; gro\vn mostly in warmer climates. Some
of the hort. vars. are: araucarioides, branchlcts drooping,
Ivs. small, bright green; compacta, of compact habit;
cristata (var. monstrosa), branches coxcomb-like; dacrydi-
oides, Ivs. brownish, closely set; e*legans, low tree with
drooping branchlets and longer Ivs.; L6bbii, compact form
with lighter green Ivs.; nana, dwarf, spreading or pro-
cumbent form; pungens, compact form with stiff sharp-
pointed dark green Ivs.; spirdlis, shrub with Ivs. twisted
spirally. Var. Vilmoriniana is listed. Var. W6hlertii is
listed and is probably a form of var. compacta. A form from
China is var. singnsis, a tree of looser habit and longer Ivs.
For cult, see Conifers.
CRYPTOSTfeGIA. RUBBER-VINE. Asdepia-
daccse. Three woody vines from trop. Afr. and
Madagascar, with opposite large Ivs. and
large funnel-shaped fls. in terminal clusters,
the calyx with many glands at base; follicles
winged or angled; juice furnishes caoutchouc.
They are grown under glass in loamy soil, and in the
open in warm countries as southern Florida. Propagated
by cuttings over bottom heat.
grandifldra. Lvs. oblong, to 4 in. long, thick and glossy:
fls. purplish, about 2 in. across. Afr.; cult, in India.
madagascarie'nsis. Differs in its Ivs. being pubescent
below and the corolla-segms. of the pink or w-mtish fls.
divided. Madagascar.
CRYPTOSTfiMMA. Composite. Tomentose
herbs with toothed or pinnatifid Ivs. and solitary
fl.-heads, the ray-fls. yellow and disk darker;
pappus scale-like. They may be grown in the
flower-garden.
calendulaceum (Arctotis calrndnlacca). Ann. to 2 ft.
or sometimes prostrate: Ivs. pmnatitid: fl -heads 1 in. or
more across. 8. Afr., Australia.
CTENANTHE. Marantnccx. Brazilian per.
herbs with basal and st.-lvs. and fls. borne
under bracts in terminal spikes or racemes;
greenhouse foliage plants requiring the same
treatment as Calathea, and differing in technical
botanical characters.
Kummeriana. To 1% ft , stoloniferous; Ivs. (> in. long
and 2y2 in. wide, green veined with white above, purple
beneath.
Lubbersiana (Phrynium Lubber an). To 2 ft.: Ivs. to
9 in long and 2^o m wide, green variegated with yellow
above, pale green oonoath.
Oppenheimiana (Calathea Oppenheivnana). To 3 ft.:
Ivs. to 1% ft. long and 5 in. wide, light green above, purple
beneath. Var. tricolor has Ivs. variegated purplish-red
and yellow.
setdsa (Phrynium setosum). To 3 ft., stoloniferous: Ivs.
to 1^ ft. long and 4 in. wide, green.
CUBED: Piper Cubeba.
CUCKOO-FLOWER: Cardamine pralcnsis, Lychnis
Flos-cuculi.
CUCKOO-PINT: Arum maculalum.
CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus). Fruit, of
an annual tendril-bearing vine, used for pickles
in the young state or when small and also
extensively eaten raw as a salad and in some
countries from the hand without dressing.
The cucumber is characteristically a warm-
weather plant, being frost-tender and making
rapid growth. An early crop requires a warm
quick soilj with readily available fertility. The
only particular difficulty in its culture out-of-
doors is to control certain diseases and insects,
and for the treatment of them the grower should
have the latest issues of books and bulletins
devoted to the subject. The striped beetle,
which is most damaging when the plants are
young, may be kept away in the home garden
Cucumber
222
Cucurbita
by covering the hills tightly at first with mos-
quito-netting: in fields the plants may be sprayed
or dusted witn arsenical or nicotine preparations.
Some of the commoner diseases may be checked
with bordeaux mixture.
Cucumbers are grown directly from seeds,
and commonly planted in the field as soon as
the weather is warm and reliable. They do
not transplant well unless turned out of pots,
berry-boxes, or started on inverted sods. Four
or five plants are usually left at each stand or
hill after the ravages of early pests are past;
the hills are about 4x4 feet apart for early
kinds and 4x6 feet for the later longer-running
varieties. In commercial plantings it is more
common to sow the seeds in drills and to thin
to single plants lj^-2 feet apart after they
have become well established. One ounce of
seed plants fifty or more hills. Wdl-rotted ma-
nure may be worked into the hills if the garden
soil is not fertile or well prepared. One hundred
or more bushels of pickling cucumbers should
be produced on an acre. The vinos should be
picked over frequently to prolong the bearing life.
The White Spine group of varieties is the
main reliance for both field and garden work,
but there are special small pickling kinds ana
also early varieties. The small pickling cu-
cumbers are sometimes called gherkins; the
West Indian or bur cucumber is another species,
Cucumis Anguria, which is more grown in the
United States for ornament than for pickles.
Horned cucumber is C. tnetidiferux.
The growing of cucumbers under glass, or
so-called forcing, is of two very distinct types,
— the growing of a commercial crop of the
ordinary or White Spine type and mostly follow-
ing a winter crop of lettuce or other stock,
arid the raising of the long nearly or quite
spineless English frame or forcing cucumber as a
regular winter crop and usually for home use.
The former or commercial practice usually
produces the crop in spring and early summer.
The plants arc started in pots about a fortnight
before the house is to be ready for them; they
are then transplanted to the beds, and in six
to eight weeks thereafter the plants should be
bearing. They are set in rows about 3 feet apart,
and 18-24 inches in the row. The vines are
trained to cords or wires, so that the fruit hangs.
Good soil and plenty of water are required. A
good plant yields 100 or more cucumbers, if it is
stocky and kept free of pests and diseases.
English frame cucumbers, as Telegraph,
Sion House, Jasper Queen and others, may be
grown for winter crop being started in autumn
80-100 days before fruit is wanted, or for spring
and summer crop in frames and started in
February or March. It is commonly necessary
to hand-pollinate in winter when bees are not
available.
CUCUMBER, BUR-: Sicyos angulatus. Mock-: Echino-
cystts lobata. -Root, Indian: Medeola mrginiana. Squirting-:
Ecbalhum Etatenum. Star-: Sicyos anpulatus. -Tree:
Magnolia acuminate and macrophylta. Wild-: EcMnocystva
lobata.
CtTCUMIS. Cucurbitacex. Herbs of Afr. and
S. Asia, ann. tender running species of which sev-
eral are grown with us for the edible or interesting
frs.: mainly monoecious: Ivs. angled, lobed or
divided: tendrils simple: fls. yellow or whitish,
of good size, solitary in the axils or somewhat
clustered.
Anguria (C. grosaulariseformia. C. erinaceus). WEST
INDIA or BUB GHERKIN. Sts. slender, angled, rough: Ivs.
to 3f^ in. long, with 3 main rounded lobes and open sinuses:
fr. ovoid or oblong, about 2 in. long, prickly, on long sts.
Fla. and Tex., far S. — Fra. curious and used for pickles;
the gherkins of mixed pickles are cucumbers; sometimes
called "gooseberry gourd."
Chito: C. Melo var.
C6nomon: C. Melo var.
dipsaceus. HEDGEHOG or TEASEL GOURD. Slender, sts.
prickly: Ivs. broad-ovate to reniform-ovate, not lobed: fr.
a hard bristly bur 1-2 in. long. Arabia. — Grown for
curiosity and ornament.
Dudaim: C. Melo var.
erinaceus: C. Anguria.
flexudsus: C. Melo var.
gross ulariasf6rmis: C. Anguria.
Melo. MELON (which see), MUSKMELON. Sts. trailing,
soft-hairy: Ivs. round-ovate to nearly reniform, obtuse,
angled but not lobed as a rule: fls. about 1 in. across: fr.
globular to oblong, pubescent or becoming glabrous, in
many sizes, usually musky-flavored. Probably S. Asian,
now widely cult, in many forms in N. Amer , mostly under
the erroneous name "cantaloupe" which is properly applied
to a race (var. cantalupensis) with hard and scaly or warty
rinds and seldom grown with us. Var. Chito, MANGO
Alfcix>N, Iva. mostly smaller, fr. size and shape of lemon or
orange and sometimes called "orange melon" and "lemon-
cucurnber," flesh white and firm and not fragrant, em-
ployed in the making of preserves and pickles, but grown
mostly as an ornamental. Var. Conomon, ORIENTAL
PICKIJNO MELON, Ivs. tending to be oblong and somewhat
lobed on sides, fls. large, fr globular to oblong-cylmdric to
club-shaped and sometimes constricted midway, turban-
shaped, flesh white or green and not fragrant, used in pre-
serving; little grown by Americans. Var. Dudaim (C.
odoratisftimus), DUDAIM MELON, plant small, fr. size of
orange and more or less flattened endwise, marbled, highly
perfumed and for this purpose sometimes grown. Var.
flexudsus, SNAKE or SERPENT MELON, fr. 1^-3 ft. or more
lon« and 3 in. or less thick, mostly crooked or coiled; grown
as a curiosity and perhaps used m preserves. Var. inoddrus,
WINTER or CAHSABA MEIJON, very strong vine, Ivs. large
and sometimes prominently lobed, fls. large, fr. large and
only mildly scented, keeping late. Var. ayrestis is a small-
f i uited race run wild in S. La. and Tex.
metuliferus. HORNKD CUCUMBER. Ann. with hispid-
hairy sts.: Ivs. broadly cordate-ovate, more or less 3-lobed,
toothed: fls. much like those of C. Melo' frs. 3-5 in. long,
oblong, spiny, red when npe. Trop. and S. Afr.
odoratissimus: C. Melo var. Dudaim.
prophetarum. Grayish vine, hairy-scabrid: Ivs. small,
reniform to 3-5-palmntely lobed, cordate, margins either
entire or toothed: fr. broad-ovoid, 1 % in. or less long, green
with paler stripes, bearing slender spines. Trop. Afr. —
Plant cult, under this name may be a small-fruited form
of C. Melo.
sativus. CUCUMBER (which see). Rough-hairy trailing
vine: Ivs. triangular-ovate, pointed, often somewhat 3-
lobed: fls. 1% in or lesa across, short -stalked: fr globular
to oblong to short-cyhndnc, prickly. S. Asia. — Cult, in
many kinds for eating raw and for pickles; some of the
small kinds are known as "gherkins" (see C. Anguria).
Var. anglicus, ENGLISH FORCING CUCUMBER, very strong
grower, Ivs. very large, fr. to 2 and 3 ft. long and nearly
or quite spineless.
CUCtJRBITA. Cucurbitacex. Monoocious ten-
driliferous herbaceous plants, running and
commonly rooting except in certain "bush"
cultural vars., grown mostly for the great
edible frs. but some of them for ornament and
curiosity, with per. or ann. roots: Ivs. large,
simple but variously angled or lobed: fls. large,
yellow, solitary or the staminate perhaps
fascicled: eastern and western hemisphere.
The origin of pumpkins and squashes is yet
undetermined. There is a native gourd in Tex.,
C. texana, that may have some relation to
prehistoric stocks; there is another C. okeecho-
beensis, in the Everglades bf Florida but it is not
closely related to the cult, kinds. See Gourd and
Pumpkin.
argyrosplrma: see under C. fid folia.
ficifdlia (C. melanosperma) . MALABAR GOURD. Long-
running, per. in warm countries: Ivs. orbicular-ovate to
nearly reniform, lobed and with obtuse sinuses or merely
sinuate: corolla-lobes large and spreading: fr. oblong to
Cucurbita
223
Cupania
nearly spherical, to 12 in. long, green with white stripes,
flesh white; seeds black or nearly 39. E. Asia. — Grown for
ornament. C. argyrosp6rma is allied to this species and
perhaps an offshoot from it, with very large white strongly
bordered seeds, lighter colored fr., less lobed Ivs.
foetidfssima (C. perennis). CALABAZILLA. Per., long-
running: Ivs. cordate-triangular, stiff, grayish, crenate:
fls. large: fr. size and shape of orange, green and yellow,
not edible. Neb. to Calif, and Mex.
m^ytTn«T AUTUMN and WINTER SQUASH. Ann. vine,
only slightly prickly: Ivs. orbicular or reniform, very obtuse,
mostly not lobed: corolla-lobes soft and spreading or droop-
ing and mostly obtuse: fr. spherical to oblong or turban-
shaped, often very large, its st. spongy and not ridged nor
prominently enlarged at apex. Nativity unknown. — Here
belong Hubbard, Boston Marrow, Mammoth Chile, and
similar squashes. Var. turbanif 6nnis comprises the turban
squashes, a "squash-within-a-squash."
melanospe"nna: C. ficifolia.
Melopepo: C. Pepo var.
moschata. CUSHAW, CANADA and WINTER CROOK-
NECK PUMPKINS. Ann. vine, rather soft-hairy: Ivs. broad-
ovate to nearly orbicular- ovate, for the most part not
lobed, often with whitish marks: corolla with wide spread-
ing crinkly mostly acute lobes and often very large, calyx-
lobes often leafy: fr. of many shapes, commonly oblong or
big-crookneck, autumn and winter, its st. angled and much
expanded at top. Nativity unknown. — Includes Sweet
Potato, Quaker Pie, Japanese Pie pumpkins (or squashes).
ovifera: C. Pepo var.
Pepo. SUMMER and AUTUMN PUMPKINS. Harsh ann.
with prickly sts. and petioles: Ivs. triangular or ovate-
triangular, often prominently lobed: corolla-lobes erect
and sharp-pointed: fr. of many kinds, usually orange,
furrowed, mostly not long-keeping, its st. strongly angled
and enlarging upward. Nativity unknown. — Here are
found the common field pumpkins, Vegetable Marrow, and
others. Var. Melopepo (C. Melopepo. C. Pepo var. con-
densa). BUSH PUMPKINS or SQUASHES. Mostly summer
kinds, not running, including Pattypan, Scallop, Summer
Crookneck, Cooozelle. Var. ovffera. YELLOW-FLOWERED
GOURDS (as distinguished from the white-fld. or Lagenanas) .
Running vines, producing many forms and colors of small
hard-shelled ornamental durable f rs. ; wild in Tex. and Mex.
pere"nnis: C. fcetidissima.
CUCURBITACE^. GOURD FAMILY. CUCUR-
BITS. Important hort. family including plants
grown for edible frs. and as ornamental vines,
as pumpkins, squashes, gourds, melons, water-
melon, cucumbers and gherkins, chayote. The
family includes some 90 genera and probably
700 species, mostly of trop. or subtrop. regions.
The family comprises herbs and erect shrubs;
but the hort. kinds are herbaceous and most of
them tender annuals and all but one (Ecballium)
are naturally running tendril-bearing vines.
The plants of the Cucurbitaceae are monoocious
or dioecious: Ivs. alternate, palmately veined,
loBed or dissected: fls. prevailingly yellow or
greenish, gamopetalous or the petals 5, the
corolla sometimes large and showy but of short
duration; stamens mostly 3: fr. a pepo, inde-
hiscent or irregularly bursting, mostly fleshy in
the cult, kinds and often large and edible. The
species are of the easiest cult., but the pumpkins,
gourds, melons and cucumbers are frost-tender
and must make their growth rapidly in the
northern parts of the country, requiring a warm
quick soil. They come from seeds. The genera
of Cucurbitacese included in this Hortus are
Benincasa, Bryonia, Bryonopsis, Citrullus,
Coccinea, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cyclanthera,
Ecballium, Echinocystis, Lagenaria, Luff a, Me-
lothria, Momordica, Sechium, Sicana, Sicyos,
Thladiantha, Trichosanthes.
CUDRANIA (Vanieria). Moraceas. Woody
pl&nts native from China to Australia, having
alternate simple Ivs., unisexual fls. in axillary
heads, and fr. a fleshy syncarp; planted for
ornament in the S. and the Ivs. fed to silkworms
in China. Propagated by cuttings of young
wood under glass in summer.
1avane"nsis. Scrambling spiny shrub: Ivs. oblong-obovate
or lanceolate, to 3 in. long, fleshy: fr. orange, % in. across.
Asia, Australia, Afr.
tricuspidata. To 25 ft. or more, armed with slender
thorns: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, sometimes 3-lobed at tip:
fr. red, nearly globose, 1 in. across. China, Korea, Japan.
CULINARY HERBS are those employed in
a secondary way in cookery, as for flavoring
and seasoning, and also as garnishes for viands.
They do not constitute a single cultural group.
Some of the plants falling under this denomina-
tion are anise, caraway, chervil, chive, coriander,
dill; fennel, parsley, as well as the sweet herbs,
which are mostly ot the mint family.
CULTIGEN: plant or group of apparent specific rank
known only in cultivation, uith no determined nativity;
presumably originating (in the form in which we know it)
under domestication; contrast with indigen. Examples ir-
Zea Mays, Cucurbita ma.itma, Phaseohts vulyans, Citrus
parodist. Not synonymous with horticultural variety.
Term proposed by Bailey in Science, n. s. xlvn, 306. 1918.
CULTIVAR: a variety or race that has originated and
persisted under cultivation, not necessarily referable to a
botanical species, and which is of botanical or tuxonomir
importance.
CULVERS-ROOT: Veronicastrum virginicum.
CtrMINUM. Umbelliferx. One ann. herb
native in the Medit. region, the frs. of which
are used as flavoring. C. C^minum (C. odorum).
CUMIN. To 6 in.: Ivs. cut into thread-like
divisions: fls. small, white or rose, in compound
umbels: fr. narrowly oblong. Propagated by
seeds in spring.
CUNEATE: wedge-shaped; triangular, with the narrow
end at point of attachment, as of leaves or petals.
CUNlLA. Labiate*. Tufted per. herbs or
small shrubs with small opposite Ivs. and white
or purplish 2-lipped fls. in whorls, the 2 stamens
long-exserted ; grown in the border and hardy.
mariana: C. onganoides.
origanoldes (C. mariana). MARYLAND DITTANY. STONE-
MINT. To 1 ft.: Ivs ovate, to Ho in IOIIK, toothed, nearly
sessile: fls. purplish-pink, ^ in. long, in terminal cymose
cluster, early autumn. S. N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.
CUNNINGHAMIA (Belis). CHINA- Fin. Tax-
odiacex. Two evergreen trees native in E.
Asia, allied to Cryptomeria, having stiff sharp-
pointed flattened linear-lanceolate Ivs. with
broad white bands beneath, fis. in terminal
clusters, and roundish cones with thick pointed
scales. For cult, see Conifers. To be grown only
in the lower S. and Calif., although in sheltered
places C. lanceolata may persist as far north as
Pa.
Kdnishii. To 100 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in. long: cones to 1 in.
long. Formosa.
lanceolata (C. sinensis}. To 80 ft.: Ivs. to 2^ in. long:
cones to 2 in. long. China.
sine'nsis: C. lanceolata.
CUNONIA FAMILY. Trees
and shrubs of 21 genera native in the southern
hemisphere, having opposite or whorled, entire
or pinnate Ivs., small bisexual or unisexual fls.
witn 4-5 sepals and petals, 4 or more stamens,
2-celled superior ovary, and usually capsular
frs. Ackama, Callicoma, Ceratopetalum and
Weinmannia are occasionally planted in Calif.
CUPANIA. Sapindacex. Trees and shrubs
bearing alternate pinnate Ivs., small fls. in
panicles, and capsular frs.; one species sometimes
planted for ornament in warm climates. They
are native in trop. and semi-trop. regions,
mostly in Amer.
Cupania
224
Cupressus
anacardioldes. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. of 6-10 leathery very
obtuse entire Ifts. to 4 in. long: fl«. white: fr. leathery, 3-
lobed, about ^/\ in across. Australia.
C tinning hamii: Diploylottis Cunningtiamii.
s&pida: Hliuhia sapida.
CUPHEA (Parsonsia), Lythracese. American
herbs or shrubs with alternate or whorled Ivs.,
irregular mostly axillary fls. that are often
showy or in abundance, with corolla-like often
gibbous or spurred calyx, the petals 2 or 6 on the
calyx-tube or lacking, and capsular fr.
Cupheas are greenhouse subjects, or grown out-of-
dooro'in the South. As glasshouse plants they are mostly
treated as tender annuals and are of easy cultivation.
Propagated by seeds or the ahrubby kinds by cuttings.
capsularis: listed name.
compaxta: C. Llavea var.
cyanea (C. slrif/ulosa). To 0 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in long:
fls. with red and yellow calyx and 2 small petals. Mex.
heterophylla. To 2 ft.: IVH. mostly ternate, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. with purplish or reddish
calyx and (\ red unequal petals, in racemes. Mex.
Hookeriana. To 2^ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, to 4 in long: fls. with reddish calyx, 2 large deep purple
petals and 4 very small petals, in terminal racemes. Mex.
hyssopifMia. To 2 ft.: Ivs linear to lanceolate, about
YA in. long, crowded: fls. with green calyx and t> purple,
pink or white petals, in axils. Mex. and Guatemala.
Ignea: C platycenlra.
jorullensis (C. tricolor'). To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate,
to 2 in. long: fls. with red and groen calyx and small whitish
petals, in racemes. Mex. — The plant grown under this
name may be C. micropetala.
lanceolata (C. Zimnpanii). Hticky aim. to 4 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls with purplish calyx and 2
lai go, purple petals and 4 smaller ones, solitary. Mex. Var.
silenoldes (U. silenoidea) is smaller; 2 large petals purple,
white-margined.
Llavea. Shrubby, ats. strigOHO- IVH. ovate, to 3 in. long:
fls. with green and purplish calyx and 2 large bright red
petals, in racemes. Mex. Var. filba has white fls. Var.
com pa eta is a compact form. Var. miniata (C. miniata),
the usual form in cult., has sta. hirsute.
micropetala. To 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in. long: fls.
with yellow and red calyx and G small petals, in terminal
lonfy racemes Mex.
miniata: C. Llavea var.
petiolata. WAV-WBKD. TATUVEKD Ann. to 2} 4 ft.: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, to % in. long: fls. rose-purple, upper
2 petals larger than others. N. II. to C«a., west to Kane.
and T/v.
platyc6ntra (C. ian<a). CIOAII-FLOWEH To 1 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate or broader, to 2}$ in. long: fls. \\ith slender
bright red calyx with white mouth and dark ring at end,
without petals, solitary. Mex.
prqcumbens. Ann. to 1 ft , sts. procumbent, viscid with
purplish hairs: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls.
purple tipped with green, upper 2 petals larger. Mex.
?urpurea. Reported as a hybrid of C. Llavea var. miniata
C. visrtwi.
Ro6zlii. To 3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 3 in. long:
fls with cinnabar-red and yellowish calyx and 2 very small
petals, in racemes. Mex.
silenoides: C. lanceolata var.
striguldsa: C. cyanea.
tricolor: C. jorulknsis.
viscosa. Ann to 1 ££ ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to % in.
long: fls. with 2 deep purple petals and 4 smaller whitish
petals, in sticky-pubescent racemes. Mex.
Zimapanii: C. lanceolata.
CUP-FLOWER: Niernribergia. -Plant: Silphium per-
fohatum.
CUPIDS-DART; Catananche.
CUPRESSACE^. CYPRESS FAMILY. Less
than a dozen genera of resinous usually ever-
green trees and shrubs of wide distribution.
This group has been treated until recently as a
subfamily of Pinaceie, but several fundamental
differences warrant its recognition as a separate
family. It is distinguished from the Pinaceas
and Taxodiacese by usually flattened and scale-
like Ivs. which are opposite or whorled, woody,
leathery or berry-like cones in which the ovules
are borne erect arid not inverted, and the seed-
ling with usually 2 cotyledons. In Juniperus the
fr. is berry-like becoming blue at maturity and
the Ivs. are often sharply needle-like, while in
Fitzroya the Ivs. arid cone-scales are ternate
with appressed scale-like lobes. In most other
genera the scale-like Ivs. are opposite. The
family contains several valuable timber trees
and many ornamental subjects. The cult,
genera include Actinostrobus, Callitris, Cham-
iecyparis, Cupressocyparis, Cupressus, Fitzroya,
Juniperus, Libocedrus, Tetraclinis and Wid-
dringtonia.
CUPRESSOCfPARIS. Cupressacex. Hybrid
between Cupressus and Chamiccyparis, only
1 kind known. C. Leylandii. Hybrid between
Cujrressus macroctirpa and Chamsecyparis noot-
katensis, resembling the latter in habit and
foliage, but differing in cones to Y\ in. across
and usually 5 seeds to each scale. Of hort. origin.
CUPR^SSUS. CYPRESS. Cuprcssaceae. Ever-
green trees or shrubs with small scale-like Ivs.
or linear in young plants, minute fls. and globular
cones with woody scales; native in N. Amer.,
Ku. and Asia. ; adaptable to mild or warm regions.
For cult, see Conifers. These are the true cy-
presses, to which Chamaccyparis is closely re-
lated. Except C. MacnaMana, the species can
be grown satisfactorily only in the lower S. and
Calif.
arizdnica. Tree to 40 ft. and more: Ivs. pale or glaucous-
green, acute: conea to 1 in. across, glaucous Auz., New
Mex , Mex ; much planted in the S. W. Vur bonita ((,'.
glabra) has larger cones and is very glaucous \vhen young.
Var. compa'cta is n low roundish form. Vur. glauca is a
juvenile silvery-gray stage
Benthamii: C. hisitamca var.
calif 6rnica: C. Goceniaua.
cashmeriana. Tree with drooping branchlets: coues
J3 in- across. Kashmir.
Duclouxiana. Tree: Ivs. obtuse, somewhat glaucous:
cones 1 in. across. China.
excelsa: C. lusitainca var. Benthamii.
F16tcheri: Chamaecypans Lawsomana var.
F6rbesii. Slender tree to 30 ft , back smooth, reddish,
exfoliating: foliage gray-green: cones to 1^ in. long. S.
Calif. — Home of the material listed as C. yuadalupensis
belongs here.
Fiaseri: Chamaecyparis Lawsomana var.
funebris. MOURNING C. Tree to GO ft., with drooping
branches and flattened branchlets: Ivs. acute, light green:
cones to 3 a m- across. China.
glabra: C. anzonica var. bonita.
glauca: C. lusitamca.
Goveniana (C. californica. C. pygm:ra). Shrub or rarely
tree to 75 ft.: Ivs. acute, dark green: cones to *£ in. across,
Calif. Var. aurea, foliage yellowish-green.
guadalupensis. Tree to 40 ft. or more, the branchleta
bright red: Ivs. acute, light bluish-green: cones to 1^ in.
across. Guadeloupe Jsl , Calif, and Lower Calif, var.
glauca, foliage deeper blue.
horizontals: C. sempervirens var.
Kaightiana: C. lusitamca var.
Lambertiana: C. macrocarpa.
Lawsoniana: Cham&cyparis Lawsoniana.
Leylandii: Cupressocyparia Leylandii.
Lindleyi: C. htsitanica,
lusitanica (C. glauca. C. Lindleyi. C. sinensis). PORTU-
G0KSE C. Tree to 50 ft. with somewhat drooping branchlets:
Ivs. acute, glaucous-green: cones }4 in. across, glaucous.
Mex. Var. Benthamii (C. Benfhamit. C. erceha). Branch-
lets pinnately and regularly branched in one plane. Var.
Knightiana (C. Knightiand) is more regularly branched.
Macnabiina. Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. obtuse, fra-
grant, dark green or glaucous: cones 1 in. across. Calif.,
Ore.; hardy in parts of New England. In Var. sulphurea
the tips of the branchlets are golden.
Cupressus
225
Currant
macrocarpa (C. Lambertiand). MONTEREY C. Tree to
40 ft. and more: Ivs. obtuse, dark or bright green: cones to
1^ in. across. Calif. Var. a (ire a is listed. Var. Crippsii is
a juvenile form with tips of branchlets silvery-white and
spreading sharp-pointed Ivs. Var. fastigiata has a compact
fastigiate head. Var. lutea has yellow Ivs. when young.
nootkate'nsis: Chamxcyparis nootkatensis.
obtusa: Chamxcyparis dbtusa.
pisffera: Chamaecyparia pisifera.
pygm&a: C. Goveniana.
R6ylei: C. sempermrens var. indica.
Sargentii (C. Goveniana var. Sargentii). Shrub or tree
to 16 ft.: Ivs. acute, dark green, fragrant: cones to 1 in.
across. Calif.
scrape* rvirens. ITALIAN C. Tree to 80 ft.: Ivs. obtuse,
dark green: cones to 1££ in. across. 8. Eu., W. Asia. Var.
horizontalis (C. horizon talis) has horizontally spreading
branches. Var. indica (C, Roylei), Columnar form ,vith
globose cones. Var. Sikesii is listed as of very narrow habit.
Var. strfcta (var. pyramidalia and fastigiata) is of columnar
habit; var. Worthiana is listed.
sinSnsis: C. lusitanica.
thurifera. Perhaps only a variant of C. lusitanica, from
which it differs in its non-winged seeds and Ivs. not tightly
appressed to the branchlets. Mex.
thyoides: Chamsecyparis thyoides.
torul&sa. BHUTAN C. Tree to 150 ft., with drooping
branchlets: Ivs. somewhat acute, bright or bluish-green:
cones to % in. across. Himalayas. Var. Corneyana lias
drooping branches. Var. maj6stica is in the trade.
CURCAS: Jatropha Curcas.
CURCULIGO. Amaryllidacese. Stemless
plants with short thick rootstocks and long
plicate Ivs. which conceal the small fls. borne
near the ground in dense heads or spikes.
Greenhouse foliage plants, or grown out-of^doore in the
South for the attractive clumps. They require abundant
moisture and high temperatures. A good greenhouse
soil is one of 2 parts loam to 1 of sand and rotted cow-
manure. Propagated by division.
capitata: C. capitulata.
capitulata (C. recur-vata) . Lvs. to 3 ft. long and 6 in.
wide, recurving: fls. yellow, Y± in. across, in heads on
brown-hairy scapes which are bent downward at end.
Trop. Asia, Australia.
latifdlia. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 5 in. wide, curving:
fls. bright yellow, in heads on short erect scapes. Asia.
recurvata: C. capitulata.
CtJRCUMA. Zingiberacex. Robust per. herbs
with tuberous roots, short leafy sts. and bracted
fls. in dense spikes topped by a tuft of colored
bracts, the lateral staminodia and also filament
of fertile stamen petal-like.
Grown in a warm greenhouse in rich moist soil and rested
during the winter, and planted in the open in warm coun-
tries: sometimes seen m collections of economic plants,
as they yield dyes and curry products. Propagated by
division of tubers in spring. See Zingiberaceae.
16nga. Lvs. to 1^ ft. long and 8 in. broad: fls. pale
yellow, in spikes to 7 in. long tipped by pale pink bracts.
India — Root yields turmeric used as a condiment and dye.
petiolata. Lvs to 10 in. long and 6 in. broad: fls. yellow-
ish-white, in spikes to 6 in. long tipped by purple bracts.
E. Asia.
Zedoaria. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 6 in. broad, with very
long sheaths: fls. yellow with whitish sepals and green
bracts, in spikes to 4 in. long. India.
CURMERIA: Homalomeno, Wallisii.
CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY. These
fruits are so similar in cultural requirements
that they may be considered together in this
Hortus. They belong to the same genus, Ribes,
according to former prevailing usage, but
latterly the gooseberries have been segregated
by some writers in the genus Grossuiaria. The
red and white currants are Ribes sativum, the
black currant R. nigrum; the gooseberries of
American origin, such as Houghton, Downing,
Pale Red, are forms of the native Ribes hirtettum
(Grossuiaria hirtetta) or hybrids from it; and the
European gooseberries, which are much subject
to mildew in this country, are Ribes Grossuiaria
(or Grossuiaria redinata). In localities where
white pines are important, the growing of these
fruits is restricted by law because they are an
alternate host for the white pine blister-rust.
Currant and gooseberry are fruits of excep-
tional hardiness, their culture extending nearly
to the Arctic circle. They reach their best
development in a cool somewhat humid climate
and, therefore, are not well adapted to the
warmer or drier parts of the United States. Cool
moist clay loams or silt loams of high fertility
are more satisfactory for these fruits than the
lighter soil types; but the land must be well
drained. Because they are among the hardiest
and most productive of fruits and able to live
even under neglect, the currant or gooseberry
patch is often allowed to become foul with grass,
never thinned or trimmed, the worms eating
the leaves until, in the course of time, the plants
yield only a small and indifferent product; yet
no fruits respond more readily to good care and
sufficient fertilizing.
Propagation of currants and some goose-
berries is by means of stem-cuttings. Vigorous
shoots of the seasons growth are cut from
the bushes late in autumn and either planted
in the nursery row immediately or stored in
moist sand and planted in the spring. Goose-
berries are usually propagated by mound-
layering. Soil is heaped about the bases of the
stems, which send out roots. The rooted shoots
thus formed are removed and set in the nursery
row. To succeed best with this method, the plant
should have been cut back to the ground so
that all the shoots are but one season old.
Planting may be either in early spring or
late autumn except in the colder climates
where spring planting is advisable. Goose-
berries and currants may be planted in hills
5 x 5 or 6 x 6 feet, or in rows 6-7 feet apart,
plants 4 feet apart in the row.
Clean tillage followed by cover-crops late in
the season are advisable for these fruits. A
thick mulch of straw or coarse manure is very
valuable especially in the home planting, pro-
vided that mice do not cause serious damage.
Stable manure is thp best fertilizer, but when
it is not available a complete commercial fer-
tilizer may be applied. The partial shade
afforded by a young orchard suits the currant
well, and if the ground is in good condition
no bad results will follow to the orchard pro-
vided the currants are removed before the trees
need the entire feeding space. A currant or
gooseberry patch should continue in good bearing
for ten to twenty years, if properly handled.
The red and white currants and the goose-
berry bear mostly on two-year-old or older
wood. A succession of young shoots should
be allowed to grow to take the place of the
old bearing wood. It is very important to
keep the old weak canes cut out, and a suc-
cession of three to seven new ones coming
from the root each year. This results in a
low bush, very different from the tall awk-
ward busnes with spurry parts that one sees
in old yards.
The black currant makes a large and stronger
plant. It bears mostly on wood of the previous
year, and therefore it is important to have new
wood constantly coming on. After a few years
Currant
226
CycadacecB
in neglected plantations that make little new
growth the yield becomes small and poor.
Both currants and gooseberries are picked
by hand, commonly into quart berry-boxes.
Ripe gooseberries for the table are little known
in the United States. Green 'gooseberries for
the cannery are stripped from the vines with the
hands protected with leather mittens; they are
then cleaned in a fanning mill. For market they
are picked into quart baskets and sold in berry
crates. Yields of 2 to 4 tons an acre of currants
and gooseberries may be expected.
Following are some of the prominent varie-
ties, the most popular kinds being starred (*);
Varieties of currants — "Cherry. Diploma, *Fay,
*Perfection, "Wilder, *White Grape, Red Lake.
European gooseberries — Chautauqua, "Industry,
"May Duke. American gooseberries — Carrie,
"Downing, Red Jacket, Oregon, "Poorman.
Poorman is much the best of the American
varieties.
Pests and diseases should receive prompt
attention. Both currants and gooseberries
should have a dormant spray of lime-sulfur
1-15 for the control of scale and mildew. When
the fruit is well formed, bordeaux mixture,
4-4-50 with 1J/2 pounds arscnnte of lead powder
added may be applied to control miloew and
currant-worms. If these pests are troublesome
near harvest time, pyrcthrum sprays or other
non-poisonous material should be used.
CURRANT, INDIAN: Symphoricarpos orbiculatus.
CURTdNUS. Iridacese. A monotypic genus
of Natal, S. Afr., allied to Antholyza and dif-
fering from it in the peduncle definitely ter-
minated by the infl., and not continuing beyond
as a naked stalk bearing some barren bracts at
apox; from other related genera (Chasmanthe
and Anapalina) it differs in the infl. distinctly
branched. The one known species is C. pani-
culatus (Antholyza paniculata). To 4 ft.: Ivs.
to 2 ft. long and 3 in. wide: fls. red-yellow, to
1J4 in. long, curved. — Cult, as for Gladiolus.
CURUBA: Sicana odorifera.
CUSH-CUSH: Dioscorea trifida.
CUSTARD-APPLE: Annona reticulata.
CUTHBERTIA. Commelinacex. Herbs native
in S. U. S., separated from Tradcscantia by the
cymes subtended by small bracts rather than a
loaf-like involucre.
gram me a. To 8 in., tufted: Ivs. filiform, half-round or
canaliculate, erect: fls. pink or purplish, 1 in. across. N. C.
to Fla.
r&sea. Erect, unbranched or sparingly tufted: lys.
narrow ly linear, flat, loosely spreading: fls. pink, to 1% in.
across. N. C. to Fla.
CUTTINGS: see Propagation.
CYANANTHUS. Campanulacex. Low herbs
of Asian ints., with small alternate Ivs. and blue
fls. terminating the sts., sometimes fjrown in the
rock-garden; related to Codonopsis, but not
climbing and differing in floral characters. They
are late summer and autumn bloomers, with
narrow or almost tubular corollas.
Delavavi. Per. to 8 in., decumbent: Ivs. nearly orbicular,
to % in. long, angled or 5-lobed, white-hairy beneath: fls.
to 1 in. long, throat hairy. Yunnan.
incanus. Per. to 4 in., with wiry sts.: Ivs. oblong, to
H "i. long, hairy: fls. to 1 in. long, throat densely hairy.
Himalayas.
lobarus. Per. to 5 in. and more: Ivs. obovate-oblong, to
1 in. long, lobed: fls. to 1 in. across, throat somewhat hairy.
Himalayas.
longifldrus. Per. to 10 in., much branched: Ivs. lanceo-
late, white-hairy below, margins revolute: fls. to 2 in. long,
hairy in throat. Himalayas.
CYANOCOCCUS: Vaccinium Myrsinites.
CYANOPHYLLUM: Miconia magnified.
CYANOTIS. Commelinacese. Per. herbs with
creeping or weak sts., sheathing Ivs., and blue
or reddish fls. in scorpioid cymes or clusters;
native in warm parts of Old World? and grown
in greenhouses. Propagated by cuttings.
cristata. To 18 in., slender branched st. with erect or
ascending branches: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long, hairy
or glabrous: fls. in cymes inclosed by imbricated If.-sheaths.
Malasia to Trop. Afr.
somalie'nsis. Flowering sts. to 9 in. long; Ivs. narrow-
triangular, 13^ in- long, hairy: fls. in dense heads not
longer than If.-sheaths. Trop. Afr.
CYATHEA. TREE-FERN. Cyatheacex. Tree-
ferns with trunks 50 ft. or more high: fronds
evergreen, very large, usually 2-3-pinnate;
sori on back of segms., the indusium bursting
and persistent as a fringe: tropics and sub-
tropics. Propagated by spores. See Ferns.
dealbata. Trunk to 30 ft. high and 1^ ft- diam.: fronds
spreading horizontally, to 12 ft. long and 4 ft. broad,
yellowish-green above and powdery-white beneath. New
Zeul , Lord Howe Isls — Frequently cult.
DrSgei. Fronds bipinnate, glabrous. Afr.
ins ignis. Fronds very large, pinnce to 8 ft. long and
secondaries to 8 in. and pinnatifid, the ultimate lobes
oblong-obtuse and K iu. long. Jamaica.
medullaris. SAGO-FERN. Trunk to 50 ft. high and 2f£
ft. diam.: fronds curving, to 20 ft. long and 5 ft. broad,
dark green above, paler green beneath. New Zeal.
meride'nsis. Fronds 3-pinnatifid into narrow-lanceolate
segms. scaly on ribs beneath. Colombia.
TREE-FERN FAMILY. Five
genera of ferns with distinct trunks or sts.
native in warm regions on both sides of the
world: fronds pinnately compound, with sori
on bucks or margins: differs from Polypodiaceas
in technical characters of the sporangia. A few
genera are grown under glass, as Alsophila and
Cyathea. Those are planted in protected places
in the open in the warm parts of the country.
CYATHODES. Epacridaccdp. Shrubs from
Australia to Pacific Isls., having imbricated or
scattered Ivs. and small fls. solitary in the axils;
planted in Calif.
acer&sa. To 15 ft.: Ivs. linear or lanceolate, to % in.
long, stiff and pungent-pointed, margins recurved, glaucoua
beneath.
parvifdlia. To 4 ft.: Ivs. linear to lanceolate-subulate,
about y± in. long, very sharply pointed, glaucous or white
beneath, margins recurved: fls. to H in. long, on short
recurved pedicels, bracts few. Tasmania.
CYCADACE^E. CYCADS. Stiff evergreen plants
of slow growth and mostly with an unbranched
trunk at least when young, and stiff pinnate
or bipinnate lys. in a basal rosette or crown at
top, and dioecious fls. of which the stamina te are
in thick cones and the pistillate usually in heads.
The family is rich in fossil species. There are
9 trop. and subtrop. genera of which the fol-
lowing are known to hort.: Ceratozamia, Cycas,
Dion, Encephalartos, Macrozamia, Microcycas.
Zamia. In morphology cycads are considered
to be nearest the fern-allies of any of the spor-
pphytes or flowering-plants. The classification
is with the gymnospeVms. They are of slow
growth and maturity, and are grown for their
interest as well as for ornament. They are more
or less palm-like. In Cycas the seeds are mostly
4 or more ta each carpophyli whereas in the
other genera they are 2. Virgin plants in cult.
may be difficult to determine.
Cycas
227
Cydista
C'J'CAS. Cycadacese. About 16 species in
the Old World tropics, two of them well known
in cult, for the stiff glossy evergreen long foliage
which is pinnately divided and more or less fern-
like; pinnae with strong midrib. The Ivs. are
often cut for house decoration. See Cycadacese.
Cycads are grown in greenhouses or as specimen plants
out-of-doors in warm regions. They should be given
abundant moisture and partial shade. Propagated by
suckers which are taken when dormant and the leaves
removed; also by seeds sown in shallow boxes or benches
and covered with sand and potted off after germination.
Slanting sections of the trunk 2-3 inches thick may be
used for propagation; they should be dried a few aays,
then planted, and when new plants form they should be
repotted separately.
circinalis. Trunk to 12 ft. high: Ivs. to 8 ft. long; Ifts.
to 1 ft. long, flat on edges: fr. about size of walnut. Old
World tropics.
media. AUSTRALIAN NUT-PALM. Trunk to 18 ft.:
Ivs. to 4 ft. long; Ifts very many, to 8 in. long, straight or
somewhat curved, obtuse or pointed, keeled beneath or
margins flat : stammate infl. scales tapering into long spine.
Australia.
Micholitzii. Trunk subterranean: Ivs. to 10 ft. long,
pinna) 8-10 in., plane, twice forked. Cochin-China. — Has
been grown as Pseudocycas Afichohtzii.
Normanbyana. Trunk to 10 ft. or more: Ifts. to 8 in.
long, flat on edges. Australia.
revoluta. Trunk to 10 ft. high: Ifts. revolute or rolled
on edges: fr. about 1}$ in. long, somewhat flattened, red.
Japan. — Sometimes called "sago-palm," but it is not a palm.
Rumphii. Trunk to 20 ft.: Ivs. similar to C. media but
shorter and with fewer Ifts.: stammate infl scales truncate
or shortly acuminate. N Australia, Malasia. — Differs
from C. circinalia in its paler and thinner lanceolate Ifts.
and rarely attains maximum height in cult.
CYCLAMEN. Prinndacex. Low herbs with
large hard tuberous roots, heart-shaped basal
Ivs.. solitary nodding fls. borne on scapes,
witn purple, rose or white corolla-lobes strongly
reflexed; native in the Medit. region and Cent.
Eu., one a popular florists plant and a few
others sometimes grown out-of-doors.
Cyclamens respond best in a soil composed of 2 parts
leaf-mold, 1 part sand, and 1 part loam. They are very
sensitive to moisture conditions and will not thrive if
allowed to dry out or if water stands around the roots. A
moist atmoHphere is beneficial. Red-spider may be elimi-
nated by syringing the leaves on both sides several times
a week.
Tubers large enough to flower the first year may be
purchased from seedsmen. Seeds may be sown in Sep-
tember, wintered in a cool house, repotted in May, and in
July transferred into 5- or 6-inch pots in a shaded frame.
Before frost they should be taken indoors and grown m a
cool house through the flowering period.
africanum. Lvs. mottled above, pale beneath: fls.
white tinged rose or purple, purple at base, 1 in. long.
Algeria.
Atkinsii. Hybrid between C. count and C. ibericum: Ivs.
spotted with silvery-white: fls. pink or white marked with
red.
cilicicum. Similar to C. europseum but with larger pale
rose fls. purple in the throat. Sicily.
cdum. Fls. purple with spotted throat, the corolla-
lobes ovate, small, odorless, in autumn. S. Eu. to Persia.
europ&um. Fls. bright red, the corolla-lobes oblong or
ovate, very fragrant, on scapes 4-5 in. high, blooming in
summer and autumn. Cent, and S. Eu. Var. rdseum has
pinkish fls.
gr&cum. Lvs. obcordate, somewhat dentate: fls. rose,
deep purple at center, autumn-flowering, corolla-lobes
oblong-lanceolate. S. E. Eu.
hedereefdlium: C. indicum.
ibeiicum. Lvs. sometimes marked with white above:
fls. purple with darker throat, the corolla-lobes ovate.
Caucasus.
indicum (C. persicum. C. hederxfolium, C, macrophyl~
lum). FLORISTS C. Lvs. usually variegated with white:
fls. large, odorless, white or in shades of purple and rose,
dark purple at the mouth, the corolla-lobes oblong-lanceo-
late, on scapes 6-8 in. high. Greece to Syria. Var. gigan-
teum has larger fls. and many named forma are in the trade.
macro phy Hum; C. indicum.
magnlficum: a form of C. indicum with large white flfl.
spotted red.
neapolit&num. Fls. red or white (var. album), appearing
mostly before the Ivs. in summer or autumn, the corolla-
lobes ovate and eared at the base. Cent, and S. Eu.
persicum: C. indicum.
purpureum: a var. of C. indicum having large purple
fit*, marked with bluish.
repandum. Fls. purple with darker throat, the corolla-
lobes oblong or linear-oblong. Medit. region.
CYCLANTHACE^;. CYCLANTHTJS FAMILY.
Six trop. American genera comprise the family:
more or less herbaceous palm-like plants,
acaulescent or nearly so, with long-stalked Ivs.,
unisexual fls. in dense spadices subtended by
bract-like spathes resembling an aroid infl.,
and fr. composed of cohering carpels. Car-
ludovica and Cyclanthus are grown in green-
houses in cold countries; the genera differ in
technical botanical characters.
CYCLANTH&RA. Cucurbitaccse. Herbaceous
vines, ann. or per., above 30 species in the
warm parts of Amer. and extending north as
far as Kans., two of which are sometimes
grown for ornament and as screens, both ann.
or grown as such: moiurcious: Ivs. lobed or
compound: fls. very smnll{ yellow, white or
greenish, the pistillate solitary in axils and
staminate racemose or paniculate: fr. small,
scarcely fleshy, mostly spiny or setose. Grown
from seeds, as for gourds.
explodens. To 10 ft. or so, nearly glabrous: Ivs. ovate-
triangular to broad-oblong, 2 -3 in. long, 3-angled or -lobed:
fr. 1 in. or more long, usually curved, stout-spiny on one
side, bursting forcibly. N. S. Amer.
pedata. Glabrous, to 10 ft. and more: Ivs. with 5-7
narrow crenate-dentate Ifts.: fr. about 2 in. long, oblong,
with scattering prickles. Mex. south.
CYCLANTHUS. Cydanthaccx. Stemless
milky-juiced herbs resembling palms, the fls.
fragrant; 4 species in trop. Anier. Cult, as
for Carludovica.
bipartitus. Lvs. entire or 2-lobecl to base, the stalks to
6 ft. long: spathes of 4 yellow Ivs. Guiana.
CYCLOBOTHRA: Calochartus barbatus.
CYCL(5PHORUS. FELT-FERN. Polupodiacex.
Asian and Malayan ferns with usually simple
and entire fronds tomentose on back, leathery;
sori naked, covering back of fronds; much like
Polypodium and often so listed; for cult, see
Ferns.
Lingua (Niphobolus Lingua. Polypodium I^ingua).
TONGUK-FEHN. JAPANESE F. Fronds, including stipes, to
15 in. long, entire, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rusty
beneath. China, Japan and south. Var. corymb If erus,
CRESTED F., has fronds forked at the apex. Var. varie-
gatus is variegated.
CYCNOCHES. SWAN ORCHID. Orchidacex.
Trop. American epiphytes with elongated
pseudobulbs bearing plaited Ivs., and lateral
racemes: fls. of two sexes, sometimes similar,
often very different, the male fls. often with a
clawed lip having finger-like projections. Grown
in warm greenhouse; see Orchids.
chlorochilon. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, about 12 in. or
more long: racemes usually about 3-fld.; fls. large, about
6-6 in. across, yellow-green; lip ovate, convex, green or
whitish with dark green spot at base. July-Dec. Cent,
Amer., Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana.
CYDfSTA. Bignoniacese. One woody climber
native from W. Indies to Brazil and grown in
subtrop. regions. C. sequinoct&lis (mgnonia
aequinoctialis) . Lvs. of 2 ovate leathery wavy-
margined Ifts. to 6 in. long, and often a terminal
Cydista
228
Cymbidium
tendril: fls. showy ? white or purplish, to 3 in.
long, funnelform with rounded lobes, in racemes:
fr. linear, to 1 ft. long.
CYDdNIA. QUINCE. Rosacex. One de-
ciduous small much branching tree from Per-
sia and Turkestan grown for its edible fr. For
cult, see Quince. C. ob!6nga (C. vulgaris. Pyrus
Cydonia). To 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to
4 in. long, densely tomentose beneath: fls. white
or pale pink, to 2 in. across, solitary at the end
of leafy shoots of the season: fr. a pear-shaped
or apple-shaped tomentose pome to 3 in. or
more across, fragrant. For other names listed
as Cydonia see Chsenomeles, the Japanese or
Flowering quince.
CYLINDROPHtLLUM. Aizoacex. Very
succulent S. African plants separated from
Mesembryanthemum, having long nearly round
Ivs. and solitary terminal short-stalked yellow
or red fls.; stigmas 6-8.
Bainii: listed name.
calamif6rme (M. calami forme) . Sts. to 2 in., branched:
Ivs. to 3 in. long and H in. wide, curved and spreading,
grayish-green, finely punctate: fls. pale pink, yellowish-
white at base, to 3 in. across.
Comptonii. Plants compact, often 10 in. through and
5 in. high: Ivs. to 3^j in. long and % in. thick, erect: fls.
yellowish-white.
CYLINDROPUNTIA; see Opuntia.
CYMBALARIA. Scrophulariacex. Creeping
herbaceous perennials, native in the Old World,
often united with Linaria but differing in the
fls. axillary and solitary and the Ivs. palmately
veined,* a few are grown as ground-cover in the
greenhouse or in the open, or in vases and
hanging-baskets.
These plants are tender in the North but seed them-
selves freely; they thrive in moist and partially shaded
Eositions, as in greenhouses and about yards. Propagated
y division of the long stems, and by seeds.
fequitrfloba (Linana xqiutnloba) . Lvs. mostly opposite,
entire or slightly 3-5-lobed: fls. pale mauve with readish-
purple throat. S. Eu.
hepaticaef&lia (Linaria hepaticnefolia). Lvs. mostly
opposite, with 3-5 short or indistinct looes: fls. lilac-blue
with yellowish throat, about % in. long: caps, shorter
than sepals. Corsica.
muralis (Linaria Cymbalaria). KENILWORTH IVY.
Sts. trailing and rooting at the nodes: Ivs mostly alternate,
irregularly 3-7-lobed, glabrous: fls. lilac-blue, throat
yellowish, $4 in. long: caps, longer than sepals. Eu.,
nat. Ont. to Pa. — Common about greenhouses. Var. alba,
fls. white; globdsa is not stoloniferous; maxima, fls. large;
rdsea, fls. pale pink.
pallida (Linaria pallida). Sts. trailing or erect only at
first, to 4 in. high: Ivs. opposite, reniform or rotund, entire
or shallowly 3-5-palmatelv lobed, to % in. across, short-
pilose beneath and on petioles: fls. blue-violet with golden-
yellow palate, about ^ in. long: caps, as long as or shorter
than calyx. Italy. — Some of the material in cult, may be
C. muralis var. manma.
pildsa (Linaria pilosa). Pubescent: Ivs. opposite and
alternate, 3-11-iobedj fls. lavender with yellow throat:
caps, longer than sepals. Italy.
CYMBfDIUM. Orchidacese. Mostly epiphytes
with short pseudobulbous sts. and fls. in lateral
racemes, the sepals and petals similar, the lip
entire or 3-lobed and commonly with 2 keels.
Cult, in greenhouse mostly with intermediate
and often with cool temperature; sometimes
planted out. See Orchids.
albanense. Hybrid between C. erythrostylum and C.
insigne.
Alexander!. Hybrid between C. Veitchii and C. inngne.
Vars. aureura, roaeum and §pl6ndens are hybrids of similar
parentage.
aloif 61ium. Lvs. linear, broadly obtuse, to 1 H ft- l
fle. in many-fid, pendulous racemes to 23 in. long; sepals
and petals brownish-yellow with purple median stripe,
lip 3-lobed, brownish-red with yellow center. July-Aug.
India, Indo-China, Malaya.
bruglnse. Hybrid between C. \nsigne and C. Cooperi.
Coningsbyanum. Hybrid between C. grandiflorum and
C. inaigne.
Co&peri. Hybrid between C. intigne and Cyperorchit
Schroederi.
cyperifdlium. Lvs. very narrowly linear-lanceolate, to
30 in. or more long and M~Ji in- wide, somewhat canalicu-
late, acute: racemes shorter than Ivs., 3-7-fld.; fls. to 1H
in. across, fragrant; sepals and petals green becoming
yellow, lanceolate, spreading; lip green, streaked and
blotched with reddish-purple. Sikkim-Himalayas.
Deronianum. St. 2-5-lvd.: Ivs. oblanceolate, acute,
long-petioled, the blade to 14 in. long: infl. pendent, about
as long as the Ivs., many-fld.; sepals oblong-lanceolate, to
nearly 1 in. long, green or buff-yellow streaked with brown-
ish-purple; petals little shorter, lanceolate-elliptic, simi-
larly colored; lip obscurely 3-lobed, deep or light rose-
purple with a pair of darker spots near each margin. Mar.-
July. Himalayas.
eburneo-Lowianum: C. Veitchii.
eburneum. Lvs. linear, to 2 ft. long and % in. wide*,
fls. to 4 or 5 in. across, in 1-3-fld. racemes to 8 in. long,
fragrant, ivory-white, the lip with yellow center and 3-4
hairy keels. Mar.-June. Himalayas, Indo-China.
ensifdlium. Lvs. linear, acute, to almost 3 ft. long: fls.
in 3-12-fld. racemes to 20 in. long, greenish-yellow veined
with red-brown lines (rarely whitish), the lip with red-
brown spots. Oct.-Feb., May, Aug. India, Indo-China,
China, Japan, Malaya.
erythrostVlum. Pseudobulbs ovate-oblong, about 1 in.
long, severai-lvd.: Ivs. linear, acute, to 15 in. long, arching:
scape to 1H ft- long, 4-7-fld., suberect; sepals white, about
\% in. long; petals a little shorter, white; lip yellowish-
white, lined or dotted with red-purple; column about 1 in.
long, crimson. Nov. Indo-China (Annam).
Finlaysonianum. Lvs. strap-shaped, to 40 in. long and
almost 2 in. wide, obtuse: fls. in many-fld. pendent racemes
to 40 in. long; sepals and petals brownish-yellow sometimes
with a median red stripe; lip 3-lobed, spotted and marked
with brownish-red and with white and yellow on the disk.
Mar.-July, Sept.-Nov. Malaya, Indo-China, Philippines.
Var. atropurpureum has longer narrower Ivs. and purplish
sepals and petals.
gattonlnse. Hybrid between C. Lowianum and C.
Tracyanum.
giganteum. Lvs. linear, acute, to 30 in. long: fls. to 4 in.
across, fragrant, in 7-13-fld. arching racemes somewhat
longer than Ivs.; sepals and petals green- or brownish-
yellow lined with dark red-brown; lip 3-lobed, yellow
marked with red, the middle lobe wavy-margined. Sept.-
Oct., also winter months. Himalayas, Indo-China, China.
Gottianum. Hybrid between C. eburneum and C. insigne.
grandifldrum (C. Hookenanum). Lvs. ligulate, acute, to
25 in. long: fls. to 5 in. across, in racemes 2^-4 ft. long;
sepals and petals olive-green; lip 3-lobed, bright yellow
dotted with purple-brown. Sept.-Dec. Himalayas, China
Hanburyanum. Hybrid between C. erythrostylum and
C. Tracyanum.
Holfordianum. Hybrid between C. eburneum and C.
grandiflorum.
Hookenanum: C. grandiflorum.
I'Ansonii. Hybrid between C. Lowianum and C.
Tracyanum.
insfgne (C. Sanderi). Lvs. oblong-linear, acute, to 3^
ft. long and about % in. wide: fls. about 3^ in. across, in
10~15-fld. racemes to 6 ft. high; sepals and petals pale rose;
lip 3-lobed, light rose spotted with purple-red and with 2
yellow thickened lines. Feb.-Mar. Indo-China.
Lowgrlnum. Hybrid between C. Lowianum and C.
tiffrinum.
Lowianum. Lvs. linear, acuminate, to 2 ft. long: fls.
about 4 hi. across, in 10-25-fld. arching racemes; sepals
and petals greenish-yellow with red-brown lines; lip 3-
lobeo, yellow with crimson mid-lobe edged with pale yeuow.
Feb.-July. Burma. Var. cdncolor lacks the crimson on
the mid-lobe of the lip. Var. Mandniamim has yellow fls.
Ldwi-Schroftdera. Hybrid between C. Lowianum and
Cyperorchis Schroederi. ^
MAstersii: Cyperorchis MasUrsii.
Pauwelsii. Hybrid between C. Lowianum var. concolor
and C. intrigue.
, rosefleld6nse. Hybrid between C. grandiflorum and
C. Tracyanum. \
rfeseum. Habit of C. insigne: Ivs. ligulate, about 16 in.
long: fls. about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white dotted
with soft rose arranged in longitudinal lines; lip 3-lobed,
Cymbidium
229
Cypella
white with violet streaks and spots, to about 1 in. long,
blunt and tomentose. Java. — A confused name, another
C. roaeum being described from Annam.
Sanderi: C. inaigne.
Schldgelii. Hybrid between C. \nsigne and C. Wigan-
ianum.
Schroederi: Cyperorchia Schroederi.
tigrtnum. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, acute, to 6 in. long
and %, in. wide: fls. in 3-6-fld. racemes longer than the Ivs.;
sepals and petals olive-green; lip 3-lobed, the side lobes
yellow marked with red, the mid-lobe white spotted with
red. Burma, Indo-China.
Tracyanum Very similar to C. giganteum and C. grandi-
florum but with fls. to about 6 in. across and darker colored
than either. Oct.-Nov. Burma, Indo-China. Var. sup6r-
bum is listed.
Veitchii. Hybrid between C. eburneum and C. Lowianum.
Wiganianum. Hybrid between C. eburneum and C.
Tracyanum.
Winniinum. Hybrid between C. giganteum and Cyper-
orchia Maateraii.
Woodhamsianum. Hybrid between C. Lowianum and
C. Veitchii.
CYMBOP6GON. Gramineae. Mostly per.
grasses of tropics of Old World grown for the
oil from herbage and roots and sometimes for
ornament, differing from Andropogon in tech-
nical characters. See Grasses.
citratus. LEMOX-GRASS. Differs from C. Nardua in the
sterile spikelets linear rather than lanceolate. Known only
in cult.
Nardus. CITRONELLA-GRASS. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. fragrant,
to 3 ft. long and *A in. wide, glaucous: infl. to 2% ft. long.
Trop. Asia; nat. in trop. Amer.
Schoeninthus. CAMEL-HAY. Per. to 2 ft.: differs from
C. Nardua in the joints of the raceme hairy and concealing
the spikelets. N. Afr., 3. Asia.
CYME: a broad more or less flat-topped determinate
flower-cluster; with central flowers opening first.
CYMOPHYLLUS: Cores Fraaeri.
CYNANCHUM. Asclepiadacex. Per. herbs,
often shrubby and twining, with opposite lys.,
wheel- or bell-shaped fls. in clusters, and milk-
weed-like frs.; native in Eu., Asia and Afr.
Propagated in spring by division of roots.
Grown in any good garden soil.
acuminatifdlium (Vincetoxicum acuminatum. V. 30-
pomcum). MOSQUITO-TRAP. Erect, the tips of the sts.
perhaps with a viney habit: Ivs. arrow-shaped, gray-
pubescent beneath: fls. white, in summer. Japan. Var.
violaceum is a dwarf er form.
a$utum. Per. vine, or erect when young, to 4 ft.: Ivs.
ovate-acuminate, deeply cordate-lobed at base, to \\i in.
long: fls. white, fragrant, ^ in. across. Eu., W. Asia, N. Afr.
er Return: Maradenia erecta.
fuscatum (Vincetoxicum fuscatum). Similar to C.
nigrum, but of much smaller habit, briefly pubescent
throughout except on corolla and fr. Portugal to Asia
Minor.
nigrum (Vincetoxicum nigrum). BLACK SWALLOW-
WORT. Per. twining or at first erect, to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, entire, pubescent on veins: fls. reddish-
brown, to nearly ft in. across, pubescent within. Eu.,
escaped from cult, in N. E. U. S.
Vincet6xicum (Vincetoxicum officinale). Differs from
C. nigrum chiefly in its greenish-white and glabrous fls.
Eu.
Comvositas. Coarse herbaceous
thistle-like per. or oien. herbs with large lobed
or pinnately cut Ivs. and large terminal heads
of violet, blue or white disk-fls.; pappus plu-
mose; native in Medit. region and Canary Isls.
Two species are grown as garden vegetables. They need
rich "soil and abundant moisture. The cardoon is blanched
in much the same way as celery or endive. It is increased
by seeds and by suckers. The artichoke is propagated also
by division in early spring. Seeds give more variable results;
if sown early enough edible heads may be obtained the
same year, but usually not until the second year.
Cardunculus. CARDOON. To 6 ft. or more, cult, for its
edible root and thickened If.-stalks: Iva. grayish-green
above, white-tomentose beneath, spiny: heads purple, the
bracts of involucre spine-tipped. S. Eu.
Sc61ymu8. ARTICHOKE. To 5 ft.: Ivs. white-tomentose
beneath, scarcely spiny: heads purple, the receptacle en-
larged and fleshy and edible as are the thickened bases of
the unarmed involucral bracts. Probably derivative of
C. Cardunculus.
CtNODON (Capriola). Graminese. Per.
grasses, creeping and stoloniferous, and valu-
able for pastures and lawns in warm regions:
Ivs. short: spikelets one-sided, in slender spikes
borne in digitate clusters at ends of sts.: native
in Eu., Asia and Australia but now widely
spread and nat. See Grasses.
Dactylon. BERMUDA-GRASS. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long
and H in. wide, rough above: spikes to 2 in. long, spread-
ing, in clusters of 3-5. — Much used for lawns in southern
states.
CYNOGL6SSUM. HOUNDS-TONGUE. Bora-
ginaceae. Rather weedy mostly stiff-hairy herbs,
ann., bien. and per., mostly in the temp, zones,
with alternate simple Ivs. and blue, purple or
white small fls. in terminal one-sided racemes:
fr. a bur or "stick-tight": sometimes grown in
the flower-garden. Propagated by seeds.
amabile. Bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-oblong: fls. blue,
Yi in. long. E. Asia.
apennlnum: Solenanthus apenninus.
cheirifdlium. Bien. to 1% ft.; white-woolly: Ivs. oblpng-
spatulate, white-woolly on both sides: fls. reddish-violet
to whitish. S. W. Eu. and Medit. region.
coelestinum: Adelocaryum ccelestinum.
furcatum: C. zeylanicum.
glochidiatum; C. Walhchii.
grande. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. mostly basal, ovate or oval:
fls. blue or purple with white center, 1A in. long. Wash,
to Calif.
linifdlium: Omphalodea linifolia.
nerv&sum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong: fls. blue,
% in. across. Himalayas.
n6bile: Myoaotidium Hortenaia.
Virginian um. Per. to 2^ ft.: Ivs. oval or oblong: fls.
blue, about % in. across. N. J. to Fla. and La.
Wallichii (C. glochidiatum) . Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong
or lanceolate: fls. blue, y% in. long. Asia.
zeylanicum (C. furcatum). To 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong, silky-
hairy: fls. blue, y% in. long. India.
CYNOSURUS. Gramineae. Old World ann.
and per. tufted grasses with flat Ivs. and spikelets
in clusters forming a dense spike-like infl.; one
species sometimes grown in pastures. See Grasses.
cristatus. CRESTED DOGS-TAIL. Per. to 2^ ft.: Ivs. to
6 in. long and H in. wide: spikes to 4 in. long, appearing
crested because of the ciliate lemmas. Eu.; escaped in
E. N. Amer.
CYNTHIA: Krigia virginica.
CYNOXLYON: Comua florida.
CYPfiLLA. Iridaceae. Bulbous herbs with
both basal and st.-lvs. and yellow, orange or
blue fls. in clusters, the perianth-segms. free;
native of S. Amer. Differs from Iris and Morsea
in characters of stigma and anthers.
These bulbs may be grown in the greenhouse or set out
hi spring and stored indoors over winter. Propagated by
offsets or seed.
Herbertii. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear, 1 ft. long, plaited: fls.
yellow, 3 in. across, style appendages spur-like. Brazil,
Uruguay, Argentina.
peruviana. To 3 ft.: basal Ivs. disappearing before
blossoming, st.-lvs. 2-3, linear, to 9 in. long and ^ in. wide
at middle: fls. yellow spotted red-brown at base in narrow
transverse bands, to 3^ in. across, style appendages petal-
like and flat. Peru.
plat6n*is: name of no known botanical standing; the
material so listed is usually referable to C. plumbea.
plumbea. To 4 ft.: Ivs. sword-shaped, plaited, glaucous:
fls. bluish tinged with yellow, lasting only few hours. Trop.
8. Amer.
Cyperacece
230
Cypripedium
CYPERACE-flS. SEDGE FAMILY. Grass-like
herbs with slender solid usually 3-angled sts.,
Ivs. with closed sheaths, small green fls. borne
in spikes, perianth when present represented
by bristles or scales, 2-3 stamens, 1-celled ovary,
and fr. an achenc. Fls. not showy, but many
of the plants are attractive in form arid habit.
The family comprises about 75 genera, many of
them inhabiting swarnps and low places. Only
a few are cult., as Carex, Cyperus, Eriophorum,
Scirpus.
CYPERdRCHIS. Orchidacese. A small genus
of epiphytes formerly included in Cymbidium,
but differing in having numerous distichouslv
imbricated Ivs., narrow perianth-segms. which
are very little spreading, small terminal lobe of
lip, elongate column somewhat grown to the
lip and pyriforrn pollinia.
M&stersii (Cymbidium Mastersii). Lvs. linear, acute, to
30 in. long: fls. in G-10-fld. short racemes; sepals and petals
linear-oblong, ivory-white, about 2 in. long; lip 3-fobed,
white with few rose-purple spots and orange-yellow central
part of disk which bears 2 longitudinal ridges. Oct.-Dec.
Himalayas.
Schrodderi (Cymbidium Schroeden). Lvs. linear, obtuse,
to 24 in. long: fls. about 5, in racemes to about 1 ft. long;
sepals and petals green sometimes marked with red-brown;
lip 3-lobcd, bright yellow striped with red-brown. Indo-
China.
CYPfeRUS. GALINGALE. Cyperacex. Ann.
and per. herbs with grass-like Ivs. and bisex-
ual fls. borne in spikelets which are assembled
in heads or racemes arid these in turn often in
large terminal umbels; about 600 species of
wide distribution.
Grown in ponds, as pot-plants and the chufa for its
edible tubers. Propagated by division or by seeds sown in
spring or early fall. In C. aiternifohus the crown of leaves
may be cut off and set in sand or mow, and new plants will
form from the leaf-axils. The species in cultivation are
perennial.
adendphorus. Sts. to 2 ft., leafy below: spikelets stalked,
on secondary or tertiary rays in the umbel. Brazil.
alternifdlius. UMBRELLA-PLANT. Sts. to 4 ft., Iva.
reduced to sheaths: spiKelets sessile, on primary rays to
5 in. lontf, the umbels subtended by long Ivs. giving an
umbrella-like effect. Afr.; nat. in trorj. A rrier.— Requires
much rnoKsture at the root. Var. gra'cilis is a smaller plant
with shorter involueral IVH. Var. nan us is advertised. Var.
variegatus has Iva. and sts. lined with white.
escul£ntus. CHUFA. EAUTH- ALMOND. To 3 ft.: spike-
lets scsHilo, the large umbels subtended by long broad in-
volueral Ivs N. Amer , Ku , Asm. — Propagated in spring
by planting the little tubers or chufaa; the tubers are eaten
when dry and are food for chickens and pigs.
gra'cilis: C. altcniifohua var.
Haspan. Sts. to 3 ft , slender and tufted: basal Ivs.
much reduced, involueral Ivs. usually 2, to 3} 2 in. long and
Y\ in. wide. Atlantic coast from Va. southward, trop.
Amer , Medit. region, S. Asia and Australia, usually in
swarnps.
nata!6nsis. Sts. to 2 ft., often nearly leafless: epikelets
on rays to 7 in. long, the involueral Ivs. short. Natal.
PapVrus (Pnpi/rus antiquvrum) . PAPYRUS. Sts. to 8 ft.,
Ivs reduced to sheaths: spikelets sessile, uith many droop-
ing thread-like rays to 1*£ ft. long which are longer than
the involueral Ivs. S. Eu., Syria, Afr. — This is the paper
plant of the Egyptians; a stately plant for ponds, growing
in shallow water.
vegetus. Sts. to 3 ft., branching: Ivs. long, keeled be-
neath, rough: fls. in umbels subtended by 4-7 Ivs. Spain,
Portugal.
virens. Sts. to 3 ft., with long Ivs. to H in. wide: spike-
lets sessile, the rays from H~8 in. long. S. U. S. to S. Ainer.
CYPHOMANDRA. Solanaceae. Big herbs,
shrubs or small trees with large entire 3-lobed
or pinnately cut Ivs., wheel- or bell-shaped
fls. in racemes or cymes, and fr. a 2-ceiled
many-seeded berry; native in S. Amer.
One species is grown for its edible fruit in the open in
subtropical parts and occasionally in conservatories in the
North. Propagated by seeds sown under glass and the
plante treated as eggplants; also by cuttings of growing
shoots.
betacea. TREE-TOMATO. Somewhat woody tree-like
shrub to 10 ft., mostly soft-hairy: Ivs. cordate-ovate, to
1 ft. long: fls. pinkish, ft in. acroas, fragrant: fr. egg-shaped,
dull red, to 3 in. long, smooth, with slightly acid tomato-
like flavor. S. Amer.
frftgrans: Solarium insequale.
CYPRESS: Cupresaus, Taxodium. False-: Chamaecy-
par is. Standing-: Cilia rubra. Summer-: Kochia scoparia.
•Vine: Quamoclit pennata.
CYPRIPfeDIUM. LADY-SLIPPER. MOCCASIN-
FLOWER. Orchidaceae. Terrestrial orchids native
in the north temp, zone, with broad plicate Ivs.,
fls. solitary or in few-fld. terminal racemes, with
an inflated sac-like lip, column with 2 fertile
anthers, and 1-celled ovary. Grown in rock-
gardens or moist borders; see Orchids for cult.
The greenhouse "Cypripediums" belong to other
genera, as Paphiopedilum and Selenipedium,
which see.
acaule (Fissipcs acaulis). PINK L. To 10 (rarely to 17)
in. high, having 2 basal Ivs. to 8 in. long and 3 in. wide
(rarely to 11 in. long and 4^ in. wide): fls. solitary, to 5 in.
across; sepals and petals greenish-brown; lip rose veined
with darker crimson. May-July. Newf. to N. C. and Minn.
Var. a'lbum has hp white, usually veined with pink.
arietinum. RAMS-HEAD L. To 1 ft. high, with leafy sts.:
Ivs. 3-5, to 3j^ in. long and about 1M m. wide. fla. solitary,
with greenish-brown sepals and petals and crimson and
white lip which is inverted-conical in shape. May-June.
Que. to Mass., N. Y. and Minn.; also China.
Calcdolus (the yellow Lady-Slipper of Eurasia) var.
pube-scens (C. parmflorum. C. parviflorum var. pubescens.
C. pubescens). To about 22 in. high, ste. leafy: Ivs. to 8 in.
long, oval to elhptic-lanceolnte: fls. 1-2; sepals and petals
purplish-brown to green, petals more or less twisted; hp
yellow veined with madder-puiple. Apr. (in S.)-Aug. (in
extreme N.). N. Amer. — The form called C. parviflorum
is characterized by being usually smaller with smaller fls.,
deeper madder-purple sepals and petals, more twisted
petals. The form called C. parviflorum vai. pubescens or
C. pubescens is usually larger and more hairy than C.
parviflorum, with larger fls., greener sepals and petals and
less twisted petals.
calif ornicum. To 28 in. high, with leafy sts. : Ivs. to 6 in.
long, elliptic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, fls. to \% in. across,
3-7 in the axils of leaf-like bracts, with brownish-yellow
sepals and petals and white or rose lip spotted with brown.
May-July. Ore., Calif.
candidum. SMALL WHITE L. To 1 ft. high, with leafy
sts.: Ivs. 3 or 4, to 5J4 in. long and 1H in. wide: fls. solitary,
sepals and petals greenish veined with biown-puiple, hp
white with purple spots round the mouth and within.
May-June. N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., Mo. and Ky.
fasciculatum. BROWNIE or CLUSTERED L. To 16 in.
high: Ivs. 2 to a st., opposite, to 4)^ in. long and 3 (rarely)
in. wide: fls. about lj^ in. across, in 1-5-fld. congested
racemes; sepals and petals greenish veined with brown;
lip greenish-yellow veined with brown-purple. Apr.-Aug.
Mont., Colo., west to Calif., Ore., Wash.
hirsutum: C. Reginse.
jap6nicum. To 18 in. tall: Ivs. 2 to a st., transversely
rhombic-ovate, to 6 in. long, commonly broader than long:
fls. solitary, about 2^ in. across; sepals and petals greenish
spotted with red at base; lip whitish or rose spotted with
red. May-June. Japan, China.
macranthum. To 16 in. high, the sts. with 3-4 elliptical
Ivs.: fls. solitary; dorsal sepal, petals and lip pink to purple;
lateral (united) sepals greenish-brown. May-July. Siberia,
China, Japan, Formosa.
montanum. MOUNTAIN L. To 21 in. high, sts. leafy:
Ivs. to 6^ in. long and about 3 in. wide: fls. 4 in. across,
in 1-3-fld. racemes; sepals and petals reddish-brown; lip
white veined with purple. May-July. W, N. Amer.
parvifldrum: C. Calceolua var. pubescens.
passerlnum. SMALL WHITE L. To 1.3 % in. tall, st. leafy
and hairy: Ivs. 4-4J, lanceolate-elliptic, sticky-hairy, to
6 in. long: fls. solitary; sepals greenish, shorter than Up;
lip white, spotted with purple within, about ^ hi. long*
June-July. Canada and Alaska.
pub6scens: C. Calceolua var.
Reginae (C. spectabile. C. hirsutum)' SHOWY L. To about
30 in. tall, densely hairy, ste. leafy: Ivs. to 8% in. long and
4$i in. wide: fls. about 3 in. across, 1-2^ together; sepals
and petals white; lip white striped with rose or purplish.
June-(rarely) Aug. E. N. Amer. west to Minn, and Mo.
Cypripedium
231
Cytisus
specidsum. To 16 in. tall: Ivs. about 4-6 in. long and
2-3 in. wide, pubescent: fls. whitish or pink veined with
rose; sepals and petals l%-2% in. long. Japan.
spectabile: C. Regime.
CYRILLA. Cyrillacese. One shrub or tree
to 30 ft., native from Va. to W. Indies and S.
Amer. and planted for ornament in the S.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings under glass.
C. racemifldra. SOUTHERN LEATHERWOOD. De-
ciduous or more or less evergreen: Ivs. oblong,
to 3 in. long, shining above: fls. small, white,
in narrow axillary racemes to 6 in. long. June-
July.
CYRILLACE^. CYRILLA FAMILY. Three Amer-
ican genera of shrubs and trees bearing alternate
entire Ivs. and small bisexual fls. with 5 sepals
and petals, 5 or 10 stamens, superior 2-4-ceiled
ovary, and angled or winged frs. Cliftonia and
Cyrilla are planted.
CYRTANTHUS. Amaryllidacex. S. African
bulbous herbs with red or white fls. borne in
umbels, the perianth-tube two or three times
as long as segms.; may be grown out-of-doors
in S. U. S.
flammeus: listed name of form said to have fiery-red
fls , but not known botanically.
Iut6scens: C. ochroleucus.
Mackenii. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and K in. wide: fls. pure
white, 2 in. long, the umbels on stalks 1 ft. high. Var.
Codperi (C. lutescens var.) has umbels of 5-10 yellow or
cream-colored fls.
O'Brienii. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and M in. wide: fls. bright
scarlet, 1^ in. long, tube curved, the umbels on stalks
longer than Ivs.
ochroleucus (C. lutescens). To 15 in.: Ivs. linear, to
K m. wide and 1 ft. long: fls. yellow, to 2 in. long, in umbela
of 2-3, on pedicels to % in. long.
parvifldrus. Lvs. 1 ft. long, linear: fls. bright red, to
1^£ in. long, the umbels on stalks to 1 ft. long.
CYRTOMIUM. Polypodiaceae. Half hardy
or greenhouse ferns with simply pinnate fronds;
son large, scattered; native in Asia, Afr., Pacific
Isls.; differs from Polystichum in venation.
They are known with us mostly as glasshouse
ferns of simple cult. See Ferns.
Butterfieldii: a form of C. falcatum with cut segms.
caryotfdeum (Aspidium falcatum var. caryotideum) .
Differs from C. falcatum in the drooping habit and larger
tooihed segms. Japan, India.
falcatum (Aspidium falcatum. Polystichum falcatum).
HOLLY-FERN. Stiff, erect, fronds dark green, glossy, to
2% ft. long and 8 in. wide, segms. to 4 in. long, ovate,
edges entire or slightly wavy. Asia, S. Afr., Polynesia;
frequent in conservatories. Var. comp&ctum is dwarf.
F6rtunei (Aspidium falcatum var. Fortunei). Similar
to C. falcatum but fronds dull and with smaller lanceolate
segms. Japan.
Rochefordianum: a form of C. falcatum with deeply
cut segms.
CYRTOPODIUM. Orchidacex. Epiphytic or
terrestrial orchids with long plaited Ivs. and fls.
in lateral racemes or panicles, the sepals and
petals nearly equal, the lip 3-lobed. For cult,
see Orchids.
punctatum. Epiphyte with fusiform pseudobulbs up to
3 ft. long: Ivs. to about 2 ft. long and almost 2 in. wide:
sepals and petals greenish-yellow or bright yellow, strongly
undulate, irregularly spotted with madder-brown; lip with
narrow claw, yellow edged with red or madder-purple.
Feb -May. Fla. and trop. Amer.
cVRTOSIA: Galcola.
CYRT6STACHYS. Palmacese. Cespitose un-
armed monoecious ringed feather-palms mostly
with showy red petioles, sometimes grown
under glass and to be expected in S. Fla.; species
about 5, Malaya and Pacific Isls.: spadices
below the Ivs., or with the lower ones, panicu-
lately branched, the stout branches 1-2 ft. long;
fls. in 3's, the 2 staminate at the sides; stamens
6-12-15: fr. small and ovoid or long-ovoid.
Attractive as young specimens, making good
clumps, in trop regions. See Palm.
L&kka. Trunks to 15 ft., slender, smooth: Ivs. 4-5 ft.
long, grayish or glaucescent underneath; pinnae about 50,
to IJ-i ft. or more long, 1^ in. or less broad, gradually
long-pointed, with strong midrib and secondary veins
prominent; petiole and rachis red: drupe narrowly ovate-
conic, attenuate, about ft in. long, black with scarlet base;
seed ovoid. Borneo.
Renda. To 30 ft.: fr. ovoid or scarcely elongate, H in.
long; seed round; otherwise much like C. Lakka. Var.
Duvivierianum has bright red rather than dark brownish-
red petiole and rachis. Sumatra.
C YST6PTERIS (Filix) . BLADDER-FERN.
Polypodiaccx. Rock-ferns with delicate foliage
useful for rockeries and damp rocky protected
banks: fronds 2-4-pinnate; sori on bark on
veins, the indusia disappearing with age: native
of the north temp. zone. See Ferns.
bulbffera. BERRY B. BULBLWT B. Fronds to 2J£ ft.
long and 5 in. wide, dark green, 2-3-pmnate, long tapering,
segms. deeply incised, bearing bulb-like bodies on under
surface from which new plants may be propagated. Newf.
to Ga. and Ariz.
fragilis. BTUTTLE-FKKN. Fronds gray-green, to 10 in.
long, short-pointed, 2-3-pinnate, segms. deeply cut.
Widely distributed and variable; Greenland to Ga. and
Ala. and westward, and elsewhere.
CYTHEREA: Calypso.
CYTISUS. BROOM. Lcguminosx. Shrubs
with simple or trifoliolate deciduous or per-
sistent Ivs., sometimes the branches almost
leafless, papilionaceous mostly yellow but
sometimes purple and white fls. usually in
terminal racemes, and flattened pods; they
differ from Genista in the presence of an append-
age or slight protruboranoo on one side of the
seed base. Grown out-of-doors where hardy
and some forced in the greenhouse for early
spring bloom; many of them are very showy.
Brooms succeed in sunny positions in soil not too rich.
In the greenhouse they should be kept cool until ready for
forcing in January. Propagated by seeds, greenwood cut-
tings under glass, layers or grafting.
acutangulus. To 6 in., gray-pube.scent, with many stiff
sharp-angTed branches: IVH. simple, clustered, small: fls.
white, solitary or twin, before the Ivs. Asia Minor.
filbus (C. leucanthus. C. schiphicnsis. C. lusitanicus) .
To 1 ft.: Ifta. to % in. long: fls. yellowish-white to white, in
terminal heads, in summer. S. E. Eu. Var. pallidus has
pale yellow fls. — Some of the material in the trade under
this name is C. multijlorus or C. prycox.
alpinus: Laburnum alpinum.
Andreanus: C. scoparius var.
Ardolnii. Prostrate shrub to 1 ft.: If is. 3, linear-oblong,
to \i in. long, pubescent: fls. golden-yellow, to ^ in. long,
usually 1-3 at ends of lateral branchlcta: pod to % m. long,
very pubescent. S. France. — Not hardy N.
Attleyanus: C. canamensis var. ramosissimua.
austriacus. To 3 ft.: Iftw. to 1 in. long: fls. bright yellow,
in terminal heads. July-Aug. S. E. Eu. Var. H6uffelii,
a more slender shrub with smaller Ifts.
Battandierl. Spineless shrub, branchlets appresbcd sil-
very-pilose becoming glabrous: Ivs. on petioles 1 in. long,
densely silvery-hairy; fits, broadly obovate, to 1 M m. long,
obtuse, often mucronulate: fls. yellow, about H m. long,
in dense elongated racemes: pod ascending, linear-lanceo-
late, laterally compressed, to nearly 2 in. long, silvery-
villous. Algiers.
Beanii. Hybrid between C. Ardoinii and C. purqans,
partly prostrate, to 16 in. high, Ivs. simple, linear, to H in.
long, hairy.
Burkwoodii. Listed as growim? to 4-5 ft., fls. deep
garnet-red, in long sprays. Probably a hort. hybrid.
canariensis (Genista canariensis) . GENISTA of florists.
Evergreen, much branched, to 6 ft.: Ifts. to \% in. long:
SB. bright yellow, fragrant, in terminal short racemes,
Cytisw
232
Cytisus
spring and summer. Canary IsI0, Var. ramosfesifflUS (C.
ramosissimus. C. Attleyanus) has very small Ifts.
capitltus: C. supinus.
Carlifcri: C. nigricans var. elongatus.
ciliAtus. Similar to C. hirsutus but less pubescent on
Ivs. and pods. S. E. Eu, Var. Grtsebachii (C, ponticus)
is more pubescent than type.
DAllimorei. Hybrid between C. multiflorus and C.
scopanus var. Andreanus: fls. yellow, tinted with pink,
wings crimson,
dalmiticus: Genista silvestris var. pungent.
decumbens (C. kumifusa. Genista prostrata). Prostrate,
to 8 in.: Ifts. to % in, long: fls, yellow, axillary along
branches. May-June. 8. Eu.
diffusus. Similar to C. decumbens but nearly glabrous
throughout and taller. S. Eu.
elongatus. To 5 ft.: Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. yellow marked
with reddish-brown, axillary. Cent, and 8, E. Eu.
emerifldrus (C. glabrescens). Shrub to 2 ft., rarely 3^:
Ifts. to % in. long, elliptical-oblong: fls. golden-yellow: pod
to 1M in. I°n8» Alps.
filipes (C. palmensis). Branches thread-like: fls. white,
fragrant, axillary along the branches, in spring. Teneriffe.
fragrans (Genista fragrans. Spartocytisus nubigenus).
Lfts. densely pubescent: fls. white, fragrant, axillary, in
epring. Tenenfte,
fulgens: probably C. scoparius var.
glabr6scens: the true C. glabrescens is probably not in
cult.; see C. emerijlorus.
Grteebachii: C. aliatus var.
hirsutus (C. leueotriehus). To 2 ft.: Ifts. to # in. long,
hairy above: fls. yellow, axillary, May-June: pod villoua.
S. E. Eu.
humifusa: C. decumbens.
kew^nsis. Hybrid between C. Ardainii and C. mul&
florus: procumbent to 1 ft. high: Ivs. sometimes simple but
usually of 3 linear-oblong soft-pubescent Ifts.: fls. creamy-
white or pule yellow, ^ in. long, on slender branches. May.
Var. purgans is C. purgans.
Laburnum: Laburnum anogyroidea.
leucanthus: C. albus.
Ieuc6trichus: C. hirautu*.
Iinif61iu8. To 3 ft.: Ifts. t9 1 in. long, silvery-pubescent
beneath: fls. bright yellow, in racemes, in spring. Spain,
N, Afr., Canary Isls.
lusitanicus: C. albus.
maderfinsis. Evergreen, to 20 ft.: Ifts. to l/{ in. long:
fls. bright yellow, slightly fragrant, in terminal and lateral
racemes, spring. Madeira. Var. magnifolidsus (C. eteno-
petalus) lias larger Ivs. and racemes.
monspessulanus. Evergreen, to 10 ft.: Ifts. to % in.
long: fls. bright yellow, fragrant, in short racemes at the
tips of lateral branchlets, in spring. S. Eu.
multiflorus (Spartium multiflorum). WHITE SPANISH B.
To 3 ft.: Ifts. to ^ in. long: ns. white, axillary, in spring.
Spain, N. Afr. Var. albus is listed. Var. incamatus haa
fls. slightly blushed.
newreytois: listed name of a form with creamy-yellow
and mahogany-red fls., probably a hort. hybrid whose
generic position is in doubt as it may be a Genista.
nfgricans. To 4 ft,: Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. yellow, in long
slender terminal racemes. July-Aug. Cent, and S. E. Eu.
Var. elongatus (var. longespicatus, C. Car/ieri) bloomc
again in fall.
palme'nsis: C.fittpet.
pilosa: Genista pilota.
p6nticus: C. ciliatut var. Grisebackii.
prfccox. Hybrid between C. multiflorus and C. purgans:
to 10 ft.: Ifts, to l/i in, lone: fls. yellow, numerous along the
branches, in May. Var. albus, fls. white. Var. luteus, fls.
yellow.
prfaticus: listed name.
procumbens. Differs from C. decumbens in being more
pubescent and growing to 2^ ft. high. S. Eu.
woliferus. To 12 ft.: Ifts. to lj^ in. long: fls. white,
axillary, spring and early summer. Canary Isls.
pfagans. To 3 ft., much branched: Ivs. simple, to \^ in.
long: fls. yellow, fragrant, axillary . May-July. Q. Eu., N. Afr.
purpureus. To 2 ft., procumbent: Ifts. to 1 in, long: fls.
purple, white or pink in some forms, axillary along the
branches, in May. S. Austria. Var. elongatus (var. pendu-
M. branchlets long and slender. Var. erectus, upright
habit. Var. incarnatus is listed as semi-trailing with purple fls.
racemdsus (Genista racemosa). Evergreen, to 6 ft.: Ifts.
to Y± in. long: fls. yellow, in long racemes, late spring.
Probably hybrid.
radiatus: Genista radiata,
ramosissimus: C. canariensis var.
ratisbontasis. To 6 ft.: Ifts. to 1^ in, long: fls. bright
yellow, axillary along the branches. May-June. Eu.,
W. Asia.
ruthlnicus of lists is probably C. hirsutus.
sagittalis: Genista sagittalis.
schipkaensis: C. albus.
scoparius (Genista scoparia, Spartium scoparium).
SCOTCH B. To 10 ft.: Ifts, to H in- long: fls. yellow, solitary
or in pairs in the axils, spring and summer, Eu.; nat. in
N. Amer. Var. Andreanus (Genista Andreana) has yellow
fls. with dark crimson wings. Var. fulgens. fls. bright cop*
per-orange. Var. prostratus (var. pendulus) branches pros-
trate. Var. strlctus is of more columnar habit. Var.
suecicus is listed as more hardy than type.
sessilifolius. To 6 ft.: Ifts.t to ^ in. long: fls bright
yellow, in short racemes at tip 01 lateral branchlets, in
June. S. Eu., N. Afr,
Spachiinus (Genista Spachiana). Differs from C. canari-
enm in its taller habit, obovate-acuminate Ifts., and some-
what more elongated racemes. Canary Isls.
spin6sus: confused name.
stenope"talus: C. maderensis var. magnifoliosus.
suplnus (C. capitatus. C. uralensis). To 3 ft., twigs
villous, sometimes procumbent: Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls.
yellow fading brownish, in terminal heads, in summer. Eu.
triflftrus (C. villosus). To 8 ft,, sts. striate-angular be-
coming terete: Ifts. elliptic to obovate, mucronate, villous
beneath, stipules absent: fls. axillary, nodding in clusters
of 1-3, spring: pod to 1 in. long. W. Medit. region.
urallnsis: C, supinus.
versfcolor. Hybrid between C. purpureus and C. hirsu-
tus: to 3 ft.: fls. with light purple keel, yellowish wings and
whitish standard.
villosus: C.triflcrus.
Watered* Laburnum Watereri.
W^ldenii: Petteria ramentacea.
D
DABOECIA. Ericaceae. One evergreen heath-
like little shrub suitable for rock-gardens but
requiring winter protection in the N. It does best
in a peaty soil. Propagated by seeds and by
cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass. D.
cantabrica (D. and Menziesia polifolia). IRISH-
HEATH. To 2 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to }/% in. long,
shining above, white-tomentose beneath: fls.
purple, l/2 in. long, nodding, in terminal racemes
from June-Oct. W. Eu. In var. dlba the fls. are
white, atropurpurea deep purple, bfcolor (var.
versicolor) striped with white and purple, pallida
(var. rosed) rose-phik. Var. nana is dwarf with
smaller Ivs.
. Podpcarpacex. Evergreen trees
or shrubs with scale-like Ivs. or linear on young
specimens, dioacious fls.. and nut-like seeds
surrounded by an aril; about 16 species in the
southern hemisphere; grown in Calif. For
cult, see Conifers.
cupre'ssinum. RIMU. Tree to 100 ft., with long graceful
drooping branches when young: Ivs. ^ in. and less long and
decurrent in young state, about H in. long on mature
parts: nutlet about Y% in. long, in an aril. New Zeal.
Frfinklinii. HUON-PINE. Tree to 100 ft., with short
horizontal branches and drooping branchlets: Ivs. scale-
like and imbricated, about H* in. long: cones very small,
with 4-8 scales. Tasmania.
DACTYLIS. Gramineae. Tall per. grasses
with flat Ivs. and spikelets in dense clusters
borne in open branched panicles; native of
Eu. and Asia and one grown as hay, forage
and pasture grass. See Grasses.
glomerata. ORCHARD-GRASS. COCKS-FOOT. To 4 ft.,
tufted: Ivs. to 9 in. long and ^ in. wide: panicles to 8 in.
long. Widely nat. in N. Amer. Var. variegata has Ivs.
striped with silver and may be grown for ornament.
DACTYL(3PSIS. Aizoacex. One succulent
plant from S. Afr. D. digitata (Mcsembryanthe-
mum digitatum). Stemlcss, forming clumps:
Ivs. alternate and sheathing at base, cylindrical,
to 3 in. long and % in. thick, soft and pulpy:
fls, solitary, terminal, white, to % in. across,
the petals stiff and filiform; stigmas 5.
DJEDALACANTHUS: Eranthemum.
D^M6NOROPS. Palmacex. Many palms
of trop. Asia and beyond, most of them climbing,
probaoly not successfully grown within pur
territory. They differ from Calamus in technical
characters of spathes and fls.; very spiny.
DAFFODIL: Narciasw.
DAHLIA (Georgino). Composite. Strong
tender per. herbs, sometimes tall and tree-
like in form, much branched, with large under-
ground tubers, from mts. of Mex. and Guate-
mala, popular for the showy heads in red, purple,
yellow and white, characteristic ornamentals
of autumn and late summer: Ivs. pinnate to
3-pinnate, differing on the same plant: rays
large and showy, pistillate or neutral, now
developed into narrow, rolled and quilled forms;
heads often full double, compact and ball-like.
Dahlias require a full seasons growth, and if the soil
is very rich they may not give much bloom before frost in
northern regions; rather open "quick" soil, as a light loam
suitable for corn or general garden purposes, produces good
results, and any fertilizer that may be employed in the year
of cultivation should be quickly available. Water must
be supplied freely.
The customary propagation by the home gardener is
by planting separately each tuber in the cluster. Care
must be taken not to injure the crown. Only one stalk or
trunk should be allowed, after danger from cutworms and
early accidents is past. The cluster of tubers is carefully
lifted in autumn as soon as the bloom is past, dried in the
sun after the tops are removed, and stored in the cellar
as are potatoes. The tubers are laid on the side when planted
and covered about 6 inches deep. Plants are commonly
set about 3 or 4 feet apart. The tall varieties may need
staking, as they are likely to be tipped over and broken by
wind; but if the tip or center of trie plant is pinched out
after two or three joints have grown, it may stand alone.
Some of the races of dahlia are grown readily from seeds,
which, in the North, may well be started under glass. The
single dahlias come well by this method and give good
bloom the same year in late summer and autumn. The
plants produce tubers, and these may be employed for
further propagation, or a new lot may be grown each year
from seed.
For more rapid propagation and particularly for the
perpetuation of named varieties, cuttings may be employed.
These cuttings may be made of strong stems, cut just below
a joint, or by the sprouting of tubers; in either method, the
work should be carried under glass and the young plants
kept growing until time for setting out m spring. The stem-
cutting produces shoots, which should be severed from the
cutting when 4 or 5 inches high and treated as independent
plants. If roots are employed, they may be placed whole in
heat and the shoots taken off and grown independently.
The named varieties are now very many, and there is a
special literature about them. Fanciers may be associated
with the American Dahlia Society.
arbdrea: D. excelsa.
cocclnea. Rather slender, 3-4 ft., st. glaucous: pinnae
or ultimate Ifts. ovate-acuminate and sharp-serrate, the
rachis narrowly bordered or wingless: rays typically 8
(single), short, broad and nearly or quite obtuse (about
1^4 in. or less long), scarlet on upper surface and lighter
underneath. Mex.
exc£lsa (D. arborea). FLAT TREE D. To 20 ft. or more,
st. somewhat woody and glaucous: ultimate Ifts. ovate-
acuminate, coarsely few-toothed or practically entire:
heads erect, opening flat, 4-5 in. across, rays about 8, pur-
plish or crimson-pink. Mex. — Little known within our
limits.
glabrata: D. Merckii.
imperialis. BELL TREK D. CANDELABRA D. Sts. few,
often single and not greatly branched, to 20 ft., more or
less woody: ultimate Ifts. ovate, rather sharply and finely
serrate or toothed: heads nodding, 4-7 in. across, bright
lilac or light reddish, rays about 8 and forming a bell-
shaped corolla-like bloom. Mex. — Thrives in S. Calif.,
ana can be fld. in the N. if tubbed and taken inside in
autumn.
Juarlzii. CACTUS D. To 4 ft. or so: double or semi-
double, most or all the long rays with recurved margins,
irregular in length and overlapping, usually brilliant scar-
let. Intro, from Mex ; commonly said to be a hybrid, but
this origin is undetermined; see D. Popenovii.
Maxonii. Tree dahlin, to IS ft., becoming more or less
woody: ultimate Ifts. lanceolate and conspicuously long-
acuminate, dentate: heads erect, rays 8, opening flat,
lavender-pinkish or lilac, ovate, to 2 in. long. S. Mex.,
Guatemala, where it is used for hedges. — Runs into white
and also double; has bloomed in S. Calif.
MSrckii (D. glabrata). BEDDING D. Slender and gla-
brous, 2-3 ft., with finely cut foliage: ultimate Ifts. or segms.
1-2 in. long and nearly as broad, mostly few-toothed or
-serrate, more or less blunt: heads erect, 1-2 in. across,
rays (single) lilac, short and nearly or quite obtuse. Mex.
pinnata (D. rosea. D. variabilii). COMMON or GARDEN D.
Bush dahlia to 4 or 5 ft.: ultimate pinnso ovate, crenate-
dentate, grayish underneath, rachis more or less winged:
heads horizontal or somewhat nodding. 2-4 in. or more
across, much doubled and modified ana various in color;
rays probably originally 8 and rose-color or lilac. Mex. —
Now runs into numerous forms in several classes.
Popendvii. A single-fid, bush dahlia, 3-4 ft.: ultimate
Ifts. or segms. ovate to oblong-ovate, sparsely hairy,
dentate: heads erect or at length recurved or nodding, to
3H in. across; rays 8, single and of the cactus type, long
ana narrow-revolute, scarlet or cardinal. Guatemala. —
Supposed ancestor of the cactus dahlias (D. Juareni); it
has been raised in this country.
rosea: D. pinnata.
variabilis: D. pinnata.
Zimapanii: Cosmos atrosanouineus.
233
Dahlia 234
DAHLIA, CLIMBING-: Hidalgoa Wercklei. Sea-:
Coreopsis (Leptosyne) manhma.
DAHOON: Ilex Casaine.
DAlS. Thymclxacex. Deciduous shrubs with
simple Ivs. and bisexual fls. in terminal heads,
the tubular calyx corolla-like; one species is
grown out-of-doors in S. Calif, and 8. Fla.
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood.
cotinifdlia. To 18 ft.: Ivs. obovate or oblong, 2 J^ in.
long: fl.s. pink, fragrant, % m. long, hairy outside, the
heads long-stalked. S. Afr.
DAISY: Chrysanthemum. African: Arctotis stxchadi-
folia, Lonas inodora. Bar be ton: Verbena Jamesorni. Blue:
Felicia amrlloides. Carmel: Rcabiosa prohfera. Dahlberg:
Thymophylla tenuiloba. English: Belhs perennts. Globe-:
(Jlobulana tnchosanlha. Michaelmas: Aster Orange: Eri-
yeron aurantwicuft. Seaside: Enyeron glaucus. Swan Riven
Urachycome iberidi folia. Tahoka: Marharanthera taruiceti-
foha. Transvaal: Cierberia Jameson n. True: Belha perennis.
Turfing: Matncana Tclntialchewii. White: Layia glandu-
loaa. Yellow: Itudbeckia hirta.
DAISY-TREE: Olearia.
DALBfiRGIA. Leguminosx. Trop. trees or
climbing shrubs with alternate pinnate Ivs.,
small papilionaceous fls. in terminal or axillary
panicles, and flattened pods; many species furnish
valuable timber. Only one intro. into the sub-
trop. parts of the U. S. Propagated by seeds or
cuttings.
SIssoo. Hissoo. Deciduous tree to 80 ft.: Ivs. of 5 nearly
orbicular abruptly acuminate Ifts.: fla. yellowish-white,
in short axillary panicles: pods to 4 in. long. India.
DALE A (Parosela). Leguminosx. Herbs or
shrubs native to N. and S. Ainer.. mostly in
dry and sometimes desert locations: Ivs. pinnate
or simple, glandular-dotted: fls. papilionaceous,
purple, white or yellow, in spikes or racemes.
Sometimes transferred to grounds.
aurea. Per. to 1^ ft., pubescent: Ifts. 5-9, to % in.
long, Hilvory, the upper reduced: fls. yellow, in spikes to
3 in. long. S. D. to Tex.
enneandra. Per. to 3} a ft.: Ifts. 5-11. M in. long, glab-
rous: fls. white, in spikos to 4 in. long. N. D, to Tex.
frutescens. To 2 ft., shrubby: Ifts. 13-17: fls. violet, in
spikes to ?4 in. long. Tex. to Mex.
Sch6ttii. To 8 ft., shrubby, somewhat spiny: Ivs.
simple, linear, to 1^ m- long: fls. dark blue to purplish, in
racemes to 4 in. long. Colorado desert, Calif, to Lower
Calif.
spinftsa. SMOKE-TREE. Characteristic ash-gray shrub
or small tree of the Colorado desert, to 25 ft , \\ith few Ivs.
that soon full leaving a bare very stiff-spiny effect: fls.
violet-purple.
DALECHAMPIA. Euphorbiacex. Trop. mon-
oecious shrubs, usually climbing, with alternate
simple Ivs. and small fls. without petals borne
in dense clusters with 2 colored involucral bracts;
one species grown in the greenhouse. Propagated
by cuttings.
Roezliana. To 4 ft., erect, much branched: Ivs. ob-
lanceolate, 0 in or more long, entire or with coarse teeth
above middle: fls yellow; bracts rose, to 2>a in. long,
toothed. Mex. Var. alba has white bracts.
DALIBARDA. Rosaccx. One simple-lvd.
per. herb native in N. E. N. Amcr.. with stature
of a violet, sometimes transplanted to the rock-
garden or border where it grows well in sheltered
positions in rich or woodsy soil. D. ripens
(Riibus Dalibarda). Tufted and creeping, pubes-
cent: Ivs. heart-shaped, to 2 in. across, wavy-
toothed: fls. white, to J-2 m- across, 1-2 at tip
of scape. June— Sept.
DAMNACANTHUS. Rubiacex. A small
genus of Asiatic shrubs with rigid much branched
spiny sts., small subsessile Ivs., and white funnel-
Dapkne
shaped 4-5-lobed fls. solitary 01 in pairs in axils
of Ivs. D. Indicus. To 5 ft. : Ivs. ovate, H~/4 in.
long, acuminate, nerves obscure: fls. to % in.
long, on short pedicels: fr. a small globose drupe
to y% in. diam. E. India to Japan.
DANAE. Liliacex. One evergreen shrub
native in S. W. Asia and sometimes planted
as an ornamental. D. racemdsa (Ruscus race-
mows). ALEXANDRIAN-LAUREL. To 3 ft.:
Ivs. scale-like, the apparent Ivs. being modified
branches to 4 in. long and 1 in. wide: fls. white,
small, in short terminal racemes : fr. a red berry.
For D. androgyna, see Semele.
DANDELION (Taraxacum officiruile). The
common dandelion is often gathered for greens.
Improved large-leaved horticultural forms are
grown as an autumn and spring vegetable, the
plants attaining a large size and the leaves more
tender. The seed may be selected from the best
field-growing plants, but it is better to purchase
the French seed of seedsmen. Sow in spring in
well-manured soil, either in drills or in hills 1 foot
apart. A cutting of leaves may be had in Sep-
tember or October, and some of the stools may
stand until spring. The delicacy of the leaves
may be improved by blanching them, either by
the use of boards or earth. The plant is usually
not left the second year.
DANGLEBERRY: Gaylussacia frondosa.
DAPHNE. Thymelxacex. European and
Asian shrubs, sometimes evergreen, with al-
ternate (unless noted opposite) simple and entire
Ivs., white, purple or lilac bisexual fls. in short
racemes or clusters, often preceding the Ivs.,
and fr. a little drupe; grown out-of-doors or
under glass; some of them are very low and
good for borders or rockeries. Most of them are
hardy to N. Y. and New England.
A well-drained light soil is best or for forced plants a
compost of peat and loam. Propagated by seeds sown at
once or stratified; by soitwood cuttings or the evergreen
species by hardwood cuttings taken in fall and carried till
spring in a cool greenhouse; or by giafting in winter on
seedling stocks or roots. Layers may also be employed;
compost should be used in place of soil for 2 or 3 inches
about the plant, removed the following Bpring and the small
white buds planted in pots of fine soil.
alpina. From G in. to l^i ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 1>£ in.
long, pubescent: fla. white or pinkish, fragrant, in terminal
clusters. May- June. Eu.
altaica. Small deciduous shrub: Ivs. oblanceolate to
oblong, to 2^ in. long, glabrous: fls. wlu'te, little scented,
few in terminal clusters. May and June. Siberia.
arbuscula. Shrub to 6 in., differing from D. petraea in its
redder branchlets, Ivs. to 1 in. long, margins revolutc, and
fls. to Y% in. across. Hungary.
Blagayana. To 1 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to \y± in. long: fls.
creamy-white, fragrant, in terminal clusters in early spring.
Mts. of Eu.
Burkwoodii (D. Burkwoodii Somerset). Hybrid of D.
caucasica and D. Cneorum, a compact bush with oblanceo-
late or narrowly oblong Ivs. and profusion of blush-white
fragrant fls. in spring; hardy. _
cannabina. To 8 ft , branchlets soon becoming glabrous:
Ivs. oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, short-petioled, glab-
rous: fls. white, purple or yellowish, in terminal and lateral
bracted heads, fragrant: fr red or orange. Himalayas.
caucasica. To 5 ft. or more, deciduous: Ivs. oblanceolate
to lanceolate, to nearly 2 in. long: fls. white, pubescent
outside, fragrant, in terminal heads. Caucasus.
Cnedrum. To 1 ft., with trailing branches, evergreen:
Ivs. to 1 in. long: fls. pink, fragrant, in terminal clusters in
early spring. Mts. of Eu. Var. alba, fls. white. Var.
major has larger fls. Var. variegata, foliage variegated.
collma. Erect shrub to 3H ft., evergreen: Ivs. obovate
to oblanceolate. to nearly 2 in. long, smooth above, pubes-
cent beneath: fls. deep rose, to H »n. across,, in 10-15-fld.
heads. Italy, Asia Minor. Var. neapolitana (D. neapolitana)
Ivs. glaucous beneath, fls. fragrant: considered by some aa
Daphne
235
Date
a hybrid of D. collina and D. Cneorum, but found through-
out the range of the typical form.
Dauphinii: D. hybrida.
Fioniana: D. hybrida.
F6rtunei: D. Genkwa.
Genkwa (D. Fortunei). To 3 ft., deciduous: Ivs. opposite,
to 2 in. long: fls. lilac, in clusters along branches of previous
year, before the Ivs.: fr. white and attractive. China.
Gnfdium. To 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. linear-lanceolate:
fls. yellowish-white, fragrant, in terminal panicles. S. Eu.
hybrida (D. Dauphinii. D. Fioniana). Hort. hybrid of
D. odora and D. collina: Ivs. to 3% in. long, elliptic- oblong,
usually glabrous beneath: fls. very fragrant.
indica rubra: D. odora var. rubra.
Laurdola. SPURGE-LAUREL. To 3 ft., evergreen: Ivs.
oblanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. yellowish-green, in almost
sessile racemes, in early spring. S. Eu., W. Asia. Var.
Philippii (D. Phihppn) has obovate Ivs. to 2 in. long; fls.
violet on outside, fragrant. Pyrenees.
Mezereum. To 4 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 3 in. long: fls.
lilac-purple, fragrant, in clusters along branches of previous
year, in early spring before the Ivs.: fr. scarlet. Eu , W.
Asia. Var. £lba has white fls. and yellow fr. Var. grandi-
fldra has larger fls. Var. rubra, fls. reddish-purple.
neapolitana: D. collina var.
odora. To 4 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in. long: fls. white to
purple, very fragrant, in dense terminal clusters, very
early. China, Japan. In var. marginata the Ivs. are bor-
dered with yellow. Var. filba, fls. white. Var. rubra has
wine-red fls. Var. variegata, Ivs. edged yellow, fls. pale pink.
oleoides. To 3 ft., pubescent, evergreen: Ivs. elliptic,
obovate to lanceolate, to l^j in. long, becoming glabrous
above: fls. white or pale lilac, pubescent outside, about
% in. long. Medit. region; not hardy N.
petr&a. To 6 in , much branched, evergreen: Ivs. ^ in.
long, margins entire and not revolute: fls. rose, fragrant, to
% in. across, in terminal clusters, in June. S. Tyrol. Var.
grandifldra has larger fls.
Phflippii: D. Laureola var.
retusa. Shrub to 3 ft., evergreen: Ivs. oblanceolate,
obtuse or more often eniarginatc, glabrous, to 3 in. long:
fls. white, tinged rose or violet, to % in. long, fragrant, in
many-fld. terminal heads: fr. red. W. China.
serfcea. Shrub to 2 ft , evergreen: Ivs. lanceolate to
oblanceolate, to % in long, glabrous abovo, usually pubes-
cent beneath, crowded at branehlet ends: fls. rose, to *{ in.
long, in 3-8-fld. heads. Sicily, Crete, Asia Minor — Plants
cult, under this name are usually D. collina, from which
this species is distinguished by its shorter Ivs. and heads
of fewer fls.
striata. Shrub to 9 in.: Ivs. oblanceolate, at ends of
branchlets: fls. rose-pink, usually 8-12 in terminal heads.
Eu.
sureO. To 9 ft. or more, sts. ascending, twigs white-
tomentose becoming glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, to 5 m. long, acute, base wedge-shaped, margins
somewhat wavy, petiole nearly }4 in. long: fls. ivory-white,
to 1 \n. long, usually 12-20 in lax head, lobes triangular
with revolute margins: fr. orange-red, to % in. long. India.
DAPHNIPHtLLUM. Euvhorbiacex. Smooth
evergreen small trees or shrubs with simple
leathery Ivs., dioecious fls. without petals borne
in axillary racemes, and fr. a 1-seeded drupe.
The one species mostly planted in this country (D.
macropodum) withstands several degrees of frost but re-
quires winter protection; it is a small tree or shrub for the
southern states and California. Propagated by cuttings or
seeds if procurable.
humile. To 5 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to oblong, to 5 in. long: fr.
dark blue. Japan.
macrdpodum. To 30 ft. and more: twigs red: Ivs. ob-
long, to 8 in. long: racemea to 4 in. long: fr. black, with a
bloom. China, Japan.
DARLINGT ONIA. Sarraceniacex. One per.
insectivorous herb native in Calif, and Ore.,
sometimes grown as a curiosity. It requires a
moist cool atmosphere and abundant water at
the rbpts. It may be grown out-of-doors in the
N. with winter protection. Propagated by
division of roots or by seeds. D. calif6rnica
(Chrysamphwa calif ornica) . CALIFORNIA
PITCHER-PLANT. To 3 ft.: Ivs. or pitchers in
basal rosettes, tubular, with an arcned white-
spotted hood and a 2-forked appendage: fls.
yellowish to dark purple, 1*4 in- l°ng, solitary.
DARNEL: Lolium temulentum.
DARWfNIA. Myrtacex. Evergreen shrubs
native in Australia and sometimes planted in
Calif.: Ivs. opposite or scattered, small and
entire: fls. red or white, small, sometimes sub-
tended by showy bracts. Propagated by cut-
tings taken from tips of side shoots, in spring
or fall.
citrioddra. To 2 ft., diffuse: Ivs nearly opposite, oblong
to ovate-lanceolnte, to ^ in. long: fls. in terminal heads
with involucre of bracts sfightly colored.
Scheunnannii. Much branched procumbent shrub: Ivs
opposite, linear, Jj in. or less long: fls. solitary on very
short pedicels in axils.
thymoides. Diffuse and much branched low shrub: IVH.
commonly opposite, lanceolate or narrower, margins
revolute, H in. or less long: fls. in terminal heads of 4-8,
the bracts shorter than fls. and soon falling.
DASHEEN: Colocasia esculenta.
DASIPHORA: Potenlilla fruticosa.
DASISTOMA: forms known to be in cult, belong to
Aureolana.
DASYLfRION. SOTOL. Liliaccx. Stiff desert
tree-like plants having linear usually spiny-
margined Ivs. and small whitish fls. in dense
panicled racemes; useful in desert work, or in
formal plantings in dry warm regions; sometimes
seen under glass as curiosities. The Ivs. are
utilized for thatching and baskets, the fiber is
made into cordage, the heads are eaten, and an
alcoholic beverage is extracted from the trunks.
Of easy cult, as for yucca, to which they are
related; propagated by seeds and cuttings.
acrfitriche. Trunk 3 ft. or more: Ivs. to 3 ft. long, % in.
wide: infl. to 15 ft. high. Mex.
glaucophyllum. Tiunk short: Ivs. 3 ft. or more long,
% in. wide, glaucous- infl. to 18 ft. high. Mex.
graminif&lium. T,ys. about 3 ft. long and % in. broad,
green and glossy, prickles very short and yellowish- white.
Mex.
longifc-lium: Nolina longi folia.
longissimum (D. quadranffulatum) . Trunk to 6 ft.: Ivs.
6 ft. long and M in. wide: infl to 20 It. high. Mex.
quadrangulatum: D. lojiyissimum.
serratifdlium. Stemlewi or nearly so: Ivs. to 3 ft. long
and 1^ in. wide, glaucous. Alex.
texanum. Trunk short or underground: Ivs. 2-3 ft. long
and y^ in. broad, glossy-green, tho prickles yellow turning
brown: infl. to 15 ft. high. Tex , Mex.
Whefcleri. Trunk to 3 ft.: IVH. to 3 ft. long and 1 in. wide:
infl. to 16 ft. high. Tex., Ariz., Mex.
DASYSTEPHANA: Gentian*.
DATE (Phoenix dactylifira). A fruit of very
ancient cultivation by the Arabs and others in
the arid regions of the Old World, principally
northern Africa, where moisture is supplied by
spring or underground water or by irrigation.
High temperatures are required in the growing
and ripening season and rain at harvest time
is a decided detriment. The date of commerce
is the naturally dried drupe of the palm, borne
in heavy clusters. Dates are now grown in
considerable plantations in southern California
and Arizona, and possibly adapted to some parts
of Texas and other regions. The date palm is
also widely planted as an ornamental tree in
semi-arid tropics and subtropics. When well
established the tree withstands several degrees
of frost.
The date is dioDcious, — the male or stariiinate
flowers on one tree and the females or pistillates
on another tree. Seedless dates may be produced
Date
236
Daucophyllum
without pollination but they are inferior. Al-
though adapted to wind pollination by nature,
hand pollination has been practiced for centuries.
One male tree to about 100 females is sufficient.
This process consists in tying a piece of stam-
inate inflorescence a few inches long, bearing
30 or more flowers, to the female cluster; as
not all the female flowers in a cluster open at
the same time, this operation needs to be re-
peated. The time of ripening and characteristics
of the fruit can be considerably influenced by
the choice of pollen varieties.
Propagation is by seeds and suckers, the
latter being the prevailing method for the
multiplication of particular or named varieties;
and without as careful attention to varieties
as with oranges or apples the rewards of date
culture are small or negligible. The suckers
arise about the base of the tree mostly before
it reaches full bearing age. The sex of the sucker
will of course be that of the tree from which it
arises. The suckers are moved when three to
six years old, mostly in spring when the ground
is warm, the tops being headed back. Expe-
rience is required to assure uniform successful
results. The cutting of offshoots extends through
the first five to ten years of the mother palms
life. If many suckers are removed at one time,
it may require two years for the parent to re-
cover, with consequent loss of fruit; and leaving
the suckers on the tree also retards fruiting.
Trees grown from suckers should bear first
crops in five or six years, depending on soil,
location and treatment. At ten to fifteen years
the tree should be in full bearing and continue
indefinitely, yielding 100 to 200 pounds annually.
Trees may be planted about 30 feet apart.
Certain dates under good conditions ripen
naturally on the tree, but the fruits are likely
to cure unevenly and for the most part the
bunches are cut intact and matured in a warm
place, not unlike the handling of bananas.
Special ripening processes have been developed
for superior results.
Many types and varieties, mostly of foreign
origin, are grown. In the United States the
kinds most commonly planted are Deglet Nur,
Saidy, Khadrawi, Hayany and Fard.
DATE, JERUSALEM: Bauhinia monandra.
DATlSCA. Datiscacex. Per. herbs resembling
hemp in habit, one sometimes planted for
ornament: Ivs. alternate, compound: fls. dioe-
cious, in clusters or the pistillate in racemes.
Propagated by seeds and division
cannAbina. To 7 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, Ifts. 7-11, linear-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, toothed: fls. yellow, small. Asia
Minor to India.
DATISCACE^). DATISCA FAMILY. Three
genera of trees or herbs in Asia, Eu. and W. N.
Amer.: Ivs. simple or compound: fls. mostly
dioecious, of 4-9 sepals, no petals, 4-25 stamens,
1 -celled ovary: fr. a caps. Placed near the
Begonia family in the systematic schemes,
although the plants lack such external resem-
blances. Datisca is rarely cult.
DATtFRA (incl. Brugmansia). Solanacese.
Big bushy coarse erect annuals, or shrubs or
small trees, mostly strong-smelling, sometimes
grown for ornament, also medicinal: Ivs. large,
simple, entire or coarsely toothed: fls. large,
trumpet-shaped, erect or drooping, red, white,
yellow, violet: fr. a mostly prickly or spiny caps.
There are two groups: one with the calyx break-
ing apart near base and left as cup or crown on
the fr. (circumscissile); the other with calyx
splitting lengthwise down one side (spathe-like).
The annual daturas are propagated by seeds usually
sown indoors in the spring m the North; the perennials
from seed and from cuttings, the latter preferably taken
with a heel.
cegyptlaca: D. Metel.
arbdrea. ANGELS-TRUMPET. Small tree; Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, to 8 in. long, soft-hairy, in pairs: fls. white
nerved with green, to 9 in. long, hanging, solitary, with
musk-hke odor; calyx spathe-like: fr. unarmed, 2% m-
long. Peruvian Andes.
ceratocaula. Meshy, with thick st. and horn-like
branches: Ivs. pinnately lobed, mealy beneath: fls. large,
erect, white stained blue; calyx spathe-like: fr. more or less
pendent, smooth. Aquatic plant of Mex. and Cent. Amer.
chlorfintha. Shrub: Ivs. broad-ovate: fls. yellow, droop-
ing: fr. prickly. Habitat unknown. — Probably a form of
D. Metel.
coccfnea: D. De Noteri.
cornfgera (D. Knightii). To 4 ft., branches downy:
Ivs. ovate: fls. drooping, very fragrant at night, white or
creamy-white; calyx with a long spur. Mex.
cornucdpia: D. Metel.
De Ndteri (D. cocdnea). Probably ann., 3 ft.: fls. fra-
grant, bright red, freely produced. S. Afr. — Of uncertain
botanical identity.
fastudsa: D. Metel.
ferox. Sts. red at base: Ivs. ovate, angled: fls. light blue.
S. Eu.
grandifldra: hort. name probably for form of D. Metel.
humilis: D. Metel.
in6nnis: a form of D. Stramonium with spineless pods.
Knightii: D. cormgera.
Mdtel (D. fastuosa. D. cornucopia. D. xgyptiaca).
Ann. to 5 ft.: Iva. ovate-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, solitary
or upper ones paired: fls. to 7 in. long, whitisn within,
violet outside to yellowish, often double; calyx purple,
circumscissile: fr. spiny, nearly globose, 1J4 in. diam.
India; nat. in tropics of both hemispheres. Var. &lba, fls.
white: caerulea, fls. blue; Huberiana, fls. blue, yellow and
red. D. humihs fiava Jl.-pl. also belongs here.
meteloldes (D. Wrightii). Per. cult, as ann., to 3 ft.,
grayish-pubescent: Ivs. ovate, to 7 in. long: fls. erect, to
8 in. long, white tinged with rose or violet, fragrant; calyx
circurnscissile: fr. nearly globose, 2 in. across, with sharp
spines. Tex. to Calif, and N. Mex.
quercifdlia. Ann. to 5 ft., sts. green, somewhat pubescent
when young: Ivs. deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, becoming
glabrous at maturity: fls as in D. Stramonium: caps, with
prickles to H in- long. Mex.
rdgia: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
sanguinea. Tree-like shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. narrow-oblong,
clustered, 7 in. long, soft-hairy, shining green above: fls.
drooping, to 10 in. long, brilliant orange-red with yellow
nerves, not fragrant; calyx spathe-hke: fr. unarmed, 3% in.
long, top-shaped; seeds with narcotic properties. Peru.
Stramdnium. JIMSON-WEED (Jamestown-weed). Ann.
to 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 8 in. long, lobed: fls. erect, white or
violet, 4 in. long; calyx circumscissile: fr. 2 in. long, very
prickly. Tropics; nat. in N. Amer.
suaveolens. Tree-like shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong,
to 1 ft. long: fls. nodding, white, to 1 ft. long; calyx spathe-
like: fr. unarmed, spindle-shaped, 5 in. long. Brazil. —
Usually cult, as D. arborea.
Tatula: the purple-fld. form of D. Stramonium.
Wrlghtii: D. meteloides.
DAUBENT.6NIA. Leguminosas. Shrubs or
trees with pinnate Ivs., yellow or rose papilio-
naceous fls. in axillary racemes, and 4-winged
or -angled pods; grown out-of-doors in warm
climates.
gfandifldra: see Agati gran^i flora.
punfcea (Sesbania punicea]. To 6 ft. or more: Ifts.
12-14, to 1 in. long: fls. red-purple, to X in. long, in showy
racemes to 4 in. long: pods to 4 in. long, 4-winged. Fla. to
Miss., intro. from S. Amer.
Tripetii (Sesbania THpetii). To 6 ft.: fla. orange-red
with scarlet standard yellow-spotted at base, in drooping
racemes. Argentina. K
DAUCOPHYLLUM: Mutinwn.
Daucus
237
Deeringia
DAfrCUS. Umbelliferx. Herbs with pin-
nately decompound Ivs., small white or yellow-
ish fls. in compound umbels, and ovate or ob-
long frs. ; one grown for the edible root.
Cardta var. satlva. CULTIVATED CARROT. Ann. or bien.,
to 3 ft., with thick fleshy orange-colored roots: Ivs. finely
cut into many narrow segms.: umbels usually globose,
thus differing from the flatter umbels of the common wild
form, subtended by leaf-like bracts which are pinnately
cut into fine divisions. See Carrot.
DAVALLIA. Polypodiacex. Mostly small
trop. ferns of the Old World, with finely divided
foliage, chaffy creeping rhizomes that often
spread on the surface of the soil or cling over
the side of the pot; sori at or near margins of
segms. Often grown in hanging-baskets or as
fern-balls. Old plants may be divided; ordinarily
grown in shallow pans in temperature 60-65°;
it is often necessary to fasten the rhizomes
down. See Ferns.
affinis: the plant grown in gardens under this name is
D. dissecta.
bullata. SQUIRRELS-FOOT-FERN. BALL-FERN. Creeping
brown-hairy rhizomes: fronds to 10 in. long and 6 in. wide.
DfeAMIA. Cactaceae. A small genus of Cent.
and S. Amer.. once believed to be monotypic
but now divided into 2 or more species, allied
to Mediocactus and differing in fls. diurnal with
areoles of ovary and fl.-tube hairy.
testftdo (Cereua testudo). Elongated st.-rooting clam-
bering jointed plant hanging from rocks or ascending living
trees: joints 1 ft. or more long and to 4 in. diam., wings
usually 3, sometimes ribs 5-8j spines 10-25, bristly when
young becoming stiffer, to % in. long: fls. white, to 11 in.
long: fr. red, spiny.
DEBREGEASIA. Urticacese. Shrubs and
trees native in Asia and Afr.. with alternate
toothed Ivs., unisexual fls. in clusters and fr. a
syncarp composed of small fleshy drupes; one
species is sometimes grown as an ornamental
in the S. Propagated by seeds or by cuttings
of young wood under glass.
longifolia (D. velutina). To 20 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, rough and dark green above, white-tomentose beneath:
fr. orange or red, about % in. acroba. S. Asia.
velutina: D. longifolia.
DECAlSNEA.
Lardizabalacese. Two Asian
polygamous fls.
ui\jw ii-uaii y iui/iuiiie», iiuiicio i/u AVJ 111. lung tvuu u 111. «iuc, , , *j.v j j j. i
deciduous, 4-pinnatifid, segms. sharp-toothed, often sold Shrubs With Odd-pinnate Ivs.. i/v»ij^»xnwuo no.
as fern-balls. Malaya, India, Japan. in panicled racemes, and f r. of 3 flesny follicles ;
one species is grown in U. S., being hardy to
Fargesii. To 16 ft.: Ivs. of 6-12 pairs of ovate entire
Ifts. to 0 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls. greenish, 1 in. long,
drooping: fr. blue and bloomy, to 4 in. long. China.
DECIDUOUS: falling, shedding as the leaves of non-
evergreen trees.
DECK&NIA. Palmacex. A single feather-lvd.
unarmed palm, D. ntfbilis, probably not regu-
larly grown in the U. S., allied to Dictyosperma.
It grows to a great size; native in the Seychelles.
DfiCODON. Lythracex. One per. somewhat
woody herb, native in swamps and about ponds
from Me. to Fla. and La., and sometimes planted
in wet locations and borders of ponds. D.
verticill&tus (Nesxa verticittata) . WATER- WIL-
LOW. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE. Sts. recurved, to
8 ft. long: Ivs. to 5 in. long and J^ in. wide: fls.
rose-purple, 1 in. across, in axillary cymes.
July-Sept.
DECOMPOUND: more than once compound.
DECUMARIA. Saxifragacex. Shrubs climbing
by aerial rootlets, having opposite Ivs. that are
deciduous or partially persisting, and small
white fls. in terminal corymbs.; hardy in the N.
only with protection. Propagated by cuttings
of young wood under glass or rarely by seeds.
b&rbara. Tall climber: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, glabrous
and shining above: corymbs to 4 in. across. May-June.
Va. to Fla. and La. along streams and in low grounds.
DECUMBENT: reclining or lying on the ground, but
with the end more or less erect or ascending.
DECURRENT: running down along the stem, as the
leaf of mullein.
DECUSSATE: opposite leaves at right angles, therefore
in four rows up and down the stem; alternating in pairs.
DEERBERRY: Vaccinium stamineum.
DEER-BRUSH: Ceanothus integerrimus. -Foot: Achlya
triphyUa. -Weed: Lotus scoparius.
DEERfNGIA. Amaranthacex. Herbs and
subshrubs, some of them climbing, with alternate
ovate Ivs. and inconspicuous fls. in terminal
panicles; native in Madagascar, Australia and
the Pacific Isls.; about a half dozen species, one
sometimes planted for ornament.
amaranthoides (D. baccata. D. celoaioides). Woody
canariensis. Rhizomes pale brown, crooked, fronds to
1 1A ft. long and 1 ft. wide, 4-pinnatifid, segms. not sharp-
toothed at apex. Canary Isls. to Spain and N. Afr.
denticulata. Fronds to 2 ft. long and 15 in. wide, 3-4-
pinnatifid, leathery and shining. Trop. Asia and Afr.
dissecta. Rhizomes extensively creeping: fronds to
1H ft- long and 1 ft. wide, 4-pinnatifid, segms. sharp-
toothed. Java.
£legans: the plant known to hort. under this name is
D. dissecta.
feje£nsis. Fronds evergreen, to 1 ft. long, triangular,
4-pinnatifid into linear segms., drooping with age. Fiji
Isls. Var. plumdsa is feathery and more gracefully drooping.
Griff ithiana. Rhizome creeping, covered with white
or yellowish scales: fronds to 1 ft. long and 8 in. wide, 3-4-
pinnatifid, segms. toothed or cut. India, S. China.
lucida: D. solida.
Mooreana: D. pallida.
p&llida (D. Mooreana). Fronds to 3 ft. long, on straw-
colored stalks to 1H ft. long, 4-pinnatifid, segms. tri-
angular. Aneiteum and Borneo.
pentaphylla. Fronds 1-pinnate into 5 or more wavy-
toothed segms. to 6 in. long and J^ in. wide. Java,
Polynesia.
pyxidata. Fronds about 1 ft. long and 9 in. wide, 3-4-
pinnatifid, leathery and shining. Australia.
s61ida (D. lucida). Fronds to 2 ft. long and 1J5 ft.
across, 3-pinnatifid. Malaya.
tenuif 61ia: Odontosoria chinensis.
DAVfDIA. Nyssacex. One Chinese deciduous
pyramidal tree to 50 or 60 ft., hardy as far
north as Mass. D. involucrfcta. DOVE-TREE.
Lvs. alternate, broad-ovate, to 6 in. long, toothed:
fls. monoecious or essentially so, without petals,
in dense heads % in. across subtended by 2
unequal creamy-white drooping showy bracts,
the larger to 6 in. long, in May or June: fr. a
green bloomy drupe to 1J^ in. long. Var.
Vilmorini&na differs in having Ivs. glabrous
instead of silky-pubescent beneath. — Propagated
by seeds, cuttings of half-ripened wood, and by
layers.
DAVlftSIA. Leguminosx. Australian shrubs
of the Chorizema group with alternate entire
stiff Ivs. and yellowish or red fls. having con-
spicuous bracts.
latifdlia. Large shrub: Ivs. orbicular or ovate-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, reticulated: fls. in long axillary racemes.
DAWN-FLOWER, BLUE: Ipomoca Leari.
DAY-FLOWER: Commelina.
DAY-LILT: Hemerocattit.
Deeringia
238
Delphinium
climber to 15 ft.: fls. greenish- white: fr. a red globular
berry ]/± in. across. Australia; grown in S. Calif. Var.
variegata has variegated Ivs.
Amherstiana: Bosea Amherstuina.
baccata: D. amaranthoides.
celosioldes: D. amarantlundea.
DEGUELIA; Dems.
DEHISCENCE: the method or process of opening of a
seed-pod or anther.
DEILANTHE: Cheiridopaia Peeraii.
DEINANTHE. Saxifragaceae. Two Asian
species related to Hydrangea, one sometimes
grown in rock-gardens. D. caerfclea. Per. to
ll/2 ft.: Ivs. 4 at top of st., ovate, to 4 in. or
more long, toothed: fls. in terminal panicles,
the fertile ones with blue petals and stamens.
China.
DEL6NIX. Leguminosae. African trees with
2-pinnate Ivs., showy orange or scarlet fls. in
corymbose racemes, calyx-lobes valvate, and
great flat woody pods; one very showy species
is commonly planted in frostless regions. Cult,
as for C a3salpmia.
regia (Poincinna reyia. Cscsalpmia regia). ROYAL POIN-
CIANA. PKA COCK-FLO WEH. FLAMBOYANT. Wide-branching
tree to 40 ft or more: Ifts. numerous and small: fls bright
scarlet, 3-4 in. across, mostly in summer: pods to 2 ft. long
and 2 in. or more broad. Madagascar. — Differs from the
true Poincianas in its much larger fls. and the calyx-lobes
meeting edge to edge, and not strongly overlapping.
DELOPYRUM: Polygonella articulate.
DELOSPfiRMA. Aizoaccx. Segregate from
Mcsembryanthemum (which see for cult.),
native in S. Afr. : per., with lanceolate or nar-
rower sessile soft Ivs., the branches matted or
plant sometimes stemless and with branching
tuberous rootstock: fls. either rather small and
white or yellow, or in some species large and
purple; stigrnas 5.
aberdeen£nse (M, aberdeenensc) . Plant pubescent,
papillose with spreading pubescence, branches crowded,
becoming decumbent: Ivs to 1 in. long and )j> in. wide
and thick: fls. reddish-purple, ^3 in. across.
abysslnicum (M. abysainicurri). Shrubby with ascending
sts : Ivs 1^ in. long, cylindrical, pubescent, papillose:
fls rose, small Abyssinia.
Brunnthaleri (M Brnnnthalcri) . Brandies 1 ft. or more
high: Ivs. spreading, 1J£ in long, papillose, edges fnnged:
fls. violet-rose, £4 in. across.
cupreum: hort. name.
Davyi.1 Sts. weak, to 1 ft. long: Ivs. to 2 in. long and
}<{ in. wide and thick: fls. white, }$ in. across, in loose
cymes.
echinatum (M. echinatum). Erect or spreading, 1 ft.:
Ivs to % in. or more long, hispid, thick, papillose: fls.
solitary, yellowish or white, H in. across, on hispid pe-
duncles.
Eckldnis (M. Ecklonis), Diffuse, more or less trailing:
lys. pubescent but a nearly or quite glabrous form m cult ,
linear, to 1 in. long, papillose: fls. ^ in. and more across,
glistening-white.
Klinghardtianum (M. KlinohartUianum). To 6 in.,
forming cushions: Ivs. }$ in. long, papillowe: fls. solitary,
white or rose, ȣ in. across.
Lehmannii: probably Corpuscularia Lehmannii.
mille!61ium: listed name.
Patersoniae (M. Patersoniae). Shrubby: Ivs. 3-angled,
H |n. long and ^ in wide and thick, pubescent: fls. solitary
or in 3's, whitish, small.
pergamentaceum. To 1 ft., branches crowded, glabrous:
Ivs ascending, to 1*4 in. long, H in. wide and thick at
base, bluntly keeled, glaucous: fls. solitary, white, \Y\ in.
across.
robustum. Much branched shrub to 10 in., the branches
pale: Ivs. usually spreading, to 1 in. long and M in. wide
and thick, keeled on back: fls. reddish-gold above, red
below, 8£ in. across.
Steytlerae. To 4 in., compact, the branches rough with
Sapillie: Ivs. to 1,V£ in. long and h in. wide and thick:
s. white, 1 in. across, in cymes.
E
testaceum (M. testeceum). Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in.
long and % in. wide, 3-angled, gray-green and finely
papillose: fls. copper-colored, % in. across, in cymes.
DEL(5STOMA. Bignoniacex. S. American
trees or shrubs with simple leathery Ivs., funnel-
form 5-lobed fls. in terminal racemes or panicles,
and oblong woody frs.; one species is sometimes
grown in 8. Calif.
roseum. Lvs. oval or orbicular, to 6 in. long, tomentose
beneath: fls. rose or pink, 1^ m. long, in panicles to 8 in.
long: fr. dark purple, about 2 in. long. Ecuador, Colombia.
DELPHINIUM. LARKSPUR. Ranuncidaceae.
Ann.; bien. and per. herbs mostly of the north
temp, zone around the world, of probably 300
or more species, a number 01 which are inter-
esting and showy flower-garden subjects; Ivs.
palmate, variously cut and divided. The fls.
nave a large spur: they are mostly blue, but
vary to pink, blush and white in garden races;
in some they are naturally scarlet and red and
in one of the cult, species are yellow. There
are double-fld. strains. The showy outer part
of the larkspur fl., including the spur, is the
calyx (5 sepals). The petals are smaller interior
parts, 2 or 4 in number, the upper pair (some-
times united into 1) having spurs that project
into the calyx spur; sometimes the petals are
small and crowded in the throat of tne fl. like
a bee, as in some of the common garden kinds.
Some of the species are known as cattle poisons.
The Latin names are much confused in Delphin-
ium, particularly in hort. material. There is an
American Delphinium Society and interest in
the group is active.
Many of the species of Delphinium are grown as border
or wild-garden perennials, not having been developed into
modified or striking horticultural forms. They are some-
times culled "botanical" larkspurs, as D. Andersonii, bi-
color, Bulleyanum, carolimanum, decorum, exaltatum,
Menziesii, scaposum, tncorne, vanegatum, virescens. Some
of these species are native; other natives may bo worthy of
cultivation but are not entered here unless they have been
introduced to gardens. These larkspurs are of simple
cultural requirements where hardy. Some of them are
spring and early summer bloomers and then go dormant,
usually with fleshy or tuberous roots. Others are con-
tinuous growers, and bloom in summer and autumn.
Some of the attractive larkspxirs are annual, and bloom
readily the first year from seed and then perish, as D.
Ajacis now much modified and available in many statures
and colors, as well as doubles. Other annuals are D.
cardiopetalum, Consolida, divancatum, fialtcratutn, orientate,
pamcufatum.
The mam highly developed horticultural delphiniums
fall into three groups: (1) Bouquet larkspurs, product of
D. grandiflorum, short-lived perennials and often treated
as biennials, or even as annuals where seasons are long;
(2) Garland larkspurs, associated with D. cheitanthum,
diffuse open growers; (3) Candle larkspurs, from D.
elatum and probably related species, known by the tall
commanding habit and the flowers in long thick spikes,
the leading group amongst the special delphinium growers
and to which most of the garden literature is devoted. A
class of red larkspurs, under the name D. Ruysii. has lately
come into prominence, into which the Caliiornian D.
nudicaule has apparently entered by means of hybndity.
T^arkspurs are mostly hardy North, and require no very
special attention as to soil and position, but thrive best
in open exposure. They come readily from seeds, those of
the perennials mostly blooming the year following the
sowing. Of the perennial kinds the clumps may be divided
in autumn or spring, or cuttings may be made of young
shoots in spring or from second growth in summer after
the flower-stems have been cut down. Asexual propagation
of these kinds is essential in named garden varieties, but
otherwise it is well to have fresh stock coming on from seed.
As soon as the flowers are gone and before seeding, cut away
the flower-stems (unless seeds are desired for sowing);
frequently new flower-stems arise and give a second al-
though usually inferior bloom in late summer or autumn.
It is well to place sand or sifted coal-ashes about the crowns
for winter protection, particularly on moist or heavy soils.
The stately Candle larkspurs of the D. elatum type, with
long erect spike-like racemes, are suitable Tor massing and
for back borders, while the lower and loosely branching
Delphinium
239
Delphinium
Bouquet and Garland kinds are adaptable for beds and
front borders.
Delphiniums are subject to diseases and insects. Plant
in umnfected soil and take care not to import diseases in
soil that comes with the plants, and do not propagate from
infected stock. If the sclerotium rot develop, when the
leaves become yellow and plant suddenly wilts, the only
procedure is to prevent the spread to other plants. The
infected stock should be dug up and burned, and the soil
should be removed to an area of 18 inches broad and 12
inches deep; and organic matter in the soil should be
avoided. Mites are often troublesome on delphinium plants
and are difficult to control. Rotenone sprays are promising;
the grower should keep in touch with the latest information
from the research institutions.
In the following enumeration the species are perennial
unless otherwise stated.
Ajacis. ROCKET L. Erect branching ann., 1-4 ft., root
simple or branched: Ivs. finely divided, mostly bunched at
nodes: fls. blue, white, violet, pink, in long simple racemes,
often double: follicle normally 1 but often more in cult,
forms, pubescent. S. Eu.; popular in flower-gardens and
somewhat escaped.
alb£scens: D. mrescens.
alpinum: D. elatum var.
Andersonii (D. Leonardii). Erect to 2 ft. or less, several
sts. from thickened root: Ivs. to 3 in. or less broad, deeply
cleft, slightly hairy: fls. deep blue, in open racemes to 10 in.
long, spur short and curved at tip: follicles 3. Sierras and
other mts., Calif., Nev., Utah.
atropurpureum: D. elatum.
azure um: D. carolinianum; the name is likely to be
applied to any blue-fld. hort. kinds.
Barbeyi (D. subalpinum). Stout and mostly simple.
2-3 ft. and more, usually pubescent: Ivs. with few and
broad divisions: fls. dark blue, in short and dense raceme,
the sepals acuminate and mostly exceeded by the spur,
upper petals yellow with blue tinge: follicles 3, glabrous.
Wyo., Colo., Utah. — Sometimes planted.
Barlowii. The plant now grown under this name is of
the D. cheilanthum group, but the original Barlowii figured
in 1837 is a very double form regarded as D. elatum X
D. grandiflorum, not now in cult.
Bellad6nna: D. cheilanthum var. formosum.
Bellamdsum: D. cheilanthum var. formosum.
bfcolor (D. glareosum). Erect, few-lvd., to 20 in., with
thick fascicled root, the narrow If.-divisions obtuse: fls.
blue, in a short open raceme, spur somewhat exceeding
sepals, upper petals brownish-yellow: follicles 3, glabrous
or pubescent. S. D. north and west. — Sometimes planted
in collections.
Brownii. Leafy-stemmed, 3 ft.: Ivs. with about 5 divi-
sions and again cleft into acute lobes: fls. dark blue or
purple, in a lax raceme, spur straight and less than ^ in-
long: follicles 3. Mont, to Alaska.
Brunonianum. MUBK L. To 18 or 20 in , musk-scented:
lower Ivs. reniform and 5-parted, upper 3-parted: fls. large,
light blue with much darker margins and center, spur very
short: follicles 3 or 4. Himalayas. — Little grown.
Bulleyanum. To 4^ ft.: Ivs. deeply cut, somewhat
pubescent: fls. deep blue, spur strongly hooked or nearly
horse-shoe-shaped: follicles 3, lightly pilose. China. —
Little grown.
californicum. COAST L. Root tuberous, st. to 7 ft. high,
lightly pubescent: Ivs. to 6 in. across, deeply parted and
cut: fls. white or whitish, sometimes purplish inside,
pubescent, in long dense racemes: follicles 3. Calif., near
coast.
candelabrum: form of D. Ajacis.
candid um. Dwarf, slightly hairy: Ivs. 5-lobed, to 5 in.
across, strongly toothed but not much cut: fls. usually 3 on
a branch, 2^ in. across, fragrant, white with purple anthers,
spur to 2 in. long, ascending and recurved: follicles 3,
densely tomentose. Mts. of trop. E. Air.; recently intro.
to N. Amer.
cardinale. SCARLET L. Erect or flexuose, 2-3 ft. and
often much more, from branching woody roots, finely
pubescent, making long sts.: Ivs. thick, cut into narrow
often linear lobes: fls. long-spurred, in very open racemes,
bright scarlet with yellowish petals, sepals often % in.
long: follicles mostly 3, glabrous. S. Calif.
cardiopltalum (D. halteratum var. cardiopetalum).
Tap-rooted ann. to 20 in.: Ivs. divided into linear or ob-
lanceolate segms.: fls. blue, less than 1 in. across, in short
terminal racemes, with upwardly projecting spur, petals
heart-shaped: follicles 3, nearly or quite glabrous. S. France.
carolinianum (D. azureum of botanists). Erect, 1-233
ft., pubescent: lys. cleft into narrow or linear segms.: fls.
blue, pedicelled in open racemes, about 1 in. across, the
long spur horizontal: follicles 3, pubescent; seeds strongly
winged. Ga. south and west. Var. Nortoniinum (D. Nor-
tonianum) is a taller plant, more pubescent, with large Ivs.:
fls. deep bluish-purple, spur ascending. Ozarks, Mo.
cashmexi&num. To 20 in., leafy: Ivs. cordate-orbicular
in outline, broad-lobed and sharply toothed: fls. blue,
pubescent, 1-2 in. long, few and showy in a terminal broad
or corymbose cluster, the spur shorter than sepals, slightly
curved, obtuse or nearly so: follicles 3-5, hairy. High
Himalayas. — Little cult., but distinct; rock-garden plant.
caucasicum: D. elatum in hort., but to botanists D.
speciosum.
cheilanthum. GARLAND L. Tall, leafy, diffusely much
branched above: Ivs. with 3 or more deep widely separated
mostly narrow divisions (except perhaps the radical ones) :
infl. open and loose, scarcely spicate; fls. blue, varying to
whitish, large and open, at lull expansion usually lj^-2in.
across in cult, forms, lightly pubescent, commonly not
horizontal, spur ^4-1 in. long and stout and nearly or quite
straight, petals open or spreading, blue or dull yellow, lower
ones barbate and entire or nearly so: follicles 3, glabrous or
pubescent; seeds 3-angled winged on margin, not scalv or
only slightly so. Siberia, China. Var. formosum is the
usual cult, form, with largo rich blue fls. to 2 in. across. To
this var. belong the hort. races Belladonna and Bellamosum;
fls. varying to white in var. Mderheimii.
chine'nse: D. grandiflorum.
cinereum. Ann. larkspur of Asia Minor with small
erect 3-5-1 obed Ivs. and small fls. with long spurs. Probably
not in cult., but there has been hated a "cmerea," "ciner-
aria," with large blue spurless fls. that apparently is a sport
from Z>. grandiflonun.
coelestinum, coelgstis: hort. names, probably belonging
to D. cheilanthum var. formosum.
columbianum: D. Nuttalhi.
Cons61ida. FORKING L. Tap-rooted ann. to 1H ft.,
forking rather than racemose: Ivs. scattered, with linear
divisions: fls. few, terminating the branches, 1 in. or more
across, blue or violet: follicle 1, glabrous. Eu. — Little cult.,
the stock usually going under this name being D. Ajacis.
corymbdsum. To 2 ft. or more, pilose, late-blooming:
lo\\er Ivs. palmatind or 5-lobed, those on branches deeply
3-parted: fls. pale violet and greenish on back, in a broad
infl., spur straight or slightly incurved and about }4 in.
long and equalling remainder of fl.: follicles densely pubes-
cent. Mts., Turkestan.
crassifolium. To 1H ft., simple, from short thick root,
r'lose: Ivs. mostly basal, thickish, rounded in outline, to
in. across, cut to half or more their depth into cuneate
lobes: fls. light blue, in open terminal racemes, spur curved:
follicles 3. Turke&tan, Siberia, China. — Perhaps not now
cult, in N. Amer.
cucullatum. Sts. many, to 6 or 8 ft. tall: Ivs. like those
of D. datum, G~7 in. across, pubescent: fls. small, yelknvish-
white to somewhat blue, about % in. long, in a spike-like
raceme: follicles 3. Wyo.
cultorum. A collective name proposed by Voss in 1896
for the florist or garden larkspurs, that cannot be readily
referred to botanical species; many of them hour double
or semi-double fls. The name has been applied to the hort.
races of D. cheilanthum and Z>. datum, and is too diverse
to be of much service at present.
das y ant hum. To 1^ ft-, leafy, sts. usually simple, more
or less pubescent: Ivs. about as broad as long, deeply
divided, the divisions 3-1 obed and cut: fls. pulnwent, light
blue and splashed, spur short and straight: follicles 3, hairy.
Turkestan, W. India.
dec&rum. Slender or lax., 0-24 in., root a tuberous
cluster, nearly or quite glabrous: Ivs. few, cut or parted
into narrow lobes, the basal ones shallowly cleft into broad
segms.: fls. blue, petals tinged yellow, in loose often some-
what pamcled racemes: follicles 3, glabrous Calif.— Little
cult.; useful in rock-garden. The name decorum has been
applied to a hort. form of the D. datum group.
Delavayi. Tall and leafy with hairy st.: Ivs broad, 5-
1 obed to base and the lobes variously cut: fls. blue, pubes-
cent, in long narrow racemes, spur about 1 in. long and
mucronate: follicles 3. W. China. — Plant so called in cult,
is probably one of the elatum »roup.
depauperatum. To about 18 in., nearly simple, from
tuberous root cluster, viscid-pubescent: Ivs orbicular to
reniform, 1-2 in. across, 3-5-1 obed: fls. dark blue to purple,
1)4 in. or less long: follicles 3. Ida., Ore., Calif.
dictyocarpum. To 2 ft. or more, leafy, sometimes hairy-
pubescent: Ivs. 5-7-1 obed and the lobes cut: fls. blue, m
open branched infl., spur straight: follicles 3, reticulate.
Siberia. — Name of plants in cult, likely to be erroneous.
discolor: one of the elatum forms.
divaricatum. Very diffuse mostly simple-rooted ann.,
to 2 ft.* Ivs. few, much divided into short narrow segms.:
fls. purplish, % in. across, terminal on the branches, spur
long and straight and acute: follicle 1, pubescent. S. W.
Asia.
Delphinium
240
Delphinium
Duhmbergii. To 2 ft., leafy, hairy on lower part: Ivs.
5-7-parted: Ha. blue or white, glabrous, in a straight many-
fid, raceme, spur l^ in. long, straight, bracts usually
colored. Russia, Siberia.
elatum. CANDLE L. BEE L. Tall and very erect, to 6 ft.
and more, the branches usually fastigiate: Ivs. with broad
mostly close or contiguous divisions that are sharply cut
at the top: infl. a long more or less close spike-like raceme,
the fls. on ascending not elongated pedicels; lower bracts
very narrow, entire; fls. blue, little or not at all pubescent,
usually not opening widely, 1 in. or less across, spur equally
or slightly exceeding the sepals and slender and slightly
curved and usually horizontal, petals small and closing the
throat, brownish-purple, the lower pair bifid and yellow-
barbate: follicles 3, lightly pubescent to glabrous; seeds
widely winged, not scaly. Germany to Mongolia. — Pre-
sumed parent of the tall larkspurs with elongated spike-
like clusters and relatively small fls.; it often persists in
old yards. Plants cult, as atropurpureum and caucasicum
are to be associated here, as also D. palmatum. Var. alpi-
num (D. alfnnum). Leafy up to inn.: bracts under lower
pedicels divided and spike often leafy. Eu., Asia.
elongatum. Tall, hairy on upper part: Ivs. about 7-
parted, glaucous underneath: fls. dark blue, about ^ in.
long: follicles 3. Colo., Alta.
exaltatum. Hlender, to 5 or 6 ft., late-bloorning, nearly
or quite glabrous: Ivs. with 3-6 narrow divisions usually
cleft or toothed toward apex: fls. blue or purple, % in. long,
in long mostly dense terminal racemes, spur about ^i in.
long and straight: follicles 3. pubescent. Woods, Pa. to
Minn., Neb , Ala. — Seldom planted; not showy.
flssura. Slender, 2-3 ft., pubescent, from thick clustered
root: Ivs. orbicular in outline, cut to base into many very
narrow divisions: fla. azure, with straight spur, in a close
terminal spike: follicles 3. 8. E. Eu. — Perhaps not now
planted in N. Amer.
fonn&sum: D. cheilanthum var. The farmosum of
botanists, probably not in cult., from the Caucasus, is
much like D. elatum, with purple-blue fls. and short spur.
Gayanum: alternative name for D. Ajacia.
Gfcyeri. Erect, to 2^ ft.: Ivs. mostly near base, much
divided into linear lobes: fls. deep blue, sepals H-% in.
long, upper petals yellow: follicles usually 3. pubescent.
Colo., Wyo., Utah. — Little planted; one of the cattle
poisons.
glaredsum: D. bicolor.
glaucum: D. scopulorum var.
grandifldrum (D. chinenae. D. sibiricum). BOUQUET L.
Much branched forked per. but often blooming first year
from seeds, to 2 or 3 ft. or more: Ivs. cut into many linear
segms. making a fine feathery foliage: infl. open, diffuse,
and fls. scattered or sometimes short-racemose on ends of
main branches and on long spreading pedicels; fls. blue,
opening wide, 1-1 M "*• across, the slightly curved or
straight spur equalling or exceeding the sepals, upper
petals color of sepals or sometimes yellowish: follicles 3,
pubescent. Siberia, China. Var. tflbum, white~fld.. and var.
pumilura, very dwarf, are listed. Var. nanum, also dwarf.
—One of the commonest garden larkspurs.
halteratum. Ann., like D. cardiopefalum but usually less
leafy and less forked, and lower petals truncate. Medit.
region.
HAnsenii. Mostly 2-4 ft. tall from a cluster of tubers,
thinly hairy: Ivs. mostly basal, much divided into narrow
parts: fls. pale blue, lavender or pink to white, about 1 in.
long, spur curved toward tip, in slender racemes: follicles 3.
Cent. Calif.
hesperium. To 3 ft., from woody clustered root, usually
simple: Ivs. divided into narrow parts: fls. blue to white, in
a rather dense raceme, spur straight or nearly so: follicles 3.
Calif.
hybrid um. Hort. name for variants, perhaps hybrids, in
the Candle larkspur group. D. elatum; this application
cannot hold both because the assemblage is not definable
and the name hybridum has earlier usage. The plant mostly
known to botanists as hybridum is here included in D.
fiasum. The hybrid or ameliorated group known to hort.
as hybridum may be called D. cultorum although there is no
gain to designate it by a Latin name.
intermedium: native plant included in the species
D. elatum. ~~
Lamartfnli: blue-fld. hort. var. of D. cheilanthum var.
formoaum.
laxiflorum: D. villoaum.
Leonard!!: D. Anderaonii.
leucoph&um: D. Memiesii var. ochroleucum.
Iikiang6nse. Small nearly glabrous plant to 8 in. or lees
tall, , from long deep roots: Ivs. mostly radical, many-parted:
fla. blue to lilac, more or less pubescent, nearly bell-shaped,
2-6 on the st., spur straight and thick, about 1 in. long:
follicles 3. Likiang Mts., W. China. — Rock-garden or
alpine-garden.
lutemru color race of D. nudicaule.
Maaddanum. Branched, mostly leafy, to 3 ft.: lobes of
Ivs. blunt and in this respect differing from D. elatum: fls.
blue, in panicles rather than spikes, spur straight or curved:
follicles 3. E. Siberia. — Plants in the trade under this name
are apparently hort. forms of Candle and Garland larkspurs.
macroclntron. To 6 ft., hairy, leafy below: Ivs. 6-7"
parted, the lobes acute: fls. large, hanging, hairy, blue-and-
green or yellow-and-green with whitish tips, spur very large
and erect: follicles 3. High mts., E. trop. Air.
Mtaziesii (D. Nehonii). Small per. with a cluster of
thickened roots although sometimes reaching 2 ft., white-
puberulent at least above: Ivs. small, cut into linear divi-
sions: fls. blue, 1 in. across, more or less pubescent outside,
scattered or few in a loose raceme, spur about equalling
the sepals: follicles 3, pubescent or glabrous, spreading.
Rocky Mts., B.C., Calif. Var. ochroleucum (D. leuco-
phxum) has cream-color fls. with blue inside. Ore.
Mderheimii: white Belladonna, D. cheilanthum var.
montanum. Low, usually simple, mostly 20 in. or less:
Ivs. divided to near base, pubescent both surfaces: fls. pale
blue, borne few together on ends of branches, spur straight
or at apex curved. Mts., S. Eu. — The name montanum in
cult, is apparently not this plant.
N£lsonii: D. Menziesii.
Nortoni&num: D. c&rolinianum var.
nudicaule. RKD L. Slender, to 2 ft., told from D.
cardinale by the broad mostly obtuse divisions of the Ivs.,
which are few on the sts.: fls. long-spurred, red, sepals
H"*/^ in. long, petals mostly yellow: follicles 3, mostly
puberulent, becoming glabrous. Calif. Var. lute urn. Fls.
pale yellow, often or mostly larger.
Nuttallii (D. columbianum) . Slender, $-18 in., with
tuberous root: Ivs. small, little more than 1 in. broad, with
deep linear lobes: fls. small, in racemes, blue, sepals % in.
long, upper petals whitish: follicles 3, glabrous. Ore., Wash.
occidentale. Tall, to 3 ft. or more, pubescent in top: Ivs.
to 6 in. across, 3-7-cleft, pubescent both surfaces: fls. dark
blue, viscid, about % in. long, spur straight or sometimes
curved at tip: follicles 3. Rocky Mts.
ochroleucum: D. Menziesii var.
ori entile. Ann. much like D. Ajacia but fls. smaller
and violet-purple, spur short and declined. Fields, S. Eu.,
N. Afr., Asia.
oxys£palum. St. simple and erect, 12-20 in., very leafy:
Ivs. palmatcly 5-parted into incised lobes: infl. 10-12-fld.,
racemose; fls. pale blue, spur incurved and shorter than the
long-acuminate sepals (about 1 in. long), petals brownish:
follicles 3, glabrous or nearly so. E. Eu.
palmatum: D. elatum.
panic upturn. Much branched ann. to 3 ft. or more: lys.
small, cut into linear parts: fls. blue or blue-violet, 1 in.
long, spur straight or upwardly curved, sharp-pointed:
follicle 1. S. E. Eu., S. W. Asia.
Parish!!. To 30 in. or so, glabrous, simple or nearly so,
from a forked thick root: Ivs. mostly basal, thickish, 2 in.
or less across, twice parted: fls. azure to whitish, about
% in. long, spur lightly curved: follicles 3. S. Calif.
Parry!. To 3 ft., mostly simple and very finely pubescent,
from a hard straight or forked root: Ivs. cut into narrow or
even filiform parts: fls. purplish or deep blue, about 1 in.
long, pubescent, spur straight or nearly so: follicles 3.
S. Calif., in coastal regions.
Penardii: D. virescens var.
Przewalskii. Little glabrous plant to 10 in. high in its
native place: Ivs. deeply 3-5-parted, with obtuse lobes:
fls. blue, usually terminal, spur straight or nearly so and
about % in. long: follicles 3, hairy. W. Mongolia. — Rock-
garden plant. Name has been misapplied in gardens.
pumilum: D. grandiflarum var.
Pylz&wii. Dwarf, silky-pubescent, leafy, to 10 in., from
a long woody root: Ivs. orbicular to reniform, divided, lobes
nearly or quite obtuse: fls. deep purple, 2^ in. long, o,ily
1-3 on a st., spur straight or at end curved: follicles 5.
Limestone mts., W. China, at high altitudes. — The true
plant probably not in cult, with us.
Requienlt. Erect bien. to 20 in., nearly simple: lower Ivs.
6-parted, upper 3-parted, the segms. oblong or linear:
raceme loose, the bracts narrow-lanceolate or linear,
peduncles pubescent and bracted at middle; fls. blue, the
curved spur about equal to the ovate white-hairy sepals;
upper petals pale yellowish usually with bluish tinge:
follicles 3. Medit. region. — Sometimes regarded as form
of D. Staphiaayria, differing in longer spur and bracts on
peduncles, and less stature. Name often misapplied.
reticulatum. To 3 or 4 ft., leafy, glaucous on lower part:
Ivs. pubescent, 3-^6-lobed and acutely kdeft: fls. small,
dark blue and sometimes streaked yellow, viscid, in small
racemes: follicles 3. Wyo., Ida.
Delphinium
241
Dendrobium
Ruysii. Derivative from D. nudicaule and hort. races, in
many forms. Pink Sensation now introduced and known
as the Red larkspur belongs here} this plant is per. with
fibrous root, 2 ft. and more high with fl. l^in. long stand-
ing crosswise, light pink.
scapdsum. To 30 in. from clustered hard root: Ivs. 2 in.
or less across with blunt lobes: fls. dark blue, about 1 in.
across, standing crosswise in open raceme, spur short and
nearly straight: follicles 3. Colo, to New Mex. and Ariz.
scopuldrum. Tall and very leafy, to 4 ft. and more,
nearly or completely glabrous, not glaucous: Ivs. large,
parted into 3 divisions and again cut into sharp points: fls.
blue to purplish, about % in. long, in spike-like racemes,
spur straight or a little curved: follicles 3. Ariz., New Mex.
Var. glaucum (D. glaucum). Plant more or less glaucous.
High mts., S. Calif, to Alaska.
sibiricum: D. grandiflorum.
simplex. Erect and simple, mostly tall, to 3 ft., pubes-
cent: Ivs. divided into linear parts: infl. spike-like and
narrow; fls. blue, pubescent outside, sepals obtuse, spur
reflexed at tip, upper petals with brownish-white apex:
follicles 3, pubescent. Wyo., Ore., Wash. — Seldom curt.
sin6nse: D. grandiflorum.
spec ids um (D. caucasicum). Much like D. elatum in
looks but seeds scaly while in elatum they are only in-
distinctly wrinkled or puckered: little branched, to 30 in.
or more: Ivs. hairy-pubescent, 3-parted and then cut into
sharp points: fls. blue, \% in. or more long, spur bent or
hooked: follicles 3. S. E. Asia; plants in cult, may be some
of the D. elatum forms. Var. glabratum is glabrous.
spl£ndens: hort. form of Candle larkspur, D. elatum set.
Staphisagria. Tall stout bien. to 3 ft. or more, soft-
hairy, st. thick: Ivs. 5-7-palmatifid, the segms. broad-
lanceolate and acute: raceme many-fld , simple or branched
at base, bracts at base of peduncles, the upper ones linear;
fls. blue, often greenish-striped, sometimes pale or white,
the obtuse spur much shorter than sepals, upper petals
whitish and prominent: follicles 3, swollen. S. Eu , Medit.
region. — Seldom cult, with us; it yields the drug delphinine.
subalplnum: D. Barbeyi.
sulphur eum: the cult, plant is probably D. Zalil.
tatsien6nse. Much like D. grnndiflorum but the infl.
widely corymbose rather than axially racemose: to 2 ft. or
more, diffuse: fls. violet-blue, about 1*4 in. long, standing
crosswise, spur slender and curved or nooked at the end:
follicles 3. Tatsien-lou region, W. China; name sometimes
but incorrectly written tatsiense. — Grows quickly from
seeds.
tenuisSctum. To 3 ft , leafy, from thick more or less
woody root: Ivs. divided into linear parts: fls. intense blue,
in a raceme, spur short and stout: follicles 3. N. Mex.,
New Mex.
tirolignse: form or range of D. villosum.
tric6rne. Soft-stemmed simple per., 1-3 ft., roots a
tuberous cluster: Ivs. with many lobes nearly linear to
lance-oblong: fls. blue, lilac, lavender to white, prominently
pedieelled in a terminal raceme, 1-1 H i&- across, spur
about equalling sepals: follicles 3, fight-pubescent to
glabrous. Pa. to Minn.. Ark., Ga. — A semi-succulent
species sometimes planted for early spring bloom; often
called "stagger weed."
trfste. To 3 ft., pubescent, nearly simple: Ivs. 3-5-
parted and sharply cut: fls. brown to brown-purple, gray-
pubescent, about 1H in. long, spur rather short: follicles 3,
densely pubescent. Mts., Siberia.
trolliifdlium. Coarse, to 6 ft., leafy: Ivs. orbicular in
outline, large, 5-7-parted and again rut or lobed: fls.deep
blue, small, spur very slender, infl. a long raceme. N. Calif.,
Ore.
truncatum: hort. var. of the D. elatum group.
tyrole'nse: erroneous spelling of D. tirohense.
uligindsum. About 15-24 in. from a short tap-root,
glabrous or nearly so: lys. mostly basal, later ones parted
to the base: fls. blue or pink, about 1 in. long, spur straight
or only slightly curved: follicles 3. Calif.
urceolatum. Old name, probably not now represented
in our cultures: to 5 ft , leafy: Ivs. deeply 5-lobed, cut into
acuminate parts: fls. blue suffused dull red, spur somewhat
curved: follicles 3. Nativity not recorded.
variegatum. ROYAL L. Root tuberous; st. simple or
branched, to 18 in.: Ivs. much parted or divided into oblong
mostly obtuse segms., with spreading hairs: fls. royal
purple varying to lavender, in a few-fld. loose raceme. Coast
ranges, Calif.
vestitum. Tall, to 3 ft., hairy: Ivs. divided to middle into
5-7 cuneate crenate lobes: fls. pale blue, densely hairy, spur
somewhat curved: follicles 3, nairy. High Himalayas.
villosum (D. lariflorum). Tall, erect: Ivs. 3-7-parted,
the segms. lanceolate-acute: raceme loose, the main bracts
oblong or linear; fls. blue, the spur about equalling the
sepals, petals brownish -purple: follicles 3 or 4, pubescent or
hairy. Siberia, Turkestan, Russia.
vimineum: a form of D. mrescen*.
vir6scens (D. albescent). To 3 ft. or less, glandular-
pubescent on upper part, root clustered and thickened: Ivs.
4 in. or less across, divided into many narrow acute parts:
fls. white or bluish-white, somewhat pubescent, \y± in.
long, spur straight or curved: follicles 3. Wis. to Mont,
and Tex. Var. Penardii has lower part of st. glandular-
pubescent and upper part only pubescent. Neb. to Colo,
and Tex.
W61byi. To 2 ft.: Ivs. rather small, 5-parted and the
parts acutely lobed: fls. blue, pubescent, 2 in. across, in a
short raceme, spur upright: follicles 3. Abyssinia.
yunnane'nse. .To 3 ft.: Ivs. 5-7-parted, orbicular in
outline, obtusely but deeply cut-lobed: fls. deep blue, in a
long raceme, spur slender: follicles 3, glabrous. \V. China,
Tibet. — Plants under this name in gardens may be erroneous.
Zalil. To 2 ft., nearly simple, from a thick woody root:
Ivs. deeply divided into stimsh very narrow acute segms.
with recurved margins: fls. primrose-yellow, about 1 in.
across, spur nearly or quite straight: follicles 3, glabrous,
ribbed. Persia, where known as Zalil ; fls. used in dyeing. —
Little known in cult. D. sulphur eum of lists appears to be
this species.
DELTOID: triangular; delta-like.
DEMAZERIA: Desmazeria.
DENDRIUM: Leiophyllum.
DENDR6BIUM. Orchidace.x. Epiphytes of
various habit and leaf form, the fls. in racemes
or sometimes solitary, dorsal sepal and petals
often similar, lateral sepals forming a more or
less prominent sac or spur, lip entire or 3-lobed.
Popular greenhouse orchids; for cult, see Orchids.
acuminatum (Sarcopodium acuminatum). Pseudobulbs
about 2 in. high, bearing 2 Ivs. to 6 in. long: fls. white or
yellow and white (sometimes with red), about 2^ in.
across, in loose racemes about 5-20-fld.; lip 3-lobed. Feb.-
May. Philippines.
aggregatum. Pseudobulbs about 2 in long, with 1 If.
to 3 in. long: fls. golden- or orange-yellow with deeper
colored base to Up, in 3-12-fld. racemes. Mar.-May.
Himalayas, Burma, Indo-China, Malnya.
Ainsworthii. Hybrid between D. nobile and D. hetero-
carpum.
&lbo-sangufneum. Sts. subcylindric, to 1 ft. high, leafy
at extremity: Ivs. to 6 in. long: flp. in 2-7-fld. racemes,
yellowish-white with 2 reddish-purple spots on lip, about
2 in. long. Apr.-May. Burma.
amplum (Sarcopodium amplum). Pseudobulbs to 2 in.
long on a long creeping rhizome: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 2 in.
broad: fls. white to greenish-brown spotted with darker
brown, mid-lobe of lip dark purple, in few-fld. racemes.
Trop. Himalayas.
dnceps. Sts. to about 3 ft. long, densely covered with
distichous triangular-ovate Ivs. to 1 % in. or more long: fls.
in lateral few-fld. racemes, greenish-yellow, lip sometimes
edged with purple. Apr.-May. Himalayas, Burma, Indo-
China.
Armstrongii. Hybrid between D. heterocarpum and D.
nobile var. cserulescens.
Ashworthiae. Pseudobulbs to 10 in. long, tapering toward
base, 2-lvd. at the apex: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to nearly 5 in.
long, subobtuse, leathery: racemes 4-5-fld.; fls. cream-white,
streaked with purple at base of lip, about 2^ in. across.
Jan., Apr. New Guinea.
atroviolaceum. Pseudobulbs clavate, to 12 in. high,
with 2 apical Ivs. to about 5 in. long: fls. about 2-3 in.
across, in 2y8-fld. racemes; sepals and petals whitish-
yellow with violet spots; lip dark violet streaked with white
and green on outer surface. Dec .-July. New Guinea.
aurantiacum. Sts. to 24 in. high, cylindric: Ivs. to 4 in.
long: racemes on leafless sts., 1-3-fld.; fls. golden-yellow.
Apr. Himalayas, Burma, China.
aureum: D. heterocarpum.
barbatulum. Sts. to 1 H ft. long: Ivs. to about 4 in. long:
fls. white, about $4 in. across, in dense 8-15-fld. racemes.
Mar. India.
bell&tulum. Sts. about 2 in. high: Ivs. to 2 in. long: fls.
white with an orange or purple-red lip. Nov.-Apr. Indo-
China, China.
B6nsonia) (p. signatum). Sts. to about 3 ft. high, leafless
at flowering time: fls. white, the yellow lip orange-yellow
at b^se and with purple spots in throat, 2 in. across, 1-3
together. May-June. Siam, Burma.
bigfbbum. Pseudobulbs to 1^ ft. long: Ivs. leathery,
Dendrobium
242
Dendrobium
to 6 in. long: fls. purple-red, 2 in. across, in 2-12-fld.
racemes to 1 ft. long; lip 3-lobed, Sept.-Nov. Australia.
Br6nckartii. Pseudobulbs to 3 ft. long: fls. pale rose
with orange spot on hp, 2 in. across, in many-fid, pendulous
racemes. Indo-China.
Brymerianum. Sts. to 2 ft. long: Ivs. to 5 in. long: fls.
golden-yellow, about 2ty in. across, in few-fld. lateral
racemes, the lip deeply fringed. Oct.-May. Burma, Indo-
China.
burfordignse: D. duke.
Calceolaria: D. moschatum var.
Cambridgeanum: D. ochreatum.
cariniferum. Pseudobulbs to 10 in. long: fls. 1H in-
across, with white sepals and petals and red-orange lip
tipped with white or pale orange, long-spurred. Himalayas,
Burma.
chessmgtone'nse. Hybrid between D. heterocarpum and
D. Wiganise.
chlorostele (D. xanthocentrori) . Hybrid between D.
Linawianum and D. Wardianum.
chrysanthum (D. Paxtonii). Sts. to 7 ft. long, leafy: Ivs.
to 9 in. long: fls. 1-6, golden-yellow with 2 dark brown spots
on throat, 1-2 in. across, lip toothed. Mar.-July, Sept.-
Dec. Himalayas, Burma, Indo-China, China.
chrysodiscus: D. melanodiscus.
chrysot6xum. Sts. clavate or fusiform, to 15 in. long
with 3-8 Ivs. at the summit: Ivs. linear to oblong-elliptic,
to 6* in. long: racemes pendulous, loosely 8- or more-fld.,
about 6-9 in. long; fls. golden-yellow, about 2 in. across,
lip orange in throat, fringed. Mar.-July. Burma, Indo-
China, China. Vur. suavfssimum (D. suavissimum) has
large chestnut spot on lip.
ciliatum. Sts. to 1H ft. high: Ivs. to nearly 5 in. long:
fla. in 5-17-fld. racemes to 10 in. long; sepals and petals
greenish-yellow; lip 3-lobed, yellow veined with rea, the
middle lobe fringed. Oct.-Nov. Burma, Indo-China.
Ccel6gyne (Sarcopodium Calogyn?}. Pseudobulbs on a
long creeping rhizome, 2 in. high, bearing 2 leathery Ivs. to
6 in. long: fl. solitary, large, 2 in. or more wide; sepals and
petals yellowish-green densely spotted with purple; lip
dark purple. Oct.-Dec. Burma.
crassindde: D. pendulum.
crepidatum. Sts. cylindric, to 1H ft. long: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 6 in. long: racemes 2-3-fld.; fls. about 1-1 J^j
in. across, white suffused with rose or lilac, center of hp
golden-yellow. Feb.-Mar. Himalayas, Burma, Indo-
China.
cretaceum. Sts. thickened, to almost 15 in. long, pendu-
lous: fls. solitaiy, cream-white with disk of hp yellowish
streaked with orange-red or purplish. May-July. Burma,
Himalayas, Indo-Cnma.
crumenarum. Sts. to 3 ft. or more long, with basal
fusiform pseudobulbous thickening to 6 in. long: Ivs. about
4 in. long: fls. lax, solitaiy on the leafless upper part of the
sts., white or pale rose-suffused, with yellow patch on lip.
Indo-China, Burma, Malaya, Philippines.
crystallinum. Sts. to about 1H ft. long, leafless when
flowering: Ivs. to 6 in. long. fls. in clusters of 1-3, about
2 in. across; sepals and petals white tipped with rose; lip
golden-vellow at base. Apr.-June. Himalayas, Burma,
Indo-Cnina.
cdpreum: D. moschatum var.
Curtisii. Hybrid between D. Cassiope and D. hetero-
carpum.
cymbidioldes. Pseudobulbs ov9id, 4- or 5-angled, about
\\^ in. high, 2-lvd. at the summit: Ivs. oblong or elliptic,
to 6 in. long, leathery: mfl. 6^14-fld., to about 10 in. high,
fls. pale yellow, about 1^ in. across; sepals and petals
narrowly oblong; hp 3-lobed, white marked with purple
and yellow. Feb.— Aug. Java, Sumatra.
Dalhousieanum: D. pulchellum.
Dearei. Sts. to 3 ft. high: Ivs. to 3 in. long: racemes 3-8-
fld.; fls. large, white with yellowish-green in center of hp, to
2H in. across. Dec.-May, July-Aug. Philippines.
densiflorum. Sts. clavate, to 20 in. high, with 3-5
leathery Ivs. about 6 in. long near the summit: fls. pale or
golden-yellow with orange-yellow lip, about 2 in. across, in
dense many-fld. pendulous racemes to about 9 in. long.
Mar.-May. Himalayas, Burma, Indo-China.
Devonianum. Sts. to 3H ft. long: Ivs. to 4 in. long: fls.
about 2 in. across, usually solitary or 2 on leafless sts.,
white tipped with rose, the fringed lip with 2 large orange-
yellow spots. May- Aug. Himalayas, Burma, Indo-China.
dlxanthum. Ste. subclayate, to about 3 ft. high: fls.
yellow with orange spot on lip, in 1-5-fld. racemes. Burma,
Indo-China.
Domlnianum. Hybrid between D. Linawianum and
D. nobUe.
dracdnis. Sts. to 18 in. high: Ivs. to about 3 in. long:
racemes axillary on upper part of st., 2-5-fld.; fls. about
IK in. across, ivory- wnite with 3 golden-yellow or orange-
red ridges on hp. May-July. Burma, Indo-China.
dulce (D. burfordiense). Hybrid between D. heterocarpum
and D. Linawianum.
endocharis. Hybrid between D. heterocarpum and D.
monuiforme (the latter being D. Linawianum).
eruefldrum. Ste. to 14 in. long: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate:
fls. usually green or greenish-white veined with red, in
many-fld. racemes. Himalayas.
eu6smum. Hybrid between D. nobile and D. endocharis.
Falconeri. Ste. much branched, swollen at nodes, to 3 ft.
long: Ivs. to 6 in. long: fls. 2-3 in. across, solitary, white or
pale rose tipped with violet, the lip with dark purple throat
surrounded by orange-red. May-July. Burma, Himalayas.
Farmer!. Sta. clavate, to 1H ft. high: fls. about 2 in.
across, in many-fld. pendulous racemes; sepals and petals
white, yellowish- white or pale rose; lip golden-yellow tipped
with rose. Apr.-June. Himalayas, Burma.
flmbriatum. Sts. cane-like, to about 5 ft. long: Ivs. to
6 in. long: racemes pendulous, to about 6 in. long, 6-12-
fld. ; fls. to almost 3 in. across, deep yellow; lip orange-yellow,
fringed. Mar.-Apr. Himalayas, Burma. Var. oculatum
has a large dark brown or purple blotch in throat of hp.
Findlayanum. Ste. to 2 ft. long with club-shaped inter-
nodes: Ivs. 3 in. long: fls. about 2-3 in. across, 1 or 2 to-
gether on leafless ste.; sepals and petals white tinged with
rose; lip deep yellow in throat fading to white near edges.
Feb.-May. Burma.
forrn6sum. Ste. to 1^ ft. high: Ivs. to about 5 in. long:
racemes 2-4-fld., near apex of st.j fls. snow-white with
center of lip orange-yellow, to 4 in. across. Jan.-May.
Himalayas, Burma. Var. giganteum has larger growth
and fls. to 5 in. across.
Friedricksianum. Ste. thick, much furrowed: infl. a
3-4-fld. slender arching raceme; sepals and petals light
yellow; lip bright yellow with purplish blotch, tomentose
at base. Siam.
fusif6rme: D. sp«cioaum var.
Gdldiei: D. supeibiens.
Griffithianum. Ste. fusiform, to 1% ft. high, furrowed,
3-5-lvd.. infl. a many-fld. pendent raceme; fls. bright
yellow, to nearly 2 in. across; sepals oblong, petals nearly
orbicular; lip oiange, orbicular, fringed. May-June.
Burma.
heterocarpum (D. aureum). Ste. stout, to about 30 in.
long: Ivs. to over 7 in. long: fls. 2^-3 in. across, in clusters
of 2 or 3; sepals and petals cream-colored; lip yellow
marked with red or reddish-purple. Blooms all year.
Himalayas and Ceylon, to Java and Philippines.
Hfldebrandii. Ste. slender below, thickened above, to
2 ft. long. If. elliptic-oblong, to 5 in. long: racemes axillary,
3-4-fld.; sepals and petals pale green, whitish-yellow or
creamy-pink, the lip yellow, sometimes with 2 brown
blotches in throat. Apr. Burma.
Hfllii: D. speciosum.
Hdllrungii. Sts. leafy, to 2>£ ft. long: Ivs. ovate-lanceo-
late to elliptic-lanceolate, to about 6 in. long: racemes
densely fld.: fls. yellowish- white, having a hp with a dark
green tip. New Guinea.
infundibulum. Sts. cylindrical, to 2 ft. long: fls. about
3-4 in. across, snow-white with orange-yellow spot on hp.
May-Aug. Burma. Var. Tamesianum (D. Jamesianum)
has lateral lobes of lip roughened and disk of lip cinnabar.
Jamesianum: D. infundibulum var.
J6nkinsii. Plant dwarf; pseudobulbs crowded, to 1^ in.
long, 1-lvd.: If. oblong-oval, about 1 in. long: rls. solitary
or 2, orange-yellow with darker disk of lip, to 1 H in. across,
sepals oval, petals rhomboid much broader. Assam and
Burma.
Kingianum. Pseudobulbous ste. up to 6 in. long, with
2-5 Ivs. to about 4 in. long: racemes 3-12-fld.; fls. rose or
whitish striped with violet, the 3-lobed hp marked with a
greenish-yellow callus. Mar.- Apr. Australia.
Linawianum (D. monihforme). Thickened sts. clavate,
to 1^ ft. long: fls. in 2's or 3's, about 2 in. across, rose-
purple fading to white at base, the lip obscurely 3-lobed.
China, Japan.
lituifldrum. Sts. thickened, to 2 ft. long: Ivs. to 4 in.
long: fls. 2-2 }£ in. across, injgroups of 1-5 on leafless sts.;
sepals and petals amethyst-purple; lip curved like a trumpet,
maroon-purple or violet in throat surrounded by a broad
white zone. Mar.-June. Burma.
Lyonii. Similar to D. acuminatum from which it differs
in larger Ivs., longer floral bracts and larger rose-carmine
fls. with wine-red\hp. May-June, Philippines.
macrocarpum: listed name.
macrophfllum. Sts. clavate-thickened above, to 1 ft.
Dendrobium 243
high, with 2-3 Ivs. to 10 in. long at the summit: fls. about
2 in. across, in 4-many-fld. racemes to about 14 in long;
sepals greenish-yellow, petals whitish; lip 3-lobed, greenish-
yellow marked with purple. Nov.-Dec. Pacific Isls.
melanodiscus (D. chrysodiscus) . Hybrid between Z).
Findlayanum and D. Ainsworthise.
mlcans. Hybrid between D. Wardianum and D. litui-
florum.
moniliforme: D. Linawianum.
moschatum. Sts. cylindric, leafy throughout, to 6 ft.
high: Ivs. to 6 in. long: racemes to 12 in. long, pendulous,
8-15-fld.; fls. reddish-yellow with a pair of red-brown spots
near the base of the calceolate lip, about 3-4 in. across.
May-Aug. Himalayas, - Burma. Var. Calceolaria (D.
Calceolaria) has smaller more intensely colored fls. Var.
cupreum (D. cupreum) has copper-colored fls.
n6bile. Sts. cylindric, nodose, to nearly 3 ft. high: Ivs.
to about 4 in. long: fls. to about 3 in. across, in 2's (rarely
3's); sepals and petals rosy-purple fading to white at base;
lip white tipped with rose and with dark purple throat.
Jan.-June. Himalayas, Burma, China. Runs into various
color forms, such as: album with pure white sepals and
petals; Amesiee with large pure white fls. and lip with
maroon diak; Arnoldianum; Ashworthianum with greenish-
white fls.; Ballianum with pure \\hite fls. slightly tinged
with rose-pink on disk of lip; Cooksonianum with petals
colored like the lip; murrhiniacum, fls. white tinged with
violet, the throat deeper; nobilius with larger deeper colored
fls • Oweni# Rothwellianum ; Sanderianum, sepals
and petals intense rose-purple, lip rose with large black-
purple spot surrounded by narrow white zone; summitense;
virginale, with pure white fls. slightly tinged with primrose
on lip.
ochreatum (D. Cambridgeanum) . Sts cylindric, nodose,
to 12 in. long: racemes short, 1-3-fld.; fls. 2-3 in. across,
rich golden-yellow with chestnut or purple throat to the
lip. Mar.-May. Himalayas, Burma.
Owenianum. Hybrid between D. Linawianum majus
and D. Wardiatium.
Parishii. Sts. thickened, to 1 ft. long: Ivs. to 5 in. long:
racemes 1-3-fld ; fls. rose to lilac-purple, with a pair of dark
purple blotches in the throat of the lip, about 2 in. across.
May-July. Burma.
Paxtonii: D. chrysanthum.
pendulum (D. crastnnode). Sts. cylindric, nodose, to 2 ft.
long: Ivs. to about 5 in. long: racemes short, 1-3-fld.; fls.
to 2^£ in. across, white tipped with purple, the lip with a
yellow throat surrounded by a white zone and tipped with
purple. Burma.
Phalaen6psis. Sts. 2 ft. or more high: racemes to 2 ft.
long, 4-18-fld. ; fls. to over 3 in. across, rose, purple or
whitish-rose with dark purple throat to the lip. May-Nov.
Australia to New Guinea and Timor. Vsir Schroederianum
has white sepals arid petals, and lip deep violet or white.
Var. Statterianum has deep violet fls.
Pierardii. Sts. cylindric, to 3 ft. long: Ivs. to 5 in. long:
fls. to 2 in. across, in 2-3-flcl. racemes; sepals and petals pale
rose; lip whitish-yellow with carmine or purplish lines at
base. Feb.-May. Himalayas, Burma, China. Var. lati-
fdlium has broader Ivs and sts.
Pjtcherianum (D. Rolfese). Hybrid between D. nobile
and Z). primuhnum.
platycaulon. Pseudobulbs strongly compressed, to 7 in.
long, bearing 3-5 Ivs. to about 6 in. long: fls. straw-colored,
in short 3-6-fld. racemes. Philippines.
plumptonense. Hybrid between D. Cybele var. nobilius
and D. nobile var. nobilius.
primulinum. Sts. cylindric, to 18 in. long: Ivs. to 4 in.
long: racemes 1-2-fld , on leafless sts.; fls. to 3 in. across;
sepals and petals pale rose or pale lilac; lip primrose-yellow
with purple-striped throat. Feb.-May. Himalayas,
Burma, China.
pulchellum (D. Dalhousieanum) . Sts. cylindric, to 4 ft.
long: racemes pendulous, 6-12-fld.; fls. about 3 5 in. across,
pale yellow tinted with rose, with a pair of large darkpurple
spots in throat of the lip. Mar.-May. Himalayas, Burma,
Indo -China.
f ramosum. Pseudobulbs slender, to 20 in. tall: fla.
solitary or in 2's, pale primrose-yellow; lip 3-lobed, the
lateral lobes white streaked with rose-purple. Himalayas.
regium. Sts. cylindric, to 12 in high: Ivs. to 4 in. long:
racemes 1-3-fld.; fls. about 3-4 in across; sepals and petals
rose edged with cream- white; lip rose with golden tnroat.
July. India.
Roeblingianum. Hybrid between D. nobile and D.
Ruckeri (the latter being D. ramosum).
R61feae: D. Pitchcnanum.
rubens. Hybrid between D. Ainsworlhii and D. nobile.
S&nderee. Very similar to D. Dearei but with larger fls.
having a purplish striped throat to the lip. May-Aug.
Philippines.
Dendrocereus
Schneiderianum. Hybrid between D. Findlayanum
and Z). heterocarpum.
secundum. Sts. cylindric, to 40 in. high: Ivs. to almost
5 in. long: racemes densely many-fid., secund; fls. rose with
orange-yellow disk to the lip. Blooms all year. Burma,
Indo-Chma, Pacific Isls.
Seymouriee. Hybrid of unknown parentage.
eignatum: D. Bensonix.
speci&sum (D. Hilhi). Sts. clavate, to 14 in. long, with
3-4 Ivs. to 12 in. long: rncemes many-fid., to 30 in. long;
fls. straw-color or yellow with white lip spotted with red or
violet. Feb. —Mar. Australia. Var. fusif6nne (D. /ua»-
forme) has fusiform sts.
spectfibile. Pseud obulbs erect, cluvate or fusiform, to
about 16 in. high, 2-5-lvd.: terminal racemes of about
12 fls. or less; fls. to about 3 J£ in. across; sepals and petals
greenish-yellow veined with deep reddish-brown or violet;
lip whitish-yellow with more intense purplish veining.
Jan.-Apr. New Guinea.
splendidissimum. Hybrid between D. heterooarpum
and D. Findlayanum.
suavissimum: D. chrysotoxum var.
sup<§rbiens (D. GoMici). Sts. cylindric, to 3 ft. or more
high: racemes nodding, loosely mariy-fld; fls . about 2 in.
across, crimson-purple with white ridges on lip. Sept.-
Nov , Apr. Australia.
superb urn. Sts. cylindric, to 4 ft. long: fls. rose-purple
with 2 large dark purple spots in throat of lip, to 4 in.
across, solitary or in 2's (rarely m 3's). Jan.-Apr, Oct.
Borneo, Celebes to Philippines. Vnr &lbum has white fls.
with pale purple lip. Var. Dearei has pure white fls. with
faint yellow flush on lip.
tetragdnum. Pseud obulbs slender, club-shaped, pendu-
lous, 4-sided, to 1C in. long, usually 2-lvd. at the summit:
Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, acute, to 4 m. long: racemes 1-3-
fld.; fls. to 4 in. across; sepals arid petals yellowish spotted
or suffused with reddish-brown; lip cream-white, trans-
versely barred with red and strongly recurved. Nov.
Australia.
Thwaitesice. Cross between the hybrids D. Ainsworthii
and D. \Viyaniae.
thyrsifl&rum. Perhaps only a form of D. densiflorum
with longer rounded (not angulate) sts. and white sepals
and petals. Burma.
Tdftii. Pseudobulbs 4-5 ft. tall, fusiform, with purpl*
ribs: fls. in racemes to 1 M ft. lon^; sepals and petals whitish,
the latter lined with violet; lip whitish, vcmcd and suffused
with violet. Australia.
t6rtile. Pseudobulbs or sts. club-shaped, to 12 in. high,
2-3-lvd.: Ivs. oblong, obtuse, to about 4 m. long: fls. in
2's or 3's from the nodes, to 3^ m. across; sepals and petals
white tinged with rose; lip lemon-yellow with purple
streaks at base. June-July. Burma. Var. rdseum has
sepals and petals rose.
undularum. Sts. to 4 ft. high' racemes to over 1^ ft.
long, many-fld.; fls. about 2 in. across, yellowish-brown,
lip lined with reddish-brown or violet, sepals and petals
twisted. June, Sept.-Nov. Australia.
Veltchii. Hybrid between D. moniliforme and D.
Wardianum.
Wardianum. Sts. cylindric, nodose, to about 3 ft. long:
Ivs. to 5 in. long: fls. in clusters of 2-3, on leafless sts., to
4 in. across; sepals, petals, and lip white tipped with rose-
purple, lip with a yellow thioat maiked by 2 dark purple
blotches. Feb.-May. Himalayas, Burma.
Wlganiae. Hybrid between D. nobile and D. signatum
(the latter being D. Bensonix).
Wiganiae aureum is said to have the same parentage aa
D. Wigamse.
xanthocentron: D. chlorostele.
DENDROCALAMUS. GIANT BAMBOO. Gram-
ineae. Tree-like bamboos of S. Asia and Malaya,
the spikelets borne in globose clusters or heads
in long panicles, stamens 6. See Bamboo.
H£miltonil. To 80 ft.: Ivs. to 15 in. long and 2^ in.
wide, rough on edges: heads many-fld., to 1^ in. across,
in branching panicles. Himalayas.
latiflorus. Tall: Ivs. to 10 in. long and 2 in. wide: heads
few-fld., about % in. across. India, Cochin-China.
membranflceus. To 80 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long and $i in.
wide: heads many-fld., 1 in. across. India.
strfctus. MALE BAMBOO. To 50 ft., sts. becoming yel-
lowish: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 1% in. wide: heads many-fld.,
iy% in. across. India, Java.
DENDROCfeREUS Cactacese. Monotypic
genus from Cuba. D. nudifldrus. Tree to 35 ft.
Dendrocereus
244
Desfontainea
with woody trunk to 3 ft. long and much
branched top, although small plants may be
erect or becoming bushy or semi-prostrate:
branches weak when young; ribs 3-5, acute ana
wing-like, short-jointed, to 3 in. high on large
branches; areoles woolly, J^-2 in. apart j spines,
when present, in clusters of 2-15, to 1% in. long,
black-tipped, needle-like: fls. greenish-yellow
outside becoming white at center, to 5 in. long,
nocturnal and short-lived: fr. subcylindric,
green, to 6 in. long, with rind to % in. thick.
DENDROCHlLUM (Platyclinis). Orchid-
acex. Epiphytes with small pseudobulbs bearing
1 narrow evergreen If. and small fls. in long often
pendulous racemes, sepals and petals similar,
the lip 3-lobed. Warmhouse plants; for cult,
see Orchids.
Cobbianum. To about 20 in. tall: fls. whitish or yellowish
with orange-yellow lip, about ^j in. across, in long-stalked
racemes. Apr.-Nov. Philippines.
cucumerinum. Lvs. to almost 5 in. long and ^ ia. wide:
fls. very small, green and transparent. Hab.?
filifdrme. Lvs. 6 (rarely 8) in. long: scape to 18 in. long:
fls. numerous, minute, less than % in. across, greenish-
yellow or greenish-brown. Man-July. Philippines.
glum&ceum. Fls. white to yellow, about M in. across, in
long-Btalked racemes. Aug.-June. Philippines.
latifolium. Lvs. to about 17 in. long including petiole:
fls. whitish, greenish-yellow or orange, about M in. across,
in long-stalked racemes. Feb.-July. Philippines.
uncatum. Similar to D. glumaceum from which it differs
in ita somewhat smaller habit and in having the arms of the
column near the middle (not basal). Sept.-Jan., May-
July. Philippines.
DENDROMfeCON. Papaveracex. One Cali-
fornian glabrous evergreen shrub planted for
ornament in warm climates. Propagated by
seeds which are very slow in germinating.
D. rfgida. BUSH-POPPY. TREE-POPPY. To
10 ft.: Ivs. leathery with prominent veins,
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate: fls. golden-yellow,
2 in. across: fr. linear, to 4 in. long.
DENDROPANAX: Qilibertia japonica.
DENDROPOGON: Tillandaia umeoidea.
DENEA: Howea Forsteriana.
DENMdZA. Cactacese. Founded as a mono-
typic genus. D. rhodacantha (Echinopsis rho-
ddcantha. Cereus rhodacanthus and erythrocepka-
lus. Pilocereus erythrocephalus) . Globular when
young but becoming 5 ft. high; ribs 15-30, are-
oles close together on old plants and with long
bristle-like spines; spines 6-12, white or reddish,
\Yi in. long: fls. at top of plant, scarlet, 2 in.
long, stamens red and exserted. Argentina. —
The plant advertised as D. smaragdiflora is
probably Cleistocactus smaragdiflonis.
DENNSTAfiDTIA. CUP-FERN. Polypodiacex.
Large or medium-sized ferns with 1-3-pinnate
fronds, hairy creeping rhizomes and marginal
sori; native in the tropics and subtropics, one in
N. N. Ainer. Of easy cult.; see Ferns.
adiantoides. GLOSSY C. Fronds to 4 ft. long and 3 ft.
wide, 3-pinnate, glabrous and shining, on bright brown
stipes to 3 ft. long. W. Indies, N. S. Amer.
cicutaria (Dicksonia dcutaria. Sitolobium cicutarium).
COMMON C. Fronds to 6 ft. long and 3 ft. wide, 4-pinnate<
shining and glabrous, on yellowish-brown stipes to 3 ft.
long. W. Indies, N. S. Amer.
punctil6bula (Dicksonia pHoaiuscula and punctdobula) .
HAY-SCENTED- FERN. Hardy: fronds to 3 ft. long and 9 in.
wide, 3-pinnate pubescent beneath. N. S. to Ga. and Ark.
— Sometimes planted in the wild-garden.
DENTARIA. TOOTHWORT. Cruciferse. Little
spring-blooming woods herbs of tne northern
hemisphere, useful in the wild-garden, rock-
garden, ana for colonizing: per., with toothed or
scaly rootstocks, and few divided or compound
Ivs. high on St., the radical Ivs. often of different
character: fls. white, rose or purple, in terminal
corymb-like racemes: fr. or sttique elongated
and beaked.
calif dinica: D. integrifolia var.
digitata: Cardamine prat crisis.
diphylla. Erect, 6-12 in. from a long continuous root-
stock: st.-lvs. mostly 2 and opposite, ternate, the divisions
or Ifts. ovate and toothed or shallowly lobed: fls. white, in
a glabrous cluster. N. S. to Minn, and S. C.
heteroph^lla. To 14 in., rootetock jointed near surface:
basal Ivs. trifoliolate, Ifte. ovate, obtusely toothed: st.-lvs.
linear to lanceolate, to 1^ in. long, entire or shallowly
dentate: fls. light purple, to 1 in. across: fr. about 1 in.
long. Mts. of N. J. to Ga.
integrifdlia. MILK-MAIDS. To 20 in.: basal Ivs. simple
to trifoliolate. segms. ovate to reniform, to 2% in. long; st.-
lvs. 3-5-foliolate, segms. orbicular to linear: fls. white, to
^ in. across, in simple^ racemes, style to ^ in. long. Calif,
to Ore. Var. californica (D. californica) has larger and
denticulate Ivs. which are often purplish beneath with
white to pale rose fls. Var. Tracyi (D. Tracyi) has smaller
Ivs. which are dark purple beneath and smaller deep rose-
pink fls.
laciniata. To 1 ft. or so from a jointed rootstock: st.-lvs.
commonly 3, approximately verticillate, the divisions very
narrow: fls. white or purplish, in a somewhat pubescent
cluster. Que. to Minn, and Fla.
macrocarpa. Differs from D. integrifolia in having style
to ^ in. long: fls. rose-purple. Calif, to Ore.
tene'lla. To 18 in., rootetock tuberous: basal Ivs. simple,
cordate-orbicular, to 1 ^ in. long, crenately or sinuately
lobed; st.-lvs. trifoliolate, segms. narrow and entire, to 1^
in. long: fls. rose-purple, in short racemes. Ore., Wash.
Tracyi: C. integrifolia var.
DENTATE: with sharp spreading rather coarse indenta-
tions or teeth.
D£RRIS (Deguelia). Leguminosse. Trop.
woody climbers with alternate pinnate Ivs.,
papilionaceous purple or white fls. in racemes,
panicles or clusters, and flattened pods; some-
times planted out-oi-doors in warm regions.
The derris-root of commerce, used as a contact insecti-
cide, is obtained from the roots of three species (D. elhp-
tica, D. uliginosa and D. malaccensis) of which the first is
reported to yield the greatest quantity of the active in-
gredient, rotenone. These species are cultivated largely in
the Malay States and the East Indies for their rotenone-
containing roots. A secondary source of rotenone comes
from the South American plants Lonchocarpus Nicou, L.
Urucu and Tephrosia toxtcaria.
scandens (D. timorensis). MALAY JEWEL VINE. Lvs.
of 9-18 oblong Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls. pale rose, in axillary
racemes often twice as long as Ivs.:. pods to 3 in. long.
Malaya, China, Australia.
timorensis: D. scandens.
DESCHAMPSIA. HAIR-GRASS. Graminese.
Ann. or per. grasses with glossy pale yellow to
purplish 2-fld. spikelets in narrow or open
panicles, differing from Aira in the lemmas
tapering into the slender teeth and not truncate.
One species, D. flexudsa (Aira flexuosa), CRIN-
KLED H., is occasionally grown for ornament. Per.
to 2^2 ft-.* Ivs. involute, 3—6 in. long: panicles to
8 in. long, open, the branches flexuous. Eu., E.
N. Amer. — A form with variegated foliage is
sometimes grown.
DESERT-CANDLE: Eremurus.
DESFONTAlNEA. Loganiacex. One gla-
brous little shrub in the Andean regions of S.
Amer., intro. in Calif. D. spin6sa. To 3 ft.,
with opposite coriaceous spiny-tooth holly-
like elliptic-oblong Ivs.: fls. tubular, scarlet
and yellow, terminal, with 5-lobed somewhat
trumpet-shaped corolla, and 5 stamens: fr. a
globose or ovoid berry.
Desmanthus
DESMANTHUS (Actuin). Leguminosx.
American per. herbs or sometimes shrubs with
bipinnate mimosa-like Ivs. and small regular
greenish or whitish fls. in heads or spikes; one
species is rarely offered.
brachylobus: D. Ulinoensis.
illinoSnsis (D. brachylobus. Mimosa illinoensis). To
3 ft.: Ifte. numerous and very small: pods in dense heads,
oblong, to 1 in. long, curved. Ohio to Fla. and New Mex.
DESMAZ^RIA (erroneously spelled Dema-
zeria). Graminea*. Ann. and per. grasses with
flattened many-fld. spikelets borne in spikes;
one is sometimes grown for ornament. In 1822
Dumortier published the genus Demazeria but
in 1823 corrected it to Desmareria, in honor of
his friend and agrostologist Desmazieres. See
Grasses.
sfcula (Brizopyrum siculum). SPIKE-GRASS. Ann. to
1 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 1A in. wide: spikelets to >$ in.
long, in spikes 2-3 in. long. Medit. region.
DESM ODIUM (Meibomia). TICK TREFOIL.
TICK CLOVER. Leauminosx. Herbs, often
woody at base, with Ivs. mostly of 3 Ifts., small
papilionaceous fls. in racemes or panicles, and
flat pods consisting of several joints which
separate readily and often adhere to clothing
like burs. They are sometimes transferred to
borders and the wild-garden. Natives in dry
woods and fields.
bfcolor: Lespedeza tricolor.
bractedsum: D. cuspidatum.
canadgnse. Per. to 8 ft.: Ifts. oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late: fls. purple, to % in. long: pods 1 in. long, 3-6-jointed.
N. S. to N. C. and Okla.
ciliatum: Rhynchosia puberida.
cinerascens. Procumbent per., sts. to 4 ft. long, gray-
pubescent: Ifts. elliptic-oblong: fls. purple, about ^ in.
long, pods 6-8-jomted. Mex.
cuspidatum (D. bracteosum. Meibomia grandiflora) .
Erect per. to 5 ft.: Ifte. to 6 in. long, ovate-lanceolate,
glabrous: fls. lilac-purple. Me. to Minn., south to Fla.
and Tex.
DUlenii. Per. to 3 ft.: Ifts. oval to oblong-ovate: fls.
purple, ^ in. long: pods to 1 in. long, 2-4-jointed. Ont. to
Fla. and Tex.
floribundum (D. sambuense). Sts. woody: Ifts. obovate-
oblong: fls. purple, ^j in. long: pods to 1 in. long, 6-8-
jointcd. Himalayas.
formosum. Plant erect, pubescent, sts. angular: Ifte.
nearly sessile, ovate to oblong, rarely glabrous, apex
emargmate to mucronulate, occasionally white-spotted:
fls. pUrplish-pmk, in axillary racemes. China.
ganggticum (Hedysarum gangeticum). Per., ste. woody,
ascending or erect, to 4 ft. high, hairy above: Ifts. oblong,
3-6 in. long, acute, stalked: fls. % in. long, in lax racemes to
1 ft. long, short-pedicelled: pods falcate, to % in. long,
6-8-jointed. Old World tropics. A dwarf form growing to
1 ft. high with obtusely cordate Ifte. to 1 in. long is var.
maculatum.
gyrans: D. motorium.
japonicum: Lespedeza japonica.
marylandicum. Per. to 3 ft.: Ifts. ovate or orbicular:
fls. purplish, Yt in. long: pods very small, 1-3-jointed. Ont.
to Fla. and Tex.
motdrium (D. and Codariocalyx gyrans). TELEGRAPH-
PLANT. Per. to 4 ft.: terminal 1ft. oblong, the lateral ones
very small and moving in all directions: fls. purple or violet,
H in. long: pods to 1 ^ in. long, 6-10-jointea. Trop. Asia. —
Grown as a curiosity in greenhouses. Treated as an ann.
Propagated by seeds.
nudifldrum (Meibomia nudi flora). Erect to 3 ft.: Ifte.
oval, pale green beneath, nearly glabrous: fls. rose-purple,
in few-fid, narrow panicles. July-Aug. Que. to Minn.,
south to Fla. and La.
pendulifldrum: Lespedeza Thunbergii.
purpureum (D. tortuosum). BEGGAR WEED. Per., but
grown as ann., to 8 ft.: Ifte. ovate or oblong: fls. blue or
purple, Y* in. long: pods to 1 in. long, twisted, 2-6-jointed.
W. Indies. — Grown in 8. U. 8. as a forage and cover-crop.
Seeds should be sown on rather moist land, in spring.
No care will be needed after first year as it will reseed itself.
rlgidum. Per. to 3 ft., stiff: Ifte. ovate or oblong: fla.
245 Deutzia
purplish, to H in. long: pods very small, 1-3-jointed. N. H.
to Fla. and La.
sambue'nfie: D. floribundum.
tiltefdlium. To 7 ft., ste. woody: Ifte. obovate, to 4 in.
long, long-petioled: fls. purple. % in. long, Aug.-Oct.:
pods to 3 in. long, 6-9-jointed. Himalayas.
tortudsum: D. purpureum.
DESM6NCUS. Palmaceae. Climbing or clam-
bering monoecious very spiny palms of the
American tropics, of the Bactris relationship;
probably not established in our territory.
DESMOTHAMNUS: Lyonia lucida.
DETARIUM. Leguminossp. Trop. African
trees with pinnate Ivs., small fragrant white
fls. without petals borne in panicles, and pod
round and indehiscent resembling a drupe; one
species has been intro. into S. Fla. for ornament
and interest.
Senegal 6nse. Lfte 6-12 or more, ovate-oblong, to 3 in.
long: panicles to 6 in. long: pods to 2^ in. across.
DEtTTZIA. Saxifraqacccr. Attractive and
popular floriferous shrubs with opposite usually
deciduous serrate Ivs. and white, blush or
purplish fls. mostly in panicles and racemes
in early summer; native in E. Asia and the
Himalaya region. Most of them are hardy N.
Deutzias thrive in any well-drained soil. Potted plants
may be forced in a temperature of not over 50° for con-
servatory and greenhouse decoration, but they cannot be
forced again. They are propagated by both greenwood and
hardwood cuttings, also by divisions, layers, and by seeds
sown in boxes or pans in spring.
candelabrum. Hybrid between D. gracilis and D. Sie-
boldiana, having ovate-lanceolate Ivs. and fls. in panicles.
Var. fastuftsa (D. gracilis fas tuosa) does not differ materially
from the type.
Candida. Hybrid between D. Lemoinci and D. Sicbold-
iana, having ovate Ivs. and fls. in panicle-like corymbs.
candid fssima: D. scabra var.
corymbifldra: D. setchuenensis var.
crenata: D. scabra.
discolor. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
densely hairy beneath: fls. white, % in. across, in many-fld.
corymbs. Cent. China. Var. candid fssima has pure white
fls.; var. elegantlssima is D. elegantismma ; var. major has
fls. about 1 in. across, rosy outside.
elegantfssima (D. discolor var. elegantissima). Hybrid
between D. purpurascens and D. Sieboldiana: Ivs. ovate or
oblong-ovate, pubescent beneath: fls. pink, % in. across,
in loose corymbs.
excgllens (D. discolor var. excellent). Hybrid between
D. Vilmoriniae and D. rosea var. grandiflora: Ivs. ovate-
oblong, to 4 in. long, gray-pubescent beneath: fls. % in.
across, in loose corymbs.
Fdrtunei: D. scabra var.
glob&sa. Resembling D. discolor but with smaller Ivs.
and fls. which are creamy-white. Cent. China.
gr&cilis. To 6 ft., branches slender, wide spreading or
arching: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2H in. long, nearly glabrous
beneath: fls. pure white, % in. long, in open simple or com-
pound racemes. Japan. Var. aurea has yellow Ivs.; var.
campanulata is D. rosea var.; var. carmine a is D. rosea var.;
var. Lemdinei is D. Lemoinei; var. rdsea is D. rosea.
grandifl&ra. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long, white-
tomentose beneath: fls. white, 1-3 together, 1 in. and more
across. Apr. -May. N. China.
hypoglauca. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, to 3^ in. long, glabrous and glaucous beneath:
fls. white, to % in. across, in many-fld. corymbs. Cent.
China.
kalmiaefl&ra. Hybrid between D. purpurascens and D.
paroiflora: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 2 in. long, slightly hairy
beneath: fls. white with outside carmine, % in. across, in
loose corymbs.
Kosteriana: listed name, probably a hort. form of
D. gracilis.
laxiflora: D. Schneideriana var.
LemMnei (D. gracilis var. Lemoinei). Hybrid between
D. gracilis and D. parviflora: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 4 in.
long: fla. pure white, % in. across, in large corymbs or broad
panicles. Var. compActa is a dwarf form with smaller fls.
Deutzia
246
Dianthus
longifdlia. To 6 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in. long, pale
and densely hairy beneath: fls. light purple, to 1 in. across,
in many-fld. corymbs. W. China. Var. VeJtchii, fls. larger,
bright rose.
magnifica. Hybrid between D. scabra and D. Vil-
morimse: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 3 in. long, tornentose and
grayish-green below: fls. double, white, in short panicles.
Var. eburnea has campanulate fls. Var. formdsa is essen-
tially similar to the type.
malifldra. Hybrid between D. Lemoinei and D. pur-
puraacena- Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 1^ m. long, serrulate,
acuminate: fls. purplish outside, whitish within, to % in.
across, in corymbs to 2^j in. across. The white-fld. hort.
form "Avalanche" belongs here.
myri£ntha. Hybrid between D. parviflora and .D.
aetchuenenaia: Ivs. oblong-ovate to -lanceolate, to 3^ in.
long, hairy beneath: fls. wrute, % in. across, m loose corymbs.
ningpoensis. To 7 ft. : Ivs. ovate-oblong, broadly cuneate,
entire or slightly toothed: fls. white, in panicles to 4 in.
long, petals oblong, to J^ in. long. E. China.
parvifldra. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to
4 in. long, somewhat hairy: fls. white, about Y% in. across,
in many-fld. corymbs. N. China.
pulchra. Lvs. oblong-ovato, to 3^ in. long, acuminate,
stellate-hairy, base wedge-shaped to rounded, margin
remotely serrate: fls. yellowish, in terminal corymbs to
% in. across, calyx-teeth triangular. Philippines.
purpur&scens. To 0 ft., slender curving branches: Ivs.
obkjng-ovate to -lanceolate, to 2^ in. long, pubescent
beneath: fls. white inside, purplish outside, % in. across,
in 4-10-fld. corymbs. W. China.
refle'xa. Similar to D. discolor but with simple hairs
and smaller fls. Cent. China.
rdsea. Hybid between D. yracilia and D. purpurascena:
Ivs. ovate-oblong to -lanceolate, slightly hairy: fls. pinkish
outaide, % in. across, in short panicles. Var. campanulata
(D. gracilia var.), fls. white, 1 in. across; var. carminea,
fls. purplish outside; var. exfmia, fls. only slightly pinkish
outside; var. floribunda, infl. dense; var. grandifldra, infl.
less dense; var. multifldra, fls. white; var. venusta, fls.
white.
scabra (D. crenato). To 7 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to
ovate, to 3 in. long, pubescent on both sides: fls. white or
blush, to % in. long, in narrow erect panicles. Japan,
China. In the trade are also offered the vais.: candid is-
sima (D. Well aii), fls. pure white; F6rtunei, fls. larger;
. ,
miribilis, a vigorous form with large panicles; plena, fls.
uble, white tinged with rose outside; Pride of Rochester,
doub
, ,
very large fls. faintly tinted with rose outside; rdsea, fla.
rose; staphyleoides has veiy large fls. in drooping panicles;
Thunbergii listed as fls. white with orange center; Wfitererl,
fls. white tinted carmine outside; W611sii is var. candtdis-
atma.
Schneideriana. To 6 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-ovate, to 2J4 in.
long, grayish-tomentose beneath: fls. white, in broad loose
panicles. Cent. China. Var. laxifldra (D. laxijlora) has
narrower Ivs. and broader panicles
setchuenensis. To 6 ft.. Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long,
densely pubescent beneath: fls. white, y* in. or less across,
in loose corymbs. China. Var. corymbifl6ra (D. corymbi-
flord) has larger Ivs. and fls.
Sieboldiana. To 6 ft. : Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, pubescent
beneath: fls. white, ^ in. across, in loose panicles. Japan.
taiwane'nais. Lvs. lanceolate or elliptic, to 5 in. long,
hairy on both sides: fls. resembling D. Sieboldiana. Formosa.
Vilmoriniee. To 0 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 3H in.
long, densely pubescent beneath: fls. white, to 1 in. across,
in loose corymbs. China.
Witereri: D. scabra var.
W611sii: D. scabra var. candidissima.
Wilsonii. Hybrid between D. discolor and D. mollis:
Ivs. oval to oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, pubescent: fls.
white, $i in across, in loose corymbs.
DEVIL-FLOWER : Tacca Chantricri. -Tree: Alstonia
Bcholaris. -Wood: Osmanthu* amencanua.
DEVILS-CLUB: Oplopanax harridum. -Paintbrush:
Hieracium aurantiaeum. -Tongue: Hydrosme Rivien.
-Walking-Stick: Aralia spinosa.
DEWBERRY. The dewberries of American
gardens and plantations are forms of native
species of running trailing blackberries that root
at joints or tip; probably they are mostly Rubiis
flagellans. Dewberries commonly mature fruit
earlier in the season than the highbush or non-
trailing blackberries, the difference amounting
perhaps to one or two weeks.
The culture is like that of the blackberry,
but support should be given to the canes, as*
they are very slender and rank growers. A
wire trellis or large-meshed fence-wire answers
admirably; or they may be tied to stakes. The
fruits are large and showy, which, combined
with their earliness, make them desirable; but'
they are usually deficient in flavor. The Lu-
cretia is the leading variety. Lay the canes on
the ground in winter in rigorous climates. In
spring tie all the canes from each plant to a
stake. After fruiting, cut the old canes and
burn them (as for blackberries). In the mean-
time, the young canes (for next years fruiting)
are growing. These may be tied up as they
grow, to be out of the way of the cultivator.
See Blackberry, Boysenberry and Loganberry.
DlACRIUM. Orchidaceae. Trop. American
epiphytes with pscudobulbs or thickened sts.
bearing a few Ivs. and mostly white fls. in racemes,
the sepals and petals similar, the lip free and
3-lobed; separated from Epidendrum by the
presence of 2 horns on the lip. For cult, see
Orchids.
bicornutum (Epidendrum bicornutum) . Sts. to 12 in. long,
with 3-5 Ivs to 10 in. long: racemes (with peduncles) up to
about 28 in. long, 5-20-fid.; fls. about 2 in. across, white
finely spotted with purple. Dec.-Apr. Tobago, Trinidad,
British Guiana. Var. mdivisum (D. indivisum. Epiden-
drum indimsum). Plant smaller, lip undivided or minutely
biauriculate at base.
mdivisum: D. bicornutum var.
DIAMOND-FLOWER: lonopaidium.
DIANELLA. Liliacess. Rhizomatous per-
ennials with fibrous roots, grass-like sheathing
Ivs., blue or whitish fls. in loose panicles, the
porianth-segms. distinct, and blue berries.
The plants succeed in a cool greenhouse or outdoors in
mild climates. Propagated by division or seeds sown in
spring with heat.
ensifdlia (Dracsena ensifoUa). To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long
and 1 in. wide: Us. blue or whitish, to ^£ in. long. Asia,
Australia, Hawaii.
intermedia. Rootstocks creeping, bearing the Ivs. at
top which are 3 ft. long and % in. wide: fls. greenish- or
purplish-white, about ^ in. across, in panicles to 2 ft. long.
New Zeal. — Mondo Jaburan has been cult, under this name.
revoluta. To 3 ft.: Ivs.in rosette, to 1 ^ ft. long and ^ in.
across, purplish at edge and base. Australia, Tasmania.
tasm&nica. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 4 ft. long, broadly sword-
shaped, margins revolute, armed with short sharp teeth:
fls. pale blue, to % in. across when fully expanded, drooping
segms. reflexed, in large lax much branched jpanicles:
berries deep blue, oblong, to *A in. long, often persisting for
many weeks on hair-like pedicels, very ornamental. Tas-
mania.
DlANTHUS. PINK. Caryophyllacex. Per.
and ann. herbs, mostly of the northern hemi-
sphere of the Old World, grown for the ornamen-
tal and often fragrant bloom. They are mostly
tufted or mat-forming hardy evergreen plants,
thriving best in the northern parts of the coun-
try; many of the smaller alpine and boreal
species are attractive in the rock-garden. The
fls. are prevailingly pink or rose, but they run
also to red, white and even yellow. They may
be large (to 1 in. or more across) and borne
singly, or much smaller and compacted into
heads. Probably one-fyilf the names in cult,
are erroneous.
Pinks are common outdoor subjects but the carnation is
mostly a glasshouse flower in North America, grown for
winter and early spring bloom; in Europe the border va-
rieties or races are "highly developed. See Carnation. Aside
from Carnation, eight classes of pinks have horticultural
importance: Rainbow pinks, D. chinertoia, short-lived
perennial but grown as an annual or biennial, not fragrant,
passing the first winter in the open ground if not spent with
Dianthus
247
Dianthus
bloom; Cottage and Hortulan pinks, progeny or offshoots
of D. plumarius, hardy border perennials in many forms;
Cheddar pinks, D. gratianopohtanus, hardy small peren-
nials not greatly modified under cultivation; Maiden pinks,
D. deltoides, creeping hardy and persisting small-flowered
perennials; Sweet Williams, D. barbatus and latifohus,
with small flowers in bracteate heads; Clusterheads, D.
carthusianarum and related kinds, with long stiff stems
bearing very dense heads of small flowers ; general garden
pinks of many species, with open growth and heads mostly
single or in loose clusters; rock-garden pinks, comprising
species of low and tufted growth, making attractive durable
mats of foliage, including Neglo pinks of the D. neglect™
kind.
Pinks are of simple cultivation. Many of them are
spring-bloomers. Even the perennials should be renewed
every two or three years either by division, cuttings, layers,
or preferably by seeds when named varieties are not in-
volved. Sowings in spring or summer should give good
blooming plants the following year, and the second year
of bloom is often the best. The perennial mat-forming
kinds may be renewed by the cutting back in autumn of all
the long growths; and the prompt plucking of flowers,
removing the stems far down, is essential for best results.
Consult the comments under some of the leading species;
the plants are perennial unless otherwise stated.
acaulis: hort. name for dwarf pinks of different species,
some of which may be D. furcatus and D. sylvestris.
acicularis. Cespitose, to 10 in. high, the sts. 4-angled
and branched: Ivs. long-linear and acute, less than 1 in.
long: fls. rose or white, the petals digitate-multifid ; bracts 4,
short, appressed. Russia, Rumania.
All wood ii. A class of hybrids between D. plumarius
and D. Caryophyllus by Allwood Bros , England: per.,
hardy, in many colors, petals entire to varioiisly fringed,
mostly with firm broad more or less glaucous foliage ana
good tufted habit. — Named kinds or particular strains
may be propagated any time in summer by means of
cuttings and layers.
alpestris. Low alpine, to 8-10 in., with very short nar-
row Ivs. overtopped by inodorous fls. that are solitary or
paired and about 1 in. across: petals notched or somewhat
fringed and pink or rose. S. Eu.
alplnus. Cespitose: Ivs. dark green, the radical ones
broad, short and obtuse: fls. to 1)$ in. across, mostly
solitary on sts. 2-4 in. high, inodorous, deep rose to pur-
plish and crimson spotted and an eye; petals broad; hand-
some. Switzerland to Greece and Russia. Vars. albus,
carmine us, rubicundus are known m gardens.
ana to lie us. Cespitose, rouRhish, sts. 1 ft., 1-fld.: Ivs.
linear, about 1 in. long, acuminate, radical ones 3-nerved:
fls. rose, the obtuse dentate petals yellowish underneath,
calyx-teeth acute. Asia Minor, N. W. India. — Cult, stock
not likely to be true to name.
arb&reus. Very tall, to 3 and 4 ft., branching, woody at
base: Ivs. 2-3 in. long, K in. or less broad: fls. 2 in. across,
rose, fragrant, in corymb-like but not compact clusters.
E. Medit. region. — Trie true plant probably not grown
with us.
arenarius. Cespitose, sts. many, very slender, 6-15 in.
tall, bearing several long-podicelled white fls. with slender
calyx and somewhat fragrant: petals finely cut beyond
middle. Finland to Dalmatia. — Good species, like a small
very deeply fringed only faintly fragrant D. plumanus.
arid us. Glabrous, with simple diffuse sts.: Ivs. narrow-
linear, not stiff, acuminate: fls. in showy lax fascicles, white,
the ob ovate petals greenish or purplish underneath. S. E.
Eu.
ArmSria. Weedy ann., nat. in old fields in this country,
seldom cult.: sts. erect, forked, to 2 ft.: fls. rose or pink,
many and small, in close heads with long pubescent bracts.
Eu.
arvern£nsis. A name in the trade for a small cespitose
plant with 2 or 3 pink fls. on sts. 2-4 in. high, petals denticu-
late: Ivs. mostly oasal, narrow, about 1A, in. long. France;
reported as a natural hybrid, of whicn D. monspessulanus
is one parent. — Probably the cult, stock is wrongly named.
atrococcfneus, "dark scarlet," atrosangufaeus, "dark
blood-red" : color races of D. barbatus or D. latifohus.
atroiubens: confused name in cult., commonly a dark
red race of D. carthusianorum.
ban&ticus. Glaucous, sts. simple, 1 ft. high; fls. red,
10 or 12 of them in a head subtended by acuminate reddish
dry bracts; petals ob ovate, bearded. S. E. Eu — Plants
grown under this name are likely to be forms of D. carthus-
ianorum; the true plant is stouter than that species.
barbatus. SWEET WILLIAM. Glabrous, to 2 ft.: Ivs.
green, broad and flat: fls. in large bracted heads, inodorous,
red, purple, rose, white, particolored, in some forms double.
Pyrenees to Russia and China; run wild in E. U. S. — There
are named vars.. as Newport Pink. It is per. but would
better be treated as bien. for the improved kinds; the so-
called ann. sweet Williams bloom first year from seed.
Garden vars. are albus, atrococcfneus, compfictus, Dun-
nettii, marginatus, nanus, nigrescens, oculatus, roseus,
Salamdnii.
Boissieri. Glaucous, to 20 in., with very narrow Ivs.:
fls. rose-color, 1 or 2 to a st., petals dentate. Spain, Portu-
gal.— Forms of D. plumanus may be cult, under this name.
brachyanthus. Tufted little plant, 9 in. or less: Ivs. very
short and narrow: fls. small, rose, petals nearly entire.
Spain. — Rock-garden subject.
brevicaulis. Compact cespitose glaucous plant with sts.
about 1 in. high and surpassing the Ivs. : fls. solitary, about
H in. long, calyx reddish, petals purple, dentate. Mt.
Taurus, Cilicia. — Alpine or rock-garden subject.
c&sius: D. gratianopohtanus.
callizdnus. Glaucous and glabrous plant with 1-fld.
terete sts. 4-14 in.: Ivs. rather short and broad, spreading:
fls. 1 in. across, the petals broad and contiguous, purple
and spotted above, rose underneath, zoned in center,
dentate; calyx-bracts 4, purplish, spreading. S. E. Eu.
calocephalus. Clusterhead, to nearly 3 ft.: fls. brick-red
and spotted, m dense small heads. S. E. Eu. to Armenia.
campe'stris. Much branching, 1 ft. or more high, some-
times pubescent, stolomferous: fls. bright rose with light
center, petals jagged. Russia, Siberia.
capitatus. Glaucous, pubescent or woolly, sts. simple,
to 1 ft. or more: fls. small, 6-8 together in a mucronate-
bracteate head, petals purple and spotted. Balkans to
Siberia. — Likely to be confused in cult, with D. carthusian-
orum.
carthusiandrum. CLUSTERHEAD P. Widely variable
cespitose glabrous green or seldom somewhat glaucous
plant with 4-angled erect simple sts. to 20 in. high terminat-
ing m a dense few- or many-fld. head with mucionate or
aristate bracts, the fls. small, inodorous, rose, purple or
dark red. Denmaik and the Urals to Portugal and Egypt. —
Cult, in several foims, as vars. atr6rubens, gigant&us,
moesiacus, nanus, Ponteddree, pumilus (D. subneglectus) ,
rupicolus, subfastigiatus, tenuifdlius.
Caryophyllus. CLOVE P. CARNATION. Tufted glabrous
and glaucous plant, 1-3 ft. high, of stiff habit, fls. solitary
or few on a st., showy and very fragrant, 1 in. and more
acrobs, the petals not bearded and irregulaily dentate.
S. Eu. to India. — Under cult, has given rise to many sizes,
colois, races and forms, the petals from entire to shallowly
cut; colors pink, rose, purple, white, yellow, known in this
country mostly as a glasshouse cut-flower, but there are
hardy border and marguerite races; the picotee belongs
here. See Carnation.
caucasicus: D. Seguieri.
chinensis (D. sinensis. D. Fischeri). RAINBOW P.
Glabrous green tufted plant of rather strict habit, 12-18 in.
high, sts. more or less branching: fls. solitary or loosely
assembled, slightly if at all fragrant, lilac, red or white, to
1 in. acioss. Portugal to China and Japan. — Little cult,
(if the European D. Seguien is excluded). Var. Heddewfgii
comprises the hardy ann. pinks of gardens, blooming first
year fiom seed although bien. to per.; Ivs. bioad, bracts
under calyx spieadmg; fls. in many coloia and markings
and often of great sue and petals much cut and frilled.
Vai. laciniatus, petals cut and fringed to H or more their
depth. D. stdlans is a form with narrow petals, sometimes
almost lineal .
ciliatus. Cespitose, glabrous, glaucous, st. simple, to
2 ft., branched above: fls. long-peduncled, rose-color,
fragrant, petals dentate or entire. Austna, Italy to Egypt.
cinnabarinus. Glabrous many-stemmed Clusterhead
woody at base, 5-6 in. high, sts. 4-angled and simple: Ivs.
2-3 in. long, sharp-pointed, basal ones 7-nerved: fls. few,
capitate, the contiguous obovate petals cinnabar-red above
and yellowish underneath. Greece.
collinus. Glaucous, pubescent, 1-2 ft., slightly branched
except near apex: Ivs. many on the st., erect, rather broad,
1-2 in. long: fls. 3-5 together in an open fascicle, about
l£-l in. across, deep pink or darker. Pyrenees to Asia
Minor.
compactus. Glabrous, to about 20 in.: Ivs. plane,
lanceolate: fls. purple, scentless, in dense 3-forked fascicles.
S. E. Eu. — Pel haps a montane or alpine form of D. barbatus.
connatus: erroneous name.
controveYsus. Like Z>. monspesaulanua but sts. 4-angled,
Ivs. short and very acute, fls. rose-color but petals not
contiguous; cespitose. Switzerland.
cdrsicus: confused name.
crinitus. Sts. somewhat woody at base, erect, 4—18 in.,
often sparingly forked, sometimes pubescent: Ivs. narrow,
about 1 in. long: fls. solitary, white, slender-cylindrical,
1U-2 in. long, petals cut into hair-like divisions. Algeria
toN. W.India.
croaticus. The plant grown under this name has small
red or rose fls. in a compact head, after the manner of
D. carthusianorum.
Dianthus
248
Dianthus
cruSntus. Cespitose, glaucous, ate. to 18 in., forked,
terete, terminating in a email head of blood-red us.: petals
dentate. E. Eu.-— -One of the D. carthutianorum group, to
which the cult, plants may belong. Forms are D. orbelicus
and D. Velenovakyi.
Cyri. Ann. but surviving the winter if sown in mid-
Bummer, much branched, to 2 ft.: fls. solitary but many,
each subtended by long-pointed bracts exceeding the tur-
binate calyx, corolla % in. across, rose, dentate, opening in
sun. 8. W. Asia, Egypt. — Weedy, and little known in cult.
delicfctus: hort. forms of D. Caryophyllus and D.
plumanua.
deltoides. MAIDEN P. Mat- or sod-forming, green, with
radical Ivs and those on runners 1 in. or less long and
obtuse, those on st. acute: fls. 5^ in. or less across, red or
pink with crimson eye (a white-nd. form), borne on forks
of sts. that rise 4-15 in. Great Britain to Japan; nat. in
U. S. — Known also as D. procumbent. Var. glaticus has
prominently glaucous foliage. Varietal garden names are
albus, erectus, magnificus, mqntanus, rdseus, spllndens,
supe*rbus. Var. serpyllifdlius is a very low mat-forming
race with lower Ivs. not more than Y^ in. long. This or
similar forms are known as D. Griaebachii, Periateri (im-
properly), Prichurdii, pyrenxua, Richardii, supinua. — D. del-
toides is a hardy invading plant that is likely to persist
behind labels when other species have perished, with result-
ing confusion in names.
dent&tus, dentdsus: garden names.
diadematus: hort. form of D. chinenaia.
d iff u BUS. Glabrous, sts. 10 in. tall, with terete branches:
radical Iv.s obtuse: fls. 2 together and long-pedunclcd, rose
and red, the petals slightly hairy; bracts 2, obovate and
mucronate. Greece.
discolor: under D. Seguieri.
disse'ctus: probably a fimbriate form of a garden species.
Dunne'ttii: race of D. barbatua.
erythrocoleus. CeHpitose, glabrous, sts. 1-fld.. 2 in. high:
IVB. about 2 m. lon«, acute: fls. rose, the petals rimbriate
to about the middle; bracts 4, about H length of calyx.
Armenia. — Plants grown under tliis name may be D.
deltmdes.
filifolius: listed hort. name.
flmbrktus. Woody at base, glabrous, sts. simple, 1 ft.:
Ivs. acute and apprcssed: fls. rose-color, the petals deeply
cut or fiinbriute; bracts 4-12, \i length of calyx, straw-
colored. Portugal to Tibet. — torms of D. chinenais and
D. plumanua are also grown under this name.
Fischeri: D. chinenaia.
fragrans. Cespitose, glabrous, sts. to 1H ft., with angled
branches above: Ivs. acuminate: fls. fragrant, rose-white
and spotted, petals fimbrinte; bracts 6-8, appressed.
Caucasus. — Like a small D. plumanua.
Frfcynii. Alpine, densely cespitose, blue-green or grayish:
Ivs. shorter than those of D. glaciahs: fls. solitary, bright
pink. Herzegovina.
frlgidus: snail form of D. aylvestria.
fruticdsus. Murh like D. Armeria but per. and woody
at base; fls. dark red or purple, showy, in loose heads.
Grecian Isla.
furcatus. Attractive cespitose glaucous plant with Ivs.
mostly basal, sts. mostly forked, to 9 in. high: fls. solitary,
rose-color, inodorous, about J-p in. across, petals dentate,
with reflexcd margin. Alps in Italy. Var. Lere*schii makes
largo cushions and light lilac fls.
g&llicus. Plant pubescent, at least on radical Ivs. (which
are cilia te) and lower part of at., glaucous, to 1 ft. or more:
fls. rose to white, fragrant, about 1 in. across, blade nm-
briato or cut to ^ its depth; calyx-bracts 4, short, appressed.
Portugal to France.
gglidus. Cespitose and glabrous, the sts. to 3 or 4 in.
high, simple and 4-angled: fla. rose and spotted; calyx-
bracts 6, acuminate and recurved. E. Eu.
giganteus: form of D. carthusianorum.
yellowish underneath, contiguous or close together; calyx
and 2-4 bracts reddish. Mis., S. Eu. — Other species are
likely to be grown under this name.
glaucophyllus: confused name, likely to be applied to a
form of D. carthusianorum.
granfticus. Sts. 4-7 in., slender, 4-angled, bearing 1-3
fls.: Ivs. very narrow, acute: fls. to 1 in. across, petals
dentate, purple above but paler underneath, calyx purple.
Pyrenees. — /). ddtrndcs, a very different plant, has been
grown under this name.
gratianopolitanus (D. cseaius). CHEDDAR P. Mat-form-
ing, glaucous: sts. simple or somewhat branched, 3 to 12 in.:
Ivs. short and narrow: fls. solitary or few on a 8t., showy,
rose-color, fragrant, petals bearded and toothed. England
to Germany and S. France.
Grisebachii: var. of D. macidua; sometimes applied to
condensed forms of D. deltmdes.
Hawki&nus: D. eerotinus.
Heddewigii: see D. chinenaia.
Hoeltzeri. Cespitose and low, with strict radical Ivs.:
fls. spotted rose or yellowish, more or less fringed, about
1M in. diam. Turkestan.
hungaricus: D. tatrse.
hybridus: usually applied in the D. barbatua and D.
latifoliua groups.
imperialis: forms of D. clinensis.
inodorus: variously applied, often in the D. chiner^sia
group.
integer: var. of D. atrictua.
jap6nicus. Glabrous, with simple sts. to 20 in.: Ivs.
about 2 in. long, ovate-lanceolate and acute: fls. in trichot-
omous fascicles, with contiguous cuneate red petals.
Japan, Manchuria. — Variable.
kamtsch&ticus: unidentified name.
Knappii. Erect to 16 in., scabrous, more or less glaucous,
ets. simple and bearing a compact head at apex: fls. light
yellow, not fragrant. % in. across, with prominent acumi-
nate calyx-bracts. Hungary, Jugoslavia.
Kotschyanus. Differs from D. anatohcus in white entire
petals ana calyx- teeth obtuse. Asia Minor.
laciniatus: var. of D. chinensis.
latif&lius. Stiff and erect, 10-16 in., roughish. branched
above, green, bearing terminal 1-6-fld. bracted heads: Ivs.
short and broad, 2-3 in. long and to % in. wide: fls. rose to
dark red, single or double. Cultigen; intermediate in
character between D. barbatus and D. chinenaia or D.
plumariua and accounted a hybrid. Vars. atrococcineus
and atropurpureus are listed. — Many garden forms of close-
headed pinks are referable to D. latifolius.
L6msii: one of the Neglo pinks, under D. neglectua.
leptope" talus. Glabrous, sts. 2-3-fld., to 15 in.: Ivs. long-
linear and acuminate: petals yellowish-white above and
bluish underneath, entire. Russia, Siberia.
Ler6schii: D. furcatus var.
Liboschitzianus. Cespitose, glabrous, sts. to 8 in., 4-
angled and 1-fld.: Ivs. narrow-acuminate: fls. white or pale
rose, the petals bluntly toothed; calyx-bracts very narrow
and sharp. Caucasus.
liburnicus. Glabrous, sts. simple and stiff, to 2 ft. high,
more or less 4-angled at least above, terminating in a 2-6-
fld. head: fls. rose, spotted, about % in. across, petals
dentate; calyx-bracts stiff and long-pom ted. S. and E. Eu.
lil&cinus: color race of D. plumanus.
longical^cuius: Z>. superbus var.
longicaulis. Erect stiff plant to 2 ft., glabrous, simple or
branched above and sts. more or less 4-angled: Ivs. very
narrow: fls. 1 or 2 at summit of at., rose, fragrant, about
% in. across, petals sharp-dentate; calyx cylindrical, to
1 in. long, the bracts very short and broad. S. Ku. — The
name has been applied also to a form of D. Caryophyllua.
Lumnftzeri: form of D. plumariua.
marginatus: hort. name, probably for a race of D.
chinensis.
mexicanus: unidentified hort. name.
micr61epis. Per., dwarf and cespitose: Ivs. short, soft:
fls. very small, solitary among foliage, rose-color. High
mts., Bulgaria.
mir&bilis: garden name for a form of D. chinenaia.
moesiacus: D. carthuaianorum var.
monspessulanus. Sts. terete, branching at top, glabrous:
fls. solitary or 2 or 3 near togetner, inodorous, rose, varying
to white (var. Albus) or carmine (var. carmine us), 1 in. or
more across, petals fringed to about the middle, sepals
and bracts awn -tipped. Spain to Caucasus.
mont&nus: D. Seyuieri.
montfcolus: listed name; perhaps belongs with D.
auperbus.
multifldrus: listed name.
Musalia. Dwarf plant of recent introduction, making
dense tuft or turf of sharp foliage and bearing small pink
fi>. \
myrtine'rvius. Very condensed, 2 in. or less high in tuft,
perhaps an alpine form of D. deltoidea: fls. many but
solitary, petals shallowly toothed. Macedonia. — D. Peri-
steri apparently belongs to this group.
nAnus semp^rfl&rens: trade name; probably D. plu-
manus.
nardif<5rmis. Cespitose, 6 or 7 in. high,V;th stiff spread-
ing Ivs. : fls. rose-color, in fascicles. 3. E. Eu.
Dianthus
249
Dianlhus
negUctus. Small cespitose plant sometimes regarded
as a form of D. glaciaha but larger: fls. bright crimson-
pink with lighter colored eye and long narrow bracts, petals
deeply toothed. Mts., S. Eu. — Apparent offshoots of this
species, some of them perhaps hybrids, are the Neglo
pinks, D. Lemaii, and such vars. as Adoree, Clara. Ida,
Mona, Rita, Valerie. Vars. compactus and nanus are listed.
nigricans: race of D. barbatua with dark fls.
nltidus. Green, loosely tufted, sts. to 12 in. tall: fls.
1 or 2 to a st., about 1 in. across, rose-color and spotted.
Mts., Cent. Eu. — Rock-garden.
n6bilis: form of D. chinensis.
Noeanus. Densely tufted and very green, sts. to 10 in.
high, forking and bearing 1-5 white small fragrant fls.:
Ivs. needle-like. S. Eu. to S. W. Asia.— -The plant has been
grown as Acanthophyllum apinosum.
ochroleucus: D. chinenaia form.
orbe"licus: form of D. cruentus.
pollens. Glaucous, to 1 ft. or more: fls. rather small,
white or pale rose, petals narrow and toothed. Greece,
Syria.
Pancfcii. Cespitose, glabrous, 1 ft. or more, with slender
4-angled sts.: Ivs. rather soft, mostly in basal tuft: fla. rose,
several together in a paniculate cyme or head. Balkans.
pelvif6nnis. Clusterhead, 2 ft., few-lvd.: fls. purple, in a
dense head, petals sharply toothed. Serbia.
Periste'ri: see D. myrtinervius.
petrabus. Cespitose or mat-forming, glabrous, sts.
slender, simple or forked, 6-15 in. tall: Ivs. green, sharp-
pointed, 3-nerved: fls. white, about % in. across, fragrant,
petals dentate or fimbriate; calyx cylindrical, narrowed at
apex, to 1 in. long; bracts 4, about % length of calyx.
E. Eu.
picturatus: hort. name.
pinifdlius. Cespitose, roughish, st. simple and strict,
to 1H ft-' Ivs. awl-like, the radical ones recurved: fls. rose,
inodorous, 6-8 in a head, calyx reddish; bracts 4, aristate.
S. E. Eu.
plenlssimus: very double D. chinensia.
plumarius. COTTAGE P. Mat-forming, glabrous and
glaucous, to l^i ft., the sts. simple or branched above and
2-3-fld.: fls. rose, varying to purple, white and particolored,
very fragrant, petals fringed to the middle or less; bracts 4,
about $4 length of calyx. Austria to Siberia. — Cult, in
various forms, some of them double; a popular strain is var.
semperfldrens (D. semperflorcns) . Named vars. of garden
pinks may be offshoots of this species or hybrids with
Z>. Caryophyllua and possibly other species; see D. All-
woodii. Vars. albus. compactus, nanus and sc6ticus are
offered. The Hortulan pinks are an important group of
border plants more or less intermediate between D. plumar-
tus ana £>. Caryophyllua.
poe*ticus: a garden name for D. barbatus.
Pontedfcrse: P. carthusianorum var.
pr&cox: uncertain garden name.
Prfchardii: border pink of hort. origin in England, but
sometimes applied to a form of the D. deltoidea group.
procumbens: D. deltoidea.
prolifer (Tunica proliferd). Glabrous simple or branch-
ing ann. to 2 ft , with inconspicuous little pink fls. in small
heads terminating the stiff sts.; calyx and bracts dry. Eu.;
nat. in U. S. — A weedy plant of little hort. interest.
pub£scens. Glandular-pubescent, rather weak, sts.
terete and slender, much branched, to 1 ft.: foliage soft:
fls. odorless, solitary or twin, long-peduncled, petals rose
and spotted above, greenish underneath, calyx villous;
bracts 2, spreading, long-pointed. S. E. Eu.
punct&tus: race of D. chinensia.
pungens: confused name.
pygm&us: D. aubocaulia.
pyren&us: D. deltoidea.
pyridicolus: the garden plant under this name may be
D. macidua var. Grisebachii.
rdpens: probably D. deltoidea, but there is a very dwarf
cespitose species of this name in Alaska and Kamtschatka
with rose-color or purple fls.
Requi&nii. Cespitose, glabrous and glaucous, sts. slender,
to 15 in., 4-angled, forked: Ivs. short, narrow, strict: fla.
purple, the petals dentate, somewhat rhomboid. Pyrenees.
Reuteri: form of D. aylveatria.
Richardii: apparently a form of D. deltoidea.
robustus: Hortulan, D. plumarius.
R6dgersii: hort. name.
rdseus: D. barbatua var.
R&ysil: hort. race of undetermined origin and not uni-
form in cult, unless propagated asexually; showy tufted
•mall pink with large deep rose-colored fls.
rupfcolus: confused name; perhaps forms of D. aylveatrit
are usually meant.
s a hn one us: color races of D. chinensia.
sanguine us: var. of D. carthuaianorum.
saxatilis: indefinite name in cult.
saxfcola: form of D. aylvestris.
saxlgenus: var. of D. carthuaianorum.
sc6ticus: D. plumariua form.
Segui&ri (D. chinensia var. asper). The European ex-
tension of D. chinenaia, perhaps a distinct species differing
in the panicled fls., and wide-spreading calyx-bracts. —
Variable; known by several names m cult., as D. caucaaicua,
discolor, montanua.
semperfldrens: one of the Hortulan pinks, under D.
plumarius.
ser6tinus (D. Stawkianus. D. Hawkianua). Clustered
or cespitose, to 16 in. or more, glaucous: fls. white, fragrant,
petals narrowly fringed. E. Eu.
serpyllifdlius: D. dcltotdes var.
singnsis: D. chinensia.
speci&sus: form of D. superbua.
spect&bilis: garden name; probably D. chinenaia or
D. plumariua.
spiculifdlius (D. ocicularis var. spiculifoliua) . Not
cespitose, sts. 10-12 in.: Ivs. long-linear and acute: fls. rose
to white, the petals palmatifid and barbulate; bracts 4,
about % length of tube. Russia and Rumania. — The plant
sometimes catalogued under this name is D. Noeanua.
spindsus: Acanthophyllum pungens, but the plant grown
under that name is D. Noeanua.
splendid us: garden name, usually D. deltoidea.
squarr6sus. Cespitose, ets. terete, slender and spreading,
glabrous, branched, to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear, acute, recurved:
fls. rose, few to each st., the petals not close together, pin-
nately multifid; bracts 4, about H length of calyx. Russia,
Siberia.
Stawkianus: D. serotinus.
stellaris: form of D. chinensia.
St£rnbergii. Cespitose and glaucous, sts. 4-angled, 2-
fld., 6-12 in.: Ivs. long-linear, spreading: fls. rose and
spotted, fragrant, the petals not contiguous; bracts 4,
purplish, H length of calyx. Portugal, Alps, Switzerland.
strfctus. Cespitose and glabrous, sts. to 10 in., strict,
slender, 1- or sometimes 2-fld.: fls. small, white, inodorous,
petals not contiguous or close together and not fimbriate,
oval-rhomboid. 8. E. Eu. Var. albus is listed. Var. grandi-
fldrus IB larger-fid.
suav&olens: form of D. plumarius.
suavis: D. gratianopohtanua or D. plumariua.
subacaulis. Low, cespitose, glaucous, with several-
headed caudex, ste. simple, 4-angled, 2-fld., 3-4 in.: fls.
small, purple, standing above the tufts, the petals not
contiguous, entire. Spain, France. — Sometimes called
D. pygmxus.
subalplnus: listed name.
subcaule'scens: listed name.
subfastigiatus: D. carthusianorum var.
subnegle'ctus: D. carthuaianorum var. pumilua.
Sundermannii. Much like D. strwtua, but more showy:
petals to ^ in. broad, entire or nearly so, calyx ^ in. long.
Greece.
superbissimus: var. of D. chinensia.
superb us. Light green glabrous plant with branching
sts. to 2 ft. high: ivs. rather soft, flat: fls. pale rose or lilac,
very fragrant, mostly to about 1H in- across, few or many
in fax panicle, the petals multifid nearly or quite to base;
calyx cylindrical, to 1 in. long; bracts very short. Spain to
Norway and Japan. Var. longicalycinus, with elonated
calyx. Var. nanus, a dwarfer form with smaller fls. ia
offered. Var. specidsus (D. apeciosua) ia mostly lower than
the species, sts. little branched and few-fld., branches
divaricate, fls. much larger and more showy. Vars. Albus,
montfcolus, purpureus are listed.
suplnus: see D. deltoidea.
sylvSstris. WOOD P. Cespitose, glabrous, sts. simple or
branched, 6-16 in. tall and much exceeding the very narrow
basal Ivs.: fls. solitary, odorless, rose, to 1 in. across, petals
contiguous and dentate; bracts very short and truncate.
Spain to E. Eu. Var. purpureus ia listed.
tatrse. White-fld. pink, probably a race of D. plumarius;
the name D. hungaricus apparently applies to the same
plant. Tatra region, 8. E. Eu.
tdner. Glabrous, to 5 in. high, the slender sts. 1-fld.:
fls. rose, spotted, the petals oblong-cuneate. France.
tenuifolius: D. carthuaianorum var.
tergestlnus: included in D. syhestris.
Dianthus
250
Dicksonia
trifasciculatus. Clusterhead, to 24 in.: fls. purple, in
dense about 3-parted heads, petals deeply dentate, S. E.
Eu., 8. W. Asia.
trfstis. Clusterhead, to 16 in., with soft plane Ivs.: fls.
purple, in a small head, petals dentate on end. Bulgaria.
tymphresteus. Small green tufted pink 9 in. or less tall,
viscid-pubescent: fls. rose-color, solitary or in a loose head,
about H in. long. Greece. — Probably not in cult, with us,
the plant so named being D. Noeanus.
vaginatus: form of D. carthusianorum.
variegatus: probably jD. chinenaia.
Velendvskyi: form of D. cruentus.
versfcolor Glabrous plant with terete paniculately
branched st. 10-12 in. high: Ivs. narrow-linear, the upper-
most scale-like: fls. with contiguous petals red and spotted
above and greenish-yellow underneath; calyx-bracts ob-
ovate and spreading. Altai Mts., Siberia.
violaceus: hated name.
virgfneus: confused name; probably usually applied to
D. (jratianopolitanua and D. plumanua.
vfscidus. Plant ceapitose and viscid-pubescent, to 1 ft.,
the sts. simple: Ivs. soft, those on the st. appressed: fls. in
fascicles of ,3-6, purple and spotted, the petals few-toothed;
bracts usually 4. Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey. Var. Grtse-
bachii has fls. 2-3 in the fascicle and bracts 2.
Waldstehiei. Sts. terete, 10-14 in.: Ivs. rather soft,
spreading: fls. rose, very fragrant, to about 1 in. across;
Ktals not contiguous, ob ovate, fringed to middle; bracts 4.
/renees, Alps.
warleyensis: listed name, apparently a Clusterhead.
Wfmmeri. Allied to D. superbus: sts. terete, to 15 in.:
Ivs. soft, linear, acute: fls. purple, fragrant, in a lax forked
panicle, the petals fimbnate nearly to base; bracts 4,
rnucronate, short. Switzerland north and east.
Winteri. Recent name for a plant of the border carnation
kind, apricot or lemon-yellow, blooming all summer; said
to be a hybrid.
zonatus: probably D. plumarius; the true species of this
name of Asia Minor is probably not in cult.
DIAPENSIA. Diapensiacex. Tufted ever-
green plants with crowded mostly opposite
entire Ivs. and solitary bell-shaped fls.; suitable
for the rock-garden.
Iapp6nica. To 4 in.: Ivs. narrowly spatulate, to H in.
long, obtuse: fls. white, to % in. across. June— July. Cir-
cumpolar, extending southward on mta. of N. Y. and New
England. Var. obovata (D. obovata) has Ivs. obovate.
obovata: D. lapponica var.
DIAPENSlACE^E. DIAPENBIA FAMILY. About
6 genera in the north temp, zone of little ever-
green shrublets or stemless per. herbs, having
simple Ivs., bisexual regular fls. with 5-lobed
calyx and corolla, 5 stamens, superior 3-celled
ovary and capsular frs.j allied to Primulaccse.
Diapcnsia, Galax, Pyxidanthera, Schizocodon
and Shortia are cult, in rock-gardens and similar
places, and employed as ground-cover.
DlASCIA. Scrophulariaceje. S. African low
slender herbs of many species aim. and per.,
with Ivs. most y opposite, fls. violet or rose in
racemes, 2-lipped but the tube nearly lacking,
the lower lip Spurred. One is grown in flower-
gardens and also as a pot-plant. The cultural
requirements are simple; easily propagated
by seed.
Barberae. TWINSPUR. Ann., 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 1J4 in.
long, toothed: fls. rosy-pink with yellow spot in throat,
H in. across, in terminal racemes to 6 in. long.
DICfiNTRA (Bicuculla. Bikukidla). Fu-
tnariaccse. Per. herbs with ternately compound
Ivs., irregular rose, yellow or white fls. in racemes,
the corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred and closed
at top, and capsular frs.; cult, in the flower- or
wild-garden.
The plants thrive in fertile light soil, in usual exposures.
Propagated by division of crowns or roots.
canad£nsis. SQUIRREL-CORN. To 1 ft., the root with
many small tubers: Ivs. all basal: fls. greenish- white tinged
with purple, with short rounded spurs, nodding in simple
racemes. N. S. to Tenn. and Neb.
chrysantha. GOLDEN-EARDROPS. To 5 ft., with leafy
sts.: fls. sulfur-yellow, with very short spurs, erect in large
panicled racemes. Calif.
Cucullaria. DUTCHMANS-BREECHES. To 10 in.: Ivs. all
basal: fls. white tipped with yellow, with widely divergent
spurs, nodding in simple racemes. N. S. to N. C. an J Kans.
ezimia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. all basal: fls. rose or pink, with
short rounded spurs, nodding in compound racemes. N. Y.
toGa.
formosa. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. all basal: fls. rose-purple or
rarely white, with short rounded spurs, nodding in com-
pound racemes. B. C. to Calif.
glauca: D. oregana.
ochroleuca. Similar to D. chrysantha but with straw-
yellow or cream-colored fls. Cahf.
oregana (D. glauca). To 1 ft.: Ivs. all basal, glaucous:
fls. in terminal nodding panicles, cream with the exserted
limb rose. Calif., Ore.
parvifl&ra: catalogue name.
pusflla. To 8 in.: Ivs. ternately cut, the ultimate segms.
narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, glaucous: fls. 2-3, on
naked scapes, spur not lobed, short, rounded. Japan.
spectabilis (Dielytra spectabilis). BLEEDING-HEART.
To 2 ft., with leafy sts.: fls. rosy-red, with short rounded
spurs, in simple one-sided racemes. Japan. — An old garden
plant. Var. alba has white fls.
unifldra. To 3 in.: Ivs. all basal: fls. solitary, white or
pink, the outer petals strongly recurved, spurs resembling
rounded sacks. Wash, to Calif.
DICHELOSTEMMA: Brodtea.
DICHONDRA. Convolvulacese. A few species
of small creeping or prostrate herbs with minute
inconspicuous ns., one sometimes grown for
ground-cover in greenhouses and frequently a
useful substitute for lawn grass in places far
south; often a weed in lawns: Ivs. cordate-
orbicular to reniform, entire: fls. stalked, solitary
in the axils, the very small greenish-yellow
corolla open, sepals hairy: fr. a 1-2-seeded caps.
carolin£nsis (D. evolvulacea. D. repens var. carohnensis).
LAWN-LEAF. Little silky-hairy to glabrate plant, creeping
close to the ground arid rooting, per. or persisting: Ivs.
% in. or leas across, standing 1-3 m. above the ground. Va.
to Tex. and Mex., not far from the coast. — The West
Indian D. repens, with repaud or crenate If.-margins, is
said to be intro. in Calif.
evolvulacea: D. carolinensis.
DICHORISANDRA. Commelinacese. Peren-
nials from trop. Amer. with sheathing alternate
Ivs. and irregular blue or purple fls. in racemes
or panicles, on erect or ascending simple or
branched sts.
Grown under glass, or out-of-doors in warm regions.
They require abundant water in the growing season.
Propagated by seeds, cuttings, and division.
cerulea: hort. name.
mosaica. St. spotted: Ivs. cross-banded with white
longitudinally and along cro&s- veins, purple underneath:
fls. blue and white, close to foliage. Peru. Var. gigantea
has large fls. and var. undata lacks white cross-veins.
thyrsiflora. To 3 ft. or more, nearly or quite simple:
Ivs. glossy green, not variegated: fls. blue. Brazil.
vittata: probably Rhaeo discolor var. vittata.
DICHOTOMOUS: forked in pairs.
DICHROSTACHYS: Cailliea.
DICKSdNIA. Dickftoniacey. Greenhouse
tree-ferns with a distinct trunk usually several
ft. tall: fronds large, 2-3-pinnate; sori marginal
at the tips of veins; mostly in the tropics and
subtropics of the southern hemisphere. See
Ferns. ^
antarctlca. Trunk to 50 ft., with matted aerial rootlets:
fronds to 6 ft. long, 3-pinnate, with lanceolate toothed
segms. to 2 in. long. Australia.
cicutaria: Dennstaedtia cicutaria.
fibr&sa. Trunk to 20 ft., stout, browp, covered with
fibrous ao'rial rootlets: fronds to 8 ft. long, 2-3-pinnate.
New Zeal. — A frequent glasshouse fern.
Dicksonia
251
Diffuse
pilosiuscula: Dennstaediia punctilobula.
puncti!6bula: Dennalaedtia punctilobula.
squarrdsa. Trunk to 20 ft., slender, black: fronds to 8
ft. long, 2-3-pinnate, stiff and leathery. New ZeaL
DICKSONIACE^E. DICKSONIA FAMILY.
Mostly tree-ferns with erect, rarely decumbent,
trunks, with hairs but without scales: fronds
very large, pinnatcly divided, usually leathery,
in a crown; sori marginal or terminal on the
veins. Cibotium and Dicksonia are cult.
DICRANOSTfGMA. Papaveracex. Herbs
from Cent. Asia with woody roots, basal pin-
natifid Ivs. and alternate st.-lvs., orange or
yellow fls., and capsular frs.; one species is
grown in rock-gardens.
Franchetianum (Chdidonium Franchetianum). About
1 ft. high, glaucous: fls. orange, 1 in. across: cape, linear,
to 3 in. long. China.
DICTAMNUS. Rutacex. One variable species
ranging from S. Eu. to N. China, cult, for the
ornamental fls. D. albus (D. Fraxinella) .
DITTANY. FRAXINELLA. GAS-PLANT. BURNING-
BUSH. Hardy per. to 3 ft., strong-smelling and
long-enduring: Ivs. of 9-11 ovate Ifts.: fls. white,
about 1 in. long, in terminal racemes: fr. a
5-parted caps. Var. caucasicus (D. caucasicus)
is a very large form with longer racemes. Var.
purpilreus has dark fls. and var. rftbra rosy-
purple fls. D. dahuricus is a form of the species.
DICTYOGRAMMA: Coniogramme.
DICTYOSPfiRMA (Linoma). PRINCESS PALMS.
Palmacese. Monoecious unarmed feather-lvd.
trees of the Mascarene Isls.; Ivs. long and grace-
fully curving, with infl. on the trunk beneath the
long If .-sheaths: fls. in 3's of which the central
one is pistillate, spirally disposed on the
cord-like branches: fr. oblong to cartridge-
shaped, % in. or less long; albumen ruminate;
stigma apical. Planted in S. Fla.; see Palm.
D. album (Areca alba). To 40 or 50 ft.: Ivs.
10 ft. long more or less; pinnae curved or droop-
ing, 2-3 ft. long and 2-3 in. broad, only the
midrib very prominent, long-acuminate, green
underneath. Var. aftreum (Arcca aurea). More
h lender and smaller and fls. smaller: young
plants with orange or yellow petioles and veins.
Vur.' furfuraceum. reticles arid sheaths of
young plant tomcntose. Var. rdbrum (Arcca
r ubra in part). In juvenile stage has very dark
green Ivs. with veins and margins reddish.
DIDISCUS: Trachymene cserulea.
DIDYMA6TUS. Aizoacex. One stemless
succulent per. from S. Afr. D. Iapidif6rmis
(Mesembryanthemum lapidiforme) . To I*/-? in.:
Ivs. usually 1 pair united at base, to 1 in. long,
1J4 in. wide and 1 in. thick, keeled on back,
glaucous, grayish-green, brownish or purplish:
fls. one on each side of the pair of Ivs., white or
tinged rose with rose stamens, 1^ in. across;
petals numerous, linear; stigmas 6.
DEEFFENBACHIA. Aracex. Trop. American
erect shrubby plants bearing the oblong entire
Ivs. toward the top of the st., the petiole
sheathing, the unisexual fls. borne on an erect
spadix about the length of the oblong spathe;
grown as foliage subjects in the greenhouse.
Several plants may be put in a large pot until they cease
developing good leaves. They may then be topped and the
stems cut into 2- or 3-inch pieces, dried for a few days, and
then put in boxes of sand where they will throw off shoots
which will root and form new plants.
£). picta var.
. Bowmannii.
Bausei. Hybrid between D. picta and D. Weiri (the
latter a dwarf kind with yellow spotted Ivs.) having yel-
lowish-green Ivs. with small white spots and glaucescent
beneath.
B&wmannil (D. Baumannii). To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 16 in. long
and 8 in. wide, spotted with white, the petioles deeply
channelled: spathes pale green, about 6 in. long. Colombia.
brasiltensis: D. picta.
costata. To 4 ft. : Ivs. to 16 in. long and 1 ft. wide, deep
green, paler beneath, the petioles channelled: spathes to
1 ft. long. Colombia, Peru.
Fournieri: hort. name.
imperialis. Lys. to 2 ft. long and 1 ft. wide, shining
green spotted with yellow and with whitish midrib, the
petioles deeply channelled. Peru.
Jgnmannii: D. picta var.
Lednii: hort. name.
Leopoldii: D. Seguine var. liturata,
longispatha. St. thick, to 3H ft. high: Ivs. oblong, to
18 in. long, briefly acuminate: spathes green, to 1 ft. long:
berries scarlet. Panama.
magnlfica: D. picta var.
n6bilis: D. Seguine var.
picta (D. brasilienais) . To 4 ft.: Ivs. shining green, ir-
regularly marked with white and yellow: spathes about
6 in. long. S. Amer. Runs into many forms, some of which
are: Var. Barraquiniana having Ivs. spotted with white
and petioles and midribs almost entirely white; var. Jen-
mannii with Ivs. veined and spotted with white; var. mag-
nlfica (D. Rex) has Ivs. spotted along veins with yellowish-
green and petioles marked with white.
R6x: D. picta var. magnifica.
Seguine. To 6 ft.: Ivs. green often variously spotted,
pale green beneath, with thick midribs and petioles striped
and dotted with white, not channelled: spathes green or
pale green. Trop. Amer., where it is known as "dumb
cane.' Var. irrorata has Ivs. to 2^ ft. long. Var. liturata
(D. Leopoldii) has an irregular yellowish stripe along
midrib. Var. n6bilia (D. no&t/ts), Ivs. dull green spotted
brownish-green.
Bpl£ndens. Hybrid between D. Leopoldii and D. picta
having Ivs. spotted with white and channelled petioles.
DIELYTRA: Dicentra apectabtlis.
DIERAMA. Iridacese. Two S. African cor-
mous herbs, sometimes grown in 8. Calif, or
under glass in cold climates. Cult, as for Ixia.
pendula. To 4 ft.: basal Ivs. to 2 ft. long and X in.
broad: fls. white to pale or dark mauve, to 1 in. long, in
several slender drooping spikes. Trop. and S. Afr.
pulch£rrima (Sparaxia pulchernma) . To 4 ft.: Ivs. very
stiff, to 2 ft. long and ^ in. wide: fls. bright purple, 1^£ in.
long, with short tube, in slender drooping spikes. Var
alba, fls. white.
purpurea: listed as a purple form.
DIERVlLLA. BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. Capri"
foliacex. Three little bushes of E. N. Amer.,
spreading by means of underground sts. and
forming patches: Ivs. opposite: fls. small, in
spring and summer, yellow sometimes shaded
reddish or brownish, borne in small leafless
axillary clusters that are sometimes aggregated
into terminal cymes, corolla more or less bila-
biate: fr. a tnin-walled taper-pointed caps.
See Weigela.
The bush-honeysuckles are adaptable for holding banks
and for colonizing in rear situations and for tall ground-
cover. They propagate readily by suckers.
Lonfcera (D. trifidd). To 4 ft., glabrous or essentially
so: Ivs. ovate to oval, long- pom ted, 2-4 in. long, petioled.
Newf. to Sask. and south to N. C., on banks and rocks.
rivularis. To 6 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate or narrower,
long- or short-pointed, short-petioled: fls. in terminal
clusters. N. C., Tenn., Ga., Ala., on damp banks and rocks;
hardy in New England.
sestilifdlia. To 4 or 5 ft., glabrous, with 4-anglcd branch-
lets: Ivs. nearly or quite sessile, ovate-lanceolate and
acuminate: fls. often in crowded terminal clusters. N. C.,
Tenn., Ga., Ala., on exposed rocky hillsides; hardy N.
triflda: D. Lonicera.
DIETES: see Morxa.
DIFFUSE: loosely branching or spreading.
Digitalis
252
Dimorphotheca
DIGITALIS. FOXGLOVE. Scrophulariacex.
Erect herbs with mostly tall and simple fl.-sts.,
grown in the border for their long racemes of
tubular 2-lipped fls., the upper lip shorter than
lower, in purple, yellowish or white, in summer:
Ivs. alternate and long and decorative, especially
young rosettes, mostly ovate-lanceolate to
lanceolate: native from Eu. to Cent. Asia.
Foxgloves are easily grown. The perennial species are
propagated by seeds or by division. The common species
and cultigens are usually treated as biennials, the seed sown
in the spring or summer producing flowering plants the
following season.
ambfgua (D. grandiflora. D. ochroleuca). YELLOW F.
Per. or bien. to 3 ft., hairy: fls. 2 in. long, yellowish marked
with brown, calyx-lobes linear. Eu., W. Asia.
Buxbaumii: hort. name for a yellow-fld. foxglove.
canariSnsis: laoplexia canarienaia, but the plant grown
under this name is sometimes D. ambigua.
dubia. Per. to 9 in.: fls. purplish, spotted inside, in few-
fld. racemes. Spain, Balearic Isls.
eriostachya. To 2 ft. or more: Ivs. spatulate-lanceolate,
acute, tapering to a narrow but winged petiole, serrulate:
fls. hairy, probably white or yellowish and with brown
netted venations, with pendent broadly ovate lower lip which
is much larger than other lobes of corolla. Habitat unknown.
ferruglnea. RUSTY F. Per. or bien. to 6 ft.: fls. rusty-
red, downy outside, lower lip bearded, middle lobo longer
than others, calyx-lobes ovate. S. Eu.
gloxinioldes: £>. purpurea var. gloxiniseflora.
grandifldra: D. ambigua.
Isabellina: form of D. purpurea with yellow fls.
toevigata. Per. to 3 ft.: fls. yellow marked with purple,
middle lobe of lower lip longer than others, calyx-lobes
oblong. S. Eu.
Janata. GRECIAN F. Per. or bien. to 3 ft.: fls. 1 in. long,
nearly white with fine veins, middle lobe of lower lip longer
than others, calyx-lobes linear, racemes hairy. Danube
region and Greece.
lutea. STRAW F. Per. to 2 ft.: fls. yellow to white, to
[ in. long, in one-sided racemes, upper lip 2-parted, calyx-
3 lanceolate. Eu.
Lutzii. A group of hybrids with fls. in shades of salmon.
maculata: D. purpurea var.
mariana. Per. to IJ-jj ft.: Ivs. basal, ovate-oblong, very
downy: fls. rose, brownish spotted and bearded within. Spain.
minor. To 1 ft., sts. slender: basal Ivs. lanceolate,
minutely denticulate, usually tomentose, veins prominently
raised: fls. rose-pink, small, corolla glabrous with ciliate
lobes. Spain.
monstr&sa: D. purpurea var.
nervdaa. Per. : fls. yellowish, small, in long dense racemes.
Cent. Asia.
obscura. WILLOW-LEAVED F. Per., woody at base: Ivs.
narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous: fls. yellow,
veined bright red within, corolla-tube very short. Spain.
ochroleuca: D. ambigua.
orientalis. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, pubescent: fls.
whitish-cream, all but lower lip finely striped red without
and more irregularly so within, upper looes rounded, to
1 in. long, subtended by lanceolate bracts that are longer
than corolla. Levant. — Perhaps not too hardy N.
purpurea. COMMON F. Bien., sometimes per., to 4 ft.:
fls. to 3 in. long, purple more or less spotted, lobes ciliate,
middle lobe of lower lip shorter or as long as others: fls.
drooping in one-sided racemes to 2 ft. long; calyx-lobes
broad-ovate. W. Eu. Hort. vars. are: alba, fls. white:
campanulata, upper fls. united into a large bell-shaped
bloom; gloxintenora (D. gloxinioides) has longer racemes
and more open fls. than the type; lilacina is listed; macu-
lata supe'rba, LEOPARD F., improved spotted form: mon-
strosa, a double peloric form; rdsea has rose fls. and rubra
purple-red.
sibbica. Hairy per. : fls. yellowish, middle lobe of lower
lip much longer than others, calyx-lobes linear. Siberia.
Thapsii. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to oblong:
fls. purple with pale throat, dotted red, in lax racemes,
middle lobe of lower lip longer than others. Spain.
viridifldra. Bien. to 2% ft., glandular-pilose: Ivs. oblong,
dentate: fls. yellowish-green veined red, few in elongate
leafy racemes. Greece.
DIGIT ARIA (Syntherisma). Graminex. Ann.
grasses of wide range, having flat Ivs. and spike-
lets in one-sided racemes borne in whorls or
digitately at top of sts. See Grasses.
(S. sanffuinalc). CRAB-GRASS. Sts. often
decumbent, to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and H in- wide:
racemes to 6 in. long, very narrow, 3-10 together. Eu., but
widely nat. — Weedy grass but sometimes planted for
ornament.
DIGITATE: hand-like; compound with the members
arising from one point, as the leaflets of horse-chestnut.
See Palmate.
DIHOLCOS: Astragalus bisulcatus.
DILL: Anethum graveolens.
DILLfeNIA. Dilleniacese. Warm-country trees,
Asia to Australia, one intro. in southernmost
parts of U. S.: Ivs. alternate, large and strongly
pinnately veined: fls. mostly large and showy,
white or yellow, solitary or in clusters, the
parts 5 or in multiples, the calyx enlarging and
inclosing the fleshy fr.
indica (D. apeciosa). To 40 ft., evergreen or losing its
foliage in the dry season: Ivs. oblong, thick, to 12 in.,
serrate, borne at ends of branches: fls. white, 6 in. or more
across, with a mass of yellow stamens and a rayed stigma:
fr. size of fist, acid, edible. Trop. Asia.
specidsa: D. indica.
DILLENIA FAMILY. Trees,
shrubs or rarely herbs of about a dozen genera,
some having medicinal properties but only
Actinidia, Candollea, Dillenia, and Hibbertia
known in cult, in the U. S. outside botanic
gardens. The family is characterized by mostly
alternate Ivs., yellow, white or rarely red usually
bisexual fls. having commonly 5 sepals and petals,
numerous stamens, ovary 1 or more carpels.
DILLW^NIA. Leguminosae. Heath-like
shrubs, mostly of small size, native in Australia
and adapted to Calif. : Ivs. scattered or alternate,
narrow-linear or needle-like: fls. papilionaceous.
yellow or orange-red, prevailingly in small
axillary or terminal racemes or corymbs or
sometimes solitary: pod ovate or broader.
Prelssii. To 5 ft. with long erect branches: Ivs. to % in.
long, stiff: fls. about 3 or less in the axils, standard some-
what exceeding calyx.
DIMORPHANTHUS: Aralia.
DIMORPHOTHfeCA. CAPE-MARIGOLD. Com-
posite. S. African herbaceous or subshrubby
annuals and perennials with white, purple,
yellow or orange, solitary terminal heads of
ray- and disk-fls. In Calendula the ray achenes
are incurved, the Ivs. entire or minutely toothed;
in Dimorphotheca the ray achenes are straight,
the Ivs. conspicuously toothed.
Cape-marigolds are grown in the flower-garden and
sometimes in the greenhouse and bedded out. They make
a good display in warm sunny situations, requiring a long
season for best results. Propagated by seeds and the
perennial species by cuttings.
dnnua (Calendula pluvialia). Ann., rough-hairy: Ivs.
oblong: rays white or yellowish above, purplish below.
Var. liguldsa (Calendula Pongei). Double, the rays white
above, yellow or violet beneath. Var. rfngens (D. ringena).
Fls. pure white with blue ring around the center.
aurantiaca (Calendula Tragua). Per. blooming as an
ann., often shrubby: Ivs. linear-oblong, to 3 in. long and
}£ in. wide, margins entire: rays orange-yellow.
calendulacea. Ann., glandular-pubescent: Ivs. oblong,
wavy-toothed: rays orange-yellow.
chrysanthemifdlia. Shrubby per. to 2)4 ft. : Ivs. obovate-
oblpng, to 3 in. long and 1 in. wide, incised or toothed, oc-
casionally lobed: rays yellow, heads to 3 in. across.
cuneata. Much branched, shrub, sticky-glandular: Ivs.
ctineate to lanceolate, to 1 in. long, toothed: rays yellow,
heads about 2 in. across.
Eckl&nis. Per. or subshrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate OP
linear-lanceolate: rays white above, purplish beneath.
hybrida (Calendula hybrida). Hybrids between D. annua
and D. aurantiaca, with fls. varying from white to red,
yellow and orange.
pluvialis: D. annual
Dimorphotheca
253
Diospyros
ringens: D. annua var.
spectAbilis. Per. to 1H ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-elliptic, to
2H in. long, acute, scabrous: heads about 1 in. across,
ray-fls. bright purple, 3-toothed, disk-fls. purple.
DINEMA, represented by the single species D. poly-
bulbon, is now referred to Epidendrum.
DINTERANTHUS. Aizoacex. S. African
stemless succulents of the Mesembryanthemum
association, having short thick Ivs. united
halfway or more and large yellow solitary fls.;
petals numerous; stigmas 7-9.
Margaretiae: Lapidaria Margaretiae.
microsp6rmus (M. microapermum) . Lvs. united to
\$ their length, 1 in. long and broad and $£ in. thick, red-
dish with green dote: fls. yellow tipped witn reddish, 1)^ in.
across.
P61e-£vansii (M. and Rimaria Pole-Evansii). Plant-
body to 1% in. wide, the fissure about H in. deep, grayish:
fls. with outer petals pink and inner pale yellow, 1*4 in.
across.
pube'rulus (D. punctatua). Plant to 1H in-, the pair of
Ivs. united M to H their length and the tips diverging:
Ivs. to % in. long and broad and ^ in. thick, grayish-
brown dotted with dark green, velvety: fls. yellow, reddish
outside.
punctatus: D. puberulus.
DIOCL^A. Leguminosse. Twining vines with
Ivs. of 3 Ifts. and papilionaceous blue, red
or white fls. in clusters or racemes; sometimes
planted in warm regions. Propagated by seeds,
cuttings, or suckers.
glycinoides. Fls. scarlet, 1 in. long. Argentina. — The
botanical position of the plant grown under this name is
much in doubt, and it may belong to another genus.
DICECIOUS: staminate and pistillate flowers on dif-
ferent plants.
(Dioon). Cycadacese. Mexican palm-
like or tree-fern-like plants with stiff pinnate
Ivs. and fls. borne in cones. For cult, and uses
see Cycas, from which it differs in technical
floral and fr. characters.
Dohenii. A plant not fully described and yet little
known: Ifts. broadest at base, very stiffly sharp-pointed,
not toothed, glabrous, margins recurving, parallel side
nerves about 12 and prominent. Erroneously reported
from Guatemala.
edule. Trunk to 6 ft. high, very stocky: Ivs. 3-5 ft.
long; Ifte. entire in adult plants but toothed at tip on young
ones, side nerves 12 or less, sharp-pointed. Hot open
situations.
spinuldsum. Trunk to 50 ft. high, more slender: Ivs.
4-6 ft. long; Ifts. long, with separate slender spiny teeth
on each margin, the parallel side veins 18 or more. Rain
fores ta.
DION^A. Droseracese. One insectivorous
per. of restricted range in N. C. and S. C..
sometimes grown as an oddity or for botanical
demonstration. The plant thrives in sunshine
in a humid atmosphere. It should be potted in
sphagnum or silver-sand and black silt and the
pots set in about 1 in. of water. Propagated by
seed under a bell-jar. D. muscipula. VENUS
FLY-TRAP. Lvs. in basal rosettes, having flat
petioles and round 2-lobed blades which are
Fringed with sensitive hairs, closing together
when touched: fls. white, in umbels terminating
scapes about 1 ft. high.
DIOON: Dion.
DIOSCORfeA. YAM. Dioscoreacex. Her-
baceous twining vines or perhaps more or less
woody, in both eastern and western hemispheres
and mostly of warm regions, with tuberous roots
and often aerial tubers, simple or compound
broad Ivs. and small dkecious fls. in spikes or
racemes.
Several species are cultivated in the tropics for the
edible tubers, and a few in the North for ornament and
interest; Yams are of easy cultivation and may be planted
at any time of year where hardy. Propagated by seeds,
tubers or cuttings. The word yam is sometimes applied to
certain varieties of sweet potato.
alata. Tubers to 8 ft. long: sts. 4- winged or -angled,
often with small axillary tubers: Ivs. opposite, ovate to
oblong and deeply heart-shaped at base. India to Malaya;
not hardy N.
Batatas (D. divaricata). CHINESE Y. CINNAMON- VINE.
Tubers to 3 ft. long, deep in ground: sts. tall-climbing,
slightly angled, bearing small axillary tubers: Ivs. opposite,
ovate, strongly broadened or angled at base. China;
hardy N., remaining for years, the tops dying to the ground.
bulb tf era. AIR POTATO. With small or no root-tubers:
sts. cylindrical, bearing axillary angular tubers to 1 ft.
long: Ivs. alternate, ovate, heart-shaped at base. Trop.
Asia, Philippines; not hardy N.
cayenSnsis. YELLOW or ATTOTO Y. St. angled or
cylindrical, prickly toward base: Ivs. mostly opposite,
ovate, deeply heart-shaped at base. W. Indies to Brazil;
not hardy.
dfscoloi Root tuberous: Ivs. ovate, heart-shaped at
base, purplish beneath, white along midrib. S. Amer. —
Grown as a greenhouse foliage plant.
divaricata: D. Batatas.
hirticaulis. Plant with weak pubescent st. to 10 ft. long:
Ivs. pubescent beneath, alternate, broadly ovate: staminate
fls. solitary, pistillate fls. in racemes, with 1-4 frs. develop-
irg from each irifl. Swamps of Ga. and S. C.
macroura. Lvs. alternate, orbicular, heart-shaped at
base, wavy-margined. Trop. Afr.
oppositif&lia. Lvs. opposite, lanceolate to ovate, not
heart-shaped at base. India, E. Indies.
trffida. CusH-CuHH. YAMPEE. Tubers small: sts.
angled or winged: Ivs. 3-5-lobed to middle or lower. S.
Amer.; not hardy.
villosa.. WILD YAM. COLIC-ROOT. Rootstock woody, to
% in. thick: Ivs. ovate, heart-shaped at base. R. I. to Fla.
and Tex.
DIOSCOREACE^E. YAM FAMILY. Ten genera
of twining herbaceous or somewhat woody
vines with woody or tuberous roots, widely
distributed, characterized by monoecious or
dioecious ns. having 6 perianth-segms. in 2
series, 6 or 3 stamens, typically 3-ceTled ovary,
3 styles, and capsular or baccate fr. Only
Dioscorea, Rajania, Tamus and Testudinaria
are in general cult.
DI(3SMA. Rutacex. Heath-like shrubs na-
tive in S. Afr., with simple linear Ivs.. small
white or red fls.. and fr. of 5 carpels; cult, out-
of-doors in the S. and under glass for ornament
and use in floral decorations.
Soil for diosmas should be similar to that for heaths,
fibrous loam and leaf-mold with sharp sand added. Plants
should be cut back after flowering to induce bushy growth.
Propagated by cuttings of young wood.
alba: Coleonema album.
capitata: Audouima capitata.
ericoldes. BUCHU. To 2 ft., with many branches, fra-
grant, fla. white and borne in great profusion.
pulchella: Baroama pulchella.
pulchra: Coleonema pulchrum.
purpurea: Agathosma villnsa.
Reevesii: listed name.
DIOSP1TROS. PERSIMMON. Ebenacese. Widely
distributed trees and shrubs, largely Asian, with
alternate simple lvs.; unisexual or imperfect fls.
in cymes or the pistillate solitary, and fr. a
juicy edible berry with the enlarged calyx at base.
D. Kaki and D. virginiana are grown for the
edible fr., and others for ornament and interest.
Persimmons are not hardy North with the exception of
D. virginiana which will stand in parts of New England.
They succeed in most soils. Propagated by seeds, cuttings,
and layers. For culture of D. Kaki see Persimmon. D.
Ebenaater, the black sapote, thrives only in the tropics or
perhaps will withstand two or three degrees of frost. Propa-
gated by sneds and shield-budding. D. Lotus stands perhaps
to north-central regions. The other species are tropical or
of mild climates.
Diospyros
254
Dipsacece
Cargfllia. Small tree: Ivs. oval, to 3 in. long, yellowish
beneath: fr. black, H in* long. Australia.
chinensis: D. Kaki.
Ebenister. BLACK SAPOTE. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. oval or
oblong, to 8 in. long, shining: fls. small, white: fr. olive-
green, to 6 in. long, with cnocolate-brown flesh. Mex.,
W. Indies.
fibenum. Largo tree with smooth branchlete: Ivs.
elliptic, to 4 in. long, thick: staminate fls. fascicled, pistil-
late solitary, corolla tubular: fr. ^ in. diam. India. —
Source of tne ebony of commerce.
japtfnica: D. Lotus.
Oki (D. chinensis). KAKI. JAPANESE P. Tree to 40 ft.:
Ivs. ovate or obovate, to 7 in. long, shining above, pubescent
beneath: fls. yellowiwh- white, about % in. long- fr. orange
or reddish, to 3 in. across, with orange flesh. Japan, China,
where it is much cult.
Lotus (Z>. japonica). DATE-PLUM. Tree to 45 ft.: Ivs.
oval or oblong, to 5 in. long, pubescent: fls. reddish or
greenish, to ty in. long: fr. yellow turning black, % in.
across. W. Asia to Japan.
montana. Tree: Ivs. ovate or oblong, to 4 in. long: fls.
white, ^ in. long: fr. reddish-brown, l££ in. across. Trop.
Asia.
virginiana. COMMON P. Tree to 50 ft. or more: Ivs.
ovate, to 6 in. long, shining above: fls. to % in. long: fr.
yellow or orange, to 1 H in- across. Conn, to Fla. and Tex.,
in woods and fields.
DIOSTEA: Baillonia juncea.
DldTIS. Composite. One per. less than 1
ft. high, growing along the European coast
and useful in rock-gardens. Propagated by
seeds or cuttings. D. candid fssima. COTTON-
WEED. White-tornentose: Ivs. alternate, oblong.
% in. long: heads % in. across, in dense terminal
clusters, of disk-fls. only. Aug.-Sept.
DIPfiLTA. Caprifoliaceae. Chinese deciduous
shrubs allied to Diervilla and Weigcla, with
opposite Ivs., pinkish or purple tubular-cam-
panulate fls. solitary or in racemes, and fr. a
caps, inclosed by large showy bracts. They are
hardy in the N. and thrive in any good soil.
Propagated by seeds in spring and by cuttings
of green and hard wood.
floribunda. To 1ft ft.: Ivs. ovate to oval-lanceolate, to
4 in. long, entire: fls. pmk \vith orange-yellow throat,
fragrant, 1 in. long, the corolla slender at base, May:
fr.-bract shield-like, to 1 in. across.
ventricdsa. To 20 ft : Ivs. elliptic or narrower, to 5 in.
long, mostly finely denticulate: fls. rose with orange throat,
drooping, the corolla swollen at base: fr.-bract cordate,
attached at base.
DIPHYLLfilA. Berberichcese. Two per. herbs
native in E. N. Amer. and Japan, the former
transferred to wild-gardens: Ivs. large, peltate,
1 radical and 2 smaller cauline Ivs.: fls. white,
in a terminal cyme: fr. a berry.
cymdsa. UMBRELLA-LEAF. To 2 ft.: basal If. to 2 ft.
across, deeply 2-lobed, with many toothed lobes: berries
blue, about ^ in. long. Va. to Ga. and Tenn., hi wet
places in mts.
DIPLACHNE: Leptochloa fasdcularis.
DEPLACUS: Mimulus.
DIPLADfeNIA. Apocynacese. Climbing
shrubs, perhaps at first erect, with opposite
Ivs., large funnelform fls. in terminal or axillary
racemes, white or rose corolla with 2 scales at
base inside, and fr. of 2 spreading follicles;
native in trop. S. Amer., grown in greenhouses,
and out-of-doors in the S. D. splendens and Z>.
boliviensis are the usual species in cult; other
names are likely to represent hort. derivatives.
Dipladenias may be grown under heat with good drain-
age, in a soil composed of fibry peat, sand and charcoal.
Propagated by cuttings over bottom heat.
am£bilis. Fls. rosy-crimson.
amoena. Fla. pink, suffused with rose.
boliviensis. Lys. oblong, to 3^ in. long: fls. white, the
throat yellow inside, 1 H in. across, 3 or 4 together. Bolivia.
Brearleyana. Fls. pink, changing to crimson.
hybrida. Fls. bright crimson-red.
insignia. Fls. rosy-purple.
profusa. Fls. bright rose.
rdsea. Fls. pmk with purple eye, to 4 in. across.
splendens. Lvs oval, to 8 in. long, heart-shaped at
base: fls. white suffused with rose, 4 to 6 together. Brazil.
DIPLARRHfeNA. Iridacese. Tender herbs
from Australia and Tasmania, with short
rhizomes, mostly basal narrow stiff Ivs. and
fugacious fls. 1 or more in a stiff terminal spa the;
of the Belarncanda and Sisyrinchium group.
Monfea. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1% ft. long and ^ in. wide:
fls. whitish, 2-3 in spathes 2 in. long.
DIPLAZITJM. Polypodiacex. Ferns closely
resembling Aspieniurn and requiring the same
general treatment, grown under glass, differing
in the arrangement of the sori; mostly in the
warmer zones. See Ferns.
l&nceum (Asplenium Zonceum). Fronds simple, lanceo-
late, to 9 in. long and 1 in. wide, usually entire. India,
China, Japan.
DIPLOCtATHA. Asclepiadacese. One S.
African succulent leafless per. D. ciliata (Sta-
pelia ciliata). Sts. decumbent, 4-angled, to 2%
in. long: fls. pale yellowish dotted with red,
rough inside, 3 in. across, solitary near base or
middle of st.
DIPLOGL6TTIS. Sapindacae. One tall Aus-
tralian tree, sometimes planted in S. Calif.
D. Cunninghamii (Cupania Cunninghamii).
Lvs. pinnate, of 8—12 oblong or ovate-lanceolate
Ifts. to 1 ft. long, pubescent beneath: fls. green-
ish, in large panicles: fr. a tomontose caps. Jx> in.
across, the seed inclosed in a pulpy aril from
which jam is made in Australia.
DIPLOPAPPUS: see Aster filifoliits and frulicosus.
DIPLOSOMA. Aizoaccse. Succulent stemlcss
deciduous perennials of S. Afr., allied to Mesem-
bryanthemum: Ivs. of 1 pair obliquely united at
base, soft and pulpy: fls. solitary and terminal;
petals numerous; stigmas 7, filiform.
retroversum (M. retroversurri). Lvs. to 1 in. long, % in.
broad and )e in. thick, united nearly halfway, smooth,
with few pellucid dots: fls. rosy-purple, ^2 in- across.
DIPLOTAXIS. ROCKET. Crucifcrx. A
score of mustard-like erect ann., bien. or per.
herbs of En. and the Medit. region, two of them
sometimes raised for ornament: Ivs. pinnatifid
or lobed: fls. yellow, white, rose or lilac, in
terminal racemes: pod or silique elongated with
short beak, erect or spreading.
icris (Mvricanda hesperidiflora) . To 7 in.: Ivs. oblong
to obovate, obtuse, dentate: fls. lilac-pink to white, on
ascending pedicels: pods erect.
erucoides. Ann , to 18 in., branching from base: lower
Ivs. lyrate: fls. white, veined rose or lilac. In cult, fields,
Eu., coming quickly to bloom.
DIPLOTHEMIUM: see Polyandrocacos caudesceiis.
TEASEL FAMILY. Old World
herbs of about 7 genera, having mostly opposite
Ivs., small bisexual fls. in dense involucrate
heads or spikes, like composites, with gamopeta-
lous 2-5-lobed corolla, 2-4 stamens, inferior
1-celled ovary, and fr. an achene, and the general
looks of Compositse. A few genera are cult, for
ornament or commercial purposes, as Cephalaria,
Dipsacus, Knautia, Morina, Pierocephalus,
Scabiosa, Succisa.
Dipsacus
255
Disporum
DfPSACUS. TEASEL. Dipsacex. Bien. prickly
or hairy coarse tall herbs with opposite entire or
pinnately cut Ivs. and 4-lobed tis. in terminal
heads or spikes subtended by spiny involucral
bracts; plants of thistle-like aspect; native in
Eu., Asia, N. Afr. A few species are grown in
the garden and D. fullonum for raising the nap
on woollen cloth.
asper. To 6 ft.: lower Ivs. pinnatifid, rough and hairy:
fls. white. Himalayas.
azure us: listed name of blue-fld. hort. form of D.
sylvestns.
chinSnsis. To 6 ft.: Ivs. pinnately out into about 8 pairs
of coarsely toothed bristly lobes: heads globose, to 2 in.
across, the involuoral bracts shorter than head and re-
curved, stamens long-exserted. China.
fulldnum. FULLERS T. To 0 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong,
to 1 ft. long, entire or toothed, sessile: fls. pale lilac, in
cylindric heads to 4 in. long, the involucral bracts shorter
than head and becoming reflexed, bracts of receptacle with
hooked tipn and the dry head employed by fullers. Eu.;
grown as a special crop in U. S., and somewhat escaped.
inermis. To 6 ft , prickly: Ivs. pinnatifid: fls. white or
yellowish, in nearly globose heads. Himalayas.
laciniatus. To 3 ft.: Ivs. pinnatifid or bipinnatifid,
ciliate: fls. white or pale pink, in oval heads to 3 in. long,
exceeded or equalled by the involucral bracts. Eu., W. Asia.
pildsus. To 4 ft : Ivs. oblong, entire or toothed, petioled:
fls. yellowish-white, in globose heads to 1 in. across, the
involucral bracts equalling those of receptacle and shorter
than head, bristly. Eu.
sylv6stris. COMMON T. Differs from D. fullonum in the
involucral bracts as long as or exceeding head and curved
upward. Eu., Asia; extensively nat. in E. N. Amer.
DIPTERONIA. Aceracese. Two Chinese de-
ciduous trees with odd-pinnate opposite Ivs.
and imperfectly monoecious little fls. in large
terminal panicles: fr. winged all around. D.
sinensis, adapted to southern states and Calif.,
is 30 ft. or more: Ifts. 4-6 pairs, narrow-ovate to
oblong, serrate: fls. whitish, very small: samara
about 1 in. across.
pfRCA. LEATHERWOOD. Thymelseacese. Two
deciduous bushes native in the U. S., with tough
flexible branches and yellowish funnelform
declined or pendent short-stalked bisexual fls.
in advance of the simple alternate Ivs.: fr. a
small red or greenish drupe. D. palustris, N. B.
to Mo. and Ma. in damp or fertile woods and
copses, is a neat shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to
obovate, 2-3 in. long, entire.
DlSA. Orchidacew. Terrestrial African orchids
with the habit of Habcnaria, with tuberous
undivided root/stocks and leafy sts., the fls.
with helmet-shaped dorsal sepal, commonly
small petals and lip. Require moist situations in
the greenhouse; for cult, see Orchids.
grandifldra: />. um flora.
Luna. Hybrid between D. racemosa and D. Veitchii.
racemdsa. To 30 in. high, leafy toward the base: racemes
laxly about 4-9-fld.; fls. rose-red with purple lines or veins,
large, about IJiz in. across. S. Afr.
unifldra (D. grandiflora) . To 2 ft. high with leafy sts.:
racemes laxly 1-3-fld. ; fls. the largest of the genus, to about
4 in. across; dorsal sepal red without, lighter within, lined
with deeper color, with a short straight spur; lateral sepals
scarlet or carmine. Jan.-Mar. S. Afr.
Veitchii. Hybrid between D. racemosa and D. uniflora.
Fls. rose-hlac, about 2^j in. across.
DISANTHTJS. Hamamelidacex. Japanese
genus containing a single species. D. cercidi-
fdlius. Shrub to 24 ft., twigs with conspicuous
lenticels: Ivs. orbicular-ovate, to 4 in. across,
alternate, glabrous, entire, palmately 5-7-nerved,
becoming crimson-red in autumn: fls. dark
purple, to % in. across, perfect, calyx pubescent
with recurved lobes.
DISC ARIA. Rhamnacede. Mostly S. American
spiny shrubs, but one kind in Australia and
another in New Zeal., with small opposite or
clustered Ivs. or sometimes lacking, axillary
fls. and fr. a leathery drupe or caps.; sometimes
grown for ornament.
serratifc-lia. To 12 ft., with pendulous branches, spines
to 1 in. long: Ivs. to 1 in. long, narrow-oblong: fls. gree^ish-
white, many, ^ in. across, fragrant. Chile, Patagonia.
Toumatou. To 15 ft , divaricately much branched, spines
2 in. long: Ivs. to K in. long, linear-obovate: fls. many,
greenish-white, H in. across. New Zeal.; grown in S. Calif.
DISCOCACTUS. Cactacex. Low plants, glo-
blose or flattened endwise, with many tubercled
ribs, spines clustered at trie areoles and usually
curved: fls. in a small head from the center of
the plant, nocturnal, with a tube, white or
pinkish: fr. naked. E. 8. Amer, Differs from
Melocactus in its night-blooming habit arid
flower-limb of many rather than few segms.;
not to be confused with the very different
genus Disocactus. See Cacti.
alteolena (D. tricornis). Solitary, st. wider than tall,
to 4 in. diam.; ribs 9-10; radial spines 5-C; central spine
usually absent: fls. white. Brazil.
B£sleri: D. placentiformis.
placentiformis (D. and Melocactus Besleri). Plant de-
pressed, broader than high, blue-green; ribs broad and low,
10-14; radial spines G or 7; cential usually wanting: fls.
somewhat elongated, rose-color. Brazil. — Long in cult,
but apparently selddm seen.
tric6rnis: D. alteolens.
DISK, DISC: a more or less fleshy or elevated develop-
ment of the receptacle about the pistil; also the receptacle
in the head of Compositse; a flattened extremity, as on
tendrils of Virginia creeper.
DISK-FLOWERS: the tubular flowers in the center of
heads of Composite, as distinguished from the ray-flowers.
DISOCACTUS. Cactaccx. Spineless epiphytic
plants with terete st. and flattened often more
or less leaf-like branches, of bushy habit: fls.
diurnal, near tips of branches, the tube shorter
than limb and scgms. few. Two species in Cent.
Amer.; not to be confounded with Discocactus.
Sec Cacti.
bifdrmis (Cereits and Phullocactua biformia. Epiphyllum
biforme). Becoming pendulous, plant 8 in. or more long;
branches H~M in- broad and 3 in. long, serrate: fls. purple-
red, about l^s in. long. Honduras, Guatemala.
DISPHi'MA. Aizoacese. Segregate from Mes-
embryanthemum (which see for cult.): sts.
prostrate: Ivs. half-cylindrical, slightly united
at base, punctate: fls. solitary or 2-3; stigmas
arid fr.-cells 5, with 2-lobed tubercle at opening
of each coll.
australe (M. australe). Per., rooting at joints: Ivs. op-
posite, oblong, flattened or 3-angled, mostly obtuse: ns.
reddish, 1 in. across. Australia, New Zeal., Pacific Isls.
crassif61ium (M. crassifolium). Lvs. to 1>^ in. long and
)i in. wide: fls. rose, 1% in. across, on long pedicels. 8.
Afr.
DJfSPORUM (Prosartes). FAIRY BELLS. Lilia-
ce&. Per. woods herbs with slender rhizomes,
alternate Ivs., white or greenish-yellow drooping
fls. solitary or in few-fld. umbels, and fr. a berry;
sometimes planted in the wild-garden.
Hodkeri. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, cordate at
base: fls. green, 34 in. long: berries scarlet. Calif.
lanugin&sum. To 2M ft.: Ivs. to 4>£ in. long and 2 in.
wide: fls. greenish, % in. long: berries red. Ont. to Ga. and
Tenn.
maculatum. To 2 ft. : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 2 in. long:
fls. yellowish dotted with black, % in. long. N. C. to Ga.
and Ala.
oreganum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 3H in. long and 2 in. wide,
cordate at base: fls. creamy- white, ^ in. long. B.C. to
Ida. and Ore.
Disporum
256
Dodonoea
Smfthii. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to
4% in. long: fls. whitish, to 1 in, long: berries yellow.
B. C. to Cafif .
trachycarpum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
to 3^£ in. long, briefly acuminate: fls. yellowish, to 5i in.
long. Ariz, to New Mex., north to B. C. and Man.
DISSECTED: divided into many slender segments.
DISTEGIA: Lonicera invducrata.
DfSTICTIS. Bignoniacese. Trop. American
woody vines with Ivs. of 2-3 entire Ifts. and
often a terminal tendril, purple or pink funnel-
form fls. in terminal racemes or panicles, and
oblong smooth frs. ; one species grown in S. Calif.
cindrea: D. lactiflora.
lactifldra (D. cinerea). Lfta. ovate or oblong, to 2H in.
long, pubescent: fla. purple, to 3H in. long and limb 2% in.
across, tomentoeo outside: fr. to 3^ in. long. Mex.
DISTtLIUM. Hamamelidacex. A few
evergreen trees and shrubs native in Asia,
dio3cious, monoecious or polygamous, with
alternate Ivs., Jfls. without petals but with small
bracts, borne in axillary racemes; hardy only in
warm regions. Propagated by seeds and by
layers.
racem&sum. To 80 ft., shrubby in cult.: Ivs. elliptic, to
3 in. long, entire, dark green and shining above, sometimes
with irregular margins: fls. with red anthers, in racemes
2-3 in. long. Japan. Var. variegatum has Ivs. bordered or
splashed yellowish-white.
DITCH-MOSS: Anacharia conodensia.
DITREMEXA: Cassia.
DITTANY: Dictamnua albua. Crete: Origanum Dic-
tamnua. Maryland: Cunila origanoidea.
DIVIDED: separated to the base.
DIVI-DIVI: Csesalpinia cortaria.
DIZYGOTHfeCA. FALSE ARALIA. Araliacese.
Shrubs , or small trees, probably native in the
Pacific Isls., with alternate digitately compound
Ivs., small fls. in umbels, and berry-like frs.
The species or names are not well understood.
Tender foliage plants grown in the greenhouse in the
juvenile state as pot specimens and seldom coming to flower.
A good soil is one composed of equal parts sandy loam and
peat or leaf -mold. For propagation see Polysciaa.
elezantfssima (Aralia elegant issima). Lvs. of 7-11
thread-like drooping Ifts.; petioles mottled with white.
Kerchoveana (Aralia Kerchoveana). Lvs. of 7-11 prom-
inently notched If to. about H in. wide; petioles mottled.
Veltchii (Aralia Veitchii). Lys. of 9-11 toothed or wavy-
margined Ifts. about % in- wide, reddish beneath. Var.
gracfllima has very narrow Ifts. with white midribs.
DOCK: Rumex. Prairie: Silphium terebinthaceum.
DOCKMACKIE: Viburnum acerifolium.
DOCfNIA. Rosaces*. A few partially or
wholly evergreen small trees of farther Asia
allied to apples and pears, sometimes planted
for ornament and interest in the warmer parts
of the U. 8., the fruits more or less employed
in other countries in cooking: the genus belongs
with the Cydonia or quince group bearing
several to many seeds in each carpel: Ivs. simple,
sometimes shallowly lobed: fls. white, in small
umbels, appearing before the Ivs. or with them,
the calyx and pedicels tomentosc.
Delavayi (Pyrus Delavayi). Evergreen, to 30 ft.: Iva.
ovate-lanceolate, entire, to 4 in. long, tomentose under-
neath: fr. ovoid, about 1 in. long. China.
docynioldes: D. rufifolia.
ruflf&lia (D. docynioides). Deciduous or only partially
evergreen: Ivs. elliptic or broad-lanceolate, often serrate
toward apex, to 3 in. long, thinly pubescent becoming
glabrous underneath: fr. nearly globose, about 1 hi. diam.
China.
DODECATHEON. SHOOTING-STAR. AMERI-
CAN COWSLIP. Primulacese. N. American small
per. herbs, of woods, prairies and mts., with
basal Ivs., nodding cyclamen-like fls. borne in
umbels on scapes, the corolla-lobes reflexed,
the long slender anthers connivent into a cone.
Sometimes planted, and gjrown in well-drained soil in a
shady place; useful in the wild-garden and some species in
the rock-garden. Propagated by division and seeds.
The plants of this genus have received various specific
interpretations, from the consideration of all forma as
variants of the single species D. Meadia, to the view that
all variants merit specific rank. Below are given the bi-
nominals and their varieties as listed in the trade.
alpinum. Lvs. to 4 in. long: fls. purple, the whitish base
having yellow zone and purple band; stamens deep purple.
Mte., Calif., Ore.
campe'stre. Lvs. to 2 in. long: fls. pink with white base
and blue center; anthers pink with dark purple base. Wash.
Clevelandii. Lvs. to 2H in. long: fls. purple with yellow
base, varying to white; filaments of stamens purple, anthers
yellow. S. Cain*.
Colrigo: hort. name of unknown botanical status.
conjugens. Glabrous plant to 10 in.: Ivs. to 5 in. long:
fls. large, deep purple varying to rose or white. Ore. to
Mont.
Cusickii. Differs from D. vulgare in its slightly
smaller habit and glandular-puberulent foliage and scapes:
fls. usually deep rose to lavender. B. C. to Alta., south to
Wash, and Mont. Var. album has white fls.
dentatum (D. Meadia var. latilobum). LVB. to 4 in. long,
dentate: fls. white with 2 purple spots at base of each petal;
anthers brownish-red with yellow filaments. Ore. to Utah.
frigidum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. obi ong-ob ovate to ovate, entii*
or dentate: fls. violet, corolla-lobes oblong-linear. Bering
Strait to Rocky and Sierra Mts.
Hendersonii. Similar to D. Clevelandii but anthers
deep purple. Calif, to Wash.
Hugeri. Lvs. to 1 ft. long: fls. white or sometimes tinged
purple. Md. to Ga. and Ala.
integrif61ium: D. Meadia.
J6ffreyi. Lvs. to 1 ft. or more long, oblong-lanceolate,
crenate: fls. deep red-purple; filaments and anthers purple.
Calif, to Ida. and B. C. Var. redolens has odorous foliage
and fls. not so closely reflexed.
latifolium. To 1 ft.: Ivs. broadly elliptic to obovate,
entire: fls. dark purple with yellow center, filaments black-
ish-purple: caps, circumscissile. N. W. Amer.
latilobum. Lvs. to 10 in. long: fls. yellowish-white;
filaments very short, anthers purple. Wash., Ore.
MSadia (D. integrifoliurr^ Lvs. to 6 in. long: fls. rose,
white at base; filaments reddish-yellow, anthers purple.
Pa. to Man. and Tex. Var. album, fls. white; var. eiegans
is shorter with darker fls.; var. splendidum has crimson
fls. with a yellow circle; var. supe"rbum is an improved form.
multifldrum. Lvs. to 8 in. long: fls. bluish-violet, numer-
ous. Colo., Wyo.
patulum. Lvs. to \\£ in. long: fls. white or pinkish with
purple base; filaments and anthers purple. Calif.
paucifidrum: D. vulgare.
pogticum. Lvs. to 4J^ in. long: fls. rose-pink with yellow
circle at base, then a narrow crimson band and a broad
yellow band. Oro.
pratgnse: listed name.
puberulentum: D. puberulum.
puberulum (D. puberulentum). Lvs. spatulate, to 3H in.
long, glabrous: fls. purple with yellowish throat. Ida. —
By some D. Cusickii is not considered distinct from this
plant.
radicatum. Lvs. to 5 in. long: fls. rose or reddish;
anthers purple. Kans. to N. Mex.
salinum. Lvs. to l%in. long: fls. lilac with yellowish
throat, anthers purple, bask, to Ida. and Utah.
Stfnfleldia. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. spatulate, to 5 iiu long,
margins wavy: fls. rose-purple, corolla-lobes to % in. long,
showy. Tex.
tetrandrum. Lvs. to 1 ft. long: fls. purplish with yellow
ring near base; anthers dark purple. Wash., Ore.
viscid um (D. conjugens var. viscidum). Differs from
D. coniugens chiefly in its foliage and scape glandular-
puberulent. Wash.
vulgare (D. pauciflarum}. To 18 in.: Ivs. spatulate-
oblanceolate, to 4 in. long, narrowed into winged petiole,
usually entire: fls. purple with dark wavy line in throat,
anthers purple with yellow filaments. B. C. to Colo.
Sapindaeex (or Dodonxacex).
Small trees and shrubs with alternate simple
or sometimes compound Ivs.: fls. small, polyg-
Dodoncea
257
Doronicum
amous or dioecious: frs. capsular, winged.
Sometimes planted for ornament in warm
regions. Some species carry medicinal prop-
erties, and most of them have resinous sticky
excretions. They are native of trop. and semi-
trop. regions in both hemispheres.
attenuata. Viscid shrub, somewhat like narrow-lvd.
D. viscosa, but Ivs. hnear-cvmeate or long and linear, only
slightly sinuate-toothed, to 2fjj in. long: fls. in short simple
racemes. Australia.
cuneata. HOP-BUSH. Shrub, usually viscid: Ivs. obovate
or cuneate, to 1 in. long: fls. in terminal racemes or axillary
clusters. Australia.
madagascariensis. Tree to 14 ft.: Ivs. of about 12 pairs
of linear- lanceolate If ts. to 1 H m- long. Madagascar.
ptarmic&folia. Tall shrub, sometimes viscid, young
branches angled: Ivs. linear-lanceolate and acuminate, to
3 m. long and in some cases more, serrate or entire: fis. in
terminal racemes or panicles. W. Australia.
spatulata: considered to be one of the forms of D. viscosa.
Thunbergiana. Shrub to 10 ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, to 214 in. long: fls. in dense racemes.
S. Afr.
visc6sa. Shrub to 15 ft., viscid: Ivs. ob ovate-oblong to
lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. in short racemes. Wiaely
distributed in Fla. and W. Indies; a variable species.
DOELLINGERIA: Aster umbellatus.
DOGBANE: Apocynum.
DOGS-TAIL, CRESTED: Cynosurus cristatus.
DOGWOOD: Cornus. Poison: Rhus Vernix.
DOLICHANDRA. Dignoniacex. One Bra-
zilian climbing shrub, suitable for greenhouse
cult. D. cynanchoides (Macfadyena, cynan-
choides). Lvs. of 2 oblong entire Ifts. to 2 in.
long and a 3-parted terminal tendril: fls. red,
tubular, to 2H in- long, stamens long-exserted,
calyx split und spathe-like: caps, linear, to 4 in.
long.
DOLICHOLUS: Rhynchwna.
DOLICHOS. Leguminosse. Mostly twining
herbs or subshrubs with trifoliolate Ivs., pap-
ilionaceous fls. solitary or clustered in the axils,
and flattened beaked pods; native in the tropics
where several species are grown for human food,
as forage and green-manure crops, but in N.
Amer. cult, chiefly for ornament. Seeds should
be sown in spring where the plants are to stand.
bifl&rus. Ann. twiner: Ifts. 1-2 in. long: fls. yellow: pods
to 2 in. long, with gray seeds. India.
giganteus: D. Lablab var.
Hdsei. SARAWAK BEAN. Forming mats to 6 in. thick:
Ifts. to \y% in. long and % in. broad: pods K in. across.
Borneo. —Grown far S. as cover-crop and propagated by
cuttings.
jap6nicus: Pueraria Thunbergiana.
L&blab (D. soudanensis) . HYACINTH BEAN. BONAVIST.
LABLAB Per but grown as ann.: Ifts. to 6 in. long and very
broad: fls. purple or white: pods to 2% in. long, with black
or white seeds. Probably Old World but widely spread in
tropics, and common in cult. Var. giganteus is a large form
witn white fls The hort. form Darkness has violet-purple
fls. and black seeds and Daylight white fls. and white seeds.
ligndsus. Per., evergreen: Ifts. to 1 l/i in. long, triangu-
lar-ovate: fls. rose-purple or \vhite in var. £lba: pods to
1 in. long, with black seeds. Probably Asia.
sesquipcdalis: Viyiui seaquipedalis.
soudan£nsis: D. Lablab.
violaceus: Phascolus violaceus.
DOLICHOTHfeLE. Cociacex. Three small
globose and more or less cespitose Texan-
Mexican cacti segregated from Mammillaria,
soft in texture and juice not milky, tubercles
long: fls. in axils of old tubercles, large, tube
funnelform, yellow. See Cacti.
longim&mma (Mammillaria longimamma. M. globosa.
M. metaleuca). Solitary or cespitose, to 4 in. high; tubercles
2 in. long, cylindrical, obtuse; spines puberulent, the
radials 6-12 and centrals 1-3: fls. 2 in. long more or leas.
Cent. Mex.
sph&rica (Mammillaria sphserica). Depressed plant
growing in masses that may be 8 in. across- tubercles $4 in.
long, more or less; spines glabrous, the radials 12-15 and
central 1: fls. about 2^ in. across when wide open. S. Tex.,
N. Mex.
uberif6nnis (Mammillaria uberifarmis). Similar to D.
longimamma from which it differs in its conical acute tuber-
cles and 4 radial spines without any central spine. Cent.
Mex. — Said to be less flonferous than D. loiigimamma and
by some considered a variety of that species.
DOMBfeYA (Assonia. Astrap&a). Sterculiacex.
African shrubs or small trees with alternate
palmately-veined Ivs., showy fls. in cymes or
heads, and capsular fr.; ornamental subjects
in the tropics and semi-tropics and sometimes
grown in the greenhouse. Propagated by seeds,
or by cuttings over heat.
acut&ngula. Small tree or shrub: Ivs. crowded at ends
of branches, palmately 3-5-1 obed: fls. white or reddish,
^2 in. long, in 2-parted cymes. Mauritius, Bourbon.
calantha. To 12 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-lobed, toothed, tomentose
beneath: fla. rose, 1>£ in. across. Cent. Afr.
Cayeuiii. Hybrid between D. Mastersn and D. Wai-
lichii: fls. pink, in drooping many-fld. umbels.
M&stersii. To 5 ft.: Ivs. toothed, densely tomentose
beneath: fls. white, fragrant, in many-fld. umbels. Trop.
Afr.
nai robins is. To 6 ft.: lys. wavy-margined, densely white-
tomentose beneath: fls. pink, in umbels. Nairobi.
natalensis. Shrub or small tree: lys. poplar-like, toothed,
becoming glabrous beneath: fls. white, fragrant, in umbels.
Natal.
punctata. To 10 ft.: Ivs. toothed or angled, tomentose
beneath: fls. pink, in umbels. Mauritius, Bourbon.
spectabilis. To 10 ft.: Ivs wavy-margined, densely
white- or rusty-tomentose beneath: fas. white, in umbels.
Madagascar, trop. Afr.
Wdllichii. To 30 ft.: Ivs. ^ toothed, densely tomentose
beneath: fls. scarlet or pink, in many-fld. very large dense
hanging heads. Madagascar, E. Afr.— -Commonly planted
in warm countries.
DO6DIA. Polypodiacese. Dwarf dense ferns
suitable for window-boxes and protected fern-
eries, with stiff pinnate or pinnatifid fronds;
sori in rows parallel to midrib; native Ceylon
to New Zeal.
They are to be protected from strong sunlight, and re-
quire an intermediate or cool atmosphere; propagated by
spores and sometimes by division. Mostly grown under
glass, often under benches. See Ferns.
fispera. HACKBAW-FERN. Fronds pinnatifid, to 1H
ft. long and 4 in. wide, very rough, segms. to 3 in. long.
Australia.
caudata. Fronds pinnatifld or pinnate at base, to 1 ft.
long and 2 in. wide, slightly rough, segms. to 1^ in. long.
New Zeal., Australia. — Some of the material cult, as D.
aspera belongs here.
D(5RITIS. Orchidacese. One epiphytic Phal-
senopsis-like orchid native in Burma, Cochin-
China and Siam. D. pulch£rrima (Phalaenopsis
Esmeralda). To 2 ft. high: Ivs. to 8 in. long:
infl. racemose (rarely paniculate), loosely 3-many-
fld.; fls. to 1J4 m- across, varying from amethyst-
purple to almost white, lip from deep purple to
orange-red. Oct. — Jan., July.
DOR6NICUM. LEOPARDS-BANE. Composite.
Herbaceous perennials: basal Ivs. long-petioled,
st.-lvs. alternate, often clasping: heads yellow,
long-stalked, witn one row of ray-fls., showy in
spring and summer; pappus of hairs. Native in
Eu. and temp. Asia.
Doronicums thrive under the average garden conditions,
and are frequent in borders. Increased either by seeds or
divisions.
austrlacum. To 4 ft., hairy: Ivs. toothed, ovate, cordate
at base: heads several. Eu.
caucasicum. To 2 ft., somewhat hairy: Ivs. coarsely
Doronicum
258
Doxantha
toothed, ovate, cordate at base: beads solitary. Sicily to
Asia Minor. Var. magnmcum is a more robust form with
somewhat larger heads.
Clusii (Arnica Clusii). To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong,
toothed, not cordate at base: heads solitary. S. Eu.
Columnar: D. cordifohum.
cordifdlium (D. Columnse). To 6 in., glabrous: Ivs.
cordate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, toothed or lobed: heads
solitary. 8. E. Eu. and W. Asia.
exc£lsum: D. plantagineum.
macrophyllum. To several ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate,
coarsely toothed: heads in corymbs. Caucasus, Persia.
magnfficum: probably D. caucasicum var.
Pardalianches. To 4 ft., hairy, roots tuberous: Ivs.
toothed, ovate to oblong, cordate at base: heads 1-5. Eu.
plantagineum (D. excelsum). To 5 ft., roots tuberous:
Ivs. toothed, ovate to oblong: heads 2—4 in. across, solitary.
Eu. Var. giganteum is listed as a more robust form with
larger heads.
platanoides: listed name.
DOROTHEANTHUS. Aizoacese. One of the
Mesembryanthemum segregates: S. African
herbs: Ivs. linear or spatulate, with crystalline
papillije.
bellidif6rmis (D. criniflorus. M. bellidi forme. M. crini-
florum). Small branched arm.: Ivs. obovate, to 3 in. long
and K in« wide: fls. solitary, pink, red or white with pink
stamens.
crinifldrus: D. bellidi formis.
gramme us (M. linear e. Af» pyropeum. M. tricolor).
Low densely-fld. clump to 8 in. across: Ivs. opposite, more
or less fleshy, linear, to 3 in. long: fls. solitary, to 1^ in-
across, light pink, rose, white, red, sometimes blue- or
red -centered.
DORSAL: back; relating to the back or outer surface
of a part or organ.
DORSTfeNIA. Moracese. Trop. herbs with
basal Ivs. and unisexual fls. imbedded in the
flat dilated receptacle (something like a fig
opened out); grown under glass for botanical
study as an example in morphology of the
receptacle or torus. Propagated by division
or seeds.
Contraje'rva. Lvs. to 8 in. long and as broad, deeply
lobed or entire, the petioles to 10 in. long: receptacles about
1 in. long and broad, peltate. Trop. Amer.
DORYALIS: Dovyalis.
DORYANTHES. SPEAR-LILY. Amaryllidacese.
Very large succulent plants native in the deserts
of Australia, with Ivs. in basal rosettes and large
red fls. in panicles or heads, the perianth-segms.
nearly distinct; occasionally cult, in the S. and
Calif. Propagated slowly by suckers.
excglsa. To 18 ft.: Ivs. many, sword-shaped, to 4 ft.
long: fls. to 4 in. long, in globular heads to 1 ft. across, with
green bracts.
Pfilmeri. To 10 ft.: Ivs. sword-shaped, to 6 ft. long and
4 in. broad: fls. 2% in. long, whitish inside, the heads or
spikes in panicles to 3 ft. long, the bracts colored. — Perhaps
a var. of D. excelaa.
DOR^CNIUM. Leguminosse. Herbs or
subshrubs from Medit. region and the Canary
Isls., somewhat clover-like, with Ivs. of 3 or 5
Ifts., papilionaceous fls. in heads, and small
cylindrical pods. Of easy cult, for ornament.
Propagated oy seeds or division.
herbaceum. To 2 ft., herbaceous: fls. white marked with
dark purple, H in- across. May-July. S. Eu.
hirstltum. To 2 ft., shrubby, whole plant white-hairy:
fls. white, in heads to 1J^ in. across. July-Sept. S. Eu.
rectum. To 2 ft., shrubby: fls. rose-colored, in heads to
X in. across. July-Oct. S. Eu.
suffruticdsum. To 2 ft., much branched, shrubby, gray-
green: fls. white, marked with dark blue, in heads H in-
across. Apr.-June. S. Eu.
DORY6PTERIS. Polypodiacex. Small trop.
American ferns with lobed or entire attractive
fronds, the son confluent in a marginal line;
something like Pteris and requiring similar
handling. See Ferns.
palmata. Fronds to 9 in. long and wide, palmately
divided into 5 or more triangular lobes, stalks black. W.
Indies to Brazil.
DOSSfNIA. Orchidacese. One terrestrial
species native in Borneo and Malaya, suitable
for a warm greenhouse. D. marmorata (Cheir-
ostylis marmorata). To about 14 in. tall, Ivs.
clustered near the base, to 3% in. long, dark
green veined with lighter green or yellow: fls.
numerous, racemose, about % in. across, pink
with white lip.
DOUBLE: said of flowers that have more than the usual
or normal number of floral envelopes, particularly of petals;
full; plenus.
DOUGLASIA. Primulacese. Tufted per. herbs
with Ivs. in rosettes and yellow or rose fls. in
1-7-fld. umbels terminating the scape; grown in
the rock-garden. Cult, as for Androsace.
dentata. Sts. prostrate, bearing rosettes of oblong
pubescent Ivs. K m. long: fls. violet, in 2-6-fld. umbels.
Wash.
laevigata. Lvs. imbricated, oblong-lanceolate, K in*
long: fls. bright red, long-tubed, in 2-^-fld. umbels. Wash.,
Ore.
mo n tana. Lvs. to ^ in. long, ciliate on margins: fls.
purple or lilac, ^ in. long. Mts., Mont., Wyo., Ore.
nivalis. To 4 in : Ivs. linear, to Y% in. long, thick, pubes-
cent: fls. pink, H m. long. Mts., B. C. to Wash.
Vitaliana (Androsace and Gregoria Vitaliana'). Sts.
prostrate, tipped by rosettes of small linear hairy Ivs.:
fls yellow, long-tubed, nearly sessile, solitary or 1-2. Alps,
Pyrenees. Var. praetutiana is a cult, variation.
DOVE-FLOWER: Peris teria elata. -Tree: Davidia.
DOV^ALIS (sometimes but not originally
spelled Doryalis). Flacourtiacese. Dioecious
shrubs or small trees, with or without axillary
spines, having alternate simple Ivs., fls. unisexual,
small and inconspicuous, and fr. an edible berry;
native in Afr. and Ceylon.
The plants are suitable for subtropical climates, the
urrikokolo withstanding drought and lower temperatures
than the kitambilln. To insure fruit both stomiuate and
pistillate plants must be provided. Propagated by seeds,
layering and shield-budding.
c&ffra (Aberia caffra). KEI-APPLE. UMKOKOLO. To
20 ft., with long stiff thorns: Ivs. to 2 in. long, often in
clusters at base of thorns: fls. greenish: fr. 1 in. diam.,
yellow, acid, used for pickles and preserves. S. Afr.
hebecarpa (Aberia Gardneri). KITAMBILLA. CEYLON-
GOOSEBEKRY. To 20 ft., much branched: Ivs. to 4 in. long:
fr. maroon-purple, 1 in. across, edible. India and Ceylon.
DOWNfNGIA. Lobdiacex. Small annuals
from W. N. and S. Amer., on low plains and
in valleys, with alternate entire Ivs., blue,
yellow or white 2-lipped fls. borne in the axils
of Ivs. or bracts, and fr. a linear caps. ; sometimes
grown in the flower-garden. Propagated by seeds.
Slegans (Clintonia ehgans). To 7 in.: Ivs. oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, to % in. long: fls. light blue with white
throat marked with green or yellow, the stamen-column
long-exserted. Wash, to Calif.
pulch£lla (Chntonia pulchella). To 10 in.: Ivs. oblong-
ovate, ft iu- long: fls. deep blue with white center of lower
h'p marked with yellow and purple, stamen-column scarcely
exserted. Ore. to Calif.
DOWNY: covered with very short and weak soft hairs.
DOXANTHA. Bignoniaceae. Trop. Ameri-
can woody vines of 2 species, with Ivs. of 2
Ifts. and a terminal 3-parted claw-like tendril,
funnelform 5-lobed fls. solitary or few together,
and linear leathery frs. Grown out-of-doors in
the S. where it will stand a few degrees of frost,
Doxantha
259
Drdba
and also in the greenhouse. Propagated by
cuttings under glass.
capreolata: Bignonia oipreolata.
ftnguis-cati (Biynonia Vnguis-cati and Tweediana.
Batocydia Unguis). CATS-CLAW. Lfts. ovate to lanceolate,
2 in. long: fls. bright yellow, to 3 in. long and 4 in. across:
frs. 1 ft. or more long. W. Indies to Argentina.
DRABA. Cruciferx. Many little plants,
ann., bien., per., mostly in north temp, and
cold regions and in mts., a good number of
them adaptable to alpine- and rock-gardens
and cool borders: Ivs. simple and small, the
basal ones commonly forming a rosette, the
sts. sometimes devoid of foliage, often with
very deep tap-root: fls. small and dainty, white,
yellow, rose or purplish, in terminal racemes:
fr. a small pod or silicic, often globular or
orbicular. The species are variable and difficult
of determination.
Propagation is by seed sown a season in advance of
blooming in the case of the biennials and perennials, and
by division of the tufts.
Adamsii: D. alpina var.
aizoides. Per., tufted, to 4 in.: Ivs. in basal rosettes,
linear, to ^ in. long and % in. wide, acute, ciliate: fls.
yellowish, on glabrous scape, in many-fld. racemes, stamens
equalling the petals: pods compressed. Mts. of Medit.
region.
Aizo6n (D. lasiocarpa) . To 8 in.: Ivs. very numerous,
in dense rosettes, linear-lanceolate, pectinate-ciliate, to
% in. long and )| in. wide: fls. sulfur-yellow, on glabrous
scape, in many-fld. racemes, stamens snorter than petals:
pous compressed. Eu. — Variable.
allica: catalogue name for white-fld. form on slender
scapes to 4 in. high; probably error for D. altaica.
alpina. Cespitose per. with simple erect hairy scapes
1-8 in. tall in fr.: Ivs basal, lance-elliptic, entire or es-
sentially so, pubescent, thin, not fleshy: fls. yellow, in close
clusters, petals 2-3 times as long as senate: pods compressed.
Subarctic regions, circumpolar. Var. Adamsii (D. Adamsii),
plants pilose and densely nispid. Var. glacialis (D. glacialis),
Ivs oblong-lanceolate, slightly fleshy and keeled, sepals his-
pid. Siberia.
altaica. Much branched cespitose per. to 3 in.: Ivs. in
basal rosettes, linear-lanceolate, to nearly J£ in. long, acute,
upex 1-2-toothed, pilose, ciliate, st -Ivs. sessile, entire: fls.
white, in compact capitate racemes on hirsute leafy scapes:
pods ovate, acute. Cent. Asia.
andina: titcnodraba colchagucnsis, although plants so
listed in trade are probably A. oligosperma var. andina.
androsacea: D. lac tea.
ar&bisans. Per., diffuse, 8-20 in. tall with many erect
sts.: Ivs. narrow, to 1H m. long in basal cluster, smaller
and scattered on sts, toothed: fls. white, in corymbose
racemes, on glabrous to minutely stellate-pilose scapes:
pods long-acuminate. Newf. to Ont. and N. Y.
armata: D. longirostra.
athda. To 4 or 5 in. high: Ivs. broad-linear, to % in.
long, obtuse, ciliate: fls. yellow, in 8-20-fld. lax racemes.
S. E. Eu.
aurea. Bien. or per., pubescent: Ivs. oblanceolate to
lanceolate, to 2 in. long, entire or sparingly serrate: fls.
yellow to nearly white, in 15-30-fld. racemes. Arctic to
Ariz., in several forms.
austriaca (D. stellata. D. Johannis). Per., cespitose, to
4 in.: basal Ivs. narrowly obovate, obtusish, entire or
toothed at apex: fls. milk-white, on leafy stalks: persistent
style on pod nearly ^ in. long. Eu.
Bertolonii: D. longirostra var. erioscapa.
bo real is. Cespitose, to 12 in., simple or somewhat
branched: Ivs. pubescent-stellate, ovate to oblong-ovate,
to 1 in. long, with 1 or 2 teeth: fls. white, in dense corymbose
racemes on densely pilose scapes, the hairs not stellate.
Arctic, Canada, Siberia.
bruniifdlia. Per., tufted, to 4 in.: Ivs. linear and obtuse,
about ^ in. long, in rosettes: fls. attractive orange, in lax
racemes, stamens shorter than petals, scape short-pilose.
Medit. region, in mts.
caeruleomontana. Tufted per. to 6 in.: Ivs. all basal or in
terminal rosettes, linear to linear-spatulate, to % in. long,
cuspidate, keeled beneath, sparsely pubescent and hispid,
ciliate: fls. yellow, the petals to K in. long, in loose racemes,
on scapes glabrous above and hispid toward base. E. Wash.
Var. PJperi has pods densely white puberulent ; may not now
be in cult.
carinthiaca. Cespitose, forming many rosettes, to 6 in.:
basal Ivs. lanceolate, to % in. long, usually entire or 1-
toothed at acute apex, pilose, ciliate, st.-lvs. shorter, ovate
to oblong: fls. white, in loose corymbose racemes, petals
to H in. long, scapes glabrescent above and briefly pilose
toward base: pods oblong-elliptic. Cent. Eu.
cascade1 nsis. Per. to 8 in., soft white-pubescent through-
out, sts. leafy: rosette Iva. oblanceolate, to % in. long,
remotely dentate; st.-lvs. lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
to f| in. long: fls. pale yellow, to H in. across, in dense
capitate racemes which become loose at fr. maturity: pods
linear- oblong, to ><j in. long. Wash.
Columbians,: D. prealter.
cuspidata. Per., densely tufted, to 4 in.: Ivs. linear and
obtusish, to Mt in. long: fls. purplish, in lax racemes: pods
somewhat inflated. Medit. region, in mts. — Plants grown
under this name may be D. tongirostra, D. rupestris or
D. airoides.
Dede&na. Densely cespitose, scape to 2 in. high: Ivs.
oblong-linear, obtuse, in rosettes, cihate. about ^ in. long:
fls. white, rarely pale sulfur-yellow, 3-10 in a raceme.
Spain.
densifdlia. Tufted per. to 2^ in.: Ivs. dense, in basal
rosette, linear to narrowly spatulate, to ^ in. long or less,
obtuse, margin long-pectinate-cihate: fls. yellow, in lax
racemes, scape villous. Utah to Calif, north to Mont, ana
B. C. — Allied to D. oligosperma.
dicranioides: D. rigida.
diversifdlia. One of the many forma of D. bruniifolia,
from Armenia, the Ivs. in rosettes rather broad and de-
flexed, those on offsets narrow and erect.
dubia. Many-stemmed, small, cespitose, obovate or
oblong basal Ivs. closely rosulate, sts. to 4 in.: fls. white,
in lax racemes. Cent. Ku.
fladnize'nsis. Per., cespitose and cushion-like, 2-3 in.
high: Ivs basal, oblong, obtusish, mostly entire, to ^ in.
long or more, st.-lvs. entire or remotely dentate: fls. green-
ish-white. Arctic regions, and south in Eu. and Amer. in
mts — Under this name forms of D. hirta, D. lac tea and
D. Kotschyi are sometimes grovsn.
frigid a: name applied to d;fferent Drabas; perhaps
D. dubia is meant.
gigas: Arabia carduchorum.
glacialis: D. alpina var.
globdsa. To % in. high, perhaps more in cult.: Ivs. in
subsphericai rosettes, oblong, to % in. long and \$ in. wide,
obtuse, incurved, briefly pectinate-ciliate, pilose: fls. yel-
low, in lax racemes, scape and sepals glabrous. Wyo. to
Utah and Nev. — Closely allied to D. densifolia and D.
ohgosperma. Var. sphderula (D. Paysonii) has scape and
sepals sparsely pilose. Ore.
Haynaldii. To 1\4 in. high: Ivs. in basal rosettes, nar-
rowly linear, about % in. long, acute, briefly and finely
ciliate but not pectinate-ciliate: fls. yellow, in coryrnbiform
racemes on glabrous scapes: pods inflated at base. Cent,
and E. Eu. — Occasionally confused with D. Aizoon.
hirta. Per. to 10 in., hairy: basal Ivs. narrow-lanceolate,
sometimes toothed at apex, to % in. long, minutely stellate,
remotely ciliate: fls. milk-white, in corymbose racemes on
glabrous to minutely stellate-pilose scapes: pods abruptly
acute. Subarctic Eurasia. — Allied to D. arabisans.
hispanica. Densely cespitose, to 2 in. or somewhat more:
Ivs. in rosettes, linear, to % in. long and >6 in. wide, acutish,
ciliate: fls. yellow, in 6-15-fld. racemes, scape hairy: pods
more or less inflated at base, pilose. Spam, in several
forms. — Plants in the trade are likely to be D. Aizoon.
Hoppeana (D. Zahlbruckneri"). Densely cespitose per. to
1^ in. nigh: Ivs. linear and mucronate, ciliate, about ^ in.
long: fls. few in a head, yellow. Alps. — Differs from D.
aizoides in style short, thick and erect, not elongate, slender
and sub curved.
hyperborea. Bien. to 10 in., hairy, short branched, sis.
decumbent: basal Ivs. oblanceolate, to 4 in. long including
the broad winged petiole, st.-lvs. to lin. long, all coarsely
toothed: fls. yellow, in broad corymbs: pods broadly el-
liptic, to % in. long. Alaska.
incana. Bien. to 1 ft. high, gray-pubescent: Ivs. lanceo-
late and obtusish, entire or sparsely dentate, to 1 in. long,
the basal ones in rosettes: fls. white, sepals often purplish.
Far north in Amer. and Eurasia.
incerta (D. oligoaperma var. pilosd). Tufted per. to 5 in.
high: Ivs. all basal, linear- oblanceolate, to % in. long,
stellate-hairy, ciliate: fls. yellow, to H in. across, 3-14 on
stout pedicels in loose racemes: pods flat, broadly lanceolate,
to H in. long with small but distinct beak. Mts. of B. C.
to Wyo. and Ore.
Johannis: D. austriaca.
K6tschyi. Per. 1-4 in. high, with decumbent and rooting
sta.: basal Ivs. oblanceolate or elliptic, to H in. long, entire
or with few teeth, hairy; st.-lvs. 1-3, incised-dentate: fls.
Draba
260
Dracena
white, with small stigma not apparent in fr. Mts., middle
Eu. — Forms of D. aizoides are grown under this name.
lactea (D. androsacea). Loosely cespitose per., with
slender off sets: Ivs. very narrow, acute, entire or nearly so.
hairy: fls. white, with broad stigma on persistent style of
pod. Arctic regions.
lasiocarpa: D. Aizoon.
laxa: D. norvegica.
Lemmonii. Tufted, to 2H in.: Ivs. obpyate to oblong-
obovate, to l/i in. long, fleshy, obtuse, ciliate, pilose: fls.
yellow, in somewhat elongate corymbose racemes on pilose
scape, petals 2-3 times longer than sepals. W. Nev. to
Calif, and Ore.
Loiseleuri. Densely cespitose, to nearly 2 in. high: lys.
broadly linear, to l/i in. long and %>'\n. wide, obtuse, margins
setose-cihate: fls. yellow, in corymbose racemes, scape
densely hispid to pilose: pods compressed, scabrous. W.
Medit. region.
lonchocarpa. Densely cespitose per. 3-5 in. high: basal
Ivs. spatulatc, K in. or less long, stellate: fls. white, on
leafy St.: pods linear. Mts., N. W. Amer., and subarctic.
longirostra (D. armata). Much like D. aizoides but
.mailer, to \]^ in. high in bloom, Ivs. shorter, about H in-
long: fls. yellowish, mostly 3-6 in a compressed corymbose
raceme. S. Eu , in many forms. Var. erioscapa (D. Ber-
tolomi) has Ivs. a little larger and scape pilose. Mts., S. Eu.
N61sonii. A form of D. densifolia having a glabrous or
sparHely villous scape.
nivalis. Many-stemmed densely cespitose per. about
3 in.: Ivs. y± in. or less long, narrpw-obovate to lingulate,
entire or with 1 or 2 teeth: fls. white, in dense racemes, on
short -pilose scape: pods oblong to elliptic, persistent style
ICHH than & in long. Arctic and subarctic regions, south to
rnts. in Utah — Allied to D. lonchocarpa.
norv6gica (D. laxa. D. scandinamca). Per. to 6 or 8 in.:
lower Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or few-toothed at
npcx, pilose, not stellate, ciliate on margin, to 2 in. long:
fls white, on leafy st.: pods in open raceme. Subarctic. —
Similar to D. altaica.
novolftnpica. Densely cespitose per. with very narrow
thick wnite-cihate Ivs. nearly % in. long: fls. yellow.
Olympic Mts., Wash.
oligospe'rma. Laxly cespitose, to 4 in. tall: basal Ivs.
linear, to % in. long and %> in. wide, acute, rigid, briefly
pilose, ciliate but not pectinate-cihate: fls. yellow, in lax
racemes on briefly pilose scape, petals scarcely longer than
sepals. B. C. to Alaska ana eastward in Rocky Mts. —
Closely allied to D. globosa and D. densifoha. Var. andina
is a smaller more densely compact plant with glabrous or
glftbresrent scape to 1 in. high. Utah to Calif, north to
Mont, and B. U. Var. pildsa is D. incerta.
olympica. Per., cespitose and cushion-like, 2-4 in.: Ivs.
linear and obtusish, lightly ciliate, ^ in. long: fls. orange,
rather large, in compact racemes, stamens shorter than
petals, scape villous. Medit. region. — Plants grown under
this name may be D. bruniifolia.
Paysonii: D. globosa var. sphserula.
polytricha. Per. to 2 in., rosettes dense, many, hairy:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to H in. long, densely imbricated,
white-hairy: fls. yellow, 4-10 in racemes: pods ovate, in-
flated, to H in. long, on pedicels to l/± in. long. Caucasus.
prealter (D. columbiana). Per. with simple sts. to about
8 in.: basal Ivs. many, oblanceolate, ciliate, £*i in. or so long,
entire or denticulate: fls. white. B. C. and Yukon.
pyrenaica: Petrocattis pyrenaica.
ramoslssima. Per., branched, to 18 in. high: lower Ivs. ob-
lanceolate, dentate, to 2 in. long, st.-lvs. smaller, oblong,
dentate: fls. white, in racemes. S. E. U. S.
repens: D. sibirica.
rfgida (D. dicranioidea) . Cespitose per., with many
pcapes to 3 in. high: Ivs. broad-linear or elliptic, rigid and
shining, stiffly ciliate, about \i in. long, obtuse: fls. yellow,
in large clusters. S. Eu. — Differs from D. bruniifolia in
ovary with 32-36 ovules and not 4-10.
ruaxes. Cespitose per. with sts. to 2 in. long and pilose:
Ivs. all basal, oblancoolate to sub orbicular, thick, about
% in. long, densely white-hairy: fls. bright yellow. Alpine,
Wash, and B. C.
rup6stris. Per., forming tufts 1 in. or so broad, with very
slender sts. with a single If. or none, somewhat hairy but not
ciliate: Ivs. membranaceous, linear-lanceolate, entire or
toothed at apex: fls. small, white. N. Eu. — Plants cult,
under this name are sometmes D. borealis, D. hirta, or
D. norwyica.
scandinavica: D. norveffica, but plants so named may be
forms of D. hirta.
sibfrica (D. repens). Plant soft, green, the slender sta.
more or less prostrate and sometimes 12 in. long: Ivs.
scarcely in rosettes, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, some-
what hairy: fls. yellow, on ascending sta. Siberia, Caucasus.
stellata: D. austriaca.
subamplezicaulis. Much like D. hirta, but plant smaller;
tufts much congested, less than 1 in. across: basal Ivs. very
crowded, the cauhne ones oblong or oblong-ovate, the broad
base sessile or somewhat clasping: fls. small, white. Siberia,
Turkestan.
tomentdsa. Per., sts. weak and erect, 2-3 J^ in., pilose:
Ivs. mostly basal and crowded, elliptic or ob ovate, obtuse,
entire, % in. long, densely tomentose: fls. white or nearly so,
in racemes on leafy sts : pods rounded at apex. Cent. Eu. —
Plants so named in cult, may be D. borcahs.
v&rna. WHITLOW-GRASS. Ann. 2-3 in. high, mostly in
winter and blooming in spring: fls. small, white, the petals
2-cleft. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer. — Very variable; by some
authors separated in the genus Erophila.
Zahlbruckneri: D. Hoppeana.
DRAG AN A. DRACENA. Liliacese. Trees
and shrubs grown in the greenhouse, and out-
of-doors in the S., for the handsome often vari-
colored foliage; fls. rather small, in small clusters,
borne in panicles. For cult, see Cordyline, to
which most of the so-called dracenas belong and
from which the genus differs in technical car-
pellary and floral characters.
ama'bilis: Cordyline arnabilis.
australis: Cordyline australis.
Baptlstii: a form of Cordyline tcrminalis.
Bruantii: a form of Cordyhne rubra.
concfnna. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, the margins purple.
Madagascar.
derem£nsis. To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 2 in. broad:
fls. dark red outside and white inside. Trop. Afr. Var.
alba is listed. Var. Warneckii ia mostly grown.
Douc&tii: a form of Cordyhne australis.
Draco. DRAGON-TKEE. To GO ft : lys. to 2 ft. long arid
1% in. across, glaucous: fls greenish: berries orange.
Canary Isls. — Planted in Calif.
ensifdlia: Dianella ensifolia.
fragrans. To 20 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 4 in. acroas:
fls. yellowish fragrant. Upper Guinea. Vnr. Lfndenii
has creamy-white bands on Ivs. and vur. Massangeana a,
broad yellow stripe down center. Var. canariensis is a hort.
name.
Godseffiana. Lvs. to 5 in. long and 2^' in. or less across,
irregularly spotted with white: fls. greenish-yellow. Upper
Guinea.
Goldieana. Lvs. to 0 in. long and 5 in. across, with cross
bars of gray and bright green: fls. white, in dense heads.
Upper Guinea.
gracilis: an unidentified hort. name.
Haagei: probably Cordyline Haayeana.
Hookeriana. To 6 ft. or more: Ivs. ensiform, to 2^ ft-
long and 2 in. across, margins white-pellucid, somewhat
ribbed beneath: fls. greenish, to 1 in. long: berries orange.
S. Afr. Var. Iatif61ia has Ivs. to 3^2 m. across and var.
variegata Ivs. more or less white striped.
hybrida: hort. form of Cordyline terminalis.
imperials: form of Cordyline terminalis.
indivisa: Cordyline indivisa.
K611eri: hort. form of D. Godseffiana.
Kn£rkii: form of D. fragrans with glossy light green Ivs.
Lfndenii: D. fragrans var.
L6ngii: hort. name.
major: hort. name.
Mandeana (Mandaiana?): a trade name.
marginata: Cordyline marginata.
Massangeana: Z>. fragrans var.
Mazelii: hort. name.
Rothiana: a garden form of D. fragrans.
rubra: Cordyline rubra.
Sanderiana. Lvs. to 9 in. long and 1# in. across, with
broad margins of white. Cameroons.
strlcta: Cordyline stricta.
terminalis: Cordyline terminalis.
tricolor: Cordyline terminalis.
Veitchii: Cordyline austrahs var.
Vict&ria: garden form of D. fragrana.
Warneckii: D. deremensis var.
Youngii: form of Cordyline terminalia.
DRACENA: Dracaena, Cordyline.
Dracocephalum
DRACOCfiPHALUM. DRAGONHBAD. La-
Uatse. Hardy ann. or per. herbs, mostly erect,
with entire, toothed or deeply cut Ivs. and
purple, blue or seldom white 2-lipped fls. in
whorls axillary or in terminal spikes. Sometimes
grown in borders and flower-gardens.
Dragonheads prefer a rather moist partially shady posi-
tion and moderately rich sandy loam. Propagated by seeds
or by division.
alpinum: probably D. nutans var.
argune'nse: D. Ruyschiana.
austriacum. Per. to l}$ ft., somewhat hairy: lys. cleft
into 3-5 very narrow revolute lobes: fls. blue, 1 % in. long.
Eu., Caucasus.
botryoides. Per. to 6 in., soft-pubescent: Ivs. small,
M in- across, round-ovate, deeply 5-7-lobed: corolla
pubescent, in whorls that are aggregated into a head.
Caucasus.
bullatum. Per. to 10 in., hairy: Ivs. cordate-ovate or
-elliptic, crenate, to 2 in. long and nearly as broad: fls.
bright blue, lower lobe somewhat darker. China.
canarie'nse: Cedronelki canariensis.
F6rrestii. Per. to l^j ft., leafy: Ivs. pinnatisect with 2 or
3 pairs of lobes, or 3-parted, the segms. % in. long, revolute,
white-hairy underneath: fls. blue-purple, in whorls. China.
fruticul&sum. Per. to 3 ft. or more, glabrous: Ivs. lanceo-
late to ovate-lanceolate, to 3^ in. long, sharply serrate,
basesubcordate, pctioled: fls. bright violet-blue, to 1}£ in.
long, in whorls. Siberia.
giganteum: hort. name of red-fld. form, probably a
Physostegia.
grandiftdrum. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong or ovate, basal
Ivs. notched at base: fls. blue, hairy, 2 in. long, in spikes to
3 in. long. June-July. Siberia.
Hemsleyanum. Per. to 20 in., tufted: Ivs. oblong to
lanceolate-oblong, to 2 in. long, obtuse, entire, sessile,
glandular-pitted beneath: fls. purplish-blue, to 1^ in.
long, in 3-7-fld. cymes forming a lax infl. to 8 in. long.
Tibet.
heterophfllum. Per. to 15 in. high, sts. decumbent or
ascending, forming clump to 2 ft. across: Ivs. oblong-ovate,
to 2 in. long, s,hort-petioled, cordate, rough-scabrous: fls.
white, to 1 *£ in. long, in leafy racemes, corolla pubescent.
China, Turkestan.
Isabellas. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. deeply divided into 5^-7
linear entire segms. to 1 in. long: fls. purple-blue, to 2 in.
long, hairy, in spikes to 4 in. long. China.
jap6nicum: D. Ruyschiana var.
Mold&vica (Moldavica sua-oeolcns) . Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate, to IJi in. long, toothed: fls. blue or white, 1 in.
or less long, in long leafy racemes. July-Aug. Eu., N. Asia.
nutans. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong, to 2 in. long,
coarsely toothed: fls. bright blue, $4 in. long, sometimes
drooping, in spikes to 0 in. long. Cent. Asia. Var. alpinum
is listed as a tlwarf form.
parvifldrum (Moldamca parviflord). Ann. or bien. to
21A ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, to 3 in. long, toothed: fls.
light blue, scarcely longer than calyx, in short dense spikes.
N. Amer.
peregrlnum. Decumbent, branches ascending: Ivs.
lanceolate, entire or with few teeth: fls. blue, in racemes to
1^ ft. long. July. Siberia.
Ruprechtii. To 18 in., much branched: Ivs. oblong-
elliptic to linear-oblong, obtuse, pinnately lobed, lobes
linear, entire to coarsely toothed: fls. bluish-purple, to
1 % in. long, in short and usually dense spikes. E. Turkestan.
Ruyschiana (D. argune'nse). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 2 in. long, entire: fls. blue or bluish and in
var. japdnicum white shaded with blue, 1 in. long, hairy,
in short spikes. Siberia.
specidsum. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. orbicular, to 4 in. long,
wavy-toothed, pubescent beneath and wrinkled: fls. pur-
plish to deep purple, 1 in. long, hairy, in dense heads.
June-July. Himalayas.
tanguticum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnatisect into 2-3 pairs of
long-linear lobes: fls. blue, 1 in. long, in interrupted spikes.
Mongolia.
thymin&rum. Ann., lightly pubescent, sts. erect and
simple, to 18 in.: Ivs. orbicular-ovate, cordate, serrate or
entire: fls. light purplish, in many-fld. whorls forming a
long raceme. Eu., Asia.
Virginia1 num: Physostegia virginiana.
Wflsonii (Nepeta Wilsonii). Per. to 2H ft., hairy: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in. long, wrinkled : fls. dark blue,
1 in. long, in distant clusters. China.
261 Drosanthemum
DRAC6PHILUS. Aizoacex. Tufted very
succulent plants of the S. African Mesem-
bryanthemum group: Ivs. many, united at base,
3-angled, bluish-green: fls. terminal, white or
rose; stigmas 8-11.
rheolens (Af. rheolens). Lvs. to 1*£ in. long and ^ in.
wide, entire, with rhubarb-like odor: fls. solitary, lilac-rose,
1^ in. across, short-stalked.
DRACOPIS: Rudbeckia amplcxicaulis.
DRACtJNCULUS. Aracex. Tuberous herbs
native in the Medit. region, bearing pedately
dissected Ivs. and unisexual fls. on spadices
surrounded by spathes; of very offensive odor
when in bloom and grown only as a curiosity
in the greenhouse or in the open far S.
canariensis. To 18 in.: Ivs. palmately lobed, long-
petioled: spathe tubular, to 12 in. tall, spadix more than
twice as long as tube. Canary Isls.
vulgaris (Arum Dracunculus) . Lvs. of 13-15 segms.
from a bow-shaped base, the petioles about 1 ft. long:
spathes with purple limb to 1 ft. long, the tube striped
purple.
DRAGONHEAD: Dracocephalum. False: Phyao&teffia*
DRAGON-ROOT: Ariaaema Dracontium.
DRAGON-TREE: Dracsena Draco.
DRlMIA, Ldliacex. Bulbous African herbs
with whitish or reddish-white fls. in racemes,
the corolla-tube campanulate and segms. re-
flexed.
haworthioides. Lvs. after the fls., lanceolate, to 3 in.
long, thin: fls. greenish-white, H in. long, in loose racemes to
3 in. long on stalk to 1 ft., the segms. 3 times as long as
tube.
DRlMYS (Drymis is a later spelling). Mag-
noliacex. About a dozen aromatic glabrous
trees and shrubs in the southern hemisphere:
Ivs. alternate, bearing pellucid dots: fls. small
in ours, solitary or fascicled; petals spreading,
5 or more : f r. of 1 or more indcniscent berries.
axillaris. To 25 ft. or more, with black bark: Ivs. nar-
row-ovate to oblong, to 5 in. long, obtuse, mostly coria-
ceous, greenish-yellow, the petals linear. New Zeal.; intro.
ia Calif.
lanceolata. Shrub or small tree to 10 ft., rarely to 30 ft.:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. brown, often unisexual, in
terminal umbels. Australia and Tasmania.
Winter!. To 50 ft., evergreen: Ivs. elliptic or lanceolate,
leathery, entire, aromatic, acuminate: fls. cream-colored,
1 in. or more across, fragrant. S. Amer.
DROPWORT: Filipendula hexapetala.
DROSANTHEMUM. Aizoacex. Segregate
from Mesembryanthemum : per., sometimes
woody at base, branching and spreading or
diffuse, the sts. hispid or rough with small
pustules: Ivs. small, cylindric or somewhat
angled, glistening: fls. solitary, white, rose,
violet or reddish; stigmas 4-6. S. Afr. For
cult, see Mesembryanthemum.
autumnale. Shrubby, \1A ft. high and thick: Ivs. % in.
long and iV in. thick, spreading: fls. % in. across.
candens (M. candens). Sts. or branches to 2 ft. or more,
rooting, very slender: Ivs. to 1A in. long: fls. small, violet
or pinkish, terminating short lateral leafy branches.
fLoribundum (M. floribundum). Branches short, some-
what decumbent: Ivs. to about 1 in. or less, obtuse: fie.
rose, ^ in. across, on peduncles 1 in. or more long.
Framesii. To 3 in., compact: Ivs. % in. long and % in.
broad, erect and spreading: fls. white, yellow or pink, 1 in.
across. Var. prostratum is listed.
hlspidum (Af. hispidum). To 2 ft., much branched: lys.
to 1 in. long and % in. broad, spreading: fls. purple, 1 in.
across.
Luederftzii (M: Luedentzii). To 0 in., shrubby: Ivs.
lanceolate, spreading, H in. long and K in. thick: fls.
\i in. long.
papavermcium: listed name.
Drosanthemum
262
Dryopteris
parvifdlium (M. parvifohum). To 8 in., shrubby, with
many reddish branches: Ivs. 3-angled, to H in. long and
+1 in. wide, papillose: fls. purple-red, ^ in* across.
Schoenlandi&num (M. Schoenlandianum) . To 6 in.,
shrubby: Ivs. club-shaped, spreading, H in. long and M in.
wide, densely papillose: fls. pale yellow, % in. long.
specidsum (M. speciosum). To 2 ft., shrubby: Ivs.
^ in, long and ^ in. wide, spreading or curved upward:
fls. orange-red, green at base, 2 in. and more across.
subcomprSssum (M. subcomprestsum) . To 2 ft., shrubby:
Ivs. to 1 in. long and K in. wide, spreading: fls. purple-red,
% in. across.
uncinlllum: probably Ruschia uncinella.
DR(5SERA. SUNDEW. Droseraceae. Insec-
tivorous usually per. herbs with basal Ivs.
covered with glandular hairs, and small white,
pink or red fls. in a one-sided raceme terminating
the scape; occasionally grown for botanical
study and sometimes in rock-gardens; native in
moist or swarnpy places, and transplanted.
The sundews are planted under glass in pots containing
muddy loam and sphagnum. They require abundant
moisture and sunlight. Propagated by seeds, division of
shoots and root-cuttings.
fllif 6rmis. Lvs. linear and thread-like, to 8 in. long, with
purple hairs: fls. bright purple or rarely white, on scapes to
2 ft. high. Mass, to Fla. and Miss.
intermedia. Lvs. spatulate, to 11A in. long, petiolate,
usually red arid covered with glandular hairs: fls. white,
on many-fld. scapes. E. N. Amer., Cuba, Eu.
longifolia. Lvs. with long petioles and spatulate hairy
blades to ll/£ in. long: fls. white, on scapes to 1 ft. high.
N. Amer,, N. Eu., Asia.
rotundifolia. Lvs. with flat petiole and round hairy
blades to 1 y^ in. long: fls. white to red, on scapes to 10 in.
high. N. Ainer., Eu., Asia.
DROSERACE^). SUNDEW FAMILY. Four
widely distributed genera of herbs with lys.
in basal rosettes which are glandular-hairy
and insectivorous, bisexual fls. having 4-5
sepals, 5 petals, 4-20 stamens, superior 1-celled
ovary, and capsular frs. Dionsea and Drosera
are sparingly cult.
DRUPE: a fleshy 1-seeded indehiscent fruit, with seed
inclosed in a stony endooarp; stone-fruit, as peach, cherry.
DRUPELET: one element in a fruit made up of ag-
gregate little drupes, as in the raspberry.
DRYANDRA. Proteacese. Shrubs of extra-
trop. W. Australia, two or more intro. in Calif.:
Ivs. alternate, mostly sinuate or pinnatifid
and sometimes pinnate, often prickly-toothed:
fls. in dense heads, mostly yellow, the head
sitting in an involucre of scale-like bracts and
attended by foliage Ivs.: fr. a caps., usually hairy.
floribunda. Bush to 8 ft.: Ivs. nearly or quite sessile,
cuneate or obovate, undulate and prickly, mostly less than
1 or 2 in. long: fl. -heads small, terminal, involucre not ^ in.
long; fls. nearly 1 in. long, silky.
formdsa. Erect shrub to 15 ft : Ivs. to 8 in. long, divided
to midrib: fl. -heads large, terminal, involucre to 1^ in.
diam.; fls. to 1 J£ in. long, more or less silky.
DR"?AS. Rosacex. Evergreen creeping plants
somewhat shrubby at base, with alternate Ivs.,
white or yellowish solitary showy fls., and fr.
an acheno with feathery style or tail; native in
high northern parts of northern hemisphere and
on mts.x suitable for rock-gardens: they make a
rather close ground-cover and send up peduncles
a few inches high. Propagated by cuttings,
division, or seed.
Drummondii. Lvs. oblong, to 1V£ in. long, white-
tomentose beneath: fls. yellowish, about % in. across,
nodding: frulling styles to 1M in. long. N. N. Amer.
integrif&lia. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, usually with rev-
olute margins: fls. white, to \i in. across, sepals usually
linear-lanceolate. N. N. Amer.
jap6nicau listed name of unknown botanical standing.
lanata: D. octopetala var.
octop£tala. Lvs. elliptic or oblong, to 1 in. long, white-
tomentose beneath: fls. white, 1-1 Ji in. across, erect:
fruiting styles 1 in. long. N. N. Amer., N. Eu., N. Asia.
Var. lanata (D. lanata), Ivs. white-woolly. Var. minor is
listed as a very dwarf form. Var. vestita (D. vestita), Ivs.
gray-downy. Var. integrifdlia is D. integn folia.
Suendermannii. Hybrid between D. octopstala (starni-
nate) and D. Drummondii: fls. yellowish in bud, white in full
bloom and nodding.
vestita: D. octopetala var.
DRYMIS: Drimys.
DRYMOCALLIS: Potentilla.
DRYM<5PHILA. Liliacese. A genus of about
2 species in Australia and Tasmania, having a
bulbous rootstock which produces simple slender
erect sts. which are leafy on the upper portion
only: perianth of 8 equal spreading segms., as
many stamens and a 3-ceJled multi-ovulate
ovary supporting 3 slender recurved styles:
fr. a berry.
cyanocarpa. To 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, alternate, to 3 in.
long: fls. white, to % in. across, few or solitary in the upper
axils: fr. globose-oblong, blue or rarely white -A wood-
land plant growing in well-drained soils high m organic
matter; propagated by offsets or seed and blossoming in
late spring or early summer.
DRYMOPHLCEUS: D. Normanbyi is Normanbya Nor-
manbyi. The genus Drymophlceus is retained for other
species, but is not known to be represented in the U. S.
DRYNARIA: Polypodium.
DRYOPTERIS (Lastrea. Nephrodium. Thelyp-
teris. Aspidium in part). WOOD-FERN. SHIELD-
FERN. Polypodiacex. Both temp, and trop.
ferns with compound foliage; sori borne on veins
with or without indusia. Many of them are
woodsy plants native in the U. S. and Canada
and are sometimes transferred to grounds.
The greenhouse species require no special
treatment. See Ferns.
acrostichoides: Folystichum acrostichoides.
aculeata: Polystichum aculeatum.
arguta. Fronds 1-3 and even 5 ft. long, 2-pinnate with
the pinm« sessile, oblong-lanceolate, and with the pinnules
spinulose toothed: indusia firm, strongly convex, with
deep narrow sinuses and glanduloso margins. W. N. Amer.,
Wash, to S. Calif.
Bo&ttii (Aspidium Boottii), Fronds to 2^4 ft. long and
5 in. wide, 2 -3-pmnate, pinnules finely toothed. N. S. to
Minn and Va ; probably a hybrid between D. cristata and
D. spinulosa var. intermedia.
chrys61oba. Fronds to 9 in. long and 4 in. wide, 2-
pinnate, pinnules entire. Brazil, Colombia.
Clintomana: D. cristata var.
cristata (Aspidium cristatum). Fronds to 21^ ft. long
and 0 in. wide, 2-pinnatifid, pinnules finely tootned. Newf.
to Va. and Ark., Eu., Asia. Var. Clintoniana (D. Clinton-
ta/ut) has broader Ivs.
decomposita. Fronds to Ity ft. long and 1 ft. wide,
2-3-pmnate, pinnules toothed, pubescent. New Zeal.,
Australia.
dentata (D. mollis. D. parasitica. Aspidium viole&cena).
DOWNY W. Fronds to 3 ft. long and 1 ft. wide, 1 -pinnate,
the segms. pinnatifid and entire, hairy. Tropics.
dilatata: D. spinulosa var.
Dry6pteris: Z>. Linnaeana.
erythrosdra. Fronds to l^j ft. long and half as wide,
2-pinnate, segms. pinnatifid, toothed: fruit-dots red when
young. China, Japan. — Some of the material cult, as
D. chrysoloba belongs here.
Filix-mas (Aspidium Filix-mas). MALE-FERN. Fronds
growing in crowns, nearly evergreen, to 4 ft. long and 1 ft.
wide, 2-pinnate, segms. toothed or cut. N. Amer., Eu. —
There are crisped, crested, forked, dwarf forms.
fragrans. Fronds Y^-\ ft. lon«<, glandular-aromatic,
narrowly lanceolate, with the pinnae pinnately parted, and
nearly covered beneath with large thin imbricated indusia.
Lab. to Alaska, Greenland, Finland, Siberia.
GoldiJLna (Aspidium Goldianum). GOLDIE'S-FERN.
Fronds in large crowns, to 4 ft. long and 1^ ft. wide, 2-
Dryopteris
263
Duvalia
pinnate, pinn» toothed, dark green above. N. B. to N. C.
and Tenn.
hexagondptera (Polypodium hezagonopterum. Phegop-
teris hexagonoptera). BROAD BEECH-FERN. Fronds tri-
angular, to 15 in. long and broad, 1-pinnate into pinnatifid
wavy-toothed pinnae: son without indusia. Que. to Fla.
and Tex.
hirtipes. Fronds stifif, to 3 ft. long and 16 in. wide, 1-
pinnate into segms. cut one-third to midrib, stipes black-
scaly. India.
intermedia: D. spinulosa var.
Linnaeana (Phegoptens and Polypodium Dryopteris).
OAK-FERN. Fronds triangular, to 11 in. each way, 2-pin-
nate, segms. entire or wavy-toothed: sori without indusia.
N. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
marginalia (Aspidium marginal*). MARGINAL S. Lvs.
in crowns, to 23^ ft. long, 2-pinnate, segms. entire or lobed.
N. S. to Ga. and Kans.
m611is: D. dentata.
nevadensis (D. oregana). Fronds 1^-3 ft. long and 4-
6 in. wide, lanceolate, with the pinna) linear-lanceolate
from a broad base, deeply pinnatifid, and the lower ones
distant and greatly reduced. B. C. to Nev. and Calif.
normalis (Aspidium patens in part). Rootstock hori-
zontal, slender, with the fronds usually in 2 ranks and with
the scales linear, cihate, hairy: fronds 2-3 ft. long, bi-
pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent beneath on the midribs.
S. C. to Fla. and Tex., Bermuda, Bahamas, W. Indies.
noveboracensis (Aspnhum noveboraccnse) . NKW-YORK-
FERN. Fronds palo green, to 2 ft. long and 7 in. wide, 1-
pinnate, pinn«3 deeply pinnatifid. Newf. to Ga. and Ark.
oregana: D. nevadensis.
ore6pteris (Polystichum montanum). MOUNTAIN W.
Fronds to 3 ft. long and 8 in. wide, 1-2-pinnate, pinnules
nearly entire. Wash, to Alaska, Eu., Japan.
paras itica: D. dentata.
patens (Aspidium patens). Rootstock erect, stout, with
the fronds clustered and with the scales ovate, glabrous:
fronds 2-4 ft. long, bipinnatifid, with the pinnaj hnear-
acurninate and the ultimate segms. acutish. W. Indies
Mex. to Argentina and Paraguay.
pennlgera (Polypodium pennigerum) . Fronds to 5 ft.
long and 1^ ft. \vide, 1-pinnate into deeply cut nearly
entire segms. New Zeal., Polynesia.
Pheg6pteris (Polypodium Phcyoptcris. Phegopteris
polypodioides) . LONG or NARROW BEECH-FERN. Fronds
triangular, to 9 in. long and 8 in. wide, 1-pinnate into
deeply pinnatifid nearly entire segms.: sori without indusia.
N. N. Amer., Eu , Asia.
rigid a (Aspidium rigidum). Fronds to 2 ft. long and 1 ft.
wide, 2-pmnate, segms. toothed or cut. Eu.
Robertiana (Phegopteris Robertiana). NORTHERN OAK-
FERN. SCENTED OAK-FERN. LIMESTONE POLYPODY. Stipes
and fronds minutely glandular beneath, fronds to 8 in.
long and 7 in. wide, 2-3-pinnatifid: sori without indusia.
N. N. Amer , Eu.
setigera. Rootstock stout, with dark brown scales:
fronds dark green, 3-6 ft. Jong, tnpinnatifid, white-hairy
beneath. Established in Fla. and S. Amer., native in Asia.
spinuldsa (Aspidium spinulosum). SPINULOSE W.
Fronds to 1^ ft. long and 9 in. wide, 2-pmnatifid into
deeply cut segms. N. Amer., Eu., Asia. Var intermedia
(D. intermedia) has indusia with marginal glands. Var.
dilatata has 3-pinnate Ivs.
Thelfpteris (Aspidium Thelypteris. Thclypteris palus-
ris). MARSH-FERN. Rootstock creeping: fronds to 2% ft.
long and 6 in. wide, 1-pinnate into deeply pinnatifid segms.,
margins revolute. N. Amcr., Eu., Asia.
uligindsa. Sometimes used as the name for the Ameri-
can plants previously identified as Z>. setigera; that name is
then restricted to a species of trop. Asia.
vi rid 6 see ns. GLOSS W. Fronds to 2 ft. long, 3-pinnate,
segms. toothed, stalks shining. Japan.
DUCHfiSNEA. INDIAN- or MOCK-STRAW-
BERRY. Rosacex. Asian per. herbs with trailing
often rooting branches, long-stalked 3-parted
Ivs., yellow solitary fls., and fr. composed of
achenes borne on a dryish receptacle; used as
ground-cover and for hanging baskets.
fndica (Fragaria indica). Lfts. ovate, coarsely toothed:
fls« >4-l in. across: fr. red, surrounded by large persistent
calyx. India; nat. in N. Amer. — Looks like a strawberry.
DUCKWEED: Lemna.
DUCKWHEAT: Fagopyrum tataricum.
DTJDLEYA: Echeveria.
DUGALDIA: Helenium Hoopesii.
DUGGfiNA. Rubiacex. Shrubs or small
trees with opposite Ivs., small salverform fls.
in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles, and
berry-like frs.; one species intro. in S. Calif.
hirsuta (D. spicata). To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
to 7 in. long, pubescent or becoming glabrous: fls. white,
$i in. long, in spike-like panicles to 16 in. long: fr. white or
blue. W. Indies, N. S. Amer.
spicata: D. hirsuta.
DURANTA. Verbenacex. Shrubs and trees
with opposite or whorled Ivs., small fls. in
terminal racemes, and drupe-like frs.; one
species (D. repens) is commonly planted in
warm regions and sometimes under glass.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings in spring.
Lorentzii. Shrub to 10 ft. with drooping branches: Ivs
ovate, small and leathery, toothed toward apex: fls. white.
Argentina.
Plumieri: D. repens.
repens (D. Plumieri). PIGEON-BERRY. SKY-FLOWER.
Shrub or tree to 18 ft., sometimes spiny and often with
drooping or trailing branches: Ivs. ovate to obovate, to
4 in. long, entire or coarsely toothed: fls. lilac, to 1A in
across: fr. yellow, to % m- across. Fla. to Brazil. Var.
Alba has white fls. and variegata variegated Ivs.
stenostachya. Shnib to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to
8 in. long, entire or toothed: fls. lilac, % in. across: fr.
yellow, ii in. across. Brazil.
DURIAN: Durio.
DtJRIO. Bombacacese. Malayan trees with
entire leathery Ivs., fls. in cymes, and large
spiny frs.
The durian is grown sparingly in the western tropics,
not being hardy in continental United States. It does best
in deep rich soil with plenty of moisture. Propagated by
seeds, and superior strains by budding on seedling stocks.
zibethlnus. DURIAN. To 80 ft.: Ivs. ob ovate-oblong,
to 7 in. long: fls. whitish: fr. oval, to 8 in. long, with ciiHtara-
like pulp or disagreeable odor.
DURRA: Sorghum vulgare var. Durra.
DUSTY MILLER: Artemisia Stelleriana, Centaurea
Cineraria and gymnocarpa, Lychnis Coronaria, Senecio
Cineraria and leucoxtachys.
DUTCHMANS-BREECHES: Dicentra Cucullarict.
DUTCHMANS-PIPE: Aristolochia dunor.
DUVALIA. Asclcpiadacese. Succulent little
leafless herbs in Afr., one or more intro. in
Calif, and perhaps elsewhere: sts. thick and
angled, teetn tipped: fls. near base or middle
of young sts., mostly in small clusters , corolla
rotate and deeply 5-lobed; corona double.
angustfloba. Tufted, sts. to 1 in. long, subglobose or
oblong: fls. 5-20, dark chocolate-color, 1 in. across; corona
white. S. Afr.
Corderdyi (Stapelia Corderoyi). Sts. l\i in. or less long
from one crown, oblong or nearly globose, tinged purple in
sun: fls 2-4, olive-green with darker tips and bearing purple
hairs toward base, to 2 in. diam.; outer corona brick-red,
inner one buff. S. Afr.
hirtella. Sts. to 3 in. long, subglobose or oblong: fls.
1-5, dark chocolate, 1 in. across: outer corona brownish-
red, inner yellow. S. Afr Var. obscura (D. obscura) has a
taller annulus. rarely pubescent: outer corona speckled or
ringed dull yellow.
obscura: D. hirtella var.
pollta. Sts. decumbent, to 2^ in. long: fl» 3-4, green
outside, purplish-brown inside, 1^ in. across, shining; outer
corona cnocolate-red, inner orange-red. Trop. and 8. Afr.
pubescens. Sts. decumbent, to 2 in. long: fls. 2-4, dark
chocolate, 1 in. across, densely pubescent inside; outer
corona reddish-brown. S. Afr.
radiata. Sts. to 2 in. long and % in. thick, oblong or
globose, remotely 4-5-angled: fls. dark reddish-brown.
8. Afr.— Coronas as in D. hirtella var. obscura and by some
authors the two are not considered entirely distinct.
Duvalia 264
reclinata. Sts. to 6 in. or more, angles obscure and
tubercled: fls. dark chocolate, to 1# in. across, rim of
annulus greenish; coronas somewhat orange-colored. S. Afr.
D^CKIA. Bromeliaceae. Stemless succulent
or thick herbs with stiff spiny-margined Ivs. in
basal rosettes and yellow or orange fls. in ra-
cemes or panicles; native in S. Amer. and oc-
casionally planted in Fla. or Calif. Cult, as for
Bromeliaceae.
frigida (D. regalia). Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 2 in. wide:
fls. yellow with green base, % in. long, the infl. to 1 ft.
Brazil.
rarifldra. Lvs. to 6 in. long and H in. wide: fls. orange,
M in. long, the infl. to 1^ ft. Brazil.
regalis: D. frigida.
sulphurea. Lys. to 8 in. long and *A hi. wide: fls. yellow,
\i in. long, the infl. to 1 ft. high. Brazil.
DYERS-GREENWEED: Genista tinctoria.
Dysoxylum
DYPSIS: see Chrysalidocarpus madagascariensia.
DYSCHORlSTE (Calophanes) . Acanthacese.
Per. Ruellia-like herbs widely distributed in
warm regions: Ivs. opposite, entire: fls. irregular,
brae ted, in cymes.
linearis. To 1>£ ft.: Ivs. linear to spatulate, to 2^ in.
long: fls. violet spotted with purple, 1 in. long. Tex. to
N. Mex. — Sometimes transferred to grounds.
DYS6XVLUM. Meliacex. Large trees of
which one has been intro. into Calif, for ornament,
native from trop. Asia to New Zeal. : Ivs. alter-
nate, pinnate: fls. in loose axillary panicles:
fr. a leathery caps.
spectacle. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 3-4 pairs of ovate-oblong
entire Ifts. to 7 in. long: fls. waxy-white, 1^ in. across, in
drooping panicles to 1H ft. long: caps. 1 in. long. New
Zeal
E
EARLEO CASSIA: Cassia Roemeriana.
EASTER BELLS: Stellaria Holostea.
EBENACE,3£. EBONY FAMILY. Trees or
shrubs of some 6 genera in warm and temp,
regions of both hemispheres, with very hard
wood, alternate entire Ivs., regular unisexual
or bisexual gamopetalous fls. having prominent
3-7-lobed calyx and corolla, 2-3 times as many
stamens as corolla-lobes, superior ovary with
2-8 styles, and fr. a berry. Diospyros is grown
for the edible frs. of some species and for the
ornamental character of others, and Maba and
Royena for ornament.
EBEN6PSIS (Siderocarpus of American
authors). Leguminosx. Spiny trees or shrubs of
subtrop. regions in New World, having 2-pinnate
Ivs., fls. in oblong or cylindrical spikes, and
turgid curved hard woody pods with valves
tardily dehiscent. Propagated by seeds.
flexicaulis (Pithecellobium flexicaule, Siderocarpus and
Zygia flexicauhs). TEXAS EBONY. Tree to 50 ft. or shrub
about 20 ft. high, twigs with stipular spines to % in. long:
Ifts. 3-6 pairs, oblong to obovate, to ^ in. long, obtuse,
glabrous: fls. yellow, about ^ in. long, fragrant, in dense
slender spikes about 1^ in. long: pods 4-6 in. long. S. Tex.
to Yucatan.
fiBENUS. Leguminosse. About a score of
herbs or subshrubs of E. Medit. region and
W. Asia, one of which is intro. in Calif.: lys.
simple, digitate, or odd-pinnate: fls. papilio-
naceous, in colored clover-like heads: pod small
and included in the calyx, seeds 1 or 2. E.
cretica is somewhat shrubby, to 2 ft.: Ifts. 3 or
more, narrowly oblong: heads more or less
cylindrical, red or purplish. Crete. See Maba.
EBERLANZIA. Aizoaceae. Shrubs with woody
roots and erect sts.: Ivs. 3-angled, united at
base, blue-green with dark spots: fls. red, in
branched infl. Native in S. Afr. and a separate
from Mesembryanthemum.
spindsa (M. spinosurri). To 2 ft., the branches tipped
with thorns: Ivs. to 1 in. long and K in. wide: fls. deep rose,
1 in. across.
EBONY FAMILY: Ebenacex. Mountain: Bauhinia ro-
riegata. Texas: Ebenopsis flexicaulis.
EBRACTfiOLA. Aizoaceae. Dwarf succulents
with thick roots, 3-angled or cylindrical Ivs., and
solitary terminal short-stalked red or white fls.;
stigmas 5. S. African, separated from Mesem-
bryanthemum.
Derenbergiana (M . Derenbergianum) . To 3 in., forming
clumps: Ivs. 3-angled, to IJ-jj in. long and H "*• thick, light
bluish-green: fls. rose, shining, 1 in. across.
m6ntis-m61tkei (M. montis-moltkei). Plant forming
clumps, with rosettes of 4-8 Ivs.: Ivs. 3-angled, to 1 in.
long and ^ in. thick, united at base, bluish-green with
pellucid dots: fls. bright rose-violet, % in. long. Var. alba
is listed.
Vallis-pacis: listed name.
ECBALLIUM. Cucurbitacese. One monoecious
per.-rooted herb of the Medit. region, more or
less trailing or prostrate but without tendrils,
planted sometimes for the interest of its odd frs.,
usually treated as an ann.: fls. yellow, pistillate
solitary, staminate racemose. It grows readily
from seeds. E. ElatSrium (Momardica Elaterium).
SquiRTiNG-CucuMBER. Hairy-pubescent and
grayish: Ivs. triangular-ovate, to 4 in. long,
angled or obscurely lobed: fr. oblong, to 2 in.
long, rough-hairy, squirting the seeds when
detached, if ripe.
ECCREM9CARPUS (Calampelis) . GLORY-
FLOWER. Bignoniacex. Climbing shrubs from
Peru and Chile with pinnate Ivs. terminated by
a branching tendril, tubular yellow, orange or
scarlet fls. in terminal racemes, and Ir. an ovoid
caps.; grown as an ann. in the N. and per. where
it is hardy.
sea her. Woody, climbing to 12 ft. but sometimes treated
as an herb and blooming first year from seed: Ivs. 2-pinnate
into ovate entire or toothed Ifts. to 1^ in, long: fls. orange-
red, 1 in. long, in racemes to 6 in. long, with small lobes:
fr. \}4 in. long. Chile. Var. aureus has golden-yellow fls,
carmmeus carmine-red, and coccfaeus scarlet.
ECHEVfeRIA. Crassulacese. American suc-
culents with broad Ivs. in rosettes and fls. in
spikes, racemes or panicles, the corolla with
short tube that little if at all exceeds the calyx.
By some authors the genus is included in Cotyle-
don; as considered here the genus includes
Courantia, Dudleya, Oliveranthus, Stylophyllum
and Urbinia. For cult, see Sempervivwn and
Succulents] grown in pots and frequently planted
out. The plants have the habit of Sempervivums.
Abramsii (Dudleya Abramsii). Flowering sts. to % ft.:
basal IVH. in dense rosettes, linear-ovate, to 1 in long, some-
what glaucous: fls. yellow with reddish stripes. Calif.
acutifdlia. Sts. short: Ivs. rhomboid, concave: fls. red
tinged with yellow, in a narrow erect panicle. Mex.
agavoldes (Urbinia and Cotyledon agavoides). St. or
caudex very short and thick: Ivs. thick and rigid, densely
imbricated, ovate, to 2 in. long, spine-tipped: corolla cone-
shaped, reddish \uth yellow tips. Mex.
albinbra (Dudleya oUri flora). Caudex 8-12 in. diam.,
with 25 or more rosettes crowning the short sts.: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, lJa-2 in. long, thick, flat, becoming purplish:
fls. white. Lower Calif.
alpina. Plant small, stemless, cespitosOj floral shoots to
5 in.: Ivs. glaucous, oblorig-spatulate, to 3 in. long, truncate
and mucronate at apex: fls. 10 or more, reddish-orange, in
a simple raceme. Mex.
amadorana (Dudleya gigantea). Stemless or nearly so,
with basal Ivs. very glaucous, oblanceolate, 2-3 in. long:
fl.-st. 1 in. long, with the infl. paniculate; fls. deep red.
Amador Co., Calif.
ameth^stina: Graptopctalum amethystinum.
amcfena (E. pusilla). Nearly stemless, with numerous
offshoots: Ivs. spatulate-lanccolate, £4 in. long: fls. 1-8,
coral-red, the flowering branches to 8 in. long. Mex.
atropurpurea (E. sanguinca). To 8 in.: Ivs. in dense
rosette at top of st , obovate, to 4^ in. long, glaucous,
dark purple above: fla. bright red, % in. long, on branches
1 ft. long. Mex.
atrosanguinea: probably meant for atropurpurea.
attenuata (Stylophyllum attenuatum. S. Orcuttii). Lvs.
linear, terete, to 4 m. long: fls. yellowish tinged with green
and red, ^ in. long, in one-sided racemes. Lower Calif,
and isls.
aus tralis. To 2 ft.: Ivs. at top of branches, broadly
spatulate, to 3 in. long, glaucous: fls. bright red, % in. long.
Costa liica.
Baileyi: listed name.
bifurcata. Sts. short: basal Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long
and l/i in. wide: fls. yellow, bright red above, ^ in. long,
in one-sided racemes to 5 in. long forming a two-branched
infl. Mex.
Bradburyana: listed name.
Brittonii: Sedum obtusatum.
C&spitdsa (Cotyledon c&spitosa and californica. Dudleya
csespitosa, E. linguaformis) . Green or glaucous: fl.-sts.
slender, 4-12 in. high: basal Ivs. obovate- oblong, Ji-lH in.
long: fls. yellow, about l/i in. long. Calif.
candicans: listed name.
carnlcolor. Stemless: Ivs. in dense rosettes, oblanceolate-
265
Echeveria
266
Echeveria
spatulate, 2 in. long, glaucous tinged red: fls. 6-12, bright
red, ^ in. long. Mex.
clavata. Hybrid with Pachy phylum bracteosum as one
parent: see Pachyvena clavata.
clavif61ia. Hybrid: Ivs. gray-green with reddish margins:
fls. carmine, numerous.
clavif6rmis: listed as a small very green plant with
horizontal fl.-sts.
coccinea. To 2 ft., gray-pubescent: Ivs. oblanceolate,
to 4 in. long: fls. red, in 15-2o-fld. spikes. Mex.
compacta (Dwlleya compacta). Bright green: fl.-sts.
4-12 in. high: basal Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, stiff and very
fleshy, to 2>£ in. long: fls. bright lemon-yellow, \i in. long.
8. Calif.
Cooperi: presumably Adromischus Cooperi.
Corder6yi (Urbima Corderoyi). Stemless: Ivs. in dense
rosettes, to 3 in. long, very thick: fls. 15-20, red with yellow
tips, Yt in. long. N. Mex.
crenulata. Sts. long: basal Ivs. obovate, to 1 ft. long and
6 in. wide, st.-lvs. with wavy purplish-red margins: fls.
yellowish -red, H m. long. Mex.
crfepa. Hybrid: Ivs. with deeply crenulated red or pink
cuspidata. Stemless: Ivs. in dense rosettes, obovate, to
2M in. long, very glaucous tinged with red: fls. purplish
with yellowiHh tips, ^ in. long, the fl.-st. to 8 in. Mex.
cymdsa (Dudleya and Cotyledon cymosd). Sternless: fl.-
sts. to 14 in.: basal Ivs. in dense rosettes, oblong-lanceolate,
to 5 in. long: fls. pale yellow, ^ in. long. Calif.
densifldra (Stylophyllum densiflorum. Cotyledon nudi-
cauhs and densiflora. E. nudicaulis). Making dense clumps,
very glaucous: Ivs. many, nearly terete, to 4 in. or more
long: fls. white or pinkish, about ^ in. long, in cymes.
8. Calif.
Derenbergii. Lvs. in rosettes, spatulate, to 1^ in. long
and 1 in. wide, grayish-white with red margins and sharp
tip: fls. reddish-yellow or cinnabar-red, ^ in. long, the
fl.-st. to 2^ in. Mex.
Desmetiana: E. Peacockii.
edulis (Stylophyllum edule). To 1M ft.: Ivs. linear, nearly
terete, flat and broad at base: fls. yellowish, ^ in. long, in
panicles. S. Calif.
elegans. Stemlcss: Ivs. in compact rosettes, to 2 in. long,
glaucous, very succulent with translucent margins: fls.
5-7, pinkish with yellow tips, fl.-branches to 8 in. long.
Mex.
exfmia: listed name.
expatriata. To 4 in.: Ivs. in dense rosettes, oblanceolate,
1 in. long, glaucous: fls. pinkish. Described from cult,
material. Mex.
farindsa (Cotyledon and Dudleya fannosa). Sts. ^w,
rootstock short: basal Ivs. tongue-shaped, flat and white-
mealy, st.-lvs. sagittate: fls. lemon-yellow, on slender
pedicels m rather open cymes. Coasts, Calif.
fimbriata. Sts. to 10 in.: Ivs. in loose rosettes, oblanceo-
late, 5 in. long, with nearly transparent fimbriated margins:
fls. pink outside, yellow inside, ^ in. long, in one-sided
racemes. Mex.
fl&mmea: form of E. gibbiflora with highly colored
foliage.
Funkii: a name of uncertain botanical application.
gibbifl6ra (Cotyledon gibbiflora. E. grandifolia) . To 2 ft.:
Ivs. obovate-spatulate, to 7 in. long, becoming pinkish: fls.
red. Mex. Var. metallica has glaucous-purple foliage with
metallic luster.
gibb6sa var. vlride: listed name of no botanical standing.
figantea. Subshrub with thick st.: Ivs. in thick rosettes,
0 in. long and 6 in. wide, reddish: fls. red. Mex.
glauca (E. secunda var. glauca). Lvs. nearly orbicular,
% in. across, pale and glaucous, with purple point: fls.
pinkish outside, yellow inside, the flowering branches red-
dish. Mex. Var. major is lusted; also var. metallica but
this may be referable to E, gibbiflora.
globdsa. Nearly stemlcss: Ivs. in dense rosettes, spatu-
late, to 3 in. long, pale: fls reddish and yellowish, the
flowering branches weak. Origin unknown. Vars. cristata
and gigantea. are listed.
Gdldmanii. To 8 in., sts. often prostrate and rooting at
nodes: Ivs. linear- oblong, 2 in. long, pale green with purple
margins. Mex.
gracilis. To 8 in., often decumbent from base: Ivs.
subrosulate to scattered, green with red tips, obovate-
oblong, 1 in. long: lowermost pedicels often 2-fid.; fls.
bright scarlet. Mex.
grand ifl6ra: E. lanceolate var. aloides.
grandifdlia: E. gibbiflora.
Greenei (Dudleya Oreenei). To 16 in., more or less
glaucous: Ivs. numerous, oblanceolate, to 4 in. long and
J^ in« wide: fls. yellow. Santa Cruz and isls., Calif.
guatemalensis. To 1 ft., branching at base: Ivs. to \\i
in. long and % in. wide: fls. borne singly, pinkish below,
yellowish above. Guatemala.
Haageana: listed name.
Hallii: Sedum obtusatum.
H&rmsii (Cotyledon and Oliveranthus elegans). To 20 in.,
much branched: Ivs. near ends of branches, obovate: fls.
bright red tipped with yellow, 1 in. long, solitary or twin
at ends of branches in summer. Mex.; hardy out-of-doors
as far north as Washington, D. C.
heterosepala (E. viridi flora). Stemless: basal Ivs. form-
ing a dense rosette, obovate, .somewhat acuminate, to 1J^
in. long: fl.-sts. to 10 in., with fls. in racemes or spikes.
Mex.
H6veyi (Cotyledon Hoveyi). Nearly stemless, but fls.
on an elongated peduncle or scape: Ivs. long-spatulate
forming a basal rosette, margined: fls. 6-12, racemose,
pinkish. Origin unknown; perhaps a cultigen.
imbricata. Hybrid between E. glauca and E. gibbiflora
var. metallica: rosettes saucer-like, Ivs. gray or nearly white.
ingens (Dudleya ingens). Sts. to 1 ft. high, bearing at
top a rosette of Ivs. to 10 in. long and l^ in. wide: fls.
yellow, in open panicles. Lower Calif.
kewensis: listed name.
lanceolata (Cotyledon and Dudleya lanceolata). Usually
somewhat glaucous: fl.-sts. to 2 ft : basal Ivs. narrowly
lanceolate and long-acuminate, to 0 in. long, st.-lvs. cordate
or sagitatte: fls. reddish- orange, about % in. long. S. Calif.
Var. aloides (E. and Dudleya grandiflora) is scarcely to
quite glaucous with corolla green-yellow, yar. lurida (E.t
Cotyledon and Dudleya lurida, E. Monicoe) is not glaucous
with corolla reddish.
laxa (Cotyledon and Dudleya laxa). Glaucous or yellow-
ish-green: fl -sts. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, acute, to
about 3 in. long: fls. yellow, deeply parted, % in. long, in
lax cymes. S. and Cent. Calif.
Ieuc6tricha. Much branched: Ivs. lanceolate, thick,
covered with white hairs: fls. cinnabar-red. Mex.
Lingettolii: listed name.
Iinguaef61ia. To 1 ft.: Ivs. thick and fleshy, nearly
cylindrical at base: fls. cream-color, the flowering branches
long and drooping. Mex.
Iinguaf6rmis: E, cscspitosa.
Lozanii. Stemless: Ivs. in dense rosettes, lanceolate,
4 in. long, those in center copper-colored: fls. pale copper-
color, the fl.-sts. to 13-i ft. long. Mex.
lurida: E. lanceolata var.
macrantha: listed name.
macrophylla: a name of doubtful botanical status.
macula ta. Stemless: Ivs. lanceolate, 4 in. long, somewhat
mottled: fls. lemon-yellow, in panicles, flowering branches
to 3 ft. long. Mex.
Maxonii. Sts. to 2^ ft., becoming decumbent: Ivs.
spatulate, to 4 in. long, margins purplish: fls. salmon-pink,
in racemes on peduncles to 1 ft. long. Mex.
McCabei: listed name.
metallica: E. gibbiflora var.
mexicana; listed name.
micrdcalyz (E. Purpusii). Sts. 4 in. or more: Ivs. spatu-
ate, 1 in. long and H m. wide, thick: fls. yellowish-pink,
H in. long. Mex.
minor: E. nevadcnsis.
M6nicae: E. lanceolata var. lurida.
montana. Lvs. in dense rosette at top of st., orbicular
or obovate, 2 in. long: fls. ^ in. long, in racemes on fl.-
sts. 1 ft. long. Mex.
multicaulis. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and % in. wide:
fls. reddish, yellowish inside, the fl.-branches rose-colored.
Mex.
nevadcnsis (Cotyledon and Dudleya nevadensts. E.
minor). Stemless: fl.-sts. to 8 in.: basal Ivs. obovate, to
4 in. long: fls. yellow tinged with red, to H m- long, in
compound cymes to 3 in. across. Calif.
nivalis, nfvula: listed names.
n6bilis: advertised as a prolific purplish form.
noduldsa. Sts. 1- 2 ft. long, crowned by a dense rosette
of obovate-spatulate Ivs. 2-3 in. long, slightly glaucous,
with the margins reddish: fls. few, in a short raceme, straw-
colored tinged with red. Mex.
nuda. Sts. to 4 in , with Ivs. scattered towards the apex,
obovate-spatulate, 2 in. long, slightly glaucous: fls. in a
simple or slightly compound raceme, pink below, yellowish
above. Mex.
nudicaulis: E. densi flora.
Echeveria
drpetii. Said to be a hybrid with large rosettes: outer
Ivs. rosy, inner Ivs. green: see Pachyveria Orpetii.
ovalif 6rmis: catalogue name.
ovif6rmis: listed name.
Palmeri (E. Rosei). Stemless: Ivs. rhomboid or oblanceo-
late, to 8 in. long and 4 in. wide, margins reddish: fls.
reddish-yellow, 24 in- long, in panicles to 8 in. long. Mex.
Pdacockii (E. Desmetiana). Stemless: Ivs. obovate-
spatulate, to 3 in. long, white-glaucous, reddish toward
top: fls. bright red, the fl.-sts. 1 ft. long. Mex.
perb611a: listed name.
pinetdrum. Stemless: Ivs. in dense rosettes; oblanceolate,
to 1H m. long and }$ in. wide, margins tinged red: fls.
H in. long, the infl. to 10 in. long. Mex.
PittiSri. To 6 in., bearing rosette at top of st.: Ivs.
oblanceolate, 3 in. long: fls. rose, ^ in. long, in dense spikes
2 in. long on sts. 8 in. long. Guatemala.
Plattiana (Cotyledon and Dudleya Plattiana). Stemless:
Ivs. oblanceolate, to 4 in. long, somewhat glaucous: fls. in a
rather short flat-topped panicle, reddish. Calif.
plicata: listed name.
Prfnglei. Sts. decumbent, 1 ft. long, pubescent: Ivs.
oblanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. scarlet. Mex.
pub£scens. To 2 ft., velvety-pubescent: Ivs. obovate or
spatulate, to 3 in. long: fls. bright red, H »n. long, in many-
fld. spikes. Mex. Var. recurvata is listed.
pulvinata. Velvety-pubescent throughout: sts. to 5 in.
long with Ivs. clustered in a rosette at top, 1 in. long,
rounded at apex and apiculate: fls. scarlet, in a leafy raceme.
Mex.
pulverule"nta (Cotyledon and Dudleya puherulenta) .
Mealy all over: fl.-sts. to 2^ ft.: Ivs. broadly spatulate,
in. long, those on st. broadly ovate and clasping:
to .,
fls. red, above ^ in. long, in racemes. S. Calif.
pumila. Stemless, stoloniferous: Ivs. in dense rosettes,
to 1^ in. long and ^ in. wide, glaucous: fls. red, upper
half yellow. Mex.
Ptirpusii (Cotykdon and Dudleya Purpusn). Tufted,
pale green: fl -sts. to 8 in.: basal Ivs. rhombic, to 3 in. long:
fls lemon-yellow, % in. long, in cymes to 3 in. across. Calif.
— Plants under this name, in another application, are to
be referred to E. microcalyx.
Purpusdrum (Urbima Purpusii). Stemless: basal Ivs.
gray-green, mottled with brown, broadly ovate, pointed,
to 1^ in. long: fls. pinkish outside, yellowish within and at
tip. Mex.
pusflla: E. amcena.
racem5sa. Stemless, with basal Ivs. numerous, in a dense
rosette, deep purple, to 2 in. long: fl.-branches to 1 ft.;
fls. 20-40 in a simple raceme, corolla yellowish, % in. long,
sepals ascending. Mex.
retusa. Nearly stemless: Ivs. in dense rosettes, obovate
or spatulate, 3 in. long: fls. bright red, ^ in. long, in com-
pact panicles on sts. 8 in. long. Mex.
rbsea (Courantia rosra). Sts. to 1 ft., branching: Ivs.
near tops of branches, oblanceolate-spatulate, 3 in. long,
edges tinged reddish: fls. pale yellow with lobes of calyx
rose, in dense spikes on leafy branches 4 in. long. Mex.
rbsea-grfindis: listed name.
R6sei: E. Palmeri.
rubella: listed name.
rubromarginata. Stemless or nearly so: Ivs. oblanceo-
late, to 5 in. long, stiff, glaucous, with a red slightly wavy
margin: fls. pale rose, fl.-sts. to 4 ft. high. Mex.
Runyonii. Sts. short or none: Ivs. in rosettes, spatulate-
cuneate, to 3 in. long, very glaucous: fls. in bifid racemes,
corolla pink to scarlet, to % in. long. Mex.
sanguine a: E. atropurpurea.
sax6sa (Dudleya saxosa) . Pale green or somewhat glau-
cous: basal Ivs. numerous, narrowly lanceolate, semi-terete,
to 4 in. long: fl.-branches to 14 in. long with fls. in cymes,
calyx-lobes red, corolla yellow, becoming reddish. Calif.,
Ariz.
scaphylla. Hybrid between E. agavoides and E. lingu*-
folia.
Sche&ri. Caulescent, to 2 ft., more or less glaucous:
rosette-lvs. to 8 in. long: fls. terminal in a few-branched
panicle, corolla red or tinged with yellow. Mex.
Scheideckeri. Hybrid between Pachypytum bracteosum
and E. secunda: fls. orange-red tipped with yellow: see
Pmchyveria Scheideckeri.
scppul6rum. Sts. short, topped by rosette: Ivs. obovate,
to 3 in. long: fls. dark red, H m- 1°&£» the red flowering eta.
to 8 in. long. Mex.
secunda (Cotyledon secunda). Lvs. obovate, with very
short sharp point, glaucous-blue, reddish at margins: fls.
reddish, on scapes to 15 in. tall. Mex,
septentrionilis (Cotyledon and Dudleya septentrionaUs} .
267 Echinacea
White-powdery: fl.-sts. about 3 in. long: lys. in compact
rosettes, ovate, 1 in. broad: fls. pale yellowish-green, snort
and broad, in a very compact cyme. N. Calif.
S6tchellii (Dudleya Setchettii). Fl.-sts. numerous, from
a short thick caudex, to 1 ft.: rosette-lvs. lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, very glaucous: fls. in a narrow panicle,
corolla pale yellow. Calif. — Possibly only a var. of E.
laxa.
setdsa. Stemless: Ivs. in a nearly globular rosette, 2 in.
long, hairy: fls. 8-12, red tipped with yellow. Mex.
Sheidonii (Dudleya SheUonii). Stemless: fl.-sts. to
10 in.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, to 2 in. long:
fls. yellow, Y± in. long, in compact panicles. Calif.
sfmulans. Similar to E. elegans but with flatter rosettes
and narrower corolla. Mex.
Sprucei. To 1 ft.: Ivs. in dense rosettes, lanceolate,
JU in. long: fls. red, }•£ in. long, in 10-12-fld. loose racemes
about 6 in. long. Ecuador.
stolonifera. Short -stemmed, stoloniferous: Ivs. in dense
rosettes, obovate or spatulate, 2% in. long: fls. 4-6, yellow-
ish. Mex.
strictifldra. Stemless: basal Ivs. spatulate-lanceolate, to
4 in. long, acuminate, pale green and slightly glaucous,
the upper part with bright red margins: fl.-branrhea to
16 in. long, either simple or two-forked, fls. scarlet. Tex.,
Mex.
subrfgida. Stemless: Ivs. in dense rosettes, ovate, very
glaucous, tinged purple, margin of young Ivs. scarlet: fls.
red, to ?4 in. long, in panicles to 2 ft. long. Mex.
toluc6nsis. Acaulescent or in age shortly caulescent:
Ivs. in rather open rosettes, usually ascending, glaucous,
oblanceolate, to 2% in. long: fls. 7-12 in ft raceme. Mex.
turgida. Stemless: Ivs. in dense rosettes, turgid, spatu-
late-oblpng, grayish-green tinged red: fls. rose, ^ in. long,
in one-sided racemes on sts. 4 in. long. Mex.
venezuel6nsis. To 4 in.: Ivs. in rosette at top of st.,
oblanceolate, 3 in. long, slightly glaucous: fls. pinkish, in
many-fld. racemes to 1 ft. long. Venezuela.
vill6sa: of uncertain botanical status.
virens (Stylophyllum wrens). Caudex elongated,
branched and sprawling, crowned by dense rosettes of very
fleshy oblong-linear Ivs., 3*6 in. long: fl.-sts. to 8 in., fls.
reddish-yellow. Isls. off S. Calif.
viridens, viridis: listed names.
viridifl&ra: E. heterosepala.
Walpoleana. Nearly stemless: Ivs. in dense rosettes, to
3 in. long and 1 in. wide, tinged with deep red: fls. orange,
% in. long, in a two-branched infl. on sts. 1 ft. high. Mex.
Welnbergii: Graptopetalum Paraguay ense.
Welngartii. Hybrid.
Whitei. Sts. to 4 in. topped by dense rosette: lys.
spatulate, to 2 in. long, margins purplish: fls. red, $4 in.
long, in racemes 4 in. long on red sts. to 1 ft. long. Bolivia.
ECHIDN6PSIS. AsdepiadacesB. Leafless suc-
culent plants of trop. Afr. and Arabia allied to
Stapelia, the stout branching sts. tubcrclecl:
fls. fleshy, 5-lobed, yellow or purple-brown, small,
in fascicles or sometimes solitary.
cereif6nnis. Sts. 1A in. thick, 8-anglecl: fls. in clusters
near tips of sts., bright yellow, ^ in. across. Nile Land.
Var. briinnea, fls. yellowish- to purple-brown, sts. 6-10-
angled. Var. obscura, fls. dark yellowish-brown, sts. 6-10-
angled.
cyllndrica. Similar to E. cereiformis but with longer
branches and larger fls. Nile Land.
Dammanniana. Sts. to % in. thick, grayish-green or
purplish-green, 8-10-angled: fls. 2-5 together or solitary,
corolla dark purple-brown, to ^ in. across. Nile Land.
ECHINACEA (Brauneria). CONEFLOWER.
Composite. N. American coarse herbaceous
perennials with thick black roots of pungent
taste and alternate simple Ivs.: heads large and
showy, solitary and terminal, ray-fls. purple or
rose or yellow, disk-fls. green or purple, becoming
conical; pappus a short crown.
The coneflowers are easily cultivated in the border or
wild-garden. Propagated by division but this should not
be practiced too frequently; also by seed.
angustifdlia. To 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, to 8 in. long, entire: heads light purple, rays
about 1 in. long, spreading, the fruiting disk often 1 in.
high. Sask. to Tex.
pillida (Rudbeckia, pallida). To 3 ft., hairy: Ivs. linear-
Echinacea
268
Echinocactus
lanceolate, to 8 in. long, entire: heads roue-purple to nearly
white, rays to 3 in. long, drooping. 111. to Tex. Var. alba
with pure white rays is listed.
purpurea (Rudbeckia purpurea). PURPLE C. To 5 ft.:
IVB. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, usually toothed:
heads purple varying to white, rays to 3 in. long, spreading
or drooping. Pa. to Ga. and I>a. Var. grandiflora is said to
have larger heads.
ECHINOCACTUS. Cactacese. More than
1,000 names have been applied in this genus,
but it is now restricted to a few species: plants
thick, sometimes very large, many- or several-
ribbed, cylindric, the large areoles very spiny:
fls. on the crown, yellow or pink, often immersed
in wool; axils of scales on ovary and fr. woolly:
fr. white-woolly. S. W. U. 8. and Mex. See
Cacti.
Various kinds of echinocacti and closely related genera
are favorites for pot and tub culture and for plunging in the
open in summer. They are propagated by seeds as they
do not branch nor readily produce offsets. Seeds are sown
in late spring or early summer. Under glass they may
require pollination to produce seeds. In winter, the plants
may be placed in a light dry greenhouse and kept fairly
dormant; in spring and summer water may be supplied
liberally to establish plants.
acanth6des: Feroctictus acanthodes.
acutissimus: Chilcnia acutissima.
alamosanus: Ferocactus alamosanus.
albatus: Stenocactus alhatua.
anfractu&sus: Stenocactus anfractuosus.
Anisitsii: Gymnocalucium Anisitsii.
6pricus: Notocactus apncus.
ftrrigens: Stenocactus amgens.
Astdrias: Astrophytum Asterias.
aureice'ntrus: probably Parodia aureicentra.
aureispinus: listed name, perhaps Parodia aureispina.
Beguinii: Neolloydia Begumii.
bfcolor: Thelocactus bicolor.
Bodenbenderianus: Gymnocalycium Bodenbenderianum.
breyihamatus: Ancistrocactus bremhamatus.
calif drnicus: Ferocactus calif or nicus.
calochldrus. Depressed-globose, 1^ in. high and 2% in.
diam., shining bright green, slightly proliferous; ribs 11 and
tubercled, areoles slightly woolly; radial spines 9 and % in.
long: fls. pale rose with darker marks, 2 in. long. Argentina.
capric6rnis: Astrophytum capricome.
cataphr£ctus: F raj lea cataphracta.
centeterius: Pyrrhocactus mammillariaides.
ceratlstes: Eriosyce ceratistes.
chilgnsis: Chilenia chilensis.
chrysacanthion: Parodia chrysacanlhion.
chrysacanthus: Ferocactus chrysacanthus.
columbianus: Frailca columbiana.
concmnus: Notocactus concinnus.
conofdeus: Neolloydia conoidea.
conothdlos: Thelocactus conothelos.
coptonogdnus: Stenocactus coptonogonus.
cornlgerus: Ferocactua latispinus.
crassihamatus: Ferocactus crassihamatus.
crispatus: Stenocactus crispatus.
cupreatus: a name of doubtful botanical standing as it
waa described without fls. or fr.
curvisplnus: Pyrrhocactus curvispinus.
cylindraceus: Ferocactus acanthodes.
D&msii: Gymnocalycium Damsii.
Davisii: listed name; see Hamatocactus hamatacanthus.
Delaetii: Gymnocalycium Schickendantziivar*
denudatus: Gymnocalycium denudatum.
discif6nnis: Strombocactus di&ciformis.
ebenacAnthus: Neoporteria fusca.
fibre nbergii: Thelocactus Ehrenbergii.
electracanthus: Ferocactus melocactiformis.
elephintidens: Coryphantha elephantidens.
fimoryi: probably Bergerocactus Emoryi.
4nsifer: Stenocactus arrigens.
cxculptus: Chilenia subgibbosa.
Fiedlerianus. Forming clumps, depressed-globose and
woolly at apex; ribs 13 and tubercled, areoles depressed;
spines 4-7 and 1 in. long: fls. yellow, greenish outside.
Chile.
flavovirens: Ferocactus flavovirens.
floricomus: Notocactus floricomus.
F6rdii: Ferocactus Fordi\.
Froehlichianus: Pyrrhocactus Froehlicfiianus.
fuscus: Neoporteria fusca.
gibbdsus: Gymnocalycium gibbosum.
Gielsdorfianus: Thelocactus Gielsdorfianus.
gladiHtus: Stenocactus gladiatus.
glauc^scens: Ferocactus glaucescens.
Gradssneri: Notocactus Graessneri.
grand is. To 7 ft. tall and half as wide, very woolly on
ton; ribs usually more than 40, narrow: spines subulate,
yellow to reddish; radials 5-6, to 1^ in- l°nK» central 1, to
2 in. long, straight: fls. yellow, to 2 in. long, outer segms.
ciliate and acute, inner ones obtuse and serrate. Mex.
Gr6ssei: Notocactus Grossei.
Grusonii (Ferocactus Grusonn). A few in. to 4 ft. or more
high, to 2^ ft. diam., light green; ribs 21-37; spines golden-
yellow when young but becoming whitish, the radials 8^10:
fls. yellow, brownish outside, imbedded in a felt-like cushion,
opening in sunlight. Cent. Mex.
guayenn6nsis: Chilenia subgibbosa.
Haageanus: see Astrophytum ornatum.
hamatacanthus: Hamatocactus hamatacanthus.
Haselbergii: Notocactus Haselbergii.
he!6phorus: an imperfectly described species, perhaps
the same as E. ingens.
HSrtrichii. Solitary, cylindrical, to 5H ft. high and
2 ft. diam.; ribs 12-21; radial spines 17^19, to 1^2 in. long,
spreading, reddish-brown, ringed; centrals 4, to 2^ in.
long, one hooked: fls. reddish-brown, to 2^ in. long. Ariz.
heteracanthus: Stenocactus heter acanthus.
heterochrftmus: Thelocactus Pottsii.
hexaedr6phorus: Thelocactus hexsedrophorus.
horizonthaldnius. Not large, globular or shprt-cyUndric,
to 10 in. high, glaucous; ribs commonly 8; spines 6-9 and
to 1H in- l°nK ttnd reddish or blackish at base, central 1:
fls. palo rose or pink, 2 in. or more long and of greater
breadth when expanded. W. Tex. to Ariz, and Mex.
H6ssei: Gymnocalycium Hossei.
humilis: doubtful name in the lists.
Ingens. To 5 ft. high and 4 ft. diam., more or less short-
oblong, somewhat glaucous and purplish, woolly at top;
ribs 8; spines brown, 8 radial, 1 central: fls. % in. long and
somewhat broader, yellow. Mex. Var. grandis is E,
grandis and var. Palmeri is E. Palmeri.
intert£xtus: Echinomastus interlextus.
int6rtus: see Melocactus intortus.
islay^nsis: Parodia islayensis.
J6nnsonii: Echinomastua Johnsonii.
Knebelii: listed name, perhaps Mammillaria Knebeliana.
Knuthianus: Thelocactus Knuthianus.
korethroides: Eriosyce korethroides.
Krausei: Echinomastus Krausei.
Kurtzianus: Gymnocalycium Kurtzianum.
latispinus: Ferocactus latispinus.
Leeanus: Gymnocalycium Leeanum.
Lec6ntei: see Ferocactus acanthodes.
Lemairei: Melocactus Lemairei.
L6ninghausii: Notocactus Leninghausii.
leptanthus (Gymnocalycium leptanthus). Subglobose;
ribs 8-10, low and broad, rounded; radial spines 6-9;
centrals 1-3: fls. funnelfonn. Argentina.
leuca can thus: Thelocactus leucacanthus.
Ieuc6trichus: Arequipa leucotricha.
L16ydii: see Stenocactus Lloydii.
longihamitus: Hamatocactus hamatacanthus.
lophophoroldes: listed name.
lophothele: Thelocactus lophothele.
loricAtus: Gymnocalycium Spegazzinii.
Maassii: Parodia Maassii.
Macddwellii: Echinomastus MacdoweU\\.
macrodiscus: Ferocactu* macrodiscus.
mammillarioides: Pyrrhocactus mammittarioickt.
mammtil6sus: Notocactus mammulosus.
Mandragora: Thelocactus Mandragora.
Echinocactus
269
Echinocereus
Mathssonii: Ferocactus cmssihamatus.
mazanensis: Gymnocalydum mazanense.
megalothelos: Gymnocalydum megalothelos.
megarhlzus: Andstrocactus megarhizus.
melocactif 6rmis: Ferocactus melocactiformis,
microsp6nnus: Parodia microsperma.
Mihanovichii: Gymnocalycium Mihanovichii.
mintisculus: Rebutia minuscula.
Moelleri: listed name.
M6nvillei: Gymnocalydum Monvillei.
M6stii: Gymnocalydum Mostii.
multicostatus: Stenocactus multicostatus.
multifldrus: Gymnocalydum multiflorum.
muricatus: Notocactus muricatus.
myriostlgma: Astrophytum myriostigma.
Netrelianus: Gymnocalycium Netrelianum.
nfdulans: Thelocactus nidulans.
Nidus: Neoporteria Nidus.
nigriareolatus: see Gymnocalydum nigriareolatum,
nfgricans: Neoporteria nigncans.
nivdsus: Parodia nivosa.
ndbilis: Ferocactus nobilis.
obrep&ndus: Echinopsis obrepanda.
occultus: Neoporteria occulta.
6rcuttii: Ferocactus Orcuttii.
ornatus: Astrophytum ornatum.
Ottdnis: Notocactus Ottonis.
Ourselianus: Gymnocalydum multiflorum.
Palmeri. To 6 ft. high and 8 in. thick; ribs 12-26; radial
spines 5-8; central spines 4 and to 3 in. long, yellow at tips:
fls. yellow, small. Mex.
pampeanus: Notocactus pampeanus.
peninsulas: Ferocactus peninsulas.
peruvianus: Oroya peruviana.
Pfeifferi: Ferocactus glaucescens.
Pflanzii: Gymnocalydum Pflanzii.
phyllacanthus: Stenocactus phyllacanthus.
phymatothele: Thelocactus phymatothele.
pildsus: Ferocactus Stainesii.
plat^nsis: Gymnocalycium platense.
polyancfstrus: Sclerocactus polyandstruB.
polyc£phalus. Rather small, at length forming clumps,
body globular or short-cylmdric and sometimes 2 ft. tall;
ribs 13-21; spines many and covering the plant, radials
7-15, centrals 4: fls. yellow, 2 in. or more long. Utah, Nev.,
Ariz., Calif., Mex.
porr£ctus: Thelocactus porrectus.
Poselgerianus: Coryphantha Poselgenana.
P6ttsii: Thelocactus Pottsii.
Prlnglei: Ferocactus Pringlei.
pulch^llus: Echinocereus pukhettus.
pulch6rrimus: Frailea pulcherrima.
pumilus: Frailea pumila.
pygmefeus: Frailea pygmsca.
Quehlianus: Gymnocalydum Quthlianum.
rafae!6nsis: Ferocactus rafaelensia.
rectispinus: Ferocactus rectispinus.
recurvus: Ferocactus nobilis.
rhodantherus: Gymnocalydum mazanense.
rincon^nsis: Thelocactus rinconensia.
Ritteri: Aztekium Ritteri.
robustus: Ferocactus robustus.
Roseanus: Thelocactus Roseanus.
Saglidnis: Gymnocalydum Saglione.
salmdneus: trade name, perhaps E. Salmianus which is
Melocactus macrocanthus.
saltillensis: Coryphantha Poselgeriana.
Sand 0 Ion: Eriosyce ceratistes.
sanguiniflorus. To 3 in. high and thick, simple or
branched; ribs 10-12, areoles to 2 in. long and white-woolly;
spines all radial, 7-9, H in- long, whitish or pale brown:
fls. red, 2 in. long. Argentina.
Saueri: Thelocactus Saueri.
Saussieri: Thelocactus Saussicri.
Scheiri: Andstrocactus Scheeri.
Schickendantzii: Gymnocalydum Schickendantzii.
Schilinzkyanus: Frailea Schilinzkyana.
Schumannianus: Notocactus Schumannianus.
Schwebsianus: Parodia Schwebsiana.
sc6pa: Notocactus scopa.
Sellowii: Malacocarpus Sellowii.
senilis: Neoporteria Nidus.
setisplnus: Hamatocactus setispinus.
Simpsonii: Pediocactus Simpsonii.
Smfthii. Globose or cylindrical, 3 in. across; ribs 21 and
strongly tubercled; radial spines 20-27 and ^ m. long;
central spines 4, white with darker tips: fls. i eddish, 1 J$
in. long. Mex.
Soehre*nsii: Pyrrhocactus tuberisulcatus.
sphffiroce'phalus: Stenocactus arrigens.
spinifldrus: Acanthocalydum spiniflorum.
Stainesii: Ferocactus Stainesii.
Steinmannii: Lobivia Steimnannii.
stellatus: see Gymnocalydum steUatum.
Strausianus: Pyrrhocactus Strausianus.
Stuckertii: Gymnocalycium S tucker ti\.
Stuemeri: Parodia Stuemen.
submammulosus: Notocactus submammulosus.
Sutterianus: Gymnocalydum Sutterianum.
tabularis: Notocactus tabulans.
tephrac&nthus: Malacocarpus Sellowii.
tetr&xiphus: Stenocactus heteracanthus.
texSnsis: Homalocephala texensis.
Townsendianus: see Ferocactus Toumsendianu*.
TrolliStii: Echinomastus unguispinus.
tuberisulcatus: Pyrrhocactus tuberisulcatus.
tu!6nsis: Thelocactus tulensis.
turbinif 6rmis: Strombocactus disdformis.
umadeave: Pyrrhocactus umadeave.
uncinatus: Hamatocactus uncinatus.
unguispinus: Echinomastus unyuispinus.
Urselianus. Described as depressed-globose, ribs 7-9,
broadly rounded, dark green, spines 7-9: fls. white. Hort.
origin.
Valdezianus: Thelocactus Valdezianus.
Vaupelianus: Stenocactus Vaupelianus.
Velendwskyi: see Gymnocalycium Velenowskyi.
violacifldrus: Stcnocactua violaciflorus.
virid£scens: Ferocactus wridesctns.
viridifldrus: Echinoccreus vindiflorus.
Visnaga. Largo, to 10 ft. high and 3 ft. or more diam.,
glaucous-green, tawny-woolly on top; ribs 15-40; spines 4
and all radial: fls. yellow, about 3 in. long. Mex.
Vorwerckianus: Malacocarpus Vorwerckianus.
Wagnerianus: Thelocactus Wagnerianus.
Whfpplei: Sclerocactus Whippld.
Williamsii: Lophophora Williamsii.
Wislizenii: Ferocactus Wislizenii.
xeranthemoides (E. polycephalus var.). Similar to E.
polycephalus from which it differs primarily in its more
numerous spines, with the lower central of each areole being
broad, flattened and not curved. Tex. to Calif, and Mex.
xiphacanthus: Stenocactua arrigens.
zacatecaslnsis: see Stenocactus zacatecasensis.
ECfflNOCfeREUS. Cactacex. Sts. solitary
or cespitose and forming large clumps, erect or
prostrate, always low, sometimes pendent,
globular to cylindric, mostly spiny or bristly,
ovary and fr. spiny: fls. diurnal but not always
closing at night, bell-shaped to funnelform,
scarlet, purple, yellow. About 60 species in
W. U. S. and Mex. See Cacti.
The echinocerei are more or less grown in collections
but are not generally useful for greenhouse conditions
although the bloom is showy. The plants are likely not to
last many years, and they may be renewed from the wild
or from the stock of regular dealers.
Acifer (Cereus adfer). Sts. clustered, 6^8 in. high and to
2 in. diam., glossy-green: ribs prevailingly 10; radial
spines 5-10; centrals mostly 4: fls. scarlet, 2 in. and more
long. Mex.
adustus (E. pectinatus var. adustus). Simple, to 2 in.
high; ribs 13-15; radial spines 16-20; central spine 1 or
none: fls. purplish, 1 ^ in. long. Mex.
Echinocereus
270
Echinocereus
aggregatus: E. coccineua.
amdbnus (Echinopaia amcend). Sts. obconical, to 3 in.
diam.; ribs 10-14, prominent, bright green, areoles usually
7-spined, latter to % in. long: fls. bright pink. Mex.
angusticeps. Cespitose, sts. to 3}4 in. long and \1A in.
diam., many; ribs 7-8, prominent: spines acicular, raaials
7-9, white to yellow, central 1, brown: fls. yellow with
orange-red center, 1 % in. long: fr. green. Tex.
ariz6nicus. Tufted, sts. from common root, unequal;
ribs 10, deeply tuherculate, areoles white-woolly; radial
spines 10, white, unequal; centrals 1-4, purplish, to 1 in.
long: flfl. crimson. Ariz.
armatus: listed name.
Baileyi. Cylindric, about 4 in. high; riba 15; radials
about 16 and first white then brownish or yellowish, no
centrals: fls. about 2% in. broad, light purple inside and
segrns. erose or toothecf. Okla.
Barthelowanus. Sts. clustered, cylindric, to 8 in. long
and 2 in. diam.; ribs about 10; spines numerous and to 3 in.
long: fls. 1A in. or less long. Lower Calif.
Berlandieri: E. Blanckii.
Blanckii (Cereua Blanckii. E. and Cereua Berlandieri').
Prostrate and branching from the base making a colony of
erect or ascending sts. to 6 in. long and 1 in. diam.; ribs
5-7; radial spines 6-8; central 1: fls. purple, to 3 in. and
more long. 8. Tex., Mex.
B6nkerae. A recent species similar to E. Engelmannii
but with more ribs, shorter spines and deep purple fls.
Br&ndegeei. Sts. clustered, to 3 ft. or more long and
2 in. diam ; ribs strongly tubercled; radial spines 12; central
spines commonly 4 and to 3 in. long: fls. purplish, 2 in.
long. Lower Calif.
Bristolii. Sts. cylindrical, to 8 in. tall or more and 2 in.
diam., light green; ribs 15-16, tubercled; spines curved;
radials about 20, white; centrals 3, white with red tips:
fls. violet-pink: fr. red, spiny. Mex.
c«spit&sus: E. Reichenbachii.
castaneus: referable to E. Reichenbachii.
chloranthus (Cereua chloranthua) . Usually simple, sts.
cylindric to 6 in. long and 2-3 in. diam., very spiny; ribs
about 13; radials several; centrals 3 or 4: fls. yellowish-
green, % in. long. W. Tex., New Mex. and Mex.
cine re" see ns (Cereus cinerascens) , Making patches 2-4 ft.
across, sts. ascending 1 ft.; ribs about 12; spines pale or
white; radials about 10; centrals 3 or 4: fls. about 3 in. long,
purple inside, tube with white wool. Mex.
coccineus (E. aggregatus. E. phaeniceua. Cereua coo
cineus. C. phcemceua. C. Roemeri, C. aggregates) . Mostly
densely cenpitose, forming mounds, sts. 6-8 in. high, 1-2 in.
diam.; ribs 8-11; radials 8-12 and needle-like and com-
monly white: centrals several and straight and terete: fls.
2 in. or more long, crimson. Colo., Utah, New Mex., Anz.
conglomerate (Cereus conglomeratus) . In large clumps,
sts. 4-8 in. long and often partly in the ground; ribs 11-13;
radials needle-like; centrals several: fls. 2 in. or more long,
purplish. Mex.
conoldeus (Cereua conoideua) .' Cespitose; like E. coc-
cineus but central spines somewhat curved and more or
less angled. W. Tex., Mex.
ctenoides (Cereua ctenoides). Sts. cylindric, to 16 in.
long and 3-4 in. diam.; ribs 15-17; radial spines to 20 and
not spreading; centrals 8-10: fls. 3--4 in. long, wide-expand-
ing, bright or reddish-yellow. S. Tex., Mex.
dasyacdnthus (Cercus dasyacanthus) . Sts. cylindric.
4-12 in. high, very spiny; ribs 15-20; radials 16-24 and
pinkish at first; centrals 3-8: fls. to 4 in. long, yellow.
W. Tex., Now Mex , Mex.
Delaetii. Clustered, to 8 in, high, covered by long white
curling hairs; ribs indistinct, areoles with many long white
hairs and few bristles: fls. pink. Mex.
dubius (Cereua du&iiu). Somewhat cespitose, sts. to 8 in.
long, soft, pale green, white-spined ; ribs 7-9; radials 5-8;
centrals 1-4: fls. 2 ^ in. or more long, pale purple. S. W. Tex.
Ehrenbergii. Sts. erect or nearly prostrate, to 6 in. long
and 1 in. amm.; ribs 6, notched, straight; spines stiff,
straight: radmls 8-10, slender, to 5i in. long, white to
yellowish; central 1, to 1 in. long: fls. purple- to violet-red,
about 3 in. long, inner Begins, dentate. Mex.
fimoryi: Bergerococtua Emoryi.
Engelmannii (Cereus Engelmannii). In large clumps,
sts. cylindric. 4-12 in. long and 2 in. or more diam.; ribs
11-14; radial spines about 10; centrals 5 or 6: fls. 2-3 in.
long, widely expanding, purple. Utah, Nev., S. Calif.,
Aril., Mex.
enneacanthus (Cereua enneacanthua). Cespitose, sts.
ascending and 3-5 in. long and 2 in. diam. mote or less;
ribs 7 or 8; radmls mostly 8; central 1: fls. to 2Ji in. long,
purple. S. Tex., New Mex., Mex.
Fendleri (Cereua Fendleri). Cespitose but with few ate.
which are ascending or erect and 4-12 in. long and 2-3 in.
diam.; ribs 9-12; radials 5-10; central 1: fls. to 4 in. broad
in expansion, deep purple. Utah, Ariz., Tex., Mex.
Ferelrree. Catalogue name of no known botanical stand-
ing: Mexican plant said to resemble E. Fendleri, differing
in ite larger brown central spines and clear pink larger fls.
having clusters of white spines on the outer involucral
bracts.
Fitchii. Plant-body cylindrio or narrowed to top, to
4 in. high and half as thick; ribs 10-12; radials about 20:
fls. pink, to nearly 3 in. long, widely spreading. Tex.
flavispinus: listed name.
Gfintryi. Cespitose, sts. 2-4, procumbent to ascending,
to 6 in. nigh and 1 in. diam.; nbs 5, indistinct, tubercles
inconspicuous; spines acicular, to ^o in. long; radials 8-12,
base bulbous, white to brownish; central 1, darker: fls.
deep rose-pink within, funnelform, to 3 in. long, style ex-
serted, stigma green, 7-9-lobed, anthers red. Mex.
glycim6rphus (Cereua glydmorphus) . Sts. erect or nearly
prostrate, to 10 in. long and 1^ in. diam.; nbs 6-7, acute,
notched, straight; radial spines 8-9, white; central spine
brownish, to % in. long: fls. purple-red, to 3 in. long, inner
Begins, dentate, narrow. Cent. Mex.
gonacanthus: see E. triglochidiatua.
gr&ndis. Sts. subcylindric, to 18 in. tall and 6 in. diam.;
ribs 21-25, shallow; spines short, stiff, dull white; radials
15-25; centrals 8-12: fls. white, striped green, to 2H in.
long. Mex.
Knippelianus. About 4-8 in. high, thick, branching,
deep green; ribs 5-7; spines 1-3 and weak: fls. about 1 in.
long, pinkish. Mex.
Le'dingii. Tufted, subcylindrical, to 20 in. long; riba
usually 13-16, yellowish-green; spines yellow; radials 10-12,
straight; central usually 1, rarely 3, about 1 in long, curved
downwards: fls. rose-purple, to 1% in. long. Ariz.
leonensis. Sts erect, to 10 in tall and 2 in. diam.; nba
6-7, acute, straight; spines white; radials 7-9, to % in.
long; central 1, to 1^ in. long: fls. purplish-red with purple
stripe down each inner segm. Mex.
leptacinthus: E. pentalophua.
L16ydii. Sts. clustered, to 10 in. high and 4 in. diam.,
bright green; ribs 11; radial spmcs 14 and J£ in. long;
central spines 4-6, red: fls. reddish-purple, 3 in. long. Tex.
longisStus (Cereus longisetus). Sts. erect, to 10 in. tall
and 3 in. diam.; ribs 11-14, notched; somes slender, white;
radials 18-20, to }i in. long; centrals 5-7, unequal, to
2% in. long: fls. red. Mex.
longispinus: perhaps Trichocereus strigosus var.
lute us. Sts. cylindrical, to 10 in. tall, occasionally
branching near base; ribs 8-9, remotely undulate, often
somewhat purplish, thin; spines small; radials 6-8, to K in.
long; central 1: fls. pale yellow, to 3 in. long, fragrant. Mex.
mamillatus (Cereus mamillatus). Cespitose, sts. 8-12 in.
long, cylindric, 1^2 in. °r more diam.; ribs 20-25; radials
10-25; central spines 3 or 4: fls. not described. Lower Calif.
maritimus. Forming dense clumps, sts. to 6 in. long;
ribs 8-10; radial spines 10; central spines 4 and 1 in. long:
fls. pale yellow, 1^ in. long. Lo\ver Calif.
melanoce'ntrus: listed name.
Me"rkeri. Ceapitoee, parts erect, to 6 in. diam., light
green; ribs 8 or 9; radial spines 6-9 and white; centrals 1
or 2: fls. 2 in. or more long, purple. Mex.
mojavensis (Cereus mojaventtia) . Forming great clumps,
sts. globose to oblong to 8 in., pale green; nbs 8-13; radials
about 10; central spme 1: fls. to nearly 3 in. long, crimson.
Utah, Nev., Calif., Mex.
Munzii (Cereua Munzii'). Sts. cylindrical, erect, usually
in compact clumps; ribs shallow; spines dull white; radials
10-12, to 1 in. long; centrals 2-4, unequal, to 2 in. long:
fls. cerise-pink. Calif.
octac&nthus (Cereua octacanthua, and C. Roemeri of
some lists). Cespitose, joints or sts. ovoid to 4 in. long and
nearly 3 in. diam.; ribs 7-9; radials 7 or 8; central 1: fls.
2 in. long, red. Tex., perhaps westward.
pacificus. Tufted, forming clumps to 2 ft. across, sts.
to 10 in. tall and 1% in. diam.; ribs 10-12, rounded: spines
gray, often tinged reddish; radials 10-12, to ^ in. long or
less; centrals 4-5, unequal, to 1 in. long: fls. aeep red, to
1}4 in. long. N. Lower Calif.
papilldsus (E. texenaia of some lists). Somewhat cespi-
tose, dark green, sts. to 12 in. long and to 1H in. diam.;
ribs 6-10; radials about 7 and needle-like; central 1: fls.
4 in. or more broad, yellow. W. Tex. Var. gigantdus
is listed.
paucispinus: E. triglochidiatus.
pectinatus (Cereua pectinatua). Simple, cylindric, 4-6 in.
long, 1-2 in. diam., with many interlocking spines; ribs
20-22; radials about 30: centrals several: fls. 2-3 in. long,
purplish. Mex. Var. adustus: E. oduatua. Var. caespitdsus:
Echinocereus
271
Echinopanax
spi
E. Reichenbachii. Var. Paileanus is listed. Var. rigidfe-
iimus: E. rigui^imus. Var. tamaulipensis has more
numerous white spines and larger pink fls.
p£nsilis (Cereus pensilis). Sts. prostrate to pendent, to
18 in. long and 1H m. diam.; ribs 8-10, notched; spines to
5^ in. long, bulbous at base, yellow to reddish-brown;
radials 8; central 1: fls. bright red, to 2^ in- long. Mex.
pentalophus (E. leptacanthus. Cereus pentalophus.
C. procumbens). Procumbent, branches ascending to 5 in.
and deep green; ribs 4-6; radials 4 or 5 and very short;
central 1 or absent: fls. 3-5 in. long, reddish-violet. S. Tex.,
Mex.
perb6llus. Simple or clustered, to 4 in.; ribs 15; spines all
radial, 12-15, % in. long: fls. purple, 2^ in. long. Tex.
phoeniceus: E. coccineus.
polyacanthus (Cereus polyacanthus). Cespitose, pale
green sometimes tinged red; ribs mostly 10; radial spines
about 12; centrals 4: fls. 2 in. or more long, crimson. New
Mex., Ariz., Mex.
Poselgeri: Wilcoxia Poselgeri.
procumbens: E. pentalophus.
pulch611us (Echinocactus pulchellus). Obconical, to 2 in.
diam., blue-green to gray-green; ribs 11-13, notched; spines
yellow to gray, usually only 3-4, to % in. long: fls. pink,
to 1 % in. long, inner scgms. acute, dentate. Mex.
purpureus. Cylindrical, to 5 in. tall and IK in. diam.;
_jines slender, unequal, 14-18, white with purple tips, all
radial: fls. deep magenta-purple. Okla.
Reichenbachii (Cereus Reichenbachia-nus. C. and E.
cxspitosus. C. texensis). Somewhat cespitose, sts. globose
or short-cylindric, to 8 in. long and 3 in. diam.; ribs 12-19;
radials 20-30; centrals 1 or 2: fls. 2-3 in. long, light purple,
fragrant. Tex , Mex., perhaps Kans.
rigidissimus. RAINBOW CACTUS. Simple, erect and
rigid, short-cylindric, 4-8 in. high and 4 in diam., covered
with interlocking spines; ribs 18-22; radials about 16, no
centrals: fls. 2-3 in. long, purple. Ariz., Mex.
Roetteri (Cereus Roetteri). Cylindrical, to 6 in. tall and
2^ in. diam., erect; ribs 11-13, notched, straight; spines
acicular; radials 15-17, purplish to white, to \<% in. long;
centrals 2-5, bulbous, to 5 1 in. long or more: fls. violet-
purple, to 2% in. long. Tex. to New Mex. and Mex.
Rdsei. Forming clumps, sts. to 8 in. long and 3 in.
diam.; ribs 8-11; radial spines 10; central spines 4 and 2 in.
long: fls. scarlet, to 2^ in. long. New Mex., W. Tex.,
N. Mex.
Sfilm-Dyckianus. Sts. ascending, to 8 in. long and 1 in.
diam; ribs 7-9, straight to spiral; spines yellowish to red;
radials 8-9, to % in. long; central 1, to JMs in. long: fls.
orange, to 4 in. long. Mex.
sariss6phorus. Tufted, sts. depressed-globose, to 4 in.
diam.; ribs 9; spines slender; radials 7-10. to 3^£ in. long;
centrals 3-5, somewhat angled: fls. purplish, to 3^ in.
long: fr. globular, spmy. Mex.
Scheerii. Cylindrical, to 10 in. tall and 1J^ in. diam.,
erect or ascending; ribs usually 7-9 formed from tubercles,
dark glossy gieen; spines to ^ in. long, from yellowish
areoles; radials 7-9, straight, whitish; centrals S, brown
with red tips: fls. pink, to 5 in. long. Mex. — Plants so listed
in the trade frequently belong elsewhere.
sciurus (Cereus sciurus). Clump-forming, tufts to 2 ft.
across, sts. to 8 in. tall; ribs 12-17, shallow, notched; spines
slender; rachals 15-18, to ^ in. long, brown-tipped; centrals
usually 3-5, to about % in. long: fls. bright magenta-red,
to 3 in. long. S. Lower Calif.
scopulorum. Sts. solitary, to 18 in. tall; ribs 13-17,
notched, shallow; spines pink with black tips when young
becoming gray; centrals 3-6: fls. rose to rose-purple, paler
without, to 3H in. across, fragrant. Mex.
stoloniferus (E. subterraneus of hort). Colony-forming
by stolons, making clumps to 1J^ ft. across; ribs 14-16,
about % in. deep and twice as wide, remotely tubercied;
spines black or red becoming white; radials 10-;12, spread-
ing; centrals 3-5 of which one is more conspicuous than
others: fls. yellow: fr. red. Mex.
stramineus (Cereus stramineus). Forming mounda
1-3 H ft. high, joints to 10 in. long and 1-3 in. diam.;
ribs about 13; radials 7-14; centrals 3 or 4: fls. 3-nearly
5 in. long, purple. W. Tex., New Mex., Mex.
subterraneus: E. stoloniferus.
tex£nsis: E. Reichenbachii, E. papittosus.
triglochidiatus (Cereus trifflochidiatus. C. gonacanthus.
C. and E. paucispinus). Cespitose, sts. to 2 ft. long and
3 in. diam.; ribs 5-8; spines 3-8 and often all radial: fls.
2 in. long more or less, scarlet. W. Tex., New Mex., Colo.
tuberosus: Wilcoxia Poselgeri.
viridifidrus (Cereus and Echinocaclus riridi/lorus) . Small,
nearly globular or cylindric, to 8 hi. high; nba 14; radials
about 16; centrals 2 or 3 or wanting: fls. about 1 in. long,
greenish. S. D. and Wyo. to Tex. Var. centrispinus is listed.
ECHIN<5CHLOA. Graminex. Tall coarse
ann. or per. grasses with broad Ivs. and spikelets
in spike-like racemes borne in large terminal
panicles; native in warm regions and grown for
lorage and grain. See Grasses.
Crus-galH (Panicum Crus-galli. P. Crus-corvi). BARN-
YARD-GRASS. Ann. to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 1 in. wide:
panicles to 8 in. long, awned. Eu., but widely distributed
elsewhere. Var. frumentacea (var. edulis, E. frumentacea,
Panicum frumentaceum), JAPANESE BARNYARD MILLET,
BILLION- DOLLAR-GRASS, has denser appressed panicles
and stiffer purplish awnless spikelets.
frumentacea: E. Crus-galli var.
ECHINOCf STIS (incl. Marah). Cucurbitaceae.
Ann. and per. tendril-climbing monoecious vines
of N. ana S. Amer., with lobed or angled Ivs.
and small white or greenish fls., the starninate
racemose or paniculate and the pistillate solitary.
One ann. species, grown from seeds, is frequently
planted for covering arbors and fences.
lobata (Micrampelis lobata). WILD- or MocK-CucuM-
JER. Essentially glabrous ann., slender, to 20 ft. or more:
Ivs. sharply 3- to 5-lobed: staminate fls. in long pi eminent
profuse clusters: fr. a papery puffy spiny pod to 2 in. long.
N. B. to Ida. and Tex.
macrocarpa. CHILICOTHE. Monoecious per. from very
large thick root, st. to 20 ft.: Ivs. more or less circular in
outline, several-lobed, to 8 in. across: fls. rotate, clear
white: fr. oblong, spiny, to 4 in. long. S. Calif., arid some-
times planted there.
Marah: E. oregana.
oregana (E. Marah). MAN-HOOT. Differs from E.
macrocarpa in having bell-shaped rather than rotate fls.:
fr. ovate, 3H in. or less long, tapering to ends. Coast
ranges and hills, Cent. Calif, to Ore.
ECHINOFOSSULOCACTUS: Stenocactus.
ECHINOMASTUS. Cactacese. A half dozen
globular or short-cylindric ribbed cacti allied to
Echinocactus and with the appearance of Cory-
phantha; axils of scales on ovary and fr. naked,
all or most of the spines needle-like; fls. purple,
rose or reddish. See Cacti.
dasyacanthus. Cylindric, to 6 in. tall; ribs of compressed
tubercles, spiralled, areoles oblong; spines somewhat pur-
plish, radials 19-25. to % in. long, centrals usually 4, alike;
top of st. woolly: fls. purplish to nearly white. 8. W. Tex.
and N. Mex.
duranglnsis. Simple, ovoid, about 3 in. long and broad:
areoles circular, ribs 18-21; ratliala 15-30 and white tipped
black; centrals 3-4 and $i in. long, acicular. Mex.
erectocentrus. Ovoid to short-cylindric, to 6 in. tall;
ribs 21, comprising cloHcly set tubercles, arcoles oblong-
elongate: radial spines 14, reddish, straight; centrals 1 or
2, erect, oase bulbous: fls. pale pink, to 2 in. long. 8. E.
Ariz.
interte'xtus (Echinocactus intertextus). Simple, nearly or
quite globular, to 4 in. diam.; ribs 13, areoles elongate;
radial spines 10-25 and appressed and upper ones nearly or
quite white; centrals 4, one of which is very short and
conical: fls. about 1 in. long, purple, the outex segrrs. white-
margined. S. W. Tex , Ariz., Mex.
T6hnsonii (Ferocactus and Echinocactus Joh.nscri.it).
Oblong, to 8 in. high, very spiny; ribs 17-21; radials 10-14;
centrals 4-8 and longer and stouter: fls. 2-2^2 in. long,
deep red to pink. Utah, Nev., Ariz., Calif.
Krausei (Echinocactus Krausei). St. cylindric to sub-
conical, to 10 in. tall and 5 in. diam.; ribs 21-23, somewhat
spiral, notched; spines straight, radials 14-20, to 1% in.
long, centrals 2-4, to 1J^ in. long: fls. pink with white
center, to l}4 in. long. Ariz.
Macddwellii (Echinocactus Macdowellii). Simple, globu-
lar or somewhat depressed, nearly 3 in. high, more in diam.;
ribs 20-25, areoles circular; radials 15-20 and white, acicu-
lar; centrals 3 or 4 and dark: fls. to 1% in. long, rose-purple.
N. Mex.
uncinatus: Hamatocactus uncinatus.
unguispinus (Echinocactus unguispinus and Trollietii).
Globular to short-cylindric, to 5 in. tall, blue-green; ribs 21,
shallow, areoles circular; spines almost hiding body, radials
21-25, mostly white, to % in. long, centrals 4—8, stout,
subulate: fls. reddish, to 1 ^n. long, Mex.
ECHINOPANAX: Oplopanax.
Echinops
ECHlNOPS. GLOBE THISTLE. Composite.
Stout erect thistle-like per. and bien. herbs with
coarse pinnatifid spinescent Ivs. tomentose or
white-woolly underneath: florets each with its
own involucel, all aggregated into a spherical
dense head that bears a small reflexed common
involucre at its base; achenes hairy; pappus
either an entire cup, or a dentate or fimbnate
crown comprised of more or less united parts;
the bracts of the involucel and the pappus
afford distinguishing marks for the identification
of the species, which are confused in cult. The
species of Echinops are many, distributed from
Portugal and Spam to India and Cent. Asia, and
also in Afr.
The globe thistles are bold plants good for striking
effects in the border or in colonized clumps. The prominent
stiff involucel scales are metallic-blue in the cultivated
kinds, giving the head a pleasing color effect; the little
corollas themselves may be blue or white. The plants are
of simple culture, in open places Propagation is by seed,
which gives blooming plants the following summer: but
perennial kinds may be increased also by dividing the
clumps and by root-cuttings. They are hardy North.
bann£ticus. Per. to 3 ft. and more, the st. lightly canes-
cent: Ivs. rather thin, green above and canescent under-
neath, lower ones petioled and lyrate or somewhat divided
into large oblong segms., the margins ciliate-spinulose,
upper Ivs. small and clasping* involucel bracts 18-20, gla-
brous; pappus scales united at base. S. E. Eu , Asia Minor.
commutatus of lists: perhaps E. exaltatus.
dahuricus Per., st. hairy-pubescent at base and
cobwebby above: Ivs. smooth above, white-tomentose
underneath, pinnatifid into either narrow-Uinceolate or
broad-lanceolate segms , margin with small spines: involucel
bracts slender-acuminate and ciliate; pappus a fimbriate
crown. Siberia, Mongolia. — Imperfectly known as a
cult, plant.
exaltatus. Bien. to 3 or 4 ft , st. simple or nearly so,
glandular-hairy and cobwebby: Ivs. somewhat rough
above, grayish-woolly underneath, unevenly pinnatifid
and smail-spined: head large, blue; involucel bracts long-
acuminate, short-cihate; pappus a rim or entire cup.
E. Eu., probably Russia.
gigant&us. To 16 ft., cottony above: Ivs. rough-hairy
above, white-tomentoBe beneath, pmnatisect into lanceo-
late deeply spiny-toothed lobes: heads to 3|3 in. across;
involucel bracts about 15; pappus scales united at base.
Nile Land.
Gm61inii: probably E. dahuricus,
humilis. Per., 3-4 ft , st. simple and 1-headed: Ivs.
villous-cobwebby above, white-tomentose underneath,
lower ones short-petiolcdt sinuate-lyrate and obtuse, nearly
spineless, st.-lvs. oblong-linear and spiny-toothed: involucel
bracts long-ciliate; pappus a fimoriate crown. Siberia.
Var. cyaneus is listed.
nfveus of lists: probably E. sphsrrocephalua.
pumilus: listed name.
Rltro. SMALL G. Per., 1-2 ft , st. glandless, terete,
branched above, white-tomentose: Ivs. nearly glabrous or
Bomewhat webby above, white-tomentose underneath,
much pinnatisect into narrow or linear and very spiny
short lobes: involucel bracts about 20, the outer ones snort
and broad-triangular and dentate, the others lanceolate
and ciliate; pappus scales united to about the middle.
Spain to Asia Minor and Siberia. — Apparently little cult,
although the name is common in the lists: see E. sphsero-
cephalua.
ruthe'nicus: confused name; probably a form of E.
Ritro is meant.
spharoce'phalus. GREAT G. Per. to 5 and 8 ft., branched,
at. grooved, glabrous or somewhat canescent or cobwebby
on branches and more or less finely glandular or viscid:
Ivs. green and roughish above and with scattered viscid
hairs, canescent underneath, pinnatifid into triangular-
oblong spinulose segms.: heaas large, to 2 in. across;
involucel bracts about 16, somewhat viscid, ciliate-pccti-
nate; pappus united above the middle. Cent, and S. Eu.,
N. Air. to Siberia. — Common in cult, and sometimes
sparingly escaped; apparently sometimes passes for E. Ritro.
syrlacus: E. viscosus.
visc&sus (E. •yn'ociu). Per., st. tall, branched, mostly
oanescent and with reddish glandular hairs: Ivs. greenish
or canescent above and with glandular hairs, canescent
underneath, lobed or pinnate into spinose lanceolate
re volute segms.: heads largf; involucel bracts 20-22,
glabrous or glandular; pappus united H or less its length.
Medit. Isls. to Asia Minor.
272
Echinopsis
ECHIN<5PSIS. SEA URCHIN CACTI. Cactaceas.
Low condensed plants with ribs continuous or
undulate, bearing the areoles which are felted
or spiny: fls. from old areoles just above the
clusters of spines, narrowly funnelform with
long tube, mostly white, the ovary and fr. not
spiny. S. American cacti, east of the Andes,
perhaps 30 known species although many more
names have been applied in the genus; many of
the species have also been named in Cereus.
See Cacti.
The kinds of echinopsis are often showy because of the
long flowers, and although not much grown they are ca-
pable of making good window-garden and conservatory
subjects.
albifldra. Globose, to 4 in. diam., bluish-green; ribs
10-11; spines 11-16, about ^ in. long and whitish tipped
brown: fls. white, greenish outside, 6 in. across and 8 in.
long. Paraguay.
albispin6sa (E. tucumanensis) . Globose, becoming
columnar, to 4 in. diam., olive-green; ribs 10-12, obtuse,
straight; spines subulate, straight, radials about 12, white,
sometimes yellow tipped, centrals 1-4, to 1H in. long:
fls. white, to 7 in. long, tube longer than limb. Bolivia,
Paraguay.
amcfena: Echinocereus amcenus.
ancistr6phora. Simple, nearly globose, 3 in. diam.; ribs
15-16; radial spines 3-7 and recurved; central 1 and to
% in. long, hooked: fls. white, green outside, to 6 in. long.
Argentina.
aurea: Lobivia aurea.
Backebergii: Lobima. Backebergii.
Be'rlingii: listed name.
bolivie'nsis: see Lobima boliviensis.
Bridgesii (E. Salmiana). Cylindrical, to 12 in. tall and
3^ in. diam.; ribs 11-14, obtuse, straight, notched; radial
spines 8-12, usually 10, to ^ in. long, straight; centrals 4,
to % in long: fls. white, tube of perianth shorter than
limb. Bolivia.
ceespitfcsa: Lobima csespitosa.
calochldra. Globular to oval, to 3^ in. diam. and 4 in.
tall; ribs 12, acute; spines straight, subulate, yellow to
brown, radials 14-22, to 1A in. long, centrals 3-4, stouter:
fls. white, to 6^ in. long, inner segms. acute. Brazil.
campylacantha: E. leucantha.
chion&ntha: Lobivia chionantha.
cinnabarina: Lobima cinnabarina.
colmarie*nsis: possibly Lobivia Pentlandii or a form
of it.
cordobensis. Simple, to 1^ ft. high and 1 ft. diam.,
slightly glaucous; ribs 13; radial spines 8-10; centrals 1-3
and to 2 in. long: fls. white, to 8 in. long. Argentina.
Droegeana. Hybrid between E. tubiflora and E. oxygona,
having pink outer and white inner petals.
Duvalii. Probably a variety of E. Eyriesii or a hort.
hybrid of which the latter is the mother parent and differs
from that species in its inner penanth-segms. obtuse,
not acute.
Eyrifcsii. Simple or clustered, globular to columnar;
ribs 11-18, areoles nearly spineless; spines 14-18, straight,
very short: fls. from side of plant toward top, white.
S. Brazil to Argentina. Var. grandifldra (E. grandiflord)
has more acute ribs and dark pink fls. Var. Shelhdsei
(E. Shelhasei), ribs more acute, and areoles with yellowish-
brown wool. Var. cristata is offered in the trade.
famatimgnsis: Lobima famatimensis.
fdrox: Lobivia ferox.
Fiebrigii. Globular, to 7^ in- diam., usually spineless
at top; ribs 18-24, obtuse, nearly % in. deep, strongly
crenate; spines stout, curved, at least the 8-10 radials, to
1 in. long or more, central 1: fls white, to nearly 8 in. long,
the tube much longer than the limb. Bolivia.
Flscheri: listed name.
F6rbesii (E. vali<la). Simple, to 3 ft high and 8 in.
diam., glaucous; ribs 10-15; spines straight, subulate,
radials 8-15 and nearly white, centrals 1 or more and to
1% in. long: fls. white, 4 in. long. Paraguay. Var. gigant&a
(E, gigantea) has 8-11 ribs, radial spines 5-10, yellow-
brown to tan colored, curved upward.
fonndsa (Acanthocalynum fprmosum). Simple, oblong,
to 20 in high; ribs 15-35, straight; radial spines 8-16 ana
yellowish, to 1^ in. long; centrals 2-4 and brown, to
2% in. long: fls. golden-yellow, 3 in. across and as long.
Argentina.
formes Issima. St. to 6 ft. tall and 1 ft. diam.; spines
Echinopsis
273
Echites
curved upwards, radiate about 14, yellow, centrals 4, to
1H in. long: fls. not known. Bolivia. — Probably only
rarely cult.; some plants under this name are said to be
Trichocereus paaacana.
gemmata: E. turbinata.
gigantea: E. Forbesii var.
grandifldra: E. Eyriesii var.
grand is: Lobivia grandis.
GraOlichii: see E. Kratochviliana.
Haageana: As trophy turn ornatum; see also Lobivia
Haageana.
haematantha: see Lobivia hsematantha.
Hertrichiana: Lobivia Hertrichiana.
Higginsiana: Lobivia Higginsiana.
H6ssei: Lobivia Hossei.
Hu&ttii. Simple, short-columnar, to 1 ft. high; ribs 9-11;
radial spines 9-11; central spines usually 4 and to 1% in.
long: fls. white, to 8 in. long. Bolivia.
imperial is. Listed name of form said to be club-shaped,
to 15 in. tall or more and 4 in. diam; ribs 11, straight,
obtuse, to H in. deep; spines straight, subulate, to & in.
long, radials 8-9, centrals 2-3: fls. white, to 7^4 in. long and
as wide. Origin not known, possibly a garden nybrid.
korethroides: Eriosyce korethroides.
Kratochvili&na (Lobivia Grauhchii). Globose, top flat-
tened, not spiny; ribs usually 17, acute, straight; spines
curved, stout, radials 8-12, to % in. long, whitish, centrals
1-2, usually hooked, to % in. long: fls. cream-white, to 2 in.
long, tube shorter than limb. N. Argentina.
Kubeana: see Mila Kubeana.
leucantha (E. campy lacantha. E . salpigophord) . Globose
or oblong, 1 ft. high; ribs 12-14; radial spines 8 and curved;
central 1 and to 4 in. long: fls. purplish to nearly white,
brownish outside, 6 in. or more long. Argentina.
leucorhodantha. Globose to subcylindric, dark green;
ribs usually 18-22, to M in. high, compressed, acute, some-
what warty; spines yellow, to 1A in. long, radials 9, be-
coming gray, centrals 1-2, tipped brownish or black: fls.
white and suffused pink inside, brownish-white outside,
to 5 in. long, fragrant. N. Argentina.
lobivioldes. A plant from Argentina with the general
appearance of Lobivia cinnabarina but with white fls.
longispina: Lobivia longispina.
mamilldsa. Globose, to 2 l/i in. tall and 3 in. diam.,
dark glossy green; ribs about 17, undulate, strongly tuber-
cled; spines more or less curved, yellowish with brown tip,
radials 8-10, subulate, centrals 1-4: fls. white, tinted rose
at margin, to 7H in. long, tube longer than limb. Bolivia.
mla: listed name.
mirabilis. Cylindric, to 6 in. tall and % in. diam.; ribs
about 11, somewhat undulate; spines straight, radials 9-14,
central 1, to H in. long, erect: fls. white, to 5 in. long: fr.
to 1H in. long and ^ in. diam. Argentina.
misti£nsis: Lobivia mistiensis.
Muelleri: garden form, probably hybrid.
multiplex. Simple or proliferous, globular to club-
shaped and rounded at top, to 6 in. nigh; ribs 13-15;
radials 5-15; centrals 2-5: fls. rose-color, 6-8 in. long, tube
enlarged. S. Brazil. Vars. cristata and variegata are listed.
Nealeana: Lobivia Ncaleana.
nig£rrima. Probably a hybrid between E. oxygona and
E. Eyriesii.
nlgra. Globose to subcylindric, to 6 in. diam., blue-
green; ribs about 20, acute, tubercles to 1^ in. long; radial
spines 12-14, to \% in. long, spreading, incurved, lower
ones shorter than upper; central usually 1, to 3 in. long,
brown to gray: fls. white within, greenish-red outside, to
4 in. long. Argentina.
nuda: listed name.
obrepanda (Echinocactus obrepandus). Depressed-
globose, to 8 in. diam.; ribs 17-18, undulate, acutish:
spines curved, brownish, radials 10, to % in. long, central
1, to 1 in. long: fls. white to purplish, 10 in. long or more,
tube much longer than limb. Bolivia.
oxygona. Subglobose, simple or clustered, to 10 hi.
diam., somewhat glaucous; ribs 14; spines about 14: fls.
about midway of body, to nearly 1 ft. long, pale red inside.
S. Brazil to Argentina. Var. cristata is listed.
paraguaygnsis: E. tubiflora var.
pelecyrhachis. Depressed-globose, bluish-green; ribs
acute, low; radial spines about 10, to M in. long; central 1:
fls. white, to 4 in. long. Argentina.
Pentlandii: Lobivia Pentlandii.
polyancfetra. Depressed-globose, to 2$$ in. diam.,
usually smaller; ribs 17-30, about % in. high and slightly
wider, obtuse, tubercled; spines numerous, to H m- long,
slender, bristly: fls. white, to 4 in. long, fragrant. Probably
Argentina.
potosina: Lobivia potosina.
pseudocache'nsis: Lobivia pseudocachensia.
rhodacantha: Denmoza rhodacantha.
rhodotricha. Clustered, sts. to 2^ ft. high and 3M in.
diam.; ribs 8-13; radial spines 4-7 and slightly curved;
central 1 and 1 in. long: fls. white, 6 in. long. Paraguay,
Argentina. Var. argentinie"nsis has shorter darker sts.
Rdhlandii. Said to be a hybrid between E. tubiflora and
E. oxygona, characterized in part by its long spines and
pink fls.
Rotheriana: listed name.
Ruteri: confused name, possibly referable to Echinoce-
reua Roetteri or Aztekium Kitten.
Salmiana: E. Bridgesii.
salpig6phora: E. leucantha.
saltgnsis: Lobivia saltensis.
Schickendantzii: Trichocereus Schickendantzii.
Schrelteri: Lobivia Schreiteri,
Schwantdsii: listed name.
Shelhasei: E. Eynesii var.
Stives trii. Globular, simple or clustered, to 4 in high
and 3 in. diam.; ribs 12-14; spines straight, subulate, yellow
to brown but not white, radials 5-9, central 1: fls. white
8 in. long. Argentina.
Spegazziniana. Simple, 1 ft. high and 3H in diam
ribs 12-14; spines straight, radials 7-8, central 1 and % in
long: fls. from middle of plant, white, 7 in. long. Argentina;
spinifl&ra: Acanthocalycium spiniflorum.
thionantha: Acanthocalycium thionanthum.
triumphans: probably E. Eynesii or a hort. form of it.
tubiflora (E. Zuccanmi). Simple or clustered, nenrly
globose, about 5 in. diarn; nbs about 12; spines awl-like
and black, to ^ in. long: fls from side, 6-8 in. long, white
inside Brazil, Argentina. Var cristata is listed. Var.
paraguay€nsis (E. paraouayensis) is longer spined and
usually produces more offsets.
tucuman€nsis: E. albispinosa.
turbinata (E. gemmata). Simple or clustered, globose;
ribs 13 or 14; spines several and about ^ in. long: fls. nonr
top, about 6 m. long, jasmine-fragrant, white inside
Argentina.
umadeave: probably Pyrrhocaclus umadeave.
undulata: hort. name for a form of E. Eyricsii.
valida: E. Forbesii.
violacea: Acanthocalycium violaceum.
Wilkensii. Hybrid, probably between E. Eyrieaii and
E. oxygona.
Zuccarlnii: E. tubiflora.
ECHINOSPERMUM: Lappula.
ECHINUS (Braunsia). Aizoacex. Small
shrubs or prostrate succulents allied to Mesem-
bryanthemum, with Ivs. united at base and
solitary terminal fls.: stigmas 5. Native in
S. Afr.
apiculatus: E. edcntulus.
echinatus: listed name, probably Delosperma echinatum.
ed6ntulus (J^. apiculatus. M. edentulum). To 4 in.: Ivs.
to y\ in. long and ^ m. thick, united more than half way,
velvety-pul>escent: fls. rosy-magenta with white base,
1 in. across.
geminatus (E. Mathewsii. M. geminatum). Sts. ascend-
ing, to 6 in long: Ivs. 3-angled, united to about middle,
to ^ in. long and % in. thick, glaucous: fls. rose, \l/i in.
across.
Mathewsii: E. geminatus.
Maxim (lianii (M. Maximilianii). Plant pubescent, sts.
creeping and rooting at nodes: Ivs. 3-angled, to H in- long
and ^ in. wide: fls. reddish.
ECHlTES. Apocynacese. Twining shrubs
with opposite simple Ivs., salverform clustered
fls. in purple, red, yellow, white^ and fr. of 2
spreading follicles, the seeds with a tuft of
hairs; native in trop. Amer. and one intro. to
S. Calif.
tomentdsa. SAVANNAH FIX>WER. Very hairy: Ivs.
oblong, to 4 in. long, lobed at base: fls. yellow with red
center, 2 in. long, in long-stalked clusters. Trinidad,
N. S. Amer.
Echium
fiCHIUM. ViPERS-BuoLOSs. Boraginacex.
Bien. and per. bristly herbs, sometimes shrubs,
with alternate simple Ivs. and blue, purple,
rose or white irregular fls. in coiled racemes that
are sometimes aggregated into long showy spikes.
The species are native in the Old World, but
E. vulgar e is extensively nat. in this country.
Home of the large Canarian species are much planted
in California, and other kinds are grown elsewhere in warm
regions and sometimes under glass; the names are yet mis-
understood. All of them thrive in open sunny places.
Propagated by seeds or the shrubby kinds by cuttings and
layers.
Bourgaeanum. Shrub to 11 ft.: Ivs. linear, drooping: fls.
rose, in dense pyramidal spikes. Canary Isls.
candicans. White-hairy shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate:
fie. white or blue with white lines, in dense one-sided spike-
lets aggregated into a long spike. Madeira, Canaries.
creticum. Ann. to 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate:
fls. brick-red, the spikelets in a loose cyme. S. Eu.
fastudsum. Gray-hairy shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate:
fls. purple or dark blue with red stamens, the dense one-
Hided Hpikelets aggregated into a cylindrical spike. Eu.,
Canaries
giganteum. White-hairy shrub to 10 ft : Ivs. lanceolate:
fls. wlnte, the spikelets in a dense panicle, the stamens long-
cxserted. TcnerilTe.
plantagineum. Ann. or bien. to 3 ft., with stiff white
hairs and no tonienturn: Ivs. oval to oblong-lanceolate,
passing into broad-based bracts: fls. combined of blue ana
light purple, not pubescent outside but with hairs, the
spikclets forming a long panicle. B. Eu. Var. exc61sum is
an unproved fonn.
rdseum: listed name of hort. form possibly referable to
E. rubrum.
rubrum. Bien. to 3 ft., white-hairy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
fls. red, in narrow panicles, the stamens long-exserted.
Eu., W. Asia.
simplex. Woody unbranched bien to 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, large: ns. blue, in long spike-like panicles. Eu.
vulgare. BLUE-WEKD. BLUB-DKVIL Bien. to 2% ft.,
with stiff white hairs: Ivs. oblong to linear-lanceolate: fls.
blue or violet-purple, in narrow panicles, the stamens
long-exserted. Eu., Asia. — Often a pernicious pasture weed.
Wfldpretii. Bien. to 3 ft, white-hairy: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, sessile: fls. rose, in large terminal cymes, the
stamens long-exserted. Canary Isls.
EDANTHE: Chamxdorea Tepejilote.
EDDO: Colocasia esculcnta.
EDELWEISS: Leontopodium alpinum.
EDGEW(5RTHIA. ThymclTaccx. Two
shrubs in Himalayas, China and Japan, some-
what like Dirca, bearing dense heads of fragrant
little yellow fls. in advance of the foliage or
with it: Ivs. alternate and crowded at ends of
branches, entire: fr. a drupe-like dry body.
E. papyrifera (E. chrysantha, E. Gardneri),
PAPEU-BUSH, MITSUMATA, is not hardy N.
nor docs it thrive in hot dry summers, but is
intro. in N. Amer.: small shrub with tough
branches: Ivs. lance-oblong, to 5 in. lon^: fls.
precocious, narrow-tubular, silky, to ^ in. or
more long. China, Japan, — The bast is a source
of soft tough paper.
EDRAlANTHUS. Campanulaccx. Low tufted
per. herbs, about a dozen species in Italy to the
Caucasus, particularly in the Dalmatian-Balkan
region, distinguished technically from Wahlen-
bergia in the irregular rather than loculicidal
dchisccnce of the caps., and otherwise by the
small condensed habit, usually clustered or
capitate fls. and elongated linear Ivs. The generic
name has been spelled Hedraanthus, but not
originally.
The species are good spring- and summer-flowering rock-
aarden plants, showy when in full bloom. The flower-stems
lop on the ground, making a clump 6-12 inches or more
across, and rise at the end with the hunches of purplish or
violet bloom that may stand 1-6 inches above the ground.
They come readily from seeds. A few species bear the
274 Eggplant
blossoms singly at apex of the many short stems ascending
from the rosette (as in E. dinaricus, E. Pumilio, and E.
serpyllifolius) , but most of them carry their flowers in dense
terminal heads so that the individual blooms are not clearly
defined; these heads are closely attended by calyx -like
bracts, and the length and shape of these bracts are impor-
tant points in identification; the calyx-lobes themselves
(underneath the bracts) are characteristic of the species and
in E. Kitaibelii there is a tooth or minute auricle in their
sinuses. Perhaps some of the named kinds are only variants.
carfcinus. Very like E. graminifolius but the outer
bracts (of the head) always thickly hairy and the head
itself narrow.
caudatus: E. dalmaticus.
croa'ticus. Like E. graminifolius but corolla not hairy;
bracts veiy thick at base, otherwise smooth or nearly so.
dalmaticus (E. caudatus. Wahlenbergia dalmatica).
Like E. graminifolius, but outer bracts alwaj's longer than
the fls. and with narrow end; calyx-lobes short- triangular,
broader than long. Dalmatia.
dinaricus (E. serpyllifolius var. dinaricus). Fls. solitary
at end of st., short-pedicillate : Iva. nai row-linear, hairy on
upper surface: corolla-lobes sharp; calyx-lobes sharp,
cilia te, about 1A as long as corolla; bracts about equalling
fl. E. S. Eu.
graminifdlius (Wahlenbergia graminifolia). Tufted, con-
densed, 2-4 in. high: Ivs. green, linear and mucroriate, 1 in.
or less long in the wild, cihate or glabrous: heads few-fld.
but broad; corolla hairy, particularly on margins of lobes;
calyx-lobes aboiit 5 2 length of corolla and bluntish; outer
bracts not as long as fl. and mostly reflexed. Italy, Albania.
— First named binomially by Linnaeus, 1753, as Campanula
graminifolia.
Kitaibelii (Wahlenbergia Kitaibelii). Distinguished from
the other capitate species by the presence of a tooth or
small auricle between bases of the calyx-lobes; these lobes
are long-acuminate, loosely hairy, and about H the length
of the corolla- tube; bracts subtending calyx very broad-
based and little if any exceeding the fl. S. E. Eu.
Pumflio (Wahlenbergia Pumiho). Low, condensed, 1-3
in. tall. Ivs. very narrow, 1 in. or less long, mostly basal,
more or less cilia te: fls. solitaiy, sessile (st. leafv up to the
bracts); lobes of corolla acute; calyx-lobes about % as
long as corolla and hairy. Dalmatia.
s£rbicus. Marked by fls. in heads, calyx-lobes broad-
triangular and as wide as long and very much shorter than
corolla-tube, bracts always shorter than fl.-head. Serbia.
serpyllif61ius (Wahlenbergia serpy Ih folia. Campanula
serpyllifolia) . Low, tufted but rather diffuse, to 3 or 4 in.
high: Ivs. many on the weak sts., spatulate but narrow,
mostly 1 in. or so long: fls. bell-shaped, large, rich violet,
pedicelled, with bluntish recurving lobes, forming around
the outside of the mat of foliage; calyx-lobes broad, about
^ length of corolla, hairy. Dalmatia. In var. major the
fls. may be 2 in. across and very showy, in spring.
tasmanicus: Wahlenbergia tasmamca.
tenuifdlius (E. graminifolius var. tenuifolius. Wahlen-
bergia tenuifolia). Less compact than E. graminifolius,
and Ivs. much longer, bracts broad-cordate at base and
abruptly narrowed, the outer ones equalling the fl.-head.
Croatia.
EDWINIA: Jamesia.
EEL-GRASS: Valhsneria.
EGG-FRUIT: Lucuma nervosa.
EGGPLANT (Solarium Melongena var. es-
culentum). Tender branching large-leaved herb,
grown in the vegetable-garden for the edible
fruits; sometimes known also as Guinea squash.
The large fruits, in purple, white, and stripes,
are cooked in various ways.
The eggplant is well at home in the southern
states, the long season suiting it. Seeds may be
sown m a plant-bed, and the young plants moved
directly to the field. In the North, unless one
has a greenhouse or warm hotbed, the growing
of eggplants should be left to the professional
gardener, as the young plants are very tender
and should be grown without a check. The seed
may be sown in the hotbed or greenhouse a
month or more before warm weather, keeping a
temperature of 65° to 70°. When the seedlings
have made three rough leaves, they maybe
pricked out into shallow boxes, or, still better,
into 3-inch pots. The pots or boxes should be
Eggplant 275
plunged to the rim in soil in a hotbed or cold-
frame so situated that protection may be given
on chilly nights. Do not set in the field until
the season is permanently settled. The soil
should be "quick" but not of such nature as
to keep the plants growing too large or too late.
Watch for the potato-beetle and flea-beetle. The
plants are usually set 2-3 feet apart each way.
A dozen plants are sufficient for the needs of a
family, as each plant should yield two to six
large fruits. The fruits are fit to eat at most
stages of growth, from those the size of a large
egg to their largest development. One ounce of
seed will furnish 1,000-2,000 plants.
New York Improved Purple is a standard
variety of eggplant. Black Pekin, Long Purple
and Black Beauty are popular. For early, or for
a short-season climate, New Hampshire Hybrid
is desirable.
EGLANTINE: Rosa Eglanteria.
EHRfeTIA. Boraginacese. Trop. or semi-
trop. shrubs or trees with alternate dentate
or entire simple Ivs. and short rough hairs,
small white fls. in terminal corymbs or panicles
or perhaps solitary, and fr. a small drupe; some-
times planted for ornament and interest in the
extreme S. U. S. Propagated by seeds and cut-
tings.
acuminata: see E. thyrsiflora.
buxifdlia: E. microphylla.
elliptica. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. oval or oblong, to 2 in. long,
undulate or serrate: fls. in corymbs to 2% in. across. Tex.
to Mex.
lee vis. Variable shrub, or tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate, short-
acuminate, to 5 in. long, serrate: fls. in corymbs 3 in. across.
India.
macrophylla. Tree, with elliptic or rhomboid pubescent
or hairy Ivs. to 8 in. long, serrate: fls. small, in compound
panicles: fr. a berry ^ in. or more diam. India; planted in
S. Calif.
microphylla (E. buxifolia). PHILIPPINE-TEA. Shrub to
12 ft.: Ivs. in clusters obovate, to 2^ in. long, serrate:
fls. solitary or 2-4 together. India to Malaya and Philippines.
thrysifldra (Cordia thyrsiflora. E. acuminata of some).
Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 7 in. long: fls. m panicles to
8 in. long. Formosa: fairly hardy N.
EICHH<5RNIA (Piaropus). Poniedcnacese.
Trop. American aquatic herbs with floating or
submerged Ivs. and showy fls. mostly borne in
terminal spikes; grown in ponds and tanks.
The water should riot be more than about 1 ft.
deep and good soil provided. Propagated by
division.
azure a. Lvs. broadly ovate to orbicular, the petioles not
inflated: fls. lavender-blue with purple center. Brazil.
crassipes. WATER-HYACINTH. Floating extensively,
with feathery roots: Ivs. ovate to orbicular, the petioles
much inflated at base: fls. large and showy, violet with blue
patch on upper lobe having a yellow spot. Trop. Arner.
and nat. in Fla. where it chokes the ponds and streams.
Var. major has rosy-lilac fls.
n'culata (E. Martiana). To 1 ft., rhizomes short
esliy: basal Ivs cordate-ovate, apex acuminate,
blade to 4 in. long with shorter petiole, cauline Ivs. smaller:
fls. pale violet to blue, with 5-15 in panicles to 4 in. long.
Brazil.
EINKORN: Triticum monococcum.
EUEAGNACE^E. OLEASTER FAMILY. Trees
or shrubs of Eu., Asia, N. Amer. covered with
silvery or golden scales, having simple and
entire Ivs., bisexual, polygamous or dioecious
polypetalous fls. with 2-4-lobed ^alyx, no petals,
4 or 8 stamens, 1-celled ovary, and fr. inclosed
by the fleshy calyx, forming a berry-like or
drupe-like body. There are only three genera,
Elaeagnus, Hippophae and Shepherdia, and they
Elatis
are grown for ornament and somewhat for
edible fr.
Elxagnacex. Ornamental
shrubs or small trees in many species, sometimes
evergreen, with alternate Ivs. covered with
scales, inconspicuous perfect fls., and attractive
drupe-like frs.; native in N. Amer., S. Eu., Asia.
The species grow in any well-drained soil and sunny
location. Propagated by seeds, preferably stratified and
sown the second spring, hardwood- and root-cuttings,
layers, and grafting.
angustifdlia (E. hortensis). OLEASTER. RUSSIAN OLIVE.
Very nardy, to 20 ft , deciduous, sometimes spiny: branch-
lets and under sides of Ivs. silvery: fls. fragrant, 1-3 in
axils of Ivs., in June: fr. yellow and silvery, on very short
stalks. Eu , W. Asia. Var. orientalis has broader Ivs. and
larger fr. and var. spindsa is more spiny.
arge'ntea: E. commutata.
commutata (E. argentea of cult.). SILVERBKRKY. To
12 ft., deciduous: Ivs. silvery on both sides: t\s fragrant,
1-3 in axils, May- June: fr. silvery, on very short stalks.
E. Canada to Minn, and Utah.
eduiis: E. multiflora.
Fruitlandii: a form of E. pungens.
glabra. To 20 ft., evergreen, climbing or sarmentose:
under sides of Ivs. with brown scales: fls. fragrant, in
autumn: fr. gray or rusty. Japan, China.
hortensis: E. angustifolia.
latifdlia. Variable, either erect or climbing, sometimes
tree-like: Ivs. ovate to elliptic or broader, obtuse or acute,
to 5 in. long, silvery or rusty underneath: fls. many,
clustered: fr. to 1^2 in. long. red. India.
16ngipes: E. multiflora.
macrophtflla. To 12 ft , evergreen: Ivs. silvery beneath,
becoming (lark shining green above: fls. fragrant, 4-0 in
axils, in autumn: fr. red. Japan; to be grown far S.
multifldra (E. eduhs. E. lonyiprs). OUMI. To ti ft,
deciduous: Ivs. silvery beneath, also with bro\\n scales:
fls. fragrant, 1-2 in axils, Apr.-May: fr. scarlet, on slender
stalks to 1 in. long, edible. Japan, China; hardy in the N.
Leaf forms are known under the varietal names crfspa,
ovata and rotundifftlia.
parvifdlia: E. umbellata var.
philipp6nsis. To 9 ft., with drooping branches: Ivs.
silvery beneath, slightly toothed: fls. axillary, often solitary:
fr. red. Philippines.
pungens. To 15 ft , evergreen, usually spiny: IVH silvery
beneath dotted with brown scales, wavy-margined: fls.
fragrant, in axillary clusters in autumn: fr red, silvery
and brown when young, short-stalked. Japan. China.
Variegated forms arc aurea, Ivs. margined yellow; Fredericii
(var. Fredericii variegata), Ivs. with yellow center; macu-
lata (aureo-ma,culuta), Ivs. with large yellow blotch in
middle; marginata, lys. silver-edged; nana, a dwarf form;
variegata. Ivs. margined with yellowish-white In var.
refl.e'xa the Ivs. are very brown-scaly beneath and the
margins not wavy; var Slmonii (E. Simotni), IVH. silvery
beneath, sometimes variegated yellow nnd pinkish-white.
Other listed vars. are compacta and rotundifdlia. The
various leaf forma are often grown under glass; in the open
hardy only far S.
refle'xa: E. punyens var.
Simonii: E. pungens var.
umbellata. To 18 ft., deciduous, branchlets covered with
brown scales: Ivs. silvery beneath: fls. fragrant, 1-3 in
axils, May- June: fr. scarlet, silvery when young, short-
stalked. Himalayas, China, Japan. Var. parvitolia (E.
parvifoha). Branchlets silvery: fr. silvery becoming pink.
Himalayas.
ELJ&IS. Palmacese. Monoecious tall feather-
palms of trop. Afr., probably only a single species.
unarmed except perhaps on the petiole and
bracts and tips of rachillaB: spadiccs among the
bases of the Ivs. tightly packed in the center
of the crown like bird nests, branched but short,
some of them staminate and others pistillate:
stamens 6: fr. a 1-3-seeded ovoid or obovoid
drupe surrounded by spine-like bracts. See Palm.
guineensis. AFRICAN OIL PALM. Trunk to 00 and more
ft , much scarred: Ivs. 10 15 ft. long, the lowr ones droop-
ing and some of the dead ones hanging, with very many
ridged narrow pinnse, green both sides: staminate head
composed of many finger-like appressed spine-tipped
branches 4-6 in. long; fruiting head 1 ft. long more or leas:
Elaeis
276
Ehholtzia
fr. ovoid or ovoid-conio, about 1 in. long, red, orange or
yellowish W. and Cent. Afr. — Prized for the oil-bearing
frs and planted for ornament and interest in the western
hemisphere; stands in H. Fla.; spontaneous in parts of
the American tropics.
melanococca: a fruit form of E. guineensia; see Corozo.
EL^SOCARPUS FAMILY.
About 8 genera of trees and shrubs, allied to
Tiliacea), native in tropics and semi-tropics of
both hemispheres: Ivs. alternate or opposite,
simple: fls. unisexual or bisexual, polypetalous,
often showy, in racemes or panicles, having 4-5
sepals and petals, or sometimes petals absent,
numerous stamens, superior ovary: fr. a caps, or
drupe. Aristotelia, Crinodendron, Klieocarpus
and Muntingia are known to hort. in the U. S.,
all grown in the warmer parts of the country.
EUEOCARPUS. Elseocarpacex. Trees native
in the tropics and warm parts of the Old World,
with alternate simple Ivs., mostly bisexual fls.
in axillary racemes, and small drupaceous frs.;
sometimes grown for ornament in 8. IF. S., and
in Calif. Propagated by cuttings, and by seeds
when obtainable.
cyaneus. Small mostly glabrous tree: Ivs. oblong or
elliptic to nearly lanceolate, acuminate, to 4 in. or more,
serrate: fls in loose racemes: fr. with 1 seed to ^ in. long.
Queensland.
dent&tus. To 60 ft., foliage mostly at ends of branch-
lots which are silky; Ivs. leathery, linear-oblong to narrowly
ob ovate, to 4 in. long, finely wavy-toothed, the margins
recurved: fis. white. ^2 in. across, drooping: fr. purplish-
gray, y^ in. long. New Zeal.
Hookerianus. Tree to 40 ft. with glabrous branrhlets:
Ivs. narrowly linear to nearly orbicular and even pinnate-
toothed on young parts, narrow-oblong or lanceolate and
serrate or crenate on old plants: fls. greenish-white and
drooping: fr. % in. long. New Zeal.
EL^ODfiNDRON. Cdastmccsr. Trop. or
somi-trop. trees and shrubs with simple leathery
Ivs., small greenish or white fls. in axillary
clusters, and drupaceous fr.; grown in trop.
or warm regions or under glass in the juvenile
state. Propagated by cuttings.
cape'nse. Evergreen shrub: Ivs. elliptic-ovate, margins
revolute and slightly toothed: frs red, to 1 in. long. S. Afr.
Lane an um. BERMUDA OLIVE- WOOD BARK. Evergreen
tree to 45 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, shall owly toothed: fls.
diu'cious: frs. yellowish-white, to 1 in long. Bermuda.
orientale (Aralia Chabneri of gardens). FALSE OLIVE.
Lvs. obovate, wavy-margined, in the juvenile state long
and narrow with a dark red midrib: frs. about size of olive.
Madagascar, Mauritius.
ELAPHOGL6SSUM. Polypodiacex. Trop.
ferns with creeping rhizomes and simple rather
thick more or less tongue-like fronds; sori cover-
ing under surface of fronds. They are treated
as warmhouse plants, requiring abundant
moisture if drainage is good. See Ferns.
crinltum (Acrostichum and Hymenodium crinitum).
ELKPHANT-EAK-FERN. Fronds to 2 ft. long and 10 in.
wide, on shaggy-hairy stipes 1 ft. long. W. Indies, Mex.,
Cent. Amer. — A striking plant.
ELAPHRIUM: Pistacia Simaruba.
ELATINOIDES: Kickxia.
ELDER: Samtnicus. Box-: Acer Neffundo.
ELECAMPANE: Inuto Helenium.
ELE(5CHARIS. Cyperaceae. Mostly per. rush-
like plants, allied to Scirpus, adapted for planting
on the edges of ponds or boggy places: Ivs.
commonly reduced to sheaths: fls. in solitary
terminal spikelets. Originally spelled Heleocharis
but corrected later.
acicuUris. Tufted, hair-like, to 8 in.: spikelets flattened,
to ^4 m. long. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
dulcis (E. tuberosa. Scirpus tuberosus) . CHINESE WATEB-
CHESTNUT. MA-HAJ. Slender rush-like plant with narrow
Ivs. shorter than the articular culms, often not fruiting:
plant produces a solid tuber or corm at base, 2 in. or less
in diam., much eaten by Chinese and sold in their shops;
propagated by offsets from the corm, in moist conditions.
E. Asia, Pacific Isls.
tuberdsa: E. dulcis.
ELEPHANTS-EAR: Colocaaia, Enterolobium cyclo-
carpum.
ELEPHANTS-FOOT: Testudinaria elephantipea.
ELETTARIA. CARDAMON. Zingiberaceae. Per.
herbs of 1 or more species native in India,
the seeds of which are used medicinally and as
spices. E. Cardamdmum. To 10 ft., with creep-
ing rootstocks: Ivs. to 2j^ ft. long and 33/£ in.
wide: fls. white, the lip or staminodium margined
with yellow and striped with blue, borne in
bracts on panicles to 2 ft. long: caps, to % in.
long, containing aromatic seeds. — The plants
succeed in moist shady places in warm climates.
Propagated by division of roots and by seeds.
See Zingibemcese.
ELEUSINE. Gramineae. Tufted annuals with
flat Ivs. and spikelets in dense spikes borne in
digitate terminal umbels or toward top of sts.;
native in the Old World and grown for ornament
and in some countries for grain. See Grasses.
barcinone'nsis: E. tnstachya.
coracana. AFRICAN MILLET. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long
and % in. wide: spikes to 1^2 in- l°ng and ^ in. broad,
erect. Probably Asia and Afr.
indica. WIRE-GRASS. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and
K in. wide: spikes to 4 in. long, spreading. Old World,
out nat in N. and trop. Amer.
oligostachya: the plant grown under this name is
E. indica.
tristachya (E. barcinone nsi's) . To 1 ft.: Ivs. short, ^ in.
wide: spikes to 1^ in. long and ^ in. broad. India.
ELISfeNA. Amanjllidacese. A small genus
in the Andes of S. Amer., allied to Hyrnenocallis
but differing in having a much shorter perianth-
tube with longer linear lobes and the stamen
filaments declined or recurved, not erect. One
species, E. longipetala, is cult. To 3 ft.: Ivs.
linear, basal, about 2 ft. long: fls. white, lobes
rotate, to 3 in. long, undulate and somewhat
recurved at tip, scape 4-7-fld. Peru.
ELLI6TTIA. Ericaceae. One deciduous shrub,
E. racemdsa, inhabiting sandy lands and pine
woods in E. Ga. and S. C.: to 10 or 20 ft., some-
times tree-like: Ivs. alternate, oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, pointed, entire, glabrous
above: fls. small, white, with 4 petals and 8
stamens, in slender terminal racemes. To be
expected in grounds.
ELLIPTIC: a flat part or body that is oval and nar-
rowed to rounded ends.
ELM: Ulmua. Water-: Planera aquatica.
Saxifragaceae. One low herbaceous
species, E. racemdsa (Heiichera racemosa),
differing from the genus Heuchera in its simple
racemose infl., leafy flowering branches, greenish-
yellow fls., petals usually notched or pinnately
divided, and fr. gaping widely at maturity be-
tween tne 2 persistent styles. Wash.
ELODEA: Anacharis.
ELONGATE: lengthened; stretched out.
ELSH<5LTZIA. Labiate. Herbs or under-
shrubs grown for their dense spikes of small
2-lipped blue or lilac fls., usually aromatic;
stamens 4, exserted: Ivs. opposite, toothed.
Elsholtzia
277
Enchylccna
Elsholtzias require a sunny position for the most suc-
cess in blooming. Propagated by seeds sown in the spring,
the shrubby types also by greenwood cuttings in summer.
The species below are hardy North.
crist&ta. Ann. to 1^3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 2 in.
long: fls. light blue, in spikes to 3 in. long in terminal
panicles. Asia.
Farquhari: hort. name, probably of a form of E.
Stauntonii,
Stauntonii. Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, to 5 in. long: fls. lilac-purple, in dense one-sided
spikes to 8 in. long terminating the branches. Sept.-Oct.
N. China.
ELSOTA: Securidaca diversifolia.
fiLYMUS. WILD RYE. LYME-GRASS. Gra-
mineae. Tall per. grasses of temp, regions around
the world, the spikelets borne in dense terminal
spikes; a few may be planted for ornament on
banks and rear borders. See Grasses.
arenarius. SEA LYME-GRASH. DUNE-GRASS. To 8 ft.:
Ivs. 1 ft. or more long and \i in. wide, becoming involute,
rough above: spikes to 10 in. long, awnless. Asia, Eu. —
Used as a sand binder.
canad6nsis. To 5 ft.: Ivs. 1 ft. or more long and % in.
wide, rough: spikes to 1 ft. long, often nodding, awns to
2 in. long. N. Ainer.
condensatus. To 10 ft.: Ivs. 1 ft. or more long and 1 in.
wide, rough: spikes stout, to 15 in. long, awnless. W. N.
Amer.
giganteus. Erect per. to about 3 ft., with creeping
rhizomes: Ivs. rather stiff, to ^ in broad: spikes to 15 in.
long, with awn points. lUiHHia, Siberia.
glaucus. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and }$ in. wide,
nearly smooth: spikes to 8 in. long, awns to % in. long.
Ont. to B. C. and Calif.
mdllis. Differs from E. arenarius (of which it is often
considered a var ) in the pubescent spikclets.
virginicus. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 14 in. long and % in. wide,
rough: spikes to 7 in. long, awns to 1A in. long. N. S. to
Fla. and Tex.
EMARGINATE: with a shallow notch at the apex.
EMBLIC: Phyllanthus Emblica.
EMBOTHRIUM. Proteaccx. A few shrubs
and small trees of the southern hemisphere,
one of which is intro. in Calif.: Ivs. coriaceous,
entire: fls. bisexual, showy, in dense racemes:
fr. 1-celled many-seeded follicle. E. coccfneum,
of Chile, is a shrub with oblong to elliptic alter-
nate Ivs.: fls. scarlet, about 2 in. long, with
exserted red style.
EM f LI A. Composite. Slender herbaceous
annuals and perennials with alternate and basal
Ivs. and solitary or clustered rather small rayless
heads in many colors; pappus of white soft
bristles; mostly native in tropics of Old World.
Two species, commonly confused, are grown as
flower-garden annuals; of simple cult, in a
sunny place.
coccfnea: E. sagittate.
flammea: E. sagittata.
sagittata (E. flammea. E. and Cacalia coccinea). TASSEL-
FLOWER. FLORAS-PAINTBRUSH. Ann. to 2 ft.: lower Ivs.
ovate, toothed, narrowly wing-petioled: heads red or
scarlet, % in. across, in loose corymbs. Tropics. Var.
lutea (Cacaha aurea) has golden-yellow fls. — This is the
usual species in gardens.
sonchif&lia (Cacalia sonchi folia) . Ann. to 2 ft.: lower
Ivs. obovate, toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid: heads rose or
purple, rarely white, H m. across, in loose corymbs.
Tropics.
EMMENANTHE. Hydrophyllacex. Ann.
herbs native in W. N. Amer., with alternate Ivs..
yellow fls. in terminal racemes and bell-shaped
persistent corolla.
Seeds may be sown where the plants are to grow, or
indoors if early bloom is desired, in open sunny exposure.
pendullfl6ra. YELLOW- or GOLDEN-BELLS. WHISPER-
ING BELLS. To 1^ ft., but often only a few inches: lys.
pinnatifid into ovate segms.: £10. drooping, about M in.
long, in summer. Calif., on slopes and deserts.
EMMEN(3PTERYS. Rubiacex. One decid-
uous tree to 40 ft., adaptable to mild climates.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings of soft wood
under glass. E. Henryi has Ivs. opposite, oval,
to 6 in. long, entire: fls. yellow, funnelform, 1 in.
long, in many-fld. terminal panicles: fr. a caps,
to 124 in. long, often with 1 wing-like calyx-lobe
persistent. Cent. China.
EMMER: Tnticum dicoccum.
EMPETRACE^. CROWBERRY FAMILY. Three
genera of heath-like evergreen small shrubs in
the northern hemisphere: Ivs. alternate and
crowded, linear: fls. bisexual or unisexual, regular,
with 2-3 sepals or none, no petals, 2-3 stamens,
superior ovary: fr. a drupe. In the sequence of
orders this family stands near |Euphorbiace:c.
Corema and Empetrum are sometimes grown
for ornament.
fiMPETRUM. Empdraccx. A few shrublets,
more or less procumbent or depressed, of the
western hemisphere and N. Eurasia, sometimes
transferred to grounds: fls. very small, solitary
in the axils: fr. a little drupe. E. nigrum. CHOW-
BERRY. Spreading heath-like evergreen to 10 in.
high: Ivs. linear or nearly so, about J4 in. long,
margins revolutc: drupe berry-like, black. Var.
purpdreum has red or purple fr. Rocky places
N. V. to N. Calif, and northward, and in N. Eu.
and Asia and ints. southward; adapted to rock-
gardens.
ENCfeLIA. Composite. Herbs or subshrubs
with alternate or opposite entire or toothed Ivs.
and rather showy neads of yellow ray-fls. and
yellow or purple disk-fls.; pappus none or of
awns; native from W. N. Amer. to Chile. Some-
times planted for ornament.
calif ornica. Per., woody at base, to 4 ft., strong-scented:
Ivs. ovate to broad-lanceolate, to 2}-tj in. lon^: heads soli-
tary, long-stalked, 2H ip- across, golden-yellow, disk
purple; involucre white-nairy. Calif.
eiiocdphala: Gersea caneacens.
farinosa. Shrubby, to 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2^ in. long,
often Hilvery-tomentose: heads in cymes, about 1 in. across,
with yellow disk and rays; involucre slightly pubescent.
Calif , Ariz., Mex. — The clumps are very showy early
in season on deserts.
ENCEPHALARTOS. Cycadacex. African
plants with stout trunks terminated by a cluster
of stiff pinnate Ivs.; about 20 species of which a
few are grown for the ornamental foliage. For
cult, see Cycas, from which the genus is separated
by technical characters of fls. and frs., and
pinnae without midrib.
Altensteinii (Zamia Altenstcinii) . Trunk to fl ft. high
and 1 ft. diarn.: Ivs. to 6 ft. long; Ifts. thick, very Hpmy
when young but on older plants often spineless, about
1 in. broad. S. Afr.
Hfldebrandtii. Trunk to 20 ft. high and 1 ft. diarn.:
Ifts. leathery, margins with 1-4 teeth on either side, tip
spiny. Trop. Afr.
Laurentianus. Trunk to 30 ft. high and 2J^ ft. diarn.:
Ivs. to more than 20 ft. long; Ifts. leathery, margins with
6-10 teeth on either side, spiny-tipped, some of them to
16 in. long and 2 in. broad. Trop. Air.
Lehmannii. Trunk very large: Ifts. pale green, to 7 in.
long, entire or occasionally \vith 1 or 2 spines, tip spiny,
petiole and rachis somewhat 4-anp;led. 8. Afr. — The plants
advertised as Zamia Lehmannii glauca and Skinneri
probably belong here.
villosus (Zamia villosa). Trunk entirely underground,
woolly: Ivs. to 6 ft. long; Ifts. bright green, with spiny
teeth and tips. S. Afr.
ENCHOLIRION: Vrieaia Saunderaii.
ENCHYL&NA. Chenopodiacese. Little
shrub allied to Kochia, native in Australia,
Enchylcena
278
Ephemeral
E. tomentdsa, adapted to planting in dry cli-
mates for its dense spreading habit and gray
or silvery color: procumbent or horizontally
much branched, to 3 ft. or more and making a
broad mass: Ivs. terete, J£ in. or less long: fls.
small, solitary in axils, followed by fleshy red or
yellow berry-like bodies.
ENCYCLIA, according to latest researches, is merely a
well-marked section of the polymorphic genus Epidendrum.
ENDIVE (Cichorium Endivia). Hardy an-
nual or biennial, grown for its rosette of leaves
which are used as salad and for greens. It is
grown mostly as a late summer, autumn and
early winter product, more or less extending
the season of lettuce.
Seedings should be started so that the plants
will mature after the hot weather is past. The
plants need protection from severe frosts by
carefully lifting them and removing to a frame,
where sash or cloth may cover them in freezing
weather. The leaves, which constitute practically
the whole plant, are blanched before being used,
either by tying together or by standing boards on
each side of the row, allowing the top of the
boards to meet over the center of the row; in
two to four weeks the interior leaves will be
sufficiently blanched. If the foliage keeps wet
inside, it is likely to decay; the leaves should
be tied together only when dry, and it may be
necessary to untie and open them after a rain,
and a similar precaution is necessary in other
methods of blanching. The rows should be \Y%
or 2 feet apart, the plants 1 foot apart in the
rows. One ounce of seed will sow 150 feet of
drill more or less, before thinning or trans-
planting.
ENGELMANNIA. Composite. One per. herb
native in dry soil Kans. to Mex., sometimes
transplanted, related to Parthonium. E. pin-
natffida. To 3 ft., hairy: Ivs. pinnatifid into
lanceolate toothed or entire lobes, to 8 in. long:
heads 1 in. across, of yellow ray- and disk-fls., in
corymbs.
ENKlANTHUS. Ericaceae. Mostly deciduous
shrubs with alternate or crowded finely toothed
Ivs. turning bright colors in autumn, fls. in
drooping umbels or racemes in spring, and
capsular frs.; native in Asia and fairly hardy in
the N. They thrive in well-drained peaty soil,
like many other plants of the Heath family.
Propagated by seeds, cuttings or layers.
campanulatus. To 30 ft.: fls. yellow or pale orange
veined with red, bell-shaped, to ^ in. long. Japan. Var.
alhiflorus has fls. white or nearly so; var. Palibinii has
narrower Ivs. and red fla.
cgrnuus. To 15 ft.: fls. white, bell-shaped with irregu-
larly cut limb, )4 in. long. Japan. Var. rubens has deep
red fls.
chine'nsis. Shrub or small tree, young sts. red: Ivs.
elliptic, \vith wavy-toothed margins, glabrous: fls. salmon-
red, to % in. across. W. China.
defl&xus. Shrub or tree to 30 ft., branchlets bright red:
Ivs. elliptic-obovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 3 in. long:
fls. yellowish -red, veined darker, to 5s in- across. W. China.
— Differs from E. ctimpanulatus in ovary and style pubes-
cent, not glabrous.
japdnicus: E. pcrulatus.
perulatus (E. japanicus). To 6 ft.: fls. before the Ivs.,
white, urn-shaped, \$ in. long, the corolla gibbous at base.
Japan.
subse'ssilis. To 10 ft.: fls. white, urn-shaped, K in.
long, gibbous at base. Japan.
ENTELfeA. Tiliacex. One large-lvd. shrub
or small tree to 20 ft., native in New Zeal, and
planted in S. Calif. E. arbore'scens. Lvs.
alternate, cordate-ovate, to 9 in. or more long,
toothed and often slightly 3-lobed: fls. white,
1 in. across, in cymes: fr. a bristly caps. 1 in.
across. For E. pdlmata see Sparmannia palmata.
ENTEROL6BIUM. Leguminosx. Trop.
American trees with 2-pinnate Ivs., fls. in heads
or clusters with prominent whitish, greenish or
purplish stamens, and broad leathery pods
which are usually bent or coiled inward; planted
in the tropics as windbreaks or for ornament.
cyclocaYpum. ELEPHANTS-EAR. CARO. Large broad-
headed tree to 50 ft. or more: Ifts. 20-30 pairs: stamens
white: pods bent so as to form a complete circle, used as
cattle feed in tropics. Jamaica, Venezuela.
Tlmbouva. Differs in its fewer Ifts., 10-20 pairs, and the
pods bent to form one-half or two-thirds of a circle. Brazil.
ENTIRE: margin continuous, not in any way indented;
whole.
EOMfeCON. Papaverawx. The only spe-
cies, E. chionfintha, from China, is a rhizoma-
tous herbaceous per. with white poppy-like
racemose fls. 2 in. across on a slender branching
scape 1 ft. or more tall: Ivs. radical and long-
stalked, cordate, to 6 in. long, sinuate: petals 4:
spring-blooming and hardy at N. Y. City.
Known as Snow-Poppy.
EORA: Rhopaloatylis.
EPACRIDACE^E. EPACRIS FAMILY. Shrubs
and small trees of the southern hemisphere
related to EricaceaB and differing in technical
characters. The family comprises about two
dozen genera of which only Cyathodes, Epacris
and Leucopogon are much known in cult.
fiPACRIS. Epacridacex. Heath-like ever-
green shrubs, seen now and then under glass
and adapted to warm climates; native in Aus-
tralia and New Zeal.: Ivs. small and entire,
scattered: fls. solitary in axils of Ivs. or bracts,
the short peduncle covered with imbricating
bracts; corolla tubular, white, red, purple,
mostly small but often showy. Treatment
as for ericas.
hybrida: listed name.
impr£ssa. To 3 ft., with many ascending pubescent
branches: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate and sharp-pointed, mostly
under ^ in. long: fls. white or red; corolla-tube >4 in. or
less long, differing in the several forms. Australia.
EPAULETTE-TREE: Pterostyrax.
fiPHEDRA. MEXICAN TEA. JOINT-FIR.
Gnetacese. Shrubs growing mostly in dry or
desert regions around the world, with jointed
green branches resembling the horsetail, scale-
like or sheath-like Ivs., unisexual fls. and red
berry-like frs.
Occasionally planted in this country in dry locations as
ground-cover or for the green stemmy clumps, as in regions
where the native kinds grow. Mexicans and Indians make
a medicinal tea from the branches. Propagated by division
of clumps and by seeds, suckers and layers.
altfssima. Climbing to 25 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in. long. N. Afr.
distachya. Low or procumbent shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs.
scale-like, opposite. S. Eu., N. Asia. Var. helvetica (B.
helvetica) differs in technical fr. characters.
fr&^ilis. Erect or climbing shrub, or sometimes prostrate:
Ivs. minute, opposite. Medit. region.
helvetica: E. distachya var.
trifurca. Erect, to 4 ft., pale green: scale-like Ivs., mostly
in 3's. Utah to Mex.
yfridis. Erect, to 4 ft., bright green: awl-like Ivs. op-
posite. Colo, to Calif, and Ariz.
EPHEMERAL: persisting for one day only, aa flowers
of spiderwort.
Epibaterium
279
Epidendrum
EPIBATERIUM: Cocculus.
EPICATTLEYA. Orchidaceae. A small group
of bigeneric hybrids between Epidendrum and
Cattleya, most of which are known in the trade
by vernacular names.
guatemalensis. Parentage not known.
EPIDfiNDRUM. Orchidacese. Epiphytic or-
chids native in trop. Amer., with leaf-bearing
pseudobulbs or leafy sts. and fls. mostly in
terminal racemes or panicles, the sepals and
petals commonly similar, the lip simple, bilobed
or 3-lobed. witn a distinct claw more or less
united witn column. They are plants of various
habit, and require mostly intermediate tem-
perature as for Cattleyas; see Orchids for cult.
arachnoglossum. Sts. cylindric, leafy, 4-5 ft. long: lys.
ovate-oblong, obtuse, to 4 in. long, coriaceous: fls. rich
violet or crimson with bright orange-yellow lip; sepals and
petals small, elliptic-oblong; lip 3-lobed. Jan.-May.
Colombia, Venezuela.
arom£ticum (Encyclia aromatica). Pseudobulbs sub-
globular to pyriform, 1-3-lvd.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long: fls. pale
yellow to olive-green, fragrant, in many-fld. pendulous
panicles to 3 ft. long. Apr.-June. Mex., Guatemala.
atropurpureum (E. macrochilum, Encyclia atropurpurea
and macrochila). Pseudobulbs ovoid-pyriform, 2-3-lvd.:
Ivs. to about 10 in. long: racemes (rarely branching) about
4-13-fld.; fls. 2-3 in. across; sepals and petals greenish-
brown often tinged with purple; lip white or yellowish with
purplish stripes. Dec.-Mar. Mex. to Panama, W. Indies,
N. S. Amer.
aurantlacum: Cattleya aurantiaca.
auritum: E. paleaceum.
bicomutum: Diacrium bicomutum.
bffidum (E. papilionaceum). Pseudobulbs oblong-
ellipsoid, 2-3-lvd. at the apex: Ivs. narrowly oblong, to
14 in. long: scape to about 4 ft. tall, simple or branched
above, few-many-fld.; sepals spatulate-oblong, greenish or
pale puiple, petals narrower; lip 2-lobed, purple or white
with purple streaks. Oct.-May, Aug. W. Indies.
Boothianum (E. erythronioides) . To 10 in. high: pseudo-
bulbs clustered, ovoid to pyriform, 2-lvd.: Ivs. to 7 in. long,
oblong-spatula te: fls. few in loose racemes; sepals and petals
yellow spotted with dark brown; lip yellow. S. Fla., W.
Indies, British Honduras.
Boundii. Hybrid between E. Burtonii and E. radicans.
Brassavolfle. Pseudobulbs ovoid to pyriform-eylindric,
to 7 in. high, with 2 leathery Ivs. to 9 in. long and 1% in.
wide: fls. to 4 in. across, in 3-12-fld. loose racemes; sepals
and petals narrow, yellow or greenish-yellow; lip white or
pale yellow tipped with violet-red. Apr.-Sept. Cent. Amer.
Burtonii. Hybrid between E. 0' Brienianum and E.
ibaguense.
ciliare (Auliza ciliaria). Pseudobulbs to about 7 in.
high, with 1-2 leathery Ivs. rarely to 11 in. long: fls. in
loose racemes; sepals and petals very narrow, yellowish-
green; lip 3-lobed, white with 2 yellow spots at base, side
lobes deeply fringed, mid-lobe very narrow. Blooms all
year. Trop. Amer.
cochleatum. Pseudobulbs to 10 in. long, with 2 or rarely
3 Ivs. to 14 in. long: scapes commonly simple, loosely fld.;
sepals and petals narrow, whitish-green; lip cochleate,
dark purple with yellow radiating veins. Blooms all year.
Trop. Amer.
conspfcuum: E. roseum.
Cooperianum. Sts. cylindric, leafy above: racemes
drooping, many-fld.; fls. about 1H in. across: sepals and
petals yellowish-brown; lip rose. Nov.-May, Aug. Brazil,
British Guiana.
dellense. Hybrid between E. rodicana and E. xanthinum.
diff6rme (E. latUabre). Sts. cylindric: Ivs. ligulate to
oval: fls. to about 2 in. across, green, few to numerous in
terminal umbellate racemes; lip much broader than long.
Fla., Mex., Cent. Amer., S. Amer.
diurnum (E. wren*. Encyclia diurna &nd virena). Pseudo-
bulbs ovoid-oblong, 2-3-lvd.: Ivs. to \% ft. long: infl. to
almost 3 ft. long, paniculate; fls. about 1-lH m- across;
sepals and petals green or greenish-yellow: lip white with
purple streaks. May- July, Nov., I?eb. W. Indies, Vene-
zuela.
elongatum: E. aecundum.
erythronioldes: E. Boothianum.
evectum. Sts. slender, cylindric, to 5 ft., branched,
leafy above: peduncle long, at the apex with a short dense
raceme; fls. rose-purple, with fringed 3-lobed lip. Colombia.
fragrans. Pseudobulbs variable, 1-lvd. at the summit,
to 5 in. high: If. rarely to 13 in. long: fls. fragrant, in short
few- to several-fid, racemes; sepals and petals yellowish-
white; lip white lined with violet. Blooms all year. Cent.
Amer., W. Indies, S. Amer.
galtonense. Hybrid between E. Boundii and E. xan-
thinum,
Godseffianum: E. osmanthum.
franiticum: E. oncidiotdes.
ibague'nse (E. ybaguense). Sts. slender and tall, leafy
above: Ivs. very fleshy: infl. racemose at summit of long
naked peduncle, densely-fld. ; fls. orange and vellow; lip
3-lobed, toothed or fringed. S. Amer.
indivisum: Diacrium bicomutum var.
inversurn. Pseudobulbs fusiform, to G in. long, with 2
leatheiy Ivs. at the summit: Ivs. 8$i in, long: fls. in 7-12-
fld. racemes, pale straw-color or white streaked with rose
and with a rose spot on lip. Brazil.
kew£nse. Hybrid between E. evectum and E. tanthinum.
lanipes. Sts. thick-cyhndnc, leafy above: panicles to
1 ft. long; fls. yellow with oblong-lanceolate sepals, filiform
petals, and 3-lobed lip. Peru.
latilabre: E. difforme.
Lindleyanum (E. spectabile. Barkeria speetabtlis). Sts.
cylindric or fusiform-cylmdnc: fls. racemose, rose spotted
with darker color, about l%-2 in. acioss. Mar.-Nov.
Cent. Amer.
macrochilum: E. atropurpureum.
nemorale (Encyclia nemorahs). Pseudobulbs sub-
globular to pyriform, 2-3-lvd.. Ivs. to 13 in. long: infl.
racemose or paniculate, to about 40 in. high, loosely 8-
or more-fld.; fls. large, to 4 in. acioss; sepals and petals
lilac or violet; lip with deeper colored side lobes and whitish
mid-lobe lined with violet. Apr.-July. Mex.
nocturnum. Sts. cylindric, erect, to about 3 ft. tall: Ivs.
oval to oblong, to 6 in. long, obtuse, leathery: racemes very
short, tetminal, 2-3-fld.; fls. with greenish-yellow linear
sepals and petals and white lip, veiy fragrant. Blooms all
year. Trop. Amer.
O' Brienianum. Hybrid between E. evectum and E.
radicans.
odoratfssimum (Encyclia odoratissima) . Pseudobulbs
ovoid, 2-3-lvd.: Jvs. to 16 in. long: infl. commonly panicu-
late, to 2 ft. long, loosely many-fld. ; fls. about 1 in. across,
greenish often maiked with puiplish. Jan.-Mar., May-
Oct. Colombia, British Guiana, Brazil.
oncidioides (E. gramticum. Encyclia oiicidioidea).
Pseudobulbs slender, pynfoim or fusiform, to 8 in. long,
2-3-lvd.: Ivs. oblong-hgulate, to 2 ft. long: panicles to 6 ft.
tall, many-fld.; fls. 1-1 H m. across, fragiant; sepals and
petals green or yellow with large red-brown blotch; lip
white or yellow with red veins. Oct.-Aug. Cent. Arner.,
Tnnidad, S. Amer.
osmanthum (E. Godsejffianum. Encyclia osmantha).
Pseudobulbs narrowly obpynfoim, 1-2-lvd.: Ivs. to about
15 in. long: infl. simple or branched, to 2 ft. long; fls. to 2 in.
across; sepals and petals yellow or yellow-green streaked
with red or purple; lip white marked with crimson. Sept.-
Oct. Brazil.
paleaceum (E. auritum). Small plant with 1-lvd. el-
lipsoid pseudobulbs on creeping rhizome: IVH. nairow, to
about 9 in. long, erect: infl. shoit, loosely several-fid.; fls.
white to yellow, fragiant. Blooms all year. Cent. Amer.
papilionaceum: E. bifidum.
pentfttis. Pseudobulbs fusiform-cylindric, to 14 in. tall,
2-lvd.: Ivs. ligulate: Hpike short, terminal, few-fld.; fls.
yellowish or creamy-white, to about 3 in. across, fragrant;
lip white striped with purple. Mar.-May, July? Cent.
AJtner., Brazil.
polybulbon (Dinema polybulbori). Plant with long creep-
ing and branching rhizome bearing 2-lvd. pseudobulbs:
Ivs. rarely to 2% in. long: fls. solitary; sepals and petals
yellowish or brownish; lip snow-white with yellow markings.
Sept.-Apr., June-July. Cent. Amer., W. Indies.
porphyreum. Sts. cylindric, leafy: Ivs. elliptic-oblong:
fls. in a panicle, purple to orange, petals linear, mid-lobe of
lip dilated and bilobed. S. Amer.
prismatocarpum. Pseudobulbs pyriform to cylindric,
to 1 ft. long, 2-3-lvd.: Ivs. to 15 in. long: fls. in racemes to
14 in. long; sepals and petals yellow-green spotted with
dark brown; lip 3-lobed, yellow-green at base, violet above.
Dec.-Feb., May-Aug. Costa Rica, Panama.
rad leans (E. rhizophorum) . Sts. cylindric, leafy, to 5 ft.
long, commonly with long white roots among the Ivs.: Ivs.
to 4 in. long: fls. about 1-1 % in. across, in dense many-fld.
racemes at the summit of a long peduncle; sepals and petals
cinnabar-red; lip orange-yellow. Nov.-Aug. Cent. Amer.
ranfferum. Ste. cylindric, to 5 ft. tall, leafy on terminal
half: fls. 1-2 in. across, few to many in terminal drooping
racemes; sepals and petals yellowish-green with dark red-
Epidendrum
280
Epimedium
dwh-brown spots: lip 4-lobed, white, greenish or lavender
with margins of the lobes yellowish. Cent. Amer., 8. Amer.
rhizdphorum: E. radicans.
rigidum. Stw. cyhndnc from a creeping rhizome, to
11^3 in. tall: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, to 3^£ in. long, racemes to
6 in. long; fls. small, green. Fla., trop. Amer.
rdseum (E consjncuurri). PHeudobulbs to almost 5 in.
high, with 2 Ivs. to 8 in. long.' racemes tt-12-fld., to 20 in.
long; fls pale rose, almost 2 in. across. Brazil.
sec find um (E elongatum). Sts. eyliiKlrie, leafy: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, to 4}^ in. long: peduncle
long, slender, densely many-fld. at the apex, fls rose-pink;
sepala and petals oblanceolate, acute, more or less reflexed;
lip 3-lobed, coarsely toothed. W. Indies, S. Amer.
Skfnneri (Barkeria Skinneri). Sts. fusiform-cylindric,
several -Ivd.: racemes few- to rnany-fld ; fls. about 1—
ll/$ in. across, dark row? or purple, the lip with yellow
ridges. Oct -Jan. Guatemala.
Spect&bile: E. Lindleyanurn.
Stamfordianum. Pseiulobulba fusiform to clavate, to
12 in high, with 3-4 IVH. to 10 in. long: fls in leafless lax
panicles to about 24 in. long; sepals and petals yellow
spotted with purple; lip white with yellow toothed mid-
lobe. Nov. -June. Cent. Amer., Venezuela, Colombia.
stenophyllum: listed name.
tampense. To about 32 in. high: pseudobulbs pyriform,
1-2-lvd : Ivs. narrowly linear-oblong, to 9^2 in- long: fls.
loosely paniculate; sepals yellowish-green tinged with
brown, petals similar but browner; hp 3-lobed, white with
magenta-purple lines, mid-lobe nearly orbicular, some-
times white or magenta. Apr.-July, Oct.-Dec. Ha.,
Bahama Isls., Cuba.
ven6sum. BUTTERFLY ORCHID. Rhizome creeping:
pseudobulbs slender, 2-lvd.: fls. in few-fld. racemes; sepals
and petals green; lip 3-lobed, white, often with violet
lines. Mex.
virens: E. diurnum.
virgatum (Eticyclia virgata). Pseudobulbs ovoid to
Jjynform, 2-3-lvd : Ivs. to 2 ft. or more long: infl. panicu-
ate, to 7 ft. long; fla. up to 1^ in. across; sepals and petals
greenish stained with brown; lip whitish -yellow. Oct.-
July. Mex. to Honduras.
vitellinum. Pseudobulbs to 2 in. high, with 2-3 Ivs. to
12 in. long: infl. loosely racemose or paniculate, severul-
to many-fld, to 1^ ft. long; fls. cinnabar-red, to 1)^ in.
across May -Oct. Mex , Guatemala. Var. ma jus has
larger brighter colored fls.
xanthinum. Sts. cylmdric, leafy above, to 2 ft. or more
high: infl. racemose, densely fld. at the apex of a long
Cluncle; fls. yellow and sometimes tinted with orange;
3-lobed and f tinged. Brazil.
ybaguense: E. ibaguense.
Ericaceae. Evergreen perennials
with woody creeping sts., clusters of delightfully
fragrant flesh-colored fls. in very early spring;
2 species, N. E. Amer. and Japan.
The plants can be grown in the garden if given acid
soil and shade, and their natural conditions imitated.
Propagation by seed is much more satisfactory than by
division; sow as soon as seed is ripe.
asiatica. Differs in pait from E. repens in its oblong
acuminate or acute Ivs. Japan.
repens, TRAILING ARBUTUS. MAYFLOWER. Sts. hairy:
Ivs ovate, to 3 in. long, bright green: fla. white or pink:,
Bulverform, about \^ in. long. Newf. to Fla. and Ky.
EPILOBIUM. WILLOW-HERB. Onagracex.
Herbs or sometimes subshrubs with linear to
willow-like to oblong Ivs., mostly more or less
weedy, rose-purple, white or rarely yellow small
fls., and long narrow capsular frs.
Suitable for planting in damp places and wild-gardens.
Propagated by seeds or division; some of them produce
runners and rosettes. They are plants of minor horti-
cultural importance.
adnatum. Large, branched, erect, appressed-pubescent
above: Ivs. oblong, acute, serrulate, but some of them
sesmlo and decurrent: fls. rose. En.
amplectens. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. opposite, oblong, fine-
toothed: fls purple, in racemes or spikes. Himalayas.
angustif&lium (Chamxnerion angushfolium) . FIBE-
WKED GIANT W. Per. to 8 ft.: Ivs. alternate, lanceolate.
to 0 in. long: fls. purple, 1J4 in. across, in long terminal
racemes. Eu., Asia, N. Amer. Var. album has pure
white fls.
boreal e. Branched per., becoming large, pubescent
above: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, denticulate, to 3 in. long:
fla. rosy, less than }-i in. long, becoming abundant. Alaska.
chlorafftlium. Per. to 1H ft., sts. decumbent below:
Ivs. opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, to % in. long, slightly
toothed: fls. white or rose, % in. across, in axils of upper
Ivs. New Zeal.
color & turn. Per , slender, much branching, 1-3 ft.:
Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, 2—6 in. long: fls. very
small but numerous, axillary, pink or white. Weedy plant
in low ground and dry ditches, Me. to Kans. and S. C.
Dodon&i (E. rosmanmfohum) . Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. scat-
tered, linear, to 2^2 Jn- long: fls. rose-purple, rarely white,
crowded near ends of branches. Eu.
Flelscheri. To 8 in.: Ivs. lanceolate to linear-lanceo-
late: fls. deep purple, in few-fld. panicles. Eu.
Htectori. Sts. decumbent and rooting but becoming erect
to 6 in. high: Ivs. small, mostly opposite, oblong, to H "»•
long: fls. about % in. diam., in upper axils. New Zeal.
hirsutum. Per. to 4 ft., hairy: Ivs. usually opposite,
lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. purple, 1 in. across, solitary
or in short racemes. Eu.; nat. m E. U. S.
Hdrnemannii. Erect to 12 in., simple or nearly so: Ivs.
ovate or elliptic, nearly or quite entire, to 1^ in. long:
fls. purple, about }£ in. across, in upper axils. N. N. Amer.,
Eurasia.
Lamyi. Depauperate bien., stoloniferous, with low
branched st.: Ivs. lanceolate, small-toothed, rosulate in
autumn: fls. purple, funnelform. Eurasia.
latif&lium (Chamsenerion lahfohum) . Per. to 1}^ ft.:
Ivs. alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, to 2 in. long:
fls. purple, to 2 in. across, in short leafy-bracted racemes.
N. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
lineare: name of doubtful application.
luteum. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate or lanceolate-ovate, to
3 in. long, toothed: fls. bright yellow, petals % in. long.
Alaska to Wash.
macr6pus. Decumbent or creeping per. with purplish
sts. to 9 in. long: Ivs. opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, to
% in. long: fls. white, ^ in. across, few in the axils. New
Zeal.
nummularifdlium. Creeping and tufted, the sta. to
8 in. long: Ivs. opposite, orbicular, to 1A in. long: fls. pink
or whitish, H in. across, axillary. New Zeal.
obcordatum. Sts decumbent, to 6 in. long4 Ivs. opposite,
ovate, to ^4 in. long: tis rose-purple, the petals to % in.
long, few in axils. Mts., Calif., Nev.
obscurum. Very low per , stoloniferous: Ivs. lanceolate,
remotely small-toothed, sessile: fls. small, purple, funnel-
form. Eurasia.
parvifl6rum. Erect per. to 1 or 2 ft , soft-pubescent,
rosulate at base: Ivs. lanceolate, dentate, sessile: fls. very
small, purple or white. Eurasia.
rdseum. Much branched per. to 2^ ft.: Ivs. mostly
opposite, oblong, toothed: fls. white turning rose, small,
petals about ^ in. long. Eu., Asia.
rosmarinif61ium: E. Dodonsei.
rubescens. Stoloniferous per. to 1^3 ft-, simple, hairy
above: Ivs lanceolate, sharply acute, 1^ in. long: fls.
white, small. Colo., Utah.
EPIMfeDIUM. Berberidacex. Low per. herbs
of the north temp, zone, with small pinnate Ivs.
and dainty racemes of small fls. in red, pink,
white, yellow; the outer colored parts are inter-
preted as sepals, and the 4 inner ones as petals
which are usually nectaries and sometimes
produced into prominent spurs. The species
and vars. are confused in cult, and plants may
not belong to the names they bear. Recent stud-
ies indicate that the genus Aceranthus may not
be generically distinct from Epimedium.
The plants are very suitable for rock-gardens and semi-
shady locations. In sheltered spots under trees the foliage
often remains all winter and leaves persist when dead. Any
usual soil is satisfactory. Propagated by division.
album: E. grandiflorum var.
alplnum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. biternate: fls. red with yellow
slipper-like nectaries and short spurs. Eu. Cult, apparently
only in var. rubrum (E. rubrum) with larger fls. and petals
red outside and Ivs. red-margined. May-June.
bicoldrum: hort. form with rosy-brown fls., probably
of E. alpinum.
coccfneum: hort. form with red and white fls.
c61chicum: E. pinnatum var.
Epimedium
281
Episcia
diphyllum: Aceranthus diphyUus.
elegans: E. pinruitum var.
er6ctum: hort. name for a form with white fls.
grand ifl6 rum (E. macranthum"). LONG-SPUR E. To 9 in.:
Ivs. triternate: outer sepals red, inner petals violet with white
deflexed prominently projecting spurs 1 in. long. May-June.
Japan. Var. 61 bum has white fls.; var. niveum (E. niveum),
fls. pure white; var. rdseum (E. roseum), pinkish or pale
rosy-red; var. violaceum (E. molaceum), spurs violet.
l&cteum: listed form with creamy-white fls.
lilaceum: listed name.
macranthum: E. grandiflorum.
Musschianum. JAPANESE E. Lvs. 1-ternate: fls. white
or pale yellow, drooping, spurs or sacs very short and not
prominent. Japan. — Perhaps not distinct from E. grandi-
florum.
niveum: E. grandiflorum var.
Perralderianum. Differs from E. pinnatum in Ivs. only
once ternate and Ifts more ciliate-toothed: Ivs. marked
with bronze when young. Algeria.
pinnatum. PERRIAN E. Lvs. usually biternate: fls. bright
yellow with short red spurs or nectaries. Apr.- July. Persia,
Caucasus. Var. cdlchicum, GOLDEN-FLEECK E , fls. bril-
liant yellow; var. elegans, June-Aug., larger and more
numerous fls. than type.
rdseum: E. grandiflorum var.
rubrum: E. alpinum var.
sulphureum: hort. name, probably form of E. pinnatum.
violaceum: E. grandiflorum var.
EPIPACTIS. Orchidacex. Terrestrial erect
orchids from shortened rhizomes, with leafy
sts. and fls. in loose terminal racemes with
conspicuous bracts, the sepals and petals similar,
the lip free, 3-lobed, saccate at base. Sometimes
grown in the wild-garden.
decipiens : Goodyera decipiens.
gigantea (Serapias gigantea. Amesia gigantea). To
3 ft. nigh: Ivs to 8 in long: fla. green and rose striped with
red, about 1 in. across. June-Aug. W. N. Amer., Mex.
pub6scens: Goodyera pubescens.
repens: Goodyera repens.
tesselata: Goodyera tesselata.
EPIPHRONlTIS. Orchidaccsp. A group com-
prising hybrids between the genera Epidendrum
and Sophronitis.
Veltchii (E. radicans X S. grand iflora) .
EPIPHYLLANTHUS. Cactacex. Forking
plants, resembling Zygocactus in habit, with
thick globular, cylindric or flattened joints not
toothed and bearing areoles all around, often
epiphytic, with or without spines: fls. irregular,
slender, purple to white, stamens more or less
exserted. Cent. Brazil, 3 species. See Cacti.
microsphdericuB (Cereus oUusangulus) . At first erect,
becoming much branched and more or less prostrate, joints
slender and terete or obtusely angled, somewhat spiny or
nude: fls. terminal, purple to rose. — Slow growing and
often grafted on Zygocactus.
EPIPHYLLOPSIS: Schlumbergera Gaertneri.
EPIPHtLLUM (Phyllocactus). Cactacex.
Mostly epiphytic cacti, branches usually flat-
tened and leaf-like and sometimes 3-winged;
mostly no spines on mature plants: fls. large and
showy, tube longer than limb, with many long
stamens, white, red or yellow, nocturnal or
diurnal. Some 16 species, as now understood,
Mex. and southward, some of them known as
house plants; there arc a number of hybrids.
See Cacti.
The epiphyllums are very useful as greenhouse and
window-garden subjects and are frequently seen in summer
on porches. They propagate readily by cuttings and are of
simple requirements.
Ackermannii: Nopalxochia Ackermannii.
album superbum: probably a garden hybrid.
anguliger. Branches many, the lower ones terete, but
upper ones flattened and deeply toothed: fls. brpwnish-
yellow outside and otherwise white, tube about 3 in. long
and segms. about 2 in. Mex.
bella: probably a garden hybrid.
bifdrme: Disocactus biformis.
brasiliense: garden hybrid.
Bridges!!: Schlumbergera Bridgesii.
Codperi. Said to be a hybrid between E. crenatum and
Selenwereus grandiflorua and characterized by fls. to 9 in.
across, of variable color from white to golden-yellow.
crenatum. Sta. about 3 ft. long, terete, becoming woody,
strongly crenate, branches glaucous and often tip-rooting:
fls. 4 in. and more across and tube of similar length, very
fragrant, cream-colored or greenish-yellow. Honduras,
Guatemala. Var. spl£ndidum is listed.
crispatum: Lhipsahs cnspata.
hermdsum: probably a garden hybrid.
Hodkeri. Sts. 6-10 ft. long and more, joints rather thin
and deeply crenate and 2-3 in or more broad: fls. scentless,
nocturnal, 8-9 in. long, yellow outbide, petals white.
Trinidad, Venezuela.
Jenkinsonii. Hybrid between Heliocereus spcciosus and
Nopalxochia phyllanthoides and has deep scarlet fls. to 4 in.
across: fr. purple.
la*tifrons: E. oxypetalum.
lil&cinum: garden hybrid.
Makoyanum: Schlumbergera Gaertneri.
nitldum: listed name.
oxypetalum (E. latifrons). Stout, to 10 ft. or more, with
many thin flat branches to 4 in. or more broad and deeply
crenate: fls. opening in evening and in full bloom about
midnight, to 10 in. long, white, reddish outside, style white.
Mex. to Brazil. — Much cult.
P&acockii. Garden hybrid of which Heliocereus is be-
lieved to be one of the parents and said to have white to
yellow fls. which are frequently spotted; very variable.
Pf6rsdorffii: garden hybrid.
phyllanthoides: Nopalxochia phyllanthoides.
phyllanthus. Sts. 3-4-angled when old, branches to
nearly 3 in. wide, margin reddish, becoming woody, coarsely
toothed: fls. white, to 1 ft. long, nocturnal, stylo red.
Panama to Brazil and Peru. — Named variants have styles
white, pink to brilliant red while others have lobes more
sharply divergent from perianth-tube.
Pittifcri. Branches to IS in. long and 1 ^ in. wide, margin
notched or toothed: fls. \\ith outer periant h-segms. green,
inner white, to 5 in. long, nocturnal, hyacinth-scented,
style pink. Costa Rica.
r&seum: garden name, perhaps of a hybrid.
Russellianum: Schlumbergera Russelliana.
Schlumbergerianum: listed name.
speci6sum: probably a garden hybrid.
stenopetalum. Like E. oxypetalum (latifrons) but ul-
timate joints not acuminate as in that species: fls. fragrant,
nocturnal but remaining open in morning, about 10 in.
long, white, reddish outside, style pink or purplish. Mex.
strictum. Plant to 6 or 7 ft. or more, joints 2-3 in. broad
and serrate: fls. opening at night and closing before dawn,
white, brownish or pinkish outside, tube 0 in. long, sepals
recurved. Mex. to Panama.
truncation: Zygocactus truncatus.
Urayi: probably a garden hybrid.
EPIPHYTE: air-plant; a plant growing on another or
on some other elevated support.
EPfSCIA. Gesneriacese. Trop. American herbs
with opposite often unequal Ivs., scarlet, whitish
or purple fls. with frequently spurred corolla-
tube and 5-lobed limb, and leathery frs. opening
by 2 valves; grown under glass and for hanging-
baskets and in pyramids; require partial shade;
propagated by cuttings or division of sts.
chontale'nsis. Sts. to 10 in. long, reddish-purple: Ivs.
ovate, to 4 in. long, marked with purple between veins: fls.
pale lilac or white, to 2 in. acrobs, solitary or clustered.
Nicaragua.
coccfnea. Lvs. metallic-green, to 4 in. long and 3 in.
across. Probably Cent. Amer.
cupreata. Sts. rooting at joints, drooping: Ivs. oval,
wrinkled and soft-hairy, tinged with copper or red: fls.
scarlet, ^ in. across, solitary. Nicaragua. Var. viridifdUa
has fls. to 1 in. across and green Ivs. — The best known
species in cult.
fulgida. Pubescent creeper: Ivs. ovate, margins ciliate,
rijh dark green: fls. bright red, 1 H in- long, solitary. N. 8.
Amer.
metalUca: hort. name, perhaps for a form of E. cupreata.
Episcia
282
Eremochloa
tessellftta (Centrosolenia bullatd). Pubescent, of robust
habit: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 6 in. wide, bronzy-green, veined
with purple, and elevated between veins, wavy and ciliate:
fls. pale yellow, about 2 in., long, in clusters. Peru.
EPITHELANTHA. Cactacex. BUTTON
CACTUS. One very small globular cactus from
W. Tex. and N. Mex. For cult, see Cacti.
E. micr6meris (Mammillaria micromeris) . Simple
or cespitose, about 2% in. or less cliam., de-
pressed at top; tubercles small in many spirals;
spines many and white: fls. near center of plant
among wool and spines, whitish to light pink,
about l/i\\\. across. Var. Greggii (E. and Mam-
millaria Greggii} differs only in its somewhat
larger size arid may not be distinct. — The names
E, fungifera, E. tuberosa and E. ungispina are
in the trade but are not known botanically.
EQUISfeTUM. HORSETAIL. Equisetacex (the
only genus). Per. rush-like cryptogamous herbs
with hollow jointed sts. and no proper foliage;
Ivs. reduced to sheaths at the joints* spores
borne in terminal cone-like spikes; widely dis-
tributed and rarely transplanted in moist
locations.
hyemale. Evergreen, to 4 ft., sts. slender, furrowed and
rough: spikes pointed. N. Arner., Ku., Asia.
preealtum (K rohuxtum). Evergreen, to 11 ft., sts. fur-
rowed and rough: spikes with stiff point. N. Amer., Asia.
robustum: E. pnvaltum.
variegatum. Evergreen, sts. tufted, to 1 H ft. long,
furrowed: sheaths variegated with black above: spikes
with stiff point. N. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
ERAGR(5STIS. Grammes. Small or medium-
sized arm. and per. grasses widely distributed in
trop. and temp, countries, the small spikelets
borne in open diffuse panicles; a few species are
planted for the ornament of their delicate spray.
See Grasses.
abysslnica. TEFF. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and
T*J in. wide: panicles 1 ft. or more long, with long hair-like
ascending branches. N Afr.
amabilis (Pou amabilis). Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs to 4 in. long
and % in. wide: panicles to 6 in. long, with slender spreading
or ascending branches. India. — Some of the material cult,
under this name is E. suaveolens.
capillaris. Ann. to 1^ ft-: Ivs. to 10 in. long and Ye, in.
wide, rough above: panicles to 15 in long, with hair-like
spreading or ascending branches. N. H. to Ga. and Tex. —
Some of the material cult, as E. capillaris is E. mexicana.
chloromdlas. Tufted per. to 1 J£ ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and
h in. wide, convolute, glaucous: panicles to 8 in. long,
stiff, with slender spreading branches. S. Afr.
curvula. Tufted per. to 2 ft.: Ivs to 1 ft. long and -fa in.
wide, convolute: panicles to 10 in. long, with slender
branches erect or spreading. S. Afr. Var. valida has Ivs. to
2 ft. long and % in. wide.
glegans: E. tenclla.
interrupta: E. tenclla.
jap6nica: E. tenclla.
maxima. Ann to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: panicles to 9 in.
long, with hair-like branches. Madagascar. — Plants grown
under this name may be E. suaveolens.
mexicana. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long: panicles to
1 ft. long, the branches slender and spreading. 8. Calif,
to New Mex. and Mex.
obtusa (Briza geniculatd). Tufted per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. to
5 in. long and A in. wide, usually involute: panicles to
4 in. long, with tnread-like spreading branches. S. Afr.
pildsa (Poo pilosa). Tufted ann. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 5 in.
long and ^ in. wide: panicles to G in. long, branches spread-
ing. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
suaveolens. Ann. to 3 ft., resembling E. abyssinica but
with less spreading panicles and more compact spikelets.
W. Asia.
tenglla (E. elcgans, E. interrupta. E. japonica). Ann.,
erect, to 3 ft : panicles narrow, somewhat interrupted, com-
prising about half the entire height with numerous minute
spikelets. Japan.
uniololdes. Ann., erect or spreading, to 1 ft.: panicle
ovoid and open, to 6 in. long, the spikelets usually pink or
purplish and somewhat like those of a Brica. India,
Malaysia, China.
ERANTHEMUM (D&<Macanthus) . Acan-
thacese. Trop. Asian herbs and shrubs with
opposite simple Ivs. and blue or rose tubular
5-lobed fls. in dense bracted spikes; one species
grown in S. Fla. and under glass. It thrives in
light rich soil with ample sunlight and water.
Propagated by cuttings of young Vood.
atropurpureum: Paeuderanthemum atropurpureum.
bf color: P sender anthemum bicolor.
Eldorado: a form of Paeuderanthemum atropurpureum.
nerydsum (E. pulchellum). To 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oval,
to 8 in. long, prominently veined, slightly toothed: fls.
blue, 1 in. long and ^ in. across, under pointed veiny bracts.
India. — Commonly planted far S. and frequent under glass.
pulch£llum: E. nervosum.
reticulatum: Paeuderanthemum reticulatum.
tuberculatum: Paeuderanthemum tuberculatum.
ERANTHIS. WINTER ACONITE. Ranun-
culacex. Small per. herbs with short tuberous
root, native in Eu. and Asia, having basal
palmately dissected Ivs., solitary yellow vernal
fls. subtended by an involucre-like If., and fr.
composed of many follicles. They are very
hardy and thrive in moist situations. Propagated
by division of roots.
cilfcica: E. hyemalis var.
hyemalis. To 8 in.: Ivs. long-stalked, 1H in. across, cut
into many linear or oblong segms.: fls. to 1^ in. across,
with 5-9 petal-like sepals, in very early spring. Eu. ; some-
what nat. in N. Arner. Var. cilfcica (E. c^hc^ca) has broader
sepals ^ in. across. — Tubers may be planted in autumn as
for tulips; plants are likely to persist.
pinna tifida. Distinguished by segms. of radical Ivs. and
involucre pmnatifid, and pedicelled fls. with ovate white
sepals. Japan.
sibfrica. Similar to E. hyemalis but only 3-4 in. high,
with smaller fls. having 5 sepals. Siberia.
Tubergenii. Hybrid with large shiny golden-yellow fls.
ERCfLLA. Phytolaccacede. Climbing evergreen
shrubs with alternate entire Ivs., pale purple
fls. in many-fld. axillary racemes, and fr. a berry;
sometimes grown in warm regions or under glass
as a wall-cover as it climbs by aerial rootlets.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
spicata (Bridgesia spicata). Lvs. leathery, elliptic or
ovate, to 3 in. long and 1H in. wide- racemes slightly
longer than Ivs.: berries dark purple. Chile.
ERDfSIA. Cactacex. S. American cacti with
erect or drooping branches, few ribs having
spiny areoles, and small short-tubed fls.
Meyenii (Cereus aureus. Cleistocactus aureus). Sta.
underground, sending up club-shaped unjointed branches
to 8 in. tall and 2 in. diam.; ribs 5-8, about ^ in. deep,
remotely wavy; spines many, uneaual, to 2)4 in. long:
fls. yellow, to 1% in. long: fr. reddish. N. Chile and Peru,
squarrdsa (Cereua syuarrosus). Sts. to 6 ft. long; ribs
8-9, areoles ft in. apart; spines 15, to 1^ in. long, yellow-
ish: fls. bright red, to 1^ in. long. Peru.
EREM^A. Myrtacese. W. Australian shrubs,
some of them intro. in Calif., differing from
Calothamnus chiefly in the fls. solitary or few
and nearly terminal rather than in lateral
clusters or spikes: Ivs. heath-like, flat, alternate,
often crowded: stamens longer than petals and
showy, the fls. red.
ebracteata. Low bush, young parts somewhat hirsute:
Ivs. \^ in. or less long, linear: fls. 1-3 at a place, with few
small oracts or none.
fimbriata. Stiff coarse shrub, more or less hirsute: Ivs.
"h in. or less long, lanceolate or elliptic: fls. solitary, sur-
rounded by bracts.
violacea. Hirsute shrub with nearly cylindrical linear
acute Ivs. and solitary twin or sometimes clustered fla.
bearing violet fi laments that are joined near the base.
EREM<5CHLOA. Graminese. Per. grasses
of Asia and Australia, with one-sided spikelets
Eremochloa
283
Erianthus
borne in terminal narrow spikes; one species
grown for lawns in the S. See Grasses.
ophiuroides. CENTIPEDE-GRASS. Creeping by runners
and stolons: Ivs. about 3 in. long and \i in. wide, bluish- or
yellowish-green: racemes straight or somewhat falcate,
cylindric and slender, glabrous, to 2% in. long. China.
EREMOCfTRUS. AUSTRALIAN DESERT KUM-
QUAT. Rutacex. One species, E. glauca, in desert
regions of subtrop. Australia, in this country
resistant to cold and drougnt and promising
beyond the regular citrus belt. It is a sharp-
spiny shrub or small tree with very narrow
xerophytic lys. to 1^£ in. long: fls. small, white,
fragrant, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils:
fr. light yellow, pyriform or oolate, about % in.
diam., commonly 4-celled, mildly acid and
edible. Works as a graft on Citrus, and vice-
versa.
EREM6STACHYS. Labiaix. Asian herbs
with mostly basal toothed or cut lys. and yellow
2-lipped fls. in many-fld. whorls in spikes; one
species is known to hort.
laciniata. To 2 ft. or more, hairy: Ivs. 2-pinnate into
lanceolate or linear segms.: fls. yellow or cream-colored, in
spikes to 2 ft. long. Asia Minor.
EREMfrRUS. DESERT-CANDLE. Liliacex.
Asian per. herbs with thick fibrous or cord-like
roots, narrow basal Ivs. forming tufts or rosettes
and white, pink or yellow fls. in racemes ter-
minating stately scapes usually several ft. high,
the perianth-segms. almost distinct.
These plants are hardy in the North with winter pro-
tection. They are good in rich well-drained soil. Propa-
gated by division or slowly by seeds. They are seen to good
advantage against a background of foliage.
altaicus. Probably not more than to 4 ft.: If. margins
entire: fls. yellow, cylindrical to subcampanulate, pedicels
jointed at apex, corolla-lobes somewhat incurved. W.
Siberia. — Little known botamcally.
aurantiacus. Similar to E. Bunoei but with orange fls.
and Ivs. not so acutely keeled. Turkestan.
Bungei. Lvs. linear, 1 ft. long: fls. yellow or orange, in
racemes to 5 in. long. Persia. Var. perfectus, an improved
form with deep golden-orange fls. Var. sulphurous, fls.
sulfur-yellow.
filwesii. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glaucous: fls. pink with
deeper band down center. Habitat unknown. Var. albus
is listed.
himalaicus. Lvs. strap-shaped, to 1H ft. long: fls. white,
in racemes to 2 ft. long and 4 in. through. Himalayas. —
The commonest species in cult.
Kaufmaxmii. Distinguished by Ivs. white-hairy on both
sides and linear-filiform bracts. Turkestan.
6lg8e. Lvs. narrow, to 1 ft. long and % in. or less broad,
rough on margins: fls. white with brownish midnerves, in a
dense raceme. Turkestan. Var. &lbus has white fls.
robustus. Lvs. narrow-strap-shaped, to 2 ft. long, glau-
cous: fls. bright pink, in racemes to 3 ft. long and 5 in.
through. Cent. Asia. Var. superbus is an improved form.
Sh61fordii. A hort. form with coppery-yellow fls. tinged
outside with red.
spectabilis. Lvs. lorate, to 1H ft. long and 1 in. wide,
slightly glaucous: fls. light yellow with orange stamens, in
racemes l>^-2 ft. long and 2 in. through. Asia Minor.
tauricus. Lvs. often with minutely denticulate margins:
fls. white, campanulate, pedicels not jointed at apex.
Russia.
turkest&nicus. Fls. reddish-brown margined with white,
in racemes to 2 ft. long. Turkestan.
Tubergenii. Hybrid between E. himalaicus and E.
Bungei.
Warei. Probably hybrid between E. Bungei and E.
Olgx.
ERlSPSIA. Aizoacese. Separated from Mesem-
bryanthemum (which see for cult.) : per., more or
less woody, branches erect or ascending: Ivs.
opposite, 3-angled, sometimes serrate or toothed :
fls. solitary or ternate, whitish, yellow or reddish;
stamens hidden under staminocles. S. Afr.
compr£ssa (M. compressum). Lvs. to \}i in. long and
y^ in. wide, punctate, somewhat glaucous and rough: fls.
red, inner petals yellowish and short.
gracilis (Af. gracile). Lvs. about 1 in. long, finely punc-
tate: fls. red, 1H ln- acioss, inner petals yellowish and short.
Haw6rthii (Af. Haworthii. Lampranthus Haworthii).
To 2 ft.: Ivs. glaucous and smooth, to 1^ in. long and
ft in. wide: fls. purplish, about 3 in. across.
heteropetala (Af. hetcropetalum) . Lvs. somewhat com-
pressed or flattened but 3-angled, glaucous, punctate,
rough or cut on the keel, about 1 in. long: fls. pale red or
whitish, % in. across, the petals unequal and shorter than
calyx.
inclaudens (Af. inclaudens). Lvs. punctate, scimitar-
shaped, with wide keel, green, 1 in. or less long, essentially
entire: fls. rose or purplisn, 1>$ in. across, with broad petals,
inner ones very short.
muta'bilis (Af. mutabile). Lvs. to %£ in. long and K in.
wide, gray-green, acute, keel entire: fls. rose, petals narrow
or subulate, a little longer than calyx.
feRIA. Orchidacex. Trop. Asian orchids,
commonly epiphytes, of various habit, with
fls. in racemes or solitary, the lateral sepals
forming with the column a spur or sac-like
projection. Subjects for the warm greenhouse;
see Orchids.
ancorifera. Plant small: similar to E. flava but with
black anchor-shaped maik on hp. Sumatra.
barbata. Pseudobulbs to 2 in. long, with 2-3 Ivs. to
14 in. long: scape to 3 ft. high bearing several distant fls.
on hairy sts.; fls. yellow striped with bi ownissh-purple.
Oct.-Nov. India.
bracte'scens. Pseudobulbs to 7 in. long, with 2-3 Ivs. to
10)^ in. long: racemes many-fld., to 9^ in. long; fls. white
or cream-color, sometimes with puiple on lip. Feb.-July.
Himalayas, Burma, Indo-China, Malaya, Philippines.
convallarioides. Pseudobulbs to 8 in. long, with 3-4 Ivs.
to 7H in. long: infl. a pendulous densely many-fld. raceme
to 4^& in. long; fls. about H in. across, whitish with yellow
on hp. Aug.-Oct. Himalayas, Burma, Indo-China, China.
coronaria (Tnchosma suavis). Sts. cylindric, to 10 in.
high, 2-1 vd. at summit: Ivs. to 95^ m. long: racemes loosely
few-fld., nodding, little shorter than Ivs.; fls. fragiant, white
or whitish with yellow on the 3-lobed lip and pui pie streaks
on side lobes. Aug.-Feb. Himalayas, China.
excavata. Pseudobulbs in series, to about 2 in. long, with
4-6 Ivs. to about 9 in. long: infl. a few-fld. raceme; fls.
white with 3-lobed lip yellow with icd aide lobes. Hima-
layas.
ferrugmea. Pseudobulbs cylindric, 2-4-lvd.: Ivs. leath-
ery, to 8 in. long: scape to about 8 in. long; lacemes several-
fla.; fls. about 1 in. across; sepals green or white, petals
rosy; lip pink or red. Mar. -June, Nov. Himalayas.
flava. Pseudobulbs to 4 in. long, 2-5-lvd. near the apex:
Ivs. to 10 in. long: scapes white-toinentose, loosely fld.;
fls. yellow, lip marked with purple. Himalayas. Var.
lanata has smaller fls. with purplish mid-lobe of lip.
floribunda. Pseudobulbs cylindric to spindle-shaped,
3-7-lvd., to 18 in. high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 13% in.
^ng: infl. to about 6>£ in. long, densely rnany-fld., pendu-
lous; fls. rose-red to nearly white, to ?-« in. across, column
dark puiple. Blooms all year. Burma, Malaya, Philippines.
lanata: E. flava var.
monostachya. Sts. cylindric: Ivs. linear: fls. small, in
long cylindrical racemes. Java, Sumatra.
obesa. Pseudobulbs crowded, stoutly clavate to fusi-
form, to 3 in. long: racemes loosely few-fld.; fls. white with
green at base of lateral sepals, and pale yellow hp. Feb.-
Mar., July. Bui ma.
ERlANTHUS. PLUME-GRASS. Graminese. Ro-
bust per. grasses, sometimes grown as annuals,
with long flat Ivs. and spikelets with tufts of
silky hairs at their base, borne in large terminal
panicles; native in warm and tcrnp. regions and
ornamental as specimen plants. See Grasses.
alopecuroides (E. divaricatus) . Per. to 10 ft.: panicle
oblong, to 1 ft. long and to 3 in. broad, the branches slender
and loose. N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
divaricatus: E. alopecuroides.
RavSnnae. RAVENNA-GRASS. To 12 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft.
long and H in. and more wide, midrib paler: panicles to
3 ft. long, silky, dense and plume-like. S. Eu. to India.
saccharoides. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 1 in. wide:
panicles 1 ft. or more long, loose. N. J. to Fla. and Tex.,
Cuba.
Erica
284
Erica
p
h
ERlCA. HEATH. Ericaceae. Evergreen
branchy shrubs or sometimes small trees, in
very many species, with small needle-like or
very narrow usually whorled Ivs., small white,
rose or yellow usually declined fls. that are
mostly tubular, bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or
globose, and capsular frs.; native in Eu. and
S. Air., particularly abundant in the latter
country. Many Latin-named kinds occur in
collections of fanciers, often representing variants
and hybrids.
Heaths are grown somewhat in rock-gardens, but few
of them are hardy in the North, also under glass for the
profuse bloom. They are plants of attractive compact
.iabit and slow growth. E. carnea and E. vagans are per-
haps hardiest, standing in New York and central New
England, but E. cinerea and E. Tetralix are nearly equally
duiablc, and E. itcoparia stands in middle regions. Heaths
of many kinds are profuse bloomeis and popular in the
open in California, where they bloom in winter arid early
spring. They are particular as to soil in pot culture, pre-
ferring one of light peat and coarse sand. In the open,
they are given a light or sandy soil; they do not stand well
in limestone soils. Propagated by cuttings of young wood
under glass, given good ventilation when rooted. New
blooming wood may be produced by heading back after
floweiing.
abietina: see note under E. Patersonii.
arbdrea. THEE H. To 20 ft., the sts. with long stout
bans: Ivs. in 3's, glabrous: fls. white, % in. long, fragrant,
in large panicles in winter or spiing. Medit. region. Var.
alpina, slender erect tree to 3 ft.
atr6rubens: E. cinerea var.
australis. To 4 ft.: Ivs. in 4's, glabrous: fls. purplish-red,
% in. long, in terminal clusteis in spring. Spain, Portugal.
b£ccans. To 5 ft., erect, glabrous: Ivs. in 4's, somewhat P (
curved: fls. terminal in 4's, purple, the corolla narrowed at
throat, about % in. long. S. Afr.
Bergiana (E. cupressina. E. turrigera). To 3 ft.: Ivs. in
4's, rough, ciliate: fls. red, to % in. long, in 4's. May-June.
8. Afr.
blfinda: E. doliiformis; the material cult, under the
name E. blanda may be of hybrid oiigin.
Bowieana. To 1 ft.: Ivs. in 4's, glabrous: fls. white,
tubular, to ^ in. long, axillary. 8. Afr.
cfiffra (E. urceolans). To 12 ft.: Ivs. in 3'e, gray-pubes-
cent fls. white or yellowish-white, y± in. long, in few-fld.
clusters. 8. Afr.
cap£nsis: listed name.
capitata. To 15 in., branches more or less woolly: Ivs.
in 3's, obtuse, woolly underneath: fls. 1-3, greenish-yellow,
globular, % in. or less across. S. Afr.
cimea. To 1 ft., the branches prostrate: Ivs. in 4's,
glabrous: fls. red, to l/£ in. long, in one-sided racemes to
2 in. long in early spiing, the stamens exserted. Eu. Var.
alba, fls. white: coccinea, fls. bnght led; grdcilis, a slender
foirn; rdsea, a hort. foirn of E. ventncosa; Viv611ii, fls. light
carmine-red. — Other foims bear hort. names.
Cavendishiana. Hybiid between E. depressa and E.
Patersonii: fls. yellow, tubular.
cerinthoides. To 3 ft.: Ivs. in 4's-6"s, pubescent and
ciliate: fls. crimson or pink, tubular, to 1M in- long, in
umbels. 8. Afr.
Charlesiana, Charlesworthiana: listed as a hybrid: fls.
pale pink, tubular, % in. long.
ciliaris. FRINGED H. To 1 ft., the branches prostrate:
Ivs. in 3's, ciliate: fls. rosy-red, H in. long, in terminal
racemes to 5 in. long from July-Oct. W. Eu.
cinerea. TWISTED H. Sts. ascending to 2 ft., finely
pubescent when young: Ivs. in 3's, glabrous, glossy above:
fls. white to put pie, in umbels or terminal racemes to 3 in.
long. June-Sept. W. Eu.; nat. in Mass. Var. £lba, fls.
white; atropurpurea, fls. deep purple; atr6rubens, fls. dark
led; fulgida (var. coccinea), fls. red; rdsea, fls. rose-pink.
coccfnea. Erect to 3 ft., sts. densely pubescent: lys. in
O's, glabrous: fls. bright red, to 1 in. long, in verticillate
infl. crowded at ends of branches. S. Afr.
codonftdes: E, lusitanica,
compacta nana: listed name for a dwarf pink-fld. heath.
cone uina: E. verticillata.
cruenta. Erect, to 3 ft.: Ivs. in 3's, pubescent when
young: fls. blood-red, to 1 in. long, more or less tubular.
S. Afr.
cuprgssina: E. Bergiana.
darley6nsis (E. mediterranea hybrida). Hybrid between
E. carnea and E. mediterranea: to 2 ft.: fls. red, M in. long.
depressa. Branches decumbent, with revolute Ivs. in
3's : fls. white, small, terminal. 8. Afr.
doliif6rmis (E. blanda). To 1 ft.: Ivs. in 6's, glabrous,
ciliate: fls. rosy, tubular, ^ in. long, in umbels. 8. Afr.
elegans: E. glauca.
glanduldsa. Erect, to 2 ft. or more: Ivs. in 4's: fls. in
4's, white, corolla nearly tubular, usually pubescent or
glandular, about 1 in. long. 8. Afr.
glauca (E. elegans). Erect glabrous plant to 3 ft.: Ivs.
in 3's, glaucous: fls. dull red to vivid purple, usually green-
tipped or greenish along throat, to )^ in. long. 8. Afr.
grficilis. To 1 ft.: Ivs. in 4's, glabrous: fls. rosy, H in.
long, in whorls of 4 at ends of branchlets. Feb.-Mar. 8.
Afr. Var. autumnalis blooms in fall.
grand in* 6ra. Stout and erect, to 5 ft.: Ivs. scattered or
in 6's: fls. oiange-red to bright yellow, corolla narrowed to
base, about 1 in. long. S. Air.
hibernica: E. mediterranea var.
Hieliana: see E. hyemalis.
hirtifldra. To 2 ft.: lys. in 4's, hairy: fls. pale purple,
Yb in. long, rough-hairy, in 4's. S. Afr.
hyalina: lifted name, probably E. kyemalis.
hyemalis (E. Hielianaf). To 2 ft.: Ivs. in 4's, ciliate:
fls. pink tipped with white, to 1 in. long, borne along the
branchlets and forming a leafy raceme. Nov.-Feb. Origin
unknown.
hypnoides: probably Calluna vulgaris var. hypnoidea.
linnfleoldes. Supposed hybiid. h\s. mostly in 4's, corolla
clavate, white in upper pait, puiple at base.
lusitanica (E. codonodes). SPANISH II. To 12 ft.: Ivs.
in 3's-5's or irregular, glabrous: fls. pink or white in var.
alba, H in. long, profusely borne along branches from
Feb.-Apr. W. Eu.
Mackaii (E. Mackaiana). Hybrid between E. Tetralix
and E. cilians: fls. red, % in. long. Var. plena (var. flore-
vleno) has double fls. Var. Watsonii (E. Watsomi) has
longer fls. in shorter lacemes.
mediterranea. To 10 ft.: Ivs. in 4's-5's, glabrous: fls.
deep red, to % in. long, in bhort racemes in spring, the
stamens exaerted. W. Eu. Var. £lba haa white fls.;
hibe'rnica (var. glauca), to 3 ft., Ivs. glaucous; nana is a
low-gi owing form.
melanthera. To 2 ft.: Ivs. in 3's, glabrous: fls. rosy,
}/§ in. long, blooming profusely at ends of branches in
winter, the stamens exserted. S. Afr. — Color foims are
pur pur ea, re-sea and rubra.
minima: perhaps E. scoptina var.
multifl&ra. To 3 ft.: Ivs. in 5's or 6's, glabrous: fls.
pink, H in. long, in dense spikes, stamens exserted. S. Eu.
ovata: name for a pink enrly-flowering form.
Patersonii. The trade name probably belongs to E.
abietina, which is an erect glabrous bush to 2 ft. high,
imbricated Ivs. to % in. long, and fls. yellow with orange
limb. S. Afr.
persoluta: E. subdivaricata.
pi!6sa: E. mllosa.
pygm&a: E. sicse folia.
regerminans. To 2 ft.: lys. in C's, glabrous: fls. pink or
red, ]4 in. long, in dense spikes to 5 in. long. S. Afr. Var.
rubra is listed. — The plants usually cult, under this name
are E. hirtiflora.
scaridsa. Erect, to 1% ft.: Ivs. crowded and mostly
on short branchlets: fls. solitary, terminal, white or rosy,
corolla tubular and inflated, about ^ m. long. S. Afr.
scoparia. BESOM H. To 10 ft.: Ivs. in 3's or 4's, glabrous
and shining: fls. greenish, fa in. long, in long spikes. May-
June. 8. Eu. Var. minima (var. pumila) is a dwarf form.
gessilifl&ra. Erect, to 1^ ft., very leafy: Ivs. scattered
or in 6's: fls. in dense spike, bracts and sepals light colored
or red, corolla greenish or yellowish, trumpet-shaped,
about 1 in. long. 8. Afr.
giccefdlia (E. pygmtea). Suberect plant to 8 in. with
ascending sts.: Ivs. in 3's, glabrous and glossy: fls. dark pur-
ple, to K in. long. S. Afr.
strlcta. CORSICAN H. To 9 ft., with stiff branches: lys.
mostly in 4's, glabrous: fls. rosy-purple, % in. long, in
terminal umbels in summer. S. Eu. Var. er6cta is said
to be of more upright and fastigiate habit than type. — The
identity of the hort. E. stncta is in doubt.
subdivaricata (E. peraolitia). To 2 ft.: Ivs. in 4's, glabrous:
fls. rosy (var, rosea) or white (var. alba or albir!6ra), ^ in.
long, in racemes in spring. S. Afr.
Tetralix. To 2 ft., the branches prostrate: Ivs. in 4's,
riliate, whitish beneath: fls. rose, M in. long, in dense
terminal clusters. June-<)ct. Eu. Var. £lba has white fls.;
m61lis (var. mollis-alba) is listed as a dwarf form with white
fls. ; rubra has red fls.
Erica
285
Erigeron
translucens. Hybrid between E. tubiflora and E, ventri-
cosa: fls. rosy, % in. long, tubular.
TrShanii: catalogue name for a purple-fld. heath with
gray foliage.
tubifldra: a name variously applied to several species.
turrigera: E. Bergiana.
umbelliita. To 3 ft., sts. erect or ascending: Ivs. linear,
obtuse, imbricated, glossy: fls. flesh-colored to rose-pink,
in terminal umbels of 3-(5. W. Medit. region.
urceolaris: E. caffra.
vagans. CORNISH II. To 1 ft.: Ivs. in 4's or 5's, glabrous:
fls. purplish-pink, y$ in. long, in leafy racemes to 6 in. long,
the stamens exberted. W. Eu. Var. alba has white fls.;
aurea is listed as a yellow form: grandifl6ra has larger fls.;
rdsea has rose fls.; and riibra has deeper red fls.— There
are forms with hort. names.
Veltchii. Hybrid between E. arborea and E. lusUanica:
fls. white, borne profusely.
ventric6sa. To 6 ft.: Ivs. in 4's, ciliate: fls. white, pink
or red, to f 3 in. long, in dense umbels in spring and sum-
mer. S. Afr. Var. grand ifldra has larger fls.
verticillata (E. concmnd). To 5 ft.: Ivs. mostly in 4's-
6's, glabrous: fls. rosy, tubular, % in. long, forming dense
leafy racemes. S. Afr.
villdsa (E. pilosa). To 1H ft., sts. slender and ascend-
ing, pubescent: Ivs. in 3's, usually pubescent: fls. white,
to K m. long. S. Afi.
Vilmoreana: probably E. Wilmorei.
viridipurpurea. To 2 ft.: Ivs. in 4's, glabrous: fls. red,
•j^ in. long, in clusters. S. Afr.
vulgaris: Calluna vulyans.
Watsonii: E. Mackaii var.
Webbiana: supposed hybrid.
Wflliamsii. Hybrid between E. Tetralix and E. vagans:
fls. rose, urn-shaped.
Wflmorei (E. Wilmoreana). Said to be a hybrid: fls.
rosy tipped with white, tubular.
ERICACE-flS. HEATH FAMILY. Widely dis-
tributed hardwood shrubs and small trees with
simple Ivs., bisexual fls. mostly showy, with
4-5-parted calyx, 4-5-lobed gamopetalous corolla.
4-10 stamens, superior or inferior 2-5-cellea
ovary and 1 style, and fr. a caps., berry or drupe.
The family furnishes many ornamental subjects
and some, as the blueberry, grown for the edible
frs. Some members of the family arc the choicest
broad-leaved evergreens. They are prevailingly
plants of acid soils. Genera known to hort. are
Andromeda, Arbutus, Arctostaphylos, Arctous,
Befaria, Bruckcnthalia. Callima, Cassiope,
Chamacdaphne, Chiogenes, Cladothamnus, Da-
boecia, Elliottia, Knkianthus, Epigapa, Erica,
Gaultheria, Gaylussacia, Kalmia, Kalmiopsis,
Ledum, Leiophyllum, Leucothoe, Loiseleuria,
Lyonia, Menziesia. Oxydendrum, Pentapteryg-
ium, Pernettia, rhyllodoce, Pieris, llhodo-
dendron, Khodothamnus, Tripetaleia, Tsusio-
phyllum, Vaccinium, Zenobia.
ERICAMfiRIA. Composite. Evergreen
shrubs often with heath-like foliage and yellow
heads in terminal panicles or cymes, with or
without rays; pappus of bristles; native in
W. N. Arner. and sometimes planted.
ericoides (Aplopappus ericoides). MOCK-HEATHER.
To 2)4 ft.: Ivs. crowded, cylindrical, to M in. long: heads
to ^ in. long, with rays. Calif.
ERIGENtA. Umbelliferx. One tuberous
nearly stemless per. herb, native Ont. to Minn,
and Kans. E. bulbdsa. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING.
To 9 in.: Ivs. ternately decompound into oblong
obtuse segms.: fls. white, in small usually com-
pound umbels.
ERfGERON. FLEABANE. Composite. Annuals
and perennials of wide distribution, resembling
wild asters: Ivs. alternate or basal, entire or
toothed or occasionally dissected: heads solitary
or in clusters, rays mostly white, rose, violet or
purple, disk-fls. yellow; pappus 01 soft bristles.
Erigerons are of easy cultivation in the border or wild-
garden and for colonizing, and the low kinds in rock-
gardens. Propagated by seeds, division or cuttings, the
tufted perennial species best by division.
acris (E. umbeUatus) . Per. or bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs. spatulate
to oblong, entire: heads in racemes or panicles, M in. across,
rays purple short, a row of thread-like pistillate fls. insido
the rays. N. N. Amer.
algidus. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. mostly basal, spatulate or
oblanceolate: heads solitary, 1 in. across, rays lavender or
purple. Mts., Calif, to Colo.
Alicece. Per. to 1 ft., pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate, entire:
heads solitary, %-l in. across, rays purple or violet. Wash.
alpinus. To 1 ft.: Ivs. spatulate to linear, entire: heads
usually solitary, ££ in. across, rays purple varying to white.
N. Eu., N. Asia, Rocky Mts.
aurantiacus. DOUBLE ORANGE DAISY. To 10 in.: Ivs.
spatulate-oblong: heads 1-2, about 1 in. across, rays orange-
yellow. Turkestan.
aureus. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. mostly basal, spatulate, entire,
hairy: heads solitary, ^ in. across, ra>s yellow. B. C. to
Alta.
australe. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. mostly in basal rosette,
obovate-oblong, to 1 in. long, subcntire, obtuse or acute;
st.-lvs. few, sessile, linear: heads usually sohtaiy, lays
probably pink. Chile.
bellidifdlius: E. pulchdlus.
Blodmeri (E. filifolius var.). To 6 in., strigoso: Ivs. basa/,
linear, to 4 m. long and H in. wide, numerous: heads to
H in. across, ray-fls. absent. Ida. to Nev. west to Calif,
and Ore.
caespit6sus. Per. to 6 in., canescent: Ivs. mostly basal,
oblanceolate, to 4 in. long, obtuse: heads solitary, to 1 in.
across, ray-fls. white to lavender-blue. Colo., Utah to
Sask. and Yukon.
canus. Per. to 10 in., appresscd-canescent. Ivs. narrowly
spatulate-linear, to 4 in. long, entire, acute: heads 1-4,
to % in. across, ray-fls. purple or white. S. D. to Neb.
south to New Mex. and Colo.
caucasicus. Per. to 10 in.: IVH. spatulate or oblong: heads
1-3, 1 in. across, rays rosy-purple. Caucasus.
Chrys6psidis. Per. to 4 in., white-hairy: Ivs. mostly
basal, spatulate: heads solitary, 1 in. across, rays golden-
yellow. Ore.
cilicicus: E. umflorus.
commix tus. Similar to E. flagellaris, differing in its
more densely hoary vestuie. W. Tex. and New Mex.
comp6sttus. To 8 in.: radical Ivs. crowded, usually 2-
ternate into linear or spatulate segms.: heads solitary,
5^ m. across, rays white or puiphsh. Alaska to Calif, and
Ilocky Mts. Var. trifldus is said to have moio finely cut
foliage.
concfnnus (E. hispidisaimus) . Per. to 1 ft., white-hairy:
Ivs. oblanceolate to linear, densely hirsute: heads to 1^ in.
across, corymbose, ray-fls. pink to purplish. Colo, to 13. C.
Cdulteri. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. obovate to lanceolate, slightly
toothed: heads usually solitary, to !>£ in. across, rays white
to purplish. Rocky Mts. to Calif.
divSrgens. Ann. or bien. to 1^ ft., hairy: Ivs. obovate
to linear, the lower sometimes cut-toothed: heads solitary
or in coiymbs. % in. across, lays violet to white, filiform.
Wash, to Cahf. and Neb.
dubius: Hysterionica montevidensis.
elatior (E. grandi florus elatior). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, entire: heads 1-3, to 1>4 in. across, rays lilac
or purple. Colo, to Wyo.
filif&Lius. Per. to 2 ft., woody at base: Ivs. filiform: heads
H in. across, rays bluish, violet or white. B. C. to Ida-
and Calif.
fl&gellaris. Sts. decumbent, rooting at tips: basal Ivs.
spatulate or oblanceolate: heads solitary, on naked pedun-
cles to 4 in. high, to % in. acioss, rays white or purplish.
B. C. to S. D. and Mex.
Flettii: listed name.
folidsus. Per. to 2 ft., leafy: Ivs. linear or lanceolate:
heads in terminal corymbs, 1 in. across, rays purple. Calif.
Var. conf mis is decumbent, to 8 in. high.
glabellus. Per. to IJHi (t.: Ivs. oblanceolate to linear-
lanceolate: heads 1-3, to 2 in. across, rays violet or purple.
Wis. to Rocky Mia.
glaber: listed name.
glabratus. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. spatulate: heads usually
solitary, to % in. across, bright purple to white. Eu. Var.
rdseus is listed.
glandul&iUi. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. mostly basal, oblanceo-
Erigeron
286
Eriocephalus
late: heads solitary, 1 in. across, rays violet or purple.
Colo., Wyo. Var. major is listed.
glaucus. BEACH AHTER. SEASIDE DAISY. Per. to 10 in.:
lv«. mostly basal, spatulate or oblong, entire: heads solitary,
to \}>^ in. across, rays lilac or violet. Pacific Coast.
grand ifl&rus. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, hairy: heads
solitary, rays purple to white, % in. long, involucres white-
woolly. Canadian Rockies. Var. rdseus has rose-pink fls.
hispid issimus: E. concinnus.
Howellii. Per. to 1 >4 f 1. : Ivs. obovate or ovate, clasping
at base: heads solitary, % in. across, white or rose. Mont,
to Wash, and Ore.
hybridus: hort. name of uncertain application.
hyssopifdlius. Per. to 15 in.: Ivs. oblong to linear:
heads solitary or several, % in. across, rays white or pur-
plish. Newf. to Vt. and N. Mich.
intermedius: hort. name, probably E. speciosus.
Karvinskianus (E. mucronatus). Per. but blooming
first year from seed, to 18 in. and some or all of the branches
decumbent and more or less trailing: Ivs. to 1 in. long, more
or less toothed or lobed at apex: heads cm solitary peduncles,
to % in. across, rays many and white or pinkish. Mex.
and south. — Grown as a border or bed plant, usually under
the name Vittadmia (which see).
Leibergii. Per. to 0 in., hairy: Ivs. spatulate to oblanceo
late: heads solitary, rays violet. Wash.
leiomerus. Per. to G in.: basal Ivs. spattilate, glabrous:
heads solitary, to 1 in. across, rays violet. Mts., Alta. to
New Mex.
linearis. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear-filiform: heads solitary,
% in. across, rays purple, violet or white. B. C. to Calif.
macr&nthus. Per. to 2]^ ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate to ovate:
heads in corymbs, to 1^ m. acioss, rays veiy numerous,
lilac or blinwh-purple. Mts., Altu. to Ariz.
melanoc6phalus. Per. to 6 in., sts. with purplish-black
hairs: Ivs. elliptic to narrowly oblong, to 1J^ in. long:
heads solitary, to H in. across, ray-fls. white or pinkish.
Rocky Mts.
mesa-grande speciosus: hort. name, referable probably
to E. sptciosus.
mexicanus: a listed name.
mucronatus: E. Karvinskianus.
multiradiatus. HIMALAYAN F. From 6 in.-2 ft.: Ivs.
oblong or lanceolate, entire, heads solitary, to 3 in. across,
rays very numerous, purplish. Himalayas. Var. rdseus
is listed.
nanus (E. pohospermus) . Per. to 4 in., hairy: Ivs. linear-
oblanceolate: heads solitary, ^ in. across, rays purple,
violet or white. Mont, to Utah.
peregrmus (Aster peregrinus) . Similar to E. salsugino-
ftua, differing in the less leafy sts. and in the involucre
being sticky-pubescent and not villous. Alaska to Ore.
philad£lphicus. Per. by offsets, to 3 ft.: Ivs. spatulate
or oblong, toothed or entire: heads in corymbose clusters,
to 1 in. across, rays purplish-white. N. Amer.
pinnatise'ctus. Tufted per. to 10 in.: Ivs. 1-2-pinnatifid
into linear segms.: heads M in. across, rays bluish-purple
or violet. Mts., Wyo., Colo.
poliospe*rnius: E. nanus.
prostratus: listed name.
pulchellus (E. bellidifolius) . POOR ROBINS PLANTAIN.
Per. by offsets, to 2 ft.: basal Ivs. tufted, spatulate, entire
or toothed: heads 1-0, to 1>3 in. across, rays violet or
purplish. Me. to Flu. and La.
pumilus. Per. to 1 ft., hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate to linear:
heads several, Y^ in. across, rays white. B. C. to Kans.
radicatus. Per. to 4 in., densely tufted, hairy: Ivs.
oblanceolato to linear: heads solitary, to % in. across, rays
white. Mont, to Colo.
R6ylei: an uncertain name, possibly E. alpinus.
salsugjn6sus. Per. to IJa ft.: Ivs. spatulate to lanceo-
late, entire: heads solitary, to 1% in. across, rays purple
or violet. Alaska to Calif, and New Mex. Var. &lpus is
listed. Var. angustifolius, to 1 ft., upper Ivs. linear-
lanceolate^
simplex. Per. to 10 in., hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate or
spatulate: heads solitary, V$ in. across, rays purplish-pink
or white. Mts., Mont, to Calif.
speci6su8 (Stenactis speciosa). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceo-
late to spatulate, entire: heads in corymbs, to 1J4 in. across,
rays very numerous, dark violet. B. C. to Ore. near the
coast. Hort. vnis». are grandifldrus, major, rdseus, semi-
plenus, sempe'rvirens, supgrbus.
subtrinervis. Per. to 2 ft., st. hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate
to ovate, lower ones to 4 in. long, all hirsute and 3-veined:
fls. in corymbs, heads to 1 H in. across, rays white to violet
or rose-purple. 8. D. to Wash, south to Utah and New Mex.
Th6mpsonii. Per. to 1H ft.: Ivs. spatulate-oblanceo-
late: heads solitary, long-ped uncled, 1 in. across, rays
white. Wash.
trffidus. To 4 in.: Ivs. basal, 3-cleft, segms, entire or
2-3-lobed: heads solitary, J^ in. across, rays white or pale
lilac. Alaska to Rocky Mte.
umbellatus: E. acris.
unifl&rus (E. cilicicus). To 4 in.: Ivs. spatulate to linear,
basal tufted: heads solitary, % in. across, rays purple or
sometimes white. Arctic regions.
ursinus. Per. to 6 in., densely tufted: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late: heads solitary, 1 in. across, rays purple or violet.
Mont, to Calif.
VillaYsii. Bien. to 1 ft.: Ivs. scabrous, 3-5-nerved, almost
or quite entire, fls. rose-violet to purple, in corymbs. Eu. —
Said to be a parent of E. auranttacus.
ERINACEA. Leguminosse. Dwarf deciduous
shrub of Iberian Peninsula, hardy on Pacific
Coast and S. U. S., armed with sharp stout
spines, seemingly simple Ivs. and blue fls. Prop-
agated by seeds and greenwood cuttings under
glass. One species, E. pungens, is known. Sts.
to 1 ft., erect or ascending: Ivs. spatulate to
linear-lanceolate, white-tomentose: fls. blue to
violet, in axillary clusters of 1-3: pod to % in.
long.
ERiNUS. Scrophulariacese. A hardy tufted
per. 3-4 in. high suitable for the steeper parts
of the rock-garden and for margins; native in
the mts. of W. and Cent. Eu. Erinus should be
planted in partial shade and where there is
exceptionally good drainage. Propagated by
seed or by division. E. alpinus. Lvs. spatulate,
to l/2 in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. ]/% in. across,
purple, 5-lobed, in racemes 2j/£ in« l°ng. Vars.
tlbus, carmineus, carneus and rdseus are color
forms. Var. hirsutus (E. hirsutus) has hairy
foliage and violet-red fls.
ERIOB6TRYA. Rosacex. Several Asian
evergreen trees and shrubs with alternate sim-
ple sessile Ivs., white fls. in terminal panicles,
and fr. a small pome; one is grown far S. for
ornament and the edible fr. and is sometimes
seen under glass. For cult, see Loqiuit.
jap6nica (Photinia japonica). LOQUAT. To 20 ft.: Ivs.
.
thick and stiff, obovate, to 1 ft. long, shining above, rusty-
tomentose beneath: fls. fragrant, p£ in. across, in woolly
panicles to 6 in. long: fr. pear-shaped, yellow, to 1>£ in.
. . , , .
long. China. — Sometimes called "Japan-plum." In var.
vanegata the Ivs. are variegated with white.
ERIOCAULACE^. PIPEWOKT FAMILY. Nine
genera of mostly trop. aquatic or bog or wet-
ground herbs, with tufted rush-like Ivs. and
small fls. in compact involucrate little heads;
perianth of 2 series: fr. a 2-3-celled caps. In-
dividual fls. are not distinguishable in the head
without dissection. The genus Eriocaulon is
rarely planted.
ERIOCAtTLON. PIPEWORT. Eriocaulacey.
Per. herbs with grass-like basal Ivs. and solitary
woolly heads of small monoecious fls. borne on
slender scapes; stamens twice as many as inner
perianth-segms. One native species is advertised
for the bog-garden.
decangulare. Lvs. to 1H ft. long and H in. across,
longer than sheaths: heads about H in. across, white.
Swamps, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
ERIOCfiPHALUS. Composite. S. African
branching aromatic shrubs, mostly silvery,
one of which is intro. in Calif.: Ivs. alternate
or opposite or clustered, small and usually
linear, simple or 3-parted: heads hairy-white
and becoming woolly, with pistillate ray-fls.
Eriocephalus
287
Eriophorum
E. africanus has linear or 3-lobed thick silky
Ivs. to 1 in. long and heads umbelled at ends
of branches.
ERIOCEREUS: most of the plants ascribed to this
genus are treated here under Hamsva; for E. tephracanthus
see Trichocereus tephr acanthus: E. Palmeri is a listed name.
ERIODENDRON ANFRACTUOSUM: Ceiba pentandra.
ERIODfCTYON. Hydrophyllaceae. Aromatic
shrubs of W. N. Amer. with alternate leathery
toothed Ivs. and fls. in terminal panicles; allied
to Nama, differing in caps. 4-valyed, not 2-valved;
may be planted in its native region.
calif drnicum. YERBA SANTA. To 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong or
oblanceolate, to 4 in. long, white-tomentose between
veins beneath, sticky-resinous above: fls. white or pale
blue, ^ in. long. Calif., Ore.
crassif61ium. To 6 ft. or more: Ivs. oblong to ovate,
to 4 in. long, leathery, densely tomentose, margin wavy:
fls. lavender, in cymes to 3 in. across. S. Calif.
Pfirryi (Nama Parryi). Subshrub to 8 ft., ata. coarse,
erect, woody at base only, sticky-hairy: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 6 in. long, nearly entire to dentate, crowded: fls. pur-
plish, crowded in numerous cymes forming a long narrow
panicle. Mts. in S. Calif. — Plant ill-scented.
ERI<5GONUM. Polygonacese. Herbs or sub-
shrubs native in W. N. Amer. in many species
of varied habit, with basal, alternate or whorled
Ivs. and fls. borne in involucres in heads or
umbels or sometimes solitary along the branches:
sometimes transplanted from the wild, ana
requiring sunny positions and well-drained soil.
ajinuum. Ann. to 3 ft., white-woolly: Ivs. oblong, to
2 in. long: fls. white, in flat-topped cymes. S. D. to Tex.
arborescens. Shrub: Ivs. linear or oblong, to 1M in.
long, white-tomentose beneath, revolute: fls. rose, white-
hairy at base, in heads in compound cymes. Santa
Barbara Isls.
compositum. Per. to 16 in., sts. scape-like: Ivs. oblong-
ovate, to 2 in. long, white-tomentose at least beneath: fls.
cieam or yellow, in heads borne in umbels. Wash, to Calif.
crassifdlium: E. flavum.
depressum (E. ovalifolium var. depressum). Differs
from E. ovalifolium in fls. cream-colored or grayish-white.
Mont., Ore.
Douglasii. Dwarf matted white-woolly per. to 10 in.,
sts. scape-hke with whorl of Ivs. in middle Ivs. spa tula to
to linear-lanceolate, white-tomentose beneath: fls. yellow,
in solitary heads. Wash, to Calif.
e la turn. Dwarf hairy per. to 10 in., sts. woody at base:
Ivs. large, to 2 in. long or more, usually ovate or oblanceo-
late, white- woolly or entirely glabrous: fls. greenish- white
to rose. Calif.
fasciculatum. WILD BUCKWHEAT. To 3 ft., woody at
base: Ivs. clustered, oblong or linear, to % in. long, densely
white- woolly beneath: fls. white, in heads in simple or
compound umbels. Calif., Nev. Var. polifdlium (E. poh-
folium). Per. to 2 ft., sts. white-hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate,
margins somewhat revolute: fls. white or pinkish, pubes-
cent at base. S. Calif, to Utah and Nev.
fl&vum (E. crassifolium) . Per. to 8 in., white-tomentose,
sts. scape-like: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. yellow,
in umbels. Man. to Colo. Var. Piperi (E. Piperi). To 1 ft.,
sts. slender depressed forming mats bearing rosettes of
Ivs.: Ivs. lanceolate to spatufate, to 4 in. long, white-
tomentose below and pale green above: fls. yellow, often
tipped red, pubescent. Mts. of E. Wash.
giganteum. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2% in. long,
white- woolly: fls. white- woolly, in heads in dense com-
pound cymes. Santa Barbara Isls.
gr&nde. Subshrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 3H in. long, oblong-
ovate, margins undulate, green above, white-woolly be-
neath: fls. white. S. Calif. Var. rubescens (E. rubescens),
of low decumbent habit and red fls. Intermediate forms
are not uncommon.
heracleoides. Per. to 3 ft., st. much branched with
somewhat suberect branches: Ivs. linear to narrowly orbicu-
lar, pale green, hairy: fls. pale straw or tipped with rose,
in simple or compound umbels. Wyo., Ida., Utah and Ore.
Var. rdseum, fls. rose-pink.
latif dlium. Per. to 2 ft. : Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 2ft in.
long, densely white- woolly at least beneath: fls. white or
pink, in dense heads to % in. across. Calif.
L6bbii. Per. to 7 in., ete. with dense tuft of Ivs. and
peduncles scape-like: Ivs. oval, to 1# in. long, white-
woolly: fls. white, in umbels. Calif.
marifdlium. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. oval or ovate, H in. long,
white- woolly at least beneath: fls. yellowish, in umbels.
Calif.
multiceps. Per. to 6 in., with scape-like sts. : Ivs. linear-
oblanceolate, to 3 in. long, white-tomentose: fla. white or
rose, in heads or rarely umbels. N. D. to Ida.
nfveum. Per. to 16 in., white-tomentose: ivs. ovate or
oblong, 1 in. long: fls. white or rose, in umbels. B. C. to Ida.
nudum. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. all basal, ovate or oblong, to
2 in. long, white-tomentose beneath: fls. white, sometimes
yellow or pink, in branched panicles. Ore., Calif.
ochrocephalum. Per. to 6 in., sts. scape-like: Ivs.
oblanceolate or ovate, to 1^ in. long, silvery-tomontose.
fls. yellow, in heads. Ore., Culif., Nev.
ovalif dlium. Per. to 3 in., fanning dense mat with
scape-like sts.: Ivs. ovate, to H' in. long, white-tomentose:
fls. bright yellow turning purplish, in dense heads. B. C.
to Cahl.
parvif dlium. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to
% in. long, densely white-woolly beneath: fls. white or
pink, in heads or umbels. Calif.
Piperi: E. flavum var.
polifdlium: E. fasciculatum var.
polyph^ilum. Per. to 6 in., sts. scape-like: Ivs. basal,
spatulate, to 1 in. long, white-tomentose beneath: fls. deep
yellow, in umbels. Alta. to Ore.
pyrolaefdlium. Tufted per. with scape-like sts. to 3^ in.:
Ivs. oval, to 1 in. long, leathery: fls. white or pinkisn, in
small umbels. Wash, to Calif. Var. coryphaeurn is more
tomentose with narrower Ivs.
racemdsum. Per. to 2H ft., st. sparingly brancheo,
white-tomentose: Ivs. to 2% m. long, orbiculate to elliptical,
sessile or nearly so, white-tomentobe beneath: fls. white or
pink. Colo., Utah, Nev., N. Mex.
rubescens: E. grande vai .
8phaeroc6phalum. To 8 in., branches decumbent: Iva.
verticillate, narrowly oblanceolate, to 1>£ in. long, white-
hairy beneath, margins revolute: fls. yellow, lobes oblanceo-
late. Wash., Ida., N. Calif.
stellatum: E. umbellatum var.
subalplnum. SULPHUR PLANT. Per. to 1 ft. : Ivs. orbicu-
lar or spatulate, to 2% in. long, pctioled, white-tomentose
beneath: fls. pale straw-colored to yellow sometimes becom-
ing rose-colored with age. Mts. of Colo., Mont. — Closely
related to E. umbellatum and by some not considered
distinct from it.
sulphureum. Considered a subspecies of E. latifolium
differing in ite yellow fls. N. Calif.
thymoides. Much branched shrub to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear
to spatulate, to H in. long, white-woolly, maigins revolute:
fls. pink to purplish, lobes broad aud rounded. E. Ore.
and Wash.
tomentdsum. Per. to 3^ ft., st. not much branched:
Ivs. elliptical, sessile, glabrous above: fls. white or reddish.
S. C. to Fla.
Torreyanum: E. umbellatum var.
umbellatum. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. basal, obovate or oval,
to 2H »i. long, white- tomentose beneath: fla. deep yellow,
in umbels. Wash, to Wyo. and Calif. Var. stellatum (E.
stellatum) has compound umbels. Var. Torreyanum (E.
Torreyanum) has Ivs. spatulate and glabrous.
vimmeum. Ann. to 2 ft. or less, sts. much branched:
Ivs. to % in. long, orbicular, white- toment owe beneath:
fls. white or pink, in glabrous infl. N. W. U. S.
vineum. Low per., sts. somewhat decumbent: Ivs.
orbicular, to ft in. long, white-tomentose beneath: fla.
white to rose, in rather dense heads. Ore., Calif, and Nev.
— Similar to E. ovalifolium and by some authors con-
sidered a variation of it.
ERIOGYNIA: Petrophytum Hendcrsonii.
ERI<5PHORUM. COTTON-GRASS. Cyperacex.
Per. sedges native in bogs in the northern hemis-
phere, with linear Ivs. and fls. with perianth of
soft white or brown bristles giving a cottony
appearance; sometimes planted along the edges
of ponds or in bog-gardening for the cotton-like
heads on stiffish sts.
angugtif dlium. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to H in. wide, flat except
the tip: spikelets 2-12, in terminal umbels, the white
bristles 1 in. long. Eu., Asia, N. N. Amer.
callfthrix. To 1H ft., tufted, the sheaths inflated: Ivs.
filiform: spikelets solitary, bustles white or red-brown.
N. Amer., Asia.
Chamissdnis. Sts. to 2ft ft., solitary or tufted, terete or
triangular, erect, stolon if erous: Ivs. usually shorter than
sts., triangular-channelled, those of sterile shoots rarely to
4 ft. long: spikelets solitary. N. N. Amer., Eu. and Asia.
Eriophorum
288
Erodium
latifolium. To 1 ft.: Ivs. about 1A in. wide, flat: spikeleta
several, in terminal umbels, the white bristles 1 in. long.
Eu.
varinatum. To 1M ft, tufted: IVB. mostly reduced to
sheaths: spikeieta solitary, the numerous white bristles
1 in. long. Eu., N. Asia.
virgmicum. To 4 ft.: Ivs. flat, narrow-linear, rough-
margined, those of involucre to 6 in. long: spikelets several
or many, bristles brownish. Newf. to Fla. and Neb.
viridicarinatum. Differs from E. anouatifolium in thinner
Ivs. and more numerous spikelets with white or yellowish-
white bristles. N. N. Amer.
ERIOPHfLLUM. Composite. Ann. or per.
herbs or subshrubs native in W. N. Amer., with
alternate white-tomentose Ivs. which are entire
or divided, and heads of yellow ray- and disk-
fls.; pappus of scales or lacking; sometimes
placed in gardens in dry regions.
ceespitdsum (Bahia lanata). Per. to 1>^ ft: Ivs. deeply
3-5-lobed, to % in. long, green above: heads usually solitary,
to 1*4 in. across. Calif.
confertifldrum. GOLDEN YARROW. Per. to 2 ft: Ivs.
divided into linear segms., to 1 in. long, tomentose on both
sides: heads in teiminal clusters, ^ in. across. 8. Calif.
lanatum. Per. to 1H ft, white- woolly : Ivs. deeply
divided into 3-7 oblong or linear segms.: heads mostly
solitary, rays deep yellow, H in. long. B. C. to Ida. and
Calif.
leucophyllum. Per. to 12 in., branching from base,
woolly- tomentose: Ivs. oblanceolate, 3-cIeft or lobed, oc-
casionally pinnate-incised or entire: heads solitary, long-
peduncled. Calif, to Alaska.
multiflorum. To 16 in., loosely woolly: Ivs. oblong-
spatulate, pinnatifid, segms. acute: heads about 1^ in.
across. Ore.-Mont.
pedunculatum. Per. to 1H ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
to 2 in. long, entire, tomentose on both sides. Ida.
8t£echadif61ium. Subshrub to 3 ft.: IVB. linear, to 1% in.
long, entire or rarely few-toothed, green above: heads in
dense corymbs. Calif. Var. artemisiaefdlium. Lvs. pin-
nately cut into entire or pinnate lobes.
Wallace!. Ann. to 4 in., densely woolly: Ivs. spatulate
or obovate, to M in. long, usually entire: heads solitary,
H in. across. Calif., Utah, Am.
ERI(5PSIS. Orchidacese. S. American epiphytes
with strong pseudobulbs bearing 2-4 plicate
lanceolate Ivs. and yellow or brownish fls. in
lateral racemes, the sepals and petals similar,
the lip 3-lobed. For cult, sec Orchids.
rutidobulbon. Pseudobulbs 2-3 in. long, 2-3-lvd. near
the apex* fls. about l^J-2 in. across; sepals orange-yellow
with red-purple margins, lip \vith white violet-spotted
mid-lobe. Feb.-Aug., Oct. Colombia.
ERIOS'J'CE. Cactacex. Short-columnar or
globular cacti from Chile and Argentina char-
acterized by campatiulato fls. whose ovary
and perianth-tube is covered with acute scales
and wool; fr. dry and spiny.
cerattstes (E. Sandillon. Echinocadua ceratistes and
Sandillon). To 3 ft. high and 1 ft or more thick, very
woolly at top; ribs 21-35, areoles large and 1 in. apart;
spines 11-20 and to 1>£ in. long: fls. at top of plant, yellow-
ish-red, to 1H in. long. Chile.
korethroides (Echinocactus and Echinopsis korethroides) .
Simple, globose or short-cylmdnr, to 1 ft. thick; ribs 16-20
or more; radial spines 12-20 and 1 in. long; centrals 4 and
yellowish-brown: fls. red, to 3 in. long. Argentina.
Sandfllon: E. ceratistes.
ERIOSTfeMON. Rutacex. Evergreen shrubs,
chiefly Australian: Ivs. simple and entire, alter-
nate, often bearing large glands: infl. axillary
or terminal, the fls. white, pink, blue: fr. of 5
(or fewer) mostly distinct elastic carpels. Two
species are listed in Calif.
myoporoldes. Glabrous stout shrub, with glandular
tubercles often very marked: Ivs. narrow-obovate to nar-
row-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, mucronate: fls. white or pink,
the petals about J-jf in. long. Queensland to Victoria.
spicatus. Heath-like shrub to 2 ft., glabrous or nearly
so: Ivs. almost needle-like, H in. or less long: fls. blue or
Dink; petals about % in. long. W. Australia.
ERITRlCHIUM. Boraginacex. Small depressed
mostly hispid per. herbs with alternate simple
Ivs. and small blue fls. borne in racemes or
cymes; sometimes planted in rock-gardens.
argenteum: E. elongatum var.
barbfgerum: Cryptantha barbigera.
elongatum. Similar to E. nanum from which it differs
in its woolly pubescence and slightly smaller corolla. Ida.,
Ore. south to New Mex. and Utah. Var. argSnteum (E.
argenteum) differs in its nutlet margins toothed. Colo.
Howardii. To 5 in. high: Ivs. linear-oblanceolate, brown-
ish-strigose: fls. dark blue, to 2-8 in. across. Mont., Wyo.
and Wash.
nanum. Densely white-woolly tufted plant, fl.-sts. to
3 in. high: Ivs. elliptic to oblanceolate or linear, to 2s in.
long: fls, small but sky-blue and brilliant, with yellow eye,
to & in. across. Alps.
strfctum. Per. to 10 in., appressed-silky Ivs. linear, to
1H in. long, sessile: fls. blue, to % in. across, in branched
racemes to 3 in. long. W. Himalayas.
ERLANGEA. Composite. African herbs or
shrubs allied to Vernonia and differing chiefly in
technical characters of the achene and pappus;
E. tomentosa is sometimes seen in the greenhouse.
cordifdlia (Guteriberyia cordifolia). Erect pubescent
herb: Ivs. ovate, nearly sessile to clasping and somewhat
cordate, seirulate, to 3 in. long: heads purple or lavender,
about H in. diam. Trop. Afr. — Repoited in Calif.
tomentdsa (Bothnochn^ Schimpcri var. tomentoaa).
Shrub to 5 ft. : Ivs. oblong to ovate-lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
toothed, white-tomentoso beneath, scented, heads to % in.
across, in flat-topped panicles, of mauvo or lilac disk-fls.
Trop. Afr.
ERODIUM. HERONSBILL. Geraniacex. Herbs
with lobed or pinnately dissected Ivs., fls. in
axillary umbels having 5 fertile stamens, 5-celled
ovary and styles coiled at maturity; grown in
the border or rock-garden and some sorts for
forage. Some species have become weedy.
Erodiums thrive in dry sunny positions in loamy soil.
Propagated by seeds and division. E. cicutanum, E. mos-
chatum and E. Boh ys are forage plants in California.
absinthioldes (E. olympicum). Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. bi-
pinnate: fls. violet, rarely rose or white, % in. across. Asia
Minor. Var. amanum (E. amanum) has gray-pubescent
foliage and white fls. Var. Sibthorpianum is smaller arith
short Ivs.
amanum: E. absinthioides var,
Billardidri: listed name.
B6trys. Ann., prostrate or sometimes erect, white-
pubescent: basal Ivs. lobed, st.-lvs. pinnatifid: fls. violet.
Medit. region; nat. m W. U. S.
chameedryoides. Per. to 3 in.: Iva. round-ovate, wavy-
maigmed, ^3 in. long on long petioles: fls. white veined with
rose. Balearic Ibis., Corsica. Var. rdseum has pink fls.
with veins of deep rose. — A compact desirable rock-garden
plant propagated by cuttings or division; partial shade.
cheilanthifdlium. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. all basal, bipinnate,
gray- tomentose: fls. white veined with rose, to % in. across.
Mts. of S. Spain and Morocco.
chrys&nthunii Tufted per. to 5 in., silvery: Ivs. bipinnate,
the st.-lvs. few: fls. yellow, ^ in. across, in umbels of 2-3
fls. Greece.
cic&nium. Ann. to 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. bipinnate: fls. pur-
plish-blue, large. S. Eu.
cicutarium. ALFILARIA. RED-STEM FILAREE. Ann. to
1^£ ft.: basal Ivs. in rosettes, the Ifts. pinnatifid: fls. purple
or pink, about % in. across. Medit. region; riat. in U. S.
c6rsicum. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. ovate, undivided or only
slightly lobed: fls. pink veined with rose, % in. across.
Corsica, Sardinia.
daucoldes. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. all basal, pinnate: fls.
rose, H in. across. Spain.
geif61ium. Per. to 10 in. : Ivs. simple, ovate-orbicular, to
8 in. long, remotely 3-lobed, obtusely dentate, sparsely
short-pubescent: fls. white with purple- red stamens, to
:H> in. across petals unequal, umbel of 6-8 fls.: fruiting
beaks to 2% in. long. Algiers.
gruinum. Ann. or bien. to 1H ft.: Ivs. somewhat lobed,
margins crenate-dentate : fls. violet-blue, about ^ in.
across: fr. to 3|^ in. long at maturity. Sicily, N. Air. to
Persia.
Guicciirdii. Tufted per. to 8 in., silvery: Ivs. pinnate,
to 2 in. long, white-pubescent, upper ones sessile: fls. roae-
pink, to H in. across, in umbels of 5-7 fls. N. Greece.
Erodium
289
Erysimum
gutt&tum. Shrubby per. to 6 in. : Ivs. simple, oval, blade
to ft in. long on long petiole, faintly lobed, silky: fla. pink,
in umbels of 2-3 each. S. W. Medit. region.
hybridum. Hort. hybrid of E. Manescavii and E.
daucoides: similar to E. Manescavii, but differs in more
finely dissected foliage and smaller paler fls.
Kolbianum. Hybrid between E. supracanum and E.
macradenum: fls. pale rose with darker veins.
macradenum. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. all basal, pinnate: fls.
light purple with dark spots, about ^ in. across. Pyrenees.
Var. rdseum is listed with rose-pink fls.
Manescavii. Per. to 1H ft.: Ivs. all basal, pinnate: fls.
rosy-purple, to 1^ in. across. Pyrenees.
moschatum. WHITE-STEM FILAREE. MUSK-CLOVER.
Ann. or bien. to l^a ft.: Ivs. pinnate: fls. rose-purple. Eu.;
nat. in U. S.
olympicum: E. absinthioides.
pelargonifl6rum. Shrubby per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. simple,
ovate-cordate, remotely lobed, pubescent above, obtusely
dentate: fls. white, the 2 upper petals pink spotted at base.
Asia Minor.
petr&um. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. all basal, bipinnate, long-
petioled: fls. veined with red. Pyrenees.
romanum. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. all basal, pinnate: fls.
purplish, j^ in. across. Medit. region.
rdseum: hurt, name, possibly E. chamsedryoides var.
supracanum. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. all basal, bipinnate,
silvery: fls. pink veined with rose, ^ in. across. Pyrenees.
tezanum. Tufted ann. to 1 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate,
palmately lobed or divided, long-petioled: fls. purple.
Tex. to Calif.
tordylioldes. Ann. or bien., 4-20 in. high, sts. solitary
or few, ascending: basal Ivs. pinnate, oblong to ovate-oblong,
lanate; Ifts. very broadly ovate, terminal ones becoming
confluent: fls. probably rose-purple: fr. with beak about
1H in. long. 1ST. Afr.
trichomanifdlium. Per. to 5 in.: Ivs. all basal, bipinnate:
fls. violet veined with rose, ^ in. across. Syria.
Wilkommianuxn. Hybrid between E. cheilanthifolium
and E. macradenum.
EROPHILA: see Draba verna.
ERPETION RENIFORME: Viola hederacea.
ERUCA. Crudferse. Ann. and bien. erect
more or less Brassica-like herbs of few species
in Eu. and W. Asia, one sometimes grown as a
salad plant: Ivs. large-toothed or pinnatifid:
fls. whitish, yellow, purplish, in long terminal
racemes: fr. an oblong to long-linear pod or
silique.
satlva. ROCKET-SALAD. ROQUETTE. Half-hardy ann.,
branching, to 2^£ ft., with scattered hairs: fls. to 1 in. long,
whitish or cream-yellow with purplish veins: pods 1 in. or
more long, flat^beaked, erect and appressed. S. Eu. — Grown
in the vegetable-garden for salad. The foliage is strong-
tasting, and therefore it should be kept tender by con-
tinuous growth and frequent cutting; best results are ob-
tained from Ivs. in fit condition in spring and autumn, as in
summer the plant runs quickly to seed. Seed is sown in
open ground as soon as weather is settled, and Ivs. fit for
use should be had in two months or less.
ERVATAMIA. Apocynacese. Shrubs or small
trees, one of which is much planted far S. for
ornament, differing from Tabernaemontana in
technical characters, native in Old World tropics.
coronaria ( Tabernsemontana coronaria). CRAPE- JAS-
MINE. CLAVEL DE LA INDIA. Large much branched glabrous
shrub: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, abruptly acuminate,
entire, to 8 in. long: fls. waxv-white, very fragrant, to 2 in.
across. Var. fldre-pleno, with double fls., is the usual form.
India; widely spread in trop. and warm countries.
ERVIL: Vicia Eroilia.
ERXLEBENIA: Pyrola minor.
ERtNGIUM. ERYNGO. Umbelliferx. Mostly
per. herbs with spiny-toothed Ivs. which are
simple and variously lobed or divided, small
white or blue fls. in dense bracted heads or
spikes, and ovoid frs. without ribs.
Planted in borders and rock-gardens. They thrive in
sunny positions in light rich soil. Propagated by seed sown
as soon as ripe, and by division.
agavifolium. To 6 ft.: Ivs. sword-shaped, coarsely spiny-
toothed: heads 2 in. long, subtended by long ovate bracta.
Argentina.
alplnum. To 2 ft.: lower Ivs. triangular-cordate, the
upper round and often 3-lobed or palmately cut, tinged
with blue: fls. blue or white, the heads \]^ in. long, sub-
tended by long finely divided bracts. Eu. Var. atroviola-
ceum is listed.
amethjrstinum. To 1H ft.: Ivs. obovate, 2-pinnate: fls.
blue, the heads % in. long, subtended by long lanceolate
bracts. Eu. — The plant grown under this name may be
E. planum.
aquaticum (E. yuccsefolium) . BUTTON SNAKEROOT,
RATTLESNAKE MASTER. To 6 ft.: Ivs. long-linear, rigid,
parallel- veined, the margins bristly: fls. white or pale blue,
the heads about % in. long, subtended by short bracts.
Bourgatii. To l^ ft.: Ivs. nearly orbicular, palmately
3-5-parted and lobed, stifT, spiny-toothed, fls. blue, the
heads )a in. long, subtended by long spiny-tipped bracts.
Medit. region.
cseruleum. To 3 ft. : Ivs. ovate or oblong, heai t-shaped
at base, undivided or 3-lobed or -parted: fls. blue, the heads
less than H in. long, subtended by very long stiff bracts.
Orient.
coelestinum: an unidentified trade name; possibly
referable to E. amethystinum.
giganteum. To 6* ft.: Ivs. ovate or triangular, heart-
shaped at base, the st.-lvs. 3-lobed: fls. blue or pale green,
the heads to 4 in. long, subtended by long, rigid, much-cut
bracts. Caucasus.
Heldreichji. To 1>^ ft.: basal Ivs. twice ternate, to 12 in.
long, segms. prickly, overlapping, pule below and bluish-
green above: fls. in subglobose heads about H m. long.
Syria.
LeaVenworthii. To 3 ft.- Ivs. oblanceolate or palmately
parted, very spiny: fls. blue or white, the heads to 2 in.
long, subtended by long spiny bi acts. Kans. to Tex.
marftimum. SEA-HOLLY. To 1 ft., glaucous-blue: Ivs.
fleshy and stiff, bioadly ovate, 3-lobed, with course spiny
teeth: fls. pale blue, the heads to 1 in. long, subtended by
bracts similar to Ivs. but much smaller. Eu.
Oliverianum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. broadly ovate, heart-shaped
at base, the upper st.-lvs. palmately 4-5-parted: fls. blue,
the heads Ij^J in. long, subtended by stiff linear bracts.
Hybrid of uncertain parentage.
planum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong, heart-shaped,
the st.-lvs. 3-5-lobed or -parted: fls. blue, the heads % in.
long, subtended by narrow rigid bracts. Eu., Asia. Color
forms listed are azureum and rdseum.
prostratum. Prostrate, rooting at nodes, much branched:
Ivs. oval or oblong, entire or few-toothed or st.-lvs. some-
times 3-paitcd: heads ££ in. long, dense, subtended by
nanow reflexed bracts. Ky. to Fla. and Tex.
Se"rra. To 4 ft. or more: Ivs. sword-shaped, spiny-
toothed: fls. whitish, the globose heads H in. across, sub-
tended by lanceolate bracts. Biazil.
Spinalba. To 16 in., whitish-green: Ivs. leathery and
stiff, broadly ovate, 4~5-parted, with coarse spiny teeth:
fls. blue, the heads 2 in. long, subtended by stiff spiny-
pointed pinnatifid bracts. Alps of Eu.
Virginia num. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-oblong, upper
spiny-toothed or rarely laciniate: heads ^j in. long, sub-
tended by long reflexed bracts. N. J. to Ma. and Tex.
yuccaefdlium: E. aquaticum.
Zabelii. Hybrid between E. alpinum and E. Bourgatii:
to \y^ ft.: heads about 1 in. long.
ERYSIMUM. BLISTEK-CUESS. Cruciferx.
Ann., bien. and per. herbs of many species
mostly in temp, regions as the genus is tra-
ditionally defined, some of them flower-garden
subjects related to wallflowers and stocks,
mostly with yellow but sometimes lilac or blue
fls. The group is closely related to Cheiranthus,
differing only in technical characters.
The plants in cultivation are hardy and of simple re-
quirements; perennials raised from seeds Bown the year
before bloom is wanted; annuals, seeds usually sown where
plants are to stand, for summer bloom. They should have
sunny exposure.
Allionii: see E. aaperum.
arkansanum: E. aaperum, E. murole.
fisperum (E. arkansanum. Cheirinia aapera). Per.,
1-3 ft., erect, pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate or narrower, entire
or lower ones remotely dentate, to 4 in. long: fls. orange to
yellow: mature pods slender and spreading, 2-4 in. long.
Widespread in N. Amer. Var. per&nne is shorter with more
slender ste. and lemon-yellow fls. Mts., Calif. — The cult.
Erysimum
290
Erythrina
plant known as Cheiranthus Allionh apparently belongs
nere. Often erroneously giown as E, Perofxkianum. See
E. murale.
aurantlacum. Sts. UHiially Himple: Ivs. linear-lanceolate:
fla. with white claw and orange-yellow limb. S. E. Eu.
aureum nanum: see E. murale.
canescens. Bien., g r a y-canescent, t o 3 ft., much
branched. Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire: fls. yellow. E. Eu.,
Caucasus.
capita turn. COAHT WALLFLOWER. Bien. to 1 '^ ft., erect
and leafy, simple or branching, lightly pubescent. Ivs. linear
to narrow-oblong, entire or dentate, to 3 in. long: fls. cream-
color, yellowish, or white. Calif, to Wash.
cuspidatum. Bien., rigid, simple or somewhat branched
above, somewhat hairy: Ivs. oblong, lower ones lyrate: fls.
yellow. S. E. Eu., 8. W. Asia.
e la turn (Cheirinia elata). Bien. to 3 ft.- Ivs. linear, deeply
wavy-toothed to nearly pmnatifid: fls. bright yellow.
S. D. to Wash, and Calif.
helveticum: E. ochroleucum.
hieracifdlium (E. Wahlenberoii). Bien. to 3^ ft.: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, entire or toothed: fls. bright to pale
yellow, to y% in. across, pedicels shorter than calyx. Eu.
insulare. Per., sts. much branched from base: Ivs.
linear, to 2^ in. long. fls. yellow. Isls. off Calif.
Kotschyanum. Per., cespitose, pale green, st. simj>le, to
5 in. or lews. Ivs. crowded, narrow-linear to awl-like, den-
ticulate: fls. yellow-orange High rnts., Asia Minor.
linifdlium (Cheirantkus lirnfohus). Per. making low
clump 1 ft. or less high, grayish, much blanched, shoots
decumbent: Ivs. lineai, entue or toothed, fls. lilac or mauve.
Spam. Var. blcolor IH listed as having both pink and white
fls. on the same plant.
murale. Bien., perhaps per., but may be grown as ann.,
dwarf and compact, 20 in. or less high, very leafy, the Ivs.
veiy little if at all toothed: fls. golden-yellow, in compact
racemes that lengthen in fr. : pods erect, short and thick,
IH >'»• or lews long. Eu. — An old garden plant of indefinite
botanical history; sometimes grown as E. nanum, E.
arkansanum nanum comjxictuin and E. Perofskianum.
See E. pulchellum.
nanum: see E. murale.
nivale (Cheirinia nivahs). Tufted per. to 10 in.: Ivs.
dense, narrowly oblanceolate to linear, to 2 in. long: fls.
blight yellow, to 1 in. across: pods to 2 in. long. Mts., Colo.
ochroleucum (E. heheticum). Per. to 1 ft., with yellowish
creeping st».: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, toothed, pubescent:
fis. pale yellow, fragrant. Eu.
pachyc&rpum. Per. to 2 ft., stout, with appressed hairs,
branched, sts. angled: Ivs. lanceolate, sinuate-dentate,
stalked: fls. orange-yellow. Himalayas.
Perofskianum. Ann. to 2 ft., erect, simple or little
blanching, giayish-pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate or narrower,
entire 01 lernotely toothed, to 3 in. long: fls. yellow or
orange, .showy. Beluehistan, Afghanistan. — A good flower-
gatden subject, but the per. plants sold under this name are
likely to be E. asperum or E. murale.
podocarpum: hort. name, possibly for a low foim of
E. asperum.
pulchellum. Per., cespitose or many-headed, green,
from a few inches to 2 ft. high, sts. simple: Ivs. oblong-
spatulate, toothed or lyrate, upper ones nairow and deeply
toothed, fls. deep oiange. pod eiect-spieadmg, slender.
Creeee, Asia Minor. — The plant grown under this name
may be E. murale.
pumilum. Per., 6 in., sts. simple and angled: Ivs. mostly
radical, lance-linear, entue, those on st. 3-5: fls. sulfur-
yellow, slightly fiagiant. Mts., Eu.
purpureum. Per. with piocurnbent woody sts., flower-
ing sts. to (i in.: Ivs. narrow-linear, the lower pinnate, upper
toothed or entue: fls. puiple. Asia Minor.
repandum. Ann., somewhat appressed-hairy, to 1 ft.
or moie: Ivs. lanceolate, entire or remotely toothed, to
2>i in., fls. small, yellow. S. E. Eu. to India.
rupSstre. Per., low, woody at base: Ivs. spatulate or
oblong, somewhat toothed, somewhat pubescent: fls. few,
yellowt Cieece. Var. aurantiacum is listed.
suffrutescens. BEACH WALLFLOWER. To 2 ft., woody,
much blanched: fls. pale yellow or cream-colored. Cahi.,
along coast.
toruidsum, Bien. to IH ft., st. usually unbranched:
Ivs. mostly basal, spatulate, to 3^j in. long, coarsely dentate
to nearly entire: fls. yellow, to ?« in. across, in terminal
raceme, pods to 3 fa in. long. N. W. Amer.
Wahlenbergii: E. hieracvfolium.
ERYTHfeA. Palmacex. Six species, as now
recognized, of Mexican hermaphrodite fan-palms
of mostly low or medium stature, unarmed
except on petioles of some species, most of which
are planted in S. Calif.: allied to Brahea (from
which it was separated) but distinguished by
technical characters of fls. and seeds, by the
primary branches of the spadix attended by
spathes, larger fls. and mostly much larger fr.,
and in most cases filaments in If.-sinuses very
few or none. For cult, see Palm.
armata (Brahea and Glaitcothea armaia. B. glauca).
MEXICAN BLUE PALM. Stout robust palm to 40 ft. or more,
the trunk naturally covered by a dense "petticoat" or
shag as in Washingtoma: Ivs. waxy-blue, in a heavy crown,
deeply cut into about 50 segms. | petiole bearing strong
curved white teeth or spines: spadix very long and extend-
ing much beyond Ivs., bending over. fr. globose, about
% in. long, fleshy. Lower Calif.
Brandegeei. Tall, reaching 125 ft., and in nature gen-
erally shedding the old foliage: Ivs. about 3 ft. long, dark
green above and pale-glaucous underneath, cut to middle
or somewhat beyond into segms. about 1 in. or less broad
and cleft 1-4 in. deep at apex, the ends eventually hang-
ing; petiole glabrous, 3-5 ft. long, with many marginal
irregular spine-like teeth mostly less than % in. long. fr.
about % in. diam. Southern part of Lower Calif.
edulis (Brahea eduhs). GUADALUPE PALM. Trunk stout
arid columnar, to 30 ft., becoming naked, ringed with
scars. Ivs. 3 ft. long, green both sides but paler undeineath;
segms. 70 or 80, extending ^ to }/% depth of blade, \Y% in.
or less broad, deeply cleft at apex, with few fibers in sinuses;
petiole nearly or quite destitute of spine-teeth or elbe short
and not very sharp: spadix not much if any exceeding
petiole when in bloom: fr. globose, black, 1 in. more or less
diam., hanging in an elongated cluster, the pulp sweet;
seed about % in. diam. Guadalupe Isl., Lower Calif. —
Commonly planted in S. Calif.
elegans. Small tree as seen in cult.: If. -blade thinly
glaucous on both surfaces; segms. extending about half
way down, shortly bifid at apex; petiole aimed* spadices
prominent: fi. with crust-like ex tenor at matuiity, neaily
globulai, uniformly colored, often moie or less pynform.
Sonora, N. Mex.
ERYTHRJ5A: Centaurium.
ERYTHRlNA. CORAL-TREE. Lcguminosae.
Trees or shrubs or sometimes herbs, commonly
thorny, with Ivs. of 3 broad Ifts., showy red or
reddish or yellowish, nearly papilionaceous fls.
in racemes, and elongated pods constricted be-
tween the seeds.
Grown for ornament in warm countries or the herba-
ceous kinds under glass; showy when in bloom, which usu-
ally piecedcs the foliage. Some species are planted as
shade in coffee and cocoa plantations under the name
"immortelles"; the flowers are cooked and eaten; the seeds
are made into necklaces; some species also have medicinal
and poisonous properties. Piopagated by seeds and cut-
tings. The heibaceous kinds are propagated by root-
division and the woody sorts from cuttings of growing wood.
arbdrea: E. herbacea var.
arbor£scens. Low tree, the branches prickly: Ifts. to
1 ft. long and broad: fls. in short dense racemes, pods to
9 in. long, curved. Himalayas.
c£ffra. Tree to 00 ft., having small prickles, much like
E. Corallodendrum but calyx 2-hpped or splitting. S. Afr.
Corallodendrum. Tree to 20 ft., prickly or unarmed.
Ifts. rhombic-ovate: fls. with standard never opening,
scarlet, in loose racemes: pods to 4 in. long, the seeds
seal let and mostly with black spot. Trop. Amer.
Crista-ga'lUi. COCKSPUR C. Shrub or small tree, the
petioles and often midribs spiny: Ifts. ovate-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate: fls. with standard erect, crimson, in
loose racemes. Brazil.
flabellif 6rmis. Shrub or small tree with spiny branches:
Ifts. usually broader than long: fls. in dense short lacemes:
pods to 1 ft. long. S. Ariz., New Mex., Mex.
fusca. To 8 ft., the bark brownish, prickly: Ifts. lanceo-
late: fls. brownish-red, in terminal racemes, the calyx
split. Cochm-China.
glauca. Tree to 60 ft., prickly at least when young:
Ifts. ovate, pale or glaucous beneath, leathery, fls. with
orange standard and brown wings tipped with crimson, in
racemes to 8 in. long: pods to 10 in. long. Trop. Amer.
herbacea. Sts. herbaceous, to 4 ft., the petioles usually
prickly: Ivs. triangular, often angled: fls. with standard
closed, scarlet, in few-fld. racemes to 2 ft. long: pods to
5 in. long. N. C. to Fla. and Tex. Var. arbdrea (E. or&orao)
is a shrub or tree with shorter racemes.
Erythrina
291
Escallonia
fndica. Tall broad tree, unarmed or sometimes with
small black prickles: Ifte. broadly ovate: fls. deep red or
scarlet, in dense racemes, the standard erect, the calyx
splitting down the back, appearing mostly when tree ia
leafless: pods to 1 ft. long. India, Malaya. Var. pfcta
(E. picta) has spotted or variegated Ivs. and is grown under
the names E. Parcdhi and E. marmorata.
insignia. Tree, somewhat prickly: Ifts. ovate, immature
ones tomentose: fls. scarlet, in short dense racemes. Origin
unknown.
marmorata: E. indica var. picta.
micrdpteryx: E. Poeppigiana.
pallida. Similar to E. Corallodendrum but with fls. pale
or salmon-red. Trop. Amer.
Parc£llii: E. indica var. picta.
pfcta: E. indica var.
Poeppigiana (E. micropteryx) . BUCARE. Tree to 60 ft.,
prickly: Ifts. ovate: fls. with erect standard, cinnabar-red,
in short racemes. Probably Peru.
poianthes. To 50 ft., sts. spiny becoming spineless: Ivs.
ternate, Ifts. ovate to rhombic-ovate, to 0 in. long, obtuse,
entire, petiole jointed at base' fls. red, often striped or
suffused white, to % in. across, in erect racemes: fr. toru-
lose, apex acuminate. Portugal.
poinoides: listed name.
retusa: catalogue name of Mexican form said to have
clear bnght red bloom.
setdsa. To 2 ft., sts. herbaceous, prickly: Ifts. to 5 in.
long, acute, usually glabrous fls. bright red, in short dense
racemes on very long peduncles. Mex.
8peci6sa. To 12 ft., bushy, prickly: Ifts. 3-lobed, long-
acuminate: fls. crimson, in pubescent racemes. W. Indies.
velutina. Tree to 30 ft., spiny: Ifts. roundish or triangu-
lar, tomentose beneath: fls. orange-ied, the standard erect,
calyx split: pods to 5 in. long. Trop. Airier.
ERYTHROCH^ETE PALMATIFIDA: Ligularia japonica.
ERYTHRONIUM. ADDERS-TONGUE. TROUT-
LILY. Liliacess. Bulbous spring-blooming herbs
with 2 basal Ivs., which arc often mottled, and
attractive nodding fls. solitary or in racemes ter-
minating the scape, the pe riant h-segms. distinct.
Planted in wild-gardens or rockeries. They prosper in
shady or partially bhady places in well-drained soil rich
in leaf-mold; a winter mulch is beneficial. Propagated by
seeds, or by offsets planted 3-5 inches deep.
&lbidum. To 1 ft., producing offsets: Ivs. green or
mottled: fls. white, pink or purplish, 1>^ in. long, the
scgms. recurved. Ont. to Ga. and Tex.
americanum. To 1 ft., producing offsets: Ivs. mottled
with blown and whitish, fls. yellow, to 2 in. long, the
segms recurved. N. S. to Fla. and Ark.
calif 6rnicum. FAWN-LILY. To 1 ft.: Ivs. strongly
mottled, fls. cieamy- white, 1^ in. long, stigma lobed,
filaments filiform and anthers white. Calif. Var. bf color,
fls. white and chrome-yellow, fragiant.
citrlnum. To 8 in.: Ivs. mottled: fls. lemon-yellow to
white, 1% in. long, the segms. recuived. Ore., Calif. —
Diffeis from E. Howclln in having a pair of somewhat
inflated appendages at inner base of segms.
d6ns-canis. DOGB-TOOTH VIOLET. To 6 in. : Ivs. mottled
with reddish-biown: fls. rose or purple, 1 in. long, the
segms. recurved. Eu., Ahia.
giganteum: E. oregonum.
grandifldrum. To 2 ft.: Iva. not mottled: fls. bright
yellow, 2 in. long, the segms. strongly recurved. B. C. to
Ore. and Utah. Var. robustum grows near the sea-level.
Var. 61 bum has white fls. with yellow center. Var. Smfthii
is smaller with pink fls. — Material in the trade under this
name but having mottled Ivs. is likely to be E. oregonum.
Hartwegii: E. multiscapoideum.
Hendersonii. To 1 ft.- Ivs. mottled: fls. purple, 1# in.
long, strongly recurved. S. Ore.
HoSrellii. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. mottled: fls. pale yellow with
orange center. S. Ore.
idahoense. To 10 in.: Ivs. not mottled, oblanceolate,
to 5 in. long, abruptly acute: fls. 1-3, greenish to cream-
white and yellow within, anthers white, stigma lobed.
Boundary of Ida. and Wash.
Jdhnsonii: E. revolutum var.
klamathense. To 10 in.: Ivs. shining yellow-green, not
mottled: fls. milk-white, yellow at base, 1 in. long, segms.
strongly recurved, appendages present, stigma not lobed,
on short club-shaped style. Ore.
montanum. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. not mottled: fls. white,
orange at base, !>£ in. long, segme. slightly recurved.
Wash., Ore.
multiscapofdeum (E. Hartwegii. E. Purdyi). To 6 in.,
producing offsets: Ivs. not mottled: fls. white or cream with
yellow center, stigma distinctly lobed, style slender and
long. Calif.
obtusatum. Similar to E. parviflorum but with smaller
bulb, obtuse Ivs. and purple instead of yellow anthers.
Wyo. to Mont. — Plants so named in trade may be E.
gi'andiflorum,
oregdnum (E. giganteum of hort.). To 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceo-
late to oblong-lanceolate, to G in. long, acute, mottled on
upper surface: fls. white or creamy-white, segms. to 2 in.
long, filaments strongly dilated. N. Calif, to B. C.
parvifl&rum. To 1 ft.: IVH. not mottled: fls. bright yel-
low, about 1 in, long, the segms. strongly recurved. Colo,
to Utah. — Probably only a small-fld. form of E. yrandi-
flonim.
pr&cox: E. revolutum var.
Purdyi: E. multiscapoideum.
purpurtfscens. To 1 ft.: Ivs. not mottled: fls. light yellow
tinged with purple, H in. long. Calif. — Distinguished from
E. klamathense by absence of inflated perianth appendages.
revolutum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. mottled: fls. white or lavender,
turning purple, stigma lobed, filaments dilated. B. C. to
Calif. Var. J6hnsonii has Ivs. mottled with dark brown
and dark rose fls., and by some not considmxi distinct
from typical form. In var. pr&cox the- Ivs. are mottled
with mahogany color and fls. creamy- white. Var. albifldrum
(var. Watsonn) has white fls. banded at base with maroon.
Smfthii: E. grandiflorum var.
tuolumnense. To 1 ft.: Ivs. shining yellow-green, not
mottled: fls. deep yellow, grconish-yollow at base, 1>£ in.
long, stigma not lobed, style filifoim. Calif.
Watsonii: E. revolutum var. albijlorum.
ERYTHROXYLACE^E. COCA FAMILY. Two
trop. genera of shrubs or small trees with alter-
nate Ivs., small regular fis. and fr. a 1- or 2-sceded
drupe; only Erythroxylon is cult. In the sequence
of families it is placed near llutacese and Zy-
gophyllaceac.
ERYTHROXYLON. Erythroxylaccx. About
90 species, with the characters of the family; the
Ivs. of E. Coca yield cocaine, for which the bush
is cult, in S. Arner. and eastern tropics. Some-
times grown in the open in the far S. or in eco-
nomic greenhouse collections N. Under glass
propagated by cuttings over bottom heat.
C6ca, COCA. COCAINE-PLANT. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. to
2V$ in. long: fls. yellowish, \± in. across, not showy: drupe
about ^<j in. long, reddish, with furrowed stone. Nativity
unknown, but probably W. S. Amer.
ESCALL&NIA. Saxifragacex. Good orna-
mental shrubs of S. Arner., sometimes tree-like,
mostly in the Andean region, evergreen, or some
kinds deciduous (if so stated), well adapted to
warmer parts of the country and a few of them
north to Va. or farther: species 60 and more:
Ivs. alternate or clustered, simple, entire or
serrate, often resinous-dotted and glandular:
fls. more or less grossularia-like, fragrant, mostly
in terminal racemes and panicles; fl. -parts
mostly 5: fr. a many-seeded caps. The leading
white-fld. kinds in cult, with us are E. floriburidd
and E. montevidensis, and others are E. Gra-
hamiana, E. ilhnita, E. leucanttui, E. pterocladou
(tinted), E. pulverulenta, E. revoluta, E. virgata
with intermediate effects in E. Rockii and E.
rubricalyx; the remainder are pink, rose, or
shades of red.
The escallonias thrive under the usual conditions of
parks and yards, being rapid and free growers. They are
sometimes trained as vines and on pillars. They have
become well known in California, where they are prized for
general adaptability as well as for the habit of blooming in
autumn ana early winter although the flowering of several
species is nearly continuous in proper climates Propagation
may be by seeds, but the usual method in mild climates is
by means of cuttings in a coldframe in autumn and trans-
planting to nursery in spring.
&lba: E. montemdcnsia.
Berteriana: E. pulverulenta var. glabra.
Escallonia
292
Escobaria
biflda: E. monlevidensis.
donardensis: listed name.
edine'nsis. Hybrid of same or similar origin and char-
acter as E. ifinfjlt't/anms.
exoniensis (E. pterocladon X E. rubra). To 20 ft., with
sparingly glandular angled or ribbed branchleta: lys. some-
what elliptic, to 1% in, pointed, serrate, essentially gla-
brous: fls. rose-tinted or nearly white, in terminal panicles
to 2 or .'j in. long.
floribunda. Large bush or small tree, with somewhat
viscid branchlets: Ivs. oblong to narrowly obovatc, to 4 in.
long, mostly obtuse, long-tapering at base, entire or very
finely serrulate, bright or glossy green above, sparingly
dotted underneath: fls. white, ^<j in. across, in long terminal
rather narrow panicles, the petals long-clawed. Venezuela
and down the Andean region. — See E. montcmdensis.
franciscana. Tall glandular arid viscid shrub with erect
branches and strong odor: Ivs. thick, oblong, with short
margined petiole, acute or obtuse at apex: fls. pink, in
narrow viscid panicle. A garden form or hybrid, with the
odor of slippery elm.
Freytheyi: listed name.
glasnevi6nsis: listed name for a form with pinkish-
white fls.
glutin6sa. Sts. leafy, glandular: Ivs. cuneate-lanceolate,
to % in. long, serrate in part, leathery: fls. red, to 1 in.
across, petals narrowly spatulate. Chile.
gracilis: the plant grown under this name appears to
be E punctata.
Grahamiana. Erect shrub with more or less spreading
branchlets which bear sessile glands: Ivs. stiffish, elliptic
or oblong, to 2 in. or more long, obtuse but mucronate,
narrowed to base, serrate, glossy above: 11s. white, in
terminal narrow or pyramidal panicles. Chile.
illinita. To 10 ft. or more, glabrous but young parts
resinous and glandular, strong-scented: Ivs. obovate or
long-oval, to 2 in. or more long, obtuse or short-pointed,
narrowed to base, glossy above, serrate: fls. white, in large
brae ted panicle. Chile.
fngramii. Garden plant, p< rhaps hybrid between E.
macrantha and E. punctata, the Ivs. smaller than those of
the former and 11s. slightly smaller but similar in color
(rose-red).
langleyensis. Hybrid, probably E. PhiHppiana X E.
punctata: to 10 ft , somewhat glandular, with spreading
arching brunches: Ivs. small, 1 in. or less long, oval or
obovate, sessile or nearly so, serrate, resinous underneath:
fls rose-carmine, about ^2 in. across, in short racemes on
lateral twigs.
leucantha. Very leafy large shrub: Ivs. small, obovate,
nearly or quite obtuse, finely serrate toward apex, glabrous,
\<i in. or less broad: fls. small, white, many in very dense
racemes. Chile.
macr&ntha. Compact spreading shrub to 10 ft., densely
leafy: Ivs thick, broad-oval, to 3 in long and one-half or
more as broad, shining on upper side and bearing many
prominent glands underneath: fls. crimson or rose-red, to
*A in. or more long, in short close more or less leafy panicles.
Chile — Common where escallomas are grown and often
passing under other names.
microphylla: listed name.
montana. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. obovate-oblong to lanceo-
late, to ?t m. long, more or less serrate: fls. white, about a
dozen in a dense terminal raceme; petals nearly £2 in.. l°ng.
Chile.
montevidensis (E. floribunda var. montcndensis. E.
bifida. E. alba). Much like E. flonbunda but branchlets
not viscid, Ivs. mostly slightly emargmate at apex, fls.
larger in a more rounded corymb-like cluster, the petals
not narrowly cla\\ed, stamens and pistils prominent. S.
Brazil, Uruguay. — Variously understood, by some authors
considered to be a geographical form of E. flonbumla, but
probably distinct.
organ£nsis. To 6 ft., very leafy, branchlots angled,
glabrous but somewhat resinous or glandular: Ivs. narrowly
obovate to oblong, often red-margined, firm, to 3 in. long,
obtuse, dentate: fls. roae-red, to % in. across, in short
dense broad terminal cluster close to the Ivs. Organ Mts.,
Brazil.
Philippiana: E. riryata var.
pterocladon. To 10 ft. or more, pubescent, the branches
1hin-edged or winged: Ivs narrow-obovate, to 1 in. long
(usually less), toothed, tapering to base, shining above:
fls white, in slender racemes to 3 in. long, the petals H in.
long. Patagonia.
pulverulenta. Downy viscid shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs oblong,
obtuse, tapering at base, to 4 in long, fine-toothed, var-
nished above* fls. white, crowded in slender or tail-like
raceme to I) in long. Chile. Var. glabra (E. Berteriana) is
nearly or quite glabrous.
punctata (E. rubra var. punctata). Shrub to 10 ft., the
young parts glandular-sticky and pubescent: Ivs. oval or
obovate, to 1 or 2 in. long, tapenng both ends, toothed
toward apex, strongly glandular underneath: fls. crimson,
sometimes solitary but mostly in terminal corymbose
glandular panicles, calyx glandular. Chile.
revoluta. To 25 ft. or more, white-pubescent: Ivs. thick,
obovate, to 2 in. long, apex obtuse or acutish, base tapering,
toothe'd. margins revolute: fls. white, in dense terminal
pyramidal panicles, the petals about J^ in. long. Chile.
Rockii (E. macrantha X E. montewdenms) . Tall widely
branched shrub: Ivs. obovate, obtuse, tapering at base, to
2 in. long, glandular-serrate: fls pale pink or white, in
thyrse-hke panicle to 12 in. or more long.
rdsea: a name of doubtful standing in hort., applied to
rose-colored forms of different species or hybrids.
rubra. Erect shrub to 15 ft , the young parts more or
less glandular and viscid: Ivs. oblanceolate to long-obovate,
to 2 in. long, acute, tapering at base, serrate toward apex,
nearly or quite glabrous and with few glands underneath:
fls. red or crimson about % in. across, in terminal panicles,
the calyx typically not at all or very little glandular. Chile.
Var glabriuscula is listed.
rubricalyx. Spreading shrub of medium size and rounded
outline, with slender branches: fls. having white petals and
red calyx, the petals forming a tube: Ivs. like those of E.
Craharmana, and the plant perhaps a hybrid between that
species arid E. rubra,
sanguinea: hort. form of E. macrantha.
virgata. Deciduous shrub to 8 ft., with aspect of Lep-
tospermum, branchlets glabrous and very leafy: Ivs obovate
to lanceolate, acute, tapenng at base, serrate toward apex,
to 9.4 in. long, glabrous: fls. white, to l/i in across, m leafy
terminal racemes. Chile. Var. Philippiana (E. Philippiana).
Branches rugose: Ivs. strongly acute, crowded-fasciculate
in short very leafy branches. Chile. Considered by some
authors as inseparable from the typical form.
viscdsa. To 10 ft., with drooping sticky resinous
branches: Ivs. obovate, to 3 in, long, obtuse or with short
abrupt point, tapenng to short petiole, clammy, serrate:
fls. white, in rather loose large panicles, corolla % m. or
less across. Chile.
ESCHSCH(3LZIA. Papaveraccx. Herbs na-
tive in W. N. Amcr. with much dissected Ivs.
arid showy yellow solitary fls.; popular for the
flower-garden. Many species tnat have been
described are probably seasonal forms of E.
culiformca.
Grown as annuals, the seeds sown where the plants
are to stand in sunny exposure; in mild climates may be
treated as winter annuals, and E. cahfornica may live
over winter after blooming.
&lba: E. cahfornica var.
aurantlaca: E. cahfornica var.
caespit6sa. To 9 in., the fl.-sts. exceeding the basal
tufted Ivs.: fls. yellow, to 2 in. across: fr. linear, to 3 in.
long. Calif.
calif 6rnica. CALIFORNIA-POPPY. To 2 ft., very variable:
fls. pale yellow to orange, to 3 in. across: fr. linear, to 4 in.
long. Calif., Ore.; nat. in Eu. Var. &lba, fls. cream-white.
Var. aurantiaca, fls. orange. Var. compacta, a habit form.
Var. cr&cea, fls. deep orange. Var. maritima (E. mantima)
has prostrate or ascending branches with lemon-yellow
fls. to 2 in. across, segins. of st.-lvs. more densely crowded
and caps. !><j-2 m. long. Var. rdsea, fls. salmon-pink.
cr&cea: E. cahfornica var.
maritima: E. cahfornica var.
tenuifdlia. To 1 ft.: fls. light yellow, M in. long. Calif.
ESCOBARIA. Cactacex. Globose or cylindric
and mostly cespitose cacti, juicy riot milky,
several species in Mex. and &. Tex.: tubercles
grooved above, spines never hooked: fls. small,
from top of plant. See Cacti.
bella. Tufted, cylindrical, to 3 in. high, tubercled;
radial spines several, to ?g in. long, whitish; centrals 3-5,
to y± in. long, brown: fls. pink, to % in. across, wheel-
shaped, segms. linear-oblong, acute. Mex.
Chaffeyi: Coryphantha Chaffeyi.
chihuahuensis. Globose to short-cylindric, spiny,
short-tubercled; central spines longer and darker than
radials: fls. purple, to ^ m. long, inner segms. acute. Mex.
dasyac£ntha (Mammtllaria dasyacantha) . Body globose,
usually about 3 in. diam.; radial spines 20 or more, white
and bristle-like; central spines about 9 and to Ji in. long:
fls. pinkish, 1 in. long. W. Tex., New Mex., Mex.
Escobaria
293
Eucalyptus
durispina: E. tuberculosa var.
L16ydii. Similar to E. tuberculosa but central spines
stouter and fls. greenish-white, the perianth-segms. not
ciliate. Mex.
Muhlbaueriana. Ovoid to subcylindrical, about 2 in.
high, dark glossy green; tubercles about J^ in. high, ovoid-
conical, soft, with nearly glabrous axils; radial spines
15-20, to H in. long, white tipped brown, radiating;
centrals usually 6, to H m. long, grayish: fls. to 1 in. across,
petals greenish-yellow with red stripe: fr. red, to % in.
diam. Mex.
multiceps: probably Mammillaria multiceps.
Rtinyonii. Body globose, to 2 in. long, grayish-green,
in clumps; radial spines numerous and white; central
spines 5-7 and to H in. long: fls. pale purple, ^ in. long.
Mex.
Sneedii. Body cylindrical, to 2% in. long and % in.
diam., in dense clumps; spines 20 or more, appiessed and
to M in. long: fls. pink, \^ in. long. Tex.
tuberculdsa (Mammillana tuberculosa; one of the plants
known as M. strobihfornns). Body cylindiic or becoming
so, to 1 ft. or so high, usually in clumps; tubercles about
Ji in. long; radials numerous and white; centrals several
and stouter: fls. light pink, 1 in. across. S. W. Tex., New
Mex., N. Mex. Var. durispina (E. durispina) has radial
spines tipped red or brown, they are also more numerous
and more brittle. Var. rufispina has pink-tipped grayish
spines.
ESC6NTRIA. Cactacex. One cactus of S.
Mex.; separated from Cereus, the ovary bearing
papery persistent scales rather than essentially
naked: fls. small, yellow, diurnal. Apparently not
often planted. See Cacti. E. Chiotilla (Cereus
Chiotilla). Tree-like, numerously branched, to 20
ft. and more, ribs few; radial spines 10-15; cen-
trals several, all similar: fls. near ends of branches,
about 1 in. long.
ESMERALDA: Arachnis Clarkei. Sanderiana: Vanda
Sanderiana.
ESPARCET: Onobrychis vicixfolia.
ESPINO CAVAN: Acacia Cavenia.
ESPOSTOA. Cactacex. One columnar cactus
from Ecuador. E. lanata (E. sericatus. Pilocereus
Dautwitzii and Haagei. Cereus and Cephalocer-
eus Dautwitzii). To 15 ft., simple with spreading
branches which arc tipped with mass of hairs
or bristles; ribs 2CH25, areoles l/£ in. apart with
numerous radial spines J4 in- long and long white
hairs: fls. pinkish, to 2 in. long, surrounded by
wool.
ESTRAGON: Artemisia Dracunculua.
ETROG: Citrus medica.
EUANTHE: Vanda Sanderiana.
EUBOTRYS: Leucothoe.
EUCALfPTUS. GUM-TKEE. Myrtacese.
Evergreen trees, or sometimes shrubs, much
grown in warm and semitrop. climates for the
valuable timber and oil, for ornament and fire-
wood, some of them for bee pasture, mostly
native in Australia, having simple entire Ivs.
alternate or opposite on young shoots and often
polymorphous, white, yellowish or red fls. in
umbels or heads, the petals and calyx-lobes
united to form a lid or cap which opens trans-
versely and falls off, revealing the numerous
showy stamens; there are 300 and more species,
and the understanding of them is a special study.
Eucalypta are grown from seed. The capsules should
be gathered and placed on canvas sheets in the sun till the
seeds fall out. Seed should be sown in June or July in
flats, either one seed in a place or broadcast and the seed-
lings then transplanted. Screens or lath-houses should be
provided for shade. These seedlings will be ready to set
permanently by about the following February, when from
&-10 inches high. On heavy soils the trees for forest planta-
tions should be set 6 by 6 feet or if irrigation is employed
4 by 8 feet; on light soils 8 by 8 feet is best. The stands
should be cultivated for at least the first two years.
Many species besides those entered in this article have
been introduced into North America, largely in California,
for forest purposes, specimen planting, and for test, repre-
sented by sucn names as E. acmenwides, annulata, buprea-
tium, Caleyi, camphora, Consideneana, corrugata, decipiens,
Drummondii, Flock toni<ct fcccunda, gracihs, grandis,
Guilfoylei, gummifeia, leptophylla (equals uncinata),
Le-Soue/ii, maculoaa, Moitomana, obtusifolia, oleosa,
odorata, ptychocarpa, redunca, saligna, Stmthii, Stowardn,
tetragona, Todtiana, uncinata.
alba. Bark rough, ash-colored : Ivs. ovate-oblong to
broadly lanceolate, pale and glaucous: fls. small, in few-
fld. umbels: fr. % in. across.
albens: E. hemiphloia var.
alplna. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, very thick:
fls. rather large, solitary or few together: fr. to 1 in. across.
amplifdlia: a form of E. tereticornis having large round
Ivs. wnen young.
amygdalina. PEPPERMINT GUM. To 300 ft., with per-
sistent fibrous bark: Ivs. lanceolate, with peppermint
odor: fls. rather small, in many-lid, umbels: fr. l/± in. acio^s.
Var. angustifdlia (E. Lineans) has veiy nairow Ivs. and
drooping branchlets. Var. numerdsa haw more than 20 fls.
in an umbel. Var. re'gnans (E. rtgnana), to 325 it., Ivs.
bioad-lanceolate.
angu!6sa: E. dumosa var.
angul&sa var. robusta: E. robust a.
angustifdlia: E. amygdalina var.
astrfngens. To 60 ft.: Ivs. oblong to ovate-cordate and
lanceolate on matuio trees, to 5 in. long: fls. about 7 in
long-peduncled umbel: fr. ovoid, about % in. long.
bicolor. BLACK Box. To 40 ft., with persistent rough
bark: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. small, in few-lid, umbels fonning
panicles: fr. about Y$ in. acioss.
Blackeleyi. Tree to 40 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate to lanceo-
late, to 7 in. long, midrib conspicuous: fls. small, 4-7 in
loose umbels: fr. globular, somewhat tapered at base,
Y± in. across.
Blaxlandii. Similar to E. capitellata but with less stringy
bark and young Ivs. undulate with toothed nuugin.
Bosistoana. BAIRNHDALE GKAY Box. Lvs. narrowly
lanceolate: fls. in few-fld. umbels.
botryoldes. BASTARD MAHOGANY. BANG ALA Y. To
150 ft., with pei sis tent rough fui rowed baik; Ivs. lanceo-
late: fls. lather large, neaily sessile, fr. ^ in. acioss.
c&sia. Dwarf, with slender drooping branches: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate: fls. pink, in clusters: fr.
% m. across.
calophylla. Medium-sized tree, with rough corky
deciduous bark: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, thick: tis. rather
large, white or pink in var. r&sea, in umbels forming a
terminal panicle, fi. to 1^ in. across.
capitellata. Largo tree, with furrowed fibrous bark:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, veiy thick and shining, fls. sessile,
in umbels: fr. Ja m. across.
cine*rea. Medium-sized tree, the baik whitish and per-
sistent: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, glaucous or mealy-
white: fls. in clusters: fr. % in. acioss. Var. multifldra is
listed.
citriod6ra: E. maculata var.
clad ocaly x (E. corynocalyx). SUOAII GUM. To 120 ft.,
with smooth deciduous bark: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to
lanceolate: fls. ^ m. aciosa, in 0-12-fld. umbels; fi. }£ in.
across.
clemondensis: listed name.
coccifera. Small tree, the bark smooth arid white: Ivs.
lanceolate, glaucous: fls. in clusters: fr. to ^jj in. across.
constricta: listed name.
cordata. To 50 ft.: Ivs. orbicular to ovate, often rrpnate,
usually glaucous or mealy-white: fls. rather small, nearly
sessile: fr. H in« across.
coriacea. Tall tree, the bark deciduous, the inner baik
smooth and whitish: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate,
very thick and shining: fls. in umbels: fr. ^ in. across.
corauta. YATB-TREB. Medium-sized tree: Ivs. oblong
or broadly lanceolate: fls. greenish-yellow, in dense heads,
having a long horn-like lid: fr. J-<j in. across.
coronata: listed name.
corymb6sa. BLOODWOOD. Medium-sized tree, with
persistent rough bark: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. yellowish- white,
fragrant, in pamcled umbels: fr. ^ in. across.
corynocalyx: E. cladocalyx.
cosmophylla. Shrub or small tree with smooth ash-
colored bark: Ivs. broadly lanceolate: fls. rather large,
nearly sessile: fr. H in. across.
crebra. NARROW-LEAVED IRONBARK. Bark deeply fur-
rowed, persistent: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. to H m. long, in pan-
icles: fr. to % in. across.
Eucalyptus
294
Eucalyptus
cruets. To 25 ft.: Ivs. broadly lanceolate to ovate, to
2 in. long, acuminate to apiculate, glaucous: fls. in axillary
umbels of 4-7. fr. to % in. cham.
desmodensis. Shrub to 15 ft., branches drooping and
pendulous, bark whitish, inaiuie Ivs. oblong to lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, alternate, glaucous, leathery: fls. 7-15 in
axillary umbels.
divers fcolor. KARRI GUM. To 100 ft. and more, the
baik Hniooth and white: Iva. lanceolate: fla. in umbels:
fr. % in. across.
dumosa. Shrub or small tree to 30 ft : Ivs. lanceolate, to
4 in. long: fls. white or pink, on axillary peduncles. Var.
angulosa (K, anyulona) has angular branches; intermediate
forms between it and the type are known.
elae6phora: E. gomocalux.
eremdphila. Shrub or small tree, with smooth scaly
bark: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate: fls. with reddish lid to 1 in.
long.
erythrocorys. To 30 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or linear: fla. in
clusters, with red lid: fr. IJi in. across.
erythronema. Small tree with rough reddish bark: Ivs.
lanceolate, thick arid shining: fls. pink-red, in umbels: fr.
to \i in. across.
eugenioldes. Resembling E pipcnta, but with strongly
fibrous bark, thicker not odorous Ivs., and the nm of tr.
flat or raised instead of depressed.
eximia. MOUNTAIN BLOOD WOOD. Largo tree, the bark
brown or yellowish and scaly: Ivs. falcate-lanceolate: fls.
in panicles: fr. ^ in. across
ficifdlia. SCARLET-FLOWERING GUM. To 30 ft. or more,
the bark dark arid furrowed: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, thick:
fls. white to pink and scarlet, to 1% in. long, in panicles:
fr. to l^j in. across.
Forrestiana. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. usually lanceolate, to
5 in. long, glaucous, fls. large, solitary, scarlet peduncles
to 2 in. long, drooping: fr. 4-sided, to 1% in. long.
gigantea: E. obligua.
gldbulus. BLUE GUM. To 300 ft., the bark deciduous,
the trunk smooth grayish or bluish-white: Ivs lanceolate in
mature trees, much broader and very glaucous on young
ones: Us. Ifo in- across, solitary or few together: fr. to 1 in.
across. — Trie commonest species in N. Amer. Var. com-
pScta is a densely branched dwarf form.
gomphoc6phala. TOOART-TREE. To 120 ft., with per-
sistent rough bnrk: Ivs. lanceolate, thick and shining: fls.
in umbels, sessile: fr. % in. across.
goniocalyx (E. ehcophorn). BASTARD Box. Tall tree
with rough deciduous bark: Ivs. lanceolate, pale green: fls.
in umbels: fr. \$ in. across.
gr6ssa. Shrub: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, very thick and
shining: fls. in clusters, large.
Gunnii. CIDER GUM. To 30 ft., with smooth whitish
deciduous bark: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, thick and shining:
fls. rather largo, in umbels: fr. to ^ in. across.
heemastoma. Large tree, the bark smooth and decidu-
ous. Ivs. falcate-lanceolate: fls. in umbels: fr. to % in.
across. Var. micrantha (E. micrantha) has longer Ivs. and
smaller fls. and frs. Var. capitata is listed.
hemiphloia. To 90 ft., with rough persistent bark: Ivs.
lanceolate or broader, thick, often gray: fls. in panicles:
fr. y± in. across. Var. £lbens (E. albena) has glaucous or
white-mealy Ivs. and larger frs.
L6hmannii. Small tree, the bark rough and deciduous:
Ivs. ovate to oblong: fls. in dense heads, the hd to l^-j m-
long: fr. l/± in. across.
Ieuc6xylon. WHITE IRONBARK. Tall tree with smooth
pale deciduous bark: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, grayish-
green: fls. 1 in. across, in umbels: fr JU in. across. Var.
purpurea Ima bright purple fls. and var. rosea pink fls.
linear is: E. amygdalina var. angusti folia.
longifolia. WOOLLYBUTT. To 200 ft., with rough per-
sistent bark: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. rather large, in umbels:
fr. |«j in. across.
Macarthuri. Bark rough and woolly: Ivs. lanceolate:
fls in umbels: fr. to \± in. across.
mac rand ra. Shrub or small tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate^ to narrow ly lanceolate, to 4fo in. long, thick and
coriaceous: fls. 8-20 in dense umbels: tr. to }$ in. across. —
By some authors considered a valiant of E. occidentals.
macrocarpa. Shrub to 15 ft., usually white-mealy: Ivs.
cordate- ovate, thick and stiff: fls. solitary, orange to crim-
son, stamens 1 in. long: fr. to 3 in. across.
macrorhyncha. Tall tree, the bark dark gray, fibrous
and furrowed: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. in umbels: fr. to % in.
across.
maculata. SPOTTED GUM. To 150 ft., the bark deciduous
in patches: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. J£ in. long, in many-fld.
panicles: fr. }6 in. across. Var. citriod6ra (E. citnodora),
LEMON-SCENTED GUM, has Iva. with strong odor of lemon.
Maidenii. Tall tree, the bark smooth and whitish: lys.
narrow-lanceolate, chalky-white: fls. in umbels: fr. % in.
across.
marginata. JARRAH. Tall tree, the bark persistent or
flaking: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. in umbels: fr ^2 m- or more
across.
megacarpa. To 100 ft., the grayish-white bark smooth
and deciduous: fls. in umbels: fr. to 1 in. across.
melliod6ra. HONKY-SCENTED GUM. YELLOW Box. To
150 ft., the roughish bark flaking off: Ivs. narrowly lanceo-
late: fls. small, in umbels: fr. % in. or less across.
micrantha: E. hxrnastoma var.
miniata. To about 10 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, thick
and stiff, shining above: fls. solitary, very large, stamens
white or red and ^3 in. long: fr. to 3 in. across.
Muelleriana. YELLOW STRINGYBARK. Medium-sized tree
with stringy bark and yellow inner bark: Ivs. lanceolate,
glossy: fls in umbels: fr. % m. across.
numerdsa: E. amygdalina var.
nutans. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. suborbicular, to 2 in
long, alternate, glaucous, pellucid-dotted: fls. 3-7, with
conspicuous purple or reddish filaments to % in. long: fr.
nodding, to % in. long.
obliqua (E. giyantca). To 300 ft., with persistent fibrous
bark: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, very oblique, thick: tis. in
umbels: fr. to Y% in. across.
occidental is. FLAT-TOPPED YATE. Small tree, the bark
usually smooth and deciduous: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. in um-
bels, the lid to ^4 in. long: fr. ^ in. across.
6ldfieldii. Shrub to 10 ft. with smooth deciduous bark:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, very thick: fls. in clusters, stamens
dark colored: fr. $$ in. across.
ovata. Medium-sized to tall tree: Ivs. lanceolate or very
broad, fls. small, in axillary clusters, the hd sometimes
beaked.
paniculata. Tall tree with hard deeply furrowed per-
sistent bark: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. m panicles or umbels:
fr. % in. across.
pilularis. BLACKHTTTT. To 150 ft , with blackish-gray
persistent bark: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. in umbels: fr. % m-
across.
piperita. PEPPERMINT STRINGYBARK. Tall tree, with
rough gray persistent bark: Ivs narrowly lanceolate,
oblique, with peppermint odor: fls. in umbels: fr. l/± in.
across.
platyphylla. Bark deciduous, smooth and white: Ivs.
ovate: ns in umbels, on short thick stalks: fr. ^ in. across.
pl&typus. Small tree with smooth grayish bark: Ivs.
oval, very thick and shining: fls. dull red or yellowish-
white, in umbels with thick stalks: fr. ^2 in- across.
polydnthemos. RED Box. AUSTRALIAN BEECH. To
150 ft , the bark persistent: Ivs. orbicular to ovate, grayish-
green: fls. small, in many-fld. panicles: fr. J4 in. across.
populifdlia. POPLAR Box. Bark rough: Ivs. ovate,
shining and very dark green: fls. small, in pamcled umbels:
fr. very small.
Preissiana. Spindly shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs elliptic-oblong,
to 4 in. long, strongly pellucid-dotted: fls. in umbels, stamens
yellow: fr. to 2 4 m. across.
pulverule'nta. Small tree: Ivs orbicular or ovate, glaucous
or mealy-white: fls. in 1-3-fld. umbels: fr. ^ in. across.
punctata. LEATHER-JACKET. To 100 ft., the smooth
dark bark deciduous in flakes: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate:
fls. in umbels: fr. ^ in. across.
pyri£6rmis. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate,
very thick: fls. to 3 in. across, in drooping clusters: fr. 2 in.
across.
rarifldra. Tall tree, branches red: Ivs. lanceolate to
ovate: fls. in panicles or small umbels: fr. about K in.
across.
rggnans: E. amygdalina var.
resinffera. RED MAHOGANY. To 100 ft., with rough
persistent bark: Ivs. lanceolate, thick: fls. in umbels: fr.
M in. across.
Risdonii. To 50 ft., the smooth bark deciduous in
patches: Ivs. ovate or lanceolate, on young shoots opposite
and united at base, glaucous: fls. in umbels: fr. ^ m. across.
robusta. SWAMP MAHOGANY. To 100 ft., with rough
persistent bark: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. % in. across, in
umbels: fr. ^ in. across.
rostrata. RED GUM. To 200 ft., with smooth gray
deciduous bark: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate: fls. to J4 in.
across, in umbels: fr. ^4 in. across.
rubida. Resembling E. viminaha but with smooth white
bark often having reddish patches.
rftdis. DESERT GUM. To 100 ft., with rough gray
persistent bark: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. ^ in. across, in umbels:
Jr. % in- across.
Eucalyptus
295
Eugenia
salmonophldia. Tall tree, bark smooth, salmon-colored,
becoming red on drying: Iva. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, dull
yellowish-green, becoming glosay at maturity: fls. small,
in umbels: fr. about y% in. across.
sepulcralis: poorly understood species of questionable
botanical standing.
siderophlftia. BROAD-LEAVED IRONBARK. To 100 ft.,
with deeply furrowed persistent bark: Iva. ovate-lanceolate
to lanceolate: fls. in panicles: fr. ]/± in. across.
sider6xylon. RED IRONBARK Medium-sized tree with
rough dark red or black persistent bark: Ivs. narrowly-
lanceolate, or young Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. white or
yellowish, in umbels: fr. 1A in. across. Var. rdsea has rose-
colored fls. Var. pallens has rose-colored fls. and silvery-
gray foliage.
Sieberiana. Differs from E. hxmastoma chiefly in the
dark furrowed bark.
spathulata. Shrub to about 8 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, obtuse, opposite, tapering toward base: fls.
4-8, in solitary and axillary umbels: fr. about ^ in. diam.
Steedmanii: listed name.
Strlcklandii. Probably a shrub, branchlets glaucous:
Ivs lanceolate, to 4 in. long, thick, stalked: fls. sessile in
small clusters, about ?4 in. across, filaments red: fr. eub-
cyhndncal, more than }/% in. long.
Stuart iana, APPLE-SCENTED GUM. Tall tree with rough
fibrous bark: Ivs. ovute-lanceolate to lanceolate: fls. in
umbels: fr. to ^ in. across.
teretic6rnis. GRAY or SLATY GUM. To 150 ft., with
smooth gray deciduous bark: Ivs. broadly lanceolate: fls.
% in. across, in umbels: fr. Y± in. across.
tetraptera. Small tree with sharply 4-angled branches:
Ivs oblong-lanceolate, very thick: fls. very large, sessile
and solitary: fr. 1 in. across.
torquata. Lvs. lanceolate, leathery, grayish-green:
fls. in umbels, base of calyx dilated into ring, stamens % in.
long, reddish-orange.
urnigera. Bark smooth, pale brown, branchlets drooping:
Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, glaucous: fls. in 3-fld. umbels: fr.
% in. across.
viminalis. MANNA GUM. To 300 ft., the branches
pendulous: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. ^ in. across, in umbels:
fr Y± in. across.
virgata. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. lanceolate, shining:
fls. m umbels: fr to ^ in. across.
BUCEPHALUS: Aster.
EUCHARIDIUM: Clarkia.
EUCHARIS. Amaryllidacete. Bulbous herbs
from Colombia, with broad basal Ivs. narrowed
into petioles, and large beautiful chaste-white
fls. in umbels terminating the scape, the perianth
with cylindrical tube and spreading segms.
The Amazon-lily is grown out-of-doors in waim countries
or in a greenhouse with the night temperature at about
tt5°. It succeeds m coarse fibrous soil and should be liberally
watered except in the resting period. Protection from the
sun should be given except in the winter months. Propa-
gated by offsets in spring.
amazdnica: E. grandiflora.
grand ifldra (E. amazonica), AMAZON-LILY. Lvs. about
1 ft. long and 0 in. broad, the petiole 1 ft. long: fls. fragrant,
to 3 in. across, on scapes 2 ft. high. Andes of Colombia.
EUCHlJ&NA. TEOSINTE. Graminex. Broad-
leaved grasses resembling maize and grown for
forage in the 8.: monoecious; staminatc spikelets
in terminal panicles; pistillate in axillary spikes
inclosed in a husk from which the long styles
protrude; grain or seed large; native in Mex. and
Cent. Amer.
luxurious: E. mericana.
mezicana (E. luxurious). Ann. to 10 ft. or more, very
leafy. Ivs. to several ft. long and 1-2 in. wide, midrib
prominent' grain shining, ^ in. long. Mex.
perennis. Differs from E. mexicana in being per. and
propagating by rhizomes. Mex.
EUCNIDE. Loasaccx. Ann. or bien. herbs of
S. W. U. S. and Mex., allied to Mentzelia but
differing in being armed with stinging hairs, the
petals connate and not free and in technical
characters of the ovary. Propagated by seed.
bartonioldes (Mentzelia gronovixfolia). Bien., much
branched and usually spreading on the ground: Ivs. ovate,
lacmiate or lobed: fls. bright yellow, opening only m full
sun, on slender pedicels to 6 in. long: caps, opening by
5 valves at top. W. Tex. and Mex,
EtfCOMIS. Liliacex. S. African bulbous
herbs with basal Ivs. in rosettes and greenish or
whitish fls. in racemes terminating the scape and
tipped with a crest of leafy bracts, the perianth-
segms. distinct. Of easy cult, in warm climates or
in greenhouses in the N. Propagated by offsets.
comdsa (E. punctata). PINEAPPLE- FLOWER. To 2 ft.:
Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 3 in. across, spotted with brown be-
neath: fls. green, ^ in. long.
punctata: E. comosa.
undulata. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 1H in. across, strap-
shaped, undulate, with finely crenulate cartilaginous
margins, sirongly keeled beneath: fls. greenish, to %, in.
across, with, spatulate diverging segms., in dense raceme
above which is a tufted crown of small Ivs.
EUC(5MMIA, the only genus of Eucommiaccae,
which stands near Hamamehdacea) and Rosace®.
One deciduous tree from Cent. China, yielding
rubber although difficult of extraction. E.
ulmoides. To 60 ft.: Ivs. alternate, elliptic to
oblong-ovate, to 3 in. long, toothed, elm-like
as the specific name implies: fls. unisexual, in
Apr. before or with the Ivs., without perianth,
the anthers red: fr. a winged nutlet to ll/i in.
long. — Hardy N. Propagated by seeds and
cuttings of young wood under glass.
EUCR^PHIA, the only genus in Eucrypliiaces*.
A few species in Australia and Chile, by some
authors formerly included in Rosacea) and also
in Saxifragaceae and llypcricaceoe: evergreen
shrubs or trees, sometimes partially deciduous,
planted for ornament, intro. particularly in
Calif.: Ivs. opposite, simple or pinnate, bearing
large white somewhat rose-like fls. in the axils:
petals 4, large; stamens numerous and con-
spicuous: fr. a dehiscent caps.
Billardieri. Laige glabrous tree, sometimes grown as a
shrub: Ivs. simple, oblong, obtuse, entire, whitish under-
neath: fls. to 2 in. across. Tasmania.
cordif6Ha. Small tree or large shrub: Ivs. simple, cordate
and oblong, pubescent, crenate. fls. large. Chile.
glutinosa (E. pinnati folia) . Tree to 20 ft.: IVH. pinnate,
the 3-5 Ifts. elliptic to lance-ovate, to 2 in. long: fls. 2 in.
or more across. Chile.
pinnatifdlia: E. gliUinosa.
EUGENIA (incl., Jambosa, Myrciaria). Myr-
Uicese. Trop. and semi-trop. evergreen bushes and
trees in many parts of the world and of very many
species, in the western hemisphere native as far
north as S. Fla.: Ivs. opposite, simple, mostly
firm and glossy: fls. commonly white, cream-
colored or purple, solitary, racemose or panicu-
late, the stamens numerous and conspicuous: fr.
a drupe-like yellow, red, purple or black berry,
sometimes edible.
Eugenias are grown in Florida, California and similar
climates for the ornamental habit, foliage, flowers and
berries, and some kinds for the eatable fruits. They are
of simple requirements, piopagatmg by means of seeds,
and by cuttings on a bench or in a frame. In California,
E. paniculata and ite variety are much planted, and in
Florida also; the young giowths aie red-brown and showy,
the winter color often brilliant; there is a form with varie-
gated leaves.
apiculata (Myrtus Luma). To 4 ft. or more: Ivs. oval,
to 1 in. long: fls. white, ^ in. across, in 3's: fr. black. Chile.
aromatica (Caryophyllus aromaticu*). CLOVE-TREE.
Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 5 in. long: fls. pale
purple, % in. across, in terminal cymes, the dried fl.-buds
comprising the cloves of commerce. Moluccas.
australis: E. paniculata var.
axillarig: probably E. supraaxillaris.
brasiliensis: E. Dombeyi.
Eugenia
296
Euonymus
caulifldra (Myrciana caulijlora). JABOTICABA. Tree to
40 ft., upward-branching from near the ground and bear-
ing clusters of fls. and fr. along the trunk and branches:
Ivs. lanceolate or somewhat broader, acuminate, to 4 in.
long: fls. small, white: fr. globular, to 1 or 1^ in. diam.,
purple. S. Brazil, prized for the edible fr. — Hae been tried
in Fla. and 8. Cain*. Two or three related species are
apparently known as jaboticabas.
coronata. Shrub to 6 ft. with ovate or elliptic Ivs. 1 in.
or less long and not more than ^ in. broad: fls. solitary
in axils of Ivs., on pedicels ^ in. or less long. Upper Guinea.
— Reported in S. Fla.
Cuminii: Syzygium Cuminii.
Curranii. Tiee to 50 ft.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to 12 in.
long: fls. in panicles often from tubercles on st.: fr.' size of
grape, edible. Philippines.
cyanoc&rpa. Glabrous tree with lanceolate willow-like
Ivs. to 3 in. long and tapering both ways from middle,
strongly cross-veined, petiole very short: fls. to % in.
across-, in teirnmal clusteis: fr. blue. Australia.
D6mbeyi (E. brasiliensis of planters). GRUMIXAMEIRA-
TREE. Tree to 50 ft.: IVH. oval to somewhat obovate,
coriaceous, to 5 in. long: fls. solitary, white: fr. dark red
becoming black, edible. Brazil.
edulis (Myrciana edulis). Lvs. willow-like, rusty-
pubescent when young: fr. orange or yellow, the size of an
apple, downy. Brazil.
eucalyptoides. Small tree or shrub: Ivs. lanceolate, to
6 in. or moie long, pointed1 fls. in compact terminal cymes,
the orbicular petals about % "*• across: fr. globular.
Australia.
floribunda (Myrciaria floribunda). Tree to 30 ft.,
glabious: IVH. lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, to about 3 in.
long, long-acuminate: fls. white, sessile in lateral clusters:
fr. red or yellow, to ^ in. diarn. W. Indies.
Hodkeri, Hookeriana: E, paniculata.
Jambolana: Syzygium Cuminii.
J&mbos (Jamboa vulgans and J. Jambos. Caryophyllus
Jamboa). ROMK- APPLE. JAMUOB. Bioad tree to 30 ft.:
Ivs. long-lanceolate, tapering both ends, to 8 in. long:
fls. greenish-white, to 3 in. across, the stamens very con-
spicuous, terminal and few togethei : fr. to 2 in. diam.,
greenish or yellow, employed m making pieserves and
confectionary. Trop. Asia; nat. elsewhere.
malacc£nsis (Jambosa malaccensis) . MALAY-APPLE.
PoMKRAt'K. Tree to 30 ft. or more high, with thick heavy
top: IVH. oblong to somewhat obovate, thick, to 12 in. long:
fls. red-puiplc, 2 in. across, boine along branches, stamens
much exceeding petals and covering the ground as they
fall: fr. red, 2 in. long. India, Malaya.
Mato. Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse: fls. wliite, solitaiy in the axils, on stalks to % in.
long. Aigentina.
Michelii: E. uniflora.
microphylla: see E. myriophylla.
montfcola. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceo-
late, to 1^ in. long, pale beneath: fls. small, in axillary
clusteis: fr. black at maturity, veiy small. W. Indies.
myriophylla (Myrciana myriophylla). Much branched
bush: IVH. veiy naiiow and crowded (at least on juvenile
plants), to l^a in. or moie long, & in. or less broad, entire,
punctate, midrib obscure above but prominent under-
neath, fls. white, solitary on axillary peduncles. S. Cent.
Brazil. — Grown in pots in its vegetative stage for decora-
tion under the mistaken name E. rnicropkylla.
myrtifdlia: E. paniculata var. austrahs.
operculata: Syzygium operculatum.
paniculata (E. Hookert and Hookeriana, hort.). Small
vigoious tree, mostly not continuous-blooming: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 3 in. or more long, prominently acuminate,
tapering at base: fls. white or whitish with conspicuous
stamens, about j^ in. across, in small clusters terminal and
on the ends of short branchlets or long peduncles and
therefore showing beyond the foliage: fr. rose-purple, to
about % in. diam., employed in jelly-making. Australia.
Var. australis (E. australis. E. myrtifolia). Remaining
more bushy and usually blooming more or less throughout
the year: Ivs. on young shoots oblong-acuminate but on
flowering shoots prevailingly short-elliptic and obtuse or
short-acute and about 2f£ in. long or less: fls. not promi-
nent beyond the foliage: fr. usually smaller.
Pitfnga. Low shiub, young parts pubescent: Ivs.
elliptic-oblong or narrow-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls.
solitaiy or in one form fascicled: fr. red, nerved, about
JHi in. diam. Brazil, Argentina.
pun^ens. To 40 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, to 3 in. long,
spine-tipped: fls. solitary, the peduncles snorter than Ivs.:
fr. white- tomentose or puberulent, small. Brazil.
Smfthii. Tall tree: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to
3 in. long: fls. white, small, in terminal panicles: fr. white
or purplish. Australia*
BUpraaxillaris. Tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. oval-oblong, to 5 in.
long, shining, pale beneath: fls. in about 9-fld. racemes to
Yl in. long, eupraaxillary. Brazil.
tJgni: Myrtus Ugni.
unifldra (E. Michelii). PITANOA. SURINAM-CHERRY.
Shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to
2 in. long: fls. white, fragrant, % in. across, solitary or
few together: fr. deep crimson at maturity, 8-nbbed, edible.
Brazil.
EULALIA: Miscanthus.
EULOBUS: see CEnothera californica.
EUL^CHNIA. Cactacese. Branched cacti with
parallel spiny ribs and white or pinkish fls. hav-
ing a very short tube; native in Chile.
iquiquensis. To 25 ft. tall, often nearly spineless toward
base; ribs 12-15; spines 12-15 at areole, usually about
% in. long but the longest to nearly 5 in.: fls. white, to
3 in. long.
spinib&rbis (Cereus spimbarbis) . To 15 ft., much
branched; ribs 12-13; spines about 20, usually % in, long,
the central to 6 in. long: fls. to 2 in. long, woolly.
EU6NYMUS. SPINDLE-TREE. Celaslracese.
Shrubs or small trees, sometimes root-climbers or
creepers, mostly of the north temp, zone, some-
times evergreen, with opposite simple Ivs., small
greenish or purplish bisexual fls. in axillary
cymes, and capsular fr. having the seeds in-
closed in an orange-colored aril.
Whether the name of this genus shall be spelled Evony-
mus or Euonymus is a question of varying practice. Bo-
tanical nomenclature begins with Linnaeus, Species Planta-
rum, 1753, with which it is agreed to associate the generic
desciiptions of his Genera Plantarum, fifth edition, 1754.
In the former work Linnums spelled the name Evonymus,
having taken it over from Touinefort, and in the latter
Euonymus as if it were at that time a preference. In those
days leas importance was attached to such variables. There
are good arguments for either spelling and neither one can
be. said to be "correct" as against the other, but Euony-
mus is generally pi ef erred.
Many species and vaneties are grown for ornament.
Most of the species are hardy in the northern states. Ordi-
nary soil and position are satisfactory. Propagated by
seeds stiatified and sown in spring, hardwood cuttings,
the evergieen species under glass, and layers. Grafting la
sometimes practiced with varieties and weak kinds, using
strong kinds for stock.
acutus: E. Fortunei.
alatus (E. Thunbergianus). Deciduous shrub to 8 ft.,
the branches with coiky wings: Ivs. elliptic, finely toothed:
fr. purplish. China, Japan. In var. fipterus (subtriflorus)
the branches are not winged. Var. comp6ctus is a dwarf
form.
americanus. STRAWBERRY-BUSH. Deciduous shrub to
8 ft.: Ivs. ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, wavy-toothed: fr.
pink. N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.
arbor£scens: listed name.
atropurpureus. WAHOO. BURNING-BUSH. Deciduous
shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, pubescent beneath,
finely- too thed : fls. purple: fr. scarlet. Ont. to Fla. and Mont.
britz£nsis: listed name, probably a form of E. Fortunei
var. radicans.
Bungeanus. Deciduous shrub to 15 ft.: lys. elliptic-
ovate or -lanceolate, finely toothed: fr. yellowish. China,
Manchuria. Var. pendulus has drooping branches. Var.
semi per s is tens is half-evergreen.
Carrierei: a form of E. Fortunei var. radicans.
color at us: a form of E. Fortunei.
europ&us. Deciduous shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Iva. ovate
to oblong-lanceolate, finely toothed: fr. pink. Eu. Var.
albus (var. leucocarpus) has whitish fr. Var. haematocarpus
(var. fructucoccineus) has deep red fruit. Var. hnearis is
said to have much narrower Ivs. Var. nanus is a dwarf
form.
fimbriatus. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. elliptic to oblong-
obovate, to 4 in. long, abruptly acuminate, serrulate: IT.
orange, covered with long pointed wings. Himalayas.
Fdrtunei (E. radicans var. acutus). Evergreen shrub,
trailing or climbing by rootlets: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
margins entire or nearly so: fr. greenish-white or pinkish.
Cent, and W. China. — Recent investigations have shown
the plants commonly grown as S. radicans to represent
only variants of the above species and not a distinct species
apart from it. Most of the hort. variants of what wan
E. radicans are now considered as forms of the same plant,
although a few have been raised to equal rank and are also
Euonymus
297
Eupatorium
treated as varieties. A form of the typical element is
coloratus (E. radicans var. coloratus) with Iva. dark deep
purple above and paler beneath in autumn and winter.
Var. radicans (E. radicans, E. re pens) differs in its smaller
and less pointed Iva. which are distinctly and sharply
serrate, of thicker texture and has obsolete lateral veins;
often confused with var. vegetus. Cent. Japan and S.
Korea. Forma of this variety are Carrierei (E. radicans
vars. Carrierei and erectus) which is of a more shrubby and
distinctly non^-climbing habit with Ivs. glossy dark green
above, to 2 in. long and occasionally white-margined;
gracilis (E. radicans vars. argenteo-marginatus, argenteo-
vanegatus, pictus and roseo-marginatus, E. tricolor) is a
climbing plant with Ivs. variously variegated with white,
yellow, or pink or combinations of these; minimus (E.
radicans vars. kewensis and minimus), a sterile creeping
plant with Ivs. only to % in. long or less; reticulatus (E.
radicans var.), climbing or creeping form with large dark
green Ivs. variegated white along veins. Var. ve"getus (E.
radicans var.), a low-spreading shrub to 5 ft. high or climb-
ing with rootlets when supported, Ivs. orbicular-oval to
elliptic, more coarsely eremite and leathery than in var.
radicans and with larger inflorescences: fr. orange; perhaps
more common than the true var. radicans.
grandifldrus. Half evergreen shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. obo-
vate, to 4 in. long, margins wavy-toothed: fls. whitish,
to % in. across: fr. yellowish, scarlet within. Himalayas.
Hamiltonianus. Small tree: Ivs. lanceolate-oblong, finely
toothed: fr. pink. Himalayas.
jap6nicus. Evergreen shrub to 15 ft.: Iva. oval, obscurely
toothed, shining above: fr. pink. Japan; planted in south-
ern states. There are many forms, a few of which are:
albo-marginatus, Ivs. with narrow white border; arg6nteo-
variegatus, Ivs. edged and marked with white; aureus, Ivs.
yellow when young; aureo-marginatus, Ivs. edged with
yellow; aureo-variegatus, Ivs. blotched with yellow;
columnaris is not distinct from pyramidatus; cpmpactus
variegatus, a low dense variegated form; m&dio-p!ctus,
Ivs with yellow blotch in center; microphjrllus (E. pulchd-
lus), Ivs. small; pall ens, young Ivs. pale yellow; pyramidatus
(vur columnaris) t of columnar habit; viridi-variegatus or
"Due d'Anjou," Ivs. bright green variegated with yellow
and green. Vars. elegantissimus and fertilis are listed.
kew6nsis: not distinct from a form of E. Fortunei var.
radicans known as minimus.
kiautsch&vica (E. patens). Partially evergreen shrub to
10 ft.: Ivs. oval to obovate, wavy-toothed, fr. pink, China.
lanceifdlius. Deciduous shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate, wavy-toothed: fr. pale. China.
latifdlius. Deciduous shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. oval to
oblong, finely toothed: fr. rosy-red. Eu., W. Asia. Var.
pl&nipes is E. sachalinensis.
Maackii. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. oblong, finely toothed:
fr. pink. China, Manchuria, Korea.
magnificus: hort. name.
myrtifdlius: probably E. japojiicus var. microphyllus.
nanus (E. rosmannifohus). Deciduous shrub to 3 ft.,
sometimes procumbent: Ivs. linear, usually entire, the
margins revolute: fr. pink. Asia. Vur turkestanfcus (var.
Koopmannii) has broader non-revolute Ivs.
obovatus (E. americanus var. obovatus). RUNNING
STRAWBERHY-BUHH. Deciduous procumbent shrub to 1 ft.,
the branches rooting: Ivs. obovate, finely toothed: fr. pink.
Ont. to Ky.
occidentalis. Deciduous shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-
lanceolate, to 4^ in. long, on short petioles, glabrous,
serrulate: fls. purple or dark brown, 5-merous, to % in.
across. Puget Sound to Calif.
oxyphyllus. Deciduous shrub or small tree: Ivs. ovate to
ovate-oblong, finely toothed: fr. dark red. Japan.
patens: E. kiautschomca.
p£ndulus. Small evergreen tree, branches drooping: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, finely sliarp-toothed: fr. 4-winged.
Himalayas.
planipes: E. sachalinensis.
pulchellus: E. japonicus var. microphyllus.
radicans: see E. Fortunei.
rgpens: E. Fortunei var. radicana.
rosmarinifdlius: E. nanus.
sachalinensis (E. planipes). Allied to E. latifolius: Ivs.
ovate-oblong, wavy-toothed: fr. 6- angled, purple. N. E.Asia.
Sieboldianus. Lvs. elliptic: fr. 4-ribbed. Japan. —
The plant usually cult, under this name is E. kiautschomca.
specidsus: listed as very dwarf with dark green foliage.
Thunbergiinus: E.alatus.
tricolor: E. Fortunei gracilia.
vSgetus: E. Fortunei var.
verrucas us. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, crenate-toothed:
fr. yellowiah-red, deeply 4-lobed. S. Eu., W. Asia.
Wflsonii. Shrub climbing to 20 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to
5 in. or more long, serrate: fls. many, yellowish, in cymes:
fr. 4-lobed, with yellow aril. China.
yedoensis. Deciduous shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. obovate,
minutely toothed: fr. pink. Japan.
EUPATdRIUM. THOROUGHWORT. BONESET.
Composite. Mostly herbaceous perennials with
opposite Ivs. and heads in clusters or panicles, of
purple, rose and white disk-fls. blooming in late
summer and autumn; pappus of hair-like bristles;
mostly native in Mex., W. Indies and trop.
S. Amer.
Many tropical bonesets are very satisfactory in the green-
house and others in the hardy border or wild-garden.
Those grown under glass are given the same care as the
florists stevia (Piqueria), being propagated usually by
cuttings in winter or early spring. The hardy herbaceous
types require the treatment of trie average perennial and
are increased by division or by seeds. The species most
likely to be seen under glass are E. glabratum, guindulosum,
glechonophyllum, hgustrinum, ripanum, sordidum (tan-
thinum) .
adenanthum: E. glandulosum.
aden6phorum: E. glandulosum.
ageratoides: E. rugosum.
album. To 3 ft., rough-hairy: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long,
coarsely toothed: heads white. L. I. to Jbla. and La. —
Suited to poor soil.
altjssimum. To 8 ft., grayish-pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, toothed or entire: heuda white or pinkish.
Pa. to N. C. and Tex.
americanum: E. glandulosum.
araliaefftlium. Shrub: Ivs. oblong, to 8 in. long, entire,
leathery and glabrous: heads white. Mex. to Guatemala.
aroma ticum. To 2 ft., slightly pubescent: Ivs. ovate,
to 3 in. long, coarsely toothed: heads white. Mass to Fla.
and Miss. Var. melissoides has smaller nearly sessile Ivs.
atrdrubens. To 2^2 ft., with red or purple hairs: Ivs.
ovate, to 1 ft. long, toothed: heads red or purple. Mex.
Bruneri. To 5 ft : Ivs. in whorls of 3, lanceolate, to (i in.
long, toothed, tomcntose beneath, rugose: heads pink or
rose. B. C. to Colo.
cannabinum. HEMP AGRIMONY. To 6 ft., pubescent:
Ivs. 3 -5-parted into lanceolate coarsely toothed segms.:
heads pale purple. Eu.
cindreum. Shrubby: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 3 in. long,
toothed, white-tomentose beneath: pappus white. Trinidad.
ccel6stinum (Conochnium ca-lcstinum). MIHT-FLOWKR.
To 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. triangular-ovate, to 3 in. long,
coarsely toothed: heads light blue to violet. N. J. to Fla.
and Tex.
conspicuum (E. grandi folium) . Herb or shrub to 0 ft.:
Ivs. triangular-ovate, to 5 in. long, toothed: heads white.
Mex., Guatemala.
dubiura (E. verticillatum) . JOE-PYM WEED. To 8 ft. or
more, st. speckled purple: Ivs. ovate to narrow-ovate,
mostly in 3's and 4's, to 8 in. long, broadly contracted at
base: fls purple, in convex or rounded panicles. Coastal
plain, Mass, to S. C. — See E. purpureum.
e"legans: E. glabratum.
Fraseri: E. rugosum.
glabratum (E. elegans. E. latifolium). Shrub to 8 ft.,
sticky arid nearly glabrous: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 2^ in.
long, fine- toothed or entire, pale beneath: heads pale pink.
Mex.
glandulftsum (E. adenanthum. E. adenophorum. E.
americanum). Often decumbent, glandular-pubescent: Ivs.
ovate, coarsely toothed: heads pure white, ageratum-like.
Mex. — Sometimes grown erroneously as E. glutmosum.
glechonophyllum (Ageratum conspicuum). Low branch-
ing subshruD, nearly glabrous: Ivs. triangular-ovate, about
1 in. long, bluntly lew-toothed: heads wnite. Chile.
glutinc-sum: see E. glandulosum.
grandifldrum: probably E. atrorubenB.
grandifdlium: E. conspicuum.
ianthinum: E. sordidum.
incarnatum. To 4 ft., pubescent: Ivs. triangular- ovate,
to 2 in. long, toothed: heads pink or pale purple. Va. to
Fla. and Mex.
Lasseauxii (Ageratum and Conoclinium Lasseauxii).
To 2 ft., glandular-hairy: Ivs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate,
bluntly toothed: heads white changing to rose. Temp.
8. Amer.
Eupatorium
298
Euphorbia
latifdlium: E. glabratum.
ligustrinum (E. micranthum. E. Weinmannianum).
Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 3^ in. long, few-toothed,
glandular t>elow: heads white, often with deep rose pappus.
Alex, to Cent. Arner.
macrophyllum (Hebeclinium macrophyllum). To 9 ft.:
Ivs. broad-ovate, to 8 in. long, pubescent, crenate, sub-
cordate at base, heads white. Trop. Amer.
macula turn. JOK-PVK WEED. To 6 ft., rough-pubescent,
st. often spotted purple, not glaucous: Ivs. ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, often wnorled, thick, coarsely toothed: heads
pink or purple, in flat-topped infl., the florets 9-15. Newf.
to B, C. south to 111. and N. Mex. — Probably most of the
stock planted as E. purpureum belongs here.
micr&nthum: E. liyustnnum.
occidentale. To 1>2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 1^ in. long,
toothed or nearly entire: heads pink or sometimes white.
Wash, to Calif, and Nev.
odoratum (Osmia odorata). Shrubby, to 2 ft. or partially
climbing, pubescent: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to
6 in. long, toothed: heads white to blue. Fla., W. Indies,
S. Amer.
perfoliatum. COMMON B. To 5 ft., pubescent: Ivs.
lanceolate, to 8 in. long, the pairs united at base around the
st., rugose, fine-toothed: heads grayish-white varying to
bluish-purple. N. S. to Fla. and Tex.
purpureum. JOK-PYE WEED. To 10 ft., sts. mostly not
speckled, glaucous: Ivs. mostly in whorls, oval to lanceo-
late, to 1 ft. long, tapering at base, coarsely toothed: heads
pink or purple, rarely whitish, in open convex infl., the
florets 5-7. Me. to Fla., Okla. and Tex. — See E. maculatum
and E. dubium.
riparium. Woody at base, 2 ft., sts. pubescent, reddish:
Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, toothed: heads white. Mex.
rug&sum (E. urticapfolium. E. ageratoides. E. Fraseri).
WHITE HNAKEKOOT. To 4 ft., glabrous or hairv: Ivs. ovate,
to 0 in. long, coarsely toothed: heads white. N. B. to Fla.
and La.
ser6tinum. To 8 ft., pubescent, much blanched: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, coarsely toothed: heads
white. Del. to Fla. and Tex.
serrulatum. Shrub: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2% in. long, finelv
toothed, slightly glandular-pubescent: heads white. Brazil.
8essilif61ium. To 6 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, to 0 in. long, sharp-toothed, sessile:
heads white. Vt. to Ga. and Ala.
a6rdidum (E. ianthinum). Shrub, the sts. densely red-
dish-tomentose. Ivs. ovate to ovato-oblong, to 4 in. long,
toothed: heads violet, fragrant. Mex.
specie-sum: Liatris eleyans.
8toechad6smum. To 3 ft. or more, sts. not purple-
spotted: lower Ivs. trifoliolate, Ifts. lanceolate, sharply and
rather coaisely serrate, uppermost Ivs. simple: heads few
in loosely branched cymes. E. China and Japan.
Torreyanum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long,
slightly toothed, seshile: heads white. Pa. to Fla. and Tex.
urticasf 61ium: E. rugosum.
vernale. Shrub, pubescent: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 5 in.
long, toothed, grayish-tomentose beneath: heads white.
Mex.
verticillatum: E. dubium.
Weinmannianum: E. ligustrinum.
EUPH6RBIA. SPURGE. Euphorbiacex. Herbs
or shrubs or small more or less succulent trees of
many classes and kinds (sometimes ranged in
several genera), often cactus-like, with milky
juice, simple Ivs., fls. in cyathia (see Euphor-
biacctT), and fr. a 3-parted caps. The species are
native in various parts of the world.
The succulent or cactus-like forms are grown in the
greenhouse, and for hedges and specimen plants in the
South; see Succulents.
The hardy herbaceous species are suitable for the
border or rock-garden and thrive in any good garden soil.
Seeds may be sown where the plants are to stand and then
thinned to about 10 inches.
Pomsettias (E. pulcherrima) are propagated by cuttings,
usually taken in early slimmer from young growth of stock
that has been kept over winter. These cuttings afford
bloom about Christmas time. They should be kept in pote
in a temperatuie of about 65°. Where grown in the open
poinsettias may be propagated from April on by canes
about 3 feet long stuck in the ground. Other shrubby
euphorbias are similarly handled.
The milky juice of most euphorbias is capable of produc-
ing a severe dermatitis much like that of poison ivy on
susceptible individuals. Succulent ones should not be
planted along edges of stocked pools inasmuch as secretions
from broken roots may be fatal to the fish.
abyssfnica. Large tree, branches leafless, succulent and
spiny, becoming woody, sts. of young plants definitely
8-angled; spines to ^ in. long, sharp, weak, in groups of 5:
fls. in crowded cymes: caps, deep crimson streaked white.
Taranta Mt., Abyssinia. — Probably not in cult., although
plants of this name are listed; some of them belong to E.
acrurensis and E. neglecta.
acrurensis. Woody, spiny, succulent, tree-like, sts. of
young plants 3-9-angled; spines to % in. long, gray with
dark tips: fls. in cymes of 3 golden-yellow involucres on
short peduncles. Abyssinia. — Reputed to have been
distributed as E. abyssinica.
aggregate. Tufted shrub 3 in. high with succulent angled
sts. to l\i in. thick having strong yellow-brown to black
spines: Ivs. very small, soon falling: fls. sessile at tips of
sts. S. Afr.
alcic6rnis. To 10 ft., sts. with elevated rib-like If. -bases
usually 5-angled. fleshy, branches to % in. wide; spines
dark colored, snort, slender: bracts not conspicuously
colored. Madagascar.
angularis (E. Lemaireana). Shrub to 16 ft., branches
constricted into joints to 8 in. long and 4J4 in. thick, with
3 broad horny-margined wings; spines short: Ivs. scale-
like, central part deciduous: fls. in cymes. Trop. Afr.
antiqu&rum. Shrub to 10 ft., branches to 2 in. thick,
erect, jointed, flattened, the ribs somewhat dentate; spines
to }£ in. long: Ivs. somewhat orbicular, small. India. —
Occasionally used as a hedge plant and confused in the
trade with E. lactea.
antisyphilitica. CANDELILLA. Shrub to 3 ft., branches
numerous, slender, erect, spineless, almost leafless, simple or
branched: involucres along sts. in small clusters. Mex. —
Sts. and branches covered with a wax, used in manufacture
of candles, soaps, polishes, lubricants and ointments.
aphylla. Low much branched shrub with cylindrical
gi ay -green sts. to 3 in. long: Ivs. few, linear: fls. solitary or
2-3 at tips of sts., short-stalked. Canary Isls.
arbdrea: a synonym of E. Tuckeyana, not known to be
in cult.; the catalogue description under E. arborea indi-
cates that the plant m the trade is probably E. antisyphi-
htica.
atropurpurea. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 3 in.
long, glaucous, clustered at ends of branches: fls. in umbels,
the bracts dark puiple. TeneriiTe.
au s tralis. Sts. prostrate, much branched, to 1 ft. long:
Ivs. ovate or nearly oibicular, % in. long, pubescent: fls.
solitary m upper axils, with white or red petal-like appen-
dages. Australia.
balsam If era. Much branched shrub with gray sts.: Ivs.
at tips of branches, linear-lanceolate, to 1 in. long: fls.
solitary in the rosette of Ivs., the bracts yellowish. Canary
Isls.
biglandulftsa. To nearly 2 ft., not much branched: Ivs.
lanceolate, to 1^ in. long, fleshy, prickly-pointed: bracts
turning pink, fls. in umbels. Asia Minor.
Bdjeri. Similar to E. splendens, differing in Ivs. paler
gray-green beneath, obtuse and not acute, and spines
rarely branched at base. Madagascar.
buballna. Spineless shrub to 5 ft., branches glabrous,
to M in. thick, terete: Ivs. lanceolate to oblanceolate, to
6 in. long, alternate, scattered: floral bracts green edged
with red, deltoid, to M in. long. S. Afr.
bupleurif61ia. Sts. spherical, to 9 in. high and 3 in. thick:
Ivs. clustered at tip of sts., lanceolate, to 6 in. long: fls.
solitary on long stalks, bracts green. S. Afr.
caerulescens. Succulent shrub with thick 4-5-angled
jointed bluish-glaucous branches, spines to % in. long, and
triangular scale-like Ivs. S. Afr. — By some authors not
considered distinct from E. Ledienii.
canariensis. Shrub or tree to 20 ft., with thick 4-6-
angled branches and small black spines, a few foliage Ivs.
Canary Isls.
candella: listed name of succulent form.
Caput-Commelinii: a listed name probably referable to
E. Caput- Medusae.
Caput-Medusae (E. Commelinii). MEDUSAS HEAD.
Branches snake-like, to 1 ft. long and 2 in. thick, from a
thick globose st.: Ivs. very small, soon falling: fls. solitary
on short stalks. S. Afr. Var. Gorgdnis is E. Gorgonis and
var. inermis is E. inermis. Vars. major and minor are listed.
cereif6rmis (E. polygonato). Sis. to 3 ft. long and 2 in.
thick, angular, branching, with needle-like spines: Ivs. very
small, soon falling: fls. solitary with small purple bracts.
S. Afr.
Chamassyce. Prostrate ann. with short thread-like sts.:
Ivs. roundish: fls. solitary, having whitish appendages.
Medit. region.
clandestine. With solitary unbranched sts. to 2 ft. tall,
Euphorbia
usually cylindrical, spineless, fleshy, covered with wart-
like tubercles: Ivs. to 1)4 in. long, present in crown at
apex, when in fl.: inner bracts purple, outer ones larger
and greenish-yellow. 8. Afr.
clava. To 4 ft., ste. branching with age, branches erect
with tubercles to % in. across: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to
5H in. long, alternate, deciduous, on upper part of branches
only: bracts green, very small. S. Afr.
Commelinii: E. Caput-Medusse.
corollata (Tithymalopais corollata). FLOWERING 8.
Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong to linear: fls. in umbels, with white
petal-like appendages. Ont. to Fla. and Tex.
crassipes. To 1 ft., plant-body globose-cylindric, nearly
flat on top, to 6 in. long, usually half buried: rosette of Ivs.
to 8 in. across: fls. small and inconspicuous. S. Afr.
Cyparfssias (Tithymalua Cypariasiaa). CYPRESS S. Per.
to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear: fls. in many-rayed umbels, the bracta
yellowish. Eu.; nat. in E. U. S., on banks and in cemeteries.
— A good ground-cover, but may become a weed.
dendroldes. Shrub to 7 ft., sts. much branched: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, clustered at ends of branches:
floral bracts greenish-yellow. Medit. region.
Dfnteri. To 18 in. or more, branches cylindrical with
7-8 somewhat spirally compressed brown-horny spined
margins; spines brown turning grayish- white, to % in.
long: Ivs. minute, early-deciduous, deltoid, acute: fls. not
seen. S. W. Afr.
Echinus. Much branched shrub to 6 ft. or more, sts.
6-angled, branches ascending, If.-bases united into ribs with
spine shields fused along each rib into continuous horn-
like ridge; spines to ^ in. long, red or gray. Morocco.
ellfptica. Stemless dioecious plant with tuberous root:
Ivs. linear to elliptic-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, petiole as long
as blade, all basal and entire, dark bluish-green above.
S. Afr.
en6pla. To 2 ft., ste. erect, leafless, spiny, fleshy, to
nearly 2 in. thick, usually 6-8-angled, grooves distinctly
marked with irregular line down center; spines on ridges,
to 1 in. long, purplish-brown to gray. S. Afr.
epithymoides (E. polychroma) . Per. to 1 ft., forming
attractive clumps: Ivs. oblong, the floial ones often yellow:
fls. in umbels. E. Eu. — Showy in the border.
escul£nta. To 1% ft., st. obconical, buried most of its
length, to 8 in. across its flat or depressed crown, rosette of
branches arising from crown to 18 in. across; branches
terete and tapering, to 1 in. thick at base, spineless, es-
sentially leafless, unbranched: fls. inconspicuous, violet-
scented. S. Afr. — Branches sometimes roasted and eaten.
£sula. LEAFY S. Per. to 3 ft., sts. usually unbranched
except at infl., arising from rhizomes which bear numerous
buds: Ivs. linear-oblong, to % m. wide, pale green: fls.
greenish -yellow: seeds abundantly produced. Eu.; nat.
in N. E. U. S., spreading westward to N. D. and Colo. —
A troublesome weed, particularly on well-drained soils.
Not known to be in the trade, but seed is offered by botanic
gardens.
Eustacei (E. Hystrix in part). To 9 in.; branches numer-
ous, erect, crowded into compact succulent cushion-like
structure to 6 in. tall and 1 ft. across, light green; spines
many, white, solitary, to 2 in. long, rigid: Ivs. oblanceolate,
to }4 in. long: bracts light green, becoming spino-like after
flowering period: plants dicecioua. S. Afr.
exigua. Ann. to 10 in., sts. erect or ascending: Ivs.
linear-acute: bracts green, in small cymes. Cent. Eu. and
Medit. region.
Falconed: listed name.
fasciculata. Sts. to 1 ft. high and 3 in. thick, solitary,
cylindrical, covered with large tubercles bearing a stiff
spine to 2 in. long: Ivs. linear, to 1 in. long, soon falling:
fl.-sts. arising from depressions back of spines. S. Afr.
fdroz. To 6 in., sts. in clumps to 2 ft. across, succulent,
leafless, spiny, not much branched, to 2 in. thick, 9-12-
angled; spines along ridges, close together, to IK in« long,
woody, brown to gray: involucre purple with small white
dots. S. Afr.
Franckiana. Succulent shrub to 3 ft. with 3-4-angled
gray-green branches 1 in. thick bearing spines on the horny
margins: Ivs. scale-like, soon falling: fls. borne on margins
between spines. S. Afr.?
Frickiana: listed name, perhaps intended to be E.
Franckiana.
fulgens (E. jacguinseflora). SCARLET PLUME. Shrub to
4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. in oymes, with scarlet petal-like
appendages. Mex. — Grown under glass N.
globdsa. To 3 in., the fleshy joints globose or club-
shaped and about 1 in. diam.: Ivs. very small, deciduous:
involucre with green white-pitted lobes. S. Afr.
Gorgonis. Main plant globose, to 4 in. thick, with a
crown of radiating cylindrical branches 1-2 in. long covered
with small tubercles: Ivs. very small, soon falling: fls.
299
Euphorbia
solitary hi axils of tubercles, with purple-brown glands.
S. Afr. — Lys. and branches often become elongated and
less fleshy in cult, when more moisture is available.
grandic6rnis. To 0 ft., much branched, branches 3-
angled, to 6 in. thick, angles wing-like with horny grayish
margins; spines to 2^ in. long, grayish: Ivs. scale-like: fls.
sessile between spines. S. Afr.
grand idens. Tree to 30 ft. with trunk to 3 ft. diam.,
branchlets 3-4-angled, deeply toothed; spines small: Ivs.
minute, soon falling: fls. in 3-fld. cymes. S. Afr.
Grantii. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. strap-shaped, to 1 ft. long
and 1 in. wide, somewhat leathery: fls. in umbels to 15 in.
across. Trop. Afr.
handie'nsis. Shrub to 3 ft. or more, leafless, succulent,
monoecious; mam st. woody, 8-12-angled, ridges with paired
red to white spines to l\i in. long: fls. greenish, minute.
Canary Isls.
havan£nsis: E. lac tea.
Hermentiana. Shrub or small tree: branches erect,
straight, fleshy, spiny, usually 3-4-anglen, dark green wuh
wavy white band down each face becoming obscure with
age; edges somewhat toothed, bearing pairs of brown to
gray spines to 1A in. long: Ivs. broadly oblong, to % in.
long, early deciduous: fls. not seen. S. Afr.
heptag6na. To 2 ft., branching, sts. 5-10-anplcd, to
1 % in. thick; spines to 1 in. long: Ivs. very small, triangular-
lanceolate, purple-brown: fls. solitary. S. Afr.
heterophylla (Poinsettia heterophylla). MEXICAN FIRE-
PLANT. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. variable, ovate to linear, entire,
toothed or fiddle-shaped, the upper Ivs. blotched with red
and white: fls. in terminal clusters. 111. to Fla., trop. Amer.
— An acceptable flower-garden subject.
h6ttentotae. Succulent shrub to 6 ft., with main st.
much branched at ground level; primary branches 5-angled,
to l?i in. diam , ridges low, twigs usually 4-angled; spines
to J-6 in. long: fls. small, in short-peduncled cymes. S. Afr.
Hystrix: a confused name; plants so listed are probably
E. loncata, but may be referred to E, Euxtacei.
ine'rmis (E. viperina). Resembling E. Caput-MeduRX
but with branches ^ in. thick and involucres with woolly
white hairs. S. Afr.
ingens. Tree to 30 ft., said to branch in a broadly ob-
conical manner; branches succulent, usually erert, leafless,
spiny; fl. branches with 4-7 winged angles bearing very
minute or no spines: infl. a cyme, bracts light green.
Transvaal, S. Afr.
fntisy. Shrub with fleshy globose forked branches, gray-
green and with numerous white dots: Ivs. small, borne on
protuberances. Madagascar. — Intro, in U. S. for teat as a
rubber-producing plant.
Ipecacuanha} (Tithymalopsis Ipecacuanha?). IPECAC S.
Per. to 10 in , branched, from deep root: Ivs. variable,
linear to orbicular, entire: fls. in umbels, with inconspicuous
green appendages. Conn, to Fla.
jacquinaefl&ra: E. fulgens.
lactea (E. havanensis). Cactus-like shrub or tree of
candelabra form, the branches 3^-4-angled with a marbled
white band down the center, bearing short thick spines and
no foliage Ivs. E. Indies. Var. cristata has crested branches.
— Planted only in warm countries or under glans.
Lathyrus (Tithymalus Lathyrus). CAPKR S. MOLE-
PLANT. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, tho floral ones ovate:
fls. in umbels. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
Ledidnii. Shrub to 6 f t , branches leafless, succulent,
spiny, usually 4-7-angled; spines in pairs, to Y^ in. long,
occasionally absent: cymes of bright yellow involucres.
S. Afr.
Lemaireana: E. anyularis.
Iign6sa. Shrub to 1M ft., main st. top-shaped, mostly
underground; branches numerous, many-forked, woody at
maturity, forming dense cushion to 3 ft. across: Ivs present
only on young branchlets, lanceolate, to % in. long: cymes
greenish, terminal or axillary on long peduncles. Nama-
qualand Desert region, S. W. Afr.
loricata (E. Hystrix in part). Shrub to 3 ft.; branches
fleshy, terete, spiny and somewhat spirally tuberculate,
with well developed Ivs.; spines solitary, numerous, stiff,
to 2 in. long, brown or gray: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 3 in.
long, obtuse: cymes green. S. Afr. — Often confused in cult,
with E. clava, from which it differs by its larger sts. and
more spiny branches and infl. Most of tho cult, material
of E. Hystnx belongs here.
mammillaris. To 3 ft , branches cylindrical, 8-17-anRled,
to 1% in. thick, spines \4 in. long, angles tubercled: Ivs.
scale-like: fls. with small purple bracts. S. Afr.
marginata (E. variegata. Lepadenia marginata). SNOW-
ON-THE-MOUNTAIN. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, the
upper ones with white margins: fls. in umbels, with white
petal-like appendages. Minn, to Tex. — Popular as a flower-
garden subject.
Euphorbia
300
Euphorbia
Marlothii: E. Montieri.
mauritanica. Succulent spineless shrub to 4 ft., branches
cylindrical, ^ in. thick: Ivs. to 1 m. long, soon falling:
fis. in terminal umbels. S. Afr.
melofdrmis. MELON 8. Plant globose, unbranched, to
6 in. diam., with 8 spineless angles, transversely striped
light and dark green: Ivs. minute, soon falling: fls. in cymes
at depressed apex. S. Afr.
mitrif6rmis: catalogue name.
Montieri (E. Marlothii). To 2 ft., main st. unbranched
to 1 ft., to 2 in. thick, fleshy, tuberculate; fl. branches
slender, erect, not tuberculate: Ivs. spatulate, to 6 in. long,
glaucous-green: fls. green, in terminal cymes. Trop. Afr.
Mdrinii. Plant fleshy, sts. to 2 in. thick, green or grayish,
Hparsely hairy, rarely branched, ribs 5-8, about % m. high
and as wide: Ivs. ovate, to y± in. long; spines as long, few:
bracts brownish-red. S. Afr.
Muiri. To 1H fk °r loss, main st. below ground; branches
erect, usually solitary or few, slender, fleshy, often with
crown of small branchlets at or near top, spineless, tubercles
abundant, large, usually white-tipped with persistent lf.-
ba»e: Ivs. linear, to ^ in. long, erect, fleshy. S. Afr.
Myrsinltes. Fleshy bien. or per., prostrate or decumbent
at base, then ascending or eiect: Ivs. obovate, in spirals,
weshilc: fls. yellow, in umbels. Eu.
natal£nsis. Per. to 2 ft., woody at base: Ivs. linear, to
JJ^ in. long, defiexed, sessile: flw. in terminal umbels to 2 in.
aciOHa. S. Afr. Var. cristata is hated. — The name natalensis
is sometimes applied to E. simihs.
neglecta. Tree, branches succulent, becoming woody
with age, usually 5-8-angled, wings conspicuous with
swollen veins; spines in pairs, to Jfc in. long: Ivs. linear, to
1 in. long. N. Afr. — This plant often listed as E. abysainica.
neriifblia (E. Ntvulia). Succulent tree or shrub, with
5-angled sts. and short spines: Ivs. thick, ob ovate-oblong,
to 5 in. long. fls. in cymes. E. Indies.
nic&e'nsis. Per. to 20 in., differing from E. Esula in
having ovate to obovate Ivs. subtending umbel and lanceo-
late to ohlanceolatc foliage Ivs. N. Medit. region and
Cent. Eu.; perhaps nat. in E. U. S.
Nivulia: E. neriifoha.
nubica. Shrub to 6 ft., branches spineless, terete, slender,
glabious. Ivs. eaily deciduous with persistent bases re-
maining on sts.: fls. green, in terminal umbels. N. Afr. —
Some of the material in trade as E. Schimpen belongs here.
nutans. Ann., ascending or erect to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-
oblong to ovate or falcate, scirate, often blotched or
margined led. A common weed of fields and pastures in
E. U. S., intio. in Calif.
Nylkae. Tree to 45 ft. ; branches ascending, fleshy, spiny,
leafless, 3-4-angled or nearly flat, angles thin-winged; spines
to \i in. long, g/ay: fla. green, minute, in almost sessile
cymes. Mozambique.
obesa. Similar to E. meloformia but with scars of fallen
peduncles along angles more crowded. S. Afr.
officinarum. Shrub, branches many-angled, spreading
or erect; spines erect, to ^ in. long, stiff, yellow to gray
with age: Ivs. minute. N. Afr.
ornith6pU8. Succulent and spineless little plant, branch-
ing near giound into cylindric tuberculate branches to
4 in. long, with long-jointed and short-jointed forms: Ivs.
rudimentary and soon falling: peduncles l^j-3 in. long,
bearing cup-shaped gieen involucres. S. Afr.
palustrls. Per. to 1>^ ft.t st*. not fleshy, glabrous: Ivs.
oblong, nearly en the: fls. in umbels, bracts blight yellow:
caps, warty. Eu.
pendula. Sts. cylindrical, long and pendulous, K in.
thick: Ivs. minute. Supposed to come from S. Afr. but of
doubtful identity | some of the stock may be a Sarcostemma,
one of the Asclepiadaceco.
pentagtma. Shrub to 10 ft., somewhat globose in habit;
branches succulent, spiny, in whorls along sts. at H~l/^ ft.
intervals, usually 5-6-acutely angled, green to gray, lighter
line down each groove; spines solitary, scattered, to 34 in*
long, light brown: Ivs. linear, to ^ in. long. S. Afr.
Pe.ntlandii. Prostrate ann., ste. somewhat fleshy,
branched, to 6 in. long: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to % in. long,
obtuse, entire or dentate-cihate toward apex: fls. inconspicu-
ous. Bolivia.
Pfersdorfli. Low shrub, sts. terete, to 2^4 in. thick,
9-angled, grooves very deep, much branched with age;
spines to nearly 1 in. long. Afr.?
pildlft. Per. to 1M ft.: Ivs. oblong: fls. in umbels. Eu.,
N. Asia. Var. major has golden-yellow foliage. — Differs
from E. polustria in pilose vesture, fewer rays in umbel and
cape, not warty.
polyadtatha. Fleshy leafless shrub to 5 ft., spiny; ate. to
l^S in. diam., 4-5-angled, angles crenately toothed, spines
about H in. or less long, diverging, often curved: fls. small,
in cymes. Ethiopia.
polychroma: E. epithymoides.
pol^gona. Sts. to 2 ft. high and 4 in. thick, 10-20-angled,
the angles slightly wavy and with small spines: Ivs. very
small, soon fafling: fls. near top of sts. S. Afr.
polygonata: E. cereiformia.
polvgonifdtia. SEASIDE S. Prostrate ann. to 8 in.,
branches spreading radiately: Ivs. opposite, linear-oblong,
to nearly 1 in. long, entire, fleshy: fls. inconspicuous. R. I.
to Fla. and sandy shores of the Great Lakes.
Pseudocactus. Sts. 4-, seldom 5-, angled, to 2 in. thick,
gray^green with yellow U-shaped marks, spines % in. long.
Habitat unknown.
pteroneura. Low shrub with jointed angled branches
l/& in. thick, the Ivs. soon falling. Mex. — -Grown under
glass N.
pugniformis. Very dwarf succulent plant, main st.
subglobpse, flat on top, with crown of spineless branches
to 1H in. long: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to M in. long: fls.
borne on main st. below branches with whitish-green glands.
S. Afr. — Distinguished from E. Gorgonia by its longer Ivs.
and color of glands.
pulche'rrima (Poinsettia pulcherrima). POINSETTIA.
Shrub to 10 ft. or more. Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, entire or
lobed, the upper ones narrower and bright red (white, var.
Alba, or pink, var. rdsea) and constituting the showy part
of the plant: fls. in cymes. Trop. Amer., Cent. Mex. Var.
pienfesima has fls. transformed into red bracts.
ramipr£ssa: catalogue name.
Rangeana: hort. name of invalid botanical standing.
Regis- Jubae. Similar to E. atropurpurea but with linear
Ivs. and yellow bracts. Teneriffe.
Relnhardtii. Tree to 50 ft., trunk branching about
10 ft. from ground, to 1^ ft. thick, crown obconical and
flat-topped; branches fleshy, leafless, spiny, glabrous,
constricted into segms. to 1 ft. long: fls. greenish, in cymes:
caps, globose, to M in. acioss, cheiry-red. Mozambique.
resin if era. Much branched shrub to 6 ft., sts. 4-angled,
spines short: Ivs. very small, brownish: fls. at tips of
branches. Morocco.
rhipsalioides. Differs from E. Tirucalli in having ovate-
lanceolate Ivs. about % in. long. Trop. Afr.
Rpyleana. Similar to E. canariensis from which it may
be distinguished by its involucres yellow and not brown.
Schlmperi: a confused name; material so listed may be
E. nubica or E. scopana.
scoparia. Tree to 25 ft., branchlets terete, fleshy, spine-
less and usually leafless, clustered about ends of larger
branches: Ivs., when present, linear, to % in. long, clustered
about ends of brancnlets: sessile clusters of involucres at
ends of branchlets. Abyssinia.
Scotanum (E. venenata). Prostrate shrub: Ivs. fleshy,
ternate, ovate-orbicular, emargmate, entire, petiole and
piirnary veins villous: fls. in terminal and axillary tiicho-
tomous umbels. Mex.
segetalis. Ann. or bien., rarely per., sts. decumbent or
ascending, to 12 in. high' Ivs. narrowly oblong, pale green:
fls. inconspicuous. Coastal plant of W. Medit. region north
to Scotland.
sf milis. Tree to 30 ft., spiny, with 4-5-angled fleshy
branches, the joints to 1H ft- long: Ivs. scale-like or some-
times to 3^6 in. long, deciduous. S. Afr.
specidsa: catalogue name.
spllndens. CROWN-OF-THORNS. Woody, the climbing
sts. to 4 ft. long and armed with spines to 1 in. long: Ivs.
obovate, soon falling: fls. in cymes, the bracts bright red.
Madagascar. — Grown under glass.
squarrdsa. Fleshy herb to 8 in., sts. decumbent, un-
branched, ridges obtuse and toothed: Ivs. minute and soon
falling: fls. in axillary cymes. S. Afr.
stellaesplna. Shrub to 2 ft. ; sts. erect, branching at base,
in clumps, fleshy, spiny, leafless, many-angled, grooves to
34 in. deep, green without lighter bands, ridges toothed;
spines solitary between the teeth, to % in. long, brown.
Cent. Afr.
stellata (E. uncinata). Somewhat prostrate tuberous-
rooted succulent shrub; branches to 6 in. long, flattened,
green with purple and gray mottling, concave above, leaf-
less; spines minute, in pairs: fls. dull yellow. S. Afr.
Strfcta (Tithymalus stricta). Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovoid to
lanceolate: fls. in umbels. Eu.
submammillaris. Much branched shrub to 1 ft.; branches
spiny, succulent, 7-10-angled, ridges toothed, grooves
without lighter markings; spines solitary, to 1 in. long,
between teeth: bracts purple, minute. S. Afr.
Susanni£e. Plant seemingly tufted but actually with a
group of fleshy subterranean sts. whose tips only protrude
above the surface and then usually in a ring-like arrange-
ment; sts. globose-cylindrical, 1-1 n in. diam. with toothed
ridges, apex hemispherical, the upper portion above ground:
Euphorbia
301
Eurotia
Ivs. present only on young shoots, reduced to apical bristles
and soon falling: plants dioacious; fls, in small cymes,
greenish. S. Afr.
tenuirama. Similar to E. grandidena, but differing chiefly
in t>pmes about % in. long, not % in. long. S. Afr.
tetragdna. Tree to 40 ft., trunk to 6 iir. thick; branches
4-8-angTed, to 2 in. thick, usually in whorls: fl. branchlets
smaller, toothed ridges, sometimes spiny: bracts yellow.
S. Afr.
Tirucalli. MILK-BUSH. INDIAN TREE S. Shrub or tree
to 30 ft., with a crown of slender irregular branches, leafless
as the narrow Ivs. soon fall: fls. in small clusters. Afr. —
Grown in the open in S. Fla., under glass in the N.
tithymaloides. Suberect shrub to 6 ft.; younger sts.
greenish, becoming whitish with age, glabrous, terete: Ivs.
ovate, to 3 in. long, leathery, alternate, deciduous: bracts
red. Carribean region.
tridentata. Succulent and spineless little plant; branches
from the base to (i in. long, cylindrical or tapering, with
angled tubercles: Ivs. }^ in. or less long, soon falling:
peduncles 3-4 at ends of blanches, beaiing 1 involucre
and a pair of bracts. S. Afr.
trigdna. Erect shiub to 7 ft., sts. 3-5-winged, ascending
and usually blanching in 3's.: Ivs. obovate, to M in. long,
fleshy, daik green, solitary between spines: fls. in short-
peduncled cymes. India to Moluccas.
tubiglans. Succulent per., ste. 2-5, 5-sided, to 6 in. long
and % in. diam.: Ivs. triangular, early deciduous: fls. green-
ish-white, in clusters at ends of bts. S. Afr.
uncinata: E. btdlata.
valida. To 1 ft., st. unbranched, fleshy, leafless, spine-
less, somewhat globose in young plants and becoming
moie oblong with age, teiete at base, 8-sided above, dull
to puiphsh-greeii with irregular tiansverse bands of light
gieen fls. gieen, in cymes borne on lower more woody
poition of fat. S. Afr.
variegata: E. marginata.
venenata: E. Scotanum.
viper ma: E. inermis.
Wulfenii. Subbhrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 5 in. long,
usually close together on younger branch ends: fls. green-
ish-yellow, in laige disuse terminal cymes. Dalmatia.
xylophylloldes. Shrub or tree, much branched, sts. flat
or 2-angled, ^ in. wide, slightly toothed: Ivs. minute, soon
falling. Madagascar.
EUPHORBIACE^E. SPUIIGE FAMILY. A large
and important assemblage of herbs, shrubs and
trees, sometimes cactus-like, often with milky
juice, of about 250 widely distributed genera.
The fls. are of various forms, sometimes in
cyathia, i. e., an apetalous pistillate fl. is sur-
rounded by several staminate fls. which consist of
a single stamen jointed on the pedicel and all
inclosed by a corolla-like involucre which often
has petal-like appendages; ovary superior and
commonly 3-celled: fr. usually a caps. This fam-
ily includes many plants of economic importance,
yielding rubber, edible roots and fruits, and
having valuable medicinal and poisonous proper-
ties; there are also many ornamental subjects.
In some cases, as poinsettia, the showy parts are
colored bracts. Those genera cult, with us are
Acalypha, Aleurites, Antidesma, Bischofia, Brey-
nia, Cnidoscolus, Codiamm, Dalechampia, Dapn-
niphyllum, Euphorbia, Glochidion, Hemicyclia,
Hevea, Homalanthus, Hura, Jatropha, Mallotus,
Manihot, Mercurialis, Pedilanthus, Phyllanthus,
Ricinus, Sapium, Sccurinega, Stillingia, Syna-
denium, Xylophylla.
EUPHORIA. Sapindacese. Trop. Asian trees
with alternate pinnate Ivs., small regular fls. in
panicles, and fr. covered with flattened tubercles;
grown for the edible fr.
Longans withstand slight frost and also should be pro-
tected from the sun in summer; they thrive in protected
places in southern Florida and southern California. Propa-
gated by seed, layers and grafting.
Long&na (Nephdium, Longana), LONGAN, LUNOAN. To
40 ft.: Ivs. of 2-5 pairs of glossy elliptic to lanceolate Ifts.
to 1 ft. long: fls. yellowish-white, in terminal panicles: fr.
yellow-brown, 1 in. across, with white juicy edible flesh.
India.
EUPHRASIA. Scrpphidariacex. Ann. or per.
herbs of wide distribution in the temp, and
subarctic regions of both hemispheres: Ivs. op-
posite: fls. sessile or nearly so, in terminal spikes,
with tubular 2-lippcd corolla: fr. an oblong com-
pressed caps., seeds conspicuously stria te.
Propagated by seeds.
Brownii: a Confused name, sometimes referable to tha
following.
colHna. To 1 ft., much branched: Ivs. oblong to linear-
cuneate, to ^ in. long or more, somewhat toothed: fls.
purplish-blue to white, rarely yellow, in long interrupted
terminal spikes with fls. in opposite pairs. Australia.
EUPLOCA. Boragitiacetf. Small ann. hispid
herbs with alternate entire pubescent Ivs. and
white salver-shaped solitary fls., the corolla nar-
rowed at orifice; one or two N. American plants
sometimes united with Heliotropium.
convolvulacea (Heliotropium convohulaceum) . To 1 ft.:
Ivs. lanceolate or ovate, to 1^ in. long: fls. % m. long,
fragrant. Wash, to Calif, and New Mex.
EUPTfeLEA. Trochodendracese. Asian de-
ciduous shrubs or trees with alternate toothed Ivs..
fls. in clusters before the Ivs., without sepals and
petals but with long red anthers, and fr. a samara.
These plants do best in lonmy well-drained soil in rather
moist positions. Propagated by seeds or by grafting on
their own roots. The following stand in southern New
England.
Franchetii. To 75 ft.: Ivs. roundish-ovate, to 5 in. long,
regularly toothed1 fis. 1-3-secded. Cent. China.
poly&ndra. Differs from above in the Ivs. being coarsely
and unequally toothed, and the frs. usually 1 -seeded. Japan.
EUPRITCHARDIA (Pritchardia. Stylonia).
PRITCHAKDIA. Palnuicex. Tall or middle-sized
hermaphrodite unarmed fan-palms of the Pacific
Isls.: Ivs. heavy and large but pliant, cuneato-
fan-shaped, strongly plicate: spadix among the
Ivs., short- or long-peduncled and the fls. in a
more or less compact cluster at its end; fls. small,
green, placed singly, elongated in bud; stamens 6:
fr. globose or ellipsoid, small, 1-seeded. The
pritchardias are striking palms of regular form,
prominent in the Hawaiian, Samoan, Fiji ana
other archipelagoes; some of them thrive in
protected places in S. Fla. and a few in S. Calif.
The species known in the continental U. S. fall
into the small-fruited (E. pacified, E. Thiirstonii)
and the large-fruited (E. Gaudichaudii, E.
Martii) groups. See I* aim for cult. The generic
name Pritchardia is a later homonym.
Gaudichaudii. To 20 ft. and trunk 1 ft. thick: Ivs. ?~4 ft.
long, on the young plant beating brown matted wool under-
neath but nearly or quite nude with age; sogms. about 60
and 1 ft. long; petioles 2-3 ft. long: fr. spherical, to 1% in.
diam. Hawaiian Isls.
M&rtii. To 12 ft., trunk stout: Ivs. with apprcssed
ciliate scales underneath: fr. ovoid-ellipsoid or somewhat
obovoid, to 1% in. long arid l^s in. thick. Oahu.
paciffca. Trunk to 30 ft. and 1 ft. thick: IVH. to 4 ft. and
more long, green both sides and with minute scales or with
tubercles underneath; scgms. about 90, extending about
}$ the way down; petiole to 3 ft. or more: spadices shorter
than Ivs.: fr. globose, about ^ in. diam. Fiji. Widely
distributed as a planted tree.
Thurstonii. Slender: segms. thickiah and stiff, glances-
cent underneath and bearing elliptic scales; scgms. about
70, reaching 1A to ^ the length of blade: spadices with
much-elongated peduncles that hang below the Ivs. and
bear the compact cluster at the end: fr. about ^ in. diam.
Fiji.
EUROTIA. Chenopodiacex. Small white-
tomentose shrubs of Eu. and N. Amer., one rarely
planted: Ivs. alternate, entire: fls. unisexual, in
small clusters borne in spikes.
lanata. WINTER FAT. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear, to \\i in.
long, revolute: pistillate fls. with tufta of silvery- white
hairs. Sask. to Calif, and New Mex.
Eurya
302
Evolvulus
EURYA. TJieacex (Ternstroemiacese). Ever-
green shrubs or trees with alternate simple Ivs..
mostly dioecious fls. in axillary clusters, and
berry-like frs.; suitable for greenhouse cult, or in
the open in the 8. For cult, see Camellia.
chingnsis. Distinguiwhed from E. japonica by more
fim-ly toothed Ivs. and young bianchlets and terminal buds
pubescent. China. — Some of the material pasamg as
E. japomca, belongH here.
emarginata (Ilex emarginata). Branches covered with
rcddinh-brown tomenturn. Ivs. thick and leathery, obovate,
crenate, emarginate: fin. axillaiy . fr. usually In pairs. Japan.
jap6nica (E. latifoha). Lvs. toothed: fls. small, greenish-
white. E. Asia. Var. variegata has Ivs. variegated with
white.
latifftlia: E. japonica.
ochnacea (Cleyera japonica). Lvs. entire: fls. creamy-
white, fragrant, beines red. Himalayas to Japan. The
IVN. aie vai legated in var. variegata.
EURi'ALE. Nymphxaceip. One species, very
prickly and spiny, somewhat similar to Victoria
reyi(t but the fls. much smaller and all stamens
fertile?. E. f&rox. Lvs. 1-4 ft. across, circular,
purple and spiny-ribbed beneath, dark green
and uneven above: fls. green outside, bright red
inside, about 2 in. across, open by day, prickly
outside : f r. many-seeded globular berry, seeds
edible. India, China. — Treated as an ann.;
propagated by seeds only, planted in rich earth
as for nympheas, temperature 70-75° F. Hardy
as far north as Philadelphia and St. Louis.
EURlfOPS. Composite. African shrubs of the
Senecio tribe with alternate Ivs. and solitary
heads of yellow ray- and disk-fls.; pappus of
caducous bristles. Suitable for planting in mild
climates.
Athanasiae. To 4 ft., resinous: Ivs. to 6 in. long, pinnately
patted into linear-filiform lobes: heads terminal, on pe-
duncles to 1 ft. long, the numerous lays to 1^ in. long.
S. Afr.
pectinatus. To 3 ft., soft whitish-pubescent: Ivs. pin-
natifid, to 3 in. long including petiole, lobes linear, obtuse,
usually &--10 pairs: heads terminal, on peduncles to 6 in.
long. S. Afr.
EUSCAPHIS. Staphyleaceas. One deciduous
shrub to 10 ft., native in Japan and China and
not fully hardy in the N. Propagated by seeds
and cuttings of green wood under glass. E.
jap6nica (E. staphylcoidcx). Lvs. pinnate, of
7-11 ovate-lanceolate toothed Ifts. to 3 in. long:
fls. yellowish-green, in terminal panicles to 5 in.
across: fr. of 3 reddish leathery pods }^ in. long.
EtfSTOMA. Gentianaccse. A few N. American
glaucous herbs with opposite Ivs. and white or
blue bell-shaped fls. in panicles or solitary, with
keeled calyx, 5- or 6-lobed corolla, and many-
seeded capsular fr.; sometimes grown in the
flower-garden.
Russellianum (Lisianthua Russellianua) . PRAIRIE
GENTIAN. Ann. erect herb to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong,
to 3 in. long: fls. pale purple, about 2 in. across and 2 in.
long, erect or flaring. Neb. to Tex. — Showy plant but not
often seen in cult.; sometimes treated as bien., the well
established seedlings being carried over winter in a frame.
EtlSTREPHUS. Liliacex. Australian vine-
like plants woody at base, having alternate Ivs.
and fls. clustered in axils of upper Ivs., the
perianth-segms. distinct and fringed. Of easy
cult, under glass or in the open in warm climates.
Propagated by division or seeds.
latif6Hu8. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. white
or light blue, \^ in. long: fr. an orange-colored berry about
M m. across.
EtfSTYLIS. Iridacese. One species, a bulbous
herb, sometimes included in Nemastylis but
differing in technical characters of stamens and
frs. E. purpdrea (Nemastylis purpurea). To 2 ft.:
Ivs. linear, to 2 ft. long, plicate: fls. 2-3 to a
spathe, purple with color markings, to % in.
long, the outer perianth-segms. longer than
inner. Tex., La. — For other names, see Nemasty-
lis.
EUTAXIA. Leguminosx. Australian nearly
or quite glabrous shrubs, one intro. in Calif.:
Ivs. small and opposite: fls. yellow, papilionaceous,
mostly axillary and solitary or few together.
E. empetrifdlia (E.diffusa) is a heath-like bush
with Ivs. about % in. or less long: fls. % in. or
less long, each one with a pair of leaf-like bracts
at base: pod to l/i in. long.
EUTfiRPE. Palmacese. Feather-palms of
trop. Amer., perhaps 40 species, unarmed,
monoecious, with branched spadices below the Ivs. :
trunk solitary or plant gregarious: fls. white,
sessile, in 3's and the middle one pistillate or
one of them often abortive; stamens 6, distinct:
fr. globose, small, with thin outer flesh or a shell.
Probably none of the species is established within
our territory.
EUTHAMIA: Solidago.
EUTOCA: Phacelia.
EVEA: Cephaelis.
EVENING-SNOW: Gilia dichotoma.
EVERGREENS: see Conifers.
EVERLASTING. IMMORTELLE. Plants used
for "dry bouquets" for winter decoration, com-
prising various kinds that retain their form and
color when dried; usually the flowers have chaffy
or papery parts. Most of the common ever-
lastings are members of the 'Composite, as
Ammobium, Anaphalis, Antennaria, Helipterum,
Hetichrysum, Xeranthemum. One common kind,
CSomphrcna, is an amaranth. Limonium, of the
Plumbagjnacese, is much used. Cut before the
flowers are fully expanded, with long stems, and
hang in an airy shady place to cure. Various dry
fruits are used with everlastings, as Physalis,
Lunaria. Many of the grasses are also employed
for dry bouquets, as well as teasels, cat-tails and
many other plants from the wild. All the fore-
going plants are of simple culture.
EVODIA. Rutacese. Trees or shrubs, often
somewhat Rhus-like, native in E. Asia, Australia
and Polynesia, with opposite simple or compound
aromatic Ivs., small unisexual fls. in cymes or
panicles, and fr. of 4-5 carpels.
Some species (as those here described) are hardy in the
North and others are greenhouse subjects. Propagated by
seeds, cuttings of half-ripened wood, and root-cuttings.
chinensis: catalogue name.
Ddniellii. Small tree: Ivs. of 7-11 Ifts.: fls. white, in
terminal corymbs to 6 in. across. N. China, Korea.
Henryi. Tree to 35 ft.: Ivs. of 5-9 Ifts.: fls. whitish, in
panicles to 2^ in. across. Cent. China.
hupeh£nsis. Similar to E. Henryi but Ivs. light green
beneath and fls. smaller in panicles to 6 in. across. Cent.
China.
EV(5LVULUS. Convolvulacese. Prostrate or
erect herbs or sometimes shrubs, having small
alternate Ivs. and small blue, rose or white
axillary fls. 5-angled or -lobed; native in warm
regions.
bocasanus. Herb to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2 in. long,
sessile: fls. bright blue with white center, ^ in. across.
Trinidad, Venezuela.
Evolvulus
303
Eye
Nuttallianus. Per. to 10 in., silky-hairy: Ivs. oblong or
oblanceolate, H in- long: fia. pink, H in- across. S. D. to
Ariz.
EVONYMUS: Euonyvnua.
fiXACUM. Gentianacede. Old World herbs with
opposite, simple and entire lys. and blue or
white wide-open fls. solitary or in forking cymes;
corolla 4- or 5-lobed : fr. a 2-valved caps. Grown
under glass or out-of-doors in warm regions.
Propagated by seed.
afflne. Bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to IK in. long, ovate: fls.
bluish. H in. across. Socotra. Var. atroceoruleum, fls.
dark lavender with golden-yellow stamens.
macranthum. Bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, oblong:
fls. purplish -blue, ringed with yellow in throat, 2 in. across.
Ceylon.
tires. To 4 ft., sts. subquadrangular: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 3*4 in. long, 3-nerved: fls. blue. India.
tetrag&num. To 4 ft., sts. quadrangular: Ivs. broadly
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, 5-nerved: fls. azure-blue. N. India
to China. — Not known to be in cult., but confused with
E. teres.
zeylanicum. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. 3 in. long, oval-oblong:
fls. blue, 1 H in. across. Ceylon. — Differs from E. macran-
thum in the lobes of corolla obtuse rather than pointed.
EXOCHORDA. PEARLS-BUSH. Rosacese. Asian
spirea-like deciduous shrubs with alternate Ivs.,
white fls. in terminal racemes in spring, and fr.
a 5-angled caps, with winged seeds.
Pearl-bushes are very ornamental and hardy North,
prospering in sunny positions in well-drained soil. Propa-
gated by seeds, by layers, and by cuttings of soft wood.
Albertii: E. Korolkowii.
Giraldii. To 15 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to 2^ in. long, petioles
to 1 in. long, often red: fls. 1>£ in. across; stamens 20-30.
China. Var. Wilsonii has fls. to 2 in. across and green
petioles.
grandifldra: E. race mo sa.
Korolk&wii (E. Albertii). To 12 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 3 in.
long, petioles ^ in. long: fls. l^J in. across; stamens 25.
Turkestan.
macr&ntha. Hybrid between E. racemosa and E.
Korolkowii.
racemosa (E. graruliflora) . To 10 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to
oblong-obovate, to 2% in. long, petioles to ^ in. long: fls.
to 2 in. across; stamens 15. China.
Wflsonii: E. Giraldii var.
EXSERTED: sticking out; projecting beyond, as
stamens from a perianth; not included.
EYE: the marked center of a flower; a bud ou a tuber,
as on a potato; a single-bud cutting.
FABIAN A. Solanacese. Heath-like small or
medium shrubs ^rown in greenhouses and in the
open in mild climates for the numerous small
white tubular fls. : Ivs. very small, narrow and
crowded: native in 8. Arner., one grown in S.
Calif, where it blooms at different seasons. Easily
increased by cuttings taken in Aug.
imbricata. To 8 ft , much branched: Ivs. very numerous,
scale-like, overlapping: fls. borne singly but m great
numbers on the ends of the short branches, ^ in. long,
constricted at base. Peru.
FABRICIA: Leptospcrmum.
FACHEIROA. Cadaccx. One Brazilian spe-
cies, F. Ulei (F. pubiflora). Sts. cylindrical, much
branched, erect to 18 ft. high, branches to 3 in.
diam.; ribs 15720, to \i in. high, arcoles about
% in. apart; spines brown, radials 10-15, to y% in.
long, spreading, centrals 3-4, to 1 in. long;
ccphalium on one side of terminal sts., to 8 in.
long, densely reddish-brown-woolly, the hairs to
nearly 2 in. long: fls. white, to 2}^ in. across, the
ovary and tube scaly with hairs to ]/^ in. long in
scale axils.
BEECH FAMILY. Six widely dis-
tributed genera of woody monoecious plants, with
alternate simple Ivs., starninate fls. in catkins or
heads, pistillate solitary or clustered, 4-7-lobed
perianth, 4-20 stamens, inferior 3-7-cellnd ovary,
and fr. a nut inclosed in a cup or bur. The family
furnishes valuable timber, edible nuts, medicinal
and dyeing products, cork, and numerous or-
namental subjects. Genera cult, are Castanoa,
Castanopsis, Fagus, Lithocarpus, Nothofagus,
Quercus. Most of the planted subjects arc hardy
in the central or northern U. S. but some of thorn
only far S., and comprise some of the most de-
sirable lawn and shade and grove hardwood trees.
FAGARA: see Zanthoxylum.
FAGELIA: Calceolaria.
FAGOPtRUM. Polygonaccar. European and
Asian soft herbs with alternate Ivs., small white
fls. in racemes or corymbs, and fr. a pointed tri-
angular achene.
Plants are grown for the seeds from which flour is made
and as a cover- or catch-crop in orchards; the following are
tender annuals of quick growth. Of easy cultivation on a
wide range of soils. Seeds are sown broadcast or in drills
late in Juno or early in July in the northern states.
escu!6ntum. BUCKWHEAT. To 3 ft.: Ivs. triangular-
ovate, to 3 in long: fls. white, fragrant, in short dense
racemes or clusters mostly near summit of plant. Cent.
or N. Asia.
tataricum. INDIA-WHEAT. KANQRA BUCKWHEAT. To
2 ft.: Ivs. broadly arrow-shaped, to 2 in. long: fls. greenish
or yellowish, in slender open racemes along the st. India. —
It has been known as duckwheat.
FAGUS. BEECH. Fagacex. Large deciduous
monoecious trees with smooth light gray bark,
alternate toothed Ivs., staminate fls. in drooping
heads, and 1 or 2 brown 3-angled nuts inclosed in
a prickly involucre; native of the north temp.
zone.
Beeches are excellent and emphatic ornamental trees,
furnish valuable timber, and the nuts are eaten. They
prosper on loam limestone soil. Propagated readily by
seeds sown in fall or stratified and kept until spring; protect
from vermin. Seedlings should be transplanted to prevent
the formation of long tap-roots. Varieties are grafted on
seedling stock under glass.
americana: F. yran<h folia.
Cunninghamii: Nothofagus Cunninghamii.
cuprea: F. sylvatica var. atropunicca.
ferrugfnea: F. grandifolia.
grandifdlia (F. americana. F. ferruginea). AMERICAN B.
Large and characteristic tree: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 5 in.
long, dark bluish-green above, turning yellow in autumn.
N. B. to Fla. and Tex. — Variable in If. characters. Differs
from the frequently planted European beech in longer
coarsely serrate Ivs. with more veins (9-14 pairs).
Sidboldii. JAPANESE B. Lvs. ovate, to 4 in. long: in-
volucre with bract-like appendages at base. Japan.
sylva'tica. EUROPEAN B. Lvs. ovate, to 4 in. long,
denticulate, shining dark green above, turning reddish-
brown m autumn. Eu. to Caucasus. Some of the hort.
vars. are: dlbo-variegata, Ivs. variegated with white;
asplenifdlia, Ivs. very narrow, deeply toothed or lobed:
atropunlcea (var. atropurpurea, var. purpurea, var. Riversu,
var. cuprea), PURPLE B , Ivs. purple; borneyensis, inter-
mediate between vars. pendula and torluosa; fastigiata (var.
pyramidalu) , of cohmmar habit; grandidentata, Ivs.
coarsely toothed; laciniata (var incisa, var. heterophylla) ,
FERNLEAF or CUTLBAP B., Ivs. deeply toothed or lobed or
sometimes nearly entire and linear; latifdlia, Ivs. to 6 m.
long and 4 in. wide; luteo-variegata. Ivs. variegated with,
yellow; miltonie*nsis, drooping form; pe~ndula, WEEPING B.,
branches drooping; purpureo-pgndula, branches drooping,
Ivs. purple; r6seo-margmata, Ivs. purple edged with pale
pink; rotundifdlia, Ivs. nearly orbicular, 1 in. or less long;
tortudsa (var. remillyenxis), branches twisted, drooping at
tips; tricolor, Ivs. nearly white, spotted with green and edged
with pink; variegata, Ivs. variegated with white or yellow.
FAIRY BELLS: Disporum.
FAIRY FANS: Clarkia Breweri.
FAIRYWAND: Chamsehnum luteiim.
FALCATA: Amphicarpa monoica.
FALCATE: sickle-shaped.
FALLUGIA. Rosacex. Small shrub with
shredded bark, allied to Cowania from which it
differs in the absence of calyx-bractlets and fewer
pistils in the fl. One species is cult., F. parad6xa.
To 7 ft.j sts. whitish: Ivs. palmately 3-7-lobed,
segms. linear, to % in. long, margins revolute:
fls. white, to 1^2 in. across, usually solitary on
long peduncles: achenes with purplish feathery
plumes to 2 in. long. Utah to W. Tex., Ariz, and
Mex.
FAME-FLOWER: Talinum.
FAMILY. An assemblage of genera that
rather closely or uniformly resemble each other
in general appearance and technical characters.
A few genera are so unlike all others that a family
is constituted for them alone, as in the case of
Eucryphia, Eucommia, Cercidiphyllum, Cas-
uarina, Punica, Equisetum. Other families are
vast associations of genera that are more like
each other than they are similar to others, as the
great Composite or Composite family that com-
prises well toward 1,000. Opinions differ as to the
natural or practicable limits of families as they
do also in respect to genera and species; thus the
Composite family may be divided into two or
more, as the maple genus may be divided into
Acer, Negundo and others. Nature sets no formal
limits. More than 300 families of seed-bearing or
flowering plants are commonly recognized. The
attentive gardener and botanist soon learns to
recognize the important natural families and
thereby to place a given plant in its proper re-
lationship : this is the beginning of the mastery of
the subject. In this book all the families repre-
sented by genera in the text arc placed with the
other entries in alphabetic order; the lists of
genera under them suggest the family kinships
and constitute the best ready definition
FANWORT: Cdbomba.
FAREWELL-TO-SPRING: Godetia amama.
FARFUGIUM: Ligularia.
304
Farkleberry
305
Fendlera
FARKLEBERRY: Vaccinium arboreum.
FARSfeTIA. Crudferse. Erect woolly or
tomentose ann. or per. herbs or subshrubs of Old
World, having small linear-oblong to spatulate
Ivs., entire or pinna tely lobed, and white, pink or
yellow fls. in spikes or racemes; lateral sepals
often inflated at base : f r. a much flattened linear
or elliptical pod containing many suborbicular
broadly-winged seeds.
lunarioides. Per. to 1 ft., woody at base, much branched,
sts. often tinged purplish: Ivs. spatulate to oblong, to 2^ in.
long, obtuse, stellate-hairy on each side, margins wavy:
fls. bright yellow, to K in- across, in dense corymbs: pod
elliptical, flattened and pubescent. Greece. — This species is
put in the genus Fibigia by some authors.
FASCIATED: much flattened; an abnormal or terato-
logical widening and flattening of the stem.
FASCICLE: a condensed or close cluster, as of flowers.
FATSHEDERA. Araliacex. Shrub head high
with 3-5-lobed Ivs., F. Lizei, hybrid between
Fatsia japomca and Hedcra Helix, is sometimes
planted; tender N.
FATSIA. Araliaccx. A single evergreen shrub
or small tree native in Japan, grown under glass
in the N. and out-of-doors in mild regions for its
prominent foliage. Propagated by seeds, cuttings,
and root-cuttings in spring. F. iap6nica (Aralia
japonica. A. Sieboldii). To 20 ft.: Ivs. to 16 in.
across, glossy above, palmately cut bevond the
middle into 5-9 tootncd lobes: fls. whitish, in
umbels 1 in. or more across in long panicles. Var.
Mdseri is a compact-growing form. Var. varie-
gata Ivs. marked or bordered with golden-yellow.
F. papyrifera is Tctrapanax papyriferum.
FAUCARIA. Aizoacese. Separated from Mes-
embryanthemum: plant at first stemlcss but
becoming more or less short-stemmed, the Ivs.
half-f;y Imdric in cross-section and keeled or
3-angied at end, the fls. large and nearly or
quite sessile and bractless; stigmas 5 or 6. S. Afr.
albidens. Lvs. crowded, to 1}£ in. long and % in. wide,
the few stout teeth with white horny tips and margins,
shining, dotted: fls yellow, 1^ in. across.
Bosscheana (M. Bosscheanum). Lvs. 6-8, to 1J^ in.
long and ^3 in. wide, shining, the edges white-cartilaginous
and with 2-3 teeth: fls. shining golden-yellow, \% in. across.
Britteniae. Lvs. glaucous, densely spotted, keeled, margins
strongly toothed: petals in 3 series, mostly obtuse, yellow,
purplish-pink on outside, 1 in. long.
felina (M. felinum). Lvs. in rosettes, rhpmboidal, to
2 in. long and % in. wide, keeled on back, with 3-5 fleshy
teeth on either side: fls. golden-yellow, 2 in. across, sessile.
Haagei (M Haagei). Lvs. to 2 in long, 1 in. wide and
^ in truck, keeled on back, with white cartilaginous mar-
gins and 3-4 small teeth on each side: fls. shining golden-
yellow slightly purplish ai tips, to 2^ in. across, solitary.
Jamesii: listed name.
lupina (M. lupinum). Lvs. in rosettes, spreading and
somewhat recurved, to 1^ in. long and l/^ in. wide, lanceo-
late with 3-angled apex, with 7-9 fine-pointed teeth on
either side: fls. yellow, 1% in. across, solitary.
tigrina (Af. tigrinum). Lvs. ovate^cordate and glaucous-
green, spotted or dotted white, to 2 in. long and 1 in. wide,
edges with 9-10 strong ciliate teeth: fls. 1-2, yellow, 1 in.
across. Var. superba is listed.
tuberculdsa (M. tuberculosum). Lvs. very thick, about
1 in. long and % in. wide, upper surface covered with white
tubercles, edges with 3 strong teeth: fls. yellow, 1^ in.
FAURIA (Villarsia). Gentianaceae. One stem-
less per., F. Crista-gdlli (F. japonica). To 1 ft.:
Ivs. broadly ovate to reniform, obtuse to emar-
ginate, margins obtusely dentate, to IJ^in.
long; petiole to 2}^ in. long, somewhat clasping
rootstock at base: fls. white, about l/i in. across,
in fastigiate terminal corymbs on erect peduncle,
petals lanceolate, margins cristate, style short
with 2-lobed stigma. N. Japan.
FEATHER-FLEECE: Stenanthvum robustum.
FEATHERLING, RUSH-: Pleea. White-: Tofiddia
glabra.
FfeDIA. Valerianaceds. One ann. herb native
in the Medit. region and occasionally grown in
the flower-garden or as a salad plant. F. Cornu-
cdpiae (F. scorpicrides) . AFRICAN VALERIAN. Sts.
to \I/L ft. long, often purplish: Ivs. ovate-spatu-
late, to 4 in. long, entire or toothed: fls. red,
small, in terminal cymes, stamens 2: fr. about
3/8 in. long.
FEIJOA. Myrtacese. Showy S. American
shrubs or trees with opposite simple Ivs., solitary
fls. with long-exserted stamens, and fr. a berry;
one is grown for the edible fr. and as an orna-
mental. This plant was first named Orthostenion
SellowianiLs by Berg but subsequently changed
by him to Feijoa because of an earlier Orthostemon.
Feijoas are adapted to subtropical dry climates but will
withstand several degrees of frost. The best soil is sandy
loam rich in humus. Plants should be spaced 15 to 18 feet
apart. Propagated by seeds sown in pans or flats, a good
soil being silver-sand and well-rotted redwood sawdust;
the seedlings should be shaded and transplanted peima-
nently when about 4 inches high. Also increased by lay ei ing.
whip-grafting, and cuttings of young wood from ends of
branches under glass.
Coblidgei: pomological variety of F. Sellowiana.
Sellowiana. To 18 ft.: Ivs. oval-oblong, to 3 in. long,
white-tomentose beneath: fls. to 1H in. across, the petals
fleshy, white-tomentose outside and purplish within, the
stamens dark red, handsome: fr. green tinged with red, to
3 in. long. S. Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina. —
Successful as a fruit plant in Calif. ; stands in N. Fla.
Grafted named vars. are Choiceana and suplrba.
FELICIA. Composite. African herbs or sub-
shrubs grown in the greenhouse and in the open
in warm regions for the attractive daisy-like fls.
with blue or white rays and yellow disks: Ivs.
alternate or opposite, entire or dentate: pappus
of bristles. Propagated by seeds and by cuttings.
adflnis. Ann., to 1 ft., branching and hairy: Ivs. obovate-
oblong, to l^i in. long, entire, hairy on both sides, base
cuneate: heads usually solitary on peduncles to 4 in. long,
rays bluish. S. Afr.
aethiftpica: listed name.
amelloldes (Ayathsca carlestii). BLUB DAISY. BLUB
MARGUERITE. Subshrub to 3 ft., somewhat hairy: Ivs.
opposite, oval or obovate, about 1 in. long, entire or nearly
so: heads solitary, to 1*4 in. across, rays numerous, sky-
blue, on long stalks. S. Afr.
Bergeriana (Aster Bergerianus). Hairy ann. to 8 in.:
Ivs. obovate-oblong, to 1M in« long, toothed: heads solitary.
8. Afr.
echinata. Subshrub to 2 ft., many erect branches: Ivs.
lanceolate- to ovate-oblong, to 1 in. long, mucronate, nearly
glabrous, often ciliate-serrate: heads corymbose, to 1^ in.
across, blue or white. S. Afr.
fragilis: F. tenella.
petiolata. Subshrub with prostrate branches: Ivs.
obovate or lanceolate: heads rose changing to blue. S. Afr.—
Grown in hanging-baskets. Var. rbsea is listed.
rotundifdlia: catalogue name.
ten611a (F. fragdis). Ann. or bien, to 14 in., often pros-
trate: Ivs. narrow-linear, to 2 in. long: heads solitary, rays
pale blue. S. Afr.
FEMININE: pistillate (in higher plants); the seed-
bearing parent or flower when the sexes are separate.
FENDLfcRA. Saxifragacex. Ornamental de-
ciduous shrubs of W. N. Amer. with opposite
entire Ivs., fls. with 4 clawed petals, and capsular
frs.; related to Jamesia and Deutzia.
One species is planted and is hardy in New England. It
does best in sunny places in well-drained sandy or peaty
soil. Propagated by seeds or by greenwood cuttings under
glass.
rupfcola. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong or oblong-lanceolate, to
1 in. long: fls. solitary, white, 1 in. across. May- June.
Tex., N. Mex.
Fenestraria
306
Ferocactus
FENESTRARIA. Aizoacex. One of the many
segregates from the old genus Mesembryanthe-
mum (which see) from S. W. Afr., (Characterized
by a tufted stemless habit with fleshy upwardly
thickened Ivs. that bear a small more or less
colorless or translucid area or "window" at the
apex, the Ivs. of each pair about equal: fls. large
and showy; stigmas 10 or 11.
aurantiaca. Similar to F. rhopalophylla but fls. orange-
yellow tinged pink.
rhopalophflla (M. rhopalophyllum) . Lvs. to 1H in. long
and % in. thick: fls. white, to 1% in. diam., the petals
about 35 in a single series to % in. long; stigmas filiform,
pale yellowish-green.
FENNEL: Fceniculum vulgar e. Common Giant: Ferula
communia.
FENNEL-FLOWER: Nigella.
FENUGREEK: Trigonella Fcenum-Gnecum.
FENZLIA: Gilia dianthoidea.
FERDINANDA. Podachsenium eminens.
FERN: see Ferns. Adders-tongue: Ophiogloaaum. As-
paragus-: Asparagus plumosua. Ball-: Davallia bullata.
Bamboo-: Comogramme japonica. Basket-: Nephrolepia
pectinata. Bears-foot-: Humata Tyermannn. Beech-:
Dryopteria Phegopteria and hexagonoptera. Birds-nest-:
Aaplenium Nidus. Bladder-: Cyatoptena. Boston-: Ne~
phrolepia exaltata var. boatoniensis. Brittle-: Cystopteria
fragilia. Chain-: Woodwatdia. Christmas-: Polyatichum
acroatichoidea. Cinnamon-: Oamunda cinnamomea. Claw-:
Onychium. Climbing-: Lygodium. Cup-: Dennstaedtia.
Curly-grass-: Schizwa puailla. Dagger-: Polystichum acroa-
tichoidea. Deer-: Blechnum apicant. Elephant-ear-: Ela-
phogloaaum crimlum. Felt-: Cyclophorua. Floating-: Cera-
topteria. Gold-: Pityrogramma. Goldies-: Dryopteria Gold-
tana. Grape-: Botrychium. Hacksaw-: Doodia aapera.
Hares-foot-: Polypodium aureurn. Hartford-: Lygodium
palmatum. Harts-tongue-: Phylhtis Scolopendrium. Hay-
scented-: Dennstaedtia punrtdobula. Holly-: Cyrtomium
falcatum, and species of Polystichum. Interrupted-: Oa-
munda Claytoniana. Lace-: Cheilanthes gracilhma. Lady-:
Athyrium Filix-femina. Licorice-: Pulypodium glycyrrhiza.
Lip-: Cheilanlhea. Maidenhair-: Adiantum. Male-: Dryop-
teria Filix-maa. Marsh-: Dryopteria Thdyptena. New-
York-: Dryopteria noveboracensia. Oak-: Dryopteria. Oak-
leaved-: Polypodium quercifolium. Ostrich-: Pteretia. Pars-
ley-, American: Cryptogramma criapa var. acrostichoides.
Rattlesnake-: Botrychium vuginianum. Resurrection-:
Polypodium polypodioidea. Royal-: Oamunda regalia. Sago-:
Cyathea medullaria. Saw-: Blechnum aerrulatum. Sensi-
tive-: Onoclea aensibiha. Shield-: Dryopteria, Polystichum
Braunii. Silver-: Pityrogramma. Squirrels-foot-: Davallia
bullata. Staghorn-: Platycenum. Strap-: Polypodium Phyl-
litidia. Strawberry-: Jlemionitia palmata. Sweet-: Comp-
tonia peregnna. Sword-: Nephrolepis. Tongue-: Cyclo-
phorua Lingua. Tree-: Alsophila, Cyathea. Walking-:
Camptoaorua. Wall-: Polypodium vulgare and virginianum.
Water-: Ceratopteria. Winter-: Comum maculatum. Wood-:
Dryopteria.
FERNS. So-called flowerless plants (Pterid-
ophytes) formerly included in the one family
(order) Ftticex, but now distributed in several
families, as Polypodiacese which includes most
of the common ferns, Cyntheacese arid Dickson-
iaccif comprising most of the tree-ferns, Osmun-
dace&, the native royal-ferns and similar kinds,
Schizseaccx including the climbing ferns of the
Lygodium class. Ferns are perennial plants
widely spread in temperate and tropical regions,
of perhaps 6,000 or more species.
uardeners recognize two groups of ferns,
the hardy kinds often transplanted from the
wild anil given conditions as nearly as possible
like those in which they grew, and the glass-
house kinds of tropical and warm-temperate
origin and that require more or less special skill
in the growing. All kinds are raised for the grace-
fulness and beauty of the foliage, and the gar-
dener therefore aims at luxuriousness in vegeta-
tion. Most of them do not arrive at the best
state in a dry or parched atmosphere or when
exposed to wind. Some kinds, however, withstand
untoward and changing conditions, and these are
adapted to window-gardens and porches; the
Boston-fern (Nephrolepis) is one of this class.
In all fern culture, standing water in the pot is
to be avoided, as also heavy clay soils. Extremes
should be avoided, in air temperature and in
moisture conditions. Shade should be provided,
and protection from wind. For living-room ferns
a night temperature of about 55° is to be recom-
mended, with a rise of 10-20° by day in bright
weather. Soils for pot ferns should oe fibrous;
gardeners like to mix fine fibry peat or turfy loam
with it ; ample drainage should DC provided in the
bottom. See that the pot does not dry out, or
the atmosphere become very dry.
Ferns are propagated by division, by the buds
or offsets that form on the fronds of some kinds,
and by means of spores. The spores are usually
borne on the back of the frond or leaf; when ripe
they may be shaken off on paper, or parts of the
frond may be cut and placed in dishes or paper
bags in a dry protected place until the spores
shed. They should be sown on fine sterilized
moist soil in well-drained pans or pots. Spores
are sown on a well-prepared soil surface and not
covered with earth or watered on top; the pans
or pots are kept in a close propagating frame until
germination takes place, when more air may be
admitted. The frame or house may be kept at a
temperature of about 65° F. When watering
becomes necessary, sterile water should be used.
The spprclings should be pricked out — usually
at first in little clumps — and transplanted as soon
as a deft person can handle them and the first
regular foliage appears. From eight months to a
year are usually required to produce good ferns
from spores.
One desiring a list of the ferns in cultivation
may find the names of the genera under Cer-
atopteridaceic, Cyatheaccae, Dicksoniacese, Mar-
attiaceic, Marsileacea), Ophioglossacea). Osmun-
daceai, Poly pod iaceai, Salviniacese, Scnizscaceae,
and then trace the species in each genus. Any of
the native ferns, however, may be transplanted
to grounds in the same region.
Plants allied to ferns are in the families Equise-
tacesc, Lycopodiacete, Selaginellaccac. The so-
called asparagus-fern, common in conservatories
and windows, is one of the Lily family, Aspara-
gus vlumosus.
Tne American Fern Society publishes a
journal.
FEROCACTUS. Cactacese. Very spiny often
large cacti, globular to cylindric, separated from
Echinocactus by the axils of the scales on the
ovary and fl.-tube being naked rather than
woolly, and thick-walled dry fr.; S. U. S. and
Mex. They are grown like the echinocacti and
are adaptable to similar uses. See Cacti.
acanthddes (F. Lecontei. Echinocactua ocanthodes. B>
cylindraceus) . Globular but becoming cylindric and 8 or
9 ft. tall, very spiny; ribs up to 27; spines pinkish to red to
white, radials very weak, centrals awl-like: fls. 2 in. lonjz
more or less, bell-shaped, yellow to orange. S. Nev. and
Calif., Lower Calif.
alamosanus (Echinocactua dlamoaanua). Solitary or
clustered, sts. depressed-globose, to 1 ft. diam.; ribs 18-23,
narrow; spines yellow, radiabs about 8, to IJHi in. long,
spreading, central 1, to 2^ in. long: fls. probably yellow.
Mex.
calif 6rnicus (Echinocactua calif ornicua) . Globular to
nearly cylindrical, perhaps to 3 ft. or more; ribs 15-20,
notched, straight; spines straight, yellowish-red to dark red,
radials 6-9, to 1H m. long, centrals 4, the lowest to 2V$ in.
long: fls. reddish-yellow, to 1H *n- long. Lower Calif.
chrysacanthus (Echinocactus chrysacanthus, E. Emoryi
var.). Globular to cylindrical, to nearly 4 ft. tall and 1H it.
Ferocactus
307
Ferula
diam.; ribs 13-20, wavy, obtuse, becoming acute toward
apex; spines slender, radials 4-6, white, centrals 4-10, red
to brownish-yellow: fls. yellow, to nearly 3 in. long. Lower
Calif.
coloratus. To 3^ ft. tall and 1 ft. diam.; ribs 13-20,
fewer on young plants; spines spreading, stiff, radials 10-14,
white, centrals 9-11, brownish-red: fls. pale yellow with
reddish stripe down dorsal side. Lower Calif.
Cdvillei. Globular to short-cylindric, to 5 ft.; ribs 22-32;
spines red to white, radials 5-e and central 1 : fls. 2-3 in.
long, red tipped yellow. Mex.
crassihamatus (Echinocactus crassihamalus and Maths-
fionn). Globose or short-cylindric, slightly glaucous; nbs 13;
radial spines 8 and some of the lower ones hooked; central
spines 5 and usually red: fls. purple, H in. long. Mex.
echfdne. Globular, to 10 in. tall; ribs usually 14, sharp
angled, somewhat wavy; spines amber-colored to gray,
radials 7-8, central 1, longer than radials: fls. yellow, to
1^ in. long. Mex.
electracanthus: F. melocactiformis.
flav6virens (Echinocactus flavovirens). Globose to sub-
cylindrical, to 18 in. tall and 9 in. diam.; ribs 11-13, to
$4 in. high; spines subulate, ringed, led to brown or yellow,
radials 13-15, to % in. long, centrals 4, to 3 in. long or more:
fls. reddish-yellow, to 1^ in. long, segms. narrow, ciliated.
Mex.
F6rdii (Echinocactus Fordii). Globular, often depressed
on top; ribs 20-22, acute; spines white, radials usually
14—16, divergent, centrals 4, to 1^ in. long, ringed, the
longest one Hooked: fls. pink, to 1H m. long. Lower Calif.
glauce'scens (Echinocactus glaucescens and Pfeiffert).
Globular, 8-16 in. diam., or sometimes higher than broad,
glaucous; ribs 11-15; radials 6; central 1: fls. nearly 1 in.
long, yellow. Mex.
gracilis. Globose to cylindric, to 10 ft. tall and 1 ft.
diam.; ribs 24, notched; spines to 1^ in. long, straight or
hooked, radials 10, whitish, centrals 7-13, nnged, dark red
becoming black: fls. pale yellow with red stripe down center
of reverse side, to 1% in. long: fr. yellow. Lower Calif.
Grusonii: Echinocactus Grusonii.
hamatacanthus: Hamatocactus hamatacanthus.
h6rridii8. Globose, to 1 ft. or more diam.; nbs 13, not
tubercled; radial spines 8-12, acicular, to 2 in. long, white;
centrals 6-8, to 5 in. long, reddish: fls. not known. Lower
Calif.
ingens: see Echinocactus ingens.
J6hnsonii: Echinomastus Johnsonii.
latispinus (Echinocactus latispinus). Globular or some-
what depressed, to 16 in. high; ribs 15-23; radials 6-10;
centrals 4 or more and stouter: fls. 1 in. or a little more long.
bell-shaped, rose to purple. Mex.
Lec6ntei: F. acanthodes.
longihamatus: Hamatocactus hamatacanthus.
macrodiscus (Echinocactus macrodiscus). Depressed-
globose or short-cylindric, to 1H ft. across; ribs 16; radial
spines 6-8 and yellow; cential spines 4 and 1^6 in. long:
fls. dark red or purple, 2 in. long. Mex.
Mathssonii: F. crassihamatus.
melocactif6rmis ( Echinocactus melocactiformis. E.
dect racanthus) . Cylindric, to 2 ft. diam., bluish-green; ribs
about 24; spines 10-12, with 3 or 4 of them more or less
central, yellow to brown: fls. 1-1 H in. long, bright yellow
and perhaps i eddish outside. Mex.
n6bilis (F. recurvus. Echinocactus recurvus. E. nobilis).
Globular, to 10 in. tall and 8 in. diam., apex rounded; ribs
10^-14, to 1^ in. high, acute, straight, somewhat tubercled;
spines stiff, yellow when young becoming reddish, radials
several, to 1 m. long, central 1, to 2 in. long, hooked: fls.
pink, campanulate, to 2 in. long. Mex.
6rcuttii (Echinocactus Orcuttii). To 4 ft. high and 1H ft.
across, often clustered; ribs 13-30; radial spines 9-13 and
reddish; centrals 4: fls. crimson, to 2 in. long. Lower Calif.
Var. cristatus is listed.
penfnsute (Echinocactus peninsulse). Cylindric to club-
shaped, to 8 ft. or so; ribs 12-30; spines red with yellow
tips, radials 11, centrals 4: fls. yellow. Lower Cain*.
Pfeifferi: F. glaucescens.
Prfnglei (Echinocactus Pringlei). Cylindric, to 10 ft.
high and 1 ft. across, in clumps; rips 16-18; spines red and
various: fls. yellow, red outside, 1 in. long. Mex.
rafaelensls (Echinocactus rafaelensis) . Globular to
depressed -globular, to 1H ft. across; ribs 14-22, acute, to
1 in. high or more; spines red becoming brownish-yellow
and gray, radials 7-9, spreading, to 1H m. long, central 1,
to 2% in. long, ringed: fla. yellow. Mex.
rectispinus (Echinocactus rectispinus). Globose or
cylindric, to 6 ft. high; radial spines 8—12; central spine 1
and to 5 in. long: fls. yellowish, 2>i in. long. Lower Calif.
recurvus: F. nobilis .
robustus (Echinocactus robust us). Makes large clumps
with hundreds of branches; ribs 8; radials about 10 and
often thread-like; centrals about 6 and awl-like: fls. \$£ in.
long, yellowish. Mex.
Stainesii (Echinocactus «S lantern. E. pilosus). Globular
to columnar, to 4 ft. or more; nbs 13-20; radial spines repre-
sented by long white hairs; centrals several: fls. yellow.
Mex.
tortulospinus. Globular to cylindrical, occasionally
conical, to 2 ft. tall; ribs 16-20, acutish; radial spines 9-11,
to \}4 in. long, divergent; centrals 4-5, unequal, the longest
to 3^4 in. long, twisted, pink to red: fls. not known. Lower
Calif.
Townsendianus. Short -cylindric, to 16 in or more high;
nbs about 16; radial spines 14-16 and to 1U in. long, one
of central spines hooked at tip: fls. greenish-yellow with
pink stripe down center of segms., to 2^ in. long. Lower
Calif.
uncinatus: Hamatocactus uncinatus.
viride'scens (Echinocactus virulescens) . Nearly globose
or somewhat flattened, to 15 in diam., deep green: ribs
13-21, bearing spines and felt, the spines at first red: fls.
greenish-yellow, about % in. long. Calif., Lower Calif.
Var. httoralis is listed.
viscain£nsis. Globose to subcylindric, to 5H ft. tall and
1 }/^ ft. diam.; ribs 13-21, thin, navy, to *£ in. high; radials
1-4, grayish-white; centrals 5-9, unequal, to 5 in. long,
flattened: fls. pale yellow with purple stripe down reverse
center of each segin., to 1 % in. long. Lower Calif.
Whipplei: probably Sclerocactus Whipplei.
Wlslizenii (Echinocactus Wmlizcnn). Becoming cylin-
dric, at length elongated and 7 ft. or more; nbs often 25;
radials thread-like or needle-like or absent in young plants;
centrals several: fls. 2 in. or more long, yellow. W. Tex.
to Ariz, and Mex.
FER6NIA. Rutaccx. A single spiny deciduous
tree, F. Limdnia, the WOOD-APPLE, of India and
Indo-China, planted somewhat in Fla. and Calif,
for interest and edible frs.: Ivs. small, odd-
pinnate, Ifts. obovate and obtuse or emarginate,
rachis and petiole margined: fls. dull red, in
panicles, stamens 8-12: fr. globose or oblate,
hard-shelled, to 3 in. diam., with pinkish edible
acid pulp used in making jellies; seeds woolly.
Suggested as a citrus stock.
FERONI^LLA. Ruiaccse. A small genus much
like Feronia, but evergreen, seeds smooth and
the woody rind comprised 01 a radical structure.
F. lucida is somewhat known in this country for
ornament and as an experimental stock for citrus
frs.: small spiny tree: Ivs. small, odd-pinnate,
Ifts. oval or obovate, obtuse or emarginate,
rachis and petiole pubescent: fls. white: fr. glo*
bose, to nearly 3 in. diam., pulp glutinous and
eaten in Java where it is native.
FERRARIA. Iridacese. Cormous herbs mostly
from S. Afr., allied to Tigridia: Ivs. linear, passing
into ovate bracts: fls. large, fugitive, several
borne in inflated sheaths: perianth-scgms. united
at base, the lobes crisped.
obtusifdlia. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. short, obtuse: fls. brownish-
purplc, 1 ^ in. across.
undulata. Differs from F. obtusifolia in the Ivs. long and
narrowed to acute apex.
FERTILE: producing their normal sex products, said
of pollen -bearing stamens and seed-bearing fruits; a plant
that bears good seeds (not sterile).
FERULA. Umbellifcrse. A few per. thick-
rooted herbs with pinnately decompound Ivs.,
small yellow or greenish fls. in compound um-
bels, and ovate compressed frs.; one species is
planted for ornament, others yielding medicines
and gums: the edible fennel is Fceniculum.
Propagated by seeds sown in spring where
plants are to grow.
communis. COMMON GIANT FENNEL. To 12 ft.: Ivs.
very finely divided into linear segms. S. Eu. to Syria. —
A striking plant with very finely divided foliage and umbela
above it.
Ferula
308
Ficus
gigantea: the plant grown under this name is probably
F. commums.
FESCUE: Festuca.
FESTtTCA. FESCUE. Graminex. Grasses of
temp, regions, per., mostly tufted, with flat or
involute Ivs. and spikelets borne in narrow
panicles; grown in pastures, meadows, lawns,
and some kinds planted for ornament. The
principal meadow and forage species are F.
elatior, F. ovina, F. rubra. See Grasses.
alpina: confused name.
amethystina. To 2% ft.: Ivs. about 1 ft. long, involute:
panicles about 3 in. long. S. Eu., Asia Minor.
arundinacea: F. elatior var.
capillata: f. owria var.
duriuscula: F. owna var.
elatior (F. pratensia). TALL F. MEADOW F. To 5 ft.:
Ivs. to 1 ft. long and H in. wide, flat: panicles to 1 ft. long,
erect or nodding at top. Eu.; nat. in N. Arner. Var.
arundinacea (F. arundinacea). To 6 ft.: Ivs. several ft. long
and to % in. wide, flat: panicles to 10 in. long.
geniculata (F. stipoides). To 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long
and y» in. across, flat: panicles to 4 in. long, with awns
% in. long, heavy for size of plant. W. Medit. region.
gigantda. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and % m. wide, flat:
panicles to 1 ft. long, awns H i°- long. Eu.; nat. E. N. Amer.
glauca: F. ovina var.
heterophylla: F. rubra var.
Myuros. RATS-TAIL F. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long,
involute: panicles to 1 ft. long, one-sided, awns % i°« aQd
more long. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
ovina (F. vulgans). SHEEPS F. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in.
long, involute: panicles to 6 in. long, short-awned. Eu ,
Asia; nat. in N. Arner. Var. capillata (F. capillata, F.
tenuifolia) has hair- like Ivs. and awnless spikelets. Var.
duriuscula (F. dunuscula), HARD F., has stiff Ivs. Var.
glauca (F. gbiuca), BLUB F., has glaucous foliage.
pratgnsis: F. elatior.
rigida: Scleropoa rigida.
rubra (F mritlis). RED F. To 3 ft., stoloniferous: Ivs. to
0 in. long, involute: panicles to 5 in. long, sometimes reddish
or glaucous, short-awned. Eu , Asia, N. Amer. Var.
fallax differs from the type in not being stoloniferous. Var.
heterophylla (F. heterophylla) has basal Ivs. involute and
st.-lvs. flat.
stipoides: F. geniculata.
supina: probably F. ovina.
tenuifdlia: F. ov\na var. capillata.
vfridis: F. rubra.
vulgaris: F. ovina.
FETERITA: Sorghum vulgare var. caudatum.
FETID: having a disagreeable odor.
FETTER-BUSH: Lyonia lucida.
FEVERFEW: Chrysanthemum Parthenium.
FEVERWORT: Trioateum.
FIBIGIA: see Farsetia.
FICARIA: Ranunculus Ficaria.
FlCUS. FIG. Moracess. Many trees, shrubs
and woody root-clinging vines, with milky sap,
and minute fls. and seeds inside a globular or
oblong or pvriform fleshy receptacle (or fig) that
has a small opening at the apex: Ivs. thick or
stiff and mostly persistent, often large and
showy. Species numerous, native in warm and
trop. countries in many parts of the world.
Some of the species are among the wonders of
the vegetable world, as the banyan (F. benghalen-
sis) that sends down aerial roots that make
trunks and thus extend the top of the single
tree over great areas: others begin as epiphytes,
and after strangling the host become self-support-
ing and make independent trees. Many or the
kinds emit aerial roots. In the following entries
the Ivs. are persistent (evergreen) unless other-
wise noted. Other species than those listed here
are to be expected within the limits of the U.S.;
frs. as well as Ivs. are necessary for identification.
Several kinds of ficus trees are planted for shade and
ornament in the southermost parts of the United States,
and they are frequent in the tropics. The creeping fig,
commonly but erroneously known as F. repens, is used for
covering walls far south, and often also in conservatories.
The rubber plant, F. elastica, is one of the most popular
and indestructible house plants and is grown in great quanti-
ties by florists; it is propagated by air-layering, which
consists in tying a ball of moss about a young shoot that
has been notched or cut for the formation of roots, the shoot
being severed from the parent branch when the part is
well rooted. Tall and ungainly pot specimens may be
shortened in this way, by layering them under the leaves;
but it is usually better to discard the old plant and to pur-
chase a new one.
The arboreous species of Ficus may be grown in the South
from air-layers; a small notch ia cut in a shoot, moss is
placed in the notch and also made into a ball around the
place, the work ia kept wet for two weeks or so, and then
the shoot may be severed and established in a pot. The
trailing kinds grow from division of the rooting stems.
Afzelii: F. enobotryoides.
altissima. Large spreading tiee with few aerial roots:
Ivs. thick, oval or elliptic, blade 4-6 in. long: fr. about
% in. diam. India.
aurea. Epiphytal at first, making a tree to 60 ft.: Ivs.
oblong and narrowed at both ends: fr. sessile or neaily so,
K in. diam., yellow. S. Fla.
australis: F. rubiginosa.
benghalgnsis. BANYAN. Very large tree, top spreading
by secondary trunks. Ivs. broad-ovate to elliptic, 4-8 in.
long: fr. in pairs, globose, red, about y% in. diam. India.
benjamina. Large broad shining tree with graceful
drooping blanches, poplar-like. Ivs. oval to elliptic, 2-5 in.
long, narrowed to snort but not sharp point' fr. becoming
red, in var. comdsa % in. diam., yellow. India.
brevifdlia (F. populnea). Epiphytal, making tree to
60 ft.. Ivs. broadly ovate, cordate at base: fr. on drooping
stalks, to H in. long, red. S. Ma.
Cannonii. Perhaps Artocarpus Cannonii, although
greenhouse material under this name seems not to be the
same.
carlca. Fia (common or pomological F.). Broad ir-
regular deciduous tree to 25 or 30 ft.: Ivs. thick, rough
above and pubescent underneath, deeply 3-5-lobed. fr.
large, variable, edible. Medit. region. See Fig.
Chauvieri. Hort. name for a plant something like F.
elastica with broader oval Ivs. with lighter veins: fr. large,
red. Perhaps New Caledonia.
clavata. Erect shrub. Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, 4-5 in long, cuspidate or caudate: fr. about ^ in.
diam., yellow. India.
Cunninghamii. Glabrous tree to 80 ft.: Ivs. ovate to
oblong-elliptic, abruptly acuminate, to 5 in. long and about
2 in. broad, thick, shining above: fr. 1 or 2 in axils, sessile,
globular, white becoming purplish, nearly >£ m. diam.
Queensland.
diversifdlia (F. lutescens). MISTLETOE F. Shrub or
email tree. lys. variable, mostly broadly obovate and broad
on top, to 2 in. long: fr. Y$ in. or less diam., yellow. Malaya.
— Sometimes grown as pot- plant.
Dodscheri: F. elastica var.
ela'stica. RUBBER-PLANT. Large glabrous tree but
grown in its juvenile state as a pot- and tub-plant: Ivs.
thick and glossy, oblong or elliptic, 6-12 in. long: fr. about
% in. long, yellowish. India, Malaya. Var. aurea-margin-
ata has Ivs. yellow margined. Var. b£lgica has juvenile Ivs.
red. Var. DoSscheri is probably var. vanegata. Var.
rubra may be var. belgica. Var. variegata has variegated
Ivs.
ere*cta. Shrub or small tree, glabrous or hairy: Ivs. ovate
to obovate, usually entire: fr. solitary or in pairs, globose to
pyriform. E. Asia.
eriobotryoldes (F. Afzelii). Large tree, with Ivs. at ends
of branches: Ivs. stiff, long-oblanceolate, to 1 ft. long and
4 in. broad, lighter colored underneath: fr. to lj^ in. diam.,
yellow-hairy. Trop. Afr.
falcftta. Creeping and rooting, with slender hairy sts.:
Ivs. thick, oblong and usually angled, unequal-sided, obtuse,
1 in. or less long: fr. M in. long, brown or orange. Malaya. —
Grown sometimes under glass.
fistuldsa. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. opposite or alternate,
oblong to obovate-lanceolate, to 10 in. long, entire or
subserrate: fr. clustered, depressed-globose, to 1 in. long.
India.
glomerata. CLUSTER F. Thick-topped tree: Ivs. ovate
to oblong, to 6 or 7 in. lon$, with strong lateral nerves: fr.
about 1 in. diam., reddish, in clusters. India.
hfspida. Shrub or small tree, hispid: lys. opposite,
entire or toothed: fr. yellowish, in clusters. Asia, Australia.
Ficus
309
Fig
Hodkeri. Glabrous tree: Ivs. broadly elliptic, 5-11 in.
long, pale underneath, with short broad apex: fr. to 1 in.
diam., in a cup formed of the bracts. India.
fadica. Large spreading glabrous tree: Ivs. oblong, 4-7
in. long, acuminate, reddish when young: fr. \4 in. diam.,
yellowish-red, with rather large ovate acute bracts at base.
Burma, Malaya. — Some of the trees known under this
name may be F. retusa.
infect&ria (F. lucescens). Deciduous tree: Ivs. thin,
ovate or somewhat oblong, 3-5 in. long, base broad: fr.
% in. diam., whitish tinged and dotted red. India.
lucescens: F. infectona.
lutescens: F. diversifolia.
lyrata (F. pandurata). Close-headed tree to 40 ft.: Ivs.
large, 10-15 in. long, fiddle-shaped, apex large and rounded:
fr. nearly 2 in. diam., with white dots. Trop. Afr. — Popular
in juvenile state under glass, and grown in open in S. Fla.
macrophylla. MORETON BAY F. Large tree: Ivs. oval to
broad-oblong, blunt or nearly so or apex very short, to
10 in. long and 4 in. broad, brownish underneath: fr. to
1 in. diam., purple spotted white, peduncled. Queensland.
microphy'lla (Urostigma rufum). Lvs. oblong to ovate-
elliptic, to 8 ^ in. long, usually obtuse, base truncate to
subcordate, coriaceous, glabrous above, somewhat pubes-
cent beneath, lateral veins branched and reticulated toward
margin, stipules of terminal Ivs. ovate, acuminate, to \i in.
long: fls. axillary. Brazil.
minima: F. pumila var.
mysorensis. Large tree, twigs brown-tomentose be-
coming glabrous: Ivs. elliptic-ovate, to 8 in. long, leathery,
smooth above, hairy beneath, entire: fr. orange-red, to
1 in. long, sessile in pairs. India to Burma.
Nekbudu (F. utihs). Large forest tree with pubescent
young parts: Ivs. thick, elliptic or nearly obovate, 6-15 in.
long, rounded or broad at both ends: fr. about *^ in- diam.,
pubescent or woolly. Trop. Afr — Sometimes grown under
glass in juvenile state and planted in open far S.
nitida: F. retusa.
palmata. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. orbicular-ovate,
sometimes 3-5-1 obed, toothed or entire, to 5 in. long: fr.
subglobose to pynform, to 1 in. across, yellow, solitary.
N. W. India to Ethiopia and Egypt.
Palmeri. Tree to 12 ft. or more, often densely woolly
beneath when young, shrub-like in its branching: Ivs. to
3 in. long and 2)^ in. across: fr. globose, H in. diam.,
white, usually in pairs. San Pedro Martin Isl., Mex.
pandurata: F. lyrata.
Parc611ii. Shrub, probably deciduous in the open: Ivs.
thin, ovate or oblong, acuminate, hairy at least under-
neath, oblique at base, 4-8 in. long, marbled creamy-
white: fr. about >£ in. diam., peduncled, in different colors.
Pacific Isls.
pariet&lis. Shrub or tree, twigs rusty-pubescent: Ivs.
elliptic-oblong to obovate, leathery, to 12 in. long, petiole
stout, hispid, fr. globose to ovoid, yellow or orange, to
% in. diam., hispid when young. India, Malasian Isls.
populnea: F. brewfolia.
princeps. Tree or shrub, listed in Calif.: Ivs. long-ovate
to oblanceolate, to 15 in. or more long, obscurely 5-7-nerved,
short-acuminate, cuneate at base, entire; petiole 5-6 in.
long; stipules lanceolate, glabrous, or hairy inside. Brazil.
pseudopalma. Shrub or small tree, mostly unbranched
with stiffish long Ivs. clustered at top and solitary or twin
frs. in the axils: Iva. to 2 ft. or more long and 4 in. broad,
acuminate, long-tapering to base, coarsely notched, the
young ones very slender. Philippines.
pumila (F. repens). Creeping, and clinging to walls by
means of roots, the fruiting branches erect: Ivs. on creeping
sts. 1 in. or less long and cordate-ovate, those on fruiting
sts. 2-4 in. long and elliptic or oblong and not cordate: fr.
to 2 in. long, yellowish, pynform. China, Japan, Australia.
Common in greenhouses and in the open far S. Var.
minima is a slender small-lvd. form of the creeping stage.
Var. variegata is said to have small pointed green and white
foliage.
quercifdlia. Shrub, more or less prostrate: Ivs. elliptic
or ovate, lobed and notched on sides, 2-6 in. long: fr. to
% in. diam., peduncled. Burma. — Grown under glass.
radteans. Trailing: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, about 2 in.
long, base rounded or notched. Origin unrecorded. — Useful
in vases; a form with variegated foliage.
religidsa. PEEPUL. BO-TREE. Large glabrous tree: Ivs.
round-ovate with a projection or tail half as long as body
of blade: fr. % in. diam., purple. Sacred tree of India.
repens: F. pumila.
retusa (F. nitida). Attractive glabrous thick-topped
evergreen tree much planted for shade and avenues in
American tropics and also in S. Fla.: Ivs. small, broadly
Ovate or somewhat rhomboid, 2-4 in. long: fr. ft in. long,
yellow or reddish, with obtuse bracts at base. India,
Malaya.
R6zburghii. Low spreading tree or great bush: lya.
broad-ovate to nearly orbicular, to 15 in. long and 12 in.
broad, pubescent underneath: tr. 2 in. diam., depressed-
globose, brown or purplish, borne in clusters on trunk and
branches. India.
rubigindsa (F. australis). Broad tree, top spreading by
moans of aerial roots, but often remaining bushy: Ivs. oval
or elliptic, 3-4 in. long, rusty-pubescent underneath: fr.
H in. diam., warty. Australia.
sapida. Glabrous tree: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in.
long and to 1 in. broad, acuminate: fr. globular, to nearly
% in. diam., peduncled. Costa Rica.
Sycamftnis. SYCAMORE. Hound-headed large tree: Ivs.
ovate and subcordate, 3-ribbed. 4-10 in. long: fr. in leafless
clusters, about Ji in. long, eoiible. Egypt, Syria. — In S.
Fla. usually deciduous in early spring and late summer,
the new Ivs. coming at same time.
Thdnningil. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. obovate-elliptic, to 9 in.
long, obtuse, papery, glabrous: fr. globose, to H in. diam.,
axillary in pairs. Irop. Afr.
ulmifdlia. Tall rough-twigged shrub or somewhat tree-
like: Ivs. various, mostly oblong or elliptic, 5-7 in. long, very
rough on both surfaces, dentate or sometimes lobed: fr.
about % in. long, orange-red or purplish. Philippines.
atilis: F. Nekbudu.
velutina. Tree: Ivs. oblong, short-acute or obtuse, 4-5 in.
or more long, obtuse or subcordate at base, glabrous above
and rusty soft-pubescent underneath, petiole pubescent and
1 in. long. Colombia.
villdsa. Scandent or creeping shrub: Ivs. ovate-oblong
or longer, 5-7 in. long, rounded at base, acuminate, brown-
ish-velvety underneath as are also the shoots: fr. \£ in.
diam., yellow, in clusters. Malaya.
Wendlandii: a hort. name.
FIDDLE-WOOD: Citharexylum spinosum.
FIESTA-FLOWER: Pholistoma, auritum.
FIG. The pomological or commercial fig
is not a fruit in the strict botanical sense but
a hollow fleshy receptacle with the many true
fruits or "seeds" on the inside of it, and an
opening at the top through which passes the
insect that pollinates the minute flowers. The
fig fruit grows on the young shoots as if it were a
branch. The cultivated fig is one of the great
genus Ficus (F. carica), which see. It is a small
very broad tree or large bush with soft wood.
Propagation is by means of hardwood cuttings
taken in autumn, much after the way of grapes.
In two to four years, bearing plants may be
expected. The trees are usually planted about
18 to 25 feet apart. Figs stand considerable
frost, and seedling or inferior varieties crow
out-of-doors without protection as far north as
Virginia and Maryland. Many of the varieties
fruit on young sprouts, and, inasmuch as the
roots endure cola, these varieties may give a
few figs in the northern states. Fi$s have been
fruited in the open ground in Michigan with
good winter protection. In cold countries the
figs should be laid down in winter, particularly
if the temperature is likely to go ten degrees
below frost. For such treatment the trees are
made to branch close to the ground, and the
branches are then bent down and covered with
earth and a mound is made over the central or
trunk part. In Louisiana, Texas, California
the fig is grown in regular orchard plantations
for commercial purposes.
In California, which produces the largest
volume of figs, both the Mission or Adriatic and
the Smyrna types are grown. The latter requires
special provision for pollination with the gall
wasp. In Texas and the eastern states only
the Adriatic type is grown which requires no
pollination to set fruit.
FIG, HOTTENTOT-: Carpobrotus edulis. Indian-:
Opuntia Ficus-indica. -Marigold: Mesembryanthemum.
Figwort
310
Flacourtiacece
FIGWORT: Scrophularia.
FfLAGO. Composite. Ann. white-woolly
little herbs with alternate entire Ivs. and heads
of disk-fls. borne in dense clusters; pappus none.
nfvea. To fl in.: lys. oblong or oblong-lanceolate, to
^ in. long: heads ^ in. across, bracts white-woolly. Ga.
to Tex.
FILAMENT: thread, particularly the stalk supporting
the anther.
FILAREE: Erodium cicutarium and moschatum.
FILBERTS arc fruits of species of Corylus
(which see), particularly of C. mnxiinn in which
the husk is much longer than the nut itself;
the nuts of other species are cobs (a form of
C. Avellana) arid hazelnuts. Some of the hazel-
nuts are native in America; but the usual filberts
and cobs are European arid western Asian. Fil-
berts can he grown in this country, but in the
East the yield has not been satisfactory as a rule,
because of disease, lack of adaptable varieties,
tenderness to northern climates, and perhaps
other causes. Many of the difficulties have been
overcome by breeding in which the larger-fruited
European sorts have been crossed with the
hardier more disease-resistant species, par-
ticularly C. ameri&inti. There is, nowever, no
commercial industry in the East as yet. In
parts of Oregon filbert growing on a considerable
basis is now fairly well established. Filberts
and cobnuts are not ordinarily distinguished in
this country, but the true filbert is an oblong nut,
whereas the cob is roundish and usually angular
and contained in a shorter husk.
FILIFORM: thread-like, long and very slender.
FILIPfiNDULA. MEADOWSWEET. Rosacese.
Per. herbs native in the north temp, zone, once
included in the genus Spiraea, having alternate
pinnate Ivs., small fls. in large terminal panicles
in late spring and summer, and 1 -seeded achencs;
grown in the hardy border. Propagated by seeds
and by division of old plants.
camtsch&tica (Rpirsea carntschattca. S. owantea). To
10 ft.: Ivs. with ovate-cordate 3-5-lobed terminal 1ft. and
lateral Ifts. usually wanting: fls. white. Manchuria, Kanit-
chatka. Var. rdsea is listed.
grandifldra: hort. name; some of the material so listed
is F. hexapetala.
hexapetala (Spirtea and Ulnuiria Fihpcnduki) . DROP-
WORT. To 3 ft., rootstock tuberous: Ivs. fern-like, of numer-
ous small pinnatifid Ifts.: fls. white. Eu., Asia. Var. flftre-
pleno has double fls.
lobata: F. rubra.
multfjuga. Glabrous: basal Ivs. of many pairs of Ifts..
terminal segms. cordate, lateral ones ovate, petioled, all
incised-serrate: fls. rose to white. S. Japan.
palmata (»Sptr«u palmata). To 3 ft.: Ivs. with large 7-9-
lobed terminal 1ft , white-hairy or glabrous beneath,
stipules large and heart-shaped: fls pale pink becoming
white. Siberia, Kamtchatka. — Plants listed under thia
name are usually referable to F, purpurea.
pentapetala: F. Ulmana.
purpurea. To 4 ft.: Ivs. with large 5^-7-lobed terminal
1ft. and few unlobed or no lateral Ifts , stipules narrow: fls.
pink or purplish. Japan. Var. alba has white fls. Var.
elegans has white fls. with red stamens.
rubra (Sjrirsea lobata). QUEEN-OF-THB-PRAIRIE. To 8 ft.:
Ivs. with large 7-9-parted terminal 1ft. and lobed lateral
Ifts.: fls. peach-blossom pink, with conspicuous stamens,
very attractive. Pa. to Ga. and Ky. Var. venusta (Spiraea
venusta) haa deep pink fls.
rjlmaria (F. pentapetala. Spirsea Ulmaria). OUEHJNK>P-
THE-MBADOW. To 0 ft.: Ivs. with large 3-5-lobed terminal
1ft. and toothed lateral Ifts., white-tomentose beneath: fls.
white. Eu., Asia; nat. in E. N. Amer. Var. aureo-variegata
has Ivs. variegated with yellow. Var. plena has double fla.
FILIX: Cystopteria.
FIMBRIATE: fringed.
FINOCCHIO: Fceniculum vulgare var. duLce.
FIORIN: Agrostis alba.
FIR: Abies. China-: Cunninghamia. Douglas-:
dot#uga taxifolia. Joint-: Ephedra. Summer-: Artemisia
sacrorum var. vtndis.
FIRE-CRACKER, FLORAL: Brevoortia Ida-Maia.
FIRE-PLANT, MEXICAN: Euphorbia heterophytta.
FIRETHORN: Pyracantha.
FIREWEED: Epilobium angustifolium.
FIRMlANA. Sterculiacex. Warm-country
trees with alternate Ivs., unisexual or poly-
gamous small fls. without petals in axillary
panicles, and rnernbranaceous fr. which opens
into leaf-like carpels; grown in the S. as a shade
or lawn tree. Propagated by seeds.
platanif6lia: F. simplex.
simplex (F. platamfolia, Sterculia platanifolia) . CHINESE
PARASOL-TREE. PHOENIX-TREE. To 50 ft., deciduous: Ivs.
platanus-like, palmately 3-5-lobed, to 1 ft. across: fls. small,
greenish- fr. to 5 in. long, separating into 4 leaf-like bodies
that bear the round wrinkled seeds along the margins.
China, Japan. In var. variegata the Ivs. are variegated
with white.
FISSIPES: Cypripedium acaule.
FITTONIA. Acanthacex. Ornamental hairy
low or creeping herbs with opposite entire Ivs.
haying white or colored veins and small tubular
2-lipped fls. borne beneath bracts in slender
spikes; native of S. Amer.
Fittonias are grown as choice foliage plants in the green-
house, often under benches, and should be kept shaded
and the temperature never allowed to drop below 55°.
Propagated easily by stem-cuttings which should contain
one joint.
argyroneura: F. Verschaffeltii var.
gigantea. To 1^ ft., erect: Ivs. oval, dark green veined
with carmine, short-pointed.
Verschaffeltii. Creeping and rooting: Ivs. ovate or oval,
to 4 in. long, dark green veined with deep red, obtuse. Var.
argyoneura is veined with white and var. Pearcei is glaucous
beneath with carmine veins.
FITZROYA. Cupressacess. One evergreen
tree or sometimes shrubby in cult. F. cup-
ressoides (F. patagonica). Lvs. spreading or
overlapping, y% in. long, dark green above and
with 2 white bands beneath: cones globose,
Ji in. across. S. Chile. For cult, see Conifers.
Adaptable only to the lower S. and Calif. It
belongs to the Cupressus tribe, with Thuja and
Chamuecyparis.
FIVE-SPOT: Nemophila maculata.
FLACOtJRTIA. Flacourtiacex. Fruit-bearing
shrubs or trees with alternate simple Ivs., small
bisexual or polygamous fls. in racemes or clusters,
and fr. a berry-like drupe, the pulp of which is
made into jams and preserves. It is not par-
ticular as to soil but will not withstand frost.
Propagated by seeds and budding.
fndica (F. Ramontchi). RAMONTCHI. GOVERNORS-PLUM.
BATOKO-PLUM. To 25 ft., often with long slender spines:
Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. yellowish: fr. deep maroon
colored, to 1 in. across. S. Asia, Madagascar.
Ram6ntchi: F. indica.
sepiaria. Shrub, usually spiny: Ivs. obovate, 1H in.
long: fr. ^ in. across. India.
FLACOURTlACE-ffi. FLACOURTIA FAMILY.
Trop. trees and shrubs of both hemispheres, of
about 70 genera, characterized by alternate
simple Ivs., regular bisexual or unisexual fls.
having 4 or more sepals and petals or without
petals, numerous stamens, superior 1-celled
ovary and fr. mostly a berry or drupe; placed
near Cistacese in the series. Azara, Berberiaopsis,
Flacourtiacece
311
Forsythia
Carrierea, Idesia, Oncoba.Poliothyrsis, Xylosma
are cult, for ornament, Dovyalis (Aberia) and
Flacourtia for the edible fr., and Taraktogenos
for the curative oil.
FLAG, BLUE-: Iris. Crimson: Schizostylis. Spiral:
Costus. Sweet: Acorus Calamus. Yellow: Iris Pseuda-
corus.
FLAMBOYANT: Ddonix regia.
FLAME-OF-THE-FOREST: Butea frondosa. -Tree:
Bras.hychiton, acenfolium.
FLANNEL-BUSH: Fremontia califomica. -Flower: Ac-
tinotus Helianthi."
FLAX. To gardeners the flaxes are annual
and perennial plants grown for the bright showy
bloom. They are species of Linum. The flax of
commerce is Linum usitatissimum, an annual
grown for two classes of products, — the fiber of
the bast in the stem from which flax-fiber and
fine linen are derived, and the seeds from which
linseed oil and linseed cake and meal are man-
ufactured. These are not horticultural products.
In North America flax is raised mostly in Min-
nesota, the Dakotas and Canada. Seed is sown
directly in the field when the weather is warm,
as in May and June, and the crop should be
ready in one hundred days or less.
FLAX, NEW ZEALAND: Phormium tenax. Yellow:
Reinwaratia indica.
FLEABANE: Erigeron. Marsh-: Pluchea.
FLEECE-FLOWER: Polygonum. Mountain: Polygonum
amplexicaule. -Vine, China: Polygonum Aubertii.
FLEMfNGIA. Leguminosse. Herbs or shrubs,
often twining, with Ivs. commonly of 3 digitate
Ifts. but sometimes simple, red or purple papil-
ionaceous fls. and short swollen pods; native in
tropics of Old World and intro. in S. U. S.
strobilffera. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. simple, ovate, to 3J^ in.
long, silky beneath: fls. purple, hidden by large bracts, in
racemes to 6 in. long: pods to ^ in. long. India, Malaya.
FLEXUOUS, FLEXUOSE: having a more or less zig-
zag or wavy form; said of stems of various kinds.
FLOATING-HEART: Nymphoides.
FLOERKEA: Limnanthes Douglasii.
FLOPPERS: KalanchoS pinnala.
FLORAS-PAINTBRUSH: Emilia sagittata.
FLORETS: individual flowers of composites and grasses
also other very small flowers that make up a very dense
form of inflorescence.
FLORIFEROUS: flower-bearing.
FLOSS-SILK TREE: Chorisia speciosa.
FLOWER-OF-AN-HOUR: Hibiscus Tnonum. -of- Jove:
Lychnis Flos-Jovis.
FLY-POISON: Amianthium muscsptoxicum.
FOAM-FLOWER: Tiardla cordifolia.
FCENfCULUM. Umbelliferae. Herbs native
in the Old World, having pinnately decompound
Ivs., small yellow fls. in compound umbels^ and
narrow prominently ribbed frs.; one species is
grown for the Ivs. and aromatic seeds which are
used in flavoring; Ivs. and If .-bases sometimes
eaten. Propagated by seeds in spring.
atrosangufnea: listed name.
dulce: F. vulgare var.
officinale: F. vulgar e.
vulgare (F. officinale). FENNEL. Per. but grown as an
ann.t to 5 ft.: Ivs. 3-4-pinnate into linear thread-like segms.
S. Eu. Var. dulce, FLORENCE F. or FINOCCHIO. has the base
of the Ivs. much enlarged and thickened and, when blanched,
serves as article of food. Var. piperltum, CAROSELLA, is
grown for the young sts. which are eaten.
FOLIACEOUS: leaf-like; said particularly of sepals and
calyx-lobes and of bracta that in texture, size or color look
like small or large leaves.
FOLLICLE: dry dehiscent pericarp opening only on the
front suture.
FONTANfeSIA. Olcaccx. Two Asian de-
ciduous somewhat Ligustrum-like shrubs with
opposite entire Ivs., small white fls. in narrow
leafy panicles in May- June, and fr. a flat winged
nutlet.
Fontanesias thrive in any good garden soil. Propagated
by seeds, layers, and cuttings of green wood under glass.
calif 6rnica: F. Fortunci.
F6rtunei (F. cahfornica) . To 15 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, shining. China; hardy N.
phillyreoides. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to oblong,
to 3 in. long, grayish-green. Asia Minor; less hardy.
FORCING. Plants are forced when made
to grow or bloom outside their normal season,
particularly in advance of the season, by some
artificial means. The mere imitation of the
natural conditions under which any plant grows
may not constitute forcing. Growing in green-
houses is not necessarily forcing: it may be only
protection. The word forcing nas come to be
associated with particular crops and sometimes
quite independently of its proper restricted
meaning; tnus we speak of the forcing of toma-
toes, cucumbers, melons, bulbs. A forcing-house
is only a glass-house: its use determines its
title or designation.
FORESTlfeRA (Adelia). Oleacex. American
deciduous (seldom evergreen) trees or shrubs
with opposite Ivs., small yellowish dioecious or
imperfect fls. without petals in clusters or
racemes before the Ivs., and fr. a small black or
dark purple drupe with scant flesh. Only F.
acuminate is hardy North without protection.
They thrive best in moist locations. Propagated
by seeds and layers.
acurninata. To 30 ft.: IVH. to 4 in. long, acuminate: fr.
J£ in. long. 111. to Ga. and Tex.
ligustrina. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 1^ in« l°n& obtuse: fr.
% in. long. Tenn. to Fla.
neo-mexicana. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 1H in. long, acute or
obtuse: fr. 2-e in. long. Tex. to New Mex. and Colo.
FORESTRY. The growing and utilizing of
forests, with all the science, craft and commerce
consequent thereto. The forest is a crop, making
use of land, and is therefore agriculture in its
broad sense. In its general relations it is also
within the realm of political economy inasmuch
as great permanent forests are almost necessarily
public domains, and it is directly concerned in
the conservation and utilization of natural re-
sources as well as with governmental problems.
These domains are to be kept and utilized in
the interest of all the people, in consideration
with all related questions. Silviculture is the
science and practice of raising forests, one of
the main departments or components of forestry.
Arboriculture (which see) is properly not within
the realm of forestry, although popularly con-
fused with it, but ratner a department of horti-
culture. Farm forestry is that smaller applica-
tion having to do with the raising and using of
wood-lots.
FORGET-ME-NOT: Myosotis. Creeping: Omphalodet
verna.
FORStTHIA. GOLDEN-BELLS. Oleaceae. De-
ciduous erect or diffuse shrubs of the Old World
.with opposite, simple or 3-parted Ivs., showy
yellow ns. deeply 4-parted into oblong corolla-
lobes, appearing before the Ivs., and fr. a woody
caps, with winged seeds.
Forsythia
Forsythias are amongst the showiest spring-blooming
shrubs and are hardy North. They are not particular as to
soil. Propagated by cuttings of young wood in summer, of
ripe wood in fall and winter, by seeds, and the drooping
sorts by rooting at the tips.
decipiens: F. suapensa var.
europafea. To 6 ft., with erect branches having lamellate
pith: Ivs. to 3 in. long, entire or with few shallow teeth.
Albania.
F6rtunei: F. suspensa var.
intermedia. Hybrid between F. suspensa and F. viri-
dissima: to 10 ft., with arching or spreading branches
having lamellate pith: Ivs. to 5 in. long, sometimes 3-parted.
Var. densifldra, fls. pale, crowded. Var. nana, low-growing.
Var. primulina has pale yellow fls. crowded at base of
branches. Var. spectdbilis has bright yellow fls. more than
1 in. long. Var. vitellina, fls. deep yellow, 1 in. long.
ovata. Very early: Ivs. ovate to broad-ovate, to 2% in.
long, serrate, not lobed: fls. solitary, amber-yellow. Korea.
primulina: F. intermedia var.
Sieboldii: F. suspensa var.
specta" bills: F. intermedia var.
suspensa. To 10 ft., with hollow drooping branches: Ivs.
to 4 in. long, toothed, often 3-parted: fls. golden-yellow.
China. Commonly planted. Var. atrocaulis has dark purple
branehlcts. Var. aurea, Ivs. yellow. Var. decipiens (F.
decipiens) has solitary deep yellow fls. Var. Fdrtunei (F.
Fortunei), is of more erect habit, often with 3-parted Ivs.
Var. Sieboldii (F. Sieboldii) has more slender drooping or
trailing branches. Var. variegata, Ivs. variegated with
yellow.
viridissima. To 10 ft., with erect branches having
lamellate pith: Ivs. to 6 in. long, toothed above middle:
fla. greenish-yellow. China. — May be distinguished from
F. intermedia and F. suspensa by pith not solid at the nodes.
In var. variegata the Ivs. are variegated with white. Var.
koreana has more spreading branches, larger fls. and is
more showy. Korea.
FORTUNfiLLA. KUMQUAT. Rutacess. Four
known or recognized small evergreen fruit-trees
or shrubs native probably in S. E. China, differ-
ing from Citrus in few-celled ovary with but
2 ovules in each cell, characteristic hollowed
stigma and smaller frs. Grown in the orange
belt, but somewhat hardier than the sweet
orange particularly when grown on trifoliata
(Poncirus) stock: Ivs. lanceolate or somewhat
broader. The attractive aromatic frs. are used
for preserves and may be eaten raw. Kumquats
make ornamental tub plants. Full grown plants
reach a height of 10 or 12 ft. They hybridize
with other citrus fruits. For general culture,
consult Citrus fruits, page 183.
crassifolia. MEIWA K. Shrub, with or without spines:
Ivs. thick and trough-like, petioles narrowly winged: frs.
slightly ovoid, to 1^ in. diam., cells 6 or 7; pulp-vescicles
oval or ovate.
Hlndsii. Spiny small tree, wild on Hongkong and ad-
jacent mainland, grown somewhat for curiosity: Ivs. oval-
elliptic, petiole winged: fr. less than 1 in. diam., subglobose,
orange-red, with 3 or 4 cells, with few nearly juiceless small
pulp-vescicles.
japtinica (Citrus japonica). ROUND and MARUMI K.
Mucn branched shrub with or without spines: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, blunt-pointed and relatively broad: fr. round, to about
1)4 in. diam., without rudiments of style, and 5-6 cells
margarlta. OVAL and NAQAMI K. Shrub or small tree,
nearly or quite thornless: Ivs. longer than in F. japonica
and relatively narrower and more pointed: fr. oval or oolong,
to 1 in. cross diam., with persistent rudiment of style,
cells 4 or 5.
FOSTfeRA. Stylidiaceae. Glabrous perennials,
mostly from New Zeal., having erect or de-
cumbent sts. with white fls. on slender peduncles;
calyx tubular with 5-6 equal lobes; corolla nearly
regular, campanulate: fr. a 1-celled caps. Propa-
gated by seeds and layers.
ten£lla. Sts. to 8 in. long, decumbent a^d rooting at
base, branched above: Ivs. usually confined to terminal
parts of sts., narrowly oblong-obovate, to % in. long, few
and laxly placed, narrowed into short petiole, dark green
and veinless above: fls. 1-3, on peduncle to 4 in. long, to
\i in. across: caps, narrowly clavate.
312 Fragaria
FOTHERGfLLA. Hamamelidacex. Deciduous
N. American shrubs with alternate simple coarse-
ly toothed witch-hazel-like Ivs., white fls. with-
out petals borne in dense terminal heads or spikes
in which the stamens are the conspicuous part,
and fr. a beaked caps.
Fothergillas are hardy and thrive in moist soils. Propa-
gated by seeds, by layers which will not root for two years,
and F. Gardenii by suckers and root-cuttings.
alnifdlia: F. Gardenii.
Carolina: F. Gardenii.
Gardenii (F. alnifolia. F. Carolina). To 3 ft.: Ivs. obovate
to oblong, base rounded or broadly cuneate, to 2 in. long,
pale beneath: fls. before Ivs. Va. to Ga.
major. To 10 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, glaucous and stellate-
pubescent beneath: fls. with Ivs. Ga. — Differs from F.
monticola in its more pyramidal and less spreading habit
and in its shorter fl. -spikes 1-2 in. long.
monticola. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, light green and
sparingly pubescent beneath: fls. with Ivs. N. C. to Ala.
parvifdlia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. suborbicular to ovate, base
often cordate, to 2^( in. long, gray-pubescent beneath: fls.
before Ivs. N. C. to Fla.
FOUNTAIN-PLANT: Russelia equisetiformis.
FOUQUlfiRIA. Fouquieriacece. Singular spiny
shrubs or trees in Mex., one extending into the
desert regions of S. W. U. S. and there planted
for hedges. F. splendens. OCOTILLO. COACH-
WHIP. VINE-CACTUS. JACOBS-STAFF. Shrub of
many sts. to 20 ft. with slender rigid spines
bearing clusters of small Ivs. in their axils which
soon fall: fls. scarlet, to 1 in. long, the stamens
exserted, in terminal racemes or panicles to 10 in.
long: fr. % in. long. For F. columnariSj see
Idria.
FOUQUIERIACRE;. FOUQUIERIA FAMILY.
Two genera of spiny trees and shrubs, often
leafless, with bisexual fls. having 5 sepals, 5-lobed
corolla, 10-17 stamens, superior 3-celled ovary
and capsular fr. It has mostly been associated
with Tamaricacese, but has lately been placed
in the sequence near Polcmoniaceae. Fouquieria
and Idria are sometimes planted.
FOURCROYA: Furcrsea.
FOUR-O'CLOCK: Mirabilis Jalapa.
FOXGLOVE: Digitalis.
FOXTAIL, MEADOW: Alopecurus pratensis.
FRAGARIA. STRAWBERRY. Rosacex. Low
per. herbs with rooting runners, Ivs. of 3 Ifts.,
white or reddish sometimes more or less imper-
fect fls. in small clusters on radical peduncles,
and fr. a berry formed of the fleshy receptacle
bearing the seed-like frs. on the surface; a few
grown for ornament and the edible fr. For
cult, see Strawberry.
alpina: F. vesca.
americana. The American form or var. of F. vesca, but
apparently not regularly in cult.
calif 6rnica. To 5 in.: Ifta. silky-pubescent beneath: fls.
% in. across: fr. ^ in. across, the achenes in shallow pita.
Calif.
chiloensis. To 8 in.: Ifts. thick and glossy, silky beneath:
fla. to 1 in. across: fr. % in. across, the achenes in shallow
pits. Alaska to Patagonia. Var. anan&ssa comprises most
of the common garden strawberries, with larger frs.;
hybridization may have modified them.
Daltoniana. Small hairy or nearly glabrous plant with
thread-like runners: Ifts. with few teeth: fls. solitary,
calyx-lobes toothed: fr. scarlet, nearly 1 in. long and one-
half as broad. Himalayas. — Name recently intro. to U. S.,
but plant not correctly determined.
elation P. moschata.
Grayana: F. virginiana var. \llinoens\8.
illinoensis: F. virginiana var.
indica: Duchesnea indica.
Fragaria
313
Frcmnus
mexicana. To 4 in.: Ifts. silky beneath: fls. about \i in.
across: fr. H *&• across, the achenes superficial. Mex.
moschata (F. elattor). HAUTBOI& S. To 1 ft.: Ifts. silky
beneath: fls. usually dioecious, standing above foliage: fr.
musky, the achenes superficial, hull strongly reflexed. Eu.
ve"sca (F. alpina). To 1 ft.: Ifts. slightly silky beneath:
fls. % in. across: fr. red, or white in var. alba, ft in. across,
the achenes superficial. Eu.; nat. in E. N. Amer. — Here
belong the races of strawberries known as Alpine, Ever-
bearing and Perpetual. .
virgin! ana. To 8 in.: Ifts. becoming glabrous: fls. to
^£ in. across: pedicels bearing appressed hairs: fr. ^ in.
across, the achenes in deep pits. Stout forms with spreaumg
hairs on the pedicels are known as var. illino£nsis (F. il-
linoensis, F, Grayand). E. N. Amer. — Supposed to have
entered into some of the garden strawberries.
FRAiLEA. Cactacete. Small S. American cacti
with many low tubercled ribs and small spines:
fls. small and often cleistogamous.
cataphra*cta (Echinocactus cataphractus) . St. solitary or
sprouting about base, globular; ribs 15, indistinct, tubercles
low and flat; spines all radial, 5, yellow to gray, to % in.
long. fls. cleistogamous, to 1^ in. long: fr. red, globose;
seeds smooth, glossy black. Paraguay.
columbiana (Echinocactus columbianus) . Cespitose, sis.
globular, to 1% in. diam., glossy gieen, ribs usually 18,
indistinct; spines yellow to white, to )£ in. long, radials
15-20, centrals 2-5: fls. yellow, to 1 in. long. Colombia.
Dadakii. Globular, depressed on top; ribs 12; spines all
radial, usually 8, recurved and contorted, brown to white:
fls. yellow, to 1 in. long, mostly cleistogamous. Argentina,
Uruguay.
gracillima. Globular to cylindrical, to 4 in. tall and
1^5 in. diam.; ribs 12-14; spines white to gray, i ad nils
15-17, curved, centrals usually 2, stiff: fls. led without, pale
yellow within, to \% in. long. Paraguay.
Grahliana. Cespitosc, globular, flattened on top, brown-
ish-green; ribs 13, indistinct, shallowly tubercled; spines
all radial, usually 9-11, yellow to brown or giay, about
Hi in. long, curved: fls. pale yellow with red throat, to l^j
in. long: seeds yellowish-biown, puberulent. Paraguay.
pseudopulcherrima: listed name.
pulcherrima (Echinocactus and Malacocarpus pulcher-
rimus). Cespitose, globular, to 1 in. diam., dark green;
ribs 19-21, indistinct, tubercled; spines pale brown, radials
usually 14, reflexed, central 1, stiaight, sometimes absent:
fls. yellow, 1 in. acioss. Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay.
pumila (Echinocactus pumilus). Globose, flattened at
center, dark green, to 1H in. diam. and 1 in. tall; ribs 13-
15, flat; spines gray to brown, curved, radials 12-14, to
^ in. long, centrals 1-2, slightly longer: fls. yellow. Argen-
tina, Paraguay.
pygm&a (Echinocactus pygmaeus). Cespitose, globular,
flattened on top, to 1M in. diam.; ribs 13-21, tubercled;
spines alike, 6-9, bristle-like, twisted and recurved, to
nearly % in. long: fls. yellow, to 1 in. long, mostly cleistog-
amous. Argentina, Uruguay.
Schilinzkyana (Echinocactus Schilinzkyanus) . Globular,
flattened above, 1 in. across, sometimes forming clumps;
ribs 10-13, indistinct; radial spines 12-14, flattened. Para-
guay, Argentina.
FRANCISCEA: Brunfelsia.
FRANCOA. Saxifragacese. Herbaceous per-
ennials from Chile with lyrate Ivs. and terminal
dense racemes of white or pink fls.; suitable for
outdoor planting in mild climates. Propagated
by seeds sown in spring in a cool house or frame;
also by division.
appendiculata. To
spotted.
ft.: fls. pale rose, usually not
glabrata: F. ramosa,
ramdsa (F. glabrata). To 3 ft.: infl. pubescent; fls. white,
in spikes 2 ft. long and 1 in. thick. — The sprays of fls. are
much used for table decoration; incorrectly called Bridal
Wreath. Var. alba ia listed, but may not differ from type.
Var. hybrid a has larger pure white fls.
sonchifolia. To 2 ft. : If .-stalks with broad wings at base:
fls. pink marked with darker color.
FRANGIPANI: Plumeria.
FRANKftNIA. Frankeniacex. Evergreen more
or less heath-like per. herbs or subshrubs with
small entire Ivs. opposite or in 4's, small in-
conspicuous fls., and capsular frs.; seldom grown
under glass and perhaps in the open in mild
regions.
capitata. Branches prostrate or ascending, to 1% ft.,
glabrous or hairy. Ivs. linear, glabrous with strongly rev-
olute margins: fls. pink to purple. Salt marshes, S. Air.
Var. lafevis (F. laevis), sts. and calyces not hairy.
Jamesii. Much branched shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear,
^ in. long, margins revolute: fls. white. Colo., Tex., Mex.
laevis: F. capitata var.
pulverulenta. Sts. straggling, to 1H ft. long: Ivs. many,
broadly oval to oboyate, to M in. long, close together:
fls. pink, less than H in. long. S. Eu. to India, S. Air.
FRANKENlACE^:. FRANKENIA FAMILY.
Herbs or subshrubs of 4 genera in warm coun-
tries, with often heath-like Ivs., small bisexual
fls. having 4-7 sepals and petals, mainly 6
stamens, superior 1-celled ovary, and fr. a caps,
inclosed in the calyx. In natural sequence it is
placed near Hypericacese and Tamaricacese.
Frankenia may be cult.
FRANKLINIA: Gordonia alatamaha.
FRASfeRA. COLUMBO. Gentianacese. N. Am-
erican large stout herbs with opposite or
whorled simple and entire Ivs. that are mostly
basal, and white, yellowish or bluish fls. in
panicled clusters on tall single sts.; corolla rotate
arid 4-parted, style awl-shaped; sometimes
transplanted from the wild and usually of simple
handling.
caroline'nsis. To 7 ft.: Ivs. to 0 in. long: fls. yellowish-
white spotted with brown-purple, 1 in. across, with fringed
glands, in panicles to 2 ft. long. Mich, to (*a. and Mo.
nitida. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long, with narrow white
margins: fls. gicenish with deeply fiinged glands, in cynics
% in. across. Ida. to Calif. Var. albicaulis (Swertia albi-
cauhs, Leucocraspedium albicaule) is somewhat pubescent.
Parryi (Swertia Parry i). To 3 ft.: IVH. to 8 in. long, white-
margined: fls. greenish- white, the lobes spotted with black
around the yoke-shaped fringed gland, in broad panicles to
1 ft. long. S. Calif.
speciftsa (Tessaranthium speciosum. Swertia radiata).
To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long: fls. greenish-white spotted with
S .11 pip, with fringed glands, in narrow panicles to 2 ft. long,
re. to Mont, and Calif.
FRAXINELLA: Dictamnus albus.
FRAXINUS. ASH. Okacar. Trees with
opposite mostly pinnate Ivs., usually deciduous,
small not showy bisexual or unisexual fls. in
panicles and in some species in early spring
before the Ivs., and fr. a 1-seeded winged samara;
mostly native in the north temp, zone but some
of them extending to the tropics. Shade and
timber trees are in the genus, and many interest-
ing hort. forms. The following species are hardy
N. unless otherwise stated.
Ashes are valuable as street or lawn trees and succeed
in good fairly moist soil. They transplant readily. Propa-
gated by seeds which should be stratified and sown the
following year. The named Boris are grafted m spring on
seedling stocks or budded in summer.
alba: F. americana.
americana (F. alba. F. novap-angliae). WHITE A. To
120 ft.: Ivs. of 5-9 Ifts. to 6 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls.
dioecious, before thd Ivs., without petals, the calyx per-
sistent on fr.: fr. linear-oblong, to 2 in. long. N. S. to Fla.
and Tex. Var. ascidiata has Ifts. somewhat hollow or
pitcher-shaped at base. Var. p6ndula has drooping branches.
Var. subcoriacea has thick Ifts. silvery-white beneath.
angustifMia. To 75 ft.: Ivs of 7-13 lanceolate Ifts. to
3 in. long: fls. before the Ivs., without calyx or corolla: fr.
oval-oblong, to 1^ in lonff S. Eu , N. Air., W. Asia; not
hardy N. Var. lentiscifdlia (F. lentis&foha) has Ifts. further
apart. Var. australis (F . austrahs) has Itts. slightly pub-
escent beneath.
an6mala. SINGLE-LEAP A. To 20 ft., with slightly
winged branch lets: Ivs. usually of 1 broad-ovate 1ft. to
2^ in. long: fls. with the Ivs., without petals, the calyx
persistent on fr.: fr. oblong, % in. long. Colo, to Calif.;
not hardy far N.
arbutif&lia: F. pennsylvanica.
Fraxinus
atr6virens: F. excelsior var. crispa.
aucubeef61ia: F. pennsylvanica var.
australis: F. angustifolw var.
Biltmoreana. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 7-11 Ifts. to 6 in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. dioecious, before the Ivs.. without
petals, with calyx persistent in fr.: fr. linear-oblong, to
1^ in. long. N. J. to Ga. and Ala.
Bungeana. To 15 ft.: Ivs. usually of 5 broad-ovate Ifts.
to 1H m. long: fls. with or after Ivs., with petals: fr. oblong,
1 in. long. China.
calif 6rnica: F. oregona.
caroliniana (F. platycarpa). WATER A. To 50 ft.: Iva.
of 5-7 Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls. dioecious, before the Ivs., with-
out petals, the calyx persistent on fr.: fr oval to oblong,
to 2 in. long, winged to base. Swamps, Va. to Ma. and Tex.;
not hardy in the N.
chine"nsis. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 5-9 Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls.
with or after Ivs , without petals, with calyx: fr. lanceolate,
to 2 in. long. China. Var. rhyncnophylla (F. rhynchophylla)
has larger Ivs.
cuspidata. To 20 ft.: Ivs. of 7 Ifts. to 2^ in. long: fls.
fragrant, with or after Ivs., with petals united into tube: fr.
oblong, 1 in. long. Tex. to Mex.; to be planted only far S.
dip£tala. To 15 ft., with 4-sided branchlets: Ivs. usually
of 5 Ifts to 1 24 m. long: fls. with the Ivs., with 2 white
petals: fr. oblanceolate, 1 in. long. Calif.; to be planted
only in mild climates.
El6nza. Small tree, the branchlets with whitish warts:
Ivs. of 9-13 Ifts. to 3 in. long: fr. oblong. Of uncertain origin.
excelsior. EUROPEAN A. To 140 ft., with black buds:
Iva. of 7-11 Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls. before Ivs., without calyx
or corolla: fr. oblong, 1^ in. long. Eu , Asia Minor. A few
of the hort. vars. are: asplenif&lia, Ifts. linear; aurea,
branchlets yellow: aurea-pe'ndula, branchlets yellow, droop-
ing; aureo-variegata, Ivs. variegated or edged with yellow:
erf spa (var. atrocirens, yar. cucullata), Ifts. small and curled
or twisted; diversifolia (var. simplicifoha laciniata, F.
monophylla, F. heterophylla), Ivs. of 1-3 cut-toothed Ifts.;
yar. erdsa, Ifts. narrow, jagged or cut-toothed; var glob6sa
is var. nana; nana (var. globosa, F. polemo mi folia), dwarf,
Ifts. small; p£ndula (var. Wentworthii), branches drooping;
spectabilis, habit pyramidal; verruc&sa, branches warty;
verticillata (F . verticillata) , Ivs. clustered.
floribfinda. To 120 ft.: Ivs. of 7-9 Ifts. to 6 in. long, the
rachis slightly winged: fls. with or after Ivs., in panicles to
1 ft. long, with corolla: fr. linear, about 1 in. long. Hima-
layas; adapted only far S.
Grfiggii. To 25 ft.: Ivs. of 3-7 leathery Ifts. to % in.
long: fls. before Ivs., without corolla, with calyx: fr. oblong,
to % in. long. Tex., N. Mex.; to be planted only far S.
heterophylla: F. excelsior var. diversifolia,.
lanceolata: F. pennsylvanica var.
lentiscifdlia: F. angustifolia var.
longicuspis. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 5-7 Ifts. to 4 in. long, the
lowest pair much smaller: fls. with or after Ivs., with corolla
and minute calyx: fr. linear-oblong, 1}£ in. long. Japan.
Var. Sieboldiana (F. Sieboldiana) has slightly smaller If ts.
which are pubescent beneath along midrib. Japan, Korea.
mandshurica. To 100 ft.: Ivs. of 9-11 Ifts. to 5 in. long,
ruaty-tomentose at base: fls. dioecious, before the Ivs.,
without calyx or corolla: fr. oblong-lanceolate, to 1^ in.
long. N. E. Asia.
Maridsii. To 25 ft.: Ivs. usually of 3-5 close Ifts. to 3 in.
long, pale beneath: fls. with or after the Ivs.. with corolla
and minute calyx: fr. oblanceolate, to 1 in. long, purplish.
China; not hardy N.
monophylla: F. excelsior var. diversifolia.
nlgra (F. sambuci folia) . BLACK A. To 75 ft.: Ivs. of
7-lllfts. to 5 in. long, rusty-tomentose at base: fls. dioecious,
before the Ivs., without calyx or corolla: fr. oblong, to 1 ^ in.
long, winged to base. Newf. to W. Va. and Ark., in low
lands.
n6vee-£ngliae: F. americana.
oregdna (F. californica). To 75 ft.: Ivs. of 5-9 sessile
Ifts. to 6 in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. dioecious, before
the Ivs., without petals, with calyx: fr. 2 in. long, winged
nearly to base. Wash, to Calif.; not hardy far N.
6rnus (Ornus europ&a). FLOWERING A. To 60 ft.:
Ivs. usually of 7 Ifts. to 3 in. long: fls. fragrant, with the
Ivs., with linear white petals and with calyx: fr. linear or
lanceolate, 1 in. long S. Eu., W. Asia.
oxyacanthif&lia: F. xanthoxyloides.
parvifdlia: F. rotundifoha.
Paxiana. To 60 ft.: Ivs. of 7-9 sessile Ifts. to 7 in. long:
fls. with or after Ivs., with corolla and large calyx: fr. linear,
1 in. long. China, Himalayas.
pennsylvanica (F. pubescens. F. arbutifolia. F. Rich-
ardn). RED A. To 60 ft.: lys. of 5-9 Ifts. to 6 in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. dioecious, before the Ivs., without
Freesia
petals, with calyx: fr. to 2^ in. long, winged nearly to base.
N. S. to Ga. and Miss. Var. aucubaefdlia has Ivs. mottled
with yellow. Var. lanceolata (F. lanceolata. F. viridis).
GREEN A. Lfts. narrower, pubescent only on midrib be-
neath. Me. to Fla. and Tex.
platyc&rpa: F. caroliniana.
platyppda. To 70 ft.: Ivs. of 7-11 sessile Ifts. to 4 in.
long, petioles enlarged at base: fls. dioecious, before the Ivs..
without petals, with calyx: fr. oblong, to 2 in. long, winged
to base. China.
polemoniifdlia: F. excelsior vai. nana.
potam6phila. To 30 ft.: Ivs. of 9-11 Ifts. to 2 in. long:
fls. before the Ivs., without calyx or corolla: fr. oblong, to
2 in. long. Turkestan.
pube'scens: F. pennsylvanica.
pubine'rvis. Tree: Ivs. of 5-11 Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls. with
Ivs., having corolla: fr. oblanceolate, 1^ in. long. Japan.
quadrangulata. BLUE A. To 80 ft. or more, the branches
4-angled: Ivs. of 7-11 Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls. bisexual, before
the Ivs., without calyx or corolla: fr. oblong, to 2 in. long,
winged to base. Mich, to Ark.
retusa. Tender shrub allied to F. Mariesii. differing in
its stalked Ifts. which are reticulated beneath and often
dentate: fls. with a large calyx. E. China.
rhynchophylla: F. chinensis var.
Rich&rdii: F. pennsylvanica .
rotundif61ia (F. parvifoha). To 15 ft.: Ivs. of 7-13 sessile
Ifts. to \% in. long: fls. before the Ivs., without calyx or
corolla: fr. oblong, \]/± in. long. S. Eu., W. Asia; hardy in
cent, region. Var. pe*ndula has drooping branches.
sambucif&lia: F. mgra.
Sieboldiana: F. longicuspis var.
sogdiana. Small tree: Ivs. of 7-11 Ifts. to 2^ in. long:
fls. before the Ivs , without calyx or corolla: fr. oblong,
1^ in. long. Turkestan.
syriaca. Small tree: Ivs. of 3-5 lanceolate Ifts. to 4 in.
long: fls. before the Ivs., without calyx or corolla: fr. ob-
ovate, to \l/i in. long. Asia.
tex6nsis. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of usually 5 Ifts. to 3 in. long:
fls. dioecious, before the Ivs., without petals, with calyx:
fr. oblong, to 1 in. long. Tex.
Toumeyi (F. velutina var. Toumeyi). Medium-sized
gray-barked tree with young branchlets usually pubescent
as well as under surface of narrow acuminate Ifts. New
Mex., Ariz., Mex., sometimes planted in its region.
velutina. To 50 ft.: lys. of 3-5 Ifts. to 1% in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. dioecious, before the Ivs., without
petals, with calyx: fr. oblong, ^ in. long. Anz., New Mex.;
not hardy N.
verticillata: F. excelsior var.
vfridis: F. pennsylvanica var. lanceolata.
xanthoxyloides (F. oxyacanthi folia) . Small tree: Ivs. of
5-9 Ifts. to 1^ in. long, the rachis winged: fls. before the
Ivs., without petals, with calyx: fr. linear-oblong, to 2 in.
long, winged to base. W. Asia; not hardy N.
FREESIA. Iridacex. S. African tender herbs
with bulb-like conns, linear basal and st.-lvs.,
and white or yellow, very fragrant, erect funnel-
form fls. in raceme-like spikes which are bent
at right angles to st.
Freesias are forced under glass for the late winter and
early spring bloom, but bulbs do not withstand the previous
potting and cold treatment required by hyacinths and
tulips. They should be kept cool and moist when growing,
and the soil well drained. Bloom may be expected ten or
twelve weeks after planting if bulbs aie strong. Several
bulbs or coims aie planted together in pots, pans or boxes.
Started in late winter or early spring, they are useful for
porch- and window-boxes. After blooming and ripening,
gradually dry off the plant, shake out the corms and keep
for subsequent planting. Seeds should give blooming corms
in second or third year. The offsets reproduce the stock
rapidly.
Armstrongii. Differs from F. refracta in having fls. with
white tube orange at base and segms. margined with rose-
purple.
hybrida. A hort. group containing many hybrid or
variant forms known as "colored freesias," the fls. variously
tmted and veined with shades of rose, purple, brown, blue
and orange.
Ragionieri. A hybrid race with fragrant fls. in shades of
rose, purple, blue, brown, orange.
refracta. To 1 U ft. : fls. greenish-yellow to bright yel-
low, to 2 in. long, the segms. unequal. Var. alba has white
fls. with gradually narrowed tube while the white fls. of
var. xanthospila have abruptly narrowed tube. The fls.
of var. Leichtlinii are pale yellow and abruptly narrowed
and of var. odorata bright yellow.
Freesia 315
Regina-Maria: catalogue name,
splendens: hort. form with violet fls.
Tubergenii. A hybrid of F. Armstrongit and F. refracta
var. alba: fls. rose-lilac with white markings.
FREM(5NTIA (Fremonlodendron). Sterculia-
cese. Two evergreen shrubs with alternate usually
palmately lobed Ivs., showy yellow fls. without
petals, solitary in the axils, and capsular fr.
F. calif6rnica. FLANNEL-BUSH. To 10 ft.: Ivs.
to 1 in. long, densely tomentose beneath: fls. to
2 in. across. Calif. F. mexicd,na differs in the
glands at the base of the calyx not being hairy.
S. and Lower Calif. — Fremont ias require rather
dry soil. They are not hardy N. Propagated by
seeds or cuttings of green wood under glass.
FREMONTODENDRON: Fremontia.
FREYCINfiTIA. Pandanacese. Dioecious
shrubs climbing or scrambling, largely in Aus-
tralia and New Zeal., of many species, the sts.
rooting: Ivs. long-linear and mostly serrate or
spinescent, sheathing at base: fls. in terminal
spadices: fr. an aggregate oblong mass or cone
of woody or somewhat fleshy berry-like bodies.
F. B&nksii is a tall climber on trees and over
rocks, the spinose-serrate Ivs. towards ends of
branches. New Zeal.
FRIESIA: Pyrrhocactus umadeave.
FRINGE-BELL: Shortia soldanelloides. -Tree: Chionan-
thus.
FRITELLARIA. FKITILLARY. Liliacex. Bulb-
ous simple-stemmed herbs with alternate or
whorlcd Ivs. and nodding bell-shaped often
oddly colored fls. solitary or in racemes or umbels,
the perianth-segms. distinct; native in north
temp. zone.
Most of the species are hardy and of easy cultivation in
good garden soil; they are usually early spring-flowering.
Most kinds should be lifted and divided every two or three
years. Propagated by offsets, rarely by seeds.
agrestis. STINK BELLS. To IK ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate,
mostly near base of st.: fls. yellowisn-green, to 1M in. long,
in 3-5-fld. racemes, having disagreeable odor. Calif.
atropurpurea. To 1H ft.: Ivs. narrow-linear: fls. dull
Eurple somewhat spotted with yellowish-green, to % in.
>ng, in 1-6-fld. racemes. Ore., Calif, to N. D.
bifidra. To 1H ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. brownish-
purple tinged with green, to 1% in. long, in 1-4-fld. racemea.
Calif.
camschatc6nsis. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. livid
wine-purple, 1% in. long, in 1-3-fld. racemes. Siberia.
cirrhftsa. To 2 ft. : Ivs. linear-lanceolate, the upper with
tendrilled tips: fls. yellowish-green checkered with purple,
to 2 in. long, 1-2 together. Himalayas.
coccmea: F. recurva var.
delphine'nsis: F. tub&formis.
glauca. To 8 in.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, glaucous: fls.
purple marked with greenish-yellow, % in, long, in 1-3-fld.
racemes. Ore.
imperialis. CROWN IMPERIAL. To 4 ft., having strong
odor: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. purplish, brick- or yellow-red, to
2 in. long, borne on curved stalks under a whorl of Ivs. at
top of st. Persia. Named hort. forms are fdliis argenteis
vittatis arid m&xima. — An interesting old-fashioned plant,
persisting for years.
jap6nica. Low: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. yellow spotted with
brown, drooping, solitary and terminal. Japan. — A doubt-
ful species.
lanceolata. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. dark
purple mottled with greenish-yellow, to 1H in. long, in
1-4-fld. racemes. B. C. to Calif. Var. flavida is listed.
Var. grficilis has smaller fls.
liliacea. WHITE F. To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear to oblanceolate:
fls. dull white, ^ in. long, fragrant, in 1-5-fld. racemes.
Calif*
meleigris. CHECKERED-LILY. SNAKES-HEAD. To 1H
ft.: Ivs. linear to oblanceolate: fls. checkered and veined
with purplish or maroon, to 3 in. across, in 1-3-fld. racemes.
Eu., Asia. Var. &lba has white fls. and purpurea purplish.
montana: Ff nigra.
Fuchsia
multifldra (F. panriflora). To 2% ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-
lanceolate: fls. purplish or greenish, ^ in. long, in long
racemes. Calif.
nigra (F. montana. F. tendla). To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, fls.
purple outside or yellowish-green spotted with purple, in-
side yellowish spotted purple, 1 in. long, solitary or in pairs.
S. E. Eu.
pallidifldra. To 15 in.: Ivs. oblong, the upper lanceolate-
fls. yellow, checkered inside, 1H in. long, in 1-6-fld. racemes.
Siberia.
parvifl&ra: F. multiflora.
pluriflora. PINK F. ADOBE-LILY. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate: fls. pink-purple, to 1^ in. long, in 4-12-fld.
racemes. Calif.
pudica (Ochrocodon pudicus). YELLOW F. To 9 in.: Ivs.
narrowly oblanceolate: fls. yellow or orange tinged with
purple, % in. long, in 1-3-fld. racemes. B. C. to Calif,
and N. Mex.
Purdyi. To 16 in.: basal Ivs. ovate, upper linear: fls.
white mottled with purple, to 1 in. long, 1-2 together.
Calif.
pyrenaica. To 1H ft.: Ivs. linear, glaucous: fls. dark
purple spotted with green, usually solitary. Pyrenees.
rectirva. SCARLET F. To 2% ft.: Ivs. linear to linear-
lanceolate: fls. scarlet checkered with yellow, to 1M in.
long, in 3-6-fld. racemes. S. Ore. to Calif. Var. coccmea
has more brilliantly scarlet fls.
Roylei. To 2 ft. : Ivs. in whorls of 3-6, linear-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, suberect: fls. greenish-yellow netted dull
purple, solitary or few, campanulate, to 2 in. long. Hima-
layas.
ruth^nica. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 20 in
number: fls. brilliant purple, indistinctly checkered.
Caucasus.
ser6psis: listed name.
Stracheyi: Nomocharia nana.
tenglla: F. nigra
tu beef 6r mis (F. ddphinensi*) . To 1 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate
to linear: fls. purple spotted and checkered with yellow,
often solitary. Alps.
verticillata. To 1H ft.: Ivs. ovate: fls. white or yellow,
dotted at base, in 1-5-fld. racemes. Altai Mts. Var.
Thunbergii differs in technical fl. characters.
FRCELfCHIA. Amaranthacex. American arm.
or bien. herbs, woolly or silky, with opposite
Ivs. and small fls. in dense spikes borne in pan-
icles; of little ornamental value but may be
listed.
floridana. Ann. to 6 ft.: Ivs. few, linear, to 5 in. long:
spikes to 2^ in. long. Ga., Fla.
FROGS-BIT: Hydrocharia Morsus-ranse.
FROND: leaf of fern, and frequently applied to palms
and similar plants; sometimes used in the sense of foliage.
FRUIT: the ripened pericarp or pericarps with the
adnate parts; the seed-bearing organ or body. In horti-
cultural usage, a fruit is an edible body or product developed
from a flower, independently of its morphology, sometimes
with other parts associated with the seed-bearing organ.
FtTCHSIA. Onagraceae. Shrubs and trees
native in Mex. to S. Amer. and New Zeal., but
usually treated under glass essentially as herbs,
with simple Ivs., usually showy hanging fls. in
shades of rose, red and purple, sometimes white,
exserted stamens and pistil, and fr. a berry.
Fuchsias are grown in the cool greenhouse and often
bedded out in summer, and in mild climates they are out-
door subjects. They are sometimes trained to large pyra-
mids with a central stem; and when grown permanently
in the open they are useful for covering walls and fences.
For window-garden and conservatory use in pots new plants
are commonly started each year. Propagated by cuttings
of soft green wood in pots or ooxes or on benches. If plants
are to be kept over winter, the branches should be cut
back after blooming.
arbor6scens (F. ayringse flora). To 18 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-
oblong, l/o 8 in. long: fls. pink or purplish, H m« I°n8» m
erect terminal panicles. Mex.
boliviano. To 10 ft., the branches becoming drooping:
Ivs. elliptic-ovate, large, pubescent: fls. to 3 in. long, sepals
pale rose, petals rich rose, in long drooping corymbs. Bouvia.
ca*rnea: listed name.
coccmea. Lvs. narrow-ovate, about 2 in. long, pointed,
dentate, with very short hairy petioles, twigs also hairy:
Fuchsia
316
Fustic
fls. 1-3 in the axils, the narrow pointed sepals scarlet, petals
purplish, rolled and much shorter. Probably Brazil. — The
name coccinea may be applied to forms of F. magellanica.
Colensdi. Shrub with long straggling branches: Ivs.
ovate, to 2 in. long: fls. solitary, drooping, about 1 in. long,
petals small. New Zeal.
c6nica: F. magellamca var.
corallina: hort. form.
cord if Mia. LOOHC shtub: Ivs. heart-shaped, with reddish
midribs arid petioles, pubescent, fls. with dull red tube,
green sepals and yellow petals. Mex.
corymbifldra. To G ft., requiring support: Ivs. ovate-
oblong, largo. fls. deep red, to 4 in. long, in long drooping
corymbs. Peru. Var. alba is hated.
excorticata. Tree to 40 ft. . Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 5 in.
long: fls. to \l/i in. long, petals small. New Zeal.
fulgens. To 4 ft.: Ivs. broadly ovate, to 7 in. long: fls.
red, to 3 in. long, in short racemes. Mex.
globdsa: /''. magellanica var.
gr&cilis: /''. magellanica var.
h^brida (F. speciosa). Lvs. ovate, to 4 in. long: fls. with
crimson calyx and puiple, rose or white petals, sometimes
double, to 3 in. long, stamens iorig-exseited. Various
cultigons; probably of hybnd derivation from forms of
/''. magellanica and F. fulgens; common in conservatories
and windows.
lycioldes: F. roaea.
macroste*mma: F. magellanica.
magellanica (F. macrostemma) . To 20 ft. when trained
on walls but usually a low shrub, thinly pubescent or
Slabrous. Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 2 in. long, sinuate-
en tate fls. with red calyx and blue petals, 1-2 in. long,
the stamens long-exserted. J'eiu to Tierra del Fuego. Var.
c6nica (/''. cornea) has ovate Ivs., the scarlet calyx-tube
widest at base, and dark purple petals. Var. globdsa has
ovate Ivs. and small red-puiple (is. with nearly globose buds.
Var. gracilis is a slender graceful form with scarlet calyx
and purple petals. Var. Rfccartonii grows to 10 ft. high arid
is veiy floi if erous. — This species, m vaiious forms, is much
planted in the open in Calif.
microphylla. To G ft.: Ivs. ovate or round, less than 1 in.
long: fls. deep red, >£ in. long, drooping. Mex., Cent. Arner.
minima: a listed name.
monstrdsa: listed name.
parvi£L6ra. Shrubby: Ivs. small, the obtuse mostly entire
blades oval and less than 1 in. long on longer petioles: fls.
less than % in. long, pink and puiple, solitary, sepals re-
flexed. Mex.
procumbens. TRAILING F. Sts. prostrate and trailing:
IVH. round-ovate, % in. long: fls. pale orange with purple
calyx-lobes, petals lacking, to % in. long, erect arid solitary.
New Zeal.
pumila: probably one of the many forms of F. magellanica,
recurva: listed name.
refle'xa: listed name.
Riccartonii: F. magellanica var.
rdsea (F. lycioidex). Shrub with horizontal branches:
Ivs. oval to lanceolate, more or less acute, entire, about
1 in. or less long: fls. small, axillary, sepals becoming re-
flexed, the shorter corolla purple-violet. Chile.
serratifdlia. Tall shrub: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate,
toothed, pale beneath with reddish rmdvein arid petioles:
fls. with calyx red at base becoming pink and white at
tips. Peru.
specidsa: F. hybrida.
sple'ndens. Lvs. broadly ovate, to 5 in. long: fls. scarlet
with small greenish petals, to l^jj in. long, the stamens
long-exserted. Mex., Guatemala.
syringaefl6ra: F. arborescens.
tenglla: hort. form of F. magellanica.
Th6mpsonii: form of F. magellanica var. gracilis.
thymifdlia. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or orbicular,
to 2 in. long: fls. purplish-red, % in. long. Mex.
triphylla. To 1H ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, small: fls. cinna-
bar-red, \% in. long, in terminal racemes. W. Indies.
Var. purpurascens is listed.
virgata: name of uncertain application.
FUCHSIA, CALIFORNIA: Zauschneria californica. Cape:
Phygeliua capensis.
FUGACIOUS: falling or withering away very early.
FUGOSIA: Cienfuegosia.
FUMANA. Cistacex. Low shrubs of the Old
World, distinguished from Helianthemum in
the presence of sterile outer stamens and the
anatropous ovules. One species, F. nudifdlia (F.
and Helwritliemum procumbens), is cult. Low sub-
shrub, sts. procumbent: Ivs. linear, to V/2 in.
long, mucronate: fls. yellow, in 3-4-fld. terminal
racemes. Cent. Eu.
FUMARIA. FUMITORY. Fumariacese. Ann.
and bien. herbs with soft finely dissected Ivs.
and small 1 -spurred fls. in racemes; occasionally
grown for medicinal uses. Propagated by seeds.
officinalis. To 3 ft. producing small underground tuber:
fls. purplish tipped with crimson. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
FUMARlACE^. FUMITORY FAMILY. Five
genera of herbs native in the north temp, zone
and S. Afr., allied to the Poppy family, having
dissected thin or flaccid Ivs., irregular bisexual
fls. with 2 scale-like sepals, 4 petals of which the
2 inner are crested and one or both of the outer
spurred, 6 stamens, superior 1 -celled ovary,
and capsular frs. The genera Adlumia, Corydalis,
Dicontra are cult, to some extent for ornament,
and one Fumaria is officinal and cult..
FUMITORY: Fumaria. Climbing: Adlumia fungosa.
FUNASTRUM: Philibertia clausa.
FUNKIA: Hosta.
FUNNELFORM: with tube gradually widening upward
and passing insensibly into the limb like a trumpet, as in
many flowers of Convolvulus; infundibuliform.
FUNTUMIA. Apocynacex. A small genus of
large trop. African trees. F. elastica is mtro. in
semi-tropic regions as a rubber plant: to 100 ft.
in its native places: Ivs. opposite, long-oblong,
to 7 or 8 in., abruptly acuminate, entire: fls.
white or yellowish, in dense clusters: pods
woody, 4 in. or more long; seeds with long hairs
on an extended beak.
FURCR^A (Fourcroya). Amaryllidacese. Suc-
culent plants native in the warm parts of Amer.,
having Ivs. in basal rosettes and whitish or
greenish fls. in terminal panicles on tall scapes,
the perianth-segms. slightly united at base;
they usually bloom only once and then die.
Bulblcts arc commonly borne in the fl. -clusters.
Cult, as for Agave, from which the Furcrams
differ in the rotate whitish fls. rather than
funnelform and colored and in character of
stamens; propagated by bulblets.
altissima: F. inermis.
Bedinghausii. Trunk to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 3 in.
wide, rough-margined; infl. to 15 ft.; fls. 1M m. long. Mex.
gigantea. Nearly trunkless: Ivs. to 8 ft. long and 8 in.
wide, with few distant prickles: infl. to 25 ft.; fls. 1^£ in.
long. Brazil. Var. medio-picta (F. Watsoniana) is unarmed
and is variegated with cream-color.
inermis (F. altissima). Trunk very short: Ivs. to 3 ft.
long and 3 in. broad, nearly entire: infl. to 10 ft. high;
fls. 1 in. long. Trop. Amer.
Lmdenii: F. Selloa var. marginata.
pub£scens. Nearly trunkless: Ivs. to 5 ft. long and 3 in.
broad, toothed: infl. to 20 ft. high; fls. 2^ in. long. Mex.
Roe*zlii. Trunk to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 5 in. wide,
rough-margined: infl. to 15 ft.; fls. 1% in. long. Mex.
Sellfta. Trunk to 5 ft. : Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 3 in. wide,
with curved teeth: infl. to 20 ft. high; fls. 1H in. long.
Colombia. Var. marginata (F. Lindenii) has Ivs. margined
with white or yellow.
Watsoniana: F. gigantea var. medio-picta.
FURROWED: with longitudinal channels or grooves.
FURZE: Ulex.
FUSIFORM: spindle-shaped; narrowed both ways from
a prominent or swollen middle, as dahlia roots.
FUSTIC: Chlorophora tinctoria.
G
GACHIPAES: Guilielma GasipaSs.
GAGE A. Liliacex. Small bulbous herbs of
Eu., N. Afr. and Asia, with usually 1 developed
If. to a bulb, the others forming bracts under
the umbel 01 mostly yellow fls., the perianth-
segms. distinct. Cult, as for Ornithogalum.
Kite a: G. silvatica.
silvatica (G. lutca). To 1 ft.: If. to 1^ ft. long and H in.
wide: fls. yellow, ^ in. long, in umbels of 1-7, in spring.
Eu. to Himalayas.
GAJLLARDIA. Composite. American her-
baceous annuals, biennials and perennials with
alternate and basal Ivs., toothed and spotted or
dotted, and large showy solitary heads, the rays
yellow and red, 3-toothed, the disk purple;
pappus of awned scales.
Gaillardias grow best in light open well-drained soil and
full sunlight, and are favorites for rut-flowers. The annual
species are propagated by seed sown in the open vshere the
plants are to stand or started earlier under glass; the peren-
nials by seeds, by cuttings in August or September, or by
division; sometimes root-cuttings are employed in early
spring.
amblyodon. Ann. to 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong, to 3 in. long,
entire or nearly so, sessile and aunculato: heads 2 in. across,
rays brown-red throughout, lobes of disk-fls. obtuse. Tex.
aristata (G. grandiflora. G. lutca. G. maxima. G. per-
enms). Per. to 3 ft., hairy Ivs. lanceolate to spatulate, to
5 in. long, entire or pmriately cut: heads to 4 in. across,
rays yellow, lobes of disk -fls. acuminate. Minn, to B. C.
and New Mex. Vars. compacta, maxima, oculata and
superba are listed.
Drummondii: Q. pulchella.
grandifldra: G. aristata.
kermesina spl£ndens: probably a form of G. aristata.
lance olata. Ann. or bien. to 2^ ft., hairy: Ivs spatulate
to linear, to 3^ in. long, acute, entire or nearly so: heads to
2^6 in. across, ray-fls. yellow, disk purplish-brown, the
lobes long-acuminate. S. C. to Fla. west to Kans. and Tex.
Lorenziana. A form of G. pulchella var. picta, with ray-
fls. and sometimes disk -fls. enlarged and tubular.
lutea: G. aristata.
maxima: G. aristata.
pergnnis: G. aristata.
picta: G. pulchella var.
pinnatifida. Per. to 15 in., hairy: Ivs. spatulate-oblong,
to 3 in. long, pinnatifid, segms. linear: heads to \% in.
across, ray-fls. yellow, disk yellow, lobes long-aristate.
Tex. to Utah and Ariz.
portdla: a listed name.
pulchella (G. Drummondii). Ann. to 20 in., soft-pubes-
cent: Ivs. oblong to spatulate, to 4 in. long, entire or cut:
heads 2 in across, rays yellow with rose-purple at base.
Kans. and La. to Ariz. Var. picta (G. picta) nas large heada
in different shades.
regalis: a listed name.
sanguine a: a listed name.
GALACTiTES. Composite. Thistle-like herbs
native in the Mcdit. region, with purple heads in
corymbs or panicles, the marginal fls. sterile and
ray-like; pappus plumose. One species is some-
times grown for ornament. Propagated by seeds.
tomentdsa. Ann. or bien. to 2 ft., sts. white-tomentose:
Ivs. pinnately lobed or parted into very spiny lobes, green
and more or less white-marked above, white-tomentose
underneath: heads to 1% in. across, bracts of involucre
spiny-tipped.
GALANXHUS. SNOWDROP. Amaryllidacese.
Spring-blooming bulbs with 2 or 3 basal Ivs. and
solitary white fls., the perianth-segms. distinct,
the 3 inner ones overlapping and appearing
tubular and thus differing from the snowflake or
Leucojum. Hardy and of easy cult, in usual
garden soil. Bulbs should be planted in autumn
3-4 in. deep. Other species than the following
are offered abroad.
byzantinus. Lvs. broad, glaucous, with recurved mar-
gins: fls. with oblong white outer segms. % in. long, inner
segms. green. S. E. Eu.
filwesii. GIANT S. To 1 ft. and more: Ivs. 8 in. long and
£4 in. across, very glaucous: fls. 1W m. long, the inner
segms. green on sinuses and lower half. Asia Minor.
Dearie. Lvs. strap-shaped, to 1 in. across, bright green:
fla. green on half of outside of inner segms , white within,
lobes of inner segms. square, crisp and longer than stamens.
Isl. of Nikaria.
nivalis. COMMON S. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 9 in. long and Kin.
wide: fls. 1 in. long, the inner segms. green on sinuses. ISu.
to Caucasus. Hort. forms offered are fldre-plfcno with
double fls , simplex with single, maximus, large-fld.,
Scharlokii, with green spot at tip of outer segms., vlride-
apice, petals tipped with green.
plic&tus. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 1 in. wide, plaited,
margins recurved, glaucous: fls. to 1 in. long, inner segms.
green with white edge. Crimea.
GALATELLA: Aster dracunculoides.
GALAX. Diapcnsiaccx. One stemless ever-
green per. herb native from Va. to Ga., G.
aphylla. Lvs. basal and tufted, heart-shaped
to nearly orbicular, to 5 in. across, stiff, shining
and turning a beautiful bronze color in autumn:
fls. small, white, in spike-like racemes on scapes
to 2^2 ft- high. The Ivs. are extensively collected
for use in floral decorations, and the plant makes
good ground-cover. Sometimes grown in rock-
gardens and colonized in woods; hardy well N.
Propagated by division.
GALAX, FRINGED: Shartia soManclloides.
GALE, SWEET: MyricaGale.
GALEANDRA. Orchidaccsp. Trop. American
epiphytes or terrestrials with short leafy sts.
thickened into a more or less elongate pseudobulb
and loose terminal racemes; sepals and petals
similar; lip funnel-shaped and spurred. For
cultural directions, see Orchids.
lacustris. To about 1 ft. high: Ivs. about G in. long:
racemes pendulous, 2-6-fld.; sepals and petals whitish-
green and light wine-purple; lip white with purple spots in
front and yellow spur to 1 in. long. Jan.-June. Brazil.
GALfeGA. Leguminosse. Per. herbs with
pinnate Ivs., blue or white papilionaceous fls.
in racemes, and cylindrical pods; grown for
ornament. Seeds may be sown in spring where
plants are to stand, or roots may be divided.
tricolor. To 3 ft.: Ifts. oblong-linear: fls. with deep blue
standard and bluish-white wings and keel. W. Asia.
Hartlandii: G. oflicinalis var.
Heldreichii: listed name.
omcinalis. GOATS-RUE. To 3 ft.: Ifts. oblong, stipules
lanceolate: fls. purplish -blue. Eu , W. Asia; hardy N. Var.
alba or albifldra has white fls., carnea rose-colored double
fls , and Hartlandii has variegated Ivs. when young and
lilac fls. Vars. nana, nana rdseo-lil&cina.and rdsea are listed.
orientalis. To 4 ft : Ifts. ovate, stipules ovate: fls. pur-
plish-blue, nodding. Caucasus.
pe'rsica: a confused name applied to a white-fld. form;
possibly G. officinahs.
GALfeOLA. Orchidaceae. Leafless terrestrial
branching and climbing orchids native in Asia,
Australia and Malaya, with fls. in terminal
panicles or racemes; one species has been offered
in the trade.
Lindleyana (Cyrtosia Lindleyana). Sta. stout, to 10 ft.
high, strict: fla. bright yellow with red blotch on lip, about
\Yi in. across, in loose panicles. Himalayas, Sumatra.
GALE6PSIS. Labiate. Small genus of an-
nuals of temperate regions allied to Lamium and
Stachys and characterized by anther-cells
opening by a transverse slit bordered with hairs:
adapted to wild-garden.
Galeopsis
ochroleuca. To 10 in. with spreading almost decumbent
sts. densely covere<J with ooft and somewhat silky hairs:
Ivs. narrowly ovate to lanceolate, coarsely toothed: fls.
yellow, to 1 in. long, in dense whorls. July-Sept. Eu.,
where treated as a weed of cult, and waste places.
GALEORCHIS: Orchis spectaMis.
GALINGALE: Caperus.
GALIUM. BEDSTKAW. Rubiacex. Slender
mostly weak herbs with usually square sts.,
whorled sessile Ivs. and very small deeply 4-
parted wheel-shaped fls. in panicles; a few species
sometimes grown in rock-gardens, and as cut-
flowers to give a filmy effect in bouquets. Propa-
gated by seeds arid division ; of ordinary cultural
requirements.
aristatum (G. Mottugo of hort , at least in part). Strong
per. to 3 ft. and more, making clumps, ats. 4-arigled: Ivs.
narrow, whorled, to Ity m- long: fls. numerous, very small,
white: fr. glabrous. Eu. — One of the plants known as
Babys-Breath, arid common m gardens.
atropurpureum: hort. form with purple fls.
aureum: G. firrnum.
boreale. NOKTHERN B. Per. to 3 ft., stoloniferous: Ivs.
in 4's, lanceolate, to \% in- long: fls. white: fr. somewhat
hispid. N. N. Arner.
ffrmum (G. aureum). Per, erect to 3l/2 ft.: Ivs. hnear-
oblanoeolate, in whorls] of 6 or 8, mucronnte: fls. deep yel-
low, in loose panicles, corolla-lobes long-cuspidate: fr.
glabrous. E Mu.
longifdlium (Aitperuld longifolia). Glabrous per., st.
terete: Ivs linear-lanceolate, in whorls of 6-8, acute,
mucronate, 1-nerved: fls. white, in lax panicles: fr. glabrous.
Cent. Eu.
marJtimum. Per. to 2^ ft., hairy: Ivs. in 6-8's, linear-
oblong or lanceolate, revolute at margins: fls. red, to Y$ in.
across, the axillary cymes forming a large panicle. S. Eu.
Mollugo. WHITE B. FALSE BABYH-BREATH. Per. to
3 ft.: Ivs. in 8's or O's, oblanceolato to linear, to 1 in. long,
bristle-tipped: fls. white. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer. — Often
confused with Gypsopfnla paniculata, although very dif-
ferent; see G. arista turn.
officinale: unidentified trade name.
purpureum. Per. to 1 % ft.: Ivs. in 8-10's, linear, glabrous,
acute to mucronato: fls. red. Eu.
rubrum. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. mostly in 6's, linear-lanceo-
late, bristle-tipped: ils. dull red, to ^g m. across: fr. glabrous.
S. Eu. Var. major is listed.
verum. YKLLOW B. Per. to 3 ft., sts. often decumbent:
Ivs. in 8's or (i's, linear, to 1 in. long, bristle-tipped: fls.
yellow: fr. smooth. Eu ; nat. in N. Amer.
GALPHIMIA: Thryalhs.
GALPINSIA: (Enothera lavandulx folia.
GALT6NLA. Liliacex. S. African bulbous
herbs with basal Ivs. and white or greenish fls.
in loose racemes terminating a tall scape, the
perianth-segms. partially united.
Galtonias succeed in rich moist soil and in northern
regions should be heavily mulched in winter. Propagated
by offsets or by seeds.
c£ndicans (Hyacinthus candicans). GIANT SUMMER-
HYACINTH. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 2 in. across: fls.
white, fragrant, to 1^ in. long, in summer or autumn.
prince ps (Hyacinthus princeps). Similar to G. candicans
but with shorter racemes and fewer fls. tinged green outside.
GALVfeZIA. Scrophidariaceae. Shrubs with
Ivs. opposite or in 3's and corolla with palate
more or less closing throat, saccate, gibbous or
spurred at base: plants from Peru and Ecuador
and from the Calif, region, allied to Antirrhinum.
specidsa (Antirrhinum speciosum). Evergreen shrub to
7 ft., glabrous or pubescent: Ivs. in 3's, ovate, entire, to
l$4 in. long: fls. scarlet. 1 in. long, saccate at base, in
terminal infl. Isls. of! Calif., and planted in those parts.
GAM6LEPIS. Comvositse. S. African small
shrubs or herbs with alternate Ivs., mostly pin-
nately cut, and yellow solitary heads of ray- and
disk-fls.; pappus none. One species is grown for
the fls., sometimes employed in edgings. Propa-
gated by seeds.
318 Gardenia
Tagdtes. Glabrous ann. to 1 ft., very floriferous: Ivs.
to 1% in. long, pinnately parted into linear segms.: heads
bright yellow or orange, % in. across.
GAMOPETALOUS: corolla of one piece, as in morning-
glory and snapdragon; petals united.
GARBANZO: Cicer arietinum.
GARBfeRIA. Composite. One branching
shrub to 6 ft., native in Fla. and sometimes used
in ornamental plantings. G. fruticdsa (Liatris
fruticosa). Lvs. alternate, spatulate or obovate,
about 1 in. long, leathery, pale: heads pale
purple or pink, about ]/% in. long, in dense cymes,
of disk-fls.; pappus of bristles.
GARCfNIA. Guttiferae. Many species of trees
native in the tropics of the Old World, with
opposite simple usually thick Ivs., polygamous
fls., and fr. a hard berry pulpy within; one species
is grown for its edible fr. arid the juice of others
yields the gamboge of commerce; a number of
the species give promise as pomological plants
for occidental regions.
Mangosteens require a tropical climate and a moist
but well-drained soil. Propagated by seeds which should
be sown m pots and the seedlings shaded and grown to
about 2 feet high before transplanting. As mangostecns
root slowly, it is best to inarch on roots of related species
of Garcima. Budding may also be practiced.
Mangos tana. MANGOSTKKN. To 30 ft.: Ivs. leathery,
glossy, with many cross veins, to 10 in. long: bisexual fls.
rose-pink, 2 in across: fr reddish-purple, 2 -3 in. across,
having 5-7 white crimson-veined segrns. resembling an
orange. Malay region — Highly prized where it can be
grown but it is not yet much planted in American tropics;
within the continental U. S., grown only under protection
for its general interest. The fruit is highly desirable.
GARDEN. In its historical significance a
garden is a plant-growing area of small or limited
dimensions, usually inclosed, connected with a
residence or having relationships with the family.
Ornamental subjects, fruits and vegetables for
household use, plantings constituting part of
the setting for a home or building, are the
essential components of it; and gardening is the
rearing, establishing and maintenance of the
plants and care of the area devoted to them. In
modern time, however, the word garden has
taken on an expanded meaning, involving much
larger areas and commercial undertakings, and
the older more restricted unit is often called the
home garden. The kinds of plants or crops
now constitute the main distinction between
commercial gardening and agriculture, and
there is no clear line of demarcation; yet one
ordinarily and properly thinks of a home and
a pleasure-ground, personal satisfactions, and
a particular kind of skilled training, when em-
ploying the words garden, gardener, gardening.
See Horticulture, Landscape-Gardening.
The home garden should be useful in the
degree to which it expresses the sentiments of
its maker or proprietor; a garden planned without
regard to personality may not fulfill the requisite.
To accomplish essential results the garden-maker
must be well prepared to meet the requirements
of the plants and to defend them against injury,
insect and disease; to this end he must be in-
formed by the latest bulletins and books on the
subject.
GARDfeNlA. RubiaccsB. Shrubs or small
trees with Ivs. opposite or in 3's and large yellow
or white fls. solitary or in corymbs, with salver-
form or tubular corolla and 5-11-lobed limb;
native in warm regions of eastern hemisphere.
Gardenias were formerly very popular greenhouse speci-
Gardenia
319
Gasteria
mens and are now grown indoors for cut-flowers and out-of-
doors in warm climates. They require a warm close house
with a night temperature of about 65°. Buds should be kept
pinched off until late in September when they are allowed
to set, and will produce bloom for midwinter. Propagated
by cuttings containing three or four buds and kept over
bottom heat. Frequent syringing is employed.
florida: G. jasminoides.
Fortune!: G. jasminoides var. Fortuniana.
grand ifldra. Tree: Ivs. lanceolate, shining: fls. white,
large, fragrant, 6-parted: fr. oblong. Cochin-China. —
The plant cult, under this name is probably G. jasminoidea.
jasminoides (G. florida. G. radtcans. Warnena or Var-
neria augusta) . CAPE-JASMINE. Evergreen shrub to 6 ft.:
Ivs. lanceolate or obovate, to 4 in. long, thick: fls. waxy-
white, to 3 in. across, often double, fragrant: fr. ovate.
China. Var. Fortuniana (G. Fortunei) has larger fls. Var.
prostrate is listed as a low form.
radicans: G. jasminoides.
strfcte nana: listed as a very free-flowering form of
G. jasminoides.
Thunbe'rgia. To 10 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to 6 in. long: fls.
white, fragrant, 3-4 in. across and long-tubed, calyx spalhe-
hke: fr. ovoid, woody, crowned with calyx, 2 in. or more
long. S. Afr.
urcellifdrmis. Shrub } branches tawny-puberulous : Ivs.
elliptical-cuneate, to 5 in. long, thin: fls. white, solitary,
coiolla campanulate, terminal on short branches in forks
of longer ones. N. trop. Afr.
Veitchii: hort. name for a form of G. jasminoides.
GARDOQUIA BETONICOIDES: Bnttonastrum mexi-
^anum.
GARLAND-FLOWER: Hedychium coronarium.
GARLIC (Allium sativum). Rather small
onion-like plant but with flat leaves and a
thinly covered bulb that breaks up into separable
parts or "cloves." The plant is native in south-
ern Europe. For relationships, see Onion.
The bulbs are used in cookery. They are
often seen in the stores in long braids, held
together by their dry tops. The crop grown in
the United States is put up for market mainly
in 50- or 100-pound mesh bags. Propagated by
the cloves or bulblets, which are planted in
early spring in any good garden land. Seed
is not available, as it is rarely produced.
GARLIC, FALSE: Nothoscordum. Giant: Allium Scoro-
doprasum. Wild: Allium canadense.
GARRAMBULLA: Myrtillocactus geometrizans.
GARRYA. SILK-TASSEL BUSH. The only
genus of Garryacese. Evergreen shrubs native
in W. N. Amer., having opposite entire Ivs.,
unisexual fls. without petals borne in catkin-
like racemes, and fr. a dry berry-like body.
Garryas are grown for ornament but not hardy North.
They do best in sunny sheltered positions. Propagated by
cuttings of half-ripened wood, by layers, and by seeds.
elliptica. To 8 ft. and more: Ivs. elliptic, to 3 in. long,
leathery, densely woolly beneath, becoming glabrous and
shining above, wavy-margined: staminate catkins to 8 in.
long; pistillate spikes dense, to 4 in. long. Ore. to Calif.
Fremontii. To 7 ft.: Ivs. to 2% in. long, elliptical, acute
to obtuse, usually entire, glabrous above and somewhat
pubescent below at maturity: fr. ovoid, dark purple. Wash,
to Cain*.
laurifdlia (G. macrophylla) . To 20 ft., shrub or tree-like,
branchlets pubescent: Ivs. oblong or narrower, to 6 in. long,
glabrous or soon becoming so, mostly obtuse: lower bracts
resembling the Ivs. Mex.
macrophylla: G. launfolia.
Thure'tii. Hybrid between G. elliptica and G. Fadyenii
of the W. Indies: Ivs. long and narrow, to 4 in.: pistillate
spikes slender.
GAS-PLANT: Dictamnus albus.
GASTERALOE: Gastrolea.
GASTfeRIA. Liliacea. S. African succulents,
stemless or nearly so, with long 2-ranked thick
Ivs. crowded in rosettes and red or rose fls. in
loose racemes. For cult, see Succulents; grown
as fanciers plants.
acinacifolia. Lvs. to 14 in. long and 2 in. wide, strongly
acuminate, dark green with many small greenish-white
spots: infl. 4 ft. high; fls. to 2 in. long. Var. nitens (G.
nitena). Lvs. to 18 in. long, less acuminate, veiy smooth,
light green with many confluent spots.
angulata. Lvs. to 10 in. long and 2 in. wide, the edges
angularly doubled, with small white dots: infl. 3 ft. high.
Bowieana: G. picta.
brachyphylla: listed name.
brevifdlia. Lvs. to 4 in. long and 2 in. wide, very thick
with small white spots: infl. 2 ft. high; fls. % in. long.
caespitdsa: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
carinata. Lvs. 5-6 in. long, to 2 in. wide at base, nar-
rowed to horny spine at apex, dull green, rough with many
raised white scattered papillce, margin and keel strongly
papillose: infl. to 3 ft. high; fls. 1 in. long.
cheilophtflla. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and l^j in. wide, with
many confluent white spota and tip with white horny
margin, the rosettes much twisted.
colubrina. Lvs. to 14 in. lonjf and 1^ in. wide, bright
green or purple with small whitish spota: infl. to 4 ft.;
fls. % in. long.
dicta. Lvs. to 5 in. long and IK in. wide, one edge often
doubled: infl. 1ft ft. high; fls. % in. long.
disticha: G. lingua.
echinate: catalogue name.
excavate. Rosette of 12-16 Ivs. 4-6 in. long, to 1H in.
wide, pale dull gieen with small indistinct whitish spots,
cuspidate at apex, borders tubercled: infl. to 2 ft.
glabra. Lvs. to 9 in. long and 3 in. wide, keeled on oa^,
with small white spots: infl. to 3 ft.; fls. 1 in. long.
latifdlia: not a valid botanical name; plants so desig-
nated in the trade may be G. ezcavata, G. nigncana, or a
var. of G. veirucosa.
Lauchii: listed name.
lingua (G. disticha). Lys. to 10 in. long and 2 in. wide,
\vlnte spotted: infl. 3 ft. high.
maculate. Lvs. to 8 in. long and 2 in. wide, spotted or
white at base: infl. 4 ft. high.
M&rlothii: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
marmorita. Lvs. to 6 in. long and lj^ in. wide, with
confluent green spots, one edge doubled: infl. 2>$ ft. high;
fls. ^ in. long.
minima: catalogue name.
multipunctata is listed.
nigricans. Lvs. to 8 in. long and 2 in. wide, leathery,
shining dark green with whitish spots: infl. 3 ft. high; fls.
% in. long.
nitens: G. acinacifolia var.
nitida. Lvs. to 9 in. long and 2^ in. wide, spotted with
whitish1 infl. 3 ft. high; fls. 1 in. long.
obscura: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
obtusifdlia. Lvs. to 6 in. long and 2% in. wide, broadly
rounded at apex, white spotted: infl. 2H ft-.; fls. 1 in. long.
picta (G. Bowieana). Lvs. to 14 in. long and 2 in. wide,
mottled with white, glossy, margins thickened: infl. 3 ft.
high.
planif61ia. Lvs. to 8 in. long and 1 in. wide, glossy dark
green with many confluent white spots: infl. to 6 ft.; fls.
% in. long.
proHfera. Very proliferous, forming large tufts: Ivs.
very thick and 3-cornered, to 1 ft. long and 6 in. wide,
bpotted with white.
pulchra. Sts. leafy, to 1 ft. and more: Ivs. to 1 ft. long
and 1 in. wide, white spotted: infl. to 3 ft., branched.
punctate: listed name.
retata. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 1H in. wide, one edge
doubled: infl. 1 ft. or more high; fls. % in. long.
spiralis. Rosette of 16-28 Ivs. 4-6 in. long, glossy dark
green, apex cuspidate, many white spots: infl. to 2>£ ft.
subverrucosa. Lvs. to 6 in. long and 114, in. wide, edges
with raised tubercles: infl. 2 ft. high; fls. $4 in. long.
sulcate. Lvs. to 4 in. long and 1 in. wide, with small
greenish dots: infl. to 2% ft.
trigdna. Rosette of 12-15 Ivs. 6-8 in. long and 1J4 in.
wide, lanceolate, very smooth with many small white spots,
all except the outer ascending: infl. to 2^ ft. high.
verrucdsa. Lvs. arranged in two vertical ranks, 6-9 in.
long, lanceolate, apex cuspidate, spots pure white and
raised forming roughened surface: infl. 2 ft. high. Var.
intermedia, Ivs. greener and with less tubercles. Var.
latifdlia, Ivs. greener and more mucronate, to 1 ft. long,
papillse less crowded, infl. branched. Var. scabe*rrima, Ivs.
more strap-shaped, incurved with most of the tubercles
greenish-white, nearly same color as If.
vittata: catalogue name.
Gaslonia 320
GASTONIA: Treveaia palmata.
GASTROCHlLUS. Orchidacex. Epiphytes
with short leafy sis. and fls. in many-fid, racemes
springing from the sts.; sepals and petals similar;
lip composed of a sac-like lower portion and a
flat spreading toothed or fringed apical part.
For cult, see Orchids.
belllnus (Saccolabium bellinum). Lvs. strap-shaped, to
12 in long: racemes about G-fld ; fls. to about 13-i in. across;
sepals and petals greenish-yellow spotted with reddish-
brown or purple; lip white spotted with purple and with a
central yellow blotch. Nov.-Apr. Burma.
GASTROLfeA (Gasteraloe) . Liliacese. A genus
founded to include hybrids between Gasteria and
Aloe. The plants differ from either parent largely
in fls. having perianth scarcely inflated and
segms. longer than perianth-tube.
B6guinii. Lvs. 3-4 in long, rarely over 1 in. wide at
base, short-pointed, tubercles of If. surfaces blunt, those of
margins sharp-pointed: mil. to 2 ft. high.
mortolensis. Lvs. less than 2 in. wide at base, smooth,
pale green, spots longitudinally confluent, many marginal
teeth, basal offsets numerous: infl. to 2 ft. high.
Nowdtnyi. Lvs. 1 } £ in. long and nearly as wide at base,
silveiy-spotted, margins tubeicled.
perf6ctior. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, rarely over 1 in. wide at
base, short-pointed, tubercles of If. surfaces and margins
sharp-pointed: infl. to 2 ft. high.
pethamensis. Lvs. 8-12 in. long, to 2 in. wide at base,
short-pointed, If. tubercles prominent.
smaragdina. Lvs. to 3Ja in- wide at base, smooth except
at edges, purnhsh-green, spots transversely confluent, few
marginal teeth, basal olTsets few: iiifl. to 2 ft. high.
GAULTHfeRIA. Ericaceae. Evergreen little
shrubs or herb-like, adapted to the rock-garden,
having alternate or sometimes opposite Ivs.,
urn- or bell-shaped fls., and bright colored berry-
like capsular frs.; an aromatic oil is derived
from several species.
Moist sandy or peaty soils and partial shade are desirable.
Propagated by seeds, layers, suckers, division, and by
cuttings of half-ripened wood.
adenothrix. Low shrub, sts. terete, ascending: Ivs.
ovate, short-pet ioled, margin sharply serrulate: fls. 2-15
in axillary racemes, calyx-tube long-setose, anthers spurred.
Japan.
adpressa: O. antipoda var.
antrpoda. Shrub to 5 ft., occasionally procumbent: Ivs.
usually orbicular, to ?s in. long, persistent: fls. white or
pink, fragrant, campanulatc, solitary. New Zeal., Tas-
mania. Var. adpressa is the procumbent form.
cuneata. Differs from G. Miqueliana in narrower Ivs.
scattered along sts. and not crowded terminally, ovary
hairy riot glabrous, and fr. always white, never pink. W.
China.
hispida. WAXDERHY. Erect spreading shrub to 0 ft., sts.
pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong, to 2 in. long, some-
what serrulate: fls. white, minute: fr. white. Australia.
hispfdula: Cfuogenes hispidula.
humifusa (G. Myrsinites) . To 4 in., tufted, procumbent:
Ivs oval or orbicular, to ?^ in. long, entire or crenate: fls.
white, )s i"- long, July: fr. scarlet. B. C. to Colo, arid Calif.
Miqueliana. Woody evergreen to 1 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to
obovate, crenate-serrate: fls. white or pinkish, nodding, less
than }-£ in. long: fr. white. Japan.
Myrsinites: G. humifusa.
nummularioldes. Probably decumbent or creeping, sts.
bristly: Ivs. orbicular-ovate, to H in. long, ciliate, pubescent
beneath: fls. pale pinkish- white, solitary: fr. bluish-black.
Himalayan region, W. China.
oppositifdlia. To 8 ft., much branched: Ivs. opposite,
ovate or oblong-ovate, to 2H in. long, cordate at base,
leathery: fls. white, K m. long, in mostly panicled racemes.
New Zeal.
ovatifolia. To 8 in.: Ivs. ovate, to 1^ in. long, toothed,
rather thick, fls. white, H in. long, solitary, June-July: fr.
scarlet. B. C. to Ore. and Ida.
perpl£xa. Suberect or prostrate shrub to 3 ft., much
branched: Ivs. lanceolate to linear, to \^ in. long, bristly
serrate, acute, leathery: fls. solitary or axillary: fr. ^ in.
diam. New Zeal.
procumbens. WINTERQREEN. CHKCKEKBBRRY. TEA-
Gaylussada
BERRY. Sts. creeping: Ivs. oval, to 2 in. long, shining above:
fls. white, 1A in. long, solitary and nodding, May-Sept.:
fr. scarlet. Newf. to Man. and Ga.
* pyrolsefdlia: G. pyroloides.
pyroloides (G. pyrol* folia) . Low shrub to 1 ft.: Ivs.
orbicular-ovate, to ty m- long: fls. white, in lax racemes to
2H IIL long: fr. bluisn-black. Himalayan region, W. China.
rupestris. To 4 ft., much branched, rarely prostrates
Ivs. variable, oblong to ovate, to 2 in. long, leathery: fls.
white, in racemes. New Zeal.
Shillon. SALAL. To 2 ft : Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long: fls.
white or pink, % in long, in panicled racemes, May- June:
fr. purple turning black. Alaska to Calif.
trichophylla. Probably prostrate: Ivs. elliptic to oblong,
to % in. long, ciliate, not pubescent: fls. pink, solitary: fr.
blue. Himalayan reg on, W. China.
Veitchiana. Evergreen shrub to 3^ ft., sts. occasionally
decumbent: Ivs elliptic to oblong-obovate, to 3^j in. long,
dark glossy-green above, paler and often setose beneath,
mucronate: fls. white, nodding, racemes to 2 in. long,
axillary and terminal, pedicels shorter than corolla: fr.
bright blue, to % in. diam. W. China. — Probably hard>
as far north as Philadelphia.
GAURA. OiKigracese. Several N. American
herbs with alternate simple Ivs., small white
or rose fls. in spikes or racemes, and nut-like
caps.; sometimes grown in the wild-garden or
hardy border. Propagated by seeds arid division.
coccmea. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, to
1H in. long: fls. pink, white or scarlet, to H in- across.
S. D. to Mex.
Lindheimeri. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. Iance9late, to 3% in
long: fls. white, % in. long, in loose terminal spikes. La.,
Tex.
parvifldra. Per. to 5 ft., sts. pubescent: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, pubescent, fls. pink, to Y§ in. across,
in elongated spike fr. sessile. S. D. to Ore. and Mex.
sinuata. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. spatulate to linear, to 3 in.
long, toothed or pinnatifid: fls. pinkish, y$ in. long. Kans.
to Mex.
GAtJSSIA. PalmacesK. Two monoecious un-
armed tall feather-palms of Cuba and Puerto
Rico, little adaptable to cult, in continental
U. S.: trunk enlarged at base, tapering above:
spadices in the axils of lower Ivs., branched,
becoming spreading or deflexed; fls. in 2's to
5's on the branches, the lowest commonly pis-
tillate; stamens 6: fr. obovoid-oblong, small.
They grow on the summit of limestone ledges.
GA'i'A. MalvaccsB. Herbs, shrubs or rarely
trees, having alternate simple Ivs., yellow or
white axillary or terminal fls., and fr. of many
carpels; native in S. Amer. and one in New Zeal.,
the latter planted in S. Calif.
Lyallii (Plagianthus Lyalhi). LACEBARK. Deciduous
tree to 30 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, deeply
cienate: fls. white, to 1 in. across, in clusters of 3-5 or rarely
solitary. New Zeal. Var. ribif 61ia has deeply lobed or cut
Ivs.
GAYFEATHER: Liatris.
GAYLUSSACIA. HUCKLEBERRY. Ericaceae,
separated by some authors in Vacciniocese.
American shrubs with alternate usually entire
Ivs., white or reddish fls. in axillary racemes in
spring, and fr. a blue or black berry-like drupe
crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes; distin-
guished from Vaccinium by the 10-celled ovary
instead of usually 4-5-celled in the latter.
Huckleberries should have shady locations in peaty or
sandy soil. They do riot thrive on limestone lands. Propa-
gated by seeds, layers, division, and the evergreen sorts by
cuttings of half-ripe wood under glass.
baccata (G. resinosd). BLACK H. To 3 ft., deciduous,
the branches sticky when young: Ivs. to 2 in. long: fla.
reddish, ovoid, in dense drooping racemes to 1 in. long: fr.
black, shining. Newf. to Ga.
brachycera. Box H. To 1J4 ft., the st. creeping, ever-
green: Ivs. to 1 in. long: fls. white or pink, cylindrical, in
short racemes: fr. blue. Pa. to Va.
Gaylussada
321
Genista
dumdsa. To 1^ ft., the st. creeping and glandular-
pubescent, deciduous: Ivs. to 2 in. long: ns. white, pink or
red, bell-shaped, in loose racemes: fr. black. Newf. to Fla.
and La.
fronddsa. DANQLEBERRY. To 6 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to
2% in. long: fls. greenish-purple, bell-shaped, in racemes to
3 in. long: fr. blue, bloomy. N. H. to Fla.
resindsa: G. baccata.
ursina. BUCKBERRY. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long: fls.
whitish or reddish, bell-shaped, in racemes to 2 in. long:
fr. black, shining. N. C., S. C.
GAZANIA (Meridiana). Composite. Her-
baceous perennials, seldom annuals, with entire
or pinnately cut lys. and solitary heads on long
sts.; ray-fls. white, yellow, orange, scarlet,
opening in sunshine, closing at night; disk-fls.
dark; pappus of scales; native in S. Afr.
Gazanias are grown in the flower-garden and for edgings.
Propagated by seeds, division and also by cuttings taken
in summer from shoots near the crown of the plants. The
kinds in cultivation are not clearly understood.
aurantiaca: listed name for a low form with bright orange
fls.
coccinea: a race with fls. in shades of orange, yellow,
red and bronze.
longiscapa. Stemless: Ivs. white-woolly below, lanceolate
or pinnately cut. heads about 2 in. across, on glabrous
peduncles longer than Ivs., rays orange with dark spot at
base. — May be treated as an ami. if sown early.
oxyldba. Per. to 6 in. with woody crown: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, white- woolly beneath, acute, oc-
casionally pirmatisect above middle: fl. color not known.
Pavdnia. Per., st. short: Ivs. lanceolate, to 9 in. long,
glabrescent above, white- woolly beneath, entire or pin-
natisect, maigins revoluto: heads to 3^ in. across, rays
orange-yellow with basal blackish spot somewhat ringed
white.
pinnata. Per. : Ivs. lanceolate, pinnatisect, hirsute above,
white-woolly beneath: heads to 3 in. across, on hairy pedun-
cles, rays orange-yellow. Var. scabra (Or. scabra) has Ivs.
stiffly setose above, peduncle shoit neaily glabrous. Var.
specidsa (G. speciosa) has Ivs. glabrous or hispid above,
peduncle long, pubescent; ray-fls. said to be more reddish
than in type.
Pottsii. Per. to 14 in., stemless or nearly so: Ivs. erect,
linear to lanceolate-spatulate, to 7 in. long, acute or obtuse,
rarely pinnatihd, tomentose beneath: heads to 3>£ in.
acioss, rays bright yellow.
rlgens. Sts. short and branching, densely leafy or dif-
fuse: Ivs. white- woolly below, spatulate or occasionally
pinnatifid: heads iy& in. across, on glabrous peduncles
longer than Ivs., rays orange with a brown-black white-
eyed spot at base, varying to yellow, blooming throughout
the year in warm climates.
scabra: G. pinnata var.
specidsa: G. pinnata var.
splendens. Supposed hybrid: to 1^ ft.: Ivs. silky-
white beneath, linear-spatulate: heads large, rays orange
with black and white spot at base.
GEIGER-TREE: Cordia Sebestena.
GEISSORHlZA. Iridacese. Cormous S. Afri-
can herbs with fls. of various colors borne in
open spikes; perianth with rotate limb and
cylindrical tube; something like Ixia. Usually
flowered under glass in spring and early summer,
or in the open in mild climates.
hfrta. To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 6 in. long, hairy: fls. 2-6,
bright red, 1 in. across.
inaequalis. To 1 ft., eorm obconical: Ivs. 4, to 8 in. long
and Ys, in. wide, the 2 lowest longer, than upper ones: fls.
gray-blue to lavender, to 1 in. long, in spikes of 4-8, 1
stamen much shorter than other 2.
GEITONpPLfeSIUM. Liliacex. Somewhat
woody twining shrubs, of 1 or 2 species in Aus-
tralia and Pacific Lsls., grown in Cain0.: segms.
of perianth 6, oblong, distinct, outer ones often
hooded.
cym&sum. Lvs. alternate, linear to ovate, to 3 in. long:
fls. purplish-green, H in. long, drooping, in loose terminal
cymes: fr. a aark blue berry % in. across.
GELSfeMIUM. Loganiacese. Twining shrubs
with commonly opposite entire Ivs., fragrant
funnelform fls. solitary or in small cymes, and
capsular frs.; grown in the S. as a cover for
porches and banks and sometimes under glass.
Propagated by cuttings under glass and by seeds.
One species in E. Asia and 2 in E. N. Amer.
sempervirens. CAROLINA YELLOW JESSAMINE. Ever-
green: fvs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, shining above, narrowed
at base. fls. bright yellow, to 1^ in. long, blooming through-
out the season, borne on scaly pedicels; calyx-lobes obtuse:
fr. % in. or more long, short-beaked. Va. to Fla., Tex. and
Cent. Amer. — A second species, G. Rankinii, has recently
been distinguished, N. C. to Fla. and Ala., marked by Ivs.
rounded at base, pedicels scaly only on lower part, calyx-
lobes narrow and acuminate, fr. about J-£ in. long and long-
beaked.
GEMMINGIA: Ddamcanda chinensis.
GENl6STOMA. Loganiacese. Shrubs ranging
from Madagascar to Pacific Isls., with opposite
Ivs., small fls. in axillary clusters or cymes, and
capsular frs. ; one species grown in Calif.
ligustrifdlium. To 12 ft., glabrous: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in.
long, entire, paler beneath: fls. gi eenish- white, }$ in. across.
New Zeal.
GENIP: Genipa, Mdicocca bijuga.
GENlPA. GENIP (see also Mdicocca). Rubia-
ceds. Trop. American trees with large opposite
Ivs., white or yellowish large fls. in cymes, the
corolla salverform with 5-0 lobes, arid ir. a berry
which is eaten fresh, made into preserves or
drinks in its native lands.
Genipa can be grown only in the tropics without pro-
tection or risk, and grows best in rich loam with abundant
moisture. Propagated by seeds and by shield-budding.
americana. To 50 ft.: Ivs. obovate to oblong, to 1 ft.
long: fls. white or pale yellow, 1 in. across, silky: fr. brown,
to 3 in. across. Trop. Amer. where it is called "Marmalade-
Box" and "Genipap."
GENIPAP: Genipa americana.
GENfSTA. BROOM. Leguminosx. Ornamental
shrubs with simple or trifoliolate Ivs., papilion-
aceous yellow or white fls. in racemes, and
flattened pods; they differ from Cytisus in the
absence of any appendage or slight callus-like
protuberance on seed base.
Brooms are adapted to dry situations and mild climates.
Propagated by seeds, layers, arid greenwood cuttings under
glass. The Genista of florists is Cytisus canariensia.
fethne'nsis. To 20 ft., the branches almost leafless: fls.
golden-yellow, fragrant, axillary along the branches. July-
Aug. Sicily, Sardinia.
alba: Cytisus albus.
Andreana: Cytisus scopariua var. Andreanuai
&nglica. To 3 ft., sometimes procumbent, spiny: lys.
alternate, simple, about H in. long, bluish-green: fls. in
few-fld. racemes. Eu.
Ardolnii: Cytisus Ardoinii.
Beanii: Cytisus Beanii.
canariensis: Cytisus canariensis.
capitata: Cytisus supinus.
cinerea. To 3 ft.: Ivs. alternate, simple, lanceolate, to
^j in. long, pubescent: fls. bright yellow, in terminal racemes
to 8 in. long. Apr.-June. S. Eu., N. Afr. — Plant not spiny.
Dallimorei: Cytisus Dallimorei.
dalm&tica: G. siloestris var. pungens.
decumbens: Cytisus decumbens.
depr£ssa. Procumbent, with deeply striate branchleta:
fls. in short leafy racemes. Tauria.
elegans: hort. name.
ephedroldes. Shrub to 3J4 ft.: Ifte. trifoliolate'or partlv
so, linear-lanceolate, glabrous: fls. in terminal racemes: pods
silky-hairy, 1-seeded. Isls. of N. W. Medit.
falcata. To 2 ft. or more, ets. erect and dense: Ivs.
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, to Y* in. long, branches very
spiny: fls. few, in lax racemes: pods strongly curved, to
1 in. long, glabrous. Spain and Portugal.
fldrida. To 5 ft., branches striped: fls. yellow, in dense
many-fld. racemes. Apr.-July. Spain.
frftgrans: Cytisus fragrans.
Genista
322
Gentiana
germanica. To 2 ft., twigs hairy, spiny: Ivs. simple,
alternate: fls. yellow, in racemes to 2 in. long. June-July.
Eu.
hirsuta: Cytisus hirsutus.
hispanica. SPANISH B. To 2 ft., the branches spiny:
Ivs. alternate, simple, ovate-lanceolate, to % in. long: fls.
golden-yellow, in terminal heads or clusters, in May-June.
S. W. Eu. Var. compficta is of denser habit. Var. nana is
a dwarf form.
h6rrida. To 1H ft., densely branched and with stiff
spiny branchlets: Ivs. trifoliolate, at leabt in part, opposite
or whorled: fls. few, in terminal heads, summer. France,
Spain.
humifusa: a confused name of uncertain application in
regard to mateiial so listed in trade.
Jdhnstownii: listed name.
juncea: Spartium junceum.
kew£nsis: Cytisus kewenaia.
lusita'nica. To 4 ft., spiny: Ifts. linear-lanceolate, silvery-
silky, to 4 in. low*: fls. pale yellow, in heads, woolly-to-
mentose: pods 3-4-weedca. Spain, Portugal.
madergnsis: Cytiaus maderensis.
monosperma. To 10 ft., almost leafless: fls. white,
fragrant, in short lateral racemes, in early spring. Spain,
N. Afr. Hort. foims are alba and pendula.
multibracteata. Sts. stiffly erect, younger ones angled:
Ifts. linear-oblong, mucronulate, ciliate: fls. yellow, in dense
compact teimmal spikes: pods short, erect, glabrous.
Habitat not known. — Confused in cult, with G, tinctoria
from which it differs in its more blender virgate and pilose
sts., paler Ifts., denser spikes, and the aggregation of sterile
bracts at base of infl.
multifldra: Cytisua multiflorua.
newrey6nsis: see Cytisua newreyensia.
nlgricans: Cytisua nigricana.
ovata. To 4 ft., hairy, the branches striped: Ivs. alter-
nate, simple, ovate to lanceolate, hairy: fls. yellow, in short
racemes. E. Eu.
palmensis: Cytisua filipea.
pildsa. Prostrate, spineless: Ivs. alternate, simple,
obovate to oblong, to % in. long, obtuse, hairy: fls. yellow,
in short racemes. May-July. Eu.
pr&cox: Cytiaus prsecox.
prostrata: Cytisus decumbens.
purgans: Cytisus purgans.
purpurea: Cytisus purpureus.
racem6sa: Cytisus racemosus.
radiata. To 2 ft., much branched* Ivs. trifoliolate, at least
in part, opposite or whorled: fls. yellow, in 3-10-fld. heads.
May-July. S. Eu. — Plant not spiny.
sagittalis. To 1 ft., the branches broadly 2- winged: fls.
yellow, in terminal racemes. June-July. Eu., W. Asia.
schipkaensis: Cytisus albus.
scoparia: Cytisus scoparius.
sessilifdlia: Cytisua sessilifolius.
sibfrica: Q. tinctoria.
silve'stris. Spiny: Ivs. alternate, simple: fls. in racemes
to 4 in. long. S. E. Eu. Var. pungens (Q. dalmatica) is more
spiny.
Spachiana: Cytisus Spachianus.
stenopetala: Cytisua maderensis var. magnifoliosua.
sulphurea: listed name.
tectbrum: listed name.
tinctoria (G. sibirica). DYERS-GREENWEED. To 3 ft., the
branches striped: Ivs. alternate, simple, mostly elliptic-
oblong, to 1 in. long, glabrous, ciliate: fls. yellow, in many-
lid, racemes panicled at the ends of the branches, in sum-
mer. Eu., W. Asia; nat in N. Amer. Var. prostrata is a
low-lying form. Var. virgata (var. ehitior), to 0 ft., more
branched and vigorous than type with fewer-seeded pod.
tricuspidata. Lvs. lanceolate, glabrous to slightly
hirsute, spines trifid: fls. yellow, glabrous, keel nearly
twice as long as standard. Algiers.
uralensis: Cytisus supinus.
Veltchii fragrans: hort. name.
Vfllarsii. Low suffrutescent spineless per.: Ivs. simple,
oblong-lanceolate, usually densely silky beneath: fls.
vellow, silky outside, 1-3 in. axillary racemes, erect, stand-
ard about as long as keel: pods oblong, 2-seeded, silky-vil-
lous. S. Cent. Eu.
GENTIAN: Gentiana. Horse: Triosteum. Prairie: J5u-
stoma Russellianum.
GENTIANA. GENTIAN. Gentianaceae. Small
or low per. and ann. herbs with mostly opposite,
simple and entire Ivs. and blue or purple,rarely
yellow or white fls.; corolla 4-5-lobed and with
plaits, teeth or appendages in the sinuses.
Gentians are grown mostly as rock-garden subjects.
They require good drainage with plenty of moisture and a
cool temperature, as the planted kinds are mostly mountain
plants. Some species require special treatment, determined
by personal experience, and are grown only by fanciers.
Propagated by seed sown as soon as ripe and which are
small and slow in germinating. The genus abounds in good
blues. Some of the plants known as gentians may be
Ceritaunum.
acaulis (G. excim). STEMLKSS G. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs.
elliptic or lanceolate: fls. solitary, dark blue spotted inside,
2 in. long. Alps and Pyrenees. Var. gigantSa is listed as a
larger form. — By some authors divided into several species.
affinis. Per., clustered, to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong to linear:
fls. mostly many in terminal racemes or in whorls, blue,
corolla to 1 in. long. Kocky Mts. west and north.
alba: G. Jlavida.
algida (G. Romanzovii) . Per. to 15 in.: basal Ivs. oblanceo-
late, to 5 in. long, obtuse, glossy, 3-neived; st.-lvs. lanceo-
late, acutish, to \}4 in. long: fls. yellowish-white often
minutely dotted with blue-green, tubular-campanulate, to
2 in. long. E. Asia, W. N. Amer. Var. sibirica is 6-10 in.
tall with more linear Ivs. and fls. to 1% m. long. E. Siberia
to Japan.
altaica. Tufted per. to 4 in.: Ivs. mostly radical, linear
and acute: fls. single terminating the very shoit sts., blue,
to 2 in. long, long-trumpet-shaped. Siberia.
Amarella (Amardla plebeja. G. plebeja). Erect ann. to
1 ft.: basal Ivs. spatula te, to 1 K m. long; st.-lvs. shoiter,
more lanceolate: fls. bluish, to l/i in. long, axillaiy. N. N.
Amer., N. Eu., N. Asia.
Andrewsii (Dasystephana Andrewsii). CLOSED G. Per.
to 2 ft.. Ivs. ovate to lanceolate: fls. purplish-blue, nearly
or quite closed, 1 }j> in. long, in teimmal sessile clusters or
in upper axils. E. N. Amer. Var. £lba is listed.
anguldsa: G. verna var. alata.
angustifdlia. Per., stoloniferous: Ivs. linear-oblong:
fls. blue spotted with green. Alps.
asclepiadea. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs ovate-lanceolate: fls.
dark blue, 1 ^ in long, solitary in the axils and resembling
leafy racemes. S Eu., Caucasus. Var. alba has white fls.
baical€nsis: listed name for a gentian producing heads
of rich blue fls.
barbellata (Anthopogon barbellatus). Per. to 6 in., sts.
angled: basal Ivs. oblunceolate, to 2 in long; st.-lvs. more
linenr, to 1 £4 in. long: fls. bright blue, to 1% in. long, lobes
fimbnate, in 4's. Colo, and Wyo.
bavarica. Per. to 3 in.: Ivs. ovate: fls. solitary, deep blue,
1 in. long. Cent. Eu.
Bigelovii (Dasystephana Bigdowi). Per. to 1 ft : Ivs.
oblong to linear: fls. purple, 1 in. long, solitary in axils and
forming a many-fld. spike. Colo, to Ariz.
bisetaea. Decumbent per. with sts. to 16 in. long and
more or less ascending: Ivs. oval to oblong or upper ones
lanceolate, obtuse: fls. solitary, blue, ^2 m. or more long,
with 2 setae in sinuses. Coast Mts , Ore.
brachyphylla. Per., making little clumps or mats, to
3 in.: Ivs short and very broad, y± in. or less long: fls. single
on each st., about 1 in. long, deep azure-blue. Alps.
Burse ri. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. elliptic- ovate: fls. yellowish,
calyx spathe-like. Pyrenees.
cachemirica. Low, spreading, rosette-forming, sts.
somewhat ascending, to 8 in. long: Ivs. ovate, to \^ in. long,
base clasping st.: fls. azure-blue, striped with yellowish-
white and darker blue, to 1% in. long, bell-form. W.
Himalayas.
calycdsa (Dasystephana calycosa). Per. to 1 ft., sts.
procumbent or ascending: Ivs. ovate: fls. dark blue spotted
with green, to 1 ^ in. long, solitary, corolla-lobes not entire.
Wet meadows, B. C. to Mont, and Calif.
camp£stris. Ann. to 6 in.: Irs. ovate-lanceolate, to 1H
in. long, entire, sessile: fls. bright purple, erect, 1 in. and
more long, in abundance. Eu.— Good for the rock-garden.
clausa. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. blue,
corolla closed, with broad rounded lobes. E. N. Amer.
Chlsii. One of the segregates from G. acauha but scarcely
differing.
corymbftsa. Per. to 8 in., simple sts. arising from rosette-
like crown: basal Ivs. tufted, linear-spatulate; st.-lvs.
linear-oblong, about 1 in. long, fleshy, obtuse, glabrous:
fls. rose-violet, campanulate, to % in. long, erect, in um-
bellate clusters to 3 in. across. Colombia.
crinita. FRINGED G. Bien. to 3 ft., with long slender
roots that are broken in ordinary transplanting: Ivs. obovate
to lanceolate: fls. solitary, bright blue, 2 in. long, the lobes
conspicuously fringed. E. N. Amer.
Gentiana
323
Gentiana
cruciata. Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. dark
blue, Yi in. long, in axillary clusters. Eu., N. Asia.
dahurica: G. Olivieri.
decdra. Per. to 2 ft. or more: Ivs. elliptic or narrower,
acuminate: fls. purple, about 1 in. long, calyx-tube pubes-
cent. Va. to Ga.
decumbens. Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. oblong or elliptic: fls.
blue, about 1 in. long, in clusters, calyx spathe-hke. Hima-
layas.
depr£ssa. Per. to 2 in.: Ivs. elliptic: fls. solitary, blue,
\Yi in. long. Himalayas.
det6nsa. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong: fls. blue, % in. long,
in terminal and axillary clusters. Himalayas.
6legans: G. thermahs.
Elliottii: G. parvifolia.
excisa: G. acaulis.
Fdrreri. Per., stoloniferous, the sts. ascending: Ivs.
linear, the pairs connate at base: fls. solitary, blue with
white throat and yellowish-white band on the petals, to
2^ in. long. China.
Fetisdwii. Tall per.: Ivs. lanceolate: fla. deep blue, 1^2
in. long, in terminal and axillary clusters. China.
flavida (G. alba. Dasystcphana flamda). Per. to 3 ft.:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. greenish or yellowish-white, to
2 in. long, in clusters. Ont. to Va and Mo.
florenciana: listed as a semi-bog species from S. Ore.,
having large open blue fls. on 6-10-in. sts.
fragifdlia: listed name of hort. form.
Freyniana: a hort. form of G. septemfida with larger less
fringed fls.
frigida. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. spatulate-linear: fls. whitish,
few together. Carpathian Mts.
gelida. Per. to (i in.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. yellowish-
white, in clusters. Caucasus.
Gentian611a: name for a group of gentians, sometimes
maintained as a separate genus.
glauca. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. glaucous, oval, less than % in.
long: fls. blue, about ^ in. long. Rocky Mts. and far N. ; Asia.
gracilipes. Rosette-forming per., sts. ascending to 6 in.:
rosette-lvs. lanceolate, to 6 in. long; st.-lvs. much smaller:
fls. greenish outside, purplish-blue inside, narrowly boll-
shaped, to nearly % in. across, solitary on very short
pedicels. Kansu, China -—Confused in cult, with G. Pur-
domii.
Grisebachii. Ann., sts. slender, decumbent to suberect,
to 14 in.: Ivs. spatulate, to 1 in. long, obtuse, thin, lower
ones long-petioled: fls white, about 1 in. long, terminal,
few or solitary, narrowly campanulate. New Zeal.
hascombe'nsis. Hvbiid between G. septemfida var. La~
godechiana and another var. of that species, produced in
England: to 2 ft.: fls. \1A in. across, bright intermediate
blue slightly speckled white.
holop£tala. Ann. to 1 ft. or more, erect: Ivs. mostly
toward base, obovato to linear, to \YZ in. long: fls. to 2 in.
long, narrow, blue, single terminating scape, corolla-lobes
entire or nearly so. Mts., Calif.
fngramii: listed name for a plant 8-16 in. high and 2-5
large blue fls. with lobes of corolla speckled greenish-white.
Ke'sselringii. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. whitish
dotted violet outside, in terminal clusters. Turkestan.
Kochiana (G. latifoha). Rosette-forming per. to 4 in.:
rosette-lvs. elliptic- oval, to 6 in. long; at. -Ivs. smaller: fls.
dark blue, green spotted within, sometimes white, rose or
violet, to 1H in. across, distinctly stalked. Cent. Eu.
Kurrod. Tufted per. to 7 in.: Ivs. lanceolate to linear:
fls. blue spotted with white inside, 1-3 together. Himalayas.
Lagodechiana: G. septemfida var.
latifdlia: plants in trade under this name may be G.
Kochiana or G. linearis var.
linearis (Dasystephana lineans). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear
or linear-lanceolate: fls. blue, to 2 in. long, in terminal
clusters. N. B. to Md. and Minn. Var. latifdlia (G. lati-
folia). Lvs. distinctly sessile and not contracted at base,
lower ones oblong-linear, upper ovate-lanceolate. N. B.,
Lake Superior region.
lutea. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate: fls. yellow, 1 in. long, in
dense umbel-like cymes, calyx spathe-like. Eu., Asia Minor.
Macauleyi. Hybrid of G. xino-ornata and G. Farreri,
differing from the latter parent in its larger fls. with more
spreading corolla-lobes; free-flowering.
macrophylla. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 1 ft. long:
fls. pale blue, in terminal clusters. Siberia.
Makinoi. Erect per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to lanceolate-
ovate, to 2 in. long, 3 -5-nerved: fls. pale blue, minutely
spotted, tubular, to \1A in. long, usually in heads at ends
of sts. Japan. — Differs from G. scabra, in its unequal calyx-
lobes.
Menziesii. Erect, to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to 1 in.
long: fls. bluish-purple, 1 in. long, with calyx split down
one side. N. W. N. Amer.
Moorcroftiana. Ann. to 1 ft. or more: Ivs. oblong or
elliptic, about 1 in. long: fls. in leafy clusters, pale blue,
about 1 in. long. Himalayas. — Probably not in cult, in
N. Amer., plants so named being other species.
N6wberryi. Alpine per. 2-4 in. high in bloom: Ivs.
mostly basal, broad-obovate to oblanceolate, to 1)4 in.
long: fid. single, terminating a If.-bearing st., 1 in. or more
long, white inside, blue outside with brownish lengthwise
bands. Calif.
nivalis. Ann. to 4 in.: fls. solitary, blue, % in. long. Eu.
ochroleuca: G. villosa.
Olividri (G. dahurica). Lvs. narrowly lanceolate: fls.
dark blue, in umbel-like cymes. Asia.
oreeana. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 1H in.
long: fls few clustered at summit, about 1 l/i in. long, fight
blue. Calif, to B. C.
6rfordii. Per., slender, to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
to 3 in.: fls. 1 in. or more long, blue, speckled within. Ore.
ornata (G. Veitcfnorum). Low rosette-forming per. with
short ascending sts.: Ivs. narrowly to broadly lanceolate,
basal Ivs. to 1 in. long, st.-lvs. >£ in. long and almost linear:
fls. blue, white-throated, campanulate, to 1 in. across.
Nepal.— -Confused in cult, with 6'. sino-ornata.
panndnica. Erect, to 2 ft.: basal Ivs. elliptic-cuneate,
to 8 in. long, margins rough; st -Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
upper ones sessile: fls. brownish-purple, spotted darker,
broadly bell-form, to 1 H in. long. Cent, and E Eu.
Pfirryi (Dasystcphana Parryi). Per. to 1C in : Ivs linear-
lanceolate to ovate: fls. bright blue, about 2 in. long, 1-6
together. Wyo. to Utah.
parvifdlia (Dasyatephana parvifolia. G. Elliottii). Per. to
2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 2 in. long, 3-ncrved, margins
rough: fls. blue, to 1 in. long. Va. to Fla. — Differs from
G. decora in having glabrous calyx tube. Sometimes listed
as G. Catesbsci.
phlpgifdlia. Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. lanceolate-oblong: fls.
blue, in terminal 3-7-fld. cymes. E. Eu.
plebeja: C?. Amardla.
Pneumonanthe. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to
linear: fls. deep blue lined outside with green, 1% in. long,
in the axils of upper Ivs. forming a raceme-like cyme. Eu.,
N. Asia.
Porphyrio (Dasyatephana Porphyrio). Per. to 1^ ft.:
Ivs. linear: fls. bright blue often spotted with brown, 2 in.
long, solitary and terminal. Pine Darrens, N. .1. to Fla. —
Has been icnamed G. Stoneana.
prolata. Stoloniferous per., the shoots turning upward
at the end and each terminated by purple-striate fl. to
\}/2 in. long, lobes blue: Ivs. thickish, about H in. long,
lower ones elliptic and others lanceolate to oblong. Hima-
layas.— Has been grown as G. ornata.
Przewalskii. A few in. high: Ivs. oblong to oblong-linear:
fls. blue with cream-colored anthers, to 2^ in. long, in
terminal clusters of 1-3. China.
pter6calyx. Ann., 1 ft. or more, branched: Ivs. 1 in. or
less long, cordate-ovate: fls. single or few terminating sts.,
2 in. or more long, deep azure varying to yellowish. Yun-
nan, China. — Listed, but true pterocalyx probably not in
cult, in this country, plants so named being apparently
forms of G. decumbens or others.
pubgrula (Dasystephana p-uberula). Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate: fls. blue, l^j in. long, sessile in upper axils and
forming a dense spike. Ohio to Sask.
punctata. Per., 1-2 ft., glabrous: Ivs ovate or narrower.
3 in. or less long, strongly ribbed: fls. in dense terminal and
subterminal clusters, to about \Yi in. long, not opening
widely, light yellow and violet-spotted. Alps and eastward.
Purdomii. Per. to 8 in., erect, glabrous: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, 6 in. or less long; st.-lvs. 1 in. long, few, sheaths
prominent: fls. 6-8 irf terminal bracted cluster, pedicellate,
corolla 1 in. or more long, yellowish (when dried) with
purple lines. High mts., Kansu, China. — Although listed,
G. Purdomii is probably not in cult., plants so named being
G. trichotoma, a form of G. decumbens, and perhaps others.
purpurea. Per. to 2 ft., erect: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 5-
nerved: fls. few terminating the sts. and in upper axils,
about 1H in. long, red with yellowish throat. Alps.
pyrenaica. Cespitose per. to 3 in.: Ivs. many, lance-
linear, pointed, less than 1 in. long: fls. single and terminal,
to l^i in. long, violet, corolla-lobes obtuse. Pyrenees,
Caucasus.
quinquefdlia. Ann. to 20 in.: Ivs. ovate-acuminate,
connate, glabrous, entire: fls. pale-lilac, to 1 in. long, erect,
usually terminal in clusters of 3-5. E. U. S.
Rfchelii. Low per., with clustered Ivs. at base, sts. 2
or 3 in. high: Ivs. lanceolate, about ll/i in. long, pointed:
fls. single and terminal, about 2 in. long, blue. Hungary.-—
By some authorities regarded as a var. of G. Clusii.
uenuana
Romanzovii: G. algida.
Saponaria (Daaystephana Saponaria). Per. to 2H ft- 1
Ivs. lanceolate or oblong: fls. blue, 2 in. long, in terminal
and axillary clusters; calyx-lobes Imear-oblanceolate. Ont.
to Fla. and La.
saxicola. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to \1A in. long: fls.
deep violec-blue, corolla green dotted inside, to 1H i°-
long and % in. across, lobes entire and expanding. Dry
rocky slopes, Wash. — Related to G. calycosa, differing in
its erect sts., wider calyx-lobes and entire corolla-lobes.
sax&sa. Per., sts. many, ascending to 6 in., having
rosettes at ends: Ivs. spatulate, to 1% in. long, fleshy, dark
green: fls. white with brownish veins, bell-shaped, to % in.
ftcroHS. New Zeal.
sea bra. Lvs. ovate, rough-toothed: fls. dark blue, in
clusters. E. Asia. Var. Buergeri is a form with narrower fls.
sc6ptrum. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. dark
blue often dotted with greenish, 1 in. long, in clusters.
J3. C. to Calif. — Sometimes listed as G. Menziesii.
septemflda. Per. to ll/i ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls.
dark blue, to 2 in. long, in terminal clusters. Asia. Var.
Lagodechiana has slender prostiate sts. with single fls. Var.
procumbens us a low habit form.
setigera. Per., 1 ft., decumbent at base: Ivs. nearly
orbicular or nhort-oblong, obtuse: fls. single or few, terminal,
about 1^ in. long, blue. N. Calif.
set&sa: listed name.
sikkim6nsis. Mat-forming per. to 6 in.: Ivs. oblong-
cuneate, to 1 in. long: fls. blue, white-throated, to 1 in.
across, in terminal clusters. Himalayas, China.
Sikokiana. Erect per. to 1 ft., sts. 4-angled: Ivs. elliptic-
acute, to 3 in. long: fls. blue or purplish-blue, funnelform,
to 1 ^4 in long, terminal. Japan.
sino-ornata. Stolornferous per. with sts. to 7 in. long:
Ivs in rosettes, linear-lanceolate: fls. yellowish- white
marked irregularly with purple, to 2 }£ in. long, solitary and
terminal. Mts., China.
siphonantha. Erect per. to 1 ft.: basal Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, to 9 in. long; st.-lvs. becoming shorter to top: fls.
purplish-blue, narrowly funnelform, to 1 in. long, terminal
and axillary. Tibet and N. W. China.
Stoneana: see under 0. Porphyno.
straminea. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear-oblong: fls. pale
yellow, 2 in long, 1 or 2 together. China.
sty!6phora. Similar to G. lutca, differing in its fewer and
much larger fls. with corolla-lobes deeply cut. Nepal,
S. 10. Tibet.
tenella. Ann. to 4 in , sts. slender: Ivs. spatulate to
oblong, 1-nervod: fls. blue, to % in. long, usually solitary.
Cent, and N. Eu.
thermalis (G clegans. Anthopogon thermalis). Ann. to
1 ft.: IVH obovate: fls. deep blue streaked with lighter, 2 in.
long, solitary. Colo, to Anz.
tianshanica. Differs from G. dccumbens in sepals arcuate,
plicate and entire, with corolla narrower and acute. E. Asia.
tib6tica. Per. to 1^4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. yellowish-
white tinted lilac, crowded in upper axils. E. Himalayas.
trich6toma. Per., erect, 1 ft. or more, sts. mostly 3-
forked at apex: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to spatulate: fls.
axillary and suhterminal usually in 3's, pedicelled, the blue
corolla (varying to whitish) 1 in. or more long. W. China. —
The name Irichotomn does not appear in the N. American
trade-lists, but plants cult, as G Purdomii may belong to it.
tubu!6sa. Ann. or bien. to 6 in., sts. slender, erect: Ivs.
narrowly oblong-lanceolate, to % in. long, aciite, some-
times clasping at base: fls. bluish-lilac, to 1 in. long, tubular,
solitary or rarely in 3-fld. cymes, on pedicels 1)^-2 in. long.
Argentina.
Veitchiorum: G. ornata.
ye'rna. Tufted per. to 3 in.: Ivs. ovate: fls. dark blue,
solitary, 1 in. long. Eu. Var. alata (G. angulosa) is taller
with winged calyx.
villdsa (G ochroleuca). Per., erect, to 18 in.: Ivs. obovate,
to 3 in long: fls. in a terminal cluster, greenish-white, 1 ^ in.
long. N. J. south.
Waltijewii. Lvs. elliptic or lanceolate: fls. whitish dotted
with pale blue, crowded in a terminal cluster. Turkestan.
GENTIAN FAMILY. About
70 genera of herbs or rarely shrubs, of wide
distribution, with mostly opposite simple and
entire Ivs. and regular bisexual gamopetalous
fls. having 4-12 sepals, petals and stamens,
superior 1 -celled ovary, and capsular frs. Some
of the best blues among fls. are in this family. A
few genera are grown for ornament although of
minor importance except for special uses, as
Centaurium, Chironia, Crawfurdia, Eustoma,
Exacum, Fauna, Frasera, Gentiana. Menyanthes,
Nephrophyllidium, Nymphoides, Sabatia.
GENUS (plural, genera). A more or less
closely related and definable group of plants
comprising one or more species, and the name
of wnich becomes the first word of the binominal
employed in horticultural and botanical literature.
Thus Citrus is a genus comprising the citrus fruits,
and some of the species are Citrus sinensis the
sweet orange, C. aurantifolia the lime, C. paradisi
the grapefruit. The oaks belong to genus Quercus:
the white oak is Quercus alba, Spanish red oak Q.
rubra, live oak Q. virginiana. Rosa is the genus
of the roses, Pinus of the pines, Lilium of the
lilies, Delphinium of larkspurs, Lycopersicon of
tomatoes, Mentha of mints, Fragaria of the
strawberries. In some cases the technical genus
name has become also the common or vernacular
name, as Begonia, Petunia, Chrysanthemum,
Dahlia, Iris, Grevillea, Gladiolus, Verbena,
Crinuin. Magnolia, Rhododendron. By bearing
in mincl that the first of the two words in the
Latin or botanical designation of a plant is the
generic name, the gardener arrives at the first
step in tracing plants in books and indices, as he
must know a man's surname to find him in the
directory. See Species and Family. Something
like 10,000 or more genera are commonly recog-
nized among seed-bearing or flowering plants.
GEONOMA. Palmacex. Feather-palms or
feather-veined, unarmed, stoloniferous, ccspitosc
or trunk solitary, slender but usually not very
tall, the sts. ringed and commonly reed-like,
monoecious or dicocious, with variable foliage
and sometimes Ivs. entire and bifid, when pinnat-
isect the pinnae or segms. frequently with broad
not petiole-like bases: spadices below the Ivs.
for the most part, the fls. in pits or depressions
on the branches; stamens 6, connate: fr. small,
globose, oblong or ellipsoid, 1-seedcd, dark purple
or black. Trop. Ainer., about 175 species, mostly
woods palms. Some of the species stand in
shady protected places in S. Fla., and they are
grown under glass making attractive small tub
specimens but are little known to planters in
U. S. See Palm.
elegans. Graceful palm, caudex to 6 ft. and very thin:
Ivs. 10-14 in number close together at apex of trunk, dark
green, 1^-2^ ft. long, with broad ana narrow divisions
intermingled: pinme 3-5, broad- lanceolate, to 10 in. long,
1-nerved and with several secondary nerves, the terminal
largest: spadices from the axils of lowermost Ivs.: fr. oblong,
dark purple, about ^ in. long. Brazil. Var. robusta is a
larger plant, with more and broader pinme or segms., the
narrow ones ^ in. broad and others much broader.
gracilis. Slender, with single st., 4 ft., 1^ in. thick,
naked: Ivs. in a terminal crown, 2% ft. long, regularly
pinnate; pinnto many, 1 ft. long and }A in. or less broad,
long-acuminate, 3-nerved, curving. Probably Costa Rica.
prince ps. Slender but stout, 4 or 5 ft., st. naked: Ivs.
2^ ft., arching, regularly pinnate but terminal pinm«
broader or confluent; pinna) about 50, green both sides,
strong 3- or more-ribbed, 18-20 in. long, main ones 1 in. or
less broad, long-pointed. Peru.
Schottiana. Caudex single, 9-16 ft. and 1 in. thick more
or less: Ivs long and gracefully curving, regularly pinnate;
pinnce 30-50 or more, and sharp-pointed, 10-12 m. long
and about ^ in. broad, curving: fr. ellipsoidal, about % in-
long. Brazil, in several forms.
GEOPRUMNON: Astragalus.
GEORGINA: Dahlia.
GER&A. Composite. W. American annuals
with alternate toothed Ivs. and yellow panicled
heads of ray- and disk-fls.; pappus of awns
joined at base into a crown; sometimes included
in Encelia.
Gercea
325
Geranium
canescens (Encelia eriocephala) . DESERT SUNFLOWER.
To 2 ft., wnite^hairy: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 4 in. long:
heads 1 in. or more across, the edges of the involucral bracts
white-ciliatc. Calif., Nev., Ariz.
GERANlACE^. GERANIUM FAMILY. Herbs,
sometimes semi-woody, uf about 12 genera widely
distributed over the world; known to cult, in
the ornamental genera Erodium, Geranium,
Pelargonium, and Sarcocaulon, and species of
Erodium have forage value. The family is
characterized by its bisexual mostly regular
polype talous fls., usually 5 sepals and petals and
stamens 5, 10 or 15, superior 3-5-lobed ovary,
and capsular fruit. The geranium tribes are of
simple culture. The true geraniums and the
erodiums are mostly hardy plants in the East,
but pelargoniums need house treatment except
in California and similarly mild climates.
GERANIUM. CRANESBILL. Geraniacese. Herbs
ann. or per., with palmately lobed or divided
Ivs., pink or purplish fls. 1-2 in the axils, having
10 stamens, 5-celled ovary with 2 ovules in each
cell, and long-beaked frs.
Grown in the hardy border or rock-garden. Propagated
by seeds and root-division; the cultivated perennials should
be transplanted from the seed-bed in early spring. They are
mostly hardy plants, and some of them are introduced
weeds. See Pelargonium, to which the greenhouse and
florists geraniums belong.
aconitif&lium. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. deeply 7-lobed: fls.
white, ^ in. or less across. Eu.
albanum. Per. with decumbent to ascending sts.: basal
Ivs. reniform-orbioulate, to 2}£ m- diam., lobes 5-7, much
laoiniated; caulme Ivs. opposite, ovate-lanceolate: fls.
rose-purple, to $4 in- across. Asia Minor, Persia.
albifl6rum. Per. to \y? ft.: Ivs. deeply 7-lobed: fls. white
veined with pink, about ^ in. across. S. Siberia.
anemonifdlium. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. 5-parted, on petioles
to 15 in. long: fls. pale purple. Canary Isls. — Perhaps not
hardy N.
arg6nteum. SILVER- LKAVED C. Per. or bien. to 5 in.:
Ivs. 5 -7-parted, hoary and silky on both sides: fls. pink with
darker veins, 1 in. across. N. Italy.
armenum: G. psilostemon.
atropurpureum: probably G. sanguineum var.
bf color: listed name of uncertain application.
casspitdsum. Tufted per. with pubescent sts. to 16 in.
long: Ivs. 3-5-parted: fls. rose-purple, to % in. long. Wyo.f
Colo., Utah.
carolinianum. Ann. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. 5-7-parted: fls. pale
pink or whitish, to ^ in. across. N. Amer.
c61ticum: listed name.
cinereum. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. 5-7-parted. glaucous: fls.
pink with dark stripes, about 1 in. across. Pyrenees. Var.
rdseum is listed. Var. subcaulescens (G. subcaulescens)
differs in the calyx hairs spreading or divergent from the
sepals and not appressed. E. Eu.
citrioddrum: Pelargonium ac&rifolium.
collinum. Per. somewhat decumbent, to IJ^j ft.: Ivs.
deeply 7-parted: fls. purplish- violet, the veins deeper, less
than % in. across. E. Eu.
dissectum. Ann. to 2 ft.: Iva. 5-7-parted: fls. purple, to
% in. across. S. Eu.; nat. in N. and & Amer.
fendressii. Per. to 11A ft.: Ivs. deeply 6-lobed: fls. rose,
% in across. Pyrenees.
erianthum. Per. with solitary pubescent sts.: Ivs. 5-7-
parted: fls. bluish or rose-purple, % in. long. Alaska to
B. C., N. Asia.
eriostemon (G. platyanthum) . Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. deeply
5-lobed: fls. violet-blue, 1 in. across. Siberia to China.
Ffirreri. Per. to 9 in., taller in rich soil; rhizome short,
roots with enlarged tuberous portions: Ivs. reniform, 3-
lobed, blade to 1 in. long, petiole to 6 in.: fls. pale lilac,
usually in pairs, on peduncles to 6 in. long. Yunnan.
fragafdrmis: catalogue name.
Fremontii. Per., 1 ft. or more high: Ivs. 5-7-parted: fls.
rose-purple, 1 in. across. Rocky Mts.
grand iflorum. Per. 1 ft. or more: Ivs. deeply 5-lobed: fls.
lilac with purple veins, to 1|^ in. across. N. Asia. Var.
alpinum is said to be a dwarf form.
Grevilleanum. Per. with creeping sts.: Ivs. reniform,
5-lobed, lobes deeply serrate but not to midrib, pubescent:
fls. rose, often purple spotted, to 2 in. across. Himalayas.
Grievesii: listed name.
Kymnocaulon. Per. to 1% ft.: Ivs. 5-parted: fls. deep
violet, to $4 in- long. W. Asia.
ibericum. Per. to 1^. ft.: Ivs. 7-lobed nearly to base:
fls. purple, 1 H in- long. 8. W. Asia. Var. album has white
fls. Var. platypetalum is G. platypetalum.
iaclsum. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-parted, the Ifts. often
cut: fls. pink or purple, % in. long. B. C. to Calif.
japtinicum. Per. to 3H ft., briefly glandular-hispid:
lower Ivs. kidney-shaped, 5-7-palmately lobed, to 6 in.
across, upper ones 3-lobed: fls. usually white, to % in.
across, on peduncles to 2 in. long. Japan — This plant is
imperfectly known and material so named in cult, may not
belong here.
lancastri£nse: G. sanyuineum var. prostratum.
Ldwii: name for a bien. hort form having bright rose
fls. with violet center: perhaps allied to G. anemomfohum.
macrorrhlzum. Per. to 1% ft., with long thick root: Ivs.
5- 7-lobed nearly to base: fls. magenta. S. Eu.
macula turn. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. deeply 3-5-lobed: fls. rose-
purple, 1 in. across. N. Amer. Var. album has white fls.
napuligerum. Per. to 15 in , sts. slender, decumbent to
ascending: Ivs. cordate-orbicular, blade to 2 in. across, long-
petioled, 5-lobed, lobes strongly incised: fls. rose, 1 in. or
more across. China and Korea.
nepalense. Per. with decumbent or ascending sts. to
1*3 ft. long: Ivs. deeply 5-lobed: fls. rose-purple, to % in.
across. Mts. of Asia.
nervdsum. Per. to 2i£ ft.: Ivs. deeply 5-7-parted: fls.
pale violet or nearly wnite streaked with purple, % in.
long. Wyo., Colo., Ore.
nod6sum. Per. to 2 ft., sts. slender, ascending: Ivs.
cordate-reniform, to 3 in. across, petioled, 5-lobed, lobes
dentate: fls. few, to 1 in. across. Mts. of S. Eu.
oreganum. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. 5-7-parted: fls. purple,
YI in. long. Ore.
Pdrryi. Per. to 2 ft., sts. tufted: Ivs. to 2^ in. across,
3-5-lobed, lobes usually incised: fls. pinkish-purple, to
\Y± in. across. Mts. of Wyo., Colo, and Ariz.
pectinatum: listed name.
ph&um. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. deeply 5-7-lobed: fls. dark
blue or almost black, with white spot at base of each petal.
Eu.
platyanthum: G. eriostemon.
platypetalum. Per. to 2 ft.: lys. 5-lobed beyond middle:
fls. dark purple, ^ in. long. China.
prat6nse. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. 7-parted: fls. purple, about
^ in. across. Eurasia. Var. album has white fls.
prostratum: G. sanguineum var.
psilostemon (G. armenum). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. deeply
5-lobed: fls. dark red, spotted with black at base, about
1 % in. across. Armenia.
pusillum. Prostrate much branched ann.: Ivs. 5-9-
parted, the Ifts. 3-lobed: fls. blue-purple, )^ in. across.
Eu. to Himalayas.
Pylzowianum. Per. to 1 ft : Iva. 5-parted, the Ifts. 3-
lobed: fls. purple, \Y± in. across. China.
pyrenaicum. Per. to 2 ft., soft-pubescent: Ivs. 5-7-lobed:
fls. blue-violet, ^ in. across. PJu.
Rfchardsonii. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-parted: fls. white,
1 in. across. W. N. Amer.
Robertianum (Robertiella Robertianum) . HERB-ROBERT.
RED ROBIN. Ann. or bien. to 1^ ft.: lys. 3-parted, the Ifts.
deeply cut: fls. red-purple, about % in. long. N. Amer ,
Eurasia, N. Afr., mostly in woods or coppices.
sanguineum. Per. to 1^ ft-, covered with spreading
white hairs: Ivs. 5-7-parted: fls. reddish-purple. Eurasia.
Var. album has white fls. Var. atropurpureum, fls. dark
red-purple. Var. nanum, of low compact habit. Var.
prostratum (G. laneastnense, G. prostratum) is a dwarfer
form with lighter colored fls. Var. rdseum has paler fls.
than type.
sessiliflorum. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. all basal, deeply 5-7-
parted: fls. white, to ^ in. across. Andes of S. Amer.
stria turn. Per. to 18 in.: Ivs. reniform- orbicular, palrn-
ately 5-lobed, to 3 in. wide, pubescent: fls. white veined
rose-red, petals emarginate, clusters of 3-10, pedicels and
peduncle pilose. Cent. Eu.
subcaulescens: G. cinereum var.
sylvfiticum. Per. to 2% ft.: Ivs. deeply 7-lobed: fls.
violet, about 1 in. across. Eu., Asia.
TraVersi!. Per. to 1H ft-, gray-pubescent: Ivs. 7-parted
to about the middle: fla. rose or white, 1 in. across. Chatham
Ifli. (New Zeal.).
Geranium
326
Geum
tuberosum. Erect per. to 15 in., with fleshy ovoid tubera
% in. thick: basal Ivs. with 5- 7 pinnately incised lobes, long-
petioled; cauhne Ivs. sesmle: fla. deep rose-purple to violet,
large, peduncle 1-2-fld. S. Ku.
viscosissimum. Per to 2 ft., sts sticky: Jvs. 3-5-parted:
fls. pinkish-purple, % in. long. S. D. to Calif.
Wallichianum. ProHtrate per.: Ivs 3-5-narted, the Ifts.
deeply toothed: fls. purple, to 2 in. across. Himalayas.
Wflfordii. Procumbent arm.: Ivs. 3-parted, tne Ifts.
deeply toothed: fls. white striped with rose, ^ in. across.
Manchuria.
Wfllardii. Per. to 1 ^ ft.: fls. rosy-red. Botanical position
unknown.
zonale: Pelargonium zonale.
GERANIUM, BEEFSTEAK-: Begonia Rex-cultorum.
California-: Senecio Petasites. Feather-: Cheno podium Bo-
try*. Florists: Pelargonium. Mint-: Chrysanthemum Rnl-
ttamita Strawberry-: Saxifraga sarmerttosa.
GER.ARDIA (AgaUnis). ficrophulariacex.
American arm. and per. herbs with mostly
opposite sessile Ivs. and showy slightly irregular
fls.; somewhat planted.
flava: Aureolaria flava.
hybrida: Penstemon campanulatus.
pedicularia: Aureolaria pedicularia.
purpurea (Agahmapurpurea). Ann. to 4ft.: Ivs. linear,
entire, to 1^ in. long: fls. rose-pink with 2 yellow lines in
throat and red-purple spots, 1 in. long, in 6-14-fld. racemes.
July-Sept. N. Amer.
tenuifdlia (Agahnis tenui folia) Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
narrow-linear, entire, to \}£ in. long: fls. light purple,
spotted, to % in. long. Aug.-Oct. Que. to Ga. and Tex.
virgfnica: Aureolaria, virginica.
GERBfeRIA (Perdicium). Composite. Several
herbaceous perennials with Ivs. in basal tufts,
the solitary pink, yellow or orange heads on
scapes, with 1 or 2 rows of ray-fls.; pappus of
bristles; native in S. Afr. and Asia. — Name
commonly but not originally spelled Gerbera.
Gerberia is grown in a temperate greenhouse and out-of-
doors in mild or protected places. It may survive the north-
ern winters if given a protection of leaves and decomposed
manure. Propagated by seeds or by cuttings of side shoots.
anandria. Differing from G. Kunzeana in the woolly
involucral bracts and pale pappus. China.
Jamesonii. TRANSVAAL DAIST. BAKBERTON DAISY. To
1^ ft., hairy: Ivs. very woolly beneath, to 10 in. long,
pinnately lobed or parted: heads orange-flame color, to
4 in. aoroHs. Transvaal Var. hybrida is hated as an im-
proved form with white, pink, orange, salmon, niby-red-
violet fls. — Not hardy in northernmost states; sometimes
bloomed under glass.
Kunzeana. Durcious: Ivs. oblong or ovate, lobed or
lyrate-pmnatifid, very woolly beneath: bracts of involucre
glabrous; pappus brown. Himalayas.
GERMANDER: Teucrium.
GESNERIA: see Corytholoma, Smithiantha.
GESNERlACE^E. GESNEHIA FAMILY. Mostly
trop. herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, of about 84
genera, having simple Ivs. which are frequently
colored above or underneath, tubular usually
5-lobod showy gnmopetalous often irregular
corolla, 4 stamens, superior or inferior ovary,
and commonly fleshy frs. Plants of several
genera are jajrown for ornament chiefly under
glass, as Achimenes, Alloplectus, Chirita, Colum-
nea, Conandron, Corytholoma, Episcia, Ilaber-
lea, Isoloma, Mitraria, Nematanthus, Oreocharis,
Rarnondia, Rhabdothamnus, Saintpaulia, Sin-
ningia, Smithiantha, Streptocarpus, Tricho-
sporurn, Tussacia.
GESNOUfNIA. Urticacex. Canary Isl.
shrubs or trees with alternate entire Ivs. and
unisexual fls. borne 3 together in an involucre
in spikes or panicles; sometimes grown in the
open in S. Calif, for ornament and interest.
Propagated by cuttings.
arbdrea (Parietaria arborea) . Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. lanceo-
late, to 5 in. long and 2 in. wide, white-tomentose beneath:
fls. in large terminal panicles.
AVKNS. Rosaccx. Per. erect herbs
often with runners, with pinnate basal Ivs. and
small st.-lvs., yellow, white or red fls. in corymbs
or solitary, and fr. an achene with long persis-
tent style; native in temp, and cold regions and
adapted to rock-garderis, and the taller ones for
rear borders ; some of them are good flower-garden
subjects. Of easy cult. Propagated by seeds and
by division.
algppicum. To 5 ft.: Ivs. with large rounded terminal
1ft and 4-61 lateral Ifts.: fls. yellow, to % in across: body of
achene long-villous. Cent, and E. Eu. Var. strictum ft/.
strictum) has the body of achene smooth except on tne
margin and summit, or only short-pilose, and the terminal
1ft. more acutely and deeply dissected. N. Amer., E. Asia.
alpinum barbdricum: unidentified trade name.
atrococclneum: probably G. chiloense.
atrosanguineum: G. chiloense.
aurantiacum. Hybrid between G. nvale and G. aleppicum
var. strictum: fls. golden-yellow.
Bdrisii. Hybrid between G, reptans and G. bulgaricum:
fls. bright yellow.
bulgaricum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. with very large heart-shaped
terminal 1ft. and numerous small lateral Ifts.: fls. nodding,
bnght yellow or orange. Bulgaria.
calthifdlium. To 1 ft : basal Ivs. with a large round-
cordate terminal 1ft. and few very small lateral Ifts.: fls.
1-few, bright yellow, 1 in. or more across W. N. Amer.
south to B. C., E. Asia. Var. dilatatum is listed.
campanulatum (Sieversia campanulata) . Similar to
G. tnflorum but shorter, fls reddish-purple, the petals much
longer than sepals. Wash., Ore.
canad6nse. To 2^ ft.: Ivs 3 5-parted into toothed or
lobed Ifts : fls. white, about ^2 in. across. Is S. to La.
chiloense (G. atrosanguineum). To 2 ft.: Ivs. with large
terminal toothed 1ft. and many smaller lateral Ifts., hairy:
fls. scarlet, to 1 Ja m. across. Chile Var plenum has double
fls. A favorite garden form is Mrs. Bradsnaw.
ciliatum: G. tnflorum
coccfneum. Lvs. with large heart-shaped terminal 1ft.
and smaller lobed lateral Ifts : fls. bright red, 1 in. across.
S. Eu , Asia Minor — The plants commonly grown under
this name are G. chiloense.
depr£ssum (Acomantylis depressa). To 4 in : radical Ivs.
pinnate and apprcssed-silky, the Ifta cronded and 3-cleft:
fls. yellow, 1 to a st. Wash. — Probably a geographical var.
of G. Rossn.
dryadoJdes: Cowania mexicana; also, by other authors,
G. pentapetalum.
liwenii: hort. name for a form with light orange fls.
gracflipes (Acomastylis gracilipefi). To 3 in.: radical Ivs.
pinnate and appressed-silky, the Ifts. not crowded and
3-cleft at apex or entire: fls. yellow, 1 to a st. Ore. — Proba-
bly a geographical var. of G. Rossii.
Heldreichii: hort. name for a form with orange-red fls.:
8 in. Said to be a form of G, montanum; also has been
referred to G cocci ncitm Varietal names listed are mag-
nificum, sp!6ndens, supe>bum.
h^bridum: probably a form of the hybrid between
G. montanum and G. nvale.
Jankae. Hybrid between G. coccineum and G. rivale:
fls. large, yellow.
jap6nicum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. with a large heart-shaped 3-5-
lobed terminal 1ft. and small lateral Ifts.: fls. yellow. Japan.
Kolbianum: G. rhseticum.
macrophyllum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. with large 3-7-lobed
terminal 1ft. and 3-6 main lateral Ifts.: fls. yellow, to ^ in.
across. N. Arner., N. Eu.
magelldnicum. To 2 ft.: basal Ivs. with very large lobed
terminal 1ft. and small lateral Ifts., hairy: fls. yellow, to
1 in. across. S. S. Amer.
magnmcum spl€ndens is listed as having orange-red
fls.; probably a form of G. chiloense.
montanum (Sicrvrsia montana). To 1 ft.: Ivs. with large
terminal heart-shaped 1ft. and much smaller lateral Ifts.:
fls. golden-yellow, to 1^ in. across. S. Eu. Var. m&ximum
is advertised.
Pgckii (Sieversia Peckii). To 2 ft.: Ivs. with large or-
bicular toothed terminal 1ft. and few or no lateral Ifts.:
fls. yellow, to 1 in. across. Me., N. H.
pentapetalum. To 6 in., with ascending or decumbent
Geum
327
Gilia
branches. Ivs. with 5-7 obovate-oblanceolate serrate Ifts.:
fls. white, about 1 in. across. Aleutian Isls., E. Siberia,
Japan.
pyrenaicum. To 1}$ ft.: Ivs. with large heart-shaped
toothed terminal 1ft. and smaller lateral Ifts.: fls. yellow,
nodding. Pyrenees.
r£ptans (Sieversia reptans). To 6 in., with long runners:
Ivs. with large 3-lobed deeply toothed 1ft. and small lateral
Ifts.: fls. yellow, to 1*^ in. across. Eu.
rh&ticum (G. Kolbianum). Hybrid between G. mon-
tanum and G. reptans. fls golden-yellow.
rivale. To 3 ft.: Ivs. with terminal and 2 upper lateral
Ifts. much larger, toothed and lobed: fls.
to 1 in. across. N. Amer.f N. Eu., Asia.
upper
!ish, no
Rdssii (Sieversia Roxsii). To 7 in.: radical Ivs. inter-
rupted-pinnate and glabrous, the Ifts. 3-lobed: fls. yellow,
1 to a st. Arctic regions.
rubgllum: name sometimes applied to hybrid between
G. rivale and G. urbanum, with petals salmon-pink.
sibiricum: hort. name: fls. bright red, coppery: to 10 in.
strictum: G. aleppicum var.
sylvaticum. To 2 ft.: radical Ivs. with few lateral Ifts.
and a large cordate elongate-ovate terminal 1ft : sts. 1-,
rarely 2-fld ; fls. yellow, to 1 in. across. Ibermn Peninsula,
Morocco.
tirole'nse. Reported as a hybrid between G. montanum
and G. nvale.
trifl6rum (G. cilia turn. Sieversia ciliata). To 1% ft.:
Ivs. of numerous Ifts. deeply cut into linear-lanceolate silky-
ciliate segms : fls. purplish, to % in. across. N. Amer.
turbinatum (Acomastyhs turbinata) . To 1 ft.: Ivs. pinnate
into 11-33 segms.. fls. yellow, K in. long. Mont, to Ariz. —
Probably a geographical vur. of G. Rossn.
urbanum. To 2 ft : Ivs. with coarsely toothed often
3-parted Ifts.: fls. yellow, about ^ in. across. Eu., Asia.
GEVUlNA (also but not originally spelled
Guevina). Proteacex. One evergreen tree native
in Chile and occasionally grown in 8. Calif.
G. Aveltena. CHILEAN NTJT. CHILE HAZEL. To
40 ft.: Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate, shining: fls.
white, in axillary racemes: fr. coral-red, about
size of cherry, the seed with edible kernel. —
Propagated by seeds or cuttings of green wood
under glass.
GHERKIN: Cucumis.
GEBB^UM. Aizoaccde. A Mesembryan-
themum segregate comprising tufted succulents
having an ovoid or globose body unequally
lobed or notched and bearing stalked fls. in the
fissure; petals numerous; stigmas 0-7. S. Afr.
album. Growths crowded, of 2 Ivs. pressed together to
form an ovoid body to 1 % in. long, 1 in. wide and % in.
thick, whitish and velvety: fls. white, 1 in. across.
C6mptonii (Rimaria Comptonn). Plant-body 1 in. long
and H in- thick, united about half way, glaucous: fls. rose,
1 in. across.
dfspar. Growths of 2 unequal Ivs. pressed together to
form an obliquely globose body to % in. long and 1 in.
across, densely grayish-pubescent: fls. lilac-pink, % in.
across.
gemlnum. Branches prostrate, to 3 in. long: growths
cylindrical, to 1 in long and ^ in. thick, with a fissure
below middle, velvety, uhitish-green: fls. magenta, Yi in.
across.
gibbdsum (M. gibbosum). Sts. prostrate, 1 in. long: Ivs.
semi-terete, yellowish -green: fls. reddish, % in. across.
He'athii (M. Heathii. Pimaria Heathii). Lvs. pressed
together into an oboypid body to 1 % in. high, 1% in. wide
and % in. thick, whitish-green: fls. white, \% in. across.
Lfickhoffii. Plant-body about % in. long and thick,
united about half way, glaucous: fls. rose, % in. across.
m611e. Plant-body 1 in. wide and ^ in. thick, with
small notch, light green, soft: fls. rose, 1 in. across, stamens
white.
Ne"lii. Forming dense clumps: Ivs. about 1 in. long and
\£ in. wide and thick, gray-green: fls. red, 2 in. across.
pachypddium (M. pachypodium) . Growths to 4 in. long
and ^ in. thick, covered with soft gray pubescence: fls.
pale rose, 2 in. across, on stalks to 4 in. long.
penrfride (M. perviride). Forming clumps, sts. short,
prostrate: plant-body \% in. long and about H in. wide
and thick, deep green: fls. red.
petre*nse (Argeta petrensis). To 1^2 |n.: Ivs. short and
thick, to H in. long and wide and M in. thick, whitish-
green: fls. solitary, nearly sessile, rosy-purple, 1 in. across;
stigmas 6, filiform.
pildsulum (M. pilosulum). Growths to 1 H in. long and
1^4 in. thick, unequally lobed in upper part, pubescent:
fls. rose-pink, ^ in. across, stamens white with yellow
anthers.
pub£scens (M. pubescent). Growths to 1^ in. long and
}$ in. thick, unequally lobed. silvery-pubescent: fls. rose-
pink, J<2 in. across, stamens white.
velutinum (M, velutinum. Mcntocalyx vehitinus). Lvs.
pressed together and erect when young, becoming spreading,
of unequal size, to 2 ^3 in. long, 1% in. broad and 1 in. thick,
dull green and velvety: fls. white or pinkish, fragrant, to
2 in. across.
GlLIA. Polemoniaceae. Herbs with alternate
entire or divided Ivs. and blue, yellow, pink or
white funnelform or salverform fls.; grown in the
flower-garden, mostly annuals. Of easy cult.
Seeds are sown where plants are to grow, in
sunny open places. As treated here the genus
includes Hugelia, Leptodactylon, Linanthus and
Navarretia.
abrotanif61ia. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. 3-pinnately dissected
into very narrow segms.: fls. pale blue, in dense terminal
clusters. Calif.
achilleaefdlia. Ann. to 2 ft., glandular-pubescent: Ivs.
2-pinnately dissected into linear segms.: fls. blue, in dense
terminal clusters. Calif.
aggregata. SCAR LET G. or SKYROCKET. Per. or bien. to
2^ ft.: Ivs. 1-2-pinnately dissected into linear segms.:
fls. scarlet varying to white, in a long thyrse. W. N. Amer.
Var. Bridgesii ia a low form, to 6 in. nigh. Mts , Calif.
androsacea (Lilian thus androsaceus) . Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs.
palmately divided, segms. filiform: fls. white, pink, violet
or yellow, salverform, to 1 in. long, in dense heads. Calif.
attenuata. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. with Imear-mucromtte
divisions, upper ones glandular-pubescent : fls. white,
corolla-tube often pinkish, to 1 % in long, with acuminate
lobes, infl. thyrsiform. Wyo., Colo.
aurea (Linanthus aureus). Ann. to 8 in.: Ivs of 3-5
palmate oblong lobes, opposite: fls yellow, throat brownish,
to \i in. long, in cymes. Calif., Nov., N. Mex. — A form
with white to violet fls. is known.
calif 6rnica (Leptodactylon caUjornicum). PRICKLY-
PHLOX. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. palmately divided into 5-9 rigid
linear lobes % in. long: fls. rose or lilac, 1% in. across, in
few-fld. clusters. Calif.
capillaris (G. leptalea). Much branched erect ann. to
Gin., glanduhir-puDerulent: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to ^4 in.
long: fls. white to pale pink, about 1A in. long, solitary in
axils, funnelform. Wash, to Calif, and Nev.
capitata. Ann. to 2H ft.: Ivs. 2-3-pinnately dissected
into linear segms.: fls. light blue, in heads about 1 in. across
at end of naked peduncles. Wash, to Calif.
coccfnea: Collomia bi flora.
congdsta. Per. to 8 in., webby-hairy: basal Ivs. simple,
to 2 in. long, st.-lvs. pinnately divided: fls. white, to H in.
long, leafy-bracted, in head-like infl. S. D. to Sask., Wyo.
and B. C.
coronopifdlia: G. rubra.
densifldra (Linanthus grandifloru*. Leptosiphon densi-
florufi). Ann. to 2 ft.: fls. lilac or pink to white, funnelform,
to 1 in. long, in dense heads, corolla-lobes broadly obovate,
tube short and tapering. Calif.
densifdlia ( Hugelia densi folia) . Per. to 2 ft., woolly-
tomentose when young: Ivs. linear and rigid, entire or lobed:
fls. deep blue, in dense clusters, corolla-lobes linear-oblong,
tube slender. Calif. '
dianthoides (Fenzha dianthiflora. Linanthus dianthi-
florus). GROUND-PINK. Ann. to 6 in., tufted: Ivs. entire,
thread-like, to 1 in. long: fls. lilac or pink varying to white,
funnelform, *£ in. long, in few-fld. clusters, corolla-lobes
toothed. S. to Lower Calif.
dich6toma (Linanthus dichotomus). EVKNING-SNOW.
Ann. to 1 ft.: fls. white with brownwh-purple throat, tubu-
lar-funnelform, to 1^ in. long, in few-fld. clusters. Calif.
globularis. Per. to 6 in , sts. densely woolly: Ivs. entire
or pinnatifid, linear to oblong, to 2>^ in. long: fls. white.
Mts., Colo.
grandifl&ra: Collomia grandi flora; see also G. densiflora.
laciniata. Ann. to 8 in.: Ivs. 2-pinnately dissected into
linear segms.: fls. rose, blue, pale lilac to white, in few-fld.
clusters. Peru, Chile, Argentina.
leptalea : G. capillarit.
Gilia
328
Girasole
leptomdria. Ann. to 8 in.: Ivs. linear-oblong, to 2 in.
long, pinnately lobed or toothed, mostly basal, glandular-
pubescent: fls. white to pale rose, to K in- long. Ore.,
Calif., Colo, and N. Mex.
linearis: Collomia linearis.
linifldra (Leptosiphon linijlorus. Linanthus liniflorus
and pharnaceoides) . Ann. to \}4 ft.: fla. white or blush,
funnelf orm, ^ in. long, in a panicled cyrne. Calif.
longifiora. To 20 in.: Ivs. entire or pinnatifid with
filiform lobes: fls. white to somewhat bluish, to 1% in. long.
Neb. to Utah, south to Ariz, and Tex.
lutea (Leptosiphon and Linanthus pfirviflorus. G. mi-
crantha). Erect often bushy ann. to 5 in.: Ivs. palmately
divided into 3-7 linear lobes: fls. yellow, white or rose-pink
with yellow center, salverf orm, tube about %-l % in. long,
corolla l/L in. across, in heads, calyx-lobes linear and pun-
gent. Calif — Forms of this species are sold as Leptosiphon
fiureus, hybridus, luteus and roseus.
micrantha: G. lutea.
montana (Linanthus montanus). Per. to 10 in., base
usually woody, much branched, sts. erect or ascending:
Ivs. palmately lobed or divided, webby-hairy: fls. white,
to H m. long. Utah to Ida., Calif, and Ore.
multicaulis. To 1^ ft., branching from base: Ivs. pin-
nately parted into linear segms.: fls. blue or pinkish, in
few-fid clusters. Calif.
multif!5ra. Plant many-stemmed, to 2 ft., sts. gray-
hairy: Ivs. usually pinnately 3-7-parted, lobes linear, upper
ones sometimes entire: fls. purplish or bluish, about % in.
long. W. Tex. to Ariz.
nivalis: a white- fld. form of G. tricolor.
nudicaulis (Gymnostcris nudicaulis). Ann. to 4 in.:
bracts under fla. lanceolate, to % in. long: fls. white or
yellowish, ^ in. long. Ore., Ida., Nev.
Nuttallii (Leptotlactylon Nuttallii). Per. to 9 in., with
woody base: Ivs. simple or palnmtely divided into 3-7
linear or lanceolate lobes, to £-4 in. long: fls white, rarely
rose, ^j in. long, in clusters or sometimes solitary. Calif.
parvifl&ra: see G. lutea.
pulchella. SKYROCKET. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnately
dissected into linear segms.: fls. crimson to white, in a
narrow panicle. Mont, to Wash.
pungens (Leptodactylon pungens). Per. to 6 in., with
woody base, clensely leafy: Ivs. palmately divided into
3-5 lobes, to }^ in long: fls. white, pink or yellowish, % in.
long, solitary. Ore. to Calif, and Nev.
rigidula. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. pinnately divided into linear
rigid segms.: fls. blue, rotate, scattered. Tex. to Mex.
rubra (G. coronopifolia. Ipomopsis auarantiaca, elegnns
and sanguined). STANDINO-CYPKESS. Bien. or per. to 6 ft.:
Ivs pinnately dissected into needle-like srgms.: fls. scarlet,
yellow dotted with red inside, in a narrow terminal panicle.
S. C. to Fla. and Tex.
squarr&sa (Nawrrctia squarrosa'). SKUNKWEED. Ann.
to 1 ft : Ivs. to 1 l£ in. long: fls. blue, % in. long, the calyx-
lobes spine-tipped. B. C. to Calif.
tenuifldra. Ann. to 3% ft-: Ivs. mostly basal, 1-3-
pinnatifid into narrow segms. to 10 in. long: fls. lilao to
magenta, to % in. long, in open panicles, corolla tubular-
funnelform with broad lobea. Calif.
tricolor. BiiiDS-KYEft. Ann. to 21$ ft.: Ivs. 2-pinnately
dissected into linear segms.: fls. with lilao or violet lobes,
yellowish tube and throat marked with purple, borne in
loose clusters. Calif. Var. rdsea has rose fla.
virgata (llugelia virgata). Ann. or bien. to 15 in.: lys.
filiform, the upper 3-parted, to 1 in. long: fls. blue with
yellow throat, to ?a in. long. Calif.
GILEB^RTIA. Araliacex. Shrubs or trees
with simple, entire or 3-lobed Ivs., small fls. in
umbels, , and berry-like frs.: grown under glass
or in the open far S. For cult, see Polyscias.
jap6nica (Dendropanax japonicum). Lvs. entire or
3-lobed, about 3 in. long: fla. in umbels about 1 in. across.
Japan. — Planted in Calif.
GILLJfeNIA (Porteranthus). Rosacex. Two
N. American per. erect branching herbs with
3-lobed or -parted Ivs. and white or pinkish
long-stalked fls. in terminal panicles; grown in
the wild- or about rock-gardens and of easy cult.
Propagated by seeds and by division.
stipulata. AMERICAN IPECAC. To 4 ft.: Ifts. cut-lobed,
the stipules broad and leaf -like: fls. to H in. across. N. Y.
to Ga. and La.
trifoliata. INDIAN PHYSIC. Similar to preceding but
Ifts. toothed and stipules small and awl-shaped. Ont. to
Ga. and Mo.
GILLIFLOWER: Mathiola incana.
GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND: Nepeta hederacea.
GINANNIA: Holcua.
GINGER: Zingiber. Wild: Asarum.
GfNKGO. Ginkgoaceae. One deciduous resi-
nous tree native in China, G. biloba (Salisburia
adiantifolia), the MAIDENHAIR-TREE. To 120 ft.:
Ivs. fan-shaped, long-stalked, cut or divided in
middle: staminate fls. in catkins: frs. drupe-like,
long-stalked, yellowish. Hort. forms are: aurea
with bright yellow Ivs.; fastigiata of pyramidal
habit; laciniata with deeply divided Ivs.; mac-
rophylla with larger Ivs.; pendula with pendulous
branches; variegata with Ivs. variegated yellow. —
Grown as a street or ornamental tree, hardy N.
and of easy cult, in good soil. Propagated by
stratified seeds, layers, cuttings, and named
vars. by grafting and budding. The pistillate
tree is undesirable because of the strong-smelling
frs., and propagation by cuttings rather than by
seeds is, therefore, sometimes advised.
GINKGOACRflS. GINKGO FAMILY. Only
1 genus of 1 species, Ginkgo, grown for ornament.
The family was founded in 1897; the genus had
theretofore been placed in the Coniferse. In geo-
logic times the ginkgocs were widespread in
several species.
GINSENG. Two woods species of Panax
(which sec) grown for the roots which are much
prized by the Chinese for medicinal uses. The
native American species is chiefly grown or
gathered in the United States and Canada for
export. The plants arc readily raised when
provided with shade and constant moisture, but
in land well drained of surface water. Slat or
lath sheds afford good sun protection. The soil
should be fertile and deep for the production of
the best roots. The plant is grown from seeds
that are commonly stratified or buried about a
year and then sown in beds; but a good propor-
tion may germinate the first year if sown as soon
as ripe and not allowed to become dry. Autumn
or spring are proper times for transplanting to
permanent quarters, where the plants may
stand 4 or 5 inches apart in either direction.
The root matures for market in about five years ;
but some of the profit in ginseng culture has
come from raising seeds, which should be pro-
duced rather freely at three years and abun-
dantly at five years and thereafter; and seedlings
may be sold at one and two years old.
GIRASOLE is the plant commonly known
as Jerusalem artichoke but it is not an artichoke
and has nothing to do with Jerusalem: it is
supposed that Jerusalem, in this relation, is a
corruption of the Italian name girasole. The
plant is a stout tall-growing perennial, Helianthus
tuber osus (which see), hardy throughout the
country. The "artichokes" are the subterranean
potato-like tubers which are nutritious alike to
man and beast. It persists and becomes a weed
unless the ground is completely cleaned of tubers
when the crop is harvested. Propagation is by
the tubers, planted in autumn or spring. On good
ground the crop needs little attention except to
keep down the competing weeds. The yield is
heavy and should be valuable.
Glabrous
329
Gladiolus
GLABROUS: not hairy or pubescent or toraentose;
incorrectly used in the sense of smooth (not rough).
GLADIOLUS. GLADIOLUS, GLADIOLI. Iri-
dacese. Cormous plants of perhaps 200 species,
abundant in S. Afr. and others in trop. Afr. and
Medit. region, now very popular for summer and
autumn bloom and also for earlier flowering
under glass. Many specific names are known to
be in the country, as recorded below, but the
common garden or hortulan gladiolus does not
now represent a single species in its original form,
but a modification or probably a series of blends
of a few species that were early introduced to
cult, or that have proved to be specially useful
for horticultural purposes. It is probable that
G. blandus, G. cardinaliSj G. dracocephalus, G.
psittacinus, G. purpureoauratus, G. oppositiflorus,
G. Saundersii, G. primulinus have mostly con-
tributed to the origin of the common hortulan
gladioli. One of the early forms, a reputed hybrid,
was G. gandavensis; and subsequently as the
complexion of the modified hortulan kinds began
to assume its present character, such names as
G. hybriduSj G. Lemoinei, G. Nanceianus, G.
Childsii, G. Froebelii, G. turicensis and G. princeps
were current but they are of little interest to
contemporaneous growers. The kinds of hortulan
gladioli are numerous now and of great excel-
lence, the merits residing particularly in the
shape of the flower, its size and color and mark-
ings, substance, season, keeping qualities, size
and character of spike. With the exception of
G. primulinus , in various degrees of modification,
one does not now recognize straight botanical
species in the common garden gladioli. In recent
years many species have been intro. from Afr.
by seeds. This important group of plants is
represented in the American Gladiolus Society
and the New England Gladiolus Society.
The flower of the gladiolus is borne from a
green spat he of two leaves or valves. The
perianth has 6 colored parts all united below
into a tube which is mostly curved; the 3 upper
parts or segments are larger than the 3 lower and
often arched or hooked over them. The stamens
are 3, attached deep in the tube, and the anthers
are long and slender. Stigmas are 3. The ovary
is inferior, 3-celled, ripening into a 3-valved
many-seeded capsule.
Gladioli are tender and should be grown between the
spring and autumn frosts, although the conns often persist
even in northern states if well protected with ground
ground should be well prepared and have good drainage.
The use of stable manure the year previous should produce
good results, but it should not be applied with the conns.
The conns are planted as soon as the ground becomes
warm, or in succession for later bloom, 3 to 6 inches deep:
the greater depth is advisable only on warm open land ana
with strong corms; the plants usually stand up better with
the deeper planting. For strong specimen spikes the plants
may go 5 to 8 inches apart, but for mass effects they may
be grown twice as thick. Planted 5 inches deep and 3 to
5 inches apart, the plants probably will not require staking.
If considerable quantities are to be grown, the plants may
be in rows that are wide enough apart to allow of easy
tillage by hand or horse.
Before freezing weather the plants are lifted, the tops
are removed, and the corms are stored in a cool dry place
until spring. See that the corms are firm, clean and dry
and well cured before being put away.
Named varieties or particular colors are propagated
by means of the cormlets that form around the old corms
or bulbs. The cormlets are planted in drilb in spring,
taken up in autumn and stored as are the regular flowering
eorms. In the second or third year the plants should bloom.
New varieties or strains are grown from seeds, which are
sown and plants handled as are the cormlets.
The gladiolus is well adapted to use as cut-flowers.
The flowers open in the morning, and then the spike may
be cut before it has bloomed much, with a long stem.
Remove the old flowers. Provide fresh cool water daily,
cut off a little of the stem end, and all the buds on the
spike will open.
Ackermanii: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
aUt us. Little plant, to 1 ft. or less: Ivs. linear and rigid,
basal or 2 or 3 on st.: fls. 3-5, dark red and pink, segms.
very unequal, lower segms. green and pink, upper segm.
to 1% in. long. S. Afr. Var. namaquensis (G. namaquensis)
is somewhat more robust with flame-colored fls.
aleppicus. To 3 ft.: Ivs. grass-like: fls. dark purple or
violet, on a one-sided 5-7-fld. spike. Palestine.
anat61icus: listed name.
angustus. Sts. simple, 2-3 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 2 ft. long
and ±4 i°- °r less broad: fls. 2-6, long-tubed, white, 3 lower
segins. purple-marked. S. Afr.
bl&ndus. Sts. to 2 ft. long, sometimes branched: Ivs.
about 4, to 1 ft. long and % in. wide: fls. 4-8, white and
red-tinged, sometimes pure white and sometimes pink,
segms. acute, upper one % in. broad and others narrower.
S. Afr.
brenchleyensis: a hort. form closely allied to G. pan-
da rerm's.
brevifdlius. St. to 2 ft.: lys. mostly basal, linear, to
2 ft. long: fls. 4-12, pink or lilac, the curved tube f£ in.
long and about equalling segms., lower segms. marked
purple in throat. S. Afr.
byzantlnus. Resembling G. communis but more robust,
with larger dark purple fls., lower segms. with white central
line. Medit. region.
calllstus. Stout, to 3 ft. and more; allied to Q. blandu»,
but differs in greater size, more robust branched infl., 3
upper segms. blotched at throat, anthers declined and
violet: Ivs. plane, glabrous, ensiform: perianth-tube some-
\vhat curved, segms. white with pale rose tint, the 3 upper
ones with red spots. Cape Province.
cardinalis. Sts. to 4 ft. long: Ivs. 2-3 ft., glaucous-green:
fls 5-10 or more, bright scarlet and crimson, upper segm.
largest and hoou-shoped, lower ones white-blotched. S.
Afr., sometimes hanging from cliffs. — Early intro. to cult,
and supposed to be one of the parents of G. gandavensis.
Var. elegans is a hort. form.
carmine us. St. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. linear, to 8 in. long: fls.
3 in. across, carmine, tube white outside, two of inner
segms. with dark pale-centered spot. S. Afr.
C61villei. Rather small, very early flowering, spikes
short: fl« open or flaring with pointed segms., scarlet with
oblong blotches at base. Hybrid G. trmtis var. concolor
with pollen of G. cardinalis, one of the earliest garden forms.
Var. £lbus, The Bride, has white fls. This old strain is still
in cult. ; hardy in the nuddle S. There are several forms of it.
communis. St. to 2}^ ft.: Ivs. 3 or 4, about 1 ft. or less
long: fls. 4-8, about 1% in. long, narrow, bright purple,
seKms. nearly equal in length, anther shorter than filament.
France, Germany; hardy in middle sections.
Cooperi. Much like G. psittacinus, but perianth-tube
longer and segms. more acute. S. Afr.
crassif&lius. St. to 3 ft.: Ivs. 6, to 2 ft. long, stiff, with
thick ribs: fls. numerous, bright red, 1 in. long, curved
tube and segms. nearly equal. S. Afr.
cuspidatus. St. simple, 2-3 ft.: Ivs. 3 or 4, linear and
rigid, to 2 ft.: fla. 4-8, white or pale pink, tube 2-3 in. long
and segms. shorter, 3 lower segms. purple-blotched. S. Afr.
Davisoniae. Lvs. sword-shaped or linear-lanceolate,
sparingly minutely pubescent, 10-12 in. long and to % in.
or more broad, mostly basal: spike simple, to 10 in. long,
7-11-fld., the fls. nearly erect, rose-colored, the 3 inferior
segms. somewhat lined and spotted and about 1 in. long.
Cape Province.
debilis. Very slender, simple, to 1^ ft.: Ivs. 3, with
long point, one of them equalling or exceeding the st.:
fls. 1-3, white, two of segms. with lilac or red spot, segms.
about y± in. long. S. Afr.
dracocephalus. St. simple, 2 ft. or less: Ivs. to IJf ft.
long and 1 in. broad: fls. few, yellowish-green and spotted
dull purple, tube much curved and 2 in. or less long, upper
segms. hooded and to 1 in. broad. S. Afr.
formdsus. St. to 2% ft.: Ivs. narrow-linear, to 1 ft.
long: fls. mauve-purple, tube H in. long, segms. to 1}£ in.
long. S. Afr.
gandavensis. An old garden form that long persisted
and plants of similar character are yet seen: sturdy late-
blooming plant with broad Ivs.: spike dense and rather
long; fls. of medium size, bright red and red-yellow, streaked
and pencilled, the upper segms. horizontal or hooded.
Hybrid, G. psittacinus being stated as one parent and G.
cardinalis the other, but G. oppomtifohus may be involved;
important foundation of mucn later breeding.
gracilis. St. very slender, to 2 ft,: Ivs. 2-3, linear and
Gladiolus
330
Gleditsia
apparently terete, rigid: fls. 2-5, fragrant, pale blue or
hlac, segms. unequal, limb to 1 H in. long, the lowest long-
est and prominently cuspidate. S. Afr.
grandis. St. Blender and terete, to 2^ ft.: Ivs. 2-3,
linear, strongly ribbed, to 11A ft. long: fls. 1-5, fragrant,
yellowish and tinged purplish-brown, tube to 2^ in. long
and segms. shorter. S. Air.
hirsutus. St. hairy, simple, to 2 ft.: Ivs. 4-6, rigid and
very strongly ribbed, short, hairy: fls. 3-6, bright red, tube
1^ in. long and segms. of similar length. S. Afr.
hortulanus. HORTULAN or GARDEN GLADIOLI. An
inclusive group, for the prevailing cult, kinds of gladiolus
to which no recognized botanical specific name will now
apply, which cannot be included in any of the species.
They are perhaps descendants more or less directly from
(J. psittacinus, variously obscured and modified. They are
largo strong very flonferous plants of sturdy growth, and
heavy soikes of fls. in many shades and markings, but most
of them with tints of lilac and violet, the upper segms.
sometimes hooded and often the fl. spread wide open.
There are hundreds of named vars. or seedlings.
ignescens. Much like Q. psittacinus in fl., but with
very long narrow Ivs. which are 5 or 6 and nearly or quite
basal: st. 2-3 ft.: spikes 2-4-fld., very open: perianth scarlet,
3 in long, the upper scgm. horizontal. Madagascar.
illyricus (Q. Reuteri). To \1A ft. or more: Ivs. 6-10 in.
long, slender, sheaths 2-edged: fls. 4-8, reddish changing to
bluish, the basal segm somewhat acute and exceeding the
obtuse lower lateral segrns., anthers shorter than filaments.
Eu.
imbric&tus. To nearly 3 ft.: Ivs. 2 or 3, one of them
developed into a rather broad ribbed blade about equalling
st : fls. 6-10, purple-red, opening wide, lower segms. with
lighter marks, anther shorter than the filament. Eu.
inflatus. Lvs. 3, very narrow or subterete and rigid,
the longest exceeding the st.: fls. 1-4, pink, the curved
tube to 1 in. long, and the limb of equal or somewhat
greater length, 3 upper segms. to % in. broad. S. Afr.
Leichtlinii. St. 2 ft.: Ivs. 4, about 12 in. long and less
than 1 in broad: fls. 6-8, bright red, the 3 lower smaller
segms. red at tip, then yellow, and bearing nunute red
spots Transvaal.
MOrielifle (Acidanthera Murielise of hort.). To 3^ ft.:
Ivs to 2 ft long and 1 ^ in. wide, erect: fls. cream- white
suffused pink toward base, corolla-tube to Sin. long, curved,
slightly fragrant. Abyssinia.
namaqu6nsis: Q. alata var.
n&nus: Babiana pygmxa.
odor&tus. Hybrid between G. hirsutua and G. Spofforih-
\arus.
oppositifldrus. St. 3- 4 ft., sometimes branched: Ivs.
about 4, to 1 *A ft. long and 1 in. broad: fls. many in a
2-sided spike, white, about 3 in. long, segms. acute. S. Afr.
orchid ifldr us. St. mostly simple, to \}4 ft.: Ivs. 3 or 4,
linear, to 1 ft. long: fls. 4-6, greenish-yellow, tube % in.
long, upper segm. hooded and 1 in. long, 3 lower ones de-
curved. S Afr.
paluster (G. tnvhyllwi). To 1J>$ ft.: Ivs. about 3, lowest
one rather broad, ribbed, and about equalling the st.:
fls. 3-5, purple-red, with short curved tube and lower segms.
rather longer, perianth not flaring, anther shorter than
filament. Ku
permea'bilis. St. to 2 ft.: Ivs. 3-4, to 1 ft. long: fls. pink
or lilac, curved tube H in- long, segrns. % in. long. S. Afr.
prafecox: Anapalina revoluta
primulinus. St. 24 ft., stout: Ivs. about 3, to 1H ft.
long and 1 in. broad: fls. 3-5, primrose-yellow throughout,
upper segms. hooded and 2 in. long and more than 1 in.
broad, 3 lower much smaller and deflexed, central upper
segm. drooping like an eye-lid. Ham-forests, trop. Afr. —
Now entering into horticultural kinds with notable results.
See G. Quarlimanua.
princeps: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
psittacinus. St. 3-4 ft.: Ivs. about 4, rigid, to 2 ft.
long and 2 in. broad: fls. several or many, 3 in. or more
long, upper segms. hooded and dark crimson, lower much
smaller mixed red and yellow. S. Afr. — Early cult.
Quartinianus. St. 2-3 ft., strong: Ivs. 3 or 4, rigid, to
IU ft. long and 8£ in. broad: fls. 6-9, blood-red to pale
yellow, 3 in. or more long, upper segrns. hooded, lower ones
deflexed and much smaller. Trop. Afr.— <?. primulmua is
thought by some to be a color form of this species.
recurvus. St. slender, to 2 ft.: Ivs. 3, middle one 1 ft.
or more long, lowest little more than a sheath: fla. 3-6,
fragrant, about 3 in. long, 3 upper segms. broad and lilac,
lower segms. yellow with mauve or lilac markings. S. Afr.
Reuteri: G. illyricus.
Saxindersii. St. 2-3 ft.: Ivs. 4-6, strongly ribbed, to 2 ft.
long and 1 in. broad: fls. 6-8, bright scarlet with large white
blotch on 3 lower shorter segms., upper segms. acute and
I in. broad. S. Afr.
segetum. CORNFLAG. St. 2 ft. and more: Ivs. 3 or 4,
about 1 ft. long: fls. bright purple, open or flaring, the segms.
obovate-obtuse, anther longer than filament. Medit.
region; sometimes seen S.
Stdnfordiae. Fls. delicate pink with yellowish-white on
lower segms., 2 in. long, tube very short, lower side sefcms.
shorter than middle one. S. Afr.
triphyllus: G. paluster.
tristis. St. simple, to 2 ft.: Ivs. 3, terete, to 1^ ft. long,
3-5-ribbed: fls. 3 or 4, fragrant, yellowish- white with pur-
plish on the keels, the curved tube to 2 in. long. Var.
concolor. Fls. nearly or quite white. S. Afr.
undulatus. Little plant, 1 ft. high: Ivs. 4-6, to 1 ft.
long and % in. broad: fls. 4-6, about 3 in. long, milk-white
with red keels. S. Afr.
vill&sus. St. simple, to 2 ft.: Ivs. 3, the lower without
blade, the others to 1 ft. long and linear, sheaths hairy:
fls. 3 or 4, bright red or lilac, about 2 in. long. S. Afr.
Watsdnius. St. very slender, to l*A ft.: Ivs. about 3,
one of them with blade to 1 ft. long, the others little more
than sheaths: fls. 1-4, bright red, the curved tube to 2 in.
long, wide open, the segms acute. S. Afr.
GLADWIN: 7ns fcetidissima.
GLAND: properly a secreting part or prominence or hair
or appendage, but often used in the sense of gland-like.
GLASS WORT: Salicornia.
GLAUCfDIUM. Ranunculacex. A small
herbaceous genus native in Japan and China,
having alternate Ivs., solitary fls. with 4 petal-like
sepals, no petals, and numerous stamens, and
fr. a follicle. One species is sometimes grown in
the rock-garden.
palmatum. Per. to 2 ft. and more: Ivs. palmately lobed,
maple-like: fls. rich violet, large. Japan.
GLAtJCIUM. HORNED-POPPY. SEA-POPPY.
Papaveraceds. Glaucous herbs with orange-
colored juice, lobed or dissected Ivs., and large
yellow or red solitary fls.; grown as annuals in
the flower-garden. They thrive in any garden
soil in sunny locations. Propagated by seeds.
anatalyensis: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
corniculatum (G. phamceurri) . Ann. to 1H ft.: fls. red
with black spot at base of each petal: fr. bristly-hairy,
linear. Eu
Fischeri: an invalid name of no known botanical stand-
ing.
flavum (G. luteum). Per. or bien. to 3 ft : fls. golden-
yellow or orange, 2 in. across, fr. linear, to 1 ft. long. Eu ;
nat. in E. N. Arner Var. Seuperi (G. Seuperi) has violet
spots at base of yellow petals. Var. tricolor has parti-
colored fls.
leioca'rpum. Per. to 1% ft.: fls. yellow: fr. to 4 in. long.
Medit. region.
luteum: G. flavum.
phoeniceum: G. corniculatum.
rubrum: probably a hort. form of G. corniculatum
Seuperi: G. flamim var.
squamfgera. Ann. to 1^ ft.: basal Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid,
petioled, st -Ivs usually trifid, sessile: fls. orange: fr. bristly-
hairy. Caucasus, Russia.
tricolor: G. flavum var.
GLAUCOTHEA: Erythea armata.
GLAUCOUS: covered with a "bloom" or a whitish
substance that usually rubs off. See Pruinose.
GLAtJX. Primulacese. One succulent but
not showy closely Ivd. per. herb native in salt-
marshes and sea-coasts of the northern hemi-
sphere. G. maritima. To 1 ft., pale or glaucous:
Ivs. opposite, oval or oblong, to % in. long: fls.
with purplish cr white calyx and no petals, very
small, solitary in the axils; sometimes planted in
brackish places.
GLAZIOVA: Syagrus.
GLECOMA: Nep«ta hederacea.
GLEDfTSIA. HONEY LOCUST. Leauminosae.
Large broad-headed deciduous usually spiny
Gleditsia
331
trees with pinnate Ivs., small greenish polyga-
mous fls. mostly in racemes, and large flattened
pods.
Honey locusts are planted as specimens and for shade;
they are adapted to most soils, but G. sinensis and G.
japonica are not hardy North. Propagated by seeds which
should previously be soaked in hot water, or rare varieties
may be grafted on G. triacanthos.
aquatica (G. monosperma). WATER or SWAMP LOCUST.
To 60 ft., with simple somewhat flattened spines to 5 in.
long: pods oval, 1-2 in. long, usually with 1 seed. S. C. to
Fla. and Tex.
c£spica. To 40 ft., very spiny: pods to 8 in. long, curved.
W. Asia.
elegantfssima: a bushy unarmed form of G. triacanthos.
h6rrida: G. japonica.
japdnica (G. horrida}. To 70 ft., with simple or branched
somewhat flattened spines to 4 in. long: pods to 1 ft. long,
twisted. Japan, China.
koraiSnsis: listed name, probably referable to G.
japonica.
macracantha. To 50 ft., with large spines: pods to 1 ft.
long, somewhat convex. China.
monosperma: G. aquatica.
slne'nsis. To 40 ft., with conical often branched spines:
pods to 7 in. long, almost straight. China.
texana. Hybrid between G. triacanthos and G. aquatica:
pods to 5 in. long, straight.
triacanthos. SWEET LOCUST. To 140 ft., with simple or
3-b ranched spines to 4 in. long, unarmed in var. inermis:
pods to 1 \i ft long, becoming twisted Pa. to Fla. and Tex.
Var. Bujotii has drooping branchlets. — In the Middle
West pods are ground into livestock feed, being highly
nutritious; heavy bearing hort. vars. have been developed.
GLERICIDIA. Leguminosae. Trees and shrubs
native in trop. Amer., with pinnate Ivs., papil-
ionaceous fls. in racemes, and flat pods with
thickened margins; grown for ornament in warm
regions and along roadsides and boundaries.
maculata: G. sepium.
sdpium (G. mantlata). MADRB. To 30 ft.: fls. pink, or
lilac, and white, in profusion in spring before the Ivs.:
pods to 5 in. long. Cent. Amer., Colombia.
GLOBE-FLOWER: Trolhus europxus.
GLOBULARIA. Globulariacese. Herbs and
subshrubs with alternate Ivs. and small fls. in
globular heads; native mostly in the mts. of
S. Eu. and Asia. Adapted to the rock-garden
where they need partial shade and well-drained
soil. Propagated by seed or division.
Alypum. To 2 ft., shrubby: Ivs. oblong, 3-toothed at
apex or entire: fls. violet-blue, the heads to ^ in. across.
S. Eu.
bellidifdlia. Much like G. cordifolia but Ivs. not notched
at tip ; perhaps a var. of that species.
cordifMia. Prostrate subshrub to 4 in.: Ivs. obovate or
spatulate, about 1 in. long, notched only at tip: fls. blue,
the heads about ^ in. across. S. Eu.
incane'scens. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. nearly orbicular, notched
at apex: fls. blue, upper lip undivided, the heads about ^
in. across. Italy.
nana: G. repens.
nudicaulis. Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. obovate, to 3 in. long,
entire: fls. blue, the heads to % in. across. S. Eu.
rdpens (G. nana). Prostrate, sts. woody: Ivs. club-
shaped, entire, K in. or less long: fls. bluish, the heads 14 in.
across. S. Eu — Much like a dwarf G. bellidifolia; variable
in cult., and the tiny plant is not frequent.
trichosantha. GLOBE-DAISY. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. spatulate,
to 1 in. long, finely toothed: fls. blue, the heads about M in.
across. Asia Minor.
vulgiris (G. Willkommii). Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. obovate or
lanceolate, nearly entire: fls. blue, rarely white. S. Eu.,
Caucasus.
Willkommii: G. vulgaris.
GLOBULARlACE-d2. GLOBULARIA FAMILY.
Three genera of herbs and shrubs native in S.
Eu. and S. W. Asia, with alternate simple Ivs.,
bisexual fls. in dense bracted heads, having 5-
parted calyx, 2-lipped gamopetalous corolla,
Gloxinia
4 stamens, superior 1-celled ovary, and fr. a
nutlet inclosed in the calyx. The family is
placed near Acanthaceae in the natural sequence.
Only Globularia is grown for ornament.
GLOCHfDION. Euphorbiacex. Trees and
shrubs of trop. Asia and Pacific Isls. : Ivs. alter-
nate, simple, usually entire: fls. solitary or in
clusters, axillary, staminate of 3-8 overlapping
sepals and pistillate with short stout stigmas:
carpels 2-ovuled: fr. a caps. Sometimes cult, in
warmer parts of Calif.
dlbum (Phyllanthus albus). Shrub or small tree: Ivs.
large, entire, yillous beneath: fls. small, in axillary clusters:
fr. white. Philppines.
GLOMERATE: in dense or compact cluster or clusters.
GLORldSA. GLORY-LILY. Liliacex. Climb-
ing herbs with tuberous roots, Ivs. prolonged into
tendrils, and red or yellow lily-like fls. solitary
in the axils of the upper Ivs., the perianth-segms,
distinct and reflexed or spreading.
Glory-lilies are grown under glass, and out-of-doors in
the South. Tubers should be potted from Jununry to March
for bloom in summer and autumn. Propagated by offsets
or division of the tuber.
Plantii: G. virescens.
Roehrsiana: a garden plant; probably a form of (7.
Rothschikliana.
Rothschildiana. Lvs. broadly lanceolate: fls. crimson,
yellow and whitish at base, to 3 in. long, the perianth-
segms. broadly lanceolate and sometimes wavy-margined,
strongly reflexed. Trop. Afr.
simplex: G. mresccns.
sup€rba. Lvs. lanceolate: fls. yellow changing to red,
to 3 in. long, the perianth-segms. narrowly lanceolate and
much crispea, usually reflexed. Trop. Afr. and Asia. Var.
grandifldra is a hort. form.
vire"scens (G. Plnnt^i. G. simplex]. Lvs. usually ovate:
fls. bright red or yellow, to 2 in. long, perianth-segms. ob-
lanceolate, acute, not crisped. Trop. Afr.
GLORY-BOWER: Clerodendrum. -Bush: Tibouchina.
-Flower: Eccremocarpus. -of-the-Snow: Chionodoxa.
GLOSSOCOMIA: Codonopsis clematidea.
GLOTTIPHtLLUM. Aizoacese. Stemlessvery
succulent perennials, separated from Mesem-
bryanthemum: Ivs. many, tongue-shaped to
nearly cylindrical: fls. solitary, sessile or short-
stalked, large, yellow; stigmas 7-10. S. Afr.
bigibberatum: G. semicylindncum.
compr&ssum. Lvs. erect, of unequal size, to 4 in. long
and % in. wide, compressed at apex: petals to 2 in. long.
depr6ssum (Af. depressum). Lvs. pressed to ground, to
3 in. long and 54 in. wide, apex incurved : fls. to 3 \^ in. across.
Haagei. Lvs. of unequal size, to 4 in. long and % in.
wide at base, grayish -green: fls. golden-yellow, paler at
base, shining, to 4 in. across.
latum (Af. latum). Lvs. of unequal size, to 3^ in. long
and 1 in. wide, incurved: fls. 2 in. across. Var, cultratum
(M. lucidum) has longer-stalked fls. and Ivs. not incurved.
linguifdrme (Af. linguiforme) . Lvs. tongue-shaped,
recurved, to 2^ m. long and 1 1A in. wide, upper edge very
acute and cartilaginous: fls. to 2^ in. across.
16ngum (Af. longum. M. pustulatum). Lvs. tongue-
shaped, erect, to 4 in. long and % in. wide, often pustulate
or blistered at base: fls. to 3 in. across, long-stalked.
Nellii. Lvs. to 3 in. long, 19£ in. wide and H in- thick,
square to oblong, chalky-green or tinged purple: fls. 2 in.
across.
parvifdllum. Lvs. ascending or erect, usually of unequal
size, to 1H in. long and % in. thick, glaucous: petals 1 in.
long.
propinquum. Lvs. tongue-shaped, to 3 in. long, % in.
wide and K in. thick, pale: fls. 2 in. across.
semicylfndricum (Af. bigibberatum. M. bidentatum).
Sts. prostrate: Ivs. half -cylindrical, to 4 in. long and ^ in.
wide, with 2 teeth on each side: fls. 1^ in. across.
GLOU-GLOU: Acrocomia aculeata.
GLOXINIA: Sinningia.
Glume
332
Godetia
GLUME: a small chaff-like bract; in particular, one of
the two empty bracts at the base of the grass spikelet.
GLYCfeRIA (P articular ia). MANNA-GRASS.
Craminese. Mostly tall per. grasses with flat
Ivs. and spikclets borne in terminal panicles;
native in wet places in Eu., Asia and N. Arner.
They are coarse meadow grasses of moist lands,
and sometimes planted for ornament in wettish
places. See Grasses.
aqu&tica: Catabrosa aquatica.
grandis. HEED MEADOW-GRASS. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft.
long and % in- wide, rough above: panicles 1 ft. or more
long, the spikelets usually purple. N. Arner.
spectabilis: Catabrosa aqufitica.
GLYClNE. Leguminosap. Herbs twining or
erect, with pinnate Ivs., papilionaceous not showy
fls. in axillary racemes, and narrow long pods
which are constricted between the seeds; native
in Old World tropics.
One species is grown as a forage and cover-crop, green-
manuro, and the seeds sometimes for human food. Seeds
should be sown in drills IX -20 inches apart in rows 2J^-3
feet apart after danger of froat is over.
Apios: Apios amcricana.
floribunda: Wisteria floribunda.
hfspida: G. Max.
Mfix (G. Soja. G. hispida. Soja Max). SOYBEAN. Hairy
ann. to 6 ft., erect: Ivs of 3 ovate Ifts.: fls white or purple,
not conspicuous: pods to 3 in long, brown and hairy,
hanging. China, Japan — Much grown.
sin£nsis: Wisteria sinensis.
S6ja: G. Max.
GLYC<5SMIS. Rutaccse. Small spineless ever-
green trees or shrubs, one of them a good orna-
mental under glass and in the open in Fla. : Ivs.
pinnate: fls. small, white and fragrant, in panicles;
stamens 10: fr. berry-like. G. pentaph^lla (G.
cochinchincnsis) j India, Malaya and Philippines,
is a bush: Ifts. mostly 5-^7 but sometimes only 1,
long lance-oblong, to 6 in. long: fr. about ]^ in.
diam., pinkish and translucent, with lor 2 seeds.
GLYCYRRHlZA. Lccjuminosv. Per. herbs or
subshrubs with pinnate Ivs., papilionaceous fls.
in axillary racemes or spikes, and short flattened
pods; G. glabra is grown for economic purposes,
the roots furnishing licorice.
Licorice should be grown in rich moist soil. Propagated
by division of the roots as well as by seeds.
glabra. LICORICE, LIQUOHICK. To 3 ft.: Ifts. elliptical
to oblong, obtuse: fls. pnlo blue, small: pod glabrous or
nearly so Medit. region and Cent. Eu.
lepiddta. Wn D LICORICE. To f> ft.: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate,
mucronate, to 2 in. long: fls. yellow, to \^ in. long: pod
densely covered with hooked prickles. B. C. to Mo. and
Ark.
GLYPTOSTROBUS. Taxodiacex. One small
Chinese tree differing from the genus Taxodium
chiefly in the elongated rather than peltate
cone-scales. G. pensilis (G. xitiensis. G. hctero-
phylla). Lvs. deciduous, linear and 3-ranked or
imoricated and scale-like on the fruiting branches :
cones ovoid, J£ in. long. Planted in warmer
parts of U. S.
GMELlNA. Verbcnaccse. Trees and shrubs of
Asia and Australia, sometimes planted on our
southern borders: Ivs. opposite: fls. yellow or
brownish, irregular, 2-lipped, in panicled cymes
or racemes: fr. a fleshy arupe.
arbdrea. Deciduous tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate,
to 9 in. long, entire, pubescent beneath: panicles to 1 ft.
long: fr. % in. long. India, Malaya.
GNAPHALIUM. Composite. Woolly herbs
of wide distribution, having alternate Ivs. and
heads of small obscure disk-fls.; pappus of
bristles; somewhat on the order of everlastings.
Sometimes planted for ornament.
decurrens. Ann. or bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in.
long, decurrent on st., white-woolly beneath: heads }£ in-
long, in corymbose clusters of 2-6, bracts of involucre
yellowish- white or brownish. N. Amer.
f detidum: Hehchrysum fatidum.
lanatum: Ilehchrysum petwlatum.
Leontop&dium: Leontopodium alpinum.
palustre. Ann , low-spreading, to 8 in., loosely woolly:
Ivs. broadly Hpatulate to oblong, to % in. long: heads
leafy-bracted, bracts of involucre brownish with white tips.
Neb. to New Mex , B. C. and Calif.
sylv&ticum. Per to 1 ^ ft.: Ivs. linear, to 2 in long: heads
\£ in. long, in spikes, bracts of involucre yellowish with
brown spot toward tip. Ku , N. Asia, N. E. N. Amer.
GNETACEJE. GNETUM FAMILY. Three widely
distributed genera, of which only Ephedra is
occasionally cult., although this genus has re-
cently been segregated in a separate family,
EphedracezB. It includes the remarkable Wel-
witschia (or Tumboa) of S. W. trop. Afr. The
family is one of the gymnosnerms (with the
conifers). Trees or shrubs with large or scale-
like Ivs., unisexual fls., and fleshy or winged frs.
The plants have little ornamental value.
GOAT-NUT: Simmondsia cahjormca.
GOATS-BEARD: Aruncus, Tragopogon.
GOATS-RUE: Galega officinalis.
GOBO: Arctium Lappa.
GODliTIA. Onagraccse. Ann. flower-garden
herbs related to (Enothera, commonly erect, with
narrow alternate Ivs., showy bright red, lilac,
purple or white diurnal fls. in leafy racemes or
spikes, and capsular frs.
Godetias should have light soil and sunny exposure.
Propagated by seeds sown where wanted or under glass
for transplanting.
amcena. FAREWELL-TO-SPRINO. Slender to 3 ft., mostly
an open grower, with scattered fls : Ivs linear to lanceolate,
to 2 in. long: fls. lilac-crimson or red-pink varying to white,
to 2 in. across, often double: cap.s 1J^ in or more long,
slender. Calif, to B. C. Var. Lindleyi nas a large spot in
center of petals.
azaleafldra is a double-fid, bright carmine form of G.
grandi flora.
Bdttiae. Slender, to 3 ft : Ivs. linear to lanceolate, to 2U
in. long: fls. pink or light crimson, to 2 in. across. S. Calif.
carmine a: probably G. grandiflora var.
densifldra: Boisduvalia densi flora.
Goddardii. To nearly 25^ ft.: Ivs. obovate to linear, to
IJ/ij in. long: fls. pink- to purple-crimson, with or without
dark "eye," in short dense spikes: caps, sessile, terete, to
% in. long, Calif.
grandifldra ((Enothera Whitneyi). Stout, to 1 ft., com-
pact and very leafy: Ivs. oblong, to 1^ in long: fls ag-
gregated, rose-red varying to white, with darker blotch in
center of petals, to 5 in across: caps, sessile, less than 1 in.
long Calif. Var. carminea is a carmine-red form. — Known
in several dwarf or condensed cult, forms.
l£pida. Rather tall, erect, branched, the st. flattened
above: Ivs. oblong- to ovate-lanceolate: fls. rather close
together near ends of branches, about 1 % in across, petals
pale purplish with darker spot in middle at end: caps, short
and thiclc, gray-hairy. Calif. — Little known in cult.
lilacina: hort. name.
Lindleyi: G. amaena var.
parvifldra. Branching from base, the sts. a few in. to
2 ft. or more long: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate to linear, to 1 in.
long: fls. rose-red, to % in. long. Calif.
quadrivulnera. Simple or branched, to 18 in.: Ivs. ob-
ovate or oblong, the upper ones much narrower: fls. scat-
tered or separated, lilac or pale crimson with darker spot
near apex of more or less dentate petals, about % in. across:
caps, sessile, 4-sided, $4-1 in. long. Calif, to Columbia
Riv.er — Little seen in cult.
rdsea: hort. name.
rubicunda is a lilac-crimson color form of G. amaena.
Schwaminii is a more or less double-fid . pink form of
Q. amcena.
Godetia
333
Goodyera
viminea. Strict, short-branched, to 3 ft., sts. whitish:
Ivs. linear to lanceolate, entire: fls. purple or crimson with
dark center, petals to 1 in. long. Calif., Ore.
Whitneyi: G. grandi flora.
GOLDfiACHIA. Cruciferse. One species,
G. laevigata, from Persia and Asia Minor. Erect
ann. to nearly 4 ft., glabrous, glaucous: Ivs.
obovate to ovate-oblong, entire or nearly so:
fls. violet, small, in elongate racemes: silique
4-sided, usually 2-3-celled with conspicuous
constrictions between each. — Allied to Raphanus
but differing in shape and nature of the silique
or pod.
GOLD-DUST: Alyssum saxatile. -Tree: Aucuba japon-
ica var. wriegata.
GOLDEN-BELLS: Emmenanthe penduhflora, Forsythia.
-Chain: iMbuinumanagyroides. -Club: Orontiumaqiuiticum.
-Cup: Hunnetnanma fumanxfoha. -Eardrops: Dicentra
chrysantha. -Eggs: (Enothera ovata. -Fleece: Thymophylla
tenuiloba. -Glow: Rudbeckia laciniata var. hortensia.
-Shower: Cassia fistula. -Star: Chrysogonum mrginianum.
-Stars: Bloomeria crocea. -Top: Lamarckia aurea. -Tuft:
Alyssum saxatile. -Wave: Coreopsis Drummondii.
GOLDENRAIN-TREE: Kcelreuleria paniculate.
GOLDENROD: Solidago.
GOLDENSEAL: Hydrastis canadensis.
GOLDFIELDS: Baeria.
GOLD-FLOWER: Hypericurn Moserianum.
GOLDILOCKS: Linosyris vulgaris.
GOLDTHREAD: Coptis.
GOMfiSA. Orchidacex. Brazilian epiphytes
with 1-3-1 vd. pseudobulbs and yellow or yellow-
ish-green fls. in pendulous axillary racemes be-
neath the pseudobulb, the dorsal sepal and petals
similar, the lip shorter than the sepals. They
grow best in the temperate house; see Orchids.
planifdlia. Pseudobulbs to about 3 in. high: racemes
many-fld , to 10 in. long, fragrant; lateral sepals partially
united, the lip with 2 crests. Aug., Oct.-Feb.
GOMPHOCARPUS. Asclepiadacex. Per.
herbs or subshrubs differing from Asclepias in
the hoods without crests or appendages; one
species grown out-of-doors in Calif.
t6xtilis. To 3 ft.: Ivs. opposite, linear-lanceolate, about
3 in long: fls white with violet-lobed crown: fr. bladdery,
pale green with bristly huirs, to 4 in. long. Habitat un-
known.
GOMPHOLOBIUM. Leguminosx. Austra-
lian shrubs with simple or compound Ivs., yellow
or red papilionaceous fls., and ovoid or globular
inflated pods; one species may be planted in
S. Calif.
latifdlium. Large glabrous shrub: Ivs. digitate, of 3
linear or linear-lanceolate Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls. yellow, 1 in.
or more across, in loose racemes, the keel densely fringed.
GOMPHRfiNA. Amaranthacex. Erect or
prostrate per. and ann. herbs, G. globosa grown
as an "everlasting," having clover-like, white,
red or violet heads; useful for bedding, for cut-
fls. and for winter decoration. For cult, see
Everlastings; grown readily from seeds.
aurea: G. globosa var.
decumbens. Ann., prostrate or decumbent, the much-
branched sts. to 2 ft. long: Ivs. oblong or oval, to 3 in. long:
heads subtended by 2 bracts, white, ?^ in. or less across.
Tex., Mex. to S. Amer.
globdsa. GLOBE AMARANTH. Ann., erect, branching,
somewhat stiff, to 1^ ft.: Ivs. oblong to elliptic, to 4 in.
long, ciliate on edge: heads subtended by 2 leafy bracts,
purple, orange, rose, white, variegated, about 1 in. across,
not as papery as moat everlastings. Old World tropics.
Color forms include alba, aurea, carnea, rdsea, rubra. Var.
nana is listed as growing to 8 in. and of compact habit.
Haageana. Per. to 2% ft. but grown as ann.: Ivs. ob-
lanceolate to oblong-linear, to 4 in. long: heads subtended
by 2 bracts, light red with yellow florets, 1 in. across. Tex.,
Mex.
nana: G. globosa var.
nftida. Ann. to 2}$ ft, usually erect: Ivs. obovate to
oval, to 2^ in. long: heads subtended by 2 Ivs., bracts
white, 3^ in. across. Anz. to Mex.
GONGORA. Orchidacex. Trop. American
epiphytes having pseudobulbs which bear
usually 2 plaited upright-spreading Ivs. and
a pendulous raceme from near the base, the fls.
with the dorsal sepal arid the small petals
attached to the column, the lateral sepals
spreading and the lip with a pair of erect and
variously horned or bristle-bearing side lobes
and more or less compressed mid-lobe. Grown
in the temperate greenhouse; for cult, see Orchids.
armeniaca. Pseudobulbs ovoid, to 2J4 »l long: Ivs.
lanceolate-elliptic: scapes drooping, to about 20-fld.; sepals
apricot-colored or salmon with reddish-purple spots, re-
flexed; petals very small; hp inflated, yellow and fleshy,
fragrant. Cent. Amer.
atropurpurea. Pseudobulbs 2-4 in. long, grooved: Ivs.
2: racemes pendulous, many-fld.; fls. l^i-2 in. across, dark
purplish-brown, fragrant. Venezuela, Trinidad, British
Guiana.
Charlesworthii. Scape arching, to 1W ft. long, 16-20-
fld.; fls nearly white, sepals barred with light brownish-
purple. Hab.?
galeata (Acropera Loddigesii). Pseudobulba about
1 % in. long: Ivs. to 1 ft. long And 1 % in. wide: fls. brownish-
yellow or wine-colored, on arching pedicels, in racemes to
8 in. long. June-Sept. Mex.
maculata: G. quinquenervis.
quinquene'rvis (G. maculata). Pseud obulbs ovoid-oblong,
2-1 vd., furrowed: Ivs. oval to elliptic-lanceolate: fls. yellow
spotted with dark red, in loose racemes to over 2 ft. long.
Jan. -Sept., Nov.-Dec. Trop. Amer.
Scaphe'phorus. Pseudobulbs ovoid: scape arching, up
to 32-nd., to nearly 2 ft. long; sepals and petals reddish-
brown or yellowish- white spotteu with dark purple; lip
yellow and rose. Peru.
speci&sa: Coryanthes speciosa.
GONIOLIMON: Limonium.
GONIOPHLEBIUM: Polypodium subauriculatum.
GON6LOBUS. Asdepiadaccae. Mostly trop.
herbaceous or woody plants of Amer., chiefly
trailing or climbing: Ivs. opposite, mostly heart-
shaped: fls. in clusters or umbel-like cyrnes,
usually dark colored, corolla rotate or cam-
panulate, 5-lobed, anthers short, stigma flat-
topped.
gonoc&rpos (G. Isevis). Sta. high-climbing: Ivs. broadly
ovate, 4-8 in. long, acuminate, basal auricles overlapping,
petioled: fls brownish-purple, conical in bud, few, in cymes.
Va. to Ala. and Tex.
leevis: G. gonocarpos.
GOOBER: Arachia hypogxa.
GOODENlACE^). GOODENIA FAMILY. Herbs,
subshrubs or rarely shrubs of 12 genera mostly
in Australia, characterized by bisexual fls. with
very small calyx. 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens,
inferior or partially superior 1-2-celled ovary,
and fr. a caps., drupe or nut. Brunoriia and
Leschenaultia may be planted.
GO6DIA. Leguminosae. Australian shrubs
with compound Ivs. of 3 entire Ifts., papilio-
naceous fls. in racemes, and flat pods; one species
is grown in S. Calif, for ornament.
lotifdlia. Tall, much branched: Ifts. ovate, to H in.
long: fls. yellow, the standard purple at base, in racemes to
4 in. long: pods to 1 in. long.
GOOD KING HENRY: Chenopodium Bonus- Henricua.
GOODYfeRA (Peramium). Orchidaceae. Ter-
restrial herbs with creeping rhizomes and Ivs.
(clustered near the base) commonly variegated;
Goodyera
334
Gourliea
fls. in terminal spikes with dorsal sepal and petals
connivent into a helmet and lip entire, saccate.
Grown in shady places out-of-doors; see Orchids.
Dawsoniana: Hxmaria discolor var.
decipiens (G. Menziesii. Epipactis decipiens). To 17 in.
tall1 Ivs. to 4 in long, dark green veined centrally with
white: fls. white, in dense spikes. Summer. N. Amer.
Menziesii: G. deciptens.
pubescens (Epirtactis pubescens). DOWNY RATTLE-
SNAKE PLANTAIN. To 10 in. high: Ivs. to 3 in. long, dark
§reen with white reticulations: fls. white, in dense cylin-
rical spikes. Summer. E. N. Amer.
re pens (Epiptictis re pens). LESSER RATTLESNAKE
PLANTAIN. To 12 in. tall: Ivs to about 1% in. long, dark
green, self-colored or with indistinct white veins: fls. white,
in one-sided spikes. July-Aug. N. Eu.f N. Asia, Japan,
N. N. Amer. Var. ophioldes with distinctly white-veined
Ivs. is the more common American representative. Newf.
to N. C., west to Alaska and Minn.
tesselata (Epipactis tesselata). LODDIQES RATTLE-
SNAKE PLANTAIN. To about 14 in. tall: Ivs. to 2^ in. long,
dark green veined with lighter green: fls whitish, in loosely
subsecund or spiral spikes. July-Sept. E. N. Amer.
GOORA NUT: Cola acuminata.
GOOSEBERRY: Ribes; see Currant. Barbados-: Pere-
skia aculeata. Cape-: Physahs perumana and pruwosa.
Ceylon-: Dovynlis hebecarpa. Hill-: Rhodomyrtus tomen-
tosa. Otaheite-: Phyllanthus acidus. -Tree: Phyllanthus
acidus.
GOOSEFOOT: Chenopodium.
GORDdNIA. Theacex ( Ternstrcemiacex) .
Trees or shrubs in warm Asia and 2 in the U. S.,
with alternate simple Ivs., showy white fls.
solitary in the axils, and capsular frs.; the
American species below are hardy in the south-
ern states and succeed in moist peaty or sandy
soil. Propagated by seeds, layers or greenwood
cuttings under glass.
alatamaha (Franklinia alatamaha. G. pubescens). The
specific name is commonly but not originally spelled
altamaha Tree to 20 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 6 in. long, bright
green and shining above, pale beneath, turning scarlet in
autumn: fls. 3 in. across, very short-stemmed. Ga., but
now known only in cult.; hardy to Mass.; blooms in autumn.
— The name Franklinia is now preferred by some authors.
an6mala: G. axillaris.
axillaris (<7. anomala). Large evergreen shrub: Ivs. to
0 in. long, dark green above: fls. to 3 in. across, nearly
sessile. S. China.
Lasianthus. LOBLOLLY BAY. To GO ft., evergreen: Ivs.
to 6 in. long, dark green and shining above: fls. 2^ in. across,
long-stemmed. Va. to Fla. and La.
pubescens: G. alatamaha.
GORMANIA: Sedum.
GORSE: Ulex.
GOSStPIUM. COTTON. Malvacex. Many
trop. shrubs, or woody herbs, sometimes tree-
form, of eastern and western hemispheres, with
alternate Ivs. which are palmately lobed or
ribbed, large white, yellow or purplish fls. in
an involucel of bracts, and capsular frs. or "bolls"
whose seeds bear fleece or lint furnishing the
cotton of commerce, and sometimes with an
additional fuzz or wool. The different species
and races are supposed to be extensively hv-
bridized, and the botany of the genus is difficult.
The origin of the cult, cottons is not well under-
stood. I
Cotton is grown as an annual field crop in the southern
United States. It requires a long season and plenty of
moisture throughout the growing period, and dry weather
for harvesting. About 1 bushel of seed is customary to
plant an acre. The rows should be 3-4 feet apart and the
plants in the row 1-2 feet apart. It is rarely grown as an
ornamental plant, and it usually does not thrive in economic
collections under glass; it is strictly not a horticultural
subject and is not further discussed in this Hortus.
arbdreum. TREE C. of INDIA. To 10 ft., with trailing
branches: Ivs. 3-7-lobed K or more their depth: fls. purple-
red, the bracts of involucel united at base: seeds with per-
sistent fuzz. Old World.
barbadense. SEA-ISLAND or TREE C. To 8 ft.: Ivs.
3-5-lobed half or more their depth: fls. yellow tinged purple,
bracts of involucel nearly or quite distinct: seeds without
persistent fuzz, bearing a long staple. Trop. Amer.
brasili£nse. Closely resembling (7. barbadenae but with
larger Ivs. and fls.: Ivs. glabrous, cordate, lobes 5 and
acumLaate and the middle one longest. Trop. Amer.
herbaceurn. LEVANT C. Ann. herb: Ivs. 6-7-1 obed less
than half their depth: fls. yellow with purple center, bracts
of involucel joined at base, seeds with persistent gray fuzz.
Arabia, Asia Minor.
hirsutum. UPIAND C. Ann. or mostly so, to 5 ft.: Ivs.
3-lobed about half their depth: fls. white or light yellow,
becoming pink or purple, the involucel bracts not united:
seeds with persistent greenish fuzz. Trop. Amer ; probably
the principal source of American upland cottons. Var.
religidsum is of trailing or climbing habit, with pubescent
Ivs. and rust-colored fuzz.
indicum. CHINESE or INDIAN C. Small ann. or per.:
Ivs. 3-lobed to about half their depth: fls. yellow, in-
volucel bracts united at base: seeds with persistent reddish
fuzz. E. Asia.
mexicanum. MEXICAN C. Shrubby: Ivs. 3-5-lobed to
about H their depth: fls. pale yellow or white tinged pink,
bracts of involucel not joined: seeds with persistent gray
fuzz. Mex.
obtusifdlium. CEYLON or ORIENTAL C. Shrub: lys.
3-5-lobed to less than half their depth: fls. yellow with
purple center, involucel bracts united: seeds with pubescent
gray or reddish fuzz. Ceylon.
peruvianum. PERUVIAN C. Lvs. divided ^2 °r % their
depth: fls. yellow, involuocl bracts distinct; seeds with
persistent gray, rusty or greenish fuzz. Cent, and S. Amer.
punctatum. JAMAICA C. Woody: Ivs. divided H their
depth: fls. yellow \vith brown center, involucel bracts dis-
tinct: seeds with persistent gray or rusty fuzz. Trop. Amer.,
Afr.
Sturtii. Medium-sized shrub: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 2 in.
long, entire, glaucous: fls. lavender with dark center, about
3 in. across. Australia.
vitifdliuxn. Closely resembling G. barbadense but the
Ivs. hairy beneath and fls. often thrice longer than involucel.
Trop. Amer.
GOURD. A general or indefinite name applied
to various fruits of cucurbits, plants allied to
the pumpkins, cucumbers and melons, usually to
those with hard and durable shells. The yellow-
flowered gourds of American gardens are Cu-
curbita Pepo var. ovifera; the white-flowered
gourds are Lagenaria siceraria. The snake or
serpent gourds are either Lagenaria siceraria or
Trichosanthes Anguina. White or wax gourd is
Benincasa hispida. Dishcloth gourds are Luff as,
mostly L. cylindrica. The mat6 gourd of Para-
guay, used as a utensil, is a small form of Lagen-
aria siceraria. Gooseberry gourd is Cucumis
Anguria, hedgehog gourd C. dipsaceus, and ivy
gourd Cocdnia cordifolia. Calabash gourds are
Lagenaria siceraria, but the calabash itself is
not a gourd but the fruit of a tropical tree,
Crescentia Cujete. Sometimes the word gourd is
applied in a general way to all the cultivated
species of Cucurbita. In North America the
word is employed for fruits grown as ornaments
or curiosities rather than for food.
All the gourds denoted above are annual plants
(or treated as such) of the simplest cultivation,
requiring the treatment accorded pumpkins,
cucumbers and melons. Seeds are commonly
sown where the plants are to stand, as soon as
the weather is warm and settled. If wanted
earlier, they may be started in pots or boxes,
but they do not transplant readily if the roots
are disturbed. All of them are frost tender.
The vines make good screens and covers if given
support. See Cucurbita, Pumpkin.
GOURLlfeA. Leguminosae. Probably only
one species, native of Chile. G. spindsa (G.
chilensis. G. decorticans and var. subtropicalis.
Lucuma spinosa). Small spiny tree to 12 ft.:
Gourliea
Ivs. of 3 pairs of small ovate Ifts.: fls. orange-
yellow streaked red, in short loose racemes:
fr. about 1 in. diam., brownish. In S. Calif.
GOUTWEED: JSgopodium Podagraria.
GOVERNORS-PLUM: Flacourtia indica.
GRAB6WSKIA. Solanacex. Spiny shrubs
with entire sometimes fleshy Ivs., small funnel-
shaped violet, pale blue or whitish fls. with
exserted stamens, and fr. a berry; native in
S. Amer., one grown in Calif, for ornament.
boerhaaviaefdlia (O. glauca). Lycium-like shrub with
graceful drooping habit, axillary spines % in. long: Ivs.
oval to oblong, to 1^ in. long, gray-green: fls. white or
pale blue, inconspicuous, in clusters or solitary: fr. to ^ in.
long. Peru.
glauca: G. boerhaavisefolia.
GRAFTAGE (French greffage) comprises the
general subject of propagating or growing plants
by means of a cutting or part taken from one
plant and inserted on another. The reasons for
the operation are chiefly two: to perpetuate a
variety, clon or variation (as Fameusc apple or
Caractacus rhododendron) that does not come
true from seed and is not readily raised from
cuttings; to propagate a species that docs not
produce seed in its adopted country and does
not grow acceptably from cuttings. It differs
from the making of cuttings in the fact that the
severed part, or cion, grows on another plant,
or stock, rather than in the soil; the particular
variety or species does not grow on its own root.
There are two general kinds of grafting,
differing in practice but not in principle, — one
of which inserts a piece of branch in the stock
(grafting proper), and one that employs only a
bud surrounded with adjacent bark with little
or no wood attached (budding). In both cases
the success of the operation depends on the
growing together of the cambium of the cion
and that of the stock. The cambium is the new
and growing tissue which lies underneath the
bark and on the outside of the wood. Therefore,
the line of demarcation between the bark and the
wood should coincide when the cion and stock
arc joined. The greater part of grafting and
budding is performed when the cion or bud is
nearly or quite dormant, that is, usually in
winter and early in spring, and budding may be
undertaken then, or late in summer when the
buds] have' nearly or quite matured but the
bark is still slipping.
When the parts are joined, the wounded or
exposed surfaces are securely covered with wax
or waxed cloth to prevent evaporation as well
as to hold the cions and surfaces securely in place.
A good wax for covering the exposed parts is
made as follows: Resin 4 parts by weight:
beeswax, 2 parts; tallow, 1 part or raw linseed oil
14 part. In making the wax, the materials are
first broken up and melted together. When thor-
oughly melted the liquid is poured into a pail
or tuo of cold water. It soon becomes hard
enough to handle, and it is then pulled and
worked over until it becomes tough or "gets a
grain, " '"at which stage it attains the color of
very light colored manila paper. When wax is
applied by hand, the hands must be well greased.
If much grafting is to be done a melted wax con-
sisting of 6 pounds resin, 1 pound beeswax and
1 pint raw linseed oil is an advantage because of
more rapid application. This wax is kept liquid
in a heater and applied with a brush. Water-
335 Graftage
soluble asphalt emulsion may be used instead of
wax and requires no heater.
As the prime object of grafting is to perpetuate
a kind 01 plant that does not reproduce itself
from seed or of which seed is very difficult to
obtain, cions or buds are therefore taken from
this plant and set into whatever kind of stock is
available on which they will grow. Thus, if one
wants to propagate the Fameuse apple, one
does not for that purpose sow seeds of it, but
takes cions or buds from a Fameuse tree and
grafts them into some other apple tree. The
stocks are usually obtained from seeds. In the
case of the apple, young plants
are raised from seeds obtained
mostly from cider mills, without
reference to the variety from
which they came. Toward the
end of the second growing sea-
son they are budded or grafted;
and thereafter they bear fruit
like that of the tree from which
the cions were taken. In this
example the cion and stock are
of the same species, Mains
sylvestris, but in other cases the
two may represent quite differ-
ent kinds of plants; and in that
case one must make sure that
the two parts are congenial the
one to the other. Thus, the
pear is made dwarf by graft-
ing it on the quince ; Magnolia
Soulangeana varieties may be
grown on M. acuminata;
spruces of different species
may be successfully grafted
• on the Norway spruce.
Grafting proper, as we have
seen, is the insertion of a small
branch (or cion), usually bear-
ing more than one bud. In
grafting on small stocks, it is
customary to employ the whip-
graft (Fig. 1). Both stock and
cion are cut across diagonally,
and a split made in each, so
that one fits into the other.
The graft is tied securely with
a band, and then, if it is above
ground, it is also carefully
waxed.
In larger limbs or stocks up to
about 3 inches in diameter out-
of-doors the usual method is
the cleft-jpift. This consists in cutting off the
stock, splitting it from the top for a short dis-
tance and inserting a wedge-shaped cion in one or
both sides of the split, taking care that the cam-
bium layer of the cion matches that of the stock.
The exposed surfaces are then securely covered
with wax. Grafting in the open is usually per-
formed early in the spring, just before the buds
swell. The cions should have been cut before
this time, when they were perfectly dormant.
Strong terminal growth or vigorous suckers make
the best cions. Cions may be stored in sand in
the cellar or in the ice house, or they may be
buried in the field. Cold storage at 32° F. is
satisfactory. The object is to keep them fresh
and dormant until they are wanted.
If it is desired to change the top of an old
plum, apple or pear tree to some other variety,
Fia. 1. Whip-graft.
At right, the stock
and cion ready to
be joined. Left, the
put together
Grqftage
336
Graftage
it is usually accomplished by means of the cleft-
graft (Fig. 2). On large limbs (2 inches in diam-
eter or larger) the inlay- or bark-graft is an
advantage because the
stubs of the stock do
not have to be split.
In this graft (Fig. 3)
two parallel slits are
made in the bark of
the stock, their width
apart just equal to
the diameter of the
cion. The bark is then
removed as shown in
the figure, A, and the
cion, A, cut with one
flat face, is fitted in
the slot and secured
with two small wire
nails. All cut sur-
faces are covered with
wax.
If the tree is very
young, budding or
whip-grafting may be
employed. On an old
top the cions should
begin to bear when
three or four years
old. All the main
limbs should be graft-
ed. It is important
to keep down the
suckers or water-
sprouts from around
the grafts, and part
of the remaining top
should be cut away*
each year until the
top is entirely changed
over (which will re-
sult in two or four
years).
For grafting small mostly pot-grown material
under glass the veneer-graft is commonly em-
ployed (Figs. 4, 5). The cion is cut to a slant at
the lower end and one face shaved or champered
to correspond with a matrix in the stock. The
two are bound together, with raffia or waxed
cord, and as the subjects
are usually kept close in
a frame to prevent drying
out. the work is not sealed
witn wax. Many woody
ornamental plants are
grafted in this fashion.
Budding consists in in-
serting a bud underneath
the bark of the stock^ and
the commonest practice is
that shown in the illustra-
tion. Budding is mostly
performed in July, Au-
gust and early Septem-
ber, when the bark is still
loose or will peel. Twigs
are cut from the tree
which it is desired to
FIG. 3."'lnlay- or bark- propagate, and the buds
graft. Left, cion out ready are cut OH With a sharp
for insertion. Right, stock knife, a shield-shaped bit
^t^lVcTrM ?f bark (with possibly a
ciont at A. httle wood) being left with
Fio. 2. Cleft-graft. Stock in
center, with one ciori set mid
another one to be set on the
right; at the left, to show how
the cion is shaped.
Fia. 4. Veneer-tfnift, or side-graft; method of making these
cuts is shown in the detail. — Norway 8?>ruce.
them (Fig. 6). The bud is then shoved into a slit
made in the stock, and it is hold in place by
tying with raffia or rubber ties. In two or three
weeks the bud will have "stuck" (that is, it will
FIG. 5. The cion of Fig. 4.—
About one-half natural size.
Graftage
337
Grape
have grown fast to the stock), and the tie is cut
to prevent its strangling the stock. Ordinarily
the bud does not grow until the following spring,
at which time the entire stock or branch in which
the bud is inserted is cut off an inch above the
Fro. 6. Budding. Left: the bark opened to receive the
bud; the bud; the bud inserted; tied.
bud; and the bud thereby receives all the energy
of tne stock. Budding is the commonest grafting
operation in nurseries. Seeds of peaches may be
sown in spring, and tho plants which result will
be ready for budding the same August. The
following spring, or a year from the planting of
the seed, the stock is cut off just above the bud
(which is inserted near the ground), and in the
fall of that year the tree is ready for sale; that is,
the top is one season old and the root is two
seasons old, but in the trade it is known as a
one-year-old tree. In apples and pears the stock
is usually two years olci before it is budded, and
the tree is not sold until the top has grown one or
two years. Budding may be performed also in
the spring, in which
case the bud grows
the same season.
Budding is usually
undertaken in young
branches or parts,
preferably in those
not more than one
year old.
Many other fash-
ions of preparing
the stock and cut-
ting the cion are
employed for par-
ticular plants and
to satisfy the prefer-
ence of the grafter.
The consultant in-
terested in the sub-
ject may consult
the Standard Cy-
clopedia of Horti-
culture and other
more detailed writ-
ings. Fio. 7. The inarch. Stock at
Inarching, some- left, as it will be headed back;
fiTYiAQ /»«11pri "<rraft Clon or inarch at right, which
times called grait- will be severed from ita own root
ing by approach, when union is complete.
is a special method when union between cion
and stock takes place slowly and with difficulty
and the cion must therefore be kept active until
the two are grown together. In this case the cion
is joined to the stock while it is still attached
to its parent plant, much as a layer is not severed
until roots are well established in the ground.
The parts may be joined by the tongue of
a whip-graft or by some other method (some-
times the attached surfaces
of cion and stock being only
cut away to young wood) arid
then tied together securely
and waxed. When union has
taken place, the cion is cut
back at the top and it is
severed from its own branch;
it is then permanently trans-
ferred to the stock. Fig. 7
illustrates the method.
Bridge -grafting is not a
method of propagation but
only a means of healing or
overcoming wounds. Oftcnest
it is employed when a tree is
girdled as by mice or by
winter injury. The wound is
trimmed away on either edge
to fresh clean bark and wood,
and long cions nailed in ex-
posed channels as detailed in
Fig. 8. This is essentially the
same as the inlay-graft ex-
cept that both ends of the
cion are inlay ed. The grafts
should be placed about 2
inches apart over the injured
areas. The work is then waxed
over to protect wound and
cions alike. Shoots should be
prevented from growing from the cions. In due
time the wound is bridged by the ring of cions,
and eventually should be completely covered by
a new solid growth of wood.
GRAHAMIA: Helenium aromaticum.
GRAM: Phnseolus aurenx and Mungo.
GRAMINEJE: see Grasses.
GRAMMATOPHtLLUM. Orchidacex. Epi-
phytes having pseudobulbs or thickened sts.,
thick strap-shaped Ivs., and showy fls. in loose
many-fid, racemes from the base, the sepals and
petals nearly equal, the lip smaller. lor cult,
see Orchids.
specidsum. Sts. stout, 0-10 ft. long, bearing above
numerous two-ranked elongate Ivs.: scapes to (i ft. high,
bearing as many as 100 fls.; fls. 3-(> in. across, yellow thickly
spotted with brown. Burma, Indo-China, Malaya, Phil-
ippines.
GRANADILLA: Passiflora.
GRAPE. Species of Vitis (which see) grown
for the berry-like edible or ornamental fruits.
The grape in some of its many species, hybrids
and races is grown over the greater part of North
America except the regions of extreme cold. Of
the native species, the Fox grape type (Vitis
Labrusca) is of greatest importance and with
its hybrids is the mainstay of grape growing east
of the Rocky Mountains, reaching its greatest
perfection in the fruit regions of the Hudson
Valley and in proximity to the Great Lakes. The
Old World grape ( V. vinifera) grows to advantage
only in the mild climate of the Pacific coast and
Fia. 8. Bridge-graft-
ing, in which the cions
are inlaid in slots cut
in the bark.
Grape
338
Grape
adjacent parts, particularly California where it
is grown very extensively, making up nearly
seven-eighths of the commercial grape crop of
the United States. The native Muscadine grape
(V. rotundifolia) is grown in the cotton-belt as a
home and local fruit but has little general
commercial importance. These groups comprise
three cultural classes. To these classes may be
added the growing of grapes under glass, for
which a separate discussion is required.
Soils of various kinds yield good grapes pro-
vided they are fairly deep and well drained.
Sandy or gravelly clay loams are most desired.
Usually better success results in soils not too
fertile, as the resulting over- vegetative condition
is likely to be non-fruitful and difficult to control.
Grapes are naturally drought-resistant.
Propagation of most of the eastern-grown
varieties of grapes is by stem-cuttings about
one foot in length, usually with 3 buds, made
from primings. These are taken in winter and
are stored in moist sand or sawdust to callus.
The cuttings are planted out in the nursery-row
in early spring, placing the top bud level with
the surface of tne ground ; they make marketable
vines at the end of the first or second season.
New and rare varieties are sometimes propagated
by single-eye hardwood cuttings in a frame or
under glass. Muscadine cuttings cannot be
rooted easily, so that propagation of this species
is mainly by stem-layers, a method adapted
also to the other species. Old World grapes must
be grafted on cuttings or young plants of native
American stocks, usually Vitis riparia and V.
rupestris, otherwise the vines are likely to be
destroyed by the grape root-louse (Phylloxera),
in regions where the pest has been introduced.
If the viniferas are grown on their own roots,
propagation is by means of cuttings of dormant
one-year-old canes.
Planting and distance vary with region and
variety. Either one-year or two-year-old rooted
cuttings may be planted, usually in early spring.
In the East rows are commonly 8-10 feet apart
with vines 8-10 feet apart in the rows which
should extend north and south except on steep
slopes where contour planting is desirable to
control erosion. On arbors and against buildings
a vine may occupy more space. Muscadine grapes
are planted 12 x 12 feet, or even 15 x 20 feet
with vigorous varieties on rich ground.
Tillage is a prime requisite. The most suc-
cessful cultural method is to plow or disk the
vineyard in late autumn or early spring and till
continuously throughout the growing season or
until the middle or last of July when a cover-crop
of oats, rape, buckwheat, millet, or a mixture of
some of them is sown. Home plantings may be
successful in sod provided the vines are mulched
with manure or straw to keep down the grass and
if they receive nitrate. Nitrate of soda at the
rate of 1 pound to the vine applied in early
spring helps to stimulate growth on poorer soils.
A complete fertilizer may also benefit the vines
indirectly by its effect on the cover-crop.
Pruning of the vine is essential to success in
grape-growing. To understand the pruning of
American vineyard grapes, the operator must
grasp this principle: Fruit is borne on shoots of
the present season, which arise from wood of the
previous season called a cane. To illustrate: A
growing shoot of 1940 makes buds. In 1941 a
shoot arises from each bud ; and near the base of
this shoot the grapes are borne (1 to 4 clusters on
each shoot). While every bud on the 1940 shoot
may produce shoots in 1941, only the strongest
of these new shoots bear fruit. The skilled
grape grower can tell by the looks of his cane
(as he prunes it in winter) which buds will give
rise to the best grape-producing wood the fol-
lowing season. The larger and stronger buds
usually give best results; but if the cane itself
is very big and stout, or if it is very weak and
slender, he does not expect good results from
any of its buds. A hard well-ripened cane the
diameter of a man's little finger is the best size.
Another principle to be mastered is this: A vine
with limited space in a vineyard should bear only a
limited number of clusters, — say 30 to 60.
A shoot bears clusters near its base; beyond
these clusters the shoot grows on into a long leafy
cane. An average of two clusters may be reck-
oned to a shoot. If the vine is strong enough to
bear 60 clusters, 30 good buds must be left at
the pruning (which is December to late February).
The essential operation of pruning a grape
vine, therefore, is each year to cut back a limited
number of good canes to a few buds, and to cut
off entirely all the remaining canes or wood of
the previous seasons growth. If a cane is cut
back to 2 or 3 buds, the stub-like part that re-
mains is called a spur. Present systems, how-
ever, cut each cane back to 8 to 12 buds (depending
on variety and vigor of vine), and 3 or 4 canes
are left.
The top of the vine does not grow bigger from
year to year, after it has once covered the trellis,
but is cut back to practically the same number of
buds each year. Since these buds are on new
wood, it is evident that they are each year
farther and farther removed from the head of
the vine. To obviate this difficulty, new canes
are chosen each year or two from near the head
of the vine, and the two-year or three-year-old
wood is cut away.
At planting the vine is cut back to 2 or 8 good
buds. The hole in which the plant is to be set
should be large enough to allow a full spreading
of the roots. Fine soil should be worked around
the roots and firmed with the feet. If the season
should be dry, a mulch of coarse litter may be
spread around the vine. If all the buds start, the
strongest one or two may be allowed to grow.
The canes arising from these buds should be
staked and allowed to grow through the season;
or in large plantations the first-year canes may
be allowed to lie on the ground. The second year
the weaker cane is removed and the stronger cut
back to 2 buds. The two shoots arising from these
may be grown to a single stake through the second
summer, or they may be spread on a trellis.
These are the canes which form the permanent
arms or trunk of the vine. From them start the
shoots which, in succeeding years, are to bear
the fruits. With vigorous varieties under good
cultural conditions a cane strong enough to form
the trunk may be grown the first season after
planting.
Training of the grape must be distinguished
from pruning, although one is dependent on
the other. A dozen systems of training may be
practiced on the same trellis and from the same
style of pruning, — for training is only the dis-
position or arrangement of the parts. On arbors,
it is best to carry one permanent arm or trunk
from each root over the framework to the peak.
Grape
339
Grape
Each year the canes are cut back to short spurs
(of 2 or 3 buds) along the sides of this trunk.
In the East grapes are grown mostly on two-
wire trellises; the lower wire is 23^ feet above the
ground and the second wire 2J^ feet higher.
The wires are attached to 7-8-foot posts at in-
tervals of every three vines. There are various
systems of training. In one of the best, known as
the four-cane Kniffin system, a single trunk is
brought to the top wire. From this trunk four
canes are chosen, two at the level of each wire,
one being tied along the wire in each direction
at each level. These four canes are renewed
every year, using the new canes that arise from
spurs near the trunk or from new canes arising
from the base of the cane itself. In this and in
other systems of trellis pruning it is aimed to
leave about 30 to 50 buds to the vine. On arbors
more buds are left as the vines have more room.
In pruning arbor vines about half or three-
quarters of the previous seasons growth is re-
moved, always leaving the more vigorous
wood.
The vinifera grapes require much the same
mode of pruning as the others except that in
field culture with some varieties they are usually
not trained on wires or even to posts. The old
trunk is kept short and stump-like, by con-
stant pruning forming a head of short branches
and spurs. The canes are cut back every year
nearly to this head. A mature head after four or
more years will bear 5 to 20 spurs, depending on
variety, vigor, distance of planting and other
factors.
In harvesting table grapes the mature clusters
are cut carefully from the vines with a knife or
shears and placed in shallow boxes or lugs which
are hauled to the packing-house. A large part of
the eastern crop is packed in climax baskets and
sold either in the local or general market. Grape-
juice factories take large quantities of grapes in
some districts, as do the wineries of central New
York and particularly California. Much of the
California crop is dried for raisins.
Yields vary greatly. In the East vines trained
on trellises may be expected to yield at the rate
of 10 to 20 pounds (25-60 bunches) of fruit to
the vine, or 1^-4 tons an acre depending on the
variety and the vigor of the vines. Individual
vines on arbors may yield more than this. Some
long-keeping varieties, as Catawba, can be held
in common storage at about 40° F. for three to
five months. At 30° F. an even longer storage
season is possible. In California the acre yields
are usually much greater than in the East.
Because of the great variation in hardiness,
ripening season, and resistance to disease the
planter, in choosing varieties, should be sure
that they are adapted to his particular region.
Many varieties are self-sterile so that two or
more should be planted near together. Varieties
are listed below in order of their ripening. Com-
mercial varieties are starred.
Short-season varieties for the East of more
than average hardiness: Moore Early, Winchell,
Champion, Fredonia, Portland, Ontario, Lucile.
Varieties adapted to fruit regions of New
England, New York and Michigan: Seneca,
Portland, Fredonia, Diamond, *Worden, *DeIa-
ware, *Concord, Herbert, *Niagara, Agawam,
Barry, *Catawba, Sheridan.
Varieties requiring a long season to be grown
onlv in regions south of New York: lona. Mis-
souri Reisling, Sheridan, Catawba, Golden
Muscat, Jefferson, Goethe.
Varieties recommended for Florida: Csaba,
Brilliant, II. W. Munson, Ives, *Carman, *Ellen
Scott, Armalaga, Fern, Herbemont.
Muscadine varieties for planting in the South:
Eden, Scuppernong, Thomas, Flowers, James,
Mish.
Varieties of bunch grapes successful in the
southern states: Moore Early, Winchell, Dia-
mond, Brighton, Delaware, Ives, Carman,
Catawba, Jefferson, Herbemont.
Vinifera varieties grown as table grapes on
the Pacific Coasts: Mission, Muscat of Alexandria,
Malaga, Thompson's Seedless, Flame Tokay,
Purple Cornichon, Emperor.
Varieties of good keeping quality: Seneca,
Vergennes, Catawba, Mills, Herbert, Barry,
Agawam, Keuka, Canandaigua, Dutchess, Lind-
ley.
In many parts of the East, grapes yield suffi-
cient fruit for home use without spraying of any
kind. Under some conditions the diseases black-
rot and downy-mildew may largely destroy
fruit and foliage. Control of ooth is possible by
thorough spraying with bordeaux mixture, 4
pounds copper sultatc, 4 pounds slaked lime, 50
gallons water. This should be applied just before
the plants arc in bloom arid several times later
at two- to three-week intervals. The grape root-
worm is often a destructive pest. Spraying the
foliage with powdered lead arscnate 3 pounds to
50 gallons water, when the injury is first seen on
the leaves, will help control the insect.
Under glass, or in "the grapery/' various kinds
of Vitis vinifera may be grown successfully either
with heat or without it. With careful choice of
varieties and the protection that may be given
both vine and fruit, and the skill that is likely
to be applied by the gardener in such circum-
stances, superior grapes for the table may be
Eroduced; it is an old and accepted method in
orticultural annals, although it has fallen
into relative disuse.
The grapery may be a glass lean-to against
a building or wall, or a separate independent
structure. The method of growing is the same in
either case. The vines are set about 4 feet asunder
in a single row or line in the space between the
central walk and the side of the structure. The
roots are supposed to feed both inside and out-
side the house, openings being left in the founda-
tion to allow them to reach the outer border.
A good deeply prepared outside border several
feet wide is required, and it has been customary
to underlay this with a sloping cement, brick or
rubble bottom to insure quick drainage of sur-
face water; much of course depends on the par-
ticular place and climate. Weeds and bushes
should not be allowed to grow on the border.
One strong cane is trained up under the glass
roof but hanging some 18 inches below it. This
vine is pruned to spurs. The number of clusters
is controlled by pruning to reduce the number of
buds or by thinning in which unwanted fruit-
clusters are removed soon after the berries have
set. If the grapery is heated, clusters may be
left to ripen on the vines till November and
December. Usually the vines are laid down and
covered for the winter, the heat being discon-
tinued. The leading variety for growing under
glass is Black Hamburg, particularly for the *
cold grapery. Alexandria, Barbarossa, Chasselas
Grape
340
Grasses
Musque, Gros Coleman, Muscat Hamburg, are
among those more particularly adapted to the
warm grapery or long-ripening season.
GRAPEFRUIT: Citrus paradisi; see Citrus Fruits
(page 183).
GRAPE, OREGON-: Mahonia nervosa. Sea-: Coccolobis
uvifera. Tail-: Artabotrys.
GRAPTOP^TALUM. Crassulacese. Segregate
from the American species formerly included in
Cotyledon, native in Ariz, and Mex., distin-
guished particularly by rotate corolla with
petals united at base and illustrated with dots
or transverse bands: sternlcss or nearly so, with
thick Ivs. forming a small rosette as in Echeveria.
Eight species are known.
ameth^stinum (Echeveria amethystina. Paclypytum ame-
thystinum). Short-stemmed, to 4 in. high, with rosette of
very thick flattened Ivs., ohlanceolate and obtuse, \}4 in.
long, }£ in. wide: mfl. few-fld.; petals pale greenish-yellow
marked with red. Mex.
dVpetii. Rosettes to about 3 in. diam., Ivs. relatively
thin, acuminate and cuspidate, glabrous: fl.-sts. about 3 in.
tall; fls. about }% in. across, yellow marked with red. Ariz.
paraguay6nse (Cotyledon parayuayensis. G , Echeveria,
Byrnesiri, Sedum Weinbergii). Per with rosette of thick
broad Ivs. obtusely keeled beneath, glaucous, to nearly
2 in. long, either basal or borne on a st. to 7 in. long: fls.
white spotted with red, in cymes from axils of upper Ivs.
seldom produced. Mex. — Of easy cult, from plantings of Ivs.
Weinbergii: G. Paraguay en se.
GRAPTOPHtLLUM. Acanthacex. Shrubs
with opposite often colored Ivs. and red or purple
tubular 2-lipped fls. in short cymes or panicles;
native in Australia and Polynesia. One is grown
in the greenhouse and is now a common shrub
in trop. Arner. Propagated by cuttings.
hort£nse: G. pictum.
pictum (G. hortense). To 8 ft.: lya. oval, to 6 in. long,
entire, purplish or green marked with yellow: fls. purple
or crimson, l^ in. long, stamens exserted. New Guinea.
GRASS: see Grasses. Aleppo-: Sorghum halepense. Barn-
yard-: Echinochloa Crus-galh. Basket-: Oplismenus com-
pobitus. Beach-: Ammophila. Beard-: Andropoyon, Poly"
po{jon. Bent-: Agrostm. Bermuda-: Cynodon Dactylon.
Billion-Dollar-: Echinochloa Crus-galli var. frumentacea.
Blue-: Poa. Blue-eyed-: Sisyrinchium. Bottle-brush-: Hys~
inx patula. Brome-: Bromus. Brook-: Catabrosa aquattca.
Canary-: Phalaris. Carpet-: Axonopus compressus. Centi-
pede-: Eremochloa ophiuroides. Citronella-: Cymbopogon
Nardus. Cloud-: Agrostis nebulosa. Colorado-: Pamcum
texanum. Cotton-: Enophorum. Crab-: Digitaria sanyuin-
aJis. Dog-: Agropyron. Dune-: Elymus arenanus. Eel-:
Valhsneria. Esparto-: Stipa tenacissima. Feather-: Stipa.
Finger-: Chloris. Fish-: Cabomba carohniana. Fountain-:
Pennisetum Ruppelu. Guinea-: Panicum maximum. Hair-:
Agrostis hiemalis, Deschampsia. Hares-tail-: Lagurus ova-
tus. Herds-: Phleum pratense. Hungarian-: Setaria italica
var. nigrofructa. Johnson-: Sorghum halepense. June-:
Poa piatensis. Lawn-, Korean: Zoysia japonica. Lemon-:
Cymbopogon cttratua Lyme-: Elymus. Manila-: Zoysia
Maticlla. Manna-: Glyceria. Mascarene-: Zoysia tenui-
folia. Meadow-: Poo. Meadow-, Reed: Glyceria grandis.
Means-: Sorghum halepense. Melic-: Melica. Napier-:
Penmsetum purpureum. Natal-: Tncholsena rosea. Oat-,
Tall: Arrhenatherum elatius. -of-Parnassus: Parnassia.
Orange-: Hypericum gentianoides. Orchard-: Dactylis glom-
erata. Palm-: Setaria palmifolia. Pampas-: Cortaderia.
Para-: Pamcum purpurascens. Pepper-: Lepidium. Plume-:
Erianthus. Quack-: Agropyron. Quake-: Bromus brizsefor-
mis. Quaking-: Briza. Rabbit-tail-: Lagurus ovatus. Ra-
venna-: Erianthus Rayennx. Reed-: Phragmites maxima.
Rescue-: Bromus unioloides. Rhodes-: CMona Gayana.
Ribbon-: Phalaris arundinacea var. picta. Rice-: Oryzopsis.
Ruby-: Tncholxna rosea. Rye-: Lolium. St-Augustme-:
Stenotaphrum secundatum. Scurvy-: Cochlearia. Silk-:
Agrostis hiemahs. Spear-: Poa alpina, Stipa. Spike-: Des-
mazeria atcii/a, Leptochloa fasciculans. Squirrel-tail-:
Ilordeum jubatum. Star-: <AJefrts, Hypoxis. Sudan-: Sor-
ghum vulgare var. sudanense. Switch-: Panicum virgatum.
Tape-: Valhsneria. Tunis-: Sorghum virgatum. Uva-: Gy-
nerium sagittatum. Velvet-: Holcua lanatus. Vernal-,
Sweet: A nthoxanthum odoratum. Wheat-: Agropyron. Whit-
low-: Draba verna. Winter-, Peruvian: Phalans tuberosa
• var. stenoptera. Wire-: Eleusine indica, Poa compressa.
Witch-: Panicum capillare. Yellow-eyed-: Xyris. Zebra-:
Miscanthus smensit var. zebrinus.
GRASSES. Graminess. Horticultural grasses
are the kinds grown for ornament and interest
in distinction from the pasture and meadow
grasses, the forage or fodder kinds, and the
cereal grains. Two general purposes are served
by the ornamental grasses, — the flower-garden
interest, and the lawn-planting interest.
The grasses that find place in the flower-
garden are mostly hardy annuals, prized for
their feathery or otherwise ornamental sprays
which are employed as greenery in living bou-
quets or dried and used in winter bouquets being
prepared as are the other "everlastings" (which
see). These annual grasses are grown readily
from seeds, usually sown where the plants are to
stand in open sunny places. Sometimes the
smaller kinds are grown to maturity in pots for
table decoration, the little brizas and the delicate
kinds of aira and agrostis being well adapted
to the purpose. The leading annual grasses
listed as ornamentals are in Agrostis, Aira,
Anthoxanthum, Avena, Brachypodium, Briza,
Bromus, Chloris^ Coix, Deschampsia, Desmazeria,
Digitaria, Echinochloa, Eleusine, Eragrostis,
Euchhcna, Festuca, Holcus, Hordeum, Koeleria,
Lagurus, Lamarckia, Oryza, Oryzopsis, Panicum,
Paspalum, Pennisetum, Phalaris, Polyppgon,
Scleropoa, Secale, Setaria, Sorghum, Triticum,
Zea, Zizania.
The grasses adapted to yard, landscape or
border planting are mostly large-growing per-
ennial species; and some of them also yield
excellent material for dry bouquets, as the
bottle-brush-grass (Hystrix), eulalia (Mis-
can thus), and pampas-grass. In warm coun-
tries the bamboos are commanding examples.
See Bamboo. The perennial grasses are usually
multiplied by division of the clumps or by the
stolons or offsets that may arise; seeds (when
procurable) should give blooming plants the
second year. Important perennial grasses are
Agropyron, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Ammophila,
Ampelodesma, Anatherum, Andropogon, An-
thoxanthum, Aristida, Arrhenatherum, Arundi-
naria, Arundo, Axonopus, Bambusa, Brachypodi-
um, Briza, Bromus, Catabrosa, Cephalostach-
yum, Chimonobambusa, Chloris, Chusquea,
Cortaderia, Cymbopogon, Cynodon, Cynosurus,
Dactylis, Dendrocalamus, Deschampsia, Elymus,
Eragrostis, Eremochloa, Erianthus, Euchlaena,
Festuca, Glyceria, Gynerium, Holcus, Hordeum,
Hystrix, Koeleria, Leptochloa, Lolium, Melica,
Melinis, Miscanthus, Molinia, Neyraudia, No-
tholcus, Oplismenus, Oryzopsis, Panicum, Paspa-
lum, Pennisetum, Phalaris, Phleum, Phragmites,
Phyllostachys, Pleioblastus, Poa, Pseudosasa,
Saccharum, Sasa, Semiarundinaria, Setaria,
Shibata?a, Sinarundinaria, Sorghum, Steno-
taphrum, Stipa, Thamnocalamus; Thysolsena,
Tricholsena, Trisetum, Uniola, Vetiveria, Zoysia.
A third class of grasses comprises the sod-
forming kinds employed in the making of sward
for lawns, but in this case the plants are not
raised and treated separately and need not be
separately listed here. See Lawn. The meadow
and pasture grasses are of the same or similar
nature and often the same species, but these
kinds are not directly within the purview of this
work, although entered botanically.
A fourth set of grasses comprises the large
forage kinds. These are not specially discussed
in this book, although the species are entered.
Important fodder and forage grasses are entered
Grasses
341
Grevillea
under the genera Echinochloa. Eleusine, Euch-
laena, Panicum, Pennisetum, Setaria, Sorghum,
Zea, as well as the herbage of the small grains
in the genera Avena, Hordeum, Oryza, Secale,
Triticum.
A fifth group includes the cereal grains and
sugar-cane, not included here beyond brief
accounts of the species under their generic
headings, as Avena, Hordeum, Oryza, Saccharum,
Secale, Sorghum, Triticum, Zea.
GRASS-NUT: Brodixa laxa.
GRASSWORT, STARRY: Cerastium aroense.
GRATlOLA. Scrophulariacex. Herbs with
opposite sessile Ivs., white or pinkish fls. soli-
tary in the axils, having entire or 2-lobed upper
lip and 3-lobed lower lip, and fr. a caps.; rarely
cult.
officin&lis. Per. to 1 ft., with creeping rhizomes: Iva.
lanceolate, toothed: fls. pink or white, with yellow throat,
to % in. long, pedicelled. Eu., Asia.
GREASEWOOD: Salvia apiana, Sarcobatus. In the
West applied also to other plants that are not horticultural
subjects and not included here.
GREENBRIER: Smilax.
GREENHOUSE. A glasshouse or structure
in which plants arc maintained or grown. Orig-
inally the word was applied to those houses
in which plants are merely preserved or kept
green in the winter, but this signification is now
little known in America. Special types of glass-
houses are the conservatory, in which plants are
kept or displayed; stove or hothouse, in which
plants are grown in a high temperature; the
propagating pit, in which the multiplication of
plants is carried forward; forcing-house in which
special plants are made to yield their products
far out of their natural period or sequence; and
the houses of various temperatures, as cold,
cool and intermediate.
GREENOVIA. Crassidacex. Tufted per.
herbs native in Canary Isls., formerly included
in Sempervivum: Ivs. in dense rosettes, entire,
fleshy: fls. yellow, with many narrow petals.
diplocycla. To 8 in.; rosette to 10 in. across, always
single, without offsets: Ivs. spatulate, densely cihate, to
3 in. long: fls. ^ in. across, in a large rather dense mfl.
dodrentalis (O. gracihs'). To 10 in., with many long-
stemmed offsets: Ivs. spatulate, in rosettes to 2 in. across,
fls. M in. long, in a flattish 12-fld. irifl.
gracilis: Q. dodrentahs.
holochrysum: probably JEonium holochryaum*
rosularia pesta!6zzse: listed name.
GREENS. Pot-herbs are sometimes known as
"greens," particularly those that come in early
spring when green food is specially welcome.
Such greens may be spinach, kale, dandelion,
dock, pigweed and other plants grown or gathered
that make acceptable eating when cooked in a
pot. Accounts of the most important of these
plants will be found under tneir appropriate
alphabetic entries.
Christmas greens, or "green," are various
kinds of plants that hold their foliage and color
in winter and can be employed in decoration,
Some of these plants are grown for the purpose,
but the larger part of the durable ones are
gathered from the wild including such kinds as
holly, laurel, galax, smilax. The indiscriminate
and destructive gathering of such wildings is to
be discouraged, and other means of Christmas
decoration should be developed for the large
undertakings. It is more important to the
education and the sentiment of the people that
wild life be protected than that showy temporary
public displays of this nature, of growths un-
related to plant-growing and environment, be
multiplied.
GRBGORIA: Douglasia Vitaliana.
GRElGIA. Bromeliacede. S. American ter-
restrial herbs with stiff Ivs. in rosettes and rose-
colored fls. in a simple infl. For cult, see Brome-
liacex; sometimes grown for ornament and oddity.
sphacelata. To 3 ft. : Ivs. spreading or recurving, spiny-
margined: fls. rose, in dense axillary heads, bracts spiny.
Chile.
vulc&nica. St. very short: Ivs. 2 ft. or more long, spiny-
margined, white-scaly beneath: fls. with white tube and
red spreading segms., in heads to 3 in. across. Colombia.
GREVfLLEA. Proteacex. Many shrubs and
trees with alternate Ivs., bisexual fls. borne in
pairs in a raceme and having long filiform showy
styles, and fr. a leathery follicle; native in Aus-
tralia and New Caledonia.
Grown for ornament and avenue trees in warm regions
and sometimes as juvenile pot-plants in the gieenhouso.
Propagated by seeds.
Banksii. Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. with 3-11 linear
or lanceolate segms. to 4 in. long, margins revolute, silky-
tomentose beneath: fls. red, in dense terminal secund ra-
cemes to 4 in. long. Queensland. Vars. &lba and Forsteri
are listed.
bipinnatiflda. Shrub to 4 ft., sometimes prostrate: Ivs.
to 4 in. long, pinnately cut into 9-21 oblong or pinnatifid
eegms.: fls. red, in loose secund racemes to 4 in. long, some-
times panicled. W. Australia.
crithmifdlia. Shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in. long, pinnately
cut into 3-5 narrow-linear segms.: fls. in short dense sessile
racemes. W. Australia.
Endlicheriana. Shrub to 7 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 4 in. long,
silvery-pubescent on both sides, fls. 111 dense racemes to %
in. long, said to be mauve. W. Australia.
eriostachya. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. narrow-linear, to 8 in.
long, usually pinnately cut into 3-5 segrns.: fls. in dense
secund terminal tornentose racemes to 0 in. long. W.
Australia.
Hilliana. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. entire, deeply divided at
end into 2 or 3 lobes, or pinnatifid into 5-7 lobes, to 1 ft.
long, silvery-pubescent beneath, fls. red varying to pink
and white, in dense cylmdncal axillary racemes to 8 in.
long. Queensland, New S. Wales.
juniperina (O. sulphured). Small shrub: Ivs. spreading,
linear, stiff and pungent-pointed, to 1 in. long, mat gins
revolute, silky-pubescent beneath1 fls. pale yellow or tinged
with red, in veiy short sessile racemes. New S. Wales.
leucdpteris. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. 1 ft. or more long, pin-
nate into narrow-linear segms. to 10 in. long, tomentose
beneath: fls. in loose many-fid, paniclcd lacemes to 4 in.
long, said to be white. W. Australia.
obtusifdlia. Spreading or procumbent much branched
shrub: Ivs. oblong-linear, margins revolute, lusty-pubescent
beneath: fls. in short loose secund racemes. W. Australia.
oleoides. Shrub: Ivs. linear or lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
margins recurved, tomentose beneath, fls. bright red, in
short nearly sessile racemes. New S. Wales, Victoria.
ornith6poda. Glabrous shrub: Ivs. to 3M in. long,
divided into 3 lanceolate lobes: fls. small, in short axillary
racemes, said to be white. W. Australia.
paniculata. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. 1-2-divided into 3 terete
pungent-pointed segms.: fls. small, in axillary short racemes.
N. Australia.
polvb6trya. Tall shrub: Ivs. oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
to 1ft in. long: fls. in dense cylindrical pamcled racemes or
spikes to 2 in. long. N. and W. Australia.
punfcea. Small shrub: Ivs. oblong or nearly oval, to 2 in.
long, margins recurved, tomentose beneath: fls. bright red,
in short dense racemes. New S. Wales.
robusta. SILK-OAK. Tree to 150 ft. but sometimes
grown as a decorative pot and florists plant: Ivs. fern-like,
2-pinnate into lanceolate entire or lobecl segms. with re-
curved margins: fls. orange, in secund racemes to 4 in. long
on short leafless branches. Queensland, New S. Wales. —
Formerly much grown from seeds in pots under glass as a
decorative subject.
rosmarinifolia. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. linear, to l1^ in. long,
margins revolute, silky-pubescent beneath: fla. reddish,
in short dense sessile racemes. New S. Wales.
Grevillea
342
Guilielma
sulphurea: Q. juniperina.
Thelemanniana. Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long, divided
into many linear Begins.: fls. pink tipped with green, in
secund terminal racemes to 1% »n. long. S. and W. Aus-
tralia.
Wflsonii. Glabrous shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. 2-3-ternately
divided into linear stiff pungent-pointed segms. to 1 in.
long: fls. in loose racemes. W. Australia.
GRfeWIA. Tiliacese. Trees and shrubs na-
tive to warm regions in the Old World, with
alternate simple Ivs., small fls. solitary or cy-
mose, and fr. a drupe; sometimes planted for
ornament.
bfloba (O. parviflora var. glabreacens) . Shrub to 8 ft.,
twigs glabrous: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long, doubly serrate or
sometimes remotely 3-lobed, glabrous: fls. pale yellow,
about 3/g in. across: fr. orange to red. N. and Cent. China;
stands in S. New England. Var. parvifl&ra (Q. parviflora)
has tomentose twigs and Ivs. densely stellate-pubescent
benrath. China and Korea.
c&ffra. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. oblong, to 3 in. long.
finely toothed: fls. purple. S. Afr.; grown in S. Calif, and
similar regions.
occidentalis. Shrub: Iva. ovate, to 2 in. long, toothed:
fls. purple. S. Afr.; to be grown in mild climates.
parvifldra: (7. biloba var.
GRfiYIA. Melianthacex. Small S. African
trees and shrubs with alternate simple Ivs.,
showy fls. in axillary racemes, and fr. a leathery
caps.; one showy species is planted for ornament
in the S. and Calif, or sometimes under glass.
Propagated by seeds or cuttings of half-ripened
wood.
Sutherland!!. Small tree but blooming as a little bush:
Ivs. oihiculur to oblong, to 3 in. long, heart-shaped at base,
coarsely and irregularly toothed: fls. blight scarlet, petals
about y^ in. long, in dense racemes to 10 in. long, the showy
stamens long-exserted.
GRINDfeLIA. GUM-PLANT. Composite.
Coarse per. herbs native in W. N. Amer., with
alternate Ivs. and rather large solitary heads
(usually gummy) of yellow ray- and disk-fls.;
pappus of deciduous awns or bristles.
Sometimes grown for ornament in the regions where
they grow, succeeding on poor land. Propagated by division.
cuttings or seed.
cuneifftlia: Q. humilis.
hirsutula. Per. to 1^ ft., sts. pubescent: Ivs. oblong to
oblong-spatula te, to 3 in. long, pubescent, acute or obtuse,
toothed or entire: heads to 2% in. across, ray-fls. bright
yellow, tips of involucral bracts erect. Calif.
humilis (Q. cuneifolia). Per. to 5 ft., st. becoming woody:
Ivs. lanceolate to spatulate, to 3f<j in. long, glabrous, re-
motely serrulate, leathery: heads to 1% in. across, ray-fls.
orange-yellow. Calif.
integrif61ia. To 3 ft.: Ivs. spatulate to lanceolate, basal
to 1 ft. long, entire or toothed: heads to 2% in. across.
B. C. to Ore.
lanceolata. Bien. to 4 ft., several sts. from woody base:
Ivs. linear to lanceolate-oblong, usually to 2^ m. long,
rarely to 4 m., acute, margins serrate: heads to 1^ in.
across. Tenn. to Ala., Tex. and Mo.
latifdlia: O. robusta var.
nana. To l^it.i Ivs. oblanceolate, to 2J^ in. long: heads
to )4 in. across. Wash, to Wyo. and Calif.
oregana. To 3 ft. : Ivs. oblanceolate or Iance9late, to 8
in. long, entire or slightly toothed: heads % in. across.
B. C. to Ore. arid Ida.
robfista. To 2 ft. : Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 2 in. long,
toothed: heads 1)4 in. across, involucre with conspicuous
leafy bracts. Calif. Var. latifdlia (O. lahfolia) has larger
clasping Ivs.
rubicaulls. Per. to 3 ft., ste. hairy above middle: Ivs.
oblong-spa tulate, to 4 in. long, obtuse, dentate to entire:
heads to 2 in. across, ray-fls. bright yellow, tips of in-
volucral bracts recurved. Calif. — The material under this
name in the trade may be O. hirsutula,
squarr6sa. To 2 ft., per. or bien.: Ivs. oblong-ovate or
ovate, toothed: heads to % in. across. Man. to Mex.
GRISELfNIA. Cornacex. Evergreen shrubs
or trees native in New Zeal, and Chile, allied
to Aucuba, with alternate leathery shining Ivs.,
small dioecious fls. in panicles or racemes, and
fr. a berry; grown out-of-doors in Calif.
littoralis. To 50 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, to
4 in. long: panicles to 3 in. long. New Zeal. Var. variegate
is listed.
lucida. To 25 ft.: Ivs. ovate or 9blong, to 7 in. long,
very unequal at base: panicles to 6 in. long, the pistillate
fls. without petals. New Zeal.
GRISLEA: Combretum coccineum.
GROMWELL: Lithospermum. False: Onosmodium.
GROSSULARIA: Ribes.
GROUND-CEDAR: Lycopodium complanatum. -Coven
see Lawn. -Pine: Lycopodium ob&curum. -Pink: Phlox
aubulata, Qdia dianthoidea.
GROUNDNUT: Apioa amertcana, Arochis hypogsea,
Panax tnfolium.
GROUNDSEL: Senecio. -Bush: Baccharis halimifolia .
Giant: Ligularia Wilsoniana.
GRU-GRU: Acrocomia.
GRUMIXAMEIRA-TREE: Eugenia Dombeyi.
GRUS6NIA. Cactacese. Two species allied
to Opuntia but differing in the longitudinally
ribbed cylindrical joints.
Bradtiana (Opuntia Bradtiana). Thicket-forming, to
santamarla. Plants spreading, to 2 ft. high, joints to
1^» ft. long and 1^ in. diarn.; ribs 8-9; spines about 20
and to 1/2 in. long and plum-colored: fls. rose-red, yellow
toward center, 1 in. long. Magdalena Isl., Lower Calif.
GUABA: Inga vera.
GUAiACUM. LiGNUM-ViT^:. Zygophyllacex.
A half dozen trop. American trees and shrubs
with very hard resinous wood, pinnate Ivs. and
small blue or purple fls., fr. a strongly angled
caps.; sometimes planted for ornament and
interest in S. Calif, and S. Fla. One species
natively reaches the keys of Fla.
guatemale'nse. Small tree to 16 ft.: Ifts. 4-6 pairs, linear-
oblong: fls. before the Ivs., several together from the axils,
azure-blue, petals glabrous: fr. reddish or orange, obovate,
about ^ in. or more long. Guatemala.
officinale. Tree to 15 or 30 ft.: Ifts. 2-3 pairs, to 2 in.
long, oval to broad-obovate: fls. blue or rarely white, H in.
long, in clusters at ends of twigs, petals slightly tomentose
at least at tip: fr. yellow, broadly obcordate or unequal-
sided, to % in. long. W. Indies, N. S. Amer.
GUAJILOTE: Parmentiera edulis.
GUAM A: Ing a laurina.
GUANABANA: Annona muricata.
GUAVA: Psidium. Chilean: Myrtus Ugni. Para:
Britoa acida.
GUAYMOCH3L: Pithecellobium dulce.
GUAYULE: Partheniwn argentatum.
GUEVINA: Gevuina.
GU1LANDINA: Csesalpinia Bonduc.
GUILlfiLMA. Palmaceae. A few species in
trop. Amer., of monoecious spiny feather-palms,
allied to Bactris: tall, cespitose or trunk solitarv,
ringed, gray, very spiny: petiole and rachis
spiny: spadix from lowermost axils or just be-
neath the crown, the peduncle spiny ; fls. thickish,
the staminate (stamens 6) and pistillate inter-
mixed but ends of branches staminate: fr. ovoid,
oblong or ovoid-conic, drupe-like with edible
flesh; seed 1. For cult, see Palm.
Gasipaes (Bactris GasipaPs. Q. speciosa. G. ulilis is
probably the same). PEJIBAYB or GACHIPAES. PEACH
FALM. An important fruit-tree in Cent, and S. Amer.,
known under many vernacular names: trunks mostly few or
several, sometimes single, to 60 ft., carrying attractive
Guilielma
343
Gymnocalycium
crown of arching-drooping foliage: Ivs. 8-12 ft. long, deep
green above, somewhat lighter underneath; piniue many,
strongly ribbed, bifid at apex, setose on ribs and margins:
fr. 1-2 in. long, ovoid to inverted top-shaped, yellow, orange,
brownish-red, in heavy hanging clusters, of superior quality,
very attractive; a seedless form is known. An important
food fruit in parts of the American continental tropics.
Little known in U. S.
specidsa: G. GasipaSs.
utilis: see G. Gasipaes.
GUINEA-HEN WEED: Petiveria alliacea.
GUIZdTIA. Composite. Trop. African herbs
with opposite sessile Ivs. and yellow heads of
ray- and disk-fls., solitary or clustered; pappus
none. One species is sometimes cult, for the
seeds, which yield oil.
abyss mica (G. oleifera). Ann. to 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 9 in. long, toothed: heads % in. across, in corymbs,
oleifera: G. abyssinica.
GUM: Nyssa. Arabic Tree: Acacia nilotica. -Plant:
Grindelia. Sweet: Liqmdambar Styraciflua. -Tree: Euca-
lyptus.
GUMBO: see Okra.
GUMI: Elxagnus multiflora.
GUNNfeRA. Haloragidacex. Per. herbs with
creeping rhizomes, radical Ivs., small mostly
unisexual fls. in spikes or panicles, and drupa-
ceous frs.
Some of the kinds are grown for the bold foliage effects
of large clumps. Rich moist soil is necessary, and preferably
a sunny position. Winter protection should be provided,
and they are not hardy in the North. Propagated by divi-
sion and seed.
chilensis (G. scabra"). Lvs. palmately lobed and cut, to
6 ft. across, tne fleshy petiole to 6 ft. long and covered with
stiff hairs: fls. in spikes to 3 ft. high: fr. red. Chile, Ecuador,
Colombia.
manicata. Differs chiefly in the Ivs. being peltate and
the petiole covered with reddish spiny hairs. S. Brazil.
scabra: G. chilensis.
GUTENBERGIA: Erlangea cordifolia.
GUTIERRfiZIA. Composite. Herbs or sub-
shrubs native mostly in W. N. Amer., allied to
Grindelia, having alternate linear entire Ivs. and
small heads of yellow ray- and disk-fls.; pappus
of chaffy scales.
Sar6three. MATCHWEED. To 2 ft., many-stemmed:
heads in panicled cymes, ray- and disk-fls. each 3-7. Man.
to Calif.
GUTTA-PERCHA: Palaquium; also other plants not
mentioned in this book.
GUTTfFER^ (incl. Clusiacese). GARCINIA
FAMILY. Woody plants in the tropics of both
hemispheres, a few of which are planted in our
southernmost parts: Ivs. mostly opposite or
whorled and simple, often thick and mostly
evergreen: fls. regular, polypetalous, sometimes
bisexual but plants for the most part dioecious
or polygamous, solitary or cymose, the stamens
prevailingly many and distinct or somewhat
united: fr. drupe-like, berry-like or sometimes
capsular, 2-celled or more, the styles more or less
united. Hypericacese is sometimes united with
this family. With us the genera Calophyllum,
Clusia, Garcinia and Mammea are planted.
GUZMANIA. Bromeliaceae. Trop. American
terrestrial or epiphytic herbs with stiff Ivs. in
basal rosettes and yellow or white fls. in spikes
borne amongst the Ivs., often showily bracted:
crown under glass. Cult, as for Bromelia ana
Tillandsia.
lingulata. Epiphytic with stout st. : Ivs. to 1 1A ft. long
and 1 in. wide: fls. with yellowish tube and purplish limb,
in dense drooping heads, the bracts red. Trop. Amer. Var.
cardin&lis is listed as having more vivid red bracts.
musaica. Terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, stemless: lys.
to 20 in. long and 3 in. wide, transversely lined above with
dark green and beneath with purple :j fls. yellowish, the
bracts golden-yellow striped with rose. Colombia.
Zahnii. Stemless or nearly so, to 20 in.: Ivs. in rosettes
of 20-30, to 2 ft. long, spreading: scape red, erect, slightly
shorter than Ivs., bracts scarlet, corolla bright yellow.
Panama.
GYMNADENIA: Habenaria.
GYMNADEN1OPSIS: Habenaria.
GYMNOCALfCIUM. Cactacex. A genus of
the Echinocactus subtribe, of more than a score
of S. American species, known by the naked axils
of scales on ovary and fr., ribs usually broad arid
tubercled. spines stout and mostly awl-like, fls.
white, yellow or pink, with a definite but short
tube and borne from upper areoles : plant simple
or cespitose, mostly globular. Cult, as for
Echinocactus. See Cacti.
Anisitsii (Echinocactus Anisitsii). Cylindrical, 4 in.
long; ribs 11 and strongly tubercled; spines 5-7 and all
radial, to 2 in. long: fls. white, greenish outside, l^j in.
long. Paraguay.
Baldianum: G. platen se var.
Bodenbenderianum (Echmocactua Bodenbenderianus).
Globular, to 3 in. diam., gray-green; ribs 11-14 and tuber-
cled, areoles woolly when young; spines usually 3 and \i in.
long and bent backwards: fls. pink with brownish central
stripe, to 1H in- long. Argentina.
csespitdsum: listed name.
chubutense. Solitary, depressed-globose, to 4 in. high
and 6 in. diam., gray-green; ribs 15, low, wide; radial spines
6-7, stout, to l\i in. long; central 1, if present: fls. red, to
2 in. long. S. Argentina.
Dajnsii (Echinocactus Damsii). Globular, flattened on
top; ribs 10-12, \vide, straight tubercled; spines alike, white,
tipped brown, usually 6-8: fls. white, outer segms. green
tipped red: fr. red, oblong. Paraguay.
Deladtii: G. Schickendantzii var.
denudatum (Echinocactus denudatus). Somewhat glo-
bose or depressed, to 6 in. diam.; ribs 5-8; spines 5 or 8 and
ail radial, appresscd: fls. white or pale rose. S. Brazil to
Argentina.
Froehlichianum: Pyrrhocactus Froehhchianus,
gibb&sum (Echinocactus gibbosus). Usually taller than
broad, to 8 in. high, but sometimes depressed; ribs 12-14;
spines 7-12 and all radial, brown: fls. white to pinkish,
something over 2 in. long. Argentina. Var. ferox has spines
more numerous, flexible. Var. nigrum has very dark spines.
Var. Schlumbergii (G. Schlumbergii) has spines more
numerous, stiff, pinkish-red to amber-yellow.
H6ssei (Echinocictus Hossei). Nearly globose or de-
pressed at top; ribs 13 and tubercled, areoles white-woolly;
spines usually 7 and ^ in. long and spreading or somewhat
bent: fls. rose. Argentina.
hybopleurum. Solitary, depressed-globose; ribs about
13, obtuse, areoles gray-brown-woolly; spines 3-4, grayish-
white, to \% in. long, central 1: fls. white to greenish out-
side, pinkish within. N. Argentina.
Kndbelii: probably Mammillaria Knebelwna,
Kurtzianum (Echinocactus Kurtzianus). Depressed-
globose, to 6 in. across; ribs 10-18 and tubercled; radial
spines 8 and spreading; central spine 1 and 1 in. long: fls.
white with reddish base. Argentina.
Iafeld6nsis. Clump-forming, sts. globular, to 1^ in.
across, top spiny; ribs 12, tubercled; spines white, brown
at base, bristly, radial? 12-15, divergent, to \£ in. long,
central 1, if present: fls. violet-pink with darker stripe on
reverse center, to 1^ in. long. Argentina.
Leeanum (Echinocactus Leeanus). Depressed-globose;
ribs 11-14, low, indistinct, tubercled; spines slender, radials
usually 10, curved, to % in. long, central 1, straight: fls.
yellow, outer perianth-segms. purplish, to 2 in. long or more.
Argentina, Uruguay.
lept&nthum: Echinocactus leptanthus.
mazane"nse (Echinocactus mazanensis and E. rhodan-
therus). Solitary, globular; ribs 10-11, low, obtuse, tuber-
cled; spines curvecL radials 6-8, pink to gray, central 1^ to
IK in- long: fls. white to pink, reddish center. Argentina.
Vars. brevifdlium and ferox are listed.
megalothSlos (Echinocactus and Thelocactus megalothe-
los). Cespitose, depressed -globose, to 6 in. wide; ribs 9-12,
wide, notched; spines alike, 7-10, to 1A in. long, yellow to
gray: fls. reputedly pinkish, but not seen. Paraguay.
michdga: listed name.
Gymnocalydwn
344
Gynura
Mihanovichii (Echinocactus Mihanovichii). Depressed-
globose, to 2 in chain.; ribs 8, triangular, strongly tubercled;
spines alike, usually 6-8, yellow, curved, to ^ in. long: fls.
yellowish-white with dark red outer penanth-segms., to
2 in. long. Paraguay. Var. stenogdnum is listed.
M6nvillei (Echinocaclus Monnllei). Depressed-globose,
to 12 in wide and 4 in. tall; ribs 13-17, tuberded, to % in.
high; spines all radial, 7-13, subulate, yellow, to Y± in. long:
fls white to pale pink, to 3 in long. Argentina, Paraguay.
Mostii (Ec.hinocactus Mostn). Depressed-globose, 2 in.
or more high and about twice as thick; ribs 11-14; radials
7-9, central 1, all brownish: fls. bell-shaped, pale red, to
3 in. long. Argentina.
multiflorum (Echinoatctus multirtorus. E. Ourselianus) .
Simple or cespitose, depressed to globular to short-columnar,
3>£ m. or more high; ribs 10-15; spines 7-10 and all radial:
fls. about 1 Yi in. long, pinkish to nearly white. Brazil to
Argentina.
Netrelianum (Echinocactus Netrelianus). Globose, to
2 in. diarn. or more; nbs 14, obtuse, tuberded; spines radial,
usually 5-8, to ^ in. long, bristly, yellowish-brown: fls.
pale yellow tipped red, to 1 *£ in. long. Argentina.
nidulans. Globose, to 4^ in. diam., brownish-gray;
ribs about 17, areoles to ^ in- apart; spines about 6, flexible,
one usually erect, others deflexed: fls. pink, campanulate.
N. Argentina.
nigriareolatum. Globose, to 6 in diam ; ribs usually 10,
obtuse, wide; spines pale pink, curved, radials 0-8, to about
5i in. long, central 1, to \l/± in. long: fls. white with green
throat, campanulate, to 1^ in. long. Argentina.
occultum: probably Neoporteria occulta.
OchoterSnai. Depressed-globose, glabrous to woolly on
top, olive-green; ribs about 10, to % in. wide, areoles white
to yellow-woolly; spines 3-5, all radial, gray to yellowish-
white: fls pale pink, to \% in. long, tube short Argentina.
Var cinereum is brownish-gray with triangular tubercles
oenanthemum. Globose, to 3^ in diam ; ribs 10-12,
obtuse, to % in wide, acutely tuberded; spines all radial,
usually 5, to £g in long, reddish: fls. light copper-red, to
2 in. long. Argentina.
Pflanzii (Echinocactus Pflanzii). Globose, to 1 ft. across;
ribs 13-32 and with large low tubercles; spines 3-G, to 1J^
in. long, brown or black: fls. white to fiiukish, about 1 £4 in.
long. Argentina.
platense (Echinocactus platensis). Depressed, partly
hidden in ground, to 3 in. across, bluish-green or purple;
ribs 8--12 and tubercled; spines 3-0 and 1A in. long, brown
tipped white: fls. bluish-green outside, wmte within, 3 in.
long. Argentina. Var. Baldianum is a more depressed form
and approaches (7. Quchhanum.
prolfferum. Depressed -globose, to 2 in. diam., green
tinged red; ribs usually 12; spines 12-14, to l/i in. long: fls.
rose-red. Argentina.
Quehlianum (Echinocaclus Quehhanus). Depressed-
globular, to 0 in. diam. and \*i in. tall; ribs 8-13, with
rounded tubercles; spines all radials, usually 5, to J^ in.
long, yellow to brownish-yellow: fls. white with red center,
to 2|^ in. long. Argentina.
rhodantherum: C. mazanensc.
Saglione (Echinocactus Saylionia). Globular, to 1 ft.
across; nbs 13—32 and with large low tubercles, areoles
ll<S2 in. apart; spines 8-10 or more, 1^ in. long, brown or
black: fls. white or pinkish, 1^ in long. Argentina.
Schickendantzii (Echinocactua Schickendantzu). Usually
simple and sometimes depressed, to 4 in diam.; ribs mostly
7; spines 0 or 7 and all radial: fls. white or pinkish, 2 in.
long Argentina. Var. Delaetii (EchinocactuR Dvlaetii) has
more rounded tubercles and longer fls. which are reddish
in bud.
Schlumbergii: G. gibbosum var.
Sigelianum. Depressed-globose, to nearly 3 in. diam.,
smooth on top; ribs 10, low; spines radial, 3, to % in. long,
very stiff: fls. not known. Argentina.
Spegazzinii (Echinocuctus lor tea tun). Depressed-globu-
lar, 2 *$ in. high and 0 in. across; ribs 13 and rounded; spines
usually 7 and flattened to ribs, 1 in long: fls. tinged rose,
3 in. long Argentina.
stellatum: probably a form of G. Botlenbenderianum,
having fls. with a more pylindrical tube and expanding to
2 in. across.
Stfickertii (Echinocactus Stuckertii). Globose, to 2*4 in.
across and 1 '4 in. high; ribs 9-11; spines all radial and to
1 in. long, pinkish or brown: fls. white, 1 % in. long. Argen-
tina.
Sutterianum (Echinocactus Sutterianus) . Globose; ribs
10 and tubercled, areoles white-woolly when young; spines
usually 5 and >£ in. long and grayish-white: fls. pink with
red throat. Argentina.
Urselianum: probably Echinocactua Urselianua.
Velen&wskyi. Depressed -globose, to 4 in. high and 6 in.
across; ribs more than 20, to % in. high, tubercles rounded,
white-woolly when young; spines yellowish, radials 9-12,
to % in. long, centrals 1-4, to 1 in. long, bulbous and red-
dish at base: fls. golden-yellow, to 2% in across, stigma
red. Argentina.
Weissianum. Depressed-globose, to 3H '"• high and
nearly 0 in. diam., pale gray-green; ribs about 19, to H in.
high, areoles to £4 in. apart; radial spines 4 or more, to
1 J4 in. long, spreading; central 1, erect: fls. pink, campan-
ulate. Argentina.
GYMNOCLADUS. Leguminosse. Two de-
ciduous trees, one from E. Asia and the cult,
species native in E. N. Arner. from N. Y. south.
G. dioica (G. canadensis). KENTUCKY COFFEE-
TREK. To 100 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. ovate:
fls. regular, greenish-white, the racemes of the
pistillate tree to 1 ft. long and of the starninate
to 4 in.: pods to 10 in. long, red-brown. Var.
fdlia-variegata has variegated foliage. — Prop-
agated by seeds and cuttings.
GYMNOGRAMMA: Pityrogramma; also Coniogramme
japonica.
GYMNOSPERMS: see Conifers, Cycads.
GYMNOSPORIA. Celastrace.se. Trees and
shrubs bearing alternate simple leathery Ivs.,
small greenish or yellowish fls. in axillary cymes,
and capsular frs.; a few species may be planted
in warm regions. Propagated by seeds and
cuttings.
cassinoides (Catha and Celastrus cassinoides) . Erect
glabrous evergreen shrub: Ivs. ovate, acute, serrate pedicels
very shoit, 2 or 3 in the axils; fls. white. Canary Isls.
serrata. Evergieen shrub to 6 ft. or mote, sometimes
spiny: Ivs. ovate to oblanceolate, finely toothed, to 3 in.
long. fls. whitish. Abyssinia.
GYMNOSTERIS: Gtlia nudicaulis.
GYMNOTHRIX: Penmsetum.
GYNANDR6PSIS (Pcdicellaria) . Cappari-
dacex. Oleome-like herbs, differing in the fact
that the torus is prolonged beyond the insertion
of petals and sepals into a stem-like part or
androphore on which the stamens are borne,
making a peduncle-like base for the gynophore
(or pistil-bearing extension). Native in warm
parts of the world, one of them sometimes cult,
as a Cleome and by some authors referred to that
genus.
pentaphylla. Ann. to 2 ft. or less: Ivs. 3-5-foliolate, Ifts.
obovate to oblanceolate, somewhat pubescent when young,
acute or obtuse, entire or toothed- fls. white to purplish.
N. Afr. and India, nat. throughout tropics.
speci&sa (Cleome speciosa). Ann. to 2 ft. or more, grown
for ornament in warm countries: very like Cleome spinosa
but glabrous or at least not glandular and not spiny, the
androphoie M~M in. long and beyond the insertion of
stamens the vciy long gynophore projects: petals pink or
white. Mex., Cent. Amer.
GYNfeRIUM. Gramineae. Tall per. grasses
with long flat Ivs. and dioecious spikelets borne
in large terminal plume-like panicles; differs
from Cortaderia, the true pampas-grasses, in
technical characters of the florets; native in
trop. Amer. One is sometimes planted for
ornament in warm countries. See Grasses.
argenteum: Cortaderia Selloana.
jubarum: Cortaderia rudiuacula.
saccharoides: G. sagittatum.
sagittatum (G. saccharotdes) . UVA-GRASS. To 40 ft.:
Ivs. to 6 in. long and 3 in. wide, edges finely toothed:
panicles to 3 ft. long, the branches drooping, pistillate
very silky. Trop. Amer.
GYNOPOGON: Alyxia.
GYNlJRA (Crassocephalum). Composite. Trop.
herbs or rarely subshrubs with alternate entire
Gynura
345
Gyrotheca
or lobed Ivs., solitary or clustered heads of disk-
fls. and not very showy; pappus of white bristles.
Gynuras are grown under glass as foliage plants. They
need plenty of light to bring out the color in the foliage;
the soil and moisture requirements are similar to those for
coleus or geraniums. They are easily grown from cuttings
of growing shoots, also from seeds if obtainable.
aurantlaca. VELVET-PLANT. Stout, branching, to 3 ft.,
densely velvety with violet or purple hairs: Ivs. ovate,
jagged- toothed: heads to % in. across, in loose terminal
clusters, yellow or orange. Java; escaping in warm regions.
auriculata (Senecio ovahs). Stout per.: Ivs. obovate to
ovate-oblong, auriculate, somewhat clasping, few-toothed,
the veins black-lined on both surfaces: heads in lax corymbs
on elongate pedicels. China.
GYPS6PHILA. Caryophyllacex. Ann. and
per. herbs, usually hardy N., very branching or
spreading, slender, with scant foliage when in
bloom: fls. small and numerous, axillary or
paniculate, rosy or white; native in Eu., Asia
and N. Afr.
A few species are grown for the dainty mist-like effects
in rock-gardens, in the border, and as trimming in bouquets.
Propagated by seeds, division and sometimes by cuttings.
acutifdlia. Per., tall and much branched, the infl.
glandular: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate and acute, to 5 in. long
and 1 in. or more broad, obscurely 3-nerved: fls. larger than
in 0. paniculata, white. Caucasus.
alpigena: listed name.
altissima. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long and % in. wide:
fls. white, in many-fld. panicles. E. Eu. to Cent. Asia.
arenaria: G. fastigiata.
cerastioides. MOUSE-EAR G. Per., downy, creeping, to
about 4 in. high: Ivs. obovate, soft-hairy on both, sides:
fls. to % in. across, white with pink veins. Himalayas.
coll ma. Subshrubby, to 1 ft. or more: Ivs. linear, rather
fleshy: fls. white or pink, in panicles. E. Eu.
fihrlei: a double-fld. form of O. paniculata.
glegans. Ann. to 1^ ft., with upright forking sts.: Ivs.
lanceolate' fls. white or rosy, % in- °r more across. Cau-
casus. Color vars. are rdsea, alba grandifldra, atrosangufnea,
and carmfnea. — Good bouquet plant; grown somewhat
under glass.
fastigiata (G. arenaria). Per. to 1H ft. or more: Ivs.
linear, to 1 in. long, acute, somewhat fleshy, usually pubes-
cent: fls. pale pink, in many-fld. panicles. Eu.
frat6nsis: hort. name for a pink-fld. creeping or ascending
form to 8 in. high.
glabrata: hort. name for dwarf mat-forming pink-fld.
form.
Gme*linii. Per., glabrous: Ivs. linear, somewhat fleshy
and 3-sided in cross-section: fls. purplish-pink, in lax
panicles. Russia.
grandifldra alba: G. degansvar.
Iiban6tica. Per. to 1 ft., much branched, glaucous: Ivs.
stiff and fleshy, about H in. long and H in. wide: fls. pink.
Asia Minor.
Manginii. Per., roots thick, fleshy: Ivs. smooth, glaucous:
fls. rather large, light rose, in small panicles. Siberia.
multifldra: hort. name, probably form of G. elegans.
muralis. Ann., diffusely branched, to 1 ft.: Ivs. very
small and narrow: fls. solitary, axillary, rosy. Eu.; adven-
tive in E. U. S. Var. 41ba, fls. white.
Oldhamiana. To 2H ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to linear,
in. long: fls. in terminal cymes to 1H in. across. Japan.
pacffica. Per. to 3 ft., much branched: Ivs. fleshy,
ovate-oblong, sessile: fls. pale rose or purple. Siberia.
paniculata. BABYS-BREATH. Per. with large root, dif-
fusely branched, to 3 ft. or more, glaucous: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long and Js in. broad, sharp-pointed:
fls. white, in loose panicles. Eu., N. Asia; escaped in N.
Amer. Var. fldre-pleno has double fls. Other varietal
names are alba, compacta and grandifldra. See Galium
Mollugo and G. aristatum.
perfoliata (G. acorzonerifolia) . Per., tall, usually smooth
but sometimes hairy near top: Ivs. perfoliate: fls. purplish.
Medit. region.
prostrata: G. repens.
repens (G. proatrata). Per. to 6 in., trailing or prostrate,
not glaucous: Ivs. linear: fls. white or rosy, in few-fld.
panicles. Alps and Pyrenees. Var. &lba, fls. white. Var.
B6dgeri is said to be of more compact habit with double
pink fls. blossoming about two weeks earlier than other
forms. Var. monstrdsa is larger and var. rdsea has rose fls.
Rokejeka. Per. to 2 ft., slightly glaucous, much branched:
Ivs. fleshy, oblong- or linear-lanceolate: fls. pink or violet.
Egypt, Asia Minor.
rdsea: hort. name for G. viscosa.
scorzonerifdlia: G. perfoliata.
silenifdlia: hort. name for form said to bo trailing with
white to pink fls.
Stevenii. Per. to 1 ft., somewhat glaucous: Ivs. linear,
keeled: fls. white. Caucasus.
Struthium. Per. to 15 in., glabrous: Ivs. narrowly awl-
shaped, to 1^ in. long, fleshy, glaucous, obtuse to mu-
cronate: fls. pink, in globose and condensed head-like struc-
tures. Spain.
Sundermannii: listed name.
transsylvanica (Banffya petrea). Erect: Ivs. linear,
keeled: fls. in clusters, with colored calyx. E. Eu.
trich6toma. Erect, glaucous: Ivs. broad-oblong: fls. vr>ry
small, in blanching panicles. Asia Mmoi.
viscdsa (G. roaea of hort.). Per. to 10 in., glabrescent
below and viscid above: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 1 in.
long, acuminate: fls. pink, on pedicels 3-4 times as long as
calyx. Asia Minor.
GYROTHECA: Lachnanthea.
H
HAAGEA: Porfiria.
HAAGEOCEREUS. Cactaceas. A genus of
nocturnal cacti from Peru and Chile which are
closely allied to Borzicactus but whose fls. are
larger than those of the latter genus, are borne
near the top of the st. and have a much longer
tube.
acrtfnthus. Cespitose, erect, slender; ribs 10-12, thick,
obtuse, tubercled; radial spines usually 2O-30, brown;
centrals 1-2, longer: fls. white or pale pmk, to 5 in. long.
australis: listed name.
chosice'nsis (Cereus and Binghamia chosicensis. Cereus,
Cephalocereus, Binghamia and Pseudoespostoa melanostele) .
Similar to //. pseudomelanostele but with pale rose to purple-
red fls. — There ia much doubt as to the application of the
name melanostele.
decumbens (Cereus and Borzicactus decumbent).
Branches procumbent or ascending, forming clumps; ribs
20; radial spines about 30; central spines to 1% in. long:
fls. white, 2 in. actons, fragrant: fr. pink.
laredgnsis. Cespitose, erect, to 3 in. high, reddish-green;
ribs about 18, narrow, low; spines 40-45, awl-shaped, yel-
low, erect: fls, white.
Olwinskianus: listed name.
pacalae~nsis. Cespitose, tall, erect, to 2^ in. diam.; ribs
about 15; spines amber-colored: fls. bright pink.
platinosplnus: Borzicactus platinospinus.
pseudomelanostele (Cereus and Binghamia pseudo-
melanostele). To 3 ft.; ribs 18-22, areoles close together,
bearing many white and yellow spines to 1 in. or more long:
fls. white, 2 in. long.
versfcolor (Cereus and Cephalocereus versicolor). To 5 ft.
high and 3 in. diam., in clumps branched from base; ribs
about 12, rounded, low; spines straight, yellow with red-
dish-brown zones, radials 15-30, to % m- long, centrals
1-2, to \*A in. long: fls. white or cream-coloied within, to
4 in. long: tr. yellow. Var. aureispinus, spines golden-yellow.
Var, spindsior is listed.
HAASTIA. Composite. Tufted New Zeal,
alpine woolly perennials with low much branched
sts. covered by the persistent Ivs.: fls. all discoid,
in large flattened solitary heads borne on very
short peduncles or sessile and sunk among the
uppermost Ivs.
recurva. Tufts to 10 in. across and 4 in. high, covered
with a dense orange-red to brownish-red wool: Ivs. obovate
to broadly Bpatulate, to «£ in. acioss, slightly overlapping,
strongly recuived at the middle and covered with long
straight haiis which extend through a dense mat of wool:
heads to % in. across. — A f 01 m with white tomentum (var.
Wallii) ia known but may not be in cult.
HABENARIA. KEIN or FRINGED ORCHIS.
Orchidaccze. Terrestrial orchids with tuberous
roots, mostly leafy simple sts., and fls. of various
sizes and colors m terminal racemes or spikes,
2 petals usually smaller than the sepals, trie lip
entire or lobed, often fringed, spurred at base.
There are various interpretations of the group
resulting in several generic names. Grown in
bog-gardens or moist places out-of-doors; see
Orchids.
blepharigl6ttis. WHITE FRINGED O. To about 31 in.
high: ivs. to 8 in. long and 1H in. wide: fls. pure white,
the lip fringed. July-Sept. Newf. to Fla. and Miss.
bracteata: H. viridis var.
ciliaris (Platanthera and Blephariglottis ciliaris). YEL-
LOW FRINGED O: To 40 in. high: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 2)£ in.
wide: racemes to 8 in. long; fls. orange or yellow, lip deeply
fringed. July-Aug. Vt. to Fla., west to Mich, and Tex.
clavellata (Gymnadeniopsis clavellata). SMALL GREEN
WOOD O. To \Yi ft. high: Ivs. to about 7 in. long: racemes
to 3)4 in* long; fls. greenish or yellowish- white. June-
Sept. Newf. to Ma. and Tex.
con6psea (Gymnadenia conopsea). FRAGRANT O. To
about 33 in. high: Ivs. linear: racemes dense, many-fld.;
fls. rose or purple-violet, fragrant, with spur always sur-
passing the ovary. Eu.f Asia, Japan.
cristate (Platanthera and Blephariglottia cristata). To
3 ft. high: Ivs. to about 8H in- long and 1 in. wide: racemes
dense, to 6 in. long; fls. orange, lip fringed. Mass, to Fla.
and La.
dilatata (Limnorchis and Platanthera dilatata). TALL
WHITE Boa O. To about 43 in. tall: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and
1M in. wide: racemes commonly many-fld.; fls. white, the
spur about as long as the entire lip. June-Sept. N. N.
Amer. Var. leucostachys ( H. leucostachys) , SIERRA REIN O.,
differs only in the spur being longer than the lip. Alaska
to Calif, and Ariz.
Slegans (H. Michaelii. Piperia Michaelii). To about
30 in. nigh: Ivs. (commonly withered at flowering time) to
about 8 in. long and 2 in. wide: racemes long, commonly
dense, to 14 in. long; fls. greenish- white or white, very
small; lip simple, spur slender and much longer than the
lip. B. C., Mont., Ida., Wash., Ore., Calif.
fimbriata: H. psy codes var. grandi flora.
flava (Perularia flava). To 2 ft. high: Ivs. few, to about
9 in. long and 2 in. wide: racemes commonly dense, to about
8)^ in. long; fls. yellow-green, lip with a tubercle near base.
Apr. (in S.)-Sept. N. S. to Fla. and Tex.
grandifldra: H. psycodes var.
Hodkeri (Lysias Hookenana). HOOKERS O. To 16 in.
high, with 2 basal oval or rounded Ivs. to 7 in. long: fls.
yellowish-gieen, lip simple with spur about ^ in. long.
June-Sept. N. S. to Pa. and Ia.
hyperb&rea (Limnorchis hyperborea). TALL NORTHERN
GREEN O. To over 3 ft. tall: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 1M m.
wide: spikes loose or dense; fls. greenish, spur about as
long as lip. June-Aug. Newf. to Alaska, south to Pa.,
Utan and Ore.; also Greenland and Iceland.
Integra. SMALL SOUTHERN YELLOW O. To about 2 ft.
high, sts. angled, with 1-3 linear-lanceolate Ivs. along
basal third: racemes dense, many-fld., to about 4 in. long;
fls. orange-yellow, lip scalloped or entire, spur straight and
longer than lip. July-Sept. Pine barrens from N. J. to
Fla. and Tex., Tenn.
Ketekei. Plant small: Ivs. 1-3, oblong, to 1H in. long,
acute, base somewhat cuneate: fls. few, in lax racemes;
sepals ovate, to H in. long; lip 3-lobed, to % in. long and
as wide, the mid-lobe obcordate with lateral lobes ovate-
oblong. Japan.
lacera (Blephariglottis lacera). RAGGED or GREEN
FRINGED O. To 30 in. high: Ivs. to about 8H in. long and
2 in. wide: racemes loose or dense; fls. yellowish- or whitish-
green; lip 3-lobed, deeply fringed or lacerate, spur nearly
1 in. long. June-Aug. Newf. to Ga., Miss., Ark. and Minn.
leucoph&a. PRAIRIE WHITE FRINGED O. To 4 ft. tall,
sts. angled: Ivs. lanceolate, to 8 in. long: racemes loose, to
8^[ in. long; fls. white: lip 3-lobed, fringed, spur longer
than lip. June-Aug. N. S. to Me. and N. Y., Ohio to
Minn, and Tex.
leucdstachys: //. dilatata var.
Michaelii: //. el eg an s.
nivea (Gymnadeniopsis nivea). SOUTHERN SMALL WHITE
O. Sts. to 3 ft. high, slender: Ivs. 2-3 near base, linear-
lanceolate, to about 10^ in. long, becoming longer toward
the base: fls. in loose racemes to 6 in. long, white; lip entire,
shorter than spur. May-Sept. Pine barrens of N. J. south
to Fla., Ala. and Tex.; also Cuba.
odoratissima (Gymnadenia odoratissimd) . SMALL FRA-
GRANT O. Similar to 11. conopsea but more slender, with
spur equal to the ovary or shorter. Eu.
orbiculata (Lysias orbiculata). To 22 in. high, sts. with
several bracts: Ivs. 2, basal, orbicular to oblong-elliptic, to
10 in. long and 7% in. across, silvery beneath, green and
shining above: racemes loose; fls. greenish- white with
simple lip and spur to 1 ^ in. long. Newf. to Alaska, south
to W. Va., west to Wash.
psycddes (Platanthera and Blephariglottis psycodes).
SMALL PURPLE FRINGED O. To about 3 ft. high: Ivs. to
nearly 9 in. long and 2% in. wide: racemes many-fld.; fls.
purple, lilac or rarely white, fragrant; lip 3-lobed, fringed,
the spur to % in. long. June-Aug. Newf. to Ga., Tenn.
and Minn. Var. grandifldra ( H. grandiflora. //. fimbriata.
Blephariglottis grandiflora, Platanthera fimbriata). LARGE
PURPLE FRINGED O. To about 32 in. high: Ivs. to 9 in. long
and rarely 4 in. wide: racemes loose or dense; fls. lilac or
rarely white, fragrant; lip 3-lobed, fringed to about the
middle. June-Aug. Newf. to N. C. and Tenn.
radiata. To 2 ft. high, slender, leafy below: racemes l-
few-fld.; sepals green; petals white; lip white, 3-lobed with
the lateral lobes broad and fringed and the mid-lobe narrow
and entire. July-Aug. Japan.
vlridis var. bracteata (H. bracteata. CadogloBsum brae-
teatum). SATYR 0. To about 17 in. high: Ivs. rarely to 6 in.
long: spikes to 5 in. long, with leafy bracts commonly
much exceeding the small green fls. May-Aug. N. Amer.,
Eu., Asia.
346
Haberlea
347
Hakea
HAB£RLEA. Gesnenacex. A few herbaceous
tufted perennials with basal Ivs., and nodding
tubular irregularly 5-lobed fls. borne on scapes;
native in the Balkans.
Ferdinandi-Coburgii. Differs from //. rhodopensis in
smaller size, Ivs. glabrous above, smaller dark blue fls. with
upper lip twice as broad as long.
rhodopgnsis. To 6 in., soft -hairy: Ivs. obovate- or ovate-
oblong, to 3 in. long, coarsely toothed, thick: fls. pale lilac,
1 in. long and broad.
HABRANTHUS. Amaryllidacess. Bulbous
herbs with linear Ivs.: scape in most species
single-fid., in a few 2— 4-fld. ; spathe tubular below,
unilateral and bifid above; fls. pink, yellow, red,
declinate, perianth-tube short, segms. unequal,
stamens declinate, of four lengths: caps, tri-
lobed. S. Amer., Brazil to Argentina.
Andersonii (Zephyr an thes Andersonii). To 6 in.: Ivs.
narrowly linear, to 6 in. long: fls. yellow veined with red
outside, 1 ^ in. long, tube nearly wanting. S. Amer.
brachy&ndrus (Hippeastrumbrachyandrum). Bulb ovoid,
1 in.: Ivs. few, to 12 in. long: scape to 12 in., tapered up-
ward ; fls. single, funnelform, 3 in. across, orchid-pink above
shading to dark reddish-purple below. 8. Amer.
prat£nsis: Hippeastrum pratense.
robustus (Zephyranthes robusta). To 9 in.: Ivs. linear,
recurved-spreading, appearing after fls.: fls. rose-red, to
3 in. long, with short greenish tube. Argentina.
texanus (Zephyranthes texana). To 8 in.: Ivs. narrowly
linear, to 4 in. long: fls. yellow, coppery and striped with
purple outside, 1 in. long, in summer. Tex. — Perhaps the
same as H. Andersonii.
HABROTHAMNUS: Cestrum elegans and fasciculatum.
HACKBERRY: Celtis.
HACKMATACK: Larix laricina.
HACOUfeTIA. Umbelliferas. One European
per. herb sometimes grown in the rock-garden
and propagated by division. H. Epipactis. To
8 in.: Ivs. basal, deeply palmatelv lobed: fls.
yellow, polygamous, in short-stalked umbels
subtended by large involucral Ivs. Apr.-May.
. BLOOD-LILY. Amaryllidacex.
African low bulbous herbs with broad basal Ivs.
and red or white fls. in dense heads terminating
the solid scape, the perianth-tube short; grown
for the summer and autumn bloom.
The plants should have a night temperature of 50-55°.
Bulbs should be rested over winter and started into growth
in spring. Propagated by offsets.
ilbiflos. To 1 ft.: Ivs. thick and fleshy, to 8 in. long and
4 in. wide, ciliate on edges: fls. white, % in. long, in heads
2 in. across. S. Afr.
coccmeus. To 10 in.: lys. thick and fleshy, to 2 ft, long
and 8 in. broad: fls. red, 1 in. long, in heads to 3 in. across.
S. Afr.
K&tharine. To 1 ft.: Ivs. thin, to 14 in. long and 6 in.
broad: fls. bright red, 2^ in. long, in heads to 9 in. across.
S. Afr.
multifldrus. To 1H ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long arising from
special st., with short petiole, usually 3-4 in number: fls.
blood-red, to 1 in. long, in dense umbels 3-6 in. across:
berry scarlet. Trop. Afr.
punfceus. To 15 in.: Ivs. thin, to 1 ft. long and 4 in.
wide: fls. pale scarlet to white, 1 in. long, in heads to 4 in.
across. S. Afr.
Orchidacese. Terrestrial Asiatic
orchids with creeping rootstocks. Ivs. near the
base and small fls. in terminal spikes or racemes,
the lip adnate to the column, with a sac at base.
Grown for the attractive foliage; for cult, see
Orchids.
discolor. LVB. ovate to elliptic, to 3 in. long and l\i in.
wide, dark green above and bright purplish beneath : fla.
Oct.-Feb. Malaya, China, Philippines. Var. Dawsoniana
(Goodyera Dawsoniana) has Ivs. beautifully veined with red.
H&MAT6XYLTJM. Leguminosx. One species
is employed for the heartwood which is used in
making dyes and for medicinal purposes; some-
times planted in warm countries for ornament.
H. caxnpechi&num, LOGWOOD, BLOOD WOOD TREE,
is a tree to 45 ft. high, with pinnate Ivs. of 2-4
pairs of obovate usually emarginate Ifts. to 1 in.
long,, bright yellow fragrant fls. in axillary
racemes, and flat pods narrowed at both ends,
to 1% m. long. Cent. Amer. and W. Indies. —
Propagated by seeds.
BLOOD WORT FAMILY.
Small family sometimes included in Amaryl-
lidaceae or distributed in that family and Lilia-
cea> but distinguished by woolly perianth that
is not wholly adnate to or free from the more or
less inferior ovary. There are 9 genera, mostly
of the southern hemisphere but one or two in tho
E. U. S. They are per. usually stoloniferous
non-bulbous herbs with cquitant Ivs., and a
persistent perianth inclosing the caps. Cono-
stylis, Lachnanthes, Lophiola, Tecophilsca and
Wachendorfia are listed.
HAKEA. Proteacese. Australian evergreen
shrubs or low trees with alternate Ivs., bisexual
fls. borne in pairs in short axillary racemes or
clusters, and woody capsular frs. ; differs from
Grevillea chiefly in the long terminal wings on
the seeds.
Hakeas are grown out-of-doors in southern United States
and withstand slight frost. They are drought-resistant and
do best in light well-drained soil. Propagated by seeds in
winter or early spring and the seedlings kept in boxes for
the first year. As the capsules are very hard, they must
be dried for some time before discharging the seeds. Hakeas
may also be propagated by cuttings. Well adapted to
California.
acicularis (H. sericea). Tall shrub, similar to //. niblosa
but with nearly glabrous instead of hairy branchlets, and
differing from H. pugionijormia in the glabrous perianth.
New 8. Wales, Victoria, Tasmania.
auricula ta. Shrub to 2 ft. or more: Ivs. cuneate, to 3 in.
long, prickly-toothed or -lobod, aunculate at base: fls. in
clusters. W. Australia.
cristata. Hhrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. broad-obovate to oblong,
to 3 in. long, prickly-toothed, stiff and glaucous: fls. white,
in short racemes. W. Australia.
cucullata. Shrub to 14 it.: Ivs. cordate-orbicular, to 4 in.
across, entire or prickly-toothed, sessile, stiff: fls. in clusters.
W. Australia.
dactyloides. Tall shrub: Ivs. linear- or oblong-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, prominently 3-ncrved, stiff: fls. numerous.
New S. Wales.
elliptica. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 4 in. long and
2 in. wide, parallel-veined, wavy-mnrgiiied, rusty-pubescent
when young, fls. white, in sessile clusters. W. Australia.
erinacea. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in. long, of 3-5 cy-
lindrical stiff segms. which are entire or divided: fls. in
sessile clusters. W. Australia.
eucalyptoides: H. laurina.
gibbosa. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. needle-like, to 3 in. long,
entire, stiff and spiny-tipped: fls. white, in sessile clusters.
New S. Wales, Victoria.
glabella. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. obovate or oblong, to
3 in. long, usually jprickly-toothed, auriculate at base: fls.
white. W. Australia.
ilicif&Iia: H.varia.
incrassata. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate or
oblong-linear, to 2 in. long, entire, thick: fls. in sessile
clusters. W. Australia.
laurina (H. eucalyptoides). SEA URCHIN. Shrub or tree
to 30ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or narrow-elliptic, to 0 in. long and
1 in. wide, parallel- veined, entire: fls. crimson, in sessile
globose clusters, with long yellow styles. W. Australia.
marginata. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 1^ in-
long, with prominent midrib and margins, thick and stiff.
W. Australia.
multilineata. Tall shrub: Ivs. linear-lanceolate to ob-
long, to 8 in. long, with many small nerves, pubescent,
thick: fls. in spike-like racemes to 3 in. long. S. and W.
Australia.
pecttnata: //. suaveolens.
platyspe*rma. Lvs. cylindrical, to 5 in. long, thick and
stiff: fla. in sessile clusters. W. Australia.
Hakea
348
Hamatocactus
propinqua. Tall shrub: Ivs. needle-like, to \1A in. long,
rather thick and smooth, crowded: fls. very small, clustered.
New 8. Wales.
pugionifdrmis. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. needle-like, to 2 in.
long, stiff and spiny-tipped: fls. white, in sessile clusters,
the styles long, differing from H. gibbosa in the pubescent
perianth. New 8. Wales, Victoria, Tasmania.
ruscifftlia. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate,
to 1 in long, entire and spiny-tipped: fls. white, small, in
dense clusters. W. Australia.
saligna. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, entire, pale or grayish-green: fls. white, small, in
dense clusters, the styles long. Queensland, New S. Wales.
sericea: H. aciculans.
speci&sa is listed in the trade, but the name is not known
to have any botanical standing.
suaveolens (//. pectinata). Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. needle-
like, to 4 in. long, usually branched into stiff spiny-tipped
negms.: fls. white, fragrant, in dense racemes. W. Australia.
trifurcata. Shrub to 10 ft., much branched: Ivs. cylindri-
cal, to 3 in long, divided into 3 segrns., stiff; sometimes with
few flat oblong Ivs.: fls. in sessile clusters. W. Australia.
varia (//. ihci/oha). Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long,
prickly lobed or pmnatitid: fls. small, in clusters. W.
Australia.
HALERPESTES: Ranunculus Cymbalaria.
HALfiSIA (Mohrodendrori). SILVER-BELL.
SNOWDHOP-TREE. Styracaceze. Attractive de-
ciduous shrubs or trees with alternate toothed
Ivs., white bell-shaped drooping fls. in axillary
clusters on branchlets of previous year in spring,
and fr. a dry winged drupe.
Only //. Carolina and //. monticola are hardy North.
The species prefer rich well-drained soil with some shelter.
They transplant readily. Propagated by seed as soon as
ripe or stratified, by layers, root-cuttings or cuttings of
green wood from forced plants.
Carolina (H. tetrapterd) . To 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-
oblong, to 4 in. long: fls. to % in. long, with shallow corolla-
lobes: fr. 4-winged, to 1 % in. long. W. Va. to Fla and Tex.
Var. Meehanii has smaller wrinkled Ivs. and smaller fls.
diptera. To 30 ft.: Ivs. oval or obovate, to 5 in. long:
fls. 1 in. long, corolla deeply lobed: fr. 2-winged, to 2 in.
long. S. C. to Fla. and Tex.
hispida: Ptcrostyrax hispida.
montfcola. To 100 ft.: Ivs. oval or oblong, to 11 in. long:
fls. to 1 in. long, with shallow corolla-lobes: fr. 4-winged,
2 in. long. N. C. to Ga. and Tenn.
tetraptera: //. Carolina.
HALfMIUM. Cistacex. Old World herbs
formerly united with Helianthemum but dis-
tinguished by fls. having short straight styles,
and from the related genus Crocantnemum in
Ivs. opposite and in the absence of cleistogamous
fls. For cult, see Helianthemum.
alyssoides (Helianthemum alyssvides) . Lvs. ovate-
lanceolate: fls. bright yellow, l^j in. across. S. W. Eu.
forxndsum: //. lasianthum.
halimifdlium (Vistus hahmifolius. Helianthemum hali-
WM folium). To 2 ft : Ivs. oblong to lanceolate, white-
tomentose when young: fls. yellow with dark spots on
petals, \y± in. across. S. Eu., N. Afr. Var. multiflorum is
listed as an orange-pink form.
lasi&nthum (//. formosum. Helianthemum formosum
and lasianthum). To 3 ft.: Ivs. oval to lanceolate, to 1^
in. long: fls. yellow blotched with purple at base, 1^ in.
across. Portugal. Var. c6ncolor is listed as having clear
canarv-yellow fls.
Liban&tis (Helianthemum Libanotis). Shrub to 1^ ft.,
sts erect or ascending: Ivs. linear, to l^jj in. long, smooth
above, gray-hairy beneath: fls. white, center yellowish,
about Y* m- Across, usually in terminal clusters of 1-3 on
lateral branchlets. W. Mecfit. region. — Distinguished from
//. umbellatum in Ivs. glabrous above and calyx smooth.
ocymoides (Cistus algarvensis. Helianthemumocymoides).
To 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, about ^ in. long, gray-
pubescent: fls. bright yellow with purple base, 1 in. across.
Spain, Portugal.
umbellatum (Helianthemum umbellatum). To 2 ft.:
Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, to \\£ in. long, gray-tomen-
tose beneath: fls. white, 1 in. across, calyx short-hairy,
often sticky. Eu.
HALIMOD6NDRON. SALT TREE. Legu-
minosse. One deciduous ornamental shrub from
Par-
salty plains of Cent. Asia. H. halodSndron
( H . argenteum). To 6 ft. : Ivs. of 2-4 oblanceolate
Ifts. to 1H in. long, the petiole becoming spiny:
fls. papilionaceous, pale purple, in lateral 2-3-fld.
racemes: pods inflated, to 1 in. long. — Hardy N.;
propagated by seeds, layers, cuttings over bottom
neat, or by grafting on laburnum or caragana.
HALORAGIDACE^. WATER MILFOIL FAM-
ILY. Widely distributed herbs, mostly aquatic,
of about 8 genera, of which Gunnera, Hippuris
and Myriophyllum are grown for the ornamental
foliage and habit. The family is very diverse in
character of Ivs., has regular often very small
bisexual or unisexual fls., the calyx with 2-4 lobes,
2-4 separate petals or none, 1-8 stamens, in-
ferior 1-4-celled ovary, and fr. a small nut or
drupe. Three genera are represented by native
species in N. E. U. S. and many of them are in
the southern hemisphere.
HAMAMELEDACE^E. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.
Shrubs and trees of about 20 genera mostly in
warm temp, regions, evergreen or deciduous: Ivs.
alternate, simple: fls. bisexual or unisexual, in
heads or racemes, with 4-5 sepals and separate
petals, or petals lacking, 4 or more stamens, and
2-celled ovary: fr. a 2-beaked woody caps. The
family contains many ornamental genera, as
Coryfopsis, Disanthus, Distyliurn, Fothergilla,
Hamamelis, Liquidambar, Loropetalum,
rotia, Parrotiopsis, most of them hardy N.
HAMAMELIS. WITCH-HAZEL. Hamame-
lidacex. Deciduous small trees or shrubs with
simple toothed Ivs., yellow fls. in axillary nearly
or quite sessile clusters blooming in autumn or
very early spring, and capsular frs. ripening in
the late season or autumn following; native in
N. Amer. and E. Asia and hardy N.; sometimes
planted for ornament and screens.
They thrive in rather moist soil. Propagated by seeds
which require two years to germinate, by layers, or by
grafting on stock of //. virginiana.
arbdrea: H. japonica var.
japdnica. To 30 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, becoming glabrous
beneath, fls. to % in. long, Jan.-Mar. Japan. Var.
arbdrea (//. aiborea) has larger Ivs. arid calyx deep purple
inside. Var. flavo-purpur&scens, petals i eddish near the
base, sepals deep purple within. Var. rubra is listed. Var.
Zuccariniana is tree-like, with calyx greenish-yellow inside.
mdllis. To 30 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, gray-tomeritose
beneath: fls. to % in. long, Jan.-Mar., the calyx red inside.
China.
populifldrus: catalogue name.
vernalis. To 6 ft., bearing suckers: Ivs. to 5 in. long,
nearly glabrous beneath: fls. to ^ in. long, Jan.-Mar.,
calyx dark red inside. Mo. to La. and Okla. Var. rubra has
petals reddish, at least near the base. Var. tomentella,
Ivs. more or less pubescent beneath.-y-Considered more
fragrant than most other species, but with less showy fls.
virginiana. To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 0 in. long, pubescent only
on veins beneath: fls. to *A in. long, Sept.-Oct., calyx
brownish-yellow inside. E. N. Amer. to Tex. — A tenacious
common coarse bush, very attractive for its late autumn
bloom.
HAMATOCACTUS. Cactaceae. A small genus,
known from Echinocactus by its thin ribs,
funnelform fl. and naked axils of fl.-scales, small
red berry and tuberculated seeds. See Cacti.
hamatacinthus (Echinocactus hamatacanthus. E. longi-
hamatus. Ferocactua longihamatus. Bnttonia Davisii).
Globular to cylindrical, to 2 ft. tall: ribs about 13, high,
notched; spines red to yellow or white, radials £-12, to
2% in. long, centrals 4, naif-round, lower one to 5 in. long
and hooked: fls. yellow, to nearly 3 in. across, stigma yel-
low, 15-18-lobed. S. Tex., New Mex. and Mex. Var.
crassiaplnus has radials angular, more numerous and
thicker than type. Var. papyracinthus has slender white
spines. Var. sinuatus is a smaller plant with slenderer and
hooked spines.
Hamatocactus
349
Harrisia
setispinus (Echinocactus setiapinus). Globose to short-
cylindric, to 6 in. high; ribs commonly 13; radial spines
12-16 and slender; centrals longer and 1-3: fls. yellow with
a red throat, between 2 and 3 in. long, tube not longer than
limb, scales fimbnate. S. Tex., Mex.
uncinatus (Echinocactua uncinatua. Ferocactua uncina-
tus). Ovoid to briefly cylindrical, to 8 in. tall and 3 in.
diam., dark blue-green, slightly glaucous; ribs 9-13,
rounded, straight, wide; spines red to creamy- white, radials
7-8, the lower ones hooked, centrals 1-4, to 5 in. long, often
half-round, hooked: fls. dark reddish-brown, to 1 in. long,
segms. narrow, often edged pink, stigma pink, 10-lobed.
W. Tex. to Cent. Mex. Var. Wrightii has longer more
intense red spines.
HAMfeLIA. Rubiaceae. Evergreen shrubs
native in warm parts of Amer., with opposite
or whorled entire Ivs., tubular 5-lobed red or
yellow fls. in terminal branching cymes, and fr.
a small berry.
A few species are grown out-of-doors in southern
United States. Propagated by seeds arid cuttings of half
ripe wood under glass.
er6cta (//. patens). SCARLET-BUSH. To 25 ft., gray-
pubescent: Ivs. oval or ovate, to 6 in. long: fls. scarlet or
orange, to % in. long: fr. dark red or purple, ^ in. long,
ovoid. Fla. to Brazil. — It has been confused in cult, with
Ixora.
patens: II. erecta.
sphaerocarpa. To 12 ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long,
undulate: fls. orange-yellow, 1 in. long: fr. purplish-black,
globose. Peru.
HAMOSA: Astragalus austrinua.
HAPLOPAPPUS. Composite. Per. herbs
with many-fld. heads of yellow ray- and disk-
fls.; pappus of bristles.
Lyallii (Tonestus Lyallii). To 4 in.: Ivs. oblanceolate or
spatulate, entire: heads % in. across. Mts., B. C. to Colo,
rubiginftsus: Sideranthua rubiginosua.
HARBINGER-OF-SPRING: Engenia bulbosa.
HARBOURIA. Umbettifcrap. One per. herb
with ternately decompound Ivs., small yellow
fls. in long-stalked umbels, and compressed
ribbed frs.; sometimes grown in sunny places in
the rock-garden. H. trachy pie fora. To 2 ft.:
ultimate If.-segms. thread-like. Mts., Colo., Wyo.
HARDENB12RGIA. Leguminosar. Australian
vines with pinnate Ivs. of 3-5 Ifts. or sometimes
reduced to 1, small papilionaceous fls. in long
racemes, and linear pods; differs from Kennedia
in its smaller fls. and obtuse keel shorter than
the wings.
Grown in the greenhouse or in the open in the South;
common in southern California. They require peaty well-
drained soil if grown under glass. Propagated by seeds,
and by greenwood cuttings in spring under glass.
Comptoniana (Kennedia Comptoniana). Lfts. 3 or 5,
ovate to narrow-lanceolate: fla. blue or violet: pods to 2 in.
long. Var. alba has white fls.
monophylla ( //. ovata. Kennedia bimaculata. K. mono-
phylla. K. ovaia). Lft. 1, ovate to lanceolate: fls. violet or
rose. Var. alba has white fls., var. lilacina lilac fls., and var.
r&sea pink.
ovata: H. monophylla.
rubicunda: see Kennedia rubicunda.
HARDHACK: Spiraea tomentoaa.
HARDHEADS: Centaurea nigra.
HAREBELL: Campanula rotundifolia and others.
HARICOT: Phaaeolua Bulgaria.
HARIOTA: Hatiora.
HARPALUJM: Helianthua rigidua.
HARPEPHtLLUM. Anacardiaceae. Dioecious
trees with pinnate leathery Ivs., fls. in compact
axillary panicles, 10 stamens, 4-celled fr. with
2 of the cells small and sterile; 2 species in S.
Afr., now and then planted in warm climates.
clffrum. KAFIR-PLUM. Attractive tree to 30 ft. with
glossy Ivs.: Ifts. lanceolate, to 2^ in. long: fls. white or
greenish: fr. dark red, size and shape of large olive, edible. —
Grown in S. Calif, and S. Fla. for ornament.
HARPtJLLIA. Sapind/icex. Trees with alter-
nate pinnate Ivs., dioecious or polygamous fls.
and leathery inflated capsular 2-lobed frs.; one
species intro. in Fla. and Calif.; related to
Xanthoceras and Ungnadia.
arbdrea (//. imbricata. H. cupanioides) . To 35 ft. or
more: Ivs. of 4-5 pairs of oblong-lanceolate entire Ifts. to
6 in. long, shining: fls. in drooping axillary panicles: fr.
bright orange, broader than long, about 1% in. wide, having
large smooth black seeds. India, Malaya, Philippines.
cupanioldes: H. arborea.
imbricate: H. arborea.
HARRIMANELLA: Caaaiope.
HARRISIA. Cactacex. Arching or vine -like
night-blooming cacti with angled or fluted
branches, areoles bearing slender needle-like
spines: fls. large and showy, funnelform, white
or pinkish, borne singly at areoles near end of
branches, the tube scaly. Near a score of species,
Fla. to Argentina. See Cacti.
aborfginum. Erect or reclining to 20 ft., sometimes
branched; ribs 9-11, obtuse; spines radial, 7-9, to H in.
long, gray with brown tips: fls. white, to 6 in. long, flagrant:
fr. yellow, globose, to 3 in. diam. W. Fla.
adsce*ndens (Cereua adscendena). Erect or somewhat
prostrate, to 7 ft. long and 2 in. diam.; ribs 7-10, low,
tubercled; spines about 10, to 1H in. long, reddish-brown
to gray: fls. white, to 10 in. long. Biazil.
Bonplandii (Cereus and Eriocereua Bonplandii). Erect
at first, becoming arching or clambering, to 10 ft. and more,
sts. to 3 in. diam. and strongly 4-anglcd; spines 6-8- fls.
white, closing soon after sunrise, to 8 or 9 in. long. Brazil,
Paraguay, Argentina.
Brodkei (Cereua Brookei). Erect, branched, to 25 ft.,
sts. dark green; ribs 9-11, obtuse, low; spines 9-12, to 1 in.
long, mostly white: fl. color not known: fr. yellowish, to
3 in. across Bahamas.
fiarlei. Usually prostrate or pendent, to 10 ft. long and
2% in. diam., 5-7-angled when young, becoming obscurely
so or smooth with age; spines gray, usually 5-8, to 2 in.
long: fls. white, to 8 in. long: fr. yellow, to 2% in. diam.
Cuba.
eri6phora (Cereus eriophorus). To about 1 ft. hijjh,
main st. 1H in. or more diam.; ribs 8 or 9; spines 6-9, with
dark tips: fls. white inside and pale pink outside, to 7 in.
long. Cuba.
FSrnowii (Cereua pellucidus). To 10 ft. tall, branched,
sts. to 1 in. diam.; ribs about 9, inconspicuous; spines 8-11,
to 2*A in. long, light brown with darker tips: fls. white, to
8 in. long. Cuba.
fragrans. To 15 ft., the sts. 10-12-ridged and erect or
clambering; spines 9-13 and to 1^ »n. long: fls. white or
pinkish, fragrant, to 8 in. long. Fla.
gr&cilis (Cereua gracilia. C. repandus). Much branched,
to 20 ft.; ribs 9-11; spines 10-16 and black-tipped- fls.
white, corolla 8 in. long, tube nearly 1 in. with hairs in
the axils of its scales. Jamaica.
Guelichii (Eriocereua Guelichii). Sts. prostrate and
straggling, branched, to 2 ft. long ami 1% in. diam., pale
green; ribs 3-4, acute, furrows flattened, areoles 1-3 in.
apart; spines reddish becoming gray with black tip, radials
4-5, to $4 in. long, central 1, to 1 in. long, stouter: fls. white
within and greenish outside, to 10 in. long: fr. red, globose,
scaly, spineless. Argentina.
Jusbertif (Cereua and Eriocereua Juabertii). Sts. 2 in.
diam., branched; ribs 6; radial spines 7 and very short;
central 1 and red or brown: fls. white, brown ish-greeri
outside, 7 in. long. Perhaps a hybrid.
Mar inii (Cereua and Eriocereua Martinii). Much
branched and clambering, 6 ft. or more; radials short;
central 1 and about 1 in. long, old sts. terete and spineless:
fls. about 8 in. long, white or tinged pink. Argentina.
Nfishii (Cereua Naahii). Erect, to 10 ft., much branched,
sts. to IH in. diam.; ribs 9-11, obtuse; spines 3-6, gray:
fls. probably white, to 8 in. long. Hispaniola.
poman£nsis (Cereua and Eriocereus pomanenaia). Sts.
prostrate or arched, glaucous; ribs 4-6; radial spines 6-8;
central spine 1 and to % in. long: fls. white, 6 in. long.
Argent' na.
portoric6nsis (Cereua portoricenaia) . To 10 ft. high and
1J4 in. diam., branched; ribs 11; spines 13-17 and 1 in.
long: fls. white, to 6 in. long. Puerto Rico.
tiarrifiia
Regelii. Perhaps a form of //. Martinii with longer
spines and pale pink fls. white within.
rostra ta: possibly Selenicereus hamatus.
Simpsonii. To 18 ft., erect or reclining, simple or
branched; ribs 8-10; spines 7-14 and to 1 in. long: fls.
white, to 7 m. long. S. Fla.
tortudsa (Cereus and Enocereus lortuosus). Erect but
soon arching, branches to 1H m. diam.; nbs commonly 7;
spines 6-10 and awl-1 ke: fls. white to pink, dull outeide,
to 6 m. long. Argentina.
HARTMANNIA: (Enothera.
HARTOGIA: Agathosma.
HARTWfeGIA. Orchidacese. Trop. American
epiphytes with pseudobulbs or fleshy sts. bearing
1 It. and fls. in racemes, the lip saccate at base.
Grown in the warm greenhouse; see Orchids.
purpurea. To 1}A ft. high, slender: Ivs. to 4 in. long,
very fleshy, green mottled with red-purple: fl.-cluster
short, racemose or paniculate at the summit of a long
naked scape much longer than the Ivs.; fls. purple-red.
Apr .-Oct. Cent. Amer
HASHISH: see Cannabis.
HASTATE: of the shape of an arrow-head but the
basal lobes pointed or narrow and standing nearly or
quite at right angles; halberd-shaped.
HATIORA (Hariota). Cactacex. A few
spineless cacti of the lihipsalis group, the fls.
without tube and rotate and petals erect, the
fls. and terete slender branches always terminal;
fls. open only in sunlight, blooming in winter
and early spring under glass in U. S. Employed
and cult, the same as Rhipsalis. See Cacti.
salicornioldes (Rhipsalis salicornioidea) . Epiphyte: sts.
to 6 ft. or more, cylindric, much branched and diffuse, the
branohlets 1 in. long more or less and club-shaped with
pedicel-like base: fls. about \i in. long, salmon-colored.
S. E. Brazil.
HAW, BLACK-: Viburnum prumfolium and rufidulum.
•Medlar: Ciataegomesjnlua Possum-: Ilex decidua.
HAWKS-BEARD: Crept*.
HAWKWEED: Hieracium. Golden Yellow: see Tolpis
barbata.
HAW(5RTHIA. Liliacese. S. African succulent
plants without sts., the thick Ivs. in dense
rosettes which are sometimes elongated, and
small white or greenish fls. in simple or panicled
racemes on scapes. For cult, see Succulents;
fanciers plants.
aloefdlia: catalogue name, probably for //. cymbiformis.
arachnoides. Lvs. to 2 in. long and 5^ in. across at
middle, oblong-lanceolate, pale green, pellucid, long awned
at tip, margin with cuspidate teeth, on short leafy st.: fls.
few in lax racemes.
atr6virens. Lvs. to % in. long and H in. wide, 30-40
in a dense rosette, with 3-5 vertical green lines: fls. in
loose racemes (i in. long.
attenuata (Aloe attenuata). Lvs entire, to 3 in. long and
% in. across, in rosettes of 30-40, lanceolate-deltoid, covered
with white tubercles running together in a series of regular
transverse bands: fls. rose, to 9^ in. long, in lax racemes to
2 ft. long. Var. clariperla, Ivs. with larger tubercles.
Cassytha. Leafy st. to 4 in. long: Ivs. to 1*4 in. long and
% in. across, ovate, dull green, somewhat tubercled on
upper surface and whitish along margin, all ascending with
strongly raised white tuberoles on reverse.
Chalwimi. Lvs. to about 1 in long and H in. across,
ovate-deltoid, fleshy, tubercles small, whitish in definite
transverse bands
coarctata. St. elongated to 8 in.: Ivs. to 2H in. long and
% in. across, white-warty: fls. lined with red, in simple
mfl. to 1 ft. high.
Co6peri. Lvs. to 1^ in. long and m in. across, oblong-
lanceolate, pale green, pellucid spots on upper half, margin
and keel finely toothed • fls. to % in. long, in simple racemes
to \M ft hign.
cuspidata. Lvs. to 1 in. long and ^ in. across, obovate-
cuneate, pale green, strongly recurved, smooth and awned,
to }£ in. thick in center: fls. to % in. long, in lax racemes to
1H ft. high
tiawortma
cymbiformis. Lvs. to 1^4 in. long and % in. across, very
thick, entire, pale and glauceseent: fls. very pale pink
striped with green, in a simple infl. to 1 ft. high
denticulata. Lvs. to 1H in. long and % in. across, ob-
long-lanceolate, pale green, margins denticulate, short
apical awn: fls. to % in. long, in simple lax racemes.
fasciata. Lvs. to 1H in. long and H in. wide, glaucous,
with transverse bands of white tubercles: fls. in loose
racemes 6 in. long. Var. caespitdsa is listed as a dwarf and
more compact form.
glabrata. Lvs. to 5 in. long and 1 in. across, lanceolate-
deltoid, no tubercles on face, reverse with scattered tuber-
cles, upper margins white-lined: fls. to % in. long, in racemes
to 3H ft. high. Var. cdncolor. Ivs. scabrous on reverse,
covered with minute uniformly colored tubercles; con-
sidered to be a probable hybr d with H. scabra. Var.
perviridis has crowded greenish-white tubercles.
Krausii: listed name.
kete'virens. Rosette of 20-30 oblanceolate-oblong Ivs.
to 1H in. long and 5^ in. across, pale gieen becoming red-
dish with age, tipped with pellucid awn, margins and keel
denticulate: fls to % in. long, in simple lax racemes to 1 ft.
high.
lineata: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
margaritlfera. Lvs. to 3 in. long and \^i in. across,
lanceolate-deltoid, both sides covered with large white
tubercles, in rosettes of 30-40: fls. to % in. long, in dense
racemes to nearly 2 ft. high. Var. corallina, Ivs. to 2% in.
long, tubercles on face sparse, and those on reverse in ir-
regular transverse bands Var. ergcta, Ivs. smaller than
type with more crowded and smaller tubercles. Var.
granata, Ivs. to 2 in. long, deltoid, smaller and more crowded
tubercles. Var. semimargaritffera, Ivs. similar in size arid
shape to type, facial tubercles more or less confined to
faint keel.
metallica: name of unknown botanical standing, listed
as having dark Ivs. with irridescent spots.
pentagdna: Apicra pentagona.
pilifera: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
pseudorfgida: //. toriuosa var.
radula. Lvs. to 3 in. long and ^ in. wide, with minute
white tubercles on both sides: fls. lined with green and rose,
infl. \Y* ft. high.
recurva. Lvs. stiff, to 1H in. long, much recurved, lined
with deep green: fls. lined with red.
Reinwardtii. Sts. to 6 in., stoloniferous: Ivs. to 1^ in.
long and % in. wide, with rows of white tubercles: fls. lined
with rose, infl. 1H ft high.
Resendeana: listed name of unknown botanical stand-
ing.
reticulata. Lvs. to 1^ in. long and less than H in. wide,
oblong-lanceolate, smooth, pale green, more or less flaccid,
margin minutely scabrous: fls. to % in. long, in few-fld.
lax racemes to 1 ft. high.
retusa. Lvs. to 1^£ in. long and % in. broad, deltoid,
recurved, mooth face and not scabrous on back, very
thick, fls. to ^ ln- long in lax racemes.
rfgida. Sts. to 4 in.: Ivs. to 2 in. long and % in. wide,
recurved, rough: fls. striped with brownish-green, infl. 2 ft.
high.
rug&sa. Lvs. to 4 in. long and 1 in. w.de, rough on both
sides with whitish tubeicles: fls. rose veined with green,
infl. to 3 ft. high.
Schmidtiana. To 16 in.: Ivs. broadly ovate-lanceolate,
to ^ in long, tip recurved, strongly convex beneath: fls.
white with green stripes, 2s in. long, limb 2-lobed, few in
racemes on an unbranched peduncle.
semifasciata: listed name of unknown botanical stand-
ing.
semiglabrata. Lvs to 3H in. long and 1 in. across,
lanceolate-delto d, bright green with few tubercles on face
and many white tubercles in irregular transverse bands on
reverse: fls. to 2i in long, in dense racemes to 2 ft. high
seta la. Lvs. to 1^ in. long and % in. across, oblong-
lanceolate, pale green and tipped with long pellucid awn,
margin with fine spreading teeth: fls. to % in. long, in
racemes to 1 ft. high.
Skmneri: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
subfasci&ta. Lvs. to 4 in. long and 1 in. wide, with trans-
verse bands of white tubercles beneath: infl. to 2 ft. high.
subrfgida. Lvs. to 2 in. long and % in. across, ovate-
lanceolate, dark green, very rough w th large white-tipped
tubercles: fls. to % in. long, in lax racemes
subulata. Lvs. to 4 in. long and 1 in. wide, very acumi-
nate, in dense rosettes rough with white-tipped tubercles:
fls. with green nerves, infl. 3 ft. high.
tessellata. Lvs. to 1H in long and 1 in. across, deltoid
and recurved, face dark green marked with 6 anastomosing
Haworthia
pale green lines, reverse dull green roughened by tubercles,
margin with fine teeth: fls. to ?i in. long, in few-fld. racemes
to 1 ft. high. Var. £ngleri is listed. Var. incurva, Ivs. with
inflexed margins, dull purplish-green. Var. parva, Ivs.
shorter and in smaller rosettes. Var. recurva is probably
II. recurva.
tortudsa. Sts. to 6 in. : Ivs. to 2 in. long and 5^ in. wide,
rough on both sides: fls. lined with rose, infl. 1 ft. high.
Var. pseudorfgida is larger, rougher and more succulent.
translucena. Lvs. to 2 in. long and K m. across, lanceo-
late, ascending, pale green sometimes purple- tinged, face
pellucid on upper third, margins with fine pellucid teeth:
fls. to % in long, in few-fld. simple lax racemes to 1 ft.
high.
turgida. Lvs. to 1 in. long and M in. broad, 20-30 in
dense rosettes, rounded and somewhat keeled underneath,
lined with paler green toward top on upper side: fls. on very
short pedicels in a few-fld. raceme.
vittata. Lvs. to 1$^ in. long and H in. across, oblong-
lanceolate, pale green, upper half of face lineate, tipped
with long awn, margins finely toothed: fls. to % in. long,
in simple dense racemes to 1 ft. high.
HAWTHORN: Cratsegus. India-: Raphiolepis indica.
Water-: Aponogeton diatachyua. Yeddo-* Raphiolepia um-
bellata.
HAZARDIA. Composite. Small Calif, shrubs
or per. herbs with leathery lys. and heads in
spikes or panicles, ray-fls. inconspicuous or
wanting; pappus of reddish bristles; kin to Solid-
ago.
cana. Large shrub: Ivs. obovate or oblanceolate, to
8 in. long, entire or toothed, whitc-tomentose: heads in
panicles, ray-fls. yellow turning purple. Isls. off Calif
HAZEL, CHILE: Gevuina Avellana. Winter: Corylop-
sis. Witch-: Hamameli8.
HAZELNUT: Corylus; see Filbert.
HEAD: a short dense spike about as broad as long;
capitulum.
HEAL-ALL: Prunella vulgaris.
HEARTSEASE: Viola tricolor var. hortenais.
HEART-SEED: Cardioapermum.
HEART-SHAPED: cordate; ovate in general outline
but with 2 rounded basal lobes; has reference particularly
to the shape of the base of a leaf or other expanded part.
HEATH: Erica. Irish-: Daboecia cantabrica. Spike-:
Bruckenthalia apicuhfoha.
HEATHER: Calluna. Beach-: Hudsonia. Mock-:
Ericamena ericoidea.
HfeBE. Scrophulariacese. Many shrubs or
small trees of the southern hemisphere, mainly
native in New Zeal., formerly united with Veron-
ica but differing in the mostly evergreen and
woody character, leathery always opposite Ivs.,
fls. white to pink, in axillary racemes or spikes
or small heads, and in technical characters of
the caps. They should no longer be called
Veronicas. With the exception of H. formosa,
the names here listed are of New Zeal, species or
derivatives from them.
Several New Zealand names have recently been listed in
California but it is not known whether they have come
into general cultivation. Those now named in Hebe are
//. Carsei, divergena, evenoaa, Haaatii, Matthewan, Menziesii,
pubescent, rigidula, subalpina. Others are Veronica acuti-
flora, monticola, Muelleri. Some of the names of hebes may
represent horticultural forma.
Hebes are extensively grown out-of-doors in mild cli-
mates, as in California, and sometimes under glass in the
North. Several kinds are used as evergreen hedges. Propa-
gated by seeds and by cuttings, those taken from mature
plants in autumn blooming the following summer.
albicans (Veronica albicans). To 4 ft., much branched:
Ivs. imbricated, to 1 in. long and H in. across, glaucous,
entire: fls. white, in many-fld. racemes. By some considered
a hybrid; much like H. amplexicaulia.
amabills (Veronica amabilia). To 15 ft. or more: Ivs. to
4 in. long and 1 in. across, entire: fls. white, 1A in. across,
in racemes to 6 in. long. Considered to be a hybrid race
issuing from H. elliptica and H. aalicifolia.
amplexicaulis (Veronica amplexicaulia). To 3 ft., some-
times decumbent: Ivs. imbricated, to 1 in. long and M in.
351
Hebe
across, glaucous, entire, very thick: fls. white, % in. across,
in spikes to 1H in. long.
Andersonii (Veronica Andersonii). Regarded as a
garden hybrid between //. salicifolia and //. specwsa: fls.
white tipped with violet. Var. variegata has Ivs. variegated
with creamy-white.
angustif61ia (Veronica angustifoha) . To 8 ft., much
branched: Ivs. to 3H in. long and J^ in. across, keeled be-
neath, entire: fls. pale lilac, Y$ in. across, in racemes to
5 in. long.
an6mala (Veronica anomala). To 5 ft., much branched:
Ivs. to % in. long and As in. across, keeled and shining:
fls. white or pale pink, H in. across, in spikes forming short
panicles. — Very like H. buxifolia.
Balfouriana (Veronica Balfouriana). To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate,
to % in. long, entire, shining above: fls. pale blue, ^jj in.
across, in racemes to 3 in. long.
Barker! ( Veronica Barken). Shrub: Ivs. to 2 in. long and
% in. across: fls. pale lilac, ^ in. across, in racemes to 2 in.
long. Cultigen.
B611onsii (Veronica Bollonsii). To 5 ft., much branched:
Ivs. to 3 in. long and J£ in. across, edges thickened fls. pale
lilac, \i in. acioss, in racemes to 4 in. long.
Buchananii (Veronica Buchanann). To 1 ft., much
branched: Ivs. imbricated, about }•£ m. long and bioad: fls.
white, K in. across, in short spikes.
buxifolia (Veronica buxifoha). To 5 ft.: Ivs. imbncated,
to ^j in. long and j^ in. across, stilt and thick, entire: fls.
white, ^ in. across, in spikes to 1 in. long.
carnea (Veronica carnea). Apparently a garden hybiid
with //. apeciosa as one parent: fls. rose.
carn6sula (Veronica carnosula). To 3 ft., often decum-
bent: Ivs. imbricated, to % in. long and ?i in. across,
glaucous: fls. white, ^ in. across, in dense spikes.
chathamica (Veronica chathamica). To 1M ft., with
prostrate or trailing sts.: Ivs. oval, to 1 in. long: fls. purple,
>^ in. across, in racemes to 1 in long. Var. erecta is listed.
Colens6i (Veronica Colensoi). To 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 1% in.
long and H in. across, nearly entire, glaucous beneath,
fls. white, % in. across, in racemes about 1% in. long.
cupressoides (Veronica cupressoides). To 6 ft.: Ivs.
scale-like, Vi5 m. long or to \^ in. on young plants: fls. pale
purple or rarely white, H m. across, in small terminal
heads.
Darwiniana (Veronica Darwiniana). Small shrub: Ivs.
to % in. long and % in. across, entire, glaucous: fls. white,
^ in. across, in dense racemes to 1^ in long.
decumbens (Veronica decumbena). To 3 ft., decumbent
and much branched: Ivs. to % in. long and ^ in. across,
margins bright red: fls. white, % in. across, in lucernes to
1 in. long.
Dieffenbachii (Veronica Dieffenbachii). To 4 ft., much
branched: Ivs. to 4 in long and 1 in. across: fls. lilac, ^ in.
across.
diosmsefdlia (Veronica dioamxfolia) . To 5 ft. or more,
much branched: Ivs. to 1 in. long and K in. across, fls. white
or pale blue, ^ in. across, in corymbose racemes 1 in. long.
Dorrien-Smithii (Veronica Dorrien-Smithn). Small
straggling shrub: Ivs. to 3 in. long and \}4, in. across, cihate
at margins: fls. white or lavender, \i in. across, in racemes
as long as Ivs.
elliptica (Veronica elliptica. V. decussata). To 20 ft.,
much branched . Ivs. to 1 K in. long and }<£ in. across: fls.
white or veined purple or pale blue, % m. across, in racemes
to 1^ in. long. Variegated forms are listed.
epacridea (Veronica epacridea). Prostrate half-hardy
shruo: Ivs. obovate-oblong, to J-^ in. long, leathery, gla-
brous, keeled, mostly obtuse: fls. white, in dense terminal
heads.
forai6sa (Veronica formosa). To 4 ft., evergreen: Ivs.
oval to lanceolate, to 1 in. long, nearly entire: fls. pale lilac,
in short racemes. Tasmania.
Gibbsii (Veronica Gibbsii). To 1J^ ft.: Ivs. imbricated,
to ^£ in. long and ^ in. across, glaucous, white-cilia te: fls.
white, H in. across, in dense-fld. spikes.
gigantSa (Veronica gigantea). Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in.
long and ^ in. across, coarsely toothed when young: fls.
white, % in. across, in racemes to 5 in. long.
glaucophylla (Veronica glaucophylla). Similar to H.
Traversii, but Ivs. much narrower, linear, glaucous and not
keeled: fls. white, in slender tapering racemes. — V. Colenaoi
var. glauca belongs here.
gracfllima (Veronica gracillima). Much branched shrub:
Ivs. to 2H in. long and 1A in. across1 fl». H in. across, in
racemes to 5 in. long. Probably a hybrid between 7f.
anguatifolia and H. aalicifolia.
HSctori (Veronica Hcctori). To 1 ft.: Ivs. densely im-
bricated, pairs united to middle, orbicuU r-oblong, to H m.
long, very thick: fls. white, \i in. across, in small terminal
heads.
Hebe
852
Hedera
Hulkeana (Veronica Hulkeana). To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
2 in. long, toothed: fls. pale lilac, to % in. across, in panicles
to 1 ft. long.
Isevis (Veronica Iseoia). To 5 ft.: Ivs. to % in. long and
H in. across, stiff, entire: fls. white, )4 in. across, in racemes
to 1^4 in. long.
leiophylla (Veronica leiophylla'). To 12 ft.: Ivs. to 1>£ in.
long and M in. across: fls. white, K in. across, in racemes to
4 in. long. Var. strictfesima differs in more acute Ivs. and
more uptight racemes.
Lewisii (Veronica Lewisn). To 6 ft., the branches gray-
pubescent: Ivs. to 2H in. long and 1 in. across, margins
with white line: fls. pale blue, ^ in. across, in racemes to
2^3 in. long.
loganioldes (Veronica loganioidea). Shrub to 14 in.,
sts. decumbent, grayish: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to H in.
long, acute, sessile, keeled: fls. white or white with pink
veins, to }£ in. across, in racemes forming a small corymb-
like head.
macrantha (Veronica macrantha). To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in.
long, toothed: fls. white, % in. across, in 3-8-fld. racemes.
macrocarpa (Veronica macrocarpa). To 8 ft.: Ivs. to
6 in. long and 1 in. across: fls. white, to M in. across, in
racemes to 7 in. long. Var. latise'pala (Veronica latisepala)
has shorter racemes and fls. deep violet.
macroura (Veronica macroura). To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in.
long and 1*4 in. broad: fls. white or bluish, K in. across,
in dense racemes to 4 in. long.
obtusata (Veronica oblusata). To 3 ft.: lys. to 2 in. long
and 1 in. across, with white-hairy margins: fls. bluish-
white, yi in. across, in racemes to 2j^ in. long.
parvifl&ra (Veronica parviflora). Shrub or tree to 20 ft.:
Ivs. to 2^ in. long and ^ in. across, entire: fls. white, K -n.
across, in racemes to 3 in. long.
pimeleoides (Veronica pimeleoides). To 1H ft., often
prostrate, much branched: Ivs. to % in. long, glaucous:
fls dark purple-blue, ^ in. across, in spikes to 1 in. long.
pinguifdlia (Veronica pinguifolia) . To 4 ft., often de-
cumbent: Ivs. imbr cated, to % in. long and ^ in. across,
glaucous, fls. white, ^ in. acioss, in dense spikes longer
than Ivs.
rakai£nsis (Veronica rakaiensis). To 6 ft.: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 1 in. long, entire, shining above: fls. white,
% in. across, in racemes to 2 in. long. — Close to //. Traversii.
rotundata (Veronica rotundata). To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in.
long and 1)4 in. acioas. fls. purple or lilac, % in. across,
in racemes to 6 in long. — Much like H. macrocarpa, but
caps, almost orbicular and rounded at top.
rupfcola ( Veronica rupicola) . To 4 ft. : Ivs. to 1 in. long
and y$ in. across, entire: fls. ^ in across, in racemes to
2 in. long.
salicif&lia (Veronica salicifolia) . To 12 ft., much
branched. Ivs. to 6 in. long and % in. across: fls. white
tinged lilac, % in. across, in racemes 6 in. or more long.
Var. communis does not differ from the type. In var.
longiracemdsa the racemes are 1 ft. or more long.
specidsa (Veronica speciosa. V. imperialis is a garden
name). To 5 ft.: Ivs to 4 in. long and \% in. across, entire,
shining: fls. dark reddish- or violet-purple, ^ "». across,
in racemes about 4 in. long.
Tftwnsonii (Veronica Townsonii). To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in.
long and H »n across: fls. white, % in. across, in racemes
to 6 in. long.
Traversii (Veronica Traversii). Small shrub: Ivs. to
1 in. long and l/$ in. across, entire: fls. white, }£ in. across,
in racemes to 3 in. long. Var. £legans is a slender form with
nai rower Ivs.
vernicdsa (Veronica vernicosa). To 3 ft., often de-
cumbent: Ivs. to % in. long and H in across, entire: fls
white, M in. across, in racemes to !>*» in. long
HEBECLINIUM: Eupatorium macrophyllum.
HEBENSTRfeTIA. Scrophulariacese. Many
kinds of herbs or shrubs with narrow Ivs. and
yellow or white fls. in dense terminal spikes,
the corolla split and 4-lobed, calyx spathe-like;
mostly from S. Afr.
Seed should be sown outside in April or inside if earlier
results are desired; treated as annuals.
com6sa. Per. to 4 ft., with woody sts.: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 2 m. long, toothed: fls. yellow or white with orange-red
blotch on limb, ^ in. long, in spikes to 6 in. long, fragrant
at night.
dentata. Similar to H. comosa but to 4 ft. high, with
Ivs. linear and toothed only above middle.
HfiCHTIA. Bromeliacese. Succulent terres-
trial dioscious herbs with long stiff spiny-toothed
Ivs. in dense rosettes and small white fls. in
terminal panicles.
argentea. Fl.-sts. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 1 in.
wide, silvery: fls. % in. long, in many sessile spikes forming
a loose panicle to 1 H ft. long. Mex.
r6sea. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 1 in. wide, tinged with
brown: fls. bright red, ^ in. long, in loose panicles to 4 ft.
long. Mex.
texSnsis. Fl.-sts. to 4 ft.: Ivs. to \1A ft. long and 2 in.
wide: fls. H in. long, solitary and sessile on branches of
panicle, subtended by brownish bracts. Rio Grande, Tex.
HEDEOMA. Labiatx. Ann. or per. American
herbs with opposite small Ivs. and small blue or
purple 2-lipped fls. in axillary clusters.
campftrum. Per., sts. decumbent or ascending: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate to oblong, to % in. long, gray-hairy:
corolla bluish-purple, to ^2 m- long. S. D. to Kans.
Drummondii. Sts. to 16 in.: Ivs. linear to oval, to Y± in.
long: fls. pinkish, to J^ in. long. Tex.
pulegioides. AMERICAN PENNYROYAL, MOCK P. Ann. to
18 in., erect, much branched, hairy: Ivs. ovate to ovate-
oblong, to 11A in. long, petioled: corolla bluish-purple, to
Y± in. long. IN . S. to Fla. west to Minn, and Ark.
HfiDERA. IVY. Araliacese. Evergreen shrubs
climbing by rootlets, with alternate entire or
lobed lys., small greenish fls. in umbels which
are panicled or racemed, and fr. a berry; planter!
as a wall cover, for borders of shrubberies aiiu
for ground-cover in shady places, and sometimes
as a house and conservatory subject.
lyy thrives best in rich moist soil. Propagated by
cuttings, layers, and seeds which usually do not germinate
until the second year. Slow-growing species or forms are
sometimes grafted on common stocks.
algeriensis: H. cananensis.
anglica: listed name.
arbdrea: //. Helix var. arborescens.
az6rica: //. cananensis.
baltica: II. Helix var.
canariSnsis (// algeriensis. H.azorica. //. maderensis).
Lvs. ovate, to (5 in. across, entire or shallowly 3-7-lobed,
heart-shaped at base: fr. black. Canary Isls., N. Afr ; adapt-
ed to Calif. Var. variegata has Ivs. edged with yellowish-
white.
c6Ichica (//. coriacea and Roeyneriana) . Lvs. broadly
ovate, to 10 in. long, entire or slightly lobed, heart-shaped
at base: fr. black. Caucasus, Persia: for southern states.
Var. dentata has Ivs. remotely toothed.
conglomerata: //. Helix var.
cordata: hort. name, probably for H. cokhica.
coriacea: H. colchica.
dentata: //. colchica var.
digitata: H. Helix var.
doneraile'nsis: II. Helix var. minima.
Hahnii: listed name of no botanical standing.
Helix. ENGLISH I. Lvs. usually 3-5-lobed and margins
entire, to 4 in. long, on fruiting branches ovate and unlobed,
often with light colored veins: fr. black. Eu., Asia, N. Afr.;
stands in protected places in N. Y. and New England but
does not attain great size. Runs into many forms, a few
of which are: arborescens (H. arborea), erect, not climbing;
argenteo-yariegata, Ivs. variegated or edged with white;
aureo-variegata (var. chrysophylla) , Ivs. yellow or varie-
gated with yellow; baltica, small-lvd. hardy form; Caen-
woodiana, with small blackish-green Ivs. and white veins;
canescens chrysoc&rpa is var. poetica; conglomerata, with
small crowded lys.; coriacea is //. colchica; deltofdea (var.
hastata), Ivs. with only 2 basal lobes; digitata, Ivs. digi-
tately 5-lobed; discolor has smaller variegated Ivs ; elegan-
tlssima is var. tricolor; erecta, probably a form of var.
arborescens; glomerata is var. conglomerata; gr&cilis, Ivs.
rather small, turning bronzy; hastata is var. deltoiden;
hibernica, Ivs. to 6 in. across, with short lobes; Howardii,
Ivs. to 2 in. across, 3-lobed, dark green dotted, marbled
or blotched cream- white; lobata is listed; maculata, sim-
ilar to var. hibemica, but has Ivs. spotted and striped
with yellowish- white; marmorata, Ivs. blotched with
yellowish- white; minima (var. donerailensis) , Ivs. small,
purplish-brown in winter; nigra, small very dark green
Ivs.; palmata, with dull green digitately lobed Ivs.; pedata,
Ivs. pedately 5-lobed with long middle lobe; peltata is listed
as having small deeply cut Ivs.; poetica (var. chrysocarpa)
fr. yellow; Roegneriana is //. colchica; rhombofdea is listed
in the trade and may be intended for H. rhombea; strfcta,
an erect form perhaps not distinct from var. arboreacena;
Hedera
353
tortudsa, Ivs. nearly entire, curled and twisted; tricolor
(var. elegantissima) has edges of Ivs. red in autumn; plants
listed as variegata may be vars. argenteo-vanegata or
aureo-variega ta .
hibernica: H. Helix var.
himalaica: //. nepalensis.
jap6nica: //. rhomb ea,
lucida: listed name.
made r 6ns is: //. canariensis.
minima: //. Helix var.
nepalensis (H. himalaica). Climbing vine, with scaly
young sts.: Ivs. 2-5-lobed on a side in case of sterile sts.
and unlobed on flowering branches: pedicels of umbels
stout: fr. yellow. Himalayas; stands only far S.
palmata: H. Helix var.
rh6mbea (// japonica of cult.). Climbing vine, distin-
guished from H. nepalensia in Ivs. typically 3- rarely 5-lobed
on non-flowering sts., umbels on slender peduncles and
black fr. Korea, Japan.
Roegneriana: H. colctuca.
HEDGE. A hedge is a dense permanent row
or line of living plants, ordinarily trimmed into
more or less formal shape, answering the pur-
pose of a fence, a screen or a windbreak. It is
comprised of durable woody plants that make
a thick intertangled or impenetrable growth
and that withstand shearing. Hedges proper
are to be distinguished from edgings, which are
low and sometimes temporary lines about
walks, flower-beds and borders.
For evergreen hedges the most serviceable
plant in genenil in North America is probably
the arbor-vita). For choice hedges about the
grounds, particularly outside the northern states,
some of the retinosporas are useful; also yews.
One of the most satisfactory of coniferous plants
for hedges is the common hemlock, which stands
shearing well and makes a very soft and pleasing
mass. Other plants that hold their leaves and
arc good for hedges are the common box and the
privets. The dwarf variety of box can be kept
down to a height of 6 inches to a foot for any
number of years and is useful for edgings. The
larger-growing varieties make excellent hedges
3, 4 and 5 feet high. The ordinary privet or
prim holds its leaves well into the winter in
the North. The so-called Californian privet
holds its leaves rather longer and stands better
along the sea-shore, but it is less hardy than the
other. In the southern states, nothing is better
than Citrus (or Poncirus) trifoliate. Some of the
barberries are excellent hedge plants, particularly
Berberis Thunbergii with its good autumn color
(B. vulgaris is a host of wheat rust). Native
Elants of the region often make acceptable
edges.
For hedges of deciduous plants, the most
common species are the buckthorn, the European
thornapple or cratsegus, osage-orange, and
various kinds of roses, particularly Rosa rugosa.
Near the sea in California, Lavatera assurgenti-
flora is employed as a wind-break.
To obtaki a good hedge, it is necessary to
have a thoroughly well-prepared deep soil, to
set the plants close, and to shear them at least
twice every year. Arbor-vitae may be set 1-2 J^
or 3 feet apart, and hemlock spruce much the
same; and these distances may be taken as a
general guide for many other plants.
The hedge should be trimmed the year after
it is set, although it should not be cut very
closely until the plants reach the desired or
permanent height. Thereafter it should be
sheared into the desired form in spring or autumn.
If the plants are allowed to grow a year or two
Hedychium
without trimming, they lose the lower leaves
and become open and straggly. Osage-orango
and some other plants are plashed — that is, the
plants are set at an angle rather than perpen-
dicularly, and they are wired together in such
a way that they make an impenetrable barrier
just above the surface of the ground.
Hedges are much less employed in North
America than in Europe, and for several reasons.
The climate is relatively dry, and most hedges
do not thrive as well here as there; labor is high-
priced, and the trimming is likely to be neglected;
farms are so large that much fencing is required ;
timber and wire are usually cheaper than live
hedges. However, they are grown with good
effect about home grounds.
HEDGE-THORN: Carissa Arduina.
HEDR^ANTHUS: Edraianthus.
HEDYCARVA. Monimiacese. Trees or shrubs
sometimes planted in Calif.: Ivs. opposite: fls.
dioocious, in axillary oyrnes or racemes: fr. com-
posed of several drupes borne on the receptacle:
native in New Zeal., Australia and Pacific Isls.
arb&rea. To 40 ft.: Ivs. oblong or obovate, to 5 in long,
coarsely toothed, leathery: fls to l/i in. across: drupes
bright red, }$ in. long. New Zeal.
HEDtCHIUM. GINGER-LILY. Zingiberacese.
Robust trop. per. herbs with strong rootstocks
and leafy sts., the fis. borne in bracts on ter-
minal spikes or panicles and having 1 broad
petal-like staminodc or lip and prominent but
smaller lateral ones.
Grown in the greenhouse or frostiest countries out-of-
doors; prized for the showy flowers mid fragrance. They
require rich soil and plenty of water or niav even be im-
mersed up to the crown. Propagated by division of the
roots. See Zingiberaceii' .
aurantiacum. To 10 ft : Ivs. to 1)2 ft. long and 1 in.
wide: fls. orange, the corolla-tube *( in. and segms. 1 in.
long, filament bright red, in spikes to 6 in. long. India.
aureum. Dwarf: Ivs. lanceolate, to 8 in. long, acuminate,
slightly pubescent beneath: fls. golden-yellow, to % in-
long, in dense spikes to 2 in. long, stammodes linear, about
^ in. long, filament as long as lip. India.
chrysoleucum (//. coronarium var. chrysoleucum) .
Differs from //. flavescena in the base of lip and lateral
staimnodes deep orange-yellow. India.
coccmeum. To G ft.: Ivs. to 20 in. long and 2 in. wide:
fls red, the corolla-tube 1 in and segms. 1 in. long, filament
pink, in dense spikes to 10 in. long. India. Var angusti-
fdlium has shorter Ivs. and brick- or salmon-red fls.
coronarium. GARLAND-FIX) WKR. To 0 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft.
long and 5 in. wide: floral bracts large and firm and closely
imbricated with 4-6 white very fragrant fls under each
one; perianth-tube 2-3 in. long; lip large and broad, nearly
2 in. long and 1]^ in broad, 2-lobed and sometimes with
smaller lobes, sometimes tinged yellow on lower part;
filament with anther shorter than lip: spike somewhat
ovate, to 1 ft. long. Trop. Asia, nat. extensively in trop.
Amer.
el&tum. To 12 ft. or more: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 2^ in.
wide: fls. yellowish-white, the corolla-tube 1 in. and segms.
% in. long, filament pink, in loose spikes to 1 ft. long. India.
ellipticum. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 14 in. long and 5 in. wide:
fls. yellowish-white, the corolla-tube to 3 in. and lobes 1 in.
long, filament purple, in dense spikes 4 in. long. India.
flave'scens (//. coronarium var. flavesccns) . Fls. to 5^3
in. long, yellowish, with color deeper in basal part; lip
ob ovate-orbicular, 2-lobed, narrowed to claw, filament
with anther slightly exceeding lip, yellow. India, Mas-
carene Isls.
flavum. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 14 in. long, slender-pointed:
spike oblong, the imbricate bracts oblong-ovate and
nearly obtuse, 2^ in. long and 2 in. broad; lip obcordate,
suddenly narrowed into a short claw, yellow with orange
patch in center and below, filament and anther about as
long as lip. India.— Other plants have been known as
H. flavum.
Gardnerianum. Lvs. to 1H ft. long and 6 in. wide:
fls. light yellow, the corolla-tube 2 in and segms. 1H in-
long, with long-exserted red filament, in spikes to
long. India.
it-
Hedychium
glaucum ( //. grocile var. glaucum). To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in.
long and 3 in wide, glaucous beneath: fls. white, the corolla-
tube 1 in> and segms. 1)4 in- long, filament red, in loose
spikes to 8 in. long. India.
grocile. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long and 1^ in. wide,
glaucous beneath: fls. greenish- white, the corolla-tube 1 in.
and begins. % in. long, filament led, in spikes to 4 in. long.
India.
Greenei. To 0 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls.
with corolla-tube 1^ in. long and daik led lip 1H m. long,
the linear lobes lighter red, filament red, in dense spikes
to 5 in. long. India.
maximum ( //. coronanum var. maximum) . Differs
fiom H. coronanum in the broader Ivs., cihate bracts, large
fls. with lateial staminodos frequently bearing a lobe or
tongue from the center, filament tinged pink, lip nearly
2% in. long and 1^ in. broad. India.
spicatum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 16 in. long and 4 in. wide:
fls. yellow, the corolla-tube 3 in. and segms. 1 in. long,
filament reddish, in loose spikes to 8 in. long. India. Var.
acuminatum has Ivs. tomentose beneath and puiple corolla-
lobes.
thyrsif6rme. To 0 ft.: Ivs. to 14 in. long and 5 in. wide:
fls. white, the corolla-tube 1 in. and lobes 1 in. long, fila-
ment white, in dense spikes to 4^ in. long. India.
villdsum. To 8 ft.* Ivs. to 14 in. long and 4 in. wide: fls.
with white corolla-tube to 2^ in. long and yellow segms.
1)^ in. long, filament purple, in loose spikes to 10 in. long.
India.
HED^SARUM. Leguminosx. Per. herbs
or subshrubs native in the north temp, zone,
with pinnate Ivs., showy papilionaceous fls. in
axillary racemes, and flat pods which separate
into joints.
Of easy cultivation in sunny well-drained soil. Propa-
gated by seeds and division. Sometimes planted in borders
for ornament.
alpinum: //. boreale.
americanum: //. boreale.
boreale (//. alpinum. H. americanum). To 2^ ft.:
Ifts. 5-10 pairs, oblong, to 1 in. long: fls. violet or rarely
white, to % in. long, in summer. Lab. to Wyo. Var. rdseum,
with pink fls., is listed.
coronarium. FRENCH-HONEYSUCKLE. Per, or bien. to
4 ft.: Ifts. elliptic, 3-7 pairs: fls. deep red, fragrant, in sum-
mer. Eu. Var. album has white fls.
gang6ticum: Desmodium gangeticum,
grandifldrum. Lfts. 3-4, elliptic, silky beneath: fls.
pale yellow, wings shorter than keel: pods 5-jointed, white-
villous. Rumania.
multijugum. To 5 ft.: Ifte. obovate, to ^ in. long, 10-
20 pairs: fls. violet or purple, in summer. Mongolia.
neglectum: //. obscurum.
obscurum (H. neglectum). To 1 ft.: Ifts. oblong, 5-9
pairs: fls. purple, in summer. Eu.
occidentale. To 2 ft.: Ifts. 6-10 pairs, oblong or lanceo-
late: fls. purple. Wash.
pabulare. To 2^ ft.: Ifts. oblong, 4-7 pairs, to H in.
long: fls. purple, % in. long, in early summer. Mont, to
New Mex.
sikkimense. To 6 in.: Ifts. 10-13 pairs, linear-oblong,
to 3^ in. long, somewhat leathery: fls. bright red, H in-
long, in dense heads to 2 in. long. Himalayas.
utahense. To 2 ft. : Ifts. oval or oblong, 5-8 pairs, to 1 in,
long. flw. rose-purple, to ^ in. long. Utah, Ida.
HEDYSCfePE. Palmacese. One unarmed
attractive monoecious feather-palm of Lord
Howe Isl. in the S. Pacific. From Howea the
genus differs in having flexuosely branched
spadices, the fls. hardly in pits; ovule attached
on wall: fir. larger, about 2 in. long with oblique-
lateral stigmatic point, and other technical
differences. H. Canterburyana (Kentia Canter-
buryana}. Tall stout palm with a dense crown of
arched recurving Ivs.: pinnae numerous, green
both sides, narrow-lanceolate and acuminate,
drooping at ends. Planted somewhat in Fla. and
S. Calif.
HEERIA: Sckizocentron elegans, Heterocentron roseum.
HElMIA. Lythracex. Two trpp. American
glabrous shrubs with small opposite or whorled
354 Heliamphora
Ivs., yellow solitary fls. having horn-like appen-
dages at base of calyx-lobes and capsular frs.;
sometimes planted in S. Calif
myrtifdlia. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear or lanceolate, to 2 in.
long: fls. K in. long. Brazil.
salicifdlia. To 10 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate or lanceolate,
to 3^ in. long: fls. to % in. long. Mex. to Argentina.
HNEEZEWEED. Composite.
Coarse erect herbaceous annuals and perennials
with alternate, toothed or entire Ivs. and yellow
or brownish heads, mostly radiate, either solitary
or in flat-topped clusters in summer and fall;
pappus of scales; native in N. and 8. Amer.
Heleniums thrive well in fairly rich soil and a sunny situ-
ation; they may be propagated by seeds, cuttings and
division. They are useful for rear bordeis and wild-gardens.
arom&ticum (Grahamia aromatica). Glaucous, much
branched: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, upper entire, lower pin-
na tely cut: heads of yellow disk-fls. Chile.
autumnale (//. grandiflorum) . Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, to 5 in. long, mostly toothed, de-
current on st. : heads to 2 in. across, numerous, rays lemon-
yellow to bright yellow, disk yellow. Que. to Fla. and Ariz.
Var. grandifldrum has large fls. Var. minor, dwaif form to
2 ft. in mixed colors yellow and red. Var. nanum preecox
is dwaif and early blooming. Vai. pumilum grows to 2 ft.
high. Var. rubrum, fls. deep red. Var. striatum has rays
striped with crimson. Var. superbum, fls. large.
Bigelovii. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 10 in. long,
decurrent on st.: heads to 2]^ in. across, rays yellow, disk
brown or brownish-yellow. Calif. Var. aurantiacum is
listed.
bruneum coccmeum is listed as a plant 1 ft. high with
bronzy-bio wmsh-rcd fls.
califoraicum: H. puberulum.
gaillardifleflorum: form of H, autumnale with bronzy-
red rays tipped with golden-yellow.
giganteum: listed name, probably of a form of //.
autumnale.
grandic6phalum striatum: //. nudiflorum var.
grandiflorum: H. autumnale.
Hodpesii (Dugaldia Hoopesii). Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 10 in. or more long, entire, not decurrent:
heads 1 to seveial, 3 in. across, yellow. Rocky Mte. to
Ore. and Calif.
M6erheimii: hort. name for a dwarf red-fld. form, prob-
ably of //. autumnale.
montanum. Per. to 3% ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
finely toothed to entire, decurrent: heads golden-yellow,
to 1% in. across, ray-fls. about % in. long and puberulent
beneath. Kans. to New Mex. north to Mont, and B. C.
nanum: // . autumnale var.
nudiflorum. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, to 6 in. long, nearly entire, deem rent on st.:
heads to 1^6 in. across, in clusters, rays dioopmg, yellow,
brown-puiple or stuped, disk brownish or purplish. N. C.
to Fla. and Tex. Var. grandicephalum striatum, to 5 ft.,
heads 2 in. across.
peregrlnum: listed name of form said to have ma-
hogany-red ray-fls. faintly edged yellow.
polyphyllum. Per. to 2j^ ft., upper ste. conspicuously
winged: Ivs. hnear-spatulate, to 4 in. long, entire: disk-fls.
purplish, ray-fls. yellow, heads corymbose, to 1^ in. across.
Tenn., Ga.
pr&cox: H. autumnale var. nanum pr&cox.
pube'rulum (H. californicum). Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceo-
late or linear, decurrent: heads solitary, globose, red-prown,
^ in. across, rays reflexed and inconspicuous. Calif.
pumilum: H. autumnale var.
rubrum: //. autumnale var.
striatum: //. autumnale var.
tenuifdlium. Ann. to 2 ft., very leafy: Ivs. thread-like,
to 1^ in. long, entire, often whorled: heads to 1 in. across,
clustered, yellow. Va. to Fla. and Tex.; northward as a
weed.
HELEOCHARIS: see Eleocharis.
HELIAMPHORA. Sarraceniacese. One in-
sectivorous per. native in British Guiana, rarely
seen in greenhouse collections. The plant re-
quires much moisture and does best in pots
plunged in moss under a bell-glass. Propagated
by single crowns. H. nutans. To 2 ft.: Ivs. or
J.J. Wl/U/llffStWI U, CM
pitchers basal, tubular, winged in front, with
very small lid, veined with red: fls. white or pale
rose, nodding, several together.
HELIANTHfiLLA. Composite. Per. herbs
with alternate or opposite Ivs. or sometimes the
scape leafless, and long-stalked solitary heads of
yellow ray-fls. and yellow or brownish disk-fls.;
pappus of scales; native in W. N. Amer. Prop-
agated by seeds or division.
Douglasii. To 3^ ft-: Ivs. oblanceolate or lanceolate,
to 5 in. long: disk 1 in. across, rays 1 in. long. B. C. to Wyo.
Pairyi. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 4 in. long: disk to
% in. across, rays H in. long. Colo, to Ariz.
quinquene*rvis. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 9 in.
long: disk to 2 in. across, rays 1 in. long. S. D. to New Mex.
unifldra. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long:
disk purple, rays 1 in. long. Mont, to New Mex.
HELIANTHEMUM. SUN-ROSE. Cistacese.
Evergreen or half-evergreen suffrutescent herbs
or diffuse low subshrubs adapted to border
planting and rock-gardens or for ground-cover,
mostly native in the Medit. and adjacent regions,
having small simple Ivs. with the lower ones
mostly opposite and upper alternate, and white,
yellow, rose or purple fls. in many terminal
few-fld. racemes in summer. Recent cy to-
genetic and taxonomic studies have recognized
as valid 3 other genera usually treated here ; they
are the European Furnana and the New World
genera Crocanthemum and Halimium; from all
of these Helianthemum is distinguished by its
elongated and curved styles.
In the North winter protection is advisable. They
thrive in a sunny exposure on dry limestone soil. Propa-
gated by division, greenwood cuttings and seeds. One of
the sun-roses ( H. nummularium) is hardy and common in
the North.
alpe"stre. To 6 in.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to % in. long:
fls. yellow, % m. across. Mts. of S. Eu.
alyssoldes: Halimium alyssoides.
amabile: listed hort. form with orange fls. tinged pink.
apenninum ( II. pohfohum. H. pulverulentum). To 15 in.
or sts. procumbent: Ivs. oblong, to 1^ in. long, gray-
tomentose: fls. white, 1 in. across. Eu., Asia Minor. Var.
rdseum ( H. rhodanthum) has reddish fls.
atrosanguineum: listed name of hort. form.
aureum: //. hirtum var. erectum or //. nummularium var.
bfcolor: H. glaucum.
calif ornicum: listed name of a plant properly belonging
to the genus Crocanthemum.
canadense: Crocanthemum canadense.
carneum: hort. name.
Chameecfstus: H. nummularium.
citrinum: //. nummularium var.
coccmeum: listed name.
crdceum: //. glaucum var.
Croftianum: hort. name.
cupreum: //. grandiflorum var.
formdsum: Halimium lasianthum.
glaucum ( H. bicolor). Little tufted subshrub: Ivs. nearly
orbicular to oblanceolate, }A in. long, tomentose: fls. yellow
or white, % in. across. S. Eu., N. Afr. Var. crdceum (H.
croceum), fls. bright yellow.
grandifl&rum. Similar to II. nummularium, differing in
Ivs. scattered, stellate-hairy and green beneath, and inner
sepals puberulent to nearly glabrous between the pilose
veins. Eu., W. Asia. Var. cupreum has fls. copper-colored,
often variegated with yellow, with a double-fld. form
multiplex.
guttatum. To 6 in. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 3 in. long:
fls. yellow, often with red spot at base of petals. Medit.
region.
halimifdlium: Halimium halimifolium.
hirtum. Tufted subshrub to 1 ft. tall, ate. procumbent:
Ivs. ovate to linear-lanceolate, to H in. long, margins some-
what revolute: fls. white or yellow. Medit. region. Var.
ergctum, sts. erect and fastigiate, If. margins strongly
revolute, fls. usually yellow;
icelandicam: listed name, perhaps referable to H.
celandicum.
lasianthum: Halimium lasianthum.
Libandtis: Halimium Libanotis.
lunulatum. Low dense subshiub to 1 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong, to H in. long: fls. yellow. Cent. Eu.
luteum: probably not distinct from the typical form of
//. nummularium.
macranthum: H. nummularium var.
multifldrum: Halimium halimifolium var.
mut£bile: H. nummularium var.
nummularium ( H. Chamsecistus. H. vulgare. H.
variabue). To 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 2 in. long,
gray-tomentose beneath: fls. yellow, 1 in. across, inner
sepals usually loosely tomentose between the pilose veins.
Medit. region; hardy N. and the common species in cult.
Var. dlbo-plenum, fls. double white; aureum, fls. deep yellow;
citrinum, fls. golden-yellow; cupreum, a form of //. grandi-
florum; grandlfldrum is H. grandiflorum; macranthum, fls.
white blotched with yellow at base; multiplex, a form of //.
grandiflorum; mutfibile (//. mutabile), fls. rose changing to
lilac or nearly white; rdseum, fls. pale rose and rdseo-ple-
num with double fls.; rubro-plenum, fls. red, double; speci-
dsum, fls. large; stramineum, Ivs. whitish beneath, fls. with
dark yellow spot at base; toxnentdsum, not distinct from
the typical form.
ocymoides: Halimium ocymoides.
oel&ndicum. Low tufted subshrub: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
to lanceolate, ^ in. long, fleshy: fls. yellow, ^ in. acioss,
petals about as long as sepals. Eu.
perfoliatum: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
pildsum. Low subbhrub: Ivs. linear to oblong, % in.
long. fls. white with yellow spot at base of petals, 1 in.
across. S. W. Eu., N. Afr. Var. purpureum is listed.
polifdlium: 77. apenninum.
pr&cox. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, to 1H in. long: fls. yellow,
spotted at base. Medit. region.
procumbens: Fumana nudifolia.
pulverule"ntum: 77. apenninum.
rhod&nthum: 77. apenninum var. roseum.
rdseum: probably 77. nummularium var.
rosmarinifdlium: Crocanthemum rosmarinifolium.
rotundifdliunu name of uncertain application.
scoparium: Crocanthemum scoparium.
specidsum: 77. nummularium var.
sulphur eum. Hybrid between 77. nummularium and
77. apenninum: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to % in. long, gray-
tomentose beneath: fls. sulfur-yellow.
tigrinum: listed name.
Tuberaria. Per. : Ivs. oval-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, gray-
tomentose beneath: fls. yellow, 1^ in. across. S. Eu.
umbellatum: Halimium umbellatum.
vari&bile: 77. nummularium.
vulgar e: 77. nummularium.
HELIANTHUS. SUNFLOWER. Composite.
Erect mostly tall coarse ann. and per. herbs with
solitary or clustered heads of yellow ray-ils. and
vellow, brown or purple disk-fls., blooming in
late summer and autumn; pappus of deciduous
scales or awns; native in the western hemisphere,
mostly N. American. Several species are grown
in borders and masses for the showy bloom and
one for the edible underground tubers; seeds of
the common annual sunflower are sometimes
used for poultry-feed, oil and other purposes.
No special culture is required for sunflowers. Any
ordinary ground and exposure suits them well. Seeds of
annuals are sown where the plants are to stand as soon
as the weather is settled, or they may be started tinder
glass two to four weeks in advance if earlier results are
desired. Perennials should bloom the year following seed-
sowing; they may also be divided, and some speciea are
propagated by root-stolons or offsets.
acutifdlius: listed name.
august if 61i us. SWAMP S. Per. to 7 ft., sts. rough: lys.
linear, to 7 in. long, entire: heads solitary or few, to 3 in.
across, disk purple. Swamps, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.
ann u us (77. lenticulans). COMMON GAIIDKN S. Ann. to
12 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 1 ft. long, toothed, rough on both sides:
heads 1 ft. or more across, disk brownish-purple. Minn, to
Wash, and Calif. Var. citrlnus, rays primrose-yellow.
Var. nftnus, dwarf, fls. mostly double. Var. globdsus
Helianthus
fistuldsus, heads globular and very large. Var. purputeus
is listed as a small-fld. form with wine-red ray-fls. Var.
variegatus, Ivs. variegated.
argophyllus. SILVERLEAF S. Ann. to 6 ft., gray-silky-
pubescent: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 6 in. long, slightly
toothed: heads 3 in. or more across, disk brownish-purple.
Tex.
atr6rubens (//. aparaifoliua) . DARKEYE S. Per. to 5 ft.,
rough-hairy: Ivs. ovate or oblong-lanceolate, to 10 in. long,
toothed, petioles margined: heads clustered, 2 in. across,
disk purple. Va. to Fla. and La.
Bismarckianus: hort. name of golden-yellow rayed
plant to 10 ft., probably a form of H. annuua.
calif 6rnicus. Per. to 11 ft: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate,
to t> in long, pubescent, entire: heads clustered, to 3 in.
across, disk yellowish. Calif.
chrysanthemifldrus: hort. name, probably of form of
//. annuua; double yellow fls. with laciriiated rays; to 6 ft
Codlidgei: advertised as a per. to 6 ft., with numerous
golden-yellow fls. 3 in. across.
cucumerifdlius: H. debilia.
d£bilis ( //. cucumenfohua). CUCUMBER-LEAF S. Ann.
to 4 ft, rougL -hairy, branches sometimes mottled purple
and white. Ivs. ovate or triangular, to 4 in. long, toothed:
heads solitary, to 8 in. across, disk brown or purplish. Fla.
to Tex. Var. cupreatus has coppery-red heads. Var. pur-
pureus has pink to purple ray-fls. Var. rdseus has rose-pink
ray-fls.
decapStalus ( //. mulliflorua). THINLEAF S. Per. to 5 ft:
Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, toothed,
pubescent beneath: heads numerous, to 3 in. across, disk
yellowish. Que. to Ga. and Mo. Double forms are vars.
fldre-pleno and grandifldrus. Var. maximus has large fls.
with pointed rays.
divaricatus. Per. to 7 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, to 8 in. long, toothed, pubescent beneath, rough
above: heads solitary or few, 2 in. across, dit>k yellow. Me.
to Fla. and La.
doronicoldes. Per. to 7 ft.: Ivs. oblong to ovate, to 8 in.
long, toothed, rough on both sides: heads numerous, to
4 in. across, disk yellow. Ohio to Ark.
Dowellianus. Per. to 2 ft. : Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, toothed, slightly pubescent: heads to 2-^j in.
across, disk yellow. D. C. to Ga.
ere*ctus: advertised as per. to 4 ft., with large yellow
fls.; the name is not known botanically.
floridanuB. Per. to 0 ft., showy: Ivs. lanceolate, revolute,
2-3 in. long, nearly or quite entire, almost sessile: heads
few in a panicle, disk yellow or brownish, rays yellow about
1 in. long. Fla.
gaillardifldrus: hort. name of form of H. annuua, ray-
fls. zoned chestnut-red.
giganteus. GIANT S. Per. to 12 ft, rough-hairy: lys.
lanceolate, to 6 in. long, toothed: heads several, to 3 in.
across, disk yellowish. Me. to Fla. and La.
globdsus fistuldsus: //. annuua var.
gracilentus. Per. to 3 ft: Ivs. lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire, rough-hairy: heads to 2 in.
across, long-stalked, lays and disk yellow. Calif.
gr6sse-serratus. Per. to 10 ft., sta. glaucous: Ivs. lance-
olate, to 8 in. long, toothed, pubescent beneath, rough
above: heads several, to 3 in. across, disk yellowish. Me. to
Tex.
laetifldrus. SHOWY S. Per. to 8 ft., rough-hairy: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, to 10 in. long, toothed: heads several, to
4 in. across, disk yellow. Pa. to Minn.
lenticularis: //. annuua.
macrophyllus: //. atrumoaua.
Maximflianii. Per. to 12 ft: Ivs. lanceolate, to 7 in.
long, toothed or entire, rough on both sides: heads to 3 in.
across, disk yellowish. Minn, to Tex.
microcephalus ( //. parviflorua). Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, to 7 in. long, toothed, rough
above, pubescent beneath: heads several, to 1% in. across,
disk yellow. Pa. to Ga. and La.
m6Ilis. ASHY S. Per. to 5 ft., white-pubescent: Ivs.
ovate to lanceolate, to 5 in. long, toothed: heads solitary or
few, to 3 in. across, disk yellowish. Maes, to Ga. and Tex.
Var. grandifldrus is listed.
multifldrus: //. decapetolua.
orgyalis: H. salicifoliua.
parvifldrus: see //, microcephalus; the true species not
known to be cult.
pere'nnis: a hort name.
persicaefdUa: plant listed as 6 ft high, with semi-double
fls,
petiolaris. PRAIRIE S. Ann. to 3 ft, rough-hairy: Ivs.
tieiicnrysum
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, entire or toothed:
heads 3 in. across, disk brown. Minn, to Ore. and Calif.
pumilus. Per. to 2 ft., crown woody: Ivs. ovate-lanceo-
late, to 4 in. long, entire or nearly so, veins hispid : heads to
2 in. across, disk-fls. yellowish. Wyo. to Colo.
purpureus: hort. name referable to either H. annuua
var. or H. debilia var.
questifdlius: a hort. name.
rlgidus (//. acaberrimua. Harpolium rigidum). STIFF S.
Per. to 8 ft., rough-hairy: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 1 ft
long, toothed: heads solitary or few, to 3 in. across, disk
purple or brown. 111. to Ga. and Tex. — In garden forms
somewhat double.
salicifdlius (H. orgyalia). Per. to 10 ft.: Ivs. linear, to
16 in. long, nearly entire, rough, drooping: heads numerous,
2 in. across, disk brown or purplish. Mo. to Colo, and Tex.
sangumeus: hort. name for red-fld. form of H. annuva.
scaberrimus: H. rigidua.
sparsifdlius: //. atrorubena.
stellatus: hort. name, advertised as having small heads
with white to light yellow ray-fls., to 3 ft.
strumdsus ( //. macrophyllua) . Per. to 7 ft: Ivs. ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, toothed, rough above,
pubescent beneath: heads several, to 4 in. across, disk
yellow. Me. to Ga. arid Ark.
tuberdsus. GIRASOLE. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. Per.
to 12 ft., producing edible subterranean potato-like tubers:
Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong, to 8 in. long, toothed, rough
above, pubescent beneath, heads several, to 3^3 in. across,
disk yellow. N. S. to Ga. and Ark. — See Giraaole.
HELICHR^SUM. EVERLASTING. Composite.
Herbs or shrubs native in the eastern hemi-
sphere, with usually alternate entire Ivs. and
solitary or clustered heads of yellow disk-fls.,
involucral biacts imbricated and often petal-
like and bright colored; pappus of bristles.
A few species are grown in the flower-garden and for
everlastings to use in the winter bouquet. Propagated by
seeds sown out-of-doors or started under glass for earlier
bloom, and the last species also by cuttings.
anatolicum: II. plicatum.
angustifdlium. WHITELEAF E. Per. to 1 ft., woody at
base. Ivs. linear, margins revolute, white- tomentose: heads
yellow, Y% in. across, in corymbs. Medit. region.
apiculatum. Per. to 2 ft., silvery- white- tomentose: lys.
oblong, to 2 in. long, lower ones petioled: heads to H in.
across, in dense terminal corymbs, usually golden-yellow,
occasionally white to pinkish. Australia.
bellidioides. Per. somewhat woody, trailing- Ivs. ovate-
spatulate, to H m. long, white-wdolly beneath and green
above, flat: heads solitary, to ^ in. across, silvery-white.
New Zeal. — Probably not hardy north of Philadelphia.
bracteatum. STRAWFLOWER. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, green' heads solitary, to 2^£ in. across, yellow,
orange, red or white, as indicated by varietal names 61bum,
bfcolor, luteum, purpureum, rdseum. Australia. Var.
monstrdsum ( H. monstrosum) has double fls. Var. nanum
is dwarf.
diosmeefdlium (Ozothamnua roamarinifohua). Shrub to
20 ft: Ivs. nai row-linear, to H in. long, margins revolute:
heads white, in dense corymbs. Australia.
fdetidum (Qnaphahum foetidum) . Bien. 2-4 ft, sts. erect,
hairy, simple or paniculately branched: Ivs. cordate-clasp-
ing, scabrous above, woolly beneath, ill-scented: heads
cream-white to bright yellow, to % in. across or more,
many in loose or contracted panicles. S. and Cent, Afr.
f rigidum. Per., sts. to 10 in. long, prostrate or ascend-
ing, white- tomentose: Ivs. linear-oblong, to M.in. long,
dense, woolly on both sides: heads solitary, to ££ in. across,
silvery-white. Corsica, Sardinia.
glomeratum. To 1^£ ft., woody: Ivs. lanceolate, ciliate:
heads lemon-yellow, in crowded corymbs. Mts., S. Afr
lanatum. To 15 in., woody at base: Ivs. obovate, white-
woolly: heads bright yellow, in corymbs to 4 in. across.
S. Afr.
monstrdsum: H. bracteatum var.
petiolatum (Onaphalium lanatum). To 2 ft. or more,
woody at base, the sts. flexuose and decorative in hanging-
baskets: Ivs. ovate, white- woolly: heads cream-white, in
corymbs to 2 in. across. S. Afr. — Commonly propagated
by cuttings and fls. may not be produced.
plic&tum (H. anatolicum). Prostrate per., sts. ascending
to 15 in., woody at base: Ivs. oblong to linear-spatulate,
flat, gray-pubescent: heads in terminal corymbs, pale
golden-yellow. Asia Minor, Persia.
Bcutellifdlium. Shrub to 10 ft. or more, tomentose: Ivs.
Helichrysum
357
Helipierum
scale-like, ovate, less than A in. long, thick with revolute
margins: fis. in glomerules of 3-5 in small heads, bracts
pale brown. Australia.
Selago. Much branched shrub to 15 in.: Ivs. ovate-
triangular, to H in. long, close-appressed and imbricated,
woolly on inner side, glossy on outer: heads solitary,
terminal, to M in. across, pale yellow. New Zeal.
semipappdsum. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. narrowly oblong-
lanceolate, to 1% in. long, woolly becoming glabrous:
heads many, densely corymbose, golden-yellow, about
,3a in. across. Australia.
thianschanicum. White- woolly per. to 2 ft., usually
much branched: lys. linear-lanceolate, acute, entire: h^ads
yellow to orange, in corymbs, bracts oblong, obtuse, sdme-
what woolly. China.
HELICODfCEROS (Megotigea). Aracese. One
species native in the Medit. region, sometimes
grown under glass as a curiosity; the fls. have a
very offensive odor. H. muscivorus (Arum
crinitum). TWIST- ARUM. Tuberous herb to 1}^
ft.: Ivs. pedately parted: spathe contracted at
throat and bent horizontally, the limb pale
purple covered with long white hairs, the tube
spotted.
HELICONIA (Bihai). Musaceae. Stout trop.
American herbs with large banana-like Ivs.,
bisexual fls. clustered in the axils of large stiff
boat-shaped or conduplicate often woody bracts,
and fr. a caps, which breaks up into berry-like
parts.
Heliconias are sometimes grown in the greenhouse, or
out-of-doors in warm regions for the foliage effects, making
large clumps if given room. The plants thiive well in rich
loam with plenty of water. Propagated by division of the
roots, and by seed when available.
aureo-striata. Sts. striped green and yellow: Ivs. with
transverse veins striped bright yellow. Native country
unknown: probably a form of //. Bihai.
Bihai. WILD PLANTAIN. BALISIER. To 18 ft.: Ivs. to
3 ft. and more long and 1 ft. wide, long-petioled: fls. green-
ish or greenish-yellow, inclosed in the scarlet ovate-lanceo-
late deeply boat-shaped bracts to 6 in. long. Trop. Amer.
caribafea. Differs from //. Bihai by the Ivs. rounded at
base and the larger and more numerous yellow bracts.
Martinique.
Edwardus-Rex. Hort. form to 4 ft. or less: Ivs. lanceo-
late, rich crimson below and paler above.
illustris. Lvs. with midrib and transverse veins marked
with pink. S. Sea Isls. Botanical position uncertain. Var.
rubricaulis has red sts.
psittacdrum. To 4 ft. or less: Ivs. to 1^ ft. long arid
2 in. wide, long-petioled: fls. greenish-yellow, inclosed in
shining-red narrow-lanceolate deeply boat-shaped bracts
to 3 in. long. Trop. Amer.
Sanderi. Resembling H. illustris but Ivs. marbled with
pink. New Guinea, but botanical identity doubtful.
HELIOCfeREUS. Cactacex. A small group of
Mexican and Cent. American bushy cacti
differing from Cereus, among other things, in
having a scaly or spiny ovary: sts. usually
procumbent or clambering but sometimes e*ect
under cult., branches strongly angled or ribbed,
spines all alike: fls. diurnal^ funnelform, mostly
scarlet. They hybridize with other cacti. See
Cacti.
amecamensis (Cereus amecamensis). Ribs 3-5; spines
many: fls. white, greenish outside, the tube nearly lf£ in.
long, segms. nearly 3 in. long. Mex.
elegantfssimus (Cereus coccineus). Sts. to 8 in. high and
branches often decumbent and to 2 in. broad and commonly
3- or 4-angled; spines needle-like: fls. scarlet, to 6 in. broad,
style red, stigma-lobes white. Mex.
Schrankii (Cereua Schrankii). Sts. to \\i in. wide,
usually 3- or 4-angled, green with reddish tips; spines about
7-11, to M in. long: fls. scarlet to maroon, to 6 in. long.
Mex.
specidsus (Cereus apeciosus. C. speciosissimus) . Branch-
ing at base; ribs 3-5 and undulate; spines numerous and
becoming yellow or brownish1 fls. scarlet, 6-7 in. long,
stigma-lobes red. Mex., probably Cent. Amer.
superbus (Cereus superbua). Similar to //. apeciosus,
considered by some to be a sport of it; differing in its thicker
and 7-ribbed st. whose apex is bright red and whose spines
are shorter and more slender; fls. glossy cinnabar-red.
Cent. Mex.
undatus: Hylocereus undatus.
HELI<5PHILA. Cruciferx. S. African herbs
with yellow, white, pink or blue fls. in long
leafless racemes; siliques flattened or cylindrical.
leptophflla. To 1H ft,., blue-green: Ivs. filiform, to 2 in.
long: fls. blue with yellow base: pods drooping, momliform.
linearifdlia. To 3 ft., shrubby: Ivs. linear, 1 in. long,
entire: fls. blue with yellow claws: pods hnear, sharply
3-nerved, to 2 in. long.
HELI(3PSIS. Composite. Herbaceous sun-
flower-like perennials blooming in summer,
with opposite coarsely toothed Ivs. and showy
heads of long yellow ray-fls. and disk-fls. partly
inclosed in chaffy bracts; pappus none or a
toothed border; native to N. Amer. Cult, as for
Helianthus.
helianthoides (77. Isevis). Per. to 5 ft., nearly glabrous:
Ivs. ovate, to 6 in. long, sometimes roughish above: heads
to 2% in. across, numerous. Ont. to Fla. and Tenn. Var.
Pitcneriana (H. Pitcheriana) , fls. deeper yellow.
l&vis: H. helianthoides.
Lemdinei: hort. name.
Mandianum: trade name; similar to H. helianthoides
var. Pitcheriana but with clear yellow fls.
Pitcheriana: //. helianthoides var.
scabra. Differs from H. helianthoides chiefly in being
rough-hairy and the heads few or solitary. Me. to N. J.
and New Mex. Vars. are exc61sa, chrome-yellow, nearly
double; formdsa; gratfssima, pale yellow; imbricata. dwarf ,
fls. 3 in. across, golden-yellow; incomparabilis, golden-yel-
low, fls. 3 in. across, double; major, larger than type;
vitelllna, golden-yellow, double-fld.; zinniaefl&ra, double-
fid.
HELIOSPERMA: Silene.
HELIOTROPE. H eliotr opium. Garden-: Valeriana
officinalis. Winter-: Petasites frayrans.
HELIOTROPIUM. HELIOTROPE. Boragin-
acese. Herbs or shrubs with mostly alternate
simple Ivs. and small often very fragrant violet,
purple or white fls. in coiled racemes and cymes,
corolla naked in the throat; some of them are
popular in greenhouses and borders and others
are weedy plants.
The greenhouse heliotropes are treated as annuals and
require abundant heat and light rich soil. Propagated by
cuttings and seeds; the latter may be sown indoors and the
seedlings transplanted. Strong plants may be set out and
the new growths pegged to the ground where they will
form roots.
amplexicaule (77. anchusaefolium) . Per., yellowish-
hairy: Ivs. lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, sessile: fls. violet,
% in. acioss. Argentina.
anchusaefdlium: 77. amplexicaule.
arborescens (77. peruvianum). COMMON H. Per. to 4 ft.:
Ivs. oval or oblong-lanceolate: fls. violet or purple varying
to white, Y% in. lonjjj, vanilla-scented. Peru. — Common
under glass and sometimes planted out.
convolvulaceum: Euploca convolvulacea.
corymb&sum. Perhaps a form of 77. arborescens but by
gardeners thought to be distinguished by its longer nar-
rower Ivs. distinctly narrowed at base. fls. violet or purple
varying to white, % in. long, narcissus-scented. Peru.
europ&um. Ann. to 1 ft., pubescent: Ivs. oval, long-
stalked: fls. white, K m. across. Eu.; nat. in E. U. 8.
peruvianum: H. arborescens.
regale is listed as an early free-flowering form.
HELlPTERUM. EVERLASTING (which see).
Composite. Flower-garden annuals, often cut
early and dried for winter bouquets, with mostly
alternate entire Ivs. and solitary or clustered
heads of yellow disk-fls., the involucral bracts
often petal-like and colored; pappus plumose;
native in S. Afr. and Australia.
Culture is simple. Seeds usually are sown where plants
are to grow but may be started indoors for earlier results.
Plants may stand 6-12 inches apart.
Helipterum 358
Album: hort. name, probably a white-fld. form of H.
roseum.
anthemoldes. To 1 ft., with per. rootetock, glabrous:
IVB. linear, heads to 1 in. across, solitary, the bracts white,
tinged brown. Australia.
corymbifldrum. To 1 ft-., white- woolly: Ivs. linear or
lanceolate: heads small, in corymbs, bracts white. Australia.
Humboldtianum ( H. Sandfordn). To 1^ ft.: Ivs. linear,
white-tomentoso: heads small, in clusters, bracts yellowish-
green. Australia.
Manglesii (Rhodanthe Manylesii). SWAN RIVER E.
Slender, to 1J^ ft., glabrous: Ivs. ovate: heads not clustered,
to 1^ in. across, bracts white to bright pink. Australia.
Var. maculatum, bracts spotted red.
rdseum (Acroclimum roseum). Stout, to 2 ft., glabrous:
Ivs. linear to lanceolate: heads not clustered, to 2 in. across,
bracts rose or white Australia.
Sand for dii: //. Humboldtianum.
HELLEBORE: Helleborus. False: Veratrum.
HELLfiBORUS. HELLEBORE. Ranunculacese.
Per. herbs with thick fibrous roots, mostly basal
palmately divided Ivs., large fls. with 5 petal-like
sepals, inconspicuous petals and many stamens,
and fr. a follicle; native in Eu. and Asia.
Hellebores bloom in early spring or in winter in mild
climates, although //. mger is very hardy and persistent.
They thrive in partially shaded moist situations in good
soil. Propagated by division of roots, preferably in late
summer or fall; also by seeds. Hellebores may also be
forced under glass.
abchfisicus. To 1>£ ft.: basal Ivs. with 5-11 Ifte.: fls.
white, saucer-shaped, 1^ in. across. Caucasia.
atropurpureus: H. odorus.
atr6rubens: //. onentalis var.
cauc£sicus. Similar to and perhaps a form of H. orien-
talu) differing in Ivs. entirely glabrous and fls. somewhat
darker colored. Caucasus.
c6rsicus: H. lividus.
cupreus: //. odorus.
cyclophyllus. Similar to H. viridis but taller, Ifts. broader
and pubescent beneath, fls. larger with broader sepals.
Greece.
fdetidus. To 1 ft.: Ivs. leathery, borne on st.: fls. green
or marked purple, to 1 in. long. W. Eu.
hybridus. To 14 in.: a hort. hybrid between H. niger
and //. caucasicus: fls. of all shades of red, pink, white,
spotted and veined, to 2^ in. across. Dec.-Feb.
Ifvidus (H. corsicus). To 1^ ft.: Ivs. 3-parted, toothed,
borne near bottom of plant: fls. pale green, in a cluster.
Coimca.
niger. CHRISTMAS-ROSE. To IK ft.: Ivs. basal, pubes-
cent beneath, divided into 7 or more oblong evergreen Ifts.,
the st. with few small Ivs.: fls. white or purplish with green
petals, to 2K in. acioss, solitary. Eu. Var. altifdlius (var.
major), to 2 ft., petioles green mottled with purple, fls. to
3^ m. across. Var. angustif61ius, fls. smaller. Var. pr&cox,
fls. smaller. Sept.-Feb. Var. atrorubens, fls. dark red.
odorus (//. cupreus. H. atropurpureus). Per. to 15 in.:
Ivs. pedately 7-16-lobed, pilose and conspicuously veiny
beneath: fls. green to puiple. Cent. Eu. — Differs from H.
onentalis in carpels coalesced at base.
orientfllis. Differs from //. niger in having branched
fl.-sts. without Ivs. and fls. green to dark purple, 2-6 to-
gether, carpels free at base. Asia Minor. Var. atr6rubena
(//. atrorubens), fls. dark purple outside, greenish-purple
inside.
purpurascens: form of //. viridis.
riibra: hort. name, probably a form of //. niger or H.
orientalis.
vfridis. To 2 ft.: Ivs. divided into 7-11 oblong Ifts.: fls.
£Mo wish-green, 1 in. long, drooping, subtended by Ivs.
u.; nat. in E. N. Amer.
HELONIAS. Liliacese. One per. spring-
blooming herb with tuberous roots, native in
bogs from N. J. to N. C. H. bulUta. SWAMP-
PINK. To 2 ft.: Ivs. basal, to 15 in. long and 2
in. wide: fls. pink or purplish, J4 in. long, in
dense racemes to 3 in. long terminating the
hollow scape. — Suitable for bog-gardens and
also a good pot-plant for late winter and spring.
Easily propagated by division.
HELONH5PSIS. Liliacex. A small genus of
E. Asiatic plants characterized by the presence
Hemerocallis
of a basal rhizome, a short st. bearing a rosette
of basal Ivs. with large nodding campanulate
fls. in lax infl.: fr. a woody 3-valved caps, and
seeds small and oblong. Propagated by seeds
or division arid prefers a cool moist but well-
drained soil.
breviscapa. Lvs. oblanceolate to spatulate, abruptly
acuminate: fls. carmine-red, to 54 in. long, segms. obovate,
twice as long as pedicels. May. Korea.
jap6nica. Lvs. oblanceolate, acute, to 3U in. long, flat,
green, usually flushed reddish-purple beneath : fls. carmine-
red, to ^ in. long, segms. oblanceolate, spreading, as long
as pedicels, usually 3-10 in umbellate racemes. Japan.
HELWfNGIA. Cornacex. Asian shrubs, one
of which is sometimes grown as a curiosity
and ornamental: Ivs. alternate, toothed: fls.
dioecious, small, borne in clusters on upper
surface of Ivs. : fr. a berry-like drupe. Propagated
by cuttings of green wood under glass.
jap6nica. To 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. greenish-
white: fr. black, % in. across. China, Japan; hardy in
north-central parts.
HELXlNE. BABYS-TEARS. Urticacex. One
creeping moss-like little herb from Corsica and
Sardinia, used as a ground- and pot-cover in
greenhouses and in rock-gardens in mild climates,
making dense mats. H. Soleirdlii. Lvs. nearly
orbicular, % in. or less across: fls. unisexual,
minute, solitary in the axils. — Thrives best in
partial shade. Propagated by cuttings of the
rooting sts. Generic name is three syllables.
HEMEROCALLIS. DAY-LILY. Liliacex. Per.
herbs with cord-like or more or less tuberous
roots, linear or sword-shaped basal Ivs. and
showy yellow, fulvous or orange fls. in clusters
at the ends of leafless scapes, the perianth-scgins.
partially united below to form a tube of varying
length; stamens and style prominent.
An important group of hardy spring- and summer-
blooming herbs with lily-like flowers, of simple cultural
requirements in any good garden soil. Propagated by
division, and sometimes by seeds if available. Some of the
species do not produce seeds in ordinary garden conditions.
The foliage, forming mats, is useful as ground-cover. There
are many good named horticultural varieties. The day-
lilies fall into two gioups as determined by the mode of
flower-hearing, the forking kinds in which the flowers are
borne in a more or less open or branched cluster terminating
the scape, the mvolucrate kinds in which the floweis are
close together and practically sessile in a head-like cluster
subtended by bioad short bracts resembling an involucre.
To the latter group belong //. Dumortieri and //. Midden-
dorflii, all the other species being of the diehotomous or
forking group. Certain garden kinds are probably hybrids
between the two groups. Recently the day-lilies have been
made a special subject of study and improvement, with
many new varieties.
ilba: a synonym of Hosta plantaginea.
Amaryllis: hort. strain reported to have large yellow fls.
tipped with deeper color, to 3 ft. July.
aurantiaca. GOLDEN SUMMER D. To 3 ft., with spreading
rhizomes, main roots enlarged: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 1 in.
or more across, coarse, evergreen: fla. with orange throat
and outer portions of sepals and petals tinged with copper-
red, reticulations absent, not fragrant, scapes ascending
and not strictly erect. July. Japan. Var. major, fls. larger,
to 6 m. across, without fulvous coloring, less hardy.
Baronii. A hybrid, one parent being H. citrina from
which it differs in being night-blooming and having a
fuller fl.
chrysolora. Garden form to 2^ ft.: fls. sulfur-apricot,
deeper in throat, reaching nearly 5 in. across when broadly
open. July.
citrina. LONG YELLOW D. To 4 ft., with fleshy main
roots which are elongated and tapering: Ivs. to 3H ft. long,
coarse, usually erect but sometimes bending abruptly,
dying in autumn: fls. light lemon-yellow, to 6 in. long, very
fragrant, not open broadly in full sunlight, usually noc-
turnal, on stiff erect scapes, midsummer. China. — H.
Thunbergii is often called by this name.
dfsticha: H.fulva.
Dumortttri (H. graminea. H. rutHans. H.
Hemerocallis
359
Hempweed
NARROW DWARF D. To 1H fk» main roots very fleshy:
Ivs. to 1^£ ft. long and J-jJ in. across, dying in autumn: fls.
pale orange, to 2 ^ in. long, tube very short, outer segms.
lanceolate-acute, fragrant, 2-4 in close head or cluster on
unbranched spreading scape which is shorter than Ivs.,
spring. Japan.
Earliana: catalogue name.
flava. TALL YELLOW D. To 3 ft., rhizomes spreading,
roots enlarged : Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 2i in. across : fls. yellow,
to 4 in. long, fragrant, on weak more or less lopping scapes
which are longer than Ivs. and branched above, spring.
Siberia to Japan; Eu. Var. minor, plants reported to be
shorter. — Common early yellow day-lily.
flavina: a garden form, reported to grow to 1 ft.; fls.
lemon-yellow. May-June.
F6rrestii. To 16 in., roots fleshy: Ivs. to 1H ft. long and
H in. across, ascending and recurving: fls. clear cadmium-
yellow, segms. ^ in. wide or less, bracts conspicuous and
herbaceous, 4 or more fls. borne on slender ascending scape
which does not exceed Ivs., spring S. W. China.
fulva (H. disticha). TAWNY or FULVOUS D. To 6 ft.,
crown with spreading rhizomes, main roots fleshy: Ivs. to
2 ft. long and 1H in- across: fls. fulvous or rusty orange-
red, to 5 m. long, not fragrant, to 3^ in. across when fully
expanded, usually with darker lines and stripes, on erect
scapes, summer. Eu., Asia; nat. in E. U. S. — The com-
monest day-lily of midsummer. Var. cypriana is listed.
Var. Kwanso has double fls.: plant usually stouter and
blooms somewhat later' Ivs. white-striped. Var. longituba
has longer perianth-tube and narrower perianth-segms.
Var. rdsea has rose-red fls.
Goldenii: garden race, to 3 ft. : fls. deep golden-orange.
gracilis: garden race to 2 ft.: Ivs. H in- across or less:
fls. lemon-yellow to golden-yellow, early summer.
graminea: plants in the trade under this name are
probably H. minor, although the name is also a synonym
for H. Dumortieri.
graminifdlia: H. minor.
Kwanso: H. fulva var.
lutea: probably //. luteola.
luteola. A hybrid of questionable parentage, but prob-
ably //. Thunbergii and H. aurantiaca var. major: to 3 ft.:
Ivs. to 30 in. long: fls. golden-yellow, to 5 in. across when
fully expanded, segms. broad. Var. grandifldra, huge fls.
with margins of perianth-segms. wavy. Var. major, Ivs.
wider: fls. larger, scapes shorter and more widely branched.
Var. p&llens, listed as a hybrid of H. luteola and //. citnna
with pale yellow fls. 5 in. across when fully expanded. — All
of these so-called varieties are merely garden races and
should be propagated only by vegetative methods.
Meehanii: hort. name from garden race more properly
known a« "Median's hybrids."
Middendorffii. BROAD DWARF D. To 1 ft. or so, main
roots cylmdiical and slender: Ivs. to 1H ft. long and 1 in.
across: fls. pale orange, in close cluster or head, to 2% in.
long, the segms. broad and mostly obtuse and recurving
at full bloom, scape slightly longer than Ivs., unbranched
with fls. sessile or nearly so. May-June. Siberia. Var.
major, plant more robust with more erect and taller scapes.
minor ( //. graminea. //. gramimfolia) . DWARF YEL-
LOW D. To 18 in., roots slendei and fibious, compact
crown- Iva. to 20 in. long and ^ in. across- fls. yellow, mostly
2 or 3, 4 in. long, fragrant, on scape which is forked or
branched at top and thereby differing fiom //. Midden-
dorffii or its hybnds, spung. E. Siberia to Japan.
Mullen (also spelled Muelleri). Garden hybrid of H.
Thunbergii and //. citrina: to 4 ft., vigoious grower: Ivs.
erect, dark green: fls. yellow, to 4 in. across when fully
expanded, petals nairow, produced in abundance.
multifldra. MANY-FLOWERED D. To 3 ft., roots fleshy,
crown compact: Ivs. to 30 in. long and % m. acrass, strongly
recurving: fls. very numerous, golden-yellow within, sepals
reddish tinged on outside, to 2^ in. long and 3 in. acioss
when fully expanded, petals about % m. wide, scape much
branched and taller than foliage, late summer and autumn.
China.
nana. To 18 in., roots usually fleshy at some distance
from crown. Ivs. to 15 in. long and ^ in. across, expanded,
sparse: fls. orange within often reddish-brown without, to
3 in. across when fully expanded, Begins, narrow, bracts
inconspicuous, scapes shorter than foliage or nearly so,
branched unless fls. are solitary. China.
nocerensis: a garden form to 4 ft.: Ivs. reported to be
large and coaise: fls. lemon-yellow, fragrant, about 5 in.
long and 6 in. across, summer.
ochroleuca. Listed as a hybrid of H. Thunbergii and
II. citrina: Ivs. somewhat erect, daik green: fls. sulfur-
yellow, fragrant, opening in evening.
plicata. To 1^ ft., roots fleshy: Ivs. to 20 in., somewhat
folded lengthwise: fla. golden-yellow, rarely fulvous, solitary
to few on scapes usually shorter than foliage or nearly so.
China. — Although listed, the presence of this plant in the
trade may be open to question as is also its specific dis-
tinction from H. nana, which it closely resembles.
rutilans: //. Dumortieri.
semperfidrens. Garden hybrid of undetermined parent-
age, to 3H ft.: Ivs. erect, recurved, coarse, evergreen: fls.
cadmium-yellow, to 4>$ in. across when fully expanded,
scapes coarse, ascending, June.
serdtina: H. Thunbergii.
Sieboldii: //. Dumortieri.
Sprengeri: probably //. citrina.
Thunbergii (//. serotina). LATE YELLOW D. To 3 ft.:
Ivs. to 2 ft. long and % in. across: scapes stiff and erect,
more or less 3-angled ; fls. lemon-yellow, 3 in. long, slightly
fragrant, summer. Japan. — Sometimes grown erroneously
as //. citrina; the prevailing yellow summer day-lily.
Todmordenii: listed name of unknown botanical stand-
ing, probably a garden form or hybrid.
HEMlANDRA. Labiate. Shrubs from W.
Australia, with opposite narrow Ivs. and white
or pink 2-lipped ns. solitary in the axils; one
species intro. in Calif.
pungens. To 2 ft., stiff: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate,
pungent-pointed: fls. with dark spots.
HEMICtCLIA. Euphorbiacese. Trees and
. shrubs with alternate entire leathery Ivs., small
dioecious fls. solitary or clustered, and fr. a
1 -seeded drupe; native E. Indies to Australia,
one intro. in warm regions.
australasica. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long,
obtuse: fr. ovoid, H in- long, red and succulent. Australia.
HEMlfeVA. Saxifragacex. One per. herb
native in mts. from B. C. to Calif. H. ranun-
culifdlia (Saxifraga, Boykinia and Suksdorfia
ranunculifolia) . To 8 in., glandular-pubescent:
Ivs. ternate, the middle segm. 3-lobed, the lateral
4-lobed, on long petioles: fls. white or yellowish,
Y± in. long, in corymbs.
HEMfGRAPHIS. Acanthacese. Asian herbs
or shrubs with opposite Ivs. and tubular 5-lobed
fls. subtended by large bracts and borne mostly
in terminal heads; one species grown in S. Fla.
as a basket or cover plant, but must be pro-
tected or kept in the greenhouse in winter.
Propagated by cuttings.
colorata. Prostrate rooting per.: Ivs. ovate-cordate, to
3 in. long, purplish, toothed, bullate: fls. white, % in. long.
Java.
HEMIONiTIS. Polypodiacese. Small trop.
ferns with palmately or pinnately lobed fronds,
fertile stiff and long-stalked, sterile short-
stalked; sori naked, borne along the veins.
Sometimes grown in fern-cases, making at-
tractive little subjects. Propagated by buds
and spores. See Ferns.
palmata. STRAWBERRY-FERN. Fronds palmate, to 6 in.
long and wide, with 5 triangular divisions, pubescent.
W. Indies, Mex., S. Amer.
HEMIPTfiLEA. Ulmacex. One small much-
branched deciduous spiny tree native in N. E.
Asia. H. D&vidii (Zelkova Davidii). Lvs. alter-
nate, elliptic, to 2 in. long, coarsely toothed,
very short-stalked: fls. in clusters on young
branchlets: fr. a small winged nutlet. — Hardy
N. and sometimes planted for hedges. Propa-
gated by seeds, layers, and grafting on the elm.
HEMLOCK: Tsuga. Ground-: Taxus canadenais.
Poison-: Conium maculatum. Water-: Cicuta.
HEMP: Cannabia saliva. Bowstring-: Sansevieria.
Indian: Apocynum cannabinum. Manila: Musa textilis.
Sisal: Agave sisalana. Sunn: Crotalana juncea. -Tree:
Vitex Agnus-caxtua.
HEMPWEED, CLIMBING: Mikania scandens.
n en-ana-^ n icKtria
HEN-AND-CHICKENS: Sempervivum tectorum.
HENBANE: Hyoscyamus.
HENEQUEN: Agave fourcroydes.
HENNA: Law&onia inermia.
HEPATICA. LIVERLEAF. RanunculacesB. Lit-
tle per. hardy woods herbs with long-stalked,-
basal, 3-lobed, evergreen old Ivs. and white
or purple fls. solitary on the end of a scape,
the sepals petal-like, the apparent calyx being an
involucre of 3 small Ivs.; native in north temp,
zone, blooming in early spring.
Hepaticas prosper in rich well-drained soil. They are
woods plants, useful for colonizing. Propagated by seeds
and division of roots.
acutfloba. To 9 in., differing from H. americana chiefly
in the lobes of the Ivs. and involucre being acute. Me. to
Ga., and Mo. Var. alba is a white-fld. form.
americana ( //. tnloba and Anemone Hepatica as to the
American plant). To 6 in., with petioles and scapes shaggy-
hairy: Ivs. with 3 rounded or obtuse lobes: fls. Y%-1 in.
across, lavender-blue but passing into white and rose-
colored forms. N. S. to Man. and Fla.
angulbsa (Anemone angulosa). To G in., hairy: Ivs. 3-5-
lobed, the lobes often toothed: fls. about \}£ in. across.
Hungary.
marmorata: listed as having dark marbled Ivs. and
blue fls.
n6bilis (//. tnloba and Anemone Hepatica as to the
European plant). Much like //. americana but petioles
and scapes less hairy and fls. 1 in. or more across, blue,
rose, whitish, cult, also in double forms. Continental Eu.
triloba: //. amencana and H. nobilis.
HERACLfeUM. COW-PARSNIP. Umbellijerse.
Coarse per. herbs with large ternately com-
pound Ivs., white or pinkish fls. in compound
umbels, and flattened frs.; planted in wild-
gardens for bold effects and sometimes as speci-
men plants. They thrive on rich moist soil.
Propagated by seeds and division.
giganteum: //. mllosum.
jap6nicum: listed name.
la na turn. To 8 ft.- Ifts. broad-ovate, lobed and toothed,
tomentose beneath- umbels to 1 ft. across. N. Amer.
Mantegazzianum. To 9 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long, deeply
cut: fls. white, the umbels to 4 ft. across. Caucasus.
pubgscens (//. Wilhelmsii). Sts. purplish, becoming
vilfous above: IVH. ternate; Ifts. palmately lobed, oblong,
acute, toothed, pubescent beneath, fls. white, in large
umbels of many villous rays: fr. elliptic, villous. Caucasus.
villdsum (//. giganteuiri). To 12 ft.. Ifts. deeply cut and
toothed, woolly- toiucntose beneath: fls. white. Caucasus.
Wflhelmsii: //. pubescens.
HERALDS-TRUMPET: Beaumontia grandiflora.
HERB: plant naturally dying to the ground; without
persistent living stem above ground ; larking definite woody
firm stzucture. It may be annual, biennial or perennial.
-Christopher: Actsea spicata. -Mercury: Mercunalis an-
nua. -Paris: Pans quadrifolia. -Patience: Rumex Patien-
tia. -Robert: Geranium Robertianum.
HERBARIUM: a permanent collection of pressed dried
specimens, together with properly pieservcd fruits and
other parts, representing the kinds of plants, for record and
critical study.
HERBfiRTIA. Iridacese. Bulbous herbs with
mostly basal Ivs. and blue or lilac fugitive fls.
borne in a terminal spathe; perianth of 6 spread-
ing segms., the inner 3 much smaller; native
Tex. to Chile and Brazil. Propagated by seeds
and offsets.
caertilea: //. Drummondiana.
Drummondiana (//. cserulea). To 1 ft.: Ivs. narrow-
linear, equalling st.: fls. blue with white claw spotted violet,
2 in. across, spathes to 2 in. long. Tex.
HERCULES-CLUB: Aralia spinosa, Zanthoxylum Clava-
Hercidia.
HEREROA. Aizoaceae. Separated on tech-
nical characters from Mesembryanthemum:
n ermaria
plant stemless or nearly so: Ivs. entire, rather
elongated and soft, with large dark dots, op-
posite in four rows: fls. yellow or rose, several
maninfl. S. Afr.
dolabrif 6rmis: Rhombophyllum dolabriforme.
gracilis. Lvs. graceful, to 2 in. long and y$ in. wide: fls.
in cymes, bright yellow, 1 in. across.
granulata (M. granulatum). Lvs. crowded, united, to
2 in. long and M in. wide and thick, rough: fls. 1-3, light
yellow, 1 in. across.
H6rrei. Closely resembling H. granulata but with smaller
frs.
hesperSntha (M. hesperanthum) . To 8 in.: Ivs. to 1>4 jn.
long and >£ in. thick: fls. in 4's, golden-yellow, about M in.
long.
odorata: listed name.
Puttkammeriana (M. Puttkammerianum) . Lvs. spread-
ing, united at base, obtusely 3-angled, to 3 in. long and
^ in. wide, glaucous: fls. in 3's, orange, % in. across. Var.
glabrior is listed.
Stanleyi: see Mesembryanthemum Stanley*.
varians: listed name.
HERMESIAS: Brownea.
HERMODACTYLUS. SNAKES-HEAD IRIS.
Iridacex. One tuberous plant closely allied to
. Iris but differing in having a 1-celled ovary;
cult, as for tuberous irises. H. tuberdsus (Iris
tuberosa). To 1 ft. or more: Ivs. 2-3, 4-angled,
to 2 ft. long, glaucous: fls. black-purple, inner
segms. green, 2 in. long. Apr.-May. S. France
to Greece.
HERNANDIA. Hernandiacese. About 14
species of monoecious trees of wide distribution
throughout the tropics, having entire alternate
Ivs. and unisexual fls. in large panicles. One
species, H. ovigera (//. peltata), is grown in Fla.
Tree to 40 ft., bark smooth: Ivs. broadly ovate,
peltate, to 8 in. long, entire, base usually cor-
date, apex acute to obtuse: fls. greenish-yellow,
of the 3 in each involucre the central one is
pistillate and sessile, the lateral ones staminate
and pedicelled: fr. compressed-ovoid, black and
dry, about 1 l/i in. across, surrounded by a much
inflated whitish involucel producing a pear-
shaped structure to 2l/2 in. long haying a large
opening at the distal end leading into the so-
called "seed" or true fr.
HERNANDlACE^E. About 4 genera of
tropical trees and shrubs allied to Lauraceaj but
differing from that family in fls. having an
inferior ovary without true petals and the
female fl. surrounded at base by a fleshy cup-
shaped involucel which ultimately envelops
the fr. Only one genus, Hernandia, is grown
in this country.
HERNlARIA. HERNIARY. RUPTURE-WORT.
BURST- WORT. Illecebracese. Ann. or per. trailing
mat-forming little herbs, with roots of short
duration: Ivs. small and sessile: fls. small, green
and crowded in axillary clusters: native in sandy
places, usually near the sea; in Eu., W. Asia,
N. Afr. and the Canaries and 1 in S. Afr. Grown
for carpet-bedding, rock-gardens and for cover-
ing graves.
cinerea. Light gray hairy ann., sts. ascending: lys.
oblong-linear: fls. sessile, in 7-10-fld. clusters. Medit.
region, Canary Isls.
glabra. Per. 4-6 in., ste. with swollen joints, spreading
along the ground several inches: Ivs. oblong, usually bronzy-
red in winter: fls. sessile, in axillary 7-8-fld. clusters on the
lateral branches, making a leafy spike. Eu., Asia.
hirsuta. Hairy per. to 6 in., sts. prostrate: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong: fls. sessile, in 7-lOfld. clusters. Eu.
incana. To 10 in., gray-velvety-canescent, sts. woody
Hemiaria 361
at base: Ivs. obovate-oblong to spatulate, to nearly H in.
long: fls. solitary or 3-6 in head-like cluster, pedicelled.
E. Eu., Asia Minor.
latifdlia. Per. to 1H ft., velvety: Ivs. elliptic, ciliate:
fls. short-pedicelled, in 3-6-fld. clusteis. Spain, Portugal.
HERNIARY: Herniana.
HERONSBILL: Erodium.
HERPESTIS AMPLEXICAULIS: Hydrotrida carolin-
iana.
HERPETICA: Cassia alata.
HERPOTHAMNUS: Vaccinium craaatfolium.
HERREANTHUS. Aizoacese. Per. succulent
growing in tufts, one species in S. Afr., allied to
Mesembryanthemum. H. Me^eri. Lvs. 3-
angled, to 1% in. long, % in. wide and l/2 in.
thick, united at base, bluish-green, slightly
spotted: fls. solitary, terminal, sessile, white,
fragrant, 1 in. across; stigmas 6, filiform.
HESPERALOE. Liliaceae. Stemless herbs
similar to Yucca but with greenish or reddish
fls. opening by day; native Tex. to Mex.
£ngelmannfi: H. parviflora var.
parvifldra (H. yuccxfolia). To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 4 ft. long
ana 1 in. wide, the margins thread-bearing: fls. rose, 1^ in.
Jong, nodding. Tex. Var. £ngetmannii (77. Engelmannii)
has more bell-shaped fls. about 1 in. long.
rubrifldra: hoit. name for red-fld. form.
yuccaefdlia: 77. pamflora.
HESPERANTHA. Iridacex. African herbs
allied to Schizostylis and Ixia, having grass-like
Ivs. which arise from a basal corm and fls. in
simple lax spikes. Propagated by seeds or corm-
lets.
Bauri. To 2 ft., corm about Y* in. diani.: Ivs. 3, to 1 ft.
long and % m. wide, strongly ribbed, fls. bright rose-red,
to 1% in. long, tube cylindrical, straight and not longer
than surrounding green spathes, segins. slightly reflexed
or ascending. Transvaal.
Stanfordiae. To 15 in.: basal Ivs. 3, falcate, to 3 in. long,
subobtuse, st.-lf. 1, to 4 in. long: fls. bright yellow, in spikes
of 2, erect, to 2 m. across, segms. broadly ovate. S. Afr.
HESPERETHUSA. Rutacex. One spiny
bush or small tree, H. crenulata, NAIBEL, native
India to Jndo-China, grown somewhat in the
citrus country for ornament and curiosity, allied
to Feronia: evergreen: Ivs. odd-pinnate, with
small crcnulate Ifts. and very broadly winged
rachis and petiole: fls. small, white, fragrant:
fr. % in. or less diam., globose, with very bitter
pulp. A good pot-plant; grows on Citrus stocks.
HfiSPERIS. ROCKET. Cruciferte. Bien. and
per. erect branching herbs of Eu. and Asia: Ivs.
narrow, entire or toothed, mostly undivided
fls. white to rose, mauve-purple, often showy,
in long terminal mostly paniculate racemes,
sometimes fragrant: fr. an elongated pod or
silique.
alplna. Lvs. lanceolate, dentate, long-acuminate, gla-
brous: fls. white to rose- purple, with pedicels equal in length
to calyx: pods erect. Mts., Cent. Eu. — Perhaps an alpine
race of 77. matronahs.
din&rica. To*3H ft., densely glandular-pilose: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, mostly sessile, dentate:
fls. white, to 1H in. across: fr. to 4 in. long. S.-Cent. Eu.
fragrans. Bien. to 2 ft. or more: basal Ivs. lanceolate,
petiolate, villous-hispid, upper Ivs. sessile, ovate, all den-
tate to entire, fls. dull purple with darker veins, to % in.
across, in elongated villous racemes, fragrant, petals
oblong, undulate, calyx and pedicels villous: pods villous-
hispid. Siberia.
lutea. Per. to 4 ft., sts. hairy: basal Ivs. oblong-runcinate,
dentate; st.-lvs. ovate to lanceolate, base cuneate to trun-
cate, dentate, acuminate: fls. yellow, petals spatulate-
obovate, to H in. long: pods to 5 in. long, briefly stipitate.
Japan.
Heteromehs
matronalis (77. nivea). DAMES-R. or DAMES- VIOLET.
Rather coarse per. or sometimes bieii. to 3 ft., hirsute to
glabrous, much branched: Ivs. lanceolate to lance-ovate,
to 4 in. long, toothed: fls. large, H in. and more across,
fragrant, lilac or light purple, varying to white and to
double forms, late spring, early summer. Eu.; nat. in N.
Amer. Vars. lapsanifdlia and purpurea have largo deep
mauve fls. Var. sibirica has entire petals, not emarginate,
and st.-hairs simple and retrorse, not forked and porrect.
Siberia. White-fld. forms are alba and nana candidissima.
— Propagated by seed sown a season in advance of blooming.
nivalis. Per., 1 ft., green or minutely pubescent: Ivs.
lance-oblong, entire, to 2 in. long and % in. broad: fls. pale
lead-color, in a lax raceme. Near snow-line, mts. of Persia. —
Plants grown under this name may be white forms of
77. matronahs.
nivea: 7/. matronalis.
Steveniana. Bien. or per. to 3 ft. or less, hairs on lower
part of st. retrorsely bristly: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, in-
cised-dentate: fls. pale purple: pods very slender. Asia
Minor.
tristis. Bien. or per. to 20 in.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to
2 in. long, acuminate, entire, glabrous or sparsely hairy:
fls. yellowish-green with rose-violet veins, petals lanceolate
to oblong-spatulate, to 1 in. long or more: pods erect or
ascending, to 5 in. long. Cent. Eu,
HESPEROCALLIS. Liliacese. Bulbous leafy-
stemmed herb native in the deserts of S. Calif,
and sometimes planted; of the Hemerocallis
group. H. undulata. DESERT-LILY. To 2 ft.:
basal Ivs. to 2 ft. long and % in. wide, wavy-
margined: fls. white with broad green band on
back, to 2% in. long, funnelform, segms. about
twice as long as tube.
HESPEROCHlRON. Hydrophyllacex. Low
W. American perennials with Ivs. in basal ro-
settes and fls. solitary on naked peduncle; ovary
1-celled; style 2-cleft. Propagated by seeds.
calif drnicus. To 2 in.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-spatulato,
to 1H m. long, many, gray-pubescent1 fls. white, veins
tinged pink, corolla oblong-campanulate, lobes shorter
than tube. Wash, south to Utah and Calif.
pumilus. To \Yi in.: Ivs. few, to \*A in. long, mostly
glabrous: fls. white veined pink, corolla saucer-shaped,
lobes longer than tube. Cain*.
HESPEROSCORDUM HYACINTHINUM: Brodisea
lactea.
HESPEROYtJCCA. Liliacex. One S. Cali-
fornian plant with very short woody caudex
and basal rosette of narrow Ivs. H. Whipplei
(Yucca Whipplei). Lvs. to 1% ft. long and
^ in. across, rigid, finely toothed and terminat-
ing in sharp spine: fls. creamy-white, to 2 in.
long, fragrant, nodding, in panicles on scapes
to 12 ft. high, the perianth-segms. distinct.
Hardy only in warm climates. Cult, as for Agave.
HETERISIA: Saxifraga.
HETEROC^NTRON. Melaslomacex. Herbs
or subshrubs native in Mex. and Cent. Amer.,
having entire Ivs., white, rose or purple fls. in
panicles, and capsular fr.; grown out-of-doors in
warm regions or under glass for the numerous
small pleasing fls. Propagated by cuttings.
album: H. roaeum var.
e'legans: Schizocentron elegana.
mexicanum: the plant cult, under this name is 77.
roaeum.
rdseum (Heeria rosea). To 2 ft., the branches 4-angled:
Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long: fls. rose or white in var. Album,
H in. long. Mex.
HETEROMJfcLES. Rosacex. One evergreen
shrub native in Calif, and Lower Calif, and much
Elanted there for ornament and employed in
oliday decorations. H. arbutifdlia (Photinia
arbutifolia). TOYON. CHRISTMAS-BERHY. To
15 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long, sharp-toothed,
thick, dark green and shining above: fls. white,
Heteromeles
% in. across, in panicles to 3 in. high: fr. bright
red or yellow, % in. long, persistent through
winter. Var. chrysocarpa has yellow fr. and var.
macrocdrpa is listed. — Not hardy N. Propagated
by seeds, cuttings, and by layers.
HETEROPAPPUS. Composite. Hardy Asia-
tic perennials adapted to the hardy border,
allied to Boltonia but differing in pappus made
up only of short chaffy bristles and not supple-
mented by 2-4 long awris.
hfspidus. To nearly 2 ft. or more, sts. rough and sca-
brous: basal Ivs. broadly spatulate to lanceolate, often
coarsely serrate; st.-lvs. linear, acute, ciliate. ray-fls. blue,
disk-fls. yellow, m heads to 1^ in. across. Japan, Mongolia.
HETEROSPATHE. Palmaceae. Several spe-
cies of monoecious unarmed feather-palms,
native in Philippines and S. Sea Isls., one of
which is sometimes planted in S. Fla. and S.
Infl. among the Ivs., much branched; fls. in 3's,
2 outer ones staminate or in 2's and both stam-
inate on upper part of branches; stamens 6:
fr. globular, size of a pea, stigmatic point near
or toward trie apex; seed 1. For cult, see Palm.
elata. Graceful ringed palm bo 30 ft. with deep green
arching lya. on long petiole and many drooping strongly
nerved pinnce 2-3 ft. long and \}/i in. or less broad with
thickened margins and narrowed to a long point: fr. about
^ in. across, slightly rugose, becoming white.
HETEROSPfiRMUM. Composite. Ann.
herbs from Mex. to S. Amer., with opposite Ivs.
and small heads of yellow fls. with few rays;
pappus none or of awns. Grown in flower-garden.
pinnatum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 1-2 pinnate into linear segms.:
heads >£ in. long. W. Tex., Ariz., Mex.
HETEROTHfeCA. Composite. Ann. or bien.
American herbs allied to Chrysopsis but differing
in having achenes of ray-fls. thickened and not
flat.
subaxillariB. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong to oblong, to
3 in. long, somewhat coarsely serrate, basal ones petioled
and upper ones sessile and often clasping, usually acute:
lay- and disk-fls. yellow, heads to 1 in. across, involucre
nearly hemispherical with linear bracts. Del. to Fla. west
to Kana. and Mex.
HEUCHfeRA. ALUM-ROOT. Saxifragacese.
Herbaceous perennials with a tuft of rounded
or broad 5-9-lobed toothed Ivs. cordate at base,
from which spring many slender scapes, over-
topping foliage, with small cup-shapecl, urn-
shaped or saucer-shaped, greenish, white, red
or purplish fls. in narrow panicles or racemes;
native in N. Amer., largely in the western part.
One ( //. san'juinea) is common in the perennial border
and a few others are sometimes grown in rockeries and
wild-gardens. They thrive in the average garden soil,
preferably in an open situation. Propagated by division
of the clumps in spring or in autumn, or by seed. These
plants are native mostly on cliffs, hills and mountains.
alba: 77. pubescens; much of the material in the trade,
however, is 77. sanguinea var. or garden hybrids of it.
am eric ana. To 3 ft.: fls. greenish-white, petals about
length of calyx-lobes, stamens much exserted: foliage
mottled when young, becoming plain green Out. to Ga.,
La., Mo , 111. and Mich. Var hirsuticaulis has densely
hirsute petioles, the^ fls. about K in. long with petals ob-
lanceolate. Ind. to Mo.
brae teat a. Densely tufted, to 6 in.: petals very narrow,
slightly longer than calyx-lobes, the inff spike-like, stamens
slightly exserted. Colo., S. Wyo.
brizoides. A garden hybrid whose probable parentage is
//. sanguined X //. micrantha infl. a narrow diffuse long
panicle of small pink fls. about 1A in. long. It has been
confused with 77. tiarelloides which differs in having 7-8
stamens instead of 5.
chlorantha. Tufted, to 3 ft.: under side of Ivs. and
petioles with whitish hairs: fls. greenish, infl. spike-like,
the petals very small or wanting, stamens includea, scapes
coarsely villous. B. C. to Ore. and Ida.
362
Heuchera
convallaria. A garden hybrid whose probable parentage
is H. pubeacena X /(. sanguinea: infl. a narrow panicle of
small greenish fls. tipped with pink, scape and fls. with
scattered glandular hairs. The following hort. forms or
segregates of it are listed: alba, fls. white often faintly
tipped pink; carnea, fls. pink; hirta, more densely glandular-
pubescent; nana, a dwarf form; nivea, fls. white.
cylindrica. To 2^ ft.: petioles densely hirsute: infl.
spike-like, fls. yellowish-green to cream-colored, petals
minute or sometimes lacking, bracts of infl. % in. long or
more. Ore., Ida. and Mont. Var. glabella (H. glabella)
differs from type in glabrous petioles and infl. bracts less
than % in. long.
glabella: H. cylindrica var.
glabra. To 20 in., the fl.-sts. 1-3-lvd., glabrous: all Ivs.
cordate or round-cordate and deeply 5-7-lobed: fls. panicled,
with white petals. Ore. north.
gracillima: H. sanguinea var.
grandifidra: 77. sanyuinea var.
H&llii. Tufted to 12 in.: infl. a narrow panicle to nearly
3 in. long, cymules 2-4-fld.: fls. greenish-white, sometimes
suffused with red, petals to twice as long as sepals, stamens
included. Colo.
hirsuticaulis: H. americana var.
hfspida. To 4 ft., sts. white-hairy: fls. in narrow panicles,
the petals as long as or slightly shorter than sepals. Mts.,
Va., N. C.
hybrida: //. sanguinea var.
Iith6phila: 77. rubescens var. glandulosa.
longifldra. Stemless tufted plant to 2^ ft.: infl. a wide
panicle, becoming very open at maturity; fls. yellow, large,
petals slightly longer than sepals, both purple-tipped.
N. C. to Ala. and Ky.
micr&ntha. To 2 ft.: fls whitish, in loose panicles, petals
about length of calyx. Calif, to B. C.
ovalifdlia (77. cylindrica var. ovalifolia. H. ovalifolia var.
alpina). Acaulescent, the rounded-oval Ivs. basal: fl.-sts.
naked, glandular-pubescent; fls. in dense cluster 3 in. more
or less long, yellowish. Rocky Mts., Nev., Ore.
parvifdlia. Acaulescent, cespitose: Ivs. small, kidney-
shaped, 7-9-shallowly lobed: fl.-sts. to 15 in., with elongat-
ing infl.; fls. with yellowish petals. Alta. to Ore. and New
Mex.
pilosissima. Very hairy, proper st. short or none: Ivs.
cordate, obtuse, blunt-looed: fl.-sts. to 1M ft., usually
somewhat leafy, with narrow and dense cluster; fls. reddish.
W. Calif.
P^fnglei ( H. rubescena var. Pringlei) . A probable segre-
gate from the hybridization of 77. rubescena and 77. pilo-
sissima: differs from 77. rubescens in its much narrower
Ivs. which are somewhat truncate at base rather than round-
cordate, shorter petioles, and fls. hemispherical rather than
open-campanulate. Mts., Calif.
pubescens (77. alba). To 3 ft.: fls. purplish, in open
panicles, petals slightly longer than calyx-lobes. Rich
woods in mts., Pa. to N. C.
racem&sa: Elmera racemosa.
Rkhardsonii. Tufted, to 3 ft.: infl. a narrow panicle;
fls. greenish, cylmdrical-campanulate, petals spatulate,
about as long as sepals. Ind., Mich., to Alta. and Colo.
R6binsonii: a garden seedling.
R6samondii: hort. form with coral-pink fls., to 1^ **•
r6sea: hort. name, possibly for form of 77. sanguinea.
rubescens. To 15 in.: fls. in open secund panicles, with
sepals pinkish, green-tipped, petals about twice as long as
sepals. Mts., Utah to Ore. and Calif. Var. glanduldsa
(77. lithophila), fls. smaller than type usually less than
jV in. long, rarely secund.
Ariz., and Mex. but hardy N. There are many hort. vars.
as: alba, fls. white; gracflh'ma and gracillima re-sea, slender
form; grandifidra, fls. larger and plant more robust; hybrida,
plant robust; maxima, fls. dark crimson; Oxfordii, fls. deep
scarlet; splendens, Us. dark crimson; virginale, us. white.
splendens: 77. sanguinea var.
tenuifdlia (77. cylindrica var. tenuifolia). Acaulescent:
Ivs. reniform to round-cordate, thin, ciliate, round-lobed:
fl.-ste. to 2 ft.; fls. greenish. Ida., Ore., Wash.
tiarelloides ( 77. sanguinea var. tiarelloidet) . A bigenerio
hybrid with Tiarella, sometimes named Heucherella tiarel-
loides: resembles H. sanguined in 'habit, infl. and color of
fls., but differs in having 7-8 stamens and unequal carpel
beaks. Plants of this parentage are sometimes sold under
77. brizoides. A var. alba is listed.
undul&ta. Hort. hybrid of uncertain parentage: to 30 in.:
fls. greenish-white, many in loose much branched racemes.
Heuchera
villdsa. To 3 ft. : panicles open, fls. nearly white, petals
twice as long as calyx. Va. to Ga. and Tenn.
virginale: H. sanguined var.
Walkeri: listed name.
HEUCHERELLA: Heuchera tiarelloides.
HfeVEA. Euphorbiacese. Brazilian trees
with milky juice which is the most important
single source of rubber, Ivs. of 3 Ifts., small
monoecious fls. without petals, in panicles, and
fr. a large caps. ; sometimes grown for ornament.
It does best in hot damp climates. Propagated by seeds,
and sometimes by cuttings as an ornamental subject or
when grown under glass for interest.
brasili£nsis. PARA RUBBER or CAOUTCHOUC TREE. To
60 ft.: Ifts. elliptic, sometimes as much as 2 ft. long: fls.
white: seeds about 1 in. long. Amazon.
HEXAGL6TTIS. Iridacese. S. African
cormous herbs allied to NemavStylis with usually
2 long narrow Ivs. and fugacious yellow fls. in
branched panicles; perianth rotate.
longif&lia. To 1H ft.: Ivs. flat, narrowly linear, slightly
longer than st. : fls. 3-4 in spathe, segms. to H m. long.
virgata. To 1>£ ft.: Ivs. cylindrical, longer than st.:
fls. % in. long, 3-4 in a spathe.
HEXASTYLIS: Asarum.
HIBBfiRTIA. Dilleniaceae. Mostly Australian
shrubs with erect, procumbent or climbing sts.:
Ivs. small and often heath-like: fls. yellow or
white, solitary and terminal. Grown out-of-doors
in S. Calif.
cuneif 6rmis: Candollea cuneiformis.
dentata. Sts. trailing or twining: Ivs. oblong, to 2% in.
long, slightly toothed, petioled: ns. dark yellow, to 2 in.
across, with numerous stamens.
perfoliata. Sts. procumbent or ascending: Ivs. ovate, to
2 in. long, slightly toothed, perfoliate: fls. pale yellow, with
numerous stamens.
volubilis. Sts. trailing or twining to 30 ft.: Ivs. obovate
to lanceolate, to 3 in. long, clasping at base, silky-pubescent
beneath: fls. yellow, with numerous stamens.
HIBISCUS. ROSE-MALLOW. Malvaceae. Herbs,
shrubs or small trees with alternate palmately
lobed Ivs., mostly very large and showy fls. from
white to yellow and scarlet, and dry capsular
5-valved fr.; popular ornamental subjects, a
few also grown for the edible parts. Species of
hibiscus are among the most showy fls. of the
tropics; abundant and prized in Hawaii.
The annual flower-garden sorts may be grown from seed
sown where the plants are to stand. The perennials are
propagated by seed or division; many of these aio native
in swamps and should have plenty of moisture. The
shrubby kinds may be grown from seed sown in pots and
transplanted; also by cuttings and grafting.
Abelm6schus (Abelmoschus moschatua) . MUSK-MALLOW.
Ann. or bien. to 6 ft.: Ivs. variously lobed: fls. yellow with
crimson center, 4 in. across: fr. to 3 in. long, the seeds with
musky odor sometimes used in perfumery. India.
abutiloides. Shrubby: Ivs. ovate-cordate, to 6 in. long,
acuminate, glabrescent, margins usually crenate, stipules
ovate-cordate: fls. solitary, probably yellow. N. S. Amer.,
W. Indies.
africanus: //. Trionum.
Arnottianus. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. ovate, entire: fls.
white, sometimes with pinkish veins, 4 in. or more across,
handsome; calyx-teeth short; bracts of involucel H in.
or less long. Hawaii.
aurantiacus: H. Roaa-sinenaia var.
Baptistii: a form of H. Rosa-sinensis with double fls.
variegated cream and red.
brilliantfssimus: hort. name for scarlet-red-fld. form,
resembling H. coccinea, but said not to be hardy N.
calisureus: hort. name, probably H. Trionum.
Called: H. Roaa-ainenaia var.
calfcinus (H. chrysanthua) . Small shrub: Ivs. round,
angled: fls. lemon-yellow with dark center, to 3 in. across.
8. Afr. ; grown in Calif, and similar climates.
363 Hibiscus
cann&binus. Ann. or per. with prickly st.: upper Ivs. with
deep narrow lobes: fls. yellow, with crimson center. Tropics
of Old World.— Yields' fiber.
chrysanthus: //. calycinus.
cocclneus (H. apeciosus). Per. to 10 ft., glaucous: Ivs.
with deep slender lobes: fls. rose-red or crimson, to 6 in.
across. Swamps, Ga. and Fla.
Codperi: H. Rosa-sinensis var.
D6nisonii. Lvs. ovate, leathery, entire: fls. white.
Much like H. Arnottianus but calyx deeply cleft and
involucel bracts much longer. Oiigin doubtful.
diverstfdlius. To 8 ft., shrubby and prickly: lower Ivs.
deeply 3-5-lobed, upper toothed: fls. yellow with dark
center. Afr., Pacific Isls., Austialia.
elatus (Paritium ela urn). CUBAN BAST. Supposed to
differ from H. tiliaceus in greater stature, larger fls. that
change from yellow to red, involucre and calyces deciduous
from ripe fr., and hairy seeds, but some of the plants so
called not separable from that species.
escu!6ntus (Abelmoachus e&culentus). OKRA. GUMBO.
Ann. to 6 ft.: Ivs. variously lobed or divided4 fls. yellow
with reddish center, to 3 in. long: fr. to 1 ft. long, ribbed,
becoming woody, when immature eaten as a vegetable.
Tropics of Old World. — See Okra.
goss^pinus. Tall shrub- Ivs. ovate, finely toothed: fls.
yellow, small, with an involucre of thread-like Ifts. shorter
than calyx-lobes. S. Afr.; adapted to Calif, and similar
climates.
grandifldrus. GREAT R. Velvety per. to 6 ft. or more:
Ivs. commonly broader than long and 3-lobed: fls. pale
pink with reddish in bottom, petals to G in. long. Mai shew,
Ga., Fla., Miss. — Allied to H. Moscheutos; perhaps some-
times transplanted.
Hamabo. Shrub to 10 ft. or more: Ivs. round, slightly
toothed, white-tomentose beneath: fls. yellow, darker at
base, 3 in. across. Japan; thrives in southernmost regions.
heterophyllus. Tall shrub: Ivs. simple or divided into
long narrow lobes: fls. white with cnrnson or puiple center,
to 4 in. long. Australia; adaptable to southern parts of the
country.
Huegelii. Tall shrub, mostly tomentose: Ivs. deeply
3-5-lobed' fls. violet-purple, petals to 3 in. long. Australia.
Var. glabrescens is nearly glabrous.
incanus. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, toothed,
white-tomentose beneath: fls. white or pink with crimson
center, to 4 in. long. Swamps, Md. to Fla. and La.
Lambertii: hort. name.
Manihot (Abelmoschua Manihot). Ann. or per. to 9
ft.: Ivs. divided into long narrow lobes: fls. yellow or whitish
with dark brown center, to 9 in. across. Piobably E. Asia.
Var. grandifldrus is listed. — Showy in bloom; widely spread
as a more or less weedy plant.
Meehanii: a crimson-fld. form of 77. Moscheutos.
militaris. SOLDIER R. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. halberd-shaped:
fls. white or pink with purple center, to 5 in. across. Pa.
to Fla. arid La.
Moscheutos (77. palustria). COMMON R. Per. to 8 ft.:
Ivs. ovate, longer than broad, not lobed or sometimes with
small lobes or angles on shoulders, toothed, white-tomentose
underneath: fls. pink or rose, sometimes whitish, to 8 in.
across. Swamps, Mass, to Fla. and Mo. Vars. albus and
rdseus are color forms. — Here belong the large-fld. garden
mallows, some of them accounted hybrids with related
species.
mutabilis. COTTON-ROSE. CONFEDERATE-ROSE. Shrub
or small tree: Ivs. broadly ovate, lobed to half or less their
depth, tomentose beneath: fls. white or pink, becoming red,
to 4 in. across. China; planted in southernmost states arid
in the tropics.
oculirdseus. CRIMSON-EYE R. Closely resembling 77.
Moscheutos but the white fls. with a dark rose or crimson
center. Salt marshes, N. Y. and N. J.
palustris: 77. Moscheutos.
paramutabilis. Differs from //. mutabilis in If .-bases
more truncate and broader sepals. China.
pedunculatus. Shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-lobed, the lobes
toothed: fls. on long peduncles, nodding, deep rose, 1J4 in.
long. S. Afr.
r&gius-ma'ximus: listed name.
respllndens: listed name.
Rdsa-sinensis. ROSE-OP-CHINA. CHINESE H. Shrub to
30 ft.: Ivs. ovate, not lobed, toothed or nearly entire: fls.
of many colors, rose-red to white, sometimes double, to 6 in.
across. Asia; widely grown in all warm countries and also
under glass. Var. Called has buff-yellow fls. crimson at
base. Var. Codperi ( 77. Cooperi) has narrow Ivs. variegated
with white and small scarlet fls. Var. Van Houttel has deep
crimson fls. Other forms in the trade are aurantiacus,
grandifldrus and miniatus.
Hibiscus
364
Himalaya-Berry
Sabdariffa. ROSELLE. JAMAICA SORREL. Ann. or bien.
to 7 ft.: st.-lvs. lobed or divided: fls. yellow, having thick
red acid calyces and involucels from which sauces and jellies
are made in warm countries; fiber is derived from the ste.
Tropics of Old World.— See Rosette.
schizope1 talus. Shrub: lys. ovate, not lobed, toothed: fls.
long-ped uncled and hanging, red or orange-red, to 3 in.
across, the petals much cut and recurved, the staminal
column long-exserted. E. trop. Afr. ; grown in the southern-
most parts of the country.
8ine*nsis: //. Rosa-sinensia
sinosyrlacus. Differs from H. ayriocua in its broader
sharp-toothed and larger Ivs. China.
specidsus: //. coccineua.
subviolaceus: hort. name.
syrlacus (Althaea frutex). SHRUB-ALTHBA. ROSE-OP-
SHARON. Shrub to 12 ft., much planted: Ivs. 3-lobed or
toothed: fls. rose or purple to white and bluish, often double,
to 3 in. across. E. Asia; hardy N. There are many hort.
forms, such as albus plenus, amplissimus with double
purple-pink fls., anemonaefldrus, &rdens, bfcolor, carneus
coellstis, elegantfssimus, fdlio-variegatus, Ldopoldii, paeoni-
fldrus, pulchgrrimus, purpureus, rdseus, ruber, specidsus,
tdtus albus, variegatus, violaceus.
tiliaceus (Pariti or Paritium tiliaeeum). MAHOE. Shrub
or tree: Ivs. nearly orbicular, resembling those of the linden:
fls. yellow, to 3 in. long; involucel and calyx persistent on
fr. Probably Old World tropics, now widely spread.
Tridnum ( H. africanus. H. vesicarius) FLOWER-OF-AN-
HOUH. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. deeply divided into coarsely
toothed lobes: fls. sulfur-yellow or white with dark center,
to 3 in. across. Afr.; nat. in N. Amer. Var. grandifl&rus is
listed.
versf color: a form with single light carmine fls. with
deep red center and yellowish shadmgs.
vesicarius: H. Trionum.
HICKENIA: Parodia microsperma.
HICKORY-NUT. The hard husk-inclosed
fruit of various species of Carya (which see),
characteristic of North America, and some of
the species much prized. They are gathered in
the wild and one of them is much planted in the
South: see Pecan. All the hickories are readily
raised from seeds (or nuts), stratified and planted
in spring, or sown directly in the ground in
autumn if they can be protected from rodents.
Because of the tap-root, seedlings transplant
with considerable loss if allowed to stand in the
original nursery more than two years. A more
branching root system can be produced by cut-
ting the tap-root of the seedling about 6 inches
below the ground at least a year before trans-
planting.
Named varieties of hickory may be propagated
by budding and grafting. The principles in-
volved are the same as with other fruit-trees,
but greater skill and accuracy in workmanship
are required. With seedlings Y^ inch in diameter,
ring or annular budding is successful, either in
the early spring as growth starts using dormant
cions, or preferably in July just as the current
seasons growth hardens. Somewhat larger stocks
may be cleft-grafted or side-grafted. With
young trees lj^-4 inches in diameter the bark-
or inlay-graft is well adapted. Cions of vigorous
one- or two-year shoots should be dormant.
Grafting is done in the spring from the time
growth starts until trees are well leaved out.
It is important that all cut surfaces of the stock
and the entire surface of the cion including the
buds be covered with wax.
Aside from the pecan, the most prized of the
hickory-nuts are tne shagbark. Carya ovata, and
the shellbark, C. laciniosa. Other species also
produce edible nuts.
HICKSBEACHIA. Proteacese. One Australian
tree, H. pinnatifdlia. Lvs. of 18-23 stiff toothed
Ifts. to 9 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls, silky outside,
% in. long, in spike-like racemes to 11 in. long:
fr. globular, to lj^ in. across, orange-colored.
HICORIA: Carya.
HIDALGdA. Composite. Cent. American
climbing shrubs with ternately cut Ivs. and
rather large heads of ray- and disK-fls., resembling
single dahlias; one species grown out-of-doors
in S. Calif.
W6rcklei (ChUdaia Wercklei). CLIMBING-DAHLIA. Lvs.
opposite, to 2% in. long, climbing by the coiled petioles:
heads orange-scarlet, to 2>£ in. across. Costa Rica.
HEERACIUM. HAWKWEED. Composite.
Many per. herbs, often stoloniferous, of the
north temp, zone, with alternate or basal Ivs.
and panicled or occasionally solitary heads of
yellow, orange or red ray- and disk-fls.; pappus
of stiff usually brownish bristles.
A few hawkweeds are sometimes grown in the garden,
especially in rockeries. They prosper in poor soil. Care
must be exercised to keep them from spreading too much,
as they may become weedy. Propagated easily from seed,
also by division of the stolons. See also Tolpis.
alpinum. To 6 in , hairy: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate,
slightly toothed: heads solitary, bright yellow. Mts., Eu.,
Asia.
amplexicaule. To 2 ft., glandular-sticky: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, toothed, the st.-lvs. clasping: heads 2-many,
yellow, 1 in. or more across. S. Eu.
aurantiacum. ORANGE H. DEVILS-PAINTBRUSH. To
20 in., covered with long spreading hairs: Ivs. mostly in
basal tuft, oblong, nearly entire: neads clustered, 1 in.
across, deep orange to flame color. Eu.; a bad and abun-
dant weed in E. N. Amer.
bombycinum. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. obovate, densely silvery-
pubescent: heads ^ in. across, yellow. Spain.
Grondvii. To 3 ft., hairy: Ivs obovate or oval, toothed
or entire: heads clustered, ^ in. across, yellow. Mass, to
Fla. and Tex.
gymnoce'phalum. To 2 ft., white-pubescent: lys. oval or
oblong, slightly toothed: heads clustered, % in. across,
yellow. S. Eu.
Heldrelchii. To 20 in., long-pilose: Ivs. obovate to
oblong, long-silky or setose-pilose, entire or minutely
toothed: fls. yellow, involucre silky- villous. Balkan region.
lanatum. To 20 in., densely gray-tomeiitose: Ivs. oval
or ovate, nearly entire: heads clustered, 1 in. across, pale
yellow. S. Eu.
marmdreum. To 1 ft., hairy: Ivs. ovate-oblong, toothed:
heads clustered, % in. across, yellow. S. E. Eu.
murdrum. To 2^ ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 4 in. long,
cordate, coarsely toothed: scapes glandular; heads about
1 in. across, yellow ray-fls. Eu., adventive m N. E. Amer.
paniculatum. To 3 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate,
toothed: heads panicled, % in. across, yellow. N. S. to
Ga. and Ala.
Pilosella. MOUSE-EAR H. Slender, to 1 ft., densely
hairy: Ivs. in a basal tuft, oblong, entire: heads solitary,
1 m. across, pale yellow, sometimes striped or tinged with
red or purple. Eu.; nat. in E. N. Amer.
rubrum. To \\^ ft., densely woolly, resembling H.
aurantiacum. E. Cent. Eu.
stoloniferum: a confused name.
tridentatum. To 3 ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate,
with few coarse teeth: heads clustered, to % in. across,
yellow. Eu.
umbellatum. NARROW- LEAVED H. To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceo-
late to linear, toothed: heads clustered, to 1J^ in. across,
golden-yellow. Eu., Asia.
vendsum. To 3 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. obovate to
oval, toothed, often purple- veined: heads numerous, ^ in.
across, yellow. Me. to Ga. and Neb.
villdsum. SHAGGY H. To 2 ft., soft silky-pubescent:
Ivs. oblanceolate to ovate, nearly entire: heads to 2 in.
across, bright golden-yellow, often solitary at end of sts.
Eu.
HILLS-OF-SNOW: Hydrangea arborescens var. grandi-
flora.
HIMALAYA-BERRY. A kind of blackberry
introduced into North America in recent years
and grown somewhat for fruit. It is one of the
many kinds of European brambles with very
Himalaya-Berry
365
Hoheria
long scrambling more or less perennial canes,
Rubus procerus; it is not Himalayan. The plant
is rampant and viciously thorny. It is best
handled on a trellis or arbor. In parts of Cali-
fornia it is a useful fruit plant and may also be
grown acceptably elsewhere when properly
trained, but in general its pomological promise
is not great. The plant has established itself
in some places outside cultivation. Propagation
and culture as for Blackberry.
HIPPEASTRUM. Amaryllidacese. Bulbous
herbs with narrow strap-shaped basal Ivs.,
spathes of 2 valves separated to the base, red
or whitish lily-like declinate fls. usually 2-4 in
number borne in an umbel at the top of a hollow
scape, the perianth-segms. united to form an
abbreviated tube and stamens in four different
lengths.
Hippeastrums, commonly known as amaryllis, are grown
north as house plants and out-of-doors, but the bulbs
must be lifted before winter. South they are commonly
grown as garden plants. The best soil is one composed of
fibrous loam, leaf -mold and sand with a neutral or slightly
alkaline reaction. They may be propagated by seeds whicn
reach blooming size in about two years. Named hybrid
varieties are propagated true to type from bulb cuttings.
The common garden kinds are hybrids or variants.
fidvenum. Lvs. linear, glaucous: fls. yellow or red, 2 in.
long. Chile. Var. miniatum is //. miniatum.
Albertii: a hort. form of II. puniceum with double
salmon-pink fls.
aulicum (77. robustum). LILY-OF-THE-PALACE. To 2 ft.:
Ivs. to 2 in. wide, obtuse: scape 2-fld.; fls. red with green
throat, to G in. long, segms obovate, the 2 upper wider
than others, stigma 3-parted, filaments red. Brazil.
brachyandrum: JIabranthus brachyandrus.
equ6stre: H. puniceum.
hybridum: a name for hort. forms.
J6hnsonii. An old hybrid between H. Reginae and //.
mttatum probably not now in cult., or represented by more
recent crosses and variants.
miniatum. Lvs. strap-shaped, to 2 ft. long and 1 in.
across: fls red, to 4^o m long, segms. to 1^ in. across,
inner ones narrower tlian outer. Peru. Var. n6bile is a
hort. form.
pratense (Habranthus pratensis. Amaryllis pratensis)-
Lvs. ^ in. wide, with fls.: fls. bright red, tube very short,
segms. 2^ in. long. Chile.
puniceum (//. equestre. Amaryllis equestris). Lvs. to
2 in. wide, after fls : fls. red or salmon-red, lighter toward
base, to 5 in. long, the tube about 1 in. long. Trop. Amer.
Reginae (Amaryllis Reginne). Lvs. to 2 in. wide, after
fls.: fls. bright red with whitish star in throat, to 5 in. long,
the tube to % in. long. Trop. Arner.
reticulatum (Amaryllis reticulata). Lvs. to 2 in. wide,
with fls.: fls. rose-pink cross-barred with darker rose, to
4 in. long, the tube 1 in. long. Brazil. Var. striatifdlium
has Ivs. with a prominent white rib.
robustum: 77. aulicum.
rutilum. Lvs. 1 in wide: fls. red with green tube and
keel, to 4 in long, tube % in long. Brazil. Var. fulgidum
has wider Ivs. with larger and more brilliantly scarlet fls.
solandrifldrum. Lvs. to 2 in. wide, with fls.: fls. greenish-
white, to 10 in. long, the tube 4-5 in. long. S. Amer.
texanum: see Habranthus texanus.
vittatum (Amaryllis vittata). Lvs. with or after fls.: fls.
striped red and white, to 6 in. long, the tube about 1 in.
long. Peruvian Andes. — The usual garden forms or colors
are much like this species.
HIPPOCASTANACEjE. HORSE-CHESTNUT
FAMILY. Two widely distributed genera of trees
and shrubs bearing opposite digitately compound
Ivs., irregular polygamous fls. having 5 sepals,
4^5 petals, 5-8 stamens, superior 3-celled ovary,
and leathery capsular fr. Only JEsculus is cult.
HIPPOCRfePIS. Leguminosde. Herbs or small
shrubs with pinnate Ivs. and yellow papiliona-
ceous fls. in nodding racemes or spikes j native
in Medit. region and grown sometimes ui rock-
gardens and borders.
comosa. Per. to 2 ft.: Ifts. in 3-5 pairs, obovate: fls. in
4-8-fld. umbels. May-July. — Sun, on alkaline soil. f
multisiliquosa. Ann. to 1 ft.: Ifts. in 2-7 pairs: fls. small
pods curved, breaking into 3- 7 joints.
HIPP(5PHAE. SEA-BUCKTHORN. Els>agnacea\
Spiny shrubs or small trees covered with silvery
scales^ having alternate willow-like Ivs., in-
conspicuous yellow dioecious fls. appearing before
the Ivs., and drupe-like frs.
Any soil is satisfactory. To insure fruit care must be
taken to have a few staminate plants. Propagated by seeds
sown in fall or stratified, cuttings of ripened wood in spring,
root-cuttings, layers and suckers.
rhamnoides. Very hardy, to 30 ft.: fr. bright orange-
yellow, % in. long, staying on through the winter. Eu.,
Asia. Var. angustifdlia has narrow Ivs. and pendulous
branches. Var. procera grows to 50 ft.
salicifdlia. To 50 ft., the branches drooping: Ivs. stellate-
tornentose below, dull green above: fr. yellow. Himalayas;
to be planted S.
HIPPOSELINUM LEVISTICUM: Levisticum officinale.
HIPPfrRIS. Haloragidaceae. Per. aquatic
herbs adapted to bog-garden or pool, having
simple verticillate lys. and small perfect fls. borne
in axils. One species, H. vulgaris, is sometimes
cult, in constantly wet ground or in water to 4 ft.
deep. Sts. 6 in. long or more in deeper water:
Ivs. in whorls of 6-12, acute, the sts. unbranched
and extending upward above level of water:
fr. nut-like, 1-seeded. Of wide distribution,
N. Amer., Eu., Asia, Patagonia.
HIRSUTE: with rather rough or coarse hairs.
HISPID: provided with stiff or bristly hairs.
HOARHOUND: Marrubium. Black: Ballota mgra.
Water: Lycopus.
HOARY: covered with a close white or whitish pubes-
cence or down.
HOBBLE-BUSH: Viburnum alnifolium.
HOFFMANNIA. Rubiaceae. Shrubs or rarely
herbs native from Mex. to S. Amer. with opposite
or whorled usually colored Ivs., small tubular
4-lobed fls. in axillary cymes, and fr. a small
berry; a few of them are grown as foliage plants
in the greenhouse. Propagated by cuttings.
discolor. To 6 in., hairy: Ivs. obovate, to 6 in. long,
satiny above, purple beneath: fls. red, the cymes long-
stalked. Mex.
Ghiesbre'ghtii (Campylobotrys Ghiesbreghln) . To 4 ft.,
nearly glabrous: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 1 ft. long, dark
velvety-green above, purple-red beneath: fls. yellow with
red spot, the cymes short-stalked. Mex. Var. variegata
has mottled Ivs.
refulgens. To 15 in., sts. weak and flexuous: Ivs. nar-
rowly obovate, to 6 in. long, fleshy, dull green and some-
what iridescent above, wine-red beneath: fls. pale red, to
1 in. across. Mex.
regalis. Subshrub: Iva. round-ovate, dark green above,
purple-red beneath: fls. yellow, the cymes nearly sessile.
Mex.
HOHENBfiRGIA. Bromeliacex. Trop. stem-
less epiphytes with spiny strap-shaped Ivs. in
basal rosettes, differing from ^Echrnea in having
floral bracts entire or only remotely denticulate,
at least not serrate.
distans (Mchmm distans). Lvs. to 2H ft. long, narrowly
ligulate, entire or minutely toothed: scape curving down-
ward, to nearly 2 ft. long, bracts imbricate, lanceolate, and
entire; fls. white or greenish-yellow, to % in. long. Jamaica.
HOHfeRIA. Malvaceae. New Zeal, trees with
alternate toothed Ivs., white small or medium
fls. clustered or solitary in the axils, the pedicels
jointed near middle, and 5 indehiscent winged
carpels falling away from a central axis; grown
in S. Calif.
angustifdlia (77. populnea var. angustifolia) . To 25
Hoheria
366
Homeria
ft.: Ivs. linear-oblong, to 2 in. long, spiny-toothed: fls.
J| in. across.
populnea. To 30 ft.: Ivs. ovato, to 5 in long, doubly
toothed: fls. to 1 in. across Var. Osbornii is listed.
sexstyldsa (//. populnea var lanceolsita) . To 25 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, sharp-toothed: fls. ^4 in. across.
HOLBOELLIA: see Lardizabalacex .
H6LCUS (Ginannia. Nothokus). Graminese.
Old World aim. and per. grasses of medium size,
with flat Ivs. and spikelets in terminal panicles;
one species is sometimes planted for ornament.
See Grasses.
caffrdrum; Sorghum vulgare var.
Durra: Sorghum vulgar e var.
halep6nsis: Sorghum halepense.
lanatus. VELVET-GRABS. Per. to 3 ft., prominently
velvety-pubescent: Ivs. to 0 in. long and ty in. wide:
panicles to 4 in. long, pale or purplish, glumes cih'ate. Eu.;
nat. in N. Anier.
saccharatus: Sorghum vulgare var. aaccharatum.
S6rghum: Sorghum vulgare.
sudan£nsis: Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense.
virgatus: Sorghum nrgatum.
HOLLY: Ilex. African-: Solarium giganteum. Moun-
tain-: Nemopanthus. Sea-: Eryngium mantimum.
HOLLYHOCK. Two species of Althaea,
A. rosea and A. ficifolia, the latter differing in
its deeply lobed and somewhat fig-like leaves
and probably not specifically distinct. Holly-
hocks are stately hardy plants, 5-9 feet tall,
well known everywhere, summer-blooming, bear-
ing large wide-open flowers along the main axis
in white, rose, red, yellowish, single and double.
The culture is very simple. The seed is usually
sown in July, and the plants set where wanted
the following spring or they may stand where
sown. They will boom the same year in which
they are transplanted — the year following the
seed-sowing. New plants should be set every
two years, as they are essentially biennial.
For the rust of hollyhocks, remove affected
leaves promptly; do not allow diseased leaves to
remain over winter, in particular remove all
pustuled leaves of the low clump just before
winter and again in spring; frequent thorough
dusting on both surfaces of the leaf with sulfur
on green-sulfur should then keep the disease in
check. Clean up the garden thoroughly.
HOLMSKI6LDIA. Verbenacex. Shrubs with
opposite simple Ivs., tubular fls. with con-
spicuous colored calyces borne in racemes or
cymes, and drupaceous frs.; planted out-of-doors
in warm climates and sometimes under glass,
particularly for its large ornamental calyx.
sanguine a. CHINESE-HAT PLANT. To 30 ft , evergreen:
Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long: fls. with red corolla 1 in long and
spreading brick-red or orange calyx to 1 in. across. Himala-
yan region. — Now a characteristic plant in parts of trop.
Amer.
HOLODfSCUS (Sericotheca. Schizonotus) .
Rosace &. W. American deciduous shrubs with
alternate toothed or lobed Ivs. and small whitish
fls. in terminal panicles; planted for ornament.
They thrive in sunny positions in well-drained soil.
Propagated by seeds, by layers, and sometimes by green-
wood cuttings under glass.
artofdlius: //. discolor var.
discolor (Spine i discolor). ROCK-SPIREA. To 20 ft.:
Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, white-tomentose beneath: fls.
creamy- white, in panicles to 9 in long on drooping branches.
B. C. to Calif, and Mont. Var ariaefdlius (Spirsea arixfolia)
has Ivs. gray-pubescent beneath.
duxndsus (//. discolor var. dumosus). To 8 ft.: Ivs. obo-
vate, to 2 in. long, white-hairy beneath, coarsely toothed,
base cuneate: fls. in panicles to 7 in. long. Wyo. and Utah
to Mex.
microphyllus. To 3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to }4 in. long, white-
silky beneath: fls. in panicles to 3 in. long. Colo., Utah,
Wyo.
HOLOPTfeLEA. Ulmicede. One large de-
ciduous tree in India, separated from the elms
by the entire Ivs. and technical characters of
fl. and fr. H. integrifdlia has pubescent shoots
and elliptic or obovate-oblong Ivs. to 6 in. long
and 5 or 7 pairs of nerves: fr. 1 in. long, elliptic
or nearly orbicular, notched at end. — Adapted
only to warm climates.
HOLY-GHOST-FLOWER: Peristeria elata.
HOMALANTHUS. Euphorbiacese. Trop.
Asian and Australian trees or shrubs with alter-
nate entire Ivs., monoecious apetalous fls. in
terminal racemes, and capsular frs.; sometimes
grown in S. U. S. for ornament or curiosity.
populifdlius (Carumbtum popuh folium) . Small tree: Ivs.
triangular-ovate, to 6 in. long, long-stalked: racemes to
4 in. long. Ceylon to Pacific Lsls.
HOMALOBUS: Astragalus.
HOMALOC^PHALA. Cactacex. Segregate
from Echinocactus distinguished by the different
fr., which is somewhat fleshy and bursts irregu-
larly, the plant-body subglobose or depressed.
One species. See Cacti. H. texensis (Echino-
cactus texensis). Usually much depressed or
flattened endwise, to 12 in. broad and half as
high; ribs 13-27 and very prominent; radial
spines 6 or 7; central 1 and longer: fls. 2 in. or
more long, bell-shaped, scarlet and orange below,
pink to nearly white above. Tex., New Mex.,
Mex.
HOMALOCLADIUM. RIBBON-BUSH. CEN-
TIPEDE-PLANT. Polygonacex. One odd shrub
with flat articulated striate sts. that are usually
leafless in the flowering stage, bearing small
greenish fls. in little sessile clusters at alternate
joints; true Ivs. appearing mostly in the vegeta-
tive stage, J£-2^ in. long, lanceolate, often
lobed at base. H. platycladum (Muehlenbeckia
platyclados), from the Solomon Isls., frequently
grown as a pot-plant and in the open far S. for
interest and curiosity: 2-4 ft. but in tropics
making terete canes to 12 ft.: fr. small, red,
berry-like, 5-sulcate at top. — Easily grown,
sometimes standing light frost; propagated by
cuttings.
HOMALOMfeNA. Aracese. Trop. herbs with
woody sts., lanceolate or oblong Ivs. with sheath-
ing petioles, and unisexual fls. borne on spadices
slightly shorter than the erect spathes; occasion-
ally grown under glass for the variegated foliage.
Cult, as for Dieffenbachia.
picturata. Lvs elliptic, to 16 in. long and 8 in. wide,
apex acute, dark green above, variegated yellowish-white
only along each side of midrib, petiole and midrib pilose.
Colombia.
Wallisii (Curmeria Wallisii). Lvs. to 8 in. long and 3 in.
wide, deep green above irregularly spotted with yellow
and margined with white, glaucescent beneath, the petioles
2 in. long and channelled: spathes pale red minutely spotted
with white. Trop. Amer.
HOMERIA. Iridaceae. Cormous S. African
herbs with 1 linear If. longer than the st. and
orange or red fugacious fls. several in a spathe;
perianth funnelform, cut nearly to base. Cult,
as for Ixia.
collina. Lvs. to 2 ft. long: fls. bright red, 1^ in- long.
Var. aurantlaca, fls. with yellow claw. Var. ochroleuca
(H. ochroleuca) has pale yellow fls. with segms. strongly
recurved.
Homeria
367
Horticulture
elegans. Lvs. 1 ft. or more long: fis. yellow, the outer
fms. with green or brownish blotch in middle, 1 H in. long.
lil&cina. Lvs. 3, narrowly linear, to 12 in. long, acuminate:
scape slender, to 9 in. long; fls. lilac, veined purple and
with yellow-speckled purple olotch.
ochroleuca: //. collina var.
pillida. Basal If. to 2 ft. long, the 2 st.-lvs. to 4 in. long:
fls. golden-yellow, usually 4-6 in cymes, spathe-valves
cuspidate. — H. Cookii, not known to be m cult, in this
country, but said to be confused with H. paUida, differs
in having Begins, black-speckled at base and acuminate
epathe-valves.
HOM(5G?NE. Composite. Small per. herbs
from mts. of Cent. Eu., allied to Tussilago but
differing in having white or purple heads which
usually are composed entirely of disk-fls., and
Ivs. more densely white-woolly and smaller.
Propagated by division and seeds. Best suited
to moist soil.
alpina. To 6 in.: basal lys. cordate-reniform and often
withering before blossoming, st.-lys. ovate-lanceolate:
heads pale purple, to 1 in. across, solitary on hairy scapes
to 1 ft. high.
HONESTY: Lunaria.
HONEY-BELL: Mahernia verticiUata.
HONEY-BUSH: Melianthus.
HONEYSUCKLE: Lonicera. Bush-: Diervilla. Cape-:
Tecomaria capensis, French-: Hedysarum coronarium.
Himalaya-: Leycesteriaformosa. Jamaica-: Passifloralauri-
foha. White Swamp: Rhododendron viscosum.
HONEYWORT: Cerinthe.
HOODIA. Asdepiadacex. African per. suc-
culent leafless herbs of the Ceropegia class with
thick cylindrical angled sts. having tubercles
armed with spines or bristles, and large fls. in
small clusters near top of sts.; corolla flat or
cup-shaped; crown double.
B&inii. Bushy, sts. 12-15-angled, spines pale brown:
fls. light yellow sometimes tinged pink, glabrous, to 3 in.
across.
Dregei. Sts. 20-24-angled, with stiff bristles: fls. light
brown covered with white hairs, l^j in. across.
Gdrdonh. To 1H ft-, sts. many-angled, glaucous, spines
pale brown: fls, yellowish-brown, glabrous except dark
red papilla in center, to 4 in. across.
Juttae. To 10 in. tall, sts. to 2 in. thick, 14-16-angled,
tubercles spine tipped: fls. 1-4 near tips of st.; corolla light
yellowish-brown to dark reddish-brown, to 2% in. across,
glabrous, quite flat.
Lugardii. Sts. to 2^ ft. tall, spiny: fls. brick-red, to 2H
in. across, covered with colorless hairs, outer corona-lobes
bifid.
macrantha. To 3 ft., sts. many-angled: fls. light purple
with yellowish center, covered inside with purple hairs,
to 8 in. across.
HOOKERA: Brodisea.
HOP: Humulus. -Bush: Dodonssa cuneata. -Tree:
Ptelea.
HOPLOPHYTUM: JEchmea.
H<5RDEUM. Graminex. Ann. and per.
grasses in temp, regions of both hemispheres,
with flat Ivs. and spikelets in terminal cylindric
dense spikes, awned; one species valuable for
grain and forage. See Grasses.
jubatum. SQUIRREL^TAIL-GBASS. Bien. or per. to 214 ft.:
Ivs. to 5 in. long and H in- wide: spikes to 4 in. long, nodding,
the slender awns to 3 in. long. N. Amer., Eu., Asia. —
Sometimes grown for the abundant ornamental drooping
spikes.
vulgar e. BARLKY. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and
% in. wide: panicles to 4 in. long, mostly erect, the stout
awns to 6 in. long. Cultigen, of Old World origin. Var.
trifurcatum is beardless.
HOREHOUND: Marrubium.
HORKfiLIA. Rosacex. Per. herbs related to
Potentilla, with pinnate Ivs. of many crowded
Ifts. and white or yellow fls. in cymes or panicles;
differs from Potentilla in insertion of stamens
and other technical characters.
G6rdonii (Potentilla Gordonii. I vesia Gordonii). To 8 in.,
woody and tufted: Ivs. of 10-20 pairs of small Ifts. which
are again divided: fls. yellow, in head-like cymes to % in.
across. Wash, to Calif, and Colo.
truncata (Potentilla truncata). Glandular-pubescent, sts.
erect, sparingly leafy, to 2 ft.: Ivs. of 1-3 pairs of oblong-
cuneate toothed Ifts., terminal 1ft. petiolate: fls. with
hypanthium saucer-shaped. Calif.
HORMIGO: Triplaris americana.
HORMiNUM. Labiate. One per. herb
adapted to the rock-garden, native from the
Pyrenees to the Tyrol. H. pyrenaicum. To 1 ft. :
Ivs. mostly basal, ovate and toothed: fls. bluish-
purple, % in. long, somewhat 2-lipped, in whorls
in long leafless spikes, in summer. — The names
H. longifolium and //. purpureum are listed
but have no known botanical standing.
HORNBEAM: Carpinus. Hop-: Ostrya.
HORNWORT: Ceratophyllum demersum.
HORSE-BRIER: Smilax rotundifolia. -Chestnut: JEscu-
lus. -Radish-Tree: Moringa oleifera. -Weed: Collinsonia.
HORSE-RADISH. The comestible part of
Armoracia rusticana, a deep-rooted perennial
native in southeastern Europe and also run wild
in this country, is the fleshy root, which is grated
and employed as a relish or appetizer with meats
and other foods. The plant blooms freely but
does not mature seeds • it is therefore propagated
by root-cuttings, which are planted in spring and
the roots harvested in late autumn of the same
year or for home use left in the ground until
spring. By growing horse-radish as an annual
crop and thoroughly cleaning the land of roots
at harvesting time, the plant does not become
established as a persistent dock-like weed and
a more shapely tender easily managed product
is obtained. Grown as a regular tilled crop on
good land, the yield may be 3-5 tons more or
less to the acre, of commercial roots fit for grating
in machine. The usual practice of keeping a few
old stools about the house for home use produces
tough shapeless stringy roots.
Side roots saved from the trimmings, of the
size of a lead-pencil to % inch diameter, are
cut to 5-8 inches long; these cuttings arc tied
in bundles and stored in cellar till spring, when
they are set in a slanting position where the plants
are to grow, in rows far enough apart to allow
of good tillage and 10-18 inches in the row; the
top of the cutting should be 3-5 inches below the
surface of the ground.
HORSETAIL: Equisetum. -Tree: Casuarina equiseti-
folia.
HORTICULTURE is a broad inclusive term
covering the making and care of home gardens,
market-gardens, orchardSj nurseries, greenhouses,
as well as the plant-raising phase of parks, es-
tates and botanic gardens. It comprises what-
ever has to do with th3 growing of ornamentals,
of vegetables, of fruits, and of plants prized for
their general interest. It may constitute the
way of earning a living and developing a business,
at the same moment that in the fuller sense its
subjects are embedded in the emotional assets
of life.
It follows that horticulture cannot be mea-
sured or defined by its organized and commercial
aspects alone or its importance be represented
in statistics. The amateur and personal practice
of it determine the extent of the trade develop-
Horticulture
368
Hotbed
ment; and this fact will be increasingly apparent
as home-making rises to higher satisfactions.
The main departments of horticulture, as
defined by the plant subjects, are pomology or
fruit-growing, floriculture or flower-growing,
olericulture or vegetable-growing, landscape
practice.
To grow the vast range of plants successfully
and to defend them against insect and disease
requires experience and definite knowledge.
The plant resources of the earth are largely
within the purview of the horticulturist, in-
volving conceptions of plant geography, climate,
adaptations. These resources afford endless
opportunities in plant-breeding. It follows that
the exact identification of species and varieties
is an indispensable part of this field of knowledge.
Horticultural subjects have been put into
pedagogical form and are now effective means of
elementary and higher education. Personal skill
in cultivation and in technique is essential to
success and real satisfactions; yet horticulture
and gardening are much more than the growing
of plants. See Garden.
HOSACKIA: Lotus.
HdSTA (Funkia. Niobe). PLANTAIN-LILY.
Liliacese. Per. herbs with thick durable roots,
large clumps of broad or at least not greatly
elongated basal Ivs. and blue, lilac or white fls.
in racemes or spikes terminating the scape or
peduncle, the perianth-segms. partially united.
Plantain-lilies are hardy and of easy cultivation, doing
well in moist shady places, making neat attractive foliage
clumps until cut down by cold weather. Propagated by
division of the stools, and only seldom by seeds for some
of the kinds do not produce capsules. II. cserulea and //.
plantaginea make shallow clumpy rootstocks with large
scars, and the other kinds have more fibrous but thick
roots from the crown or from short rootstocks. The long
white wax-like flowers of //. plantaginea are very fragrant,
appearing in late summer and autumn; the others have
short lavender-purple ("blue") or lilac flowers, sometimes
almost white, drooping or soon becoming so, and little if at
all odorous. //. cserulea differs from all others in the flower
being suddenly enlarged or widened in its upper half; the
other lilac or blue kinds have a gradually widened flower-
tube.
albo-marginata: //. lancifolia var.
aureo-maculata and -variegata may be referable to //.
unduldta.
caeriilea (F. ovata). BLUE P. To 3 ft : Ivs. to 9 in. long
and 5 in wide, cordate at base, deep green: fls. lavender-
purple (blue), striped with lighter color, to 2 in. long, in
summer, the perianth-tube narrowly furrowed-cylindncal
for about half its length and then suddenly bulging or
shouldered into an urn -shaped bloom: seeds freely. Japan,
China, Siberia.
cordata: may be H. cserulea or H. plantaginea.
cordifdlia: may be //. plantaginea.
decorata. BLUNT P. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 6 in. long,
obtuse or only very short- and abruptly pointed, about
5-nerved either side midrib, white-margined, petioles winged:
scape exceeding foliage, winged: fls. rather dark lilac, to
2 in. or more long, drooping, in summer: seeds freely.
Origin undetermined.
err6mena. MIDSUMMER P. To 3 ft., not glaucous: Ivs.
to 2 ft., with broadly ovate blades to 8 in. long and 4 in.
broad: fls. in long racemes above the Ivs., gradually trumpet-
form, about 2 in. long, pale lilac, July-Aug. (in N. Y.). —
Long an inhabitant of gardens without definite name,
recognized as a distinct species in 1932.
F6rtunei. TALL-BLUSTER P. To 2 ft. and more, the
scapes much taller than foliage: Ivs. to 5 in. long and 3J^ in.
broad, heart-shaped at base, glaucous or blue-green as if
glaucous, with 10-12 nerves either side midrib, short-
petioled: fls. pale lilac, 1 h in long, in late spring and early
summer. Probably Japan Var. gigant&a ia a form with
larger longer-petioled IVH , rather larger fls. that stand less
high above the foliage. Var. robusta is probably var. gigan-
tea. Var. variegata has variegated Ivs.
glauca: //. Sieboldiana.
grandifldra: H. plantaginea.
jap6nica: H. landfolia,.
lanceolata: H. lancifolia.
lancif&lia (H. japonica. H. lanceolata). NARROW-
LEAVED P. To 2 ft., slender, the scapes exceeding the
foliage: Ivs. narrow, to 4 in. long and 2 in. wide, tapering to
both ends, green, with 3 or 4 nerves either side midrib, the
petioles slender and scarcely winged: fls. lilac or pale laven-
der, to 2 in. long, in summer and autumn; seldom if at all
fruitful in cult. Japan. Var. albo-marginata has Ivs. edged
with white. Var. f ortis is a common form in cult, differing
in greater size and vigor, larger and leaf -like bracts on
scape, nerves 6 or 7, petioles winged, blooms in summer.
Var. tardifldra has prominently acuminate-pointed Ivs.,
short margined petioles, autumnal fls. in a condensed often
branched cluster; probably not in cult, in N. Amer., the
plant so named being //. lancifolia itself. Var. variegata is
probably not distinct from var. albo-marginata.
media and mSdia picta: perhaps H. undulata.
minor: probably H. caerulea, although considered by
some as a distinct var. of it.
ovata: H. cserulea.
plantaginea (F. grandi flora. F. subcordata) . FRAGRANT P.
To 2*6 ft , the scapes exceeding the foliage: Ivs. to 10 in.
long and 6 in. wide, cordate at base, green, nerves either
side midrib 7-9: fls. tubular, ascending, white, fragrant,
to 5 in. long, late summer and autumn. Japan, China.
robusta: a name of inexact application, sometimes
meaning //. undulata.
Sieboldiana (F. glauca). SHORT-CLUSTER P. Scapes
mostly shorter than foliage: Ivs. 10-15 in. long and 6-10 in.
broad, cordate, long-petioled, usually very glaucous, many-
nerved either side midrib: fls. many, slender, faint lilac,
conspicuously drooping, spring and early summer, in a
close raceme. Japan.
sine'nsis: catalogue name of unknown botanical standing.
subcordata: //. plantaginea.
tardifldra: //. lancifolia var.
undulata. WAVY-LEAVED P. To 2% ft., stout, the scapes
much exceeding foliage and leafy: Ivs. ovate, 6 in. long and
3 in. broad, narrowed toward base, sharp-pointed, curved,
margins more or less undulate, striped and splashed length-
wise with cream-color or white: fls. about 2 in. long, pale
lavender. Origin undetermined — The supposed green-lvd.
form is probably //. Fortunes Listed foliage forms include
arg£ntea. aurea, media picta, and variegata, none of which
may be distinct from the typical form.
variegata: probably H. undulata.
HOTBED is a frame or box that has artificial
heat and a transparent covering and in which
plants are grown. It differs from a coldframe in
naving artificial bottom heat. This bottom heat
is supplied by fermenting organic matter, hot
water or steam in pipes underneath the bed,
and hot air conducted in horizontal flues. For-
merly fermenting horse manure was the heating
material, but with the lessened supply of it and
the development of invented devices the
mechanical agencies are now mostly employed.
Information on such devices may be obtained
from dealers in gardening equipment and from
recent bulletins.
The hotbed is covered with sash of which
the usual or standard size is 3 feet wide and
6 feet long. These sashes are laid crosswise
the box or frame. The standard size of frame
is 6 feet wide and 12 feet long. A "frame,"
therefore, accommodates four sashes. However,
the frame may be of any length desired. This
frame is ordinarily made of boards, and the
back of it is 3 or 4 inches higher than the front,
so that the sashes slope to the sun. It is cus-
tomary to have a space of 6 to 10 inches between
the ground and the sash on the lower or front
side. The area or location in which the frames
are set should be protected from cold and pre-
vailing winds by a rising slope, a high board
fence, a building, hedge, or other obstruction.
If the frame yard is near the main buildings, it is
much more accessible in rainy or snowy times,
and the plants are likely to have better care.
Water should also be at hand.
Hotbed
369
House Plants
When to start a hotbed depends on the kinds
of plants to be grown, the time one wishes to
gain, and something, also, on the character of
the heat. The hardier the plant the earlier it
can be started. In the latitude of New York,
from the first to the middle of March is the usual
time for starting a hotbed. In this bed are sown
seeds of early flowers and such vegetables as
cabbage, cauliflower, tomato. In the raising of
plants in the hotbed it is essential that they do
not become "drawn" or "leggy." To prevent
this, they must be given plenty of room, thor-
ough ventilation on all pleasant days, and not
too great heat. It is well to transplant them once
or twice before they are finally set in the field,
particularly if they are started, in New York,
as early as the first or middle of March. When
transplanted, they can be set in another hotbed
or in a coldframe; but it is important that the
succeeding frames in which they are set should
not be very much colder than the one in which
they grew, else they may become stunted. It is
well, however, to transplant them into a grad-
ually cooler and freer atmosphere to harden them
off, that they may go into the open ground with-
out danger.
On pleasant days, raise the sash at the upper
end 1 or 2 inches, or if the sun shines brightly
and the wind does not blow, give even more
air; and eventually strip off the sashes entirely.
It is important that the plants are not kept too
close and grown too soft. It is usually advisable
to sow cabbage, lettuce and hardy plants in
different frames from tomatoes and other tender
things, in order that the proper requirements
may be given to each. At night the hotbeds
(at least early in the season) need more protection
than the glass sash. It was formerly trie custom
to use thick ryostraw mats to cover them, but
it is now common practice to use straw matting or
other fabric purchased of carpet dealers. This is
rolled out on the sashes at night in one or two
thicknesses; and if the weather is sharp, board
shutters, the size of the sash, may be laid on top.
One must not expect to gain as much time in
the crop as one gains in the starting of the seeds :
that is, if seeds are started two months ahead
of the normal season, one will not gain two
months in the ripening of the crop. Ordinarily,
one cannot expect to gain much more than one-
half the time, if the plants are transplanted
to the field from the hotbed.
Some plants may be grown to maturity in the
hotbed, as lettuce and radishes. After hotbeds
have been emptied of their plants, the sashes
may be stored away, and the frames employed
for the growing of a crop of melons or cucumbers.
HOTEIA: Astilbe.
HOTTENTOTS-BREAD: Testudinaria elephantipes.
HOULLfeTIA. Orchidacese. Epiphytes native
in trop. Amer. with 1-1 vd. pseudobulbs and basal
racemes, the sepals and petals similar, the lip
clawed. For cult, see Orchids.
odoratfssima. Lva. elliptic-lanceolate, to 2 ft. long and
4 in. wide, long-petioled: inn. to 2 ft. high, loosely 5-10-fld.;
fls. 2^-3^$ in. across; sepals and petals reddish-brown;
lip white with sickle-like side lobes. Aug. Colombia.
HOUNDS-TONGUE: Cynoglossum,
HOUSELEEK: Sempermvum.
HOUSE PLANTS are such as are capable of
being readily and satisfactorily grown in a
residence, for home adornment and decoration.
The care of house plants is window-gardening,
although porch- and window-boxes outside the
building may not strictly be a part of it inasmuch
as the purpose is exterior rather than domestic
embellishment.
The growing of house plants becomes prac-
tically a question of proper window space. The
essentials to be taken into consideration, before
the attempt is made, is whether the place has
sufficient sunlight, whether temperature can be
depended on and controlled, whether the air
will be too dry, and the room free from coal and
illuminating gas and dust. The air of a living-
room is likely to be that of a desert, as to mois-
ture; whereas the plants one commonly desires
to grow in it are those requiring a more or less
humid climate. Gas leaks soon cause foliage to
shed.
The house garden may occupy an entire win-
dow or set of windows, or it may consist simply
of a jardiniere, or a few choice pot-plants on a
stand. Expensive arrangements are by no means
necessary, nor is a large collection. The plants
and flowers themselves are the main considera-
tion, and a small collection well cared for is
better than a large one that is not kept in good
condition. The window-box in the room will be
seen near at hand, however, so may be more or
less ornamental in character. The sides may be
covered with ornamental tile held in place by
molding, or a light lattice-work of wood. But a
neatly made and strong box of stout pine of a
length corresponding to the width of the window,
about 10 inches wide and 8 deep, answers quite as
well as a costlier receptacle. A zinc tray of a size
to fit into the wooden box may be ordered of the
tinsmith. It tends to keep the soil from drying
out so rapidly. This is provided with a false
wooden bottom, with cracks for drainage, 2
inches above the real bottom of the tray. The
plants will then have a vacant space below them
into which drainage water may pass. Such a
box may be thoroughly watered as the plants
require, without danger of the water running
on the floor. Of course, a faucet should be pro-
vided at some suitable point on a level with the
bottom of the tray, to permit of its being drained
every day or so if the water tends to accumulate.
It would not do to allow the water to remain long;
specially should it never rise to the false bottom,
as then the soil might become too wet.
Some persons attach the plant box to the
window, or support it on brackets below the
window-sill; but a preferable arrangement is to
support it on a low and light stand of suitable
height provided with rollers. It may then be
drawn oack from the window, turned around
from time to time to give the plants light on
all sides, or turned with the attractive side
inward as may be desired.
The plants are often set directly in the soil;
but if they are kept in pots they may be re-
arranged to suit the pleasure. Larger plants to
stand on shelves or brackets may be in porous
earthenware pots ; but the smaller ones which are
to fill the window-box may be placed in heavy
paper pots. The sides of these are flexible, and
the plants in them, therefore, may be crowded
close together with great economy in space.
When pots are spaced, damp sphagnum or other
moss among them will hold them in place, keep
the soil from drying out too rapidly, and at the
same time give off moisture.
House Plants
370
House Plants
The window for winter plants should have
a southern, southeastern or eastern exposure.
Plants need all the light they can get in the
northern winter, especially those expected to
bloom. The window should be tignt-fitting.
Shutters and a curtain are an advantage in
cold weather.
The plants should have a certain regularity
in conditions. It is trying on them, and often
fatal to success, to be snug and warm one night
and in a temperature only a few degrees above
freezing the next. Home plants live in spite of
it, but they cannot be expected to prosper to
their best. Those persons whose rooms are ncated
with steam, hot water or hot air will have to
guard against keeping rooms too warm fully as
much as too cool. Rooms in brick dwellings that
have been warm all day, if shut up arid made
snug in the evening, often keep warm over night
without heat except in the coldest weather.
Rooms in frame dwellings, and exposed on all
sides, soon cool down. If the living-rooms are
too dry for plants, the bow-window may be set
off from the room by glass doors ; one then has a
miniature conservatory. A pan of water on the
stove or on the register ana damp moss among
the pots may provide the necessary humidity.
From time to time the foliage will need clean-
sing to free it from dust. A bath-tub provided
with a ready outlet for the water is an excellent
place for this purpose. The plants may be
turned on their sides and supported on a small
box above the bottom of the tub. Then they
may be freely syringed without danger of making
the soil too wet. It is usually advisable not to
wet the flowers, however, especially the white
waxen kinds, like hyacinths. The foliage of
Rex begonias should be cleansed with a piece of
dry or only slightly moist cotton or soft cloth;
but if the leaves can be quickly dried off by
placing them in the open air on mild days, or
moderately near the stove, the foliage may be
syringed.
Plants suitable for the winter window-garden
mostly belong to the groups that florists grow
in their medium and cool houses. The former
are given a night temperature of about 60°, the
latter about 50°. In each case the temperature
is 10° to 15° higher for the day time. Five de-
grees of variation below these temperatures is
allowable without any injurious effects; even
more may be borne, but not without more or loss
check to the plants. In bright sunny weather the
day temperature may be higher than in cloudy
and dark weather. The plant material suitable
for winter window-gardens is really extensive
if one desires to search for it.
The watering of house plants, as of other
plants, requires caution and good judgment,
and it is impossible to give rules. Conditions
that hold with one grower are different from
those of another. Give one good watering at
the time of potting, after which water should
be withheld until the plants really need it.
If, on tapping the pot, it gives out a clear ring,
it is indication that water is needed. In the
case of a soft-wooded plant, just before the
leaves begin to show signs of wilt is the time for
watering. When the plants are taken up from
the ground, or when they have their roots cut
back in repotting, gardeners rely, after the first
copious watering, on syringing the tops two or
three times each day, until a new root growth
has started, watering at the roots only when
really necessary. Plants that have been trans-
ferred into larger pots grow without the extra
attention of syringing, but those from the bor-
ders, that have nad the roots mutilated or
shortened, may be placed in a cool shady spot
and be syringed often. One soon becomes
familiar with the wants of individual plants,
and can judge closely as to need of water. All
soft-wooded plants with large leaf surface need
more water than hard-wooded plants, and one
in luxuriant growth more than one that has been
cut back or become defoliated. When plants are
grown in living-rooms, moisture must be sup-
plied from some source, and if no arrangement
has been made for having a moist air the plants
should be syringed often. Be careful not to
over-water when plants are dormant or in their
resting period.
Syringing with plain water is often practiced
by gardeners. It has two general offices: to clean
the plants of pests or of dirt ; to check evaporation
or transpiration from the plant itself. Gardeners
look on water as a good insecticide if it can be
thrown on the plants somewhat forcibly by means
of a syringe or pump, or by the hose, as it washes
off the insects and drowns many of them. The
water should be applied in a fine and somewhat
forcible spray. Care should be taken that the
plant is not torn or bruised. The red-spider is
one of the most serious pests on house plants,
and, in a dry season, on those about the lawn. It
thrives in a dry atmopshere. It usually lives on
the under sides of the leaves. Syringing the
plants frequently keeps the pest in check. Thrips
and slugs on rose bushes are usually kept in
check if one can spray or syringe the plants
frequently. Syringing to check transpiration
from the foliage is useful with plants recently
transplanted. The same is true with cuttings.
In syringing plants, it is well to take care that
the ground docs not become too wet; otherwise
the plant may suffer at the root. In the house,
plants should rarely be syringed except when the
weather is bright, so that they may soon dry off.
The plant should not go into the night with soak-
ing foliage. With plants in the house, it is nec-
essary to keep the leaves dry most of the time
that fungi may not breed; this is true of car-
nations when liable to attacks of the rust.
Common winter window-garden plants for an average night
temperature of 60°.
Upright flowering plants. — Abutilon, browallia, calceo-
laria, begonia, bouvardia, euphorbia, scarlet sage, calla,
heliotrope, fuchsia, Chinese hibiscus, jasmine, single
petunia, swainsona, billbergia, freesia, geranium, cuphea.
Upright foliage plants. — Ribbon-bush, Cycas revoluta,
Dracxna fragrans and others, palms, canna, Farfugium
grande, achyranthes, ferns, araucaria, epiphyllum (zygo-
cactus), pandanus or "screw-pine," pilea, Ficus elastica,
grevillea, aspidistra.
Climbing plants — Asparagus plumosus, Cobsea scandens,
smilax, Japanese hop, Madeira vine (Boussmgaultia),
Senecio mikaniodea (parlor ivy), muehlenbeckia. See also
list below.
Low-growing, trailing, or drooping plants. — These may
be used for baskets and edgings. Flowering kinds are:
Sweet alyssurn, lobelia, Fuchsia procumbens, mesembry-
anthenuim and allies, russelia, oxalis, Mahernia verticillata
or honey-bell.
Foliage plants of drooping habit. — Vinca, Saxifraga sar-
mentosa, Kenilworth ivy, tradescantia or wandering jew,
Festitca glauca, othonna, Isolepis gracilis, English ivy,
selaginella, and others Some of these plants flower freely,
but the flowers are small and of secondary consideration.
Plants for tin avtTage night temperature of 50°.
Upright flowering plants. — Azalea, cyclamen, carnation,
chrysanthemum, geranium, Chinese primrose, stevia,
marguerite or Paris daisy, single petunia, camellia, ardisia
(berries), cineraria, violet, hyacinth, narcissus, tulip, the
Easter lily when in bloom, and others.
House Plants
371
Hovea
Upright foliage plants. — Pittosporum, palms, aucuba,
euonymua (golden and silvery variegated), araucaria,
pandanus, dusty miller.
Climbing plants. — English ivy, maurandia, senecio or
parlor ivy, lygodium (climbing-fern).
Drooping or trailing plants — Flowering kinds arc sweet
alyssum, Mahernia vertinllata, russelia and ivy geranium.
The practiced window-gardener will find
many more plants than these as observation
and experience multiply. Many kinds of cacti
and otner condensed or succulent plants are
interesting and adaptable subjects for window-
gardening: see Cacti, Succulents.
Up to this point the instructions have applied
to the winter window-garden. Summer window-
gardening may now be considered; this kind of
home-gardening is particularly suited to those
who live in the crowded city, where the want of
other space makes the window-garden the only
one possible.
The summer plants are grown in a window-box
like that described for the winter garden except,
of course, it must fit the outside rather than the
inside of the window opening. Since there is
more or less cramping of roots, it is necessary
to make the soil richer than would be required
were the plants to grow in the garden. The
most desirable soil is one that does not pack hard
like clay, nor contract much when dry, but re-
mains porous and springy. Such material is
found in the potting soil used by florists, and it
may be obtained from them. Often it is de-
sirable to have at hand a box of sharp sand for
mixing with the soil, to make it more porous and
to prevent baking. Some persons pot the plants
and then set them in the window-box, filling the
spaces between the pots with moist moss. Others
plant directly in the soil. The former method,
as a general rule, is to be preferred in the winter
window-garden, the latter in summer.
Useful plants for the summer window-garden
are those of drooping habit, such as lobelias,
tropapolums, Othonna crassifolia, Kenilworth
ivy, ice-plant, sweet alyssum. Such plants may
occupy the front row, while back of them may
be the erect-growing plants, as geraniums,
heliotropes, begonias. The suitability of the
plants depends much on conditions. In the
following lists certain kinds are of climbing or
trailing habit and may be trained about the
sides of the window. Others will be found among
the climbing plants. For shady situations the
main dependence is on plants of graceful form
or handsome foliage; while for the sunny window
the selection may be of blooming plants. For
the shady side of the street, the more delicate
kinds of plants may be used. (1) For full ex-
posure to the sun. it is well to choose the more
vigorous-growing kinds. In such position, suit-
able plants for drooping are: tropaeolums,
passifloras, the single petunias, sweet alyssum,
lobelias, verbenas, mesembryanthemums. For
erect-growing plants: geraniums, heliotropes.
(2) If the position is shaded, the drooping plants
might be of the following: tradescantia, Kenil-
worth ivy, senecio or parlor ivy, sediims, money-
wort, vinca, smilax, lygodium or climbing-fern.
Erect-growing plants are dracsenas, palms, ferns,
coleus, centaurea, spotted calla, aspidistra,
sansevieria, aucuba, and others.
When the plants have filled the earth with
roots, it is desirable to give the surface of the
soil among the plants a very li^ht sprinkling
of bone-dust or a thicker coating of rotted
manure from time to time in the summer; or
instead of this, a watering with weak liquid
manure about once a week. This is not necessary,
however, until the growth shows that the roots
have about exhausted the soil.
In autumn the box may be placed on the
inside of the window. In this case it is desirable
to thin out the foliage somewhat, shorten some
of the vines, and perhaps remove some of the
plants. It is also well to give a fresh coating of
rich soil. Increased care will be necessary in
watering, since the plants have less light than
previously, and, moreover, there may be no
provision for drainage.
A very different kind of summer window-
gardening is the florists window-box. Leading
city plantsmen prepare such boxes with plants
grown or chosen for the purpose, many of them
of stiff habit and durable character to withstand
difficult conditions and requiring the minimum
of care. These boxes are usually very attractive.
HOUST&NIA. Rubiaeex. North American
small herbs, usually tufted, with opposite entire
Ivs. and small, white, blue or purple fls. in spring
and summer, the corolla funnelform or salverform
and 4-lobed.
A few species are transferred to the wild- or rook-garden
where they thrive in moist and often partly shaded positions,
and //. cwruleti in sun. Propagated by division.
angustifdlia: //. myricans.
caerulea. BLUETS. Per. to 7 in., tufted: Ivs. oblanceolate,
H in. long: fls. violet, blue or white with yellow eve, to
H in across, solitary. N. S. to Ga. and Mo. Var. alba is
listed.
filifdliar H.floridana.
floridana (//. jilifolia). Per. to 1^ ft., much branched:
Ivs. linear or thread-like, to % in. long: fls. purple, H in.
long, in loose leafy cymes. S. Fla.
longi!61ia. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-oblong, to
1 in. long: fls. purple or nearly white, ^ in. long, in cymes.
Me. to Ga. and Mo.
minima. Ann. to 4 in.: Ivs. oval or oblong, H in. long:
fls. purplish, % in. across, solitary. 111. to Tex.
montana. To 6 in.: Ivs. ovate, to $i in. long: fls.purple,
to nearly ^ in. long, sepals ovate. Tenn. and N. C. Var.
filba is listed. — Similar to //. purpurea, but smaller.
nigricans (77. angusti folia}. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear, to
1^ in. long, often clustered: fls. white or purplish, H in.
long, in terminal cymes. 111. to Fla. and Tex.
purpurea. Per. to 1J£ ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate
to 2 in. long: fls. purple or lilac U in. long, in terminal
cymes, in spring. Md. to Ga. and Miss.
serpyllifdlia. CRKEPINQ BLUETS. Per. with prostrate
sts. to 10 in. long: Ivs. orbicular, to H in. long: fls. deep
blue, H in- across, solitary. Pa. to Ga. and Tenn.
tenuif&lia. Per. to 1 ft.: basal Ivs. ovate, upper narrow-
linear or filiform, to 1 m. long: fls. purple, to % in. long, on
long pedicels in loose corymbose cymes. Pa. to N. C. and
Tenn.
HOUTTUtNIA. Saururacex. One per. herb
to 3 ft., native from the Himalayas to Japan.
H. cord&ta. Rootstock creeping: Ivs. alternate,
ovate, 2-3 in. long, heart-shaped at base, buck-
wheat-like: fls. in dense spike about Yi in. long,
subtended by white corolla-like 4-parted spathe.
— Grown in moist situations. Propagated by
division or seeds.
H6VEA. Leguminosse. Australian shrubs
with alternate simple Ivs., blue or purple papil-
ionaceous fls. mostly in axillary clusters or
racemes, and inflated pods; may be grown
out-of-doors in mild climates. Propagated by
seeds in spring under glass.
CSlsii (H. elliptica) . To 10 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, pale and pubescent beneath : fls. blue, to ^ in-
long.
elliptica: //. Celsii.
Hovea
372
Huernia
pungens. To 2 ft.: IVB. linear or lanceolate, to 1 in. long,
pungent-pointed, margins revolute: fls. \^ in. across.
trisperma. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to linear, to 3 in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. large.
HOVfeNIA. Rhnmnacese. One or two de-
ciduous shrubs or trees from China, Japan and
the Himalayas. H. dulcis. JAPANESE RAISIN-
TREE. To 30 ft.: Ivs. alternate, ovate, to 7 in.
long, toothed: fls. greenish, in many-fld. racemes:
fr. about }^ in. across, the stalks becoming fleshy
and reddish and club-shaped and sometimes
eaten. — It thrives in sandy loam. Propagated
by seeds, root-cuttings and cuttings of mature
wood under glass. It has been recommended
as a fruit plant; hardy well N.
H6WEA. Palnuicex. Two handsome and
much planted unarmed momccious ringed
feather-palms of Lord Howe Isl. east of New
S. Wales, commonly known as Kentias: Ivs.
long and gracefully curving, with many slender
long-pointed pinna} : spadices from trie lower
axils or nodes where Ivs. have recently fallen,
with a long peduncle-like part, long and slender
and unbranched except perhaps at very base,
soon becoming pendent; fls. in 3's in prominent
nits, the central one pistillate and developing
later; stamens 30-100; ovule basal: fr. ellipsoid-
oblong, nearly or quite \y% in. long, dry and
somewhat fibrous outside, stigmatic point ter-
minal, the enlarged perianth small and cup-
like; seed 1. For cult, sec Palm.
Belmoreana (Kentui Belmorcana). Medium-sized tree:
Ivs. 6 or 7 ft. long, strongly arc-lung; pinnee crowded, about
1 in. broad at middle, very sharp-pointed, standing in an
upward or erect position on the rachis for part their length,
not punctate or scaly underneath: spadix solitary, flowering
part 2-3 ft. or more long; stamens 30-40.
Forsteriana (Kentia Forsteriana. Denea Forsteriana).
Larger and stouter tree, to 60 ft. and more: Ivs. mostly
larger, standing upright or horizontal, not over-arching;
pinnm not crowded, mostly somewhat broader, hanging,
on mature plants punctate-scaly on lower surface under a
lens: spadices 3-6 side by side at the node on a short base
included in the spathe, tne flowering part usually less than
2 ft long: stamens 80-100. — The more common in cult,
being much seen in pots and tubs under glass and for room
decoration.
HO"?A. Asclepiadacetf. Many climbing shrubs
with thick opposite Ivs., wheel-shaped fls. in
axillary clusters with a star-shaped crown, and
inilkwecd-likc frs.: native from K. Asia to Aus-
tralia, one grown under glass and in window-
gardens.
Hoyas should be grown in a moist warm house and should
not be forced in winter. Propagated by cuttings in spring
and layering.
caradsa. WAX-PLANT. Root-climbing to 8 ft. or more:
Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long: fls. white with pink center,
H »n. across, fragrant, in summer. China, Australia. Var.
variegata has vai legated Ivs.
HUAMUCHIL: Pithecellobium dulce.
HUCKLEBERRY: Gaylussacia. Garden: Solanum ni-
grum. Hairy: Koccint'um hirsutum. He-: Lyonia liguatrina.
HUDS6NIA. BEACH-HEATHER. Cisiacese.
Small evergreen shrubs of E. N. Amer. with
alternate scale-like or awl-like Ivs. and solitary
yellow fls.
Hudaionias may be colonized in dry places in sandy
soil or along the seashore. They are difficult to grow and
short-lived. Propagated by seeds and probably by cut-
tings.
ericoidei. To 7 in., soft-pubescent: Iva. awl-like, to Ji in.
long: fls. ^ in. across, on slender pedicels. N. 8. to N. C.
montana. To 6 in., tufted, slightly hairy: lys. awl-like,
to H in. long: fls. >$ in. across, on short pedicels. Mte.,
N. C.
tomentdaa. To 8 in., tufted, hoary-pubescent: IVB. scale-
like, densely imbricated, Ar in. long: fls. \i in. across,
sessile. N. B. to Va., along Great Lakes to Minn.
HUfiRNIA. Asclepiadacese. Several species of
small succulent leafless per. herbs in S. and trop.
Afr. and 1 in Arabia: sts. angled and toothed:
fls. in cymes or solitary at or near the base of
young shoots, mostly campanulate and 5-lobed
limb, with crown inside.
4spera. Sts. procumbent or ascending, to 9 in. long,
H in. thick, obscurely 5-6-angled, somewhat toothed: fls.
3-7 from base of young shoots, corolla dark purple, bell-
shaped, about H in- deep, roughly papillate, inner corona
yellow. Trop. Afr.
barbata. Sts. erect, to 2]4 in. long and % in. thick,
acutely 4-5-angled, angles with sharp triangular teeth: fls.
light yellow spotted red, corolla-tube to 1 in. long. S. Afr.
brevirdstris (H. scabra). Habit and size of //. barbata:
fls. yellowish-pink dotted purple, corolla to 1% in. across,
tube to % in. long and crimson at base. S. Afr. Var. im-
maculata, corolla primrose-yellow without spots but
tinged put pie at base of tube around corona.
caradsa: listed name.
clavigera. Sts. to 4 in. tall and 1 in. thick, 4-5-angled,
stoutly toothed: fls. broadly bell-shaped, to !)<£ in. across,
corolla yellowish dotted purpje-brown and blood-red be-
coming solid blood-red in tube, tube to 1 in. long. S. Afr.
decfpiens: Huerniopsis decipiena.
gibbdsa: Huerniopsia gibbosa.
H^strix. Sts. 3 in. high and H in. thick, 5-angled. with
spreading acute teeth: fls. 2-5, yellow marked with crimson,
to 1H in. across, tips of spreading corolla-lobes recurved.
Natal.
kenignsis. Sts. ascending, to 6 in. long and % in. thick,
green or reddish, obscurely 5-angled, with subulate Ivs. to
y% in. long: fls. from st. bases, bell-shaped, to 1^ m. across,
dark purple, minutely warty. S. Afr.
KIrkii. Sts. decumbent, to 1H in. long and % in. thick,
acutely 5-angled, triangulaily toothed* fls. campanulate,
pinkish outside, yellowish spotted reddish-brown within,
to 2 in. across, tube to ^ in. long. Transvaal.
Loeseneriana. Sts. 2>£ in long and % m. square, acutely
4-angled, with triangular acute teeth, fls. 1-2, brownish
and brownish-purple, 1 in. across, campanulate, tube % in.
long. Transvaal.
longituba. Sts. 2 in. long and 54 in. thick, shaiply 4-5-
angled: fls. 1-3, creamy-yellow spotted with purple, cam-
panulate, tube to J's m. long. Kalahari.
Nouhuyzii. Similar to H. Loeseneriana but with spirally
twisted sts. and fls. borne in conspicuous clusters. Trans-
vaal.
oculata. Sts. suberect, to 2^ in. tall and % in. thick,
sharply 5-angled, angles with sharp teeth to ?g in. long: fls.
green ftnged purple outside, lobes blackish-purple within,
tube about ^ in. long, white at base. S. W. Afr.
Pe'nzigii. Sts. 3 in. or so high and % in. or less thick and
spreading teeth nearly ^ in. long: fls. 1-5, blackish-purple,
about % in. across and somewhat less in length, roughish
with pimples. Nile Land.
Pfllansii. Tufted, sts. erect to 1>£ in. tall and H in.
thick, densely covered with recurved soft-spiny tubercles
to ^ in. long: fls. pale yellow spotted crimson, to 1^ in.
across, lobes H in. long, long-tapered, covered with crimson
papilla;, tube to J^ in. long, pinkish-cream. S. Afr.
primulina. Sta. to 1H in. tall and 1 in. thick, acutely
4-5-angled, teeth with dark colored acute retrorse tips:
fls. in groups of 3-8, corolla pale to golden-yellow, outer
corona crimson to purple-black. S. Afr.
reticulata. Sts. erect or ascending, to 4 in. tall and 1 in.
thick, acutely 5-angled, teeth acute, spreading: fls. whitish,
speckled purple, to nearly 2 in. across, tube blood-red, to
$i in. deep, covered with purple hairs. S. Afr.
scabra: H. brevirostris.
Schfnzii: listed name, perhaps Stapelia Sckinzii.
Schneideriana. Sta. 2 in. but longer in cult., 6-7-angled,
teeth inconspicuous: fls. with deep purple center, 1 in,
across Nyassaland.
Thuretii. Sts. ascending, to 2 in tall and % in. thick,
acutely 4-5-angled, glaucous, angles acutely toothed: fls.
yellowish with blood-red spots, to 1 in. across, tube H in.
deep, blood-red. S Afr.
transvaalensis. Sts. 2>£ in. long and H in. thick, 4-5-
angled, with triangular acute teeth: fls. 1-3, 2 in. across,
purple with deep purple spreading limb and raised deep
purple shining ring around mouth, inside of campanulate
tube having long purple hairs. Transvaal.
zebrina. Sts. to 3 in. long and H in. thick, 5-angled,
with spreading acute teeth: fls. 2 yellow with transverse
purple-brown bands, \% in. across, corolla-limb abruptly
spreading from tube with thick raised ring around mouth.
E. Afr.
HUERNI6PSIS. Asclepiadacex. Four S.
African succulents allied to Stapelia, distin-
guished from the closely related Huernia by the
corolla having intermediate points or lobes at
the sinuses between the primary lobes.
decfpiens (Huernia decipiens of hort.) Sts. decumbent,
to 3 in. long, obtusely 4-angled, with spreading teeth: fls.
1-4 at middle or top of st., brownish-red mottled yellow,
1 in. across, glabrous, crown simple.
gibb6sa (Huernia gibbosa of hort.). Sts. decumbent or
suberect, 2 in. long, prominently 4-angled, toothed: fls.
to 2 in. across, dark purple with yellowish- white corona.
HUFELANDIA. Lauracex. A few trees in
Mex., Cent. Amer. and W. Indies, allied to
Persea but differing in technical characters, as
anthers 2-celled rather than 4-celled; one, the
anay, has been intro. experimentally in S. Fla.
as a possible fruit plant.
Anay. Tree to 60 ft. and more: Ivs. alternate, oval, to
8 in. long: fls. small, in somewhat pubescent axillary
panicles' fr. somewhat like an avocado in looks and flavor,
to 6 in. long, narrow-pyriform, glossy purplish-black.
Guatemala.
HUGELIA: Qilia.
HUISACHE: Acacia Farnesiana.
HtJLSEA. Composite. Ann. or per. herbs
native in the mts. of W. N. Amer., something
like Actinella, having mostly basal Ivs. and
large yellow or purple heads of ray- and disk-
fls.; pappus of scales. Adapted to alpine-gardens.
filgida. Differs from //. nana in the larger heads with
narrow linear-attenuate loosely woolly involucral bracts.
Ore., Cahf.
nana. Per. to 7 in., sticky-pubescent, white- woolly
when young: Ivs. linear, to 3 in. long, toothed or pinnately
cut: heads with yellow rays % in. long and oblong acute
involucral bracts. Wash, to N. Calif.
HUMATA. Polypodiacese. Small trop. Asian
rhizomatous ferns similar to Davallia and
grown like the members of that genus, with
leathery triangular or oblong entire or pinnatifid
fronds, the sterile less cut tnan fertile, and sori
borne near the margins of segms.
Tyermannii. BEAKS-FOOT-FEKN. Rootetock creeping,
white-scaly: fronds to 6 in. long, 3-4-pinnatifid. Cent.
China. — Sometimes grown in the coolhouse.
HUMBLE-PLANT: Mimosa pudvca.
HUMEA. Composite. Australian herbs or
shrubs with small heads of disk-fls. borne in
dense corymbs or panicles; pappus none.
Humeas are heavy feeders and need plenty of moisture.
The seed may be sown from the first of July till September.
In the North the young plants should be kept nearly dry
and in a coolhouse in winter in preference to frames, as the
foliage is likely to drop in the moisture of the latter. They
may be planted in the garden in June. When in 10-inch pots
they are very ornamental for the conservatory or piazza.
elegans. Bien. to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
to 10 in long, wrinkled, sweet-scented: fls. in loose graceful
drooping panicles, ruby-red, rose, pink or brownish-red.
HfrMULUS. HOP. Moracex. Rough-stemmed
tail-twining herbs with opposite broad lobed
Ivs. and small not showy fls.: staminate and
pistillate fls. on different plants, the former small
and in loose panicles; pistillate fls. aggregated in
heads which in two species become cones or
"hops" from the growtn of the bracts. Hardy
plants grown for ornament and also for the hops
employed in brewing, native in N. Amer., Eu.
and Asia. Species probably 3.
americanus. Per.: Ivs. mostly 5- 11 -lobed, the lobes
attenuate and closely serrate, the terminal lobe about
twice as long as broad. N. Amer., probably native in central
or western part, its separateness from H. Lupulus not yet
determined; supposed parent of the Oregon Cluster hop.
jap6nicus. Ann., or grown as such: Ivs. deeply 5~7-lobed,
strongly serrate: fr. a loose aggregation of nutlets not much
enlarging in maturity and not making true hops, the scales
narrow and attenuate. China and Japan. Var. variegatus,
foliage streaked and splashed with white.— Grown from
seeds for porches and screens.
Lupulus. COMMON or EUROPEAN H. Per.: Ivs. mostly
3-5-lobed, the lobes about as broad as long and short-
pointed, coarsely toothed. Eurasia, and escaped or nat. in
N. Amer. Var. aureus, foliage yellow. — Source of most of
the hopyard vars.; propagated by cuttings of underground
sts.
HUNNEMANNIA. Papaveracese. A Mex-
ican per. herb, much like Eschscholzia, grown as
an ann. in the flower-garden. H. fumariaefdlia.
MEXICAN TULIP-POPPY. GOLDEN-CUP. To 2 ft.:
Ivs. ternately dissected, glaucous: fls. yellow,
to 3 in. across: fr. linear, to 4 in. long. — Requires
a warm sunny exposure. Propagated by seeds.
HtJNTLEYA. Orchidacese. Trop. American
epiphytes with solitary fls. borne on long stalks
in axils of clustered two-ranked Ivs., the sepals
and petals similar, the lip narrowed into a claw
having a fringed callus. For cult, see Orchids.
Burtii (Batemannia and Zygopetalum Burlii). Lvs. to
15 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls. 3-4 in. across; sepals and
petals red-brown spotted with yellow, and yellow at base
(or light green with petals striped with reddish-lavender) ;
lip brown in front, white at base, with the fringes of callus
light purple. July-Aug., Nov. Costa Rica, Panama. Var.
Wallisii has larger fls.
HtfRA. Euphorbiacex. Trop. American trees
with milky juice which is a powerful irritant,
alternate simple Ivs., monoecious fls. without
petals, and capsular frs.
Sometimes planted for ornament in tropical regions.
It does best on a light loamy soil; propagated by cuttings
as well as by seeds. Sometimes grown under glass as
juvenile specimens.
crepitans. SANDBOX-THRE. Great tree to 100 ft., the
branches often spiny: Ivs. broadly ovate, toothed, to 2 ft.
long: fls. red: fr. about 3 in. across, many-ribbed, splitting
forcibly into parts when ripe. W. Indies, Costa Rica, S.
Amer.
HUTCHfNSIA. Cruciferae. Little ann. and
per. draba-like herbs of Eu. and S. W. Asia,
employed in alpine- and rock-gardening: Ivs.
pinnate or entire: fls. small, white, in close
racemes: fr. or silicle short-oblong or oval.
alpina (H. Auerawoldii) . Per., tufted, 1-4 in. high: Ivs.
basal, 1 in. or less long, petioled, pmnatisect into oval or
oblong lobes: fls. pure white, spring and summer. Mts., Eu%
Auerswaldii: //. alpina.
brevicaulis. Similar to H. alpina and perhaps a form of
it, but lower, the st. scarcely exceeding the Ivs.: Ivs. pinnate
into 1-3 pairs of If ts. Pyrenees.
styldsa (Iberis stylosa). Bien.: Ivs. obovate-oblong or
oblong, nearly entire, petioled: fls. white, in corymbs. Italy.
HYACINTH: Hyacinthus. Giant Summer-: Gallonia
candicans. Grape-: Muscari. Pine-: Clematis Baldwinii.
Star-: Scilla amccna. Water-: Eichhornia crassipea. Wild-:
Brodisea lactea.
HYACfNTHUS. HYACINTH. Liliacese. Bulb-
ous herbs with narrow basal Ivs. and red, blue,
white or yellow fls. in racemes terminating the
scape, the perianth-segms. partially united into
a tube. Only one species is in general cult., and
this is popular both for the open garden and for
forcing under glass for late winter bloom.
amethfttinus. To 6 in.: fls. light blue, nodding. Spain.
Var. albus, fls. white.
azureut: H. ciliatus.
cindicans: Qallonia candicans.
dlifttus (H. azureus. Mutcari azureum). To 1 ft.: Iva
somewhat strap-shaped and acute with strongly ciliate
Hyacinthus
374
Hydrangea
margins: fls. to H in. long, campanulate, ii» erect racemes
but hanging from lax peduncles to 2 in. long. 8. Eu.
orientalls. COMMON H. To 1H ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. and more
long and 1 in. across: fls. of many colors, about 1 in. long,
often double, in early spring. Greece to Asia Minor. Var.
albulus, ROMAN H., is smaller and earlier, with white to
light blue fls.
plumftsus: Muacari comosum var. monatroaum.
prmceps: Ooltonia princepa.
romanus (Bellevalia romana). To 1H ft.. Ivs. weak and
prostrate, linear-lanceolate: fls. greenish-white shaded blue
at base, about \i in. long, in 20-30-fld. conical racemes, in
spring. Medit. region.
The hyacinth is hardy in the United States and Canada,
giving its bloom in eaily spring with the midseason tulips.
Strong carefully grown and selected bulbs must be employed
if best results are to bo obtained. The bulbs may be planted,
in the North, September and October, the bottom of the
bulb being 5 or 6 inches below the surface in properly pre-
pared well-drained ground; they may be planted about 5 to
6 inches apart. Mulch thoroughly for the winter if the place
does not become naturally covered with autumn leaves.
The bulbs may remain permanently if the leaves are allowed
to grow after bloom and they are not crowded out by grass
and weeds: or if the bed becomes too thick and weak, the
bulbs may be lifted and the better ones replanted, preferably
in another place.
For winter bloom, bulbs are set in pots or boxes in
October, in a porous soil of loam and leaf -mold, lightened
with sand if necessary to keep it friable and open; usually
the bottom of the pot or box is covered with clinkers,
charcoal or other material for drainage; and if boxes are
employed they must have holes or cracks in the bottom.
The tip of the bulb is allowed to show at the surface of the
soil or to be barely covered. A large bulb is suilicient for a
5-inch pot: specially made hyacinth pots are deeper than
the ordinary kind and pieferable. The pots are placed in a
coldframe or similar place to allow the bulbs to root, being
covered a few inches deep with soil or sifted coal ashes.
In six to eight weeks the roots will have formed and the
pots or boxes may be brought into a room with a tem-
perature of about 50°. Here they are allowed to remain till
the shoots are vigorous, stocky and dark green, when they
may be brought to the living-room, some of them perhaps
being left in the intei mediate temperature to provide
succession. If the bulbs are not well rooted when brought
in from the frame, so that the roots fill the pot, the results
will not be satisfactory. After the bloom is past the bulbs
are discarded.
Hyacinths are sometimes bloomed in glasses, that are
made for the purpose and may be had of dealeis in garden
supplies. There is a flange at the top to hold the bulb; the
floss is kept filled with water up to the bottom of the bulb,
t is well to place a few pieces of charcoal in the bottom of
the glass as it is supposed to keep the water sweet. The
glasses are set aside in a dark cool place for the bulbs to
form roots the same as in soil, a'though quicke» results are
usually obtained with water culture. Roots having reached
the bottom of the glass, receptacles are brought to an in-
termediate temperature and handled as for potted plants.
Propagation of the hyacinth is by means of bulblets or
offsets from the old bulb, which should give blooming bulbs
in two or three years. The production of bulblets is stim-
ulated by variously cutting the bulb, but the home gardener
would better depend on the commercial supply.
HYALIS: Ixia.
HYBRID, in its historic application, is a
product of a sex-cross between two or more
species. In a broader but less desirable usage,
it is the product of any cross independently of
whether the parents are species or marked
varieties. In a looser way the word is sometimes
employed for plants that appear to be inter-
mediate between given or assumed parents,
even without record that the cross has been
made or that it is possible, as if it were merely
another word for variation. For exact description
and record it is desirable that the word be em-
ployed as definitely as are the words species,
variety, forma, in systematic horticulture and
botany. A half-hybrid is a sex-product between
a species and a variety of another species; a
cross-breed between plants of one species. A
sex-product of plants of two genera is a bigener
or bigeneric hybrid.
HYDASTYLUS: Siayrinchium.
HYDATICA:
HYDRANGEA. Saxifragacex. Ornamental
woody plants, mostly deciduous shrubs, some-
times vines climbing by means of rootlets, or
even tree-like, with showy white, pink or blue
fls. in terminal panicles or cymes in summer,
some of the marginal fls. usually enlarged and
sterile and in some cult, races all the blossoms
are of this form: Ivs. medium-sized or large,
opposite and simple, variously toothed or lobed:
native in N. and S. Amer. and Asia.
Hydrangeas require a rich porous and somewhat moist
soil; they bloom most freely in full sun but thrive well
also in partial shade. They should be pruned rather severely
in the fall or early spring. The hardy species are propagated
by green cuttings in summer under glass; the tender ones
by cuttings taken at any time from vigorous young wood,
usually in late winter. Suckers can be separated from some
species, while layering is occasionally employed in others.
77. quercifolia is increased by little suckers or "root pips;"
H. paniculata easily from young wood taken in June and
planted under glass. Seeds may be employed when avail-
able.
arborescens. Erect, to 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 8 in. long,
glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath: fls. white, in rounded
or globular clusters to 6 in. across, the sterile ones few.
June-July. N. Y. to Fla. and La. Frequently planted,
especially var. grandifldra, HILLS-OF-SNOW, with large
clusters of clear white sterile fls. Var. cordata ( H . cordata)
has broad Ivs. cordate at base, but may not be distinct from
the typical form. Var. stSrilis has all fls. sterile.
Belzonii: 77. macrophylla var. caeridea.
Bretschneideri (//. vestita var. pubeacena. H. pekinen-
aia). To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, to 5 in. long,
pubescent beneath, fls. white, the sterile becoming purplish,
in corymbs to 6 in. across. July. N. China.
cinerea. To 6 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to ovate-oblong, to 6 in.
long, gray-tomentose beneath: fls. white, in corymbs to
8 in. across, the sterile fls. few. N. C. to Ga. and Ala. Var.
sterilis, fls. sterile.
cordata: //. arborescena var.
cuspidata: 77. aerrata.
Hortensia, hortensis: //. macrophylla.
involucrata. To 7 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to oblong, to 10 in.
long, acuminate, base cuneate, sharply serrate, densely
appressed-pubescent: fls. whitish to pink, sterile ones to
1>£ in. across. Japan.
jap6nica: II. macrophylla var. rosea.
macrophylla (77. opuloidea. 77. hortenaia. H. Horten-
sia). To 12 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to broad-ovate, to 8 in. long,
often nearly as broad, glabrous or slightly pubescent be-
neath, more or less thick and shining: fls. nlue, pink or
white, in flat or roundish cymes to 8 in. across. June-July.
China, Japan. — Grown in the open in mild regions and often
forced in the greenhouse. There are many cult. vars. as:
casrulea (77. Belzonii), fls. deep blue with blue or white
ray-fla.; Horte'nsia, fls. all sterile, pink to blue; mandshu-
rica (//. opuloidea var. cyanocloda), fls. rose, mostly sterile;
Mariesii, my-fls., rose-pink, to 3 in. across, entire or slightly
toothed; otaksa (77. otaksa) is dwarf er with mostly sterile
fls.; rdsea (77. japonica), sterile fls. pink, in flat clusters;
Veitchii (77. Hortenaia var. japonica rosea), sterile fls. deep
rose.
nivea: 77. radiata.
opuloides: 77. macrophylla.
otaksa: 77. macrophylla var.
paniculata. Shrub or tree-like, to 30 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to
ovate, to 5 in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. whitish, in a
panicle to 15 in. long, the sterile ones few, long-pedicelled,
changing to purplish. Aug.-Sept. China, Japan. Var.
grand iflftra, PEEQEE H., is the common outdoor hydrangea
with large long panicles in which many or most of the fls.
are sterile, large, persistent and showy. Var. pr&cox. fls.
about six weeks earlier than type. Var. tardiva, late-
flowering.
pekinensis: 77. Bretschneideri.
petiolaris (77. acandens. 77. volubilia). Tall root-climber
reaching to 50 ft. or more but making a straggling partly
decumbent bush when support is riot provided : Ivs. broad-
ovate, to 4 in. long, nearly glabrous: fls. in nearly circular
open clusters to 10 in. across, the few white sterile fls. on
very long pedicels. June-July. Japan.
quercifdlia. To 6 ft., young parts brown-tomentose: Ivs^
to 8 in. long and nearly as broad, strongly 3-5-lobed,
whitish- tomentose beneath: fls. in a panicle to 1 ft. long,
with many white sterile fls. turning purple. June. Ga. to
Fla. and Miss, but hardy well N.
radUkta (H. nivea). Erect, to 8 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, white- tomentose beneath: corymbs
Hydrangea
375
Hydrotrida
rounded, to 5 in. across, with white sterile fla. about the
margin. N. C., 8. C.
Sargentiana. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, to
10 in. long, hairy: fls. pale violet, in flat corymbs to 6 in.
across, with white sterile fls. July-Aug. China.
scandens: //. petiolaris.
serrata (H. Thunbergii. //. cuapidata). To 6 ft.: Ivs.
elliptic to lanceolate, to 4 in. long, more or less pubescent,
dull: fls. blue or white, in flat corymbs to 3 in. across, with
few small sterile fls. July-Aug. Japan, Korea. Var. acu-
minata (H. opuloide* var. acuminate), Ivs. to 7 in. long,
caudate-acuminate, fls. usually blue. Var. prollfera (var.
stdlata, H. atellata, H. opidotdea var. atellata), sepals narrow
and pointed. Var. rosAlba, sterile fls. white and pink.
stellate: H. serrata var. prolifera.
strig6sa. To 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate to lanceolate, to
7 in. long, stiff-hairy beneath: corymbs to 6 in. across, the
sterile fls. white or purplish. Aug. China. Var. macro-
phylla has Ivs. to 1 ft. long and cymes to 8 in. across.
Thunbergii: H. aerrata.
vestita var. pubgscens: H. Bretschneideri.
volubilis: H. petiolaris.
xanthoneura. To 15 ft. : Ivs. elliptic, to 7 in. long, slightly
pubescent beneath: fls. white, in convex corymbs to 6 in.
across, with sterile fls. W. China. Var. setchueneiisis has
Ivs. more hairy below. Var. Wilsonii has oblong Ivs. shining
above.
HYDRANGEA-VINE: Schizophragma hydrangeoides.
HYDRASTIS. Ranunculacese. Low per. herbs
with palmately lobed Ivs., small solitary fls. with
3 petal-like sepals, no petals and numerous
stamens, and fr. a head of crimson berries; 1
species in Japan, 1 in E. N. Amer., the latter
grown or gathered for the roots which have
medicinal properties.
Hydrastis requires rich moist soil with plenty of leaf-
mold. For commercial plantations lath coverings are often
used or trees to simulate the native woods conditions.
Propagated by seeds or by division of roots.
canadgnsis. GOLDENSEAL. ORANGE-ROOT. To 1 ft., the
rootetock thick and yellow: basal Ivs. to 8 in. across, 6-9-
lobed; st.-lys. 2, the upper one sessile under the fl.: fls.
greenish- white, \i in. across. Conn, to Ga. and Kans.
HYDRIASTfeLE. Palmacex. Three or 4 tall
unarmed pinnate-lvd. palms of Australia and
New Guinea. Known to planters in the western
hemisphere by the name H. Wendlandiana but
the palm so planted is really Ptychosperma
elegans. The true Hydriasteles are apparently
not planted in our territory.
HYDR<5CHARIS. Hydrocharitacex. Aquatic
floating herbs with long-stalked round Ivs.
and white unisexual fls. ; grown in the aquarium.
Propagated by cuttings or long runners and
naturally by tne winter-buds which form in the
fall.
M6rgus-ran». FROGS-BIT. Roots fine and silky: lys.
2 in. across, heart-shaped at base: fls. nearly or quite 1 in.
across. Eu., E. Asia.
HYDROCHARITACEX. FROGS-BIT FAMILY.
Aquatic herbs of 14 genera over the world, with
mostly unisexual fls. from a brae ted spa the,
having perianth of 3 calyx-like and 3 petal-like
parts, 3-12 stamens, and inferior 1-celled ovary.
Some of them are submerged plants, the fls.
often coming to the surface on long very slender
stalks; others are floating. Elodea, Hydrocharis,
Stratiotes and Vallisneria are sometimes grown
in ponds and aquaria.
HYDR6CLEYS. Butomaceas. Three Brazilian
aauatic herbs with basal Ivs. and large fls. with
3 leathery sepals and 3 fugacious petals.
Of easy cultivation in ponds and aquaria. When grown
in tubs, soil should be put in to two-thirds the depth and
then filled with water. Propagated by division of rooting
'stems.
nymphoides (Limnocharia Humbddtii). WATBR-POPPT.
Lvs. floating or sometimes erect, broadly ovate, glossy
above: fls. yellow, 2 in. across, in clusters. — Tender N.
HYDROC6TYLE. UmbeUiferx. Creeping per.
herbs with nearly or quite orbicular sometimes
peltate palmately lobed or veined Ivs. usually
crenate, small white fls. in little umbels, and
strongly compressed frs.; sometimes grown for
carpet-bedding and ground-cover in moist loca-
tions. Propagated by seeds, cuttings or layers.
peduncularis. Creeping, densely matted, sta. covered
with imbricated stipules: Ivs. orbicular-cordate or kidney-
shaped, H in. long. 5-lobed: heads with slender peduncles.
Tasmania.
rotundif&lia. Rooting at nodes: Ivs. nearly circular, 1 in.
across, toothed or lobed, shining. Trop. Asia, Afr.
HYDR6LEA. Hydrophyllacex. Ann. or per.
herbs widely distributed in warm regions, having
alternate entire Ivs. and wheel-shaped fls. mostly
in corymbs; one sometimes planted in warm
countries.
spin&sa. Per. to 4 ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. oval or
oblong, to 5 in. long: fls. blue, M in. across, fragrant. Trop.
and subtrop. Amer.
HYDROPHYLLACE^E. WATER-LEAP FAMILY.
About 18 herbaceous genera of wide distribution,
especially in N. Amer., and a few of the plants
woody, some of them grown for ornament.
Family characterized by the mostly alternate
Ivs., regular fls. with corolla united, 1- or 2-
celled superior ovary with 2 separate or united
styles, and fr. a dehiscent caps.; the related
Polemoniaceie has a single 3-lobed style and
3-celled ovary. Genera in cult, are Emmenanthe,
Eriodictyon, Hesperochiron, Hydrolea, Hy-
drophyllum, Nemophila, Phacelia, Pholistoma,
Romanzoffia, Wigandia.
HYDROPHtLLUM. WATER-LEAP. Hydro-
phyllacese. N. American bien. and per. woods
herbs with large, thin, pinnately or palmately
divided Ivs. and rather small bell-shaped white,
blue or purple fls. in cymes, the stamens exserted;
sometimes transplanted to the wild-garden.
appendiculatum. Bien. to 2 ft.: basal Ivs. pinnately
5-7-divided, st -Ivs. palmately lobed, hairy: fls. purple
or violet, calyx with reflcxed lobe at each sinus. N. E. U. 8.
canad6nse. Per. to 2% ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. across, palmately
5-9-lobed, toothed: fls. greenish-white or purplish. Vt.
to N. C. and Ky.
capitatum. To 8 in. or more, grayish -puberulent: Ifts.
5-7, to 2 in. long, often 2-3-cleft and again lobed, ultimate
segrns. ovate: fls. to H m- high, in a capitate-cymose infl.,
calyx hispid, the lobes linear-lanceolate. Mont, to B. C.
south to Colo, and Calif.
Virginian um. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long, pinnately
divided into 5-7 toothed segms.: fls. white or violet-purple.
Que. to S. C. and Kans.
HYDROPONICS: see Soittesa Gardening.
HYDR(5SME. Araceae. Herbs native in trop.
Afr., E. Indies and Cochin-China, differing only
in seed characters from Amorphophallus.
Rividri (Amorphophallua Rivieri). DBVILS-TONQUH.
To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 4 ft. across, the petioles spotted with brown
and white; If .-blade pedately decompound into broad
pointed segms.: spathes ovate, 1 ft. long, green spotted
white and purplish toward the wavy margins. Cochin-China.
HYDR6TREDA. Scrophidariaceae. A small
American genus of aauatic and semi-aquatic
plants of lax habit, orbicular palmately-veined
Ivs. and blue campanulate and irregular fls. It
has been confusea with the monotypic genus
Herpestis from which it differs in bractea pedicels,
acute caps, and styles united entire length.
Propagated by seeds or by division of stolons.
Hydrotrida 376
caroliniana (Herpestia amplexicaulis). Per., stolonifer-
ou8, sts. creeping or ascending to 2 ft., little branched: Ivs.
ovate, sessile, somewhat parallel-veined, punctate, margins
ciliate or glabrous, entire: fls. blue, to % in. long, solitary
on peduncles to % in. long in axils. June-Get. Wet pine-
barrens, N. J. to Fla. and west to La.
HYLlNE. Amaryllidacese. A small genus
from Brazil resembling Pancratium. One species,
H. Wtfrsleyi, may be cult. To 15 in. high, bulbs
producing offsets: Ivs. 8-14, usually 10-20 in.
long and 2J^ in. wide, acute: fls. usually 2, white
with greenish base, to 6 in. across, opening at
night and closing the next morning, segms. to
7 in. long and % m- wide, becoming recurved
and twisted, the lowest one supporting the fila-
ments: seeds not known. Cult, as for Eucharis.
Generic name is pronounced in three syllables.
HYLOCfeREUS. Cactaccse. Climbing and
often epiphytic, the long sts. commonly 3-angled
or 3-winged and bearing aerial roots, mostly with
short spines: fls. nocturnal, very large, with large
leaf-like scales but no spines or wool, white or
red. Mex., Cent. Amer.. W. Indies, N. S. Amer.
H. unckitm is much cult., and has run wild in
trop. countries; greenhouse plant in the N.
calcaratus (Ccreus calcaratus). Climber, joints 2 in.
wide more or less, green, strongly 3-winged, margins lobed,
areoles with 2-4 white bristles and no spines: fls. not
described. Costa Hica.
costaric£nsis (Cereus trie/onus var. costaricensis) . Vine,
joints to 4 in. wide, usually 3-angled | spines 2-4 and short
and at first usually with 2 white bristles: fls. about 1 in.
long, very fragrant, pure white, reddish outside. Costa Hica.
ext£nsus. Sts. obtusely triangular, to 1^ in. diam.;
spines 2-3, short and thick: fls. white or pale pink within
and yellowish-green to purplish outside, to 3 in. long. Lesser
Antilles.
Lemairei (Cereua Lemairei). Tall vine, 3-angled and
rooting on one side, about 1 in. diarn.; spines usually 2 and
very short- fls. about 10 in. long, white, reddish outside,
odorous, stigma-lobes divided. Trinidad, Tobago.
raonac&nthus (Cereus monacanthua) . Sts. 3-angled, mar-
gins undulate; spine commonly 1 (sometimes 2) at an
areole: fls. funnelform, about 11 in. long and 7 in. broad,
white, greenish outside and rose-colored at base. Panama,
Colombia.
ocampdnis (Cereus ocamponia). Strongly 3-angled,
glaucous: spines 5-8 and needle-like: fls. to 12 in. long and
broad, white, greenish outside. Probably Mex.
polyrhlzus (Cereua polyrhizua). Sts. triangular at joints,
to 1J^ in. thick, green becoming grayish-white, margins
obtuse; spines 2-4, to A in. long: fls. to 1 ft. long, inner
segms. white, outer ones reddish. Panama, Colombia.
sten6pterus (CereuB stenopterua). Weak vine, joints \1A
in. broad, not glaucous: ribs 3 and thin; spines 1-3 and
yellow: fls. 4 in. or more long, reddish-purple. Costa Rica.
triangularis (Cereua triangularia: see H. undatua). Vine,
sharply 3-anglea, to li£ in. oroad, with many aerial roots;
spines mostly 6-8 and needle-like: fls, 8 in. or more long,
white. Jamaica.
tricostatus: //. undatua.
trifdnus. Climbing, joints 1 in. diam., 3-angled, the
margins very wavy; spines usually 8 and to \i in. long:
fls. similar to //. undatua. W. Indies.
undatus (Cereus undatus. C tricostatus. C. and Seleni-
cereus triangularia of hort. Heliocereua undatua). Long-
clambering; ribs usually 3 and thin, margins undulate;
spines 1-3 and small: fls. to nearly 1 ft. long, white, yellow-
ish-green outside. Tropics and subtropics. — Much cult.,
and one of the plants best known as night-blooming cereus.
HYMEN A A. Leguminosx. Trop. American
trees, one- species yielding a resin which is used
for medicinal purposes and as a varnish and also
furnishing valuable timber. H. Courbarfl.
WEST INDIAN LOCUST. To 60 ft. : Ivs. of 2 oblong
to ovate Ifts.: fls. white, in terminal panicles:
pods thick and woody, rough, to 5 in. long. —
Propagated by seeds or by cuttings over heat.
HYMENANTHERA. Violocex. Stiff shrubs
with alternate or clustered simple Ivs., small
bisexual or unisexual fls. and fr. a small berry;
Hymenocyclus
grown out-of-doors in S. Calif. Propagated by
seeds, cuttings and layers.
chathamica. Tall shrub: Ivs. leathery, lanceolate, to
5 in. long, sharp-toothed: fls. dioecious, m clusters along
the branches: berry white. New Zeal.
crassifdlia. To 5 ft., sometimes prostrate, much branched:
Ivs. leathery, linear- obovate, to 1J3 in. long, entire or
margins wavy: fls. few in the axils: berry purplish. New Zeal.
dentata. Tall much branched shrub: Ivs. leathery,
oblong to linear, to 1% iQ- long, remotely toothed: ns.
solitary or in 2's: berry purplish. Australia.
ndvae-zelandiae. To 10 ft.: Ivs. leathery, ovate or pbo-
vate, to 4 in. long, usually wavy-toothed: fls. dioecious,
clustered: berry purplish. New Zeal.
obovata. To 12 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 2 in. long, entire or
slightly toothed: fls. diuecious, solitary or few: berry pur-
plish. New Zeal.
Traversii. Small tree: Ivs. leathery, obovate, to 1 in.
long, margins reflexod, covered below with ailvery-white
tubercles: fls. solitary, very small. New Zeal.
HYMENATHERUM: Thymophylla tenuiloba.
HYMENOCALLIS. SPIDER-LILY. Amaryl-
lidacese. American summer-flowering bulbous
herbs with linear or strap-shaped basal Ivs. and
mostly white fls. borne in umbels terminating
the solid scapes, the perianth with narrow segms.
and long tube, the stamens united into a cup-like
crown below.
Of easy cultivation in warm climates where the bulbs
will bloom year after year if given good care. Propagated
by offsets.
americana. To 2H ft.: Ivs. to 2H ft. long and 2^ in.
broad: fls. with tube 4 in. or more long and linear segms.
about same length; crown toothed, 1 in. long, the filaments
of the stamens to 2 in. long. Tiop. Anier.
calathina (Pancratium calathinum. Isntene calathina}.
BABKET-FLOWEH. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 2 in. broad:
fls. with tube to 4 in. long and lanceolate segms. about same
length; crown funnel-shaped, the lobes fringed, 2 in. long
the filaments of stamens }% in. long. Andes of Peru and
Bolivia. Var. sulphurea. fla said to be pale yellow. — Prob-
ably the most frequent kind in cult.
carib&a. Lvs. 1 ft. and more long and 3 in. wide, shining:
fls. fragrant, the tube to 3 in. long and linear segms. about
same length; crown toothed, about 1 in. long, the filaments
of stamens to 2 m long. Lesser Antilles — Much of the
material in trade referred to this species belongs to //.
key ens is.
crassifdlia. Lvs. sessile, strap-shaped, to 2 ft. long and
2 in. across at middle: fls. to 6 in. long with tube somewhat
shorter than segms. S. U. S. and Bahamas.
festalis. White-fld. hybrid between //. calathina and
Eliscna longipctala.
galvestone*nsis. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear, 2 ft. or more long:
fls. with tube to 3 in. long and linear segms. slightly longer;
crown funnel-shaped, 1% in. long, the filaments of stamens
}4 in. long. Tex.
Harrisiana. Lvs. sessile, oblanceolate, to 1 ft. long,
somewhat erect: fls. with greenish slender tube to 4 in.
long, segms. shorter and whitish. Mex.
keySnsis. Similar to //. caribaea, differing in perianth-
segms. shorter than tube and Ivs. distinctly arcning and
not flat or nearly so. Fla. — Perhaps not distinct from H.
caymanensis of the Bahamas and Cuba.
macros t£phana. Lvs. to 3 ft. long and 3 in. wide: fls.
with tube 3 in. long and linear-lanceolate segms. somewhat
longer; crown large, 2 in. long, the filaments of stamens
1 in. long. Probably a hybrid.
occidentalis. Lvs. to 1^ ft. long and \\i in. wide,
glaucous: fls. with tube to 4 in. long and linear segms. about
same length; crown to 1^ in. long. S. C. to Mo. and Miss.
rotata. Stoloniferous: Ivs. l}4 ft. long and 1 in. or less
wide: fls. with tube to 4 in. long and linear segms. of about
same length; crown rotate, 1 in. long, the filaments of
stamens \\i in. long. N. C. to Fla.
speciosa. Lvs. petioled, oblanceolate, to 2 ft. long,
acute: fls. greenish, tube to 3 in. and segms. to 2 in. long.
W. Indies.
tenuifldra. Lvs. sessile, ensiform, to 2H ft. long, some-
what erect: fls. with slender tube to 6 in. long and very
narrow segms. to 4 in. long. Colombia.
HYMENOCYCLUS. Aizoaceae. Branched
woody perennials of the Mesembryanthemum
group, and often put in the genus Malephora: Ivs.
half-cylindrical, united at base: fls. golden-yellow,
stalked: S. Afr.
Hymenocydus
377
Hypericum
crdceus (M. croceum). To 2 ft., much branched: Ivs. to
2 in. long and H in- wide, pale green: fls. reddish outside,
1 in. across, solitary and terminal.
He"rrei. Branches prostrate: Ivs. to 2 in. long and \^ in.
wide: fls. axillary, orange outside, 2 in. across.
latipe'talus. Branches spreading or decumbent, to 5 in.
or more long: Ivs. to 1 in. long and }i in. wide and thick,
purplish: fls. 1^ in. across.
luteolus (M. lutecium). To 1 ft., much branched: Ivs. to
l^i'm. long, slightly recurved: fls. numerous, less than 1 in.
across.
purpureo-crbceus (»Af. purpureo-croceurti) . Similar to
H. croceus: fls. in shades of orange and crimson, blooming
continuously.
Thunbergii (M. Thunbergii and /a?t>e). Prostrate, with
short erect branches 1 ft. or more: Ivs somewhat curved,
punctate, to 2H in- long: fls. solitary, reddish outside, petals
twice longer than calyx.
HYMENODIUM: Elaphoglossum crinitum.
HYMENOPAPPUS. Composite. Bien. or
per. American herbs, having angled sts., dis-
sected Ivs. and heads of white or yellow discoid
fls. with colored petal-like involucral bracts.
Adapted to the wild garden or hardy border,
doing best in a loose well-drained soil. Propa-
gated by seeds or division.
caroline'nsis (//. sca&tosa'us). Bien. to 3 ft., sts. woolly
becoming glabrate: Ivs. 1-2-pinnatifid, to 6 in. long, lobes
linear-oblong, obtusish, green above and white-tomentose
beneath: disk-fls. and involucral bracts wmte, in many
corymbose heads to % in across: pappus of very small
scales. S. C. to Fla. west to 111. and Tex.
scabios&us: H. carohnensis.
HYMEN(5SPORUM. Pittosporacex. One Aus-
tralian evergreen shrub or tree to 50 ft., planted
out-of-doors in S. II. S. H. fl&vum. Lvs. obovate,
entire, to 6 in. long: fls. yellow and prominent,
\l/2 in. long, the petals united into a tomentose
tube about 1 in. long, borne in loose terminal
umbel-like panicles: caps. 1 in. long, the seeds
winged. Cult as for Pittosporum.
HYMENOSTEMMA: Chrysanthemum Fontanesii.
HYMENOXYS CALIFORNICA: Baeria aristata.
HYOPH6RBE. PIGNUT PALM. Palmacex.
Unarmed monoecious feather-palms of the
Mascarene Isls., the 2 species cult, having
conspicuous swollen or bulging trunks: stocky
trees as usually seen in cult., with the pinnae close
together on the rachis, the If .-sheaths surrounding
the trunk at the top: infl. below the If .-crown,
the branches many and making a bushy mass;
spathes ascending club-shaped before an thesis:
fls. very small, 3-7 together on the strands of
which the lowermost 1 or 2 arc pistillate; stamens
6: fr. a small purplish oblong drupe 1 in. or less
long; albumen homogeneous. Sometimes planted
in the open in S. Fla.; H. Verscfuiffeltii is the
commoner species in the U. S. See Palm.
amaricaulis (Areca speciom). BOTTLE PALM. To 60
ft. in native isls., the trunk stout and tapering to a bottle-
like neck at top: petiole mostly 1 ft. or more long on mature
tree; pinnae short, about 18 in. or less long, with prominent
side nerves.
Verschaffe'ltH (Areca Verschaffeltii) . SPINDLE PALM.
To 30 ft., trunk bulging above the base or near the middle
and tapering to top: petiole about 3-4 in. long; pinnffi mostly
2 ft. or more long, only the midvein prominent.
HYOSCtAMUS. HENBANE. Solanacex.
Coarse erect or prostrate herbs with alternate
coarsely toothed or deeply cut Ivs., axillary
funnel-shaped fls., the upper ones forming a
leafy cluster or spike, and capsular frs.; native
in the Medit. region, a few grown for ornament
and medicinal purposes.
alb us. Sticky-hairy ann. or per.: Ivs. nearly orbicular,
coarsely triangular-lobed, all petioled: fls. pale yellow,
green or purple at base, nearly sessile.
aureus. Sticky-hairy per. with decumbent branches: Ivs.
cordate-ovate, sharply triangular-lobed, all petioled: fls.
yellow, violet at base, peduncled.
niger (H. pictus). Bien. or ann to 2^ ft., with spindle-
shaped roots: Ivs. oblong, to 8 in. long, irregularly cut and
toothed, clasping or lower petioled: fls. greenish-yellow
veined with purple, sessile, caps, inclosed in the large calyx.
pictus: //. niger.
HYPERANTHERA: Moringa.
HYPERICACE-dS. ST. JOHNSWORT FAMILY.
The species planted in our territory are herbs
or subshrubs native in many countries, char-
acterized by opposite or whorled pellucid-dotted
or black-dotted simple mostly entire Ivs.: fls.
polypetalous, mainly yellow, cymose or solitary,
regular and bisexual, with many stamens com-
monly united into clusters, styles separate: fr. a
caps. By some authors the family is united with
Guttifene. Only the genera Ascyrum, Cratoxy-
lon and Hypericum require attention here.
HYPfiRICUM. ST. JoHNsWonT. Hypcri-
aiceie. A large genus of yellow-fld. herbs and
small shrubs furnishing much ornamental mate-
rial for planting in borders, shrubberies or the
rock-garden, with the characteristics of the
family, differing from Ascyrum in fls. 5-merous
and from Cratoxylon in caps, dehiscing sep-
ticidally and seeds not winged. Pronounced also
Hypcr^-cum.
The hypericums are of easy cultivation, some of them
preferably in shady situations. Propagated by seeds, green-
wood cuttings under glass in summer and the low kinda
by division and suckers. Most of the specien are hardy to
New York and New England, unless otherwise noted.
adpre'ssum. Per or subshrub to 2 ft.: IVH. oblong or
lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls * 2 in. across, in terminal cymes;
styles 3. Mass, to Ga. and La.
anagalloides. Ann. or per. with procumbent or ascending
branches to 1 ft. long: Ivs. elliptic or oval, to )•£ in. long:
fls. very small, in few-fid, cymes. B. C. to Mcx.
Androssemum. TUTSAN. Shrub to 3 ft , semi-evergreen:
Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long, \vhitish beneath:
fls. 1 in. across, solitary or in cymes; styles 3. Ku., W. Asia;
for central or southern states.
Arnoldianum. Hybrid between //. lobocarpum and
H.aahoides.
Ascyron. Per to 6 ft : Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 5 in. long:
fls. to 2 in. across, in few-fid cymes. Que. to Pa. and Kans.,
N. En , N. Asia.
aspalathoides. Evergreen shrub to nearly 3 ft.: Ivs
subulate, to \$ in. long, with much shorter ones clustered in
axilH: fls. very bright orange-yellow, about },<* in. across,
sepals less than ^ petal length. N. C. to Fla. and La ,
coastal plain — Material in cult, may be //. fasciculatum;
the two Hpccies are separated by some authors.
aureum: //. frondosum.
australe. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. elliptic or linear-oblong: fls.
in few-fld. corymbs, yellow veined red; styles 3. Medit.
balearicum. Low shrub to 1 ft. or more, twigs warty:
Ivs. oval, to % in. long: fls. yellow, solitary, to 1^ in. across,
terminal. Medit. region.
barbatum. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, to 114
in. long, acute, glabrous, punctate, margins slightly rey-
olute: fls. yellow-orange, to 1 in. across, usually 3-8 in
loose panicles. E. Eu.
Buckle ii. Subshrub to 1 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to %in. long:
fls. 2 in. across, 1-3 together; styles 3. N. C. to Ga.; to be
planted far S.
calycinum (H. grandiflorum) . Shrub to 1 ft., evergreen:
Ivs. ovate-oblong to olilong, to 4 in. long, glaucous beneath:
fls to 2 in. across, solitary or in cymes; styles 5. S. E. Eu.,
Asia Minor.
canarie"nse. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to
3 in. long: fls. to 1% in. across, in panicles. Canary Isls.;
far S. or Calif.
chingnse. Shrub to 2 ft., semi-evergreen: Ivs. oblong,
to 3 in. long: fls. 2 in. across; styles 5-parted at apex. China;
to be planted far S.
cistifdlium. Subshrub to 3 ft., stoloniferous: Ivs. oblong
to linear-lanceolate, to 3 m. long, revolute: fls. H in- across,
in loose cymes; styles 3. Ohio to 111. and Ark.
c61chicum: catalogue name of plant listed as having
evergreen foliage and large yellow fls.
Coris. Subshrub to 1 ft.: Ivs. narrow-linear, to 1 in. long:
Hypericum
378
Hypericum
fls. % in. across, in cymes; styles 3. Eu.; adapted only to
southern states.
corsicum. Herb to 8 in., sts. glabrous, 4-sided: Ivs.
broadly ovate, obtuse, with minute pellucid dots: fls. yel-
low veined purple, minute, usually 1-3 borne terminally.
Corsica, Cent. Spain, Crete.
dens in* drum. Shrub to 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. linear-oblong
to linear, to 2 in long: fls. to ^ m. across, in dense cymes;
styles 3. N J. to Fla. and Tex.
DVeri (// lyaimachioidea) . Shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
1U in. long: fls. to 1J^ in. across, in loose cymes; styles 5.
Himalayas; for southern states.
elatum (//. yrandifolium) . Shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate-
oblong, to 3 in. long: fls. to 1H in- across, in panicles; styles
3. Canary Isls., Madeira; for southernmost states.
llegans. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 1 in. long:
fls. to 1 in. across, in terminal panicles. Cent. Eu. to Altai
Mts.
empetrifdlium. Shrub to 1 ft., evergreen: Ivs. linear, to
fi in. long: fls. to H in. across, in panicles. 8. E. Eu.,
Asia Minor; to be planted far S. Var. prostratum is a lower
prostrate form.
fasciculatum. SAND WEED. Evergreen shrub to 1H or
moie ft.: Ivs. linear-subulate, to % in. long: fls. brilliant
orange-yellow, sepals as long as petals or nearly so. N. C.
to MIHS. — See //. aspalathoidea.
floribundum. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-elliptic,
1% in. long: fls. to 2 in. across, in many-fld. panicles; styles
3. Canai y arid Madeira Isls.; far S. or Calif.
form 6 sum. Per. to \% ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, 1 in. long:
fls. in rnany-fld. corymbs, petals dotted at tip with dark:
violet glands; styles 3. Mex.
F6rrestii: //. patulum var.
fragile. Dwarf subshrub: Ivs. ovate, H in. long: fls. in
cymes. Greece; not hardy N.
frond&sum ( H . aureum). Shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate-
oblong to oblong, bluish-green, to 3 in. long: fls. to 2 in.
across, solitary or few together; styles 3. S. C. to Tenn.
and Tex.
fruticosum: listed name of a shrubby form.
galioldes. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. linear, to f^ in. long: fls.
% in. across, solitary or in cymes; styles 3. Del. to Fla.
and Tex.
gentianoldes (//. Sarothra. II. nudicaule. Sarothra
aenlMnoides) . ORANGE-GRASS. PINE WEED. Ann. to 1^ ft.:
Ivs. reduced to awl-shaped scales appressed to wiry sts.:
fls. yellow, minute, scattered along the fastigiately branched
sts. Me. to Fla., west to Out., 111. and Tex.
lomeratum. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. narrow-oblong, to
in. long: fls. 1 in. across, in dense cymes; styles 3. N. C.
gracile: listed name.
grandifldrum: //. calycinum.
grandifdlium: //. elatum.
gravdolens. Por. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oval to elliptic-oblong, to
3 in. long* flu. yollow, in terminal cymes, to 1 in. across,
with slender filiform styles. Mts. of Va., Tenn. and N. C.
Grfffithii. Shrub: Ivs. ovate, to 4H in. long, younger Ivs.
more lanceolate and acute: fls. yellow. India.
He'ctori: listed name.
He"nryi: //. jxitulum var.
hirclnum. Shrub to 3 ft.: lys. ovate-lanceolate, to 2^j in.
long: fls. 1H in. across, solitary or clustered; styles 3.
Medit. region; to be planted in central regions or S.
hirsutum. Hairy per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oval or oblong, 1 in.
or more long' fls. in panicles. Eu., N. Asia.
Hookerianum. Shrub to 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. ovate to
oblong, to 4 in. long: fls. 2% in. across, in terminal cymes;
styles 5. Himalayas; to be grown far S.
humifusum. Bien. or per. to 8 in., glabrous, sts. slender,
ascending and with 2 longitudinal ridges: Ivs. oblong to
oblong-ovate, obtuse, glandular-punctate, black-dotted
along margins: fls. yellow, solitary or few in corymbs. W.
and Cent. Eu.
hyssopif&lium. To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, about 1 in. long: fls.
H in. across, in panicles. S. Eu. ; to be planted far S. or in
Calif.
inoddrum. Arching shrub, the branchiete 2-edged: Ivs.
ovate or ovate-oblong, to 2 in. long: fls. 1 in. across, in
dense few-fld. cymes. Caucasus.
japonicum. Decumbent per. : Ivs. ovate or oval, to H in.:
fls. \i in. across, in cymes. Japan to Australia and India;
to be tried far S.
Kalmianum. Shrub to 3 ft., evergreen: Ivs. oblong-linear
or oblanceolate, to 2V3 in. long: fls. 1 in. across, in few-fld.
cymes; styles 5. Que. to 111.
Kotschyanum. Herb to about 8 in.: Ivs. oblong: fls. in
cymes or panicles. Asia Minor; not hardy N.
lanceolatum. Shrub: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong-lanceo-
gl
124 i
late, acute, entire, punctate, pale beneath: fls. yellow,
solitary, terminal, calyx longer than corolla. Mascarene
Isls.
lanugindsum. Per. to 2 ft., usually unbranched: Ivs.
ovate to oblong, woolly beneath, sessile, nearly perfoliate:
fls. yellow, in terminal panicles, calyx black-glandular-
ciliate. Levant.
linarifdlium. Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. linear, to % in. long: fls.
in loose corymbs, sepals with black dots; styles 3. W. Eu.
lobocarpum. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. narrow-oblong, to
2% in. long, revolute: fls. H in. across, in terminal panicles;
styles 5. N. C., Tenn.
lysimachioides: H. Dyeri.
maculatum: //. punctatum.
medifldrum: listed name.
Mitchellianum. BLUE-RIDGE S. Similar to H. graveo-
lens, differing in fls. only to % in. across, more conspicuously
brown-spotted and with awl-shaped styles. Blue Ridge
Mts., Va. to Tenn. and N. C.
montanum. Per. to 2 ft.- Ivs. oblong to ovate, to 2 in.
long: fls. 3"6 m. across, in cymes. Eu. ; probably not hardy N.
Moserianum. GOLD-FLOWER. Hybrid between H.
patulum and H. calycinum: shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
2 in. long. fls. to 2^ in. long, solitary or in cymes; styles 5.
Var. tricolor has Ivs. edged with red and white.
nudicaule: H. gentwnoidea.
nudifl&rum. Shrub to 3 ft. : Ivs. oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, to 2*4 in. long: fls. pale yellow, to % in. across, in
loose cymes on leafless peduncles; styles 3. N. C. to Fla.
and Ala.
nummularium. Subshrub: Ivs. round, % in. long: fls.
l£ in. across, in terminal cymes. Pyrenees; probably not
hardy N.
oblongifdlium: H. patulum var.
olympicum. Subshrub to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to
elliptic-oblong, to \l/% in. long. fls. to 2}^ in. across, in
terminal cymes; styles 3; sepals acuminate and not glandu-
lar. S. E. Eu., Asia Minor; hardy N. only to Philadelphia.
Var. citrinum is listed.
orientale. Per. to 1 ft. : Ivs. obovate to linear-oblong, to
1 in. long: fls. 1 in. across, in terminal cymes. Asia Minor;
for the S.
patulum. Shrub to 3 ft., evergreen: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate
to oblong, to 2J^ in. long: fls. to 2 in. across, solitary or in
cymes; styles 5. Japan. Var. F6rrestii (//. Forrest ii) has
fls. larger than var. Henryi. Var. grandifldrum has fls. to
3 in. across. Var. He!nryi is a vigorous form with larger Ivs.
and fls. Var. oblongifdlium ( //. oblongifohum) , Ivs. to 4 in.
long, bluish beneath. Var. uralum (H. uralum), Ivs. 1 in.
long, fls. 1 in. across.
perforatum. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong to linear, to 1 in.
long: fls. to 1 in. across, in terminal cymes; styles 3. Eu.;
nat. in N. Amcr.
poly phy Hum. Per., the sts. ascending: Ivs. elliptic-linear,
% in. long, densely glaucous on both sides: fls. to 2 in.
across, in terminal cymes. Cilicia; not hardy N.— Much
of the material in cult, seems to be H. olympicum, from
which this differs in its sepals acute and margined with
black sessile glands.
prolfficum. Shrub to 5 ft. : Ivs. narrowly oblong, to 3 in.
long: fls. to % in. across, in cymes; styles 3. Out. to Ga.
and west. — Lvs. may be persistent in warm regions.
pulche'llum: Cratorylon polyanthum.
pulchrum. Shrubby per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, % in. long:
fls. to % in. long, in panicles. Eu.
punctatum (//. maculatum). Per. to 3 ft.' Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, black-dotted : fls. yellow with
black dote. E. U. S.
rdpens. Prostrate per. : Ivs. oblong to linear-oblong, ^A in.
long: fls. 1 in. across, in terminal cyrnes; styles 3. S. E. Eu.,
Asia Minor; not hardy N.
r£ptans. Prostrate shrub, the sts. rooting: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong, % in. long: fls. to 1% in. across, solitary; styles 5.
Himalayas; stands only far S.
rhodop&um. Tufted per. with prostrate sts. to 5 in. high,
pubescent: Ivs. oblong, punctate: fls. in 1-3-fld. terminal
clusters; styles 3. Asia Minor.
Richer!. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oval-lanceolate, only slightly
punctate, bluish-green beneath . fls. to 1>$ in. across, in
few-fld. cymes; styles 3. Eu.
rume'licum. Per. to 1 ft., glabrous •, Ivs. narrowly oblong-
linear, to $i in. long, not punctate, margins strongly
revolute: fls. few in corymbose cymes, sepals and petals
with black dotted glands. Greece.
Sar6thra: //. yentianoides.
Scouleri. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. oblong to ovate, to H in-
long: fls. 1 in. across, in cymes; styles 3. B. C. to Mont.
tomentdsum. Per., the sts. ascending: Ivs. ovate, to
$i in. long, woolly: fls. to ^i in. across, in corymbs. Eu.
Hypericum
379
Hystrix
uralum: H. patulum var.
Van Fledtii. Hybrid of compact habit with bright yellow
fls.
venustum. Per. to 1 ft. and more: Ivs. ovate, the upper
cordate, punctate: fls. in cymes borne in panicles. Asia
Minor.
virgatum. Herb to 2K ft., sts. 4-angIed: lys. oblong-
lanceolate, to 1^ in. long: fls. copper-yellow, in terminal
compound cymes. N. J. to Fla. west to 111. and Tenn.
virgfaicum (Tnadenum virgtnicum). MARSH S. Per. to
l^i ft.: Ivs. ovate-cordate, to 2^ in. long: fls. salmon-pink,
to H in. across, in small close cymes. Swamps of Lab. to
Fla. west to Man. and La.
HYPHJfeNE. Palmacex. African fan-palms
and 1 in W. India, often with widely branched
trunks, unarmed except perhaps on petiole,
dioecious, spadices among the Ivs., fls. in pits on
thick stiff branches of trie infl., stamens 6: fr.
oblong, ovoid or obovoid, sometimes obscurely
lobed, 2-3 in. long, woody outside but more or
less fleshy inside: species 28 as now understood;
the distinctions between them lie largely in the
frs., and it is not always possible to distinguish
the plants accurately in the juvenile state, and
it is not known whether the plants in this country
are correctly named. The species so far intro.
thrive in protected places in S. Fla. For cult,
see Palm.
crinita. Trunk forked: Ivs. bright green or at first with
a whitish bloom that soon disappears, divided into several
or many segms , roughish on margins and nerves above:
fr. obovoid or pear-shaped, narrowed to base, short-pedi-
celled, upwards of 2 in. long; seed 1 in. or more long, glo-
bose. S. Afr.
natal£nsis. Trunk forked: fr. broadly top-shaped,
flat on top, very little contracted at base, obtusely 3-
angled, shining chestnut-colored or somewhat purplish,
about 2 in. long and thick. Natal.
Schatan. More or less soboliferous, trunk simple or
becoming branched: If. -blade about 2 ft. across lengthwise;
segms. acuminate-pointed, rigid, minutely scaly; petiole
spiny or armed on margin: fr. variable, mostly obovoid and
with a truncate or slightly convex top, short-pedicelled,
about 2 m. long. Madagascar.
thebaica. EGYPTIAN DOUM PALM. To 20 or 30 ft , com-
monly forked but sometimes simple: Ivs. nearly orbicular,
stiff, the blade 2-2^ ft. long, cut to middle or deeper into
20 or more strong midribbed acuminate segms.; petiole
strongly armed: fr. variable, mostly obliquely ovoid or
oblong, 3 in. more or less long, the fibrous part giving the
plant the name "gingerbread palm." Nile region; the spe-
cies usually seen in cult., but little known within the U. S.
HYPOCALf MMA. Myrtacex. Shrubs native
in W. Australia, with opposite Ivs. and fls. in
axillary pairs or few-fld. clusters; petals 5; sta-
mens numerous, shorter than petals.
robustum. To 3 ft., glabrous: Ivs. linear or linear-
lanceolate, to 1 in. long, stiff: fls. pink. Planted in Calif.
HYPOCHCERIS. CATS-EAR. Compositx. Her-
baceous annuals and perennials with mostly
basal, toothed or cut Ivs. and solitary or clustered
yellow heads of ligulate fls.; pappus plumose.
Sometimes grown in the wild-garden. Propagated
by seeds or division.
bijuga: hort. name, probably H. uniflora.
gl&bra. Ann. to 16 in., glabrous: Ivs. spatulate, oblong,
to 6 in. long: heads about ^ in. long, yellow, fls. scarcely
longer than involucre. Eu.; nat. in W. N. Amer.
radicata. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. sharp-toothed or lobed,
white-hairy: heads solitary, deep yellow, fls. longer than
involucre. Medit. region.
unifldra. Per. to 1H ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate:
heads mostly solitary, about 1 in. long, yellow, fls. longer
than involucre. Mts. of Eu.
HYPOGYNOUS: borne on the torus or under the ovary;
said of the stamens or perianth-parts when the ovary is
superior to their point of attachment.
HYP6LEPIS. Polypodiacese. Mostly trop.
ferns of both hemispheres, with creeping rhi-
zomes, 2-4-pinnate fronds, and son in the
sinuses of frond and covered by its reflexed mar-
gin. Allied to Cheilanthes; sometimes grown
under glass.
tenuifdlia. Fronds to 3 ft. long and 2 ft. wide, 4-pinnate
into wavy-toothed segms., on brown stipes to 2 ft. long.
New Zeal, Australia, Pacific Isls.
HYP<5XIS. STAR-GRASS. Amaryllid<icea>.
Small herbs with rootstocks or corms, grass-like
basal Ivs. and rather small fls. on few-fld. scapes,
the perianth-segms. distinct. Of simple cult, in
the wild-garden or border in dry soil. Propagated
by division.
erlcta: H. hirsute.
hirsuta (/(. erecta). To 12 in.: Ivs. to 1 ft. and more
long and % in. broad: fls. bright yellow, star-like, ^ in.
long, in spring. Me. to Fla. ana Tex.
hygrom6trica (Rhodohypoxia hygrometrica). GOLDEN
WEATHER-GLASS. To 6 in.: Ivs. grass-like, to 10 in. long,
somewhat pilose: fls. yellow, in clusters of 1-4, anthers with
long linear auricles at base. Australia. — Common name
derived from fls. closing in cloudy weather.
leptoc&rpa: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
stellata. Lvs. to 12 in long: fls. white on inside, striped
green without. S. Afr. Var. Slogans has fls. white banded
with blue.
HYPSfeLA. Lobeliacese. A few very low
creeping herbs, probably per., of the Andean
region, suitable for rock-gardens: Ivs. small,
ovate to reniform, entire or emarginate or
ret use, petioled, thickish or succulent: fls.
solitary, pink- and yellow-marked, corolla
irregular, deeply lobed and shortly split on one
side: fr. a caps. Allied to Pratia, in which the
corolla is more deeply split and fr. baccate.
longifldra. Plant 1 or 2 in. high: petiole longer than the
broadly ovate practically entire blade which is less than
Ja in. across: fls. erect, about \^ in. long, pink with yellow
in throat, pedicels equalling or exceeding petiole.
renif6rmis. Lvs. orbicular-reniforrn, emarginate or
retuse at apex, petiole about equalling the limb and longer
than pedicels.
repens, r6ptans are listed; probably H. reniformis or a
Pratia.
HYSS6PUS. Labiatse. One hardy per.
subshrub from S. Eu. to Cent. Asia, grown for
ornament in borders, somewhat for medicinal
purposes and also as a sweet-herb. Hyssop is
easily grown; propagated by seeds, cuttings
and division. H. officinalis. HYSSOP. To 1J^ ft.,
sts. 4-angled: Ivs. linear to oblong, to 2 in. long:
fls. blue, }/2 in. long, in terminal one-sided spikes
to 5 in. long, stamens exserted. Var. JUbus,
fls. white, rdseus, fls. rose, rftber, fls. red. Var.
grandifldrus has large fls.
HYSTERI<5NICA. Composite. Per. herbs,
mostly of S. Amer., having entire linear to
lanceolate Ivs., solitary yellow to orange heads
of both disk- and ray-fls., the former being per-
fect and the latter mostly pistillate : f r. an achene
with truncate apex crowned by 2 rows of pappi,
the outer row minute and much shorter than trie
inner one. Propagated by seed and sometimes
treated as annuals.
montevid(§nsis (Erigeron dubiua). To 1 ft., pilose, very
leafy: Ivs. linear, to 1^ in. long, flat, ascenaing, acute,
rarely remotely dentate, often glandular-puberulous: in-
volucre about ^ in. diam., ray-fls. narrowly linear, usually
30-10.
HYSTRIX. Graminede. Tall per. grasses with
flat Ivs. and awned spikelets borne in terminal
spikes; native in N. Amer., Eu. and Asia and
one sometimes planted for ornament and useful
for dry bouquets. See Grasses.
pfttula (Atprella Hystrix). BOTTLE-BRUSH-GRASS.
To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 9 in. long and % in. wide, rough above:
spikes to 7 in. long, awns 1 in. or more long. N. B. to Ga.
and Neb.
I
IBERIDELLA: JEthionema trinervium.
EBfeRIS. CANDYTUFT. Cruciferx. Small
usually glabrous herbs, arm. and 7>er., sometimes
woody and durable at base and evergreen, native
in Medit, region some of them well known as
garden ornamentals: Ivs. narrow, entire or den-
tate, in some species pinnatifid: fls. white, red,
purple, in umbel-form clusters or in racemes that
lengthen with age: fr. a broad more or less or-
bicular pod or silicle usually winged.
Usual candytufts of flower-gardens and borders are of
two classes, — the half-hardy annuals (grown every year
from seeds), and the evergreen perennials. All of the garden
candytufts thrive in any usual garden soil and require no
special treatment. Usually the seeds of the annuals are
sown where the plants are to grow, the plants thinned
eventually to 6-12 inches apart. Bloom may be expected in
two months or less. In mild countries, seeds aro sometimes
sown in autumn for winter and spring bloom. The colors
are largely white, but run into flesh-colored, hyacinth and
crimson. They are used for flower-beds, edgings, and for
cutting. Keep the pods cut off, and do not allow the ground
to become very dry as the plants tend to run rapidly to seed.
Some of the kinds are fragrant.
Perennial candytufts aio low compact plants, somewhat
woody at base, with white flowers sometimes becoming
lilac with age. Propagated by division, or by seeds sown
a year before bloom is wanted.
afflnis. Ann., erect, closely branching, to 16 in. high,
setose-hairy to nearly glabrous: lys. lobed along sides half
way more or less to midrib, particularly toward apex: fls.
white, frequently with lilac tinge, sometimes slightly fra-
grant, in umbel-like head that briefly elongates in fr. S. Eu.
— Stock in cult, as /. odorata, I. pandurxformis, /. pecttnata,
/. pinnala probably belong here rather than to botanical
species of those names.
amara (/. coronana). ROCKET C. Ann., erect, to 1 ft.,
sparsely pubescent. Ivs. thicki8h, oblanreolate to spatulate,
to 3 or 4 in. long, coarsely few-toothed: fls. large, white,
fragrant, the raceme soon elongating. Fields, Eu. — A
favorite flower-garden and florists candytuft, known in the
Empress races, White Spnal, Hesperidiflora, Hyacmth-fld.;
also veiy dwaif forms.
corifdlia. Per., evergreen, to 1 ft., glabrous: Iva. oblong
to spatulate, 1^ in. or less long, entire: fls. white, in close
clusters that elongate somewhat. Said to be a garden
hybrid; sometimes mislabelled cordifoha and cornifolia.
coronaria: /. amara.
Dunnettii: /. umbellata var.
Garrexiana: /. semperoirena var.
gibraltarica. GIBRALTAR C. Per., evergreen, glabrous or
nearly so, to 1 ft.: lys. oblong-spatulate, 1-2 in. long, mostly
entire: fls. lilac or light purple, the inner ones often white,
in flattish clusteis. Spam. — Useful for edgings.
J6rdanii. liieri. to 6 in.: Ivs. oblong-spatulate, entire,
white-hairy below: fls. rose, in umbels. Asia Minor.
jucunda: ASthionema coridifolium.
Lagascana. Ann. to 1 ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblong or
nearly spatulate, toothed or notched at apex: fls. pure white,
in close clusters. Spain. — Plants grown under this name
are likely to be /. amara.
odorata: see /. aflinis.
pandur8ef6rmis: see /. affinia.
pectinata: see 7. affinis.
pinnate: see /. aunt's.
Priiitii. Per., evergreen, glabrous, to 6 or 8 in.: Ivs.
narrow-obovate to spatulate, sometimes obscurely toothed:
fls. white. Sicily.
pygm&a: hort. name for form listed as dwarf, compact
and to 4 in. high.
saxa"tilis. Per., evergreen, to 6 in.: Ivs. linear, entire,
ciliate, rather fleshy, acute: fls. white, in corymbs. S. Eu.
semperfldrens. Per., evergreen, to 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs.
wedge-shaped, entire, rather fleshy: fls. white, large, fra-
grant. Sicily.
sempervirens. EDGING C. Per., evergreen, to 12 in.,
glabrous or nearly eo: Ivs. linear or narrow-oblong, to 1H in.
long, entire, blunt: fls. white, in elongating heads or racemes.
S. hu. to W. Asia. Var. Garrexiana (/. Garrexiana) has Ivs.
acute with fls. in umbels. S. Eu. Listed vars. include com-
pacta, nana and sup6rba.— Useful for edgings.
ityldsa: Hutchinsia stylo sa.
taurica. Bien. to 9 in.: Ivs. linear-spatulate, entire or
slightly toothed: fls. rose, in corymbs. Asia Minor.
Tenoreana (/. Pruihi var. hirtuJa). Per., evergreen, to
6 or 8 in., simple, thinly pubescent: Ivs. oblong to linear-
spatulate, entire or toothed at summit: fls. whitish or rose,
in a short umbel-like raceme. Spam to Italy.
umbellata. GLOBE C. Ann., glabrous or nearly so, to
16 in., branching: Ivs. thin, lanceolate, acuminate, to 3H in.
long, entire or with 1 or 2 angles on margin, fls. pink, violet,
purple, red, blush, not fragrant. S. Eu. — The common
colored candytuft of flower-gardens, in such varietal names
as Atropurpurea, Cardinal, Dunnettii with dark purple fls.,
Lavender, Lilacea, Rosea.
ventosicola: catalogue name.
IBICELLA. Martyniacex. Viscid-pubescent
herbs of S. Amcr.: Ivs. broadly ovate to subor-
bicular, entire: fls. in dense compact terminal
racemes, calyx of 5 free sepals, fertile anthers 4.
The fr. may be used for pickles as in Proboscidea.
lutea (Proboscidea lutea). Clammy spreading ann. to
\% ft.: Ivs. suborbicular, to 1 ft. across, dentate: fls. green-
ish-yellow without and deeper yellow to orange within,
sometimes red-blotched, in erect dense racemes: fr. long-
horned, echmate. Argentina.
IBIDIUM: Spiranthes.
IBOZA. Labiatae. Shrubs or herbs with
very small dioecious fls., one grown under glass
or out-of-doors in the S. ; African.
After blooming the plants should be cut back, and this
will give good cuttings for the next winters stock. Iboza is
treated much like salvia and coleus.
riparia (Moschosma npanum). Per. to 5 ft., st. 4-angled:
Ivs. broad-ovate, to 2 in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. numer-
ous, creamy- white with dark anthers, in eiect panicles to
1 ft. long.
ICACINACE^. ICACINA FAMILY. Trees and
shrubs, sometimes climbers, of about 40 genera
of trop. distribution, allied to Sapindacese, of
which Pennantia and Villaresia may be cult.:
Ivs. alternate, simple: fls. bisexual or polygamous,
with 4-5 sepals, petals and stamens and 1-celled
ovary: fr. a drupe.
ICACOREA: Ardisia paniculata.
ICE-PLANT: Cryophytum crystallinum.
IDESIA. Flacourtiacese. Monotypic genus,
comprising a deciduous tree to 50 ft., native of
Japan and China and hardy in the southern
states. Propagated by seeds, root-cuttings and
cuttings of green wood. I. polyc&rpa. Lvs. alter-
nate, cordate-ovate, to 10 in. long, toothed,
glaucous beneath: fls. mostly unisexual, greenish-
yellow, fragrant, in drooping panicles to 10 in.
long, without petals: berries orange-red, J^ in.
across. Var. vestita has Ivs. densely pubescent
beneath.
1DRIA. FouquierUicesB. One odd tree with
soft often hollow trunks and lopping branches,
native in Lower Calif. I. columnaris (Fouquieria
columnaris). To 70 ft., with spines to \Y2 in.
long: Ivs. oblanceolate, to % in. long: fls. yellow,
about l/2 in. long, in large panicles at top of
trunk: fr. a caps, to % in. long. Sometimes
planted in S. Calif.
ILAMA: Annona diversifolia.
ILEX. HOLLY. Aquifoliaceae. Trees or shrubs,
sometimes evergreen, with alternate simple
Ivs., mostly polygamous or dioecious: fls. small,
whitish, usually in axillary cymes, the petals
somewhat united at base and sepals persistent:
fr. a berry-like drupe with large hard seeds or
380
Ilex
381
Ilex
nutlets: planted for good habit, attractive
foliage and showy berries. Some species have
medicinal value. The Ivs. of one kind (/. para-
guariensis) are used in S. Amer. for a tea or
yerba de mate", and probably more than a single
species is involved.
Most hollies succeed in rich well-drained soil, although
some species are native in swampy land. They do not bear
transplanting well and most of the leaves should be stripped
off first. Early fall or spring before growth starts are the
best times for transplanting. Propagated by seeds which
should be stratified as they do not germinate until the
second year. The evergreen species may be propagated by
cuttings under glass. Varieties may be grafted or budded.
altaclarensis. Hybrid between 7. Aquifohum and 7.
Perado. Here belong the vars. camelluei61ia, Hodginsonii
and Lawsoniana.
ambigua: 7. caroliniana.
Amel&nchier: 7. dubia.
Aquif&lium. ENGLISH H. Evergreen tree to 40 ft.: Ivs.
shining, ovate, with coarse spiny teeth: fls. in May-June
on growth of previous year: berries scarlet. Eu., Aaia.
There are many hort. forms, the best known being: albo-
marginata (var. argentco-marginata), Ivs. with narrow sil-
very margin; aureo-regina (var. aureo-marginata) , the Ivs.
mottled with gray and having a yellow margin; bacciflava
(var. fructo-luteci), fr. yellow; balearica, Ivs. variously
toothed; camellicefdlia is a form of 7. altadarciisia; ferox,
HEDGEHOG H., Ivs. with strong teeth and numerous small
spines and its form aurea with yellow spines and margins;
fertilis, listed as heavy fruiting strain; flavescens, Ivs.
suffused with yellow; handsworthensis, Iva 2 in or leas long,
with numerous spmea; hastata, Ivs. halberd-shaped; heter-
ophtflla, Ivs. entire or some of them with few teeth; H6dgin-
somi is 7. oltaclarensis ; laurifdlia, Iva usually entire;
microphylla, Ivs. small with small spines; myrtii&lia, lys.
1 \^ in. or less long; nigra has deep purple sts ; pendula with
pendulous branches; polyc&rpa nas numerous berries;
princeps, large broad Iva. with strong spines; pyramidalis
with ascending branches; recurva (var. tortuosa), Ivs.
spirally twisted; serratif61ia, Iva. with numerous small spiny
teeth; variegata, Ivs. variegated with silver and gold.
AquipSrni is listed as a hybrid of 7. Aquifohum X 7.
Pernyi.
attenuata (7. Topehi). Hybrid between 7. opaca and 7.
Cassine.
bronxe'nsis: 7. verticillata var. tenui folia.
Burfordii: properly a var of 7. cornuta, of more globose
form and drooping branches and Iva. with few or no spines.
caroliniana (7. ambigua). Deciduous shrub or a tree to
20 ft.: Ivs. oval to obovate or elliptic, to 3 in long, serrate
toward apex, glabrous: fls solitary or several in axils: berries
about M in. diam., red. N. C., Fla. to Tex.
Cassine (7. Dahooii). DAHOON. Evergreen shrub or
tree to 25 ft.: Iva. obovate, entire or shallow-toothed: fls.
in May, on wood of season: berries dull red, rarely yellow.
Va. to Fla. and La. Vur. angustifdlia, narrow-lvd. form.
ciliospinosa. Evergreen shrub to 15 ft , similar to 7.
dipyrena: Ivs. ovate, to 1 ^ in. long, with small spiny teeth.
China.
conv£xa: 7. crenata var.
coral Una. Evergreen tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, spiny-
or wavy-toothed, shining above: berries red. China.
coriacea (7. lucida). Deciduous shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs.
obovate to elliptic, to 3^ in. long, acute or briefly acumi-
nate, somewhat spiny-toothed above middle, dark green,
glossy above: berries to % m- diam., black. Swamps, S.
Va. to Fla. west to La.
cornuta. Evergreen shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. shining, quad-
rangular-oblong, 3-pointed at apex, with strong spines: fls.
June-July on branches of previous year: berries scarlet.
N. China.
crenata (7. Fortunei). JAPANESE H. Evergreen shrub to
20 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong, wavy-toothed: fls. May-June,
on the seasons growth: berries black. Japan. Var. buxi-
fdlia, of columnar habit with broad box-like Ivs. Var.
conv&ca (var. bullata), Ivs. nearly round. Var. globdsa,
dwarf compact form. Var. He'lleri, dwarf, 6-8 in. Var.
latif&lia has elliptic Ivs. Var. luteo-variegata (var. vanegala)
has Ivs. spotted yellow. Var. macrophftla has Ivs. larger
than type. Var. microphylla has Ivs. ^ in. or less long.
Var. nummularia, dwarf with broad-ovate Ivs. to >£ in.
long. Var. rotundifdlia, Ivs. round and glossy. Var. varie-
gata is var. luteo-variegata.
Dahodn: 7. Cassine.
dectdua. POSSUM-HAW. Deciduous shrub or tree to
30 ft.: Ivs. obovate, wavy-toothed: fls. in May: bernes red
or orange. Swamps, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
dipyrena. Evergreen tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong,
remotely spiny-toothed: fls. Apr .-May, on branches of
previous year: berries red. Himalayas.
dubia. The plant commonly grown under this name is
7. montana. True /. dubia (I. Amelanchier} is a deciduous
shrub to 7 ft. with elliptic-oblong Ivs. and scarlet ir. with
stalks H in. long or more. Va. to La.
emarginata: Eurya emarginata.
europ&a: hort. name, probably for I. Aq-uifolium.
Fargesii. Tree or shrub to 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong- to linear-
lanceolate, finely toothed above middle: fls. May-June:
berries ied. China.
Fdrtunei: /. crenata.
fujisan£nsis: /. pedunculosa.
geniculata. Deciduous shrub: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long,
sharp-toothed, turning yellow in autumn: fls. May-June:
berries red, on slender drooping stalks. Japan.
glabra. INKBERRY. WINTERBERRY. Evergreen shrub to
8 ft.: Ivs. obovate, entire or with a few teeth at apex: fls.
June-July, on seasons growth: berries black. Mass, to
Fla. and Miss.
Helleri: /. crenata var.
H6dginsonii: see /. altaclarensis.
integra. Evergreen shrub or tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. oval to
oblong, entire or rarely with few teeth: fls. in spring, on
branches of previous year: berries red. Japan.
intricata. Low straggling evergreen shrub: Ivs. obovate,
coarsely toothed: berries red. Himalayas.
laevigata. SMOOTH WINTKRBERRV. Deciduous shrub to
6 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong, hnely toothed, turning yellow in
autumn: fls. May-June: berriea orange-red. Swamps, Me.
to Ga.
lanceolata: confused name applied to forms from Cuba
and S. E. U. S.
latifdlia. TARAJO. Evergreen tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
shall owly toothed, shining, to 7 in. long: berries red. Japan.
lucida: /. coriacea.
macrocaVpa. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs elliptic or lanceolate-
oblong, finely toothed: fr. black. Cluna.
macr6poda: /. montana var.
mader6nsis: /. Perado.
micrococca. Tree or shrub to 40 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-ovate to
elliptic-oblong, to () in. long, acuminate, base rounded,
margins shallowly serrulate: berries red, in small cymes to
1 in. across. Japan.
mdllis: /. montana var.
montana (7. dubia of Auth. 7. monticola. 7. dubia var.
monticola). Deciduous tree to 30 ft. and more or a shrub:
Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 4 or 5 in. long, serrate,
soft-pubescent underneath: berries cherry-red, about ^ in.
across, on very short stalks N. Y. to S. C. west to Ala.
Var. macrdpoda has Ivs. more elliptical, coarsely-toothed.
Var. m611is (7. molhs) has Ivs. broadly ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, soft-pubescent beneath. Mass, to
Ga.
montfcola: 7. montana.
myrtifdlia. Evergreen shrub or small tree: Ivs. oblong to
linear, entire: fla. in spring, on seasons growth: berries red,
rarely yellow. Swamps, N. C. to Fla. and La. Var. L6wei
has yellow berries.
6ldhamii: 7. purpurea var.
opaca. AMERICAN H. Evergreen tree to 50 ft.: Ivs.
elliptic to obovate, with large spiny teeth, rarely entire:
fls. in June, on seasons growth: berries dull red or rarely
yellow. Mass to Fla and Tex. The so-called var. f6mina
is only the pistillate tree of the type and not a distinct
form or var. Vur. Howardii has darker Ivs. nnd fruits more
abundantly. Var. xanthocajrpa has yellow berries.
paraguari£nsis. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20
ft.: Ivs, obovate or oblong, wavy-toothed: berries red or
reddish-brown. Brazil.
pedunculdsa(7./u7i8ancrw'a). Evergreen shrub or tree to
30 ft.: Ivs ovate, to 2% in. long, entire: berries bright red,
on long stalks. Japan. Var. continental has Ivs. to 4% in.
long, usually finely toothed above middle.
Perado (7. maderensis). Evergreen shrub or tree to 20
ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, spiny-toothed: berries
dark red or nearly black. Canary Isls., Azores. Var. aurea
has yellow-tipped or margined Ivs.
P6rnyi. Evergreen shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs, rhombic-
ovate, about 1 in. long, with 1-3 spines on each side,
shining: fls. in May: berries red. China. Var. manipure'nsis
(7. Wihonii in part) has larger ovate Ivs. with shorter
terminal spine. Var. veitchii has larger Ivs. with 4-5 spines
on a side.
purpurea. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
usually 3 in., rarely 5 in., long, margins crenulate-serrate,
brownish-green above, leathery: fls. small, axillary, 4-
merous: berries red. Java. Var. Oldhamii (7. Oldhamii),
Ivs. narrower, more leathery. Japan.
Ilex
382
Incarvillea
rotunda (/. rotundi/olia). Evergreen tree to 40 ft.: lys.
entire, elliptic, to 4J£ in. long, petioles to 1 in. long: berries
bright red. Japan, Korea. — Differs from /. pedunculosa in
its larger Ivs. and berries on shorter pedicels.
rotundif 61ia : /. rotunda.
serrata (/. Sieboldii). Deciduous shrub to 15 ft.: lys.
ovate, finely toothed, glabrous beneath: fls. in June: berries
bright red. Japan. Var. xanthocarpa has yellow frs.—
Similar to /. verticillata, but smaller in all respects.
Sieboldii: /. serrata.
Topelii: /. aUenuata.
verticillata. BLACK- ALDER. WINTKHBERRY. Deciduous
shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. oval to lanceolate, toothed, pubescent
beneath at leant on nerves: fls. June-July: berries bright
red. Mass, to Fla and Mo. Var. chrysocarpa has yellow-
berries. Var. polycarpa, an improved form with numerous
berries. Var. tenuifftfia (/. bronxensis) , Ivs. obovate, larger,
with pellucid dots, berries usually solitary.
vomitdria. YAUPON. CABSKNA. PJvergreen shrub or
small tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong, wavy-toothed: fls.
in May. on brunches of previous year: berries scarlet.
Va. to Fla. and Tex.
Wflsonii. Shrub: Iva. ovate, oblong to obovate, to 3 in.
long, coriaceous, margins slightly recurved: fls. small,
axillary. China. — See also /. Pernyi var. mampurensis.
ILLECEBRACE^E. KNOTWORT FAMILY. A
small family of ann. and per. herbs having
usually opposite entire Ivs. and small greenish
or whitisn fls. in forked cymes or clusters,
characterized by the persistent calyx on which
are borne the stamens, petals absent or minute,
styles 2 and frequently united and fr. a 1-seedeu
utricle. By some authors it has been united
with the Pink Family, Caryophyllacea), but
differs in the 1-ovuled ovary and the corollas
vestigial or absent. Ilerniaria, Paronychia and
Scleranthus are cult.
ILLfCIUM. Magnoliacex. Evergreen trees
and shrubs native in S. U. S. and the Orient,
mostly aromatic, having simple, entire, short-
stalked Ivs. and small axillary fls. solitary or
in 3's; grown for ornament in warm countries.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings of half-
ripened wood.
anisatum (/. religiosum) . Small tree or shrub: Ivs. el-
liptic, to 3 in. long: fls. greenish-yellow, about 1 in. across,
with spreading petals, borne on brae ted peduncles. Japan.
Var. vanegatum has variegated foliage. — Yields a poison.
floridanum. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to 6 in. long:
fls. purple, to 2 in. across, nodding; petals very narrow,
20-30. Fla. to La.
He'nryi. Small tree or shrub: Ivs. oblanceolate to oblong-
ovate, acutt, alternate, close together on long petioles, pale
Balfouri. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. light
rose on standard, red on keel, yellow at base of wings and
rose at apex, on long stalks in racemes at top of st. W.
Himalayas. — A good flower-garden subject if seeds are
started early.
Balsamina. GARDEN BALSAM. Ann. to 2^ ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate: fls. of various colors, white to red or yellow,
spotted, the cult, forms mostly double, borne close to the
at. and overtopped by leafy shoots. Trop. and subtrpp.
India, Malaya, China. — An old flower-garden favorite,
in many vars. ; tender.
bifid ra. JEWEL-WEED. Ann. to 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3>3
in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. orange-yellow, spotted with
reddish-brown, to 1 in. long, spur strongly incurved, in
2-4-fld. clusters. Newf. to Fla. and Neb.
cap6nsis. Ann. to 14 in : Ivs. ovate to rhombic, to 3 in.
long: fls. pale rose, to \Y± in. long including spur, solitary,
axillary. S. Afr.
firmula. Suffrutescent per.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to 3%
in. long, tapering at ends, serrulate with bristle in each
sinus, petiole margined with 2-3 clavate glands: fls. red-
dish, with subulate spur about 1 in. long, solitary, axillary
on ascending peduncles to 2 in. long. Cent. Madagascar.
glanduligera: /. Hoylet.
Hdlstii. Per. to 3 ft : main Ivs. ovate and little if at all
tapering at base, 3-4 in. long and three-fourths as broad:
fls. scarlet, to 1 % in. across, on long stalks and borne to-
ward top of st., with slender downward spur about l/^ in.
long. K. trop Afr. — Modified under cult. Var. Liegnitzia
(/. iiana var. Liegmtzia) is more flonferous, brilliant colored
and compact than the type.
nana: see I. Holstii.
Ndli-tangere (/. Noh-me-tangere) . Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. yellow spotted with orange, to 2 in.
long. Eu.
dliveri. Per. to 8 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate to oblong, with
setose serratures: fls. lilac or rose, on long stalks toward top
of st., with long slender spur. E. trop. Afr.
p&llida. Similar to /. biflora but very pale yellow fls.
having a short spreading spur. N. S. to Ga. and Kans.
Petersiana. Differs from /. Holstii in the general red or
bronzy color, the elliptic Iva. and carmine-red fls. W. trop.
Afr.
platype'tala. Per.: Ivs. lanceolate to oval: fls. rose-colored,
on long stalks toward top of st., with long curved spur.
Java.
R6ylei (/. glanduligera). Ann. to 4 or 5 ft., very erect:
Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate: fls. dark purple, on long
stalks toward top of st., with very short spur. Mts. of
India.
scabrida. Ann. to 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate: fls.
golden-yellow spotted with red, on long stulk toward top
of st., spurred. Himalayas.
Sultanii. Per. to 2 ft/, main Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, long-
tapering at base and apex, 2-3 in. long and half or less as
broad: fls. scarlet (varying to white and pink), to 1^ in.
across, on long stalks toward top of st , with slender up-
curved spur, sometimes twice as long us petals. Zanzibar. —
Plants grown under this name may be I. Holstii.
green beneath, nerves very conspicuous: fls. on long pedun- IMPERATORIA; Peucedanum Ostruthium.
cles. ( cut. Chum.
religidsum: /. anisatum.
vdrum. STAU ANISE. Small tree or bush: fls. globose, on
short nearly or quite bractless peduncles, the petals not
spreading China. — Home of the stock grown in this country
as /. anisatum may belong here.
IMANTOPHYLLUM: Clima.
IMMORTELLE: Xeranthemum annuum; see Everlast-
ing; also Erythnna.
IMPATIENS. TOUCH-ME-NOT. SNAPWEED.
Balsamiruicesr . More or less succulent ann. and
per. herbs with simple Ivs., very irregular spurred
fls. solitary or clustered in the axils, and capsuiar
fr. which bursts elastically into spirally coiled
valves, expelling the seeds; grown m the flower-
garden or under glass for the odd and showy
bloom; tender to frost.
Common garden balsam, 7. Balsamina, requires a fertile
sandy soil and should be spaced about 2 feet apart for best
development It makes a stout central stem and many
side branches. It may be grown to a single stem by pinch-
ing off the side shoot* and thereby expose the bloom Seeds
should l>e sown in boxes or pots in April and transplanted.
The greenhouse species may be increased by seeds or cut-
tings and can be grown in the open if treated like tender
annuals.
INCARVtLLEA. Bignoniacex. Several Asian
herbs with alternate simple or pinnate Ivs.,
funnelform red or yellow fls. in terminal clusters,
and narrow capsuiar frs.; good border plants,
doing best in sunny positions in light sandy
loam. Propagated by seed or division. Some of
them hardy in N. Y.
bre>ipes: /. grand* flora var.
compacta. Per. to 1 ft. or more: Ifts. nearly entire: fls.
purple, 1^ in. across and 2)£ in. long. China.
Delavayi. To 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnate into 15-20 toothed
Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls. rose-purple with yellow tube, to 3 in.
long and wide. China.
FArreri: listed name for plant said to differ from /.
Delavayi in having yellow fls., perhaps a form of it.
grandiflora. Similar to I. Delavayi but shorter, with
Ifts. nearly entire, and fewer rose-red fls. China. Var.
bre'vipes has brilliant crimson fls.
lutea. To 4 ft.: Ifts. wavy-toothed: fls. yellow, 2 in.
across. China.
6lg». To 3 ft., shrubby: Ifts. entire or toothed toward
apex: fls. pale pink, 1^ in. long and 1 in. across. Cent.
Asia.
variabilis. Shrubby, to 2 ft. or more: Ivs. 2-3-pinnate
into cut segms.: fls. pink, 1 in. across. China.
Incised
383
Inula
INCISED: cut; slashed irregularly, more or less deeply
and sharply.
INCLUDED: not protruded, as stamens not projecting
from the corolla; not exserted.
INDEfflSCENT: not regularly opening, said of a seed-
pod or anther.
INDIAN CUP: Silphium perfoliatum. Pipe: Mono-
Iropa uniflora. Shot: Canna indica.
INDIGEN: an indigenous plant or species; native in
origin and normal to the country or region; to be employed
in contrast to cultigen, which see.
INDIGO: Indigofera. Bastard: Amorpha fruticoaa.
False: Amorpha, Baptism. Wild: Baptisia.
INDIG<5FERA. INDIGO. Lcguminosx. Shrubs
and per. herbs with pinnate Ivs. or sometimes
reduced to 1 1ft., papilionaceous fls. in axillary
racemes, and cylindrical pods; grown for orna-
ment in oorders and shrubberies, and some species
formerly for indigo and now run wild. Most of
the species are not hardy in the northern states.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
amblyantha. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ifts. 7-11, to 1H in. l°.ng:
fls. pink, ^ in. long, in racemes shorter than the Ivs. China;
hardy N.
Anil: /. suffruticosa.
austraiis. Shrub to 4 ft.: Ifts. 9-17. to % in. long: fls.
red, about y± in. long, in racemes about length of Ivs.
Australia.
decdra: /. incarnata.
divaricata. Differs from I. Kirilowii in its lavender fls.
Habitat not definitely known.
Dosua. Low shrub: Ifts, 21-31, to H in. long: fls. red,
to y2 in. long, in racemes about length of Ivs. India. Var.
tomentdsa is more pubescent, with longer Ivs. and racemes.
— Plants in cult, under this name are likely to be I. Gerar-
dicina and /. stachyodes. The latter, J. stachyodcs also from
India, apparently specifically distinct, differs from 7.
Dosua in being more vigorous, bearing more numerous
acutish Ifts , longer and stouter racemes, and has dense
brownish pubescence.
floribunda: 7. Gerardiana.
Gerardiana (7. jlonbunda). Shrub to 6 ft., much
branched: Ifts. 13-21, to ^ in. long: fls. rosy-purple, % in.
long, in racemes about length of Ivs. India.
hebep£tala. Tall shrub: Ivs. to 6 in. long, Ifts. 7-11,
opposite, ovate-oblong, to 1}^ in. long, obtuse: fls. pale
pink to deep crimson-red, to ^ in. long, in lax tapering
racemes 2-4 in. long. Himalayas.
incarnate (7. decora). Shrub to 2 ft.: Ifts. 7-13, to 2^ in.
long: fls. pink with white standard, to % in. long, in racemes
longer than Ivs. China. Var. &lba has white fls.
Kirildwii. Shrub to 4 ft.: Ifts. 7-11, to \l$ in. long: fls.
bright rose, % in long, in racemes longer than Ivs. N.
China, Korea; hardy N.
leptos£pala. Per., the decumbent sts. to 2 ft. long: Ifts.
5-9, to 1 in. long: fls. pink or purplish, % in. long, in racemes
longer than Ivs. Ga. to Mex.
Potanlnii. Shrub to 5 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, to 1^ in. long: fls.
lilac-pink, H in. long, in racemes longer than the Ivs.
China; hardy N.
pseudo-tine tdria. Small shrub differing from 7. tinctoria
in racemes longer than Ivs., Ifts. usually 11, and corolla red.
Asia.
stachyodes: see 7. Dosua.
suffruticdsa (7. Anil). Shrub to 6 ft.: Ifts. 11-13, to
1 V* in. long: fls. orange, >£ in. long, in racemes shorter than
Ivs. W. Indies; nat. in S. U. S.
tinctdria. Shrub to 2 ft.: Ifts. typically 9, but sometimes
to 17, to % in. long: fls. reddish-yellow, l/i in. long, in
racemes shorter than Ivs. Tropics.
INFERIOR: beneath, lower, below; as an inferior ovary,
one that is below the calyx-leaves.
INFLATED: blown up; bladdery.
INFLORESCENCE: mode of flower-bearing; technically
less correct but much more common in the sense of a flower-
cluster.
fNGA. Leguminosx. Trees or shrubs with
pinnate Ivs. of large Ifts., the petiole often
winged, large fls. in racemes, spikes or heads,
not papilionaceous, the stamens long-exserted,
often 4-angled pods thickened on the margins;
native in trop. Amer. where some of the species
are planted for shade in coffee plantations and
as windbreaks; the fleshy pulp around the seeds
is also an article of food. Some of them stand
in S. Calif, and S. Fla.
dulcis: Pithecellobium dulcc.
Feulllei. To 30 ft.: Ivs, of G-8 Ifts., the petioles winged:
fls. white: pods flat, to 2 ft. long. Peru.
laurina. GUAMA. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 4-6 Ifts.: fls. white,
fragrant, in long racemes: poda flat, 6 in. long. Trop.
Amer.
pulchlrxiina: Calliandra Tweedii.
Sam&n: Samanea Saman.
v£ra. GUABA. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 8-12 Ifts., the petioles
winged: fls. white, in short spikes: pods 4-ribbed, to 6 in.
long. Trop. Amer.
INGENHOfrZIA. Malvacese. A few Mexican
shrubs or subshrubs, one sometimes planted in
warm regions. I. triloba. To 10 ft.: Ivs. alternate,
parted nearly to the base into 3-5 narrow lobes,
or the upper Ivs. may be mitten-shaped or entire:
fls. white turning to pink, about 1 in, long: fr.
a caps, about J^ in. long.
INKBERRY: Ilex glabra.
INODES: Sabal.
INSERTED: attached; as of a stamen growing on the
corolla.
INSIDE-OUT FLOWER: Vancouveria parviflora.
INTERRUPTED: not continuous; in particular, the
interposition of small leaflets or segments between large
ones.
INULA. Composite. Showy herbaceous per-
ennials, mostly hairy, with alternate or basal
Ivs. and solitary or few daisy-like heads, yellow,
seldom white; pappus of bristles; native in Eu.,
Asia and Afr.
The species grow well in the average garden soil but
require a sunny situation. Propagated bv division and by
seeds. Useful in the border, and mostly nardy North.
acaulis. Stemless: IVH. all basal, oblong-spatulate, en-
tire, to \y% in. long: heads solitary, yellow. Asia Minor.
bifrons. Bien., sticky-glandular: Ivs. oval-oblong,
glabrous. S. Eu.
britdnnica (Aster orientalis). To IJ^ ft., hairy: Ivs.
lanceolate, slightly toothed: heads lemon-yellow, to 1J^ in.
across. June-Aug. Eu., Asia.
bubdnium: 7. ensifolia.
dysente'rica: Pulicaria dysenterica.
ensifdlia (/. bubonium). To 2 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate: heads yellow, 1% in. across. July- Aug.
Eu., N. Asia.
gland uldsa. CAUCASIAN I. To 4 ft., hairy: Ivs. obiong-
spatulate to oblong, entire: heads solitary, yellow. Cau-
casus. Var. laciniata lias fringed half-drooping golden-
yellow rays. Var. sup£rba is listed as an improved strain.
glauca. Per. to 15 in.: Ivs. ovate to obovate, to 2^ in.
long, cordate, glaucous above, margins densely cihate,
entire: heads usually 1-2, to 1^2 m. across. Turkestan.
grandiflftra. To 4 ft., hairy: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, toothed,
to 4 in. long: heads solitary, orange-yellow, to 5 in. across.
Himalayas, Caucasus.
Helenium. ELECAMPANE. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 2 ft.
long, toothed, velvety beneath, rough above: heads yellow,
to 4 in. across. Eu., N. Asia; widely nat. in E. N. Amer.
hfrta. To 15 in.: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-oblong, nearly
entire, reticulated: heads yellow, to 2 in. across. July -
Aug. Eu., W. Asia.
Hodkeri. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
glandular, denticulate: heads to 2>$ in. across, ray-fls.
pale to orange-yellow. Himalayas.
jap6nica. To 7 ft. or more, much branched above: Ivs.
incised-palmate, lobes or segms. dentate, basal ones to
1 H ft. long, st.-lvs. smaller: heads corymbose, peduncled,
ray-fls. yellow to orange. Japan.
limonifdtia. To 1 ft., shrubby, gray-pubescent: Ivs.
ovate or oblong-epatulate, entire: heads yellow. Greece.
macrocephala: 7. Royleana.
Inula
magnlflca. Per. to 4 ft.: upper Ivs. ovato-oblong, acu-
minate, coarsely toothed, setose-pilose: heada yellowish-
orange, to 0 m. across or more, on peduncles about 1 ft.
long. Caucasus.
montana. To \1/^ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, entire, hairy: heads
solitary, 1^4 in. across, with many narrow yellow rays.
8. Ku.
6culus-Chrteti. To 2 ft., silky-hairy: Ivs. oblong, entire:
heads yellow, about 1 m. across. Eu.
oddra: Puhcfiria odora.
rhizocephala. Bien , stemless: Ivs. in basal rosettes,
oblong, to 3 in long, slightly toothed: heads 10-20, in dense
clusters 2 m. across. Asia Minor.
Royleana (/ macrocephala) . To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
10 in. long, toothed, tomentose beneath: heads orange-
yellow, to 4 in. across, buds conspicuous, black. Hima-
layas.
salicina. To 2 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate,
usually entire, sessile, cordate or rounded at base: heads
golden-yellow, l^jiri across. Ku , Asia.
squarrdsa. To 1 ft., erect, somewhat branched: Ivs.
oblong, somewhat scabrous, acuminate: heads solitary or
corymbose, involucral scales refloxed, ray-fls. yellow. Cent.
Eu.
INVERTED: turned over; end-for-end; top-side down.
INVOLUCEL: a secondary involucre; small involucre
about the parta of a cluster, prominent in some of the
Umbellifenc.
INVOLUCRE: a whorl or aggregation of small leaves or
bracts standing close underneath a flower or flower-cluster.
IOCHROMA. tiolunaceae. Trop. shrubs and
small trees sometimes grown under glass and
in the open in warm or subtrop. parts, with
entire often large Ivs. and showy tubular or
bell-shaped fls. in pairs or sometimes clusters,
purple, blue, scarlet, yellow or white. Propa-
gated by cuttings in Feb. or early Mar., and by
seed when obtainable.
carneum: hurt. name.
cocclneum. Shrub, the branches pubescent: Ivs. oblong,
wavy, long-acuminate: fls. scarlet, 2 in. long, in drooping
clusters Cent Amer.
fuchsioldes. Shrub, nearly glabrous: Ivs. obovate to
oblong, very obtuse: fls moie or less clustered, drooping,
orange-scarlet, 1 % in. long. Peru.
hybridum: hort. name.
lanceolatum. Shrub to 8 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate or
oval-lanceolate, acute: fls. rich deep purple-blue, to 2 in.
long, in umbels. Ecuador.
purpureum: hort. name.
tubul6sum. Shrub to 8 ft , pubescent: Ivs. ovate, acute
or acuminate: fls. deep blue, l|<j in. long, in drooping
clusters. Colombia.
IONACTIS: Aster hnumfoliua.
lONfDIUM. Violacex. Herbs or rarely shrubs
of wide distribution with simple Ivs. and irregular
fls. saccate or gibbous at base, solitary or in
racemes in axils.
Ihiearifolium ( Viola linear i folia). To 1^4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
linear or obovate, to 2 in. long anil H m. wide: fls. bluish
or bluish-white, >£ in. long. W. Indies.
lONOPSfDIUM. DIAMOND-FLOWER. Cru-
ciferse. A single flower-garden ami., I. acaftle,
from Portugal, adaptable also to pots in the
cool greenhouse. It is a running miniature,
the violet or sometimes white dianty little fls.
rising 3 or 4 in. above the ground on very slender
stalks: Ivs. very long-pet ioled, the blade nearly
orbicular, to ^2 in. across. — Seeds may be sown
in early spring for bloom before midsummer; or
in summer for autumn bloom; or in autumn
for spring bloom, the transplants being carried
over in pots under glass. See that the plant is
well protected from drying winds and burning sun.
ION(5PSIS. OrcMdacetP. Small genus of trop.
American epiphytic orchids similar to Rod-
riguezia but differing in possessing shortly spurred
384 Ipomcea
sepals and not a spurred lip and in having
much smaller indistinct pseudobulbs. Cult,
as for Oncidium; see Orchids.
satyrioides (7. testiculata) . Plant small, to 12 in. high:
Ivs. terete, to almost 6 m. long and K in. wide: infl. race-
mose or narrowly paniculate; fls. creamy-white often with
purple lines, small, about ^ in. long; lip entire, scarcely
longer than sepals. Mar.-Nov. Honduras, Costa Rica,
W. Indies.
testiculata: I. satyrioides.
utricularioides. Plant to 30 in. high: Ivs. basal, flat, to
nearly 7 in. long and % in. wide: infl. racemose or spreading-
paniculate; fls. white to pale rose often veined or vanegated
with purple; lip 2-lobed, much longer than sepals. Jan.-
July. Fla. and trop. Amer.
IONOXALIS: Oxalis.
IPECAC, AMERICAN: Gillenia stipulate.
IPOM(feA. IPOMEA. MORNING-GLORY (see
also Aryyreia). Convolvulacese. Plants of many
kinds and habits but mostly known to hort. as
twining ann. and per. herbs: Ivs. alternate,
simple or compound: fls. furmelform, with
5-angled limb. Differs from Convolvulus in
having a capitate instead of 2 linear stigmas, and
from Calonyction and Quamoclit in the stamens
and style not prominently exserted and other
characters. The species are widely distributed
over the earth.
Ipomeas are of easy cultivation in any good soil. In the
North the tubors of the perennial kinds should be dug up
and kept indoors over winter. They are useful for covering
fences, trellises and banks and may also be grown in potb.
Propagated by Heeds which germinate more readily if
small notches are filed in them. The perennial species are
increased by cuttings under glass, and rarely by division or
grafting on common stocks.
althseoides is listed as a per. trailer with silvery Ivs. and
pink fls ; the name has no known botanical standing.
Batatas. SWKKT-POTATO (which see). Per. with trailing
rooting sts. and tuberous edible roots: Ivs varying from
ovate and entire to digitately lobed, to (i in long: fls. rose-
violet or pale pink, 2 in. long, infrequently produced m
U. S. Tropics; cultigon.
B6na-N6x: Calonyction aculeatum.
cairica. Pei , twining: Iva palmately divided into 5 oval
Ifts. to 2 m long; fls. pale pink, to 2^ in. long. Tropics.
cardinalis: Qmunocht tiloteri.
coccinea: Quamoclit coccinea.
crassicaulis (I. ftktuloxa) Sts fleshy, becoming woody,
prostrate or ascending: Ivs. heart-shaped, to 6 in. long,
acuminate, glabrous above, soft-hairy beneath, petiole
hairy, 1 -2 in. long: fls purplish, to 3 in. long, solitary or in
pairs; sepals rounded at apex, imbricated: caps, globose,
glabrous. Brazil.
digitata: I paniculata.
disse*cta. Per , twining, sts. hairy: Ivs. to 4 in. long,
digitately 5-7-parted into toothed or lobed segms.: fls.
white with purple throat, to 2 in. across, the calyx much
enlarged in fr. Tropics, Ga. to Fla. and Tex.
fistu!6sa: I. crassicaulis.
grandifl6ra: Calonyction aculeatum.
hederacea. Ann , twining, hairy: Ivs. cordate-ovate,
to 3*jj in long, usually 3-lobed to the middle: fls. blue or
pale purple, to 2 in. long Trop. Amer. — Differs from re-
lated species in the sepals contracted into linear re-
curved or spreading tips. Improved forms are grandifldra
and superba.
hederifdlia: Quamoclit coccinea var.
hirsutula. Ann , twining or trailing, pubescent: Ivs.
cordate-ovate, to 3 in. long, becoming deeply 3-lobed: fls.
bright bluish-purple to white, to 2^ in- long. Trop. Amer.
H6rsfalliae. Per., twining: Ivs. palmately divided into
5-7 obovate entire thick Ifts. to 4 m. long: fls. rose or pale
purple, to 2}<j in. long, the limb becoming revolute. Tropics.
Var. Brfggsii has many magenta-crimson fls.
Huberi: /. purpurea var.
imperialis: J. Nil.
Leari. BLUB DAWN-FLOWER. Per., twining: Ivs. cor-
date-ovate, to 8 in. long, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, finely
pubescent beneath: fls. blue turning pink, the tube white,
to 5 in. across. Trop. Amer.
leptophylla. BUSH M. Per., with large tuberous roots
and erect or ascending sts. to 4 ft : Ivs. linear, to 5 in. long,
entire: fls. purple or pink, 3 in. across. S. D. to New Mex.
Ipomcea
385
Iris
limbata: I.Nilv&i.
maxima: plants so listed in the trade are probably forms
of /. hederacea; the /. maxima of botanists is the Indian
/. sepiaria.
melan6tricha. Vigorous long twiner with blackish re-
trorsely hairy-hispid sts. : Ivs. 5-7-lobed with broad rounded
sinuses, not dentate: fls. purple, 4 in. or more long, strongly
ribbed; calyx long-hairy. Mex.; cult, in S. Tex. — Has been
confused with 7. setosa.
mexicana grandifldra: Calonyction aculeatum.
montana: Jacquemontia montana.
mutabilis. Per., twining: Ivs. broad-cordate-ovate, to
G in. long, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, gray-pubescent
beneath: fls. blue or purplish, the tube white, to 3^ in.
long. Trop. Amer.
Nfl. Per., twining or trailing, hairy: Ivs. broad-cordate-
ovate, to 6 in. across, usually shallowly 3-lobed: fls blue,
purple or rose, 2 in. across, often double Tropics. Var.
limbata (/. limbata), fls violet-purple margined with white.
— Here belong the Imperial Japanese morning-glories,
/. imperiahs of hort.
noctifl&ra: Calonyction aculeatum.
pandurata. WILD SWEET-POTATO VINE. Per., with large
tuberous root, trailing or twining: Ivs. broad-cordate-ovute,
to 6 in. long, entire or fiddle-shaped: fls. \\hite with purple
throat, to 4 in. across. Conn, to Fla. and Tex.
paniculata (/. dwtata). Per., twining or trailing: Ivs. to
7 in. across, digitately parted nearly to base into 5-7
narrow entire lobes: fls. lilac or pink, to 3 in. across; sepals
thick, much shorter than tube of corolla. Tropics.
Pe"s-caprae. Creeping to GO ft , roots to 2 in thick and
10 ft. long: Ivs. orbicular to elliptical, broader than long, to
4 in. across, fleshy: fls. blue or purple, bell-shaped, to 2 in.
long. Tropics ana semi-tropics; Ga. to Tex.
pterodes. Per , twining, with large tuberous root: Ivs.
cordate, to 3 in. long: fls. yellow, 2 in. long and across.
Panama to Guiana.
purpurea. COMMON M. Ann., twining, sts. hairy: Ivs.
broad-cordate-ovate, to 5 in. long, entire: fls purple, blue
or pmk with pule tube, to 3 in. long, sometimes double.
Trop. Amer , and more or less nat. Vur. alba has white fls.
V;ir Huberi (I Huberi), Ivs marked silvery- white, fls.
pmk to purple and margined white. Var. violacea, fls.
violet-purple, a double fld.-form is known.
Qu&moclit: Quamocht pennata.
rubro-caerulea: I. tricolor.
sanguinea: a bright red hort. form, perhaps of 7. pwr-
purea.
scarletina: hort. form, perhaps of 7. purpurea.
Schiediana. Sta. woody at base: Ivs. suborbieular to
cordate, acute to acuminate: fls. pale blue, in axillary and
terminal racemes of 6-10, stamens included, style nearly
exserted. Probably Mex.
sepiaria (7. nuurima, in part). Per. twining vine: Ivs.
ovate-cordate, to 3^ in. long, rarely lobed, glabrous or
huiry: fls. white to pale purple with dark purple eye, to
2 in. long. India.
setdsa. BRAZILIAN M. Per., twining, sts. with stiff
purplish hairs: Ivs. cordate-ovate, to 10 in. across, 3-lobed
and grape-like, notched and toothed: fls. rose-purple, to
3 in. long, calyx nearly smooth. Brazil. — See 7. melano-
Sloteri: Quamocht Sloteri.
tiliacea. Per , twining: Ivs. cordate-ovate, to 3 in. long:
fls. purple or pink with darker throat, rarely white, to 2^
in. long. Trop. Amer.
tricolor (7. rubro-caerulea) . Per. but grown as ann.,
twining: Ivs. cordate- ovate, to 5 in. long, entire: fls. pur-
plish-blue, the tube white and limb red before opening,
to 4 in across. Trop. Amer.
Tuba: Calonyction Tuba.
tuberdsa. Per vine: Ivs. to 8 in. across, digitately parted
nearly to base into 5-7 narrowly elliptical acuminate entire
lobes: fls. yellow, sepals herbaceous, half the length of
corolla-tube. Tropics.
violacea: 7. purpurea var.
IPOMCEA, STAR; Quamoclit cocdnea.
EPOMOPSIS: Gilia rubra.
IRESiNE. BLOOD-LEAF. Amaranthacese.
Herbs and subshrubs. sometimes climbing, with
ornamental foliage, the fls. small and borne in
panicles; native in many trop. and temp, regions,
a few cult, as house and bedding plants.
Propagated by cuttings taken in late summer for house
plants and in February or March for summer bedding pur-
poses in the North; the stock plants for these are easily
wintered over. They are handled in the same way as
coleus. They are commonly grown only as seasonal plants
for foliage and not allowed to go into the flo\\enng stage.
acuminata: 7. Lindemi.
limersonii: 7. Lindemi.
fonnosa: 7. Lindemi.
Herbstii (Achyranthes Herbstii. A. Verschaffeltii) . To
6 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 5 in. lonjr, notched at tip, purplish-
red or green with yellowish veins. S Amer. Var. aureo-
reticulata has green or greenish-red Ivs. with yellow veins. —
I. Wallisii of the trade probably belongs here.
Lindenii (7. acuminata. Achyranthes acuminata). Lvs.
usually deep blood-red, narrow and sharp-pointed. Ec-
uador. — Here evidently belong I. Emersonii (Achyranthes
Emersonii) and I. formdsa.
Wallisii: 7. Herbstii.
IRIS FAMILY. IRIDS. About
60 widely distributed herbaceous rnonocotyle-
denous genera having conns, bulbs or root-
stocks, mostly narrow basal Ivs., bisexual fls.
subtended by bracts or spathesj the perianth
of G segms. in 2 series, 3 stamens, inferior usually
3-celled ovary, and capsular fr. The family
yields many ornamental subjects, some medicinal
products, and other genera have minor economic
uses. Some of them are hardy perennials for
the open garden, others are summer t 'bulbs,"
and a few are known mostly with us as glass-
house subjects. There are no special difficulties
in the cult, of the irids except, perhaps, that some
of the bulbous arid stolomfcrous species of iris
may require careful attention to conditions.
Genera known to cult, in N. Amor, are: Acidan-
thora, Anapalina, Antholyza, Aristca. Babiana,
Belamcanda, Chasinantho, Cipura, Crocosmia,
Crocus, Curtonus, Cypella, Dierarna, Diplar-
rheim, Eustylis, Ferraria, Freesia, Geissorniza,
Gladiolus, Herbertia, Hormodactylus, lies-
perantha, Hexaglottis, Homoria, Iris, Ixia,
Lapeirousia, Libertia; Molasphivrula, Monra,
Nemastylis, Neomanca, Patcrsonia, Rigidclla,
Romulea, Salpingostylis, Schizostylis, Sisyrin-
chium, Sparaxis, Streptauthera, Synnotia, Ti-
gridia, Tnmeza, Tritoma, Watson ia.
IRIS. IRIS. Induces. Per. herbaceous plants
widely spread in the northern hemisphere; of 200
species or more, many of them highly prized for
the showy and characteristic bloom. The fls.
vary greatly in conformation and color. The
general structure is a perianth of G parts united
below into an evident or a very short tube; the
3 outer parts or segms. are mostly long and
hanging or horizontal and arc known as the
"falls," the narrowed lower or stem-like part
being the "haft"; the 3 inner segms., known as
"standards," are commonly erect or inwardly or
outwardly arched, often small, being narrowed
below into a "haft" or "claw." There are 3
flat and more or less petal-like colored style-
branches, covering the 3 stamens beneath, the
stigma tic part being underneath and at some
distance from the notched or crested tip of the
branch. The ovary is inferior, and it matures
into a 3-celled more or less angled many-seeded
mostly dry pod or caps. The fls. are borne singly
or few together in the axils of green bracts or
spathes, at the top of the st. or culm and some-
times from the axils. The infl. from each spa the
is known technically as a "head," whether the
fls. are one or several; when the fls. are more than
one in a epathe or head, they follow each other
successively, the old ones withering.
These plants yield a wide range of color, from the lilacs
and purples to whites, browns and yellows. The color ar-
Iris
386
Iris
rangement is difficult to describe because of the complicated
markings and the shading of one tint into another. In the
lilac series of colors the tints are numerous from blue to
purple and it is practically impossible to express them in
words; and different persons will describe the same plant
in different color terms.
Irises are spring- and summer-flowering plants, the
common kinds following the late tulips They are excellent
for borders and also in special beds by themselves; if shaded
by bushes or other tall plants they may not make proper
late root development for the next years bloom.
The "blue flags" of old gardens are irises, mostly of the
bearded type. The horticultural kinds have been greatly
improved in recent years and the named varieties are very
numerous. In a work of this kind only the species can be
entered. Many of the named garden kinds cannot be
definitely referred to botanical species, as they are widely
variable derivatives and probably in part the results of old
hybridizations One desiring descriptions of varieties
should consult books and reports and the publications of
the iris societies. The American Iris Society publishes
bulletins.
The great diffusion of horticultural irises has arisen in
the past from the Kaempfen group or Japanese kinds,
and the Germanica group or German bearded kinds. A
new group of horticultural irises is undoubtedly to arise
from the American species, most of which have been
recognized and separated only recently. The introductions
to commerce in the past decade of new American irises are
represented by J. Albispiritus, calhlopfia, chrysaeola, chry-
sophvenicia, atncristata, citriviola, elephantiria, fourchiana,
fulvaurea, giganticserulea, ianthina, iodantka, Kimbalhse,
lancipetala, Iwlomcuina, miraculosa, mwsissippiensis, mori-
color, amantha, oolopha, regalis, rhodantlui, rhodochrysea,
rivularis, rosiflora, savannarum, Thomash, tnpetala, mni-
color, moli lu tea, nolipurpurea, mndis, mridivinea; and those
longer in cultivation are /. foliosa, fulva, lacustris, mis-
souriensis, prismatica, rubicunda, tihrevei, verrta, versicolor,
virginica among the eastern American types. Many other
species will be introduced. Breeding of new combinations
and races is under way, with promise of a new type of horti-
cultural iris. It is of the greatest importance that care be
taken at the beginning to make dependable records and to
forestall confusion m nomenclature.
Latin-form names in the trade of no botanical standing or
of unknown origin are listed for whatever record they may
be worth. Probably most of them are horticultural forms
named as if they were regular species; the value of these
forms to plantsmen is not involved in these statements but
only the nomenclature in the interest of clarity. The habit
of giving a Latin binomial to a horticultural variety leads
directly to confusion and should be discontinued; thus.
aurea macubita is not a variety of Iris aurea, as one would
suppose, but a form of /. purnila.
Special terminology has long been developed in descrip-
tions of the ins flower. The outer three flower parts (sepals)
are known as the falls, each consisting of an expanded part
or blade and a contracted base or fuift (sometimes called
claw). The inner flower parts or loaves are the standards
(petals), consisting also of a blade and claw (sometimes
called haft). Still inside are throe narrow colored petal-
like parts, which are style-branches, the stigmatic parts
being at the base underneath of terminal expansions. Be-
neath the style-branches are the anthers.
The classes of iris
Iris separates rather naturally into two divisions: species
with rhizomes or rootstocks that are mostly thick and
durable; species with a basal bulb rather than rhizome.
There is really a third division, with a corm rather than
bulb represented by the single species, 7. Sisynnchium.
The rhizomatous kinds are again of three main groups:
the bearded irises or pogons, in which the basal half of the
fall is variously provided with berwds or hairs; the crested
or evansia irises, in which the falls bear a central ridge or
serrated or cockscornbed crest; and the beardless irises, or
apogons, in which the falls are free of beards or protuber-
ances.
The bulbous kinds may be ranged in three groups: the
juno irises, with standards spreading or deflexed and small
or even minute, the bulb bearing thick fleshy roots from the
base at the resting stage; the xiphiurns, or so-called Spanish
and English irises, with large and erect standards and
smooth bulbs without roots in the resting stage; the reticu-
latas, differing from the xipniums particularly in the
netted covering of the bulbs and a different nativity.
Included in the general bearded group are associations
of various habit and floral characters: the true pogonirises
in which the beards '.r hairs are in a line on the fall and the
seeds are without an evident or a conspicuous aril, the
rhizomes being stout and more or less regular, ana the
leaves commonly broad; and other subgroups in which the
seeds have prominent cream-colored arils and the beards
may be of different character, as the regelias with stolons
arising from the main rhizome and flowers 2 or 3 in a spathe
and beards in a line on both fall and standard, the pseu-
doregelias in which the rhizome is compact and without
stolons and with hairs in lines on the fall and capsule
pointed, and the oncocyclus species with reddish crowded
rhizome bearing stolons and 1 flower to a spathe or stem
and scattered hairs on the fall.
Apogons or beardless irises are the most numerous in
species and the most widely distributed They are the only
ones native m North America, and they occur in the
temperate regions of Asia and Europe, often in wet or moist
places; the leaves are prevailingly narrow or grass-like. The
pogons or bearded irises are native from Portugal and
Morocco through southern and central Europe to Asia
Minor, Manchuria and western China. The oncocyclus
group is small, native in southwestern Asia to Egypt. The
evansias or crested irises are a small group in North Amer-
ica and eastern Asia. Hegelias are native in the Afghanistan
and Turkestan region north of the great mountains, and
pseud o regelias east of the Pamirs on the southern side of
the Himalayas. The junos aie native in the Mediterranean
region to AJsia Minor, Turkestan and the frontiers of India.
The xiphiums proper are in southwestern Europe and north-
western Africa, and the reticulata group in the Caucasus,
Asia Minor and southern Palestine.
Cultivation of ins
Irises are planted in either autumn or spring. In the
colder parts of the country, spring planting is to be pre-
ferred unless transplanted soon after blooming so that the
roots become well established before winter; if the bearded
iris varieties arc divided arid planted just after the flowering
period, in July or August (in the North) bloom should be
obtained the following year, if proper land and care are
provided The kinds with thick heavy rhizomes may be
moved when dormant, but those with slender root parts
only when new roots are starting so that the plants may
become quickly established Clumps of strong ins should
produce 8 or 10 flowering stalks, and the plants shoud be
spaced for this result, say 1)^-2 feet apart. Irises are dur-
able perennials, but new plantings are likely to give best
results in bloom. A little chemical fertilizer should give
good returns, but stable-manure is not advised. Winter
mulching is desirable in cold climates, particularly the first
year. There are diverse opinions and practices as to the
cultivation of ins, which indicates that the plants may
thrive under varying conditions.
Named horticultural forms of bearded iris (pogoniris)
are particularly numerous and constitute tho larger part
of the current listed varieties aside from the very different
Japanese race; they have been known under the collective
name of German iris, but this designation is inexact and
should be given up (see Iris germanica). The bearded
horticultural irises are commonly classified as to stature
into dwarf, intermediate, and tall. The rhizome is thick
and stands near the surface of the ground, and will with-
stand considerable drying and exposure; the bearded irises
require an open sunny exposure and well-drained ground,
and should be shallowly planted. It is well to take up the
plants about every fourth year, after blooming, remove the
old and weak parts of the rhizomes, and replant in newly
worked ground.
Horticultural beardless kinds (apogoniris) are of several
subgroups, of which the Japanese and Siberian irises are
the most prominent (see Iris Kaempferi). The rhizome in
the apogons is mostly rather slender or fibrous and will not
withstand much exposure. Mobt of the kinds thrive best
in moist places; they usually do not prosper with lime. The
Japanese irises are of two groups, one derived apparently
from I. Kaempferi and the other from 7. laeviyata, the
common cultivated varieties probably being from the
former. 7. Kaempferi is not a real bog plant and should be
kept comparatively dry except when in active growth, at
which time the spaces or channels between plants may be
filled with water. 7. l&viyata, however, is a bog plant and
thrives where continuously wet. Some growers recommend
application of liquid manure to Japanese irises just before
blooming if specially good flowers are desired.
Regelia and pseud oregelia irises are rather difficult to
manage except in mild countries, as southern California,
where there are dry and moist seasons, the moisture coming
so late that the plants do not start into autumn growth.
The roots may be hardy in the East and North but they
are dormant in summer and are likely to start in the autumn
and be injured. If lifted when the foliage is about ripe, the
roots may be kept dry and then planted so late that they
will not start till spring. The oncocyclus irises require
similar treatment, although the odd 7. susianus (the com-
monest one of them in cultivation) is rather difficult to
grow permanently.
Horticultural crested irises (evansias) are about a half
dozen species, not greatly modified by cultivation. There
destroy the evergreen foliage. 7. gracihpes of Japan and
7. cristata of North America are hardy and excellent.
Bulbous irises are not generally grown, as they are likely
to start into growth in autumn and they may need pro-
tection in cold regions. As garden plants, where they can
Iris
387
Iris
be given good conditions and care, they are excellent be-
cause of their showy often orchid-like early bloom. They
do well in California, and can be raised successfully also
in the northeastern states. They are sometimes bloomed
indoors after the manner of tulips, and good results are
attained if the bulbs have been properly ripened. The
bulbs are planted in autumn for this purpose, in deep pans
or boxes, then set outside and brought in as required like
other hardy bulbs, or placed in a cool house and then grown
on slowly in a temperature of 50° to 55°, for bloom in late
winter or early spring.
Propagation of irises is commonly by dividing the
rhizomes, or by using the offsets or bulbels in the bulbous
species. Each piece of the rhizome should preferably bear
at least one strong bud. Bearded irises are commonly
divided just after flowering, so that flowering buds may be
formed before autumn. Beardless and crested species may
be handled similarly, but preferably, as a rule, by division
when growth begins in spring.
Seeds commonly germinate readily in spring if sown im-
mediately on ripening the previous year. Transplant into
permanent position as soon as the seedlings are large enough
to handle; the bearded irises usually bloom the year follow-
ing germination, but other kinds mostly the second year.
Species of iris cultivated, or so listed, in North America
To economize space in the following brief diagnosis of
species, or of plants under Latin names, letters are em-
ployed to distinguish the group or association into which
the plant falls: B, plant bulbous; R, plant rhizomatous;
a, apogon or beardless; c, crested or evansia- j, juno; o,
onocyclus; p, pogon or bearded; ps, p.spudoregelia; reg, re-
gelia; ret., irids with reticulated bulbs; x, xiphium. It is
understood that the entries here are for the purpose of ac-
counting for the Latinized binomials appearing currently in
lists and literature and not as recommendations. Other
Latin-form names appearing in lists are likely to be only
hort. vars., particularly of the common bearded irises.
acoroides: 7. Pseudacorus.
Acorus aurea: listed as a beardless iris of the spuria
type; hort.
acuta: I. sibirica.
tequil6ba: 7. pumila.
alata (7. scorpioides) . B, j: nearly stemless, the fl.-tube
reaching to the ground: Ivs. 6-12 in.: falls 3y-4 in. long,
blue or sometimes white or variegated white, yellow-
keeled, haft broadly winged; standards 1 in. long. Spain
to Sicily and Tripoli.
alba: white-fld. forms of many species.
Albertii. R, p: Ivs. erect, broad, to 20 in.: st. branched,
each branch 3-fld.: falls lavender-purple or occasionally
yellow veined reddish -brown, obovate; beard white tipped
with yellow; standards pure white. May. Turkestan. —
Place in hot dry position.
albicans (R. florentina var. albicans). R, p: much like a
white 7. germanica but lateral fls. closer and on shorter
branches that are covered in the scarcely scarious bracts;
falls look as if pointed as they hang; standards without
hairs or barbs. Probably Arabia; employed in Moham-
medan graveyards.
AJbispiritus. GHOST I. R, a: st. erect and rigid: Ivs.
3-5 in number and 2-3 ft. long: fls. large, white with yellow
signal; falls to 5 in. long, undulate and toothed; petals
shorter, spatulate, broad claw greenish. S. Fla.
albopurpurea: 7. Isevigata.
anglica: I.xiphioides.
aphylla. R, p: to 15 in., branched below: Ivs. glaucescent,
6-12 in., withering in autumn: falls and standards purple,
beard white or tipped blue. E. Eu. — Synonyms appearing
in lists are /. biflora, bifurca, bohemica, breviscapa, extra-
foliacea, falcata, Fieberi, furcata, hungarica, nudicaulis,
reflexa, ngida, Schmidtii, subtnflora.
arenaria: 7. flavissima.
atrofusca (7. Haynei). R, o: st. about 1 ft. concealed in
If .-sheaths: Ivs. about 1 ft., broad: falls veined and dotted
red-black, beards yellow tipped brown; standards similarly
veined and dotted on gray ground. Palestine.
atropurpurea (7. Eggeri). R, o: st. to 8 in., 1-headed,
fls. rather small: Ivs. slightly glaucous, about 6 in.: falls
somewhat oval, blade nearly black with a yellow and a
velvety black patchf beard yellowish tipped purple; stand-
ards orbicular, reddifeh-purple. Syria. — See also 7. german-
ica var. nepalensis.
atroviolacea: hort. offering of a dwarf bearded very
early small-fid, iris, velvety red-purple with white-tipped
beard, said to be a var. of 7. pumila. I. atroviolacea of old
botanical publication is unidentified.
attica: 7. pumila.
auranftica. R, o: Ivs. 6, to 10 in. long, nearly erect: falls
and standards bronze-yellow with reddish-brown dots and
veins, hairs yellow. Palestine.
aurea. R, a: st. 3 ft. or more, several-fld.: Ivs. 2-3 ft.:
fls. golden-yellow, 2 or 3 in a spathe; falls with frilled mar-
gin. Probably Kashmir.
azurea: soft lavender-blue dwarf iris, probably not the
botanical 7. azurea.
Bakeriana. B, ret.: st. short or none: Ivs. cylindrical
and hollow, becoming 1 ft. or more, 8-ribbed: fl. fragrant,
tube to 6 in. long- falls with violet ovate blade with central
white and spotted area; standards deep lilac. Asia Minor,
Mesopotamia.
balearica: catalogue name.
balkana: 7. Reichenbachii.
Barnumtae. R, o: st. 3-6 in.: Ivs. linear, to 6 in.: fl. 1 to
a spathe, self-colored, red-purple with darker veins; beard
of close yellow purple-tipped hairs. Palestine to Egypt.
There are yellow-fld. forms, var. urmiensis (7. chrysantha).
A form with outer Ivs., in the tuft falcate is var. Marie
(7. Manse, I. Helenise).
Bartonii: 7. kashmeriana.
B&xteri: listed as a Siberian beardless with white slightly
veined blue falls and blue standards.
tricolor: trade name of uncertain application.
bifl&ra (7. lisbonensis. 7. subbiflora). R, p: st. to 12 in.,
with small clasping Ivs., and commonly 1 fl. which is deep
blue-purple or violet-purple: Ivs. to 9 in. long and 1 in.
broad, falls obovate, to 2^ in. long, beard blue to yellow-
ish; standards somewhat lighter. Portugal, Spain, N. Afr.
Var. fragrans is listed. — Another 7. biflora is 7. aphylla.
bifurca: 7. aphylla.
biglumis: 7. ensata.
Bili6ttii. R, p: like 7. germanica with red-purple falls
and the haft is white with purple-brown veins: stigmatic
crests iridescent: snathes long, narrow and green or scarious
(if at all) only at the tip. N. E. Asia Minor.
binata: probable hybrid of 7. aphylla and 7. pumila.
Bismarckiana. R, o: st. 1 ft. or more, sheathed: Ivs.
8 in., broad, glaucous: falls black-purple dotted and veined
on cream-yellow ground, and standards with blue on cream-
white ground; beard purple-black on yellowish ground.
N. Palestine.
Blouddwii (7. flavissima var. Bloudowii). R, p: st. to
6 in , leaf-bearing only at base, 2-3-fld : Ivs. to 8 in. long
and }^ in. broad: falls rounded, yellow and haft veined
brownish, beard yellow; standards bright yellow. Turke-
stan to N. China.
bohdmica: 7. aphylla.
Boissidri (7. heterophylla). B, x: st. about 1 ft., with 1 or
2 fls.: Ivs. linear, channelled, about 1 ft. long: fall obovate.
blue-purple with red-purplo veins, yellow on haft, board
yellow; standards purple but reddish on lower part. Portu-
gal.
Bornmuelleri: 7. Danfordise.
bosniaca: 7. Reichenbachii.
bracteata. R, a: st. 4-12 in., bracted, 1-headed: Ivs. few
and rigid, linear, exceeding st.: falls broad- oblanceolate,
yellow, veined brown-purple; standards short, yellow.
Ore.
breVipes. R: to 6 in., st. zigzag, often reclining on the
ground or ascending: fls. usually in pairs; falls violet-blue,
crest yellow: caps, 6-angled, to 1^ in. long. S. La.
breviscapa: 7. aphylla.
bucharica. B, j: st. to 18 in., with 5-7 fls.: Ivs. broad, to
1 ft. long, glaucous underneath: falls 2 in. or more long,
golden-yellow with white haft and with a wavy golden
crest; standards small, pure white. Bokhara, Turkestan.
Bulleyana. R, a: st. to 18 in , hollow, with single head
of 1 or 2 fls.: Ivs. 18 in. long, ^ in. broad, glaucous under-
neath: falls obovate, blue-purple on creamy ground;
standards oblanceolate, pale blue-purple. W. China, or
perhaps a hybrid.
caerulea. B, j: st. 15 in., with 3-5 fls. in If.-axils: Ivs.
about 8, broad, with white edge: falls with obovate-oblong
bright lilac blade, crest whitish, yellow blotch in throat;
standards to 1 in. long, drooping, lanceolate-pointed.
Turkestan. — The name cserulea may also be applied to
other blue-fld. irises.
caespitdsa: 7. ensata.
calif 6rnica. R, a: usually referred to 7. macrosiphon but
differs in greater size (st. to 16 in. high), fls. cream-color
with lilac veins. Calif.
callil6pha. R, a: st. erect and stiff: falls to 4 in., with
yellow haft and lilac or purple blade, haft-center orange-
yellow with darker markings; standards of similar color as
falls, yellow claw nearly wingless; radial zone of signal deep
yellow with the outline of it streaked into the falls color.
S. La.
canad6nsis: J. setosa var. canadensis, east-American
representative of an Asian and Alaskan species sometimes
separated as 7. Hookeri.
388
7ns
Carolina, caroliniana: 7. virginica.
Cenrialtii. R, p. st. to 1 ft , 1-3-headed: IVB. about 6 in.
long, slightly glaucous: falls broad-obovate, blue-purple,
haft veined, beard white tipped orange; standards some-
what lighter color than falls. S. Tyrol, N. Italy. — Probably
a form of /. pullula, distinguished by less glaucous foliage
and spathes pale brown rather than silvery and of more
slender and lower habit.
chalced6nica: "light mauve and purple."
Chanueiris (/ itahca. J. lutesccna. I. olbiensis. I. vires-
rcn«). II, n: 8t. 1-10 in , commonly 1-headed and fls mostly
2 to spathe: Ivs. 3-0 in. long and l/i in. broad, slightly
glaucous: falls obovate, blue, red-purple, yellow or white,
beard of same range but usually contrasting; standards
slightly shorter; tube about 1 in. long. N. W. Italy and
adjacent France. Var. Campbellii is listed as to 4 in. high
with deep purple fls. — Often sold as I. pumila.
Chekillii: at 4 ft : beardless hort. iris, old rose overlaid
with coppery veins, lighter at edges.
chinensis: 7. japomca.
chryscedla. R, a: stout and rigid: fls. violet-blue, with
yellow signal and veins; petals broadly spatulate; sepals
recurved-spreading. 8. La.
chrysantha: 7. Darnumise var. urmiensis.
chrysofor. R, p: a hybrid strain of hort. origin listed as
to 1 ft. and of wide color range.
chrystfgraphes. R, a: st. to 18 in., hollow, with 1 or 2
small IVN , the other Ivs to 18 in. long, ^2 in. broad: falls
oblong, deep violet-volvety-purple, haft with golden veins;
standards oblaneeolato, deep violet. W. China. — Of the
7. onentnliR type.
chrysophoenfcia. R, a: falls somewhat shorter than in
7. cnlblopha; radial zone of signal light yellow with the
outline clearly separated or dernarked from the general
falls color. S. La. Var. alba is listed.
chrysophylla. R, a: probably a form of 7. californica
with lanceolate stigma-crests to % in. long. S. Ore.
Chrysowegii: listed as a hybrid with grass-like Ivs.,
fls. royal purple.
citrea: dwarf bearded iris with yellow fls.
citricristata. R, a: st. erect and stiff: fls. violet or violet-
blue, signal of falls lemon-colored with a paler zone; falls
to 4 in long, blade a little longer than haft and oval-
obovate; standards much shorter than falls, cuneate-
spatulate. S. La., forming great colonies Var. Alba is
listed.
citrividla. R, a: st. erect and rigid: fls. deep violet with
brilliant lemon-color on signal; falls recurved-spreading,
haft greenish-white veined yellowish; standards same color
as blade of falls. 8. La.
Clarkei (7. himalaicri). R, a: like 7. sibirica, but st. solid
nnd usually branched, Ivs. shining above and glaucous
underneath, spat lies all herbaceous and green. Himalayas,
0,000 11,000ft.
Clusiana: a confused name, applied to two or three
species.
columncata: listed name.
compacta: dwarf bearded: falls black-purple; standards
violet-blue: hort.
c6ncolor: one of the forms of bearded iris, probably to
bo associated with 7. sambucina.
confusa. R, c: to 3 ft.: fls. 1 \y-2, in. across, white faintly
tinged with mauve, with yellow stain and orange spots;
falls arid segms. undulate-crenato at margins, crests cifiate-
fimbriate. Yunnan. — Some of the material grown as
7. Wattn may belong here.
coreana is listed.
cretensis, cretica: 7. unguicularis.
cristata. R, c: st. 1-3 in. high, 1-2-fld.: Ivs. about 6,
to 0 in. long and ?4 in broad: fls. blue, segms. obovate, to
1 J^j in. long, the falls little longer than standards and bear-
ing a white and yellow more or less dotted crest; tube slender
and exceeding the spathes. Md. to Ga. and Mo. Var.
Alba, whitc-fld. race. Var. c&rulea is listed.
cuprea: 7. fulva.
cyanea: dwarf bearded iris with violet-blue fls.
cypriana. R, p: st. about 3 ft., with terminal head of
3 fls. and 2 or 3 lateral heads: Ivs. somewhat blue-green,
rather narrow, 2 ft.: falls wedge-shape, blue-lilac, bearu
whitish; standards paler than falls. Cyprus.
dahurica: 7. flavissima.
Danfordiee (7. Bommuellen). B, ret.: st. 2-4 in.. 1-
headed: Ivs. 2, at first short but becoming 12 in., 4-sided:
falls with ovate-lanceolate orange blade veined and dotted
olive-green; standards reduced to small bristles. E. Asia
Minor.
darwasica (7. Suwarawii). R, reg.: to 1 ft.: Ivs. glaucous:
fls. 3; falls and standards narrow, greenish-yellow veined
reddish-brown, beard white tipped with blue, segms. all
very acute, late Apr. Persia.
Delavayi. R, a: st. 3-4 ft. or more, hollow, with 2 or
3 heads: Ivs to 2H ft. and to 1 in. broad, glaurcscent: falls
orbicular and notched, violet-purple with white patch and
markings; standards lanceolate, small. S. W. China.
delicatissima: tall bearded hort. iris, lilac-rose.
demaw6ndica. R, o: st. 6 in., with 1 If. and fl.: Ivs.
6-8 in. long, almost linear: falls deep violet-purple, veined
and dotted, beard dark; standards paler. N. Persia. —
Perhaps a form of 7. iberica.
dich6toma. R: single representative of the pardanth op-
sis section (Pardanthus-hke) with many fls. in racemes on
forked sts. 2 ft. or more high: Ivs. 6-8, bluish-green and
white-edged, to 12 in. long, borne fan-shaped: blade of
falls nearly square and horizontal, white with brown-
purple spots, haft barred and flecked; standards grayish-
white striped purple. Siberia to N. China. Var. alba is
listed. — Fls. late and then usually dies; seeds quickly pro-
duce new flowering plants; very floriferous.
Douglasiana (7. Wntsoniana). R, a: st. to 20 in , simple
and 1-heaeled or sometimes branched: Ivs. equalling or
surpassing st., about \2 in. broad: fls variable, lilac-purple
to cream-white or white; blade of falls broadly oblanceo-
late, standards lanceolate and somewhat shorter. Calif*
Ore. Var. pygmsea is said to be a dwarf form.
eburnea: dwarf bearded hort. iris: falls creamy-yellow;
standards creamy-white.
figgeri: 7. atropurpurea.
elephantina. R, a: st. erect and rigid: fls. ivory-white:
falls to 4 in long, recurved, blade nearly or quite oval ana
exceeding greenish haft, with signal lemon-colored and
radiating lateral veins; standards spatulate, shorter than
falls. S. La. Var. alba is listed as having pure white fls.
elongate: 7. scanosa.
ensata (7. biglumis I. csespitosa. 7. lactea. 7. longi-
foli<i). R, a: making close clumps: st. 6-16 in. high, flat-
tened, 1-headed: Ivs linear, equalling or exceeding st.:
fls lilac to white, sometimes finely veined, rather small;
blade of falls oblanceolate; standards usually darker than
falls Cent. Asia, China, Japan Var. Alba, fls. white. Var.
hyacinthina, catalogue name. Var. pabularia (7 pabulana)
is large and robust, 2-3 ft., producing much foliage, once
intro. for forage under the name "krishum," withstanding
drought.
Eulefeldii: 7. scanosa.
exc61sa: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
extrafoliacea: 7. aphylla.
falcata: 7. aphylla.
falcifdlia. R, reg.: small, 10 in. or more: Ivs. linear and
rush-like, curved, shorter than sts.: fls. 2-4, lavender; falls
oblong, 1}^ in long; standards narrow-lanceolate, 1-Hz in.
long. Caspian region to Afghanistan.
Fieberi: 7. aphylla.
filifftlia. B, x: st. to 18 in. or more, 1-headcd and usually
2-fld.: Ivs. 1 ft or more, very slender: fls reddish-purple
with darker veins; falls with orbicular blade and orange
central patch; standards obovate and emargiiiate. S.
Spain, N. W. Afr.
fimbriata: 7. japonica or 7. tectorum.
Fisheri: listed name of a dwarf bearded iris.
flava: light yellow late hort. iris.
flavSscens. R, p: st. 2-2 H ft., with 2-4 heads, the
spathes not inflated and dry (scarious): Ivs. about half as
long as st., to 1^ in broad: falls obovate-cuneate, 2^ in.
long, blade pale yellow to nearly white with brownish
veins, beard yellow, standards obovate, pale lemon-yellow.
Probably a hybrid — The name flave&cens is sometimes
applied to 7. imbncata.
fiavissima (7. arenaria. 7. dahurica). R, p: st. 1-3 or
6 in., 1-headed with 2 or 3 yellow fls.: Ivs. 3-~4 and about
3-8 in. long, very narrow: falls oblong, the haft faintly
veined brown-purple, beard orange; standards oblong-
clawed, veined brown-purple on edge. Hungary to Mon-
golia.
flexjcaulis. R, a: relative of 7. foliosa but much less
leafy, and of 7. hexagona, from which it differs in the weak
zigzag prostrate sts , with 1 or 2 fls. arising at each node:
fls. deep or dull violet; falls broad-spatulate, to 2% in.
long, spreading and perhaps recurved at tip; standards
erect-spreading, shorter than falls. South cent. U. S.
flexudsa: 7. sibirica var.
florentlna: 7. germanica var.
floribunda: trade name for a bearded iris.
fldrida: dwarf bearded pale yellow hort. iris.
foetid issima. GLADWIN. R, a: st. 2-3 ft., 2- or 3- headed:
Ivs. to 1 H ft. and 1 in. broad, evergreen, ill-smelling when
bruised: fls. small or inconspicuous, purplish-gray (but a
Iris
389
Iris
yellow-fld. form) ; blade of falls nearly orbicular and slightly
notched at end; standards narrow. W. and S. Eu. and N.
Afr. — Grown for the striking large pods that open in autumn
and display the many scarlet globular seeds
folidsa. R, a: st. zigzag and to 18 m.: Ivs. green, to 1^
in. broad and surpassing the blue-purple fls.: falls with
ovate blade with greenish-white patch; standards oblanceo-
late. Ky. to Kans.
Fontanesii. B, x: like a slender 7. tingitana, but color
clear light blue and central yellow band on rounded falls.
Morocco.
F6rrestii. R, a: much like /. Wikonii but more slender:
sts. to 18 in.: Ivs. narrow and glossy, not equalling St.: fls.
clear yellow, sometimes with inconspicuous purplish veins;
standards almost erect. S. W. China, at high altitudes.
fourchiana. R, a: st. erect and strict: fls red-violet;
falls about 3 in. long, the haft yellow-green, signal yellow
not extending into blade; petals often brighter violet than
falls, the claw apricot. S. La.
fragrans: doubtful name in the lists; may be 7. ensata.
fulva (/. cuprea). 11, a: st. rather slender, 2-3 ft , several-
fid : Ivs. somewhat glaucous, equalling or less than st., to
1 in. broad: fls reddish-brown or copper-colored, vane-
gated blue and green; falls oblaneeolate, 2^ in. long;
standards emargmate. Ga. to 111., Mo. and Tex.
fulvala. Hybrid between 7. fulva and I. foliosa (Lam-
ancei] .
fulvaurea. R, a: st. rather slender, erect and straight:
fls red or orange-red; falls spreading with apricot-yellow
crimson-veined haft and crimson-scarlet blade, signal
yellow to red-orange; standards apricot and crimson. S. La.
furcata: /. aphylla.
Gatesii. R, o: st. to 18 in., spathe 1-fld • Ivs. glaucous,
to % in. broad, to 12 in. long: fls. very large, the under
color pale greenish or grayish-white with close purplish
veins and dots; blade of falls and standards 4-5 in. across.
Asia Minor.
georgiana: 7. virginica.
germanica (7. vulgaris). R, p: st. about 2 ft., bearing
4 or 6 fls.: Ivs. glaucous, to 18 in. long and \1A in. broad:
blade of falls obovate, reddish shade of blue-purple, beard
white more or less tipped yellow; standards obovate, blue-
purple, the claw often bearing a few whitish hairs. Perhaps
Medit but unknown native — The forms of this plant are
many and they constitute one source of the cult, tall
bearded irises, and these vars are frequently known as
"German irises" but this vernacular should be discarded;
7 palhda, I. winegata and other species are involved. Var.
florentina (7 florentina of many authors, var. alba) has fls,
nearly white, with traces of pale blue or purple, plant
rather slender; one of the sources of the perfumed orris-
root. Var. nepa!6nsis (var. atropurpurea), Purple King,
has red-purple fls., the falls being darker. Varieties listed
with Latin-form names are: asiatica, aurea, Brookiana,
honorabilis, lutea, magnifica, major.
giganticaerulea. R, a: st. erect and stout, to 4 ft.: fls.
violet-blue, musk-scented; falls about 4 in. long, recurved-
spreading, blade oval, haft greenish with yellow signal;
standards broad -spatulate, somewhat shorter than falls.
5 La. Var. alba is listed.
glauc6scens: 7. scariosa.
G6rmanii. R, a: sts. slender, 1-fld , to 16 in. high: Ivs.
linear, those on st. 2 or 3: fls. cream-color to pale yellow;
sepals or falls ascending, more or less spatulate, about
1 % in. long; petals or standaids erect, somewhat shorter.
Coast mts , Ore.
gracflipes. R, c: slender, st. to 10 in., forked: Ivs. to
1 ft. long and ^ in. broad: falls about 1 in. long and ^ in.
broad, notched, pink-lilac with deeper veins and central
patch of white, crest yellow; standards narrower, pink-
lilac. Japan. Var. alba, hort. name.
gracilis: name of various applications, perhaps most
correctly an albino-like form of 7. aphylla with fls. pale
yellowish or grayish-white somewhat splashed purple;
also a synonym of 7. prismatica.
graminea. R, a: st. 8-0 in., 2-edged, its Ivs. sometimes
surpassing the 1 or 2 fragrant fls.: Ivs. grass-like, mostly
very narrow but sometimes 1 in. broad, 1-3 ft long: blade
of falls orbicular, yellowish-white veined purple; standards
broad-lanceolate, somewhat redder. Cent, and S. Eu. to
Caucasus.
grandis: listed as a Siberian iris, violet reticulated white:
hort.
Gr&nt-Dtiffli. R, a: st. 6 in., 1 -headed: Ivs. linear, 18 in.:
blade of falls obovate, yellow with orange patch; standards
oblanceolate, yellow with lilac or purple on claw. Palestine,
S. E. Asia Minor.
Gueldenstadtiana: 7. halophila.
hamatophflla: plants under this name may be /.
orien talis or 7. ensata.
halophila (7. Gueldenstadtiana). R, a: st. 12-18 in., with
2 or 3 Leads: Ivs. mostly exceeding sts., ample: fls. nit her
small; blade of falls rounded and J£-% in. broad, \vhite
veined purple, dull yellow or gray-purple; standards shorter
and erect. Caucasus to N. W. India. Var. lutea is listed. —
Allied to 7. apuna, but known by the small horizontal
blade of fall.
Hirtwegii. R, a: at. to 1 ft., flattened, its Ivs. 1-3: Ivs.
linear, longer than st.: fls. 2, yellow with lavender veins,
or pale lilac with deeper veins and yellow patch; falls ob-
ovate-cuneate ; standards oblanceolate, a little longer than
falls. Coniferous forests, N. Calif. Var. australis, fls.
lilac-purple and larger; high elevations in S. Calif, and by
some not considered distinct from 7. tenax.
haurane'nsis. R, o: to 10 in.: Ivs erect, closely sheathing,
to 6 in. tall: falls and standards white with many minute
dark purple dots, beard of short white hairs. Palestine.
Hiynei: 7. atrofusca.
H^leniae: 7. Barnumiae var. Marias.
heterophylla: 7. Boissieri.
hexagdna, 11, a: st. to 3 ft., mostly simple, leafy: Ivs.
2-3 ft. and to 1 ^ in. broad: fls. solitary and sessile; falls
with obovate lilac or sometimes white blade to 4}£ in. long;
standards much narrower and erect, lilac varying to white.
Swarnps, S. C. to Fla. and Tex. Var. &lba, catalogue name.
himalaica: 7. Clarkei.
hispanica: 7. Xiphium.
Histrio. B, ret.: st. short or almost none, 1 -headed: Ivs*
4-angled, to 1 ft. long, usually appearing before the fls.:
falls obliquely ascending, the blaao deep blue on margins
and creamy-white and blotched in center, to 2^2 in. long;
standards oblanceolate. blue. Syria, Asia Minor — Differs
from 7. reticulata in lighter colored odorless earlier fls.
his trioldes. B, ret.: like 7. Ihstno but fls. arise about
as soon as Ivs. appear, and the falls stand neaily hoiizoutal
and central patch is narrower; bright blue-purple, with
central white blotched area and yellow ridge: Ivs. stout.
N. Asia Minor. Var. major is listed.
hollandica: hort. strain of 7. Xiphium, more often re-
ferred to as Dutch Bulbous iris.
Hoog&na. R, reg.: st. 18-20 in , fls. 2 or 3 in 1 head: Ivs.
to 18 in. and £4 in. broad: fls. large, of uniform gray-blue
or blue-purple, with thick golden beard; falls about 3 in.
long; standards erect-connivent, broad at top. Turkestan.
Hoftkeri: see 7. setosa.
humilis. R, a: st. about 1 in. high, 2-lvd : Ivs. linear, to
1 ft. or so: blade of falls nearly orbicular, deep blue-purple
with darker veins, haft with greenish-yellow to whito under
color veined reddish-brown; standards oblanceolate, blue-
purple. Transylvania to Caucasus and perhaps beyond.
Var. minor, a hort. name. — Another humihs is a form of
7. unyuiculans.
hungarica: 7. aphylla.
hyacfnthina: see 7. ensata.
ianthina. R, a: st. erect and rigid: fls. deep violet' falls
about 3 in. long, reflexed, spreading, haft cream-colored,
signal with a violet-black streak; standards flushed reddish
near base. S. La.
ibe'rica. R, o: st. 3-C in., 1-fld.: Ivs. .5 or 0, linear, glauc-
ous, 4-6 in. long: blade of falls nearly orbicular, about 3 in.
long, with whitish -yellow ground, brownish-purple veined
and triangular patch of purplish-black: standards with
orbicular conmvent blades silvery-white dotted and veined
purplish or brownish. Caucasus to N. Persia.
illyrica: race of 7. Cetigialtn.
imbricata (7. sulphurea). R, p: st. to 20 in., bearing
several heads, the spathes inflated arid green: Ivs. broad,
6-8 in. long at flowering time, the outer ones obtuse: falls
obovate, greenish-yellow veined brown-purple on haft
and sometimes on blade, the beard whitish tipped orange;
standards rounded-oblong, greenish-yellow. S. W. Asia. —
Separated from 7. flavescens by the spathes.
imperialis. Fls. imperial purple, signal with golden
I-bar. La.
innomin&ta. R, a: like 7. Pu dyi in dark green narrower
Ivs., darker fls. and in characters of bracts and spathes:
to 30 in. high: Ivs. abundant: fls. dark yellow, usually 2,
with purple lines on falls, the blade of which is nearly 2 in.
long; standards somewhat shorter and lighter yellow lacking
purple lines. Ore.
intermedia. Name for hort. intermediate irises, earlier
blooming than the main German, said to be crosses between
7. germanica and form of 7. pumila.
interregna: hort. name.
iodantha. R, a: st. erect and stout: fls. violet; fallc
recurved, haft winged and greenish-yellow and creamy and
veined, signal lemon-yellow; standards and blade oi falls
violet, and the claw streaked. S. La.
(stria: hort. form of 7. germanica var. florentina having
greenish veins on the haft and a white beard.
Iris
390
Zris
italica: 7. Chamsriria.
Tacquesiana: listed hort. name: tall bearded copper
ana maroon iris.
jap6nica (/. chinensia). R, c: st. 18 in., of 5-8 branches
and many-fld.: Ivs. to 16 in. long, thick, glossy on one side
and glaucous on the other, often exceeding infl.: fls. 2-3 in.
across, pale lavender-blue with conspicuous yellow crests
and orange markings on falls; segm. margins undulate-
serrate, crests fimbnate. Japan, China. — Individual fls.
short-lived.
jordana. R, o: to about 10 in., st. leafy: Ivs. erect, to
15 in : fla. to 0 in across; falls reddish-purple with beard
of yellow hairs; standard similarly colored with white haft,
veined and dotted purple. Palestine.
juncea. B, x: st. about 1 ft., with 1 or 2 golden-yellow
fls.: Ivs narrow, about 18-24 in. long, mostly appearing
in autumn: falls about 2% in. long, the blade nearly or-
bicular, emarginate, usually faintly brown-veined in lower
part; standards much shorter, spreading. Sicily, N. Afr.
Junonia. R, p: st. to 2 ft., with usually 5 heads: Iva.
shorter, about 1 % in broiwl. glaucous: falls obovate, about
3^ in. long, the blade light purple, beard white tipped
orange; standards obovate, pale blue, sides reflexed. Asia
Minor.
Kaempferi (/. hein'gata var. Kaempferi). JAPANESE I.
R, a: st. to 2 ft. or more, with terminal head of 2 fls. and
commonly a lateral head: Ivs. to 2 ft. and more, with a
marked midrib: fls. reddish-purple (in the wild); falls
hanging, 3 in. long, blade oval or obovate, the haft with
yellow center; standards about % as long as fulls, narrow,
also reddish-purple. Manchuria, N. China, Japan. Var.
grandifldra is listed. — Source of numberless cult, forms,
varying in form and color of fl.; sometimes the fl. is partially
double due to the style becoming petal-like. See 7. l&vigata.
kamao£nsis: 7. kuinaonensis.
kashmeriana (I. Bartonn). R, p: st. about 2 ft., with
1 or 2 fragrant fls. in 1 3 heads, sputhes 3 or 4 in. long: Ivs.
to 20 in., glaucous: falls obovate, blade creamy-white,
sometimes tinged blue, beard white and yellow; standards
white. Kashmir, Afghanistan, Baluchistan.
Kerne riana. R, a: st. 12 in or less: Ivs. ^ in. or less
broad, in clusters: fls. yellow; falls broad-lanceolate and
undulate, about 2^ in. long; standards linear-lanceolate
and undulate, notched at end, more or less twisted. Asia
Minor.
KImballiae. R. a: st. erect and rigid: fls. violet with
yellow center on naftj falls to 4 in. long, recurved-spread-
ing, blade ovate and violet with yellowish blotch; standards
spatulate, somewhat shorter than falls, red-violet. N. W.
Fla.
K6chii. R, p: probably a form of 7. germnnica, rather
dwarf (st. mostly about 18 in., sometimes 2 ft.), fls. red-
ourple without white under color displayed between the
brownish veins at end of haft. Istria.
koreana. 11, a: small, somewhat taller than 7. minuta
with 2 fls.: lvs; to 14 in. long: fls. yellow; sepals obovate,
petals erect. Korea.
Korolk&wii. R, reg.: st. about 1 ft., with 2 or 3 small Ivs.
and 2 or 3 fls. in one head: Ivs. glaucous, about 1 ft. long:
falls obovate, pale olive-green with brown veins; standards
erect, obovate, whitish with brown veins. Turkestan. Var.
c6ncolor, trade name.
kumaon£nsis. R, ps: at. practically none or seldom
2-3 in., 1-headod and 1- or 2-fld.: Ivs. glaucous, finally
becoming 18 in. long: fls. bright lilac or blue-purple; blade
of falls oolong-ovate, veined and mottled, halt white with
purplish veins. Himalaya, at high altitudes.
lac tea: 7. ensata.
lacustris (7. cristata var. lacustris). R, c: differs from
7. cristaiu in its commonly smaller size and rather narrower
Ivs., ami perianth-tube only 1 in. or less long and not ex-
ceeding spathes: fls. blue, hhores, Lakes Huron, Michigan,
Superior.
laevigata (7. albopurpurea) . R, a: like 7. Kaempferi
but Ivs. lacking distinct midrib, standards as long as falls,
fls. blue-purple (in wild). E. Asia, China, Japan. Vars.
atropurpurea and semperfl&rens are listed.— Source of some
of the irises grown by the Japanese.
lancipetala. R, a: st. slender but erect and rigid: fls.
lavender; falls spreading, blade lavender and much veined,
haft yellowish with signal very narrow and dark yellow;
standards pale lilac-brown veined. S. La.
lazica: 7. unguicularis var.
Leichtlinii: 7. stolonifera.
linifdlia. B, J: bulb slender; Ivs. 3-4, narrowly ensiform,
acute, dark green with white horny edge: falls greenish-
white with yellow marginal blotch; standards minute and
horizontal: seeds characterized by presence of white aril.
Persia. — Infrequent and grown with difficulty.
lisbonlnsis: 7. bi flora.
longiflora: 7. acariosa.
loogifdlia: 7. ensata.
Iongip6tala. R, a: st. to 2 ft., 1-headed or with 1 or 2
lateral heads: Ivs. narrow, equalling or exceeding st.: fls.
bright lilac; falls obovate, drooping, central ridge yellow-
ish; standards oblanceolate. Coastal Cent. Calif. — See
7. missouricnsis.
Lprt6tii. R, o: st. about 1 ft , bearing 1 large beautiful
fl. with creamy-white under color closely veined and dotted
crimson: falls obovate, reflexed, with dark crimson patch,
beard of scattered brown hairs; standards orbicular, 3-4 in.
broad, erect. Mt. Lebanon.
ludoviciana. R, a: st. rigid and erect: fls. red-violet;
falls recurved-spreading, about 3 in. long, haft yellow and
dark-veined, signal light yellow; standards red-purple with
red-violet toward center. S. La.
lupina: 7. Saari.
lurida (7 Redoutiana) . R, p: st. about 18 in. high, 1-
headed with 2 fls. and sometimes 1 lateral fl.: Ivs. rather
narrow, reaching 1 ft.: falls long and narrow, blade reddish-
maroon, beard prominent of orange hairs; standards oval,
emarginate, brownish-purple. Probably of garden origin.
lusitanica: 7. Xiphium.
lutea: 7. Pseudacorus.
lutescens: a confused name and plants so listed may be
either 7. Chamseins, 7. pseudo-purmla, 7. pumila or forms
of these.
maced6nica: 7. Reichenbachii.
macrantha: hort. name of a tall bearded iris.
macroc&rpa: listed name of a dwarf bearded iris.
macroslphon. R, u: st. very short but sometimes to 8 in.:
Ivs. very narrow, exceeding sts : fls. 1 or 2, bright lilac-
purple; falls 2 in. long brondly oblanceolate; standards
lanceolate, edges undulate. Cent, and N. Calif.
maculata: a confused name, the true form from Meso-
Botanna, and here described, is believed not to be in cult.
I, o: Ivs. falcate, to 0 in long; fl -st. short: fls. large; falls
obovate to 2 in. long, said to be "pale, marked with a blue
or lilac central spot"; standards oblong-lanceolate, cuspi-
date, as long as falls, styles about 1 in. long with obtuse
crest. — The material in cult, under this name may be
7. Sisyrinchium.
magnifica: very large-fld. form of German iris, sts. 4 ft.
high: falls dark reddish-purple, standards light violet-blue.
major: name applied to large forms.
Mandral6scae: 7. pallida.
mandshurica. 11, p: yellow-fld. plant like 7. flavissima,
apparently not in cult, although the name is in the hort.
literature.
Maniss&djanii: 7. Saari.
mardinensis: listed name (Mardin is in Armenia).
Marias: 7. Darnumise var.
maritima: 7. sibirica.
melanosticta. BLACK-SPOTTED I. R, p: st. to 16 in.: Ivs.
narrowly linear: falls yellow with violet-black spots and
veins; standards pale yellow. Palestine.
mellita (7. rubro-marginata) . R, p: st. to 4 or 5 in., 1-
headed: Ivs. 3-5 in. long and ^ in. broad: fls. of delicate
texture, fragrant, brown-purple (varying to yellow); falls
obovate, shorter than the standards. S. K. Eu., Asia Minor.
— Differs from 7. pumila in more rigid keeled herbaceous
spathes.
mesopot&mica. R, p: large, the st. 3-4 ft , erect, 3 fls.
in terminal head and 2 in lateral ones: Ivs. to 2 in. broad
and 2 ft. long: fls. lavender-blue; blade of falls obovate.
haft nearly white overlaid with purple-bronze veins, bearti
white and orange; standards obovate, somewhat lighter
than falls. Probably Armenia. — Under the form known aa
7. fficardii it has entered into the development of hort.
tall bearded irises.
Mllesii. R, c: st. to 3 ft., leafy, bearing 2-4 branches:
fls. about 4 in. across, pale reddish-lilac with darker veins
and blotches and prominent orange or yellow crests on the
falls, crests finely laciniate. N. W. Himalayas.
minuta. R, a: st. very short: Ivs. 5-6 in. long, \i in. or
less broad: fls. yellow; falls with obovate emarginate blacL
brown at edges; standards obovate and emarginate, shorter
than falls and somewhat paler in color. Japan.
miracul&sa. R, a: st. rigid and strict: fls. large, lavender
or white; falls 4 or more in. long, recurved-spreading, blade
elliptic to obovate, signal marked bright yellow; standards
spatulate or cuneate. snorter than falls and of similar color.
mississippiensis. R, a: st. zigzag, to 8 in. long: Ivs. long:
fls. lavender to violet; falls more or less recurved, about
2H in- long, haft white and darker veined, signal yellow;
standards scarcely clawed, white toward base. La.
missouriensis (7. Tolmieana. 7. lonffipetala montana) .
Iris
391
Iris
R, a: st. mostly simple and rather slender, 6-24 in. high,
much like /. longipetala but usually not so tall and spat lies
dry (scarious) rather than foliaceoua (green) and Ivs.
commonly shorter than st.: fls. pale blue and variegated.
S. D. to B. C., S. Calif, and Ariz.
monaurea. Hybrid between /. Monnieri and 7. aurea:
very large deep clear yellow fls.
mong61ica: listed name.
Monnieri. R, a: perhaps a color form of /. ochroleuca,
the fls. soft lemon-yellow: blade of falls 1^ in. broad, or-
bicular, emarginate; standards oblong-cuneate, 3 in. long.
Probably of garden origin. — Some authors treat /. Mon-
nieri and /. ochroleuca as variants of 7. spuna.
m6nspur: strain of hort. hybrids from W. Asiatic stock.
mo n tana. R, a: similar to 7. missouriensis with which it
may be confused in the trade, differing in its fewer fls.
which are lilac or lavender with darker veins and a central
yellow blotch on the blade of the falls. Rocky Mts.
moricolor. R, a: st. rigid: fls. crimson-maroon; falls re-
curved-spreading with short haft dark yellow and flecked
and the central line a yellow ridge, blade oval; standards
somewhat shorter than falls, spatulate. S. La.
mussulmanica: probably /. halophila
neg!6cta. R, p: st. to 2 ft., with many fls : Ivs. shorter,
somewhat glaucous: falls obovate and very obtuse, 2 in.
long, margin violet-blue, center whitish-veined and blue,
beard yellow: standards lilac. In cult, only; probably a
hybrid, and the name does not have definite standing.
nepal£nsis. R, usually assigned to the Nepalensis sec-
tion: rootstock dahlia-like, flattened, white and fleshy: Ivs.
about 12 in. long: falls white with violet veins, broadly
lanceolate, central ridge brownish-yellow to pale rose-
violet; standards darker violet, styles pale violet. Cent.
Asia. — In many localities the roots must be lifted and
stored in dry sand during winter. Much of the material
so listed may be referred to 7. gerrnamca var.
nigricans. R, o: to 12 in : Ivs. narrowly-ensiform, many,
to 6 in. long, mostly basal: fls. large; falls white veined and
dotted dark purplish-brown, obovate, blade dark purple
on white ground; standards white veined dark purple-
lilac. Apr. Palestine. — Perhaps only a variant of 7. atro-
purpurea.
n6tha: dubious name, probably to be associated with
7. spuna.
nudicaulis: I. aphylla.
ochracea caerulea: hort. iris, old gold, falls flushed blue.
ochraurea: listed as a tall hybrid, spuria group, in two
shades of yellow.
ochroleuca (/. orientalis of some authors). R, a: st. 3 ft.
and more with terminal head and lateral ones: Ivs. 2-3 ft.
and 1 in or more broad, with a spiral twist: fls commonly
white with patch of golden-yellow on falls which have an
orbicular blade; standards lemon-yellow to whitish. W.
Asia Minor. Listed Latin-form names are: aurea, gigantda,
sulphured) Warei. — By some considered a variant of /.
spuna.
odoratissima: /. pallida.
oenantha. R, a: st. erect and stout: fls. violet and purple:
falls to 4 in. long, drooping, with haft orange-yellow and
darker flushed, blade much exceeding haft and wine-purple
with darker center; standards nearly as long as falls, light
red-violet. S. La.
olbiSnsis: /. Chamseiris.
ool6pha. R, a: st. erect and strict: fls. lilac or lavender;
falls recurved, about 3 in long, haft yellow with deep yellow
and radial signal, blade smoky lilac or pale violet; standards
light bluish-lilac to pale lavender-violet. S. La.
orchioides. OROHID I. B, j: st. jointed, 1 ft. or so, leafy
with 3 or more fls. solitary in the axils: Ivs. 9 in. or more
long, 2 in. broad: fls. not large, deep yellow but variable;
falls ovate, with greenish and darker color either side crest;
standards small, commonly deflexed Turkestan.
orientalis (7. sibirica var. oriental™. I. sanguined). R,
a: st hollow, with terminal head of 2 or 3 fls.: Ivs. to 18 in.,
usually exceeding the st , to \^ in. broad: fls. typically rich
blue-purple (white under color) but sometimes white; falls
with nearly orbicular blade: standards broad-oval, a little
shorter than falls, blue-purple or white. Manchuria, Japan.
Latin-form names of vars. are aurea, gigantea, sangumea,
super ba. — Two plants have passed under this name: see
/. ochroleuca.
pabul&ria: 7. ensata var.
pallida (J. Mandralescse. I. odoratissima). R, p: much
like /. CengifUtii but a tall and stouter iris, sts. 2-3 ft.,
spathes silvery- white: IVH glaucous: fls pale lavender-
blue; falls obovate, beard white tipped yellow; standards
obovate, somewhat paler than falls. S. Tyrol. Var. dal-
matica is a garden form. Listed vars. with Latin-form
names are atroviolacea, racemdsa, specidsa. — One of the
most important sources of tall bearded irises of gardens.
panormitana: 7. pseudo-pumila.
paraddxa. R, o: st. to 6 in., spathe 1-fld.: Ivs. linear, to
6 in.: fl. large, showy; falls narrow, 2 in. long and ^ in.
or less broad, horizontal, pale pinkish-crimson with purple-
black hairs; standards orbicular, blue or wliite under color
with blue-purple veins and dots. Caucasus to N. Persia.
parisiensis: a listed name.
pavftnia: M or sea pavonia.
p6rsica (7. prsecox). B, j' st. not evident, with 1 or 2 fls.:
Ivs. linear, 2-3 in. long but becoming twice that length: fls.
white tinged with pale greenish-blue or sea-green; blade of
fall to 2*^ in. long, rounded-oblong, with orange ndge and
patch of purplish; standards about ?£ in. long. E. Asia
Minor, Persia.
picturata: catalogue name.
plicata: hort. name of a tall bearded iris like an albino
pallida, origin unknown.
Plumeri: hort. name, a tall bearded variety.
pr&cox: 7. persica.
prismatica. H, a: st. slender, to 3 ft., mostly simple: Ivs.
narrow, somewhat glaucous, usually shorter than st : fls.
solitary or 2, blue or violet veined yellow; falls to 2 in. long,
the blade ovate, lighter at base; standards shorter, lanceo-
late. N. S. to Ga.
Pseudacorus (I. acoroides. I. lutea) YELLOW FLAG.
R, a: stout st to 3 ft. or more, commonly several-fld : Ivs.
more or less glaucous, to 1 in. or more broad and equalling
or surpassing st.: fls. not large, bright yellow; falls about
2 in. long, the blade broadly obovate to ovate, often veined
violet; standards shorter, oblong, nearly erect. Widespread
in Eu , N. Afr., Asia Minor; nat. in E. N. Aruer. Vars.
with Latin-form names are alba, aurea, gigant&a, manschu-
rica, variegata. •
pseudo-pumila (7. panormitana). R, p: like 7. Chamseiris
but spathes narrower, fl. usually 1 and tube 2 or 3 in. long:
from 7. pumila distinguished by «t. longer than fl.-tube: st.
4-6 in.: fls. purple, yellow or white. S. Italy.
pumila (7. sequiloba. I. attica. 7. stenoloba. I. tnurica. I.
transsilvamca. I.tnstia). R, p: resembles 7. Chamseins but
almost or quite sternless and fl.-tube 2 or 3 in. long, thus
exceeding the st.: fls. varying from yellow to bright or dark
lilac. Austria to Russia arid Asia Minor. Many Latin-
named vars. are offered: alba, atropurpurea, atroviolacea,
aurea, caerulea, cinerea, compa'cta, cyanea, excelsa, flori-
bunda, formdsa, gigant&a, hybrida, lutea, maculata, man-
schurica, purpurea, sulphur ea, Sweetseri, variegata, viola-
cea. — Variable in cult., and the true or original species
may not appear.
Pfirdyi. R, a: differs from 7. Douglasiana in the sts.
bearing somewhat overlapping inflated and sheathing
bract-like Ivs.: st. to 1 ft.: Ivs exceeding st. and about % in.
broad: fls 2, cream-color with purple and yellow lines.
N. Calif , Ore. Var. alba is offered.
purissima: listed as a tall boarded white hort. iris.
purpurea: "raisin-purple wild hybrid collected in the
southern U. S."
pygmfiea: 7. Tigndia.
pyrenaica: 7. xiphioides.
Redoutiana: 7. lurid a.
refl£xa: 7. aphylla.
regalis. R, a: st. erect: fls. lilac, musk-scented; falls
4 in. long more or less, spreading, haft suffused green and
oignal yellow, blade rosy -lilac with darker veins; standards
broad-spat ulate, a little shorter than falls, blade oval or
elliptic or obovate and rosy-lilac. S. La.
Regelii: 7. tenuifoha.
Relchenbachii (7 balkana. 7. bofmiaca. 7. macedonica.
I. serbica). R, p: eastern representative of 7. Chamairis,
and has sharply keeled spathes: st. 3-12 in., 1 -headed: fls.
delicate in texture, clear yellow varying to brownish-purple.
S. Hungary, Balkans.
reticulata. B, ret.: st. none until fr. matures, the single
fl. being raised on a long tube: Ivs. linear arid 4 -angled.
8-10 in. but becoming 2 ft.: falls with long haft and small
oval blade which is deep violet, marked, veined and spotted,
with orange ridge; standards slightly longer, 2}4 in., nar-
row, erect, deep violet. Caucasus Vars. cyanea and
supirba are offered. — The name reticultita is also given to a
tall bearded garden iris.
rhodantha. R, a: st. erect and strict: fls rose and yellow;
falls recurved, haft lernon-yellow and brown-streaked,
signal bright lemon-yellow, blade deep orange-rose veined
brownish; standards light rose with apricot claw. S. La.
rhodochr^sea. R, a: st. stiff and erect: fls. rose-lilac and
yellow; falls spreading, haft orange-yellow and brown-
veined with deep orange signal, blade old rose-lilac and
darker veined; standards old rose and veined lilac. S. La.
Ricardii: 7. mesopotamica.
rfgida: 7. aphylla.
Iris
392
Iris
rivularis. R, a: tall and rigid: fls. slightly fragrant, violet-
blue with green signal, petals subulate. Ga., Fla.
rdsea: "variant form of versicolor in a striking red tone."
Rosenbachiana. B, j: st. very short or practically none,
with 1-3 fls in axils: Ivs. channelled, 1-2 in. long but be-
coming 9 in. long and 2 in. broad: fls. brilliant, variable in
color; falls long-oblong, about 2 in. long, blade dark crim-
son-purple and other parts of fl. faint purple or white;
standards about 1 in. long. Turkestan.
rosifldra. 11, a: st. strict and rigid: fls. lilac; 'alls spread-
ing, about 3 in. long, haft cream or greenish and brown-
veined with yellow signal, blade obovate to nearly orbicular,
old rose-lilac and darker veined; standards spatulate, much
shorter than falls, claw yellowish and brown-veined, blade
usually pulor than falls. S. La.
R6ssii. R, a: st. 4 in. or less: IVH. about 3 in. at anthesis,
grnss-hke: fls lilac, pink to white; fallc with oblong blade
as long us haft; standards oblanceolate. Korea, China.
rubicunda. II, a: st. erect and stiff: fls. lilac-rose; falls
about 3 in long haft gieenish-yellow with veins and spots,
signal orange-yellow, blade magenta-cerise veined brown;
standards shorter, lilac-old rose veined orange. S. La.
rubro-marginata: /. mdhta.
ruthe"nica. R, a: st. to 8 in., 1-heoded: Ivs. linear and
grass-like, 0 in. but becoming 1 ft.: falls broad-oval, under
color creamy-white overlaid with blue dots and veins;
standards lanceolate, deep purple-violet. K. Eu. to N.
China and Korea. Var. nana, listed as a dwarf form.
Saari (7. l-ujnna. I. Afanisaadja nil) . R, o: st. about
6-8 in., concealed in If. -sheaths: IVH. linear, becoming 1 ft.
long: falls 3 in long and half as broad, under color yellow
or greenish with brownish-red veins giving a lilac effect,
beard bright yellow; standards larger, nearly orbicular,
connivent, somewhat darker. Asia Minor. — Latterly but
not originally written *SVm.
sambucina. Bearded iris related to 7. sgualens, probably
a hybrid: plant less robust, the fls. veined claret-color and
with a sambucus-bke odor.
sanguinea: 7. orientalis.
savannarum. R, a: st. strict and rigid: fls. blue- violet;
falls 3 in. or less, recurvod-spreadmg, haft greenish, blade
elliptic to oval, violet or violet-blue with central greenish
part extending into blade; standards spatulato to nearly
linear, often shorter than falls, bluish or violet. Fla. Vari-
able in color, and offered in vars. £lba, azurea, pallida,
R6yalii.
scariosa (7. elongata. I. Eulefcldii. 7. glaucescens. 7.
lorigi flora) R, p: st. to 0 in. or so, bearing 1 or 2 red-purple
fls. with darker veins on falls, the spathes to 2*^ in. long,
dry and more or less transparent: Ivs very glaucous, to
1 ft. or so long and % in. nroad: falls obovate, reflexed,
1^4 in. long, heard yellow and white; standards obovate.
Caspian Sea to Turkestan arid Altai.
Schmfdtii: 7. aphylla.
scorpioides: 7. alnta.
se*rbica: 7. Reichenbachii.
setosa. R, a: st. stout, forked, bearing 2 or 3 heads: Ivs.
to 2 ft. long and 1 in. broad, much shorter than st. : falls
more or loss orbicular, light lilac or purple and often with
reddish tinge; standards ?.( in. or less long, various in shape.
N. Asia — Represented Me northward by I. Hobkeri (7.
setosa var. canadensis and probably var. gaspensix of hort.),
very similar.
Shrfcvei. R, a: st. to 3 ft., with 1 or 2 branches: Ivs.
frequently somewhat glaucous, as long as st : falls lavender-
blue with flecks and lines, to 2}4 in. long, recurvcd-spread-
ing; standards light violet with darker tints, as long as
falls. Marshes, Cent. U. S. Var. alba is listed.
sibfrica (7. acuta. 7. maritima. I. trigonocarpa) . R, a:
st. hollow, with a 2-5-fld. terminal head and commonly a
lateral head: Ivs. to 1-2 ft. and much shorter than st.,
linear: falls lilac-blue or blue-purple, the blade orbicular
(varying to grayish); standards broad-lanceolate, shorter.
Cent. Ku., Russia. Offered in several Latin-named vars.:
alba, caerulea, grandis, maxima, orientalis, sanguinea,
sup6rba. The var. flexudsa has fls. white with curly segms.
sindjarensis. B, j: st. to 9 in , bearing 3 or more pale
blue large fls.: Ivs. to 10 in. long and 2 in. oroad: falls with
large wings, blade rounded-oblong, with yellowish central
ridge; standards obovate or narrower, horizontal or de-
flexed. Syria and Mesopotamia.
SIndpur: hort. hybrid of 7. snndjarcnsis and 7. persica
var. purpurea, having turquoise-blue fls ridged with yellow.
Sintenisii. R, a: st. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, $4 in. or less
broad: fls. purple; falla narrow, spreading, blade elliptic,
blue-purple on whitish ground; standards erect, oblanceo-
late, emarginate, blue-purple. S. K. Eu., Asia Minor.
Sisyrfnchium (Moraea Kisnrinchium) Sole member of
the Gynandririfl section, producing a corm in place of bulb
and the stamens adhering to the style-branches: st. to 1 ft.,
bearing usually several heads of fugitive lavender or lila«
or blue-purple fls.: Ivs. few, to 1 ft. or more long: falls to
1^8 in. long, lanceolate to obovate, with white patch;
standards a little shorter. Portugal and Medit. region to
Cent. Asia.
sofar&na. R, o: like 7. susiana but under color creamy-
white and veins dark purple. Mt. Lebanon.
sogdiana: 7. spuria var.
sdrdida: probably 7. juncea.
specidsa: lavender-purple hort. iris.
spect&bilis: 7. Xiphium; the name is also given to a
tall bearded garden iris.
spuria. R, a: sts. with 3 or 4 reduced Ivs. and 1-3 spicate
heads: Ivs. glaucous, linear, 1 ft. long and shorter than st.:
fls. blue-purple or lilac, the rather shorter standards some-
what reader; falls with nearly orbicular blade 2 in long.
Cent, and S. Eu. and Algeria, to Persia. Listed Latin-
named forms include alba, aurea, caerulea, lila'cina, notha,
ochroleuca, and sogdiana with grayish-lilac fls.
squalens. R, p: sts 2-3 ft , with 3 or 4 heads: Ivs.
glaucous, to l^i ft long and 1% in. broad: falls obovate,
the blade to 3 in. long, lilac-purple, haft same with whitish
or yellowish under color, beard bright yellow; standards
as long and broad as falls, lilac or brownish with yellow.
Cent. Eu to Persia. — Perhaps a series of forms of tall
bearded iris and not a natural species.
State llae: form of 7. pseudo-pumila.
stenoldba: 7. pumila.
stenophylla: one of the many forms of 7. persica: also a
hort. name for a dwarf bearded iris.
stolonifera (7. Leichtlimi. 7. vaga). R, reg.: st. to 2 ft.,
covered uith clasping Ivs , with 1-3 fls. in a single head:
Ivs. to 1^ ft.: fls. usually light or dark brown-purple,
marked in middle of the frilled segms. with blue; falls
reflexed, obovate, about 1 in. broad, haft yellow-bearded;
standards of similar size, erect. Turkestan.
styldsa: 7. unguicularis.
suav&olens. R, p: st. to 5 in., 1-fld.: Ivs. becoming 1 ft.
long, glaucous: fls. greenish-yellow, very fragrant; falfa
oblong-cuneate, with central mark of lilac-blue, beard
yellow; standards broader, crisped. Bulgaria. — Like 7.
pumila, but segms. much broader.
subbifldra: 7. biflora.
subtrifldra: 7. aphylla.
sulphurea: a confused name, the true 7. sulphurea is a
synonym of 7 imbncata. but much of the material in the
trade represents a color loim of 7. orchioidea.
susiana. MOURNING I. R, o: st. to 15 in , with few re-
duced Ivs, 1-hcaded and 1-fld.: Ivs. linear, 1 ft. or more:
fls. large, under color gray overlaid with purple-black veins;
falls 3-4 in. long, the blade ovate, with black patch, beard
broad and brownish ; standards orbicular, somewhat lighter.
Probably Asia Minor and Persia. — An old garden plant.
Suwardwii: 7. darwasica.
SwSrtii. R, p: st. to 1^ ft.: falls to 233 in- long, white
veined and flushed purple on margin, inner segma. white
with purple keel and margin, fragrant. Known only in cult.
Taltii: 7. Xiphium.
taurica: 7. purnila.
tectftmm (7. tomiolopha) . R, c: st. 1 ft. or more, with
2 or 3 heads: Ivs. to \\£ ft. and 2 in. broad: fls. deep lilac
or blue-purple, segms. nearly or quite horizontal; falls 2 in.
long, blade obovate or nearly orbicular, mottled darker
shade, crest cut and white-violet; standards obovate.
China. Vars. alba and lila'cina are listed.
tenax. R, a: st. to 1 ft., with bract-like Ivs.: basal Ivs.
longer than st., linear: fls. solitary, bright lilac-purple
(varying to white) ; falls lanceolate, about 2 in. long, with
yellow ridge; standards nearly as long. W. Ore. and Wash.
— The name, tenax DouglaRii, listed, is presumably 7.
tenax, Douglas, the authority for the species being Douglas.
tenuif61ia (7. Regelii). R, a: st. 6 in. or less, sheathed:
Ivs. rigid, less than ^ in. broad, to 1 ft. long: fls. with very
slender tube to 4 in. long; falls blue-purple, with wedge-
shaped haft; standards oblanceolate, about as long as falls.
Cent. Asia to China. — Rhizome very slender.
t£nuis. R, a: st. to 10 in. high: Ivs. very thin, % in. or
less broad: fls. white lightly marked wuth pale yellow and
purple; falls oblong-spatulate, something over 1 in. long;
standards somewhat shorter, emarginate. N. W. Ore.
tenulssima. R, a: Ivs. linear, to 14 in. long: fls. yellow;
standards and falls narrowing, tapering, to 1J^ in long.
Calif. — Somewhat similar to 7. Purdyi, but less vigorous
and more tender.
Thomasii. R, a: st. erect and rigid: fls. red-violet; falls
recurved-spreading, haft yellow; standards red-violet with
light orange-brown channel. S. La.
Thompson!!: catalogue name.
Iris
393
Isatis
Tigridia (I. pygmxd). R, p: small, in dense masses: st.
1-3 in., 1-headed: Ivs. narrow-linear, to 6 in.: fls. blue-
pv^rple or yellow; falls reflexed, 1^ in. long, narrow;
standards of similar length. N. E. Asia.
tingitana. B, x: large: st. to 2 ft., with 2 fls. and Ivs.
clasping: basal Ivs. 12-18 in.: fls. 3 in, long, blade nearly
orbicular, light blue or lilac with orange-yellow ridge;
standards narrow, blue-purple. Tangiers (whence the
name), Morocco.
Tolmieana: 7. missouriensis.
tomiol6pha: /. tectorum.
transsilvanica: I. pumila.
tricuspis: Morsea tricuspia.
trigonoc&rpa: I. sibinca.
trip6 tala. II, a: to 16 in., slender: fls. mostly solitary,
violet to whitish, fragrant; falls 3 in. more or less, somewhat
drooping, blade oval or nearly orbicular and violet to white
with yellow at base; standards very short, violet at top.
N. C. to Fla.
tristis: 7. pumila.
trojana. R, p: st. 2 ft. and more: Ivs. somewhat glaucous,
shorter than st.: fls. large; falls obovate, blue- or violet-
purple with a somewhat reddish tint, beard white and yel-
low; standards obovate and rounded, light blue-purple.
Intro, from region of ancient Troy (Asia Minor) but
nativity uncertain. Var. sup£rba, listed form.
tuber&sa: Hermodactylus tuberosus.
unguicularis (7. cretensts. I. stylosa). R, a: st. very
short or practically none. Ivs. linear, becoming 2 ft. long:
fl.-tube 5-(5 in. or more long; falls to 3 in. long, blade broad-
obovate, bright lilac with central area of deep lilac on a
lighter under color; standards oblong. Algeria, Greece,
Asia Minor, Syria — Blooms in autumn or earliest spring.
Var lazica (/. lazica), Ivs. shorter and wider: fls. dark
purple with shorter tube. Other vars. listed are alba,
fls. white; altafldra, lilacina, marginata, specidsa, fls. dark
purple with odor of honey, and violacea.
urmi£nsis: 7. Barnmniae var.
vaga: 7. stolonifera.
variegata. R, p: st. 12 in. or more: Ivs. 8 in. long or
those of non-flowering shoots to 18 in.: fls. with obovate
falls yellow variegated chestnut or purple, rounded-oblong
standards yellow; beard yellow or orange. Austria, Balk-
ans.— Considered to be the source of the yellows in the tall
bearded irises. Var. honorabilis is yellow shaded brown.
The name variegata is also applied to stnped-lvd. forms of
other irises.
Vfirtanii. B, ret.: st. none or practically so: Ivs. 4-
angled, to 9 in and becoming 18 in.: fl. slaty-lilac or grayish
(varying to white) ; falls with lanceolate blade with darker
veins, yellow crest on the haft; standards narrow-lanceolate
with faint veins. Palestine.
vSrna. R, a: early-blooming: st. to 3 in. high and mostly
1-fld.: Ivs. narrow-linear, to 8 in.: fls. violet-blue (to white);
falls obovate, l)i in long, with slender yellow haft, 'stand-
ards erect, somewhat smaller. Pa. to Ga.
versicolor. R, a: st. to 3 ft., often branched: Ivs. some-
what glaucous, shorter than st , to 1 in. broad: fls. purplish-
blue; falls ovate to reniform-ovate, to 3 in. long, the spot
at base, if present, greenish; standards shorter and nar-
rower, about % in. or less broad. The common iris from
E. Canada to Pa. and Minn. Color vars. are listed as
F6steri, kermesina, r&sea.
vinfcolpr. R, a: st. strict and erect: fls. purple, falls
about 3 in long, recurved or drooping, haft yellowish-
marked, blade vinaceous-purple with yellow spot; standards
broad-spatulate, much shorter than falls, vinaceous-purple.
S. La.
violacea: indefinite name: may be 7. pumila, 7. ger-
manica, or violet forms of other species.
violilutea. R, a: st. strict and erect: fls. violet and yellow;
falls 3 in. or more long, recurved-spreading. haft whitish-
green veined yellowish, signal yellow, blade dull violet;
standards spatulate, much shorter than falls, blade violet
and darker veined. S. La.
riolipurpurea. R, a: st. rigid and strict: fls. violet-purple:
falls 3-4 in. or more, spreading or recurved, haft veined
violet with creamy margins and yellow in center, blade
elliptic, violet-purple; standards spatulate, much shorter
than falls, violet-purple. S. La.
virescens: I. CAaraanna.
virginica (7. Carolina. 7. caroliniana. I. georgiana). R,
a: st. 2-3 ft., the fls. pedicelled, solitary or 2-3 together: Iva.
bright green, 1 in. broad more or less, equalling or exceed-
ing the st.: falls broad-spatulate, to 3 in. long, lilac marked
yellow, purple and brown; standards nearly erect. Va. to
La. — Sometimes combined with 7. versicolor but separated
by green Ivs. and seeds in 1 row (rather than 2 rows) in
c:«ch cell.
viridis. R, a: st. strict and erect: fls. green and violet;
falls about 3 in. long, spreading, haft greenish, blade violet
and greenish-yellow; standards spatulate, somewhat less
than falls, blade violet. S. La.
viridivlnea. R, a: st. slender but erect: fls. green and
violet: falls spreading or recurving, haft greenish-yellow
veined and marked brownish, blade red-violet and flecked;
standards red- violet flushed bluish-lilac in center. S. La,
vulgaris: 7. germanica.
Warei: listed as an improved form of 7. ochroleuca.
warleyensis. B, j: related to 7. orchioides: differs in
having white hard edge on Ivs. and falls velvety violet-
purple often edged white, crest white and often surrounded
by orange patch: st. to 18 in., with 3-5 fls. Turkestan.
Watsoniana: 7. Douglasiana.
Wattii. R, c: st. to 3 ft., leafy, bearing 5-8 branches:
fls. about 4 in. across, lavender-blue; cresta and centers of
falls white with orange-yellow spots and surrounded by
darker mauve spots, crests fimbriate or entire. Assam to
Yunnan. — Some of the material so listed may be 7. confusa.
W6stii. R, o: st. to 12 in.: Ivs. falcate, to 8 in. long: fls.
to 0 in. across; falls cream-colored heavily dotted purple;
standards lilac with darker lilac-blue veins. Palestine.
Willmottiana. B, j: st. to 8 in., with several fls. sessile
in axils: Ivs. broad and nearly flat, with whitish hard edge:
fls. blue-purple or reddish-purple on oblong blade with
white veined patch; standards small, cuspidate. Turkestan.
Wflsonii. R, a: st. hollow, about 2 ft., with 1 head of
2 fls.: Ivs. slightly glaucous, about equalling st.: fls. long-
pedicelled, not large; falls pale yellow veined in bright
yellow center with reddish-brown, the blade ovate { stand-
ards narrow, yellowish-white with faint purple veins and
frilled edges. China.
xiphioides (7. anglica. I. pyrenaica). ENGLISH I. B, x:
at. to 18 in. with 1 head of 2 or 3 fls.: Ivs. channelled, equal-
almost orbicular, shorter than fulls; pedicels shorter than
spathe. Pyrenees.
Xiphium (7. hispanica. I. lusitanica. I. spectabilis. 7.
Taitu) SPANISH I. B, x: st. to 18 in., 1- or 2-fld.: Ivs. to
2 ft., glaucous, channelled: falls with long oval haft sepa-
rated from nearly orbicular blade by a narrow neck making
it somewhat fiddle-shaped, color variable but in wild plants
mostly blue-purple or pale slaty-blue, blade with yellow
or orange patch; standards oblanceolate, as long as falls;
pedicels equalling or exceeding the spathes. S. France,
Spain, Portugal, N. Afr.
IRIS, SNAKES-HEAD: Hermodactylua.
IRONBARK: Eucalyptus.
IRON-TREE: see Metrosideros.
IRONWEED: Vernonia.
IRON WOOD: Ostrya virginiana. Catalina: Lyonolfuim-
nus floribundus. Desert: Olneya Tesota.
IRREGULAR FLOWER: some parts different in shape
or size from other parts in the same series.
ISATIS. WOAD. Cruciferse. Ann., bien. and
per. herbs of the Medit. region and eastward, a
few of which are more or less cult, for ornament
and interest: erect and branching, glabrous to
tomentose, with undivided often clasping Ivs.:
fls. small, yellow or yellowish, in bractless often
panicled racemes in late spring and early summer:
fr. an indehiscent flat pendulous pod or silique.
alpina. Probably ann. or bien., sts. usually decumbent
or ascending, to 1 ft.: Ivs. spatulate to elliptic-lanceolate,
to 3^ in. long, entire, sessile and often clasping, somewhat
glaucous: fls. yellow, in terminal panicles to 6 in. long and
as wide: pedicels as long or longer than fr. Italy. — Ma-
terial so listed in trade may be 7. tinctoria whicn differs
from above in taller erect habit and narrower more cuneate
fr. whose pedicels are less than one-half as long as fr.
Boissieriana. Ann. to 1 ft., glaucous: lower Ivs. cuneate-
oblong, sinuate-dentate, upper ones cordate-sagittate: fls.
yellow: pods heteromorphous. Turkestan.
glauca. Per. to 4 ft. (perhaps sometimes bien.), glabrous,
glaucous: Ivs. long-oblong, to 10 in. long, obtuse and entire,
tapering to petiole, not clasping on st.: fls. mustard-yellow,
in very large terminal panicle. Asia Minor, Persia.— -Some-
times planted for ornament; raised from seeds sown the
year before blooming.
tinctdria. DYERS W. Bien. to 3 ft., glabrous above: Ivs.
oblong to lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire or toothed, those
Isatia
394
Ixia
on st. clasping or auricled: fls. yellow, in terminal panicles.
Eu., S. W. Asia. — Formerly grown for its blue dye.
ISfiRTIA. Itutnacex. Shrubs or trees native
in S. Arner. and Trinidad, having large leathery
Ivs., tubular red, rarely yellow or white, fls. in
many-fld. panicles, and fr. a berry.
parvifldra. Shrub or small tree: lys. oblong, to 1 ft. long:
fls. light red, about % in. long. Trinidad.
ISLAY: Prunua ihcifolia.
ISLAYA: Parodia minor.
ISMELIAj Chrysanthemum Brouaaonetii.
ISMENE: llymenocalha calathina.
ISNARDIA: see Ludwigia Mulerttii.
ISOLEPIS: Scirputt cernuus.
ISOLOMA (Tydvpa). Gesneriaceae. Showy
trop. American herbs with creeping roots,
opposite Ivs., scarlet or orange fls. with ven-
tricose tube and 5-lobcd limb, and capsular frs.;
grown in the greenhouse and much hybridized.
Propagated by seeds.
ama'bile. To 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. ovate, tapering to petiole,
spotted and veined with purple: fls. dark rose dotted with
purple, to 2 in. long, drooping. Colombia.
bogotgnse (/. Tydaeo). To 2 ft., hairy : Ivs. ovate, cordate
at base, spotted and veined with pale or silvery -green: fls.
red, yellow spotted with red below, nodding. Colombia.
grandifldrum: catalogue name for improved strains.
hirsutum. To 4 ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong-ovate, rounded at
base and petioled: fls. purple with spotted limb? to 1 in.
long, nodding. W. Indies. Yar. multiflorum is listed as a
more floriferous form.
hond£nse. To 1 ft., hairy: Ivs. ovate: fls. yellow, the
tube with bright red hairs, 1 in. or more long. Colombia.
hybridum: listed name.
multifldrum: probably I. hirsutum var.
Tydfea: /. bogotenae.
ISONANDRA: Palaquium Gutta.
ISOPLfiXIS. Scrophulariacex. Subshrubs
with alternate Ivs. and dense terminal racemes
of yellow tubular fls., differing from Digitalis
chiefly in the upper lip of corolla as long as lower
Hi); grown in the open in Calif.; two species from
Canary Isls. Cult, and propagation as for the
shrubby forms of Digitalis.
canari£nsis (Digitalis canartenats) . Stiff, to 4 ft.: Ivs.
Hhming. thick, lanceolate, to 6 in. long, sharp-toothed: fls.
yellow-brown, 1 in. long, strongly 2-lippeds in racemes to
1 ft. long — The plant sometimes grown in the East as
Digitalis canariensia is D. ambigua.
Sc£ptrum. Differs from /. canariensia in the larger Ivs.,
fls drooping and not bilabiate, the lobes obtuse and half
length oi tube.
ISOPOGON. Proteacese. Shrubs from Aus-
tralia with stiff rigid Ivs., bisexual fls. in dense
cone-like spikes, each fl. sessile in a bract or scale,
and small nut-like frs.; grown somewhat in S.
Calif. Cult, as for Hakea.
anemonif&lius. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, 2-3-pinnate
into linear flat entire or lobed Begins.: fls. yellow, in nearly
globose cones to ^ in. across. New S. Wales.
anethif&lius. To 4 ft.: Ivs. 1-2-pinnate into needle-like
terete segms.: fls. yellow, in globular cones to 1 in. across.
New S. Wales.
rftseus. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, 1-2 ternately divided
into linear or lobed segms.: fls. pink, in globular cones to
1 in. across. W. Australia.
sphaerocgphalus. Lvs. linear, to 4 in. long, sessile: fls.
yellow-hairy, in globular cones to % in. across. W. Australia.
ISOPtRUM. Ranunculacex. Small northern
delicate per. herbs with basal decompound Ivs.
and white fls. solitary or in panicles having
5-6 petal-like sepals, small petals or none, and
numerous stamens; native in north temp, zone
and sometimes transferred to the wild-garden
or colonized. Propagated by seeds or division of
roots.
biternatum. Lvs. biternate, long-stalked: fls. to H in.
across, in clusters in spring. Ont. to Fla. and Tex.
fumarioides: Leptopyrum fumarioides.
thalictroides. To 6 in.: Ivs. biternate, Ifts. lobed, short-
petioled: fls. white. Apr.-May. Eu.
IS6TOMA. Lobeliacese. Ann. or per. herbs
with alternate simple or pinnatifid Ivs. and blue,
purple or white fls., differing from Lobelia in the
entire corolla-tube and the stamens inserted near
top of corolla.
petrfiea. Per. to 1 ft., but blooming the first year: Ivs.
ovate-oblong, with linear irregular teeth: fls. bluish-purple,
to 1 in. long and limb spreading to 1 in., on long axillary
stalks. Australia. Var. alba is listed.
ISdTRIA. Orchidacex. N. American ter-
restrial plants: roots elongate and fibrous: st.
scapose, terminated by a whorl of 5-6 elliptic-
lanceolate Ivs.: fls. solitary or in pairs, erect or
ascending. Similar to Pogonia from which it
differs in having whorled Ivs. and compound
pollen-grains. See Orchids for cult.
verticillata (Pogonia verticillata). WHORLED POGONIA.
To 14 in. high: Ivs. elliptic to elliptic-ob ovate, acute or
obtuse, usually 5 in number, to 3% in. long: fls. solitary
(rarely 2); sepals dark madder-purple^ linear, to 2 in long;
petals greenish-yellow, oblong, to 1 in. long; lip small, 3-
lobed near apex. May-June. Me. to Fla. west to Mich,
and Tex.
fTEA. Saxifragacese. Deciduous or evergreen
trees and shrubs, with alternate simple narrow
Ivs. and small numerous white fls. in terminal or
axillary racemes; about 10 species, 1 in E. U. S.
and the others in trop. arid temp. Asia.
The native itea is hardy as far north as Boston. It grows
well in almost any soil and in both sun and shade. In
autumn the foliage becomes a brilliant red. Propagated by
cuttings and by division of the roots, which spread slowly
and form clumps of sterna; also by seed when obtainable.
ilicifdlia. Evergreen shrub to 10 ft : Ivs. to 4 in. long,
spiny-toothed and holly-like: fls. greenish- white, in droop-
ing racemes to 1 ft. long. China. — To be grown under
glass N.
virglnica. SWKET SPIRE. VIRGINIA-WILLOW. Decidu-
ous shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, finely toothed: fls.
white, fragrant, in upright racemes to 0 in. long. N. J. to
Fla. and La.
yunnan£nsis. Evergreen shrub: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long,
toothed or rarely nearly entire, glaucescent: fls. in racemes
to 6 in. long. Yunnan.
IVESIA: Horkelia Gordonii.
IVY: Hedera. American: Parthenocisaus quinquefolia.
Boston: Parthenocissus tricuspidata. Five-leaved: Partheno-
cissua quinquefolia. German: Senecio mikamoides. Go'ind:
Nepeta hederacea. Japanese: Parthenocissus tricuapidata.
Kenilworth: Cymbalaria muralis. Marine: Cissus inciaa.
Poison: Rhus radicana.
fXIA (Hyolis). Iridaceae. Cormous herbs of
S. Afr. with grass-like Ivs. mostly at base of st.
and fls. of many colors in terminal spikes or
racemes, the perianth-tube long or short.
Ixias may be planted out-of-doors in late November in
some parts of the country, but should be well protected by
mulch. Bulbs should be set about 2 to 3 inches deep in the
open with a little sand sprinkled under them. They may
also be planted in spring for summer bloom. After flowering
the bulbs should remain in the ground until July when
they are lifted and stored in boxes without packing. In the
North, ixias are usually grown under glass for winter and
early spring bloom. They should be retarded at first and
then kept in a temperature of about 55° until after flowering.
The corms may be planted in September or October, 5 or
6 of them in a 6-inch pot, about 1 inch deep. They are not
hardy in the northern states.
aurantiaca: /. leucantha var. lutea.
arurea. To 18 in., st. unbranched: Ivs. very narrowly
linear, to 14 in. long or more: fls. pale blue with dark basal
blotch, many in lax spikes, anthers yellow on dark purplish
filaments.
buc6phala: hort. name.
1 xi a
395
Ixora
campanulata (/. speciosa. I. crateroides). To 1 ft.: fls.
dark crimson, yellow anthers on purple filaments.
ccelgstina: Salpingostyhs ccelestina.
columellaris. To 2 ft. or less: Ivs. short, acute and
falcate: fls. lilac- or mauve-purple, segms. to 1 in. long,
usually 4-6 in corymb, anthers black.
crateroides: 7. campanulata.
incarnata: /. scanosa.
leucantha. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long, acuminate: fls.
white with bright yellow anthers and white filaments,
segms. % in. long, m dense many-fld. erect spikes. Var.
lutea (7. aurantiaca, I. lutea) differs only in its deep yellow
fls.
lutea: 7. leucantha var.
maculata. To 2 ft.: Ivs. conspicuously ribbed: fls. yellow
but in cult, varying to white and tinged with red or purple,
segms. 1 in. long, throat with large dark spot, anthers yel-
low, filaments cream-white, in dense erect spikes.
micrandra. To 10 in , unbranched: fls. white, few on
short erect spikes, segms. ^ in. long.
monodglpha. To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, 4-8 in. long: fls. star-
like, lilac with red or green basal blotch, in racemes of 4-6,
tube cylindrical and twice as long as spathe- valves, May. —
Many color forms are known.
N61sonii: listed as having light red fls. with light eye.
paniculata (Morphixia paniculata) . To 3 ft.: Ivs. 6-15 in.
long: fls creamy-white often tinged red, the cylindrical tube
to 3 in. long, limb to 1 in. long, anthers yellow, filaments
pale green.
polystachya. To 2 ft.: Ivs strongly ribbed, 6X12 in. long:
fls. white, fragrant, in dense many-fid, erect spikes, segms.
% in long, anthers yellow.
scaridsa (7. incarnata). To 1 ft.: Ivs. short, sword-
shaped: fls. reddish or lilac, usually 4-6 in lax spikes,
anthers yellow, segms. ^ in. long.
specidsa: 7. campanulata.
spectabilis: 7. viridiflora.
viridifldra (7. apectabihs) . To 2 ft.: fls. pale green, throat
black, many in lax erect spikes on simple scape, tube ^ in.
long, Begins. 1 in. long, yellow anthers on black filaments.
IXIOLIRION. Amaryllidacex. Bulbous herbs
of Asia with very narrow mostly basal Ivs. and
blue or violet fls. in umbels, the perianth-segms.
distinct. The bulbs would better be stored over
winter. The genus was formerly associated
doubtfully with Liliacese.
LSdebouri: 7. montanum.
montanum (7. tatancum. 7. Ledebouri. I. Pallasii). To
1 ft.: basal Ivs 4, persistent: fls. lilac, 1J^ in. long, in 4-6-
fld. umbels. Siberia to W. Asia.
P&llasii: 7. montanum.
tatancum: 7. montanum.
IXORA. Rubiacex. Many trop. evergreen
shrubs or trees with opposite or whorled Ivs.,
white to red fls. in compact corymbs, the corolla
long-tubular with spreading 4-5-lobed limb, and
fr. a berry. Names in cult, are confused. See
Hamelia erecta.
Ixoras are grown in the greenhouse, and in the open in
warm climates as Florida and Gulf Coast. They should
have a night temperature of about 65°. Propagated by
cuttings, preferably with three or four joints, in spring and
kept over bottom neat; also by seeds when produced.
acuminata. Shrub: Ivs. variable, oval to linear- oblong,
to 9 m. or more long, leathery: fls. white, fragrant, % in.
acroad, lobes rounded, in corymbs to 4 in. across. India.
amabilis: hort. name for a form with pinkish fls. suffused
with orange.
amboinica. Shrub: Ivs. ovate-oblong, undulate: fls.
orange-yellow, the lobes acute, in branched cymes. Moluccas.
aurantiaca: hort. form with orange-red fls.
barbata. Large shrub: Ivs. elliptic, more or less acute, to
8 in. long and nearly half as broad: fls. white, in short-
stalked large cymes that are broader than high, to 12 in.
across. India.
Ch61sonii: garden form having brilliant salmon-orange fla.
chine'nsis. Shrub: Ivs. obovate, to 4 in. long: fls. red
varying to white, 1 in. long, lobes rounded, in dense cor-
ymbs. Malaya, China.
coccinea (7. incarnata). Shrub: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in.
long: fls. red, to 1% in. long, the lobes acute, in dense
corymbs. E. Indies.
Cdlei: hort. var. with pure white fls.
conggsta. Tree: lys. oval, to 1 ft. long, leathery: fls-
orange-yellow becoming reddish, lobes rounded, in nearly
sessile cymes. India.
Dixiana: hort. form with deep orange fls.
Duffli: 7. macrothyrsa.
Finlaysoniana: see 7. Thwaitesii.
fl&re-luteo: hort. name for a yellow-fld. kind.
fulgens. Shrub: Ivs. narrow-oblong, to 8 in. long, shining
above: fls. orange-scarlet, to 1 % in. long, the lobes acute,
in large sessile cymes. India, E. Indies.
incarnata: 7. coccinea.
javanica. Shrub: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 7 in. long: fls.
orange-red, 1 H in. long, lobes rounded, in corymbs with
coral-red branches. Java.
laxifldra. Slender shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
and acuminate: fls. white tinged pink, with tube l^j in.
long, fragrant, in large 3-forked panicles. Guinea.
lutea. Garden plant similar to 7. coccinea and apparently
a form of it, but with pale yellow fls. and larger lobes; more
than one thing may be grown under this name.
macrothyrsa (7. Duffii). Large shrub: Ivs. linear-oblong,
to 1 ft. long: fls. deep red, 1 in. across, lobes obtuse, in
many-fld. corymbs to 8 in. across. E. Indies.
odorata. Small shrub: Ivs. ovate to somewhat obovate,
acute or acuminate, firm, sometimes 12 in long: fls. white
changing to brownish, very fragrant, corolla to 4 or 5 in.
long, in large purple-branched clusters. Madagascar.
parviflora. Tree: Ivs. oblong or oval, to 6 in. long: fls.
white, fragrant, % in. long, in clusters in cymes to 6 in.
across. India.
r6seo-spl6ndens: hort. name.
Thwaitesii. Large <§hrub or somewhat tree-like: Ivs.
somewhat coriaceous, oblong to broadly oblanceolate, to
5 in., more or lesjs undulate but entire: ns. to 1M in- long,
very slender, white, fragrant. Ceylon. — The plant known
as 7. Finlaysoniana is probably the same.
We'stii: hort. form with pale or brilliant rose fls.
Wflliamsii: hort. name for a var, with reddish-salmon fls.
J
JABOTICABA: Eugenia cauliflora.
JACARANDA. Bignoniaceds. Trees and
shrubs of trop. Amer. with opposite usually
2-pinnate Ivs., funnelform 5-lobed blue or violet
fls. in panicles, and capsular broad frs.; grown in
subtrop. regions or under glass in the N. Propa-
gated by cuttings of half-ripened wood when
seeds are not available.
acutifdlia (/. mimo»i folia. J. ovah folia). To 50 ft. or
more: Ivs. fern-like, pubescent, the ultimate Begins, about
H in. long: fls. blue, 2 in. long and 1^ in. across. Brazil.
cuspidifdlia. To 30 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long, glabrous, the
ultimate segms. about 1 in. long: fls. blue-violet, l^in.
long and very long-pointed. Brazil, Argentina.
mimosif&lia: J. acuti folia.
ovalifolia: J. acutifolia.
JACKFRUIT: Artocarpus integra.
JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT: Ariasema triphyUum.
JACOBJEA: Senecio.
JACOBfNIA. AcanthacesB. Trop. American
rather showy herbs and shrubs with opposite
entire Ivs. and red, orange or yellow, tubular
2-lipped fls. in racemes or heads.
Jacobinias are grown in greenhouses and in the open in
warm regions. They are of easy cultivation but likely to
become weedy unless properly restrained and cared for.
Propagated by cuttings as well as by seeds.
aurea: J. umbrosa.
cArnea (Juntida magnified and rarnra). To 5 ft.: Ivs.
ovate or oblong, to 7 in. long: fls. rose-purple or pink, 2 in.
long, in dense terminal heads 4 in. long, with acuminate
bracts % in. long Brazil. — Most of the plants grown under
this name are J. obtusior.
coccinea: Pachystachya coccinea.
floribunda: listed name, possibly referable to J. pauci-
flora.
Ghiesbreghtiana (Justicia Ghiesbrcghtiana) , To 5 ft.:
Ivs. lanceolate-ovate, to 6 in. long: fls. orange or crimson,
1 ^ in. long, in loose panicles, with small bracts. Mex.
Mohbitlii: J. apicigera.
obtusior. Lvs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate: fls. pink
to crimson, in short dense terminal irifl., the bracts very
obtuse. Brazil.
paucifldra (Libonia floribunda. Sericographis pauci-
flora). To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong or oval, about 2 4 in- long: fls.
scarlet deeply tipped with yellow, % in. long, solitary and
nodding. Brazil.
penrhozie'nsis. Hybrid between J. pauci flora and J.
Qhiesbreghtiana: fls. carmine slightly tipped with yellow,
IK in. long.
Pohliana. To 6 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate, often purplish:
fla. bright crimson, in spikes, the bracts acute. Brazil.
rbsea: hort. name.
spiclgera (J. Mohintlii. Justida spicigera and Mohint-
h\). To 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-oblong to ovate, to 7 in. long:
fls. red or orange, 1 1/4 in. long, in few-fld. cymes. Mex.
umbrdsa (/. aurea). To 12 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-oblong to
ovate, to 1 ft. long: fls. yellow, 2 in. long, in dense terminal
infl. to 1 ft. long, with acute bracts. Mex , Cent. Amer.
velutina. Similar to J. obtusior but Ivs. pubescent on
both sides. Brazil.
JACOBS-LADDER: Polemonium cseruleum. -Rod: As-
phodeline. -Staff: Fouquieria splendens.
JACQUEM<3NTIA. Convolvulacese. Herbaceous
twining vines of trop. Amer. with usually entire
Ivs. and blue or white bell-shaped fls. in cymes
or panicles; d ffers from Ipomcea in the 2 flat-
tened stigmas, fls. usually smaller and in closer
clusters. Cult, as for Ipomcea; sometimes
planted S.
cwrulea: probably Ipomcea hederacea.
calif6rnica: listed name.
Eastwoodiana. Small bush or trailing, densely tomen-
tose: Ivs. cordate-ovate, to 1 in. long: fls. bright blue.
% in. across, on peduncles longer than Ivs. Isls., Gulf of
Calif.
montana (Ipomcea montana). Plant densely tomentose:
Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, entire or 3-lobed and toothed: fla.
yellow, ^ in. across, in dense cymes on peduncles much
longer than Ivs. Brazil.
pentantha (J. molacea). Lvs. cordate-ovate, to 2 in.
long: fls. blue, 1 in. across, the cymes on peduncles as long
as or longer than the Ivs. Fla. to S. Amer.
violate a: J. pentantha.
JAJOBA: Simmondsia California*.
JAKFRUIT: Artocarpus integra.
JAMBOS, JAMBOSA: Eugenia.
JAMfeSIA (Edivinia). Saxifragacex. Decid-
uous shrubs native in W. N. Amer., with
opposite toothed Ivs. and fls. in terminal cymes.
One species is planted, hardy North; it succeeds in sunny
positions in well-drained soil. Propagated by seeds and
cuttings of npe wood.
americana. To 3 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate, to 2% in- long,
gray- or white-tomentose beneath: fls white or in var.
rdsea pink, about Y^ in. across. May-June. Wyo. to New
Mex. Var. calif6rnica is lower in habit than type, fls. rose.
Sierra Nevada Mts.
JAMESTOWN-WEED: Datura Stramonium.
JANK^EA: Ramonda Heldreichii.
JAPONICA: Camellia japonica.
JARRAH: Eucalyptus marginata.
JASIONE. Campanula^ex. Many ann. and
per. European herbs with alternate simple Ivs.,
blue or white 5-partcd fls. in close heads sub-
tended by an involucre, and many-seeded capsu-
lar frs.; only a few species in cult, with us; useful
in the rock-garden and for borders. Propagated
by seed and division.
biennis: listed name.
humilis. Per. to 9 in., hairy: lys. linear-obovate, entire:
fls. blue, in short-stalked heads % m- across. Pyrenees.
Jankse. Per., sts. many, simple or branched, naked
above, glabrous, perhaps hispid on lower part: Ivs. lanceo-
late to hnear-oblorig, repand-dentate: fls. violet-blue, in
heads with very narrow bracts. Balkans.
montana. Bien. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear or lanceolate, wavy:
fls. pale blue, in long-stalked heads to 1 in. across, subtended
by ovate-lanceolate bracts. S. E. Eu.
perennis. SHEPHERDS-SCABIOUS. SHEEPS-BIT. Per. to
1 ft.* Ivs. obovate to oblong-linear, entire: fls. blue, in long-
stalked globose heads to 2 in. across. S. Eu.
JASMINE: Jasminum. Cape-: Gardenia jasminoides.
Chilean-: Mnndemlla suaveolens. Confederate-: Trachelo-
spermum jasminoides. Crape-: Ervatamia coronana. Mada-
gascar-: Stephanohs floribunda,. Night-: Nyctanthes Arbor-
tnsfis Rock-: Androsace. Star-: Trachelospermum jas-
minoides.
jASMINUM. JASMINE. JESSAMINE. Oleacese.
Attractive trop. and semi-trop. mostly Old
World shrubs, often clambering climbers, with
pinnate opposite or alternate Ivs., white, yellow
or pink salverform fls. having slender tube and
4-9 corolla-lobes, and fr. a more or less 2-lobed
mostly black berry; most of them are evergreen,
often very fragrant. They are essentially plants
of warm or mild climates; none is hardy in the
open in the northern states although J. hunrile,
J. nudiflorum and J. offidnale stand near the
coast in central parts.
The jasmines fall into three botanical groups: Unifoliata,
in which the leaflets are reduced to 1, as if the leaf were
truly simple; Trifoliata, when the leaflets are 3; Pinnati-
folia, leaflets more than 3. Recognition of these sections
will aid the gardener in making determinations In the
following entries, these groups are designated by the
letters U, T, P, even though the leaf number is not always
definite.
Jasmines are grown out-of-doors in warm regions and
as greenhouse plants elsewhere They are of easy cultiva-
tion. Propagated by cuttings of nearly ripe wood in aum-
396
Jasminwn
397
Jatropha
mer, of ripe wood in autumn, by layers, and sometimes by
absimile. U: evergreen vigorous climber, very florif-
erous: single 1ft. ovate-lanceolate, briefly blunt at apex,
narrowed to base, about 2 in. long: fls. white, in axillary
and terminal panicles, about 1 in. long, corolla-lobes 6 or
7 and narrow; calyx-teeth narrow, about as long as cup of
calyx. Country unknown. — Planted in Calif. It has been
erroneously known as J. calcanum, a species not m cult,
in this country.
acuminatum. U: climber: single 1ft. ovate-acuminate,
about 3 in. long, rather shortly narrowed to base: fls. white,
in a terminal divaricating panicle, about % in. long; calyx-
teeth very short, much exceeded by the calyx-cup. Aus-
tralia.
az6ricum. T: climbing, evergreen: Ivs. opposite, of 3
broad-ovate Ifts. to 3 in. long, and obtuse or nearly so, the
terminal one long-stalked: fls white, 1 in. across, in many-
fid, rather open cymes; teeth of calyx very short. Canary
Isls.
bahi£nse. T: much like J. azoricum, of which it is con-
sidered a var. by some authors, but Ifts. ovate or narrower,
acuminate, prominently pointed. Brazil, and planted in
Cuba. — Grown in S. Fla.
Beesianum. U: to 3 ft. or more, somewhat clambering:
Ivs. opposite, simple, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, to
2 in. long, sharp-pointed: fls. pink or rose, fragrant, to
K in. across, in 1-3-fld. cymes; teeth of calyx K in. long.
China.
calcanum. U: Australian species not in cult, in N. Amer.;
the name has been applied erroneously to J. absimile.
dich6tomum. GOLD COAST J T: climbing or clambering
evergreen, blooming continuously: Ivs. in 2's or 3's, thick
and glossy, oblong, pointed, to 3 in. long: fls. white, fra-
grant, more than 1 in. long, opening at night. W. Afr.;
promising in S. Fla.
diversifdlium (J. heterophyllum) . U, T: climbing or
scrambling: Ivs. thickish, simple or with 3 ovate-lanceolate
Ifts., shining above, 3-5 in. long: fls. yellow, tube H m.
long, in corymbs; calyx-teeth minute. Himalayas.
fldridum. T, P: erect, half-evergreen: Ivs. alternate, of
3 or rarely 5 oval to ovate-oblong Ifts. to 1^ in. long: fls.
yellow, \4 in. across, in many-fld. cymes; teeth of calyx
as long as tube. China.
frftticans. T: to 9 ft. or more, not climbing, evergreen or
partially so, the branches weak: Ivs. alternate, ot 3 oblong
obtuse Ifts. to % in. long: fls. yellow, in 2-5-fld. cymes;
teeth of calyx as long as tube. S. Eu., N. Afr.
Giraldii. T, P: to 6 ft , erect, deciduous: Ivs. alternate, of
3 or rarely 5 ovate or oblong-ovate Ifts. to 1 }A in. long,
obtuse or acute: fls. yellow, ^2 m. across, in 3-9-nd. cymes;
teeth of calyx about length of tube. China.
gr&cile. U: tall, vigorous, profuse bloomer, climbing or
scrambling: 1ft. privet-like, ovate, glossy above, 2 in. or
less long, blunt or apiculate: fls. white, nearly or quite 1 in.
long; petals narrow and sharp; calyx-lobes minute: panicle
upwardly branched or forked. Australia; nat. in Bermuda.
— Erroneously known as J. simphcifohum.
grac illinium. U: climbing, pubescent: Ivs. opposite,
simple, ovate-lanceolate, to 1%'m. long: fls. white, fragrant,
1 in. or more across, in many-fld. cymes; teeth of calyx to
J^ in. long. N. Borneo.
grandiflftrum: J. officinale var.
Hackenia: said to be a dwarf jasmine.
heterophyllum: J. diver si folium.
humile (J. Reevesii. J. t riumphans) . T, P: to 20 ft., erect
and sometimes almost tree-like, evergreen, with weak
branches: Ivs. alternate, of 3-7 ovate to lanceolate Ifts. to
2 in. long: fls. yellow, to 1 in. across, fragrant, in clusters;
teeth of calyx very short. Trop. Asia. Var. glabrum (J.
Wallichianum), Ifts. 7-13, ovate or narrower, terminal
ones usually caudate. Var. revolutum (J. revolutum), Ifts.
5-7, ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute. — One of the
commonest and hardiest in cult.
ilicifftlium: J. dichotomum, probably.
Iigustrif61ium: /. rigidum.
lucid urn; probably J. gracile.
Mesnyi (J. primuhnum). T: to 10 ft., not climbing,
evergreen, tne long branchlets 4-angled: Ivs. opposite, of
3 oblong to lanceolate Ifts. to 3 in. long: fls. yellow with
darker center, often double, to 2 in. across, solitary, the
corolla-tube short; teeth of calyx leafy, longer than tube.
China. — Showy, and sometimes grown under glass.
nitidum. U: partly climbing: Ivs. opposite, simple,
oval-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. white, 1J^ in. across,
fragrant; teeth of calyx short. S. Pacific.
nudifldrum. T: to 15 ft., diffuse but not climbing,
deciduous, the branchlets 4-angled: Ivs. opposite, of 3
oblong or ovate Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. yellow, 1 in. across,
solitary, before the Ivs.; teeth of calyx leafy, as long as
tube. China. — Showy shrub in early spring.
officinale. POETS JESSAMINE. P: to 30 ft., climbing or
with weak sts.: Ivs. opposite, of 5-7 ovate Ifts. to 2^ in.
long, the terminal 1ft. larger: fls. white, ^-4 in. across,
fragrant, in clusters; teeth of calyx to U in. long. Persia.
Var. aureo-variegatum has variegated Ivs. Var. grandi-
ftorum (J. graiuhflorum) , fls. larger and more showy, the
corolla about 1 ^3 in. across.
Parkeri. T, P: to 1 ft.: Ivs. alternate, of 3-5 ovate Ifts.
to y± in. long: fls. yellow, >g in. across, solitary; teeth of
calyx half as long as tube. llimalayas.
poeticum: probably applied to /. officinale, but also to
J. absimile.
primulinum: J. Mesnyi.
pube"scens. U: climbing evergreen, pubescent: Ivs. op-
posite, ovate and acuminate, to 2 in. long: fls. white, often
double, 1 in. across, in dense clusters; teeth of calyx )^ in.
long, yellow hairy-pubescent; cool season. India.
Reevesii: J. humile.
revolutum: J. humile var.
rigidum (J. liyustn folium) . U: stiff shrub: Ivs. opposite,
ovate, to 2 in. long, leathery: fls. white, fragrant, in few-
fld. cymes, teeth of calyx linear. India.
Sainbac. ARABIAN J. U: to 5 ft., climbing, the sts.
pubescent: Ivs. opposite or perhaps sometimes in 3's, broad-
ovate, to 3 in. long: fls white, to 1 in. across, fragrant, in
clusters, often full double; teeth of calyx ^ in. long. India.
simplicif&lium: species of the S. Sea Isls., not in cult.,
the plant so named being J. gracile.
specidsum: hort. name for a dwarf jasmine, 4 ft. high,
with glossy Ivs. arid yellow fls.
stephanense. Hybrid between J. Beesianum and J.
officinale var. grandiflorum: fls. with color of former and
fragrance of latter parent. Yunnan.
trine1 rve. U: climbing: Ivs. opposite, ovate-oblong,
3-nerved from base: fls. white, in clusters; teeth of calyx
longer than tube. India.
triumphans: J. humile.
undulatum. U: climbing: Ivs. opposite, lance-ovate,
acuminate, to 3 in. long: fls. white, fragrant, in cymes;
teeth of calyx much longer than tube. India.
Wallichianum: J. humile var. glabrum.
JASONIA. Composite. Per. herbs of S. Eu.,
allied to Inula and differing in achenes tapering
at each end with pappus at distal end composed
of 2 circles, the outer of short bristles and the
inner of long hairs. Probably only 2 species, of
which one, J. tuberdsa, is sometimes cult. To
18 in., plant glandular, rootstock woody, black
and tuberous, sts. erect or ascending, puoescent:
Ivs. linear-spatulate, to 3 in. long, acute, entire,
glandular on both sides: heads yellow, of both
ray- and disk-fls.
jATROPHA. EupJwrbiacex. Herbs, shrubs
or trees with milky juice, alternate palmately
lobed or cut Ivs. and unisexual fls. with or without
petals; a few of them are listed for sale. Propa-
gated by seeds and cuttings. They often bear
stinging hairs. The species are mostly tropical.
Berlandieri. Per. to 1 ft., from a starchy root: Ivs. 3 in.
across, deeply 7-parted into acuminate pinnately cut lobes,
glaucous beneath: fls. purple, with petals, in long-stalkea
many-fld. cymes. Tex., Mex., Cent. Amer.
Curcas (Curcas Curcas). BARBADOS-NUT. PHYSIC-NUT.
Tree to 15 ft.: Ivs. roundish, to 0 in. across, slightly 3-5-
lobed, long-stalked: fls. yellow, in cymes, with petals.
Trop. Amer.
hastata (Adenoropium hastatum). PEREGRINA. Shrub
to 5 ft., glabrous or close-pubescent: Ivs. oblong-obovate
and constricted below into a fiddle-shape, sharp-acuminate:
fls. scarlet or rose, to 1 in. across, in terminal cymes. Cuba.
M&nihot: Manihot esculenta.
multtflda (Adenoropium multifidum). CORAL-PLANT.
Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. nearly orbicular, to 1 ft. across,
deeply parted into entire or cut lobes, glaucous beneath:
fls. scarlet, with petals, in compound cymes. Trop. Amer.
podigrica. TARTOOO. Trunk short and swollen and
gouty, to about 1^ ft-, with bristled scars: Ivs. orbicular-
ovate in outline, peltate, long-stalked, to 10 in. across,
deeply 3-5-lobed with obtuse sinuses: fls. small, coral-red,
in terminal long-peduncled cymes with red pedicels. Cent.
Jatropha
398
Juncacece
Arner. — Planted in warm countries and sometimes seen
under glass.
tezana: Cnidoscolus texanus.
JEFFERSdNIA. Berberidacese. Two small
per. herbs native in E. N. Amer. and Asia, the
former transferred from the woods: Ivs. basal,
palmately veined or lobed: fls. white, solitary
at tip of slender scape: fr. a leathery caps.
diphylla. TWIN-LEAF. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 2-parted into kid-
ney-shaped entire or lobed divisions, glaucous beneath:
fls. 1 in. across. May. Grit, to Va. and Tenn.
dubia. Young IVH. cordate, margins irregularly angled:
petals oblong, very obtuse, narrowed into a short claw:
tie. bluish. China.
JERUSALEM CROSS: Lychnis chalcedonica.
JESSAMINE: Janminum, Centrum. Carolina Yellow:
Ceisemium ttemperwrens. Orange-: Murrsea.
JETBEAD: Rhodotypos tetrapetala.
JEW-BUSH: Pedilanthus tithymaloides.
JEWEL VINE, MALAY: Dems scandens.
JEWEL- WEED: Impatiens biflora.
JIMSON-WEED: Datura Stramonium.
JOBS-TEARS: Coix Lacryma-Jobi.
JOE-PYE WEED: Eupatorium dubium, maculatum, pur*
pureum.
JOINTED: with nodes, or points of real or apparent
articulation.
JOINT-FIR: Ephedra.
JOINTWOOD: Cassia nodoaa.
JONQUIL: Narcissus.
JOSEPHS-COAT: see Amaranthua tricolor.
JOSHUA-TREE: Yucca brevifolia.
JOVELLANA. Scrophulariacex. Herbs or
small shrubs from Chile and New Zeal., allied
to Calceolaria and differing in the 2 lobes of the
corolla being nearly equal in size.
Sinclair!. To 1H ft., glandular-pubescent: Ivs. opposite,
ovate, to 3 in long, coarsely toothed or lobed: fls. white
or yellow spotted with purple, l/£ in. across, in terminal
panicles. New Zeal.
viol ace a (Calceolaria violacea). To 1^ ft., the st. white-
hairy: Ivs ovate, to 1 in. long, coarsely toothed or some-
times lobed: fls. yellowish-white spotted with purple, ^ in.
across, in terminal panicles. Chile.
JllANIA. Palmacese. One monoecious un-
armed graceful feather-palm of isl. Juan Fer-
nandez (Chile), which has been intro. into S.
Calif. : spadices among the Ivs., about 1 ft. long,
simply branched, the sexes in different inflores-
cences; stamens 6: fr. size of cherry, with the
stigmatic point terminal rather than basal and
in that respect differing from Ceroxylon. J.
australis. Tree of medium stature: Ivs. 4-6 ft.
long; pinna) many, 2-3 together, linear and
acuminate, bifid at apex into slender points,
scaly or lepidote underneath, with about 2
secondary nerves either side midrib, margins
somewhat thickened; peduncle more than 1 ft.
long.
Palmacese. One massive unarmed
monoecious feather-palm of Chile, frequently
planted in S. Calif., also sometimes grown under
glass in the juvenile state and in tubs for planting
out in subtrop. clumps; does not thrive in Fla.
spectabilis (J. chilensis). SYRUP PALM. Trunk columnar
even when the tree is low, 4-6 ft. diam., bearing scare of
the expanded fallen If.-bases, carrying a thick crown of
erect-spreading foliage; height to 80 ft. or more: petioles
relatively short, margined with stiff hair-like filaments but
not truly spiny: Ivs. green, 6-12 ft. long; pinnre numerous,
2 ft. or more long and about 1 in. broad, oonduplicate,
bifid at tip: spadices from lower If. -axils, the large spathes
hanging long; staminate fla. on upper part of branches,
stamens 15-30: fr. globose-ovoid, I& in. long, yellow, 1-
seeded, drupe-like with fibrous flesh. — In Chile sugar or
"honey" is made from the sap, and the nuts are employed
in confectionery.
JUDAS-TREE: Cercis.
JUGLANDACEJE. WALNUT FAMILY. Six
woody monoecious genera in the north temp, zone,
having alternate pinnate Ivs., staminate fls. in
hanging catkins with 3-many stamens and with
or without perianth, pistillate fls. with 3-5-lobed
calyx and inferior ovary and borne a few to-
gether or in racemes, and fr. a nut, winged nutlet,
or drupe. Carya, Juglans, Platycarya and Ptero-
carya are grown for ornament, shade, and for
the edible nuts; many of the species are timber
trees.
jtJGLANS. WALNUT. Juglandaceae . Con-
spicuous deciduous monoecious trees with large
odd-pinnate Ivs., staminate fls. in drooping cat-
kins from last-year wood, pistillate fls. on wood of
current year, and fr. a furrowed nut inclosed in a
thick indehiscent husk. Walnuts may be dis-
tinguished from hickories in part by the pith of
the twigs chambered or with minute cross-
partitions in the former and solid or continuous
in the latter. Grown for ornament, the edible
nuts, and for timber used in building and making
of furniture. For cult, see Walnut.
ailanthif&lia: /. Sieboldiana.
calif ornica. CALIFORNIA W. Shrub or tree to 60 ft.:
Ivs. of 9-17 ovate-lanceolate Ifts. to 3 in. long: fr. globose,
% in. across, pubescent. S. Calif.
cathaye'nsis. CHINESE W. To 80 ft.: Ivs. of 0-17 ovate-
oblong Ifts. to 6 in. or more long, pubescent beneath: fr.
ovoid, to 2 in. long, pointed, sticky-pubescent, nut thick-
shelled. China.
cinerea. BUTTERNUT. To 100 ft.: Ivs. of 11-19 pubescent
Ifts. to 5 in. long: fr. ovoid-oblong, to 4 in. long, sticky-
pubescent. N. B. to Ark.
cordif6rmis: J. Sieboldiana var.
Hindsii. To 75 ft.: Ivs. of 15-19 ovate-lanceolate or
lanceolate Ifts. to 4 in. long: fr. nearly globose, to 2 in.
across, pubescent, the nuts nearly smooth. Cent. Calif.
jap6nica: a name erroneously applied in the trade to
forms of J. Sieboldiana or J. regia,
major. To 60 ft : Ivs. of 9-13 or more narrow-ovate to
oblong-lanceolate Ifts. pubescent on rib and rachis under-
neath: fr. nearly globose, 1 in. or more long, nut deeply
grooved. Colo, to Ariz.
mandshurica. To 60 ft.: Ivs. of 9-17 oblong Ifts. to 8 in.
long: fr. ovate to oblong, 2 in. long, sticky-pubescent.
Manchuria.
nigra. BLACK W. To 150 ft.: Ivs. of 15-23 ovate-oblong
Ifts. to 5 in. long, pubescent beneath: fr. globose, to 2 in.
across, pubescent. Mass, to Fla. and Tex.
rfcgia. PERSIAN or ENGLISH W. To 100 ft., with silvery-
gray bark: Ivs. of usually 7-9 oblong Ifts. to 5 in. long: fr.
nearly globose, to 2 in. across, glabrous. S. E. Eu., Asia.
Var. chin6nsis is a geographic form from China and Hima-
layas but not morphologically distinguishable from the
type. Var. lacinlata, Ifts. pinnately cut. Var maxima
(var. macrocarpa), nuts much larger. Var. monophylla,
Ivs. simple or with 3 Ifts. Var. p£ndula, branches drooping.
Var. praeparturiens, shrubby earlier-maturing form.
rupSstris. Rarely to 30 ft.: Ivs. of 15-23 lanceolate Ifts.
to 3 in. long: fr. globose, % in. across, nearly glabrous.
Tex., New Mex.
Sieboldiana (/. ailanthi folia) . To 60 ft.: Ivs. of 11-17
oval Ifts to 6 in long, pubescent beneath: fr. globose, about
2 in. long, pointed, sticky-pubescent. Japan. Var. cordi-
f6rmis (J. cordiformia) has heart-shaped flattened sharply
2-edged Ivs.
JUJUBE: Zizyphus.
JUNCACR££. RUSH FAMILY. Grass-like herbs
of 8 widely distributed genera, with inconspicuous,
greenish, chaff-like bisexual fls. borne in heads,
panicles or corymbs, having 3 sepals and 3
petals, 3 or 6 stamens, superior 1- or 3-celled
ovary, and capsular frs. Juncus and Luzula are
occasionally planted.
Juncus
399
Juniperus
jtJNCUS. RUSH. Juncacese. Glabrous stiffish
herbs, the following per., with Ivs. reduced to
basal sheaths; rarely transplanted for ground-
cover or interest, and the forms of J. effusus
sometimes grown in pots. Propagated by seeds
and division. Most of the species are plants of
low ground.
balticus. Tufted, to 3^ ft.: fls. greenish, H in. long, the
segms. with white margins. Eu., N. Amer.
effusus. Tufted, to 4 ft.: fls. pale brown, & in. long.
N. Amer , Ku., Asia. Var. spiralis has spirally twisted sts.
and var. vittatus yellow-striped herbage.
Llscuri. To 3 ft. : fls. dark brown, % in. long, the segms.
with deep purple margins. Alaska to Calif.
JUNEBERRY. Some of the species of Ame-
lanchier yield attractive edible berry-like small
fruits. The ones grown sometimes in gardens
for the fruit are dwarf bushes. The variety
Success (Arnelanchier stolonifera) , which is best
known, is a hardy bush 2-3 feet high, suckering
at the base and by that means it is propagated.
It may be grown much like currants and goose-
berries. A row at one side of the garden will soon
make a good border, showy with its racemes of
white flowers in May (in central New York) while
the leaves are small, and laden in July with red-
purple blueberry-like fruits about y£ inch in
diameter. Juneberries are of simple cultural
requirements.
JUNfPERUS. JUNIPER. Cupressacese. Ever-
green mostly small trees and shrubs widely
dispersed in the northern hemisphere, some of
them arctic, having needle- or scale-like Ivs..
commonly appressed on old branchlets ana
spreading on new growth, yellow staminate fls.
in little catkins, and fr. a berry-like body formed
of the coalescence of the fleshy scales of the cone.
Many species are grown for ornament and some
of tnem supply useful timber; some, as J.
virginiana, arc known as cedars. For cult, sec
Conifers.
ariz6nica: possibly Cupressus arizonica.
Ashei: J. mexicana.
barbadSnsis (J. bermudiana, sometimes erroneously
J. lucyana). Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. mostly overlapping, spiny-
pointed, pale bluish-green: fr. blue, bloomy. Bermuda,
Barbados, Antigua; to be planted only far S.
bermudiana: J. barbadensis.
calif drnica (Sabina calif ornica) . Shrub to 12 ft. or rarely
tree: Ivs. overlapping, scale-like: fr. reddish-brown. Calif. —
The names var. glauca and Hetzii are listed.
canad£nsis: J. communis var. depressa.
C6drus. Tree to 12 ft., with drooping branchlets: Ivs.
spreading, linear: fr. orange-brown. Canary Isls.
chine'nsis. Tree to 60 ft. and more or sometimes shrubby:
Ivs. of two kinds, scale-like or linear and spreading with
2 white bands below: fr. brown, bloomy. E. Asia; hardy in
Cent. N. Y. and New England. There are numerous hort.
vars. of high ornament .1 value, as: filbo-spica is J. virginiana
var.; albo-variegata is var. variegata; Armstrong!!, sport of
var. Pfitzeriana; aurea, young growth golden-yellow;
aureo-glob&sa, dwarf globose form with young growth
golden-yellow; columnar is, narrow-pyramidal habit- con-
ffirta, probably /. conferta; d£nsa, compact habit; Doug-
lasii is J. horizontal™ var.; fcemina, a form with female
fls. and fr.; F6rtunei, habit columnar; glauca, foliage bluish-
green; globdsa (J. mrginahs globosa), of dwarf globose
Habit; japonica (var. nana, J. japonica}, low shrub with
decumbent branches, and its forms alba (var. procum-
bent albo-variegata) with Ivs. variegated white, and aureo-
variegata variegated with yellow; Keteleeri, of pyramidal
habit with dark green scale-like Ivs.; m&s (var. mascula,
var. neaboriensis) , conical form with male fls.; Meyeri,
similar to var. glauca; nana, synonym of japonica; neabor-
iensis, synonym of mas; oblonga, nearly globose, forming a
distinct leading shoot with branches recurved at tips:
p6ndula, branches drooping at tips; Pfitzeriana, of broad
pyramidal habit with nodding spreading branchlets, often
without central leader and appearing prostrate, grayish-
green; plumdsa, low, with arching branches and branchlets
forming plumose sprays and aurea (var. japonica aurea)
with young Ivs. golden-yellow; procumbens is J. procum*
bens, but some of the material is var. Sargentii; pyramidalis.
of narrow pyramidal habit and bluish-green Ivs.; Reevesil
is var. faemina; Sargentii, prostrate shrub with creeping
sts.: Sh6ppardii, juvenile form of bushy drooping habit;
Smlthii, pyramidal with drooping terminal branchlets;
sphdbrica, fr. not glaucous; strfcta is J. ercelsa var.; sylv6s-
trte, probably a synonym for plumosa; torulosa, a form with
twisted branchlets; variegata (var. albo-variegata) , tips of
branchlets creamy-white. — Other listed names are dentata,
monumentalia, nridis.
communis. COMMON J. Shrub or tree to 40 ft.: Ivs.
linear, spreading, sharp-pointed, with broad white band
above: fr. dark blue, oloomy. Widely distributed in N.
Amer. (E. Mass, south and west), Eu., Asia. Vars. are:
alpina is var. saxatilis; Ashfordii, probably a form of var.
h\bernica; aurea, young growth golden-yellow; canad6nsis,
synonym of depressa; columnaris, probably a form of var,
fubernica; compressa, dwarf shrub with short crowded
branchlets: cracdvia. POLISH J , branchlets drooping;
depr6ssa (var. canadensis), PROSTRATE J., shrub to 4 ft.,
with sts. ascending and its form aurea-spica with tips of
branchlets golden-yellow: echinif6rmis, HKDGKHOQ J., to
2 ft. with densely crowded branchlets; fastigiata is var.
suecica; Grayi, pyramidal quick-growing sport; hemi-
sph&rica, dense rounded shrub to 3 ft.; hib6rmca, IRISH J.,
columnar form with upright dark green branches; horizon-
talis is probably a synonym of var. prostrata; Jackii,
prostrate shrub with slender trailing branches, Ore., N.
Calif.; montana is var. saxatilis; nana is var. saxatihs;
nipp6nica, a Japanese form differing from var. Jackii m
having its Ivs. deeply sulcate above and keeled below, high
nits, of Japan; oblongo-p£ndula, columnar form with droop-
ing branches; p£ndula, branchlets drooping; Pdlishii,
probably var. cracoma; prostrata, prostrate with smaller
Ivs. than type; saxatilis (vars. alpina, montana, nana, J.
nana, J. saxatilis, J. sibinca), MOUNTAIN J., spreading
shrub to 2 ft. high with denser shorter foliage, arctic and
mountainous regions of N. Amer.; sibirica is var. saxatilis;
su6cica (var. fastigiata), SWEDISH J., of narrow columnar
habit and branchlets drooping at tips. — Other listed names
are Dayi, koraiensis and pyramidalis.
confe'rta (J. litoralis). SHORE J. Procumbent shrub: lys.
linear, spreading, spiny-pointed, bluish-green with white
band above: fr. black, bloomy. Japan, Saghalin; hardy in
S. New England.
cpnt6rta is listed as a creeping plant characterized by
fastigiate branch tips; its botanical position is unknown, but
it is probably a hort. var. or form.
cupressif&lia: J. Sabina var.
drupacea. SYRIAN J. Tree to 45 ft., of pyramidal habit:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, spreading, spiny-pointed, with 2
white lines above: cones oluish or brown, bloomy. Greece,
Asia Minor; to be planted far S.
exc&sa. GREEK J. Tree to 60 ft., of pyramidal habit:
Ivs. mostly scale-like, dark or bluish-green: fr. purplish-
brown, bloomy. S. W. Eu., Asia Minor; hardy only far S.
Var. de'nsp is a compact form; var. strfcta is a columnar
form with young Ivs. glaucous, more hardy; var. variegata
has Ivs. variegated witn yellowish-white.
flaccida. Tree to 30 ft., with drooping branchlets: Ivs.
scale-like, acuminate: fr. red -brown, bloomy. Tex., Mex.
formosana (J. oblonga pendula). Tree to 40 ft., with
drooping branchlets: Ivs. linear, spreading, spiny-pointed,
with 2 broad white bands above: fr. reddish or orange-
brown. Formosa, China; may be planted as far north as
N. Y. and New England.
Fdrtunei: J. spheerica, but the material cult, under this
name is probably a form of J. chinenais.
Gossinthiana: listed name.
hibe'rnica: J. communis var.
horizontalis (J. hudsonica. J. prostrata. J. virginiana
var. prostrata). CREEPING J. or SAVIN. Procumbent shrub
with long trailing branches: Ivs. mostly scale-like, over-
lapping, Bluish-green: fr. blue. N. S. west and south. —
Once thought to be a form of other species. Var. alpina
(J. Sabina var. alpina), sts. nearly upright at first; var.
aurea, young growth golden-yellow; var. depressa is J.
communis var.; var. Dotiglasii (J. chinensis var.), WAUKE-
GAN J., trailing form with steel-blue Ivs.; var. glauca, lys.
more bluish than type; var. glomerata, dwarf form with
branchlets crowded into dense clusters; var. plumdsa, de-
pressed shrub with linear Ivs.; var. procumbens, very dwarf,
only reaching a few in.; var. variegata, procumbent with
creamy-white tips of branchlets.
hudsonica: J. horizon talia.
japonica: J. chinensis var.
Kaizuda: listed name.
litoralis: J. conferta.
lucayana: see J. silicicola.
macrocirpa (J. neaboriensis). PLUM J. Shrub or dense
Juniperus
400
Jurinea
pyramidal tree to 12 ft.: Ivs. linear, spreading, spiny-
pointed: fr. dark brown, bloomy. Medit. region; to be
grown far 8.
mexicana (J. Aahei). OZARK WHITE-CEDAR. Tree to
30 ft. and more: Ivs. mostly scale-like: fr. dark blue, bloomy.
S. Mo., Ark. to Mex.; to be planted far 8.
monosperma. CHERRYSTONE J. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs.
mostly scale-like, grayish-green: fr. dark blue, bloomy.
Colo, to Tex. and Mex.; useful in lower 8.
morrisonfcola. MT. MORRISON J. Differs from J.
chinenais in the longer black frs. and other technical char-
acters. Formosa.
nana: J. communia var. aaxatilis.
neaboriensis: J. macrocarpa or J. chinensis var. ?na«.
ob!6nga pendula: /. formosana.
occidental's (Sabina occidentalis) . Shrub or tree to 40
ft. and more: Ivs. mostly scale-like, overlapping, grayish-
green: fr. bluish-black, bloomy. Wash, to 8. Calif.; to be
planted only far 8. on eastern side of continent.
Oxycedrus. PRICKLY J. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs.
linear, spreading, spiny-pointed: fr. somewhat bloomy.
Medit. to Persia; adaptable only far 8.
pachyphl&a. ALLIGATOR J. Tree to 00 ft. with checkered
bark: Ivs. mostly scale-like, bluish-green: fr. reddi.sh-brown,
bloomy. Tex., Ariz., Mex.; adapted only to lower 8.
Pfltzeriana: J. chinensis var.
phcenfcea. Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. mostly scale-like,
dark or bluish-green: fr. yellow or reddish-brown. Medit.
region, and to be planted only far 8. — The name Longs-
goldiana is listed here.
Plnchotii. Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. mostly scale-like: fr. red-
dish-brown. Tex.
procera. AFRICAN J. Tree to 100 ft. and more: Ivs. of
two kinds, lanceolate and spreading, or scale-like: fr. brown
or purplish. K. Afr.
proctimbens (J. chinensis var.). Spreading shrub to
2 ft. high: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, spiny-pointed, glaucous
above and bluish below. Japan, where it is cult., and hardy
in northern states. Var. variegata is listed.
prostrata: J. horizontalis.
pseudosabina. Low shrub: Ivs. of two kinds, scale-Hko
and needle-shaped. Turkestan.
recurva. Tree to 30 ft., with curved branches and droop-
ing branohlets: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, grayish or bluish-
green with white band above: fr brown or purple. Hima-
layas; to be tried far 8. Var. densa is /. squamata.
rfgida. NEEDLE J. Pyramidal shrub or tree to 30 ft.,
with drooping branchlets: Ivs. linear, spreading, spiny-
pointed, yellowish-green with white band above: fr. brown-
ish-black, bloomy. Japan, Korea, N. China; hardy in
northern states, but should be protected from severe winter
winds.
Sabina. SAVIN. Shrub to 10 ft., usually spreading or
procumbent: Ivs. of two kinds, needle-shaped and spreading
or scale-like and overlapping, dark green: fr. brownish-
blue, bloomy. Ku., W. Asia; hardy in northern states; the
native plant once supposed to be this species is J. horizon-
talis Some of the hort vars are: cupressif61ia, procumbent,
with scale-like Ivs.; fastigiata (sometimes called erecta),
shrub of columnar habit; f<jemina is J. chinensis var.;
horizontals is listed; lusitanica, upright shrub with scale-
like Ivs. ; prostrata is ./. horizontals; pyramidalis is listed as
of more conical habit; Sanderi, finer blue foliage than type;
tamariscifolia, Ivs. usually all needle-shaped, bright green;
variegata, branchlets variegated creamy-white.
saltuaria. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. overlapping, mostly scale-
like, bright green: fr. black. W. China.
S&rgentii: J. chinensis var.
saxatilis: J. communia var.
scopulorum (Sabina scopulorum). COLORADO RED-
CKDAR. Tree to 30 ft. and more: Ivs. overlapping, scale-
like, yellowish-green or glaucous: fr. bright blue, bloomy.
B. C. to Calif., and hardy in eastern states. Vur. argentea
is a pyramidal form with s'lvery-white Ivs.; var glauca has
more glaucous foliage; var. Fraseri is advertised with silvery
Ivs. and growingto 20 ft.; var. Hfllii, very light blue foliage;
var. horizontalis has spreading branches and bluish-white
lys.; var. pendula is listed as a weeping form to 15 ft., Ivs.
silvery; var. roller ensis is offered as an erect, compact
blue-green foliaged form; var. viridif&lia is a bright green
form of pyramidal habit.— Other Latin named forms are:
Chandler*, columnans, cupressi folia, globosa, prostrata.
sibirica: J. communia var. saxatilis.
silicfcola (Sabina silicicola). SOU-MTERN RED-CEDAR.
Tree to 50 ft , >rith drooping branchlets: Ivs. scale-like,
overlapping, light green: fr. dark blue, bloomy. Ga. to
Tex., W. Indies; adaptable only far S. Var. Bedfordiana,
Juvenile form with needle-like Ivs.— This plant differs from
J. virginiana in its more slender twigs, larger staminate
catkins and smaller fr. By some authors it has been con-
fused with J. lucayana, a juniper of the W. Indies which
differs in having smaller 4-ranked Ivs. and a depressed more
or less laterally flattened fr.
sph&rica (J. Fortunei). A species from N. China, but
the material cult, under tnis name is J. chinensia.
squamata (J. recurva var. densa). Decumbent shrub:
Ivs. linear or lanceolate, pointed, grayish- or bluish-green
with 2 white bands above: fr. brown to black. E. Asia, and
hardy in northern states. Var. albo-variegata (argenteo-
variegata), branchlets somewhat creamy- white; var.
Fargesii is a tree to 70 ft.; var. Meyeri is an upright dense
shrub with bluish-white Ivs ; var. Parsonii is listed as more
dwarf; var. prostrata is a prostrate form; var. variegata has
creamy- white branchlets; var. Wilsonii is a shrub to 6 ft.
with branchlets recurved at tips.
strict a: J. excelsa var.
sylv6stris: a listed name of unknown botanical standing;
the plant may be a var. or form of J. chinensis.
taxifdlia. Differs from J. formosana in the obtuse Ivs.
and shiny light brown fr. Bonin Isls.
thurifera. Pyramidal tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. scale-like or
needle-shaped: fr. dark blue, bloomy. S. Eu., N. Afr.;
to be planted only m lower S.
utah£nsis (Sabina utahensis). Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. mostly
scale-like, overlapping, light yellowish-green: fr. reddish-
brown, bloomy. Wyo. to Culif.; not hardy in northeastern
states. Var. megaloca'rpa is taller with a single trunk.
venusta: J. virginiana var.
virginalis globdsa: J. chinensis var. globosa.
virginiana. RKD-CEDAR. Tree to 100 ft.: Ivs. scale-like
and overlapping or spreading and needle-like: fr. bluish,
bloomy. Me. to Fla — Liable to attacks of red-spider.
There are numerous garden vars. as follows: a"lbo-spica
and "Tnomphe d'Angers," tips of branchlets white;
argSntea, Ivs and young shoots silvery; aurea, Ivs. dark
green tipped with bronze; Burkii, habit columnar, Ivs
steel-blue; Can&rtii, pvrarnidai form with dark green Ivs ;
Ch&mberlaynii, branchlets drooping and elongated; ele-
gantissima, tips of branchlets golden-yellow; fastigiata is
listed aa having fastigiate branches; filifera, branchlets
slender and much divided; glauca, Ivs. very glaucous;
"ob6sa, globose form with bright green scale-like Ivs ;
fllii, a form of var. pyramidiformis; inverta, branches
drooping; K6steri, low form with glaucous Ivs ; p6n-
dula, branohlets slender and drooping; plum&sa, of py-
ramidal habit, white-tipped; prostrata is J. horizontals;
pseudo-cupressus, habit pyramidal with silvery-gray
foliage; pyramidalis, of dense columnar habit; pyramidi-
f6rmis.pyramidal with lye. turning purple, its better-known
form Hillii, DUNDEE J., is columnar with pale bluish-green
foliage when young, plum-colored in autumn; reptans,
low shrub with spreading branches; Sch6ttii, columnar,
with scale-like Ivs. bright green; tripartita, dwarf densely
branched form; variegata, branchlets variegated with
white; Tow~sonii, gray-green turning purple-blue in autumn;
venusta (J. venusta), of columnar habit, Ivs. shiny dark
green — Other listed names are cinerascens, corymbom,
cyhndrica, Donaldsomi, Libretonii, McCabei, Smithu,
vcgetus and mndis.
Wallichiana. Shrub or tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. scale-like and
needle-shaped, bright green: fr. blue. S. W. China; to be
planted only in mild climates.
Whittmanniana: a listed name.
Wilsonii: J. squamata var.
8"
JUPITERS-BEARD: Anthyllis
thus ruber.
Barba-Jovis, Centran-
JURiNEA. Composite. Old World herbs or
shrubs adapted to the wild garden, having
white-tomcntose foliage and purple fls. in long-
peduncled heads forming cymose infl.r achenes
4H)-sided and crowned with a pappus of unequal
stiff and rough hairs. Propagated by seeds or
division and planted in any ordinary garden soil.
alata. Bien. or per. to 3 ft.: basal Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid,
oblong, to 6 in. long, glabrescent above and hairy beneath,
st.-lvs. lanceolate, dentate and decurrent: heads purplish-
blue, to 1 in. across, involucral bracts narrow with spreading
tip. Caucasus.
anat61ica. Bien. or per., gray-canescent: Ivs. finely
pinnately lobed, the upper ones less so and linear but not
decurrent: heads purplish, large, involucre webby-tomen-
tose, lower bracts squarrose and reflexed. Asia Minor.
m611is. Bien. or per., little branched or simple: Ivs.
oblong to linear-lanceolate, usually pinnately lobed, segms.
linear: heads rose-purple, to 2^ in. across. S. Eu.
Jussiwa
401
Juttadinteria
JUSSL&A. PRIMROSE-WILLOW. Onagracese.
Shrubs and per. herbs with alternate simple Ivs..
yellow or white fls. solitary in the axils, and
capsular frs.
Jussiaeas are grown in the aquatic or damp garden,
and mostly treated as tender annuals. Seeds should be
sown in pots or pans which after two days should be sub-
merged in water. The seedlings should be transferred to
pots and it is not always necessary to keep them under
water.
calif6rnica. YELLOW WATER-WEED. Per. with sts. to
10 ft. long: Ivs. oblong to ovate, to 2 in. long, floating Ivs.
often more orbicular and with longer petioles: fls. yellow,
solitary in axils. Calif.
dectirrens. Erect per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in.
long, sessile, decurrent: fls. yellow, to H in- across. Swamps,
Md. to 111. south to Fla. and Tex.
longifdlia. Erect, to 2 ft.: Ivs linear-lanceolate, long-
pointed: fls. yellow. Brazil.
peruviana (J. Sprengen). Per., evergreen, prostrate,
sts. winged, much branched, hairy: Ivs. opposite, ovate,
acute, crowded: fls. canary-yellow, large Argentina. — Said
to be adapted to aquatic or terrestrial habitats.
rSpens. Sts. creeping, rooting at nodes: Ivs. oval to
spatulate, to 3 in. long: fls. yellow, H in. long- Tropics.
salicifdlia: J. suffruticosa.
Springe ri: /. peruviana.
suffruticdsa (J. salicifolia). Per., woody at base, to 4 ft.,
erect and much branched, branchlets angled: Ivs. narrowly
lanceolate to elliptic-ovate, to 4 in. long, base euneate, apex
acute: fls. yellow, to K in. across. W. Indies, distributed
throughout tropics.
JUSTlCIA. Acanthacex. Trop. herbs and
shrubs allied to Jacobinia and distinguished by
technical characters of the stamens and pollen-
grains. Cult, as for Jacobinia.
c&rnea: Jacobinia cornea.
coccinea: Pachystachys coccinea; see also Odontonema
strictutn.
Ghiesbreghtiana: Jacobinia Ghiesbreghtiana.
magnfflca: Jacobinia carnea.
Mohintlii: Jacobinia spicigera.
secunda. RED J. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to
6 in. long, long-acuminate: fls. red, 1^ in. long, deeply
2-lipped, on narrow terminal panicles. N. S. Amer.
spicigera: Jacobinia spicigera.
JUTE: Corchorus capsularis.
JUTTADINTfeRIA. Aizoacesr. Subshrubs
with short sts., very thick decussate lv«. and
white to rose short-stalked fls. having linear re-
curved petals and 8-10 stigmas; a segregate
from Mesernbryanthemum ; S. Africa.
albata. To 1 ft.: Ivs. densely imbricated, to 3 in. long,
% in. wide and thick, keeled on back, glaucous tinged with
rose: fls. solitary, white, ^5 in. long.
buchuberggnsis: listed name.
pr6xima. To 3 in , each branch with 2 pairs of Ivs.:
Ivs. to 2 in. long and l/i in. thick, glaucous: fls. solitary,
rose-pink, 1 ^ in. across, fragrant.
rheolens. Branches crowded, usually densely 4-lvd.,
glaucous, with rhubarb odor: Ivs. to 1'^ in long, % in.
wide and thick: fls. solitary, pale rose-lilac, 1^ in. across.
SImpsonii (M. Simpsomi). To 10 in.: Ivs. to 1^ in.
long and H in- thick, 3-angled, with short usually red teeth:
fls. solitary, white, shining, 1 in. "long.
K
KADSURA. MagnoliacesB. Evergreen woody
twiners from trop. Asia with simple Ivs., uni-
sexual usually solitary fls., and fr. a globose head
of berries (separate carpels) which are ornamen-
tal in autumn. Propagated by cuttings of half-
ripened wood under glass. To be planted far S.
jap6nica. Lvs. oval to oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
slightly toothed: fls. yellowish-white, % in. across, not
showy, stalked: fr. scarlet, the heads about 1 in. across.
Japan, Korea.
KAFIR: Sorghum vulgare var. caffrorum.
KAQENfiCKIA. Rosaceas. Small evergreen
trees from Chile with leathery sharp-toothed
Ivs. and dioecious fls., the pistillate solitary and
staminate in racemes or corymbs; one species
intro. in S. Calif.
oblonga. To 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong: fls. white, % in. across.
Chile.
KAHIKA: Podocarpus dacrydioides.
KAKI: Dionpyro* Kaki.
KALANCHOE. Crassulacex. Succulent trop.
per. herbs or subshrubs, mostly in Afr., Mada-
gascar and Asia; with opposite fleshy Ivs. that
are sometimes pmnatifid or pinnate, and yellow,
scarlet or purple fls. in terminal paniclcd cymes,
the corolla urn-shaped or salverform and the
calyx sometimes much inflated. Plants listed
here are sometimes also referred to Bryophyllum
and Kitchingia.
The kalanchoe's are grown in the greenhouse or out-of-
doors in the South for the bloom. The cultivation is not
peculiar. Propagated by stem-cuttings and seeds but
more readily by placing a leaf on wet sand in a warm light
propagating frame or even laying it on the ground; from
the notches of the leaf young plants will grow and these
may be potted when of sufficient size.
aethi6pica: listed name.
Alicia. Sts. robust, hairy: Ivs. nearly orbicular, crenate,
hairy: fls. large, with broad-ovate deeply emarginate
segms , hairy, in corymbs. Madagascar.
behar£nsis. Per. and woody, branching, sts. hairy at
apex, 3 to even 10 ft.: Ivs. in terminal rosettes, sagittate
with shallow lobes on side, silvery underneath and rusty-
hairy above: fls about ^ in long, woolly, in branched
cymes, yellowish-green to white, violet inside. Madagascar.
— Plants in the American trade as Kitchingia mandrakensis
and K peralta are to be referred here.
Blossfeldiana (A', globuhfera var. coccinea). Sts. short:
Ivs. obovate, to 1 in. long and ^4 in. wide, entire or toothed:
fls. scarlet, in rnany-fld. cyrnes. Madagascar.
brach^loba. Sts. robust, glabrous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
entire or weakly sinuate, petiolate: fls. about l/fr in. acroea.
Trop. Afr.
cirnea: K. laciniata.
cocctnea: K. laciniata.
crenata. To 0 ft., with thick root: Ivs. oblong to spatu-
late, to 3 in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. yellow or orange.
Trop. Afr.
Daigremontiana (Bryophyllum Daigrcmontianum) . Gla-
brous, simple, erect, 1^ ft. or more, plant green-brown: Ivs.
thick, long-oblong, producing plantlets from the many
serratures: fls. about 1 in. long, corolla much exceeding the
sharp-lobed calyx. Madagascar.
Dyeri: K. Qitartiniana.
fingleri: listed name.
farinacea: K. scapigera.
Pedtsch6nkoi. Per , glabrous, about 1 ft., more or less
branched at base: Ivs. fleshy, obovate to nearly orbicular,
crenate-dentate, short -petioled: fls. corymbose, on a ter-
minal peduncle, hanging on their pedicels, corolla longer
than tubular calyx, purple. Madagascar.
flajnmea. To 1% ft--' Ivs. ovate-oblong, 2 in. long, entire
or slightly toothed: fls. yellow and orange-scarlet, H in.
across. Trop Afr. — A good subject for a rather cool green*
house.
fonnosa: listed name.
glauce"scens: K. laciniata.
globulifera: see K. Blossfeldiana.
grandis: listed name.
kewe"nsis. Hybrid between K. flammea and K. tereti-
folia, the latter a white large- fld. species from Arabia, 3 ft..
with somewhat terete and pointed Ivs. in pairs at top of
st., but apparently not in cult, with us.
Klrkii: K. velutina.
laciniata (K. carnea. K. coccinea. K. glaucescen*. K.
spathulata. K. Weluntschn). Sts. erect, to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
ovate or lanceolate, entire, crenate or lobed, to 5 in. long,
petiolate: fls. yellow, orange, pink or scarlet, to ^ in. across.
Trop. Afr. — A good conservatory plant for winter bloom;
seeos sown in spring should give fls. at the holidays; estab-
lished in Fla.
lanceolata (K. pilosa). Lvs. ovate or lanceolate, to l}£
in. long, entire or slightly sinuate: fls. hairy, with lobes
of calyx equalling the tube. Trop. Afr., India.
laxifldra (Bryophyllum crenatum). Sts. to 3 ft.: Ivs.
oblong or ovate, to 3 in. long, crenate: fls. pale yellow or
red, % in. long, in branched panicles 1 ft. long. Madagascar.
— This has also been mistakenly listed in the trade as
Bryophyllum cruentum.
mandrakensis: plants in the American trade under this
name are to be referred to K> beharensis.
marmorata. Sts. branching, upright or prostrate: lys.
obovate, to 8 in. long, coarsely toothed, blotched with
purple on both sides: fls. white or yellowish, tubular.
Abyssinia.
miniata (Bryophyllum miniatum. Kitchingia miniata).
To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 2 in., coarsely crenate, on
long petioles to 1^ in.: fls. salmon-pink, 1 in. long, droop-
ing. Madagascar.
orgyalis. Sts. erect, glabrous, to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
spatulate, entire, to 6 in. long: fls. yellow, about ^ in.
across. Madagascar.
peltata (Kitchingia peltata). Sts. to 6 ft. high, erect,
glabrous: Ivs. ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenate, to 4 in. long.
with petioles somewhat snorter than blades and attached,
about ^ in above the bases: fls. pink, % in. long, drooping.
Madagascar
pildsa: K. lanceolata.
pinna t a (Bryophyllum calycinum. B. pinnatum). AIR-
PLANT. LIFE-PLANT. FLOPPERS. To 6 ft.: Ivs. of 3-5 oval
or oblong Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls. with greenish- or yellowish-
white purple-tinted inflated calyx and reddish corolla to
3 in. long Probably E. India but run wild in warm regions.
Quartiniana (K. Dyeri), To 2}$ ft., with stout sts.,
glabrous and more or less glaucous: Ivs. broad, elliptic,
tiolate, to 7% in. long and 5 m. wide: fls. white, about
in. across, in a terminal corymbose cyme. Trop. Afr.
rotunditMia. To l\i ft., erect, glabrous: Ivs. obovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire, subacute, to 1 in. long:
fls. vermilion. S. Afr., Socotra.
scfindens. St. climbing, to 10 ft. long: Ivs. sessile, st.-
clasping, linear-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: calyx-tube Y\-}^
in. long and up to H in. wide; corolla campanulate, pur-
plish-green to dark violet. Madagascar.
scapigera (K. farinacea}. To 1^ ft., erect, glabrous:
Ivs. obovate-orbicular, sligntly farinaceous, 1 in. long: fls.
red. Trop. Afr , Socotra.
Schumacher!. To \\i ft., ascending or erect, glabrous
and glaucous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, coarsely doubly
serrate, rarely lobed, to 5 in. long: fls. yellow, to y± in. long.
Java.
somalilnsis. Sts. leafy, erect: Ivs. obovate{ to 6 in. long,
toothed, slightly spotted with brown: fls. white, 3 in. long.
Somahland.
spathulata: K. laciniata.
teretifolia: see K. kewensis.
thyrsifl&ra. To 2 ft., sts. densely leafy: Ivs. to 6 in. long
and 2H in- wide, hoary: fls. yellow, ^ in. long. S. Afr.
tuberbsa. Rootstock woody-tuberous, plant mealy-
white: Ivs. crenate, 1 in. long: fls. 1^ in. long, rose-colored.
Madagascar.
tubifl6ra: K. verticillata.
tubulosa: listed name.
unifl6ra (Kitchingia uniflora). Prostrate, rooting at
joints: Ivs. obovate, obtuse, to 1 in. long, bright green: fls.
solitary or 3, 1 in. long. Madagascar.
veWtina (K. Kirkii). To 2^ ftv erect, pubescent: Ivs.
oblong-ovate, blunt, crenate, to 4 in. long, petiolate: fls.
salmon-pink to yellow, ^ in. long, in terminal cymes.
Trop. Afr.
verticillata. Per., glabrous, making single sts. erect
pe
2 i
402
KdanchoV
403
Kentia
above base 3 ft. or more high: Ivs. many, long-linear, to
6 in. long, with budlets at end: fls. bright light red, about
1 in. long, hanging in many terminal clusters. 8. Afr. — This
is available in the American trade as Bryophyllum tubiflorum
and K. tubiflora.
Welwftschii: K. laciniata.
KALE, BORECOLE (Brassica oleracea var.
acephala, B. fimbriata, and others). The kales
are of many kinds; they are cool-season plants
grown as greens or pot-herbs, for their succulent
edible leaves which are used either in autumn or
spring. For autumn crop, seeds are sown in
late spring where the plants are to stand or in
some cases in seed-beds and the young plants
transplanted. In the middle regions, as about
Norfolk, kale is mostly a spring crop, seeds
being sown in late summer or in autumn, the
plants standing in the field over winter. In
market kale, the entire plant is cut; in kitchen-
gardens leaves are often taken as needed and
the plants allowed to stand, in which case the
distances between them may be 10-24 inches
in the row depending on the variety. When the
entire plant is to be removed in harvesting, the
space need be only half as much or even less.
The curled or crimped varieties are usually most
prized. The plant goes to seed the second year.
The pests are those of cabbage. See Collar d; also
Brassica.
KALMIA. Ericaceae. Mostly evergreen shrubs,
of the western hemisphere, with simple entire
Ivs*., purple, pink or white fls. which are bell-
shaped or saucer-shaped and bear 10 pouches on
the corolla in which the anthers are held back
until they discharge the pollen. The following
species are amongst the good broad-leaved
evergreens.
Most of the species are hardy North and very ornamental.
They succeed on sandy or peaty soils which are rather
moist, but do not thrive on clay or limestone. Plants can
be transplanted from the wild, and a mulch should be
provided the first year. Propagated by seeds sown in pans
of sandy peat or sphagnum and set out-of-doors the f ouow-
ing year; also by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass,
by layers, and varieties by veneer-grafting.
angustifftlia. LAMBKILL. SHEEP-LAUREL. To 3 ft.: Ivs.
usually opposite, to 2^ in. long: fls. purple or crimson, to
\$ in. across, in lateral corymbs. Juiie^-July. E. N. Amer.
Var. Candida has white fls. Var. pumila (var. nana) is a
dwarf form to 1 ft.
Carolina. Resembling K. angusti folia but with smaller
Ivs. gray-pubescent beneath and purplish fls. Va. to S. C.
cuneata. Shrub to 3^ ft.: Ivs. obovate-cuneate, to 2 in.
long, alternate, deciduous: fls. pinkish-white, axillary.
N. C, S. C.
glauca: K. polifolia.
latifolia. MOUNTAIN-LAUREL. CALICO-BUSH. To 10 ft.
or more: Ivs. alternate or irregular, to 5 in. long: fls. rose
marked inside with purple, 1 in. across, in large terminal
corymbs. May-June. E. N. Amer. Var. filba, fls. white.
Var. myrtifdlia, dwarf, Ivs. to 2 in. long. Var. polype tala,
corolla deeply cut. Var rubra, fls. dark pink.
microphylla: K. polifolia var.
polifdlia (K. glauca). Boo K. To 2 ft.: Ivs. opposite
or in 3's, to 1H in- long, glaucous- white beneath: fls. rose-
purple, H in. across, in terminal corymbs. May-June.
N. Amer. Var. mdntana is listed. Var. microphylla ( K.
microphylla), to 8 in., Ivs. to % in. long. W. N. Amer. Var.
nana is a dwarf hort. form.
KALMl6PSIS. Ericaceae. One evergreen
shrub from Ore., K. Leachiana (Rhododendron
Leachianwri). Sts. erect, to 10 in.: Ivs. elliptical-
oblong to nearly obovate, usually acute, glandu-
lar-dotted beneath, coriaceous, alternate: fls.
regular, with rose-colored corolla and red fleshy
glandular calyx, to A in. long, solitary, arising
from persistent bracts in If. axils: fr. a subglo-
bose caps.— Grows in dry rocky exposed areas
at 2,000-4,000 ft. elevation.
KAL6PANAX. Araliacex. One species, K.
p ictus (K. and Acanthopanax ricinifolius and
septemlohus), formerly retained under Acantho-
Canax but distinguished in part from that genus
y Ivs. palmately lobed and not divided into Ifts.
Tree to 80 ft. : Vs. 5-7-lobed, toothed, to 1 ft.
across: fls. whitish, in umbels, styles free at base
but arched and fused toward apex. Japan. Var.
Maximowfczii (Aralia Maximowiczii) has more
deeply lobed Ivs.
KALOSANTHES: Rochea coccinea.
KAMANI: Calophyllum inophyllum.
KANGAROO-THORN: Acacia armata.
KAPOK: see Ceiba.
KARANDA: Carissa Carandas.
KARO: Pittosporum crassifolium.
KARUM OIL TREE: Pongamia pinnata.
KASSOD-TREE: Cassia siamea.
KATSURA-TREE: Cercidiphyllum japonicum.
KAULFUSSIA AMELLOIDES: Charieis heterophylla.
KEELED: ridged like the bottom of a boat; the two
front united petals of a papilionaceous flower constitute a
keel.
KEI-APPLE: Dovyalis caffra.
KfiLSEYA. Rosacese. A monotypic W.
American genus allied to Petrophytum, differing
in having densely imbricated Ivs. and solitary fls.
The one species is K. unifldra, a semi-prostrate
subshrub: Ivs. entire, leathery, persistent, to
y% in. long: fls. white, about j£ m. across, in-
closed in the rosette of subtending Ivs.: ir. a
follicle. Mountainous cliffs in Mont., Ida. and
Wyo. — Adapted to rock-gardens, doing best
over a limestone substratum or oeneath lime-
stone scree.
KENNfeDIA. Leguminosx. Showy trailing
or climbing shrubs with pinnate Ivs. mostly of
3 Ifts. but sometimes 5 or 1, papilionaceous fls.
usually in axillary pairs, umbels or racemes, and
linear pods; native in Australia and grown in
N. Amer. for ornament under glass and in the
open in S. Calif, and elsewhere. Propagated by
seeds and cuttings. See Hardenbergia for
generic differences.
bimacul&ta: Hardenbergia monophylla.
Comptoniana: Hardenbergia Comptoniana.
Marryattae: K. prostrata var. major.
monophylla: Hardenbergia monophylla.
nfgricans (Lotus nigricans). Robust twiner: Ifts. 3 or
sometimes reduced to 1, broadly ovate: fls. purple-black
blotched with green on the standard, in a one-sided nice me:
pods flattened.
ovata: Hardenbergia monophylla.
prostrata. Prostrate: Ifts. 3, broadly obovate: fls. scarlet,
2-4 together on a long stalk: pods nearly cylindrical. Var.
major ( K. Marryattae) is a larger twining form.
rubicund a. Twining: Ifts. 3, ovate to orbicular, to 4 in.
long: fls. dull red, in drooping racemes: pods flat.
KfiNTIA. Palmoceae. As currently under-
stood there are only 2 true Kentias and probably
neither one is known in general cult, or in this
country. The original species. K. procerat is
native in New Guinea and the other, K. Ramsayi,
on Crocker Isl., N. Australia. Some 50 names
have been made in Kentia, but as all these palms
have become better understood they have been
referred to other genera. Names appearing in
hort. literature are as follows:
Baueri: Rhopalostylis Baueri.
Belmoreana: Howea Belmoreana.
Kentia
404
Knautia
Canterburyana: Hedyscepe Canterburyana.
Forsteriina: Howea Forsteriana.
Jofinnis: Veitchm Joannia.
Lindenii: Chambeyronia.
Macarthuri: Actinophlceus Macarlhuri.
macrocarpa: Chambeyronia macrocarpa.
sapida: lihopalostylis sapida.
KENTI(5PSIS. Palmacex. As now defined,
1 species of feather-palm, K. olivdeformis, a
lofty tree of New Caledonia and apparently not
in cult. For K. macrocarpa, see Chambeyronia.
KENTRANTHUS: Centranthus.
KENTROPHYLLUM: Carthamus.
KERNfeRA. Cruciferx. A few per. species in
the mts. of S. and Cent. Eu., by some authors
united with Cochlearia. from which the genus
differs only in technical characters; one species
is grown in rock-gardens. K. saxatilis (K. and
Cochlefiria Boissieri, Cochlearia saxatilis) grows
2-12 in. high, glabrous or nearly so: lower 1 vs.
oblong to spatulate and somewhat dentate, in a
rosette, st.-lvs. few, lanceolate: fls. white, in a
terminal raceme, in summer.
K£RRIA. Rosaceae. Well-known Chinese
deciduous green-twigged shrub commonly
planted for ornament and hardy N., K. japo'nica
(Cor chorus ja-ponicus). To 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
ovate, to 2 in. long, doubly toothed: fls. golden-
yellow, to 2 in. across, solitary. Var. aftreo-
variegata, Ivs. edged yellow. Var. afcreo-vittata,
branchlets striped green and yellow. Var. picta
(var. argenteo-variegata) , Ivs. edged with white.
Var. plenifldra, fls. double, the prevailing form. —
Kerria does well in partial shade. Propagated
by cuttings, layers, and division of the roots.
KETELEfeRIA. Pinacex. Very tall evergreen
trees of 2 or more species in China, adapted only
to the lower S. and similar climates, having
solitary linear Ivs. pale beneath and large erect
cones with woody persistent scales; belongs to
the Abies group. For cult, see Conifers.
Davidiana. To 120 ft.; Ivs. rounded or notched at apex:
cones to 8 in. long.
F6rtunei. To 100 ft., young branchlets orange-red: Ivs.
spiny-pointed becoming blunt: cones to 7 in. long.
KHAT: Catha edulis.
KHUS-KHUS: Vetivena zizanioides.
KfCKXIA (Elatinoides). Scrophulariacede. Ann.
creeping herbs of the Old World, the fls. solitary,
irregular, 2-lipped, corolla spurred and throat
closed by palate ; 2 species sometimes planted for
ground-cover in rockeries.
Elatlne (Linaria Elatine). Lvs. ovate-hastate, to 1 in.
lon^: fls. yellowish, purplish outride, M in. long, spur
straight. Eu., Asia; nat. in E, N. Amer.
spuria (Linaria spurid). Lvs. ovate, to 1 in. across:
fls. yellowish with upper lip purple, spur curved. Eu.;
nat. in E. IS. Amer.
KIG^LIA. Bignoniacex. Trees with pinnate
Ivs., bell-shaped 2-lipped orange or red fls. in
long-stalked drooping panicles, and hard cylin-
drical indehiscent frs.; grown in S. U. S. as an
oddity; native in trop. Afr.
pinnate. SAUSAGE-TREE. To 50 ft.: Ivs. ternate, with
7-9 oval-oblong Ifts. to 6 in. long: fls. claret-colored, to
3 in. long: fr. somewhat gourd-like, to 1 % ft. long, swinging
on cord-like stalks to several ft. long.
KIRENGESHOMA. Saxifragaceae. One Jap-
anese per. occasionally grown in the garden.
K. palmata. To 4 ft. : Ivs. nearly orbicular, den-
tate and some of them somewhat palmately
7-10-lobed, to 4 in. or more across: fls. yellow,
to 154 in. long, bell-shaped and nodding, 1-3
together; the calyx prominent. — Propagated
by division.
KITAIBfiLIA. Malvaceas. One, or perhaps
more, species native in the Danube region.
K. vitifdlia. Per. to 8 ft. : lys. grape-like. 5-lobed
or -angled, toothed, to 3 in. or more long: fls.
white or rose, large, solitary or in axillary clus-
ters.— Of easy cult, in good garden soil. Propa-
gated by division or seeds.
KITAMBILLA: Dovyalis hebecarpa.
KITCHINGIA: Kalanchoe.
KLElNIA. Composite. Succulent plants of
Afr. allied to Senecio and often united with
that genus, distinguished mainly by the disk-
florets having style-branches minutely cone-
tipped; heads of disk-fls. only, white or pale
yellow.
acaulis. Nearly stemless, at most to 3 in.: Ivs. linear,
to 6 in. long: heads solitary on scapes to 8 in. high, to 1 in.
across.
amani£nsis. St. to 1 ^ ft. long and %" in. thick, becoming
prostrate: Ivs. oblong or spatulate, to 4 in. long: heads
nodding, yellow, about 1 in. long, on scapes to 2^ ft. tall.
Anteuph6rbium. Much branched shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs.
to 1^£ in. long and ^ in. wide, soon deciduous: heads 1-3,
yellowish-white.
articulata (Senecio articulatus) . CANDLE-PLANT. To
2 ft.j the branches swollen and fleshy: Ivs. deeply lobed,
to 2 in. long: heads white, in long-stalked corymbs.
cinera'scens: Senecio cinerascens.
crassfssima: Senecio crasaissimus.
cylfndrica. Shrub to 2 f t , branched from base: Ivs.
cylindrical, to 3 in. long and ^ in. thick: heads white, in
terminal cymes.
ficoldes (Senecio ficoides). Sts. fleshy and woody: Ivs.
powdery-glaucous, compressed, to 3^ in. long: heads
whitish, in corymbs. S. Afr.
fulgens. Sts. spreading or prostrate, to 1J^ ft. long:
Ivs spatulate, to 3^ m. long, with 2-3 teeth on either side:
heads 1-2, red, 1 in. across.
longifl&ra. Much branched shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. scale-like,
to % in long: heads 3—5, whitish, ^ in. long.
Mandraliscae. Subshrub to 10 in.: Ivs. Hemi-cylindrical,
to 3^ in. long: heads whitish, ^ in. long, in loose cymes.
neriifdlia. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. in terminal tufts, linear-
lanceolate, to 6 in long and % in, wide: heads yellowish-
white, in cymes. Canary Isls.
p£ndula: Notonia pendula.
radicans. Sts. prostrate and rooting, to 2 ft. long: Ivs.
cylindrical, 1 in. long and ^ in. thick: heads 1-2, white.
r&pens (Senecio succulentus. Cacaha repens). Subshrub
to 1 ft.: Ivs. at tips of branches, nearly cylindricalf to 1^
in. long and H in- wide: heads 2-3, pale yellow, % in. long.
reptans: Senecio reptans.
stapeliaef6rmis. To 10 in., the fleshy sts. 4-^7-angled and
angles toothed, teeth tipped with small withering Ivs.:
heads solitary, scarlet, 1 in. long.
tomentdsa: Senecio cinerascens.
tropaeolifdlia: Senecio tropseohfolius.
KNAPWEED: Centaurea nigra.
KNAtTTIA. Dipsacese. Eurasian per. herbs
with opposite Ivs. and long-stalked heads of fls.
subtended by numerous involucral bracts; differs
from Scabiosa in the 4-lobed rather than 5-lobed
corolla and other technical characters.
amblgua. Per., sts. retrorse-hispid below, glandular-
pubescent above: basal Ivs. oblong-cuneate, entire, lower
st.-lvs. lyrate-pinnatifid to pinnatisect: heads yellow, on
lon$ peduncles. Macedonia. — Plants of more slender
habit than K. arvensia and with smaller heads.
arvSnsis. Per. to 4 ft., sts. glandular-pubescent to
hirsute: basal lys. oblong, margins crenate-dentate, st.-
lvs. lyrate to pinnatifid, segms. linear-lanceolate, entire:
heads lilac, short-peduncled. Caucasia to Greece.
drymeia. To 3^ ft., sts. ascending, softly hairy: st.-lvs.
Knautia
405
Kcelreuieria
ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent: fls.
reddish- violet to purple, in heads to nearly 2 in. across.
Balkan region.
lyratifdlia: probably hort. name for K. lyrophylla.
lyrophylla (Scabiosa lyrophylla). Per. to 2 ft., sts. slender,
obscurely retroree-hispid: Ivs. lyrate to lyrate-pinnatifid,
appressed-pubescent beneath, lower ones long-petioled:
heads dark purple, small. Serbia. — Differs from A. mace-
donica only in its Ivs. lyrate and not entire, and by some
authors considered only a minor form of that species.
maced6nica (Scabiosa macedonica) . Per. to 2^ ft., sts.
slender, much branched: Ivs. lyrate, st.-lvs. pinnatifid,
pubescent: fls. dark purple, marginal ones radiating. Cent.
Eu. — A form with lilac fls. is known.
oriental is. Ann., somewhat sticky-pubescent, sts.
slender: lower Ivs. oblong to oblong-linear, entire to pinnat-
isect, upper ones linear, acuminate: heads purple, usually
only 5-10-fld. S. E. Eu. and Caucasus.
sylvatica (Scabiosa. sylvatica). To 3 ft.: Ivs. oval to
lanceolate, toothed: fla. violet, in heads to 1 ^ in. across. Eu.
KNAWEL: Scleranthus.
KNEEFFIA: (Enothera.
KNiGHTIA. Proteacese. Trees and shrubs of
New Zeal, and New Caledonia, one occasionally
planted in Calif.: Ivs. alternate, leathery: fls.
in densely-fld. racemes: fr. a leathery follicle.
exc61sa. Tree to 90 ft., resembling a Lombardy poplar
in habit: Ivs. oblong, to 6 in. long, very stiff: fls. to 1U in.
long, brown-tomentose, in racemes to 4 in. long. New Zeal.
KNIPHOFIA (Tritoma}. TORCH-LILY.
POKER-PLANT. Liliacese. Stout per. herbs with
thick rofits, clumps of long grass-like basal Ivs.,
and red or yellow drooping fls. in showy poker-
like spikes or racemes terminating the scape,
in summer and autumn, the perianth-segms.
united into a long tube; native in Afr.
Poker-plants may be hardy in the North with a winter
mulch, but it is safer to lift the roots in autumn and store
in a cellar in boxes of dry earth. Propagated by root-
division, offsets if produced, and seeds.
alooides: K. Uvaria.
caul 6 sc ens. St. to 1 ft : Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 3 in. across,
glaucous: fls. red or lower ones yellow, 1 in. long, in spikes
6 in. long, the stamens exserted.
chrysantha: hort. name for yellow-fld. form.
corallina. Hybrid between K. Macowanii and K.
Uvaria; to 2 ft : fls. coral-red.
glegans: K. Schimperi.
ensata: hort. name, perhaps for K. ensifolia.
ensif&lia. To 3 ft.: Ivs. sword-shaped, long-acuminate,
about l\i in. wide at base, margins rough: fls. yellow, to *^
in long, funnel-shaped not cylindrical, in dense racemes,
stamens and style much exserted.
erScta: hort. form of K. Uvaria.
foli6sa (K. Quartiniana). To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and
2 in. wide: fls. yellow, 1 in. and less long, cylindrical, the
stamens much exserted. — One of the usual species, the
fls. small.
Galpinii. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear, about Y§ in. wide, margins
smooth, not rough: fls. reddish-orange, to % in. long,
narrowly cylindrical, in dense racemes to 3 in. long, stamens
not exserted.
grandifldra: a form of K. Uvaria.
grandis: K. Uvaria var.
hybrida: a group name to include hybrid and hort.
forms.
Macowanii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and % in. across:
fls. yellowish- or orange-red, 1 in. long, in dense racemes to
4 in. long, the stamens not exserted.
mirabilis: listed name, perhaps of hybrid form.
Nathaline: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
N61sonii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. narrowly linear, to 20 in. long,
tapering to sharp tip, margins revolute and obscurely
serrulate: fls. brilliant orange-scarlet, tubular, to \\i in.
long, in dense racemes to 3 in. long, style reddish, stamens
included.
ndbilis: K. Uvaria var.
N6rthiae. To 3 ft.: Ivs. broadly lanceolate, to 4 ft. long
or more, dark glaucous green, serrulate, acuminate: fls. red
becoming pale greenish-yellow, tubular, about 1 ^ in. long,
in very dense racemes 6 in. and more long, style pale
yellow, stamens much exserted.
Pfltzeri: a form of K. Uvaria.
pr&cox: a form of K. Uvaria flowering in summer or
autumn.
pyraraidalis: hort. form of K. fohosa.
Quartiniana: K. fohosa.
Rodperi. To 4^ ft.: Ivs. ensiform-acuminate, to 4 ft.
long and 1^ in. across, dull green, margins scabrous: fls.
pale red to yellow, cylindrical, to 1^ in. long, in racemes to
6 in. long. — Doubtfully in cult.
rufa. Lvs. to 1^ ft. long and H in. across: fls. yellow,
the upper tinged red, % in. long, drooping, in racemes to
6 in. long, the stamens exserted. Natal.
sarmentdsa. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 1 in. across:
fls. red or yellow tinged red, to 1 in. long, in racemes to 1 ft.
long, the stamens exserted. S. Afr.
Saundersii: a form of K. Uvaria but some of the stock
passing under this name in the trade is K. fohosa.
Schimperi (K. elegant). Lvs. to 2 ft. long and ^ in.
across, numerous and limp: fls. pale yellow, to \l/£ in. long,
on short pedicels arranged loosely in racemes to 10 in. long
on scape to 2 J^ ft. high.
semperfldrens: a hort. name.
tricolor: hort. form.
Tuckil. Lvs. to 1^ ft. long and ^ in. across: fls. yellow
tinged with red, H in. long, in dense racemes to 6 in. long,
stamens slightly exserted.
Uvaria (K. alooides). To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 1 in.
across: fls. scarlet or lower ones yellow, to 2 in. long, in
racemes to 10 in. long, the stamens scarcely exserted. S.
Afr. Var. floribunda flowers earlier; var. grandifldra is
larger; var. grandis. to 5 ft , fla. bright red and yellow,
probably much of the material in trade as K. Pfitzen be-
longs here; var. n6bilis has stiffer and shorter Ivs., fls. large
on peduncle to 6 ft. — One of the well-known species, with
large fls.
KNOTROOT: Stachya Sieboldii.
KNOTWEED: Polygonum.
KNOTWORT FAMILY: Illecebracex.
KOA: Acacia Koa.
KOCHIA. Chenopodiacese. Eurasian herbs or
subshrubs with alternate, narrow, entire Ivs. and
small fls. solitary or clustered in the axils; one
species grown for ornamental form and color.
Seeds may be sown in the open about May 1st or
started in the greenhouse earlier and trans-
planted.
Childsii: an unidentified trade name.
hyssopifolia. Ann. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. oblong-linear, to 4 in.
long. S. Eu., W. Asia.
scoparia. SUMMER-CYPRESH. BELVEDERE. Ann. to
5 ft , of columnar, pyramidal or globular habit: Ivs. linear,
to 2 in. long, cihate. Eu ; nat. in N. Amer. Var. trichdphila
(K. tnchophylla) is of globular dense habit and the foliage
turns purplish-red in autumn; the form most commonly
grown for borders and formal effects.
trichophylla: K. scoparia var. trichophila.
KCELfiRIA. Grammes. Tufted ann. or per.
grasses with flat or involute Ivs. and spikelets
in dense spike-like contracted panicles; widely
distributed in temp, regions, a few of ornamental
value. See Grasses.
berythda: K. phleoides.
brachystachya: K. phleoides.
cristata. Per. to 2^ ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and A in. wide,
flat or involute: panicles to 7 in. long, branches erect,
shining. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
phleoides (K. berythea. K. brachystachya). Ann. to
1 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long and % in. wide, flat, hairy: panicles
to 3 in. long, dense and cylindrical. Medit. region; nat. in
Calif.
setacea. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. involute-setaceous: panicles
to 2 in. long, spike-like. S. Eu., N. Afr.
KOELLIA: Pycnanthemum.
KCELREUTfeRIA. Sapindacese. Medium to
large trees from China and Japan with alternate
pinnate Ivs., irregular yellow polygamous fls. in
terminal panicles, and fr. a bladdery caps.;
grown for ornament.
Kcelreuteria
406
Kurrajong
The species are not particular as to soil but prefer sunny
locations. Propagated by seeds in autumn or stratified, or
by root-cuttings.
bipinnata. To 60 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate, Ifts. ovate or ovate-
oblong, to 4 in. long, equally toothed. China; not hardy N.
formosana. To 60 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate, to lf£ ft. long, of
ovate-lanceolate shall owly toothed Ifts.: frs. papery, to 2 in.
long, of 3 roundish valves. Formosa; suitable for Fla. to
Calif.
integrifollola. To 30 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate, 14 in. long,
of oblong-ovate entire somewhat leathery Ifts. to 4 in.
long: fr. inflated, about 1 in. long. China.
jap6nica: K. pamculata.
paniculata (K. japonica). GOLDENRAIN-TREE. To 30 ft.:
Ivs. of 7-15 ovate to oblong coarsely toothed and notched
Ifts. to 3 in. long: panicles to 1^ ft. long, July-Aug..
showy: frs. papery, to 2 in. long, separating into 3 pointed
valves. China, Korea, Japan; hardy in northern states.
KOHLRABI (Brassica caulorapa). Common
name of the so-called "stem- turnip' ; because the
turnip-like tuber is an enlargement of the stem
1 to 3 inches above the ground. It is a low
biennial plant of unknown nativity, producing
seeds the second year from old stocks left over
or planted out. The tuberous stem is used the
same as turnips, both for the table and for stock
feed. For the table the tubers should be taken
when 2 or 3 inches in diameter, before they be-
come hard and bitter. Kohlrabi is grown the
same as turnips. Seeds are usually sown where
plants are to stand, in rows far enough apart
for tillage (say 18-20 inches), and thinned to
5 to 10 inches in the row; sow from early spring
to early summer if succession is desired, as for
table turnips. Keep the plants growing rapidly
for a tender product. Pests are those of the
cabbage. There are green and purplish races.
KOHUHU: Pittosporum tenuifolium.
KdKIA. Malvaceae. Hawaiian trees of 2
species allied to Gossypium and Hibiscus, with
simple lobed Ivs.: fls. solitary in axils of upper-
most Ivs., with 3 persistent bracteoles: fr. a
woody ovoid caps. : one species intro. in S. Fla.
drynarioldes. To 15 ft, or more: Ivs. 5-7-lobed, long-
stalked: fls. red, to 4 in. long: caps. 1 in. across. — Yet very
rare in cult.
KOLKWlTZIA. Caprifoliacese. Showy Chi-
nese deciduous shrub to 8 ft., hardy in the
northern states. Propagated by cuttings of
green wood late in summer. K. amabilis. BEAUTY-
BUSH. Lvs. opposite, ovate, to 3 in. long: fls.
pink with yellow throat, bell-shaped, % in.
long, with bristly sepals and pedicels, borne in
axillary pairs forming terminal corymos to 3 in.
across, May-June: fr. bristly, % in. long.
KONIGA: Lobularia,
KOPSIA: see Ochrosia.
KpRTHALSIA. Palmacex. Climbing hook-
bearing hermaphrodite palms of the Indo-
Malayan region, 25-30 species: Ivs. pinnate or
pinnatisect, pinnae broadened upwards and
more or less erose, the rachis mostly prolonged
into a whip-like part bearing sharp claws; petiole
short, the sheath sometimes developed into an
ant-nesting body: spadices axillary, loosely
branched and pendulous, the branches cylindrical
and catkin-like; stamens 6 or more: fr. globose
or ovoid, small, scale-covered. Little known to
hort., and probably not regularly planted in
our area; something like Calamus.
KOSTELfiTZKYA. Malyacex. Herbs or
shrubs somewhat like Hibiscus, with arrow-
shaped Ivs., pink, purple or white fls., involucels
of linear bracts, and fr. a 5-angled caps.; a few
species are native in Amer., 2 in the U. S. and
others in Eu. and Afr.
hlspida. Herb to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long, pubescent: fls.
yellow, about M in. long, 1-3 in the axils. Madagascar.
virginica. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, pubescent:
fls. pink, to 2^ in. across, in terminal panicles. Marshes,
N. Y. to Fla. and La.
KOUSA: Cvrnus Kausa.
KOWHAI, RED: Clianthtts puniceus.
KRAMfiRIA. Leguminosx. Shrubs or per.
herbs with alternate Ivs., simple or 3-parted,
and irregular purple fls. solitary or in racemes,
the 3 upper petals long-clawed; native S. U. S.
to Chile.
secundifldra. Per. with decumbent sts. to 1 M ft. long:
Ivs. lanceolate or linear, to 1 in. long: fls. about I in. across.
Fla. to Mex.
KRAUNfflA: Wisteria.
KRAUSSIA FLORIBUNDA: Tricalysia Kraussiana.
KRfGIA (Adopogori). Composite. Small ann.
or per. N. American herbs with mostly basal Ivs.
and solitary or clustered heads of yellow or
orange ligulate fls.; pappus of scales and bristles.
Sometimes planted for the bright fl.-heads.
montana. Per. to 1 ft., branched: Ivs. linear, to 8 in.
long, entire or pinnately cut: heads bright yellow, 1 in.
across. N. C. to Ga.
virginica (Cynthia virginica). Ann. to 1 ft. or less, un-
branched: Ivs. radical, oblong or oval, to 8 in. long, toothed
or pinnately cut: heads orange or reddish-orange, j^ in.
across. Mass, to Ga. and Kans.
KRISHUM: Iris ensata var. pabularia.
KRYNITZKIA: Cryptantha barbigera.
KUDZU-VINE: Pueraria Thunbergiana.
KUHNIA. Composite. Per. herbs of N. Amer.,
having alternate resinous-dotted Ivs. and heads
of white or purplish disk-fls. borne in terminal
corymbs; pappus of plumose bristles. Some-
times planted in the border.
eupatorioldes. To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, slightly toothed
or entire: heads % in. long. N. J. to Ga. and Tex.
KUHNISTERA PINNATA: Petalostemum cvrynibosus.
KULUI: Nototrichium sandvricense.
KUMQUAT: Fortunella; see Citrus Fruita (page 183).
Australian Desert: Eremocitrus.
KtfNZEA. Myrtacex. Usually heath-like
Australian shrubs, with mostly small entire
alternate Ivs., small fls. with numerous exserted
stamens, and capsular frs. ; grown in Calif.
amblgua ( K. corifolia). Very similar to K. peduncularis
but differing in the fls. being sessile.
corifdlia: K. ambigua.
micrantha. Small shrub: Ivs. linear, to H in. long, stiff:
fls. in dense terminal heads.
peduncularis. Tall erect shrub: Ivs. linear or linear-
lanceolate, mostly % in. long: fls. white or whitish, short-
pedicelled, in axils on upper branches and forming leafy
corymbs or racemes.
pom (f era. Prostrate shrub: Ivs. ovate, to % in. long,
base cuneate: fls. white, in dense terminal umbels which
become lateral due to elongation of the shoots.
rectirva. Tall shrub, sts. rigid: Ivs. ob ovate to spatulate,
to X in. long, obtuse or with minute recurved point: fls.
in globose heads, ovary-5-celled, calyx glabrous, rachis
woolly.
sericea. Tall shrub: Ivs. obovate, to J$ in. long, stiff,
ail very- white: fis. polygamous, the bisexual solitary,
ataminate in terminal clusters.
KUNZIA: Purahia.
KTJRRAJONG: Brachychiton populneum.
MINT FAMILY. Herbs and shrubs
of about 160 widely distributed genera; plants
aromatic, with usually 4-angled sts., opposite
or whorled Ivs., irregular 2-lipped bisexual
gamopetalous fls. with variously ribbed calyx,
4 or 2 stamens, superior deeply 4-lobed ovary
and 2 stigmas, .and fr. of 4 one-seeded nutlets.
The family is rich in volatile oils which are
extracted for medicinal and other purposes. The
genera known to hort. are mostly flower-garden
subjects and sweet-herbs, as Agastache, Ajuga,
Amethystia, Ballota, Blephilia, Brittonastrum,
Cedronella, Clinopodium, Coleus, Collinsonia,
Colquhounia, Comanthosphace, Conradina, Cun-
ila, Dracocephalum, Elsnoltzia, Eremostachys,
Galeopsis, Hedeoma, Hemiandra, Horminum,
Hyssopus, Iboza, Lallemantia, Lamium. Lavan-
dula, Leonotis, Leonurus, Lycopus, Majorana,
Marrubium, Melissa, Melittis, Mentha, Micro-
meria, Molucella, Monarda, Monardella, Nepe-
ta, Ocimum, Origanum, Perilla, Perovskia, Phlo-
mis, Physostegia, Plectranthus, Prostanthera,
Prunella, Pycnanthemum, Pycnostachys, Ros-
marinus, Salvia, Satureia, Scutellaria, Sideritis,
Sphacele, Stachys, Teucrium, Thymus, Trichos-
tema, Westringia.
LABIATE: lipped; as a noun, a member of the Labiatse.
LABLAB: Dolichos Lablab.
LABURNOCtTISUS. Leguminosse. Hybrids
between the genera Laburnum and Cytisus.
Adamii (Laburnum Adamii). Hybrid between L.
anagyroides and C. purpureus: resembles L. anagyroidea
but has smaller Ifts. and fls. suffused with purple.
LABtJRNUM. Leguminosx. Ornamental trees
and shrubs with alternate Ivs. composed of 3
Ifts., yellow papilionaceous fls. in terminal
racemes, and flattened pods; native in S. Eu.
and W. Asia.
Laburnums are mostly hardy North. Propagated by
seeds, layers, and choice varieties by grafting and budding
on seedling stocks.
Adamii: Laburnocytisus Adamii.
alplnum (Cytisus alpinus). SCOTCH L. To 30 ft.: racemes
to 15 in. long, pendulous, June- July: pods with thin wing
on upper margin. S. Eu. Var. pendulum has pendulous
branches.
Alschfngeri: L. anagyroidea var.
anagyroides (L. vulgare. Cytiaus Laburnum). GOLDEN-
CHAIN. BEAN-TREE. To 30 ft.: racemes 4-8 in. long, pen-
dulous, May-June: pods thickened on upper margin,
pubescent. Cent, and S. Eu. Var. Alschingen (L. Alschin-
geri) has Ifts. more silky beneath. Var. aureum has yellow
foliage. Var. autumnale blooms again in late summer.
Var. bullatum (L. vulgare involutum) has curled Ifts. Var.
Carlieri, Ifts smaller. Var. pendulum, branches pendulous.
Var. quercifdlium, Ifts. lobed.
Vdssii: L. Watereri.
vulgare: L. anagyroidea.
Witereri (L. Vosaii. L. vulgare var. Parkaii). Hybrid be-
tween L. alpinum and L. anagyroidea.
LACEBARK: Gaya Lyallii.
LACE-FLOWER, BLUE: Trachymene cxruUa.
LACE-LEAF: Aponogeton fenestralis.
LACE-VINE: Polygonum Aubertii.
LACHENALIA. CAPE-COWSLIP. Miocene.
Small bulbous herbs of S. Afr. with usually 2
basal Ivs. and red or yellow fls. in racemes or
spikes terminating the scape, the perianth-segms.
partially united.
Plant in pots of rich loam in August and keep in o old-
frame until the last of November when they should be
removed to the greenhouse with a night temperature of
50°. After flowering they should be placed in a light place
and watered until ripening after which they should be kept
dry and dark until repotted. Propagated by offsets and
aurea: L. tricolor var.
Bachmannii. To 8 in.: Iva. linear, to 8 in. long, usually
only 2, canaliculate: fls. campanulate, to Y± in. long, in
dense subspicate racemes to 2 in. long, segnis. white with
red keel, oblong.
contaminata. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 6-10, canaliculate becoming
terete along distal half, to 9 in. long, suberect: fls. white,
broadly campanulate, to % m- long, in dense racemes,
inner segms. tipped greenish-brown and outer ones often
flushed red and shorter than inner.
glaucina. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 1 in. across: fls. to % in. long,
erect, white, red, yellow or tinged blue, inner segms. slightly
longer than outer.
lilifldra. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 2, lanceolate, falcate, to 9 in. long
and 1J4 in. across, heavily pustulate on upper surface: fls.
white, oblong-cylindrical, to y± in. long, segms. spreading,
12-20 in dense subspicate racemes.
lut&ola: L. tricolor var.
mediana. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 2, linear-lanceolate to oblong,
to 1 ft. long or more, erect, canaliculate: fls. greenish-white,
tubular, to $£ in. long, outer segms. oblong with pale blue
basal blotch, inner ones wedge-shaped with small reddish-
apical blotch, all obtuse.
mutabilis: L. orchioidea.
Nelsonii: L. tricolor var.
orchioldes (L. mutabilis). Similar to L. glaucina but
with smaller fls. about H in. long.
pallida. To 10 in.: Ivs. 2, lorate, pustulate or blistered:
fls. white, outer segms. tipped green, campanulate, to ^ in.
long, in rather dense racemes to 3 in. long on peduncle about
6 in. long. — Perhaps not distinct from L. pustukila.
p6ndula. To 1 ft. and more: Ivs. to 2 in. across: fls. to
1H in. long, drooping, the red-purple-tipped inner segms.
only slightly longer than the outer segms. which are yellow
and red above. Var. sup£rba is an improved hort. form.
purpureo-caerulea. To 1 ft.: Ivs to 1 in. across: fls. y± in.
long, erect, blue-purple, inner segms. slightly longer than
outer, stamens much exserted.
pustulata. To 9 in.: Ivs. to 1 in. across, blistered: fls.
% in. long, spreading or erect, white or tinged red, in
dense spikes 3 in. long, inner segms. slightly shorter than
outer, stamens somewhat cxserted.
refl£xa. To 6 in.: fls. 1 in. long, erect-spreading, yellow-
ish, with swollen oblique tube, inner segms. slightly longer
than outer.
Roddeee. To 7 in.: Ivs. to \}\ in. across, with reddish
margins: fls. 1*$ in. long, purplish, in dense spikes 5 in. long,
inner segrns. longer than outer, stamens exserted.
rubida. To 1 ft. : Ivs. to 6 in. long and 1 in. wide at middle,
lanceolate, spotted, narrowed to clasping base: fls. except
the uppermost drooping, outer segms. bright rod tipped
with green, inner segms. yellow and a little longer than the
outer, cylindrical, about 1 in. long and to ^ in. diam.,
racemes of 6-20 fls.
tricolor. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in. across: fls. 1 in. long,
drooping, yellow tipped with red, the outer segms. much
shorter than inner. Color variations are: aurea, bright
orange-yellow: luteola, lernon-yellow tipped with green;
Nelsonii, bright yellow tinged green; quadrfcolor, red at
base, greenish-yellow in middle, the outer segms. tipped
with green and the inner with red-purple.
tubifldra: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
unfcolor. To 1 ft.: Ivs. usually 2, lorate, smooth or
pustulate on upper surface, to 6 in. long and 1 in across:
fls. \i in. long, bright red, campanulate, inner segms.
slightly longer than outer, stamens much exserted. Var.
fragrans, of more slender habit, fls. white slightly tinged
with red. Var. purpurea, outer segms. white tipped with
green, inner purple.
unifdlia. To 1 ft.: Ivs. single, brown toward base: fls. ^
in. long, white tinged with red or blue, inner segms. slightly
longer than outer.
LACHNANTHES (Gyrotheca). Hamodoraceae.
One stout per. herb native in swamps from Mass,
to Fla. and Cuba, and sometimes transplanted.
L. tinctdria. RED ROOT. To 2^ ft., with red
fibrous roots: Ivs. linear, the upper reduced to
bracts, the lower ones shorter than sts.: fls.
'407
Lachnanthes
408
Lcelia
yellowish, in dense white- woolly panicles to 5 in.
across, stamens exserted.
LACINARIA: Liatris.
LACINIATE: slashed into narrow pointed lobes.
LACQUER-TREE: Rhus verniciflua.
LACTIC A. Composite. Many tall annuals
and perennials of the northern hemisphere, often
weedy and invading fields: Ivs. alternate, of
many forms and often pirmatifid: heads small,
in irregular panicles, with yellow, pink, blue or
white rays; pappus on a long or short beak ter-
minating the flat ribbed achene or "seed." None
is commonly cult, in this country for ornament;
one is a garden vegetable, for which see Lettuce.
alpina (Mulgedium alpinum). Krect per. to 4 ft., st.
simple and succulent, nearly glabrous: Ivs. long-oblong,
ovate or broader, to 8 in. across, toothed or lyrate, terminal
deltoid: heads 1 in. across, rays pale blue. Arctic and alpine
Ku., Siberia.
Bourgaei (Mulgedium Bourgsei). Per. to 6 ft., st. thick:
Ivs bristly: heads small, the bracts and rays lilac. Medit.
Lessertiana. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. variable, entire or pin-
nately lobed: heads blackish, % in. long, rays blue. Him-
alayas.
pere'nnis. Glabrous branched per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. long-
narrow, pinnately lobed, the segms. nearly linear, those on
st. clasping: heads long-pedicelled, rays blue or pale violet.
8. Ku.
Plumieri. Probably per., to 6 ft.: Ivs. broad-oblong,
bluish underneath, much cut or lyrate, to 16 in. long: heads
terminal and corymbose, large, rays purple. S. France.
satlva. LETTUCE. Smooth erect ann.. producing leafy
branching st. 3-4 ft. high after making the If. rosette (the
"lettuce" of gardens): radical Ivs. to 10 in. long, narrow to
nearly orbicular, in garden forms variously curled and
crisped: fl. rays light yellow. Cultigen. The different
classes of lettuces may be ranged botanically as follows:
Var. asparagina (angustana) , Asparagus lettuce, in which
the thickened st. is used for food; var. capitata, head
lettuces, the Ivs. compacted into rather dense rosettes;
var. crispa, loose lettuces with crisped, crinkled or cut
Ivs.; var. longifMia, Cos or Romaine lettuces, with long
upright columns or rolls of foliage, tending to blanch inside.
tene'rrima. Sts. simple, rough, usually 1-headed: Ivs.
linear, lower ones pinnatifid: ray-fls. bluish. S. Eu. and
Morocco.
LADIES -SMOCK: Cardamine prateneis. -Tresses:
Spiranthes.
LADYBELL: Adenophora.
LADY-FINGERS, PINK: Astragalus utahensis. -of-
the-Night: Brunfelsia americana. -Slipper: Cypripedium,
Paphiopedilum, Phragmipedium.
LADYS-MANTLE: Alchemilla. -Thumb: Polygonum
Persicuria.
LJ&LIA. Orchidacese. Trop. American epiphytes
with 1- or 2-lvd. pseudobulbs and fls. solitary
or in racemes, commonly showy, the sepals and
petals similar, the lip 3-lobed. They thrive in
an intermediate temperature; see Orchids for
cult.
acuminata: L. rubescens.
albida. Pseudobulbs to 2 in. high, with 2 Ivs. to 7 in.
long: racemes loosely 3-9-fld., to 20 in. long; fls. about 2 in.
across, fragrant, white often tinged with rose; lip with 3
central yellow ribs. Nov.-Jan. Mex.
anceps. Pseudobulbs to 4^ in. high, with 1 (rarely 2) lys.
to 8 in. long: racemes 2-5-fla., to 3 ft. high; fls. about 4 in.
or more across; sepals and petals violet-rose; lip with a
tawny-vellow throat lined with purple. Nov.-Feb. Mex.
Var. Alba, fls. pure white except yellow spot in throat.
Var. Amesiae, fls. crimson-purple with yellow throat. Var.
Ballantiniana has sepals and petals tipped with deep rose.
Var. Barkeriana has sepals and petals deep purplish-rose.
Var. Chamberlainiana has very large fls. with deep crimson-
purple lip. Var. Dawsonii has white fls. on scapes to 3 ft.
high, lip with purple lines. Var. grandiflora has very large
highly colored fls. Var. Hilliana has white sepals and petals
with yellow lip of which the front parts are blush-pink.
Var. Hollidayana is listed. Var. Perciyaliana has small fls.
with sepals and petals white tinged with pink, deep purple
side lobes of lip and yellowish mid-lobe. Var. rosea has
bright rose-colored fls. Var. Sanderiana has white fls. with
yellow throat and purple-edged lip. Var. Schroederiana
has large white fls., the lateral lobes of lip streaked with
purple. Var. Stella has pure white fls. with yellow throat.
Var. Veitchiana has white fls. suffused with lilac and lip
veined with purple. Var. Wflliamsii has white fls. with
yellow throat marked with purple.
Arnoldiana: Lseliocattleya callistoglossa.
autoceps. Hybrid.
autumnalis. Pseudobulbs to 6 in. long, with 2-3 leathery
Ivs. to 7 in. long: infl. to 30 in. long, 4-9-fld.; fls. to 4 in.
across, rose-purple with lip white near the base. Oct.- Apr.
Mex. Var. alba has pure white fls. Var. Fosteriana is
listed.
Boothiana: L. lobata.
cinnabarina. Pseudobulbs to 10 in. long, 1- rarely 2-lvd.:
If. to about 10 in. long: infl. to 20 in. high, 4-15-fld.; fls.
about 2^ in. wide or more, orange-red. Mar.-May, Nov.
Brazil. Var. crispilabia: L. cnspilabia.
cinnabrdsa. Hybrid between L. cinnabarina and L.
grandis var. tenebrosa.
crispa. Pseudobulbs to 10 in. long, 1-lvd.: If. to 1 ft. long:
infl. to 1 ft. long, 4-7-fld.; fls. 4-6 in. across, white; lip
yellow in throat, purple edged with white in front, lip and
petals much crisped. July-Aug., Dec. Brazil.
crispilabia (L. cinnabarina var. crispilabia). Fls. ame-
thyst-purple, lip crisped and wavy. Brazil.
Dayana: L. pumila var.
Digbyana (Brassavola Digbyana). Pseudobulbs or sts.
clavate, 1-lvd.: If. to 8 in. long, fleshy: infl. 1 fld., slightly
exceeding the If., emerging from an elongate compressed
sheath; fls. 4-6 in. across, fragrant; sepals and petals pale
yellow-green; lip large, cordate, convolute around the
column at base, deeply fringed, cream-white. May-July.
Cent. Amer.
£legans: Lseliocattleya elegans.
Finckeniana Schroederse. Hybrid between L. albida
and L. anceps.
flava. Pseudobulbs to 8 in. high, 1-lvd.: If. to 6 in. long:
infl. to I}/* ft long, 5-15-fld.; fls. golden-yellow, to 2*4 in.
across, the lip crisped. Aug-Feb. Brazil.
glauca (Brassavola glauca). Pseudobulbs or sts. clavate,
to 4 in. high, 1-lvd.: If. to over 6 in. long, fleshy: infl. 1-fld.,
about as long as the If., springing from an elongate flattened
spathe; fls. 3-5^ in. across; sepals and petals pale olive-
green; lip cordate, convolute around the column at base,
white. Dec.-Mar. Cent. Amer.
Gouldiana. Pseudobulbs nearly 4 in. high, 2-lvd.: Ivs.
to about 1 ft. long: infl. over 1 ft. high, loosely about 3-6-
fld.; fls. about 4 in. across, purple-rose, lip white or yel-
lowish-white near base. Dec.-Jan. Mex.
grandis. Pseudobulbs or sts. to 1 ft. high, with 1 If. to
10 in. long: infl. to about 7 in. high, 3-5-fld.; fls. 4-7 in.
across; sepals and petals brownish-yellow; lip white veined
with rose-purple. May-July. Brazil. Var. tenebrdsa,
fls. larger, with broader sepals and petals and a deep purple
lip.
harpophylla. Sts. to 1 H ft. high, with 1 If. to 8 in. long:
infl. shorter than Ivs., 3-7-fld.j fls to 3 in. across, vermilion,
except that anterior lobe of hp is yellow edged with white.
Oct.-Apr. Brazil.
Tongheana. Pseudobulbs to 2^ in. high, with 1 If. to
4^4 in. long: infl. shorter than Ivs., 1-2-fld.; fls. to 5 in. or
more across; sepals and petals rose-purple; lip with a yellow
throat, crisped on margin. Mar.- Apr. Brazil.
Latdna. Hybrid between L. cinnabarina and L. pur-
pur ata.
Lindleyana. Pseudobulbs to 8 in. high, with 2 leathery
Ivs. to 5 in. long: infl. shorter than Ivs., 2- or more-fld.; fls.
white marked with purple, 4 in. across. Brazil.
lobata (L. Boothiana. Cattleya lobata). Pseudobulbs to
8 in. high, with 1 leathery If. to 10 in. long: infl. to 20 in.
high, 2-5-fld.; fls. about 5 in. across, rose-purple with
deeper-colored veins. Apr.-May. Brazil.
majalis: L. speciosa.
monophflla (Tngonidium monophyllum. Octadesmia
monophylla). Sts. to 3^ in. high, with 1 If. to 4 in. long:
infl. to 8^ in. long; fls. 1 or rarely 2, orange-scarlet, to 2 in.
across. Aug.-Nov. Jamaica.
Perrinii. Pseudobulbs to 1 ft. high, with 1 If. to 14 in.
long: infl. to 4^ in. long, few-fld.; fls. about 5 in. across;
sepals and petals rose-lilac; lip purple-crimson in front with
a straw-yellow throat. Oct.-JSfov. Brazil.
pr&stans: L. pumila var. major.
pumila. Pseudobulbs from a creeping rhizome, to 4 in.
high, with 1 If. to about 4*^ in. long: infl. to about 3 in.
long, 1-fld.; fls. 3-4 in. across; sepals and petals rose-purple;
lip deep purple in front, with a yellow throat. Sept.-Oct.
Brazil. Var. Dayana has bright rose-purple fls. Var.
major (L. prsestana) has larger fls. with orange-yellow throat.
Lcelia
409
Lagunatia
purpurata. Pseudobulbs to 2 ft. high, with 1 If. to 16 in.
long: infl. to 1 ft. long, 3-7-fld.; fls. 7-8 in. across; sepals
and petals white or pale rose; lip purple in front with pale
yellow throat marked with purple lines. May-July. Brazil.
Var. Russelliana has sepals and petals white flushed with
rose, lip rose-pink, all with deeper colored veins.
rube'scens (L. acuminata). Pseudobulbs to 2^ in. high,
with 1 If. to 8 in. long: infl. to over 20 in. tall, with closely
few-fld. raceme at summit; fls. white to rose-purple with
dark purple base to lip. Sept.-Mar., July. Cent. Anier.
Var. alba has white fls.
specidsa (L. majalis). Pseudobulbs to 2 in. high, with
1 or 2 Ivs. to 6 in. long: infl. as long as Ivs., 1- or rarely 2-fld.;
fls. about 6 in. across, rose-lilac; lip whitish in the throat,
spotted with purple. May. Mex.
superbiens (Schomburgkia superbiens). Pseudobulbs to
over 1 ft. high, with 2 Ivs. to about 1 ft. long: infl. to 6 ft.
high; fls. 5-7 in. across, clustered at summit of peduncle,
fragrant; sepals and petals rose-mauve; lip purple with
yellow throat. Dec.-Feb. Cent. Amer.
tenebrdsa: L. grandis var.
L^LIOCATTLEYA. Orchidacese. A group of
orchids comprising hybrids between the genera
Laelia and Cattleya.
Armstrongiee (Lc. G. Woodhouse X C. Iris).
Arnoldiana: Lc. calhstoglossa.
Ballii (L. dnnabarina X C. Triansei var. Schroederiana) .
Baskettice (C. Trianxi var. Schroederiana X Lc. eximia).
bella (L. purpurata X C. labiata).
bletchley€nsis (L. grandis var. tenebrosa X C. Wars-
cewiczii).
Boylei (L. anceps X C. Triansei).
Braceyana (Lc. Lustre X C. labiata).
brilliantissima (C. Fabia X Lc. Phoenix).
britannia (Lc. Canhamiana X C. Warscewiczii) .
callistogl6ssa (Laeha Arnoldiana. Lc. Arnoldiana.
L. purpurata X C. Warscewiczii).
Canhamiana (L. purpurata X C. Mossise).
choletiana (L. superbiens X C. Mossise).
Colmaniana (Lc. callistoglossa X C. Dowiana).
Cowanii (L. cinnabrosa X C. Mossise).
Cr&nstouniae (L. grandis var. tenebrosa X C. Harrison-
iana) .
crfspo-Hardyana (L. crispa X C. Hardyana).
Davidsonise (Lc. bella X C. labiata).
De'nisii (C. Lueddemanniana X L. superbiens).
Dominiana (L. purpurata X C. Dowiana).
Duncanii (Lc. Gottoiana X C. Hardyana).
Duvaliana (C. Lueddemanniana X L. purpurata).
fidwardii (L. dnnabarina X C. Hardyana).
Slogans (L. purpurata X C. Leopoldii).
eximia (L. purpurata X C. Warneri).
exoniensis (L. crispa X C. Mossise).
Fournierse (Lc. elegans X C. Dowiana).
Gottoiana (C. Warneri X L. grandis var. tenebrosa).
Greenwoodii (Lc. Schilleriana X C. Hardyana).
Haroldiana (L. grandis var. tenebrosa X C. Hardyana).
Hassallii alba (Lc. britannia X C. Warscewiczii).
H6rscentiae (L. Boothiana X C. Dowiana).
hivernalis. Parents not known.
Horniana (Lc. Schilleriana X L. purpurata).
Hyeana (L. purpurata X C. Lawrenceano, var. Hyeana).
labidsa (Lc. luminosa X C. labiata).
lumindsa: Lc. Truffautiana.
Martinet!! (L. grandis var. tenebrosa X C. Mossise var.
Reineckiana) .
McBeaniana (C. Schroederae X L. anceps).
Mossemiliana (C. labiata X Lc. bletchleyensis).
oxforde*nsis (Lc. callistoglossa X C. Tityus).
Rabeiana (C*. Dupreana X L. purpurata).
Rothschildiana (Lc. Martinetii X C. Mossise).
rubella (Lc. Nella X Lc. St. Gothard).
Schilleriana (C. intermedia X L. purpurata).
Schilleriana alba (C. intermedia alba X L. purpurata).
Schrdedera (C. Maggie Raphael var. alba X Lc. bella
var. alba superba).
Sladdenii (Lc. bella X C. Octave Doin).
Thurgoodiana (Lc. Martinetii X C. Hardyana).
Truffautiana (Lc. luminosa. L. grandis var. tenebrosa X
C. Dowiana var. aurea).
Veitchiana (C. labiata X L. crispa).
warnham£nsis (L. dnnabarina X C. Triansei).
We"llesleyi (C. Warscewiczii X Lc. Martinetii).
Whltiniae (C. Harrisoniana X. L. purpurata).
Wrlgleyi (L. anceps X C. Bowringiana) .
LAGENARIA. Cucurbitacese. Long-running
soft scented tender mostly monoecious ann. vine
of the Old World tropics but spontaneous else-
where and widely cult, for ornament, the hard
shells of the fr. used for utensils, and young frs.
said to be eaten in some countries: fls. solitary,
white, long-peduncled. The frs. are commonly
known as gourds (see Ciwurbita Pepo var.
ovifera). as dipper, sugar-trough, Hercules club,
calabasn, bottle, knob-kerrie. Readily grown
from seeds. See Gourd.
leucantha: L. siccraria.
siceraria (L. vulgaris. L. leucantha). WHITE-FLO WKRKD
GOURD. To 30 ft. or more, viscid-pubescent: Ivs. cordate-
ovate or broader, usually not looed: fr. smooth, hnrd-
shelled when ripe, in many shapes and HUGS, from 3 in. to
3 ft. long, nearly globular, oblong, long-cylindrical and bent,
club-shaped, dumboll-shaped, crooknecked.
vulgaris: L. siceraria.
LAGEN(5PHORA. Composite. Small per.
herbs with mostly basal Ivs. and small solitary
heads on slender scapes; ray-fls. usually white;
pappus none; related to Brachycome.
Billardidri. To 5 in., pubescent: Ivs. basal, oblong to
obovate, to 2 in. long, sinuate-toothed: scape slender, head
to H in- across, ray-fls. white. Malasia.
F6rsteri: L. pumila.
pumila (L. Forsteri). Tufted, with creeping and rooting
stolons, daisy-like: Ivs. orbicular or obovate, to 1 in. long,
toothed or somewhat lobed: heads % in. across, on scapes
to 6 in. high. New Zeal.
LAGERSTR(EMIA. Lythraceae. Ornamental
trees and shrubs with mostly opposite entire Ivs.,
showy regular fls. in panicles, and woody cap-
sular frs.
One species is widely and commonly planted for orna-
ment in the southern states. Of easy cultivation. Some-
times grown as pot-plants in the greenhouse. Propagated
by seeds or cuttings.
Fids-Regime: L. spedosa.
indica. CRAPE-MYRTLE. Deciduous shrub to 20 ft.:
Ivs. elliptic to oblong, to 2 in. long: fls. white, pink or purple
as indicated in the varietal names filba, purpurea, rdsea,
rubra, to 1% in. across, the petals fringed, blooming pro-
fusely all summer. China, out widely nat. Var. nana
caerulea, dwarf with bluish fls. Var. pro strata, prostrate
with pink fls.
speci6sa (L. Flos-Reginae). QUEEN CRAPE-MYRTLK-
Showy tree to 60 ft. or more: Ivs. oblong to ovate, to 1 ft.
long, leathery: fls. mauve to purple, to 3 in. across. India
to Australia. — Planted in S. Fla.
LAGOTIS. Scrophulariacex. A small genus
of arctic per. herbs having creeping rpotstocks,
alternate Ivs., and bluish tubular fls. in a dense
terminal scape: fr. a fleshy drupe-like structure
containing 2 nutlets, one of which is often abor-
tive.
glauca. To 1 ft.: basal Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 4 in. long,
obtuse, margins somewhat crenate, upper Ivs. smaller
becoming bract-like and subtending the fls.: stamens
shorter than upper lip of corolla and exceeding the style.
Unalaska.
LAGUNARIA. Malvaces*. One tree native in
the S. Pacific Isls. and Australia, planted oc-
casionally in Calif., and evergreen. L. Pfitersonii.
To 50 ft. : Ivs. alternate, ovate to oblong, entire,
to 4 in. long, thick, gray beneath: fls. pale rose,
2% in. across, solitary in axils: fr. a caps, split-
ting into 5 parts. — Propagated by cuttings in
spnng over heat.
Lagurus
LAGURUS. Graminese. One ann. grown for
ornament in flower-gardens and pots and for dry
bouquets, native in Medit. region and nat. in
Calif. L. ov&tus. HARES-TAIL-GRASS. RABBIT-
TAIL-GRASS. To 1 ft , soft-pubescent: Ivs. to 4 in.
long and Y% in. wide: spixelets in dense woolly
broad heads to 2 in. long, awns J^ in. long. See
Grasses.
LALLEMANTIA. Labiate. Small ann. or
bien. herbs native in Asia, with opposite toothed
Ivs. and small blue 2-lipped fls. in whorls; some-
times grown in the flower- or rock-garden.
cane'scens. Bien. to 1^ ft., soft-tomentose: Iva. oblong-
lanceolate: fls. blue, 1% in. long, the tube much longer
than calyx. W. Asia.
ibe'rica. Ann., glabrous: Ivs. oblong to linear-lanceolate,
nearly entire: fls. blue, the tube included in the calyx. W.
Asia.
peltata. Ann. to 1 ft. or more, glabrous or slightly
pubescent: Ivs. ovate to oblong: fls. blue, the tube scarcely
longer than calyx. W. Asia.
pulch£lla: hort. name.
LAMA: Maba sandwicensis.
LAMARCKIA (Achyrodes). Graminese. One
tufted ann. of the Medit. region and nat. in
Calif., ornamental. L. a urea (Chrysurus cyno-
suroides). GOLDEN-TOP. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in.
long and Y\ in. wide, soft, glabrous: spikelets
awned, in clusters in one-sided glossy panicles
to 4 in. long, golden-yellow or purplish. See
Grasses.
LAMBfiRTIA. Proteacex. Australian shrubs
with Ivs. commonly in whorls of 3, red or yellow
fls. solitary or in clusters surrounded by an in-
volucre of colored bracts, and fr. a hard follicle;
a few species intro. in Calif.
ericifftlia. To 10 ft.: Ivs. linear, about ^j in. long, margins
revolute: fls. l^jj in. long; inner bracts ol involucre H "*•
long.
ormdsa. Tall shrub: Ivs linear, to 2 in. long, pale
beneath, margins recurved: fls. to 2 in. long; inner bracts
of involucre to 2 in. long
multifldra. To 4 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 2 in. long: fls. l}$ in.
long; inner bracts of involucre ^ in. long.
LAMBKILL: Knlmia angusti folia.
LAMB, SCYTHIAN: Cibotmm Barometz.
LAMBS-EARS: Stachya lanata. -Quarters: Chenopo-
dium album.
LAMIUM. DEAD NETTLE. Lobiatse. Ann. or
per. Old World herbs with opposite toothed Ivs.
and 2-lipped fls. in axillary or terminal whorls;
grown in the border or rock-garden. Of simple
cult. Propagated by division or by seeds. Some
of them are low garden weeds.
album. Per, with ascending sts. to 1^ ft. long: Ivs.
ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. white, 1 in. long. Eu.; nat. in
E. U. S.
longifldrum. Per., erect: Ivs. ovate-cordate: fls. pur-
plish-red, 1V$ in long. S. Eu.
maculatum (L. varicgatum). Per., with trailing or as-
cending sts to 1^ ft. long: Ivs. cordate-ovate, to 2 in. long,
often blotched with white along midrib: fls. purple-red,
rarely white (var. £lbum), to 1 in. long. Eu., Asia.; nat.
in E. U. S.
Orvala. Per. tcr 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. brown-
purple, the tube whitish at base and under lip pink spotted
with purple, 1^ in. long S. Eu.
purpureum. Ann., with decumbent sts. to lf£ ft. long:
Ivs. ovate, to I li in. long: fls. purple-rod, ^ in. long. Eu.,
Asia; nat. in N Amer.
variegatum: L. maculatum.
LAMPRANTHUS. Aizoacese. Segregate from
Mesembryanthemum, from which it differs in
bearing marginal wings on capsules and other
technical characters: Ivs. very narrow: fls. large,
410 Landscape-Gardening
mostly brilliantly colored and very showy in
sun, among the commonest of the cult, kinds:
per. branching plants. S. Afr. ?or cult, see
Mesembryanthemum .
aurantiacus (M. aurantiacum) . Differs from L. aureus
chiefly in the smaller Ivs. and fls.
aureus (M. aureum). Erect, to 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long
and ^ in. broad, punctate: fls. solitary or in 3's, golden,
2 in across.
blandus (M. blandum). Erect, to 1 H ft.: Ivs. 3-angled,
to 2 in. long, pale green, punctate: fls. in 3's, pale rose,
2 in. across.
Brownii (M. Brownii). Compact and erect subshrub 1
ft. high: Ivs. terete and fleshy, acute, glaucous-green, to
H in. long: fls. solitary or in 3's, yellowish-red to purplish,
to 1 ^ in. across.
coccineus (M coccineum). Erect and straight, to 3 ft :
Ivs. somewhat 3-angled, to 1 J^ in. long, prominently dotted:
fls. solitary or in 3's, scarlet, \Yi in. across.
C6mptonii (M. Comptomi) To 9 in , much branched:
Ivs. 3-angled, turgid, to 1*2 m. long and H m. thick: fls.
white, 1 in. across.
conspfcuus (M. conspicuum). Shrub to I}$ ft.: Ivs at
tips of branches, to 3 m. long and H in. wide, with reddish
tip: fls. purple, 2 in. across, on stalks to 3^ in. long.
curvifl6rus (M, cm viflorum. M. blandum var. curvi-
florum). Differs from L. blandus in stronger habit, larger
Ivs. and larger white fls.
emarginatus (M. emarginatum. M. molaceum). Erect,
to about 2 ft.: Ivs. crowded, nearly terete, curved, glaucous,
strongly dotted, to 1 in. long: fls. violet, petals twice longer
than calyx.
falcif6rmis (M. falciforme) . To 2 ft., with angled spread-
ing branches: Ivs. crowded, acutely 3-angled, falcate,
large-dotted: fls. rose, long-peduncled, 1^ in. across.
filicaulis (M. fihcaule). Sts. filiform and weak, creeping
or prostrate: Ivs. crowded, subulate, curved, about 1 in.
long: fls. reddish, long-peduncled.
glaucoides (M. glaucoides). Erect or base decumbent,
to 1% ft.: Ivs. linear and 3-angled, to 1 in. long, glaucous:
fls. orange, about 1^ in. across.
glaucus (M. glmicum). Erect, 2 ft. or more: Ivs. 3-angled
and flattened, rough-dotted, glaucous, to 1 in. or more:
fls. sulfur-yellow, the petals 1 in. long.
glomeratus (M. glomeratum). Subshrubby, with erect
slender branches, to 1% ft.: Ivs. linear, green, somewhat
incurved, large-dotted, to ^4 in. long: fls. somewhat clus-
tered, reddish-violet, about 1 in. across.
Haw6rthii: Erepsia Haworthii.
multiradiatus (M multiradiatum) . Subshrubby, branches
spreading, to 2 ft : Ivs. linear, 1 in. or more long, somewhat
3-angled, incurved, glaucous: fls. few together, pale rose,
13^ in. across.
productus (M. productum). To 2 ft , much branched:
Ivs. to 1 ^ in. long and % in. wide, punctate: fls. m 3's or
5's, pale rose, 1 in. across.
re"ptans (M. reptans). Sts. prostrate, to 1 ft. long: Ivs.
to 1 in. long and y± in. wide, 3-angled, grayish-green with
pellucid dots: fla yellow, ^ m. long, on stalks to 2 in. long.
rdseus (M roseum). Perhaps referable to L. glomeratus
but kept distinct by some authorities: fls. rose-color
spectabilis (M . spectabile). Somewhat woody per., with
long prostrate flowering sts : Ivs. crowded, 3-anglecf, pointed,
glaucous, incurved, to 3 in long: fls. purplish with white
filaments; also var. albus and var. rdseus.
stenus (M. stenum). Much branched shrub to 1}^ ft.:
Ivs. cylindrical, to iW in. long and fa in. wide: fls. 3 or
sometimes solitary, pale rose, 1 in. across.
tenuif61ius (M. tenuifolium) . Shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1^
in. long and -fa in thick, with pellucid dots: fls. solitary,
bright red, 1 ^ in. across.
Wfitermeyeri (M. Watermeyeri) . To 10 in. or more,
shrubby: Ivs. erect or spreading, to 1 14 in. long and M in.
wide and thick: fls. usually 3, white, 1 in. long.
Zfcyheri (M. Zeyheri). Erect, to 1^ ft.: Ivs. much
crowded, terete, incurved, smooth and green, to 1^ in.
long: fls. solitary, purplish-violet, petals nearly 1 in. long.
LAMPWICK PLANT: Phlomis Lychmlis.
LANCEOLATE: lance-shaped; much longer than broad,
widening above the base and tapering to the apex.
LANCE-POD: Lonchocarpus.
LANDSCAPE-GARDENING, in its original
definition, was the making of landscapes to
please the imagination by means of gardening
designs, practices and materials.
Landscape-Gardening 411
With the development of the profession of the
high art of landscape subdivision and design the
term landscape architecture has come into use,
the word architecture being taken in its larger
sense of plan or undertaking, and the tendency
is to restrict the term landscape-gardening to the
horticultural applications; some persons, how-
ever, prefer the latter older term to landscape
architecture, the word gardening being taken
also in its larger sense as the art associated with
buildings and the utilization of the personal or
domestic property. In this signification land-
scape-gardening is no more technical gardening
than landscape architecture is technical or
professional architecture.
In its restricted sense landscape-gardening
is the growing and the adapting of plants in
the making of grounds, the application of hor-
ticultural materials, forms and methods to the
development or improvement of landscapes.
It may be practiced independently, complete in
itself for certain limited areas or purposes, and
may also be considered one of the practical means
or subordinates in the interpretation of landscape
architecture.
The landscape-gardener, in whatever sense
the term is taken, may or may not be a practiced
propagator and grower of plants, but he must
certainly know their artistic values and their
adaptations to soils, climates, seasons and set-
tings, and the extent to which they may be
associated for the making of pleasing and sig-
nificant harmonies throughout the year.
Every parcel of land under the control of man
may derive character and dignity from the
proper employment of plant materials. The
utilization of such materials to these ends is
much more than ornament or than the planting
of flowers and showy colored foliage and the
making of display: it must have close relation
to the essential merits of the area and to the
nature of the construction and the setting. The
plants are grown not so much for their separate
individual merits as for the ways in which they
may be adjusted and combined. The landscape-
gardener is possessed of an artistic quality, and
his appreciation of nature should be as pro-
nounced as is his reaction to garden objects and
forms.
The arrangement and design of landscapes
constitutes one of the noblest of the arts, de-
serving keener recognition ; and the utilization of
plant materials is one of the essential factors in
the execution of it.
LANGUAS: Alpinia speciosa.
LANTANA. Verbenacex. Many shrubs native
in warm regions, having opposite or whorled
toothed Ivs., small red, orange or white or
changeable fls. in dense spikes or heads, and
little drupaceous frs.
One (L. Camara) is a common florists subject and others
may be grown in the South. Plant in a moderate greenhouse
and out-of-doors in summer. Propagated by cuttings or
soft wood, and also by seeds.
aculeata. To 6 ft., armed with hooked prickles: Ivs.
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. yellow or orange
changing to pink or rose. Trop. Amer.
Camara. To 4 ft., sometimes prickly: Ivs. ovate, to
5 in. long, rough above: fls. orange-yellow or orange chang-
ing to red or white, in flat-topped heads to 2 in. across.
Trop. Amer. — Grown under glass and far S., and a bad
weed in Hawaii. Several color forms are recognized.
Craigii: orange-scarlet, probably form of L. Camara.
delicatfssima: L. montevidrnsis.
flava of liste is probably a yellow-fid, race of L. Camara.
Lapidaria
fucata (L. lilarina). Erect, with 4-angled branches: Ivs.
ovate to oblong, to 3 in. long, rough above and tomentose
beneath: fls. rose-lilac with yellow throat. Brazil.
hybrida: a garden name for the dwarf forms of L.
Camara.
involucrata. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 1!^ in. long, rough
above: fls. lilac or white, in small heads subtended by bracts.
Trop. Amer.
lilacina: L. fucata.
montevide*nsis (L. Sellounana. L. delicatissima) . WEEP-
ING or TRAILING L. Shrub with weak vine-like sts. about 3 ft.
long: Ivs. ovate, 1 in. long: fls. rosy-lilac, in heads 1 in. or
more across. S. Amer. — Useful also as a ground-cover far S.
Sellowiana: L. montevidensis.
LANTERN-PLANT, CHINESE: Phyaalis Alkekengi.
LANtTGIA. Apocynacex. Trop. African
trees separated from Mascarenhasia by corolla-
lobes pubescent on inside, very narrow terete
pods, and other technical characters, and from
Funtumia by sessile tuft of hairs at apex of
seeds as well as the pubescent inner surface of
corolla. L. latifdlia is a tree to 20 ft., intro. in
warmest parts as a rubber plant: Ivs. long-
elliptic, very abruptly acuminate, entire, to 6 in.
long: fls. in axillary cymes j corolla-lobes re-
curving at tip, pubescent on inner face: pods to
4 in. long.
LAOTHOE: Chlorogalum.
LAPAGrfeRIA. LiUacex. One showy vine
from Chile sometimes grown in greenhouses,
and out-of-doors in mild climates. L. rdsea.
CHILEAN BELLFLOWER. CHILE-BELLS. Lvs.
alternate, ovate, long-pointed, leathery: fls.
rose, to 4 in. long, solitary or few together, the
perianth-segms. distinct. Var. albifldra (var.
alba) has white fls. — Good drainage and loose
soil are necessary and shade from the direct sun.
Propagated by layering, cuttings and seeds.
LAPEIROUSIA. Iridacex. African cormous
plants with mostly basal narrow Ivs. and red or
blue fls. with long or short perianth-tube,
blooming in summer.
These plants are hardy in the North with winter pro-
tection and grown also under glass for spring bloom. Corrus
should be lifted and divided every few years.
aculeata: L. anceps var.
anceps (L. compressa). To 14 in.: If. linear, to 0 in. long:
fls. lilac or white, limb % in. long or less, 2-5 in lax spike
whose st. is much compressed. Var. aculeata has a longer
perianth-limb and broader segms.; keel of outer spathe-
valve finely toothed.
compre'ssa: L. anceps.
corymbdsa. To 1 ft.: If. linear, to 6 in.: fls. blue-violet
with large black-margined white spot in tube.
cruenta (Anomatheca cruenta). To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long
and % in. wide: fls. red, the very slender tube to 1 % in. long,
in a one-sided spike or raceme. Var. alba is listed.
divaricata. To 14 in.: If. linear, to 9 in. long, strongly
ribbed: fls. reddish, to % in. long, 6-10 in short dense
spike, elongating in fr.
fissifolia. Sts. very short: basal If. 1, lanceolate, to 4 in.
long: fls. violet or whitish, the slender tube to 1^ in. long,
in erect spikes 2-3 in. long.
juncea. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and % in. wide fls.
pale red, the slender tube to % in. long, in loose spike?.
purpureo-lutea (L. purpurea). Differs from L. corymboaa
in having pale yellow perianth with violet spot on inner
side of lower segms.
LAPIDARIA. Aizoacese. A monotypic genus
allied to Mesembryanthemum. L. MArgaretiffl
(M. and DinteranthusMarqaretix). Lvs. 3^4 pairs,
to y± in. long, 1 in. broad and % in. thick, firm
and smooth, brownish or cream tinged rose,
the edges and keel darker or yellowish: fls.
bright yellow, paler beneath, to 2 in. across;
stigmas &-7. S. Afr.
Lappa
412
Latania
LAPPA: Arctium.
occidentals. Lvs. to
LAPPULA (Echinospermum). Boraginacess.
Rough-pubescent herbs of the north ternp. zone,
most of them weedy, with alternate entire Ivs.,
small blue or white fls. in terminal racemes, and
fr. of 4 prickly nutlets; scarcely hort. subjects
but one listed as a rock-garden plant and a
taller one as a general garden subject.
consanguinea. Ann. to 9 in.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls.
scarcely longer than calyx. Siberia.
diffusa. J'er. to 3^ ft., softly hairy: Ivs. narrowly ob-
lanceolate, to G in. long, miose: fls. blue, to % in. across.
Man. to B. C., south to New Mex. and Calif.
floribunda. Bien. or per. to 2 ft. or more: lys. lanceolate:
fls. blue, % in. across. B. C. to Calif, and Minn.
LARCH: Lanx. Golden-: Pneudolarix arnabilis.
LARDIZABALA. Lardizabalacese. Evergreen
woody vines of Chile with ternately compound
Ivs., staminate fls. in drooping racemes, pistillate
solitary, and fr. an oblong berry; sometimes
grown in S. Calif. Propagated under glass by
cuttings of half-ripened wood.
biternata. Lvs. 1-2-ternate into ovate Ifts. to 4 in. long,
glossy dark green above: fls. purple-brown, about 1 in.
across.
LARDIZABALACE^E. LARDIZABALA FAMILY.
Woody climbers with compound Ivs., unisexual
or polygamous polypctalous fls. having mostly
6 petal-like sepals, G stamens, often nectaries
but no petals, superior ovary of 3 free carpels,
and fr. a berry; 8 genera in Asia and Chile. Only
Akebia, Decaisnea, Lardizabala and Stauntonia
arc known in general cult., although Holboellia
grandiflora, Sargentodoxa cuneata, and Sino-
franchetia chinensis may be grown in botanic
gardens.
LARIX. LARCH. Pinacese. Attractive de-
ciduous trees growing to CO ft. and more, having
short linear needle-like Ivs. arranged spirally on
young shoots and clustered on the short branches
or spurs, and spruce-like cones with woody per-
sistent scales, and solitary staminate fls.; native
in colder parts of the northern hemisphere and
all hardy in climates like the northeastern states.
L Idricina and L. Lyallii become 50-60 ft. high,
the others taller. With Pseudolarix and Taxo-
dium, the larches comprise the deciduous mem-
bers of the PinacesD. For cult, see Conifers.
americana: L. laricina,
dahurica: L. Gmehnu.
decfdua (L europsea). EUROPEAN L. Lvs. to lj^ in.
long, obtuse: cones to 1^ in. long. Eu. Var. pendula has
drooping branohlets. Var. pyramidalis, habit narrow-
pyramidal with ascending branches.
eur61epis. DUNKELD L. Hybrid between L. decidua and
L. leptolepis.
europsfea: L. decidua.
Gm£linii (L. dahurtra). DAHURIAN L. Lvs. to 1H in.
long, bright green: cones 1H in- long, with shiny scales.
E. Siberia. Var. japo'nica has bluish-red young branchlets.
Saghahn, Kunle IMS. Var. Principis-RupprSchtii has larger
cones. N. China, Koiea.
Grfffithii. Branches drooping: Ivs. obtuse: cones to 4 in.
long. H. W. China.
Ka6mpferi: L. leptolepis.
laricina (L. americana). AMERICAN L. TAMARACK.
HACKMATACK Lvs. to 1^ in long, obtuse, light bluish-
green: cones to % in. long, with shiny scales. N. Amer.
leptdlepis (L. Kaempferi). JAPANESE L. Lvs to
in. long, obtuse, light or bluish-green: cones to 1 H in. loug.
Japan. Var minor (var. Murrayana) is a dwarf form.
Lyallii. Lvs. to 1H in- long, 4-angled, acute, stiff: cones
to 2 in. long, the bracts exserted. B. C. to Mont.
Mastersiana. Lvs to \1A in. long, bright green with 2
pale bands below: cones 1H in. long, the purple bracts
exserted. W. China.
. in. long, sharp-pointed, stiff:
cones to 1^ in. long, the bracts exserted. B. C. to Mont. —
Becomes very tall, to 180 ft.
pe'ndula. Hybrid between L. laricina and L. decidua.
Potaninii (L. thibetica). CHINESE L. Branchlots droop-
ing: Ivs. to 1M in. long, 4-angled, acute, grayish-green:
cones to 1 % in. long, the purple bracts exserted. W. China.
sib trie a. Lvs. to 2 in. long: cones 1}^ in. long. Russia,
Siberia.
sudetica: listed name.
thibgtica: L. Potaninii:
LARKSPUR: Delphinium.
LARREA (Covillea). CREOSOTE BUSH. Zy-
gophyllacex. Evergreen balsamiferous shrubs of
dry regions, with opposite Ivs. usually of 2
sessile Ifts., yellow solitary terminal fls., and
globose white-tomentose frs.
tridentata. To 10 ft., much branched, resinous: Ifts.
obliquely ovate, ^ in. long, 4-5-nerved: fls. ]4. m. long.
Mex., Tex. Var. glutindsa has lanceolate 3-nerved Ifts.
Utah to N. Mex.
LASERPlTIUM . Umbelliferx. European per.
herbs with compound Ivs., small white or red-
dish fls. in large umbels, and cylindrical winged
frs.; one species is sometimes grown for ornament.
latifdlium. To 5 ft.: Ivs. 2-pinnate into oval segms. :
fls. white, polygamous, the umbels subtended by short
involucral Ivs. Cent. Eu.
LASIAGROSTIS: Stipa.
LASIANDRA: Tibouchina.
LASTHfeNIA. Composite. Slightly succulent
annuals, native from Ore. to Chile, having
opposite entire Ivs. and long-stalked heads of
yellow ray- and disk-fls.; bracts of involucre
united into cup; pappus of scales or none. Some-
times grown in the flower-garden.
calif 6rnica: L. glabrata var.
glabrata. To IK ft.: Ivs. linear or lanceolate, to 2 in.
long, connate at base: heads 1 in. across. June-July.
Calif. Var. calif6rnica (L. cahfornica) has Ivs. scarcely
connate.
LASTREA: Dryopteris, Polystichum.
LATANIA. Palmacese. Stout dioecious fan-
palms of the Mascarene Isls., Indian Ocean,
sometimes grown in the open in S. Fla., and fre-
quently planted in the tropics, unarmed except
tnat petioles and If .-margins are more or less
spiny in young plants: Ivs. large, heavy and stiff,
long-petioled, strongly many-lobed: spadices
among the Ivs.. several ft. long, the staminate
bearing many nnger-like dense spikes with 15-
30 stamens sunken in pits under scales, these
ultimate spikes less than 1 ft. long in the first
two species and considerably longer in the third;
pistillate spadix with many looser-fld. branches
or spikes: fr. a hard somewhat drupe-like body
1-2^ in. long, globose, oblong or ovoid and
sometimes angled. They are trees, mostly re-
maining small in cult. For cult, see Palm.
aurea: L. Verschaffeltii.
borb6nica of botanists: L. Commeraonii; of hort.,
Liviatona chinensis.
C6mmersonii (L. rubra). To 40 ft., the petioles and ribs
of Ivs. crimson, the color striking in young plants in which
the petioles and If .-margins are often spiny: petiole 4-6 ft.;
blade 5 ft. or more, slightly or not at all glaucous, larger
segms. 3 in. or more broad at base on mature Ivs.: fr.
globose, usually less than 2 in. long, ribbed as also the nut. —
A striking plant from the red color.
glaucophylla: L. Loddigesii.
L6ddigesii (L. glaucophylla). Strong grower: petiole
3-5 ft.; blade glaucous-blue, young plants sometimes with
reddish tinge, larger segms. under 2 or 3 in. broad: fr. more
than 2 in. long, obovoid or pear-shaped, angled; nut with
central ridge and smaller ribs above.
Latania
413
Lattice-Leaf
rubra: L. Commersonii.
Verschaffeltii (L\ aurea). To 40 ft.: petiole 5-8 ft.,
orange-margined; blade green, serins, usually exceeding
2 in. oroad at middle: staminate spikes becoming 1 J4-2 ft.
long: fr. 2 in. long, obovoid, obscurely angled; nut ridged.
LATERAL: on or at the side.
LATHYRUS (incl. Orobus). Leguminosse. Im-
portant genus of vines and erect herbs with pin-
nate Ivs., showy papilionaceous fls. which are
solitary or in axillary racemes and usually flat
pods; grown for ornament, and L. sativus for
the edible seeds; some of them have fragrant fls.
The perennial species are propagated by seeds or cut-
tings and are of easy cultivation in any soil. The annuals
require a deep moist soil and plenty of sunlight. Propagated
by seeds in spring. In the South or under glass seed may
be sown in the fall for late winter bloom. Ample support
should be provided and the seed-pods picked often to
lengthen the blooming season.
albo-rdseus: hort. name.
Alefeldii: L. strictus.
Aphaca. Climbing to 1 ft.: true Ivs. reduced to tendrils,
subtended by ovate leaf-like stipules to 1 in. long which are
hastate at base: fls. yellow, 1-2 on a peduncle: pod about
% m. long. Ku.
articul&tus. Ann. to 3 ft., climbing: Ifts. linear-lanceo-
late: fls rich purple with white or rose-lilac wings, usually
solitary Medit. region. — By some considered a var. of
L. Clymenurn.
aurantiacus: trade name.
azure us: L. sativus var. cseruleus.
canescens: L. fihforrms.
Clcera. Ann to 2 ft.: Ifts, linear-oblong: fls. red, 1-2 on
a peduncle which is shorter than Ivs : pod glabrous. Ku.
ClymSnum. Climbing ann to 3 ft : lower Ivs. not pro-
ducing Ifts , petioles winged, to \i in. wide; Ifts linear-
lanceolate, to }/i in. wide: fls. purple-red with blue wings,
2-5 on a peduncle. Medit. region.
cyaneus. Lfts oblong-linear to awl-shaped, stipules
sagittate: fls blue, calyx-teeth unequal. Russia.
ensifdlius: L. membranaceus.
filif6rmis (L. canescens. Orobus canescens). Per. to
2 ft , glabrous, not climbing: Ifts. linear-lanceolate, usually
2-3 pairs: fls. blue, or blue and white, to ^ in. long, usually
4-10 in raceme, pod to 2^ in. long. Cent. Eu. to Asia
Minor and Caucasia.
G6rgonii. Climbing ann : Ifts. lanceolate: fls. reddish-
brown, solitary, peduncle about as long as Ivs. : pod glabrous,
upper margin 2-wmged Sicily.
grandifldrus. TWO-FLOWERED or EVERLASTING PEA.
Per to 6 ft , climbing: Ifts ovate: fls. rose-purple, large,
2-3 on a peduncle: pod cylindrical. S. Eu.
hirsutus. Ann. to 4 ft., climbing, sts. narrowly winged:
Ifts linear-lanceolate: fls. red with paler wings, 1-3 on a
peduncle: pod linear, hairy. S. Eu., W. Asia, N. Afr.
incanus. Erect, to 1 ft., densely hairy: stipules smaller
than linear or linear-oblong Ifts.: fls. purple, 1 in. long, in
3-5-fld. racemes. Neb., Colo., Wyo.
jap6nicus: for very technical reasons this name has been
adopted by some for L. mantimus.
leetifl&rus. Per. to 8 ft.: Ifts. elliptic-lanceolate: fls.
nearly white veined with purple, many on a peduncle.
S Calif.
lathyroides: Vicia oroboides, but some of the material
so listed is L. niger.
latifdlius. PERENNIAL or EVERLASTING PEA. Per.,
climbing to 9 ft., sts. winged: Ifts. ovate-lanceolate: fls.
rose-color, large, several to many on a peduncle. Eu. Var.
albus and grandifl6rus albus have white fls. Var. r&seus
may not differ from the type. Var. spllndens has dark
purple and red fls — Common in gardens.
littoralis. BEACH PEA. Sts. decumbent: stipules larger
than cuneate- oblong densely silky-hairy Ifts.: fls. purple
with white wings and keel, 2-6 on a peduncle.' Seashore.
Wash, to Calif.
lute us (Orobus luteus). Per. to 3 ft.: Ifts. oblong: fls.
bright yellow, in 5-15-fld. racemes. Eu.
magellanicus. LORD ANSON PEA. Per. to 5 ft., climbing:
Ifts. ovate to oblong-linear: fls. violet-blue, 3-4 on a pe-
duncle. Straits of Magellan.
marftimus (L. japonicus). BEACH PEA. Per. with
decumbent wingless sts. to 2 ft. long: stipules broadly
ovate; Ifts. oblong or ovate: fls. purple, in 6-10-fld. racemes.
Sea and lake shores, N. Amer., Eu., Asia. — The species
runs into many forms in the wild.
mauritanicus: hort. name.
membranaceus (L. ensifolius). Glabrous climbing per.
allied to L. sylvestns, differing in the stipules as wide as
the winged st. or nearly so, and pod 3—1 in. long. Cent. Eu.
montanus. Per. with prostrate or upright winged sts.
to 1 ft. long, no tendrils present: Ifts. oblong to lanceolate:
fls. purple, greenish at base, in 2-5-fld. racemes, calyx gla-
brous or glabrescent. Eu. Var. aurantiacus is listed.
niger (Orobus niger). BLACK VETCHLING. Per. to 2 ft.:
Ifts. oval, turning black when dried: fls. purple, in racemes.
Eu.
ochroleucus. Per. with trailing or climbing sts. to 2^
ft. long: Ifts. ovate: fls. yellowish-white, in 5-10-fld. racemes.
Que. to B. C.
6chrus. Ann., climbing: petioles broadly winged, Ifts.
oval: fls. yellowish-white, solitary. S. Eu.
odoratus. SWEET PEA. Ann., climbing to 6 ft.: Ifts.
oval or oblong: fls. of many colors, fragrant, large, 1-4 on a
peduncle: pod pubescent or hirsute. Italy. Var. nangllus,
DWARF SWEET PEA, is a compact non-chmbing form, known
in the Cupid. See Sweet Pea.
ornatus (L. stipulaceus). Erect per. to 1 ft. or more: Ifts.
linear: fls. purple, 1 in. long, in 3-5-fld. racemes. S. D. to
Wyo. and Okla.
palustris. MARSH PEA. Per. with trailing winged sts.
to 3 ft. long: Ifts. lanceolate to linear: fls purple, 2-8 on
a peduncle. Moist ground, N. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
panndnicus. Per. to 2 ft.: Ifts. linear-lanceolate: fls. 4-8
in a raceme, ochroleucous often suffused red. S. Eu. Var.
varius is small, erect, with narrow pointed Ifts., fls. yellow
and rase.
pratensis. Per. to 3 ft., pubescent, prostrate: Ifts. 2,
lanceolate; stipules nearly as long as Ins., sagittate: fls.
yellow, to H m- long, usually 4-9 in raceme: pod black at
maturity. Eu., W. Asia and N. Afr.
pubescens. Climbing to 6 ft.: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate:
fls. pale blue, in racemes of C-14; calyx and pod densely
villous-pubescent. Chile.
rdseus (Orobus roseus). Per. to 4 ft.: Ifts. 2, oval, tendrils
absent: fls. rose, 2 on a peduncle. Asia Minor. Var pallidus
has pink fls.
rotundif61ius. Per. to 5 ft., climbing: Ifts. ovate to nearly
round: fls. rose-pink, many on a peduncle, in racemes
shorter than or equalling the Ivs. Russia, Asia Minor.
sativus. GRASS PEA. Ann , 2 ft. and more, nearly erect:
Ifts. linear: fls. white tinged with blue, solitary S. Eu.
Var. ceeruleus (L. azureus) has blue or blue and white fls
setifdlius. Ann , climbing: Ifts. linear to ovate-lanceolate,
tendrils branched: fls. purple or dark red, solitary, small.
S. Eu.
spathulata. Sts. ascending: Ifts. narrow linear-lanceolate:
fls. blue, 5 -S together. Asia Minor.
splgndens. PRIDE-OK-CALIFORNIA. Per., somewhat
shrubby: Ifts ovate-oblong: fls. rose, violet or magenta-red,
6-12 on a peduncle. S. Calif.
stipulaceus: L. ornatus.
strictus (L. Alefeldii). Clambering per. vine to 10 ft.:
Ifts. 6-11, linear-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, about 1 in.
long, puberulent: fls. rose to purplish, to 1 in. long, in
racemes of 6-15, pedicels about \i in. long. Calif. Var.
b&rbarae (L. violaceus) has fls. to % in. long on pedicels to
Yt in. long.
sylve'stris. FLAT PEA. Per. to 6 ft., climbing: Ifts.
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate: fls. rose variegated with
purple and green, 4-10 on a peduncle. Eu. Var. Wdgneri
has dark red fls.
tingitanus. TANGIER PEA. Ann., climbing to 6 ft.: Ifts.
linear-lanceolate: fls. purple with red wings and keel, 2-3 on
a peduncle. Medit. region. Var. rdseus is a color variation.
— Resembles some forms of L. odoratus, differing in its
glabrous sts. and pods.
tomentdsus. Somewhat shrubby climber: Ifts. 2, linear-
lanceolate, densely tomentose: fls. blue or violet, 3-4 on a
peduncle. Argentina, Brazil.
tuberdsus. Per., climbing or trailing to 4 ft., tuber-
bearing: Ifts. oblong to broadly lanceolate: fls. rose, 3-5 on
a peduncle. Eu., W. Asia. — Parts of root tubers are edible.
undulatus. Per. to 3 ft., climbing: Ifts. 2, oblong, margins
undulate or crisped: fls. magenta-red, 5^-6 on a peduncle.
Turkey. — Similar to L. lahfohus, differing in 1ft. margin
and styles strongly dilated at apex.
varius: L. pannonicus var.
v£rnus (Orobus vernus). SPRING VETCHLING. Per. to
2 ft.: Ifts. ovate: fls. blue-violet, 5-8 on a peduncle. Eu. Var.
albus has white fls. Var. rdseus has rose-pink fls. — Differs
from L. montanus in pilose calyx arid fewer-fld. racemes.
violaceus: L. stnctus var. barbarse.
LATTICE-LEAF: Aponogeton fenestralis.
Lauracew
414
Lawn
LAUREL FAMILY. Aromatic
trees and shrubs of about 45 genera mostly in
warm climates, with commonly alternate simple
Ivs., small unisexual or bisexual fls. having 6-
parted perianth, 12 stamens in series, superior
1-celled ovary, and fr. a drupe or berry. The
family yields many ornamental genera and
others grown for the edible fr. and spices, as
Benzoin, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya, Hufe-
landia, Laurus, Litsea, Persea, Phoebe, Sassafras,
Umbellularia.
LAUREL: Laurus. Alexandrian-: DanaS racemosa.
California-: VmMlularia catif arnica. Cherry-: Prunus.
Mountain-: Knhnia Intifolia. Oak: Quercus launfoha.
Portugal-: Prunus lusilamca. Sheep-: Kalmia angusti-
foha. Spurge-: Daphne Laureola.
LAURfeLIA. Monimiacex. Tall aromatic trees
with opposite leathery Ivs. and dioecious or
polygamous fls. without petals, borne in axillary
cymes or racemes: native in Chile and New Zeal.,
one planted in Calif.
n&vae-zeal£ndifle. To 120 ft., with buttresses at base:
Ivs. oblong or obovate, to 3 in. long, coarsely toothed,
glossy above: fls. % in. across, in racemes to 1 in. long.
New Zeal.
LAURESTINUS: Viburnum Tinus.
LAUROCERASUS: Prunus.
LAURUS. LAUREL. SWEET BAY. Lauracese.
Medium-sized trees in the Medit. -Canary region,
with alternate simple Ivs., small bisexual or
unisexual fls. in axillary umbels, and fr. a berry:
one species is a common tub-plant, pruned and
trained to various shapes.
Laurel withstands several degrees of frost and thrives
in spite of neglect. It thrives in rich peaty soil with plenty
of moisture. Propagated mostly by cuttings of ripened
wood under glass, and sometimes by seeds.
Camphdra: Cinnamomum Camphora.
gland ul if era: Cinnamomum glanduhferum.
Indica: Persea indica.
ndbilis. Evergreen tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to oval,
to 4 m long, dark glossy green: fls. yellow: fr. black or dark
purple. Medit region; the true laurel of florists. — Variable
in stature and leafage; various Latin names are applied
us var. angustif dlia, latif&Iia, salicifdlia.
regalis: a orisped-lvd. form of L. nobilis.
LAVANDULA. LAVENDER. Labiate. Per.
aromatic herbs or shrubs with entire, toothed or
dissected Ivs. and 2-10-fld. whorls crowded into
lone-stemmed cylindrical spikes, the fls. blue,
violet or lilac; native from Canary Isls. to India.
Lavender is propagated by seeds or division, but prefer-
ably from cuttings made in Inte fall or early spring, of the
seasons growth but with a heel of older wood. In the North
winter protection is desirable. The plants are grown for
ornament and for the pleasant scent; commonly included
among the sweet herbs.
alplna: garden name, apparently L. officinalis.
atropurpurea: probably L. officinaha var.
delphine'nsis: a listed name of doubtful botanical
position.
dent&ta. Sts. somewhat woody: Ivs. linear, to 1^ in.
long, pinnately toothed, pubescent: fls. deep purple, yfr in.
long. Medit. region.
latifdlia. Similar to L. Spica and often so called, but
with broader flat Ivs. and linear herbaceous bracts sub-
tending the whorls. Medit. region.
multifida (L. mnnatifida). Bien. to 2 ft., evergreen: Ivs.
pinnatoly divided, hoary: fls. lilac. Canary Isls.
nana: L. orfitnnaUs var. compacta.
officinalis (L. Rpica. L. vmt). Subshrub to 3 ft.: Ivs.
linear to lanceolate, to 2 in. long, entire, the margins revo-
lute, white- tomentose when young: fls. lavender, to J^ in.
long, with ovjite-pointed bracts at the whorls. Medit.
region. Var. alba has white fls. Var. atropurpurea is listed
as having dark lavender-purple fls. Var. compdcta (var.
nana compacta), low and compact, blooming earlier.
pedemontana: hort. name for form listed aa having
silvery foliage and dark purple fls.
pedunculata. Shrub to 3 ft., gray-tomentose: Ivs.
lanceolate, to % in. long, margins revolute, entire: fls. dark
purple, long-peduncled, calyx about as long as corolla,
spike short, thick and lax. Madeira, Canary Isls.
pinnAta. To 1 J^ ft.: Ivs. pinnate into wedge-shaped Ifts.:
fls. purple, fragrant, in imbricated whorls. Madeira, Canary
Isls.
pinnatifida: L. multifida.
Splca: L. officinalis.
Stcbchas. Shrub to 3 ft., gray-tomentose: lys. linear,
H in. long, entire: fls. dark purple, short-pedicelled, in
dense spikes with tuft of large purple bracts. Medit. region.
veTa: L. officinalia.
LAVANGA (or Luvunga). Rutacex. A few
species of climbing spiny shrubs, India and
Malaya to Cochin-China. L. sc&ndens is an ever-
green sometimes grown for ornament in the
citrus belt: Ivs. of 3 Ifts., petiole not winged: fls.
white and fragrant, in axillary clusters: fr. oval
or oblong, resinous, yellowish, about 1 in. thick,
with lemon-like rind.
LAVATERA. TREE-MALLOW. Malvaceae.
Various herbs and shrubs widely spread in warm
countries, with alternate angled or lobed Ivs.,
often maple-like, and showy fls. solitary in the
axils or in terminal racemes.
Lavateras are flower-garden subjects or the shrubby
species planted for windbreaks. Of easy cultivation. Seedis
snould be sown where plants are to stand; perennial kinds
are also propagated by cuttings.
alba: L. tnmestris var.
Alcea: the plant listed under this name is probably
Malva Alcea.
arborea. Bien., becoming tree-like shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs.
orbicular, 5-9-lobed: fls. pale purple-red veined with dark
purple at base, 2 in. across, in racemes or clusters. S. Eu.;
planted in Calif. Var. variegata has mottled Ivs.
assurgentifldra. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. with 5 coarsely
toothed lobes: fls. rose-purple with darker veins, to 2)4 m-
across, 1-4 in the axils. Isls. of S Calif., and planted in that
state for windbreaks and ornament.
cachemiriana. Per.: upper Ivs. 3-5-lobed, the middle
lobe longest: fls. pink, to 1>£ in. long, solitary. Himalayas.
Davaei. Ann. or bien. to 4 ft., tomentose: Ivs. cordate-
ovate, 7-lobed: fls. rose- violet, 2-5 together. Portugal.
insularis. Low shrub: Ivs. with 7 coarsely toothed lobes:
fls. yellowish striped with purple, IjHz in. long, solitary.
Coronado Isls., Lower Calif.
maurit&nica. Ann. to 2 ft., densely tomentose: Ivs.
orbicular-cordate, 5-7-lobed: fls. violet, darker at base.
N. Afr.
6lbia. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. 3-lobed, the middle lobe
longest, or lower Ivs. 5-lobed: fls. reddish-purple, 1 in. long,
solitary, sessile. vS. Eu.
rdsea: L. trimestris.
sple'ndens: L. trimestris var.
thuringiaca. Per.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long or
more, 3-lobed, acuminate to acute, base subcordate, mar-
gins obtusely serrate: fls. rose-pink, to 2% in. across, petals
retuse. Thuringia.
trimestris (L. rosea). Flower-garden ann. to 6 ft.: lower
Ivs. nearly round, upper ones angled, toothed: fls. rose
or red, 4 in. across, solitary. Medit. region. Var. &lba has
white fls. Var. grandifiora is said to have larger rose-pink
fls. Var. sple*ndens is an improved garden strain.
LAVAUXIA: (Enothera.
LAVENDER: Lavandula: see also Chrysanthemum
Balsamita. Sea-: Limonium.
LAWN. In horticulture a lawn may be defined
as an area of the landscape carpeted with a
greensward designed as a foundation setting for
buildings, for border planting or for pleasure
grounds. The term is usually sufficiently broad
to include both grasses and other plants which
require clipping and such low-growing carpeters
as vinca, moneywort and others. Generally
speaking the lawn is a permanent feature and as
such is usually composed of perennial plants.
Many types and kinds of plant materials are
Lawn
415
Lawn
available for lawns. These must be selected with
careful consideration for the nature of the en-
vironment into which they are to be introduced.
Kentucky blue-grass is probably the most com-
monly used lawn grass in northeastern United
States and is one of the most desirable when the
soil is not too acid (i. e. not below a pH of 6).
Contrary to general belief, blue-grasses may be
grown on more acid soils than indicated here,
provided a high degree of fertility is maintained,
but this adds unnecessary costs to maintenance.
Bent-grasses, including redtop, are of the
genus Agrostis. They form carpets of very fine
texture and are bright green in color. The plants
do best in the more acid soils and when grown on
neutral or sweet soil they require more food
materials for optimum growth than do such
grasses as Kentucky blue-grass and hence are
often crowded out. Frequent clipping appears
to be partly responsible for the fine texture often
obtained with these grasses. Redtop (Agrostis
alba) is the coarsest foliaged of the group and
seed is occasionally represented to be that of
some of the more costly and more desirable kinds.
Like the blue-grasses, the bents do best in the
cool rather humid regions of northeastern United
States and Pacific coast.
Fescues represent several species of the grass
genus Festuca and all are characterized by their
nne wire-like leaves and by the fact that the
individual plants of all but the red fescue form
dense tufts or hummocks which become some-
what undesirable with age. Because of their
tough wiry leaves the fescues sometimes present
difficulties in clipping. Their chief merit is
their ability to compete with tree roots for food
and thus they are better able to survive in the
shade beneath lawn trees than are many other
grasses. Red fescue forms a continuous turf and
does well on sandy soils, being used sometimes
for putting-greens of golf courses. All the fescues
do best in the cooler regions and are best adapted
for use in northern United States and Canada.
Bermuda-grass is valuable for pastures and
to a lesser extent for lawns, in the southern
United States, but is sometimes avoided because
of its noxious nature in cultivated areas. In the
South it is a coarse perennial turf-forming grass
usually spreading readily by underground stems.
In these regions it does particularly well in heavy
clay soils and responds to moderate applications
of lime.
Korean lawn-grass (Zoysia japonica), some-
times known as Palm Beach grass, has been
introduced from Korea and is adapted to the
sandy soils of the warmer regions in the Atlantic
and Gulf states. It is said to be hardy as far
north as Connecticut. The plant forms a dense
uniform turf and spreads by stolons.
The most beautiful lawns, from the point of
view of uniformity of texture and color, are
those comprised of a single kind of grass. How-
ever, when lawns are established from seed, the
seed sown usually represents a mixture of
several kinds of grasses. There are two reasons
for this; one, the sower may be unaware of the
kind of grass best suited to the particular en-
vironment and trusts that the commercial mix-
ture will contain seed of at least one grass adapted
to the environment; or secondly, a particular kind
of grass may be selected for the location but
seeds of other grasses are purposely mixed to
provide short-lived plants to serve as nurse crops
to shade and protect the usually more delicate
and ultimate turf grass. Both reasons are
legitimate, but sowings made because of the
latter are likely to be more successful. Four
important points should be considered in the
selection of a lawn grass or the seeds to be used
in a lawn mixture. They are: (1) the region,
i. e. the North, where low temperatures are
encountered, or the South with its warmer
conditions; (2) the alkalinity of the soil: (3) de-
gree of exposure to sunlight; and (4) the more
unusual situations, such as exposure to salt
ocean-spray or fogs. Lawn mixtures for use in
the South may include Bermuda-grass, carpet-
grass, St. Augustine-grass or Korean lawn-grass
as the main turf crop with about 10 per cent of
the weight of the mixture comprised of peren-
nial rye-grass (Loliwn perenne) as a nurse crop.
Mixtures for very acid soils should not con-
tain blue-grass or clover, but are best com-
prised of the bents or red fescue as the principal
ingredient. Here also redtop or perennial rye-
grass may be used as a nurse crop. Redtor
usually makes a coarser and shorter-lived lawn
than do the bents, and either require more care
in maintenance than do most blue-grass turfs.
Kentucky blue-grass is one of the most widely
used glasses in lawn mixtures and is recom-
mended for neutral or alkaline soils. It may
be sown alone or any of the usual nurse crops
such as redtop or perennial rye-grass may be
mixed with it. The incorporation of a light
coating of lime into the top soil prior to sowing
blue-grass is beneficial unless it is over a lime-
stone substratum. Many lawn grasses do not
survive in partial or light shade. The reason
for this is more often the inability of the roots to
compete for food and water with surface-feeding
tree roots than the lack of sunlight for the plants.
The production of the lawn turf in partial shade
involves three practices: (1) selection of a grass
whose sunlight requirements are less, and whose
roots are deeper, than most kinds; (2) adequate
fertilization of the shade-producing trees or
shrubs; and (3) proper thinning and pruning
when trees are responsible for the shade. Grasses
which do best in shaded situations are red
fescue (Festuca rubra), wood meadow-grass
(Poa nemoralis) and rough-stalked meadow-
grass (Poa trivialis). Many grasses will not
survive more or less constant exposure to ocean
spray or fogs. However, the creeping and
colonial bents may be expected to survive such
conditions in the cooler regions.
Plants other than grasses may be used for
lawns. Some of these are distinctly superior
under situations where the maintenance of a
grass lawn becomes difficult, such as dense shade,
steep terraces, sandy soils where water is not
available and flagstone interstices. Among those
plants suitable for dense shade are periwinkle
or ground-myrtle (Vinca minor), a hardy per-
ennial with glossy dark green persistent leaves
and lavender-blue flowers in spring. Japanese
spurge (Pachy sandra terminalis) is excellent when
once established. Plants are set at intervals of
about 8 inches and the soil is best prepared by
adding a liberal mixture of equal parts of leaf-
mold, granulated peat and sand plus a quart of
bonemeal to every bushel of compost. This
mixture should be incorporated into the soil to a
depth of at least 10 inches. A peat moss mulch
may be used if the basic soil is exceedingly sandy.
Lawn
416
Lawn
English ivy (Hedera Helix) is an evergreen
runner available in a large assortment of leaf
variants. It is excellent where hardy and in its
northern limits is best in a northern exposure
where riot subject to burning from the winter
sun. Lily-of-the- valley (Conyallaria) thrives in
shade and holds its foliage until autumn. Money-
wort (Lysimachia Nummularia) makes a dense
cover flat on the ground and produces yellow
flowers during the summer; unfortunately it is
likely to escape from the shaded regions and
actually become a weed in the remainder of the
lawn or in the garden.
Of the plants for steep terraces, periwinkle
and English ivy described above are very satis-
factory, and for terraces not to be much travelled
over, some of the sedums are admirably adapted,
particularly S. dasyphyllum, S. hispanicum, S.
sexangulare, S. stoloniferum, S. monregalense,
S. acre, and S. sarmcntosum. The last two species
are likely to escape from the terrace and become
woods in the adjoining lawn or garden. Of the
above kinds, /S. utoloniferum seems best adapted
to shady situations. On very sandy and dry
terraces the bearberry (Arctosttiphylos Uva-
ursi) does very well, forming a dense glossy
evergreen carpet about 4 inches deep. It may
be planted in partial shade or full sun.
For dry sandy areas where water is not avail-
able for the maintenance of a grass lawn several
substitutes have been proposed. The two most
satisfactory are the turfing daisy (Matricaria
Tchihatchcwii) and the common yarrow or
milfoil (Achillca Millefolium). These are spread-
ing fern-like-leaved perennials which form a
close tight turf capable of resisting wear and
drought. The lawn of the turfing daisy is started
by setting out young plants at about 6-8-inch
intervals and mowing the tops off after they have
become established. A yarrow lawn is often
started from seed and in general forms a closer
turf than the rnatricaria. Another substitute
for lawn grasses and frequently added to mix-
tures is Dutch white clover (Trifolium repens).
This clover aids in preserving a green color
throughout the turf during dry periods, but has
the drawback of being the chief source of grass-
green stains on clothing.
There are many species adapted to planting
among the interstices of flagstones. Where the
walk or court is not surrounded by a grass turf,
such plants may be used as the sandwort (Ar en-
aria vcrna), mazus (M.japonicus and M . reptans),
thyme (Thyrnus), dwarf and prostrate veronicas,
thrifts (Armeria maritinui and A. juniperifolia) ,
sedums (especially S. dasyphyllum and S.
hispanicum), and saxifragas (particularly mem-
bers of the S. dccipiens group).
The lawn should be made with the idea of
permanence. Therefore, it is essential that
time be taken to grade the. land properly and to
prepare the ground thoroughly before seeds are
sown or plants are set. Earth thrown out from a
cellar does not grow a good lawn. Care should
be taken to make the land deep and loose, so
that the grass roots may run far into the soil
and not suffer from lack of moisture in a dry
time. If the land has not had applications of
manure in recent years, it is well to plow in, or
to spade in, a liberal quantity of well-rotted
litter or similar material. Work this into the
ground as deeply as possible. If the hardpan is
rather high, it is well to subsoil the area or to
trench it (that is, to spade it up two or three
spades deep). If the land is apparently not
rich in plant-food, it is well to add a dressing
of commercial fertilizer to the surface when the
grass seed is sown; the fertilizer should provide
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, in approxi-
mately the proportions 10-6-4, and 15-^20 pounds
to 1,000 square feet is a good application.
The lawn may be established by following
any one of four practices: (1) seeding, (2) setting
turf, (3) planting stolons when a stolon-produc-
ing grass is selected, or (4) setting out plants
where a non-grass type of lawn is desired.
Grass seed should be sown in the cool of the
year. The lawn may be seeded in September
and the plants thereby become established
before winter; or seed may be sown very early
in the spring. In newly made lawns, it is a good
plan to grade the area thoroughly in autumn,
allowing it to settle in the winter in the North;
and then, if the surface remains even, to sow
the grass seed on one of the late snows in spring.
By sowing it on the snow, one can see that it is
distributed evenly; and when the snow melts,
the seed is carried into the land arid does not
need covering. In sowing geed it is well to use a
mixture of two or more kinds. This may be a
commercial mixture of unknown kinds or a
self-mixed one consisting of seed of the desired
kind of grass plus seed of one or more nurse
crops. A nurse crop is a quick germinating
perennial grass which serves to shade the more
tender turf grass and also as a temporary cover-
ing, indicating where the borders are and there-
by outlining the area for the lawn-mower to cut.
When the seed of the nurse crop is considerably
larger and bulkier than that of the turf grass, it
should be sown separately to make even dis-
tribution. The more commonly used grasses
for nurse crops are redtop (Agrostis alba) and
perennial rye-grass (Lolium perennc). The
former is sown at the rate of one quart to the
acre and about ten times that quantity for the
latter. Oats and rye are sometimes used as
nurse crops but they are not recommended be-
cause of their coarseness and tendency to over-
shade the turf grass. On hard lands it is well to
sow 2 or 3 quarts to the acre of crimson clover
seed. The long roots of this plant tend to im-
prove the physical conditions of the soil; and
when they decay they leave nitrogen for the
grass to use. As crimson clover is annual, it will
not do any permanent mischief in the lawn un-
less it is allowed to go to seed and become weedy.
Sodding rather than seeding is sometimes
employed for the making of a lawn, particularly
when quick results are desired. This is also a
good means of securing the margins of walks
and drives and of outlining small subdivisions.
Unless the sod is of the right kind, however, and
very carefully laid, the results are not good.
Sod adapted to the work is that which comes
from an old closely grazed pasture. Sod from a
sheep pasture is supposed to be specially good.
Such sod has been so closely grazed that it has
made a dense close mat, and all the weeds have
been destroyed. The droppings of the animals
also make the ground fertile. The sod should be
cut in thin strips, not more than \]/2 or 2 inches
in thickness. If it is thicker than that it is heavy
and bulky to handle, and is not so easily laid.
Ordinarily, the sod is cut in strips 10 inches or a
foot wide. A board is laid on the sod and the
Lawn
417
Lawn
strip is cut along either side of it with a sod-cut-
ter or a sharp spade. Two men then roll up the
sod. One stands on the strip of sod with his face
toward the man who, with the spade, cuts it
loose beneath. As it is cut loose, the man on the
strip rolls the sod toward hirn so that the upper
surface is on the inside of the roll. Strips longer
than 6 or 7 feet make rolls too heavy to handle
with ease.
The sod should be pounded down firmly and
evenly, and the ground on which it is laid should,
therefore, be freshly worked and loose. A heavy
pounder should be used, as a block of wood. It is
usually impossible to pound down sod with
the back of a spade sufficiently firm unless the
earth is very mellow. The sod should be pounded
until the top is about level with the surrounding
surface. This insures contact with the soil be-
neath, so that there are no air spaces and no
likelihood of drying out. Sod pounded down as
firmly as this should grow readily. Water the
area before and after sodding. If a sod edging
is laid along walks and drives, it should be
pounded down an inch or more lower than the
surrounding loose land which is seeded, because
the loose land will finally settle; otherwise the
sod border is likely to be higher than adjacent
land after a year or two. If there are uneven
shallow places on the sodded area, the depres-
sions may be filled with very loose fine earth,
and the grass will grow through it. In dry
weather, a newly sodded area may be mulched
with a half inch or less of fine loam to protect it
from drying.
A modification of sodding is the establishing
of a new lawn with stolons. In this case a good
sod that has been grown and properly main-
tained as a lawn turf is removed when the
ground is dry. All loose soil is shaken from the
pieces which are then cut or shredded into small
pieces. These may be stored in a cool place for
many days when packed into baskets lined with
moist sphagnum moss or burlap. They are
planted by sowing or broadcasting them on the
graded area. The pieces soon establish them-
selves, spread, and grow together, covering the
area as if it were seeded. It is usually more
desirable than seeding because it permits the
establishment of a uniform turf taken from
selected strains of grass and the resulting turf is
acquired in a shorter period of time. Any turf
used for stolon production must be maintained
absolutely weed-free or the weeds will be spread
throughout the new lawn from the start. Grasses
suited to this method of propagation are the
creeping bents, Bermuda-grass and carpet-grass.
Almost all other ground-covers than grass are
established by setting out young plants at
rather close intervals.
The maintenance of a grass lawn may be
divided into four operations: (1) clipping,
(2) watering, (3) fertilizing and (4) weed control.
The lawn should be mown frequently when it
is growing rapidly — in spring and early summer.
In dry weather and autumn mow less frequently,
and let it go into the winter with a good coat of
grass. If tne lawn is mown as often as is needed,
it will not be necessary to rake off the clippings.
The clippings should not be collected in a catcher
attached to the mower nor raked off the lawn for
they serve as a mulch to the grass crowns, aid-
ing considerably to conserve soil moisture during
dry periods and eventually decomposing to add
humus or organic matter to the soil — an en-
richment particularly valuable in sandy and
clay soils. In the case of bent-grass lawns the
more frequent the mowing the finer the texture
of the grass and professional grasskeepers prac-
tice daily clipping of such turfs.
In dry times the lawn may be watered; but
the common practice of sprinkling lawns is
usually injudicious, since the water is not sup-
plied in sufficient amount to wet down very far,
and the grass tends to make surface roots; then
when the watering is omitted the plants suffer.
The more a lawn is sprinkled, the more the
grass depends on the sprinkling. If it is necessary
to wet the lawn, the water should be allowed to
run directly from the hose until the surface area
is completely soaked, or merely break its force
so that it will not wash away the surface or com-
pact the area. It is best to do this at nightfall.
When the water is applied by means of a sprink-
ler, a large part of it may evaporate. The fun-
damental treatment of the lawn is to have the
land so deep and porous that the grass roots
strike deep into the soil and do not need the
surface water. A well-made lawn needs watering
only in unusually dry times, unless there are
many trees.
Many persons take for granted that once a
good lawn turf is established the only care
required is to keep it clipped and to water it
after it browns. The lawn represents a vast
collection of living plants established with a
view toward permanence. These plants are
competing with each other, with other and less
desirable kinds of grasses, and with weeds for
their very existence and in order to meet such
competition successfully they require regular
and adequate feeding. Particularly is this true
of turfs on sandy or clay soils where leeching
occurs or where root growth is more difficult.
It is not probable that a permanent, uniform
and wcedless turf will exist unless systematic
feeding or fertilizing practices are followed.
Fertilizing the lawn may be accomplished
in two ways: applications of well-rotted stable
dressing (preferably cow or sheep manure) in the
fall or early spring; or of commercial fertilizers.
The use of stable dressing is no more economi-
cal, when it has to be purchased, than a com-
mercial fertilizer of equivalent food value. It
has little to recommend it over the commercial
fertilizer, provided the lawn clippings are not
removed, and has several disadvantages not
found with commercial mixtures. Stable dressing
is a primary source for the introduction of weed
seeds, it is unsightly and often malodorous for
an extended period, its use entails a labor ex-
penditure not only for application but also for
removal and its food value is highly variable
and too often insufficient to meet the demands
of the plants.
The use of commercial fertilizers for feeding
lawns has increased considerably in recent years.
The time for applying fertilizers depends largely
on the region: fall fertilization is advisable in
southern and moderately temperate localities
and spring fertilization in the North where the
ground is usually frozen during the winter.
Nitrogen is the fertilizer ingredient largely
responsible for vegetative plant growth j inas-
much as this is the kind of growth required of
lawns, nitrogen is the element most needed.
For this reason a high nitrogen fertilizer, as a
Lawn
418
Layia
lfr-8-6, is suggested for lawn use. In the South,
this may be applied in the fall at a rate of about
400 pounds to the acre. In the North the prac-
tice now is to fertilize in early spring. It is sug-
gested that an early application of a 10-8-6 or
i(M>-4 fertilizer be given, while the ground is
still frozen, at the rate of 300 pounds to the acre.
,4 second application of 200 pounds to the acre
may be made in early to mid-May. The
mechanics of spreading this smaller quantity
may be facilitated by mixing the fertilizer with
an equal part of fine sand and distributing this
mixture at the rate of 400 pounds to the acre.
On large areas a mechanical spreader will give
more uniform results than broadcasting by hand.
When an added stimulus is desired for the lawn
in early summer, an application of nitrate of
soda at the rate pi 100 pounds to the acre may be
advisable. It will be necessary to mix this with
twice its volume of fine sand to insure a more
uniform distribution; it should be applied just
before a rain or followed by a thorough watering
in order to prevent burning to the grass.
Bonemeal has long been used as a top dressing
for lawns. It is not a complete fertilizer and
its use must be supplemented by other materials
which are higher in nitrogen. The earlier it is
applied in the spring the more quickly available
will be its active ingredients. Late spring ap-
plications are of little value to the grass plants
that season and much is lost by leeching before
the next spring arrives. Ground bonemeal should
be applied at a rate of about 800 pounds to the
acre or 20 pounds to 1,000 square feet. Bone-
meal is not recommended for a bent-grass turf
as its protracted use may increase the alkalinity
of the soil and be deleterious to the turf.
Weeds will probably come up thickly the first
season. This is due more to presence of their
seeds in the soil than in the lawn mixture.
These weeds should not be pulled, for whenever
one is pulled out of the ground many grass plants
arc rooted up and the surface is made uneven.
Such weeds should be mown frequently. If
prevented from producing seed, they will not
appear in any great numbers the second year
unless they are perennials or biennials sucn as
dandelion, docks, plantains or winter mustard.
One of the best control methods for lawn weeds
is to maintain a vigorous turf.
Many kinds of chemicals are advocated for
use in lawn weed sprays of which perhaps one
of the better and more effective is sodium
chlorate. This is a selective spray with the ob-
ject of eradicating the weeds without causing
serious injury to the turf. According to Muens-
cher's " Weeds," "a dilute solution of 1J^ ounces
of sodium chlorate in a gallon of water is sprayed
on the lawn at the rate of 1 gallon to 100 square
feet. This treatment will kill chickweeds, ground
ivy, speedwell and other broad-leaved shallow-
rooted weeds without permanent injury to the
grass. The grass will discolor temporarily, but
it will recover after a week or two. If the treat-
ment is made in early spring or late autumn, the
injury to the grass will be less evident. This
treatment will also kill crab-grass in the seedling
stage." Sodium chlorate may become highly
inflammable when in contact with organic mat-
ter and all equipment for this spray should be
thoroughly rinsed after using. It is suggested
that the operator wear rubber boots when using
the solution, wash them when finished and avoid
spilling on the clothes. This spray is not par-
ticularly effective on dandelions. The latter
have a deep penetrating tap-root and when the
leafy rosette is cut off near the surface the cut
end of the root produces several new rosettes
for the one removed. Dandelions may be
eradicated by cutting or spudding the crown at a
depth of two inches or more and a drop or two
of kerosene or concentrated sulfuric acid on the
cut end will insure killing the plant. On large
areas a kerosene emulsion spray may be used,
or pure kerosene at the rate of 300 gallons to
the acre may be applied. Such applications may
be made in late summer with several weeks
elapsing before positive results are apparent.
The presence of moss in the lawn is not so
much an indication of soil acidity as a lack of
soil fertility. The inauguration of an adequate
fertilizing program as outlined above will cor-
rect the moss problem. When the moss is very
extensive it may be necessary to renovate the
entire lawn.
Seldom does one secure a perfectly good and
uniform sod from one sowing; particularly is this
true if the soil varies in different parts of the
area. If the surface contour is satisfactory, it is
unwise to dig up the areas on which the seed has
not caught. It is best to rake them over with a
steel rake in autumn or spring, applying a little
chemical fertilizer rather rich in nitrogen, and
sow more seed. Nearly every lawn will need
patching in this way from year to year. If the
lawn is attended to in fall and spring by sowing
grass seed, the weeds will rarely do serious
mischief. When weeds are troublesome on the
lawn, it means that there is not sufficient grass.
LAWN-LEAF: Dichondra carolinensis.
LAWSONIA. Lythracese. One shrub, native
probably in Afr. and Asia, now widely distri-
buted in warm countries, grown for ornament
and also yielding henna dye. L. inermis. HENNA.
MIGNONETTE-TREE. To 20 ft.: Ivs. opposite,
elliptic, to \]/i in. long: fls. small, very fragrant,
in many-fid, terminal panicles, from white to
rose arid cinnabar-red as indicated by the
varietal names alba and rdbra: fr. a small caps. —
Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
LAYERS: see Propagation.
LAYIA. Composite. Early blooming low
annuals with alternate entire or pinnately lobed
Ivs. and solitary terminal heads of yellow or white
ray- and disk-fls. in spring or early summer;
pappus of scales or bristles or none; native in
W. N. Amer. Of easy cult, in the flower-garden.
Propagated by seeds sown in the open or started
indoors.
Calliglossa (Calliglossa and Cillichroa Dougkisii). To
1 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. to 3 in. long: rays yellow tipped
white; pappus of awns. Calif.
chrysanthemoldes (Oxyura chrysanthemoides) . To 14 in.,
slightly pubescent: Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long: rays yellow
tipped white; pappus none. Calif.
elegans. TIDY TIPS. To 2 ft., diffusely branching, hairy:
Ivs. linear, to 3 in. long: rays to ^ in. long, yellow often
white tipped; pappus of hairs and bristles. Calif. Var.
alba has all white rays.
gland uldsa. WHITE DAISY. To l^ft., simple or diffusely
branched, hairy and glandular: Ivs. lanceolate or linear,
\Yt in. long: heads 1}^ in. across, rays white or sometimes
tinged rose; pappus of white hairs and scales. B. C. to Ida.
and Mex. Var. heter6tricha (L. heterotricha) , to 2 ft.,
rough-hairy.
heter6tricha: L. glandulosa var.
platyg!6ssa (Callichroa platyglosaa). To 16 in., hairy
Layia
and glandular: lys. linear: heads to 1% in. across, rays
yellow tipped white; pappus of bristles. Calif.
LEAD-PLANT: Amorpha canescens.
LEADWORT: Plumbago.
LEAFLET: one part of a compound leaf; secondary leaf.
LEAF-STALK: the stem of a leaf; petiole; foot-stalk.
LEATHER-JACKET: Eucalyptus punctata. -Leaf:
Chamsedaphne calyculata. -Root: Psoralea macrostachya.
LEATHERWOOD: Dirca. Southern: Cynlla racemi-
flora.
LEBBEK-TREE: Albizzia Lebbek.
• LECHENAULTIA: see Leschenaultta.
LECYTHIDACE^E. LECYTHIS FAMILY. Trop.
trees or shrubs in both hemispheres, of 18 genera
with large alternate simple Ivs., regular bisexual
polypetalous fls. of striking appearance, having
4-6 sepals and petals, numerous stamens and
often a large disk, inferior 2- or more-celled
ovary: fr. various, often a large woody caps, or
body opening by a lid and known as "monkey
pot." Known to hprt. chiefly in the Brazil-nut,
Bertholletia, and in Barringtonia and Cour-
oupita. Allied to Myrtacese. The fruits of
Lecythis Ollaria and L. Zabucajo, known as
Paradise and Monkey-Pot nuts, are sold in N.
Amer. as novelties after having their fatty meat
injected with a perfume such as the attar of
roses.
Ericacese. Several evergreen low
shrubs with alternate entire Ivs., small white
fls. in terminal clusters in spring, and capsular
frs.; petals separate; native in cold parts of the
northern hemisphere in sphagnum bogs and
damp places, suitable for evergreen borders.
They succeed in sandy peaty moist soil. Propagated
by seeds in spring, by layers and division. Plants may
also be transplanted from the wild.
columbianum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 2}$ in. long,
whitish and glandular beneath, slightly rovolute. Wash.,
Ore.
decumbens: L. palustre var.
glanduldsum. To 0 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 2 in.
long, glaucous and glandular-lepidote beneath. Alta. to
Calif.
groenl&ndicum (L. latifollum). LABRADOR-TKA. To 3 ft.:
Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long, rusty-tomentose beneath. N.
N. Amer. Var. compactum is a dwarf form.
Iatif61ium: L. groenlandicum.
palustre. CRYHTAL-TEA. WILD ROSEMARY. To 3 ft.:
Ivs. linear or linear-oblong, to 1^4 in. long, rusty-tomentose
beneath. N. Eu., N. Asia. Var. decumbens (L. decumbens)
is a decumbent form with small linear Ivs. N. Amer., N.
Asia.
LEE A. Vitacese. Shrubs or small trees, not
climbing, native in trop. Asia and Afr.. with
alternate pinnate Ivs., fls. in cymes, and fr. a
berry; grown as foliage plants in the greenhouse.
They succeed in light loam or peaty soil. Propa-
gated by cuttings. Although allied to grapes
(Vitis) these plants bear little superficial re-
semblance to them.
am&bilis. Lvs. of 5-7 lanceolate toothed Ifts., bronzy-
green with white veins and broad white stripe. Borneo.
Var. sple'ndens, st. red, Ivs. variegated with bright red.
sambuclna. Lvs. 2-3-pinnate, Ifts. toothed, tinged with
bronze and with rosy veins. Trop. Asia and Australia.
LEECHEE: Litchi chinensis.
LEEK (Allium Porrum). Onion-like plant,
very hardy, grown in the vegetable-garden for
eating. The leek is used in cookery, the soft
bulb and leaves being employed. It is milder
than the onion, and the flavor is distinct. The
plant is not known truly wild, and is supposed
419 Leguminosce
to be a development from another species of
Europe and western Asia. For relationships,
see Allium and Onion.
Leek is a long-season plant. Seeds sown in
spring give edible plants for late autumn, winter
and spring. Usually the rows or drills are hilled
up somewhat to blanch the lower part of the
plant. Leeks may stand 4-6 inches apart in the
row; for the best results, they should be trans-
planted to this distance from a seed-bed. Plants
may be lifted before hard weather and stored in
the cellar like celery, and in many parts of the
country they are left in the ground all winter.
LEGUME. Technically, the fruit or pod
characteristic of the Leguminosse, well repre-
sented in the garden pea. It is a simple pistil,
dehiscent or splitting on both edges or sutures.
Many of the pods in the Leguminosa) do not
conform in all things to the ideal or pattern
structure; some of them are indehiscent. As a
general agricultural term, a legume is a plant
of the Lcguminosse, as clover, vetch, beans, peas,
locust. In French horticultural writing it is a
garden vegetable or pot-herb.
LEGUMINOS^E. PEA or PULSE FAMILY.
A very large family, of about 500 widely dis-
tributed genera arid several thousand species,
furnishing many economic, food and forage
plants and numerous ornamental subjects; the
family characters are varied but all genera pro-
duce a leguminous fr. or true pod; the most
familiar section of the family in northern regions
is that with papilionaceous or butterfly-like
(pea-like) fls. and stamens 10 of which 9 are
more or less united into a tube: this section is
sometimes separated as Fabaccse, other sections
of the general family being segregated as Cajsal-
piniacese and Mimosaceac.
Genera entered here are Abrus, Acacia, Ade-
nanthera, Adenocarpus, Agati, Albizzia, Alysi-
carpus, Amherstia, Amicia, Amorpha, Amphi-
carpa, Andira, Anthyllis, Apios, Arachis. As-
tragalus, Baphia, Baptisia, Barklya, Bauninia,
Bolusanthus, Bpssisea, Brachysema, Brpwnea,
Butea. Cifcsalpinia, Cailliea, Cajanus, Calliandra,
Calopnaca, Calpurnia, Calycotomc, Camoensia,
Campylotropis, Canavalia , Caragana, Carmi-
chselia, Cassia, Castanospermum, Centrosema,
Ceratonia, Cercidium, Cercis, Chorizema, Cicer,
Cladrastis, Clianthus, Clitoria, Colutea, Cpl-
villea, Coronilla, Crotalaria, Cytisus, Dalbergia,
Dalea, Daubentonia, Daviesia, Delonix: Derris,
Desmanthus, Desmodium, Detarium, Dillwynia,
Dioclea, Dolichos, Dorycnium, Ebenopsis, Ebcn-
us, Enterolobium, Erinacea, Erythrina, Eutaxia,
Flemingia, Galega, Genista, Gleditsia, Gliricidia,
Glycine, Glycyrrhiza, Gompholobium, Goodia,
Gourliea, Gymnocladus, Hscmatoxylon, Hali-
modendron, Hardenbergia, Hedysarum, Hip-
pocrepis, Hovea, Hymensea, Inaijjofera, Inga,
Kennedia, Krameria, Laburnocytisus, Labur-
num, Lathyrus, Lens, Lespedeza, Leucaena, Lon-
chocarpus, Lotus, Lupinus, Lysiloma, Maackia,
Medicago, Melilotus, Millettia, Mimosa,
Mucuna, Myrospermum, Myroxylon, Neptunia,
Notospartium, Olneya, Onobrychis, Ononis,
Ormosia, Ornithopus, Oxylobium, Oxytropis,
Pachyrhizus, Parkinsonia, Parochetus, Pcltoph-
orum, Petalostemon, Petteria, Phaseolus,
Phyllocarpus, Pickeringia. Piptadenia, Piptanth-
us, Pisum ,Pithecellobium, Platymiscium,
Podalyria,JPoinciana, Pongamia, Prosopis, Psoph-
Leguminosce
ocarpus, Psoralea, Pueraria, Pultensea, Rhyn-
chosia, Robinia, Sabinea, Samanea, Saraca,
Schizolobium, Schptia, Schrankia, Scorpiurus,
Securigera, Sesbania, Hophora, Spartium, Stizo-
lobium, Strombocarpa, Strophostyles, Suther-
landia, Swainsona, Tamarindus, Templetonia,
Tephrosia, Thermopsis, Tipuana, Trifolium,
Trigonella, Ulex, Vicia, Vigna, Virgilia, Wisteria.
LEIOPHf LLUM (Dendrium). SAND-MYRTLE.
Ericaceae. N. American low compact evergreen
shrubs with small entire lys., small white or pink
fls. in terminal corymbs in spring, and capsular
frs.
Suitable for borders and rock-gardens where they should
be given a peaty or sandy loam soil. Propagated by seeds
in a coldframe and by layers.
buxifdlium. Box S. To 2 ft., much branched: Ivs.
mostly alternate, \i in. long: pedicels glabrous. N. J. to
Fla. in sandy soil; hardy N. Var. prostratum is L. Lyonii.
Hugeri. To 3 ft., much branched: Ivs. alternate, H in.
long: pedicels pubescent. N. C., S. C.
Lyonii (L. bujcifohum var. prostratum). ALLEGHENY S.
Prostrate, densely branched: Ivs. mostly opposite, % in.
long: pedicels pubescent. Mts., N. C. and Tenn.
LEITNfeRIA. Leitneriacese. One interesting
deciduous shrub or tree to 20 ft., sometimes
planted. L. florid&na. CORKWOOD. Lvs. elliptic-
lanceolate or lanceolate, to 6 in. long, silky-
pubescent beneath: staminate catkins to 1J^ in.
long. Mo. to Tex. and Fla.
LEITNERlACEJE. CORKWOOD FAMILY. Only
one monotypic genus, Leitneria. comprises this
family: Ivs. alternate, entire: fls. dioecious, in
axillary catkins before the Ivs., without perianth;
stamens 8-12; ovary of 1 cell containing 1 ovule:
fr. a drupe. The systematic position of the
family is near the willows and poplars.
LEMAIREOCfiREUS. Cactacese. Large and
tree-like or shrub-like mostly columnar and
branching cacti of the Cereus group, rarely low
or nearly prostrate, spines commonly many and
stout: fls. mostly diurnal, of medium size, bell-
shaped or somewhat funnelform and not widely
expanded, white to pink: fr. at first covered with
spines: Ariz, and Cuba to Venezuela and Peru.
Many of the species are planted in the tropics
for the edible fr., but are little known in the
U. S. outside collections of institutions and
fanciers. See Cacti.
bavdsus: L. Hollianus.
Bene"ckei (Cereus Beneckei). Cylindrical, erect, to 10 ft.
tall and 4 in diam., usually unbranched; ribs 5-9, notched,
obtuse; spines red becoming gray, radials 4-6, to Ity in.
long, pointing downwards, central 1: fls. white within, to
1% in. long. Cent. Mex. — Usually grafted on Harrisia
Jusbertii.
Cartwrightianus (Cereus Cartwrightianus). To 15 ft.,
with woody trunk, branches to 2 ft. long and 6 in. diam.;
ribs 7-8: spines about 20 and % in. long, to 5 in long on
old trunks: fls. white, reddish outside, to 3 in. 16ng. Ecuador.
Chende (Cereus Chende and del Moralii). To 20 ft., with
short trunk and much branched above; ribs 7-9; radial
spines usually 5 and brown or yellow: fls. rose, 1% in. long.
Mex.
Chfchipe (L. mixtecensis. Cereus Chicipe). To 15 ft.,
tree-like with trunk 3 ft. diam.; ribs 9-12: radial spines
6-7 and to 4 in. long; central 1: fls. yellowish-green, small.
Mex.
deffciens (Cereus deficiens). Tree-like with trunk and
many glaucous branches; ribs 7-8; spines about 8 and H "*.
long, grayish tipped black, appressed: fls. 2 in. long. Vene-
zuela.
del Moralii: L. Chende.
demixta: listed name.
Dumortieri (Cereus Dumortieri). Mostly tree-like, to
about 50 ft., but trunk -not much exceeding 3 ft. and 1 ft.
diam., branches erect and with many constrictions, bluish;
420 Lenophyllum
ribs usually 6; radial spines 10-20; centrals 1 or more: fla.
2 in. long, white. Cent. Mex.
eburneus: L. griseus.
Eruca: Machaerocereus Eruca.
gladiger: a form not known botanically.
griseus (Cereus ebumeus and griseus). To 20 or 25 ft.,
sometimes branching from base and sometimes with trunk
1 ft. diam.; ribs 8-10; spines needle-like: fls. nearly 3 in.
long, pinkish. Trinidad and other isls., Venezuela.
gummdsus: Machserocereus gummosus.
Hollianus (Cereus Holhanus and bavosus). To 15 ft.,
simple or branching only at base; ribs 8-12; radial spines
about 12; centrals 3-5, to 4 in. long and deflexed: fls. white,
4 in. long. Mex.
Hystrix (Cereus Hystrix). To 30 ft., with short trunk and
branches 4 in. diam.; ribs 9-10; radial spines about 10;
centrals 3 and to 1 ^ in. long: fls. white, to 3 ^ m. long.
W. Indies.
l&tus (Cereus Ixtus). To 20 ft., much branched; ribs
4-8; spines to 1 in. or rarely 3 in. long: fls. white, 3 in. long.
Peru, Ecuador.
marginatus (Cereus gemma tus and marginatus. Pachy-
cereus marginatus). OiiGAN-PiPE CACTUS. Sts. branching
from base, erect, to 25 ft. tall and 6 in. diam.; ribs 5-6, wide
and high; spines stout, subulate, radials 7, to Y% in. long or
less, centrals 1—2, to Jjfc jn. long: fls. greenish-white within
and reddish outside, cainpanulate, to 2 in. long. Mex.
mixtecensis: L. Chichipe.
montanus. Tree-like, to 25 ft. tall, trunk to 5 ft. long
without ribs, ultimate branches nearly erect; sts. with
about 8 ribs; spines stiff, radials 2-5, central 1, to 1% in.
long: fis. greenish-white within and reddish outside, to 3 in.
long. Mex.
Pitahaya: see Cereus vanabihs.
pruindsus (Cereus pruinosus). Tall with a trunk, glau-
cous when young; ribs 5-6; radial spines 5-7; central 1 and
1 in. long: fls. 3>2 m. long. Mex. Var. monstrfesus is listed.
queretaro6nsis (Cereus queretaroensis). To 15 ft., with
short trunk and many branches; ribs 6-8, areoles brown-
woolly; spines 6-10 and to 2 in. long: fls. 3 in. long. Mex.
stellatus (Cereus stellatus). To 6 or 10 ft., branching
mostly at base, bluish-green; ribs 8-12; radials 10-12;
centrals several and mostly longer: fls. about l*Xj in. long,
narrowly bell-shaped, red. S. Mex.
Tete"tzo: probably Pachycereus Tetetzo.
Thurberi (Cereus Thurberi). Commonly branching from
base, branches often many and to 20 ft. or more and 8 in.
diam.; ribs 12-17, areoles becoming waxy; spines many
and needle-like to awl-like: fls. to 3 in. long, diurnal, light
purple with white margins. S. Ariz., Mex.
Treleasei (Cereus and Cephalocereus Treleasei). To 20 ft.,
simple or slightly branched; ribs about 20; spines short and
yellowish: fls. pinkish, 2 in. long. Mex.
WSberi (Cereus Weberi. C. candelabrum). To 30 ft. or
more and often with hundreds of erect branches; ribs
mostly 10; radmls usually 6-12; central long and solitary:
fls. to 4 m. long, white. Mex.
L^MNA. DUCKWEED. Lemnaceze. Minute
floating per. or over-wintering herbs with a disk-
shaped green leaf -like thallus that bears 1 rootlet
and minute monoecious fls. consisting of only a
stamen or a pistil; grown in ponds as a food for
fishes. Plants fall to the bottom of the pond in
autumn but rise again in the spring.
minor. Thallus to ^ in. long, ovate or orbicular. Cos-
mopolitan.—Sometimes grown on the surface of aquaria
ana pools, and more than one species or genus may be
involved in such collections, as Spirodela in which the
roots are several.
LEMNACEJE. DUCKWEED FAMILY. Repre-
sented in hort. only by the genus Lemna.
LEMON: Citrus Limonia: see Citrus Fruits (page 184).
-Verbena: Lippia citriodora. -Vine: Pereskia aculeata.
Water-: Passiflora laurifolia.
LENOPHtLLUM. Crassulacese. Succulent
per. herbs of S. N. Amer., with opposite fleshy
Ivs. and yellow fls., drying reddish, in terminal
racemes or spikes, or solitary.
elongatum: Villadia elongata.
texanum. Branching near base, to 8 in. high: Ivs. very
fleshy, pbovate to ovate-lanceolate: fls. about Y± in. across,
subsessile, in a spike-like raceme. Tex.
Lens
421
Lepismium
L£NS. Lequminosx. Herbs with pinnate Ivs.,
the terminal 1ft. modified into a tendril or short
bristle, small whitish papilionaceous fls. solitary
or few together in the axils, and flattened pods.
One species is widely cultivated abroad as a cheap and
nutritious source of food and the vines are sometimes
utilized as forage. Propagated by seeds sown in drills in
early spring.
esculenta. LENTIL. Ann. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. with small
Ifts. and ending in a tendril: pods broad, to % in. long.
S. Eu.
LENTDBULARlACEJE. BLADDERWORT FAM-
ILY. Aquatic or marsh herbs of wide distribution,
of 5 genera or as recently subdivided of about
16 genera: Ivs. very diverse: fls. bisexual and
irregular, with 2-5-lobed calyx, gamopetalous
2-lipped corolla often spurred, 2 stamens, su-
perior 1-celled ovary: fr. a dehiscent caps. A
few genera are grown in moist places and water-
gardens, as Pinguicula and Utricularia.
LENTIL: Lens esculenta.
LEONdTIS. LIONS-EAR. Labiate. Ann. and
per. herbs or shrubs of Afr., with white, yellow
or orange 2-lipped fls. in dense axillary whorls;
grown outdoors in S. Fla. and Calif, and in the
greenhouse for winter bloom.
In the North cuttings should be made in early spring,
the young plants grown in the open during the summer
but frequently pinched to secure a symmetrical growth.
If the plants do not bloom before frost, they may be cut
back when they are lifted, placed in a cool greenhouse and
will flower in November or December. They may also bo
grown from seed.
dubia. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. cordate- ovate, to 2^ in. long,
toothed, pubescent beneath: fls. orange-yellow, 1^ in.
long.
dysophylla. To 2 ft., shrubby: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, toothed, densely yellow-hairy: fls. orange-
yellow, to 1 % in. long.
laxifdlia. Per.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 4 in. long, toothed,
slightly pubescent: fls. orange-yellow, 1^ in. long, the
whorls loosely fld.
Leonurus. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, 2 in. long, toothed,
pubescent: fls. showy, red-yellow or orange-reel, in one
form white, to 2 in. long, densely hairy.
LE6NTODON. Composite. A rather small
genus of per. rosette-forming herbs of Eu. and
N. W. Asia, closolv allied to Taraxacum from
which it differs in the pappus being feathery and
not simple. One species, L. autumnalis, may
be cult, although, like its relative the common
dandelion, it may become noxious in the garden,
and it is nat. in this country. To 2 ft.: Ivs. all
in basal rosettes, narrowly oblong, pinnatifid,
to 8 in. long, lobes few and narrow, glabrous or
nearly so: heads yellow, scapes naked or with
1-2 Ivs. at base, often forked into 2 single-headed
branches. — For other names listed here see
Taraxacum.
LEONTOPODIUM. Composite. Several low
herbaceous tufted and woolly perennials with
entire basal or alternate Ivs. and small discoid
heads crowded into terminal dense cymes, the
subtending bracts often conspicuous and corolla-
like; pappus of bristles; native in the mts. of
Eu., Asia and S. Amer.
One species, the edelweiss, is grown in the rock-garden
or sometimes indoors in pots. It requires deep gritty or
sandy loam as the roots travel far. Propagated oy division
of the old plants, wintering them in a coldframe. When
seeds are sown about the first of February, by late spring
the plants are large enough to be set in their permanent
quarters.
alpinum (L. himalayanum. Onaphalium Leontopodium) .
EDELWEISS. To 1 ft., white-woolly, creeping by rootstocks:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: heads surpassed by very woolly
narrow floral Ivs. or bracts. High mts., Pyrenees, Alps,
Cent. Asia.
Amrheinii: hybrid.
himalayanum: L. alpinum.
japdnicum. Erect to 1 ft. or more, sts. not stoloniferous,
simple or somewhat branched toward apex: Ivs. elliptic, to
% in. wide at middle, acuminate: heads subtended by
elliptic leafy bracts much longer than heads are wide.
Japan.
iind&vicum. Hybrid between L. alpinum and L. japoni-
cum, with longer flowering season.
pr&cox: listed name.
sibiricum. Differs from L. alpinum in the oblong-linear
often webby Ivs. and heads nearly twice as large. Russia.
transylvanicum: hybrid.
LEONURUS. MOTHERWORT. Labiate. Herbs
native in Ku. and Asia, usually more or less
weedy, with opposite toothed or divided Ivs. and
small white or pink fls. in dense axillary whorls;
sometimes grown in the flower-border. Easily
raised from seeds.
Cardiaca. Per. to 5 ft.: lower Ivs. to 4 in. across, pal-
mately 3-5-parted, upper oblong-lanceolate, divided or
toothed: fls ^ in. long, white-woolly outside. Eu., Asia.;
nat. in N. Amer.
glauc6scens. Similar to L Cardiaca but glaucous and
with more deeply cut narrower floral Ivs. Siberia.
sibfricus. Ann. or bien. to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, deeply
3-parted into ovate or lanceolate toothed sejrms.: fls. red
or purple, to ^ in. long, pubescent outside. E. Asia; nat.
in N. Amer.
LEOPARD-PLANT: Ligularia Kaempferi var. aureo-
maculata.
LEOPARDS-BANE: Doronicum, Senecio Doronicum.
LEPACHYS (Ralibida). CONEFLOWER. Com-
posite. N. American mostly per. herbs with
alternate pinnately divided Ivs. and solitary
heads of yellow, brownish or purplish ray-fls.
and brown globose or cylindric disks; pappus of
teeth or none. Grown in the flower-garden or
sometimes as ann. bedding plants. Propagated
by seed.
columnaris: L. columnifera. '
columnifera (L. and Rudbeckia columnaris). To 2^ ft.,
rough-hairy: If.-segms. linear: rays yellow, 1 in. or more
long, disk columnar. Minn, to Mex. Var. pulch£rrima
(Obelittcaria pulcherrima) , rays partly or wholly brown-
purple. — There is a double-flu, form, making an attractive
oblong or nearly globular head.
pinnata. To 5 ft , rough-hairy: If.-segms. lanceolate:
rays yellow, to 3 in. long, disk oblong. Out. to Fla. and La.
LEPADENIA: Euphorbia marginata.
LEPARGYREA: Shepherdia.
LEPfDIUM. PEPPER-GRASS. Cruciferx. Ann.,
bien., per. herbs of widespread distribution
largely in temp, regions, some of them sub-
shrubby, many of them weedy, one (L. sativum)
long known as a piquant salad plant: erect more
or less branching, glabrous or pubescent:- Ivs.
various, mostly long rather than broad and
dentate to pinnatifid: fls. very small, white or
greenish, in terminal racemes: fr. a short broad
pod or silicle.
alyssoides. Per. to 20 in.: lower Ivs. pinnatifid, segms.
linear, glabrous, upper ones entire, linear: fls. whitish.
Utah to Tex. and Ariz.
sativum. GARDEN CRESS. Glabrous ann., more or less
glaucous, to 2 ft.: basal Ivs. pinnatifid and toothed, on
st. becoming linear and entire. W. Asia; somewhat escaped
in N. Amer. — Some cult, forms have curled and crispate
Ivs. Sometimes called "Upland Cress" in distinction from
water-cress, but that name belongs rather with Barbarea.
See Cress.
LEPfSMIUM. Cactacese. One species, L.
crucif6rme (Rhipsalis cavernosa), occurring on
the rocks along the east coast of Brazil; sts.
usually much branched, flat or angled, linear-
lanceolate, characterized in part by the presence
of a long tuft of white hairs from each areole,
Lepismium
422
Leptotes
and by the white to pinkish short-tubular fls.,
the latter usually in clusters of 2-5 and about
l/2 m- long. See Rhipsalis for L. commune.
LEPTALOE. Liliacex. S. African herbs
allied to Aloe, differing in Ivs. long, linear and
arching, margins minutely spinose-dentate, and
smaller fls. in short condensed corymbiform
racemes, consisting of 6 free white or rose segms.
forming a false tube whose mouth is more or
less bilabiate. Cult, as for Aloe except they may
require more moisture.
atr6virens. Garden hybrid of which the pollen parent
is Aloe Htnatula: to C ft. or more high, with yellowish-green
fls. tipped dull red.
LEPTANDRA: Veronicaatrum mrginicum.
LEPTARRHfeNA. Saxifmgacex. One per.
herb native in wet places, Kamtschatka, Alaska
to Wash.; sometimes included in Saxifraga.
L. pyrolifdlia (L. amplexifolia) . Sts. leafy: Ivs.
alternate, leathery, oblong, to 4 in. long, toothed:
fls. white, small, in cymes on scape-like sts. to
V/2 ft. high.
LEPTASEA: Saxifraga.
LEPTINELLA: Colula. L. squarrosa is a listed name.
LEPTOCfeREUS. Cactacese. W. Indian cacti
of varied habit, having prominent ribbed joints,
slender spines, and small campanulate fls. with
short tube. See Cacti.
Leonii (Cereus Leonii). Much branched shrub- or tree-
like plant to 18 ft. high, the main st. to 1^ in. diam.; ribs
(5-8, creriate, with arooles to £6 in. apart; spines 0-12, to
3% in. long, yellowish to gray: fls. pink, to 1^ in. long.
Cuba.
quadricostatus (Cereus quadricostatus). To 12 ft., with
many lateral branches; ribs usually 4, low; spines to 1H
in. long: fls. greenish- or yellowish-white, 1J^ in. long.
Puerto Rico.
Weingartiinus (Cereus Weingartianus). Branches creep-
ing or climbing to 30 ft.; ribs 4-7, areoles K in- apart;
radial spines 10-12, \^ in. long: fls. 1J^ in. long. Hispaniola.
LEPT<5CHLOA. Graminese. Grasses, arm. or
per., with flat Ivs. and spikclcts in slender racemes
forming a long panicle; native in warm and temp,
parts of the world; one sometimes raised for
ornament. See Grasses.
fascicularis (Diplachne /osc? nitons). SPIKE-GRASS.
Tufted ann. to 2% ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and A in. wide,
rough: panicles to 1 ft. long, branches erect or ascending.
Fla. to Tex. and Mo., W. Indies, Mex., S. Amer.
LEPTODACTYLON: Gilia.
LEPTODfiRMIS. Rubiacey. Deciduous
shrubs from Asia, with opposite entire Ivs.,
tubular 5-lobcd fls. in axillary head-like clusters,
and capsular frs.; one species is fairly hardy in
the N. Propagated by cuttings of green wood in
summer ana by seeds.
ob!6nga. To 4 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong, to % in. long;
fls. violet-purple, % in. long. July-Get. China.
LEPTOGLOTTIS: Schrankia.
LEPT6PTBRIS. Osmundacese. Ferns with
dark green very thin fronds clustered at top of
stout rhizome, 2-3-pinnate into small linear
segms.; sori on under surface of frond; native
Australia, New Zeal, and Pacific Isls., and some-
times planted in warm countries.
hymenophylloldes (Todea hymenophyllmdes). Fronds
to 2^ ft. long and 1 ft. broad, on stipes to 1 ft. long. New
Zeal.
supe*rba (Tofka superba). Fronds to 4 ft. long and 10 in.
broad, on stipes to 4 in. long, the lower pinnee gradually
reduced in size. New Zeal.
LEPTOP^nUM. Ranunculacex. Ann. herb
native in Cent. Asia and sometimes planted in
the garden for its fine foliage and fls. L. fuma-
rioides (Isopyrum fumarioides) . Erect or much
spreading, to 6 or 8 in. high, smooth: Ivs. whorled
on st., also radical, decompound: fls. white, with
4-5 petal-like sepals and many nectaries, about
y% in. across.
LEPTOSIPHON: Gilia.
LEPTOSPfiRMUM (Fabricia). Myrtacese. At-
tractive shrubs or small trees native in Australia,
New Zeal, and Malaya, having alternate simple
Ivs., white or pink or red fls. solitary or 2-3 to-
gether, and fr. a leathery caps.
Leptospermums are planted out-of-doors in the South,
particularly in California, and sometimes in the greenhouse.
L. Isevigatum is extensively employed for the reclamation
of moving sands. In the greenhouse plants should be kept
cool till February or March and then given a temperature
of 55-60°. Propagated by seeds in spring, cuttings under
glass in May, or mature cuttings in autumn. They make
excellent shrubbery in regions where hardy.
Ch£pmannii: L. scoparium var.
ericoktes. To 60 ft.: Ivs. to ^ in. long, acute: fls. to ^in.
across, borne profusely. New Zeal.
flavSscens. Tall shrub: Ivs. usually % in. or less long,
obtuse: fls. white, about % in- across. Australia.
flexu6sum: Agonis flexuosa.
grandifldrum: L. scoparium var.
Isevigatum. AUSTRALIAN TEA-TREE. To 30 ft.: Ivs. to
1 in. long and H in- broad, obtuse: fls. white, to % in. across.
Australia. Vars. comp&ctum and variegatum are listed.
lanigerum: L. pubescens.
Nichollsii: L. scoparium var.
pubescens (L. lanigerum). Tall shrub or tree, often
woolly or silky: Ivs. usually ^ in. and less long, obtuse: fls.
white, to 2 4 in. across. Australia.
Reevesii: listed name.
scoparium. To 18 ft. or sometimes 25 ft., or in dwarf
forms only a ft. or two, young parts silky: Ivs. % in. or
less long, acute: fls. white, to ^2 m- across, among the foliage.
Australia, New Zeal. Very variable. Var. bullatum has
larger Ivs. arid fls. Var. Chapmannii has blight rose fls. and
brownifih Ivs. Var. grandifldrum (L. grandiflorum) has
large pink or nearly white fls Var. juniperinum has narrow
Ivs and drooping branchlets. Var. Nichollsii has bronzy
Ivs. and carmine fls. (name first published Nichollii but
subsequently corrected). Var. rdseum has rose-pink fls.
Var. rubrum has dark red fls.
spinescens. Stiff shrub with spiny branchlets: Ivs. to
J^ in. long, obtuse: fls. solitary. W. Australia.
LEPTOS^NE. Composite. Ann. and per.
glabrous herbs or subshrubs, some of them very
fleshy, with mostly alternate Ivs. divided into
narrow segms., and bright yellow long-stalked
heads of ray- and disk-fls.; native to S. W. U. 8.
Although still kept distinct by horticulturists,
largely because of the succulent nature of some
of the kinds, Leptosyne is by botanists included
in Coreopsis, where the consultant may look for
the names. The succulent feature does not hold
uniformly and the technical characters do not
really separate the group from Coreopsis.
LEPTOTjfeNIA. Umbelliferx. W. American
per. herbs with fusiform roots, compound Ivs..
and small yellow or purple fls. in compound
umbels: allied to Ferula and Peucedanum, differ-
ing in the fr. not winged. Propagated by seed
or division and adapted to rockery or hardy
border.
purpureum. To 14 in.: Ivs. pinnatisect, the segms.
linear to filiform, glabrous: fls. purple, in 8-20-rayed um-
bels to 6 in. across: fr. to 1 in. long and % in. wide. Colum-
bia River region of Ore. and Wash.
LfiPTOTES. Orchidacese. A genus of small
epiphytic orchids native of Brazil, with short
monophyllous sts., thick Ivs., and 1- to few-fid.
Leptotes
423
Lettuce
terminal infl. with sepals and petals similar and
lip 3-lobed. For cult, see Orchids.
bfcolor (Tetramicra bicolor). Lvs. to 4 in. long, recurved,
channelled: peduncle short, 1-3-fld.; sepals and petals
white; lip with side lobes white or green and mid-lobe
purple with white tip. Mar .-May, Nov.
LESCHENAtTLTIA (or Lechenaultid) . Good-
eniacex. Australian heath-like herbs or shrubs
with linear entire Ivs. and yellow, red or violet
fls. solitary or in corymbs; may be grown out-
of-doors in Calif.
bOoba. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. to ]A in. long: fls. blue, to
1 in. long, the lobes spreading and dark blue veined wings.
floribunda. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. to K in. long: fls. white
or blue, rarely violet or yellow, to ^ in. long, the lobes
spreading and wings not veined.
linarioides. Prostrate shrub to 4 ft., sts. usually in-
curved at ends: Ivs. slender, to % in. long, acute: fls. green-
ish-yellow and reddish, to 2 in. across, terminating short
twigs or sessile in upper axils and forming a terminal
leafy corymb: caps, curved, to 1>£ in. long.
LESPEDEZA. BUSH CLOVER. Leguminosx.
Many herbs or subshrubs with trifoliolate Ivs.,
papilionaceous fls. or sometimes the fertile fls.
without petals, and flat pods consisting of only
1 fertile joint; native in N. Amer., Asia and
Australia.
The ornamental species are hardy North and thrive
in any upland soil. Propagated by division or L. formosa
by greenwood cuttings under glass. L. striata is grown as a
hay and green-manure crop in the South. Seed of it should
be sown early in spring.
albifldra: L. Thunbergii var.
bJcolor (Desmodium bicolor). Shrub to 10 ft.: Ifts. oval:
fls. purple, the calyx-lobes blunt, in racemes. July-Oct.
Japan. Var. &lba, fls. white.
Bu6rgeri. Similar to L. Thunbergii but with elliptic-
ovate more pubescent Ifts. and purple to white fls. in shorter
racemes. July-Sept. Japan. Var. prcecox is L. Maximounczii.
capitata. Per. to 5% ft., silvery-pubescent: Ifts. oblong:
fls. yellowish- white with purple spot on standard, in dense
heads. Out. to Fla. and La.
chineiisis: Campylotropis macrocarpa.
ciliata: Campylotropis macrocarpa.
cuneata (L. sencea). Subshrub to 3 ft.: Ifts. linear-
oblong to linear, obtuse, to % in. long, pubescent beneath:
fls. white, to % in. long, in dense Axillary clusters to 1 in.
LESQUER!fiLLA. Crudferx. Small ann. and
per. grayish herbs, mostly in W. N. Amer., with
the look of Alyssum: Ivs. simple, in per. species
usually in rosettes as well as on the st.: fls. small
but often showy because of numbers, commonly
yellow: fr. a short more or less inflated pod.
argentea. SILVERY BLADDER-POD. Bien. or per. to 1}^
ft., stellate-pubescent, not much branched: Ivs. linear to
oblanceolate, to 3 in. long, usually entire: fls. yellow, to
\i in. across: pods globose to ovoid, to nearly ^ in. long.
Minn, to Wyo. and Ariz.
condensata. To 2 in. tall, many-stemmed: Ivs. spatulate,
to % in. long: fls. on erect pedicels: pods ovoid, somewhat
compressed. Mont, to Wyo.
£ngelmannn. Per., cespitose, to 11$ ft.: lower Ivs.
oblanceolate, upper ones narrow: fls. yellow, in corymbose
clusters. Tex., New Mex., Colo.
globdsa. Ann. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. obovate to linear, to 1^ in.
long, entire or wavy-toothed: fls. yellow, ^ in. long: pods
globose. Ky. to Kans.
spatulata. To 4 in.: basal Ivs. oblanceolute-spatulate,
st.-lvs. linear, to 1 in. long, few: fls. yellow with spatulate
petals, on curved pedicels. Neb. to Mont, and Man.
stenophylla. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. oblanceolate or linear: fls.
in short racemes: pods globose. Colo, to Tex. and N. Mex.
LESSfNGIA. Composite. W. American ann.
herbs with small yellow, purple or white heads
composed of both ray- and disk-fls., the former
often inconspicuous and marginal disk-fls. much
enlarged: fr. an achcne with scabrous bristly
pappus. Propagated by seed.
leptoclada. To 2 ft., tomentose, branched above,
branchlets very slender: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, acute to
mucronate, lowest ones usually dentate: heads purple to
white, in paniculate infl. Open mountainous slopes, Calif.
LETTSOMIA. Convolvulacese. A good number
of climbing shrubs of trop. E. Asia and trop. Afr.,
allied to Argyreia, one of which has been intro.
in S. Fla. L. capitata (L. strigosa) is a tall hairy
twiner: Ivs. nearly orbicular, cordate, 5 in. long:
fls. purple, 2 in. long. India.
LETTUCE (Lactuca saliva and vars.). Leading
salad vegetable, grown for its developed thin
radical leaves and in one odd race for the thick
edible stem. Sec Lactuca.
Lettuce is a hardy annual of simple culture,
ns. wmte, to >A in. long, in aense axmary clusters to i in. lettuce IS a narciy annual Ot Simple culture,
long: pod rarely to Y* in. long. China and Japan.-Cult. but the begt ^^ are obtainablc OI1ly with
as lorage puini. ,, , . , . , . . , ,
Davidii. Shrub to 7 ft., stout, sts. yillous: Ifts. obovate
to elliptic, to 3 in. long, obtuse, entire, villous beneath:
fls reddish-purple, in axillary racemes: calyx and pod
villous. China.
formdsa: L. Thunbergii.
jap6nica (Desmodium japonicum). Similar to L. Thun-
bergii but fls. pure white. Japan.
macrocarpa: Campylotropis macrocarpa.
Maximowiczii (L. Buergeri var. prxcox). Shrub to 12 ft.:
Ifts. elliptic-ovate, to 2 in. long, silky-pubescent beneath:
fls. purple, in racemes to 3 in. long. Korea.
pendulifldra: L. Thunbergii.
repens. CRKEPING BUSH C. Trailing per. with sts. to
2 ft. long: Ifts. oval to obovate, to % in. long: fls. violet-
purple, to % in long, few in loose open infl., Aug.-Sept.:
pod orbiculate, to % in. long, finely pubescent. Conn, to
Minn, south to Fla. and Tex.
rdsea: listed name.
sericea: L. cuneata.
Sieboldii: L. Thunbergii.
stipulacea: L. striata.
striata (L. stipulacea). JAPAN CLOVER. Ann. to 1H ft.:
Ifts. small and numerous: fls. pink or purple, small, axillary.
China, Japan; nat. in N. Amer.
Thunbergii (L. formosa. L. penduli flora . L. Sieboldii.
Desmodium penduhflorum) . Per. herb or subshrub to 10
ft.: Ifts. elliptic: fls. rose-purple, the calyx-lobes long-
pointed, in long drooping racemes. Sept.-Oct. Japan.
Var. albifldra has smaller Ifts. and smaller white fls. with
violet markings.
violacea. Per. to 3 ft.: Ifts. oval ar oblong: fls. violet-
purple, small, in few-fld. clusters. N. H. to Fla. and Mex.
well-selected strains and on suitable open mois-
ture-holding soil. The plant must grow rapidly
and continuously to produce a good crop of
terJUer leaves, but heading is usually butter if
the growth rate is not too rapid. In the highly
developed varieties the leaves form a dense
rosette or clump, known as the head or cabbage
lettuces in contradistinction to the leaf or loose
lettuces in which the basal leaves are hardly
consolidated into a ball or head; sometimes the
leaf lettuces are crisped and curled. The Cos
lettuces, known in Romaine salad, are summer
varieties with leaves aggregated into an erect
oblong head or column, the leaves being mostly
long-oblong rather than the usual broad type.
A kind little known in this country and wnich
would hardly pass as a lettuce is the so-called
Asparagus lettuce, grown for its long thick main
stem before the plant goes to seed; the leaves
are long and narrow and tapering to the point;
it may be grown to some extent in this country
by the Chinese and perhaps by Europeans.
Large areas are now devoted to lettuce for
the general market, under intensive methods
both as to growing and handling. Muck lands
are well adapted to the crop. This large-area
growing requires special experience, and is not
covered in the present entry.
Lettuce
Lettuce seed is commonly sown in a seed-bed,
either under glass or in the open ground. From
this bed the little plants are transferred to their
permanent positions 6-12 inches apart in rows
far enough asunder to allow of hand tillage; or
they may be set closer and thinned as they grow.
Lettuce plants that are crowded do not produce
the firm rosettes of good substance that the
best markets or the best tastes demand.
As lettuce soon runs to seed, particularly in
warm weather, only a small space should be
grown at each sowing for home use, and the
sowings may be made every week or two until
summer approaches; and some varieties do well
in warm weather. The Cos lettuces are summer
varieties but do not thrive in the hot suns and
soils in most parts of North America. As a rule,
5 to 8 feet of row supplies sufficient lettuce to
each person for each sowing. Head lettuces are
more difficult to bring to perfection than the
ordinary loose lettuces, unless one has soils and
conditions specially adapted. Soils for lettuce
should be fertile and well-drained, of the kind
known as "quick." The crop is better if cut in
the morning before the plants have become soft,
and care should be taken not to expose it to the
sun. Lettuce is soon ruined by careless cutting
and handling.
Lettuce is usually followed by a succession-
crop, as cabbages, celery, late beets, snap beans;
ana sometimes it is grown as a companion-crop
along with early cabbages, cauliflowers or other
longer-season plants. Good lettuce should be
had for the table in six to eight weeks from the
sowing, and the thinnings may be used still
sooner.
Lettuce does well in hotbeds and in forcing-
houses. The forcing of lettuce has come to be a
special industry, for the understanding of which
the reader should go to treatises written for the
purpose.
LETTUCE, WATER-: Pistia Stratiotes.
LEUCADfNDRON. Proteacese. Trees and
shrubs of many species in S. Afr., with entire
coriaceous Ivs., staminate fls. in terminal sessile
heads, pistillate in terminal cone-like heads and
subtended by woody bracts, and fr. a nut; grown
out-of-doors in Calif, and rarely under glas^in
the N. Propagated by seeds.
arggnteum. SILVER-TREE. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 6 in. long, sessile, densely covered with silvery silky
pubescence: staminate heads to 21A m. across, the fruiting
Heads large and heavy.
plumdsum. Shrub to 7 ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate,
to 2^ in. long, pubescent: staminate heads ^ in. long,
the pistillate to 1 % in. long.
Stokobi. Lvs. oblong or oblong-lanceolate, to 3J^ in.
long, glabrous: staminate heads surrounded by brown
bracts, 1 in. across.
vends um. Shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 3}£ in.
long, glabrous: staminate heads 1 in. across.
LEUC^NA. Leguminosx. Trees and shrubs
with 2-pinnate Ivs., white fls. in globose heads,
and flattened broadly linear pods; one species
grown in warm countries for ornament, the edible
pods and seeds, and for timber. Native in warm
parts of Arner. and Pacific Isls.
glauca. WHITE POPINAC. Tree to 30 ft. with acacia-like
foliage: fl -heads 1 in. or more across: pods to 6 in. long.
Tropics, but nat. in Fla. and elsewhere.
LEUCANTHEMUM: Chrysanthemum.
LEUCERIA: Leucheria.
LEUCHfeRIA (Leuceria). Composite. Ann.
and per. more or less white-woolly herbs of S.
424 Leucophyta
Amer., one sometimes grown in the flower-garden:
Ivs. entire, lobed or dissected: heads smalr, with
rays, paniculate or long-stalked: pappus mostly
plumose, united at base. L. senecioides is a gray
diffuse ann. to 1% ft.: Ivs. small and narrow,
irregularly sinuate-pinnatifid with sharp points,
sessile and clasping: heads many, %-% in. across,
rays white. Chile.
LEUCHTENBfiRGIA. Cactacex. One small
simple or tufted cactus native in Mex. L.
prmcipis. To 8 in. high and 2J/£ in. diam., with
large tap-root; tubercles to 5 in. long and some-
what 3-angled and very woolly in axils, areoles
on ends of tubercles; radial spines 8-14 and
papery; central spines 1-2 and to 4 in. long: fls.
near center of plant, yellow, fragrant, to 4 in.
across.
LEUCOCASIA: Colocasia.
LEUCOCORtNE. Liliaceae. Bulbous herbs
native in Chile, with basal Ivs. and fls. in bracted
umbels terminating the scape; cult, as for Ixia.
ixioides (L. odorataY To 1 ft.: Ivs. 1 ft. long: fls. white
or pale blue, in 4-6-fld. umbels.
odorata: L. ixioides,
unifl&ra: Brodisea uniflora.
LEUCOCRASPEDIUM: Frasera.
LEUC(3CRINUM. Liliacex. One rhizomatous
herb native from Neb. to Calif, and Ore., without
true st., grown for its spring bloom. L. montanum.
SAND- or STAR-LILY. Fls. pure white, fragrant,
with a tube 1 to 4 in. long, borne near surface of
ground in clusters. — Sometimes transferred to
gardens.
LEUC6GENES. Composite. About 3 species of
New Zeal. per. herbs resembling Leontopodium,
but differing in the fl.-heads.
gr&ndiceps. To 8 in , sts. woody at base, branched,
decumbent: Ivs. in rosettes, oblong-spatulate, to ^ in.
long, silvery-tomentose, obtuse, tips recurved: heads
silvery- white, congested into dense glomerule which ia
subtended by broadly ovate bracts.
Leontopodium. Differs from above in Ivs. linear-oblong,
to % in- long, tips erect, and glomerule subtended by
lanceolate bracts.
LEUCOJUM. SNOWFLAKE. Amaryllidacese.
Several small bulbous herbs with basal Ivs. and
white fls. tinged with red or green, solitary or
in umbels at top of hollow scape, the perianth-
segms. distinct. Hardy and should remain un-
disturbed for a number of years. Plant 3 in.
deep in well-drained soil.
astiyum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 1^ ft. long and ^ in. wide:
fls. white tipped with green, % m. long, on long drooping
pedicels, 2-8 together, in late spring. Cent, and S. Eu.
autumnale. To 9 in.: Ivs. thread-like, after fls.: fls. white
tinged with red, ^ in. long, on long drooping pedicels,
1-3 together, in autumn. Medit. region.
vgrnum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 9 in. long and ^ in. wide:
fls. white tipped with green, % in. long, on short somewhat
drooping pedicels, solitary, in early spring. Cent. Eu. Var.
carpathicum, fls. tipped with yellow. Var. Vdgneri, fls. in
2's, early.
LEUCOPHtfLLUM. Scrophulariacex. Shrubs
native in Tex. and Mex.. with alternate entire
silvery-tomentose Ivs., solitary axillary fls. with
tube and 5-lobed limb, and capsular frs.; one is
grown as a low ornamental hedge plant in its
native region and sometimes as a lawn plant.
texamun. To 8 ft.: lys. obovate, to 1 in. long: fls. bell-
shaped, violet-purple, 1 in. across. Var. glaucum is listed.
LEUCOPHYTA: Calocephalus Brovmii.
Leucopogon
425
Lewsia
LEUCOP6GON. Epacridacex. Shrubs or
small trees, mostly Australian but some occurring
from Malasia to New Zeal., nearly 150 species:
Ivs. alternate, scattered or imbricate: fls. small.-
white to pink, usually in axillary or terminal
spikes, corolla funnelform to campanulate: fr. a
drupe.
Fraseri. Low spreading shrub to 6 in., branches de-
cumbent, erect or ascending: Ivs. obovate- to linear-oblong,
to H in. long, closely imbricated and erect, pungently
pointed, glossy above fls. pinkish, to H in- I°n8. axillary
solitary, fragrant: fr. yellowish-orange, to H m. long,
broadly oblong, edible. Australia, Tasmania and New Zeal
LEUCOSPfiRMUM. Proteacex. Erect or
procumbent 8. African shrubs with crowded,
entire, leathery, hairy Ivs. and yellow or reddish
fls. in solitary or clustered bracteate heads;
perianth tubular, with 2-4 lobes, stamens 4,
inserted at base of limb, ovary sessile, 1-ovuled:
fr. a whitish nutlet. A few species may be grown
in the warmer parts of Calif.
incisum. Lvs. oblong, to 2^ in. long, deeply 6-7-toothed
toward apex, densely crowded and concealing the st.: fls.
in heads, sessile, 2% in. long and nearly as wide.
reflgxum. Lvs. oblong, to 1% in. long, 3-toothed or
entire, crowded but st. partially exposed: heads on stout
peduncle, 2^ in. long.
LEUC6THOE. Ericaceae. Interesting de-
ciduous and evergreen shrubs of wide dis-
tribution in N. Airier., Asia, S. Amer., Madagas-
car, with alternate short-stalked finely toothed
Ivs., small fls. in terminal and axillary racemes or
panicles in spring, and capsular frs.
The species require protection in the North. They thrive
in a moist soil of peat and sand Propagated by seeds under
glass in sphagnum and sand and seedlings set out-of-doors,
by division, by cuttings and underground runners. Plants
may be readily transplanted from the wild.
acuminata: L. populifolia.
axillaris. Closely resembling L. Catesbsei but with
abruptly acuminate shorter stalked and more remotely
serrulate Ivs. Va. to Fla. and Miss.
Catesbaei (Andromeda Catesbaei). DROOPING L. To 6 ft.,
evergreen: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, to 7 in. long,
shining: fls. white, in racemes to 3 in. long. Apr.-May.
Va to Ga. and Tenn.
Davisiae. To 3^£ ft., erect, evergreen: Ivs. ovate to
ovate-oblong, to 3 in. long, glossy dark green, glabrous,
short-petioled, margins usually serrulate at least toward
apex: fls. white, urn-shaped, nodding, to ^A in. long, short-
pedicelled, in showy erect terminal panicles 2-4 in. long.
Ore. to Calif.
Gray ana. To 3 ft., partially evergreen I Ivs. elliptic to
obovate, to 3 in. long., cihate: fls whitish or pinkish, in
racemes to 4 in. long. July-Sept. Japan.
Keiskei. Erect evergreen shrub to 3^ ft.: Ivs. ovate to
ovate-oblong, to 3 in. long, glabrous, somewhat crepate-
serrate: fls white, small, in pendulous terminal axillary
racemes to 1 % in. long. Japan.
populifdlia (L. acuminata). To 12 ft., evergreen: Ivs.
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. ^ in. long,
in few-fld. racemes. S. C. to Fla.
racemdsa (Eubotrys racemosa. Andromeda racemosa).
SWEETBELI.S. Six~12 ft., deciduous: Ivs. oblong to ovate or
elliptic, to 3 in. long, pubescent beneath at least on veins:
fls. white or light pink, cylmdrio, to \i in. long. Moist
places and swamps, Mass, to Fla. and La.
recurva (Eubotrys recurva). REDTWIQ L. To 12 ft.,
deciduous: Ivs. oval or elliptic, to 4 in. long: fls. white, in
curved racemes to 4 in. long. Apr .-June. Va. to Ga. and
Ala.
LEtTZEA. Composite. Per. or bien. herbs
with basal or alternate Ivs. and purple heads
of clisk-fls.; pappus plumose; native in Eu., Afr.,
Australia. Sometimes grown for ornament.
conifera (Centaurea com/era). Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceo-
late, entire or pinnatifid, white-tomentose beneath: heads
solitary, cone-like, to 2 in. long, with showy blunt splitting
scales. S. Eu.
LEVfSTICUM. Umbelliferx. One per. herb
grown for the aromatic frs. which are used in
confectionery and also for its striking ornamental
character. L. officinal e (Hipposelinum Levisti-
cum). LOVAGE. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ternately compound,
the segms. coarsely toothed above the middle:
fls. greenish-yellow, in compound umbels sub-
tended by narrow deflexed bracts. S. Eu.j nat.
Va. to Pa. — Propagated by seeds and division of
the root.
LEWfSIA. Portulacacex. Fleshy per. herbs with
thick starchy roots which are sometimes eaten,
basal Ivs. in rosettes, white, rose or red fls. borne
on scapes, and capsular frs.; native in W. N.
Amer.
Lewisias are planted in rock-gardens and succeed in a
deep loose gritty soil made up of about 1 part earth, 2 parts
peat moss and 3 parts very coarse sand. The plants do best
in situations which are moist during the spring when foliage
and flowers are produced, and dry in the summer. De-
ciduous species (L. brachycalyx, nevadensis, oppositifolia,
rediviva) thrive in the sun. The flowers are produced early
in spring. During the summer leaves mature and roots lie
dormant. Evergreen species (L. columbiana, Cotyledon,
Howelhi, Twccdyi) have rosettes of fleshy persistent leaves
and perhaps are more hardy. They require good drainage,
and a collar of chipped stone to a depth of 1 inch about
the crown is desirable. Plant in partial shade, except in
damp regions where full sun is desirable. Best effects are
obtained when several of a kind are planted in a group
rather than singly. Propagated by seeds or division of
roots in spring. Storage of seeds at low temperature for
three to four weeks before sowing improves and hastens
germination.
bernardlna is considered distinct from L. nevadennis in
the trade because of its somewhat diminutive habit, but
by most authorities is treated as synonymous with L.
nevadensis.
brachycalyx (Oreobroma brachycalyx). Lvs. deciduous,
spatulate or oblanceolate, to 3 in. long, in rosettes, some-
what fleshy: fls. white, to 2 in. across, solitary on scapes
to 2 in. high, usually 2 ovate bracts on scape next to calyx.
Utah, N. Mex., Ariz., S. Calif.
columbiana. Lvs. linear-spatulate. to 2 in. long, per-
sistent: fls. white or pink veined with red, ^ in long, in
panicles on scapes to 1 ft. high. Mts., Ore., Wash Var.
aurantiaca, listed as having pale orange fls. Var. insularis,
said to be a dwarf form. Var. rosea, fls. rose. Var. stricta
is listed.
Cotyledon. Lvs. spatulate, to 3 in. long, persistent: fls.
white veined with pink, % in. long, in panicles on scapes
to 10 in high. Calif. Var. shasta£nsis is listed as having
narrower Ivs. in smaller rosettes, fls. very pale pink, striped
with rose.
East wood iana. Lvs. spatulate, to 3 in. long, bright
green: fls. white with rose anthers, % in. long, in many-fld.
branching panicles on scapes to 8 in. high. Ore. — Plants
develop a somewhat thickened aerial st. with age.
JJinchii. Lvs. to 4 in. long and 1^ in. wide, persistent:
fls. pink margined with white, in many-fld. cymes on
scapes to 1 ft. high. Calif.
H6ckneri (Oreobroma Heckneri). Lvs. spatulate, to 3 in.
long, very fleshy and with fleshy teeth, keeled at base,
purplish beneath, persistent: fls. rose-red, ^4 in. long, in
Cicles on scapes about 4 in. high. N. Calif. Var. £legans
larger Ivs., fls. more abundant and larger. Var. minus
is listed.
Howellii. Lvs. oblong to ovate, persistent: fls. deep rose,
% in. long, in cymes on scapes to 6 in. high. Ore. Var.
crenulata is listed as having If. margins strongly wavy.
Var. fngramii is listed. Var. longifdlia has narrower Ivs.
with fls. lemon-yellow to pale pink on longer scapes. Var.
mariana is listed as having dark green Ivs. and yellow and
white fls. tinged pink. Var. Millardii is said to have fls. of
L. Finchii. Var. minus is listed.
Leana. Lvs. narrow-linear, to 2^ in. long, persistent:
fls. red, Y± in. long, in panicles on scapes to 9 in. high. Ore.,
Calif.
mariana: L. Howellii var.
minima. Lvs. to 2 in. long, narrow-linear: fls. white, on a
2-bracted scape usually not exceeding the foliage. Yellow-
stone.
nevadensis. To 4 in., the scape with pair of bracts near
middle, from a fleshy tuber-like root: Ivs. linear, to 2^ in.
long, surpassing the scapes, deciduous: fls. white, solitary.
Utah, Calif, to Wash.
oppositifdlia. Lvs. linear, to 3 in. long, deciduous: fls.
white or pink, % in. long, in 2-4-fld. umbels on scapes to
8 in. high. Calif. Var. Richeyi is listed as being dwarf and
more floriferous.
Leivisia
426
Licuala
Purdyi: listed name.
pygm&a. Lva. linear, to 2 in. long: fls. white, \i in. long,
on scapes to 2 in. high. Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mts.
redivlva. BITTER-HOOT. Lvs. fleshy, linear, 1 in. long,
deciduous: fls. rose or white, to 1 m. long, on scapes to 2 in.
high. B. C. to liocky Mts.
r&sea: L. coLumbiana var.
rupicola: plants under thia name may be L. columbiana
var. rosea.
triphylla. To 4 in. high, from a globular corm, the scape
partly underground: fls. white, in an umbel subtended by
2 or 3 narrowly linear Ivs. Ida., Wash, to Calif.
TweSdyi. To 4 in. or more, from a very thick root: Ivs.
fleshy, ob ovate, to 4 in. long, persistent: fls. salmon-pink,
nearly 2 in. across, 1-3 on scapes that more or less surpass
the Ivs. Wash.
Whlteas. To 1 ft.: Ivs. spatulate, to 3 in. long, deep green,
glabrous: fls. salmon-rose with darker veins. Ore.
LEYCESTfeRIA. Caprifoliacex. Himalayan
deciduous shrubs with opposite Ivs., funnelform
5-lobcd fls. in leafy-bracted spikes, and fr. a
berry; one species grown out-of-doors in S. U. S.
and in protected places N. Propagated by seeds
and cuttings.
form 6s a. HIMALAYA-HONEYSUCKLE. To 6 ft.: Ivs. cor-
date-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 7 in. long: fls. purplish,
% in. long, the bracts purple, in drooping spikes to 4 in.
long. Aug. -Sept.
LlATRIS (Lacijuiria). BLAZING STAR. GAY-
FEATHER. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. Composite. Per.
herbs of strikingly strict habit, although some-
times sparingly branched, usually tuberous at
base, with alternate narrow entire Ivs. and rose-
purple or white heads of disk-fls. borne in spikes
or racemes, in late summer and in autumn;
pappus of bristles; native in N. Amer. and often
transplanted to the wild-garden and border.
Propagated by seeds, division of the clumps, and
some species by offsets.
acidota. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-filiform, punctate, glabrous:
heads of 4-6 purple fls. in dense spikes to 6 in. long. Mo.
to Kans. and Tex.
callflepis: plants bearing this name are referable to
L. spicata or to L. scanosa.
Chapmanii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 4 in. long: heads % in.
long, of about 3 purple fls., in dense spikes. Ga. south.
cylindracea. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. linear, to 8 in. long: heads
to 1 in. long, of 15-00 purple fls., in loose spikes. Ont. to
Mo.
dubia: L. graminifolia var.
elegans (Eupatonum apeciosum). To 4 ft.: Ivs. linear,
to 6 in. long: heads )•£ in. long, of 4-5 white fls. and rose-
tipped petal-like inner bracts, in dense spikes to 1% ft. long.
Va. to Fla. and Tex.
frutic&sa: Garberia fruticosa.
gracilis. To 3 ft., sts. pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate, upper
reduced to bracts: heads y± in- long, of 5-15 purple fls., in
racemes. Ga., Fla., Ala.
gjraminifdlia. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1 ft. long: heads
J^ in. long, of 5-15 purple fls., in long spikes, racemes or
sometimes panicles. N. J. to Fla. Var. dubia has narrower
involucral bracts.
grandifl6ra: hort. name, probably for improved form
of Jj. scanosa.
HSlleri. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. linear: heads of 8-12 purple flfl.
N. C., Va.
intermedia: L. squarrosa var.
liguUstylis. To 1^ ft., sts. pubescent: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, to 5 in. long: heads % in. long, of 50-70 purple fls.,
the bracts rose-iipped, in corymb-like racemes. Man. to
Colo.
macrostachya: L. spicata.
montana: L. apicata var.
odoratfssima: Tnlisa odoratissima.
paniculata: Trihsa paniculata.
paucifldra. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 4 in. long: heads % in.
long, of 3-5 purple fls., in one-sided racemes. S. C. to Fla.
pectinata: hort. name for purple-fld. form to 1 ft. high.
pil&sa. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear, basal 1 ft. or more long: heads
to % in. long, of 5-15 purple fls., the bracts purple, in loose
racemes. Va. to Ga. and Ala.
punctita. To 2^ ft.: Ivs. linear, to 6 in. long, very
punctate: heads to % in. long, of 3-6 purple fls., in dense
spikes. Minn, to New Mex.
pycnostachya. To 5 ft., hairy above: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
* late, lower to 1 ft. long: heads % in. long, of 3-6 purple
fls., in dense spikes to 1^ ft- long- Minn, to La. and Tex.
Var. magnlfica is an improved form.
scaridsa. To 6 ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
lower to 1 ft. long: heads to 1 in. long, of 16^-45 bluish-
purple fls., bracts often purple-tipped, in interrupted
racemes. Me. to Fla and Tex. Var. dlba is listed. Vars.
magnfflca and sup£rba are improved forms. The form
known as September Glory belongs here.
spicata (L. macrostachya). To 6 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
lower to 1 ft. long: heads ^ in. long, of 5-13 blue-purple or
white fls , in dense spikes to 15 in. long. Mass, to Fla. and
La. Var. Alba has white fls. Var. montana, stout and
dwarfer, Ivs. broader, spike shorter; mts., Va. south. Var.
puxnila is listed.
squarrdsa. To 2 ft., pubescent: Ivs. linear, to 6 in. long:
heads to 1^ in. long, of 15~6'0 purple fls., solitary or few,
subtended by leaf-like bracts. Ont. to Fla. and Tex. Var.
alba is listed. Var. intermedia (L. intermedia) has narrower
heads and less spreading bracts.
tenuifdlia. To 4 ft.: Ivs. thread-like, to 10 in. long: heads
^ in. long, of about 5 purple fls., in racemes 1 ft. or more
long. N. C. to Fla.
Weaveri: listed as a large-fld. hybrid.
LIBfiRTIA. Iridacese. Per. herbs with fibrous
roots, native in Australia, New Zeal, and S.
Amer.: Ivs. mostly crowded at base of st., linear:
fls. clustered in axils of sheathing bracts, without
tube, the inner segms. longer. Grown out-of-
doors in S. U. S. Propagated by division and
seeds.
form&sa. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1^ ft. long, stiff: fla. white, to
Yi in. long, the outer segms. greenish-brown, the pedicels
shorter than bracts. Chile.
grandifldra. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2^ ft. long, stiff: fls. white,
1 in. or more across, the outer segms. greenish outside,
the pedicels longer than bracts. New Zeal.
ixioides. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. or more long, with pale
midrib: fls. white, to 1 in across, the outer segms. greenish
outside, pedicels longer than bracts. New Zeal.
pulchella. To 10 in. or more: Ivs. grass-like, to 6 in.
long, tufted: fls. small, in clusters of 3-8, on pedicels to
1 in. long, fleams, white, to 34 in. long. S. Australia, Tas-
mania, New Zeal., Guinea.
LIBIDIA: Caesalpima conaria.
LIBOCEDRUS. INCENSE-CEDAR. Cupres-
sacex. Several species of evergreen trees, allied
to Thuja, with frond-like branchlets, scale-like
Ivs. and oblong cones of usually 4 woody scales;
of wide distribution and only L. decurrens
adapted to the climate of the northeastern
states. For cult, see Conifers.
Bfdwillii. To 50 ft.: Ivs. all alike: cones to ^ in. long.
New Zeal.
chitensis. To 60 ft.: lateral Ivs. larger than facial, with
silvery line beneath: cones % in. long. Chile.
cupressoides: L. urn f era.
decurrens. To 100 ft. or more: lateral Ivs. larger than
facial: cones to 1 in. long. Ore. to Lower Calif.; hardy in
S. New England in sheltered positions near coast. Var.
compacta, dwarf and compact.
Doniana: L. plumosa.
macr61epis. To 100 ft.: Ivs. all alike: cones % in. long,
of 6 scales. China, Formosa.
plumosa (L. Doniana). To 100 ft.: lateral Ivs. larger
than facial, with white band below: cones \4 in. long.
New Zeal.
uvlfera (L. cupressoides}. To 100 ft.: Ivs. all alike: cones
ovate. Chile to Patagonia.
LIBONIA: Jacobinia pauciflora.
LICORICE: Glycyrrhiza.
LICUALA. Palmacex. Mostly small herma-
phrodite fan-palms with solitary or clustered
somewhat ringed sts., more than 70 species in
trop. Asia, Pacific Isls. to Australia: Ivs. more or
less orbicular in outline, stiffish and plicate,
Licuala
427
Ligustrum
petiole commonly spiny, blade deeply parted or
undivided, edges dentate or erose: spadices
among the Ivs., simple or branched, often greatly
elongated and with many side branches; stamens
6: fr. small, mostly size of pea with terminal
stigmatic point and 1 seed. Good tub palms in
the juvenile state, but probably do not thrive
planted in the open in the continental U. S.
See Palm.
grandis (Pritchardia grandis). St. solitary, to about
6 ft., when young leaf -bearing nearly half its length: lf.-
blade nearly orbicular or broader (to 3 ft.) than long, plaited,
lobed only an in. or so along the continuous margin and
each lobe 2-toothed, petiole long and slender and spiny.
New Britain Isl. — A good greenhouse and tub palm.
horrida: L. spinosa.
Jean^nceyi. Hort. name for a palm said to come from
New Guinea: dwarf, uniform in snape: Ivs. deep shining
green; segms. 5-8, blunt.
peltata. Sts. usually several, to 15 ft.: Ivs. orbicular,
3-5 ft. across, appearing as if peltate; segms. 20-30, ex-
tending nearly or quite to center, many-toothed at apex
and teeth bifid; petiole long, armed with dark colored thick-
based long stout spines: branches of spadix (as also outside
of fls.) brown-tomentose; fls. *A in. or more long, very
conspicuous; filaments not united above throat of corolla:
fr. % m. long, ellipsoid. India.
spin&sa (L. horrida). Sts. several, tufted, to 10 ft., the
plant making a mass of foliage from top to bottom: lf.-
blade nearly orbicular to somewhat renif orm. 3-4 ft. across,
parted to the center into about 18 lobes which are variously
toothed at the apex and which become declined or hanging;
petiole very long and with rather small separated spines:
spadix branches more or less scurfy-pubescent; fls. about
K in. long; filaments united above throat of corolla: fr.
obovoid, about ^ in. lontr. Malaya. — Sometimes grown
as L. peltata.
LIFE-PLANT: KalanchoS (Bryophyllum) pinnata,
LIGNUM-VITJB: Guaiacum.
LIGULARIA. Composite. Showy herbaceous
perennials with broad alternate or basal Ivs.
and large reflexcd or nodding heads in racemes
or corymbs, of long yellow ray-fls.; differs from
Senecio chiefly in the bracts of the involucre
which are of two forms; native in Eu. and Asia,
a few grown in the open or indoors. Of easy
cult, and usually propagated by cuttings or
division.
cliv6rum (Senecio clivorum). To 4 ft.: basal Ivs. renif orm
or nearly orbicular, sometimes 20 in. across, sharply toothed:
fl.-sts branched; heads to 4 m. across, rays orange-yellow,
disk dark brown. Japan, China.
Ddria: Senecio Doria.
Dor6nicum: Senecio Doronicum.
Farfugium: L. Kaempferi.
jap6nica (Senecio japonicus. Erythrochsete palmaiifida) .
To 5 ft. or more: Ivs. 1 ft. or more across, deeply palmately
cut into 7-11 narrow-lobed divisions: fl.-sts. branched;
heads 3 in. across, orange. Japan.
Kae'mpferi (L. Farfugium. Farfugium and Senecio
Kaempferi). To 2 ft., rhizomatous: Ivs. to 10 in. across,
cordate- orbicular, wavy-toothed: fl.-sts. branched; heads
to 2 in. across, light yellow. Japan. Var. aureo-maculata
(Farfugium grande. F. maculatum). LEOPARD-PLANT. Lvs.
blotched with yellow, white or sometimes light rose. Var.
arg6ntea. Lvs. glaucous-green marked with creamy-white.
macrophflla (Senecio Ledebouri). To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft.
long, elliptic or oval-oblong, toothed: heads yellow, in
long dense terminal spikes. Caucasus.
pulcher: Senecio pulcher.
sibfrica (Senecio sibiricus). To 4 ft.: Ivs. renif orm or
triangular, to 1 ft. across, coarsely toothed: heads in ter-
minal racemes, the yellow rays to % in. long. Eu., Asia.
stenoce'phala (Senecio stenocephalus) . Lvs. renif orm, to
16 in. across, deeply cordate, coarsely toothed: heads in
racemes 1 ft. or more long, yellow. China.
tyrolgnsis: listed name.
Veitchiana (Senecio Veitchianus) . To 6 ft., unbranched:
Ivs. to 16 in. long, sharply toothed: heads very numerous,
2)4 in- across, yellow. China.
Wilsoniana (Senecio Wilsonianus) . GIANT GROUNDSEL.
To 5 ft.: Ivs. reniform-cordate, to 20 in. long, sharply
toothed: heads in elongated columnar spikes, 1 in. across,
yellow. China.
LIGtJSTICUM. Umbelliferx. Per. herbs
with ternately compound Ivs., white fls. in large
compound umbels, and scarcely flattened frs.;
native in the northern hemisphere; sometimes
planted for ornament in borders.
latif&lium: Anisotome latifolva,
pyrenseum. To 4 ft.: Ivs. 3— 1-pinnate into linear segms.
Pyrenees.
LIGtlSTRUM. PRIVET. Oleacese. Ornamental
and popular shrubs or rarely trees, deciduous or
evergreen, native in Asia, Australia and Medit.
region, having opposite entire often thick Ivs.
mostly oblong or ovate, small white funnelform
bisexual fls. in terminal panicles, and fr. a black
berry-like drupe with 1-4 seeds.
Privets are commonly planted for hedges and in shrub-
beries for ornament, and sometimes as single specimens.
They are not particular as to soil. Propagated by cuttings
of young or mature wood under glass, by division, by seeds,
and varieties by grafting on L. vulgare or L. ovahfohum.
Many of them are very hardy and durable, and well adapted
to mass plantings.
acuminatum (L. cihatum of some authors). To 6 ft.,
deciduous: Ivs. to 3 in. long, pubescent on rniarib beneath:
fls. with corolla-tube much longer than lobes, in panicles
2 in. long, anthers exserted. June. Japan. Var. macrocar-
pum has larger Ivs. and fr.
amur6nse. To 15 ft., deciduous or half -evergreen: lys.
to 2J-3 in. long, pubescent on midrib beneath: fls. with
corolla-tube much longer than lobes, in panicles 2 in. long.
June-July. China. Var. pendulum is listed.
atrovirens: L. vulgare var.
buxifolium: L. vulgare var.
calif 6rnicum: L. ovalifohum.
cilia turn: L. acuminatum, L. Ibota.
cordif 6rmis: probably a form of L. lucidum.
coriaceum: L. japomcum var. rotundifolium.
Delavayanum (L. Prattii). To 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to
1 in. long, shining above, glabrous: fls. with corolla-tube
twice longer than lobes, in panicles to 2 in. long. June.
China; not hardy N.
excelsum supe'rbum: probably L. lucidum var.
gracile. To 10 ft., deciduous, the branches gracefully
spreading: Ivs. 1^ in. long, glabrous: fls with corolla-tube
about length of lobes, in panicles to 3 in. long and broad.
China.
yi. To 12 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 2 in. long, shining
above, glabrous: fls. with corolla-tube twice longer than
lobes, in panicles to 5 in. long. Aug. China; to be planted
far S.
Ib61ium. Hybrid between L. ovalifolium and L. 06-
tusifohum; hardy N.
Ibdta (L. cthatum of some). To 6 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to
2 in. long, pubescent on midrib beneath: fls. with corolla-
tube much longer than lobes, in head-like panicles ^ m.
long. June. Japan. — Not ornamental. The plant hereto-
fore known as L. Ibota and in common cult, now becomes
L. obtusifohum.
indicum (L. nepalense). Evergreen: Ivs. to 5 in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. with corolla-tube about length of
lobes, in broad panicles. July-Aug. Himalayas; adapted
only to warm regions. Var. variegatum is listed.
ionandrum. To 10 ft., evergreen: Ivs. \^-\ in. long:
fls. with corolla-tube longer than lobes, in dense panicles
to 1 in. long. China; adapted far S.
Iwata: probably a form of L. japonicum; listed as a low
compact evergreen plant with small rounded Ivs. mottled
yellow.
jap6nicum (L. Kellermannii) . To 10 ft. or more, ever-
green: Ivs. to 3 or 4 in. long, glabrous, leathery, short-
pointed or nearly obtuse: fls. with corolla-tube slightly
longer than lobes, in panicles to 6 in. long. July-Sept.
Japan, Korea; grown in southern states Var. rotundi-
f&lium (L. coriaceum). Lvs. nearly orbicular, to 2^ in.
long, obtuse or emarginate at tip. Var. variegatum. Lvs.
variegated and edged with white. For varieties listed as
aureum see L. ovalifolium, excelsum superbum, see L.
lucidum, macrocarpum see L. acuminatum.
K611ermannii: L. japonicum.
Iod6nse: hort. name for dwarf compact form of L.
vulgare.
lucidum (L. japonicum macrophyllum) . GLOSSY P. To
30 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 4 or 6 in. long, shining, glabrous,
acuminate: fls. with corolla-tube as long as lobes, in panicles
to 10 in. long. Aug. -Sept. China, Korea, Japan; standa
Ligustrum 428
only far S. The following forms are listed in the trade as
vars. of L. lutidum, but may be referable to L. japonicum:
aureo-marginatum, Ivs. yellow margined; ciliatum, small
Ivs ; compactum, dense growth with dark waxy green Ivs.;
excelsum super bum, Ivs. variegated creamy- white; grScile
and n6bile are fastigiate forms; macrophyllum has larger
Ivs. ; microphyllum is said to have smaller Ivs. ; nigrif 61ium,
Ivs. very dark green; pyramidale. of narrow conical habit;
recurvifdlium, If. margin recurved; repandum, Ivs. narrower
and crisped; tricolor, Ivs. variegated with yellow, pink when
young.
Massalongianum (L. myrtifolium) . To 3 ft., evergreen:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, glabrous: fls. with
corolla-tube much longer than lobes, in panicles to 3)^ in.
long. July-Aug. Himalayas; may be planted far S.
medium: L. ovalifohum.
myrtif61ium: L. Maasalongianum.
nanum comp&ctum: hort. name.
nepa!6nse: L. indicum.
n6bile: possibly an upright form of L. lutidum.
obtusifdlium. To 10 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 2^ in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls with corolla-tube about 3 times
length of lobes, in nodding panicles to 1^ in. long. July.
Lilium
FeUn
Japan. This is the plant commonly known as L. Ibota.
Var. Regelianum (L. Reyehanum). REQELS P. Low,
branches spreading horizontally.
ovalifdlium (L. calif or nicum. L. medium). CALIFORNIA
P. To 15 ft., half -evergreen: Ivs. to 2% in. long, shining
above, glabrous: fls. with corolla-tube much longer than
lobes, in panicles to 4 in. long. July. Japan; not reliable
in northern states. Forms are: £lbo-marginatum, edged
with creamy-white; aureo-marginatum (var. aureurri),
edged with yellow; compactum, of denser growth; globdsum;
nanum, dwarf; Regelianum is L. obtusifohum var.; varie-
gatum, marbled with pale yellow.
pekin£nse: see Syringa pekinensis.
pendulum: listed species name; presumably a pendulous
form of L. vulgare, L. amurense, L. Quihoui or L. sinense.
Pr&ttii: L. Delamyanum.
Quihoui. To 0 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 2 in. long, glabrous:
fls. with corolla-tube as long as lobes, sessile, in panicles to
8 in. long, Aug.-Sept , stamens exserted. China; not hardy
N. Var. pendulum has drooping branches.
Reevesii: hort. name.
Regelianum: L. obtusi folium var.
repandum is probably a crinkled-lvd. form of L. japoni-
cum or L. lucidum.
sin£nse. To 12 ft. or more, deciduous: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
pubescent on midrib beneath: fls. with corolla-tube shorter
than lobes, in pubescent panicles to 4 in. long. July. China;
not hardy N. Var. pendulum has drooping branches. Var.
Stauntonii (L. Stauntomi. L. chinense var. nanum). Lower
with broader panicles.
Stauntonii: L. sinense var.
strongylophyllum. Evergreen shrub or tree- Ivs. rounded
to nearly ovate, to 1 in. long, smooth: fls nearly ^ in. long,
in loose panicles to 4 in. long. Cent. China; not hardy N.
vulgare. COMMON P. or PRIM. To 15 ft., deciduous: Ivs.
to 21A in. long, glabrous: fls. with corolla-tube about length
of lobes, in dense panicles to 1^ in. long. June-July.
Medit. region; nat. in E. U. S. Some of the hort. vars. are:
argenteo-variegatum, Ivs. variegated white; atr6virens,
small-lvd.: aureum, Ivs. yellow; aureo-variegatum, Ivs.
variegated yellow.' buxifdlium, shrub half-evergreen, Ivs.
to 1 in. long; folioldsum, an improved more vigorous type;
glaucum (var. albo-vanegatum) , Ivs. glaucous edged with
white; leucoca'rpum, fr. white; pyramidale, habit pyramidal;
xanthocarpum, fr. yellow.
Wdlkeri. Shrub or small tree, twigs conspicuously
white-speckled: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 3 in. long, apex
and base acute, glabrous, entire: fls. in erect terminal
panicles 4-6 in. long, the branches hairy: fr. purple, about
^ in. long. Ceylon; not hardy N.
LILAC: Syringa. Indian: Melia Azedarach. Summer:
Buddleja Davidii.
. LILY FAMILY. More than 200
genera of monocotyledonous per. herbs, many
of them having bulbs, conns or a crown of fleshy
rootstocks, sometimes woody and tree-like: of
wide distribution. The family is characterized
by regular fls. with 6-parted or -lobed perianth
or 6 separate segms., usually all the parts petal-
like, 6 or sometimes 3 stamens, commonly
superior 3-celled ovary, and fr. a berry or de-
hiscent caps. Species probably upwards of 2,000,
many of them (as the lilies) with very showy fls.,
and some (as the onions) with edible bulbs. Some
of the plants known as lilies belong to other
families, particularly the Amaryllidaceae.
The Liliaceae yields medicinal plants, edible
parts, and a wide range of beautiful ornamental
subjects. The genera known to hort. are:
Agapanthus, Albuca, Aletris, Allium, Aloe,
Amianthiurn, Androstephium, Anemarrhena,
Anthericum, Aphyllanthes, Apicra, Arthropo-
dium, Asparagus, Asphodeline, Asphodelus,
Aspidistra, Astelia, Beaucarnea. Besscra^ Bland-
fordia, Bloomeria, Bottionca, Brevoortia, Bro-
diaea, Bulbine, Bulbinella, Bulbocodium, Cal-
ochortus, Camassia, Chamalirium, Chionodoxa,
Chionographis. Chlorogalum, Chlorophytum,
Clintonia. Colchicum, Convallaria, Cordyline,
Danae, Dasylirion, Dianella, Disporum, Dra-
caena, Drimia, Drvmophila, Eremurus, Ery-
thronium, Eucomis, Eustrephus, Fritillaria,
Gagea, Galtonia, Gasteria. Gastrolea, Geitono-
plesium, Gloriosa, Hawortnia, Helonias, Helon-
iopsis, Hemerocallis, Hesperaloe, Hesperocallis,
Hespcruyucca, Hosta, Hyacinthus. Kniphofia,
Lachenalia, Lapageria, Leptaloe, Leucocoryne,
Leucocrinum, Lilium, Liriope, Littonia, Lloydia,
Maianthemum, Medeola, Melanthium, Milla,
Muilla, Muscari, Narthecium, Nolina, Nothol-
irion, Nothoscordurn, Ophiopogon, Ornithoga-
lum, Paradisea, Paris, Pasithea, Philesia, Phor-
mium, Pleea, Polygonatum, Puschkinia, Rein-
eckia, Rhipogonum, Rphdea. Ruscus, Samuela,
Sandersonia, Sansevieria, Schizobasopsis, Scilla,
Semele, Smilacina, Smilax, Stenanthium, Strep-
topus, Stypandra, Thysanotus, Tolfieldia, Tri-
cyrtis, Trillium, Tulbaghia, Tulipa, Urginea,
Uvularia. Veltheimia, yeratrum, Xanthorrhoea,
Xerophyllum, Yucca, Zigadenus.
LfLIUM. LILY. TMiacess. Well known per.
leafy-stemmed erect herbs bearing terminal fls.
or fl.-clusters, native in the northern hemisphere,
having scaly bulbs, scattered or whorled usually
narrow Ivs. and fls. in a wide range of colors
but never true blue, prevailingly white, orange
or orange-red, the perianth-segms. distinct;
often fragrant. Many of them are among the
most stately of garden plants. They are late
spring and summer subjects.
Lilies are usually of easy cultivation and hardy in the
North, although sometimes Deeding winter protection
and always profiting by it. In well-prepared ground and a
suitable location, the plants may be allowed to stand year
after year. Remove the seed-pods immediately after flower-
ing, and allow the foliage to mature naturally. A light
fertile sandy or loamy soil is suitable, with some leaf-mold
added. As a rule, lilies do better in partial shade or not
fully exposed to heat and winds. A handful of sand or
gravel may be placed under each bulb and the top of the
bulb should be at least 4 inches below the surface in those
kinds that make roots above the bulb, or deeper with L.
auratum and others with very large bulbs, but shallow
planting is the rule with those that make roots only at
oottom. Propagated by division of the offsets as soon as
the tops die or early in autumn; also by bulb scales or by
aerial bulblets, which will produce flowering plants in
two or three years. Seeds yield variations.
They may be forced in the greenhouse. The bulbs
should be potted and placed in a coldframe and covered
with sphagnum, coal ashes or other porous material, until
they are well rooted in the j)ots. They may then be taken
to the greenhouse and kept in a temperature of about 50
for ten days, and then wnen growth begins raised to 60
night temperature. The plants should be in flower in about
thirteen weeks.
The lilies are subject to serious diseases, for the nature
and treatment of which consult the most recent literature
of the specialists in the subject. Perhaps the most serious
is the lily mosaic, a virus disease transmitted from plant to
plant by aphids. It infects all parts of the plant except the
seed; thus, plants grown from seed are free from the disease
until infected. Certain cultivated species are more resistant
than others, as L. Martagon and its varieties, L. Haruonu,
Lilium
429
Lilium
L. pardalinum, L. Brownii, L. Henryi, L. Davidii, L.
Willmottise, L. regale, L. pumtlum, L. amabile, L. mona-
delphum. The most susceptible species include L. auratum,
L. canadense, L. concolor, L. dauricum, L. formosanum, L.
superbum, L. elegans and L. tvgrinum.
Many lilies produce annual fibrous roots from the under-
ground stem above the bulb in addition to those from the
base of the bulb. Lilies developing these stem-roots usually
bloom well the first summer after planting whereas those
which are non-stem-rooting rarely flower until the second
summer. Stem-rooting species include the following (names
in parenthesis are invalid names placed here because of
wide horticultural usage, see enumeration below for correct
name in each case): L. amabile, L. auratum, L. Bakerwnum,
L. Batemannias, L. Brownii, L. bulbiferum, L. collosum,
L. carmolicum, (L. carolinianum) , L. concolor, (L. croceum),
L. Dalhansonn, L. dauricum, L. distichum, L. Ducfiartrei,
L. elegans, L. formosanum, L. Hansonn, L. Henryi, L.
Humboldth, L. leucanthum, L. medeoloides, L. Michauxii,
L. mynophyllum, L. neilgherrense, L. nepalense, L. ochra-
ceum, L. philippinense, L. pumilum, L. regale, L. Sargentiss,
L. speciosum, L. superbum, (L. tenuifolium) , L. tignnum,
(L. Wallacei), L. Wallichianum, L. Wardii, and L. Will-
mottise. Those producing few or no stem-roots include:
(L. Bolanden), L. callosum, L. canadense, L. camlidum,
L. chalcedomcum, L. columbianum, L. giganteum, L. Grayi,
L. Humboldtn, L. Kelloggn, L mantimum, L. Martagon,
L. monadelphum, L. pardahnum, L. pomponium, L.
pyrenaicum, L. Roezln, L. superbum, L. testaceum and L.
Washing tonianum .
albanicum: a form of L. carniolicum.
album: probably a var. of L. auratum, L. Martagon or
L. speciosum.
Alexandras: L. nobihssimum.
amabile. To 3 ft., pubescent: fls. of the Martagon kind,
racemose, red with dark spots, segms. to 2 in. long and
strongly reflexed. Korea.
auratum. GOLDBAND L. To 6 ft.: fls. white spotted with
crimson, each segm. with central yellow stripe, to 12 in.
across, fragrant, horizontal or drooping. Japan. Var.
dlbum, fls. unspotted. In var. pic turn the tip of the band
is crimson, and in rubrum the band is crimson and very
broad. Var platyphyllum (macranthum) has broader Ivs.
and less spotted fls. Var. rubro-vittatum, fls. with numerous
spots and wide crimson band through each segm.; by some
said to be possible hybrid between L. auratum and L.
speciosum. Var. virginale, fla. with yellow spots. Var.
Wittei has fla. spotted yellow.
Backhousei: catalogue name for group of hybrids.
Bakerianum (L. Lowii). To 3 ft.: fls. greenish-yellow
changing to creamy-white, spotted with red-brown inside,
fragrant, to 2^ in. across. Burma, W. China.
Batemanniee: an improved form of L. dauricum var.
venustum.
Bloomerianum: L. Humboldtii var.
Bol&nderi: a confused name, incorrectly applied to
three plants, two of which are L. Kelloggii and L. occiden-
tale; the third, L. Howelhi, is the plant usually in cult, as
L. Bolanderi.
Brownii. To 4 ft.: fls. pure white inside and rose-purple
outside, to 9 in. long, slightly fragrant, horizontal. China.
A very fragrant form is var. Cdlchesteri (var. odorum).
bulbiferum. To 4 ft : fls orange-red spotted with pur-
plish-black with yellow center, to 4 in. across. Eu. — The
plant known as L. crdceum, ORANGE L., is a variant of this
species, growing to 6 ft. tall and fls. spotted crimson.
calif 6rnicum: L. pardalinum var.
call6sum. To 2 ft.: fls. bright scarlet dotted with purple-
black, to 2 in. across. Japan.
camschatc£nse: see Fntillaria camschatcensis.
canadense. MEADOW L. To 5 ft.: fls. orange-yellow to
red, spotted with purplish-brown, to 3 in. across, drooping.
N. S. to Ga. and Ala. Var coc cine urn (var. rubrum) has
orange-red fls. and var. flavum lemon-yellow fls.
candidum. MADONNA L. To 4 ft : fls. clear waxy-white,
to 3 in. long, horizontal. S. Eu., S. W. Asia. Var. c£rnuum
(var. peregrinum), slender plant, sts. tinged purple, Ivs.
narrower, segrns. narrower and longer. In var. maculatum
the fls. are streaked on the outside with purple. Var.
Salonika has narrower and wavy-margined basal Ivs. with
more widely spread perianth-segms. and shorter filaments,
Turkey.
carnidlicum. To 3 ft., with 1 to several nodding fragrant
orange-red to scarlet fls. 2 in. or less diam., segms. wholly
reflexed and usually dotted purplish-black. S. E. Eu. — A
closely related form, albanicum (L. alhanicum), differs in
having yellow fls. Var. Janloae (L. Jankse) has darker scar-
let-red fls.
carolinianum becomes L. Michauxii, as the name was
formerly used for the plant now known as L. Catesbsei.
Catesbaei. SOUTHERN RED L. To 2 ft.: fls. scarlet, yellow
spotted purple at base, to 5 in. long, erect, the segms. with
a claw. N. C. to Fla.
cathayanum. To 5 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 8 in. long
and 4 in. wide, base cordate, petiole 2-6 in. long: fls. creamy-
white, anterior segms. splashed reddish-brown within, to
4H in. long, infl. a 3-5-fld. corymbose raceme. E. and Cent.
China. — Does best in partial shade.
centifdlium: L. leucanthum var. chloraster.
cernuum. To 2 ft. : fls. lilac spotted with purple, to 1 ^ in.
long, fragrant, nodding. Korea, Manchuria.
chalced6nicum. SCARLET TURKS-CAP L. To 4 ft.:
fls. vermilion-scarlet, rarely spotted, to 3 in. across, with
rather disagreeable odor, hanging, the segms. strongly
reflexed. Greece. Var. maculatum, fls. spotted with purple.
Chinookii: hort. name for L. pardalinum var. giganteum.
c61chicum: L. Szovitsianum.
columbianum (L. parviflorum}. To 4 ft.: fls. bright
reddish- orange thickly spotted with purple, 2 in. long,
drooping, the segms. reflexed. B. C. to Calif. Var. Ingramli
has larger brighter more numerous fls.
c6ncolor. STAR L. To 4 ft.: fls. vermilion, unspotted,
\1A in. long, slightly fragrant, erect. China, Japan. Var.
pulchellum usually has spotted fls.
cordatum (L. cordifolium. L. Glehnii). To 4 ft.: fls.
white striped purple inside, greenish outside, to 6 in. long,
fragrant, erect. Japan.
cordifdlium: a confused name, but most of the material
so listed in the trade is referable to L. cordatum.
coridion: one of the forms of L. concolor var. pulchellum.
Creelmannii. Listed as hybrid of L. regale and L.
Sargentise with habit and fl. characters intermediate be-
tween the two, and much later flowering.
cr&ceum: a variant of L. bulbiferum.
dahuricum: L. dauricum.
Dalhansonii. A hybrid between L. Martagon var.
Cattanise and L. Hansonn: fls. of less intense coloration.
dalmaticum: L. Martagon var. Cattanise.
dauricum (L. umbellatum) . CANDLESTICK L. To 3 ft.:
fls. orange-red spotted with purplish -black, to 5 in. across,
erect. Siberia. In many f orms. Var. venustum (L. venustum)
has apricot-colored fls. without spots. Var. Wallacei (L.
Wallacei) has brown spotted fls. Other hort. forms, some
of which are listed under L. umbellatum, are ere'ctum,
grandifldrum, incomparabile, multin*6rum, rubrum, splen-
dens. For additional vars. see L. elegans.
Davidii (L. Thayerse). To 6 ft.: fls. cinnabar-red or
scarlet spotted with black, to 3 in. long, nodding. China.
Davm6ttifle. Hybrid between L. Davidii and L. Will-
motlix: to 6 ft.: fls. cinnabar-red spotted black.
davuricum: L. dauricum.
Duchartrei (L. Farreri). To 4 ft.: fls. marble-white
spotted with purple, fragrant, nodding, to 3 in. long. W.
China.
elegans (L. Thunbergianum. L. dauricum subsp.
Thunbergianum) . To 2 ft.: fls. orange-red slightly spotted
with black-purple, to 6 in. across, erect. Japan. — Ex-
perimental evidence has confirmed the belief that this
plant is a hybrid between L. concolor and L. dauricum:
it is not known wild. L. elegans differs from L. dauricum
(the seed parent) in its shorter habit and less acuminate
Ivs. The Latin-named forms of this hybrid include: aluta-
ceum, to 9 in. with apricot-colored fls spotted with purple;
atrosanguineum with dark crimson black-spotted fls.;
aurantiacum with unspotted salmon fls.; bf color, yellow
fls. tipped bright red and spotted with black-purple:
biligulatum blooms earlier with deeper chestnut-red spotted
fls.; fulgens with deep red spotted fls.; H6rsmannii, with
rich crimson fls.; incomparabile with bright crims on-scarlet
fls.; maculatum, orange fls. scarlet toward edge; marmora-
tum, rich crimson fls. flaked and tipped orange-yellow,
slightly spotted and earlier than type; sanguine um, fls.
blood-red slightly tinged orange and spotted purple-black.
Erabu: a form of L. longiflorum var. insulare.
excSlsum: see L. testaceum.
Farreri: L. Duchartrei.
flavum: the material in the trade under this name is
probably L. canaden»e var. flavum, but the name is also a
synonym of L. pyrenaicum.
formosanum (L. philippinense var.). To 7 ft., differs
from L. philippinense in wider Ivs. with 2-4 lateral veins
prominent on back: fls. to 4 in. long and 6 in. across, fila-
ments papillose toward base. Formosa. Var. Price! is of
dwarfer habit with fewer fls. which are heavily suffused
reddish-purple without, said to be hardier than type. Mt.
Morrison, Formosa.
form&sum: L. longiflorum var. insulare.
giganteum. To 12 ft.: fls. white tinged with green out-
Lilium
side, striped with red-purple inside, to 6 in. long, fragrant,
slightly drooping. Himalayas. Var. himalaicum is listed.
Var. yunnanense, smaller and with pure white fls. — Plants
grown as L. giganteum are often L. longiflorum var.
G16hnii: L. cordatum.
Grayi. To 4 ft.: fls. red tinged with yellow, thickly
spotted with purplish-brown, to 2 in. long, horizontal or
slightly drooping. Va. and N. C.
H&nsonii. To 5 ft.: fls. orange-yellow spotted with
purplish-brown, 1^ in. long, fragrant, drooping. Japan.
Harrisii: L. longiflorum var. eximium.
He"nryi. To 9 ft.: fls. orange spotted with brown, 3 in.
across, drooping, the segms. recurved. China.
H6rsfordii. Hybrid between L. Leichtlinii var. Maxi-
mowiczu and L. Batemanniae.
H6rsmannii: a form of £. elegans.
Howellii (L. Bolanderi of hort.). THIMBLE L. To 3 ft.:
fls. reddish-purple spotted with dark purple, to 154 in»
long, horizontal or somewhat drooping. Calif.
Humboldtii. To 0 ft.: fls. reddish- orange spotted with
purple-brown, 3'^ in. long, drooping, the segrns. strongly
revolute. Calif. Var. Bloomerianum (L. Bloomerianum)
has the claws of inner perianth-segms. somewhat crested
and bulb scales several-jointed. Var. magnificum is a
larger form. Var. ocellatum has the purple spots of fl.
encircled with red.
Jankse: L. carniolicum Var.
jap6nicum (L. japonicum var. roseum. L. Kramen). To
3 ft.: fls. rose or pale pink, to 6 in. long, fragrant, horizontal.
Japan.
kamtschatce'nse: see Fritillaria camschatcensis.
Kelloggii. To 4 ft.: fls. pink spotted with purplish-black,
2 in. long, erect, the segms. strongly reflexed. Calif.
Krameri: L. japonicum.
lancif&lium of hort. is L. speciosum.
lankong£nse. To 4 ft.: fls. white tinged rose-purple,
spotted with crimson, 2^ in. long, nodding, fragrant,
segrns. reflexed. China.
Leichtlinii. To 6 ft.: fls. lemon-yellow spotted with
purplish-brown, 3 in. long, drooping, the segms. reflexed.
Japan. Var. Maximowiczii (L. Maximowiczii) has salrnon-
red spotted fls.
leucanthum. CHINESE WHITE L. To 6 ft.: fls. greenish-
white outside, yellow inside tipped with pure white, to
0 in. long, fragrant, slightly drooping. China. Var. chJo-
r aster (L. centifolium) has a gieeriish central mark on the
inside of fls. which are sometimes tinged with rose-purple
on the outside.
longifidrum. WHITK TRUMPET L. To 3 ft.: fls. white, to
7 in. long, fragrant, trumpet-shaped, horizontal. Japan.
Vur. Alexandras is L. nobilmsimum. Var. eximium (L.
I/arrimi), EASTER L , BERMUDA L., is a taller larger-fld.
form Var. gigantdum of gardens has purple-brown sts.
and fls often tinted in bud. Var. insulare (var formosum)
is an improved popular strain, of which Erabu (L. Ernbu)
is a more floriferous form. Var. multifl&rum resembles var.
eximium — Other listed names applied to hprt. forms used
in forcing for the Easter trade include n6bile, pr&cox and
Vaughanii.
L6wii: L. Bakerianum.
macrophyllum: Notholirion macrophyllum.
maculatum: material so-named in the trade is probably
L. medeoloidcs, but the name has been applied also to L.
Hansonii and L. elegans.
magnificum: plants in trade under this name are prob-
ably variants of L. Ilumboldtii, L. speciosum or L. longi-
florum.
marftimum. COAST L. To 4 ft.: fls. reddish-orange
spotted with purple inside, 1H in- long, horizontal, slightly
recurved. Calif.
Martagon. MARTAGON or TURKS-CAP L. To 6 ft.: fls.
rose- or dark purple spotted with purplish-black, 2 in. long,
drooping, the segms. strongly reflexed. Eu., W. Asia.
Var. album has white fls. Var. C&ttaniss (var. dalmaticum,
L. dalmaticum), fls very deep rich purple nearly black.
Maximowiczii; L. Leichtlinii var.
medeoloides (/,. maculatum). WHEEL L. To 2% ft.:
fls. apricot to scarlet spotted with black, 2 in. long, drooping,
the segms strongly recurved. Japan, China.
Michauxii (L. carolinianum) . To 4 ft.: fls. orange-scarlet
spotted with purple-brown, to 4 in. long, slightly fragrant,
drooping, the segms. strongly reflexed. Va. to Fla. and La.
michigane'nse. The westward extension of the L.
canadense type, Mich, to Minn and Mo., differing in its
recurved segms. that are mostly red.
monade'lphum. CAUCASIAN L. To 6 ft. : fls. golden-yellow
sometimes tinged or spotted with purple, to 5 in. across,
430 Lilium
drooping, the segms. reflexed. Caucasus, Persia. Var.
Szovitsilinum is L. Szovitsianum.
myriophyllum. To 4 ft.: fls. greenish-white, yellowish
within, often red on keel outside, 1 in. long, fragrant,
nodding. China. Var. superbum (L. sulphureum) has
sulfur-yellow fls. reddish outside. — The plants usually
cult, as L. myriophyllum are L. regale.
neilgherre'nse. To 4 ft.: fls. white flushed with yellow,
fragrant, horizontal, to 10 in. long. S. India.
nepalense. To 3 ft.: fls. yellow or greenish-yellow,
stained purplish inside, to 6 in. long, fragrant, segms.
spreading. Himalayas. — Differs from L. ochraceum in
segms. recurved less than hah1 of total length.
nevade'nse: L. pardalinum var.
n6bile: a hort. form of L. longiflorum.
nobilissimum (L. Alexandra. L. longiflorum var.
Alexandras). Differs from L. longiflorum in its broader fls..
more slender style whose stigma is smaller, not lobed and
purplish-brown in color, not greenish-white. Japan.
occidentale. Related to L. pardalinum but lower, 1J^
ft. and upward: fls. nodding, orange or red within ana
mostly spotted, the narrow segms. 2 in. or less long and
somewhat revolute to middle or somewhat below. Calif.,
Ore.
ochraceum. To 6 ft.: fls. yellow or greenish-yellow
spotted reel inside, to 5 in. long, fragrant, nodding. S.
China, Burma. — Very similar to L. nepalense, from which
it differs in perianth-segms. reflexed %-% total length.
parda-b61dtii: listed as a hybrid between L. pardalinum
and L. Humboldtii, with recurved orange fls. with darker
purple dots and the habit of the latter parent.
pardalinum. LEOPARD L. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to % in. wide: fls.
orange-red spotted with purple, yellow at base, 4 in. across,
drooping, the segms. strongly reflexed. Ore. to Calif. Var.
calif ornicum has smaller Ivs, and larger fls. Var. giganteum,
SUNSET L., probably a hybrid of L. pardalinum and L.
Humboldtii, having fls yellow tipped bright red and spotted
with brown. Var. J6hnsonii, listed as having a large pro-
portion of bright red in fls. Var. nevadense is of smaller
nabit, with fewer fls , shorter anthers and broader Ivs. Var.
palUdifdlium is reported having paler and heavier foliage.
Var. Roezlii is L. Roezlii.
Parryi. To 4 ft.: fls. pale lemon-yellow, spotted on
inside, to 4 in. long, fragrant, horizontal. Calif. Var.
Kessleri is said to have heavier foliage and to blossom two
weeks later.
parvifldrum: L. columbianum.
p&rvum. SIERRA L. To 5 ft.: fls. bright orange-scarlet,
yellow at base, spotted with purplish-brown, \\i in. long,
erect or horizontal. Ore. to Calif. Var. luteum has bright
yellow spotted fls.
philadelphicum. ORANQECUP L. WOOD L. To 3 ft.: fls.
orange-red spotted with purple, to 4 in. across, erect, the
segms. with long claws. Me. to N. C. and Mo. Var. an-
duium (L. umbellatum, not of hort.), WESTERN ORANGECUP
L., is smaller, fls. spotted at base of segms. only, and claw
smaller. Ont. to Ohio west to B. C. and Ark.
phildauricum. A hybrid between L. philadelphicum and
Z/. dauricum growing to 18 in.: fls. bright red with dark
spots.
philippine*nse. To 1*^ ft.: fls. white tinged with green,
to 10 in. long, fragrant, horizontal. Philippines. Var.
fonnosanum is L. formosanum.
polyphyllum. To 4 ft.: fls. yellowish outside, white
inside spotted with purple, to 3 in. across, fragrant, segms.
united about half way in tube, then reflexed. Himalayas.
pompdnium. LESSER TURKS-CAP L. To 3 ft.: fls. bril-
liant scarlet spotted with dark purple, to 2 in. across,
having disagreeable odor, drooping, the segms. strongly
reflexed. S. France, N. Italy.
princeps. Hybrid between L. regale and L. Sargentise.
pumilum (L. tenui folium) . CORAL L. To 3 ft.: fls. bright
scarlet, sometimes spotted, to 2 in. across, nodding, strongly
reflexed. Siberia, China. Var. c6rnuum is said to have
pale pink fls. — The name L. tenuifolium was first applied
to this plant in 1812 without any description and before
being validated by such publication, the name L. pumilum
was legitimately published for the same plant.
pyrenaicum. YELLOW TURKS-CAP L. To 4 ft.: fls. lemon-
yellow spotted with purplish-black, 2 in. or more across,
nodding. Pyrenees. Var. aureum has deeper yellow fls.
Var. rubrum has fls. orange-scarlet with maroon spots.
regale (L. myriophyllum of hort). ROYAL L. To 5 ft.:
fls. lilac or purple outside, white witnin but yellow at base,
to 6 in. long, fragrant, horizontal. W. China.
Roe*zlii. Differs from L. pardalinum in its smaller habit,
Ivs. only to ^ in. wide, fls. typically clear yellow with dark
spots and sometimes with clear red segm. tips, fls. usually
fewer in infl. Calif. — By many authors not considered
distinct from L. pardalinum.
Lilium
431
Limonium
rubellum. To 2 ft.: fls. rose-pink, to 3 in. long, fragrant,
horizontal. Japan.
rub£scens. CHAPARRAL L. To 6 ft. : fls. pale lilac turning
to rose-purple, to 2 in. long, erect. Ore. to Calif.
rubrum: L. pomponium, but material so named in trade
may be L. canadense var. coccineum or L. auratum var.
Sirgentiae. To 6 ft.: fls. rose-purple outside, white
within, to 6 in. long, fragrant, horizontal. W. China.
Scdttiae. Hybrid of L. Willmottise and L. elegans var.
Mahogany, growing to 3 ft.: fls. deep orange-red shading
to orange, sparsely spotted, July.
singnse: L. tigrinum.
specidsum (L. lancifolium, in part). SHOWY JAPANESE L.
To 4^ ft.: fls. white suffused with rose and spotted with
rose-red, 4 in. long, fragrant, drooping, the segms. reflexed.
Japan. Runs into numerous forms, ivs: £lbum, fls. nearly
white; gloriosoides, with narrower Ivs. and much twisted
crimson-spotted perianth-segms.; Kra6tzeri, fls. white
tinged green on outside; magnificum, fls. large, suffused
with crimson and spotted with pink; Melp6mene, fls. deeper
colored; rose urn, fls. rose; rubrum, fls. carmine-pink.
sulphureum: L. myriophyttum var. superbum.
sulphur-gale. Garden hybrid between L myriophyllum
var. superbum and L. regale.
superbum. AMERICAN TURKS-CAP L. To 8 ft.: fls.
orange-scarlet spotted with purplish-brown, to 4 in across,
drooping, the segms. strongly reflexed. N . B. to Ga. and Mo.
sutchuSnse. A confused name: the original description
was based on two plants, one of which has since been
identified as L. Willmottiss and the other as L. Damdii;
material in the trade under this name may be either of
these two or occasionally L. pumilum.
Szovitsianum (L. monadelphum var. L. colchicurri).
Differs from L. monadelphum in its broader less reflexed
perianth-segms. which are lemon-yellow densely speckled
purple, anthers reddish-brown not yellow and filaments
free, not united at base. E. Caucasus Mts.
tenuifdlium: L. pumilum.
testaceum. NANKEEN L. To 7 ft.: fls. apricot or nan-
keen-yellow often flushed with pink, rarely spotted, to 3 in.
across, fragrant, drooping, the segms. strongly reflexed. —
This plant, unknown m the wild and erroneously credited
to Japan, is now believed to be a hprt. hybrid between L.
candidum and L. chalcedomcum; it has been listed as
L. excelsum.
Thayerae: L. Davidii.
Thomsonianum: Nothohrion Thomsonianum.
Thunbergianum: L. elegans.
tigrinum (L. sinense). TIGER L. To 6 ft.: fls. orange- or
salmon-red spotted with purple-black, to 5 in. across,
drooping, the segms. reflexed. China, Japan; escaped in
E. U. S. Var. £L5re-pl£no has double fls. Var. Fortunei has
a densely tomentose st. Vur. giganteum is said to be an
improved form. Var. nanum is 15-18 m. tall. Var. simplex
is listed, but may not be distinct. Var. splendens has larger
and more abundant fls.
umbellatum: a confused name; the materials so listed
in the trade represent forms of L. dauricum as well as
hybrids of this latter species and of L. bulbiferum; the true
L. umbellatum of W. U. S. is L. philadelphicum var. andinum.
Vaughanii: hort. name for form of L. longiflorum.
venustum: L. dauricum var.
Wlllacei: L. dauricum var.
Wallichianum, To 7 ft.: fls. creamy-white tinged with
green outside, to 10 in. long, fragrant, horizontal, the segms.
with long claw. Himalayas.
Wardii. To 5 ft., stoloniferous: fls. white spotted with
pink, drooping, segms. reflexed. Tibet.
warteye'nse: L. Willmottix.
Washingtonianum. To 6 ft.: fls. white often spotted
with purple, to 4 in. long, fragrant, horizontal. Ore. and
Calif. Var. minor is listed. Var. purpureum is smaller and
the fls. change to lilac-purple.
WOlmottiflB (L. warleyense). To 5 ft.: fls. orange-red
spotted with brown, to 3 in. across, drooping, the segms.
strongly recurved. China. Var. un {color is offered as a
spotless form.
LILY: Lilium. Adobe-: Fritillaria pluriflora. African-:
Agapanthus africanus. Amazon-: Eucharis grandiflora.
Atamasco-: Zephyranthea Atamasco. Belladonna-: Amaryl-
lis Belladonna. Blackberry-: Belamcanda chinensis. Blood-:
Haemanthus. Checkered-: Fritillaria meleagris. Chinese
Sacred-: Narcissus Tazetta var. orientalis. Cow-: Nuphar.
Day-: Hemerocallia. Desert-: Heaperocallia undulata.
Pawn-: Erythronium californicum. Fire-: Pyrolirion. Gin-
ger-: Hedychium. Glory-: Oloriosa. Guernsey-: Nerine
sarnienais. Jacobean-: Sprekeliaformoaisaima. Josephines-:
Brunsvigia Joaephinix. Kafir-: Olivia, Schizostylis. Man-
posa-: Calochortus. Mountain: see Ranunculus Lyallii.
-of-the-Nile: Agapanthus africanus. -of-the-Palace: Hip-
peastrum auhcum. -of -the- Valley: Convallana. Plantain-*
Hosta. Pond-, Yellow: Nuphar. Prairie-: Coopena. Rain-:
Cooperia. St.-Beraard-: Anthericum Lihago. St.-Bruno-:
Paradisea Lihastrum. St.- James-: Sfyrckcha formosis&ima.
Sand-: Leucocnnum montanum. Scarborough-: Vallota
apenosa. Sego-: Calochortus Nuttalln. Snake-: Bro<tisea
volubihs. Spear-: Doryanthes. Spider-: Hymenocallis.
Star-: Leucocrinum montanum. Toad-: Tricyrtis. Torch-:
Kniphofia. Triplet-: Broriiaea lara. Trout-: Erythromum.
-Turf: Liriope, Ophiopogon. Water-: Nymph^ca, Victoria,
Zephyr-: Zephyranthea.
LIMB: the expanded flat part of an organ; in par-
ticular, the expanding part of a gamopetalous corolla.
LIME: Citrus aurantifolia; see Citrus Fruits (page 184);
also Tilia. -Berry: Triphasia trifolia. Finger-: Microcitrua
australasica. Spanish-: Mdicocca bijuga.
LIMEQUAT: see Citrus Fruits (page 184).
LIMNANTHACE^£. LIMNANTHES FAMILY.
Only 2 herbaceous genera native in N. Amer.,
haying alternate dissected Ivs., bisexual regular
solitary fls. with 3-5 sepals and petals, twice as
many stamens, superior ovary of mostly 5 carpels
which separate into nutlets; allied to Geraniaceae.
Limnantnes only is cult.
LIMNANTHEMUM: Nymphoides.
LIMNANTHES. Limnanthacese. Small aim.
herbs with characters of the family, the parts
of the fl. 4 or 5. Of easy cult, and propagated by
seeds as a flower-garden subject.
Douglasii (Floerkca Douglaaii). MEADOW-FOAM. To
1 ft.: Ivs. finely 2-pinnatind, yellowish-green: fla. white or
pinkish and yellowish toward base, fragrant, sometimes
white throughout, to 1 m. across. Calif, to Ore., m low
ground, making great display in early spring.
LIMNIA: Montia.
LIMNOBOTRYS: Ribes lacustre.
LIMNOCHARIS. Butomacew. Two trop
American aquatic herbs with basal Ivs. and
yellow fls. having 3 persistent sepals and 3
fugacious petals.
Tho plants are grown in tubs or pots or in shallow water
out-of-doors. Propagated by seeds or by offsets or suckers
from the flower-stem. Usually reproduces itself naturally.
emarginata: L. flava.
flava (L, emarginata. L, Plumieri). Standing 2 ft. out
of water: Ivs. lanceolate or broadly ovate, velvety-green:
fla. about 1 in. across, in 2-12-fld. umbels at tip of scane.
W. Indies to Brazil: tender N.
Humboldtii: Hydrocleys nymphoides.
Plumieri: L. flava.
LIMNORCHIS: Habenaria.
LIMODORUM TUBEROSUM: Calopogon pulchellua.
LIM6NIUM (Stotice of gardens). SEA-LAV-
ENDER. Plumbnginaci'se. Many aim. and per.
herbs: Ivs. radical and tufted or alternate along
st. in shrubby forms: fls. in many species in
loose panicles, in others in branching spikes,
white, yellow, rose, lavender, blue: widely dis-
tributed but mostly seacoast plants of the
northern hemisphere.
The plants are grown in the border, rockery, greenhouse
and for cut-flowers. The more dainty panicled kinds are
as useful as gypsophila in mixed bouquets. The flowers may
be dried for use with everlastings. They require the usual
culture for perennials and annuals.
arbor escens. Shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 6 in.
long: branches of panicles winged; calyx blue; corolla
yellow. Teneriffe.
arbdreum: L.fruticana.
asiaticum: listed name.
auriculaf61ium: L. binerwaum.
bellidifdlium (L. reticutalum. Statice caspid)* Per. to 8
in.: Ivs. obovate to lanceolate, to 1% in, long: calyx white;
corolla pale lilac. Eu., E. Asia. Var. nanum is offered as »
dwarf form.
Ldmonium
432
Linaria
binervdsum (S. auriculaefolia). Tufted per. to 10 in.:
Ivs. lanceolate-spatulate, to 4 in. long: calyx white; corolla
bluish-purple. Eu.
Bondulllii. Ann. or bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid,
to 6 in. long: branches of panicles winged, forming linear
appendages below the fonts; calyx and corolla yellow.
Algeria.
brassicttfolium. Subshrub to Ity ft.: Ivs. lyrate-pin-
natifid, with 2-4 small side lobes: branches of panicles
with broad wavy wings; calyx purple; corolla yellowish-
white. Canary Isls.
calif6micum (L. commune var. califomicum. S. Limo-
nium var. calif ornicum) . Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 10 in.
long: fls. violet-purple. Calif.
Dicksonii: hort.name probably for form of L. sinuatum.
dumdsum: listed as having dense clusters of silvery-
gray fls. — Some of the material in the trade is L. vulgare.
elegantissimum: L. latifolium var.
eximium (Goniolimon eximium). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
oblong to obovate, wavy-edged: calyx green tipped white:
corolla lilac-rose. Cent. Asia. Var. album has white fls. and
suplrbum larger infl.
fruticans (S arboreal Shrub: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long:
branches of panicles with narrow wings; calyx blue; corolla
yellow. Teneriffe.
globuIariaefMium. Per. to 8 in. but sometimes growing
to 2% ft.: Ivs. oboyal or spatulate, in rosettes: corolla pale
violet, small. Medit. region.
Gm&linii. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate or obovate: calyx
dark purplish-blue; corolla rose. Caucasus, Siberia — Differs
from L. vulgare in fls. half as large, shorter petioled Ivs.,
and the lower bracts all membranaceous.
Gougetianum. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. evergreen, obovate,
small and in dense rosettes: calyx reddish tipped white;
corolla lavender. Italy.
hybridum: a name of uncertain application.
imbricatum. Subshrub to IK ft.: Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid.
with 8-9 small side lobe«: brandies of panicles with broad
wavy wings; calyx blue; corolla yellowish-white. Teneriffe.
incanum nanum: L. tataricum var. nanum.
latifdlium. Per. to 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to
10 in. long: calyx white; corolla blue. E. Eu., W. Asia.
Var. album has white fls. and rdseum rose. Var. elegan-
tissimum is an improved form with larger fls.
leptostachyum. Ann., glaucescent: Ivs. to ^ in- long,
pinnate into linear segms.: fls. white. Persia.
lychaidifdlium. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. obovate-lanceolate,
large, leathery: corolla rose. S. W. Eu., Morocco.
macrophyllum. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. obovate-spatulate,
large: branches of panicles broad- winged; calyx blue or
purple; corolla yellow to white. Tenenile. Var. atrocseru-
leum is listed.
macr6pterum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid, large,
leathery: branches of panicles broad-winged; fls. purple.
Canary Isls.
minimum: listed name.
minutum. Per. to 9 in.: Ivs. in rosettes, obovate: calyx
white; corolla reddish. S. Eu.
oleifMium (L. mrgatum). Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. spAtulate,
obtuse, crowded, glabrous, mostly cuneate: fls. violet, in
loose cymose panicles. Medit. region.
PerSzii. Subshrub to 3 ft : Ivs. broadly triangular, to
6 in. long, with truncate base and long petioles; calyx
purplish-blue; corolla pale yellow. Canary Isls. Var.
multifldrum is listed.
perfoliatum. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-spatulate, small:
fls. white. Shores of Caspian Sea.
Preauxii. Subshrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. broadly triangular,
to 4 in. long, with truncate base and long petioles: branches
of panicles flattened; calyx lavender; corolla pale yellow.
Canary Isls.
puberulum. Subshrub to 8 in., white-papillose and
pubescent: Ivs. ovate-rhomboid, to % in. long: calyx
violet; corolla yellowish -white. Canary Isls.
reticulatum: L. bellidifolium.
rupfcolum. Per. to 1 ft. : Ivs. densely imbricated, linear-
lanceolate: corolla violet. Corsica, Sardinia.
sareptanam: L. tomentellum.
serbicum: listed name.
sibfricum: Armeria maritima var.
Sifcberi (L. spathulatum) . Per. to 1% ft.: Ivs. oblong to
obovate-spatulate, base wedge-shaped: fls. in secundly
branched panicles; corolla violet, much longer than glabrous
calyx. Medit. region.
sinense. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. obovate-lnnceolate: calyx
white or pale yellow; corolla yellow. China.
sinuatum. Per. or bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid,
to 8 in. long: branches of panicles <W>-wingea, forming
linear-lanceolate appendages below the forks: calyx blue;
corolla yellowish-white. Medit. region. Color forms in
the trade are album, atrocaeruleum, candidlssimum, car-
mine um, rdseum.
spathulatum: L. Sieberi.
spicatum. Ann. to 6 in.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, pin-
nately lobed: fls. rose or white, in dense cylindrical spikes.
W. Asia.
stcechifblium: listed name.
superbum. Hybrid between L. Suworowii and L.
leptostachyum: ann. to 2)^ ft.: fls. rose-red.
Suwordwii. Ann. to 1^2 ft.: Ivs. basal, oblong-lanceolate,
to 8 in. long: fls. in dense cylindrical spikes: calyx green
tipped with lavender; corolla lavender. Turkestan. Var.
album has white fls.
tataricum (Goniolimon tataricum). Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs.
obovate, to 6 in. long: branches of panicle with narrow wings;
calyx white; corolla red. S. E. Eu. Var. angustifdlium
(S. incana) has lanceolate Ivs. Var. album is listed as having
white corolla. Var. nanum (S. incana var. nana) is dwarf.
tomentellum (Statice sareptana). Similar to L. Gmelinii
from which it differs in the calyx wholly tomentose, larger
fls. and longer outer bracts. Siberia.
virgatum: L. oleifolium.
vulgare (S. Limonium). Per. to 1 ft. or more: Ivs.
elliptic-oblong, to 6 in. long: calyx white or bluish; corolla
bluish-lilac. Eu., N. Afr., Asia Minor.
LINAGES. FLAX FAMILY. Temp, and trop.
herbs or shrubs of wide distribution, with usually
alternate Ivs., regular polypetalous fls. having
an equal number of petals and stamens, superior
2-10-celled ovary, and fr. a caps, or drupe; 14
genera of which only Linum and Reinwardtia
are cult. Aside from flax (Linum uaitatissimum) ,
the plants are of minor importance in cult., the
others being grown for ornament in the open or
under glass; the fls. are blue, red, or yellow,
brilliant but mostly of short duration.
LINANTHUS: Gilia.
LINARIA. TOADFLAX. Scrophulariacex. Ann.
and per. herbs of north temp, zone: Ivs. opposite,
in whorls or the upper ones alternate, entire,
toothed or lobed: fl. -racemes or spikes terminal
and of many colors, the corolla-tube long-spurred
at the base.
The linarias are of easy culture. The annuals are propa-
gated by seeds, the perennials usually by division although
seeds sown one year should produce flowering plants the
following year.
aequitrfloba: Cymbalaria seguitriloba.
alpina. Per. to 6 in., tufted: Ivs. linear or lanceolate:
fls. blue with orange palate, spur as long as corolla. Alps.
Var. rdsea has rose fls. with orange-yellow palate.
ameth^stina. Ann. to 6 in.: Ivs. linear, lower ones
verticillate: fls. lilac, lower lip pale yellow with violet
dots or spots. Spain, Portugal and Morocco.
anticaria. Much branched per. with ascending sts. to
1 ft.: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate: fls. white with blue throat,
spur lilac and shorter than corolla. Spain.
aparinoldes: L. heterophylla.
bipartita. CIXDVEN-LIP T. Ann. 1 ft.: Ivs. linear: fls.
violet-purple with orange palate, upper lip deeply 2-parted,
spur curved, slightly shorter than corolla. Portugal, N. Afr.
Var. alba has white fls. and splendida deep purple fls.
Broussonnetii (L. multipunctata). Ann. to 10 in.: Ivs.
lanceolate or linear: fls. yellow with orange throat and
black spots, ppur longer than corolla. Medit. region.
canadensis. Ann. or bien. to 2H ft-: lys. linear: fls.
14 in. long, blue with white palate, spur filiform, curved,
as long as corolla. N., Cent, and S. Amer.
Cymbalaria: Cymbalaria muralis.
dalmatica. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, glaucous: fls.
bright yellow, spur straight, shorter than corolla. S. E. Eu.
Var. superba is an improved form.
delphinioldes: L. sapphirina.
Elatine: Kickxia Elatine,
excelsior: L. maroccana var.
faucicola. Ann. to 6 in.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. violet with
paler throat, to ^ in., in few-fld. racemes. Spain.
Linaria
433
Linear
flava (Antirrhinum pumiluvn). Ann. to 6 in.: Ivs. ovate
to lanceolate, to % in. long, sessile: fls. yellow to pale
orange, to % in. long, usually 1-5 in small terminal clusters.
Medit. region.
genistifdlia. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. citron-
yellow with orange palate, to % in. long, spur shorter than
corolla. Eu.
gharbgnsis. Ann. to 16 in., sts. glabrous, branched at
base: Ivs. linear, to 1^ in. long, obtuse: fls. yellowish-white
with violet spur, about 1 in. long, in racemes to 10 in.
long. Morocco.
globdsa: Cymbalaria murahs var.
hederefdlia: hort. name for a species of Cymbalaria.
Hendersonii: hort. name.
hepaticaef&lia: Cymbalaria hepaticse folia.
heterophylla (L. apannoides) . Aim. to 3 ft.: Ivs. linear
or lanceolate: fls. straw-colored with a yellow palate,
1 in. long. Morocco.
italica. Per. to 2 ft : Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. yellow,
spur slightly shorter than corolla. Eu.
Jattae. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, to 1^ in.
long and nearly 1 in. wide, incurved at base, entire, acute:
fls. yellow, to 1 in. long, corolla-tube somewhat swollen,
spur straight, to % in. long. Italy. — Perhaps not distinct
from L. dalmatica.
macedonica. Stout per. to 3 ft., grayish-green: Ivs.
ovate to lanceolate: fls. bright yellow marked with orange
on palate, % in. long, spur as long as corolla. Macedonia.
Var. speci6sa is showy and large-fld.
macroura. Per. to 2 ft., glaucous: Ivs. oblong-linear:
fls. yellow with orange palate, about 1^3 in- I°n8» spur as
long as corolla. Caucasus.
maroccana. Ann. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. narrow-linear: fls.
bright violet-purple with small yellow patch on palate,
spur pointed, half as long again as corolla. Morocco. Var.
excelsior, garden name for hort. mixture whose fls. vary
from pink to dark blue, perhaps of mixed origin.
melanantha: L. tristis.
minor: Chaenorrhinum minus.
multipunctata: L. Broussonnetii.
origanifdlia: Chsenorrhinum origanifolium.
pallida: Cymbalaria pallida.
Panclcii: hort. form, dwarf with large canary-yellow
fls ; said to come from Orient. Some of the material in cult,
under this name belongs to L. macedonica.
Perezii: L. Tournefortii.
pildsa: Cymbalaria pilosa.
purpurea. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate:
fls. bright purple with white-bearded palate. }<$ in. long,
spur curved and about length of corolla. S. Eu.
rdpens. Erect per., or decumbent at base, 1-2 ft., with
creeping rootstocks: Ivs. linear, mostly crowded near
base and scattered above: fls. less than % in. long, white
with purplish veins, fragrant. Eu.
reticulata. PURPLBNET T. Ann. to 4 ft., glaucous: Ivs.
linear: fls. purple, netted- veined, palate orange or yellow,
spur as long as corolla. Portugal. N. Afr. Var. aureo-
purpurea is deeper in color.
sapphirina (L. delphinioides) . Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear:
fls. blue, to % in. long, spur much longer than corolla.
Spain, Portugal.
sp&rtea (Antirrhinum prsecox). Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. nar-
rowly linear, to % in. long, not dense: fls. yellow, darker on
the palate, to % in. long, spur straight, as long as corolla.
W. Medit. region.
spuria: Kickxia spuria.
striata: name of doubtful application; perhaps a form
of L. bipartita is meant.
supina. Per. with decumbent sts. to 9 in. long: Ivs.
linear: fls. pale yellow, nearly 1 in. long, spur about length
of corolla. Eu., nat. in EJ. U. S.
syriaca: listed name.
Tournef6rtii (L. Perezii). Ann. or per. to 1H ft.: Ivs.
linear or lanceolate: fls. deep yellow with orange palate,
spur about length of corolla. Spain.
triornith6phora. Per. to 4 ft., glaucous: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate: fls. violet striped purple with orange palate,
1}4 in. long, spur longer than corolla. Spain, Portugal.
triphylla. Ann. to 2 ft., glaucous: Ivs. ovate or oval:
fls. yellowish- white with orange palate and violet curved
spur, % in. long. Medit. region.
tristis (L. melananttia) . Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear-oblong:
fls. brown or yellow with orange bearded palate, spur
curved, shorter than corolla. Medit. region.
ventricosa. Per. to 3^ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-attenuate,
3-nerved: fls. pale yellow with reddish veins, to % in. long,
corolla-tube broadly swollen, spur half as long as corolla.
Morocco.
vulgaris. COMMON T. BUTTER-AND-EGOS. Per. to 3 ft.:
Ivs. linear: fls. yellow with orange bearded palate, 1}£ in.
long, spur about length of corolla. Eu., Asia, nat. in N.
Amer.
UNDEL6FIA. Boraginacex. Erect per. herbs
with alternate simple Ivs. and blue or purple fls.
like forget-me-not in dense long racemes.
One species is sometimes grown in rock-gardens. It
thrives in any soil but requires a sheltered position and
winter protection in the North. Propagated by division
and seeds.
longiflora (L. spectabilis) . To 1J^ ft., leafy: Ivs. lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate: fls. deep blue, H in. long, in
racemes to 6 in. long. Himalayas.
nervdsa: listed name.
spect&bilis: L. longiflora.
LINDEN: Tilia.
LINDfeRA. Lauracese. Aromatic trees and
shrubs native in Asia and N. Amer., with alter-
nate Ivs., unisexual or bisexual little fls. in
axillary clusters, and fr. a drupe. The older
name Benzoin nas been rejected by botanical
legislation and the more widely established name
of Lindera has been conserved in accordance
with the International Rules of Botanical
Nomenclature. Propagated by seeds sown as
soon as ripe, by layers, and by cuttings of green
wood under glass.
eestivalis: L. Benzoin.
Be'nzoin (Benzoin aestivale. B. odoriferum). SPICE-
BUSH. Deciduous shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblpng-obovate, to
5 in. long, turning yellow in autumn, petiole usually less
than % in. long: fls. before the Ivs. in early spring, greenish-
yellow: fr. scarlet. Moist places and lowlands, Me. to Fla.
and Tex.
grandifdlia: L. megaphylla.
megaphylla (L. grandifolia) . Evergreen shrub or tree to
60 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 8 in. long, shining: fls. yellow:
fr. black. China.
melisssefolia (Benzoin melisssefolium) . Shrub to 10 ft.,
twigs pubescent: Ivs. elliptic-ovate, to 5 in. long, rounded
or cordate at base, hairy: fls. yellow, appearing before Ivs.
N. C. to Fla. west to 111. and Mo.
obtusfloba (Benzoin obtusilobum) . Deciduous shrub or
tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 5 in. long, entire or 3-
lobed at apex, lobes obtuse when present: fls. yellow: fr.
black, about ^ in. diam. Japan, Korea, China.
odor ff era: L. Benzoin.
prfifecox (Benzoin prsecox). Deciduous shrub or tree to
30 ft.: Ivs. ovate-elliptic, to 3^ in. long, petiole to 1 in.
long: fls. greenish-yellow, to % in. across: fr. yellowish to
reddish-brown. Japan.
touyunensis: a form of L, megaphylla with under side of
Ivs. pubescent.
trfloba (Benzoin trilobum). Allied to L. obtusiloba,
differing in Ivs. deeply 3-lobed with lobes acuminate and ft*,
greenish-yellow, about J^ in. across. Japan.
umbellata (Benzoin umbellatum). Shrub to 16 ft.: Ivs.
elliptic-obovate, to 5 in. long, acute, lower side glaucous
witn pubescent midrib, cuneate at base: fls. yellow, appear-
ing with Ivs.: fr. black, subglobose, about H in- long.
Japan, China.
LINDHElMERA. Composite. Small genus
of S. W. American annuals with usually
opposite sessile Ivs. with heads of both ray- and
disK-fls., the former pistillate and fertile and
latter perfect but sterile; fr. a much compressed
and flattened winged achene. Propagated by
seeds.
tezaxia. To 2 ft., plant hispid throughout except in fls..
st. usually simple at base, becoming branched above: basal
.Ivs. spatulate to cuneate-ovate, upper st.-lvs. ovate-
lanceolate, to 1 % in. long, acuminate, entire to somewhat
dentate: heads to 1 in. across, ray-fls. golden-yellow to
cream and broadly ovate to ob ovate, acute, entire or nearly
so, subtended by ovate foliaceous bracts. W. Tex.
LINDLEYELLA: Bifrenaria aurantiaca.
LINEAR: long and narrow, the sides parallel or nearly
so, as grass leaves.
Linncea
434
Linum
LINNjfeA. Caprifoliacese. Trailing evergreen
subshrub suitable for the rock-garden where it
thrives in moist peaty or woodsy soil. Propa-
gated by division and cuttings under glass.
L borealis. TWIN-FLOWER. Lvs. opposite,
roundish, to 1 in. long: fls. in pairs, bell-shaped,
to l/i in. long, rose or white, fragrant: fr. yellow,
y% in. long. N. Eu., N. Asia, Alaska. Var.
americana (L. americana) differs in the more
tubular fls. to % in. long. N. Amer. — The plant
in the trade as L. canadensis probably belongs
here.
LIN6MA. Palmacese. An alternative name
for the Princess palms, now retained under
Dictyosperma, whicn see. It has been supposed
that the genus Dictyospermum of Wight 1853
(Commelinacese) invalidates Dictyosperma of
Wendland & Drude 1875 (Pahnaceae) and in
1917 the name Linoma was proposed for the
palm. Under the Rules as now interpreted, the
names Dictyospermum and Dictyosperma do
not conflict, nor the earlier Dyctisperma of
Rafinesque. Combination of the words Lino-ma
alba has been made but the other names under
Dictyosperma have not been carried over. The
generic name Linoma is not adopted? even
though cross-reference has been made to it from
Areca.
LINOSPADIX. Palmacex. Probably a dozen
species in New Guinea, unarmed small mon-
O3cious palrns with Ivs. pinnate-ribbed, pinnatisect
or pinnate: spadix among the Ivs., simple, the
fls. spirally arranged and immersed, in 3's, the
middle one pistillate; stamens 6 or 9: fr. small,
ellipsoid, with stigmatic point at apex. Perhaps
not regularly planted in our territory. See Palm
for cult.
Petrickiana. Lvs. bifid in juvenile form, later pinnate
and arching; pinna) about 30, narrow, long-acuminate,
entire, strongly ribbed and nerved, more or less brown-scaly
underneath. Described from juvenile specimens, and the
botanical position uncertain. — Good tub-plant, and will
probably stand in S. Fla.
LIN6SYRIS. Composite. Old World her-
baceous perennials with alternate narrow Ivs.
and yellow heads of disk-fls. either solitary or in
corymbose terminal clusters; pappus of bristles.
Propagated by division and suited to any good
soil.
vulgaris (Aster Linosyris). GOLDILOCKS. To 2 ft., gla-
brous: Ivs. linear, 1 in. long, entire: heads about -^ in.
across, corymbose, late summer or autumn. Eu.
LlN\J'NL(incl.CathartoUnum). FLAX. Linacex.
Herbs or subshrubs with alternate narrow Ivs.,
red, yellow, blue or white fls. with fugacious
petals, 6-celled (or apparently 10-celled) ovary
with 2 ovules in each cell and 5 styles; about 90
species chiefly in temp, regions, one (L. usitatissi-
mum) furnishing fiber and linseed oil and others
grown for the summer bloom. The foliage is
very similar in most of the species, being small,
narrow, sessile, usually entire or essentially so.
The annuals may be grown from seeds sown where the
plants are to stand. The perennials are propagated by
seeds or division or by cuttings. They are of simple cultural
requirements.
abyssmicum: L. s trie turn.
africanum. Shrubby per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. opposite, except
uppermost, linear to ovate, acute: fls. yellow, small, in lax
or contracted dichotomous corymbs. Trop. Afr.
ftlpmum. Per. to 10 in., occasionally to 20 in.: Ivs.
linear-subulate, to % in. long, usually close together along
lower third of st.: fls. deep chicory-blue, to % in. across,
outer sepals acute, inner obtuse, all shorter than caps.
Eu.-— Distinguished from L. perenne by its smaller narrower
Ivs. and less diffusely branched infl., and petals overlapping
entire length.
altaicum: a confused name.
americanum: unidentified name for an American species.
angustifdlium. Ann. or per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-aciculate,
to ^ in- long, absent or scattered on lower third of st.: fls.
blue, to ^ in. across, sepals all acute, ^ as long as petals,
inner ones ciliate, as long as caps, or nearly so. Medit.
region.
arbdreum. Shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. ob ovate, base cuneate,
apex obtuse to mucronate, to IJi in. long, glaucous, per-
sistent: fls. clear yellow, to 1 ^3 in. across, in erect few-fld.
heads, sepals narrow-acuminate. E. Medit. region. — Not
hardy at low temperatures.
austrlacum. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-subulate, to % in.
long: fls. bluish-purple to pale wine-red, to % in. across,
sepals oval, obtuse rarely mucronate, to \i caps, length.
S. Eu.
caeruleum: L. grandiflorum var.
campanulatum. Per. to 15 in., woody at base: Ivs.
spatulate or lanceolate, margins with narrow transparent
membranes, minute spherical gland on each side of If. base:
fls. pale yellow with orange veins, to 1^ in. across, sepals
lanceolate-acuminate, white-margined. S. Eu.
capitAtum. Per. to 18 in., sts. stout: Ivs. broadly spatu-
late to oblong-lanceolate, apex obtuse to acute, gland on
each side of If. base: fls. golden-yellow, to 1 in. across,
usually 5-12 in infl , sepals lanceolate-acuminate, strongly
ciliate on lower half. S. Eu. — Much of the material so
named in the trade is L. flavum.
coccineum: L. grandiflorum var.
collinum. Perhaps not distinct from L. austriacum except
in its lower habit. Var. Ldreyi is listed.
corymbiferum. Bien. to 20 in., sts. pilose: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to % in. long, erect, margins and midrib ciliate,
no glands present: fls. yellow, to ^ in. across, sepals glandu-
lar-ciliate, infl. a subcorymbose panicle. S. Eu.
corymb6sum: probably a misspelling of L. corymbulosum,
a synonym of L. stnctum.
crSpitans: L. itsitatissimum var.
flavum. GOLDEN F. Per. to 2 ft., sts. stout, somewhat
woody: lower Ivs. obovate, obtuse, upper Ivs. narrower and
acute, gland on each side of If. base: fls. yellow, to 1 in.
across, usually 20-50 in infl., sepals lanceolate-acuminate,
glandular-cihate and keeled. S. and Cent. Eu. Var. com-
p&ctum is advertised as a dwarf form.— See also Reinwardtia
indica.
flexuosum: name of uncertain botanical] application.
g&llicum. Ann. to 15 in.: Ivs. somewhat lanceolate,
acute, to nearly % in. long, glandf absent, margins slightly
revolute: fls. yellow, to nearly >£ in. across, in open lax infl.,
sepals not longer than caps. Cent. Eu. and Medit. region.
glabre'scens: listed name.
grandifl&rum. FLOWERING F. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate to ovate-acuminate, to 1]^ in. long, margins
remotely ciliate: fls. red to bluish-purple, to 1^ in across,
sepals lanceolate-acuminate, to 2^ in- long, margins mem-
branous and ciliate. N. Afr. Var. caeruleum, fls. bluish-
purple. Var. coccineum (L. coccineum), fls. scarlet. Var.
rdseum, fls. rose-pink. Var. rubrum, fls. bright red.
hirsutum. Per. to 2 ft., entire plant except petals and
caps, hirsute: Ivs. broadly lanceolate, to % in. long: fls.
lavender-blue rarely white, to % in. across, sepals broadly
lanceolate, densely hirsute. Cent. Eu. and Meait. region. —
A form with almost glabrous Ivs. may be in cult.
hoI6gvnum. Per. to 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
1-nerved: fls. blue, to 1 in. across, petals 2-3 times as long
as calyx, styles twisted or fused about % their length.
Mts. of Cent. Eu.
L&wisii. PRAIRIE F. Per. to 3 ft., differing from L.
perenne in its slightly more robust habit, Ivs. to 1M in.
long and somewhat larger sepals and capsules; pernaps
not distinct. W. N. Amer.
mon6gynum. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to % in.
long, all acute: fls. white, to 1 in. across, sepals broadly
lanceolate, white-margined, as long as caps. New Zeal.
narbonne'nse. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to */i
in. long, somewhat dense on stout st.: fls. azure-blue with
white eye, to 1 % in. across, on stout pedicels, sepals lan-
ceolate-acuminate, white-margined, longer than caps.
Medit. region. Var. &lbum has white fls. — Distinguished
from L. perenne and its relatives by its long stigmas, longer
sepals and stouter habit.
nervosuxn. Per. to 1^ ft., st. pubescent at base: Ivs.
lanceolate-cuspidate, 3-5-veined: fls. blue, to \}4 in. across,
sepals cuspidate, serrate on lower third, infl. a lax panicle.
E. Eu. — Entirely glabrous forms may be in cult.
pere*nne (L. aibiricum). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-subulate
to lanceolate, to 1 in. long, lower part of st. usually leafless
Linum
435
Liriope
or nearly so: fls. deep chicory-blue, to 1 in. across, petals
not overlapping, inn. usually a much branched panicle.
Eu. Var. album, fls. white. — See L. alpinum.
rfgidum. Glabrous per. to 20 in.: Ivs. linear, few, erect:
fls. yellow, to 1^ in. across, sepals with marginal glands,
inner ones shorter than outer. Man. to Alta. south to Tex.
and Colo.
rubrum: L. grandiflorum var.
salsoloides. Evergreen per. to 16 in.: Ivs. linear-aubulate
to linear-lanceolate, to 1 % in. long but typically needle-like
and leas than ^ in. long, often clustered at apex: fls white
with purple veins, to 1 in. across, petals rounded at apex,
sepals ovate-cuspidate, somewhat glandular-ciliate, longer
than caps. S. Eu. Var. nanum is of prostrate habit, to 3 in.
forming low clumps to 18 in. diam., Ivs. usually longer than
in type and plant less hardy. — Does not withstand severe
cold.
sibiricum: L. perenne.
s trie turn (L. abyssinicum) . Ann. to 18 in.: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 1 m. long, margins strongly revolute: fls.
yellow, to nearly % in. across, in tight compact head-like
clusters, sepals much longer than caps. Cent. Eu. and
Medit. region.
suffrutiodsum. Shrubby per. to 8 in., densely puber-
ulous, much branched from woody base: Ivs. linear-subulate,
to % in. long, closely clustered on young shoots: fls. blue,
to 1 in. across, in few-fld. infl., sepals ovate-cuspidate,
longer than cups , glandular-ciliate. S. Eu.
sulcatum. Ann. to 2J^ ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate to subu-
late, to nearly 1 in. long, minute glands present on each
side of If. base: fls. yellow, to % in. across, sepals obtuse-
cuspidate, minutely serrulate, longer than caps. Ont. to
Ga. and Tex.
tenuifdlium. Shrubby per. to 1 ft.: Ivs linear-lanceolate
to subulate, to % in. long: fls. pink-lilac or white with
purple veins or center, to 1 in. across, petals very briefly
acuminate, sepals ovate-cuspidate, strongly glandular-
ciliate, longer tnan caps. Cent. Eu. and Medit. region. — Of
coarser habit and taller and more diffuse infl. than L.
salsoloides.
trigynum: Reinwardtia indica.
usitatissimum. FLAX (which see). Ann. to 4 ft., sts.
erect: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. blue, to ^ in. across, sepals
H as long as petals, glabrous, nearly as long as caps.:
caps, to H in. across. Probably Asia; run wild in N. Amer.
and Eu. Var. crepitans is lower with larger fls.
visc6sum. Glandular-hairy per. to 2 ft.: Ivs oblong-
lanceolate, to % in. long, margins densely glandular-ciliate:
fls. pink with violet veins, to 1% in. across, sepals lanceo-
late, margins glandular-ciliate. S. Eu.
LIONS-EAR: Leonotis.
LIP: one of the parts in an unequally divided corolla
or calyx; these parts are usually 2, the upper lip and the
lower lip, although one lip is sometimes wanting; the
upper lip of orchids is by a twist of the stipe made to appear
as the lower; a labium. Lipped or labiate corollas are
characteristic of the Labiattc.
LfPARIS. TWAYBLADE. Orchidacex. Cos-
mopolitan terrestrial herbs with pseudobulbs or
sts. swollen at base, bearing a few commonly
broad Ivs. and terminal racemes of usually small
fls.; petals commonly much narrower than
sepals. Sometimes transplanted to the wild-
garden; see Orchids.
liliifdlia. To 10 in. high: Ivs. 2, to 7% in. long: infl. to
6 in. high, commonly many-fid.; fl . about ^ in. across;
sepals greenish-white; petals much narrower, filiform,
madder-purple; lip mauve-purple tinged with green.
May -July. Me. to Ga. and Ala. west to Minn, and Mo.
Loeselii. To 10^ in. high: Ivs. 2, to 7^ in long: infl.
to 4 in. high, few-fld.; fls. yellowish -green or whitish, about
H in. across. May-Aug. N. Amer., Eu., N. Asia.
Idngipes: L. viridiflora.
viridifldra (L, longipes). Pseudobulbs to 6 in. high, with
2 Ivs. to 12^ in. long: racemes to 12 in. long, dense; fls.
very small, greenish-white or cream-color, with green to
orange lip. Sept.-Mar. India, Indo-China, Malaya, China,
Philippines.
LfPPIA. Verbenacex. Herbs and shrubs
having mostly opposite or whorled Ivs. and
small white, rose or purplish fls. in heads or
spikes; native mostly in warm countries.
One (L. canescens) is grown as a ground-cover in warm
climates and the lemon-verbena is a popular greenhouse
subject. The latter should be grown in a temperature
of about 55d and the pots planted out in summer. Propa-
gated by cuttings from the new growth. V. cane&cens is
best increased by planting small sods a few feet apart.
can£scens (L. repens). Creeping and spreading: Ivs.
opposite or whorled, oblong to lanceolate, to 2i m. long,
toothed toward tip: fls. lilac with yellow throat, in heads
to 1A in. across. S. Amer. — Used as a lawn cover m S.
Calii. and elsewhere.
citrioddra (Aloysia citriodora and triphyllti), LEMON-
VERBENA. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. in whorls of 3 or 4, lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, entire or toothed, with odor of lemon: fla.
white, in spikes or terminal panicles. Argentina, Chile.
ligfustrina (L. lycioides, Aloyxia hgustrina). Shrub to
14 ft.: Ivs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate, to 1 in. long, entire:
fls. white or tinged with violet, fragrant, in abundant
spikes to 3 in. long. Tex. to Argentina. — Sometimes
planted far S.
lycioides: L. hgu&tnna.
repens: L. canescens.
ur decides. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. opposite, ovate to oblong,
to 3 in long, toothed: fls. white, fragrant, in panic-led
spikes. S. Amer.
LIQUID AMBAR. Hamamelidacex. Attrac-
tive deciduous trees native in Asia and Amer.,
with palmately lobed toothed maple-like Ivs.,
unisexual fls. without petals borne in globose
heads, and fr. a dense spiny hanging head of
compacted capsules. Propagated by seeds
which may not germinate until the second year.
formosana. To 120 ft.: Ivs. 3-lobed. China, Formosa;
hardy only in southern states.
Styraciflua. SWKKT GUM. To 140 ft., the branches
becoming corky: Ivs. 5-7-lobed. Conn, to Fla. and Mex.;
reliably hardy only in its natural range.
LIQUORICE: 'dycyrrhiza.
LIRIODENDRON. TULIP-TREE. Magnolia-
cede. Two notable deciduous trees native in
N. Amer. and China, the former often planted
and an important timber tree: Ivs. alternate,
long-stalked, lobed and with broad truncate
apex: fls. bell-shaped, solitary, terminal: fr.
cone-like, of long narrow carpels.
Tulip-trees do not transplant readily, and the moving
should be undertaken in spring. They trinve on rich moist
land. Propagated by seeds stratified and sown in spring,
or horticultural forms by layering and grafting.
chine nse. Tree to 50 ft : Ivs. 5 -6 in. long, with 4 acum-
inate lobes: fls. to 1^ in. long. Cent. China.
Tulipifera. To 200 ft , with eventually columnar un-
branched trunk: Ivs. to 5 in. long and broad, pule beneath:
fls. greenish-yellow with orange at base, to 2 in. long: fr.
brown, to 3 in. long. Mass, to Fla. and Miss — One of the
noblest of American trees; sometimes known as Whitewood
and to lumber dealers erroneously as "poplar." Var.
aureo-marginatum has Ivs. margined with yellow. Var.
fastigiatum (var. pyramidale) of narrow-pyramidal form.
Var. integrifdlium, Ivs. unlobed.
LIRlOPE. LILY-TURF. Liliacex. Asian spe-
cies of stemlcss glabrous evergreen per. herbs,
prized for their attractive grass-like foliage
forming mats or sods and the small lilac-purple
to whitish fls. which are sessile or ascending or
erect, in spikes or racemes that may or may not
overtop the clump; ovary superior; filaments
equalling or exceeding the blunt anthers: fr.
1 -seeded, berry-like, blue or black. The species
make good ground-cover in both shade and sun.
and are hardy in parts of N. Y. Propagated
readily by division. See Ophiopogon.
grammifdlia: the plant grown under this name is L.
spicata, the true gramimfoha apparently not being in cult.
Muscari (L. graminifolia var. densiflora) . Bio BLUB L.
Root-system an upright stock, with thick tubers and many
fibers: Ivs. firm, to 18 in. long and to % or % in. broad:
scapes mostly not exceeding Ivs., dense: fls. lilac-purple:
fr. black. Japan, China. — There are cockscombed and
fasciated forms. The plant sometimes passes as Ophiopogon
(or Mondo) Jaburan. Var. exilifldra is a slender form with
lax spikes. Var. variegata has Ivs yellow-striped.
spicata. CREEPING L. Root-system shallow, with many
slender jointed rootstocks and tubers: Ivs. narrow, about
Liriope
436
Lithops
}-i in. or less broad, grassy: spike slender and open, light
lilac to almost white: fr. becoming black. Japan, China.
LISIANTHUS: Euatoma Russellianum.
LISSOCHlLUS. Orchidacex. Terrestrial Afri-
can orchids with creeping rhizomes and short
leafy sts. thickened in a pseudobulb: Ivs. long
and usually narrow, plicate scapes lateral, tall,
leafless, bearing above loose racemes of medium-
sized or large fls. with lip having a saccate or
spurred base. Differs from the closely allied
genus Eulophia by having the petals much
broader than and differently colored from the
sepals.
Lindleyanus. To 6 ft. high: rhizome creeping: Ivs.
lanceolate-linear, to 3 ft. long and 1 in. wide, acute: racemes
loose; fls. yellow, to about 1 y% in. across; sepals subspatulate,
petals elliptic-oblong; lip entire or remotely 3-lobed.
Swamps, trop. Afr.
LISTfeRA. Orchidacese. Terrestrial orchids
native in the north temp, zone, with 2 opposite
Ivs. and small fls. in terminal racemes, the sepals
and petals similar, the lip entire or 2-lobed.
Sometimes planted in wild or protected places;
see Orchids.
cord&ta (Ophrys cordata). HEART-LEAVED TWAYDLADE.
To 10 in. high: Ivs. sessile, cordate-ovate or deltoid, to 1^
in. long: fls. purplish- to yellow-green, about M in long; lip
narrowly oblong, very deeply cleft into 2 narrow lobes,
about twice as long as sepals and petals. May- Aug. Newf.
to N. C. west to Alaska and N. Mex., Greenland, Iceland,
Eu., Asia.
ovata. To about 29 in. high: Ivs. oval to subrotund, to
5K in. long: fls. greenish-yellow with often brownish lip,
about ^ in. long. Eu , Asia.
LlTCHI. Sapindacex. Chinese tree widely
grown in oriental warm regions for the edible
fresh or dried fr., particularly prized in China.
L. chine'nsis (Nephdium Litchi). LITCHI.
LEECHEE. LYCHEE. To 40 ft.: Ivs. of 2-4 pairs
of oblong to lanceolate Ifts. to 4 in. long, leathery
and shining: fls. small, greenish-white or yellow-
ish, in terminal panicles to 1 ft. long: fr. bright
red, to \l/i in. across, covered with angular
tubercles, the white flesh or aril juicy and edible,
the seed single and large. — When well established,
the litchi will stand a few degrees of frost. It
requires abundant moisture and thrives on deep
loamy soil. Trees should be set 30-40 ft. apart.
Propagated by seeds, air-layering and inarching.
The tree stands in S. Fla. and S. Calif.
LITHOCARPUS (Pasania). Fagacex. Ever-
green oak-like trees native in Asia and W. N.
Amer., with alternate Ivs., unisexual fls. in erect
catkins, and fr. a solitary nut partly or wholly
inclosed by a cup-like spineless involucre. Some-
times grown in the S. and Calif. Propagated
by cuttings, layers, or seeds. The species have
also been named in Qucrcus.
cleistocarpa (Quercws Wilsonii). Lvs. to 5 in. long,
entire, glaucescent and becoming glabrous beneath. China.
c6rnea (tyuercus cornea). Lvs. to 4 in. long, toothed
above the middle, usually only pubescent on veins beneath.
China.
densifldra (Quercus densiflora). TANBARK OAK. Tree
60 or 80 ft., sometimes 150 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, toothed,
rusty-tomentose beneath but becoming glabrous. Ore.,
N. Calif.
edulis. Lvs. to 6 in. long, entire, glabrous. Japan.
Rlabra (L. thalassica. Quercus glabra). Lvs. to 5 in. long,
entire or sometimes toothed toward tip, grayish-tomentose
beneath. China, Japan.
H6nryi, Lvs. to 10 in. long, entire, becoming glabrous
beneath. China.
thalassica: L. glabra.
LITHODORA: Lithospermum.
LITHOFRAGMA. Saxifragaceae. Simple-
stemmed rather small per. herbs with tuberous
rootstocks, sometimes named in Tellima: fls.
small, white or pink, with clawed petals and
3 styles, in simple terminal racemes: Ivs. mostly
radical, nearly orbicular or very broad. A few
species in W. N. Amer., useful in wild-gardens
and rockeries.
afiflnis (Telhma affinis). WOODLAND STAR. To 16 in.,
glandular-hairy: Ivs. crenately lobed, often bronzed: fls.
white. Calif.
parvifl6ra (Tellima parmflora). To 1 ft., glandular-hairy:
Ivs. divided to base into 3-5 parts which are ternately cut
into oblong or linear segms.: petals deeply 3-5-lobed.
Alta. to Calif.
tene'lla. To 6 in., glandular-hairy: Ivs. 3-parted about
half way, lobes 3-toothed: petals 3-lobed at apex. Alta.
to Wyo.
LfTHOPS. STONEFACE. Aizoacese. Segregate
from the great group Mesembryanthernum,
native in S. Afr.: Ivs. thick, in pairs, mostly
buried as they grow in nature, the exposed top
flat or concave and stone-like as if a single st.
or body with a fissure across the top, in the
juvenile state with only a central orifice at the
apex after the manner of Coriophytum: fls.
solitary, yellow or white, issuing from the fissure,
the petals many and tube none; stamens numer-
ous in an erect column; stigmas 4-7. The plants
resemble pebbles when not in bloom.
alplna. Growths about Yi in. high and broad, lined and
spotted with brown: fls. yellow.
Aucampiae. Growths to % in. high, 2 in. broad at apex,
with sprinkling of small blackish dots: petals
,
3 or 4
series, obtuse or emarginate or interior ones acute, golden.
b£lla (M. belluni) Growths to 1 in. high and broad,
% in. thick, top brownish with darker markings: fls white,
to \Yi in. across,
C6mptonii. Growths 1% in. thick, olive-green: fls.
yellow, 1 in. across
Eberlanzii (M. Eberlamii). Growths to 1^ in high and
1J4 in. broad, grayish marked with lines, fissure nearly
^ in deep: fls. white.
Edithiae. Differs from L. bella in the flat top with choco-
late-brown markings, and dove-gray color.
Elizabethiee. Growths about ^ in. high and broad,
brick-red, spotted with dark green and with red lines: fls.
probably yellow.
Erniana. Growths to 1 in. high and nearly as broad, the
halves unequal, reddiah-green with brown lines: fls. white,
about 1 in. across.
farinftsa: L. pseudotruncatella.
fl&re-albis: listed name.
Framesii. Growths pinkish-dove-gray, about 2 in. long:
fls. about 1 in. across, petals white, obtuse, many in about
3 series, filaments white, anthers yellow.
Franc is cii (M. Francisdi). Growths to 1^ in. high and
broad, Y± in. thick, grayish-white marked and dotted with
darker green: fls. yellow, to % in. across.
Fulleri. Growths to 1 in. high and broad, % in. thick,
fissure 1A in. deep, light gray or brownish, rough on top
with row of dark brown spots around margin: fls. white,
1 in. across.
fulviceps. Growths about 1 in. high and broad, brown
and spotted: fls. yellow, whitish beneath, 1 in across.
Helmutii. Growths about 1 in. wide, bright green: fls.
golden-yellow, 1 in. across.
HSrrei. Forming clumps1 growths 1 in. high and % in.
wide, brownish-green: fls. yellow, ^ in. across.
Julii. Tufted: growths 1 in. high and % in. broad, with
deep fissure, pale gray spotted and lined on top with brown:
fls. white, 1 in. across.
karasmontana (M. karasmontanum) . Growths to 1 in.
broad and % in. thick, pale gray or brown marked with
darker lines and spots: fls. white with yellow anthers, 1^ in.
across.
kewbescens: catalogue name.
Koegrabie: listed name.
kuibisSnsis. Growths in clumps, 1 M in. high and broad,
yellow-brown with red-brown sunken markings: fls. yellow.
kunjaslnsis. Tufted: growths about 1 in. high and
broad, grooved, with dark spots: fls. yellow.
Lithops
437
Litsea
lactea. Growths about 1 in. high and nearly as broad,
rough, greenish-white lined and spotted with red-brown:
fls. white, 1 in. across.
laterftia. Tufted: growths 1 in. high and % in. broad,
grooved, brick -red.
Lericheana (M. Lencheanum) . Tufted: growths to 1^£
in. high and broad, reddish-gray, with transparent dots:
fls. white, fragrant, 1 in. across.
Llsliei (M. Leshei). Growths to 2^ in. long, 1H in.
across, and 1 in. thick, flat on top, olive-green spotted with
orange: fls. bright yellow, whitish or pinkish on back, to 1%
in. across.
Lydiee: name without description.
marmorata (M. marmoratum) , Growths to 1£^ in. high
and broad, 1 in. thick, grayish-green and mottled with
cream or yellow: fls. white with yellow anthers, shining,
fragrant, 1}£ in. across.
M&rthee. Growths about 1 in. high and broad, top
slightly convex, grayish-yellow or pale brown, with trans-
parent dots and often reddish lines: fls. yellow, petals
many and narrow.
Meyeri. Forming clumps: growths about 1 in. high and
broad, deeply fissured, dark gray-green: fls. yellow, 1^ in.
across.
mickbergSnsis. Tufted: growths broad-oval, about
Y± in. high and broad, reddish-gray, grooves yellow-brown:
fls. white.
Mundtii: L. pseudotruncatella var.
olivacea. Similar to L. Fulleri but smaller, top greenish
with row of cream-colored dots parallel to fissure: fls.
yellow, % in. across.
opallna. Growths to 1 ^ in. high and 1 in. broad, gray-
blue: fls. white.
6ptica (M. opticurri). Growths to ^ in. high and broad,
yellowish-white with greenish-white top usually without
markings: fls. white or pinkish with yellow anthers, % in.
across.
PeSrsii. Growths to 1 ^ in- high and % in. broad and
thick, pale reddish-brown, rough, unspotted: fls. yellow,
1 in. across.
pseudotruncatella (M. pseudotruncatellum. L. farinosa).
Tufted: growths to 1^ in. across, with fissure across top
which is a central orifice when young, grayish or brownish
with brown lines: fls. bright yellow, paler in center, to 2 in.
across. Var. Mundtii (L. Mundtii) has 1-2 growths to- .
gether, yellow or orange fls., petals edged and tipped with
red.
pulmonuncula. Similar to L. pseudotruncatetla but more
reddish with red-brown lines.
rugdsa. Tufted: growths broad-oval, to % in. high and
1^ in broad, grooved, reddish-gray with transparent spots:
fls. yellow.
Ruschidruxn (M . Ruschiorum). Forming clumps: growths
to \Yt in. high and broad, gray-green without distinct
markings: fls. yellow, 1 in. across.
Schwantesii. Tufted: growths to l^i'm. high and 1 in.
across, reddish-gray spotted and edged with red: fls. yellow.
summitatum. Growths about 1 in. high and broad,
yellow-brown with broad brown markings: fls. white.
terrfcolor. Growths to 1 ^ in. high, 1 in. broad and ^in.
thick, grayish dotted with red-brown: fls. bright yellow
with white stamens, 1 in. across.
Triebneri. Growths % in. high and broad and 1 in.
thick, grayish with red-brown lines: fls. yellow, 1^ in.
across.
turbinif6rmis (M. turbiniforme) . Growths to about 1H
in. high and broad, irregularly tuberculate, gray marked
with dark brown: fls. bright yellow, 1^ in. across.
umdaus£nsis. Similar to L. Fulleri but of drab olive-
green color: fls. white, 1 in. across.
urikosensis. Growths conical, about 1 in. high and
% in. broad, gray-green marked with brown: fls. yellow.
Vallis-Marlae. Forming clumps: growths to lj^ in. high
and 2 in. broad, pitted, blue-gray: fls. yellow, 1H in. across.
Vanzijlii. Growths 1-1 M in. thick, greenish-brown
irregularly marked with dark brown: fls. orange-yellow,
^ in. across.
LITHOSPfiRMUM. GEOMWELL. B&ragina-
cese. Hairy ann. and per. herbs, or sometimes
subshrubs, mostly in northern hemisphere, with
alternate entire Ivs. and white, yellow, blue or
violet fls. in bracted racemes or spikes; corolla
funnelform or salverform, naked in throat, often
showy; planted in rock-gardens and borders.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
angustifdlium (L. linear \fohum] . Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
linear: fls. of two kinds, the earlier ones bright yellow, to
1 in. long, later fls. pale yellow. Ind. to B. C. and Ariz, on
dry land.
New Mex.
canSscens. PUCCOON. Per. to 1^ ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong
to linear: fls. orange-yellow, ££ in. long, corolla-lobes
entire, tube not hairy. Ont. to Tex.
carolin£nse. Per. to 2>$ ft., sts. leafy, clustered and
branched: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate: fls. orange-yellow, to
% in. long, corolla-lobes entire, tube long, hairy at base.
N. Y. to Mont, south to Fla. and New Mex.
diffusum (L. prostratum. Lithodora diffusa). Dwarf or
prostrate evergreen subshrub: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls.
deep blue striped with reddish-violet, ^ in. long. S. Eu.
dfstichum. Per., erect, silky-hairy: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate:
fls. white with yellow throat. Mex.
Fr&ebellii: listed as a "dwarf compact plant to 10 in.
with rosemary-like Ivs. and dark blue fls. ; it may be a
Moltkia.
frutic6sum (Lithodora fruticosa). To 10 in.: Ivs. narrow,
revolute, white-tomentose beneath: fls. blue. S. Eu. — The
plant commonly cult, under this name is L. diffusum,
Gastonii. Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in.
long, acuminate, somewhat spreading and recurved: fls.
dark blue with white center, few, corolla-tube short, hairy
at base. Pyrenees.
Gm61inii (L. hirtum). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or
oblong, hairy: fls. orange, % in. across. N. Y. to Fla. and
New Mex.
graminifdlium: Moltkia suffruticosa.
hirsutum: listed name.
hfrtum: L. Grnehnii.
intermedium. Subshrub to 10 in.: Ivs. narrow, slightly
hoary: fls. blue, drooping. Of uncertain botanical position
and country not recognized.
lanfgerum: listed name.
linearif&lium: L. angustifohum.
multiflorum. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate:
fls. light yellow, ^ in. long. Wyo. to Mex.
ob!6ngum. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. spatulate to linear-oblong,
rough-hairy: fls. Vjj in. across. Wyo. to New Mex.
ofncinale. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late: fls. yellowish- white, H in. long. Eu.; widely nat. in
oleifdlium. Prostrate subshrub: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, }<$ In.
long: fls. 14 iQ' ^ng. Pyrenees.
petr&um: Moltkia petraa.
pilosum. Per. to 1 ft., usually unbranched: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. greenish-yellow, in leafy infl.,
calyx about as long as corolla. W. N. Amer.
prostratum: L. diffusum.
purpurascens: L. purpureo-cseruleum.
purpureo-Cfieruleum (L. purpurascens). Per. with pro-
cumbent sts. to 2 ft. long: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. rich blue,
% in. across. Eu.
rosmarinifdlium. Tufted suffrutescent per. to 2 ft., ats.
hairy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, margins revolute, white-
silky beneath: fls. blue, hairy outside, in short solitary
terminal racemes, calyx white-woolly. Italy and Greece.
sibfricum: Mertensia sibirica.
tenuifldrum. Sts. decumbent, to 1 ft. long: Ivs. oblong-
linear: fls. blue or rarely white, ^ in. long. S. E. Eu. to
W. Asia.
LITHRj&A. Anacardiacex. Evergreen trees
and shrubs with leathery simple or pinnate Ivs..
small fls. in panicles, 10 stamens, fr. a 1-celled
drupe; 3 species in S. Amer., planted in Calif,
for ornament.
caustica. Shrub: Ivs. simple, oval or oblong-ovate: fls.
white: fr. white and lustrous, small. Chile.
molleoides. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, of 3-5 Ifts.:
fls. greenish or whitish: fr. whitish and lustrous, small.
S. Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia.
LfTSEA. Lawracex. Dioecious trees and
shrubs mostly of the Old World tropics, having
commonly alternate Ivs., small fls. in umbels,
and fr. a berry; sometimes planted in S. Calif,
for ornament and interest.
Liisea
438
Lobelia
caliciris. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong,
to 5 in. long, entire: umbels in racemes: fr. reddish, ^ in.
long. New Zeal.
ferruglnea. Tree to 80 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 7 in. long,
red-tomentose on nerves beneath: fr. globose, small.
Singapore, Java.
glauca. Lvs. elliptic to lanceolate-oblong, to 5 in. long,
acute to acuminate, minutely silvery- to yellow-hairy
beneath or sometimes subglaucous: fls. in dense umbels or
glomerules: fr. subglobose, to % m. diam. Japan.
LITT4EA HYSTRIX: Agave stricta.
LITTONIA. Liliacex. Small genus of tender
plants mostly in trop. Afr. and Arabia, having a
tuberous non-bulbous rootstock, an erect or
prostrate leafy st., with carnpanulate fls. solitary
m axils: allied to Gloriosa from which i1 differs
technically in its more climbing sts. and perianth-
segms. not clawed nor strongly reflexed. Cult,
as for Gloriosa.
mod6sta. St. simple, suberect, often prostrate or runner-
like: Ivs. ovate, lanceolate or linear, tip produced into
tendril, central ones whorled: fls. bright orange, to \}<i in.
long, pedicel to 2 in. long. 8. Afr.
LIVE-FOR-EVER: Sedum.
LIVERLEAF: Hepatica.
LIVING ROCK: Roseocactua fissuratus.
LIVIST6NA. Palmacex. Hermaphrodite
more or less ringed fan-palms in trop. Asia,
Malaya, Philippines, New Guinea, and Australia,
unarmed except on the petioles of some species,
mostly tall, with branching long-peduncled
spadices among the heavy foliage: Ivs. more or
less orbicular, plicate, deeply cut into narrow
often bifid lobes: fls. small, numerous; stamens 6,
filaments united: fr. drupe-like, small, globose or
somewhat oblong, with thin flesh, variously
colored; seed 1. The Livistonas are sometimes
yet known to planters as Corypha. The species
are much confused among cultivators, par-
ticularly the immature plants. Only one of the
Livistonas, L. chinensis, is much known in the
U. S. For cult, see Palm.
altissima: L. rotundifolia.
australis (Corypha australis). To 60 or 80 ft., bearing
a dense crown: Ivs. orbicular in outline, 3-5 ft. across,
divided to middle into narrow entire or bifid lobes, without
threads between the lobes when mature; petiole broad at
base, to 5 ft. long, bearing stout short curved spines: spadix
much branched, glabrous, spathe densely tomentose: fr.
spherical, ^-54 in. diam. Australia.
chinensis (L. ohweformiti). CHINESE FAN or FOUNTAIN
PALM. Trunk stout and obscurely ringed, 20-30 ft., bearing
a heavy dense globular crown with the lower Ivs. declined
or hanging: If .-blade 3-0 ft. across, rotundate-reniform,
cut H.to }/2 the depth into many narrow 1-ribbed segms.
which in young plants are bifid an in. deep but on mature
trees are parted a ft. or two deep and the narrow parts hang
like a fringe; filaments usually none; petiole 2-6 ft. long,
armed below with small spines (which may disappear):
scathes scurfy: fr. olive-form, about % in. long, dull blue.
Cent. China. Var. subglobosa (L. subglobosa), fr. globose,
little if any longer than thick. — The Chinese fan palm is
the commonest palmate palm in cult, in N. Amer., being
prized as a tub-plant and for decorations as well as an out-
door tree in most regions where palms will grow. It is very
easy of cult. The plant is still sometimes known by the
misapplied name Latania borbomca: this name should, now
be dropped from the lists.
cochinchingnsis (L. Hoogendorpii). Tall and relatively
slender, to 40 or 50 ft., the If.-bases soon falling and leaving
triangular scars: Ivs. dark green, 3-6 ft. across; pinnae very
deeply bifid, with 2 strong side ribs; petiole bearing many
dark colored very stout long sometimes branched spines or
thorns that are thickened at base: fr. globose or somewhat
broader than long, about ^ in. diam., blue. Malaya.
dec f pi ens. Small or medium-sized palm making a loose
open head: If .-blade 2-5 ft. across, somewhat glaucous
underneath, cut to the base into many narrow deeply bifid
pendent segms.; petiole slender, bearing scattered small
prickles: fr. spherical, about ^ in. diam. Probably Aus-
tralian.
Hoogendorpii: L. cochin chinensis.
humilis. Low, trunk 6-15 ft.: Ivs. rather small, blade
about 1 H ft. in radius, rather stiff, deeply divided, filaments
very short or wanting; petiole bearing small prickles: fr.
ovoid-oblong, about % in. long. Australia. — Decorative
when young.
Jenkins iana. To 30 ft.: Ivs. 5-6 ft. across, glaucous
underneath; segms. 70-80, very narrow, shortly bifid;
petiole spiny whole length: fr. 1 in. or less diam., blue.
Assam.
Martae. To 40 ft., bearing a loose head: lys. glaucous,
when young the petiole and blade red or tinged; blade
3-6 ft. long, nearly orbicular and contracted toward base,
split to middle and beyond, with a thread in each sinus;
segms. deeply bifid, but the segm. itself rather than its
lobes hanging; petiole with many stout but short spines:
fr. spherical, about %~% in- diam. Inland palm in Aus-
tralia.
olivaeformis: L. chinensis.
rotundifolia (L. altissima. Corypha rotundifolia). Trunk
to 80 ft. and more, rather slender, obscurely ringed: lf.-
blade nearly orbicular, with short segms. bifid at apex;
petiole of young If. bearing spines, that of older Ivs. nearly
to quite spineless: fr. spherical, about % in. long, black.
Malayan region; variable.
subglobdsa: L. chinensis var.
LIZARDS-TAIL: Saururus.
LLOYDIA. Liliaceae. Bulbous herbs of the
Erythronium group, with narrow grass-like Ivs.
and small white fls., the perianth-segms. distinct;
suitable for the alpine-garden.
ser6tina. To 6 in.: Ivs. to 4 in. long: fls. yellowish- white
veined with purple, 1A in- long. Rocky Mts.; mts. of Eu.
and Asia.
LOASA. Loasacese. Herbs or subshrubs
native in S. Amer. and Mex., usually with
stinging hairs, the fls. yellow, white or red, with
hooded petals and colored nectar-scales so that
the coloration may be complex, and fr. a caps.:
sometimes grown in flower-gardens. Propagated
by seeds and cuttings.
acanthif61ia. Erect per. covered with stinging hispid
hairs: IVH. 3-5-pinnate, to 4 in. long, lobes coarsely sinuate,
dark green: fls. yellow, to ^ in. across, petals sac-like,
recurved; calyx-lobes longer than petals, linear-lanceolate,
serrate-hispid. Chile.
aurantiaca: Caiophora lateritia.
hispida: L. urens.
lateritia: Caiophora lateritia.
tricolor. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. opposite, 2-pinnate: fls.
yellow with a red crown and white stamens. Cnile.
triph^lla. To 1 H ft.: Ivs. alternate, 3- or rarely 4-5-lobed:
fls. few. Peru.
urens (L. hispida). Ann. to 1H ft.: Ivs. alternate,
pinnatifid: fls. yellow, 1 in. across. Peru.
vulcanica (L. Wallivii). Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. palmately
3-5-lobed: fls. white with deep yellow crown barred with
red and white. Ecuador, Colombia. — Some of the material
offered as Blumenbachia Hieronymii belongs here.
Wallisii: L. milcamca.
LOASACESE. LOASA FAMILY. Mostly her-
baceous sometimes twining plants, of 13 genera
mostly in N. and S. Amer., usually armed with
rough bristly and often stinging hairs: fls. regular
and bisexual, polypetalous, having 4-5 sepals
and petals, numerous stamens, inferior 1-3-celled
ovary, ana capsular fr. Species cult, for ornament
are in the genera Blumenbachia, Caiophora,
Euchide, Loasa, Mentzelia.
LOBE: any part or segment of an organ; specifically
a part of petal or calyx or leaf that represents a division
to about the middle more or less.
LOBELIA. Lobeliacex. Showy aim. and per.
herbs with alternate Ivs., fls. in terminal racemes,
spikes or panicles, the corolla-tube split down one
side and the 5-lobed limb 2-lipped, and capsular
frs.
Lobelias are grown in borders and the flower-garden.
The native perennial horticultural species thrive in moist
locations. Seeds of the annual kinds sown in early winter
Lobelia
439
Lobivia
will produce flowering plants by April or May. Propagated
also by cuttings, and the perennials by division.
aberdarica. To 9 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 16 in.
long and 2 in. wide, obtuse, sessile, entire: fls. French-blue
to lilac-blue and white, to 1^£ in. long, in spikes to 4 ft.
or more long. Kenya, E. Afr., said to grow in swampy
places at elevations of 8,000-10,000 ft.
campanulata: Monopsis campanulata.
cardinalis. CARDINAL-FLOWER. INDIAN-PINK. Per. to
3 and 4 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong-ovate or -lanceolate
toothed: fls. bright cardinal, to 1^ in. long. N. B. to Fla,
and Tex.
Cavanfllesii: L. laxiflora var. angustifoha.
compacta: L. Erinus var.
Davidii. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate oblong to linear-
lanceolate, to 6 in. long including petiole, doubly and
sharply dentate to serrulate, glabrescent: fls. violet, to 1 in.
long, subtended by long leafy bracts, in dense elongated
racemes. China.
Erinus. EDGING L. Ann. 4-12 in. high, partially trailing,
nearly glabrous: Ivs. obovate to linear, toothed: fls. pale
blue or violet with white or yellowish throat, to % in.
across. S. Afr. Some of the hort. vars. are: alba, fls. white;
compacta, low and dense; erfeta, of low compact habit;
fldre-pleno, fls. double; gracilis, sts. long and slender;
kermesina, fls. crimson; Lindleyana, fls. rose with white
throat; Paxtoniana, fls. light blue with white throat;
pumila, very dwarf; speci&sa, fls. azure-blue with white
throat.
fulgens. Per. to 3 ft., usually pubescent and tinged
brown or bronze: Ivs. lanceolate, toothed: fls. deep red,
about l}$ in. long. Mex.
Gerardii. Hybrid between L. siphilitica and a form of
L. fulgens: fls. rich violet, 1^ in. long. Var. lugdun£nsis
has rose-colored fls.
gland u!6sa. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. linear or narrow-lanceolate,
toothed: fls. blue, to 1 in. long. Swamps, Va. to Fla.
gracilis. To 1 ft., glabrous: Ivs. ovate to linear, the
lower pinnatifid: fls. blue with whitish throat, to % in.
across. Australia.
heterophylla. Resembling L. gracilis but with larger
fls. and winged seeds. Australia.
hybrida. A group name comprising garden hybrids
between various or several species.
infLata. INDIAN TOBACCO. Ann. to 3 ft., hairy: Ivs. oval
to ovate-lanceolate, toothed: fls. light blue, & in. long:
caps, inflated. Lab. to Ga. and Ark.
Kalmii. Per. to 20 in., sts. slender, somewhat branched:
lower Ivs. spatulate, obtuse, upper Ivs. narrower: fls. light
blue, about H in long, in loose racemes, on pedicels to 1 in.
long: caps, subglobose, to H in. long, not inflated. N. S. to
N. J. west to Man. and Ohio.
laxifl&ra. Per. to 5 ft., hairy: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, toothed: fls. red and yellow, 1^ in. long, cy-
lindric, stamens exsertod at one side. Mex. Var. angus-
tifftlia (L. Cavamllesii) has lanceolate to linear Ivs.
Lindleyana: L. Erinus var.
linarioldes. Ann. to 6 in : Ivs. obovate-oblong to lan-
ceolate, to % in. long, remotely serrulate, acute: fls. blue,
small, on erect pedicels % in. long: caps, obovoid, to K in.
long. S. Afr.
lugdunensis: L. Gerardii var.
pendula: probably represents a pendulous form of L.
Erinus.
pumila: L. Erinus var.
ramdsa: L. tenuior.
specidsa: L. Erinus var.
spicata. Per. or bien. to 4 ft.: Ivs. oval to lanceolate,
wavy-toothed or entire: fls. pale blue, y± in. long. P. E. I.
to N. C. and La.
siphilitica. Per. to 3 ft , nearly glabrous: Ivs. oblong-
oval to lanceolate, toothed: fls. deep blue or purplish, 1 in.
long. Me. to La. Var. alba has nearly white fls. Var.
nana is listed as a dwarf form.
sp!6ndens. Per. to 4 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. linear or
linear-lanceolate, toothed: fls. deep red. Tex. to Mex.
tenuior (L. ramosa). Ann. to 1H ft., pubescent: lys.
ternately divided or upper entire: us. bright blue, 1 in.
long. Australia. Var. compacta is listed.
triquetra. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, toothed:
fls. blue, small. S. Afr.
Tupa. Per. or subshrub to 7 ft.: Ivs. oblong-oval, toothed,
tomentose and wrinkled: fls blood-red, 2 in. long, the lobes
of corolla united at tips. Chile. — Grown in Calif.
LOBELlACE^D. LOBELIA FAMILY. About 20
genera of herbs, shrubs or trees of wide dis-
tribution, separated from the closely related
Campanulacese chiefly because of the irregular
fls. and the anthers united into a ring or tube.
A few genera are grown for ornament, as Cent-
ropogone Downingia, Hypsela, Isotoma, Lobelia,
Monopsis, Palmerella, Fratia.
LOBfVIA. Cactacex. About 60 species of Peru,
Bolivia and Argentina, differing from Echinopsis
(among other things) by fl. short-funnelform to
bell-shaped and the tube short. See Cacti.
Allegraiana. Usually solitary, globose, to 3^ in. diam.,
somewhat glaucous green; ribs spiralled, crenate, tubercled;
spines about 12, to IK in. long, curved, yellow to brownish:
fls. red, to 2 in. long. S. W. Peru.
atr6virens. To 3 in. long and *A in. diam.; ribs about
15, flattish; radial spines 9-12, to % in. long, whitish to
brown. Argentina.
aurea (Echinopsis aurea). Globular to cylindrical, to
4 in. tall and 2}$ in. diam ; ribs 14-15, acute, high; spines
yellowish-brown, radials 8-10, divergent, centrals 3-6, to
\% in. long: fls. glossy lemon-yellow, segms. acute. W.
Argentina.
B&ckebergii (Echinopsis Backebergii) . Simple or
branched at baje. globose or ovoid, 2 in diam.; ribs about
15; spines all radial, usually 5, to 2 in. long: ns. carmine,
\y>t in. long. Bolivia.
Binghamiana. Solitary or cespitpse, depressed-globose,
to 3M in. diam., pale green with white dots; nbs about 22,
wavy, to 34 in. high; radial spines 9-12, unequal, orange-
yellow, pungent; centrals 3, to % in. long: fls. purplish-red,
to 2 in. long. S. E. Peru.
bolivi£nsis. Clustered, globose, to 4 in. diam.; ribs about
20 and tubercled, spines 6-8 and to 3*^ in. long. Bolivia.
brevifldra. Usually solitary, depressed -globose, grayish-
green; ribs 22-25, somewhat wavy, obtuse to acute, areoles
white-woolly; radial spines about 25, pectinate, to % in.
long, brownish to gray; central erect, often swollen at base:
fls. cinnabar-red, to 1^ in. long.
caespitdsa (Echinopsis cxspitosa). Cylindrical, to 4 in.
tall or more and about 1 */{ in. diam., usually spineless on
top; ribs 10-12, sharply angled, straight and notched; spines
brownish, radials 11-13, to ^4 in. long, central 1, to 2 in.
long, curved: fls. carmine inside with darker red throat,
reddish-yellow without, stigma 8-lobed. Bolivia.
chionantha (Echinopsis chitmantha) . Depressed-globose,
to 3 in diam., pale green; ribs about 15, to % in. tall, acute,
notched; spines brown to black, becoming gray, subulate,
radiala 0-10, centrals 2, to U£ in. long: fls. white, to 2ft in.
long, slightly fragrant. Argentina.
chrysantha. Solitary, globose, gray-green; ribs about 13,
to }£ in high, areoles ~J4 in. apart, becoming glabrous;
spines all radial, 5-8, to % in. long, reddish-brown to gray,
often dark tipped: fls. golden-yellow with wine-colored
throat, to 2 in. long, fragrant, stigma 9-lobed, purple.
Argentina.
cinnabarina (Echinopsis cinnabarina). Simple, broader
than high; ribs about 20 and tubercled; radial spines 8-10
and curved backward; central spines 2-3: fls. near top of
plant, scarlet, 1 % in. across. Bolivia.
c6rbula (Mammillaria corbula). Cespitose, globular,
usually 5-8 plants together; ribs 12-18, wavy; spines often
absent, when present usually 6-9 in areole, to 2 in. long,
yellowish: fls. nocturnal, salmon-red, to 1J^ in. long. Peru.
cylfndrica. Solitary, cylindrical, to 5 in. high and 2K
in. diam.; ribs about 11, to J^ in. high and as wide; radial
spines about 7, to H in. long, awl-shaped, pinkish with
black base; central 1, to \% in. long, stiff: fls. yellow, to
2^4 in. long. N. Argentina.
densisplna: probably the same as L. famatimensia var.
longiseta.
Drijveriana. Solitary, root somewhat fleshy and fusi-
form, st. globular, about 3 in. diam.; ribs low, obtuse; spines
curved, radials 10-12, bristly, gray-white, centrals 1-4. to
% in. long: fls. pale yellow, style green. Argentina, var.
aurantiaca has orange fls. with purple style. Var. n6bilis
has dark orange fls. with pale purple style.
Ducis-Paulii. Globose becoming cylindrical, to nearly
3 in. diam., dark to gray-green; ribs 18-21, to H in. high,
acute, notched; radial spines 6-8, to % in. long, spreading,
slender, purplish-brown to gray; centrals 2-4, to 1 in.
long: fls. white. Argentina.
euanthema. Globular to obconical with distinct tap-
root, sts. dull green, to 2 in. tall and 1 H in. diam., usually
less; ribs usually 8-12, low, somewhat tubercled; spines
glossy white with reddish base, radials about 10, centrals
2, to ^ in. long: fls. orange-red within with carmine throat,
dark red without. Bolivia.
Lobivia
440
Lobivia
famatimgnsis (Echinopsia famatimensis) . Solitary
or clustered, to 1^ in. high and 1 in. diam.; ribs 24; spines
small and whitish: fls. on side near middle of plant, from
yellowish- white to deep red, 1% in. lonflf. Argentina.
The listed vars. are: cinnabarina, with carmine- to cinna-
bar-red fls.; hamatintha, with blood-red fls.; longiseta.
spines to 1% in. long; rosifldra, with fls. rose-pink; and
setdsa, spines more numerous and bristly.
f&rox (Echinopaia ferox). Globose with fibrous roots,
to 1 ft. diam.; ribs 23-31, undulate, notched into tubercles
to \Y\ in. long; spines curved, radials 10-12, slender, to 3^
in. long, centrals 3-4, to 6 in. long, weak: fls. not seen.
Bolivia.
formdsa: probably Echinopaia formosa.
grandiflora. Globose to subcylindric, to 8 in. tall and
5 in. diam.; ribs usually 14, notched; spines all radial, about
14-16, awl-shaped, to ^ in. long, yellowish: fls. pink, to
4 in. long. Argentina.
gr&ndis (Echinopaia grandia). Globose, to 10 in. high;
ribs 14-16; spines 10-15, to 3 in. long: fls. lateral, white,
2j^ in. long. Argentina.
Graulichii: Echinopsia Kratochmliana.
Ha age ana. Cespitose, st. probably cylindrical, to 12 in.
tall; ribs 11-13, acute; spines yellowish, radials usually 10,
to ? 4 in. long, centrals 3-4, to 2% in. long: fls. clear yellow
with red stamens, usually campanulate.'to nearly 3 in. long.
Argentina-Bolivia. Var. albihepatica has purplish- to orange
red throat. Var. chrysa'ntha has flesh-colored fls. Other
listed vars. are: albicSphala, bicolor, cinnabarina, cro-
ceantha, durispina and leucoerythrintha.
haematfintha. Globose, 2 in. high; ribs 11; radial spines
6-8 and small; central spines 3 and 2 in. long: fls. purplish,
114 in. across. Argentina.
Hermanniana. Clump-forming, sts. cylindrical to 8 in.
tall and 2 in. diam., bright green; ribs about 13, straight,
obtuse to acute; spines numerous, the upper ones to % in.
long, flexible, slender, the lower ones to 2l/i in. long, gray:
fls. rose-violet to carmine, to 3^ in. long, stylo and stamens
yellow. N. E. Bolivia.
Hertrichiana (Echinopaia H ertrichiana) . Solitary in the
wild but cespitose when propagated from seed, st. de-
pressed-globose, to 4 in. across; ribs 10-12, pale glossy green,
obtuse, about ^ in. across, tuberded; spines pale to dark
yellow, radials usually 7, to % in long, spreading, central 1,
to 1 in. long: fls. scarlet, to nearly 3 m. long and as wide.
8. E. Peru.
Higginsiana (Echinopaia Higginaiand) . Usually solitary,
depressed-globose, to 4 in. diam., gray-green; ribs com-
monly 16, acute, tubercled; spines grayish, radials 9-11,
usually contorted and curved, to nearly 2 in. long, central
1, to 3 in. long: fls. yellow-red inside and dark red without,
to about 2)4 i»- long, funnelform, stigma green, 8-lobed.
Bolivia.
H6ssei (Echinopsia Hoaaei. L. Maraonerty. Solitary,
cylindrical; ribs about 13, to \± in. high; spines reddish
becoming gray, radials 7-8, to % in. long, centrals 1-3, to
1^ in- long: fls. yellowish-orange, slightly fragrant, stigma
green, 10-12-lobed. Argentina.
incalca. Solitary, globose to cylindrical, occasionally
branched, to 6 in. high and 3 in. diam.. green, minutely
spotted white; ribs about 15, usually to y^ in. wide, acute,
wavy; radial spines usually 14-20, unequal, }$-% in- l°nK»
stiff, pungent, brown to reddish, centrals about 7, stouter:
fls. blood-red, to 1>$ in. long. S. E. Peru.
Jajoi&na. Usually solitary, subcylindrical, light green, to
2 in. diam. or more; ribs usually 14-20, rarely more than 24,
acute, tubercles acute; radial spines about 10, pinkish-
white, to ^ in. long; central 1, blackish, to % in. long: fls.
dark wine-red tinged purplish-blue, to 2% in. long and
nearly as wide. Argentina.
Janseniana. Solitary, usually to 3 in. tall and 2 in. diam.,
rarely to 8 in. tall; gray-green; ribs 11-14, about \% in.
high, straight, acutish; radial spines 10-14, to ^ in. long,
black, base somewhat swollen; centrals about 4, longer:
fls. yellow, throat reddish, to 2% in. across. Argentina.
Var. leucacintha, st. light colored, spines brownish to gray.
Johnsoniana. Cespitose, depressed-globose, to 2^ in.
diam. and 1 H in. high; ribs about 16, to M in. high, areoles
to 1 % m- apart • spines 1-7, the central one to 1 ^ in. long,
the others to H in. long: fls. to 2 in. across. Bolivia.
lateritia. Globose to subcylindrical, to 3 in. tall and nearly
as thick; ribs 16-18, obtuse, to H in. across and as high,
gray-green; spines curved, radials about 10, to % in. long,
centrals 1-2, stout at base, to 1 in. long: fls. dark red, to
2 in. long, funnelform, stigma green, 8-9-Tobed. Bolivia.
leucorhodon. Globose, base somewhat tuber-like, to
2 in. diam. or more, top spineless or nearly so; ribs 20-^-22,
acutish, notched, high, tubercles acutely angled; spines
curved, radials about 7, adpressed, central 1, stouter to % in.
long: fls. lilac with white tnroat. Bolivia.
longispina (Echinopsia longispino) . Globose to cylin-
drical, to 10 in. tall and 4 in. diam.; ribs usually 24-30,
strongly tubercled; spines brown to gray, radials 8-10,
centrals 1-^4, to 3^ in. long: fls. white, to 1% in. long.
N. Argentina.
Mirsoneri: L. Hoaaei.
mistiensis (Echinopaia miatiensia). Usually solitary,
globose to subconical; ribs 25-30, acute, narrow, to ^ in.
nigh; spines all radial, usually 7-9, to 2 in. long, red be-
coming gray, darker toward tip: fls. pink. S. Peru.
Neale&na (Echinopaia Nealeo.no). Solitary, cylindrical,
to 3 in. tall and 1% in. diam., usually spineless and reddishw
brpwn toward base; ribs commonly 13-15, inconspicuous;
spines radial, usually 7-9, to nearly ^ in. long, yellow or
reddish: fls. brilliant red, to 2 in. long and as wide. Peru.
neo-Haage&na. Usually cespitose, globose, to 1^ in.
diam., roots tuberous; ribs 10-11, low, to % in. wide, ob-
tuse, gray to blue-green, tubercled; spines all radial, usually
10-12, bristly, to Y% in. long, glossy white with reddish
base: fls. pale to dark salmon-pink, about l^jj in. diam.,
rotate. N. Argentina.
nigra: see Echinopaia nigra.
orure'nsis. Cespitose, sts. about % in. diam., olive-green;
ribs about 9. to ^ in. tall, tubercled; spines commonly 10,
less than % in. long, usually pectinate, yellowish-white:
fls. probably red. Bolivia.
pampana. Somewhat cespitose, sts. globose, to 3 in.
diam.; ribs 17-21, somewhat undulate; spines 5-20, usually
curved, to 2 in. long: fls. red, to 2££ in long. S. Peru. —
Cult, forms are frequently spineless or nearly so.
Pgntlandii (Echinopsia Pentlandii) . Simple, ellipsoidal,
to 6 in. diam., often somewhat glaucous; ribs about 12;
spines 5-8 and all radial, about 1 in. or less long: fls. about
1 ^ in. long, rose-colored inside. Bolivia.
polyc€phala. Plant compressed-globose with fusiform
root, dull gray-green becoming olive-green; ribs about 16,
rounded becoming acute, areoles about % in. apart, white-
woolly; radial spines about 10, V<>± in. long; centrals 3-4,
slightly longer and stouter: fls. bright brick-red, 1^ in. long
and slightly wider. Argentina.
potosina (Echmopsis potosina). Solitary, globose, to
3H in. diam., bright green; ribs usually 13, acute, to % in.
hign; spines stiff, to 1^ in. long, white to reddish becoming
grayish-brown, radials 8-9, centrals 1-4 usually hooked:
fls. dark pink to red. Bolivia.
pseudocach&nsis (Echmopsis pseudocachensis). Cespi-
tose, depressed-globose, with prominent tap-root, at. to
2% in. diam.; ribs 12-14, obtuse; spines curved, radials
about 10, brownish-yellow, to ^ in. long, central 1, to
H in long, nearly black: fls. bright dark red, to 2}4 in. long.
Argentina. Vars. cinnabarina and sanguine a are listed.
pygm&a. Short-cylindric, to 2 in. long and 1 in. diam.
and perhaps larger; ribs 8-12, low, areoles close, white-
woolly; spines 9-11, all radial, tiny, glossy white: fls. pale
purple, to IK in. long, tube white-hairy. Argentina.
raphidac&ntha. Cespitose, depressed-globose; ribs acute;
spines usually 7, the radials spreading and curved, the
central 1, to 3 in. long. Bolivia.
rebutioides. Cespitose, forming broad tufts, sts. de-
pressed-globose, to % in. diam., dull bluish-green; ribs
12-14, acute, straight, densely tubercled; spines all radial,
about 8-9, bristly, glossy white, to % in. long, a pseudo-
central one to \Y^ in. long: fls. bright red, to IJHz in. long.
Argentina. Var. citrinifldra has pale yellow fls.
rub£scens. Similar to L. Haageana, differing in having
12 radial spines and 4 centrals, the latter to 1 ^ in. long,
the fls. reddish. Argentina.
Rumii: listed name.
salt£nsis (Echinopsia saltensis). Becoming clustered,
shining light green; ribs 17-18; radial spines 12-14: centrals
1-4 and }-£ in. long: fls. on side near middle of plant, red,
1H in. long. Argentina.
Schreiteri (Echinopsia Schreiteri') . Cespitose forming
tufts to 1 ft. or more across, sts. globose to 1^2 in- diam.;
ribs 9-14, low; spines to % in. long, radials 6-8, slender,
curved, central 1 or absent, short: fls. purple, to 1^ in.
long. N. Argentina.
Shaferi. Cylindrical, to 6 in. tall and 1 % in. diam , very
spiny; ribs 10, obtuse, low; radials 10-15, to H in. long,
slender; centrals 3-5, to 1% m. long: fls. pale yellow, to
2^i in. long, Argentina.
spinifl6ra: Acanthocalydum spiniflorum.
Stemmannii (Echinocactus and Rebutia Steinmannii) .
To % in. high and H in. across, areoles circular; spines
about 8: fls. from side of plant, campanulate. Bolivia.
Tegleriana: listed name.
thion&ntha: Acanthocalydum thionanthum.
Wegheiltna. Solitary, globose with long tap-root, st.
to 2 in. diam., gray-green; ribs about 20, acute, sharply
tubercled, to K in. high; spines dark brown becoming
Lobivia
441
Lomatium
gray, radials 7-8, to 1 K in. long, central 1, to about 1 H in
long: fls. ' ' ' ~ " ' '
Bolivia.
: fls. white to very pale lavender, to 2% in. long.
LOBULARIA (Koniga). Cruciferds. Per. herbs
and subshrubs differing from Alyssum in clear
white fls. and in technical points; Medit. region;
one is a favorite flower-garden subject.
marftima (Alyssum maritimum). SWEET ALYSSUM.
Per. but grown as an ann., sometimes escaped, passing the
winter in mild climates, diffuse and much spreading, rising
to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to linear, entire, 1-3 in. long: fls.
small but many in lengthening racemes, white but some-
times running to violet, fragrant, produced over a long
season. — There are many forms in cult., as Benthamn,
compacta, gigantea, minima, Tom Thumb, also with var-
iegated Ivs. and double fls.; sometimes grown under glass.
Raised from seeds.
LOCHNERA: Vinca rosea.
LOCKHAjRTIA. Orchidacex. Trop. American
epiphytes with simple clustered sts. covered with
short imbricated equitant Ivs., and axillary 1-2-
fld. infl., the sepals and petals similar, the lip
commonly 3-lobed. For cult, see Orchids.
elegans. Sts. to 4 in. high: Ivs. broadly triangular, about
1J^ in. long: infl. short, but surpassing the Ivs., 1-2-fld.;
fls. pale green with hp yellow spotted with red-purple.
Sept.-Jan. Trinidad, N. Brazil.
lunlfera. Sts. to 14 in. long, thickly covered with Ivs.
to about % in. long: infl. small, 1-2-fld.: fls. golden-yellow,
lip spotted with purple-red. Jan.-Aug. Brazil.
LOCO WEED: Oxytropis Lambertii.
LOCUST: Kobinia. Honey: Gleditsia. Swamp: Gledit-
sia aquatica. Sweet: Gleditsia triacanthos. Water: Gleditsia
aquatica. West Indian: Hymenxa Coubaril.
LODOiCEA. DOUBLE COCONUT. Palmaceae.
Dioocious unarmed fan-palm of the Seychelles,
not regularly planted in the U. S. unless under
test, and little known in cult, under glass but of
interest because of the great 2-lobed drupe that
reaches a length of 18 in. and contains 1 great
2-lobed seed and is one of the most remarkable
frs. of the vegetable world. The staminate fls.
are borne underneath scales in a dense catkin-
like spike 2-6 ft. long and 4-5 in. thick; pistillate
fls. on an open spike 4r-6 ft. long; all spadices are
borne in the If .-axils, and on low trees the great
frs. may rest on the ground. The Ivs. are several
ft. across, thick and heavy, on petioles 5-10 ft.
long. The tree rises to 100 ft. in its native place.
The floating nuts were once supposed to come
from the Maldive Isls^ an error preserved in the
name L. maldivica (L. seychellaru m) . A small
tree is standing in S. Fla., with protection when
needed.
LOESfeLIA. Polemoniaceae. Herbs or some-
times subshrubs with alternate or opposite
toothed Ivs. and red or violet bright funnelform
fls. solitary or in clusters; grown in the open in
warm climates and under glass; Tex. and Calif,
to S. Amer.
cocclnea: L. mexicana.
mexicana (L. coccinea). Attractive per. to 3 ft.: Ivs.
oval to lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. tubular, brilliant rose-
red, 1 in. long. Mex.
LOGANBERRY. A blackberry-like red acid
fruit (Rubus ursinus var. loqanobaccus) originated
in California, with very long prostrate canes,
much grown in Oregon and other parts of the
Pacific coast country. The loganberry is used
in the canned and dried product and in fruit juice.
The plant is propagated by rooting tips. It is
grown in rows 6 feet or more apart and usually
trained on wires after the manner of dewberries.
In the rows the plants are 8 feet or more apart,
as it is a long and vigorous grower. The logan-
berry is not hardy in the northeastern states
although the roots may pass the winter.
LOGANIA. Loganiacete. Herbs or shrubs with
opposite Ivs., small white or pink fls. mostly in
terminal cymes or panicles, and capsular de-
hiscent frs.; native in Australia and 1 in New
Zeal.
longifdlia. Shrub to 6 ft. or more: Ivs. elliptic or lanceo-
late, to 3 in. long: fls. in leafy panicles. Australia; intro in
Calif.
LOGANlACEJE. LOGANIA FAMILY. About
30 genera of herbs, shrubs and trees widely dis-
tributed in warm and trop. regions of both
hemispheres, having commonly opposite simple
Ivs., bisexual regular gamopetalous fls. in pan-
icles, cymes, heads or spikes, or sometimes
solitary, with 4-5-lobed calyx and corolla, 4-5
stamens, superior 2-celled ovary, and fr. a caps-
berry or drupe. Several genera yield drugs and
poisons and others are grown for ornament aa
Buddleja, Desfontainea, Gelsemium, Geniostoma,
Logania, Spigelia, Strychnos.
LOGWOOD: Hssmatoxylum campechianum.
LOISELEtfRIA. ALPINE-AZALEA. Ericaceae.
Depressed glabrous evergreen subshrub, L.
procumbens, of circumpolar regions, extending
southward to the White Mts. and Mt. Katahdin,
useful in alpine-gardening and cold rockery:
6-8 in., making mats: Ivs. mostly less than % in.
long, oblong, revolute: fls. very small, white or
rose.
LOLIUM. RYE-GRASS. Grammes. Ann. and
per. grasses grown in pastures and meadows,
native in the Old World: Ivs. flat: spikelets flat,
in terminal interrupted spikes. See Grasses.
italicum: L. multiflorum.
multifldrum (L. italicum). ITALIAN R. Per. to 3 ft.:
Ivs. to 8 in. long and }<$ in. wide: tipikelets 20-30-fld.,
awned, in spikes to 1 ft. long. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
per£nne. PERKNNIAL or ENGLISH R. Tufted per. to
2^ ft.: lys. to 5 in. long and y& in. wide: spikelets 5-10-fld.,
awnless, in spikes to 1 ft. long. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
temul6ntum. DARNEL. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long
and y± in. wide: spikelets 4-8-fld., shorter than the outer
glume, in spikes to 1 ft. long. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
LOMARIA: Blechnum.
LOMATIA. Proteacex. Trees and shrubs
with alternate, entire or pinnate Ivs., bisexual
fls. borne in pairs in simple or branched loose
racemes, and fr. a leathery follicle; differs from
Greyillea in having several instead of 2 seeds.
Native in Australia and Chile; they require
cool greenhouse treatment or are grown out-of-
doors in warm regions. Propagated by cuttings
of well-ripened wood.
fraxmifdlia. Small tree: Ivs. pinnate into 3-7 ovate or
ovate-lanceolate toothed stalked segms. to 3 in. long,
leathery and shining: racemes to 8 in. long. Australia.
ilicif&lia. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
to 3 in. or more long, prickly-toothed or lobed, silky-
pubescent beneath, rarely pinnate. Australia.
obliqua. Lvs. ovate, to 4 in. long, crenate-toothed,
bright green and leathery: fls. white, about % in. long.
Chile.
silaifdlia. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long, 2-3-pinnate
into linear or lanceolate toothed sessile segms. Australia.—
Dyed sprays are employed by florists and decorators, aa
"crinkle-bush."
LOMATIUM (Cogswellia). Umbelli/erx. Sev-
eral short-stemmed or stemless per. herbs with
thickened roots, dissected Ivs., small yellow,
white or purple fls. in umbels, and flattened frs.;
Lomatium
442
Lonicera
mostly native in W. N. Amer.; sometimes
planted in wild-gardens or similar places.
ambiguum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 1-2-pinnate into linear Ifts.:
fls. yellow: fr. glabrous. B. C. to Ore. and Utah.
angustatum: L. Martindalei var.
foeniculaceum (Cogswellia vtllosa). Stemless per. to
1 ft.: Ivs. pmnately decompound, finely dissected: fls.
yellow: fr. pubescent. N. D. to Wyo. and Tex.
Martindalei var. angustatum (L. angustaturri) . Short-
stemmed plant to 2^ ft. or more: Ivs. bipinnate, narrow in
outline, much dissected: fls. pale yellow: fr. glabrous.
B. C. to Ore. — The typical form is of lower stature, has less
diSHected Ivs. and is not known to be in cult.
nudicaulis. To 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. biternate, segms. ovate
to lanceolate, entire or toothed, to 2 in. long: fr. elliptic,
glabrous, to Y% in. long. Ida. to B. C. and Calif.
triternata. To 2U ft., puberulous: Ivs. 2-3-ternate,
segrns. linear to linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fr. narrowly
oblong, to H in. long. Wyo. to B. C. and Calif.
utriculatum. SPRING GOLD. Low, nearly stemless plant
to 1 ft.: Ivs. pinnately decompound with linear segms. to
% in. long: fls. yellow, bractlets obovate, often toothed:
fr. glabrous. B. C. to Calif.
villdsa. Lvs. several times pinnate, villous: bractlets of
infl. very tomentose: fr. oval, puberulent, to l/i in. long.
Kans. to Wyo. north to Alta. and Sask.
LONAS. Composite. Branching ann. to 1 ft.
high, native in the Medit. region, and sometimes
grown for ornament. L. inoddra (Athanasia
anmia). AFRICAN DAISY. Lvs. alternate, pm-
nately divided into linear entire segms.: heads
% in. across, of yellow disk-fls., borne in dense
corymbs to 2 in. across; pappus cup-shaped.
LONCHOCARPUS. LANCE-POD. Leguminosx.
Trop. trees or climbing shrubs with alternate
pinnate Ivs., papilionaceous white, violet or
purple fls. in racemes, and flat few-seeded in-
dehiscent pods; sometimes planted in warm
regions.
speciosus: Bolusanthus speciosus.
violaceus. Tree to 12 ft.: Ifts. ovate, commonly 4 pairs:
fls. violet. Farther W. Indies.
LONDON PRIDE: Saxifraga umbrosa.
LONGAN: Euphoria Longana.
LONlCERA. HONEYSUCKLE. Caprifoliacex.
Well known and favorite erect or climbing neat
shrubs with opposite short-stalked or sessile Ivs.,
rather small but showy fls. in axillary pairs
subtended by 2 bracts and 4 bractlets, or in
sessile whorls, followed by attractive berry-like
often twin frs., widely spread in northern hemis-
sphcrc. The name honeysuckle is sometimes
applied erroneously to native azaleas (rhodo-
dendrons.).
Honeysuckles are very popular ornamental subjects and
most of them are hardy North with the exception of the
Himalayan species which require winter protection. They
thrive in any good garden soil. Propagated by seeds in
autumn or stratified, by cuttings of npe wood, by layers,
or by cuttings of green wood under glass.
Albertii: L. spinosa var.
albida: L. bella var.
albifl6ra. Somewhat climbing: Ivs. oval or ovate, to
1J4 in. long: fls. yellowish- white, 2-hpped, 1 in. long, in
clusters, spring: fr. orange. Ark., Tex.
alplgena. To 10 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to oblong, to 4 in. long:
fls. yellowish tinged red, 2-lipped, H in. long, in pairs,
May: fr. scarlet. Eu.
alseuosmoides. Twining shrub: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2^ in.
long and % in. wide, base rounded: fls. orange-red, to H. in-
long, corolla-tube longer than limb, June- Aug.: fr. reddish.
W. China.— Similar to L. Henryi.
Altmannii. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long, pubescent
beneath: fls. whitish, 2-lipped, ^ in. long, in pairs, May: fr.
orange-red. Turkestan.
americAna. Hybrid between L. Caprifolium and L.
etrusca: climbing: Ivs. oval or obovate, to 4 in. long, the
upper connate: Is. yellowish, purple outside, 2-lipped, 2 in.
long, in whorls, fragrant, June- July.
amdfena. Hybrid between L. tatarica and L. Korolk<nvii:
Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long: fls. pink or white, 2-lipped, ££ in.
long, in pairs, May-July.
atrosanguinea: a form of L. Caprifolium.
aureo-reticulata: L. japonica var.
belgica: a form of L. Periclymenum.
bella. Hybrid between L. tatarica and L. Morrowii:
Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long: fls. white or pink changing to yellow,
2-lipped, ^ in. long, in pairs, May-July: fr. red. Vars.
albida (L. albida) and Candida have white fls. Var. chrys-
antha is listed as having yellow fls. Var. incaraata and
rdsea have rose fls.
bfcolor: probably L. tatarica var.
Billardii: listed name of unknown botanical application.
brachypoda: L. japonica var. repens.
Brownii. Hybrid between L. sempervirens and L.
hirsuta. and closely resembling the former but the fls.
somewhat 2-lipped.. Var. fuchsioides (L. fuchsioides) ,
fls. scarlet outside. Var. plantierensis, fls. coral-red with
orange lobes. Var. punicea, fls. orange-red.
caerulea (Xylosteon cseruleum). To 5 ft., much branched:
Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 3 in long, bright green: fls. yellow-
ish-white, H in. long, paired, Apr.--May: fr dark blue and
bloomy. Eu., Asia; nat. N. Amer. Var. altaica has Ivs.
pubescent on both sides. Var. edulis has Ivs. pubescent,
oblong-lanceolate, and stamens longer than limb. Var.
gracilifldra (//. Karelinu) has bluish-green pubescent Ivs.
less than 2 in. long. Turkestan. Var. viridifolia (L. Kin-
lowii) has bright green smaller Ivs.
calif 6rnica: L. hispidula var. vacillans.
canadensis (L. ciliata). FLY II. To 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
oval, to 3 in. long, ciliate: fls. yellowish or tinged red, to % in.
long, paired, Apr .-May: fr. red. Quo. to Pa. and Minn.
Caprifdlium (L. verna). Twining to 20 ft : Ivs. oval, to
4 in. long, bluish-green beneath, the upper connate: fls.
white or purplish, 2-lipped, 2 in. long, fragrant, in whorls,
May-June: fr. orange-red. Eu., W. Asia: nat. in E. U. 8.
Var. atrosanguinea (L. sanguinea) has fls. reddish-purple
without and somewhat yellowish within.
caucisica: L. orientahs var.
chaetocaYpa. Shrub to 7 ft., twigs glandular-hispid: Ivs.
mostly oblong-ovate, to 3 in. long, acutish, hairy above and
densely so beneath: fls. yellowish-white, to 1% in. long: fr.
red. W.China.
Chamissdi. Erect shrub to 3 ft., twigs glabrous: Ivs.
ovate to elliptic, to 2 in. long, usually obtuse, glabrous,
subsessile: fls. dark violet, to ^2 in. long: fr. red. N. E. Asia.
chine'nsis: L. japonica var.
chrys&ntha. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to
5 in. long: fls. yellowish- white changing to yellow, 2-lipped,
to $•£ in. long, in pairs, May- June: fr. coral-red. Asia. Var.
latifdlia (var. turkestamca) has broad-oval Ivs.
cilia ta: L. canadensis.
ciliftsa. Usually twining: Ivs. deciduous or persistent,
ovate to oblong-elliptic, to 4 in. long, ciliate, blue-green
beneath, upper pairs connate: fls. yellow, sometimes tinged
purple, to 1H m- long, in terminal 3-fld. sessile head-like
cymes: fr. red. Mont, to Utah west to B. C. and Calif.
confusa. Twining: Ivs. somewhat persistent, ovate, to
234 in. long, gray-green and pubescent beneath, apex acute,
petioles to J4 in long: fls. white changing to yellow, 2-
Upped, to 1% in. long, fragrant, in short panicles, ovaries
pubescent, June -Sept.: fr. black. China.
conjugialis. Erect and much branched, to 5 ft.: Ivs.
elliptic to obovate, to 2 in. long, acute, ciliate: fls. dark red,
about \i in. long, June: fr. red. Nev. to Calif, and Wash.
demissa. To 12 ft., much branched: Ivs. obovate, to
1% in. long, pubescent: fls. whitish changing to yellow,
2-lipped, ^ in. long, in pairs, May- June: fr. scarlet. Japan.
dioica (L. glauca. L. parmflora). Branches often twin-
ing: Ivs. oval or oblong, to 3 in. long, glaucous beneath,
upper pair connate: fls. greenish or yellowish, 2-lipped,
1% in. long, in whorls, style usually glabrous, May-June:
fr. red. Que. to N. C. and la.
etrusca. Climbing, evergreen or partially so: Ivs. obo-
vate or oval, to 3 in. long, glaucous and pubescent beneath,
upper connate: fls. yellowish-white, 2-lipped, 2 in. long,
fragrant, in dense spikes, June- July. Medit. region. Var.
randiflora is listed. Var. pubescens has Ivs. pubescent on
oth sides. Var. superba (L. gigantea) has large Ivs. and
deep yellow fls.
flava. Climbing: Ivs. oval, to 3 in. long, bluish-green
beneath, upper connate: fls. orange-yellow. 2-lipped, 1^ in.
long, fragrant, in whorls, May-June. N. C. to Okla.
fragrantlssima (L. Magnevillese. L. odoratissimd).
To 8 ft., partially evergreen: Ivs. ovate or oval, to 3 in. long,
bluish-green beneath: fls. creamy-white, 2-lipped, ^ in.
long, very fragrant, in pairs, Mar .-Apr.: fr. red. China.—
Fls. partly or wholly in advance of Ivs. where deciduous.
P
bo
Lonicera
443
Lonicera
fuchsioides: L. Brownii var.
gigantda: L. etrusca var. superba.
Giraldii. Climbing: Iva. oblong-lanceolate, to 3 in. long,
pubescent: fls. purplish-red with yellow pubescense outside,
% in. long, June-Aug.: fr. purple-black. China.
glauca: L. dioica.
glaucescens. Similar to L. dioica, differing in Ivs.
pubescent beneath, corolla about % in. long, style usually
pubescent. Que. to Alta. south to Va. and Neb.
gracilipes. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, bluish-green
beneath: fls. pink to carmine, ^ in. long, usually solitary
and drooping, Apr. -May: fr. scarlet. Japan.
grandiflora: perhaps L. tatarica var.
Halliana: L. japonica var.
Heckrottii. Probably hybrid between L. americana and
L. sem perm r ens: Ivs. oval, to 2 in. long, glaucous beneath:
fls. purple outside, yellow inside, 2-lipped, to 2 in. long, in
spikes, June -Sept.
Henryi. Twining or prostrate, partially evergreen:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, ciliate: fls. yellowish-
or purple-red, to % in. long, in pairs, June-Aug.: fr. black.
China.
Hildebrandtiana. Climbing, evergreen: Ivs. ovate, to
6 in long: fls yellow changing to orange-red, to 7 in. long,
the tube very slender. Burma; not hardy N.; thrives in
S. Calif.
hirsuta. Climbing: Ivs. oval, to 4 in. long, gray-pubescent
beneath, upper connate: fls. orange-yellow, 2-Upped, 1 in.
long, in short spikes, June-July: fr. red. Que. to Pa. and
Neb.
hfspida. Shrub to 5 ft., twigs hispid to glabrate: Ivs.
elliptic to oblong, to 3 in. long, acute, glabrous to some-
what hispid, margins setose-ciliate: fls. yellowish- white,
to 1 J4 m. long. fr. red, oblong. W. China to Turkestan.
hispidula. Branches sarmentose: Ivs. ovate or ovate-
oblong, to 2l/2 in. long, pubescent beneath, upper connate:
fls. whitish or purplish, 2-hpped, \^ in. long, in whorls,
June -July: fr red. B C. to Culif. Var. vacillans (L.
cahfornica) ia more vigorous with larger Ivs. and fls.
iberica. To 6 ft., much branched: Ivs. orbicular-ovate,
to \y$ in. long, hairy: fls yellowish-white, 2-lipped, ^ in.
long, in pairs, June: fr. bright red. W. Asia.
imple'xa. Twining or bushy, evergreen: Ivs. ovate or
oblong, to 3 in. long: fls yellowish-white tinged red, 2-lipped,
to 1% in. long, in whorls, June— Aug. Medit. region.
involucrata (Distegia involucrata). To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, to 5 m. long: fls. yellow or tinged red,
^ in. long, in pairs, May-June: fr. purple-black, shining.
Que. to Alaska arid Mex, Var. flavescens, Ivs. light green.
Var. ser6tina, fls. orange-yellow tinged scarlet.
jap6nica. Climbing, wholly or partially evergreen: lys.
ovate, to 3 in long: fls. white or purplish, 2-hpped, to \\^ in.
long, fragrant, in pairs, June-Sept.: fr black. E. Asia; nat.
in N Amer Var aureo-reticulata, Ivs smaller, veined with
yellow Var. chinensis (L. chinensis), fls. carmine outside.
Var Halliana (L. Halliana), fls. pure white changing to
yellow. Vars. purpurea arid rubra are color forms. Var.
repens (var. flexuosa, L. brachypoda), lower, often veined
with purple. Var. variegata lias ivs. variegated yellow.
Karelinii: L. c&rulea var. graciliflora.
Kesselringii: L. onentalis var. longifolia.
Kirildwii: L. caerulea var. viridifolia.
Koehneana. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, densely
pubescent beneath: fls. yellowish- white, % in. long, 2-lipped,
in pairs: fr. dark red. China.
Korolk6wii. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oval, to 1 in. long,
bluish-green and pubescent beneath: flu. rose or rarely white,
2-lipped, ^ in. long, in pairs, May- June: fr. bright red.
Turkestan. Var. floribunda has broad-ovate Ivs. Var.
Zabelii has Ivs. glabrous and broadly ovate, base sub-
cordate.
Ledebouri. To 9 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 5 in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. orange tinged with scarlet, to % in.
long, in pairs, June- July: fr. black. Calif.
Lindleyana: catalogue name.
longifldra. Climbing, evergreen: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
to 2^ in. long, pale beneath: fls. white changing to yellow,
to 4 in. long, fragrant: fr. white. China; not hardy N.
Maackii. To 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to
3 in. long: fls. white changing to yellowish, 2-lipped, % in.
long, in pairs, Juno: fr. dark red. Asia. Var. erubescens
is similar to var. podocarpa with larger pale pink fls. Var.
podocarpa is of more spreading habit and has smaller fls.
pubescent outside.
Magnevilleae: L. fragrantissima.
magnified: L. sempervirens var.
Maximowiczii, To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2^ in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. violet-red, H in. long, 2-lipped, in
pairs, May-June: fr. red. Manchuria, Korea. Var. sacha-
linSnsis has dark purple fls.
micr&ntha: L. xylosteoides.
microphylla. Shrub to 3 ft., twigs glabrous to puberulous:
Ivs. obovate to oblong-elliptic, to 1 in. long, obtuse or acut-
ish, usually puberulous: fls. yellowish-white, nearly }^ in.
long: fr. orange-red, fused in pairs. Cent Asia.
minutifldra. Hybrid between L. Morrowii and L.
xyloateoides: Ivs. oblong, to 1^4 in. long: fls. wlutish, 2-lipped,
% in. long, May-June: fr. red.
modesta. Shrub to 7 ft., branches brownish-gray,
fibrous: Ivs. rhombic-ovate to oblong, to 1 ^4 in. long, obtuse
to mucronate, dull green and glabrous above, pale green and
villous-pubescent beneath at least on veins: fls. white, be-
coming yellowish with reddish base, to ^ in. long, in pairs
on short peduncles in axils of upper Ivs. W. China.
M6rrowii. To 8 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong, to 2 in long,
pubescent beneath: fls. white changing to yellow, 2-lipped,
Yi in. long, in pairs, May-June: fr. red. Japan. Var.
zanthocarpa has yellow fr.
muendeniensis. Hybrid between L. bella and L. Ru-
prechtiana, resembling the former but Ivs. darker green and
more acuminate.
muscaviSnsis. Hybrid between L. Morrowii and L.
Ruprechtiana: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long, pubescent beneath:
fls. white, 2-hpped: fr. red.
nerv6sa. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to ovate-oblong,
to 2% in. long, acute, reddish when young becoming green
except at midrib and primary veins, bluish-green beneath:
fls. light pink, to 1A in. long: fr. black. N. W. China.
nftida. To 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. ovate, to ^ in. long,
shining above: fls. creamy-white, -hj in. long, fragrant, in
pairs: fr. blue-purple, transparent. China.
n6tha. Hybrid between L. Ruprcchtiaria and L. tatarica:
Iva. ovate-oblong, to 2H in. long: fls. pinkish changing to
yellowish, 2-hpped, % in. long, in pairs: fr. red.
oblongifdlia. SWAMP FLY H. To 5 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to
3 in long, gray-pubescent beneath: fls. yellowish-white.
2-hpped, Yi in. long, in pairs, May: fr. red. N. B. to Pa. and
Minn. Var. altissima ia nearly glabrous.
obovata. Shrub to 7 ft., twigs glabrous: Ivs. obovate,
}i~Yi in. long, tapering toward base, whitish beneath: fls.
whitish, nearly ^ in. long: fr. blue-black. Cent. Asia.
odoratissima: L. fragrantissima.
orientalis. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, pale and pubescent beneath: fls pink or violet,
2-lipped, y* in. long, in pairs: fr. black. Asia Minor. Var.
caucasica (L. caucasica) has elliptic Ivs. glabrous beneath.
Var. longifdlia (L. Kesselrinyii) has oblong or lanceolate
Ivs. ; fls. smaller and reddish.
parvifl6ra: L. dioica.
Periclfmenum. WOODBINE. Climbing: Ivs. ovate or
ovate- oblong, to 3 in. long, bluish-green beneath: fls. yellow
ish-white, 2-lipped, to 2 in. long, in whorls, June -Aug
fr. red. Eu , N. Afr., W. Asia. Var. aurea, Ivs. yellowish
Var. belgica, DUTCH W., fls purple outside. Var. ser6tina
fls. dark purple outside, yellow inside.
pileata. Evergreen or partially so, branches often pros-
trate: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 1H in- long, shin-
ing above: fls. whitish, ^ in. long, fragrant, in pairs, Apr.-
May: fr. purple, translucent. China. Var. yunnan£nsis
has Ivs. thicker and more nearly orbicular.
prolifera (L. Sullivantii) . Climbing: Ivs. oval or oblong,
to 4 in. long, very glaucous, the upper connate: fls. pale
yellow marked with purple, 2-lipped, 1 in. long, in whorls,
June-July: fr. red. Ohio to Tenn. and Mo.
prostrata. Prostrate: Ivs. ovate or oval, to % in. long,
pale green: fls. small: fr. bright red. China.
punicea: perhaps L. Brownii var. punicea.
Purpusii. Hybrid of L. fragrantissima and L. Standishii:
lys. to 3 in. long and 1J^ in. wide, dark green above and
light beneath, midrib hairy: fls. mostly as in L. fragran-
tissima.
pyrenaica. To 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
to 1H in. long, pale beneath: fls. white, to % in. long, in
pairs, May: fr. red. Pyrenees.
quinquelocularis. To 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oval, to 3 in.
long, grayish and pubescent beneath: fls. yellowish, 2-lipped,
% in. long, in pairs, June: fr. translucent white. W. Asia.
reticulata. Similar to L. confusa, from which it differs
chiefly in its glabrous non-hairy ovary, Ivs. obtusish and
strongly netted beneath and petioles H-% in. long. S. E.
China. Var. afcrea is listed.
Ruprechtiana. To 12 ft.: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate, to
4 in. long, oale and pubescent beneath: fls. white changing
to yellow, 2-hpped, ^ in. long, in pairs, May- June: fr. red.
Manchuria. Var. xanthocarpa has yellow fr.
saccata. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long: fls. pinkish,
% in. long, in pairs. May: fr. scarlet. China.
Lonicera
sachalingnsis: L. Maximowicni var.
salicifdlia. Hybrid between L. Ruprechtiana and L.
xylosteoides: Ivs. narrow and pointed.
sanguinea: L. Caprifohum var. atrosanguinea.
sempervirens. TRUMPET II. Climbing: Ivs. ovate to
oblong, to 3 in. long, glaucous beneath, upper connate: fls.
orange- scar let, yellow inside, 2 in. long, in spikes, May-
Aug : fr. red. Conn, to Fla. and Tex. Var. fuchsioides is
L. Brownii var. Var magnifica, an improved late-flowering
form. Var. minor, partially evergreen. Var. sulphurea,
fla. yellow. Var. superba, fls. bright scarlet. — The species
is evergreen in the South.
sibfrica: a confused name, the plants so listed are
probably forms of L. heterophylla or L. tatarica.
sfmilis. Climbing, partially evergreen: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, whitish-tornentowe beneath: fls. white, 2-hpped,
2 in. long, in pairs, Aug.: fr. black. China. Var. Delavayi
differs in being glabrous except Ivs. underneath.
sineasis: L. Standiahii.
specidsa: a form of L. sempervirens, perhaps not dis-
tinct from its var. superba.
spindsa. To 4 ft., the branches somewhat spiny: Ivs.
linear-oblong, to 1 in. long: fls. in pairs, % in. long: fr. whit-
ish or purplish, bloomy. Himalayas. Var. Albertii. Lvs.
glaucous: us rose, ^3 in. long, fragrant. Turkestan.
St&ndishii (L. sinensis). To 8 ft., partially evergreen:
Ivs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate, to 4 in. long, hairy: fls.
white, 2-lipped, H in- long, fragrant, in pairs, Mar.-Apr.:
fr. red. China. Var. lancifdlia has narrow-lanceolate Ivs.
strophi6phora. Shrub to 7 ft., twigs glandular-pilose:
Ivs ovate to elliptic-ovate, to 3 in. long, acuminate, densely
Silose beneath and glabrous to hairy above: fls. white, to
,4 in long: fr. red, pilose. Japan.
subs£ssilis. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long, pale be-
neath: fls. white to yellowish, % in. long, 2-lipped, m pairs,
June: fr. bright red. Korea.
Sullivantii: L. prolifera.
syringantha. To 10 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong, to 1 in. long:
fls. pinkish or lilac, ^2 in- long, fragrant, in pairs, May June:
fr. red. China. Var. W61fli has larger narrower Ivs. and
carmine fls.
tangiitica. Low: Ivs. obovate, to \y± in. long, pale be-
neath: fls. yellowish-white, to }/% in. long, drooping, in pairs,
May-June: fr. scarlet. China.
tatarica. TATARIAN II. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, to 2^2 m. long, pale beneath: fls. pink or white,
2-lipped, to 1 in. long, in pairs. May-June: fr red. Russia
to Turkestan. Cult. vars. are: alba, fls. pure white; angusti-
folia, Ivs. narrow; bfcolor, fls. pink within, red outside;
grandifldra, fls. pure white, large; latifdlia (var. splendens],
Ivs. to 4 in. long and 2 in. wide; lutea, fr. yellow; parvifdlia
(var. gracilis), Ivs to 2 in. long; punicea (var. piilchernma),
fls. deep pink; rdsea, fls. rose outside, pink inside; siblrica
(var. rubra), fls. deep pmk; virginalis, fls. white; Zabelii
is probably L, Korolkowi.% var.
Tellmanniana. Hybrid between L. tragophylla and L.
semper vi r ens; showy.
te"nuipes. Shrub to 7 ft., twigs giabrescent to pilose: Ivs.
elliptic to oblong or ovate, to 1 ^ in. long, pilose above and
densely so beneath, petiole glandular-hairy: fls. red, to £4 in.
long, pilose outside: fr. red. Japan.
thibe'tica. To 5 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to IK in.
long, shining above, white-tomentose beneath: fls. pale
purple, % in. long, pubescent outside, in pairs, May- June:
fr. red. Chin
hina.
tragophylla. Climbing: Ivs. oblong, to 5 in. long, glaucous
beneath, upper connate: fls. bright yellow, 2-lipped, to 3 in.
long, in heads, June: fr. red. China.
trichosantha. To 6 ft. : Ivs. ovate or obovate, to 2 in. long,
hairy on veins beneath: fls. yellow, }A in. long, 2-hpped,
in pairs, June: fr. bright red. China, Tibet.
utah6nsis (Xylosteon utahense). Low: Ivs. ovate to
oblong, to 2 in. long: fls. pale yellow, to % in. long, in pairs:
fr. red. B. C. to Ore. and Utah.
ve'raa: L. Caprifolium.
virginalis: L. tatarica var.
xylosteoides -(L. micrantha). Hybrid between L. tatarica
and L. Xylosteum: Ivs. rhombic- ovate, bluish-green: fls.
pinkish, small.
Xylosteum. EUROPEAN FLY H. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
obovate. to 2J^ in. long, pale and pubescent beneath: fls.
yellowish-white, 2-lipped, H in. long, pubescent outside,
in pairs, May-June: fr. dark red. Eu., Asia. Var. m611is
has Ivs. pubescent on both sides.
yunnane'nsis. Sts. twining: Ivs. oblong to obovate-
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, aoutish, glaucous, upper ones
connate: fls. yellow, to 1 in. long, hairy within. S. W. China.
LOOSESTRIFE: Lysimachia, Steironema. Purple: Ly-
thrum Salicaria. Swamp: Decodon verticillatus.
444 Loquat
LOPfeZIA. Onagracex. A few small shrubs or
herbs with alternate simple Ivs. or the lower ones
opposite, small attractive fls. in leafy racemes,
and capsular frs.; grown under glass or in the
open in mild climates. Propagated by seeds
and cuttings of firm wood.
albifl&ra. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs ovate to ovate-lanceolate:
fls. white, often tinged with pink at the base. Mex.
coronata. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate: fls. rose
or lilac. Mex.
lineata. Subshrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate: fls.
red. Mex.
r6sea: listed name.
LOPHANTHUS: Agastache.
LOPHIOLA. Haemodoracese. One per. herb
native in wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. L.
americana (L. aurea). To 2 ft.: Ivs. mostly basal,
linear, much shorter than st.: fls. yellowish,
small, in densely white-woolly panicles.
LOPHOCfeREUS. Cactacese. One columnar
cactus usually branching only at base, native in
S. Ariz., Mex. and Lower Calif. L. Sch6ttii
(L. australis. Ctreus Schottii). To 20 ft.; ribs
commonly 5-7, flowering areoles with many
straight gray bristles to 2}4 in. long: fls. pink,
greenish outside, nocturnal, to \l/% in. long. Var.
Gatesii (L. Gatesii) has more slender sts. with
obtuse ribs. Var. monstrdsus is listed. Var.
Sargentianus (L. Sargentianus) has spines and
fls. to % in. long.
LOPH<5PHORA. Cactacese. Small depressed-
globose or top-shaped often proliferous plants
spineless except in seedlings, covered with ribs of
conical tubercles that are white-hairy at apex:
fls. from center of plant. One or two species.
See Cacti.
Wflliamsii (Echinocactus and Anhalonium Williamsii).
PEYOTE. Plant dull bluish-green, depressed-globose, to 3 in.
diam., with a thick tap-root; ribs 5-13, low and wide, with
narrow intercostal spaces, tubercles conspicuously white-
tufted: fls pale pink to white, 1 in. broad when expanded.
S. Tex., Mex.
Ziegleri. Similar to L. Williamsii, differing in its more
globose st., lower shorter-tufted tubercles and pale yellow
fls. S. Tex., Mex.
LOPHOSPERMUM SCANDENS: Maurandia Lopho-
spermum.
LOPHOTOCARPUS. Alismacese. Aquatic
ann. herbs with tuberous rootstocks and perfect
or stnminate hypogynous fls. Grown in aquatic
gardens in Calif.
guyan6nsis (Sagittaria guyanensis). Lvs. floating, to
2 in. long, broadly ovate, base strongly cordate, apex
obtuse; submersed Ivs. linear, to 18 in. long or more: fls.
inconspicuous, on erect or procumbent scapes. Mex. and
other trop. regions.
LOQUAT. Evergreen broad-leaved tree
(Eriobotrya japonica) of China and Japan some-
times seen as an ornamental pot subject under
glass but grown in California, the lower Gulf
regions and Florida for its yellow oblong-
pyriform to spherical acid fruits that are eaten
raw or in jellies, jams, pies and preserves. The
fruits attain to a length of 3 inches in large
varieties. The fragrant white panicled flowers
appear in autumn, followed by ripe fruits hi
spring. The trees attain to a height of 25 feet.
In orchard formation they may be set 20 to 24
feet apart either way. The requirements are
not peculiar. In northern Florida and similar
regions frost may limit fruitfulness some seasons.
For best results improved varieties should be
grown, being budded on seedling stocks; but as
Loquat
445
Ludwigia
commonly seen in yards the trees are unimproved
seedlings.
LORANTHACEJE. MISTLETOE FAMILY. As-
sociation comprising more than a half thousand
species in about a score of genera, arranged
with Urticaceae and AristolochiaceaD series.
They are green parasites with jointed sts., mostly
woody and on trees, inhabitants of temp, and
trop. climates in many parts of the world: Ivs.
mostly broad and conspicuous but sometimes
reduced to scales: fls. small, in clusters or solitary,
unisexual and the plants monoecious or dioecious,
or bisexual: fr. a berry, which germinates on the
host, and the haustoria (or roots) appropriate
the juices. They are not hort. subjects. The
mistletoe of literature is Viscum album, native
from Great Britain to N. Asia, parasitic on many
kinds of trees. The mistletoe of the N. American
holiday markets is Phoradendron flavescens (first
known as Viscum flavescens) , parasitic on many
deciduous trees from N. J. to Fla. and westward;
there are more than 200 species of Phoradendron,
all in the western hemisphere, whereas Viscum
is confined to the Old World and Australia.
Arceuthobium (or Razoumofskya) pusillum is a
very small parasite on coniferous trees in E. N.
Amer. ; Ivs. scale-like. The genus Loranthus, with
many species, inhabits the warm belt mostly
in the eastern hemisphere and is absent from
N. Amer.
LORANTHUS: see Loranthacex.
LORATE: strap-shaped.
LORDS-AND-LADIES: Arum maculatum.
LORINSERIA: Woodwardia areolata.
LOROMA: Archontophoenix.
LOROPETALUM. Hamamelidacex. Ever-
green shrubs of China with alternate entire Ivs.,
white or yellowish fls. in clusters, and woody
capsular frs.
Grown out-of-doors in mild climates and in a cool green-
house in the North, although the root may withstand rather
severe regions. Propagated by seeds and by grafting on
Hamamehs.
chin&ise. To 12 ft : Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long: fls. with
strap-shaped petals to 1 in. long, Mar.-Apr.
LOTUS. Leguminosx. Herbs or subshrubs of
Eurasia and N. Amer., with pinnate Ivs., pap-
ilionaceous fls. in axillary umbels or sometimes
solitary, and cylindrical pods; grown for orna-
ment and some species for the edible pods and
for forage. Propagated by seeds and the woody
kinds also by cuttings, divisions and layers.
Bertheldtii (L. pdiorhynchus) . Silvery shrub to 2 ft.: Ifts.
3-7, very narrow: fls. scarlet, the standard narrow and
recurved. Cape Verde and Canary Isls. Var. atrococcineus
has darker red fls. spotted with black.
b {color: L. pinnatus.
corniculatus. BIRDS-FOOT TREFOIL. Per. to 2 ft., often
decumbent: Ifts. 3, oboyate, short: fla. yellow or tinged with
red. Eu., Asia. — Sometimes grown for forage.
eri6phorus (Hosackia enophora. Syrmatium eriophorum).
Woolly mat-forming per., sts. to 4 ft. long, gray-hairy, hairs
mostly erect and not appressed: Ifts. 4-6, obovate to ob-
lanceolate, about % in. long: fls. to % in. long, in sub-
sessile leafy umbels of 4-10: pods curved. Calif. Var.
HeSrmannii (L., Hosackia and Syrmatium Heermannii) has
Ifts. thinly pubescent to glabrate with fls. to J4 in- long. —
The typical form not known to be in cult.
formosissimus (Hosackia gracihs). WITCHS-TEETH.
Per., sts. weak, to 1 ft. long: Ifts. 3-7, to H in- long, obovate
or oblanceolate: fls. to % in. long, rose, upper petal yellow:
pods cylindrical, to 1 in. long. Wash, to Calif.
glaber of hort. lists is probably L. scopariua.
Hee*nnannii: L. eriophorus var.
jacob&us. ST. JAMES TREFOIL. Per. to 3 ft.: Ifts. 3-5,
linear: fls. black-purple to yellow on same plant. Cape
Verde Isls.
mascaeiisis. Silvery shrub: Ifts. very narrow: fls. bright
yellow. Teneriffe.
nigricans: Kennedia nigricans.
ornithopioides. Ann., usually roots with small tubercles:
Ifts. rhombic: fls. yellow. S. Eu.
peliorhynchus: L. Berthelotii.
pinnatus (Hosackia bicolor). Per.: Ivs. glabrous, Ifts.
5-9, to % in. long, obovate: fls. yellow, \\ings white: pods
cylindrical, linear, to 2)4 in. long. Cent. Calif, to Wash.
scoparius (Hosackia glabra). DKER-WEED. Erect suffru-
tescent per. to 5 ft. high, sts. green, mostly glabrescent: Ifts.
3-5, oblong to oblanceolate: fls. in sessile umbels, corolla
to Yi in. long: pods slightly curved. Calif.
siliqudsus (Tetragonolobus siliquosus). To 1 ft.f sts.
often decumbent: Ifts. obovate: fls. pale yellow: pods 4-
angled. S. Eu.
tenuifdlius: L. tcnuis.
t£nuis (L. tcnuifolius). Per., sts. to 20 in. long, spreading
with ascending tips: Ifts. 3, to % in. long, oblong-oblanceo-
late: fls. yellow, to % in. long, usually 3-7 in head: pods to
1 in. long. Eu.; escaped from cult, in Ida. — By some
authors considered a variant of L. cormculatns.
tetragon olobus (Tetragonolobus purpureus). WINGED-
PEA. Trailing aim.: Ifts. 3, ovate: fls. purplish-red: pods
4-angled, the seeds and young pods edible. S. Eu.
LOTUS: Nelumbium, Nymphxa.
LOUSEWORT: Pedicularis.
LOVAGE: Lemsticum ojfficinale.
LOVE-IN-A-MIST: Nigella damascena.
LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING: Amaranthus caudatw.
LUCERNE: Medicago sativa.
LUCULIA. Rubiacey. Shrubs bearing oppo-
site leathery Ivs., white or pink salverform
5-lobed fls. in terminal corymbs, and fr. a caps,
with winged seeds; native India to Yunnan
(in China) . Grown in the greenhouse and planted
out in summer. Propagated by cuttings of ripe
wood.
gratfssima. To 16 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 6 in. long:
fls. pink or rose, 1^ in. across, in corymbs to 8 in. across.
intermedia. To 12 ft.: Ivs. oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
to 6 m long; fls. reddish, to 2 in. long, distinguished from
other species by the flap-like processes between the lobes
of the corolla.
limonce'lla: listed name of unknown botanical application.
specidsa: hort. name for a larger form with deeper
rose fls.
LUCtFMA. Sapotacex. Shrubs and trees
bearing alternate leathery entire Ivs., small fls.
and fr~ a berry; differs from Achras in having
4 or 5 sepals in 1 or 2 series rather than 10 sepals
in several series.
The canistel is grown in the tropics and southern Florida
for the edible fruit. It is not particular as to soil. Propa-
gated by seeds from which the husks should be removed,
and probably also by budding.
mamm6sa: Achras Zapota.
nervdsa (L. Rivicoa var. angustifoha} . CANISTEL. Ti-
Es. EGIG-FKUTT. Tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. oblong-obovate, to
8 in. long: fls. greenish-white, in small clusters: fr. to 4 in.
long, orange-yellow, with 2-3 shining seeds and soft orange
flesh. N. S. Amer.; nat. in S. Fla. and S.
Rivic&a var. angustif dlia: L. nervosa.
spindsa: Gourliea spinosa.
LUDOVIA: Carludovica Laucheana.
LUDWfGIA (or Ludvigia). Onagracese. Palu-
dose or aquatic per. herbs with alternate or
opposite usually entire Ivs., yellow or greenish
inconspicuous fls. solitary or in spikes or racemes,
and capsular frs.; planted in bog-gardens or
aquaria. Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
glaucus. Per., sts prostrate, glaucous-gray and pubes- alternifdlia. RATTLE-BOX Erect glabrous shrub to 4 ft. :
snt: Ifts. obovate, fleshy, small and crowded: pods irregu- Ivs. lanceolate to oblanceolate, to 4 in. long, usually entire,
« _ i i_ « ••lie •»*_ J • _ii A_ . o- 11 A_--- —»»",>.
larly beaded or moniliform. Madeira.
alternate: fls. yellow, to ^ in. across. E. IT. S.
Ludwigia
446
Lupinus
calif 6mica: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
Mulerttii. Sts. rooting at nodes: Ivs. opposite, oval,
glossy above and crimson-purple beneath: fls. yellow, soli-
tary in the axils. A garden plant said to have come from
S. Amer.; probably L, (or Isnardia) palustns.
LUfiTKEA. Rosacese. Tufted undershrub with
trailing branches, adapted to the rock-garden.
Propagated by cuttings of green wood and by
division. L. pectinita (Spir&a pectinate). Herb-
like: Ivs. alternate, 1-2 three-parted into linear
lobes: fls. white, 1A in. across, in terminal racemes
to 2 in. long. High mts., Calif, north to Alaska.
LtJFFA. CucurbitacesB. Monoecious tender
tendriliferous vines of trop. regions, with angled
or lobed Ivs., fls. large and conspicuous, yellow
or whitish, pistillate solitary and staminate
racemose, the corolla of 5 petals: fr. not hairy, /
becoming dry and more or less papery, eaten
when young in some countries, grown by us
mostly for ornament or for the " vegetable
sponge" provided by the dry interior; called
also dishcloth gourd and rag gourd. They grow
easily from seeds. The two commonly cult,
species are annuals from the Old World tropics,
bearing green frs.
acutangula. Lva. angled but little if at all lobed except
on young shoots: fr. club-shaped, 1 ft. or less long, strongly
ridged.
cylfndrica. The prevailing species cult, with us, under
several names: Ivs. mostly 3-7-fobed: fr. cylindric, to 2 ft.
long, sometimes curved, not ridged; variable and grown
under different names as L. gigantea, L. macrocarpa, L.
marylandica.
LUlNA. Composite. One species native in
the Cascade Mts. of Wash. L. hypolefcca.
Tufted per. to 1 ft., white-tomentose: Ivs. ovate,
1 in. long, shining above: fls. cream-colored,
}4 in. long, in corymbose heads; pappus of soft
white bristles. The genus belongs to the Arnica
and Doronicum group.
LUNARIA. MOON WORT. SATIN-FLOWER. HON-
ESTY. Cnicifcrse. Herbs of Ku. and Asia, one
ami. or bien., one per., both cult, and also some-
what escaped: plants erect, branching: Ivs. broad
and simple: fls. purple to white: seed-pods or
silieles moon-shaped, the septum papery and
satiny after the valves drop away late in the
season, and which are used in dry bouquets.
Plants come readily from seed; partial shade is
desirable.
annua (L. biennis). HONESTY. Ann. or bien., lJ^-3 ft.
high: Iva. ovate or narrower, coarsely toothed: fls. white
and purple: pods to 2 in. long and nearly as broad, obtuse
or rounded at both ends. There is a variegated-lvd. form,
and a var. filba is offered.
bi£nnis: L. annua.
rediviva. PERENNIAL H. Per. with more closely and
sharply toothed Ivs.: seed-pods oblong-lanceolate, tapering
at both ends, much longer than broad.
LUNG AN: Euphoria Longana.
LUNGWORT: Pulmonaria.
LUPINE: Lupinus.
LUPlNUS. LUPINE. Leguminosx. Ann. and
per. herbs, sometimes subshrubs, with digitately
compound Ivs., showy papilionaceous fls. in
terminal spikes or racemes, and flattened pods
often constricted between the seeds ; a few species
grown for cover-crops, forage and human food
but in Amer. mostly known as ornamental sub-
jects in the flower-garden.
Lupines may be grown on any well-drained soil, thriving
even on poor sandy lands. Propagated by seeds sown where
the plants are to stand or the perennial kinds also by division.
affmis. Ann. to 2 ft., nearly glabrous: fls. deep bluish-
purple, in spring: pods 1 in. long, the seeds small. Calif.
a'lblfrons. Woody per. to 5 ft., often with hard trunk:
Ifts. 7-10, spatulate to obovate, silvery-silky, to 1 in. long:
fls. about 1A in. long, blue or purplish with white or yellow
center: poos yellowish, to 2 m. Calif. Var. Douglasii
(L. Douglasii) differs in floral bracts much exceeding buds.
Var. 6minens (L. Brittonii) has slightly larger fls.
albococcineus: L. pub esc ens.
Hbus. WHITE L. Ann. to 4 ft., hairy: fls. white or
slightly tinted: pods to 4 in. long, the seeds large. Levant.
— A i agricultural species.
alpe"stris Erect per. to 2% ft.: Ifts. 5-9, linear-oblan-
ceolate, to 2% in. long, glabrous above, hairy beneath:
fls. blue, to y8 in. long: pods to 1^ in. long. Colo., Utah
and Mont.
angustif61ius. Ann. to 1 ft. or more, hairy: fls. dark blue,
in early summer: pods ^ in. wide. Medit. region. Var.
rdseus, fls. rose.
arborescens: listed name. >
arbdreus. TREE L. Shrub to 8 ft., slightly pubescent:
fls. sulfur-yellow, in summer: pods to 3 in. long, the seeds
small. Calif. Var. Snow Queen has pure white fls. and also
a"! bus. Var. Paynei is L. Paynei.
&rcticus. Per. to 1 ft., allied to L. nootkatensis and
differing in sts. erect not decumbent, petioles much longer
than Ifts., fls. on pedicels to ^ in. long and not longer, and
seeds usually 5-7 rather than 9-12. Alaska to N. Wash,
and B. C.
arg£nteus (L. decumbens. L. tcncllus). Per. to 3 ft.,
silvery-pubescent: fls. violet, rose or white, in summer:
pods Y± in. long. W. N. Amer.
atrococcineus: L. pubescens.
bicolor. Ann. or bien. to \y> ft., erect, villous: Ifts.
5-7, to 1 in. long: fls. blue and wnite, to j^ in. long, ver-
ticillate on naked peduncle: pods less than 1 m. long, pubes-
cent. Pacific coast. — A variable species, perhaps not in
cult. L. bicolor of trade may be L. polyphyllus var.
Bremen. Low, prostrate or decumbent shrubby per. to
10 in. high or less, silvery-hairy: Ifts. 7-10, to 3^ in long:
fls. violet with yellow or whitish center, to % in. long, in
dense racemes to 2 in. long: poda 3-4-seeded, to *£ in. long.
Mts. of Calif, to 8. Ore.
Bnttonii: L. albifrons var. eminens.
californicus: L. pubescens.
Cnamiss&nis. Shrubby, to 3 ft., silky-tomentoae: fls.
blue or lavender with yellow spot on standard, in spring
and at other seasons. Calif.
columbianus: L. latifohus var.
cone Inn us. Ann. to 6 in., densely hairy: fls. violet with
yellow spot on standard. S. Calif.
conf6rtus. Per. to 1 14 ft , silky-pubescent, similar to L.
Torreyi but with larger fls. }>$ in. long. Calif., Nov.
Cruckshanksii: L. mutabilis var.
cytisoides. BROOM L. Per. to 6 ft., minutely hairy: fls.
rose-purple. Apr.-Aug. S. Calif.
decumbens: L. argenteus.
densiftdrus (L. Memiesii). Ann. to 2 ft., hairy: Ifts.
7-9, glabrous above, to % in- long, obtuse to mucronate:
fls. white, yellow or rose, calyx subtended by narrow re-
flexed bracts, in spring. Calif. Var. crinltus, low, to 6 m.
high. Var. lacteus, fls. nearly white.
diffusus. DEER-CABBAGE. Decumbent per., silky sts.
woody at base, to 2 ft. long: Ivs. entire, oblanceolate, to
4 in. long: fls. light blue with yellow spot in center of
standard, on spikes to 12 in. long: pods woolly. N. C. to
Fla., sandy soil.
Douglasii: L. albifrons var.
Dunnettii: L, pubescens.
duplex: L. pubescens.
elegans: L. pubescens.
excubitus: see L. Paynei.
formftsus. Per. to 2^ ft., sometimes decumbent, silky-
pubescent: fls. purple, blue, lilac or white, % in. long: pods
1 J^ in. long, seeds mottled. Calif.
guatemale'nsis: L. pubescens.
Ha"rtwegii. Ann. to 3 ft., with shaggy hairs: fls. blue with
standard partially rose-colored, July-Sept.: pods about
1 in. long, the needs small. Mex. Vars. albus, coe!6stinus,
rdseus and ruber are color forms.
hirsutlssimus. Ann. to 1 ft., very hairy with stinging
hairs: fls. reddish-purple, in spring: pods to 1H in- l°nK-
S. Calif.
hirsutus. BLUE L. Ann. to 2 ft., brown-hairy: fls. blue,
the keel usually .tipped with white, July-Aug.: pods large
with large seeds. S. Eu. Vars. albus, caruleus, carneus
and riiber are color forms.
Jjwpinus
447
Lycaste
hybridus: L. pubescens and I/, mutabilis.
insignis: L. pu6e*cena.
Iatif61ius. Erect per. to 4 ft.: Ifts. 5-8, to 4 in. long, acute,
glabrous above or nearly so: fls. blue to purple, rarely
yellowish, to ^ in. long, in lax racemes to 18 in. long: poda
to IK in. long, dark brown. 8. Calif. Var. columbianus
(L. columbianus). To 2 ft.: fls. with broader wings than
type covering most of the keel. Calif, to Wash.
l£pidus. Per. to 1 ft., densely tufted: fls. violet, % in.
long: pods to % in. long. B. C. to Ida. and Calif.
longifdlius. Shrubby, to 5 ft., grayish-pubescent: fls.
deep blue to nearly white with a whitish or rose-purple
spot on standard, in winter and spring: pods to 1 ^ in. long.
a Calif.
ludovicianus. Erect per. to 2 ft., densely woolly: Ifts.
4-8, spatulate, to 4 in.: fls. purplish, to H in. long: pods to
1 in. long. S. Calif.
luteus. YELLOW L. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ifto. 7-10, lanceolate,
acute: fls. yellow, fragrant, in verticillate whorls on long
pubescent stalks, June- July. S. Eu. — Differs from L.
densiflorus chiefly in calyx not subtended by bracts, and
much longer pods.
Lyallii. Per. to 4 in , silky-pubescent: fls. blue, nearly
y% in. long: pods H in. long. Wash, to Calif.
Menziesii; L. dentsiflorus.
micranthus. Ann. to 1% ft., hairy: fls. blue and white,
very small: pods about 1 in. long. B. C. to Calif.
microcarpus. Ann. 4-20 in. high, sts. often branched:
Ifts. 5-8, to % in. long, glabrous above, long-petioled: fls.
usually pink to dull red, to % in. long, in racemes of 2-10
whorls: pods usually hairy, to % in. long. Calif.
minimus. Per. to 6 in , densely tufted, silky-pubescent:
fls. blue or purple, H in long. Alta. to Ore.
Mderheimii: L polyphyllus var.
Moritzianus: L. pubescens.
mutabilis. Ann to 6 ft., glabrous: fls. white with yellow
or violet on standard, June -Aug.: pods to 3 in. long, the
seeds large Mts. of S. Amer. Var. Crtickshanksii (L.
Cruckshanksn) has bluish fls. shaded with violet and purple.
Peru. Vars. rdseus and versicolor are color forms. L.
pantdencus and L. hybridus nigrescens are probably forms
of L. mutabihs.
nanus. Ann. to 15 in., pubescent: fls. blue with white
purple-dotted spot on standard, fragrant, May- July: pods
Yi m. long, the seeds small. Calif. Vars. albus, albo-
rdseus and dlbo-violaceus are color variations.
nootkatensis. Per. to 3 ft., hairy: fls. blue variegated
with red and yellow, May- July: pods 1H in. long. Near
sea, Wash, to Aleutian Isls.
odoratus. Ann : fls blue or purple with yellow on stand-
ard, H m. long: pods ^4 m long. Calif., Ariz., Nev.
o mat us. Per. to 3 ft , silky-pubescent: fls. dark blue with
light spot on standard, % in. long: pods to 1^ in. long.
Wash., Ida.
pantelericus: L. mutabihs.
Paynei. Shrub to 8 ft., with silvery foliage: fls. blue,
lavender, pink or white with yellow blotch on standard,
fragrant, in spring Calif. — Sometimes treated as a synonym
of L. excubitus var. Hallii.
perennis. SUN-DIAL L. Per. to 2 ft., pubescent: fls.
blue varying to pink and white, May-June: pods 1^ in.
long. Me. to Fla.
pildsus. Ann. to 4 ft., hairy: fls. rose with red spot on
standard. Levant.
Plperi. Per. to \1A ft, silky-pubescent: Ifts. 5-8, ob-
lanoeolate, acute, to 1>£ in. long, petioles to 4 in. long: fla.
deep blue, in showy loose racemes: pods to 1 in. long. Wash.
platt6nsis. Per. to 2 ft., hairy: fls. pale blue with dark
spot on standard, June-July: pods to 1 % in. long. Wyo. to
Kans.
polyphyllus. Per. to 5 ft., glabrous except the woolly
5ods: fls. purplish with blue wings, in compact racemes,
une- Sept.: pods 1^ in. long, the seeds small. Wash, to
Calif. Var. Mderheimii is more compact and has various
colored fls. Listed color forms are albifldrus, albus, atro-
violaceus, bf color, ceeruleus, carmfneus, luteus, rdseus,
salmdneus. Vars. elegans and tricolor belong to the hy-
brids of L. pubescent.
pub£scens. Ann. to 3 ft., pubescent: fls. violet-blue with
white center: pods 1 in. long, the seeds small. Mex. and
Guatemala. — Here belongs the group known as L. hybridus,
comprising such names as albococcineus, atrococcineus,
californicus, Dunnettii, duplex, elegans, guatemalensis, hy-
bndus roseus, insignis, Moritzianus, putcherrimus, speciosus,
succulentus, superbus, tricolor, venustus.
pulcherrimus: L. pubescens.
pusfllus. Ann. to 10 in., sta. hairy: Ifte. 5-8, oblanceo-
late-oblong, smooth above, hirsute beneath: fls. white to
pale rose-purple, in racemes to 3 in. long: pods about %. in.
long, 2-eeeded. Sask. to Wash, south to New Mex. and Nev.
rivularis. Per. to 3 ft., hairy: fls. blue or variegated,
marked with yellow: pods to 2 in. long. Wash, to Calif.
rdseus: L. polyphyllus and L. pubescens.
specidsus: L. pubescens.
Stlversii. Ann. to 1 ^ ft.: fls. with bright yellow standard
and rose or purple wings, ^ in. long: pods % in. long.
Calif.
subcarndsus (L. texensis). Ann. to 1 ft., silky-pubescent:
fls. blue with white or yellow spot on standard, in spnng:
pods 1H in- long, the seeds small. Tex.
succulentus: L. pubescens.
sulphureus. Per.: Ifts. 13-15, narrowly lanceolate,
densely pubescent on both sides: fls. sulfur-yellow, small,
in dense racemes, calyx without bracts. Blue Mts. of Ore. —
Probably not in cult., plants so listed may be L. denstjiorus
or a form of L. pubescens.
superbus: L. pubescens.
ten611us: L. argenteus.
Tennis. EGYPTIAN L. Ann. to 5 ft., silky-hairy: fls.
white tinted with blue: seeds large. Levant. — An agri-
cultural species.
tex£nsis: L. subcamosus.
Tdrreyi. Per. to 8 in., silky-pubescent: fla. violet-blue
with center of standard yellow to purple, ^A in. long: pods
H in. long. Wash, to Calif.
tricolor: L. pubescens.
truncatus. Ann. to 2 ft., slightly hairy: fls. violet: pods
1 in. long. S. Calif.
varifcolor. Per. with decumbent or prostrate sts. to
2)^ ft. long: fls. yellow, white, pink, blue, purplo, H in.
long: pods to 1^ in. long, seeds mottled. Calif.
varius. Ann. to 3 ft.: fls. red and blue. S. Eu.
venustus: L. pubescens.
vllldsus. LADY L. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. entire, elliptic-
lanceolate to oblanceolate, to 6 in. long, long-petioled: fls.
cream-colored to deep purple, the keel usually darker than
wings, in erect dense panicles: pods to 1% in. long. N. C.
to Fla. west to Miss.
LUVUNGA: Lavanga.
LUZULA. WOOD RUSH. Juncacese. Glabrous
or somewhat pubescent per. herbs with grass-like
Ivs., differing from the closely related Juncus in
the 1-celled 3-seeded caps., Juncus having a
caps, with 1-3 cells and many seeds. Plants of
dry shaded woods adapted to naturalizing in
colonies or for the border. Propagated by seeds
and division.
campestris (L. ptVoso). COMMON W. Tufted, to .
Ivs. to J4 in- across1 fls brown, to nearly H in long, crowded
into erect infl. of 2-12 spike-like clusters. N. Amer., Eu.,
Asia.
pildsa: L. campestris.
LYCASTE. Orchidacex. Trop. American
epiphytic orchids with pseudobulbs bearing
1 to several plaited Ivs.. and solitary fls. on basal
shoots, the lateral sepals united with the foot of
the column to form a spur-like body or chin, the
lip 3-lobed. Grown in intermediate temperature
and shade; see Orchids for cult.
aroma tica. Pseudobulbs to about 3 in. high, with 2-3 Ivs.
to about 20 in. long: fls. very fragrant, to 2J^ in. across,
orange-yellow, the lip often spotted with red and with a
broad callus. Jan., Apr.-Oct. Cent. Amer.
Barring toniae. Pseudobulbs ellipsoidal, to about 3 in.
tall: Ivs. 2-3, elliptical, to nearly 2 ft. long and 4J4 in. wide:
fls. olive-green to tawny-yellow, lip 3-lobed and fimbriate.
Apr.-June. W. Indies.
brevispatha (L. Candida). Pseudobulbs to 2^ in. high,
commonly 2-lvd.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long: fls. 2^-3 in. across;
sepals pale green; petals white; lip white tinted with yellow,
all parts of perianth often dotted with red-brown. Feb.-
May. Costa Rica, Panama.
Candida: L. brevispatha.
crugnta. Pseudobulbs to 3^ in. high, 2-3-Ivd.: Ivs. to
1J4 ft- long: sepals brownish- or yellowish-green; petals
orange-yellow; hp orange-yellow with blood-red at base.
Blooms almost all year. Cent. Amer.
Deppei. Pseudobulbs to 3^ in. high, with 3^4 Ivs.:
fls. to over 4 in. across; sepals greenish spotted with red;
Lycaste
448
Lycium
petals ivory-white; lip white and yellow spotted with red.
June-Sept. Mex.
fulvescens. Pseudobulbs to 5 in. high, with 2 Ivs. to 20
in. long: fls. yellowish tinged with brown, the lip 3-lobed,
fringed in front. May-June. Colombia.
Harrisonise: Bifrenaria Uarrisonise.
lanipes. Pseudobulbs subcylindric, to G in. long, with
2-3 Ivs. to 25 in. long: fls. about 4 in. across, greenish-white
to ivory-white, Up fringed in front. Autumn. Ecuador.
lasioglossa. Pseudobulbs to 5 in. high, 2-vJ-lvd.: Ivs.
to 2 ft. long: fls. to 5 in. across, with brown sepals, yellow
petals and lip with hairy red-spotted mid-lobe. Guatemala.
Lawrencdana: a form of L. brevispatha with petals and
Up white tinted rose-pink.
leucfintha. Pseudobulbs to 3 in. tall, 2-3-lvd.: Ivs. to
25 in. long: fls. to 4 m. across; sepals greenish-brown, petals
yellowish -white; lip pale yellow suffused with white. Cent.
Amer. — This name is occasionally misapplied to L. brevi-
spatha.
Skfaineri. Pseudobulbs to 3 in. high, with 2-3 Ivs. to 2 ft.
long: fls. the largest in the genus, to 6 in. across, with white
or rose sepals, rose petals, and lip rose or crimson-carmine
of many shades often mottled with white. Jan.- May, Nov.
Mex., Guatemala, Honduras.
LYCHEE: Litchi chinensia.
LYCHNIS. Caryophyllacede. Herbaceous an-
nuals and perennials, many of which are good
garden subjects: fls. solitary or in clusters, often
very showy, white, pink, purple, shades of red,
the petals usually 2-notchcd: Ivs. commonly
opposite and entire: native in the north temp, and
arctic zones. All are easily grown from seed,
the perennials being propagated also by division.
filba (L. vespertina. Afelandrium album). EVENING
CAMPION. Bien. or per. to 2 ft., sticky-hairy: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate to oblong: fls. white and fragrant, to 1 in. across,
opening in the evening, in loose few-fid, panicles. Eu.;
udventive in E. U. 8.
alpina ( Viscaria alpma). ARCTIC CAMPION. Per , smooth,
tufted, 1 ft. or less: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. pink, \i in.
across, in dense terminal heads. Apr. Arctic and alpine
regions in Eu., Asia, N. Amer. Color vars. are alba, rosea
and rubra.
ap£tala (Viscaria parviflora). Per. to 8 in., glandular-
pubescent above: Ivs. linear to oblanceolatc, to 2^2 m.
long, sessile: fls. solitary, nodding, petals inconspicuous
and shorter than the deeply purple-veined calyx. Arctic
regions of northern hemisphere.
Arkwrightii. Hybrid between L. Haagcana and L. chal-
cedonica, with fls. in shades of scarlet.
atropurpurea (Viscaria atropurpurea). Perhaps not
distinct from L. Viscaria, from which it supposedly differs
in its shorter fr. and smaller darker purple fls. S. Hungary
to Bulgaria.
Candida: hort. name for a white-fld. form.
caramanica: see Silene caramamca.
cardinalis: plants listed as Viscaria cardinalis are
L. Cceli-rosa.
chalced6nica. MALTESE Cuoas. JERUSALEM CROSS.
SCARLET LIGHTNING. Per., 2-3 ft., usually loosely hairy: Ivs.
ovate to lanceolate, mostly clasping: fls. scarlet, about 1 in.
across, in dense terminal heads. June- July. Russia and
Siberia; escaped in E U. S. There are vars. with white, rose
or flesh-colored fls. as a*lba, rosea, and sahnfinea, and some-
times double forms. Var. grandifldra is hated.
Coeli-rdsa (Agrosfemma Cceli-rosa. Viscaria cardinalis).
IlosE-op-JlEAVEN. Ann. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. linear: fls. nearly
1 in. across, rose-red, solitary, terminal. Medit. region.
Vnr. $lba, fls. white. Vnr. fimbriata, petals toothed. Var.
kermeslna, fls. red. Var. oculata (Viscaria oculata), fls.
purple-eyed.
com pact a: hort. name.
Coronaria (Agrostemma Coronaria. Coronaria tomentosa) .
MULLEIN-PINK. DUSTY MILLER. ROSE CAMPION. Bien. or
per. to 3 ft., densely white-woolly: Ivs. oval or oblong: fls.
crimson, 1 in. or more across, terminal and solitary. June-
July. S. Eu.; escaped in N. Amer. Color forms listed are
£lba, atrosanguinea and bf color.
coronata (L. grandiflora). Bien. or per. to 1H ft.: Ivs.
oval-elliptic: fls. brick-red, salmon or cinnabar, 2 in. or
more across, in open panicles. China, Japan. Var. Sid-
boldii, large pure white fls.
c6rsica. Ann. to 3 ft : fls. pink changing to reddish, in
panicles. Corsica.
diolca (L. diurna. Melandrium dioicum, M. rubrum and
M. rilvestre). RED or MORNING CAMPION. To 2 ft., coarse,
hairy and usually somewhat sticky: Ivs. oblong to ovate:
fls. normally red, to 1 in. across, in loose clusters, opening
in the morning. Eu. and Asia; escaped in E. U. S. There
are white and double-fid, vars.
diurna: L. dioica.
fimbriata: L. Cceli-rosa yar.
F16s-cuculi (Agrostemma Flos-cuculi. Coronaria Flos-
cuculi). CUCKOO-FLOWER. RAGGED ROBIN. Per., slender,
floriferous, soft-hairy below, sticky above: Ivs. narrow-
lanceolate: fls. red or pink, to 1 in. across, in loose panicles.
May-Aug. Eu., N. Asia; nat. in E. U. S. There are double-
fld. and white vars.
F16s-J6vis (Agrostemma and Coronaria Flos-Jovis).
FLOWER-OF-JOVE. Per. to 1^ ft., white-tomentose: Ivs.
oval-lanceolate: fls. pink, to fi in. across, in dense umbel-
like clusters. June- July. Mts. of S. Eu. Var. alpina is
hated.
F6rrestii. A strain of bybrids with fls. in shades of
crimson, carmine, pink and white: 1^-2 ft. high.
fulgens. Per. to 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong:
fls. bright scarlet, to 2 in. across, in few-fld. dense terminal
clusters. Siberia.
Githago: Agrostemma Githago.
grandifldra: L. coronata.
Haageana. Hybrid between L. fulgens and L. coronata
yar. Sicboldn: per., somewhat hairy, to 1 ft., intermediate
in characters between the parents: fls. orange-red, scarlet
or crimson, about 2 in. across, in 2's or 3's. May-June.
Lagascae: Petrocoptia Lagascx.
Iapp6nica: listed as a plant 6 in. high with bright rose fls.
macrocarpa. Per. to 3 ft., glandular-pubescent: Ivs.
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 2H in. long or more, undulate
fls. white to rose-pink, dioecious, the fruiting calyx-lobes
narrowly lanceolate. Eu., W. Asia, N. Afr.
Miqueliana. Similar to L. coronata from which it differs
in its more spreading infl., shorter bracts, and petals not
eroded nor toothed but 2-hpped: fls. salmon-red. Japan.
mong61ica. To about 2 ft., sts. hairy: lower Ivs. short-
petiolod, lanceolate, to 5 in long, obtuse, upper Ivs. briefly
connate, linear-oblong: fls. 1-3, probably white, about ^4 in.
long. Mongolia.
mo n tana. Per. to nearly 6 in., glabrous below and
glandular-hairy above: Ivs. linear-oblanceolate, to 2 in.
long, petioles cilmte: fls. white to pink, usually solitary,
petals shorter than calyx. Mts. of Colo, and Wyo.
oculata: L. Cceli-rosa var.
parvifl6ra: see L. apetala.
Pr6slii. Per. to IJa ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to obovate,
acuminate to obtuse, entire, decurrent, dark green: fls.
Bui-plush, about 1 in. across, abundant in pamcled clusters,
olivia.
pyrenaica: Petrocoptis pyrenaica.
Sdrtori. To 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. purple, H in. across.
China? Botanical position uncertain.
segitalis: Agrostemma Githago.
Senno. Per. to 2 ft , sts. pubescent to villous: Ivs. ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, acute, entire, villous: fls.
scarlet, white or sometimes scarlet striped with white, to
2Ja in across, in cymes of 3-7, petals broadly cordate,
overlapping, margins sharply toothed. Japan.
Sieboldii: L. coronata var.
tristis. Per. to 1% ft. or more, sts. black-glandular
above, viscid: basal Ivs oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in. long,
petiolod; st.-lvs. linear- oblong, to 4 in. long, acute, ciliate:
fls. dark brownish-purple, in terminal clusters of 1-3, pet*ltf
narrowly obcordate. Caucasus.
Vaccaria: Saponaria Vaccaria.
vespertina: L. alba.
Viscaria (Viscaria viscosa). GERMAN CATCHFLY. Per.
to \Y^ ft, smooth with sticky patches beneath the fl.-
spl£ndens fl6re-pleno.
Wfilkeri. Hybrid between L. Coronaria and L. Flos-
Jovis: silvery-hairy, with carmine-red fls. from June to Oct.
yunnan6nsis. Tufted per. 8 in. tall or less, sts. hairy,
slender: Ivs. linear to lanceolate, sessile, acute, hairy: ns.
white, petals exceeding calyx, 2-lobed, calyx mostly 10-
nerved, segms, ovate, glandular, margins reddish. China.
LfCIUM. BOX-THORN. MATRIMONY-VINE.
Solanacede. Ornamental deciduous and evergreen
shrubs, often clambering and requiring support,
with alternate or clustered small Ivs., usually
grayish-green: fls. funnel-shaped, greenish, whit-
Lydum
449
Lygistum
ish, purplish, or violet, solitary or clustered,
the stamens commonly exserted: berries usually
scarlet.
Lyciums grow in all usual soils. As suckers are generally
produced, the plants should not be set near flower-beds.
They may be propagated by hardwood cuttings, by suckers,
by layers, ana by seed.
barbarum. Often confused with L. halimifolium but
differing in the smaller narrow Ivs. and the glabrous
filaments. N. Afr.
carolinianum. To 5 ft , spiny: Ivs. spatulate, thick and
fleshy, to 1 in. long: fls. \£ in. long, limb as long as tube,
the filaments woolly at base: fr. red, ^ in. across. S. C. to
Fla. and Tex.
chine" nse. Shrub with arching and often prostrate
branches to 12 ft. long, usually unarmed, brancnlets yel-
lowish-gray: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to 3 m. long,
remaining green until late in autumn: fls. puYple, Yi in.
long, the limb longer than corolla-tube, filaments pubescent
at base: fr. scarlet to orange-red, to 1 in. long E. Asia.
Var. ovatum has Ivs. to 4 in. long. — Very like L. hahmi-
fohum and perhaps not distinct as commonly defined; the
fl characters of separation are not constant; in L. chinense
the Ivs. on flowering branchlets are prominently broad and
short while those of L. halimifolium are long and very
narrow.
europ&um. Differs from L. halimifolium in the smaller
narrower Ivs., more slender corolla-tube, and glabrous
filaments. Medit. region.
halimifdlium (L. vulyare). Upright or spreading shrub
to 10 ft , arching or recurving branches, usually spiny;
branchlets light gray: Ivs commonly lanceolate, to 2^2 in.
long, tmckish: fls. dull lilac-purple, the limb shorter than
tube, filaments pubescent at base: fr. to ?4 in. long, scarlet
to orange-red. S. E. Ku , W. Asia.
h6rridum. To 3 ft., much branched, spiny: Ivs. spatu-
late, y± in long: fls. whitish, % in long, the filaments
pubescent at base. S Afr , where it is planted for hedges.
pallid um. To 6 ft , much branched, spiny: Ivs. lanceo-
late, to 2 in. long, glaucous and fleshy: fls nodding, greenish-
yellow tinged purple, % in long, tube 3 times longer than
lobes, filaments glabrous: fr. scarlet, ^2 in. across. Utah
to Mex.
ruthe'nicum. Spiny: Ivs. linear to linear-lanceolate, to
\y± in. long: fls. % in. long, lobes much shorter than tube,
filaments pubescent at base: fr. black. E. Eu., W. Asia.
vulgare: L. halimifohum.
LYCOPERSICON. TOMATO. Solanacese. Her-
baceous annuals and perennials, the Ivs. pin-
nately compound, fls. yellow, fr. a pulpy berry,
2- or few-celled, the cells multiplied under cult, j
native in S. Amer. but spontaneous in small-
fruited forms in many warm regions. Linnaeus
placed the tomato in the genus Solanum and it
was first separated as a genus by John Hill in
his Vegetable System who spelled the generic
name Lycopersicum. Because Hill did not follow
the binomial system of nomenclature consis-
tently in this work, the names are not valid and
it is necessary to take up the name and spelling
as next given by Philip Miller, namely Ly-
copersicon. Certain modern authors have re-
united Lycopersicon with Solanum. Relation-
ship of tomato and potato is close, as ohown by
the fact that one may be grafted on the other:
see Potomato.
esculentum. Tender per. but treated as an ann., to 6 ft.
and more, more or less hairy, with strong odor: Ivs. to 1 % ft.
long, of 5-9 more or less curled toothed Ifts. to 3 in. long:
fls. nodding, % in. across: fr. red or yellow, to 3 in. across,
usually flattened at the ends, sides grooved or furrowed.
W. S. Amer. Var. cerasif6rme. CHERRY T. Lvs thinner
and smaller: fls. in longer clusters: fr. globular and regular,
about % in. diam., red or yellow; forms with oblong fr.
are PLUM T. Var. commune (var. wilgare). COMMON T.
Lfts. little if at all curled: plants heavier and more lopping:
fr. mostly globular or only flattened a little, the sides not
furrowed or grooved, many-celled. Var. grandifolium.
LARGE-LEAVED or POTATO-LEAVED T. Lvs. large and plane,
Ifts. fewer. Var. pyrif6nne. PEAK T. Fr. pear-shaped,
about 1^ in. long. Var. valid um. UPRIGHT T. Stout,
erect, very compact: Ivs. crowded and curled.
pimpinellifftlium (L. racemiforme. L. racemigerum).
CURRANT T. Weak, sts. slender, finely pubescent, without
pronounced odor: Ivs. of 5-7 Ifts. to l^j in. long: fls. 10-25
in an elongated raceme: fr. red, currant-like, about ^ in.
diam., 2-celled. Peru.
racemif 6rme: L. pimpinellifolium.
racemigerum: L. pimpinelhfohum.
LYCOPODlACE^E. CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.
Three genera of moss-like evergreen herbs with
numerous small Ivs. and minute spores borne
either in terminal spikes or in If .-axils, often
picked for decorations, particularly in the noliday
season. They are pteridophytes or "flowerless
plants, belonging with the fern allies. Only
Lycopodium is known to hort.
LYCOP6DIUM. CLUB-MOSS. Lycopodiacez*.
Per. evergreen herbs with needle- or scale-like
Ivs., widely scattered over the world, the native
ones often used for Christmas greens. Grown in
moist shady places. Propagated by cuttings.
Billardieri. Usually growing on trees or rocks, sts. to
5 ft. long, much branched: spikes numerous, terminal, to
4 in. long. New Zeal.
clavatum. RUNNING-PINE. Sts. creeping to 9 ft., with
very leafy ascending branches: spikes 1-4, on sts. to 4 in.
long. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
complanatum. GROUND-CEDAR. Sts trailing, the ascend-
ing branches often fan-like (var. flabcUiforme) and Ivs.
4-rauked: spikes 1-4, on sts. to 5 in. long. N. Amer., Eu ,
Asia.
dendroideum: L. obscurum.
lucidulum. SHINING C. Sts to 10 in. high, decumbent at
base: Ivs. glossy green: sporangia in axils of Ivs. N. Amer.
obscurum (L. dendroideum). GROUND-PINK. Main st.
creeping underground, branches to 10 in. high, tree-like:
spikes nearly sessile. N. Amer , Asia.
Selago. Sts. stiff and erect, forming tufts to 8 in. high,
the sporophylla shorter than other Ivs. and not in spikes.
Alaska to Ore. and mts. of N. C., Euraaia.
tristachyum. Sts creeping underground, with narrow
glaucous branches and 4-ranked imbricated Ivs.: spikes
on sts. to 5 in. long. Me. to Ga. and Minn., Eu.
L^COPUS. WATER HOAUHOUND. Labiate.
Per. mint-like herbs making stolons at base, in
north temp, zone, with small white, tinted or
purplish fls. in close axillary clusters, adapted to
moist places and wild-gardens: Ivs. opposite,
sessile or short-stalked, variously dentate, mostly
narrow.
americanus (L. sinuatus). To 2 ft., erect: Ivs. lanceolate
or somewhat broader, short-petioled, incised to pinnatifid,
to 4 in. long: corolla little exceeding calyx, pale with crimson
spots. Moist ground, Newf. to Fla. and Calif.
europ&us. To 2}4 ft., more pubescent than above: Ivs.
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, coarsely dentate:
fls. as above. Eu., nat. in U. S. from Mass, to Va.
sinuatus: L. americanus.
L^CORIS. Amaryllidaceas. Bulbous herbs
with narrow basal Ivs. disappearing before the
fls. which are yellow or red and borne in an
umbel at tip of solid scape, the periarith-segms.
united into a short tube; Chinese and Japanese.
Hardy out-of-doors with winter protection, and
also grown under glass.
a urea (Amaryllis aurea). Lvs. to % in. across: fis. yel-
low, 3 in. long, in summer. China.
incarnata. To 1% ft.: Ivs. somewhat linear: fls. salmon
to bright rose, fragrant, large, segms. only slightly reflexed
and undulate. Cent. China.
purpurea: probably L. squamigera var.
radiata (Amaryllis radiata). Lvs. linear: fls. bright red
or white in var. filba, 1 }^ in. long, in autumn. China, Japan.
sanguine a. Lvs. linear: fls. bright red, 2 in. long, in
summer. Japan.
squamfgera (Amaryllis Hallii). Lvs. to 1 in. across:
fls. rose-lilac or pink, 3 in. long, in summer, fragrant. Japan.
Var. purpurea is listed.
LYGISTUM: Manettia.
Lygodium 450
LYG6DIUM. CLIMBING-FERN. Schizseacex.
Twining vine-like ferns with palmately or pin-
nately lobed or divided Ifts. or secondary pinnae;
sori borne on contracted divisions of frond, often
forming panicles; mostly native in tropics. The
twining st. is really petiole and rachis.
circinatum (L. dichotomum). Lfts. deeply palmately
divided into entire segms. to 1 ft. long, bright green. Trop.
Asia, Malaya.
dichdtomum: L. circinatum.
jap6nicum. Lfts. pinnate into pinnatifid or lobed segms.,
margins toothed, pale green. E. Indies, E. Asia, Australia.
palmatum. HARTFORD-FERN. Lfts. nearly orbicular,
palmately 4-7-lobed, margins entire, fertile ffta. forming
terminal panicle. Mass, to Fla. and Teun.
scandens. Lfts. pinnate into ovate or ovate-lanceolate
segms. to 2 in. long, sometimes lobed, bluish-green. E. Asia.
volubile. Lfts. pinnate into lanceolate segms. to 1 ft.
long. Trop. Amer.
LYONIA (Xolisma). Ericacex. Shrubs, ever-
green and deciduous, with alternate Ivs., white
or pinkish fls. in clusters or panicles, and capsular
frs.; cult, as for Leucothoe. Adapted for colo-
nizing and in shrubby collections; mostly plants
of moist soil. Asian species may be expected to
appear in general cult.
ligustrina (Andromeda ligustrina and paniculate.
Arsenococrus hgustrinus) . MALE-BKHRY. HE-HUCKLE-
BERRY. To 12 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 3 in. long, entire or
finely toothed: fls. in panicles to 6 in. long. May- July.
Me. to Fla. and Tex.
lucida (L. mtida. Pieris lucida and nitida. Neopieria
nitida. Andromeda nitida. Desmot hamnus lucidus) . FETTER-
BUSH. To 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in. long, entire, shining
above: fls in terminal leafy racemes. Mar.-May. Va. to
Fla. and La , in low woods and barrens.
mariana (Andromeda, Neopieria and Pieris mariana).
STAGGER-BUSH. To 0 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 2^ in. long,
entire: fls. nodding, in terminal leafless racemes. May-June.
11. I. to Fla. and Ark.
nitida: L. lucida.
LYONOTHAMNUS. LYON-SHRTJB. Eosacese.
One evergreen tree confined to the isls. off coast
of S. Calif, and planted in warm regions. L.
floribundus. CATALINA IRONWOOD. To 55 ft.:
Ivs. lanceolate, to 8 in. long, nearly entire or
pinnately cut or sometimes pinnately compound,
dark green arid shining above: fls. small, white,
in corymbs to 8 in. across. In yar. asplenifdlius
the Ivs. are pinnately divided into lobed Ifts. —
Propagated by basal sprouts, with difficulty by
cuttings or by seeds when produced.
LYON-SHRUB: Lyonothamnua.
LYRATE: pinnatifid, but with an enlarged terminal
lobe and smaller lower and sometimes intermediate lobes.
LYSIAS: Uabenaria.
LYSICHlTUM. Aracede. Two stemless ill-
scented herbs native in swamps of W. Asia to
W. N. Amer. L. americllnum. YELLOW SKUNK-
CABBAGE. Lvs. from thick rootstocks, to 5 ft.
long, oblong-lanceolate: fls. greenish- to golden-
yellow, borne on a spadix; spathe yellowish, the
blade to 4 in. long. — The L. camtschatcense of
E. Asia is odorless or sweet-scented, has a white
spathe, and is the plant sometimes cult, as var.
album of that species.
LYSIL6MA. Leguminosse. A small genus of
trop. American trees or shrubs with 2-pinnately
compound Ivs. and greenish-white to white fls.
in capitate heads or cylindrical spikes, with the
numerous stamens partly united into a tube: fr.
an elliptic to linear dehiscent pod. One species
may be in cult, in Fla. for ornament.
Lythrum
latisfliqua (L. So&tcii). Tree to 65 ft. or more, usually
much smaller, twigs glabrous: Ivs. to 8 in. long, Ifts., 3-7
pairs, ovate to obovate, to 1 in. long, obtuse, to % in. wide:
fls. greenish-white, in solitary long-peduncled axillary
heads: pods to 6 in. long and 1^ in. wide. Bahamas, Cuba,
Hispamola. — The tree has been confused with L. bahamen-
sia which differs in its smaller linear-oblong Ifts.
Sfcbicii: L. latisiligua.
LYSIMACHIA. LOOSESTRIFE. Primulacese.
Ann. and per. summer-blooming herbs, bearing
yellow or white, rarely purple or blue, fls.
singly or in spikes or racemes, sometimes whorled,
wheel- or bell-shaped corolla, arid fr. opening by
5 valves; of temp, and subtrop. distribution, a
few grown for ornament in moist situations.
Propagated by division.
atropurpurea. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. red with
dark purple anthers, in dense spikes. Greece, Asia Minor.
barystachys (L. brachystachys) . To 2^ ft.: Ivs. linear to
lanceolate, glaucous beneath: fls. white, in dense racemes
at first nodding. E. Asia.
brachystachys: L. barystachys.
ciliata: Steironema ciliatum.
clethroides. To 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate:
fls. white, in slender terminal spikes. China, Japan.
dubia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. rose, in spikes.
S. E. Eu., W. Asia — Similar to L. atropurpurea, differing
in all the Ivs. briefly petioled and not sessile, and in fls.
rose-colored.
Ephemerum. To 3^ ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, glaucous:
fls. white, in racemes. Medit. region.
Fdrtunei. To 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: fls.
white, in many-fld. racemes. China, Japan.
Fraseri. To 7 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or oblanceolate: fls.
yellow, in broad terminal panicles. S. C. to Ga.
jap6nica. Decumbent or ascending to 5 in.: Ivs. ovate,
punctate: fls. yellow, solitary in the axils. E. Asia to Suma-
tra.
Iobeliaf61ia: listed name.
lobelioides. To 1 ft., sts. slender, erect or ascending: Ivs.
ovate to orbicular-ovate, to nearly 2 in long, glabrous,
opposite: fls. white, broadly campanulate. N. W. Himalayas.
minor ic ens is. To 2 ft., sts. erect, rarely branched: Ivs.
lanceolate, alternate, glabrous: fls. in clusters of 5-8.
Balearian Isls.
Nummularia. MONEYWORT. CREEPING JENNIE or
CHARLIE. Creeping: Ivs. round: fls. yellow, solitary in the
axils. Eu.; nat. in E. N. Amer. Var. aurea has yellow
foliage.
punctata (L. vertitillata'). To 3 ft.: Ivs. in 3's or 4's,
ovate-lanceolate: fls. yellow, in axillary whorls, petals
margined with minute glandular hairs. Eu , nat. in E. U. S.
quadrifdlia. To 3 ft.: Ivs. usually in 4's or 5's, lanceolate
to ovate: fls. yellow with dark streaks, axillary, long-stalked.
N. B. to Ga. and Tenn.
terrestris. Glabrous, erect, to 2 ft.: Ivs. mostly opposite,
lanceolate, acute, to 3 in. long, with minute blacTk dots:
fls. yellow, in terminal racemes. Moist ground, Newf. to
Ga. and west.
thyrsifl&ra. To 2 ft.: Ivs. opposite, sessile, lanceolate:
fls. yellow, in short axillary heads. Swamps, Eu., Asia, N.
Amer.
verticillata: L. punctata.
vulgaris. Bushy, 3- 5 ft.: Ivs. whorled or opposite, ovate-
lanceolate: fls. yellow, in leafy panicles. Eu., Asia; nat. in
E. U. S. Var. dahurica is listed, and may not be distinct
from the type.
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. About
21 widely distributed genera of herbs, shrubs or
trees, many of them in trop. Amer., with mostly
alternate or whorled Ivs., bisexual polypetalous
fls. having tubular calyx, 4-6 petals or sometimes
without petals, few to many stamens, superior
2-6-celled ovary, and capsular fr. Several genera
furnish medicinal and dye products, others
timber, and the following are grown with us for
ornament: Cuphea, Decodon, Heimia, Lager-
stroomia, Lawsonia, Lythrum.
LYTHRUM. Lythracex. Ann. and per. herbs
with mostly opposite entire Ivs. and 4-angled
Lythrum 451 Lythrum
branches, purple to white fls. solitary or in Hyssopifdlia. Ann. to 2 ft.: ivs. to % in. long and y^ in.
racemes or spikes, and capsular frs.; planted in $^.*%S£^ A^&JX^ft
borders and wild-gardens. Of easy cult, in moist Linnrous.
soil. Propagated by division and by seeds when rdseum supSrbum: L. Salicaria var.
available. Salicaria. PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE. Per. to 3 ft. with a
alatum. Per., erect, to 4 ft., st. angled or winged: Ivs. hard and woody root: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, broad at
opposite or alternate, sessile, oblong to lanceolate, to 1 tf m. baeo: fls. purple, to % m. across, in dense leafy terminal
long: fls. small, purple, solitary in axils. New England spikes. Old World; nat. in N. Amer. Var. atropurpureum
to Ark. is listed with dark purple fls. Var. rdseum superbum has
_ . ,, „ _ . ~ . . m , ei i larger rose-colored fls. and in var. tomentdsum the whole
flexuftsum (L. Graeffen). Per., sts. to 2M ft. long pros- plant ia white-tomentose.
trate or ascending: Ivs. to 1^ in long and \i in. wide: fls. , k. ,_. . ... , „ ,. . , . ... ,
purple, usuaUy solitary. Eu., N. Afr., Asia Minor. virgatum. Closely resembling L. Sahcana but with Ivs.
H H ' ' narrow at base and smaller fls. in leafy open racemes. Eu.,
Graefferi: L. flexuosum, Asia; somewhat nat. in Mass.
M
MAACKIA. Leguminosae. A few deciduous
trees with pinnate Ivs., white papilionaceous fls.
and flattened pods; native in E. Asia. Cult, as
for Cladrastis from which the genus differs in
Ifts. opposite or nearly so and ns. in dense up-
right panicled racemes.
amur&isis (Cladrastis amurensis). To 40 ft.: Ivs. of 7-11
ovate Ifts.: fls. ^ in. long, July- Aug.: pods to 2 in. long.
Manchuria. Var. Buergeri has more obtuse Ifts. which are
pubescent beneath.
chinensis (M. hupehensis) . To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 11-13 ovate
Ifts. pubescent beneath: fis. H in- long. China.
Fauriei. To 30 ft.: Ifts. 9-17, elliptic to oblong, to 2 in.
long, glabrous: fls. j^ in. long. Korea.
hupehensis: M . chinensis.
MABA. Ebenacex. Trees and shrubs differ-
ing from Diospyros in technical floral characters,
native in warm and trop. regions, two of them
having been intro. into southern parts of U. S.
for ornament; mostly duucious.
natalSnsis (Ebemis natalensis). Evergreen shrub to
20 ft.: Ivs. small, ovate, oblong or elliptic, obtuae or mu-
cronate, glabrous: berries black, in bunches, chestnut-color,
about % in. long. S. Afr.
sandwic£nsis (Kbenus sandwicensis) . LAMA. Tree to
40 ft.: Ivs. thick, elliptic to ovate-oblong, to 2 in. long,
glabrous or becoming so: berries reddish-yellow when
mature, about \i in. long, edible. Hawaii, Fiji.
MACADAMIA. Proteaceae. Trees or shrubs
in Australia with whorled Ivs., small bisexual fls.
borne in pairs in simple racemes, and fr. a hard
globose drupe; one species grown ki 8. Calif, and
8. Fla. for the edible nuts.
The Queensland nut withstands slight frosts; it succeeds
in fertile loamy moist soils. Propagated by seeds planted
singly in pots or stratified in sancl; germination under glass
is slow unless artificial heat is employed.
alternifdlia: a listed name of no botanical standing; it is
probably a misspelling for M . termfoha.
ternifdlia. QUEENSLAND NUT. To 50 ft.: Ivs. in whorls of
3 -4, oblong or lanceolate, to 1 ft. long, toothed, shining:
fls white, in racemes to 1 ft. long: nuts 1 in. across, smooth
and shining, globular or hemispherical. Queensland,
New S. Wales.
MACE: see Nutmeg.
MACFADYENA: Dolichandra cynanchoides.
MACH/ERANTHfeRA. Composite. A genus
of midwestern American ann., bien. or per. herbs
having alternate bristle-tipped entire to pinnati-
fid Ivs. and corymbose or paniculate radiate
heads whose involucral bracts are in several
series, the pistillate ray-fls. blue-violet to purple
and disk-fls. yellow to red or brown; achenes with
pappus of bristles. One species is cult., M. tan-
acetifdlia. TAHOKA DAISY. Bien or winter ann.
to 2 ft, sts. glandular-pubescent: Ivs. 2 — 3-
pinnatifid, to 3 in. long, lobes linear-oblong,
acute, often mucronate: heads to 2 in. across,
ray-fls. blue-violet, disk-fls. yellow. S. D. to
Mont, south to Mex. and Calif. — Desirable for
cutting or in border, best treated as winter ann.,
sowing seeds in autumn or very early spring.
For other species see Aster.
MACHJERIUM: Tipuana Tipu.
MACH^EROCfeREUS. Cactacex. Prostrate
or low and bushy cacti of Lower Calif. (Mex.),
of two species, often with long horizontal branch-
es, very spiny, ribs low, the central spines dagger-
like: fls. diurnal, long and slender, the perianth
persisting on the fr. See Cacti.
Eruca (Cereus and Lemoireoceretw Eruca). Prostrate, tips
ascending: fls. 4 in. or more long, yellow. — A creeping plant,
dying back at basal end, and therefore should not be grown
in a pot but on a bed or large flat box.
gumm&sus (Cereus and Lemaireocereua gummosua).
Bushy and erect, 3 ft. or less: fls. to 5 in. long, purple.
MACHAIROPHfLLUM. Aizooceae. Stem-
less S. African succulents of the Mesembryanthe-
mum group: Ivs. decussate, 3-angled, united at
base: fls. large, usually in 3's, long-stalked;
stigmas 7-15.
albidum (M. albtdum). Lvs. to 4 in. long and % in. wide,
with short spine at tip, whitish: fls. reddish outside, yellow
inside, 2% in. across.
Bfjlii (Penssolobus Bijlii). Lvs. crowded, to 1 in. long,
}4 in. wide and H m. thick, edges often purplish, having
many stiff dead Ivs. under living ones: fls. solitary, ter-
minal, stamens with white filaments and yellow anthers.
MACKAW-TREE: Acrocomia fusiformis.
MACKAYA. Acanthacesp. Shrubs native in
India and Afr., with opposite simple Ivs. and
tubular fls. much dilated above; one species
grown in the open in S. U. S. and under glass.
Propagated by cuttings in spring or summer.
b£lla (Asystasia bella). To 4 ft , erect: Ivs. oblong, to
5 in. long, toothed: fls. lavender, to 2^j in. long, in ter-
minal racemes to 6 in. long. S. Afr.
MACLEAYA. Papaveraceas. Per. herbs, some-
times shrubby, with pinnatcly lobed Ivs. and
many small cream-colored fls. without petals
borne in terminal panicles, known in cult, as
Bocconia; commonly glaucous; grown in borders
and as specimen plants for the bold attractive
habit and appearance. Propagated by suckers.
cordata (Bocconia cordata and japonica). PLUME-
POPPY. TREE CELANDINE. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. across,
white beneath: panicles to 1 ft. long, China, Japan —
Common in cult.
microcarpa (Bocconia microcarpa) . Differs from M
cordata in the Ivs. pubescent beneath, 8-12 instead of
24-30 stamens, and 1-seeded rather than 4-6-seeded caps.
Cent. Asia.
MACLtTRA (Toxylon). Moracex. Deciduous
spiny tree native from Ark. to Tex., M. pomifera
(M. aurantiaca). Os AGE-ORANGE. To 60 ft.:
lys. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long, en-
tire, slender-stalked: staminate fls. in short-
racemes, pistillate in small dense heads: fr. a
rough heavy syncarp, orange, to 5 in. across. —
A popular hedge plant and succeeds on land not
very rich. Hardy as far north as Cent. N. Y.
and New England. Propagated easily by seeds,
also by cuttings of young wood and root-cuttings
under glass.
MACRADfiNIA. Orchidacese. Trop. Ameri-
can epiphytes with 1-1 vd. pseudobulbs and fls.
in lateral pendulous racemes, the sepals and
petals similar, the lip 3-lobed, the side lobes sur-
rounding the column. Grown in the warm
greenhouse; see Orchids.
mode'sta (Serrastylis modeata). Lvs, to 8$i in. long: fls.
in many-fld. racemes to 10 in. long; sepals and petals red-
brown edged with pale yellow; lip yellowish-white. Jan.-
Mar. Colombia.
MACROPlPER. Piperacex. Woody plants
native in New Zeal, and the S. Seas, having
alternate entire Ivs. and very small fls. without
perianth, in dense axillary unisexual spikes;
sometimes grown in the greenhouse for ornament.
Propagated by cuttings.
exc&sum. To 20 ft., aromatic: Ivs. broad-ovate, to
452
Macropiper
453
Magnolia
5 in. long, yellow-green, palmately nerved from base:
spikes to 3 in. long.
MACROPLECTRUM: Angrxcum sesquipedale.
MACROZAMIA. Cycadacex. Australian
species often with underground trunks, having
pinnate Ivs. without distinct midvein in the pin-
nsc and striate underneath, and fls. borne in
cones. They difJeir in technical non-horticul-
tural characters from Cycas, which see; more
closely related to Dion and Encephalartos.
Denisonii: M. Peroffskyana.
flexudsa. Trunk rnOHtly underground: Ivs. erect, flexuous,
the rachis spirally twisted, rarely more than 3 ft. long;
Ifts. very narrow, about K in. broad, to 8 in. long, entire,
base usually red New S. Wales.
Peroffskyana (M. Dewsonu). Trunk to 20 ft. high and
1*2 ft. diam : Ivs. to 12 ft. long; Ifts. to 2 ft. long and ^ in.
broad. Queensland, New S. Wales.
spiralis. Trunk mostly subterranean but sometimes to
6 ft. and 2 ft. diam : Ivs. more than 3 ft. long; Ifts. to 10 in.
long, flat, somewhat decurrent on lower margin, pale
green at base, apex acuminate, parallel-veined bereath.
New S. Wales.
Rosacex. Deciduous trees or
shrubs in Asia with alternate toothed Ivs., dioe-
cious fls. without petals borne in racemes, and fr.
a drupe; infrequently planted and hardy N.
hypoleuca. MADDEN-CHERRY. To 20 ft.: Ivs oblong, to
3 in. long: racemes to 2 in. long. Apr.-May. China.
hypoxantha. Differs from M hypoleuca in Ivs. yellowish
rather than whitish beneath and somewhat hairy on nerves.
China. — This is the usual species in cult.
MADDER: Rubia tinctorum.
MADEIRA- VINE: Boussmgaultia baselloides.
MADIA. TARWEED. Composite. Usually
heavy-scented aim. and per. herbs, glandular:
Ivs. mostly alternate: heads axillary or terminal,
of yellow ray- and disk-fls. closing in the sun-
shine; pappus none: native W. N. Amer. to
Chile.
corymbdsa: M.elegans.
dissitifldra. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 2J>^ in. long:
heads sulfur-yellow, rays to K in- long. Calif.
diversif61ia: listed name.
elegans (M. corymbosa). COMMON T. Ann. to 2 ft.:
Ivs linear, to 5 in. long: heads long-stalked, rays yellow
throughout or with a brown spot at base, to % in. long.
Calif and Ore. to Nev.
sativa. CHILE T. Ann. to 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to linear,
to 2 in. long: heads sessile or short-stalked, rays honey-
yellow, y§ in. long. Chile; a coarse plant, nat. in Ore., Calif.
MAD RE: Gliricidia sepium.
MADRONA: Arbutus Menziesii.
MADRONELLA: Monardella.
MAD WORT: Alyssum.
Myrsinacex. Trees or shrubs na-
tive in the tropics of the Old World, bearing
alternate Ivs., small white fls. in racemes, and
berry-like fr.; one species is grown under glass,
and in the open in warm countries. Propagated
by seeds and cuttings.
fndica. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. oval to lanceolate, to 5 in.
long, leathery: racemes to 4 in. long. India.
MAG A: Montezuma.
MAGNOLIA. MagnoliacesB. Attractive decid-
uous and evergreen trees and shrubs with entire
Ivs., large solitary terminal often very showy
fls. which are white, pink, purple or yellow and
cone-like frs. composed of aggregated carpels;
native in Asia, N. and Cent. Amer.
Magnolias are very ornamental as specimen trees and
sometimes are planted in avenues. The evergreen sorts are
not hardy far North. The species that bloom in early
spring in advance of the leaves are most striking in appear-
ance. Fertile soil that holds moisture is best. They trans-
plant usually with difficulty and this should be undertaken
before new growth starts. Propagated by seeds sown in
fall or stratified; also by green cuttings under glass, by
layers put down in spring arid transplanted to pots the
following summer, and named varieties by grafting on
M . acuminata. In the following list, the plants are deciduous
unless otherwise stated.
acuminata. CUCUMBER-TREK. Tree to 100 ft., twigs
mostly glabrescent: Ivs. elliptic to oblong-ovate, to 10 in.
long, pubescent beneath: fls. with the Ivs , greenish-yellow,
to 3 in. long: fr red, to 4 in. long. N. Y. to Ga. and Ark.
Var. cordata is M. cordata.
alba sup6rba: M. Soulangeana var. alba.
Alexandrina: M. Soulangeana var.
Ashei. Similar to M. macrophylla from which it differs
in its smaller habit, corolla 1 %~l l/% in. wide, fr. cylindnc-
ovoid, and petals less irregular. W. Fla. and Tex.
auriculata: M . Frastri.
Campbellii. Tree to 80 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-oblong to ovate,
to 1 ft. long, glaucous beneath: fls. before the Ivs., pink
outside, pink and white inside, to 10 in. across: fr. greenish-
brown, to 8 in. long. Himalayas.
Candolleana: Af. Soulangeana var.
compressa: Micheha compressa.
conspicua: M. denudata.
cordata (Af . acuminata var. cordata) . Differs from M . acum-
inata in the twigs densely pubescent, Ivs. broader and fls.
canary-yellow. Ga.
Delavayi. Tree to 35 ft., evergreen, allied to M. grand i-
nora: Ivs. ovate-oblong to ovate, about 10 in long, glances-
cent beneath: fls. white, C-8 in. across: fr. about 5 in. long.
S. W. China.
denudata (M. conspicua). Tree to 50 ft : Ivs. obovate,
to 7 in. long, slightly pubescent beneath: fls. before Ivs^
white, fragrant, to 6 in. across: fr. brownish, to 5 in. long.
China.
discolor: Af. lihflora.
exoniensis: Af. grandiflora var. lanceolata.
f<fet da: Af . grandiflora.
Fraseri (Af. auriculata). Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. spatulate-
obovate, to \y% ft. long, the base cordate-auriculate: fls.
with Ivs., white, fragrant, to 10 in across: fr. rose-red, to
5 in. long. Va. to Ga and Ala.
fuscata: Micheha fuscata.
glauca: Af. mrginiana.
gloridsa: Af. grand i flora var.
gracilis: M. lihflora var.
grandiflora (Af. fatida). BULL BAY. Noble evergreen
variable tree to 100 ft.: Ivs. obovate-oblong, to 8 in. long,
very thick, shining above, mostly rusty-tomentose beneath
at least when young: fls. white, fragrant, to 8 in. across: fr.
rusty-tomentose, to 4 m. long. N. C. to Fla. and Tex. Var.
gallissoniensis is very hardy. Var. gloridsa has larger
fls., to 1 ft. or more across. Var. lanceolata (var. esoniensis,
var. stricta) has narrower Ivs and pyramidal habit. Var.
rotundifdlia has very broad nearly blunt Ivs.
Halliana: Af. steliata.
hypoleOca: Af. obovata.
K6bus (Af. Thurberi). Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to
4 in. long, pale beneath: fls. before the Ivs., white, 4 in.
across: fr brown, to 5 in long. Japan. Var. borealis is a
pyramidal form with larger Ivs.
Le'nnei: Af . Soulangeana var.
lilifldra (Af. purpurea. Af. discolor). Shrub to 10 ft.:
Ivs. obovate to oval, to 7 in. long, pale beneath: fls. before
the Ivs., purple outside, white inside, to 4 in. long: fr. brown-
ish China. Var. gracilis (Af. gracilis), Ivs. nairower, fls.
dark purple, smaller. Var. nigra (Af. Soulangeanti rar.
nigra) has larger fls. dark puiple outside, pale purple inside.
macrophylla. LARGE- LEAVED CUCUMRKR-TREE. Tree
to 50 ft.: Ivs. oblong-obovate, to 3 ft. long, cordate-auricu-
late at base, glaucous and pubescent beneath: fls. with the
Ivs., white, fragrant, to 1 ft. across: fr. rose, to 3 in. long.
Ky. to Fla. and La.
major: plants of this name may be Af. Thompsoniana.
nigra: Af. liliflora var.
nigricans: catalogue name for dark rose-purple-fld. form.
Norbertiana: Af . Soulangeana var.
obovata (Af. hypoleuca). Tree to 100 ft.: Ivs. obovate,
1 ft. and more long, glaucous and pubescent beneath: fls.
with the Ivs., white, fragrant, to 7 in. across: fr. scarlet,
to 8 in. long. Japan.
parvifldra: Af. Sieboldii.
purpurea: Af . liliflora.
rustica: M. Soulangeana var. rubra.
Magnolia
454
Mahonia
salicifftlia. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to oblong-lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls. before the Ivs., white or
sometimes purplish at base, fragrant, to 5 in. across: fr.
rose, to 3 in. long. Japan.
Sieboldii (M. parvi flora). Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to
obovate, to 6 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls. with the Ivs.,
white, fragrant, to 4 in. across, sepals pink: fr. crimson, to
1 H in- long. Japan, Korea.
Soulangeana. Hybrid between M, denudata and M.
hhflora, common in cult, in many forms and hardy N.: small
tree: Ivs obovate: fls. before the Ivs., purplish outside,
white inside, to 6 in. across. Some of the hort. vars. are:
alba (var. alba superba), fls. white; Alexandrina, deep
purple at base outside; amabilis, fls. white; Candolleana,
fls. white tinged with purple at base: Lennei (M. Lennei),
Ivs. broader, fls. rosy-purple outside; Norbertiana, late-
blooming; rubra (M. rustica rubra), fls. rose-red; specidsa,
fls. white stnped outside with purple; spectabilis, fls. white.
speci6sa: M. Soulangeana var.
stellata (M. Halliana). STARRY M. Shrub or tree to
15 ft.: Ivs. obovate-oblong, to 5 in. long, dull green above:
fls. before the Ivs., white, fragrant, 3 in. across: fr. red, 2 in.
long. Japan. Var. rdsea has fls. pink outside.
strfcta: M. grandiflora var. lanceolate.
subrotunda: a form of M . grandiflora.
Thompsoniana. Hybrid between M. tripetala and M.
virginiana, with fragrant fls. to 6 in. across.
Thurberi: M. Kobus.
tripetala. UMBRELLA-TREE. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
obovate, to 2 ft. long, pale and pubescent beneath: fls. with
the Ivs., white, of unpleasant odor, to 10 in. across: fr. rose,
to 4 in. long. Pa. to Ala. and Miss.
Veitchii. Hybrid between M . Campbellii and M . denudata,
having larger Ivs. than latter and blush-pink fls. to 10 in.
across.
* Victoria: form of M. grandiflora^ Ivs. very red-rusty
underneath.
virginiana (M. glauca). SWEET BAY. Shrub or tree to
00 ft., half-evergreen in the S.: Ivs. oblong or elliptic, to
5 in long, glaucous-gray beneath: fls. with the Ivs., white,
fragrant, to 3 in. across: fr. red, to 2 in. long. Mass, to
Fla. and Tex.
Wltsonii. Tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 7 in. long,
glaucous and pubescent beneath: fls. with the Ivs., white
with pink sepals, fragrant, to 6 in. across: fls. crimson,
about 2 in. long. Habitat unknown, perhaps a hybrid.
Wflsonii. Tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 5 in. long, silky-
tomentose beneath: fls. with the Ivs., white, fragrant, to
5 in. across: fr. crimson, 2^ in. long. China.
MAGNOLlACE^E. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. Trees,
shrubs or vines, of 10 genera in N. Amer. and
Asia, with entire or lobed Ivs., usually bisexual
fls. with 3 senals, 6 or more petals, numerous
stamens, 1-ceiled ovary, and fr. a follicle or
samara often aggregated into cones. The family
contains many ornamental genera, as Drirnys,
lllicium, Kadsura, Liriodeiidron, Magnolia,
Michelia, Schizandra, Talauma, Tetracentron.
MA-HAI: Eleocharis dulcis.
MAHALA MAT: Ceanothus prostratus.
MAHfiRNIA. Sterculiacese. Herbs and sub-
shrubs in Afr., with alternate usually deeply cut
Ivs., drooping bell-shaped fls., and capsular frs.
One is an ornamental subject for the greenhouse,
hanging-baskets, or out-of-doors in the S. Of
easy cult. Propagated by cuttings.
odorata: M . verticillata.
verticillata (M. odorata). HONEY-BELL. Straggly sub-
shrub, mostly with an herbaceous appearance under glass,
with branches to 1 ft. high: Ivs. to 1 in. long, cut into linear
divisions: fls. yellow, very fragrant, 2 on a st., in winter
and spring. S. Afr.
MAHOBfiRBERIS. Berberidacese. Hybrid be-
tween Mahonia Aquifolium and Berberis mdgaris.
M. Neftbertii (Berberis Neubertii). Shrub to 6
ft., evergreen or nearly so, without spines: Ivs.
simple, to 3 in. long, toothed or spiny, or some-
times of 3-5 Ifts. all on same plant: not known to
bloom. Var. latifdlia (Berberis latifolia and
ilidfolia) has broader Ivs. Hardy N.
MAHOE: Hibiscus tiliaceus.
MAHOGANY: Swietenia. Bastard: Eucalyptus botry-
oides. Mountain: Cercocarpus. Red: Eucalyptus resinifera.
Swamp: Eucalyptus robusta.
MAHONIA (Odostemon). Berberidacex.
Many evergreen thornless shrubs with alternate
pinnate Ivs. with mostly spiny-toothed Ifts. (in
which they are distinguished from the true bar-
berries), yellow fls. in racemes or panicles, and
fr. commonly a dark blue bloomy berry; native in
Asia, N. and Cent. Arner.; by some writers in-
cluded in Berberis.
Some of the mahonias are hardy in the northern states
in sheltered places or with protection. They should be
guarded from the wind and hot sun. They are excellent for
ground-cover and similar uses wherever hardy, for the
foliage is attractive and durable. Propagated by seeds,
suckers, layers and cuttings of half-ripe wood under glass.
Aquifdlium (Berberis Aquifolium. M. Murrayana).
HOLLY M. or BARBERRY. To 3 ft. or more: Ifts. 5-9, ovate,
to 3 in. long, the petioles to 2 in. long, glossy dark green
above: racemes to 3 in. long. B. C. to Ore.; hardy in N. Y.
and S. New England. Var. dictydta. To 1 ft. or less: Ifts.
broad-ovate, netted, shining and yellow above, with 10-20
spines terminating teeth: racemes dense, 1 in. or less long.
Calif. Var. gracilis, Ifts. narrower and more cuneate at
base.
Bealei (Berberis Bealei; see M. japonica). To 12 ft.:
Ifts. 9-15, ovate, to 5 in. long, with few large teeth, stiff,
petioles % in. or less long: racemes to 6 in. long, fragrant.
China; less hardy than M. Aquifolium, but roots persist. —
Lvs. somewhat glaucous underneath.
fascicularis: M. pinnata.
F6rtunei (Berberis Fortunei). To 6 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, lanceo-
late, to 5 in. long: racemes to 6 in. long. China; adapted to
Calif, and other mild climates.
Frfcmontii (Berberis Fremontii). DESERT M. To 12 ft.:
Ifts. 3-7, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, to 1^ in. long, with
few large teeth, stiff, petioles very short: racemes few-fld.
Colo, to Tex. and Calif; hardy in Va region.
acilis (Berberis gracilis'). To 3 ft. or more: Ifts 3-5, to
in. long, margins undulate, spiny-toothed: fls. on short
dicels in lax subfasciculate racemes. Mex.
haematocarpa (Berberis haematocarpa) . To 12 ft.: Ifts.
3-7, laterals lanceolate, to 2 in. long, terminal 1ft. to 3 in.
long, petioles very short: racemes few-fld.: fr. red, to % in.
across. Colo, and New Mex.
ilicifdlia: listed name, perhaps for Berberis ilidfolia.
jap6nica. The plant grown under this name is M.
Bealei, the true M japonica is probably not in cult, in
N. Amer.: it has less stiff or rigid Ifts. yellowish-green
underneath, and longer lax racemes and drooping fls.
Murrayana: M. Aquifolium.
napau!6nsis (Berberis nepalensis). To 10 ft. and more:
Ifts. 5-25, ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long, with few teeth:
racemes to 1 ft. long. Himalayas; planted m Calif, and
other mild climates.
nervdsa (Berberis nervosa). ORKGON-GRAPE. To 2 ft.:
Ifts. 11-19, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, stiif,
rtioles to 5 in. long, shining, pale beneath: racemes to
in. long. B. C. to Calif; hardy in N. Y. and S. New
England.
N&vinii (Berberis Nevinii). To 8 ft.: Ifts. 5, oblong, to
\Y± in. long, petioles very short: racemes few-fld. Calif.,
where it is now planted.
pinnata (M. fascicularis. Berberis fascicularis and pin-
nata'). To 12 ft.: Ifts. 7-13, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to
2K in. long, petioles very short: racemes to 3 in. long.
Calif, to Mex.; adapted to warmer parts of the country.
pumila (Berberis pumila). To 1 ft., sts. erect, not stolonif-
erous: Ifts. ovate, 1-5, coarsely toothed, prominent veins
on both surfaces: fls. in short terminal and axillary racemes:
fr. very small. Ore., Calif.
ripens (Berberis repens). To 1 ft., stoloniferous: Ifts.
3-7, ovate, to 2% in. long, bluish-green, petioles to 1 in.
long: racemes to 3 in. long. B. C. to Calif.; hardy in N. Y.
and New England.
Swaseyi (Berberis Swaseyi). To 4 or 5 ft.: Ifts. 5^11,
oblong-lanceolate, rather thin, netted, to % in. long: inn.
bearing broad ovate bracts: fr. red. Tex.
trifoliolata (Berberis trifoliolata) . AOARITA, ALOERITA. To
8 ft.: Ifts. 3, oblong or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, stiff,
petioles to 2 in. long: racemes few-fld.: fr. red. Tex., New
Mex., Mex.; somewhat planted in Tex., etc., berries gath-
ered for jelly; known to Mexicans as Agrito.
Maianthemum
MAf ANTHEMUM ( Unifolium). Liliacese.
Humble per. herbs with slender roots and creep-
ing rhizomes, simple 2-3-1 vd. sts., and small
white fls. in terminal racemes, the 4 segms. dis-
tinct; useful for colonizing in shady places and of
easy cult. Propagated by division.
bifdlium (M. Convallana. Smilacina bifolia). To 9 in.,
pubescent: st.-lvs. triangular-ovate, cordate with deep and
open sinus, petiole to 1 in long: racemes about 1 in. long.
Eu., Asia. Var. kamtschaticum is listed.
canad6nse. To 7 in , pubescent: Ivs. 1-3, ovate, heart-
shaped at base, very short-petioled: racemes to 2 in. long.
Newf. to N. C. and S. D.
Convallaria: M . bifohum.
dilatatum. Prevailingly larger than the others, glabrous,
with stouter rootstock: st.-lvs. often 3, broadly ovate-
cordate, nearly or quite sis broad as long, with very deep
sinus, margins crenulate: fls. large, truncate or retuse at
base. CalifC to Alaska and Japan.
MAIDENHAIR-TREE: Ginkgo biloba. -Vine: Muehlen-
beckia complexa.
MAILE: Alyxia olivoeformis.
MAIRANIA: Arc tons.
MAIZE: Zea Mays.
MAJOR ANA. Labiatx. Per. herbs or sub-
shrubs with aromatic herbage, usually woolly or
hairy, and 2-lipped fls. in whorls in thick clustered
spikes; grown as sweet-herbs.
Sweet marjoram is grown as an annual as it winter-kills
easily unless carefully protected. Propagated by seed; the
young seedlings are tender and require shading. Succes-
sional plantings are usually made during tie summer in
hotbeds or coldframes. Plants should not be closer than
6 inches in rows 12 inches apart. They are harvested just
before blooming.
horte"nsis (Origanum Majorana). SWEET or ANNUAL
MARJORAM. Per. but cult, as an ann., to 2 ft.: Ivs. oval, to
1 in. long, entire, petioled: fls. purplish or whitish. Eu.
Onites (Origanum Onites). Per.: Ivs. ovate, sessile,
slightly toothed: fls. a little larger than in M. hortensis.
S. E. Eu., Asia Minor, Syria.
MALACHE: Pawnia.
MALACHODENDRON: Stewartia pentagyna.
MALACHRA. Malvaceae. Trop. American
hairy per. herbs or shrubs with toothed or lobed
Ivs. and fls. in heads; one species may be grown
under glass or in the open far S. for ornament.
radiata. To 8 ft., with stiff yellowish hairs: Ivs. to 5 in.
across, deeply 3-5-parted: fls. rose, subtended by involucre
of narrow bracts. Trop. Arner., trop. Afr.
MALACOCARPUS. Cactacex. Short-cylin-
dric or globose plants, simple or clustered, ribs
usually straight, areoles felted: fls. from the
center of the plant, short and broad, commonly
yellow, the ovary bearing scales with wool and
perhaps bristles in the axils: fr. soft, berry-like
and not dehiscing at maturity as in Notocactus:
S. American, about 15 species. Treatment as
for Echinocactus. See Cadi.
catamarcSnsis: Parodia catamarcensis.
chrysacfinthioiu Parodia chrysacanthion.
concinnus: Notocactus concinnus.
fiorfcomus: Notocactus floricomus.
Graessneri: Notocactus Graessneri.
Grdssei: Notocactus Grossei.
H&selbergii: Notocactus Haselbergii.
Hennisii: listed name.
islay£nsis: Parodia islayensis.
Le'ninghausii: Notocactus Leninghausii.
Maassii: Parodia Maassii.
mammillarioides: Pyrrhocactus centeterius.
mammulosus: Notocactus mammulosus.
microspe'rmus: Parodia microsperma.
Ottonis: Notocactus Ottonis.
pampeanus: Notocactus pampeanus.
455
Mallotus
pulch6rrimus: Frailea pulcherrima.
Schumannianus: Notocactus Schumannianus.
Sc6pa: Notocactus Scopa.
Sellowii (M. tephracanthus. Echinocactus tephracanthus
and Sellowii). Globular or depressed, to 6 in. across, woolly
at top; ribs 18-22; spines 4-6 and to % in. long, straight or
recurved: fls. yellow, 1% in. long, at top of plant. Brazil,
Argentina, Paraguay.
Strausianus: Pyrrhocactus Strausianus.
submammul6sus: Notocactus submammuJosus.
tabularis: Notocactua tabular is.
tephrac&nthus: M . Sellowii.
Vprwerkianus (Echinocactus Vorwerkianus). Depressed,
to 2 in high and 3 in. diam., white-woolly at top: ribs about
20, areoles densely woolly; radial spines 5 and ^ in. long;
central 1: fls. yellow, 1^ in. long. Colombia.
MALAC6THRIX. Composite. Herbs or woody-
based plants of W. N. Amer. with mostly basal
Ivs. and heads of yellow, white or pinkish ligulate
fls. on scape-like sts.; pappus of bristles. Some-
times grown for ornament.
arachnofdea. Per. to 2 ft , densely woolly-pubescent:
Ivs broadly to linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, sessile: fls.
white to pink, heads to 1 H in. across. Calif.
calif 6rnica. Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. all basal, woolly at least
when young, pinnately parted into narrow-linear segrns.:
sts. not brancned above: heads to 1% in. across, canary-
yellow, Sonchus-like. Apr.-June. Calif.
glabrata (M. calif ornica var. glabrata). Sts. usually
branched above; plant glabrous except involucre. Nev.,
Calif., Ore.
MALANGA: Xanthosoma.
MALAXIS (Microstylis). Orchidacese. A large
genus of cosmopolitan terrestrial orchids, mostly
low herbs commonly having a bulbous swelling
at the base of the st., few membranaceous Ivs.,
arid terminal racemes of small fls. with linear or
filiform petals and entire or lobed lip. Planted
in the wild-garden or in woodsy places.
unifdlia (Microstylis ophioglossoides and unifolia). To
12% in. tall: If. solitary at about the middle of st., round-
ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oval, to 3}^ in. long: infl. to
4^ in. long, with a densely-fld. raceme of minute greenish
fls. with a 3-lobed lip. Newf. to Fla. west to Minn.; Mex.,
W. Indies.
MALCOMIA. MALCOLM STOCKS. Crudferse.
Ann. and per. plants of the Medit. region and
eastward, mostly grayish, with entire or pinna ti-
fid Ivs. and elongated pods or siliques. One or
two of them grown as flower-garden subjects for
the lilac, pink-purple or white small but profuse
fls.; not scented. The genus is distinguished by
technical characters. Propagated by seeds,
either started indoors or sown where plants are
to stand.
flexu6sa. Ann., with obovate or oblong entire Ivs. and
pedicels as thick as the pods which are fleshy and recurved.
— Plants grown under this name are likely to be M. mari-
tima.
litt&rea. Per., white-tomentose, rather stiff, to 12 in.:
Ivs. very narrow, entire: fls. purple. — Will bloom first year
from seed.
maritima (Cheiranthus maritirnua). VIRGINIAN STOCK.
Diffuse ann., with broadened petioled entire obtuse oblong
or elliptic Ivs.: fls. lilac and reddish to white, about ^ in.
long: pods erect or spreading, not fleshy.
MALE-BERRY: Lyonia ligustrina.
MALEPHORA: see Hymenocyclus.
MALLOTUS. Euphorbiaceie. Shrubs or trees
native in trop. Asia and Afr., with mostly alter-
nate simple Ivs., dioecious apetalous fls. in pan-
icles, racemes or spikes, and capsular frs.; some-
times planted in S. Calif, for ornament.
ricinoldes. High shrub or spreading tree: Ivs. broadly
ovate, to 10 in. across: fls. in spikes 6 in. or more long: caps,
densely tomentose, H iQ- across. Australia.
japtinicus. Small tree, twigs scurfy: Ivs. ovate, reddish,
Mallotus
456
Malus
often 3-Iobed, glandular: fls. to ^ in. across, in branched
terminal spikes: caps pubescent, weakly prickly, ^ in.
across. China, Japan.
MALLOW: Malm. False-: Mahastrum. Globe-: Sphce-
ralcea. Jews-: Corchorus olitorius. Marsh-: Althsea officina-
lis Musk-: Hibiscus Abelmoschus. Poppy-: Calhrhod.
Prairie-: Malvastrum coccineum. Rose-: Hibiscus. Tree-:
Lavatera. Virginia-: Sida hermaphrodite, .
MALOPE. Malvaceae. Showy ann. herbs na-
tive in the Medit. region, having alternate simple
Ivs. and large fls. solitary in the axils; of simple
cult, in the flower-garden. Propagated by seeds.
The generic name is pronounced in three sylla-
bles.
grandifldra: M. triflda var.
trifida. To 3 ft.: Ivs 3-lobed, toothed: fls. rose or purple,
to 3 in. across. Spam, N. Afr. Var. Alba has white fls.;
grandifldra large deep rose-red fls. with darker veins;
purpurea deep purple-red fls. ; r6sea rose-colored fls.
MALORTlEA. Palmacex. Diminutive pin-
nate-lvd. or -veined shade palms of Cent. Amer.,
allied to Chamaodorea; monoecious; fl. -clusters
in lower axils, near the ground, probably not in
cult, in our territory unless under test.
MALPfGHIA. Malirighiacex. Small trees
and shrubs, in trop. Amer. and reaching the
southernmost U. S., with opposite simple Ivs.,
red, purple or white fls. usually in axillary umbels
or corymbs, and fr. a drupe with 3 winged or
crested seeds; grown for ornament and M . glabra
for the edible fr. which is made into jam or pre-
serves. Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
coccigera. Rush to 3 ft.: Ivs. small, to % in. long, with
coarse spiny teeth resembling holly: fls pink, solitary or
2 together: frs. red, about ^ in. diam. W. Indies.
glabra. BARBADOS-CHERRY. Variable shrub to 10 ft.:
Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 3 in long, entire: fls. rose, in
3-8-fld. umbels: frs. red or scarlet, acid, size of a small
cherry or less. S. Tex. and trop. Amer.
MALPIGHlACE^E. MALPIGHIA FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs or sometimes woody herbs, of
about 55 genera widely distributed mostly in the
tropics, characterized by usually opposite simple
Ivs., bisexual somewhat irregular polypetalous
fls. with 5 sopals and mostly prominently clawed
petals, 5 or 10 stamens, prevailingly superior
3-cellcd or -parted ovary, and fr. commonly of
3 nut-like parts or sometimes a samara or a
drupe. The following genera are grown for
ornament or the edible fr.: Malpighia, Stigma-
phyllon, Thryallis, but the family has small hort.
significance in the U. S.
MALTESE CROSS: Lychnis chalcedonies.
MALU CREEPER: Bauhmia Vahln.
MALUS. APPLE. Rosaces. About 35 low
spring-blooming broad-headed trees and large
bushes of the north temp, zone, insufficiently
distinguished botanically from Pyrus by the
more or less uniform joining of the styles at
base, the mostly more globular fr. in which grit
cells are commonly not present at maturity. In
the pomological apples the styles form a solid
stipe by theirs union at the base, but the stipe
varies in length in different varieties. In the
pears the styles are pressed together at base but
not joined (Beal, Proc. Amer. Pom. Soc. xvii, xviii,
1880, 1882). Taxonomy in Malus is still con-
fused. Cult, as for Pyrus and Apple.
The most important fruit-trees of cool temperate regions
are the various descendants from M. sylvestris, the wild or
original apple; the pomological crab-apples may be M.
baccata or other derivatives, and M ioensis has been amal-
gamated with cultivated apples. The native crab-apples,
not pomologically ameliorated, are ornamental in stature,
habit, pink-white flowers and fruits. The oriental crabs,
of the M. floribunda group, are amongst the choicest of
hardy decorative small trees; both bloom and fruit are
produced in abundance and are satisfying to the eye. They
may be grown directly from seeds or budded on closely
related stocks.
Many of the binomials of cultivated races are difficult
of determination, and supposed to represent hybrid forms;
they may be clons in some cases, perpetuated asexually.
adstringens (Pyrus adstringens) . MAJOR CRAB-APPLES.
Many forms of crab- and semi- crab-apples, at least some
of them hybrids with M. sylvestris as a base, comprising
Transcendent, Martha, Hyslop, and the red-fld. Hopa
which is assumed to be a cross with M. sylvestris var.
Niedzwetskyana • Ivs. pubescent underneath and larger than
those of M. baccata: fr. large for a crab, the calyx-lobes
often or usually persisting.
aldenhamensis: M. sylvestria var.
angustifftlia (Pyrus angustifolia) . SOUTHERN CRAB-
APPLE. To 25 ft., partially evergreen: Ivs. lance-oblong to
narrow-obovate, closely serrate or entire, glabrous or
sometimes slightly pubescent on veins underneath: fls.
about 1 in. across, pink or rose, fragrant: fr. 1 in. or less
diam., depressed both ends. Va. to Fla. and Miss.
Arnoldiana: M . flonbunda var.
astracanica: M. sylvestris var.
atrosangufnea: see under M Halhana.
baccata (Pyrus baccata. M. baccata var. sibirica)
SIBERIAN CRAB-APPLE. Glabrous tree to 40 ft., with hard
wiry branchlets: Ivs. oval to ovate-lanceolate, with callous
serratures, long-petioled. fls. about ^ in. across, white,
on slender pedicels: fr. 5 4 in. or less diain , wax -like, yellow
or red, calyx-lobes falling Siberia, Manchuria, China —
lias supposedly entered into a number of hybrids. Var.
columnaris, tree columnar in growth, Ivs large, glabrous.
Var. mandshurica (M. cerat,ifcra in part) has pubescent
calyx, pedicels and petioles, Ivs remotely serrulate, frs.
mostly larger. Var Jackii is like var. mandshurica but
glabrous, fr red. M. robusta (Pyrus robusta, M cerasifera
in part) la probably a hybrid of M baccata and M. pruni-
folui: vigorous plant with large oblong or oblong-ovate Ivs.
glabrous or pubescent underneath: fls white or pinkish,
on slender atalks. fr about % in. or Jess diam , yellow and
red Such pomological vans, as Red Siberian crab-apple
belong here.
br6vipes (Pyrus brevipes). Related to M. floribunda,
perhaps a hybrid: small tree of dense habit: Ivs. very
closely serrate: fls. whitish, on pedicels H in or less long:
fr. about ^ in diam., nearly globose, on snort stalks.
caloc&rpa: M. Zumi var.
cerasifera: see under M. baccata.
communis: M. syhestris.
coronaria (Pyrus coronaria). GARLAND CRAB-APPLE.
WILD SWEET CRAB. Tree to 30 ft., soon becoming glabrous
Ivs. ovate to oval, more or lens acuminate, green under-
neath, sharp-serrate and perhaps notched, on shoots some-
what lobed toward apex: fls 1 in. or less across, rose chnng-
int to white: fr. 1 in. diam , oblate, yellowish, hard and
sour, long-stemmed. N. Y. and Ont. to Ala. and Mo. —
There is a spotted-lvd. and a semi-double form and other
departures.
crateegifdlia: M florentina.
Dawsoniana (Pyrus Dawsoniana). Slender tree, sup-
posedly cross between M . fusca and M . syhestris: Ivs. oval
to elliptic-oblong, seldom lobed. fls 1 in. or more across,
white, slender-pedicelled, with the Ivs.: fr. 1 in. or more
diam., yellow. Raised at Arnold Arboretum.
feleyi: M. syhestris var.
florentina (M. cratxgi folia. P. florentina. Cratsegus
florentina}. Small close-headed crab-apple with lobed
hawthorn-like sharp-toothed Ivs. soft-pubescent under-
neath: fls. % in. across, white, on slender pedicels: fr.
about }$ in. long, red. Italy.
floribunda (Pyrus flonbunda. P. pulcherrima) . SHOWY
CRAB-APPLE. Profusely blooming, becoming nearly or
quite glabrous, large bush or tree 25 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate
to oblong, acuminate, not lobed but sometimes angled on
young snoots, sharp-serrate: fls. \% in. or less across,
rose-red changing to nearly white: fr. about H in. diam.,
red, calyx falling. Probably Japan or China, or perhaps a
race of hybrids. Var Arnoldiana has larger Ivs. and fls.,
the latter lighter colored, fr larger and yellow; thought to
be a hybrid of M. floribunda and M . baccata. Var. Schei-
deckeri, Ivs ovate, fls. pale pink and commonly semi-
double, fr. % in. diam., yellow, calyx usually persistent;
supposed hybrid.
formosana (Pyrus formosand). Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs.
elongated (to 6 in.), oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute, coarse-
ly serrate, white-tomentose when young: fls. about 1 in.
across, the pedicels white-tomentose; fr. to 2 in. diam ,
apple-like in shape, yellowish-red, the calyx persistent,
Mains
457
Mains
rather astringent but eaten by natives of Formosa when
cooked or pickled. Planted in Calif.
fusca (Pyrus fusca. P. rivularis). OREGON CRAB-APPLE.
Tree to 30 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply
and perhaps glandular-serrate, pubescent underneath,
slightly 3-lobed on young shoots: fls. % in. across, white,
with the Ivs.: fr. % in. or less long, yellow to reddish. N.
Calif, to Alaska.
glabrata (Pyrus glabrata). A southern representative of
M. glaucescens, the Ivs. not glaucescent, glabrous, deeply
lobed, cordate, lowest pair of lateral veins issuing from
very base of blade. N. C. to Ala.
glaucescens (Pyrus glaucescens}. Small tree or large
shrub distinguished from M. coronaria by broader Ivs.
somewhat glaucous underneath and all of them slightly
lobed, the calyx somewhat hairy. N. Y. to Ala.
Halliana (Pyrus Halliana). HALL, CRAB-APPLE. At-
tractive essentially glabrous shrub or small tree to 18 ft.,
with somewhat purplish twigs and other parts: Ivs. long-
ovate to oblong, acuminate, closely crenate-serrate to entire,
glossy above: fls. 1% in. or less across, deep rose, calyx-
lobes nearly obtuse, styles 4 or 5: fr. about M in. diam.,
purplish. Probably China; hardy N. Var. Parkmanii is
double-fid. M. atrosanguJnea is apparently a hybrid of
M. Halliana and M. Sieboldii: fls. rose-purple not fading
to white; calyx-lobes short, acute: Iva. nearly glabrous.
heterophylla. Like M. Soulardn but Ivs. broader and
smoother, pedicels lightly pubescent; includes Matthew's
crab-apple; hybrid between M. coronaria and derivative of
M. syfoestris.
hupehensis (Af. theifera. Pyrus hupehensis). Small
stiff-branched tree distinguished from M. Halliana by
larger and broader ovate to elliptic-ovate thinner sharply
semite Ivs., white or blush fls., calyx-lobes acute rather
than obtusish, styles commonly 3, fr. about % in. long,
pynfonn. Himalayas to China; hardy N.
io£nsis (Pyrus ioensis). PRAIRIE CRAB-APPLE. Tree to
30 ft., tomentose on young parts and mostly on under side
of the oblong-ovate, short-acute, serrate and sometimes
side-lobed Ivs.: fls. 1-2 in. across, white or tinted: fr. about
1 in. long, short-oblong, slender-pedicelled. Ind. to Minn,
and Mo — Bechtel's crab is a double-fid, form. Var.
Palmeri, Ivs. smaller, oblong, obtuse or nearly so, floral
ones more or less crenate.
Kaido: M . micromalus.
kansuensis (Pyrus kansuensis) . Tree to 25 ft.: Iva.
broad-ovate, serrate, 3-5-lobed, 3-nerved at base, more or
less pubescent underneath: fls. about y% in. across, white,
styles 3: fr. about ^ in. long, reddish or yellow. China;
hardy N .
lancifdlia (Pyrus lancifolia). Distinguished from M.
coronaria by the narrow more acuminate Iva. which are
ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, and longer narrower
calyx-lobes: fr. subglobose, about 1 in. diam., on slender
drooping pedicels, green. Pa. and Va. to Mo.
Lemdinei: Af. sylvestris var.
Malus: Af. sylvestris.
mandshurica: M . baccata var.
micromalus (Pyrus Micromalus. P. and Af. Kaido).
KAIDO CRAB-APPLE. Small tree allied to Af. spectabihs
but distinguished by narrower Ivs. attenuate at base,
slender petiole, deeper pink fls about 1J^ in. across, pubes-
cent pedicels and calyx, fr. subglobose and with cavity at
base and calyx sometimes falling. Probably a hybrid, with
M . spectabihs as one parent.
Niedzwetzkyana: Af . sylvestris var.
paradisiaca: M. sylvestris var.
platyc&rpa (Pyrus platycarpa). One of the M. coronaria
kind of crab-apple, but Ivs. broad and large, ovate to
elliptic, rounded at base, short-acute, sharp-serrate, gla-
brous or pubescent on veins underneath, those on vigorous
shoots with several pairs of triangular lobes: fls. about \1A
in. across, white: fr. about 2 in diam., flattened or hollowed
at ends. N. C. to Ga. Var. Ho6pesii. Lvs. only slightly
if at all lobed: calyx and pedicels pubescent.
PrSttii (Pyrus Prattii). Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. ovate to
elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, slightly
pubescent on veins underneath: fls. about % in. across,
white: fr. about % in. long, red or yellow. China; hardy N.
prunif&lia (Pyrus prunifolia). Small tree: Ivs. ovate to
broad-oval, short-acuminate, serrate, pubescent under-
neath or at length glabrous: fls. about 1% in. across, white,
calyx mostly glabrous and lobes longer than tube: fr. about
1 in. diam., yellow or red, hanging long. Probably N. E.
Asia, perhaps a range of hybrids. Var. Rmkii (M. and
Pyrus Ringo). RINGO CRAB- APPLE. Lvs. pubescent under-
neath and fls. pink, calyx somewhat hairy.
pulche'rrima: Af . floribunda.
pumila: Af. sylvestris var. paradisiaca.
purpuxea. Accounted a hybrid between M. sylvestris
var. Niedzwetzkyana and Af. atrosanguinea (Halliana var.):
Ivs. small, shining, purple when young: fr. small, calyx
sometimes deciduous.
Ringo: Af . prunifolia var. Rinkii.
Rinkii: Af . prunifolia var.
Riversii: M. spectabilia var.
rivularis: Af . fusca.
robusta: see under Af . baccata.
Sargentii (Pyrus Sargentii). More or less spiny shrub
to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate to elliptic-oblong, short-pointed to acum-
inate, sharply serrate, pubescent at first but becoming
nearly glabrous, those on shoots 3-lobed and broader:
fls 1 in. across, clear white: fr. about J^ in. diam., dark
red, calyx falling. Japan; hardy N.
Scheideckeri: Af . floribunda var.
Sieboldii (Pyrus Sieboldii. P. and Malus Toringo).
TORINOO CRAB-APPLE. Shrub, or a tree to 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate
to oblong-ovate, short-acuminate, sharp-serrate becoming
glabrous or nearly so underneath, those on shoots lobed or
strongly notched at or below the middle: fls. M in. across,
pink to blush: fr. H in. diam., red or yellowish, calyx falling.
Japan; hardy N. Var. arborgscens. Tree to 30 ft., with
larger less deeply lobed less pubescent Ivs.: fls. sometimes
nearly white. For var. calocarpa s>ee Af . Zumi.
Soul&rdii (Pyrus Soulardii). SOULARD CRAB-APPLE.
Much like the apple-tree: Ivs. round-ovate to oblong-
ovate, mostly blunt at apex, coarsely and bluntly toothed,
more or less shall owly lobed along sides, densely pubescent
underneath: fls. blush, in close clusters of woolly pedicels:
fr. 2 in. more or less diam . flattened on ends, yellowish,
fairly edible. Natural hybrid, west of Great Lakes, between
Malus sylvestris and Af . ioensis.
spectabilis (Pyrus spectabihs) . Tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. oval
to elliptic or oblong, short-pointed, broad or often narrowing
at base, crcnate-serrate, glossy above and becoming gla-
brous or nearly so underneath: fls. showy, 2 in. or less
across, rose to pink, lobes of calyx not longer than tube: fr.
1 in. or less diam., yellow, without basal cavity, calyx per-
sistent. China, but not known native; hardy N. Var.
Riversii has large double pink fls. and large Ivs.
sublobata (Pyrus sublobata). Accounted a hybrid be-
tween Af. Sieboldii and Af prunifolia: tree with narrow
entire or only indifferently lobed Ivs. pubescent underneath:
fls. pinkish: fr. *£ in. or less diam., yellow, calyx either
persistent or deciduous.
sylvestris (Pyrus Malus. M. communis). APPLB.
Tree to 40 ft. or more, with young branches and under
side of Ivs tomentose or pubescent: Ivs. oval or elliptic to
broad-ovate, acute or nearly so, becoming smooth and often
glossy above, obtusely serrate: fls usually appearing with
first foliage, 2 in. or loss across, white and pink: fr. various,
without grit cells, on thick pubescent stalks, calyx per-
sistent. Eu., W Asia. Cult, in many orchard vars. and
in double-fld. and other forms. Var. aldenham£nsis
(Af. floribunda var. ahlenhamensis. Af. purpurea var.
aldenhamensis). Small tree with ovate or ovate-oblong Ivs.
with purple rib and more or less pubescent underneath:
fls. partially double, light red: fr. purple-red. Offshoot of
Af. sylveatris var. Niedzwetzkyana, perhaps hybrid with
Af. atrosanyuinea. Var. ap£tala, the Bloomless apple, has
fls. without good Htamens and showy petals, styles 10-15 and
ovary more than 5-celled, calyx end of fr. not closed. Var.
astracanica, supposed to be a hybrid between Malus
sylvestris and Af. prunifolia, has sharply and coarsely serrate
Ivs. and long-stalked fr. Var. fileyi, Ivs. reddish when
young, rib purple, fls. and small fr. purple-red. Var. Nied-
zwetzkyana has bark and wood reddish, Ivs. tinged red on
nerves, fls. deep red, fr. purple-red inside and out. Var.
paradisiaca (Af. pumila) is the Paradise apple, a self-
continuing race of very small stature. Var. Lemdinei
has Ivs. purple and fls. dark crimson. — There is no generally
accepted Latin name for the apple when it is separated in
the genus Malus. The earliest binomial is undoubtedly
Af . sylvestris, applied to the sour wild or spontaneous apple
of Eu., presumably not specifically distinct from the com-
mon cuft. apples. Probably the earliest name for the cul-
tivated and wild apple together as a class or group is Af.
communis. The duplicate name, Mhlus Malus, is a recent
combination and such repetitions are not allowed by the
International Rules of Nomenclature, under which hor-
ticulturists dealing with world floras preferably work. The
name Malus pumila is not only inapplicable but was
applied by Miller, its author, to the Paradise apple; if the
binomial Malus pumila is adopted, the species must be
defined as a dwarf in terms of the Paradise apple and the
common apples be made major or giant forms of it; this
probably does not represent the facts in nature. Possibly
the cultivated apples are not a single original species,
but the initial elements are not known and the present
forms are blindly confused, so that it is impossible as yet
to represent the case exactly in binomial nomenclature.
theffera: M. hupehensis.
Mains
458
Malvaviscus
Toringo: M. Sieboldii.
toringoldes (M. tranaitoria var. toringoidea. Pyrua
taringoidea). Tree to 25 ft. or shrub: Ivs. ovate to oblong,
serrate, mostly with two pairs of lobes, becoming glabrous
underneath except on veins: fls. creamy- white, 1 in. or leas
across, styles glabrous at base, petals very broad and
rounded: fr. 3^ m- diam., yellow and reddish in sun. China;
hardy N.
transcendens: hort. name, probably for Transcendent
and similar crab-apples, product apparently of M . baccota
and forms of M . aylveatna.
trans itdria (Pyrua tranaitoria). Smaller and more slender
plant than M. toringoidea: Ivs. more deeply and more
narrowly lobed: petals narrower, broad-oblong. China.
trilobata (Pyrw trilobata). Shrub with strongly 3-lobed
serrulate Iva. becoming glabrous and also glossy above: ils.
more than 1 in. across, white: fr. % in. or less diam., red.
calyx persistent. W. Asia; hardy N. — Not to be confounded
with var. tnlobata (a lobed-lvd. form) of Pyrua communia.
Tschon6skii (Pyrua Tachonoaku) . Erect tree to 30 or
40 ft.: Ivs. ovate to elliptic, broad at base, acuminate,
coarsely sharp-serrate, remaining pubescent underneath:
fls. about 1 in. across, white tinged rose, on stout pubescent
pe^cels: fr. about 1 in. diam., globose or obovoid, yellow
with rosy cheek, calyx persistent. Japan; hardy N.
Veitchii: M. yunnanensia var.
yunnane*nsis (Pyrua yunnanenais) . Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs.
ovate to oblong, broad at base or subcordate, short-pointed,
sharp-serrate, often 3-5-1 obed on each side, thick-pubescent
underneath : fls. small, about % in. across, white, many in a
close cluster: fr. about ^ in. diam., nearly globose, red.
China; hardy N. Var. Veitchii (Pyrua Veitchii) has Ivs.
cordate at base and all more or less lobed and becoming
nearly glabrous underneath.
Zftmi (Pyrua Zumi). Tree to 20 ft. or more, pyramidal:
Ivs oblong to ovate-oblong, acute, crenate to entire or
serrate and sometimes somewhat lobed on shoots, becoming
glabrous underneath: fls. about I in. across, pink in bud
but becoming white, the calyx-lobes acuminate: fr. about
\ji in. diam., globose, red, calyx falling. Japan; hardy N. —
Thought to be hybrid of a form of M. baccata and M.
Sieboldii. Var. caloc&rpa (Pyrua Sieboldii var. calocarpo),
of more spreading habit: Ivs. on shoots more deeply lobed:
fls. smaller.
MALVA. MALLOW. Malvaceae. Erect or
spreading herbs with alternate lobed or dissected
Ivs. and rose or white fls. solitary or clustered in
the axils.
Mallows are of easy cultivation in the flower-garden or
border. Sow seed where plants are to stand. The perennials
may also be propagated by division and cuttings.
Alcea. Per. to 2 ft., making a clump: st.-lvs. 5-parted,
the lobes toothed or cut: fls. deep rose to white, to 2 in.
across. Ku.; nat. in E. U. S. Var. fastigiata, sts. more
erect and usually closer together.
borealis. Ann. or bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. rounded, wavy-
margined, slightly lobed: fls. pinkish, about % in. across.
Eu.; nat. in Calif.
cape'nsis: Malwatrum capenae.
chin6nsis: M. verticillata.
erf spa. CUKLED M. Unbranched thick-stemmed straight
ann. to 8 ft.: Ivs. rounded, 5-7-lobed or -angled, with
crisped and curled margins: fls. whitish, j^ in. across. Eu.
Duriaei: the plant grown under this name is M . aylveatria
var mauritiana.
lim&isis: Malvastrum limense.
mauritiana: M. aylveatria var.
miniata: Sphseralcea cisplatina.
moschfcta. MUBK M. Per. to 2 ft.: st.-lvs. 5-parted, the
lobes again cut into narrow divisions: fls. rose or white, to
2 in. across. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer. Var. Alba has white and
rdsea rose-pink fls.
nicae£nsis. Ann. to 1 ^ ft., sts. erect or ascending, setose
to pubescent: Iva. entire and remform to 3-5-lobed, the
lobes sharply serrate and usually acute: fls. pale blue, small,
in axillary fascicles. Medit. region.
parvifldra. Ann. or bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. round, shallowly
7-lobod: fls. pinkish, about K in. long. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
pulchella: M. verticillata.
setdsa. Similar to M . mcasensts, differing in its slightly
larger habit and more setaceous on If. petioles and veins.
sylve"stris. Bien., usually grown as ann., to 3 ft.: Ivs.
rounded, with 5-7 wavy lobes: fls. purple-rose, 1 in. and
more across. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer. Var. mauritiina grows
to 4 ft., with large more showy purple fls. sometimes hav-
ing deeper lines.
verticillata (M. chinenaia. M. pulchetta). Ann. or per.
to 4 ft.: Ivs. 5-6-lobed: fls. pink, sessile. Eu. to China.
MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY. Some 40-
50 genera in temp, and trop. regions around the
world, furnishing many ornamental subjects, a
few food, fiber arid medicinal plants, and one the
cotton of commerce; it is a well-marked family.
Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate simple Ivs.
which are sometimes deeply palmatcly lobed or
almost compound, regular polypetalous mostly
bisexual fls. having 5 sepals and petals, many
stamens that arc united into a column around
the pistil, superior several-celled ovary, and fr.
sometimes berry-like but usually capsular or the
carpels cohering and falling away as separates.
The following genera are herein treated : Abutilon,
Althaea, Anoda, Callirhoe, Cienfuegosia, Cris-
taria, Gaya, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Hoheria,
Ingenhouzia, Kitaibelia, Kokia. Kosteletzkya,
Lagunaria, Lavatera, Malachra, Malope, Malva,
Malvastrum, Malvaviscus, Montezuma, Pav-
onia, Plagianthus, Robinsonella, Sida, Sidalcea,
Sphaeralcea, Thespesia, Thurberia, Wercklea.
MALVASTRUM. FALSE-MALLOW. Malva-
ceae. Mallow-like herbs and subshrubs with
alternate entire or lobed Ivs. and purple, red or
yellow fls. axillary or in terminal spikes; carpels
falling away from the axis at maturity; cult, in
the flower-garden or sometimes in the green-
house. Propagated by cuttings under glass or
by seeds.
capgnse (Malva capenaia). To 4 ft , shrubby: Iva. toothed,
3-lobed or angled: fls. purple, 1-2 in the axils. S. Afr.
coccineum (Rphaeralcea coccineaY PKAIRIE-M ALLOW.
Per., with woody tap-root, branching silvery-pubescent
top to 6 or 10 in high: Ivs. parted into narrow divisions: fls
brick-red, to nearly 1 in. across, in short close terminal
spikes or racemes. Man. to B. C. and to Tex. and New Mex.
fasciculatum (M. Thurberi. Sphseralcea faaciculata) .
To 15 ft. and sometimes tree-like: Ivs. entire or lobed,
densely pubescent: fls. rose-purple, in spikes or clusters.
S. Calif., Ariz. Var. laxifldrum haa fragrant fls. in a loose
panicle.
hypomadarum. To 10 ft.: Ivs. variable, commonly 3-
lobed and toothed: fls. white with rose-purple eye, solitary
or few in axils. S. Afr.
lime'nse (Malva hmenaia). Erect ann.: Ivs. orbicular-
ovate, 7-lobed, rugose: fls. bluish-purple, many in secund
axillary spikes: fr. glabrous. Peru.
Thurberi: M . faaciculatum.
tricuspidatum. Per. to 3 ft., somewhat woody at base:
Ivs. broadly ovate to lanceolate, to 2 in. long, toothed,
pubescent, long-pet ioled: fls. yellow, axillary or clustered
at ends of sts. Australia.
MALVAVfSCUS (Ackania). Malvaceae. Trees
and shrubs of trop. Amer. with alternate toothed
or lobed Ivs. and showy red fls. solitary in the
axils or in racemes; planted in the greenhouse or
out-of-doors in the S. Propagated by seeds and
greenwood cuttings.
arb6reus (Achania arborea). The plants usually grown
under this name are probably M. mollia from which M.
arboreus differs in the smaller Ivs. which are hairy but not
velvety and the smaller fls. Trop. Amer.
candidus. Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-lobed: fls.
white, to 3 in long. Mex.
Conzattii. Shrub: Ivs. cordate-ovate or the upper ones
oval, short-petioled, usually not lobed, crenate, nearly or
quite obtuse, glabrous or with only a few scattered hairs on
either side: fls. red, to 2 in. long. Mex., Guatemala. — Prob-
ably not in cult, in N. Amer., the plant jao named being
M. grandiflorua.
Drfimmondii. To 9 ft.: Ivs. usually slightly lobed or
angled, obtuse or acute: fls. to 1 in. lonp fr. edible, red and
berry-like. Mex., Tex.
grandifl&rus. To 15 ft.: Ivs. toothed, sometimes in-
distinctly lobed, ovate-oblong, long-acuminate: fls. to
2^4 in. long, red. Mex.; commonly planted in the S.
m611is. Low shrub: Ivs. often angled or lobed, toothed
Malvaviscus
459
Mammillaria
or wavy-margined, velvety-pubescent beneath: fls. to
n. long. Mex. to Colombia.
MAMEY: Mammea americana.
MAMILL<5PSIS. Cactacex. Small globular
or shprt-cylindric cespitose cacti, the body hid-
den in a mass of soft white hair-like spines,
separated from Mammillaria; 2 species. See
Cacti.
senilis (Mammillaria senilis). To 6 in. high and about
half as thick; tubercles more or less conic and not in ribs:
spines 30-40: fls. orange-yellow, about 2% in. long and
nearly as broad. Mex.
MAMMEA. Guttiferse. Trop. trees with
opposite simple Ivs., polygamous fls. solitary
or few in the axils, and drupaceous fr.; widely
cult, in the tropics for the edible fr. and a
liqueur is also distilled from the fls.
The mamey will not stand more than two or three degrees
of frost. Propagated by seeds and probably also by in-
arching and budding.
americana. MAMEY. MAMMEB-APPLE. To 60 ft.: Ivs.
to 8 in. long, thick and glossy, with many cross-veins, blunt:
fls. white, fragrant, 1 in. across: fr to 6 in across, with
russet roughened skin and bright yellow juicy flesh. W.
Indies, N. S. Amer.
MAMMILLARIA (Neomammillaria). Cac-
tacese. Hemispherical or short-cylindric or de-
pressed spiny cacti of about 215 species in Mex.
and a few in the S. W. U. S., one in N. S. Amer.,
popular as fanciers' pot-plants for conservatory
and house, many of which are in the collections:
surface broken up into prominent tubercles
standing more or less spirally that commonly
bear wool or hairs or bristles and crowned by
spine-areoles ; spines all alike or differentiated as
radials and centrals: fls. diurnal, small, from
axils of old tubercles, somewhat bell-shaped,
red, pink, yellow or wnite: juice milky in some
kinds. Cult, as for Echinocactus. See Cacti.
By some writers the name is spelled Mamil-
laria; it was not so spelled by Haworth who
founded the genus on Cactus mammillaris of
Linnaeus, who also wrote the double m. The
two m's are accepted by Britton and Rose in the
standard monograph of the family, although
they adopt the name Neomammillaria because
of the existence of an older but unused Mam-
millaria amongst the algje. The International
Rules conserve Mammillaria as against Cactus.
The genus Mammillaria has been divided into two sec-
tions, Hydrochylua and Galactochylus. Sect. Hydrochylus
is much the larger and contains those plants having a
watery sap and a green stem. Sect. Galactochylus contains
those plants whose sap is milky, although not always evi-
dent on wounding of the tubercles. The stems of these
latter are usually gray-green or gray in color.
Section Hydrochylua is in turn subdivided into six
smaller groups or series, named and characterized as follows:
Leptoclododx: plants always cespitose (clustered),
usually cylindrical, the different stems of a given cluster of
unequal neight; spines yellow or reddish, radiating.
Candidx: plants cespitose or solitary, but when cespi-
tose the stems of approximately equal height, cylindrical
or globose; spines very numerous, of a uniform color, the
centrals about as long as radials, all generally white, ar-
ranged horizontally in irregular manner, somewhat inter-
woven and often completely covering the stem.
Polyacnnthse: differs from Candid® in spines reddish-
brown and all obliquely pointed upward.
Heterochloras: plants cespitose or solitary, but when
cespitose the stems of nearly equal height, cylindrical or
globose; spines less numerous than in the above series, the
central spines distinct from the radials and usually erect,
straight, both centrals and radials of same color.
Stylothele: differs from Heterochlorse in having one or
more of the central spines hooked or recurved and differing
in color from the radials; tubercles usually more or less
slender cylindrical and occasionally to slightly globose.
Ancistrocanthx: similar to Stylothele, from which it
differs in robust globose tubercles, and one or more of the
central spines always hooked.
Section Galactochylus is divided into four series, as
follows:
Elegantes: tubercles not exuding milky sap on wounding,
as it occurs only in the inner parts of the stem.
Leucocephalse: tubercles exuding milky sap on wound-
ing; spines white, radials very numerous and radiating
outwards.
Macrothele: differs from LeucocephalflB in having few
radiala which are never white nor do they radiate; tubercles
large and angular, the axils naked or somewhat woolly,
never setose nor bristly.
Polyedrae: similar to Macrothele from which it differs
in its somewhat smaller tubercles, the axils woolly and
setose or bristly.
To economize space in the following brief diagnoses,
letters are employed to distinguish the section and series
into which the plant falls according to the delimitations
given above: A, Ancistracanthse; C, Candida1; E, Elegan-
tes; G. Galactochylus: H, Hydrochylus; lie, Heterochlone;
Lep, Leptocladoute; Leu, Leucocephalop; M, Macrothele;
Pa, Polyacantiue; Pe, Polyedno; S, Stylothele.
acanthophle'gma: M. elegant.
aggregata: Coryphantha aggregata.
alb6scens. H: cespitose, globose to ovoid, to 3% in.
high and 2 in. diam.; tubercles about % in. long, areoles
white, woolly; radial spines 5 or more, to % in. long, spread-
ing, white; centrals rarely present: fls. white, stigma 5-
lobed, yellow. Mex.
albicans. II, Pa: globose or cylindric, to 8 in. long and
2^ in. diam., often clustered; radial spines numerous and
white; centrals several. Lower Calif.
albicoma. H, Lep: clustered, globose, to 2 in. diam. or
more, axils setose; spines white, straight, radials 30-40,
hair-like to ^ in. long, glabrous, centrals 1-4, to % in. long,
brown tipped, but often absent: fls. white or yellowish, to
% in. long. Mex.
£lbida: M. discolor.
aljibensis: listed name.
Andreas: Coryphantha Andrea.
angumea: M. elongata.
angularis: JVf . compressa.
applanata. G, M: plant much flattened endwise; tuber-
cles somewhat angled and axils naked; radials 10-18;
central 1: fls. cream-colored, inner segms. 1 in. long, green-
striped in center. Tex. — Early-flowering.
arida. G, M: similar to M. Brandegeei from which it
differs in its more slender longer spines, entire outer peri-
anth-segms. and crimson-red fruit. Lower Calif.
ariz6nica: Coryphantha arizonica.
annillata. II, A: clustered, cylindrio, to 1 ft. high;
tubercles bluish-green; radial spines 0-15 and to ^ in.
long; centrals usually 2 and the lowest hooked: fls. greenish
or pink, to }^ in. long. Lower Calif.
asperispina: probably Neobesseya asperispina.
Asterias: Coryphantha Asterias.
aur&iceps. H, He: globose or short-oblong, to 4 in diam.;
tubercles woolly and bristly in axils; radial spines 20, white
and bristle-like; central spines several and yellow: fls. dark
red. Mex.
aurihamata. II, S: globose or ovoid, to 2^ in. high and
1^ in. diam.; tubercles shining; radial spines 15-20 and
yeflo wish- white; central spines 4, the lower to 1 in. long:
fls. yellow, ^ in. long. Mex.
Bachmannii. G, M: similar to M. Orcutth from which it
differs in its larger 4-sided tubercles, black central spines
and smaller pale pink fls. Cent. Mex.
balsas£nsis. H, A: solitary, globose, glossy, to 2% in.
diam.; tubercles about l/± in. long; spines straight, stiff,
radials spreading, usually 15, white, about H in. long,
centrals 4, brown, the lowest hooked, to ^ in. long: fls.
not seen. Mex.
bar bat a. H, A: often clustered, sts. globose, to 1^ in.
diam., axils glabrous; radial spines usually 20-30, straight,
white often brown-tipped, centrals usually 3-6, brown, a
few hooked: fls. pale greenish -yellow to nearly green, outer
segms. ciliate. Mex.
Baumii. H, C: clustered, sts. subcylindrical, to 3% in.
tall and 2^ in. diam.; tubercles soft, about % in. long,
axils glabrous; radials 30-35, to % in. long, unequal; centrals
5-6, to 1 y± in. long: fls. yellow within, outer segms. greenish-
yellow with pink midrib, to 1 in. long. Mex.
Baxteriana. G, M: usually solitary, to 4 in. diam.;
tubercles yellowish-green, axils briefly white-woolly; spines
acicular, radials 8-10, to \^ in. long, centrals usually 1 oc-
casionally 2, about % in. long: fls. yellow, marked reddish
on outer perianth-segms. : fr. purplish-red, to % in. long,
club-shaped. Lower Calif.
b&lla: probably Elecobaria bella.
blcolor: M. geminispina.
Mammillaria
460
Mammillaria
Blossfeldiana. H, A: cespitose, globose, to 1H in. diam.,
axils somewhat but sparingly woolly; radials about 20,
straight, to *4 in. long; centrals 4, stiff: fls. reddish-pink,
to % m. across. Lower Calif.
bocasana. H, S: cespitose, forming mounds, the in-
dividuals globose and to \1A in. diam.; tubercles slender
and terete, axils setose; radials 50 or more, hair-like and
silky; central 1, hooked, brown: fls white. Mex. Var.
inermis is said to be of the habit of M. albicoma with fls. of
the type and is reported to be a sport.
Boedekeriana. H, A: globose or becoming cylindric, to
6 in tall, axils glabrous; radial spines 20 and white; central
spines 3 and brownish-black, glabrous, not puberulent,
one of them hooked: fls. white with brown stnpes. Mex.
bogotdnsis. H, He: usually solitary, globose to some-
what club-shaped, to 4 in. tall and 2 in diam., axils not
bristly; radials 20-30, to % in. long, straight, white; centrals
usually 0, bulbous at base, neaily % in. long: fls. not seen.
Colombia.
Brandegeei (M. Gabbii). G, M: solitary or forking, st.
depressed-globose, to 3)4 in. diam , axils white-woolly;
tubercles elongated, usually rounded and not angular;
spines slightly curved, radials 0-14, to }% in. long, white to
gray, centrals 3-7, less frequently 1 or 2, to $ \ in. long,
reddish-brown: fls. to 1 in. long, outer scgms. tan-colored,
ciliate; inner segms. yellowish-green with rose stnpe: fr.
white Lower Calif.
Brauneana. O, Leu: usually solitary, globose, to about
3 in. diam , axils with numerous bristles; tubercles short,
conical; radials 25-30, lower ones about ^ in long with
upper ones shorter, radiating, glossy white; centrals 2-4,
awl-like, red to nearly black: fls. reddish- violet, to ^ m.
diam. Mex.
Bro^nii: Coryphantha robustispina.
Bullardiana. H, A: cespitose, sts. narrowly cylindrical,
to 5 in. tall and 1 % in. diam , axils usually naked; tubercles
conical, olive-green, about }/i in. long; spines to ]/^ in. long,
radials 20-30, white and often tipped brown, central 1,
brown, usually hooked or recurved at tip: fls. pale rose-
pink, to % in. long. Mex.
bumamma: Coryphantha bumamma.
calacantha. II, He: solitary, globose to subcylindrical,
to about 3 in. diam ; tubercles to ^2 in |°ng; radials about
25, yellowish; centrals 2, rarely 4, to 5s in long, brownish-
red: fls carmine, to ^ in. long or slightly more. Mex.
camp6tricha. H, S: ccspitose, globose, 2 in. across;
tubercles often curved with bristles in axils; spines 4-8,
twisted, yellowish and bristle-like: fls white, greenish out-
side, H m. long. Mex. Var seni'is is listed.
c&ndicans: listed name.
Candida. 1 1, C: cespitose, the individuals globose and
2 in or more diam ; radials numerous, more than 50; centrals
8 -12: fls rose-colored, nearly 1 in. long. Cent. Mex. Var.
rdsea is lifted.
capensis. H, A: cylindric, to 10 in high and 2 in. diarn ,
clustered; radial spines 13 and white tipped brown; central 1
and to 8 in. long and strongly hooked: fls. pink, % in. long.
Lower Calif. Var pallida as listed.
CAput-Medusse: M. scmpcnnn.
carnea. G, M: solitary, cylindric, to 3}^ in. high;
tubercles 4-angled, to nearly }2 in. long, milky with woolly
axils, areoles lacking bristles; spines 4, unequal in length:
fls. flesh-colored, nearly or quite 1 in. long. Cent, and
S. Mex.
Carretii. II, A: solitary, globose and depressed, 2 in. or
more diam.; tubercles cylindric and axils naked; radials 15;
.central 1: fls. 1 in. long, white and rose. Mex.
Celsiana. G, E: subglobose and becoming cylindric, to
5 in high; tubercles conic and woolly in axils; radials 24-
26; centrals 4-7, yellow, about ^ in. long: fls. red. S. Mex.
centricirrha: M . magnimamma.
cepha!6phora. H, C: solitary, globose to subcylindrical,
to 3 in. diam., dull green; tubercles cylindrical, axils gla-
brous; spines arranged in two series, about }$ in. long, silky
and hair-like, centrals absent: fls. pale rose-pink, about
H in. across. Mex.
ceratites: Neolloydia ceratites,
chinoc6phala. G, Pe: solitary, becoming cespitose with
age, globose, to 3 in. diam., nearly hidden by wnite spines;
tubercles milky and axils woolly and bristly; radial spines
35-40, about ^ in. long, almost pectinate; centrals 2-7,
shorter and stiff: fls. rose, ^ in. long. Mex.
chlorantha: Coryphantha chlorantha.
cirrhffera: M. comprcssa
clava: Coryphantha claw
clavata: Neolloydia clawta.
collhia. H, He: globose, 5 in. diam.; tubercles woolly in
axils; radial spines 16-18 and white; central spines 1-2: fls.
rose, % in. long. Mex,
compressa (M angulans. M. cirrhifera). G, 1'e: m
clumps, individuals cylindric, bluish-green; tubercles short
and axils woolly; principal spines commonly 4, to 2^2 in.
long, flexuous: fls. pinkish, to ><z m. long. Cent. Mex.
conoidea: Neolloydia conoidea.
conspicua. G, E: solitary, globose to subcylindrical, to
6 in. tall and 4J^ in. diarn , gray-green, axils woolly; radials
14-20, less frequently to 25, about ^ in. long, white;
centrals 2-4, pale brown, to ^ in. long: fls. carmine-red,
to % in. long Mex.
c6rbula: Lobima corbula.
cornifera: Coryphantha cornifera.
coronaria. II, He: cespitose, globose to cylindrical, to
6 in. tall and 3 in diam , axils bare; radials 12-18, to % in.
long, white; centrals (5, to Y% in. long, dark crimson to yel-
low and gray: fls. crimson, inner segms. with darker mid-
rib, stigma 4-lobed. Mex.
Craigiana: listed name.
crassispina: form of M. rhodantha with thick yellowish-
brown central spines.
crocidata. G, M: solitary, becoming cespitose, globose
to subcyhndrical and somewhat flattened on top, to 3 in.
diam., bluish-green; tubercles short, at least not narrowly
elongated, areoles bristly; spines 3-4, alike and usually
equal m length, pale to dark brown: fls. carmine-red within,
to % in. long. Mex.
crucigera. G, E: cylindric, to 6 in. high; tubercles woolly
in axils; radial spines 20 or more and bristle-like; centrals
4 and yellowish: fls crimson or purple. Mex.
dasyac&ntha: E&cobaria dasyacantha.
dealbata. G, E: globose or short-cylindric, glaucous;
tubercles woolly in axils; radial spines 20, about }A in
long, white; centrals 1-2, to }% in. long: fls. carmine, stigma-
lobes yellow. Mex.
decipiens. 11, S: mostly cespitose, globose; tubercles
soft and cylindric with 2 or 3 bristles in axils; radials 7-9,
white; central 1, straight: fls. white tinged pink, about
Y^ in. long Mex.
Delaetiana: Coryphantha Delactiana.
densispina. II, He: globose, to 4 in. diam , hidden by
spines; radial spines 25 or more, to ?s in long, white or
pale yellow; centrals 5-0, to ^ m long: fls. yellowish in-
side, purple outside, 1A in. long. Mex.
denudata. G, C: globose, 1 in. diam.; spines 50-80 and
short: fls light purple margined with white, 1A in. long
W. Tex., Mex.
deserti: (Coryphantha deserti.
didicata: listed name.
Dietrichise. G: solitary, depressed-globose, to 2 in. high
and 3 in diam , blue-green, white- woolly on top; tubercles
4-sided, areoles white-woolly when young; radial spines
30 or more, to ^ in. long, white, spreading and covering
the st.; centrals 3-4, stouter than radials, 1-1^ in. long,
flesh-colored tipped brown • fls. not known. Mex.
diff icilis: Coryphantha difficilis.
dioica. II, A: solitary or clustered, cylindric, to 10 in.
or more high; tubercle axils woolly and setose; radials 11-22,
white; centrals 3 or 4: fls yellowish- white with purplish
ribs, to about 1 in. long, somewhat dioecious, stigma-lobes
yellow to greenish. S. Calif and adjacent Lower Calif
discif 6rmis: Strombocactus diaciformis.
discolor (M. albida). H, lie: globose, 3 in. diam., axils
glabrous; radial spines 16-20, white and bristle-like; centrals
6, yellow to brownish: fls. white striped with rose, ^ in.
across, stigma 6-7-lobed Mex.
dolichocentra: M. tetracantha.
Ddnatii. G, E: globose, glaucous, sometimes cespitose;
radial spines 16-18 and ^ in. long; centrals 2 and yellow-
ish-blade: fls. reddish, ^ in. long. Mex.
durispina. II, He: globose or short-cylindric, to 12 in.
high and 4 in. diam.; spines 6-8, radiating and star-like,
central spines none: fls. carmine, green below, J^ in. long.
Mex.
Dyckiana: Coryphantha Dyckiana.
Echaussieri: listed name.
echinaria (M. gracilis). H, Lep: cespitose, individuals
short-cylindric and about 4 in. long; tubercles terete and
with naked axils; spines light colored, the radials about 15
and central 1: fls. yellow with salmon-colored outer segms.,
to H in. long, stigma-lobes 4, yellow. Mex.
echinofdea: Coryphantha echinoidea.
Echinus: Coryphantha Echinus.
Edmundtsiana: listed name
elegans (M. acanthophlegitm. M. Kunthii). G, E:
simple, obovoid to globose, 2 in diam.; tubercles ovoid and
axils somewhat woolly, rarely naked; radials 25-30, bristle-
Mammillaria
461
Mammillaria
like, white, about y± in. long; centrals 1-3. Cent. Mex. —
Different plants may pass as M . elegana.
elephantidens: Coryphantha elephantidens.
elongata (M. anguinea. M. stella-aurata. M. tennis).
H, Lep: making dense small clumps, individuals erect or
ascending or prostrate to 4 in. long, with many interlacing
spines; tubercles short and axils naked; spines usually all
radial: fls. white or nearly so, about l/£ m. long. E. Mex.
Listed vars. include aurea, echinata, longispina, microthele
and Schmdllii.
er6cta: Coryphantha erecta.
erectohamata. H, 8: cespitose, globular, to 2^ in. diani ,
axils setose; radial spines 20-25, white, to ]4 in. long,
bristly; centrals usually 2, dark red to brownish: fls. white,
stigma 5-6-1 obed, white. Mex.
eriacantha. H, lie: solitary or cespitose, cylindric. to
6 in. high; tubercles spiral in 22 rows, compact; radials
about 20, yellow to brown; centrals 2: fls. yellow, about
% in. across. Cent. Mex.
erythrocarpa: listed name.
erythrospSrma. H, A: by some considered synonymous
with M. Pa inter i ; by others it is reported to differ in having
a few bristles in the axils, radial spines often less than 20,
centrals rarely more than 3, and fls. carmine-red with red
stigma. Mex.
Essaussieri: listed name.
exsudans: Coryphantha exsudans.
fasciculata. II, A: oespitose, cylindrical; radials 13^20,
white; central usually 1, rarely 2-3, brown, hooked, to %
in. long: fls. pink, to 1^ in. across. S. Ariz.
f6rro-rubra: M . rhodantha var.
fertilis. H, He: cespitose, globose or short-cylindric;
tubercles rather woolly in axils; radial spines 7-10, white;
centrals 1-2, to % in. long: fls. deep crimson, ?4 in. long,
stigma red, 4-lobed. Mex.
Fischeri. G, Pe: by some considered a variety of M.
Karwinskiana or synonymous with it; others state it to
differ in its reddish radial spines and pale yellow fls., the
segms. with pink midrib. Mex.
fissurata: Itoseocactus fissuratus.
flav6virens. G, M: usually solitary, globose to sub-
cylindrical, to 3^2 m. ton*, yellowish-green; tubercles
slightly angular at apex, elongated, axils bare; radial spines
5, subulate, equal in length; central 1: fls. white with rose-
red stripe on inner segms. Mex.
formdsa. G, E: body somewhat club-shaped and sunken
at apex; tubercles 4-angled, axils bare; radials 20-22;
centrals 2-6: fls. red. Mex.
fortisplna: listed name.
fragilis. II, Lep: globose, sprouting toward top and
breaking off easily; radial spines 12-14, white and spreading;
central spines usually none: fls. cream-colored, pinkish
outside. Probably Mex. Vars. cristata and minima are
listed.
Fraileana. H, A: cylindric, to 6 in. high; central spines
brown and one strongly hooked: fls. pink, 1 in. or more long.
Lower Calif.
fulgindsa: probably referable to M. mammillaris.
fuscata: form of M rhodantha with yellowish spines.
Gfibbii: M. Brandegeei.
Galedttii. H, S: globose, often cespitose; radial bristles
8-14 and soon falling; centrals 4 and 1 in. long and yellowish:
fls rose. Mex.
Gatesii. G, M: solitary becoming cespitose with age,
globose to subcylindncal, to 8 in tall and 6 in. diam.;
tubercles to about % in. long, blue-green, axils woolly;
radials 8, to }•$ in. long, yellow becoming white; central 1,
to nearly \l/£ in. long, stout: fls golden- to greenish-yellow,
campanulate, to % in. across, stigma 5-lobed, green. Lower
Calif.
geminispina (M. bicolor. M. nivca). G, Leu: naturally
cespitose, cylindric and somewhat glaucous: tubercles
terete and axils woolly and setose, the bristles tew; radials
16-20 and very short; centrals 2-A and longer: fls. dark red.
Cent. Mex.
Ge6rgii: see Coryphantha Georgii.
gigant&a. G, M: solitary or cespitose, depressed-globose,
to 4 in. high and of great diam.; tubercles elongated, some-
what angular at apex, axils woolly; radials 12, nearly equal
in length; centrals 4-6: fls. yellowish-green. Mex.
gladiisplna: Coryphantha gladnspina.
globdsa: Dohchothele longimamma.
glochidiata. H, S: densely cespitose, globose, to nearly 1 %
In. diam., few bristles in axils; radials 8-20, to % in. long,
white; centrals 3-4, yellowish-brown, the lower one hooked:
fls. pink or rarely white: seed black. Mex.
gracilis: M. echinaria.
Grahamii: M. microcarpa.
grandifldra: Neolloydia grandiflora. «
Gre'ggii: Epithelantha micromens var.
Guelzowiana. H, A: globose, to 2^2 in. high and diam.,
single or cespitose, axils bare, radial spines 60-80, white
and hair-like; central spine 1: fls. purple, 2 in. long. Mex.
guirocobensis: listed name.
gununifera. G, M: body depressed-globose, to 4 in. or
more high; tubercles angled, elongated, rounded at apex;
radials 10-12; centrals 1, 2 or 4: fls. brownish outside and
reddish-white inside, about 1 in. long, outer segms. more or
less fimbnated. N. Mex.
Haageana. G, E: globose becoming cylindrical with age,
cespitose, axils woolly; radial spines about 20, radiating
ana white; central spines 2, to J^ in. long, black: fls. carmine-
rose. Mex.
Hahniana. H, Leu: globose, to 4 in. high and diam.,
cespitose, axils woolly, with about 20 white bristles to 1^4
in. long which completely cover st.; radial spines 20^30
and of soft white curly hairs to Y% in. long; central spine
usually 1: fls. rose-carmine. Mex. Var. Giselana is listed.
Halei: Cochemiea llalei.
Hamiltonhoytea. G, M: usually solitary, depressed-
globose, to 7 in. diam., axils bare; tubercles short and
symmetrical; radiuls usually 5, about % in long, white
tipped brown; centrals 3, to \Y± in. long, red to gray: fls.
purphnh-violet, to % in. long. Mex.
Heeseana: M. Petterssonn.
hemisph&rica. G, M: hemispheric, to 5 in. diam.;
tubercles elongated, somewhat angular but rounded at
apex; radial spines 9-1 3 and to ^ in long, yellowish; central
spine 1: fls. cream-colored, ^2 m. l°ng. B- Tex., N Mex.
Herrerse. II, C: cespitose, globose, to 1^ in. diam.,
axils btiro; spines all radial, about 90-100, radiating uni-
formly and star-like, to nearly % in. long: fls. pink or
Eurplish, to 1 in. long, with long tube. Mex. Var. albifldra
as larger white fls. and sts. less cespitose.
Heyderi. G, M: globose or at apex somewhat flattened:
tubercles come and woolly in axils; radials 20-22; central
1: fls. pinkish. Tex. to N. Mex.
hidalge'nsis: M polythele.
Hildemanniana: listed name.
Hoffmanniana. G, M: globose to subcylindncal, to 12
in. tall and 5 in. diam.; tubercles short and symmetrical,
axils woolly; radial spines usually 18, white, bristly; cen-
trals 4-6, to y± in. long: fls. pule rose-pink. Mex.
Ho6keri: unidentified name.
horripila: Neolloydia hornpila.
jaliscana. A: cespitose, globose, to 2 in. diam.; tubercles
in 13 rows, nearly % in. high; radial spines 30-50; centrals
4-6, reddish-brown, one hooked: fls. pink to purplish-pink,
about }3 in. across, fragrnnt. Mex.
Johnstonii. G, M: globose, to 8 in. tall, apex flattened;
tubercles elongated, acuti.sh, at lenwt at apex, axils bare;
radials 10-14, white to tun, somewhat unequal in length;
centrals 2, larger and stouter than others: fls. white. Mex.
Karwinskiana. G, Pe: globose or cylindric; tubercles
milky, axils woolly and with long white bristles; spines
4-6 and all radial: fls. cream-colored, reddish outside, % in.
long. Mex.
Kelleriana: listed name.
kewensis. H, He: globose or cylindric, to 1^ in. diam.:
tubercles woolly in axils; spines 5-6 and all radial and
short: fls. reddish-purple, ^ in. long. Probably Mex.
Klissingiana. G, Leu: globose, to 6 in. high and 3H in.
diam., densely covered with white spines; tubercles white-
woolly in axils; radial spines 30-35, interlaced and com-
pletely hiding the st.; centrals 2-4, about ><» in. long: fls.
rose, H in. long. Mex.
Knebeliana. H, S: usually cespitose, short-cylindrical,
insjde, rose-pink outside. Mex. — Not to be confused with
M. Knippeliana, which is not known to be now in cult.
Kunthii: M. elegana.
Kunzeana. H, S: globose or cylindric, cespitose, tuber-
cles with bristly axils; radial spines 25, white and bristle-
like; central spines 3-4, brownish, one hooked: fls. white
or yellowish- white, rose outside, % in. long, stigma-lobes
4, cream-colored. Mex.
lanata. G, E: short-cylindric; spines 12-14 and all
radial, wide-spreading, white- fls. red, M in. long, when
young surrounded by long white hairs. Mex.
lasiacantha. H, C: globose, to 1 in. high; tubercles
small and axils naked; spines 40-60 and puberulent: fla.
whitish or pink, about H iQ- l°nS. W. Tex.
Mammillaria
462
Mammillaria
lenta. H, C: cespitose. globose or short-cylindric, to
2l/i in. diarp , nearly hidden by white fragile spines, axils
woolly; spines about 40, all radial: fls. whitish, % in. long.
Mex.
ledna: M. Pottaii.
Lesaunieri. H, He: plant simple, globose or a little
elongated; tubercles conic with nalted axils; radials 11-13,
white; central 1 and short: fls. reddish, 1 in. long, stigma-
lobes 4, red. Mcx.
Lldydii. G, M: usually solitary, depressed-globose to
subcylindric; tubercles short and symmetrical, areoles not
silky; spines 4, all radial, equal in length, laterals whitish,
upper one resembling a central and brown: fls. white with
pmk stripe inside, reddish outside, stigma red. Mex.
longicoma. H, S: somewhat cespitose, globose, to 2 in.
diam.; tubercles with long white hairs in axils; radial
spines 25 or more and hair-like; central spines 4 and 1A in.
long, brown: fls. white, strongly suffused rose to clear rose.
Mex.
longiflora. H, A: globose, to 1 ^ in. diam., often clustered,
axils woolly and bristly; radial spines about 30 and yellow;
central spines 4, V£ in. long, reddish-brown: fls, pinkish,
1>£ in. long, with distinct tube, stigma-lobes yellowish. Mex.
longim£mma: Dolichothele longimamma.
longisdta: probably M. compressa.
Loulseee: listed name.
Macdougalii. G, M: globular or flattened, to 6 in. diam.;
tubercles with woolly axils; radial spines 10-12; centrals
1-2: fls. cream-colored, 1 J^ in. long. Ariz.
macrantha (M. centncirrha var. macrantha). G, M:
depressed-globose, about 1 in high; tubercles elongated,
angular at apex and the axils becoming naked; spines 1 or 2,
alike, recurved: fls dark pink. Mex.
macro car pa: listed name.
macrdmeris: Coryphantha macromeria.
macrothele: Coryphantha octacantha.
magnim&mma (M. centncirrha. M. pachythde. M.
pentacantha) . G, M: globose, to 4 in. diam., commonly
cespitose, milky; tubercles elongated, conical and angular
at apex, axils woolly when young; spines 3-5, alike, the
lower curved: fls. cream-colored Cent. Mex.
Mainiae. H, A: globose or depressed, to 3 in. diam.;
radial spines 10 and yellowish or white with brown tips;
central spine strongly hooked at tip: fls. white with reddish
central stripe, % in long, stigma-lobes purple. Mex.
mammillaris (M. simplex). G, M: globose or short-
cylindric, to about 2^ in. high; tuhercleo conic and axila
slightly woolly; radials 10-12; centrals 3 or 4: fls. crearn-
oolor, about \$ in. long. Venezuela and adjacent isls.
Marshalliana. G, M: occasionally cespitose, depressed-
globose, to 5 in. diam.; tubercles elongate, acute at apex;
radials S -13, to ^ in. long, unequal, white; central 1, white:
fls. greenish-yellow, stigma 8-lobed. Mex.
Martinezii: listed name.
mazatlan&nsis. H, A: cespitose, sts. somewhat cylin-
drical, to 4 in. tall and 1H in- diarn., axils woolly and
bristly; radial spines 12-1»5, bristly, white; centrals 3-6,
reddish, stouter than radials: fls. rose-carmine. Mex.
meiac&ntha. G, M: somewhat depressed, to 5 in. diam.;
tubercles angled and milky with naked axils; spines 5-9:
fls. white with pink stripes. Tex., New Mex.
melaleuca: Dolichothele longimamma.
melanoce'ntra (M. vahda). G, M: short-cylindric and
glaucous-green; tubercles elongate, angled at apex; radial
spines 6, unequal, grayish-black; central 1, black: fls.
pinkish-red, segms. linear. Mex.
Mende liana. G, Pe: solitary, globular, to 3^ in. diam.,
dark olive-green, axils woolly and bristly; tubercles roundish
to somewhat angular; spines 4, alike, pubescent, reddish to
black becoming gray- white: fls. rose-pink: fr. club-shaped,
purple, to % in. long. Mex.
microc&rpa (M. Grahamii). H, A: globose to cylindric,
sometimes clustered, to 3 in. high; tubercles small and axils
naked; radial spines 15-30; centrals 1-3. to \Y± in. long,
hooked: fls. purplish and perhaps with whitish margins, to
1 in. long. Tex , Ariz, (perhaps Utah and Calif.), Mex.
microhelia. H. Lep: cylindric, to 6 in. long and 1^ in.
diam., white-woolly at top; radial spines about 50 and
radiating horizontally; central spines 1-4: fls. white, ^ in.
long. Mex.
microhelidpsis. H, Lep: short-cylindric, to 2l/4 in. high
and 2 in. diam., densely woolly at top; radial spines 30-65,
to M in. long; centrals 6-8: fls. purple, ^ in. long. Mex.
micrdmeris: Epithelantha mteromma.
micro thele. G, E: allied to M. elegana: cespitose, the
joints small and globose, axils usually woolly; radials
22-24, about % in. long; centrals 2: fls. about y* in. long,
flesh-colored outside and white inside. Mex.
Miehiana. H: cespitose, cylindrical, to 6 in. high and
2 in. diam., dark green, areoles white- woolly; radial spines
18-20, to % in. long, needle-like, bright yellow; centrals
3-6, equal, brownish-yellow: fls. yellow, to % m. long. Mex.
Mflleri. H, A: globose or cylindric, to 8 in. high and 3 in.
diam.; radial spines 20, white tipped brown; centrals 2-4,
hooked at tip: fls. purple or pink, 1 in. across. Ariz.
minima: probably M. elongata.
missourie'nsis: Neobesseya misaounenais.
Moelleriana. H, A: globose, to 2^ in. diam., hidden by
spines; radial spines 30-40 and white; central spines 8-10,
wide-spreading to % m., yellow or red-brown: fls. rose or
brownish, % in. long. Mex.
montana: probably Coryphantha vivipara.
Muehlbaueri&aa: see Coryphantha Muehlbaueriana.
Mullen: listed name, perhaps for M. Milleri.
multiceps (M. pusilla). H, S: globose, % in diam..
cesiptoso; tubercles hairy in axils; radial spines white and
hair-like; centrals several, straight: fls. yellowish-salmon,
j^j in. long. Mex. — By some authors said to be synonymous
with M. prohfera.
multif6rmis. H, L: clumps of 25 or more globose to
subcylindrical plants; tubercles to ^ in. long, white-woolly;
radial spines 30-40, to % m. long, ascending; centrals 4,
to \^ in. long, one strongly hooked: fls deep purplish-red,
to ^ in. long and H in. across, filaments red Mex.
multihamata. H, S: globose, to 2 in. diam., dark green,
axils bristly, not woolly; radials 25, about y± in. long,
bristly, slender, straight; centrals 7-9, to % in- long, stout,
brownish: fls. pnle rose inside with purplish stripe, to
% in. long. Mex.
Mundtii. H, He: depressed-globose, to 3 in diam ,
woolly on top; tubercles not compact, conical; radials
10-12, tan when young, becoming white, to % in long;
centrals 2, brown, to ^g in. long, straight: fls. red, stigma
6-7-1 o bed, green. Mex.
mutabilis: M. mystax.
mystax (M. mutabihs). G. Pe: globose to short-cylindric,
flat-topped, to 6 in. high; raaials 8-10 and white; centrals 4,
flexuous, about H in. long, red becoming gray, one of them
elongated: fls. dark red, about % in. long. S. Cent. Mex.
napma. H, He: depressed-globose, to 2J£ in. diam.,
axils slightly woolly; spines all radial, 10-12, stiff, pectinate,
white with yellowish base: fls. pink. Tex.
neo-mexicana: Coryphantha neo-mexicana.
Nickelsiee: Coryphantha Nickelsise.
nigra, nigrisphia: names of doubtful standing but per-
haps vars. of M. elcgans.
nfvea: M. geminispina.
nivdsa. G, M: globose or cylindric, 7 in. diam., cespitose,
very spiny; tubercles milky and white-woolly in axils;
spines 14, % in. long, bright yellow: fls. cream-colored,
% in. long. W. Indies.
Nundzii. II, He: globose to cylindrical, to 6 in. long and
3}£ in. diam.; tubercles short with bristly axils; radial
spines 25-35, bristly, white; centrals 2-4, stout, about % in.
long, brown with blackish tip: fls. not known: fr. white,
tinged red, club-shaped, to 1 in. long. Mex.
Nuttallii: Neobesseya missounensis.
occidentalis. II A: cespitose, cylindrical, to 4 in. tall,
axils naked; radials about 12, pale yellow; centrals 3-6,
reddish-brown: fls. rose-pink, about ^ m. long: fr. red. Mex.
Ochoterenae. H, He: solitary, depressed-globose, to 3^
in. diam., top spiny, axils naked; radial spines about 17,
bristly, white, about % in. long; centrals 5, to 54 m. long,
straight, brown with black tip becoming paler: fls. pale
rose-pink. Mex.
octacantha: Coryphantha octacantha.
H, C: solitary becoming cespitose with age, at.
globose to subcyhndric, to 4 in. tall and 2^ in. diam., axils
naked; radinls 25-35, to % in. long, covering the entire
surface, white to tan; centrals 1-3, white, tipped brown:
fls. purplish-red, to \% in. across. Ariz.
6rcuttii. G, M: solitary, globose to somewhat club-
shaped, dark blue-green; tubercles short, round, axils and
areoles woolly; spines all alike, usually 4-5, black to gray:
fls. pale carmine, segms. with darker stripe. Mex.
6rtiz-Rubi6na. H, C: cespitose, depressed-globose, to
3^ in. diam., axila silky, areoles white-woolly; radial spines
numerous, ^ in. long, white; centrals 4-6, about H in-
long: fls. yellowish-red, 5^ in. long. Mex.
Ottonis: Coryphantha Ottonis.
pachythfcle: M. magnimamma.
pacifica. G, M: cespitose, sts. depressed-globose, to
6 in. diam.; tubercles elongated, angular basally but
rounded at apex; radials 7-12, white; central 1, about
H in. long, tipped brown: fls. yellowish-green, outer segma.
entire, about ^ in. long. Lower Calif.
Mammillaria
463
Mammillaria
Painteri. H, S: solitary, globose, to 5^ in. diam., axils
naked; radials 20, minutely puberulent, white; centrals
3-5, puberulent, dark brown, one or more hooked: fls.
white, to Y% in. long. Mex.
pallida: see Coryphantha pallida.
Palmeri. H, He: cespitose, sts. small, axils woolly and
bristly; radials 25-30, about % in. long, white; centrals
3-5, to Y% in. long, brownish with black tips: fls. cream-
colored: fr. club-shaped, scarlet. Mex.
Parkinsonii. G, Leu: cespitose, parts depressed to
cylindric, to 6 in. high, glaucous; tubercles short, axils
woolly and bristly, the latter not numerous; radials 25-30,
bristly, white, pectinate; centrals 2 or 4 or 5: fls. yellowish
and small. Cent. Mex.
pectinata: Coryphantha pectinata.
peninsularis. G, M: solitary becoming cespitose, de-
pressed-globose; tubercles elongated, acutely angular at apex,
axils woolly becoming naked with age; spines 4-8, all
radial, with one occasionally more central, yellowish-brown,
darker tipped: fls. yellowish-green. Mex.
pentacantha: M . magmmamma.
perb611a. G, E: depressed-globose, glaucous-green,
solitary or more or less cespitose; tubercles conic and axils
woolly; radials 14-18; centrals none: fls. reddish, nearly
l/i in. long. Mex. Vars. lanata and minor are listed.
petrophila. G, M: solitary becoming cespitose, sts.
globose, to G in. diam.; tubercles short, rounded, axils woolly
when young; nuhals 10, about ^ in. long, pale chestnut-
brown; central 1, to % in. long: fls. greenish-yellow, to % in.
long. Mex.
PStterssonii (M. Heeseana). G, Pe: cylindric, to 8 in.
or more and very spiny; tubercles terete and axils bristly;
radials 10-12, white with black tips; centrals 4: fls. not
described. Mex.
Pfelfferi: form of M. rhodantha with lemon-yellow
central opines.
phaeacantha. Probably H, He: depressed-globose; tu-
bercles conical, somewhat angled, axils woolly; radials
16-20, bristly, white; centrals 4, awl-shaped, black: fls.
dark red. Mex.
Phellospgrma: Phellosperma tetrancistra.
phitauiana. H, A: solitary, occasionally cespitose, sts.
cylindrical, to 6 in. tall and 1^4 in. diam.; tubercles to
\£ in. long, conical, axils woolly; radials about 24, to % in.
long, bristly, white; centrals 4, about % in. long, white
tipped brown, fls. white, to % in. long. Mex.
pilispina: Neolloydia pihspina.
plumdsa. H, C: clusters to 6 in. across, covered with
white spines; tubercles very small and axils somewhat
woolly; spines all radial and about 40, plumose: fls. white,
nearly ^ in long. N. Mex.
polySdra. G, Pe: solitary, cylindric or somewhat club-
shaped; tubercles flattened and angled and axils bristly;
spines 4-6, all alike, short, grayish-white tipped reddish:
fls. reddish and inconspicuous. S. Mex.
poiygona. G, PC: solitary, somewhat club-shaped, about
4 in. tall; tubercles large, more or less angular, axils woolly
and setose; radials 8, the 2 upper ones very small; centrals
2: fls pale rose-pink. Mex.
polythele (M. hidaluensis). G, M: cylindric, to 8 in.
high and 4 in. diam.; tubercles short, symmetrical, usually
rounded and when young densely woolly in axils; spines
all radial, 2-4, unequal, to 1 in. long, reddish: fls. reddish,
\i in long. Mex.
PosSlgeri: Cochemiea Poselgeri.
potoslna. In the lists the name represents a plant allied
to M. gemimspina: resembles M. Celsiana in the spines
but st. is elongated and tubercles milky. The true M.
potosina is probably Neolloydia clavata. Mex.
P6ttsii (M. leona). H, He: somewhat cespitose, individ-
uals cylindric to about 5 in long; tubercles nearly hidden
by spines; radials white and about 30; centrals 6-12 and
stouter: fls. light purple, less than J^ in. long. Tex., Mex.
Praelii. G, Pe: globose: tubercles woolly and bristly
in axils; radial spines 4 and forming a cross: fls. pale yellow,
to l^ in. long. Guatemala.
Pringlei. H, He: globose or depressed, to 6 in. high and
3 in. diam.; tubercles with woolly and bristly axils; radial
spines 18-20 and yellow; centrals 5-7, to 1 in. long and
curved: fls. deep red, H in. long. Mex.
prolifera (M. pusillaY H, S: in low colonies, individuals
globose or cylindric and 2 in. or more diam.; tubercles conic
and axils bristly; radials many and hair-like; centrals
6-12 and stouter: fls. yellowish-white, small. Cuba,
Hispaniola.
pseudocrucfgera: listed name.
pseudechlnus: probably Coryphantha pseudeehinu*.
pseudoperb611a. G, Leu: globose or short-cylindric, very
\i i
has
spiny, axils woolly, not bristly; radial spines 20-30, white
and bristle-like; central spines 2, one of them recurved: fla.
purple. Mex.
pubispina. H, S: solitary, globose, to 1^ in. diam.;
tubercles to % in. long, cylindrical; radial spines about 15.
almost hair-like, spreading with recurved hairs mixed
among them; centrals 3-4, white to dark brown, minutely
pubescent, lower ones hooked: fls. white, segms. with pink
midvein. Mex.
Purpusii: Pediocactus Simpsonii,
pusflla: plants so hated may be M. prolifera or M.
miuticepa.
pygm&a. H, S: globose or cylindric, 1 in. diam.; radial
spines about 15 and white; central spines 4 and golden-
yellow, glabrous, the upper ones about ^ in. long, the
lower hooked: fls. cream-colored tinged red outside, ^ in.
long. Mex.
radians: Coryphantha radians.
radidsa: Coryphantha wvipara.
recurvata: Coryphantha recurvata.
recurvispina: Coryphantha recurvata.
Rettigiana. H, A: globose or depressed, to 1 ^ in. diam.;
radial spines 18-20, white and spreading; centrals 3-4,
in. long: fls. rose, l/i in. across. Mex. Var. flavispma
s yellow spines becoming grayish-white.
retusa: Coryphantha retusa.
rhapidacantha: Neolloydia clavata.
rhodantha. H, He: sts. cylindric and erect, to 1 ft. long;
tubercles terete and axils sometimes bristle-bearing;
radials 15-^20 and white; centrals 4-6: fls. rose-colored,
about K in. across. Mex. — Grown under many names;
among the vars. offered are campaca'ntha, chrysacantha,
f erro-rubra, gigantea, rubra and sulphurea.
robustispina: Coryphantha robustispina.
Roseana: Cochemiea Poselgeri.
roseo&lba. G, M.: depressed-globose, to 2J4 in. high
and 3 in. diam.; tubercles 4-angled and white-woolly in
axils; spines 4-5, white tinged rose at base: fls. white,
1 ^ in. long. Mex.
rubrispina: listed name.
Ruestii. H, He: globose to subcylindrical, to 4 in. tall
and 3 in. diam., pale green, white-woolly and cnmspn-
spined on top, axils woolly and bristly; radials 16-24, white;
centrals 4, awl-shaped, about J^ in long: fls. pale pink with
darker midrib. Honduras, Guatemala.
Runyonii. G, M: solitary, depressed-globose; tubercles
elongate, angular at apex, axils woolly becoming naked
with age; radials 6-8, brown to white; central 1, about ^ in.
long, erect, dark brown: fls. purple, to % in. long, segms.
oblong: fr. red, club-shaped. Mex.
saetigera. G, Leu: solitary, subglobose, apex white-
woolly; tubercles conical, angular with truncate apex, axils
woolly and setose; radials 15-20, about ^ in. long, spread-
ing, white; centrals 2, to 2s in. long, white brown tipped:
fls white, segms. striped rose-pink, to % in. long. Mex.
Saffordii. H, S: globose or short-cylindric, to 2 in. high,
nearly hidden by spines, axils naked; radial spines 12-14;
central 1, brown, to H in. long and hooked: fls. rose, 1 in.
long. Mex.
Salm-Dyckiana: Coryphantha Salm-Dyckiana.
sanguine a: Af. spinosisainia.
Sartor i. G, M: globose or short-cylindric, to 5 in. diam.,
cespitose j tubercles 4-angled, axils woolly becoming naked;
radial opines 4-6, to % in. long, brownish; central 1 or
sometimes absent: fls. carmine, to % in. long. Mex.
Schedri: Coryphantha Muehlenpfordtii.
Scheidweileriana. H, He: cespitose, globose to sub-
cylindrical, bright green, axils bristly; tubercles in 8-13 rows;
radials 9-11, about ^ in. long, bristly, white; centrals
1-4, brownish, 1-2-hooked: fls. rose-pink, to ^ in. long.
Mex.
Schelhasei. H, S: forming large mound, individuals
globose to short-cylindric; tubercles cylindric, angular,
axils somewhat woolly but not bristly; radials 14-16,
bristle-like and white; centrals 3, brown, one of them hooked:
fls. salmon or rose-color, 1 in. long. Mex.
Schiedeana. II, C: densely cespitose, globose, to 2^
in. diam.: tubercles white-bristly in axils; radial spines 30,
white and bristle-like; centrals 6-10, pubescent: fls. white,
^ in. long. Mox.
Schmollii. H, Pa: solitary, depnessed-globose, to 3 in.
diam , olive-green: tubercles conical, axils naked; radials
23-25, nearly J^ m. long, white; centrals 11-15, slightly
longer: fls. yellow. Mex.
Schumannii: Bartachella Schumannii.
scolymoides: Coryphantha cornifera var.
Seideliana. H, S: solitary to cespitose, sts. globose to
Mammillaria
subcylindrical, about 3 in tall and 2 in. diam., axils naked,
areoles somewhat woolly; racliala 18-25, stout, white;
centrals 3-4, yellow, pubescent, one of them hooked: fls.
pale yellow. Mex.
Seitziana. G, M: solitary or proliferous, cylindric, 4 in.
or more high; tubercles conical, somewhat elongate, re-
motely angular at apex, axils woolly; spines 4: fls. rose-color,
about 1 in. long. Mex.
sempervlvi (M. Caput- Medusae"). G, M: solitary or more
or less cespitose, flattened above and narrowed below;
tubercles short, symmetrical, axils very woolly; radials
3-7 and shedding; centrals 2, about 1A in. long, brown:
fls. dull white with reddish lines. Cent. Mex.
senilis: Mamillopsia senilis.
setispina: Cochemiea setispina.
SheJdonii. H, A: cylindric, 3 in. high; radial spines 12-15
and reddish; central 1, hooked at end: fls. light purple.
Mex.
Shurliana: listed name.
simplex: M. mammillaris.
Simpsonii: Pediocactus Simpsonii.
sinistrohamata. II, A: solitary, globose, about 3 in.
diarn., apex woolly and spiny; tubercles short-cylindrical,
axils naked; radials 20, to % in. long, needle-like, coveimg
the sts ; centrals 4, to % in. long, amber-yellow: fls. very
pale greenish-yellow, to about % m. long. Mex.
Sneedii: see Escobaria Sneedii.
Sdlisii. H, A: solitary, globose, about 2}4 in. diam.,
green, tinged red; tubercles ovoid, axils silky-woolly; radials
10-20, about K m. long, bristly- white; centrals 3-4,
stouter than radials, one or more hooked: fls. rose-pink. Mex.
sphacelata. H, S: cespitose, forming clusters to \\i ft.
diam., sts. cylindrical, to 8 in. tall and 1?4 in diam.;
tubercles hemispherical, axils with woolly and silky hairs,
bristly; radials 14-20, about % in. long, reddish-brown;
centrals 1-4, grayish- white: fls. rose-purple, to % in. long.
Mex.
sph&rica: Dolicothele sphaerica.
spinosfssima. II, Pa: cylindric, to 12 in. long and 4 in.
diam., densely covered with spines; tubercles very short and
axils bristly; radials about 20; centrals 7 or 8: fls. purplish,
about l/2 in. long. Cent. Mex. — Known under many
names. Var. sanguinea does not differ from the type.
Stand ley i. G, Pe: usually solitary, globose, to 4 in. diam.,
axils bristly and woolly; radials about 10, whitish; centrals
4, stout, reddish-brown: fls. dark rose-purple, to \^ in. long.
Mex.
stella-aurata: M. elongata.
strobilif6rmis: a name of various applications; see
Neolloydia conoidea, Coryphantha sulcata and Eacobana
tuberculosa.
sulcata: Coryphantha sulcala.
sulcolanata: Coryphantha sulcolanata.
tarajaensis: listed name.
tlnuis: M. elongata.
tetracantha (M. dohchoccntra) . II, Tie: nearly globular,
to 3 in. diam.; tubercles obscurely angled and axils woolly;
spines 4 and all central, fls. pink to rose-color, small. Mex.
tetrancistra: Phcllosperma tctrannstra.
trichacantha. H, A: globose or Hhort-cylindric, axils
Woolly and bristly; radial spmea 15— LS and white; centrals
2, % in. long, one hooked: fls. red or yellow, % in. long,
lobes white. Mex.
Trohdrtii. G, M: solitary becoming cespitose, sts. glo-
bose, somewhat flattened on top, glaucous, to 2^ in diarn.;
tubercles short, axils naked; radials 4-6, about Y± in. long,
usually white; centrals 1, rarely to 3, brown, hooked: fls.
pale pink, to % in. long. Mex.
tuberculftsa: Escobaria tuberculosa.
uberif6rmis: Dolicothele ubenformis.
umbrma. H, He: solitary or occasionally cespitose, sts.
cylindrical, to 5 in. tall and 2}£ in diam ; tubercles conical,
axils naked; radials 18-25, radiating, about K in. long;
centrals 2-4, to ?g in. long, brownish-red: fls. rose-purple,
stigma green, 5-lobed. Mex.
uncinata. G, M: globose or somewhat depressed and
partly buried in soil, to 4 in. diam.; tubercles short and
milky and finally naked; radials 4-6; central mostly 1,
brown, uncinate: fls. reddish- white, nearly 1 in. long.
Cent. Mex.
v&lida: M . melanocentra or Coryphantha Poselgeriana.
Vaupeliana: Coryphantha Vaupcliana.
Vier^ckii. H, S: globose, 1^ in. diam.; spines 9-11 and
% in. long, areoles with 6-7 whitish spines below: fls.
cream-colored with greenish central stripe, H in- l°ng.
Me*.
464 Mandragora
villifera. G, Pe: cespitose, depressed-globose; tubercles
angular, axils woolly and bristly; spines 4, alike, dark red:
fls. pale rose, stigma-lobes 4-5. Mex.
viperma. H, S: cylindric, to % in. diam., decumbent
and cespitose; spines numerous and very short: fls. carmine-
red. Mex.
yiridifl&ra. Probably H, A: solitary, globose to sub-
cylindncal, to 4 in. tall and 3 in. diam.; tubercles terete,
axils naked; radials 20-30, to 1A in. long, white tipped
brown: centrals several, to % in. long, one hooked: fls. green-
ish-yellow with light-green midrib, to 1^ in. long, stigma
pale green, 7-lobed. Ariz.
vivipara: Coryphantha vivipara.
Wagner iana. G, M: solitary, depressed-globose, to 2 in.
tall and 4 in. diam., woolly on top; tubercles short, conical,
angular, axils woolly; radials 9-10, awl-shapeu, brown
tipped darker; centrals 2-4, to 2 in. long, unequal, the longer
ones twisted: fls. white, striped rose, about % in. long,
stigma pale green, 5-6-lobed. Mex.
W<heri. H, S: globose, to 3 in. diam.; radial spines
12-14 and horizontally spreading; centrals usually 2: fls.
white, ^j in long. Mex.
We'rdermannii: see Coryphantha Werdermannn.
Wflcoxii: M. Wrightu.
Wildii. H, S: somewhat cespitose, cylindric to globose;
tubercles slender with rose-colored hairs and bristles in
axils; spines pubescent, the radials 8-10 and centrals 4: fls.
white, ^2 m. across. Mex.
Winteriae. G, M: solitary, depressed-globose, to 4 in.
diam., dark green; tubercles to ?4' in. long, 4-angled, axils
white-woolly; spines all radial, 4, to }£ m. long, whitish,
dark tipped, stiaight: fls. pale sulfur-yellow, stigma pale
green, 8-10-lobed. Mex.
woburnfcnsis. G: cespitose, globose to cylindrical, dull
green; tubercles angular, axils woolly and setose; radials
5-9, yellowish- white; centrals 1-8, reddish to yellow: fla.
yellow, about 5« in. long. Guatemala.
Woddsii: listed name.
Wrightii (Af. Wilcojrii). H, A: simple and depressed-
globose; tubercles terete with axils naked; radials 8-15,
white; centrals 1-3 and stouter: fls purple, 1 in. long New
Mex.
Zachariniana: catalogue name for M. Zuccariniana.
Zahniana. G, M: solitary, globose, to 2^ in. diam.:
tubercles to *£ in. long, conical, angular; spines 4, all
larlial, the lower ones stouter and longer, to % irk long: fls.
white with rose-pink stripe, stigma green, 6-10-1 obed Mex.
Zeilmanniana. H, S: usually solitary, globose to sub-
cylindrical, covered with spines; tubercles cylindrical, in
13-21 compact rows; radials 15-18, stiff, straight, white;
centrals 4, lower one hooked, red: fls. violet-purple, stigma
yellow, 4-lobed. Mex.
zephyranthoides. H, A: depressed-globose to short-
cylmdnc, to 3 in. high; tubercles nearly 1 in. long; radials
14-18 arid white; centrals 1 or 2: fls. white with red stripes,
to 1^2 m. across. S. Mex.
Zeyeriana. G, M: globose or short-cylindric, to 4 in.
high, glaucous; radial spines 10, white; central spines 4,
Yi in. long: fls. unknown. Mex.
Zuccariniana. G, M: usually solitary, globose to cy-
lindrical, to 8 in. tall, glaucous blue-green, axils and areoles
white-woolly when young; radials lacking or only stout
bristles present; centrals 2-4, black: fls. magenta-red,
sti«ma purple, 3-4-lobed Mex.
MAMONCILLO: Mclicocca bijuga.
MANDEVlLLA. Apocynacese. More or less
woody vines from trop. Amcr., one grown in the
greenhouse, or out-of-doors in the S., with op-
posite Ivs., fimnelform fls. in racemes, and fr. of
2 follicles; the genus differs from Dipladenia only
in technical features.
The mandevillas are grown in soil consisting of equal
parts of peat and loam, with sand; they should not be
planted m pots. Propagated by cuttings over bottom heat.
suaveolens. CHILEAN-JASMINE. Lvs. oblong-cordate, to
3 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls. white or pinkish, fragrant,
2 in. across. Argentina.
MANDRAGORA. MANDRAKE. Solanacex.
Herbaceous perennials with thick or tuberous
roots often having a human-like form of branch-
ing, Ivs. undivided, and rather large bell-shaped
fls. solitary or clustered among the foliage,
whitish, blue- violet or purple; native Medit. ana
Himalayan region. Seldom cult, but interest-
Mandragora 465
ing for the medicinal qualities and for the old
superstitions connected with it. The name
mandrake is incorrectly applied also to Podo-
phyllum peltatum. Propagated by seeds and
division.
autumnalis. Similar to M . officinarum, but with smaller
roots and Ivs. and violet fls. S. Eu., N. Afr.
officinarum. To 1 ft., with spindle-shaped often branch-
ing root: Ivs. ovate, sinuate-toothed, to 1 ft. long: fls.
greenish-yellow, to 1 in. long. S. Eu.
MANDRAKE: Mandragora.
MANfiTTIA (Lygistum). RuUacese. Ever-
green herbs or shrubs of twining habit with
mostly opposite Ivs. and white, yellow or red
attractive fls. with tubular corolla and 4-5-
lobed limb; native in trop. Amer.
Manettias are grown as trellis and rafter vines in the
greenhouse, or planted out in the summer and in southern
United States. They need a night temperature of 55° and
above. Propagated by cuttings of young growth over heat,
and by seeds when available.
bfcolor. Lvs. lanceolate, glabrous: fls. red with upper
part yellow, M in. long, solitary, calyx-lobes erect or
spreading, style exserted. Brazil.
cordifdlia: M.glabra.
Maranta
mostly lobed Ivs., monoecious fls. without petals
borne in racemes, and capsular fr.; M. csculentu
is extensively grown in trop. regions for the
starchy roots which yield tapioca, cassava, and
other food products, obtained by manufacturing
processes; other species are a source of rubber.
Cassava thrives on rich sandy land. Propagated by
cuttings of the stem into 4-6-inch pieces and planted 4
feet apart each way. In the United States the canes should
be buried until spring and then cut into lengths. Some
early-maturing races may be grown from seed. Roots
should not be dug until ready for use, as they decay readily.
carthaginSnsis. Tree or tree-like, to 20 ft., with fleshy
roots: Ivs. to 5 in. long, 5-7-lobed, some of the lobes fiddle-
shaped, lyrate or pinnatifid. Tex., Lower Calif, to N. S.
Amer.
dulcis. Differs from M . esculenta in Ivs. sometimes as
much as 13-lobed, fr. cylindrical and not winged. S. Amer.
— Has tuberous edible roots.
escule'nta (M. utihssima. Jatropha Manihot). CASSAVA.
MANIOC. TAPIOCA-PLANT. Shrub to 9 ft., with long tuber-
ous edible roots: Ivs. usually digitately parted into 3-7 lobes:
fr. ^ in. across, 6-^angled and narrowly winged. Biazil. — Of
great importance in many countries as a food plant.
Glazi&vii. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. peltate, deeply 3-5-lobed
into entire lobes to 4 in. long: caps, not wing-angled. S.
Brazil.
utilissima: M. esculent a.
glabra (M. cordifolia). Lvs. cordate-ovate, glabrous: MANIOC- Uanihnt e*riLJPnta
„ •„„<,«« 1 ix :„ i „ i«i^« w^..,^i,,*«, Q^iUr,T^r ofcirv^na JYIAPHU^/. Maniiiot escutfmtt.
fls. crimson, 1^ in. long, lobes revolute, solitary, stamens
exserted. S. S. Amer.
inflata. Lvs. lanceolate, pubescent on veins beneath:
fls. red tippea yellow, % in. long, solitary, calyx-lobes
leafy and reflexed, style included. Paraguay, Uruguay. —
Sometimes mistaken for M . bicolor.
MANFR6DA. Amaryllidacex. Segregate from
Agave; fleshy bulbous herbs with basal Ivs. and
large nocturnal fls. in terminal spikes or racemes,
the perianth-segms. united into a tube below,
For cult, see Agave.
brach^stachys (Agave brachystachys) . To 6 ft.: Ivs. to
14 in. long and 1^ in. wide: fls. green, 2 in. long, stamens
long-exserted. Mex. to Guatemala.
maculdsa (Agave maculosa). To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long
and K in. wide, mottled: fls. fragrant, greenish or whitish,
2 in. long. S. Tex.
variegata (Agave variegata). To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1^ ft- long
MAN-ROOT: Echinocystis oregana.
-
and IJi in. wide, mottled: fls. brownish -green, to 1^ in.
long, stamens long-exserted. S. Tex., N. Mex. Var.
gigantea is listed.
virginica (Agave virginica). To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and
2K in. wide: fls. fragrant, greenish-yellow, about 2 in.
long. Md. to Fla. and Tex.
MANGEL: Beta vulgaris.
MANGfFERA. Anacardiacex. Asian trees
with leathery simple Ivs., small polygamous fls.
in terminal panicles, 1-5 stamens but often only
1 fertile, large fleshy drupaceous fr. with a com-
pressed fibrous stone, edible and widely grown
in the tropics.
The genus is known mostly for the mango, planted in
southern Florida, wannest parts of California, and tropics
for the large edible fruit; well marked pomological varieties
are now prized. Trees should be planted 35 by 35 feet, in
well-drained soil in regions free from frost, and in which
there is dependable supply of moisture. Propagated by
seeds, but budding, grafting and inarching are employed
for named varieties.
indie a. MANQO. Evergreen tree to 90 ft. and sometimes
with a spread of 125 ft.: Ivs. stiflish, lanceolate, to 16 in.
long: fls. pinkish-white, in Fla. blooming from Dec. to Apr.:
fr. variable in size, shape and color, mostly ovoid-pointed
or heart-shaped, commonly 3-5 in. long but may be shorter
or longer, smooth, mostly yellow and reddish when ripe,
containing 1 very large flat adhering stone or seed. N. InJia.
Burma, Malaya.
MANGO: Mangifera indica.
MANGOSTEEN: Oarcinia Mangostana.
MANGROVE: Rhizophora.
MANIHOT. Eupharbiaceae. Several trop.
American herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate
Scrophulariacese. S. African or
trop. African ann. or per. herbs or subshrubs
witn mostly opposite entire or dentate Ivs. or
sometimes all radical, tubular fls. with 5-lobod
limb borne in spikes, racemes or panicles, and
capsular frs. Confusion exists between the
genera Chsenostorna, Manulea and Sutera and
their interpretation.
violacea. Ann. to 1 ft.: IVH. ovate to oblong, to 1 in.
long, toothed: fls. violet, y* in. long. S. Afr. — The proper
name of this plant may be M. anttrrhinoides.
MANZANITA: Arctostaphyloa.
MAPLE: Acer. Flowering: Abutilon.
MAPLEWORT: Aceranthus diphyllus.
MARAH: Echinocystis.
MARANTA. Marantaccx. Attractive per.
herbs native in trop. Amer. having basal and
st.-lvs. sheathing at base and fls. in panicles or
branched racemes; grown for the ornamental
foliage and one species for the roots which fur-
nish arrowroot and tapioca. Cult, as for Cala-
thea, from which the genus differs in technical
not obvious characters. Most of the plants
grown as marantas are calatheas.
arundinacea. ARROWROOT. To 6 ft., having starchy roots:
Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 4 m. across: fls. white. Trop. Amer.
Var. variegata has Ivs. variegated with yellow, and var.
aurea may not be different.
bella: Calathea bella.
bicolor (Calathea bicolor). To 15 in., tuber-bearing: Ivs.
to 6 in. long and 4 in. broad, wavy-margined, glaucous
above spotted with brown and with light central stripe,
light purple beneath: fls. white spotted and striped with
violet. Brazil, Guiana.
Bindtii: Calathea zebrina var.
Chantrteri: Calathea Chantrieri.
Closonii. Lvs. dark green variegated with pale yellow.
Brazil. — Botanical position uncertain.
conspfcua: Calathea Lietzei.
eximia: Calathea eximia.
fasciata: Calathea fasciata.
Gouletii: Calathea Vandenheckei.
Goveniana. Lvs. light green with dark markings.
Botanical position uncertain.
illustris: Calathea illustris.
insignis: Calathea insignia.
Kegeli&na: Calathea Bachemiana.
Maranta
Kerchoveana: M . leuconeura var.
Kummeriana: Ctenanthe Kummeriana.
Legrelliana: Calathea Legrelhana.
leopardina: Calathea leopardina.
leuconeura. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 7 in. long and 3\4 in. wide,
light green above with white along midrib ana veins ana
spotted toward margins, purple or glaucous beneath: fls.
white striped purple. Brazil. Var. Kerchoveana has larger
Ivs. glaucous or spotted with red beneath. Var. Massan-
geana has smaller Ivs. purple beneath.
Lietzei: Calathea Lietzei.
Lindenii: Calathea Lindeniana.
Loulsae: Calathea Louisa.
Lubbersi: Ctenanthe Lubbersiana.
Luciana: Calathea Luciano.
Makoyana: Calathea Makoyana.
Massangeana: M. leuconeura var.
mlcans: Calathea micana.
M6ssellii: hort. name.
musaica: Calathea musaica.
Oppenheimiana: Ctenanthe Oppenheimiana.
Porteana: Stromanthe Porteana.
princeps: Calathea pnnceps.
pulchella: Calathea pulchella.
regalis: a hort. variant of Calathea ornata.
rftseo-lineata: probably a cult, form of Calathea ornata.
r6seo-p!cta: Calathea roseo-picta.
Sanderiana: probably a variant of Calathea ornata.
smaragdina: Monotagma smaragdinum.
spl£ndida: Calathea splendida.
tubispatha: Calathea Pavonii.
undulata: Calathea undulata.
Vandenhe'ckii: Calathea Vandenheckei.
Veitchiana: Calathea Veitchiana.
vittata: Calathea vittata.
Wallisii: Calathea Wallisii.
Warscewlczii: Calathea Warscewiczii.
zebrlna: Calathea zebrina.
MARANTACE.®. MARANTA FAMILY. Per.
monocotylcdonous herbs having tubers or root-
stocks, forming clumps or colonies, mostly large
sheathing Ivs. and bisexual irregular fls. in
clusters surrounded by spathe-like bracts, com-
posed of 3 free sepals, 3 united petals, 1 fertile
stamen and 5 petal-like sterile stamens or stami-
nodia, inferior 1-3-cellcd ovary, and fr. a caps, or
berry. A few genera are grown for the ornamental
foliage, and tapioca is obtained from the root of
one species of Maranta. The cult, genera are
Calatnea, Ctenanthe, Maranta, Monotagma,
Stromanthe, Thalia. They are well-known green-
house subjects.
MARATTIA. Marattiaceae. Trop. ferns with
thick rootstocks and large 2-3-pinnate fronds;
sori near margins of scgms. Sometimes seen in
greenhouse collections. For cult, see Ferns.
attenuata. Fronds to 4 ft. long, on stipes to 4 ft. long,
3-pinnate, segms. to 6 in. long. New Caledonia.
Douglasii. Fronds dark green, glossy, to 8 ft. long, on
stipes to 5 ft long, 3-pinnate, segms. ovate or oblong,
to 1 in. long, toothed. Hawaiian Isls.
er£cta: probably Angiopteris evecta.
fraxlnea. Fronds dark green and glossy, to 15 ft. long,
on stipes to 2 ft. long, 2-pinnate, the thick nne-toothea
Ifts. to 6 in. long. S. Afr., Mahvya, New Zeal.
pruindsa: probably Angiopteria pruinosa.
MARATTlACEjE. MARATTIA FAMILY. Seven
genera of trop. ferns with large mostly pinnate
fronds and sori separated or united on under side
of Ivs. Angiopteris and Marattia arc grown in
greenhouse collections.
MARCGRAVIA PARADOXA: Monstera dubia.
466 Marrubium
MARCHANTIA. Marchantiacex. A liver-
wort (cryptogam). M. polym6rpha, offered for
colonizing in rock-gardens. The leaf-like flat
thallus is 4-5 in. long and 1 in. wide. A frequent
plant in moist places, of wide distribution.
MARGOSA: Melia Azadirachta.
MARGUERITE: Chrysanthemum fruteacena. Blue: Feli-
cia amelloides. Golden: Anthemia tinctoria.
MARGYRICARPUS. Rosacese. Evergreen
shrubs native in the Andes and suitable for the
rock-garden but not hardy in northern states:
Ivs. alternate, pinnate, the rachis spiny: fls. in-
conspicuous, without petals: fr. a berry or
achene.
setdsus. PBARL-FKUIT. Prostrate, branches to 1 ft.
high: Ivs. 1 in. or less long, the Ifts., linear and revolute at
margins: fr. a white berry about ^i in. across. Ecuador to
Patagonia.
MARIA: Calophyllum antillarum.
MARICA: Cipura and Neomarica.
MARIGOLD: Tagetes. Bur-: Bidena. Cape-: Dimor-
photheca. Corn-: Chrysanthemum segetum. Fig-: Meaem-
oryanthemum. Marsh-: Caltha paluatna. Pot-: Calendula
ojfficinalia.
MARIJUANA: aeeCannobis.
MARJORAM: Origanum, Majorana.
MARKET-GARDENING, as now prevail-
ingly understood, is the raising of vegetables
and perhaps small-fruits and other garden
products for a market within driving distance.
Truck-gardening or trucking is now defined to
be the growing of a few products, as sweet
potatoes, kale, spinach, in larger areas and on
cheaper land so far from market as to require
shipping facilities by rail or boat; yet the term
truck-gardening was at first the same as market-
gardening, denoting the raising of products that
were hauled to market on trucks or wagons.
There is no sharp line of demarcation between
market-gardening and truck-gardening; but
they are well set off from home-gardening, in
which the garden is a scene of personal satisfac-
tions and the products are intended for the
family table.
MARKHAMIA. Bignoniacex. Trop. African
and Asiatic trees and shrubs with large persistent
pinnately compound Ivs. and tubular-funnel-
form fls. in large terminal or axillary panicles,
usually yellow with red or purple stripes within
and a spathe-like calyx splitting down one side:
fr. a linear loculicidally dehiscent caps.
Ifitea. Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. to 20 in. long, Ifts.
7-11, ovate to ellintic-obovate, to 7^ in. long, stalked: fls.
yellow, to 2^ in. long, stamens 4, included: caps, curved,
to 22 in. long, seeds winged at the ends, to 1& in. long.
Upper Guiana, Afr. — Planted in S. Fla.
MARLBERRY: Ardiaia paniculata.
MARMALADE-BOX: Genipa americana. -Plum:
Achraa Zapota.
MARRAM: Ammophila arenaria.
MARRUBIUM. HOARHOUND. HOREHOUND.
Labiate. Ann. and per. herbs, mostly silky or
woolly, the Ivs. wrinkled and toothed or cut;
fls. small, 2-lipped. purplish or white, in many-
fld. axillary wnorls; one species is extensively
used in confections and medicines, and a few
others occasionally planted.
Propagated by division or by seeds sown in early spring;
the latter method should give good plants for cutting the
following year.
candid Issimum. Differs from M. vulgare chiefly in the
stiff spreading rather than recurved calyx-teeth. 8. Eu.
Marrubium
467
Mathiola
catarifef&lium. Ann. to 1 ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblong, to
% in. long: fla. rose. Caucasus.
libandticum. Much branched per. to 1 ft., yellow-
tomentose: Ivs. oval or orbicular, to % in. long: fls. pale
pink. Asia Minor.
vulgar e. COMMON H. Aromatic per. to 3 ft., white-
woolly: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long: fls. whitish, in summer.
Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer. — An old-time sweet herb.
MARSDfeNIA. Asclepiadacese. Shrubs, up-
right or twining, of warm and trop. regions in
Old and New Worlds, one of which is sometimes
planted for ornament and hardy N.: Ivs. op-
posite: fls. mostly small, paniculate or umbellate;
corolla bell-, urn- or salver-shaped, with 5 scaly
crown-lobes: follicles thick, often fleshy.
erecta (Cynanchum erectum). Erect more or less twining
deciduous shrub, or the branches sometimes lopping: Ivs.
broad- ovate, 2-3 in. long, short-acuminate, base truncate
or cordate: fls. white, fragrant, about \£ in. across, mostly
in axillary clusters. S. E. Eu. and W. Asia.
MARSHALLIA. Composite. Per. tufted
herbs of N. Amer., with entire Ivs. and solitary
long-stalked heads of purple, pink or white
disk-fls.; pappus of scales; no close relatives in
general cult.
Cflespitdsa. To 15 in.: Ivs. mostly basal, linear, to 4 in.
long: heads 1 in. across, pink or white, bracts of involucre
acute. Mo. to Tex.
grandifldra. To 2 ft., rarely to 3 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-spatulate,
acute, to 7 in. long, the upper ones linear-elliptic: neads to
1 in. across, the florets to % in. long, involucral bracts
obovate. Pa. to N. C.
tringrvia. To 2H ft., usually less: Ivs. mostly basal,
spatulate-elliptic, obtuse, to 5 in. long: heads about % in.
across or less, florets to M in. long, involucral bracts
ovate-lanceolate, strongly ribbed. Va. to Ala.
MARSfLEA. PEPPERWORT. WATER-CLOVER.
Marsileacese. Acmatic or paludose herbs with
4-parted clover-like floating Ivs.; widely dis-
tributed.
Propagated by pieces of the runners. M . Drummondii
requires moderate greenhouse temperature if grown in the
North.
Drummondii. Lfts. covered with whitish hairs, wavy-
margined. W. Australia.
quadrifdlia. Lfts. glabrous, entire. Eu., Asia, and nat.
in U. S.; likely to become a pest in ponds.
MARSILEACEJE. MARSILEA FAMILY. Three
genera of per. herbs rooting in mud of ponds and
ditches, having 2-4-parted or thread-like long-
petioled Ivs. and spores borne in bodies known as
sporocarps. Marsilea is grown in ponds and
tanks. The family is classified with the ferns.
MARTINEZIA: Aiphanes.
MART'fNIA. MartyniacesB. A monotypic
genus allied to Proboscidea, differing in sepals
fused marginally into a spathe-like calyx and
fertile anthers 2, not 4. M. annua, of wide dis-
tribution throughout Mex., Cent. Amer. W.
Indies, India to Malasia. Herbaceous ann. to
10 ft. high, becoming woody at maturity,
clammy and sticky-hairy especially when young:
Ivs. opposite, broadly ovate to deltoid, blade to
15 in. long, with petiole about 1 ft. long, pal-
mately veined, coarsely dentate : fls. cream-white
to reddish-purple, usually yellow spotted and
blotched purplish, campanulate. to 1% in. long,
in racemes of 10-20: fr. to 1% in. long, ovoid,
S-ribbed, horns shorter than body. — For cult,
and other names see Proboscidea.
MARTYNIACESB. MARTYNIA FAMILY.
American sticky-hairy more or less succulent
Herbs of 5 genera in the latest monographic
treatment, with opposite or alternate Ivs.,
irregular gamopetalous fls. having 5-lobed
corolla-limb, usually 4 stamens, superior 1-
celled ovary, and fr. a curved long-beaked caps.
Ibicella, Martynia and Proboscidea are grown in
N. Amer. for ornament and curiosity, and the
frs. for food.
MARVEL-OF-PERU: MirabilisJalapa.
MASCARENHASIA. Apocynacex. Shrubs
or small trees of Afr. and Madagascar, one
planted experimentally as a source of rubber:
Ivs. opposite: fls. pink or purple, salverform,
solitary or clustered: fr. of 2 linear follicles.
elastica. Tall tree: Ivs. oblong, to 10 in. long: fls. ^ in.
long, in few-fld. cymes: fr. pui plish-black, to 3j^ in. long.
Trop. Afr.
MASDEVALLIA. Orchidacex. Epiphytic or
terrestrial orchids native in trop. Amer., without
pseudobulbs but with very short sts. ; fls. mostly
solitary but sometimes 8 in a raceme, the sepals
united and the lobes often prolonged into long
tails, the petals small, lip small and attached to
base of column. They require coolhouse treat-
ment, with frequent watering; see Orchids.
bella. Lvs. to 9 in. long: infl. 1-fld., shorter than the If.;
fls. large, pale yellow spotted with brownish-crimson, with
tails to 4 in. long. May-July, Nov. Colombia.
Chim&ra. Lvs. to 9 in. long: infl. 1-5-fld.; fls. large,
successive, brownish-yellow spotted with bi owuish-purple,
the tails to about 7 in. Jong. Jan.-Sept. Colombia.
coccfnea (M. Harryana). Lvs. to 10 in. long: fls. solitary,
violet-red, the dorsal sepal prolonged into a tail; petals and
hp white. Apr.-June. Colombia.
coriacea. Lvs. very leathery, to 8 in. long: fls. solitary,
greenish-white spotted along nerves with crimson, all
sepals with short tails. Dec., July. Colombia.
Harryana: M . coccinea.
Houtteana. Lvs. to 10 in. long: scapes to 5 in. long- fls.
solitary, cream-white spotted with purple, with long
reddish-purple tails. Colombia.
ignea: M. mihtana.
macrura. Lvs. to 1 ft. long: fls. solitary, on stalks to 1
ft. high, brownish-yellow spotted with purple, with yellow
tails to 4,24 in. long. Dec.-June. Colombia.
militaris (M. iuneo). Lf. to 10^ in. Jong: scape 1-fld ;
fls. orange to scarlet, dorsal sepal extended into a long tail.
Feb.-June. Colombia.
Reichenbachiana. Lvs. to 6 in. long: scapes to 7 in. high,
1-^4-fld.: fls. dark red outside, pale yellow or whitish striped
with reddish nerves inside, with recurved tails about 1 ^ in.
long. Apr.-July, Dec. Costa Rica.
Schlimii. Lvs. to 1 ft. long: scapes longer than Ivs.,
3-8-fld.; fls. yellow densely spotted with reddish-brown,
with yellow tails to 2^ in. long. Jan.-Mar., Aug. Vene-
zuela, Colombia.
tovar£nsis. Lvs. to 0 in. long: scapes equalling or sur-
passing Ivs., 2-5-fld.; fls. white, with tails to \% in. long.
Nov.-Dec. Venezuela.
Veitchiana. Lvs. to 10 in. long: scapes to 1^ ft. tall.
1-2-fld.; fls. large and showy, orange-red, closely studded
with purple hairs, with short tails. May- July. Peru.
MASK-FLOWER: Alonaoa.
MASTERWORT: Astrantia.
MASTIC-TREE, PERUVIAN: Schmua Molle.
MATAI: Podocarpua apicata.
MATCHWEED: Gutierrezia Sarothrse.
MATHiOLA. Cruciferse. Ann. and per., or
subshrubs, grayish-pubescent, two in cult, for
ornament under the name of stocks, native
mostly in Medit. region: Ivs. long, entire or
sinuate or pinnatifid: fls. lilac, purple, to white,
in terminal racemes: fr. long narrow pods or
siliques.
bicornis. EVENING STOCK. PERFUME-PLANT. Ann., low
and much branched: Ivs. lanceolate or narrower, to 3^ in.
long, entire or only small toothed: fls. scattered, lilac or
Mathiola
468
Maxillaria
purple, very fragrant at evening and closed by day, about
24 m long. 8. E. Eu., Asia.
incana. STOCK. BKAMPTON STOCK. GILLIFLOWBR.
Bicn. or per., stiffly erect, to 2H .ft.: I vs. oblong to oblan-
ceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. in terminal racemes, about 1 in.
long, purple or reddish varying to white, blush and yellow-
ish, fragrant, often full double. S. Eu., nat. in S. Calif.
Var. annua, TEN WEEKH STOCK, is ann. or so grown,
blooming earlier. See fttock.
MATRICARIA (inch Chamwnitta). MATRI-
CARY. Composite. Herbs with finely dissected
foliage, arm., bien., per., often strongly scented,
disk-fls. yellow, ray-fls. white or sometimes
wanting, the center or receptacle very high or
conical; pappus none; native in S. Afr., Medit.
region and Orient, a few cult, as ornamentals.
The distinctions between Matricaria and Chrys-
anthemum are technical and are not clear.
Matricarias require only the usual treatment for
annuals and perennials, indicated under Chrys-
anthemum.
alba: Chrysanthemum Parthenium.
aurea (Cotula aured). Ann., erect, to 12 in.: Ivs. finely
pinnatisect: heads globular, about % in. across, dull yellow,
on long peduncles. Spain, N. Afr., Caucasus. — Sometimes
raised in flower-garden.
capensis: Chrysanthemum Parthenium.
Chamomilla. SWEET FALSE CHA.MOMILE. Ann. to 2 ft.,
glabrous, much branched: Ivs. 2-3-pinnate into linear segms.
heads 1 in. across, with 10-20 white rays. Eu., N. Asia;
escaped in E. U. S.
disco idea: M. matricarioides.
exfmia: Chrysanthemum Parthenium.
grandifldra of hort.: M . inodora var. plenissima.
inod6ra (Chrysanthemum and Pyrethrum inodorum).
SCENTLESS FALSE CHAMOMILE. Ann. to 2 ft., diffusely
branching, glabrous, scarcely scented: Ivs. 2-3-pmnate
into linear segms.: heads \l/% m- across, with 20-30 white
rays. Eu. Var. plenissima (M . urandijlora} has very double
heads, sometimes known as "Bridal-Rose."
matricarioides (M. discoidea). Ann. to 1% ft.: Ivs.
2-3-pimwte into linear segms.: heads ^ in. across, without
ray-fls. N. Amer.
nana: hort. name.
oreades. Per., pubescent, sts. ascending: Ivs. oblong,
bipinnatisect, segms. linear, acute: heads to 1^ in. across,
ray-fls white. Syria.
parthenoides: Chrysanthemum Parthenium.
Tchihatchewii (Chrysanthemum and Chamsemelum Tchi-
hatchewii). TUUFINO DAISY. Mat-forming per., sending
up sts. 6-12 in. high terminated by white-rayed attractive
daisy-like heads 1 in. or less across: Ivs. finely cut. Asia
Minor.
MATRIMONY-VINE: Lycium.
MATTEUCCIA: Pteretis.
MATUCANA. Cactacese. One species, from
Peru, M. H&vnei. St. globose to cylindrical, to
6 in. tall and 4 in. diam., covered with spines;
ribs 25-30, low, tubercled; spines 30-50, radial,
to \Y% in. long, stiff, needle-like, spreading ir-
regularly, white to gray: fls. orange-red with
violet margin, to 2}^ m- across, stamens pink,
stigma 4-lobcd, yellow.
MAURANDIA. Scrophulariacex. Bright-
flowered per. herbs mostly climbing by means of
coiling petioles, with axillary showy irregular
trumpet-shaped fls. in white, rose, purple and
blue, and triangular or halberd-shaped Ivs.;
Mex. and adjacent U. S.
Maurnndias flower freely in winter in a cool greenhouse,
but if the seed is sown early they bloom the first summer
and may then be used in baskets or vases in the open. For
seed sowing, a soil of 4 parts new loam, 2 parts leaf-mold,
1 part sund may be employed; cover with glass and keep
at a temperature of 60°. Under glass maurandias may
also be propagated from cuttings taken any time after
the middle of January.
alba: probably a color form o! M. Barclaiana.
antirrhiniflora (Antirrhinum antirriniflorum and
A. maurandioides) . Plant glabrous: Ivs. arrow- or halberd-
shaped, to 1 y± in. long: fls. purple or white, to 1 in. long,
the sepals lanceolate. Tex., Calif., Mex.; now widely
spread.
Barclaiana. Lvs. glabrous, halberd-shaped, entire, about
1 in. long, the petioles long and twining: fls. 1)4 in. long,
purple-downy outside, the sepals glandular-hairy and
long-attenuate. Mex.
erubescens. Plant glandular-hairy: Ivs. triangular,
toothed, 3 in. and more long: fls. rose-red, 3 in. long, the
sepals broad and leafy, to 1 in. long, corolla-lobes obtuse or
notched. Mex. — Commonly grown under the name M.
scandens.
Lophospermum ( Lophospermum scandens). Often con-
fused witn M. erubescens but the corolla-tube stiaight
rathei than ventricose and glabrous outside, the lobes
more acute, the sepals oblong and attenuated. Mex. —
Inf equent. Most or the material cult, as M. scandens is
M. erubescens.
purpurea grandifldra: probably a color form of M.
Barclaiana.
Purpusii. To 2 ft., lopping but not climbing, slightly
pubescent, the rootstock tuberous: Ivs. arrow-shaped,
to 2 in. long, slightly toothed or entire: fls. violet, 2 in.
long; sepals broad-ovate, purplish, % in. long. Mex.
sc&ndens. Plant glabrous: Ivs. arrow-shaped, to 1^4 in.
long: fls. purple, 1 in. long; sepals lanceolate, about naif
length of corolla-tube. Mex. — The plant commonly cult,
as M. scandens is M . erubescens.
MAXILLARIA. Orchidacex. Epiphytes na-
tive in trop. Amer., usually with pseudobulbs
clustered or on elongate sts., and small or large
mostly dull colored sometimes fragrant solitary
fls., the lateral sepals united to foot of column
forming a chin, the lip mostly 3-lobed. Grown
after the manner of Ly caste; see Orchids.
C611eyi: Xylo lum Colleyi.
d£nsa: Ornithidium densum.
grandiflbra. Pseudobulbs 1-lvd., to 3 in. high: fls. 4-6 in.
across, among the largest of the genus; sepals and petals
milk-white; lip buff-yellow, side lobes streaked with wine-
purple. Pe u, Ecuador.
Houtteana. Rhizome creeping: pseudobulbs to 3 in.
long, 1-lvd.: If. to about 10 in. long and V% in. wide: fls.
nearly 2 in. across; sepals and petals red-purple or cin-
namon with narrow yellow margins within; lip golden-
yellow spotted with red-brown or purple. Dec.-May. Mex.,
Guatemala.
hyacinthina: Xylobium hyacinthinum.
luteo-alba. Pseudobulbs clustered, 1-lvd.: If. to 20 in.
long: fls. large, frag ant; sepals and petals brownish-yellow,
whitish at base; lip white with purple-streaked side lobes
and yellow in center of mid-lobe Feo.-June. Venezuela.
picta. Pseudobulbs clustered, with 2 Ivs to 15 in. long:
fls. to 2% in. ac oss; sepals and petals orange- or brown-
yellow spotted with purple within, whitish spotted with
purple without; lip white or cream-color spotted with
purple. Oct.-Aug. Brazil.
porphyrostele. Pseudobulbs clustered, to about \y± in.
high, with 2 Ivs. to 8 in long and H in- wide: fls. about 1 J{
in. across, yellow with purple median stripe on petals ana
purple streaks on side lobes of lip. Feb. Brazil.
ruf£scens. Pseudobulbs clustered, up to 2 in. high, with
1 If. to 13% in long and 1^ in wide: fls. small, fragrant;
sepals brownish-yellow or reddish-brown; petals yellow;
lip yellow with red spots. Sept.-June. Cent. Amer., W.
Indies, S. Amer.
Sanderiana. Pseudobulbs clustered, to 2 in. long, with
1 If. to 23 J^ in. long and 2*^ in. wide: fls. large, nodding,
to about 6 in across: sepals and petals white blotched with
purple at base; lip dark purple near base, cream-color to
yellow above. May-July, Oct. -Dec. Ecuador, Peru.
sanguuiea. Rhizome more or less elongate: pseudobulbs
ellipsoid-oblong, to 1 in. long, often subcompressed, 1-lvd.:
If. narrowly linear, to 15 in. long and scarcely Y* in. wide,
acute: sepals dull eddish-brown, oblong, to % in. long;
petals pale yellow with reddish-brown spots and blotches;
lip carmine to purple-crimson with darker crest. Cent.
Arner.
setfgera. Pseudobulbs clustered, up to 2 in. high, with
1 If. nearly 1 ft. long: fls. large, fragrant; sepals and petals
milk-white with light yellow upper part; lip white with
purple streaked side lobes and large yellow patch on mid-
lobe. July. Colombia, Venezuela.
tenuif61ia. Rhizome creeping: pseudobulbs to 2 in. long,
with 1 linear If. to about 2 ft. long and V^ in. wide: fls. small,
to 2 in. across; sepals and petals dark red speckled with
Maxillaria
469
Medeola
yellow; lip red in lower half, yellow with red spots above.
Feb.-June, Dec. Cent. Amer.
variabilis. Rhizome creeping: pseudobulbs to 1H in-
long, with 1 If. to 9K in. long and K in. wide: fls. small;
sepals and petals dull- or bronzy-yellow; lip purple at base,
yellow above. Blooming all year. Cent. Amer.
venusta. Pseudobulbs clustered, to 3 in. long, with 1 If.
to 15 in. long: fls. 5-6 H in. across, white; lip short, yellow
bordered with red. Colombia, Venezuela.
MAXIMILIANEA: Cochlospermum.
MAYBERRY: Rubus palmatus.
MAYENIA: Thunbergia erecta.
MAYFLOWER: Epigaea repens.
MAYPOP: Passiflora incarnata.
MAYTfeNUS. Celastracex. Evergreen trees
and shrubs bearing alternate simple leathery
Ivs., small polygamous fls., and leathery capsular
fr.; grown for ornament in warm climates.
Propagated by seeds or suckers.
Boaria. MA.YTEN. Tree to 25 ft. and more: Ivs. lanceo-
late, to 2 in long, finely toothed: fls. greenish, in axillary
clusters: seeds with scarlet aril. Chile.
MAZUS. Scrophulariacese. Mat-forming herbs
grown as ground-cover or in rock-gardens: Ivs.
toothed or cut: fls. blue or white, short-tubular,
2-lipped, in terminal more or less one-sided
racemes; native in Asia, Australia and Malaya.
Increased by division or seeds, and of simple
requirements.
jap6nicus (M. rugosus). Trailing per., fl.-sts. to 1 ft. high:
Ivs. obovate, to 2H in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. to % in.
long, blue, the ridges of the lower lip bi own-spotted and
bearded with club-shaped hairs. E. Asia.
Pumilio. Per. with creeping underground sts.: Ivs.
obovate, to 3 in. long, entire or coarsely toothed: fls. white
or bluish with yellow center, to ^ in. long. New Zeal.,
Australia.
radicans. Creeping per. to 3 in., sts. stout, rooting at
nodes: Ivs. obovate, often narrowly so, to 2 in. long, obtuse,
usually pilose, petioled, mostly entire: fls. white with yellow
center, to % in. long, 1-3 on terminal peduncles. New Zeal.
rdpens: M . reptans.
rgptans. Tufted per. to 2 in., the sts. rooting at nodes:
Ivs. lanceolate to elliptic, to 1 in. long, coarsely toothed:
fls. purplish-blue, lower hp spotted white, yellow and
purple, to % in. long. Probably Himalayas. — Material in
the trade as M. rugosus probably belongs to this species.
rug&sus: M japonicus.
stolonifera. Spreading per. to 3 in., sts. prostrate and
said to root at nodes: Ivs spatulate, tapering into somewhat
winged petiole, to \% in. long, margins with 3-5 coarse
sharp serrations: fls. to % in. long, lower lobes rounded,
upper ones acute. Japan.
MEADOW-BEAUTY: Rhexia. -Foam: Mmnanthes
Douglash. -Rue: Thahctrum.
MEADOWSWEET: Filipendula, Spiraea alba.
MECONfiLLA. Papaveracese. Ann. herbs with
opposite or basal entire Ivs. and solitary fls. with
deciduous petals; allied to Platystemon.
linearis. To 8 in.: Ivs. basal, linear, to 2J^ in. long: fls.
light yellow, to % in. long. Calif.. Ore. Var. pulchlllum
has outer petals yellow and inner white.
MECON6PSIS. Papaveracese. Per. and bien.
poppy-like herbs with yellow juice, entire, lobed
or dissected Ivs. and yellow, reddish or blue fls.
solitary or in racemes or panicles; grown in the
flower- and rock-garden.
The plants are hardy or semi-hardy, but different species
require special treatment. In general they require a soil
sufficiently well drained to be dry during the winter and
yet moist during the growing season. A mixture of equal
parts of leaf-mold, granulated peat and sharp coarse sand
to a depth of one foot or more is sometimes recommended.
They should be planted in a somewhat shaded situation
where they are protected from excessive summer heat and
strong winds. The plants are deep-rooted and long-lived
and are best not disturbed after becoming established.
They are beat grown from seed.
Baileyi: M. betonicifolia var.
bella. Stemless per.: Ivs. pinnately cut, to 4 in. long: fls.
pale blue, to 2 in. across, solitary on scapes to 3 in. high.
Himalayas.
betonicifdlia (Cathcartia betonicifolia. M. betonicifolia
var. Franchetii). To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 6 in. long,
cut-toothed or nearly lobed, glaucous beneath: fls. blue-
violet or purple, about 2 in. across, in cymes. China. Var.
B&ileyi (M. Baileyt) differs only in having ovary covered
with yellowish bristles rather than glabrous.
cambrica. WKLCH-POPPY. Per. to \}^ ft.: Ivs. pinnate,
to 6 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls. pale yellow, to 3 in.
across, solitary. W. Eu. Var. fldre-plfcno has double fls.
Var. aurantiaca, fls. orange.
Dhw&jii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnatifid, to 1 ft. long, bristly
on both surfaces: fls. yellow, on axillary branches, to .3 in.
across. Nepal. — A woodland plant requiring well-drained
soil, especially at surface, and full shade.
grandis. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. entire or coarsely toothed, to
7 in. long: fls. brown-purple, to 5 in. across, in 3-fld. cymes.
Himalayas.
heterophylla: Stylomecon heterophylla.
horrfdula (M. Prattii. M. rigidiuscula. M. rudisi).
Bicn. to 5 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to linear-oblong, to 10 in. long,
entire or irregularly lobed, covered with yellow or purple
spines: fls. light blue or claret-colored, rarely white, solitary
in axils of Ivs. Cent. Asia.
integrifdlia. YELLOW CHINESE-POPPY. Bien. to 3 ft.: lya.
linear-lanceolate, entire, to 8 in. long: fls. yellow, to 6 in.
across, in 3-7-fld. cymes. Cent. Asia. Var. maxima is
listed as a large form.
latifdlia. To 3>£ ft.: Ivs. entire, oblong to broadly
lanceolate, to 8 in. long, margin pinnate to crenulate,
covered on both surfaces with spines: fls. pale blue to white,
to nearly 3 in. across. Kashmir. — Adapted to rock-garden,
in gritty soil and partial shade.
napaulensis (M. Wallichii). SATIN-POPPY. Per. to 6 ft.:
Ivs. pinnately cut: fls. pale blue, satiny, to 2 in. across, m
panicled cymes. Cent. Asia.
paniculata. Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. lobed or toothed, rarely
pinnately cut, to 1% ft. long: fls. yellow, 2 in. across, in
racemes to 2 ft. long. Cent. Asia.
Prattii: M . horridula.
quintupline'rvia. HABEBELI^POFPY. To 1 ft. : Ivs. obovate
to fanceolate, to 10 m. long, in basal rosettes, usually 3-5
longitudinal nerves, both surfaces bristly: fls. lavender-blue
to purplish, to 3>^ in. across. N. E. Tibet. — Adapted to
stony ledges of rock-garden in stony scree.
regia. Bien. to 2 ft.- Ivs. to 16 in. long and 3>£ in. wide,
toothed, haiiy: fls. yellow, to 3 in. across. Himalayas.
rigidiuscula: M. horridula.
rudis: M. horridula.
simplicif6lia. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. usually entire, to 8 in.
long: fls. purple or blue, nodding, to 3 in. across, solitary
Cent. Asia.
sinuata. Ann. or bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs. irregularly lobed, to
7 in. long: fls. pale bluish-purple, to 3 in. across, in raceme-
like cymes. Cent. Asia. Var. latifdlia is M. latifolia.
aupgrba. To 3>£ ft.: Ivs. oblanoeolate to ovate, to 16 in,
long, basal Ivs. with petiole to 2 in. long, upper cauline lys.
sessile, basal Ivs. persistent in rosette: fls. white, to 5J^ in.
across, single in axils of upper Ivs. on pedicels to nearly 5 in.
long Tibet. — Suited to woodland planting with good
drainage especially at crown; shade.
villdsa (Cathcartia villosa). To 2 ft., tomentose: basal
Ivs. cordate-ovate, 3-5-lobed and the lobes cut, long-stalked :
fls. yellow, 2 in. across, in cymes: caps, to 2^ in. long.
Himalayas.
violacea. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to nearly 10 in. long, pinnatifid
with lanceolate segms., basal Ivs. with petiole to 3 in. long,
in dense rosette, upper eauline Ivs. smaller and sessile: fls.
bluish-violet to purple, to 3JH» in. across, on 2H in. pedicels,
single on If. axils, anthers orange. Burma and Tibet. —
Moist shaded woodland.
Willichii: M. napaulensis.
MEDfiOLA. Liliacex. One per. herb with
tuberous root which is sometimes eaten, na-
tive in E. N. Amer. M. virgini^na. INDIAN
CUCUMBER-ROOT. To 2 ft. or more: Ivs. in
two whorls, to 5 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls.
small, greenish-yellow, in a terminal umbel,
the perianth-segms. distinct: berries dark purple.
M . asparagmdes and M. myrtifolia are Asparagus
asparagoides.
Medicago
470
Melaleuca
MEDICAGO. MEDICK. Leguminosx. Ann.
and per. herbs or rarely shrubs with Ivs. of 3
small Ifts., small papilionaceous fls. in short
axillary racemes or heads, and curved or spirally
twisted pods; one species (M. saliva) is exten-
sively grown for hay, and others are sometimes
planted for forage or ornament.
Alfalfa should be grown on deep well-drained non-acid
soil. Propagated by seeds sown in drills or broadcasted.
The annual species grown for ornament and interest re-
quire no special handling.
arabica. SPOTTED BUH CLOVER. Ann.: fls. yellow: pods
compactly coiled, spiny. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
arbfcrea. TREE ALFALFA. To 8 ft.: fls. orange-yellow:
pods spiral, not spiny. 8. Eu.
aurea: listed name, perhaps M. arbor ea.
denticulate: M. hispida.
Echinus. CALVARY CLOVER. Ann.: fls. yellow: pods
spiny. 8. France.
hfspida (M. denhculata) . TOOTHED BUR CLOVER. Ann.:
fls. yellow: pods loosely coiled, spiny. Eu., Asia; nat. in
N. Amer.
interte'xta. Ann.: fls. yellow: pods coiled, spiny. Medit.
region.
lupullna. HOP CLOVER, YELLOW TREFOIL or BLACK M.
Ann.: fls. yellow: pods curved, nearly glabrous. Eu., Asia.;
nat. in N. Amer.
orbicularis. Ann.: fls. yellow: pods spirally coiled, not
spiny, glabrous. S. Eu. to W. Asia.
rigfdula. TIFTON BUR CLOVER. Ann., procumbent: fls.
yellow: pods coiled, spiny, pubescent. Eu.
satJva. ALFALFA. LUCERNE. Per.: fls. purplish: pods
loosely spiral, pubescent, not spiny. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
scutellata. SNAIL M. Ann. : fls. yellow: pods resembling
a snail shell, not spiny. Eu.
MEDICK: Medicago.
MEDINfLLA. Melastomacese. Trop. Old
World shrubs with simple entire Ivs., white or
rose fls. in panicles or cymes, and fr. a berry
crowned by the calyx-lobes; grown in hot-
houses.
The plants should be given plenty of light but shaded
from the direct rays of the sun. Propagated by cuttings
potted singly in a mixture of finely sifted peat and sand,
kept close and fairly moist.
axn&bilis: M. Tey&mannii.
magnfflca. Striking evergreen when in bloom, with
anglecf or winged sts.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, sessile,
to 1 ft. long: fls. coral-red, 1 in. across, in pendulous panicles
to 1 ft. long and with great showy pinkish bracts. Philip-
pines.— A striking plant, once frequent in greenhouses.
Teysmannii (M. amabilis). Sts. 4- winged: Ivs. oblong,
sessile, to 1 ft. long: fls. rose, to 2 in. acrosSi in erect
panicles without bracts. Celebes, New Guinea*
MEDIOCACTUS. Cactacex. Mostly or often
epiphytic, with long procumbent usually
3-winged branches that bear aerial roots: fls.
nocturnal, large, funnelform, the tube scaly:
2 species, S. Amer. See Cacti,
coccmeus (Cereus coccineus. C. setaceus. C. Hassleri),
Usually climbing on trees or clambering over rocks, joints
to 3 in. broad; spmes commonly 2 or 3 or only 1, pinkish
then brown or yellowish: fls. white, outer segms. green, to
1 ft. long. Brazil, Argentina.
MEDIOLOBfVIA. Cactacese. A small genus
of cespitose Argentinian cacti intermediate
between Lobiyia and llebutia, resembling the
former genus in shape and size of fls. which are
yellow and self -sterile and the latter in the shape
and coloration of the seeds.
aureifldra (Rebutia aureiflora). Sts. dark green tinged
reddish; tubercles in about 12-16 rows; radial spines 15-20,
to Y± in. long, white to tan; centrals 3-4, to ^ in. long: fls.
golden-yellow with white throat, to 1^ in. across. Var.
longiseta has spines bristly, golden-brown, to 1 H in. long,
.Is. tinged orange. Vars albispina, brunispma, leucolutea
and Hlacin6stoma are listed.
Boedekeriana. Depressed-globose, gray-green; ribs
about 14, tubercled; radial spines 11-12, short, bristly,
white; central 1, shorter than radials: fls. pale orange with
white throat, to 2 in. across.
Duursmaiana (Rebutia Duuremaiana) . Globose to
subcylmdrical, about 1 % in. diam., dark green tinged
reddish; tubercles m about 15-17 rows, spiralled, the lower
ones stout and tinged violet-black; radial spmes about 10,
to H in. long, bristly, white; central 1, slightly longer: fls.
orange-yellow with white throat, about 1 % in. diam.
elegans (Rebutia elegant). Globose, pale green; ribs
many, in spirals; radial spines about 14, to V% in. long,
bristly, whitish-yellow; centrals 3-4. to nearly & in. long,
darker: fls. bright yellow. Var. gracilis is listed. •
MEDLAR: Mespilua germanica.
MEDUSAS HEAD: Euphorbia Caput-Medusse*
MEGACLINIUM: Bulbophyllum fakatum.
MEGAPTERIUM: (Enothera.
MEGASEA: Bergenia.
MEGOTIGEA: Helicodiceros.
MEEBOMIA: Desmodium.
MELALEfrCA. BOTTLE-BRUSH. Myrtacex.
Shrubs and trees native in Australia, freely
planted in Calif., and somewhat in Fla., with
mostly alternate simple Ivs., red, white or yellow
fls. in spikes or heads, the long-exserted stamens
making the infl. resemble a bottle-brush, and
capsular frs. For cult, see Callistemon, from
which Melaleuca differs in having the stamens
united in bundles opposite the petals.
acuminata. Lvs. mostly opposite, lanceolate, to H in.
long, often pungent-pointed: fls. whitish, in lateral clusters.
alba: M . arrmllaris.
armillaris (M. alba). To 30 ft.: Ivs. to % in. long and
A in. or less wide: fls. white, the spikes to 2 in. long.
decussata. To 20 ft.: Ivs. opposite, to % in. long and
H in. wide: fls. lilac, the spikes to 1 in. long.
ellfptica. Lvs. opposite, oval, to }£ in. long, somewhat
glaucous: fls. red, in spikes to 3 in. long.
ericif&lia. Shrub or tree: Ivs. narrowly linear, H in. or
less long: fls. yellowish-white, the spikes to 1 in. long.
genistif 61ia. To 40 ft. : Ivs. linear-lanceolate or lanceolate,
flat, to % in. long, stiff: fls. white.
Huegelii. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to
% in. long, spirally overlapping: fls. white, the spikes to
5 in. long.
hypericif&lia. Tall shrub: Ivs. mostly opposite, to 1H in.
long and % m« wide: fls. rich red, the dense spikes 2-3 in.
long.
imbricata. Tall shrub or tree: Ivs. linear, obtuse, punc-
tate-dotted beneath, to 4 in. long and 1 in. across: fls. white,
small. Australia.
incana. Tall shrub: Ivs. linear or lanceolate, to % in.
long, crowded and spreading, usually hoary: fls. yellowish-
white.
lateritia. Tall shrub: Ivs. linear, to % in. long: fls.
scarlet, in spikes to 3 in. long.
Leucad6ndra. CAJEPUT-TREE. PUNK-TREE. Tree, bark
shredding in broad strips: Ivs. to 4 in. long and % in. wide:
fls. creamy-white, the spikes to 6 in. long. Name commonly
but not originally spelled Leucadendran. A conspicuous tree.
linariifolia. Tall tree: Ivs. mostly opposite, to 1% in.
long and Y% in. wide: fls. white, the spikes to 1% in. long.
longicoma. Tall shrub: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in.
long: fls. rich red, in spikes to 2 in. long.
micromeria. Tall shrub: Ivs. scale-like and overlapping,
1/24 in. long: fls. small, dioecious, in globular heads.
microphylla. Shrub: Ivs. linear, to K in. long: fls. white.
nes<5phila. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in. long and ^ in. wide:
fls. pink or rose, in dense heads.
noddsa. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. linear, to 1 in. long,
stiff and spiny-pointed: fls. pale yellow, in small heads.
parvifldra (M. Preiesiana). Tall shrub or tree: Ivs.
lanceolate, to ^ in. long: fls. white or yellowish, the spikes
to 2 in. long.
Preissiana: M. parvi flora.
rfidula. Tall shrub: Ivs. opposite, linear, to 2 in. long,
the margins rolled in: fls. pink or white, in distant pairs.
rhaphioph^lla. To 50 ft.: lys. narrow-linear, to 1 in. long,
mostly cylindrical: fls. yellowish-white.
styphelioldes. To 80 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to M in. long and
Melaleuca
471
Melicocca
Yt in. wide, sometimes twisted: fls. creamy-white, the spikes
to 2 in. long.
tenella. To 4 ft.: Ivs. narrow-linear, to J£ in. long,
scattered or in 3's: fls. white, small.
teretifdlia. Tall shrub: Ivs. linear, to 2 in. long, cylindri-
cal: fls. white, in sessile heads.
thymifdlia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. mostly opposite, lanceolate to
linear, to H in- l°n8F stiff: fls. red.
Wflsonii. Tall shrub: Ivs. opposite, linear, to M in.
long: fls. red.
MELAMPODIUM. Composite. American
small herbs or shrubs with opposite Ivs. and
heads of ray- and disk-fls.; pappus none; some-
times transplanted to the rock-garden.
cinereum. Per. to 1 ft., gray- or silvery-pubescent: Ivs.
linear or lanceolate, entire or undulate, sometimes pinnatifid:
rays white, to M in. long. Tex., N. Mex.
leucanthum. Per. to 1 ft., hairy: Ivs. linear to spatulate,
to 2 in. long, mostly entire: heads to % in. across, rays
white. Kans. to Colo, and Tex.
MELANDRIUM: Lychnis, Silene.
MELANTHIUM. BUNCH-FLOWER. Liliaceds.
Per. herbs with stout rootstocks, mostly basal
Ivs. and monoecious or polygamous, greenish or
white fls. borne in large terminal panicles, the
perianth-segrns. distinct; sometimes transplanted
to the wild- or bog-garden.
Iatif61ium. Lvs. oblanceolate. Conn, to D. C.
virginicum. Stout plant to 5 ft.' Ivs. linear, to 1 ft. long:
fls. greenish-yellow, H in- across, in long panicles to 1^ ft.
long. June-Aug. R. I. to Fla. and Tex.
MELASPELfeRULA. Iridacex. A S. African
corrnous herb, grown like ixias. M. gramShea.
To 2 ft.: Ivs. in basal rosette, to 1 ft. long and
]/2 in. wide: fls. yellowish-^reen veined with pur-
plish-black, y% in. long, in loose panicles, the
perianth-tube very short.
MELASTOMA. Melastomacese. Old World
and Pacific trop. shrubs with opposite entire
Ivs., purple, rose or white fls. solitary or clust-
ered at ends of branches, and fr. a berry. Grown
in the greenhouse or out-of-doors in warm re-
gions. Propagated by cuttings in spring over
bottom-heat.
malab&ricum: probably a catalogue error for M.
malabathncum.
malabathricum. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to 2% in. long and 1^
in. wide, hairy: fls. mauve-purple, 2 in. across. India.
M61kenboeri. To 20 ft.: Ivs. about 4 in. long and 1^ in.
wide, pubescent: fls. mauve, about 2 in. across. Java. Var.
album has white fls.
MELASTOMACE^. MELASTOMA FAMILY.
Mostly trop. herbs, shrubs and trees in both
hemispheres, of about 175 genera, with simple
opposite or whorled Ivs., commonly with 3-9
strong longitudinally parallel nerves, bisexual
regular polypetalous fls. having 4-5-lobed
calyx, 4-5 petals, as many or twice as many
stamens that are prevailingly unequal and
declined or bent, inferior 2-many-celled ovary,
and fr. a berry or caps. The following genera
are grown for ornament, mostly in greenhouses:
Bertolonia, Centradenia; Heterocentrpn, Medi-
nilla, Melastoma, Miconia, Phyllagathis, Rhexia,
Schizocentron, Sonerila, Tibouchina, Tococa.
MfeLIA. BEAD-TREE. Meliacese. Trees or
shrubs with pinnate Ivs., white or purple fls. in
axillary panicles, and fr. a small somewhat
fleshy drupe; native in trop. Asia and Aus-
tralia; one species widely cult, in warm regions
and withstands several degrees of frost. Prop-
agated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, and by
cuttings under glass.
Azadirachta. MARQOSA. Evergreen tree to 50 ft. with
1-pinnate Ivs. near ends of branches, small white fls., and
oblong frs. to ^ in. long, from India, may occur far south-
ward in test plantations. — It is better retained in a separate
genus, as Azadirachta indica.
Azedarach (M. sempervirens. M. japonica). CHINA-
BERRY. CHINA-TREE. PRIDE-OP-INDIA. INDIAN LILAC.
Spreading mostly deciduous tiee to 50 ft : Ivs. 2-oinnate,
the ifts. toothed or lobed: fls. purplish, fragrant: frs. glo-
bose, yellow, to ^ in. across, hunging after Ivs. fall. Asia;
nat. in trop. Amer. and planted in warm-temp and trop.
regions around the world; sometimes run wild. Var.
umbraculif6rmis, TEXAS UMBRKLLA-TREE, has drooping
foliage and radiating branches which give an umbrella-like
effect. Var. floribunda is a bushy very floriferous form;
M . semperflorena is probably the same.
jap6nica: M. Azedarach.
sempervirens: M . Azederach.
MELlACE<fl£. MAHOGANY FAMILY. Trees
and shrubs, or seldom woody herbs, of about
40 genera largely in trop. regions, with usu-
ally alternate pinnate or digitate Ivs., com-
monly bisexual polypetalous fls. in panicles,
the sepals and petals 4 or 5, mostly 8-10 stamens,
2-5-celled ovary, and fr. a caps, or drupe or
berry. The genera known to hort. are Cedrela,
Dysoxylum, Melia, Swietenia, Trichilia, Tur-
nea. With the exception of Melia, the species
are little grown within the U. S., but the mahog-
anies (Swietenia) are always of interest.
MELIANTHACE^S. MELIANTHUS FAMILY.
Three genera of African trees or shrubs with al-
ternate often large and showy Ivs., bisexual
mostly striking polypetalous fls. in racemes
having 4-5 sepals and petals, 4, 5 or 10 stamens,
superior 4-5-celled ovary, the essential organs
often prominently protruded, and capsular not
prominent fr. Greyia and Melianthus are grown
for ornament.
MELIANTHUS. HONEY-BUSH. Melianthacex.
Evergreen shrubs, often with herb-like sts., bear-
ing alternate pinnate Ivs. and large stipules, very
irregular showy nectar-bearing fls. in racemes, 4
exserted stamens, and fr. an inflated caps.;
planted in warm regions for decorative purposes;
native in S. Afr.
The plants are very strong-scented and in Africa are
valued for medicine. They do well in southern California.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings in heat.
comdsus. Lvs. to 6 in. long, the Ifts. lanceolate and
toothed, white-tomentpse beneath, with winged petiole
and 2 stipules about H in. long: fls. orange spotted with red,
green at base, in nodding racemes to 3 in. long.
major. To 10 ft.: Ivs. 1 ft. or more long, of 9-1 1 toothed
Ifts., with winged petiole and stipules united into one piece
2 in. long: fls. red-brown, about 1 in. long, in racemes 1 ft.
long.
minor. Lvs. to 6 in. long, the Ifts. lanceolate, with 2 free
stipules: fls. dull red, in erect racemes to 1 ft. long.
M£LICA. MELIC-GRASS. Grammese. Per.
grasses with flat Ivs. and spikelets borne in nar-
row or open panicles; native in temp, regions
and sometimes cult, for ornament. See Grasses.
altfssima. To 4 ft., with creeping rhizomes: Ivs. flat, to
1, in. broad: panicles to 8 in. long, narrow, loose and inter-
rupted. S. Eu. Var. atropurpurea is listed as having panicles
of a purple hue.
ciliata. Tufted, to 3 ft., with creeping rhizomes: Iva.
mostly narrow and involute: panicles to 8 in. long, spike-
like, the spikelets silky. Eu.
MELIC(3CCA (Mdicoccus). Sapindacex. Two
trop. American trees, one of which is grown in
warm regions for its edible frs. M. Mjuga. MA-
MONGOL!/). SPANISH-LIME. GENIP. To 60 ft.: Ivs.
of 4 elliptic-lanceolate Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls.
small, greenish-white, fragrant, polygamous or
dio3cious, in racemes to 4 in. long borne in ter-
Melicocca
minal panicles: fr. round, 1 in. or more across,
the large stone surrounded by yellowish juicy
edible pulp. — When well established will stand
several degrees of frost. Propagated by seeds.
MEUCOPE. Rutacex. A few species of
trees and shrubs, mostly from southern hemis-
phere, having alternate or opposite Ivs. which
are usually trifoliolate but wnen simple have
winged petioles, fls. 4-merous, small, often uni-
sexual, in few- to many-fld. cymes or panicles:
fr. a 1-secded 2-valved schizocarp. Propagated
by seeds or cuttings. Name in four syllables.
teraata. Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. opposite, trifoliqlate, Ifts.
linear-oboyate to elliptic-ovate, to 4 in. long, entire, finely
covered with pellucid dots: fls. greenish, to ^ in. across, in
axillary tnchotornous panicles: seeds black and glossy.
New Zeal. Var. Mantellii, not known to be in cult, here, is
smaller and often has entue Ivs. which are rounder and
somewhat crenate and panicles only 3-fl-fld.
MELICtTUS. Violacex. Dioecious trees and
shrubs native from New Zeal, to Fiji Isls.: Ivs.
alternate: fls. small, in clusters: fr. a berry. One
species is sometimes planted in Calif.
ramifl6rus. To 30 ft., bark white: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, toothed: fls. greenish, ^ in. across: berries
blue, \i in. across.
MELILOTUS. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER.
Legumirwaae. Sweet-smelling ann. and bien.
herbs with trifoliolate Ivs., small papilionaceous
fls. in slender axillary and terminal racemes,
and short straight very small pods; grown as
bee-plants, forage and green-rnanure crops, and
also riat. Propagated by seeds.
ilba. WHITE 8. BOKHARA CLOVER. Bien. to 10 ft.:
fls. white. Ku., Asia; nat. in N. Amer. Var. &nnua, HUBAM
CLOVER, matures in one year.
altfssima. YELLOW S. To 8 ft.: fls. yellow, on long
peduncles, calyx about % as long as fl.: pod smooth or
nearly so. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer. — Forage crop.
caerulea: Tiigondla cserulea.
gra'cilis. Ann. to 4 ft.: fls. yellow, calyx less than ^j as
long us fl., peduncles not greatly exceeding Ivs.: pod reticu-
late. 8. Eu.
indica. To 3 ft.: fls. yellow, on long peduncles, calyx
about % as long as fl.: pod smooth or nearly so. Eu., Asia;
nat. in N. Amer. — Cover-crop in Calif.
officinaUs. YELLOW M. To 8 ft.: fls. yellow, on long
peduncles, calyx about \i as long as fl.: pod with strong
transverse ridges. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
MELlNIS. Graminese. One African grass
widely intro. in western hemisphere and cult, for
forage far S. M. minutifl6ra. Per. to 3 ft. from a
branching base, herbage with sweetish odor: Ivs.
viscid-pubescent, flat, 6 in. long and % in. or
more broad : panicle 4-8 in. long, loosely bearing
many awned spikelets.
MELI6SMA. Sabiacex. Trop. Asian trees or
shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, bearing alternate
simple or pinnate Ivs., small not showy fls. in
panicles, and fr. a small drupe; grown in Calif.
Propagated by seeds, layers, and cuttings of
young wood under glass.
cuneifdlia. To 20 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 7 in. long, wavy-
toothed: fls. yellowish-white, fragrant, in panicles to 10 in.
long, in July: fr. black, about ^C in. diam. China.
myriantha. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. obovate-elliptic to oblong-
obovate, to 8 in. long, toothed, acute: fls. greenish-yellow,
in erect panicles to 8 in. long: fr. red, about l£ in. diam.
Japan.
Stfiwardii. Tree to 18 ft., twigs glabrous: Ivs. oblong-
elliptic, to 5 m. long, olive-brown alcove, paler beneath with
midrib ciliate to pilose, margins with incurved mucronate
teeth: fls. scattered in erect terminal panicles to 4 in. long.
Kuhng, China.
MELfSSA. BALM. Labiate. Erect her-
baceous perennials, with broad toothed Ivs.
472
Melocactus
and white or yellowish 2-lipped fls. in axillary
clusters; only one cult, for the lemon-flavored
Ivs. used in seasoning, especially in liqueurs,
and also as a medicine; one of the sweet herbs.
Propagated by seeds sown in a hotbed or cold-
frame, also by division.
offlcinalis. LEMON B. BEE B. Aromatic, to 2 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. white, ^ in. long, in late summer.
Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer. Var. aurea is listed. Var.
variegata is sometimes used in borders.
MELfTTIS. Labiatse. One per. herb to
\Yz ft., native in Cent, and S. Eu. and W.
Asia, and sometimes planted in the open.
M. Melissophyllum. Lvs. cordate-ovate, toothed:
fls. pink and variegated, 2-lipped, to 2 in. long,
in axillary whorls.
MELOCACTUS (Cactus). Cactacese. As now
defined (particularly under the genus Cactus, a
name rejected by the International llules),
a group of some 18 small species: plant-body
solitary or clustered, globular to short-cylindric
or even depressed; ribs 9-20 and bearing clusters
of spines: fls. small, pinkish, opening in mid-
afternoon, close together in a terminal hairy
and bristly mass or ccphalium. See Cacti.
amcbnus. To 8 in., with 10-15 ribs; radial spines 9;
central 1 and 1 in. long: fls. red, the cephahum to 3 in.
across. Colombia.
Antonii. Similar to M. intortus but has longer more slender
spines and paler pink fls.: fr. white at base and not uniformly
pink. W. Indies.
bahiensis. Depressed-globose, to 4 in. tall and 6 in.
diam., dull green; ribs 10-12, nai rowing toward edge, areoles
6-7 on each rib; spines brown, radials usually 10, to 1 in.
long, subulate, slender, stiff, centrals 4, to 1% in. long,
straight: fls. pink, about 1 in. long or less. Brazil.
B6sleri: Discocactus placentiformis.
Broadwayi. To 8 in., with 14—18 ribs; ladial spines
8-10 and ^ in. long; central usually 1: fls. purplish, the
cephahum to 3 m. across and with brown bnstles and
white wool. W. Indies.
cefesius (M. hurmlis). Globose and depressed, to 8 in.,
with 10-15 ribs; radial spines 8; centrals % in. long: cepha-
hum of brown bristles and white wool. Venezuela, Colombia,
Trinidad.
communis (Cactus Melocactus). TURKS-HEAD or TURKS-
CAP CACTUS. Body short-cylmdric, to 12 in. and more,
with 10 or 11 ribs and awl-like spreading radial spines: fls.
to 1^ in. long, red. Jamaica.
depressus: M. melocactoides.
humilis: M. csesius.
intortus. Body globose to cylindric and 3 ft. or more
tall with a long woolly head; ribs 14-20; spines 10-15, yellow
or brown, stout, to neaily 3 in. long: fls. about % in. long,
pinkish. W. Indies. — Known under many names
Lemairei (Echinocactus Lemairei). Conical, to 12 in.
tall; ribs 9-12, wavy, obtuse, areoles about 1>£ in. apart:
spines wine-red to brown to white, radials 11-14, to 1J4
in. long, stout, somewhat angular, centrals 3-4, to 1^ in.
long: fls. pink, to M in. long. Haiti.
macrocanthus. Globular or perhaps broader than high,
sometimes 1 ft. diam., the cephalium becoming 8 or 9 in.
high; radial or outer spines needle-like, appressed, unlike
the stouter awl-like central ones: fls. about % in. long.
Curacao and adjacent isls. of the southern Caribbean Sea. —
Known under a great number of names.
matanzanus. Solitary or cespitose, depressed-globose,
to 3^4 i«- high and slightly wider; ribs 8-^9, to % in. high,
areoles about % in. apart; spines yellowish when mature,
radials 7-8, to % in. long, curved, reddish when young,
central 1, to % in. long: fls. rose-pink, to % in. long. Cuba.
Mixonii. Depressed-globose, to 6 in., with 11-15 ribs;
radial spines 7-11, % in. long, pale red; central usually 1:
fls. rose. Guatemala.
melocactoides (M. depressus. M. violaceus). Conical,
to 3H in. tall and 6 in. diam. at base, light green; ribs 10,
obtuse, areoles 9^-1 in. apart, white- woolly; spines all
radial, about 5-8, to % in. long, white to gray: fls. pink,
segms. dentate: fr. white to pale pink, to 1 in. long. Brazil.
Miquelii. Ovoid, to 10 in. tall and 8 in. diam., dark green;
ribs 14, obtuse, crenate, areoles about 1 ^ in. apart, woolly
becoming naked; spines dark brown, radials 8, to % in.
Melocactus 473
long, somewhat curved, centrals 1-3, to % in. long, straight:
fls. white. St. Croix Isl.
missouri&isis: Neobeaseya miasouriensis.
N6ryi. Depressed-globose, to 4^ in. tall, dark green;
ribs 10, acute; radials 7-9, about 1 in. long; centrals 1-2
or absent: fls. pale pink, to % in. long: fr. carmine-red.
Brazil.
obtusipetalus. Globose to conical, to 9 in. tall and 6 in.
diam., gray-green; ribs 10, acute, straight, to 1H in. high;
spines white to brownish, radials 9-11, ringed, stiff, centrals
usually 2: fls. pink, scgms. oblong, obtuse. Colombia.
dreas. Globose, to 1^ in. diam., white-woolly on top;
ribs 10-12, to %. in. high, acute; radials 10-14, brown,
subulate; centrals 4-6, to % in. long: fls. pink. Brazil.
peru vianus. Globose, to 6 in. diam.; ribs 12-13, areolcs
to % in. apart; spines brown, radials 7-8, central 1 when
present, to 1 H in« long: fls. pink, to 1 in. long: fr. red. Peru.
Townsendii. Globular, ^ in. diam., often clustered,
with 12-13 ribs; spines 8-9 and brown: fls. pinkish, 1 in.
long, the cephalium to 3 in. high and with brown bristles
and white wool. Peru.
unguispinus is reported as a new species from N. Peru.
violaceus: M . melococtoidea.
Zuccarlnii. Conical, to 9 in. tall, dark green; ribs 16,
Mentha
MELON, MUSKMELON (Cucumis Melo and
varieties); not including the watermelon (which
see), which is a very different fruit.
The melons commonly known in this country
are of two types or groups, — the netted or
nutmeg melons, and the cassaba or winter
melon. The culture of the two is similar except
that the cassaba requires a longer season and is
not grown to any extent in the northern and
central melon regions. The cantaloupe is a
form of melon seldom grown in North America
and practically unknown among the people,
although the name is commonly but inaccurately
applied to varieties of the netted melon class.
All the melons are alike in requiring open
fertile soil and sunny location, continuous
rapid growth, and all are frost-tender. They
are grown to some extent in the home garden in
nearly all regions of the United States, except
where the growing season is too short. The com-
mercial supply is produced in special regions
such as the Imperial Valley of California, and
other warm and relatively dry areas. Most of
the commercial crop is started directly in the
field in drills 4 to 6 feet apart or in hills 5 or 6
feet apart each way. When the drill method is
followed, the plants are thinned to about 3 feet
apart, while in the hill method several seeds are
planted in each hill and all but two or three
plants are removed after the danger of loss from
the cucumber beetle is past. In some regions,
plants are started in greenhouses or hotbeds
four or five weeks before it is safe to set in the
open, by planting the seed in small flower pots,
plant bands, or other containers. Many growers
apply a liberal quantity of manure in each hill
and, in addition, use some chemical fertilizer,
but a large portion of the commercial crop is
grown without manure. Shallow clean tillage
should be practised until the plants begin to run.
Three or four good fruits is a good yield to the
vine.
The striped cucumber beetle is likely to be
troublesome: plant liberally to allow for losses,
cover young plants with mosquito-netting in
the home garden, or apply various repellents
now on the market.
The melon is an interesting crop to grow
regularly under glass, but if ripened to full
quality in midwinter much heat and constant
care are required. There are special forcing
or winter melons of the English type that
yield fruits of particular excellence and beauty.
Whether grown for late autumn crop or for
spring or for midwinter, the plants are raised
preferably on benches to insure sufficient bot-
tom heat. The plants may be set about 2J^ feet
apart (having been started in pots) on 4-foot
benches, and trained high so that the fruits
hang; but the fruits must be suspended in netting,
raffia slings or other support. Pollination is
performed by hand. The air should be kept on
the dry side at ripening time. About four
months is required from seed-sowing to mid-
winter fruit in northern climates, depending
much on soil, season, adaptability of the house,
skill of the grower, and variety of melon. For
early November crop, seeds may be started by
the middle of July for the regular forcing melons.
MELON, PRESERVING: Benincasa hispida, Citrullus
vulgans var. ciiroms.
MELOTHRIA. Cucurbitacex. Diffuse slender
climbing or prostrate monoecious or dioecious
herbaceous vines in the warm parts of both hemi-
spheres, about 70 species, a few native in the
U. S.: Ivs. entire or lobed: fls. small and not
conspicuous, pistillate solitary or clustered, sta-
rninate racemose or corymbose: fr. small, berry-
like, smooth or warty. Two species are some-
what grown for ornament.
punctata (Pilogyne suavis). Per. from a thick root: Ivs.
cordate- ovate, angled or lightly 3-5-lobed: fr. about J^ in.
diam., slightly pitted, brown. Afr. — liaised from seeds; the
roots may be brought in for the winter, the tops cut back
and grown in window-gardens, or they may be stored till
spring or carried over by means of green cuttings.
sea bra. Ann. or grown as such: Ivs. triangular- ovate and
lobed: fr. to 1 in. long, glabrous and more or less spotted
with green. Mex. — Blooms in latter part of summer from
seeds sown in Apr.
MENISPERMACE^B. MOONSEED FAMILY.
Woody or herbaceous plants, largely twining
vines, of 63 genera mostly in the tropics,
having alternate simple but sometimes lobed
Ivs., small inconspicuous dioecious polypetalous
fls. with usually 6 sepals and 6 petals, 6 or more
stamens, 3 or more separate carpels, and fr. a
drupe. A few genera are grown for ornament
over arbors or walls, as Cocculus, Menispermum,
Sinomenium, the foliage being the chief con-
sideration, although the berries may be attractive.
MENISPfiRMUM. MOONSEED. Menisper-
macex. Two woody twining vines with peltate
Ivs. and white or yellowish fls. in racemes or
panicles, suitable for outdoor cult, in the N.
for trellises and arbors; the foliage is attractive.
Propagated by seeds or cuttings of ripe wood.
canad&ise. Lvs. broad-ovate, to 8 in. long, entire or
shall owly lobed, pubescent beneath when young: fr. black.
Que. to Ga. and Ark.
dauricum. Resembles the above, but the Ivs. are smaller,
more distinctly peltate, and glaucous and glabrous beneath.
E. Asia.
MENOD6RA. Oleacese. Subshrubs with oppo-
site simple or pinnate Ivs. and yellow or white
fls. in terminal racemes or cymes or solitary;
native in N. and S. Amer. and S. Afr. and
one species intro. to cult, in Calif.
integrif61ia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
to 1 in. long, entire, margins recurved: fls. H in> *onS,
bell-shaped, in terminal cymes. Brazil, Argentina.
MfiNTHA. MINT. LaUaix. Odorous herbs
mostly cult, for the aromatic oil obtained from
Mentha
474
Meriolix
all parts of the plant, a few in the garden for
ornament and fragrance; well-known sweet
herbs: sts. square: Ivs. simple: fls. small, purplish,
pink or white, crowded in axillary clusters in
terminal spikes or heads.
Mints are easily propagated by cuttings and division,
in some cases by stolons or runners; also by seeds when
available. They tend to become established and to run wild.
anisata: listed name.
aquatica. WATER M. Per. to 2^ ft., hairy: Ivs. ovate, to
3 in. long, toothed: fls in dense terminal spikes to 1 in.
long, and in the upper axils. Eu.; nat. m E. U. S.
arv&nsis. Per. of wide distribution over the world, in
several forms or subspecies, producing runners: to 2 ft.:
Ivs. oblong to ovate, 1-2 in. long, more or less pubescent or
hairy, rounded at base Eurasia, N. Amer. Var. canadensis
(M. canatiensis) Lvs. narrower, tapering at base. Me. to
Calif. Var. glob&sa is hated. Var. piperascens. JAPANESE
M. Plant larger, to 3 ft , Ivs. larger; an oil-producing plant.
austriaca: M. ayfaeatna.
canadensis: M . arvenaia var.
Cardlaca. Per. to 2 ft. and more, with ascending upper
branches, more or ICHH pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong,
sharp-serrate: infl. interrupted or in detached leafy whorls
and thus differing from M. spicata, with which it has been
confused in cult. Eu ; nat. in N. Amer.
Cataria: see Nepeta Cataria.
citrioddra: hort. name; possibly Monarda pectinata.
citrata. BKRGAMOT M. Per. by leafy stolons, st. de-
cumbent, to 2 ft. long, glabrous: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long,
toothed: fls. in the uppermost axils and in dense terminal
spikes to 1 in. long. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
crisp a. Per , with weak hairy sts. to 3 ft. long: Ivs. ovate,
crisped and sharp-toothed: fls. in terminal spikes to 1H
in. long. Eu.; nat. Conn, to Pa.
g6ntilis. Tall, branched at base: Ivs. ovate, narrowly
ovate, to somewhat obovate, shoi t-stalked, serrate: fls. in
small dense axillary heads. Eu., sometimes nat. — Forms of
M . spicata have been grown under this name.
gibraltarica: M. Pulegium var.
lanata. To 2 ft., villous-pubeseent: Ivs. lanceolate to
ovate, to 3 in. long, short-petioled: fls pink to white, in
axillary whorls. Ida. to B. C. and Calif.
lanugindsa: listed name, perhaps M. lanata.
piperlta. PEPPERMINT. Per. by runners and rootstocka,
having strong pungent or pepper-like oil, to 3 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, toothed: fls. in thick terminal
spikes to 3 in. long, purple seldom white. Eu. Var. Curtisii
is listed. Var. vulgaris, BLACK M., has purple sts. and
dark foliage.
Pulegium. PENNYROYAL. Prostrate: Ivs. oval, ]4 in.
long, entire: fls. in dense axillary whorls, bluish-lilac. Eu.,
W. Asia. Var. gibraltarica has deep green sometimes
variegated Ivs.
Requidnii (Menthella Rcquienii). Small creeping herb,
used for ground-cover: Ivs. round, very small: fls. mauve or
pale purple, in loose few-fld. whorls. Corsica.
rotundifdlia. APPLE M. Per. by leafy stolons, to 30 in.,
pubescent: Ivs. sessile, oval, to 2 in. long, toothed: fls.
purple, in dense or interrupted spikes to 4 in. long. Eu.;
nat. in N Amer Var. variegata has vai legated Ivs.
spicata (M. mndis of trade lists). SPEARMINT. Per. by
leafy stolons, to 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. sessile, lanceolate, to
2 1/2 in. long, toothed : fl.-whorls in narrow not leafy spikes
to 4 in. louu;. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
sylv6stris (M. auatriaca). Lvs. sessile, lanceolate, toothed,
white-tormmtose beneath: fls. purplish, pubescent, in dense
spikes or intei rupted at base. Eu , Asia.
toment&sa: a confused name, plants'so listed are usually
referable to M. Pulegium or Af . aylveatria.
vfridis of hort.: M. spicata.
MENTHELLA: Af. Requienii.
MENTOCA^YX: see Gibbxum velutinum.
MENTZfeLIA. Loasacex. American herbs
or shrubs armed with barbed hairs, often with
shredding bark, having mostly alternate Ivs..
white or yellow often very showy fls., and
oapsular frs.; cult, in the flower-garden. Prop-
agated by seeds sown where the plants are to
grow
alblscens (Bartonvi albescens. Nuttallia albeacens).
Ann. or bien. to 3 ft., sts. white-hairy: Ivs. pinnately lobed,
ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate: fls. pale yellow, to &
in. across, in corymbose cymes; stamens 20-40. Okla., Mez.
to Argentina.
aurea: M. Lindleyi.
decap£tala (Af. ornata. Nuttallia decapetala). Bien. to
4 ft.: Ivs. pinnately lobed: fls. white or yellowish, to 5 in.
across, opening in evening, fragrant; petals 10. S. D. to Tex.
gronovuefdlia: Eucnide bartonioides.
involucrata. Ann. or bien. to 1H ft., sis. very white:
Ivs. coarsely toothed: fls. cream-color, to 2^ m. long,
subtended by large white bracts with deeply toothed green
margins. Calif.
Ifievicaulis. BLAZING STAB. Bien. to 3% ft., ste. shining
white: Ivs. wavy-toothed: fls. light yellow, to 4 in. across.
Wyo. to Calif.
Lmdleyi (Bartonia aurea). Ann. to 4 ft.: Ivs. pinnately
cut or toothed, fls. golden-yellow, to2>£ in. across, opening
in evening, fragrant; petals 5. Calif.
multifldra (Bartonia midtiflora. B. pumila. Nuttalia
multiflora). Per. to 2)^ ft.: Ivs. pinna tely-lobed, narrowly
lanceolate: fls. vellow, to 1 in. across, usually 3-4 in corym-
bose cluster. Wyo. to Calif., and Mex.
nuda. Bien. or per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. toothed or pinnatifid:
fls. creamy-white, to 2H in. across, usually without bracts,
opening toward evening; petals 10. Mont, to Tex.
ornata: Af . decapetala.
strfcta (Nuttallia stricta). Per. to 3^ ft., st. not much
branched at base: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
sinuate: fls. yellow, subtended by toothed bracts. Neb. to
Wyo. south to Colo, and Tex.
MENYANTHES. Gentianacex; by some
authors separated in the family Menyanthacese.
A per. herb with creeping rootstocks, native
around the world in the cooler parts of the
northern hemisphere in wet places and shallow
water, sometimes planted in bog-gardens.
M. trifoliate. BOGBEAN. BUCKBEAN. Lvs. of
3 oblong or obovate entire Ifts. with petioles
to 10 in. long sheathing at base: fls. white or
purplish bearded inside with white hairs, J^ in.
long, in 10-20-fld. racemes borne at the end of
long scapes.
MENZIESIA. Ericaceae. Low deciduous
shrubs with alternate entire Ivs., bell-shaped
or urn-shaped fls. in terminal clusters, and
capsular frs.; suitable for rock-gardens. For
cult, see Andromeda.
filba: probably a form of DaboAcia cantabrica.
cilifcalyx. Lvs. ciliate, elliptic: fls. yellowish -green
tipped with purple, H »n. long; stamens pubescent. Japan.
Var. multifldra (Af. multi/lora) has 6-10-fld. clusters.
ferruginea. To 8 ft., often straggling: Ivs. glandular-
ciliate, with rusty hairs above, to 2>£ in. long: fls. greenish-
purple, % in. long; stamens pubescent. Alaska to Calif.
globularis: Af. pilosa.
multifldra: M. dliicalyx var.
pentandra. Lvs. ciliate, to 15^ in. long: fls. whitish,
}£ in. long; stamens glabrous. Japan.
pildsa (Af. globularis) To 6 ft.: lys. ciliate. hairy, to
2 in. long: fls. yellowish- white or pinkish, ^4 in. long;
stamens glabrous. Pa. to Ga. and Ala.
polifdlia: Dabo&cta cantabrica.
purpurea. Lvs. elliptic to obovate, to 1J4 in. long,
bescent beneath on midrib: fls. bright red, }£ in. long,
campanulate. Japan.
MERATIA: Chimonanthua.
MERCURIALIS. Euphorbiacex. Herbs or
subshrubs native in Medit. region, one of which
is sometimes grown for medicinal purposes,
having opposite simple Ivs., dioacious fls. with-
out petals, and capsular frs.
annua. HERB-MERCURY. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, toothed : male fls. in spikes, female clustered in
axils. Eu., Afr.; nat. in N. Amer.
MERCURY ("Markery"): Chenopodium Bonus-Hen*
ricus. Herb: Mercurialia annua.
MERIANA: Wa(soma.
MERIDIANA: Oaxania.
MERIOLIX: CEnothera.
pu
Mertensia
475
Mesembryanthemum
MERTfiNSIA. BLUEBELLS. Boraginacex.
Attractive per. herbs, smooth or puoescent,
often glaucous, with alternate entire often
punctate Ivs. and blue, purplish or white erect
or drooping fls. in racemes or panicles; corolla
funnelform, sometimes crested in the throat;
a few species are planted in wild- or rock-
gardens; native in northern hemisphere, largely
m woods and thickets. Propagated by seeds
sown as soon as ripe and with difficulty by divi-
sion.
alpina. To 8 in., glabrous: Ivs. spatulate to lanceolate,
2 in. long: fls. dark blue, H in. long. Rocky Mts.
Bakeri. To 1 ft.: Ivs. spatulate to lanceolate, grayish-
pubescent: fls. M in. long. Mte. of Colo.
ciliata. To 2 ft., pale and glaucescent: Ivs. oval to
lanceolate: fls. bright blue, ^ in. or more long. Rocky Mts.
coriacea: M. lanceolata.
echioides. To 1 ft., soft-hairy: Ivs. oblong: fls. deep blue,
J^ in. long. Himalayas.
elongate. To 8 in., sts. pubescent: Ivs. oblong-spa tul ate,
to 2 in. long: fls. blue, calyx nearly as long as corolla-tube,
lobes spreading. Kashmir.
folidsa. Cespitose to 16 in., glabrous, roots not tuberous:
Ivs. oblong-spatulate to lanceolate or ovate, to 3 in. long,
rather thick: fls. bluish-purple, corolla-tube twice as long
as limb and throat. Wyo., Utah.
Hfirneri. To 5 in., glaucous, with small black tuberous
root: Ivs. oblong: fls. turquoise-blue, drooping. Mts., Ida.
humilis. To 8 in., sts. glabrous, ascending or decumbent:
Ivs. elliptic to ovate, to 1 % in. long, somewhat fleshy and
pustulate above: fls. blue, to % in. long. Wyo.
laevigata. To 3 ft., glabrous and somewhat glaucous: Ivs.
ovate, 5 in. long: fls. blue, >£ in. long. Wash.
lanceolate (M. coriacea). To 1 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong
or lanceolate: fls. blue, M->£ in. long. Sask. to Colo.
longifldra. Per. to 10 in., rootstock tuberous-thickened:
Ivs. emptic-spatulate to obovate or ovate, to 2% in. long,
all but basal ones sessile: fls. about 1 in. long, tube twice aa
long as limb. Mts. of Mont, to B. C. south to Ida. and Wash.
macedonica variegata: catalogue name of unknown
botanical standing.
moltkioides. Differs from M. elongata in Ivs. more softly
hairy, racemes shorter peduncled, calyx larger and corolla-
tube % and not y& in. long. Kashmir.
nutans. To 8 in., glabrous: Ivs. oblaiiceolate, to 3 in.
long: fls. ^ in. long, in drooping panicles. Wash, and Mont,
to Nev.
oblongifdlia. To 8 in., glabrous, with thick root: Ivs.
spatulate to linear, to 2 in. long: fls. with purple tube and
blue bell, to % in. long. B. C. to Nev.
paniculata (M. pubescens). To 3 ft., rough-pubescent:
Ivs. ovate: fls. purple-blue, % in long. N. N. Amer. Var.
alba is listed with white fls. Var. subcordata (M. sub-
cordata) has Ivs. glabrous above.
platensis. To 16 in.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, 2^ in.
long, glabrous except ciliate margins, pale beneath. Colo.
platyphylla. Per. to 2^ ft , sts. weak and slender: Ivs.
broadly ovate-acuminate, to 10 in. long and 4 in. wide at
cordate base: fls. bright blue fading to rose, to ^8 in. across.
Wash.
prat 6ns is. To 3 ft.: Ivs. oval-lanceolate, hairy above:
fls. blue varying to white, % in. long. Colo, to Ariz.
primuloides. To 3 in., rough-hairy: Ivs. oval, to % in.
long: fls. deep blue varying to white and yellow, Y± in.
across. Himalayas.
pubescens: M. paniculata.
pulchella. To 8 in., glabrous, with thick root: Ivs.
obovate or ovate, to 2^ in. long: fls. % in. long. Ida.
pulmonarioides: M . virginica.
sibirica (Lithospermum sibincum). To 5 ft., glabrous:
Ivs. ovate: fla. purplish-blue varying to white, M-^£ ***•
long. Siberia.
specidsa: listed name.
subcordata: M. paniculata var.
virginica (M. pulmonarioides). VIRGINIA-BLUEBELLS or
COWSLIP. To 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. elliptic to oblong: fls.
with purple tube and blue bell, 1 in. long, the clusters some-
what nodding. N. Y. to Tenn. Var. r&bra has pink fls.
MfiRYTA. Araliacex. Small dioecious trees,
one of which may be grown in Calif. : Ivs. alter-
nate or crowded at ends of branches, leathery:
fls. in panicles or heads: fr. a drupe: native in
Pacific Isls., New Zeal., Australia.
Sine lain. PUKA. To 25 ft., evergreen, making a dense
head: Ivs. oblong, to 2 ft. long, on stalks to 1 ft. or more
long, entire, shining: Ms. greenish- white, in panicles to 1^
ft. long: fr. black and shining, ^ in. long. New Zeal.
MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. FIG-MAKI-
GOLD. Aizoacezp. A re-defined group: more
than 1,000 species have been described under
this genus, mostly from S. Afr. In recent years
the group has been re-studied and special at-
tention has been given to fruit characters, which
were mostly overlooked or unavailable in former
descriptions. Such marked differences exist
that the plants can be best defined and under-
stood by making separate genera, placing closely
related kinds together. The systematic studies
of the group are still in progress and further
changes in nomenclature are likely to occur.
The plant-forms in the general group are of great va-
riety and absorbing interest to the naturalist. Some are
branching plants with leaves of more or less usual form,
but other species have a very condensed structure, some of
them so closely simulating stones as to be overlooked at
their native places, as in Pleiospilos. As a whole, the
Mesernbryantheinum relatives have the grotesqueness of
xerophytic vegetation. The herbage of many of them is
provided with glistening points, pimples or veHCicles that
give them the name of "ice-plants." In botanical collec-
tions under glass the odd forms are sometimes grown as
curiosities, but these kinds are little known to the general
cultivator; they are likely to be grown by fanciers of cacti
and similar plants.
The cultivation of all the genera is conditioned on the
fact that the plants are native in hot or semi-arid regions.
Some of them grow in barren rocky places and others on
sandy plains. A few of them frequent sen-coasts. They are
succulent plants, and are therefore able to withstand heat
and dryness. If grown in pots, care should be taken to have
them properly drained, and the plants should be given full
sun wlhen well established. None of them can be carried
over winter in the open in the North, but may be placed in
a cool dry greenhouse with good ventilation. The steinlcss
condensed species should be watered on top with caution,
the better plan being to stand the pots in water or moist
ground until the soil is moistened. In climates like Florida
and southern California, many of them do well as open-air
subjects, particularly in the latter state where the dryness
suits them The perennial species arc propagated by cut-
tings as well as by seeds. The common ice-plant, Cry-
ophytum crystalhnum, which is an annual, comes quickly
from seeds, as does also the showy Dorotheanthus gramineua
(foimerly known as M. linear et M. pyropseurn and M. tri-
color), and Carpanthca pomer if liana. In window-gardens
the commonest species are the ice-plant and Aptenia
cordifoha
A relatively small number of South African species is
now retained in the genus Mesembryanthemum, and few
of them are grown in North America. This genus is now
defined to include mostly branching plants with 2 or more
pairs of distinct leaves and prominent intcrnodes, calyx
lobed down to the ovary, petals nearly or quite free to the
base, stamens collected into a column or cone, stigmas and
cells of ovary normally 5 or 6; these marks distinguish the
genus as characterized by Linnceus in combination with
the species named by him.
aberdeenense: Delosperma aberdeenense.
abyssinicum: Delosperma abywinicum.
acinacif6rme: Carpobrotux acinaciformis*
acutumr Cephalophyllum subulatoides.
eequilaterale, aequilaterus: see Carpobrotus chttensia:
agninum: Agnir ictus agninus.
Aitonis: Cryophytum Aitonis.
albatum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. densely imbricated, about 2 in.
long and H in thick, united, grayish: fls. solitary, white,
1 in. across, short-stalked.
albidum: Machairophyllum albidum.
albindtum: Rabiea albinota.
albipunctum: Rabiea albipuncta.
albordseum. To 5 in., shrubby: IVB. dense, keeled, to 1
in. long and M in. wide and \i in. thick, glaucous: fls.
solitary, white turning rose, 1 in. across.
album. To 8 in.: Ivs. to % in long, H in. wide and M in.
thick, glaucous: fls in cymes, white.
aloides: Nananthus aloides.
Alstonii: Cephalophyllum Alstonii.
Mesembryanthemum 476
anemoniflorum: Cephalophyllum anemoniflorum.
angulatum: Cryophytum Aitonia.
Asrridiee: Titanopsis Hugo- Schlechteri.
aurantiacum: Lampranthus aurantiacus.
aureum: Lampranthus aureua.
australe: Disphyma australe.
Azthelmianum: Ruschia Axthelmiana.
bar ba turn: Trichodiadema barbatum.
bellidifldrum: Acrodon bdlidiflorus.
bellidiforme: Dorotheanthus bellidi/ormis.
b£llum: Lit hops bella.
bidentatum: Glottiphyllum aemicylindricum.
bifoliatum. Sts. branching underground: Ivs. 2, united,
1^£ m. long: fla. solitary, rose purple, 1 in. across, short-
stalked.
bigibberatum: Gloitiphyllum aemicylindricum.
bilobum: Conophyium bilobum.
bl&ndum: Lampranthus blandus.
Bdlusii: Pleiospilos Bolusii.
Bosscheanum: Faucaria Bosscheana.
br6vipes: Argyroderma brevipes.
Brownii: Lampranthus Brownii.
Brunnthdleri: Delosperma Brunnthaleri.
bulbdsum: Trichodiadema bulbosum.
calamif 6rme: Cylindrophyllum calamiforme
calcareum: Titanopsis calcarea.
Calculus: Conophytum Calculus.
cfindens: Drosanthemum candens.
candid issimum: Cheindopsis candidissima.
canuium: Carruanthus caninua.
canum: Bijlia cana.
Caroli-Schmfdtii: Cheiridopsia Caroli-Schmidtii.
caul^scens. Oscular ia caulescent.
chil^nse: Carpobrotus chilensis.
chrysoleucum: Momlaria chrysoleuca.
cigarettfferum: Cheiridopais cigarettifera.
cocclneum: Lampranthua coccineus.
compfictum: Pleiospilos nobilia.
compr^ssum: Erepata compressa.
C6mptonii: Lampranthns Comptonii.
confusum: Cephalophyllum confuaum.
conspfcuum* Lampranihua conspicuua.
cordifdlium: Aptenia cordi folia.
crassifdlium: Diaphyma craaaifolium.
cr&ssum: Ruschia crassa.
crinifldrum: Dorotheanthus belhdiformis.
cr6ceum: Hymenocyclus croceua.
crystallinum: Cryophytum crystallinum.
curvifldrum: Lampranthus curvtflorua.
cymdsum: Ruschia cymoaa.
decipiens: Cephalophyllum decipiens.
Dekeoahii: see Pleiosptlos Dekenakii.
deltoldes: Oscular ia deltoides
d6nsum: Trichodiadema densum.
depr^ssum: Gloitiphyllum depressum.
Derenbergianum: Ebracteola Derenbergiana,
dfchroum: Ruschia dichroa.
digitatum: Dactylopaia digitata.
dolabrif 6rme: Rhombophyllum dolabriforme.
£berlanzii: Lifhopa Eberlanzii.
echinatum: Delosperma cchinatum.
Eckldnis: Delosperma Ecklonis.
ed^ntulum: Echinua edentulua.
edule: Carpobrotus edule.
elongatum: Comcosia elongata.
emarginatum: Lampranihua emarginatua.
falcif6rme: Lampranthus falciformis.
felinum: Faucaria fdina.
filament6sum: Ruschia filamentosa.
filicaule: Lampranthua filicaulis.
fflipes: listed name.
ffssum: Argyroderma fissum.
floribundum: Drosanthemum fl&ribundum.
formosianara: catalogue name.
Mesembryanthemum
Franc fscii: Lithops Franciscii.
Friedrichifle: Ophthalmophyllum Fr"'edrichise.
Fulleri: see Lithops Fulleri.
geminAtum: Echinus geminatus.
gibbdsum: Gibbaeum gibbosum; see also Ruschia.
giganteum aureum: listed name.
glaucdscezis: Carpobrotus glauceacena.
glaucoides: Lampranthus glaucoides.
glaucum: Lampranthua glaucus.
glomeratum: Lampranthus glomeratus.
grdcile: Erepsia gracihs.
granulatum: Hereroa granulala.
granulicaule: Psilocaulon granulicaule,
Haagei: Faucaria Haagei.
hamatum: Ruschia hamafa.
Haw6rthii: Erepsia Haworthii.
Heathii: Gibbseum Heathii.
hesper&nthum: Hereroa hcsperantha.
heterop6talum: Erepsia heteropelala.
hexamerum: Ruschia hexamera.
hispidum: Drosanthemum hispidum.
Hugo-Schl6chteri: Titanopsis Hugo-Schlechteri.
inc laud ens: Erepsia inclaudens.
inap^rsum: Cheindopsis inspersa.
int6nsum: Trichodiadema intonsum.
Johinnis-W inkle ri: Conophytum Johannis-Winkleri.
karasmontanum: Lithops karasmontana.
karrodicum: Ruschia karooica.
Klinghardtianum: Delosperma Khnghardtianum.
Ificerum: tiemmanthe lacera.
leeve: Hymcnocyclus Thunbergii.
lanceolatum: Cryophytum Aitonis.
lapidifdrme: Didymaotus lapidiformis.
la turn: Glottiphyllum latum.
Lehmannii: Corpusculana Lehmannii.
Lericheanum: Lithops Lericheana.
Lesliei: Lithops Leshei.
lineare: Dorotheanthus gramineus.
linguif 6rme: Glottiphyllum hnguiforme.
lingulnum: catalogue name.
longispinulum: Sphalmanthus longispinulus.
/6ngum: Glottiphyllum longum.
lucid um: Glottiphyllum latum var. cultratum.
Luederitzii: Drosanthemum Luedentzii.
lupin um: Faucaria lupina.
luteolum: Hymenocyclus luteolus.
macradenium: Rhinephyllum macradenium.
magnipunctatum: Pleiospilos magnipunctatus.
Margaret iee: Lapidaria Margaretix.
Mdrlothii: Odontophorus Marlothii; see also Cheiridopait
Marlothii.
marmoratum: Lithops marmorata.
Maximflianii: Echinus Maximilianii.
m&ximum: Astndia maxima. »
microsp6nnum: Dinteranthus microspermua.
xninutifldrum: Conophytum minutiflorum.
xninutum: Conophyium minutum.
mir&bile: Trichodiadema mirabile.
mitratum: Kfitrophyllum nutratum.
monilif6rme: Monilaria monihformis.
m6ntis-m61tkei: Ebracteola montis-moltkei.
multiceps: Bergeranthus multiceps.
multifl&rum: Ruschia multi flora.
multiradiatum: Lampranthus multiradiatus.
muricatum: Oscularia deltmdes var. muncata.
murinum: Stomatium murinum.
muscullnum: Chasmatophyllum musculinum.
mustellinum: Stomatium muatellinum.
mut&bile: Erepsia mutabilis.
nanum: Oophytum nanum.
Nellii: listed name, possibly Glottiphyllum Neilii.
N^villei: Conophytum Nevillei.
n6bile: Pleiospilos nobilis.
nodifldrtun: Cryophytum nodiflorum. *
Mesembryanthemum 477
obcordellum: Conophytum obcordellum.
octophyllum: Argyroderma octophyllum.
odoratum: Conophytum odoratum.
optatum: Pleiospilos optatus.
dpticum: Lithops optica.
ovalinguis: listed name.
paardebefggnse. Branches decumbent or ascending to
8 in.: Ivs. compressed laterally, 1 in. long and Y± in. wide:
fls. rose, 1 in. across, in dense cymes.
pachyphyllum. Branches crowded, densely 4-6-lvd.:
Ivs. usually erect, pairs unequal, to 2 in. long and 1 in.
thick, margins slightly cartilaginous: fls. solitary, rose-
purple, to 1 % in. across.
pachypddium: Gibbaeum pachypodium.
papaveranthum: listed name.
parvifdlium: Drosanthemum parvifolium.
Patersoniae: Delosperma Patersoniae.
perviride: Gibbaeum pervinde.
pfctum: Conophytum pictum.
pil6sulum: Gibbseum pilosulum.
piscoddrum: Ruschia piscodora.
P&le-fivansii: Dinteranthus Pole-Evansii.
pomeridianum: Carpanthea pomeridiana.
productum: Lampranthus productus.
propinquum: Ruschia propinqua.
pseudotruncatellum: Lithops pseudotruncatella.
pubescens: Gibbseum pubescens.
pugionifdrme: Comcosia pugioniformis.
purpur&scens: Cheindopsis purpurasccns.
purpureo-crdceum: Hymenocyclus purpureo-croceus.
Purpusii: Conophytum 1'urpusn.
pustulatum: Glottiphyllum longum.
Putterillii. Shrubby, with ascending or decumbent
branches to 9 in. long: Ivs. ascending, 3-angled, to % m.
long and % in. wide and thick, punctate: fls. solitary, rose-
purple, % in. across.
Puttkammerianum: Hereroa Puttkammeriana.
pygmafeum: Ruschia pygmxa.
pyropsfeum: Dorotheanthus gramineus.
ripens: probably Lampranthua reptans.
reptans: Lampranthus reptans.
retrovSrsum: Diplosoma retroversum.
rheolens: Dracophilus rheolens.
rhombofdeum: Rhombophyllum rhomboideum.
rhopalophyllum: Fenestrana rhopalophylla.
rfgidum: Ruschia rigida.
Roddiae: Pleiospilos prismaticus.
rdseum: Lampranthus roseus.
rosulatum: Aistocaulon rosulatum.
rubrolineatum: Nananthus rubrolineatus.
rubropurpureum: listed name.
Ruschidrum: Lithops Ruschiorum.
scapigerum: Bergeranthus scapiger.
Schfckii. Said to be a hybrid between Delosperma echina-
tum and Glottiphyllum linguiforme.
Schoenlandianum: Drosanthemum Schoenlandianum.
Schwdntesii: Titanopsis Schwantesii.
serrulatum: Ruschia serrulata.
setuliferum: Trichodiadema setuliferum.
Sfmpsonii: Juttadinteria Simpsonii»
simulans: Pleiospilos simulans.
Sladenianum: Prenia Sladeniana.
sdlidum: Ruschia solida.
specidsum: Drosanthemum specioaum.
spect^bile: Lampranthus spectabUia,
spin&sum: Eberlanzia spinosa.
spl^ndens: Aridaria splendent.
spongiosum: Cephalophyllum spongioaum.
Stanleyi. To 4 in., shrubby: Ivs. keeled, H in. long and
H in. wide and thick, glaucous: fls. solitary, fragrant, yel-
low, 1 in. across.
Steingroevcri: Ruschia Steingroeveri.
stellaris: listed name.
stellatum: Trichodiadema steUatum.
Btelllgerum: Trichodiadema stelligerum.
stdnum: Lampranthua stenus.
Metrosideros
suaveolens: Stomatium auaveolens.
6ubcompr6ssum: Drosanthemum subcompressum.
sup^rbum: listed name.
tenuifdlium: Lampranthus tenuifolius.
tesUlceum: Delosperma testaceum.
t«sticulare: Argyroderma testiculare.
rhunbergii: Hymenocyclus Thunbergii.
tigrlnum: Faucaria tigrina.
tortudsum: Sceletium tortuosum.
tricolor: Dorotheanthus gramineus.
tricoldrum: Cephalophyllum tricolorum.
trigdnum: probably Cerochlamys tngona.
truncat611um: Conophytum truncatellum.
tuberculatum: Cheiridopsis tuberculata.
tuberculdsum: Faucaria tuberculosa.
tumfdulum: Ruschia tumidula.
turbinif 6rme: Lithops turbiniformis.
uncinAtum: Ruschia uncinata.
uncine*llum: Ruschia uncinella.
vaginAtum: Ruschia vaginata.
velutinum: Gibbseum velutinum.
verruculatum. Per. to 1 ft. or more, branches twisted or
crooked: Ivs. fascicled, cylindric, mealy, to 1^ in. long: fls
yellow, the petals scarcely longer than calyx.
vespertlnum: Bergeranthus vespertinus.
violaceum: Lampranthus emarginatus.
vittatum: Nananthus vittatus.
vulplnum: a form of Carruanthus caninus.
W^termeyeri: Lampranthua Watermeyeri.
W^ttsteinii: Conophytum Wcttsteinii.
Z^yheri: Lampranthus Zeyheri.
MfiSPILUS. Rosacese. One deciduous small
tree from Eu. and Asia Minor, grown for the
edible fr. M. germ&nica (Pyrus gcrmamai).
MEDLAR. To 20 ft., sometimes thorny: Ivs.
oblong, to 5 in. long, finely toothed: fix. white,
to 2 in. across, solitary on shoots of the season:
fr. an apple-shaped open-topped pome 1-2 in.
across, eaten out of hand when fully ripe or
bletted, or made into preserves. — It is hardy N.
Propagated by seeds which are slow in germina-
ting and by grafting or budding on seedling
stock or on the pear, quince or hawthorn.
MES QUITE: Prosopis glanduloaa.
METROSIDfiROS. Myrtacex. Odd trees or
shrubs native in New Zeal., Australia and
Pacific Isls., having mostly opposite simple
Ivs., showy white or red fls. in cymes or ra-
cemes, the stamens long-exserted, and fr. a
leathery caps.; planted for ornament in warm
regions, as in Calif. Propagated by cuttings.
Sometimes listed as "Iron-tree." The follow-
ing are from New Zeal, except M. tremuloides.
citrina: Callistemon lanceolatus.
Colensdi. Climbing shrub: Ivs. to % in. long, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, densely pubescent when young: fls. pink
or whitish, in cymes to 1 ^ in. long.
diffusa. Climbing shrub: lys. to 1^ in. long, oblong or
ovate, leathery: fls. crimson, in terminal branched cymes.
floribunda: Callistemon lanccolatus.
fl6rida. Climbing shrub: Ivs. to 3 in. long, elliptic-oblong,
leathery: fls. orange- red, in terminal cymes. Var. aurata
has yellow or yellowish-orange fls.
lucida. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, lanceolate,
leathery: fls. bright red, in short terminal cymes.
P&rkinsonii. Shrub with prostrate branches or tree to
30 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, leathery: fls. red,
in dense cymes usually on old wood.
perforata: M. acandena.
robusta. RATA. Tree to 100 ft.: Ivs. to 1H in. long,
ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, leathery: fls. dark red,
in dense terminal cymes.— Commonly starts as an epiphyte.
sclndens (M. perforata). Climbing shrub: Ivs. to ^ in.
long, ovate to orbicular, leathery and shining: fls. white,
in terminal leafy panicles.
Metrosideros
478
Mikania
semperfl6rens: Callistemon lanceolatus.
tomentdsa. Tree to 70 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, lanceolate
to oblong, leathery, usually white-tomentose beneath: fls.
dark red, m dense terminal cymes.
tremuloides. Small tree: Ivs. to 2 in. long, narrow-
lanceolate, leathery, shining above: fls. bright red. Hawaii.
villdsa. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long, ovate or oblong,
very leathery, white-tomentose beneath: fls. scarlet, in
small terminal cymes.
MfeUM. Umbelliferx Per. tufted aromatic
herb to 2 ft. high, native in the mts. of Eu. and
planted for ornament. M. atham&nticum. Lvs.
mostly basal, jpinnately divided into fine segms.:
fls. white to pink, in compound terminal umbels:
fr. ribbed. — Propagated by seeds and division.
MEYEROPHtTUM. Aizoacese. One suc-
culent shrub of 8. Afr. M. Me^eri (Mitrophyl-
lum Meyeri). To 2 in., the branches short,
thickly covered with sheaths of dead Ivs., the
internodes very short: Ivs. united into a heart-
shaped body % in. long, >£ in. wide and y§ in.
thick: fls. red.
MICHAUXIA. Campanulacese. Several species
of bien. or per. herbs of S. W. Asia, one some-
times planted in the border: Ivs. toothed or
lobed: fls. white or pink, 8-10-parted and not
bell-shaped: caps, opening laterally. Propagated
by seeds.
campanuloides. Erect, 6-8 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, irregu-
larly toothed, bristly-hairy: fls. white tinged purple, to
2 in. long, diooping, the segms. becoming reflexed. — Blooms
second or third year from seed.
MICHfeLIA. Magnoliacese. Trees and shrubs
of Asia resembling Magnolia but with axillary
fls. and with a long gynophore or stipe to the
ovary; planted in 8. U. S. Propagated by seeds
and cuttings of ripe wood under glass.
Champaca. Tall evergreen tree: Ivs. lanceolate-ovate,
to 10 in. long: fls. yellow or orange, very fragrant, to 2^ in.
across. Himalayas,
compr£ssa (Magnolia, compressor). Evergreen tree to 40
ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long: fls. yellow, fragrant, 1 in.
across. Japan.
fuscata (Magnolia fuscata). BANANA-SHRUB. Evergreen
shrub to 15 ft., the branchlets brown-tomentose: Ivs.
elliptic to oblong, to 3 in. long: fls. brownish-yellow edged
with red, with banana fragrance, to \l/i in. across. China.
MIC6NIA. Melastomaceae. Shrubs and trees
of trop. Amer. grown in greenhouses for the
large attractive Ivs., having rather small white,
rose, purple or yellow fls., and berry-like frs.
Miconiaa should be grown in fibrous soil, given abundant
moisture, and screened from the direct rays of the sun.
Propagated by cuttings of firm wood over heat.
magnifica (Cyanophyllum magnificum). Lvs. broadly
ovate, to 2% ft. long, wavy-margined, reddish-bronze
beneath with white or light green veins. Mex.
MICRAMPELIS: Echinocystis lobata.
MICRANTHES: Saxifraga.
MICROCfTRUS. Rutacese. Four Australian
very spiny shrubs or small trees, as now
known, introduced into this country as inter-
esting citrus allies and as possible material
for hybridization and for stocks. They differ
from Citrus in the small fls., stamens not united,
few-celled ovary and fr., and in foliage char-
acters. M. austra&sica, FINGER-LIME, prob-
ably best known here, grows to 30 or 40 ft.:
juvenile Ivs. very small; mature Ivs. obovate or
rhomboidal, to 1% in. long: fr. elongated, to
4 in. long by 1 in. thick, the juice acid. — Hardier
than lemon and lime, and promising for experi-
ment; it has been crossed with Citrus mitis.
MICROCfcCAS. Cycadaceae. A single species
in W. Cuba, much lite Zamia except in scales
of staminate cone. M. calticpma, CORCHO,
which is sometimes planted in collections,
reaches tree dimensions (to 30 ft.), sometimes
with a few short branches: Ivs. to 3 ft. long,
pubescent; Ifts. to about 80 pairs, long-linear
and acuminate, margins somewhat revolute,
the veins parallel but no midrib: staminate
cone very large.
MICROGL(5SSA. Composite. Shrubs of Asia
and Afr., sometimes climbing, with alternate
commonly entire Ivs. and heads in panicles or
corymbs, the ray-fls. white or bluish; pappus of
hairs. Grown for ornament.
albe'scens (Aster cobulicua). To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, gray-tomentose beneath: heads K in. across,
borne in corymbs to 6 in. across, ray-fls. lilac, disk yellow.
Himalayas, China.
MICROLfePIA. Polypodiaceae. Trop. and
subtrop. ferns similar to Davallia but differing
in the character of the indusia. Graceful
plants requiring the usual greenhouse treat-
ment. See Ferns.
platyphylla. Fronds to 4 ft. long, 3-pinnatifid, segms.
broad and toothed, glabrous and shining when old, on stipes
to 3 ft. long. India to Japan.
MICROMfeRIA. Labiate. Per. usually trail-
ing herbs with small Ivs. and small 2-lipped
fls. in axillary whorls or terminal spikes; adapted
to the rock-garden. Propagated by seeds, cut-
tings and division.
Chamissdnis (M. Douglasii). YERBA BUKNA. Sts. to
2 ft. long, rooting at tips: Ivs. round, to 1 in long, wavy,
pubescent: fls. white, & in. long, usually solitary. B. C.
to Calif.
cdrsica: hort. name for woody or suffrutescent form
having ovate Ivs. to H in. long, with acute apex, silvery
appressed pubescence beneath and rose-pink fls. — The plant
is probably Satureja Corsica.
croatica (Satureja croatica). Sts. low and tufted: Ivs.
ovate or orbicular, pubescent: fls. violet, in 1-3-fld. pe-
duncled clusters. Balkans.
dalm&tica. Sts. ascending to IK ft., branched: Ivs.
ovate, pubescent: fls. white, in many-fld. peduncled clusters
forming long loose racemes. Rocks, S. E. Eu.
Douglasii: M. Chamissonis.
grseca. To 1^ ft., much branched: Ivs. linear or lanceo-
late, rough-pubescent: fls. rose, in peduncled 2-10-fld.
loose clusters. Medit. region.
Juliana. To 1 ft., much branched: Ivs. linear or lanceo-
late, pubescent: fls. purplish, in many-fld. nearly sessile
clusters. Medit. region.
Hban6tica. To 10 in., sts. usually erect; simple, slender:
Ivs. orbicular to ovate, to 4 in. long, sessile, wnite- woolly:
fls. pink, in short cymes. Syria.
Piperttla. To 6 in.: Ivs. ovate, glabrous: fls. reddish-
purple, in few-fld. clusters. S. Eu.
rupSstris. Sts. prostrate, ascending at tips: Ivs. ovate
or oblong: fls. white spotted lavender, in many-fld. short-
peduncled clusters. S. Eu.
MICROSERIS: Uropappus linearifolius.
MICROSPERMIA: Parodia.
MICROSTYLIS: Malaxis.
MIDRIB: the main rib of a leaf or leaf-like part: a
continuation of the petiole or petiolule.
MIGNONETTE: Reseda. -Tree: Lawsonia in&rtnis.
•Vine: Boussingaultia baselloides.
MIKANIA. Composite. American twining
herbs or shrubs with opposite Ivs. and 4-fld.
heads of white or pink disk-fls. borne in panicled
cymes; pappus of bristles. Allied to Eupa-
torium and requiring similar treatment.
scandens. CLIMBING HEMPWBED. Twining to 15 ft.,
glabrous: Iva. ovate or hastate, to 4 in. long, deeply cordate
at base, long-acuminate. Me. to Fla. and Tex. and 8. Amer.
— Adaptable for colonizing in wild places.
Mila
479
Mimulus
MiLA. Cactacese. Small cylindrical cacti grow-
ing in clumps; ribs low, the closely placed areoles
bearing spines: fls. at top of plant, small, yellow.
Kubeana. To 6 in.; ribs about 11; radial spines 9-12,
\b in. long, white; centrals 4, yellow tipped brown, to % in.
long. Peru.
Ne ale ana. To 6 in. tall and nearly 2 in. diam.; ribs 11,
low and flat; radial spines 11-13, to M in. long, white;
centrals 3-4, to % in. long, flexible: fls. to 1 in. across. Peru.
MILFOIL: Achillea Millefolium. Water: Myriophyllum.
MILK-BUSH: Euphorbia Tirucalli. African: Syna-
denium Grantii.
MILK-MAIDS: Dentaria integrifolia.
MILKWEED: Asclepias.
MILKWORT: Polygala.
MfLLA. lAliacex. One bulbous herb native
in Ariz., New Mex. and Mex. M. bifldra.
MEXICAN STAR. Lvs. basal and grass-like: fls.
fragrant, waxy-white, to 2^ in. across, 1-5 to-
gether terminating a scape to 1^ ft. high. —
Sometimes erroneously cult, under the name
Bessera elegans. Several bulbs may be planted
in one pot and grown in the greenhouse for late
winter and early spring bloom ; or the bulbs may
be planted out-of-doors and the bulbs lifted
and stored over winter. M . uniflora is Brodixa
uniflora.
MILLET: Panicum miliaceum, Setaria italica. African:
Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum glaucum. Indian: Pennise-
tem glaucum. Japanese Barnyard: Echinochloa Crus-gallt
var. frumentacea. Pearl: Pennisetum glaucum. Texas:
Panicum texanum.
MILL12TTIA. Leguminosx. Old World trees,
shrubs or climbing vines allied to Wisteria
and differing in the pod which is rather flat,
much thicker and not splitting open readily.
jap6nica: Wisteria japonica.
megaspe'rma: Wisteria megasperma.
reticulata (Wisteria reticulata). Twining woody vine: Ivs.
persistent, pinnate, Ifts. elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, to
3 in. long, acute, glabrous, somewhat leathery: fls. pinkish-
blue, to % in. long, in dense stout racemes to 8 in. long,
sometimes compounded into large panicles: pods to 6 in.
long. China; planted in the S., and hardy to neighborhood
of Philadelphia.
MILTdNIA. OrchidacesB. American epi-
phytes allied to Odpntoglossum and requiring
similar treatment, with 1- or 2-1 vd. pseudobulbs
having sheathing Ivs. at base and fls. solitary or
in loose racemes, the sepals and petals nearly
equal, the lip expanded and showy. For cult,
see Orchids.
Bleuana. Hybrid between M . vexillaria and M. Roezlii.
Bluntii. Supposed to be a natural hybrid between M.
Clowesii and M. spectabilis.
Candida. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to Itf ft. long: infl. to
20 in. long, 2-8-fld.; fls. about 3-3 H in. across; sepals and
petals chestnut- brown tipped and spotted with yellow; lip
white with 2 purple-brown spots at ba^. July-Oct.
Brazil.
Charlesworthii. Hybrid between M. Hyeana and M.
vexillaria.
C16wesii. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 1H ft. long: infl.
about twice as long as Ivs., loosely 7-10-fld.; fls. 2-3 in.
across, chocolate-brown barred with yellow; lip with violet
basal half and white anterior half. Aug.-Oct. Brazil.
cuneata. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 15 in. long: infl. to
about 28 in. high, 5-8-fld. ; sepals and petals chestnut-brown
with yellow at apex and base; lip white. Jan.-Mar. Brazil.
flavescens. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 14 in. long and
% in. broad: infl. loosely 4-16-fld., commonly longer than
Ivs.; sepals and petals straw-yellow; lip white marked with
red-purple. Oct., Nov., May, June. Brazil, Paraguay.
Hyeana. Hybrid between M . Bleuana and M. vexillaria.
l&vis (Odontoglo88um Iseve). Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to
12 in. long and about 1^ in. wide: infl. to 3 ft. high, race-
mose or paniculate, loosely many-fid.; sepals and petals
cinnamon-brown barred with yellow or yellow-green; lip
violet near base, white above. Mar.-July. Cent. Amer. —
This species, together with M. Reichenheimn, though lately
referred to Miltoma, may be found to belong to Odonto-
glossum in its broadest sense.
Lyceana. Hybrid between M. Lord Lambourne and
M. Princess Margaret.
Phalsendpsis. Pseudobulbs with 1-2 Ivs. to 9 in. long:
infl. shorter than Ivs., loosely 2-5-fld.; fls. 1^-2^ in.
across, white with streaks and blotches of purple on lip.
Apr.-Aug. Colombia.
pulchra. Hybrid between M. Lyceana and M. Win. Pitt.
Regnellii. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to about 1>4 ft. lon«:
infl. to 20 in. long, loosely 3-5-fld.; fls. to 2% in. across;
sepals and petals white; lip rose veined with rose-purple.
Jan.-May, Aug.-Oct. Brazil.
Rekhenheimii (Odontoglossum Reichenheimii) . Similar
to M. Isevis, but with larger fls. and flatter lip with leas
distinct claw.
Roezlii. Pseudobulbs with 1 If . to 1 ft. long: infl. loosely
2-5-fld.; fls. to about 4 in. across, white with purple blotch
at base of each petal and yellow at base of lip. Sept.-Oct.,
Mar.-July. Colombia.
Russelliana. Pseudobulbs 2-lvd.: If. to 9 in. long: infl.
to 2 ft. long, 5-9-fld.; sepals and petals reddish-brown; lip
with basal part lilac and apical third pale yellow or white.
Brazil.
spectibilis. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 6 in. long: fls.
solitary, about 4 in. across; sepals and petals white or
cream-color; lip rose-purple with darker center and nerves.
Feb., Sept. Brazil. Var. Moreliana has laiger fls. with
plum-purple sepals and petals and violet-roho lip.
vexillaria. Pseudobulbs 1-2-1 vd., surrounded at base
by 6-8 two-ranked Ivs.: If. to about 1 ft. long: infl. to 20 m.
long, 4-7-fld.; fls. 2-4 in. across, pale rose or white or rose-
carmine; lip rose with yellow and white at base and white
on edges. May-July. Colombia.
Warscewfczii (Oncidium fuscatum). Pseudobulbs bear-
ing 1 If. to 9H in. long: infl. simple or paniculate, many-
flu., to 14 in. long; sepals and petals red-brown with yellow
or white at tips; lip rose-purple with white margins and
brown blotch above middle. Feb., Mar. Colombia, Peru.
MIMOSA* Legumiriosae. Plants of various
habit, herbs, shrubs and trees with feathery
bipinnate foliage, in some species sensitive,
small fls. in heads or spikes, and fr. a flat pod
made up of 1-seeded joints; native mostly in
trop. Amer. Some of the acpcias and other
plants are sold under the name Mimosa. A few
of the shrub and tree species are planted for
ornament in warm countries, and the sensitive-
plant in conservatories. Cult, as for Acacia.
acanthoc&rpa: M. aculeaticarpa.
aculeatic£rpa (M. acanthocarpa}. Spiny shrub or small
tree: fls. white or pink, in heads. Mex.
albida. Spiny shrub to 10 ft., gray-pubescent: fls. pink-
ish, in heads. Mex. to Peru.
argentea. Climbing: Ivs. pinkish below and partially
silvery-gray. Brazil.
illino6nsia: Desmanthus illinocnais.
Nfcmu: Albizzia Juhbrissin.
pudica. SENSITIVE-PLANT. HUMBLE-PLANT. Spinv per.
but cult, as an ann.: Ivs. sensitive: fls. lavender, in neads.
Brazil; nat. in warm countries, running wild in Gulf states.
sepiaria. Shrub or tree-like, with short hooked spinea
or prickles: Ivs. twice compound, the pumas 6-8 pairs and
2 in. or less long and with many secondary linear Ifts.:
fls. white, in peduncled small globular heads: pod about
2 in. long, very narrow. Brazil. — Planted in S. Fla.
Speggazzfnii. Spiny shrub: Ivs. sensitive: fld. rose-purple,
in heads. Argentina. Var. glauca, fls. white. — A good
greenhouse species, mtro. into Calif.
MIMOSACEJB: Leguminoase.
MfMULUS (incl. Diplacus). MONKEY-FLOWER.
Scrophulariaceae. Ann. and per. herbs or some-
times subshrubs with usually showy tubular
2-lipped fls. often spotted, giving more or less
the effect of a face (personate), either solitary
and axillary or in terminal racemes : Ivs. opposite,
entire or toothed; decumbent or erect.
Monkey-flowers are grown in the greenhouse and in the
border and some of the large kinds in the general garden in
California. In the open, glasshouse kinds of miruulua profit
pi
1C
Mimulus 480
by a shady or serai-shady situation and plenty of water,
but some of the semi-shrubby kinds of the Pacific Coast
may riot require such protection. The greenhouse and
florists' kinds are propagated by seed sown from January to
April, in a mixture of equal parts of loam, leaf-mold and
sand, arid kept in a temperature of 60° until germination:
cuttings and division are also used. M. luteua is the chief
source of flower-garden and conservatory kinds, with large
often spotted flowers.
alatus. Per. to 2 ft., stolon if erous: Ivs. ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, to 6 in. long: fls. blue or violet, 1 in. long. Mass,
to S. C. and Tex. — Similar to M. nngena, differing m its
stalked Ivs. and shorter fl. pedicels.
alpinus: M. luteua var.
arid us. Shrub to 10 in., sticky: Ivs. oblanceolate to
oblong, to 1^ in. long and % in. wide, crowded: fls. pale
buff to yellow, to 2 in. long, on stout pedicels to >4 in.
long. S. Calif.
aurantlacus (M. glutinosua. Diplacua glulinoaus). BUSH
M. Shrub to 4 it.: Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long, densely pubes-
cent beneath: flu. deep yellow, to \y% in. long, the spreading
lobes toothed or riotcned. Ore., Calif.
Bartonianus. Hybrid between Af. cardinalia and M.
Lewian with fls. rose-red, throat yellow spotted brownish-
red.
brevipes. Ann., sticky -pubescent, to 2 ft.: st.-lvs.
lanceolate to linear, to 3 in. long: fls. yellow, bell-shaped,
2-lipped, to 2 in. long. Calif.
Breweri. Ann. to 0 in., pubescent: Ivs. oblong or linear,
to ^ in. long: fls. pink or red, funnel-shaped, ^ in. long.
B. C. to Ida. and Calif.
caespitdsus: Af . Tihngii var.
cardinalis. Per. with erect or weak sts. to 1 ft., stick^-
pubescent: Ivs. obovate, to 4^ in. long: fls. scarlet, seldom
yellow, to 2 in. long, 2-hppod, stamens exserted. Utah to
Ore and Lower Calif.
cupreus. CHILEAN M. Ann. to 8 in.: Iva. ovate, to 1%
in. long, 3-5-nerved from buso: fla yellow becoming brilliant
copper-color, to \y% m. long, lobes spreading. Chile.
Fr£montii. Ann. to 8 in., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. oblong,
to 1 m. long: fls. crimson, 1 in. long, broadly funnel-shaped.
Calif.
glauca: catalogue name, perhaps for M. glaucescens.
glaucescens. Ann. to 15 in , glabrous and glaucous:
lower Ivs. rounded-ovate to subcordate, to 4 in. long,
coarsely toothed, long-petioled. upper Ivs. orbicular and
sessile: fls. yellowish, spotted red, to \y% in. long. Calif.
glutindsus: M. aurantiacua.
guttatus (M. Langadorfii). Ann. or per. to IJ-jj ft.: Ivs.
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in. long: fls. yellow, usually
with red-spotted throat, to \Yi in. long, 2-lipped, calyx
much inflated in fr. Alaska to Mex.
imperialis: listed as a low per. with orange fls. spotted red.
impl£xus: M. Tihgmii.
Langsdorfii: M . guttatus.
lept&nthus (Diplacua leptanthua and grandijlorus) .
Shrub to 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long: fls.
yellow, to 2^ in. long, the lobes notched. Calif.
Lewisii. Per. to 2^ ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. oblong, to
3 in. long: fls. rose-red or pink, to 2 in. long. B. C. to Calif,
and Utah Var. albus, fls. white.
Iongifl6ru8 (Diplacua longiflorua and specioaus. Af.
glutinoaus var. brachypua). Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to
3 in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. cream-color to salmon-
yellow, to 3 in. long, lobes cut or wavy. S. Calif. Var.
rutilans is glandular-pubescent with daik red fls.
luteus. Per., sts. to 1 ft. long, prostrate: Ivs. broad-ovate,
1 in. long, 5-7-nerved from base: fls. yellow spotted with
red or purple, to 1 H in. long. Chile. Var alpinus, to 6 in.,
erect; rivularis, middle lobes of lower lip with large red
spot; variegatus, throat pale yellow, lobes margined with
pinkish-purple; Youngeana, each lobe spotted.
moschatus. MUSK-PLANT. Per. with spreading and
creeping stolons to 1 ft. long, sticky-hairy, with a musky
odor: Iva. ovate, to 1H in. long: fls. pale yellow, lightly
dotted with brown, to % in. long. Mont, to Calif. Var.
compactus is listed as a denser plant.
nan us. Ann. to 6 in., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. obovate or
oblong, to 1*4 in. long: fls. reddish-purple with yellowish
tube, */i in. long. W. N . Amer.
nasutus. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong, to 4 in. long,
toothed or lobed: fls spotted with red-brown, to 1 in. long,
2-lipped. B. C. to N. Mex. and Rocky Mts.
parvifl6rus (Diplacua parvifl orua) . Shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs.
obovate, to 1 ^ in. long, pale green below and often shining:
fls. brick-red tinged with yellow, to 1% in. long. Santa
Cruz Isl., Calif.
primuloides. Per. to 4 in., stoloniferous: Ivs. obovate or
Mirobilis
oblong, to 1 in. long: fls. yellow often spotted with reddish-
brown, to % in. long, funnel-shaped, usually solitary.
W. N. Amer.
pun ice us (Af. glutinoaua var. puniceua. Diplacua puni-
ceua). Shrub to 6 ft., sticky: Ivs. linear, to 2^ in. long:
fls. red, to 1^ in. long. S. Calif.
quinquevulnerus: hort. name for Af . luteus.
rlngens. ALLEGHENY M. Per. to 4 ft., sts. 4-angIed: Ivs.
oblong, to 4 in. long: fls. blue varying to pink or white, to
1H in. long, 2-lipped, throat very narrow. N. S. to Man.,
Va., Tex.
specidsus: Af . longiflorus.
tigrmus. Hybrids (or other cultigens) between Af. luteus
and Af. guttatua, with large fls.
Tflingii (Af. implexua). Per., sts. creeping, to 8 in. long:
Ivs. broad-ovate, 3-5-nerved from base: fls. yellow spotted
red, to 1^2 in. long, calyx inflated in fr. Mont, to Calif.
Var. csespitdsus (Af. cseapitoaua) is a smaller mat-forming
Ditint with sts stoloniferous, shorter than type: fls. to 1 in.
.ong, terminal and solitary. Wet rocks near the snow-line,
Calif.
tricolor. Ann. to 6 in., glandular-pubescent: Ivs. ob-
lanceolate or oblong, to 1 in. long: fls. yellow, lobes usually
with reddish-purple spot, to 1 % in. long. Ore., Calif.
variegatus: Af . luteus var.
MlMUSOPS. Sapotacese. Large number of
milky-juiced thick-lvd. evergreen trees in the
tropics of both hemispheres, some planted in
warm countries for ornament and interest as
well perhaps as for the frs. and for the pro-
duction of rubber: Ivs. simple and entire, mostly
glossy, without prominent side nerves: fls.
bisexual, white or whitish, not showy, single
or clustered in axils, the corolla of 6 or more
lobes: fr. an ovoid or globose large-seeded berry.
Propagated by seeds; they have been employed
as stock for sapodilla.
Batata. To 100 ft. and more: Ivs. oblong-obovate, to
8 in. long: fls. 10 or more, outside corolla-lobes lobed: f~
about 1 in. long Farther W. Indies, Venezuela, Guiana. —
A source of balata rubber.
Elengi. SPANISH-CHERRY. Tree to 30 ft. and more, with
spreading top: Iva elliptic or oval, obtuse or bluntly acute,
to 4 in. long: fls. white, about % in. across, the parts acute:
fr. ovoid, yellow, nearly 1 in. long, edible. E. Indies.
MINA: Quamocht lobata.
MINT: Mentha. Horse-: Monarda. Lemon-: Monarda
pectinata. Mountain-: Pycnanthemum. Stone-: Cun\la>
onganoidea.
MINUARTIA: Arenaria octandra.
MIRABILIS. Nyctaginacese. Per. or ann.
herbs with colored tubular calyx resembling a
corolla and spreading 5-lobed limb; roots often
tuberous; about a dozen species in the warmer
parts of Amer., a few grown in flower-gardens.
Mirabilis species are grown as tender annuals from seed
sown where plants are to stand; roots may be taken up
and stored over winter.
califdrnica. To 3 ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. ovate, to l^<j
in. long, somewhat fleshy: fls. rose-purple, ^ in. long.
Calif.
dich6toma. Ann. to 30 in.: fls. pink suffused with white,
stamens purple. Mex.
divaricata. Differs from Af. Jalapa in the longer-stalked
Ivs. which are not cordate at base, and the tube of the purple
or rose fls. being narrower. Madeira Isls.
Frofcbelii. Per. with tuberous root, sts. decumbent, to
2 ft. long, much branched, sticky-pubescent: Ivs. ovate,
to 3 in. long: fls. purplish-red, to nearly 2 in. long, usually
3-10 in involucre. Dry stony regions in Colo., Nev. and
S.Calif.
Talapa. FOUR-O'CLOCK. MARVEL-OF-PERU. To 3 ft.,
glabrous or nearly so: fls. in shades of red, yellow ana
white, often striped and mottled, the tube 1-2 in. long,
opening in late afternoon. Trop. Amer. — Known as an
ann., but the roots are deep and tuberous, weighing more
than 40 Ibs. when grown as per. in warmer regions.
longin&ra. To 3 ft., glandular-pubescent: fls. white,
rose or violet, the tube 4-6 in. long. Mex.
multifl&ra (Quamoclidion muUiflorum). To 3 ft.: Ss. rose
or purple, the tube to 2 in. long. Colo, to Tex.
Mirabilis
481
Momordica
vise 6s a. To 3 ft., sticky-pubescent, sts. to 2 in. thick:
Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, fleshy, petiolate, usually cordate
at base: fls. purple, red, pink or white, to % in. long or less,
usually solitary. Colombia, Ecuador, Mex.
MIRASOLIA: Tithonia diversifolia.
' MIRLITON: see Chayote.
MIRO: Podocarpus ferruginea.
MISCANTHUS (Eulalia). Graminex. Tall
bold broad-lvd. per. grasses with awned spikelets
in large terminal silky panicles; native in Old
World and one species grown for striking effects.
See Grasses.
gracillimus: Af. amenata var.
sin6nsis (Eulalia japonica). EULALIA. Common land-
scape grasses: to 10 ft., forming leafy clumps: Ivs. to 3 ft.
long and 1 in. wide, with prominent whitish midrib : panicles
to 2 ft. long, branches spreading or drooping, silky. China,
Japan; somewhat escaped in N. Amer.; hardy N. Var.
gracillimus has channelled Ivs. to M in. wide. Var. varie-
gatus has Ivs. striped white or yellowish and in var. zebri-
nus, ZEBRA-GRABS, they are banded. Plants listed as
M. sinensis umvittatua, E. gracilhma univittata and E.
japonica fohis-vittatis belong to M. sinensvs var. gracilhmus.
zebrinus: M . sinensis var.
MIST-FLOWER: Eupatorium ccelestinum.
MISTLETOE: see Loranthacese.
MITCHELLA. Rubiacese. A single N. Ameri-
can evergreen herb, barely woody, with trailing
rooting sts. to 1 it. long, useful in the rock-
garden or as a ground-cover beneath trees.
M. repens. PARTRIDGE-BERRY, TWIN-BERRY.
SQUAW-BERRY. Lvs. orbicular-ovate, to % in.
long, dark green and shining above and often
with white lines: fls. twin, white, % in. long,
with 4 spreading lobes bearded inside: fr. scar-
let, Yz in. across, white in var. leucoc&rpa.
MITELLA. BISHOPS-CAP. Saxifragacex. Per.
small delicate woods herbs with heart-shaped
mostly basal Ivs. and small white or greenish
fls. in racemes, the petals pinnately cut; native
in N. Amer. and E. Asia. Sometimes trans-
ferred to the wild-garden,
Breweri (Pectiantia Breweri). Slender scapes to 8 in.'
fls. greenish-yellow, usually 4-20 in raceme, on short spread-
ing pedicels. B. C. to Calif, on high mts.
caul£scens (Mitellastra caulescens). Scapes to 1 ft.,
with 1-3 Ivs.: fls. yellowish-green, in loose racemes. May-
July. B. C. to Mont, and N. Calif.
diphylla. Scapes to 1H ft., with one pair of opposite
nearly or quite sessile Ivs.: fls. while, in racemes to 8 in.
long. Apr., May. Que. to N. C. and Mo.
niida. Scapes to 8 in., usually leafless: fls. yellowish-
green, in few-fld. racemes. Apr.-June. N. N. Amer., Asia.
oppositifdlia. St.-lvs. long-petioled: divisions of petals
filiform. Cent. N. Y.
pentandra (Pectiantia pentandrd). Scapes to 1 ft. high,
naked: fls. greenish, in loose racemes. June-Aug. Alaska
to Calif.
staurop£tala (Ozomdia stauropetala) . To 20 in., glandu-
lar-puberulent or hirsute: Ivs. reniform-orbicular and 5-9-
obtusely lobed, somewhat hirsute on each side: fls. white,
in elongate racemes, petals 3-parted to the middle. Mont.
to Colo., Wash, and Ore.
MITELLASTRA: Mitella caulescens.
MITRARIA. Gesneriacex. A climbing ever-
green shrub from Chile, grown under glass
or oilt-of-doors in mild climates and of easy
cult. M. coccinea. Lvs. opposite, ovate, to
1 in. long, with few coarse teeth: fls. scarlet,
to If^ in. long, tubular, drooping on long stalks;
stamens exserted.
MITREWORT, FALSE: Tiardla.
MITROPHtLLUM. Aizoacex. Small S.
African shrubs: first pair of Ivs. united only at
base, second pair united one-third to entirely
into a conical body: fls. solitary and terminal,
with numerous linear petals and 5-7 stigmas.
gr&nde. To 1 ft. when in flower: cones to 4 in. long and
1 in. thick: fls. white, 2 in. across.
Meyeri: Meyerophylum Meyeri.
mitratum (Mesembryanthemum mitratum). To 2 ft.:
plant at rest a cone to 2H m. long and 1 in. thick: fls. pale
pink with white base, % in. across.
MITSUMATA: Edgeworthia papyrifera.
MOCCASIN-FLOWER: Cypripedium.
MOCKERNUT: Carya tomentoaa.
MOEHRINGIA: Arenaria muacosa.
MOHAVEA. Scrophularmcex. Ann. herbs
of Calif, and Ariz., botanically allied to Antir-
rhinum: fls. solitary in the axils, forming a
leafy spike, cream-color, with very short tube
and liinb of 2 fan-shaped lips, the upper 2-lobed,
lower 3-lobed.
confertifldra. To 1 ft,, sticky-pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 2% in. long, entire: fls. about 1 in. long, with fine dots
arranged in lines. Colorado and Mohave deserta.
MOHRODENDRON: Ilalesia.
MOLD A VIC A: Dracocephalum.
MOLE-PLANT: Euphorbia Lathyrus.
MOLfNIA. Graminese. Tufted per. grasses
with narrow Ivs. and spikelets in interrupted
panicles; native in Eu. and Asia and one of
some ornamental value. See Grasses.
caerfclea (Aira cseruled). To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and
J£ in. wide, rather stiff: panicles to 1^ ft. long, green or
purplish. Eu.; nat. in E. U. S.
MOLOPOSPfiRMUM. Umbelliferx. One
per. herb to 5 ft. high, native in mts. of Eu.,
sometimes planted for ornament. M. cicu-
t&rium. Lvs. ternately decompound, the ulti-
mate segms. pinnatifid: fls. yellowish-white,
small, in terminal umbels standing above the
foliage. — Propagated by division or seed.
M(5LTKIA. Boraginaccss. Per. hairy herbs
of S. Eu. and Asia, with alternate simple Ivs.
and blue or yellow fls. in terminal cymes or
racemes; corolla funnel-shaped, the throat
naked or hairy; stamens protruding. Allied
to Lithospermum. Sometimes cult, in the
rock-garden.
graminifdlia: M. suffruticosa.
petr&a (Lithospermum petrseum). Hoary somewhat
woody per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear-oblong: fls. deep violet-blue,
to M in. long. S. E. Eu.
suffruticftsa (M. gramimfolia. Lithoapermum gramini-
folium). Subshrub to 1^ ft.: Ivs. linear, white-tomentose
beneath: fls. purple-blue, ^ in. long. Italy.
MOLUCfiLLA. Labiatx. Old-fashioned her-
baceous annuals^ with toothed or cut Ivs. and
white or pink-tipped tubular 2-lipped fls. in
axillary whorls subtended by spiny subulate
bracts, the limb of calyx inflated and surpas-
sing the corolla.
Molucellas are grown from seeds sown early in spring
indoors, or M . Ixws in the open where the season is long.
lafevis. SHELL-FLOWER. MOLUCCA-BALM. To 3 ft.:
Ivs. round, to 1 ^ in. long, toothed, long-stalked: fls. fragrant,
white, the limb of greatly enlarged calyx with 5 slightly
prickly angles. W. Asia. — Grown as a curiosity.
spindsa. To 8 ft , sometimes bien., sts. brownish-red:
Ivs. ovate, deeply cut: fls. white, the limb of calyx with
1 long spine above and 7 others below. S. Eu., Syria.
MOMBIN: Spondiaa Afombin and pur pur ea.
MOM6RDICA. Cucurbitacese. Two ann.
slender herbaceous tendril-bearing vines, out
of 35-40 in the genus, are cult, for ornament and
Momordica
482
Monkshood
screens: moncecious or dioecious: Ivs, in ours
compound or deeply lobed: fls. yellow or white,
rather showy (to 1 in. or more across), solitary
in ours and the staminate peduncle bearing a
broad bract: fr. nearly spherical to oblong, often
splitting at maturity. Native in Old World
tropics, one extensively nat. elsewhere. Quickly
grown from seeds.
Balsamina. BALSA. M- APPLE. Lvs. thin, 1-4 in. across,
with very sharp lobes and teeth, lobed ^ or less of the
width; bract of staminate peduncle on its upper part: fr.
ovoid or ellipsoid, orange, to 3 m. long, narrowed both ends,
with points or nearly smooth, bursting.
Char&ntia. BALSAM-PEAR. Lvs. deeply lobed and mostly
less pointed: bract at middle of peduncle or lower: fr. oblong
or ovoid, oiange-yellow, 1-8 in. long, warty, bursting and
showing red arils. Nat. Fla. south. — The commoner species.
Elaterium: Ecballium Elatenum.
MONANTHES. Crassulacese. Small herba-
ceous or subshrubby succulents, mostly per., of
the Canary Isls., with very thick mostly alter-
nate Ivs. and fls. greenish, purplish, or yellowish,
in racemes or cymes.
atlantica: Sedum atlanticum.
brachycaulon (tiempcrvivum Lowei). Minute per. with a
much thickened bulb-like or cylindrical rootstock and
usually a single rosette: Ivs. loosely rosulate, oblong-spath-
ulate, papillose, green mottled with purple, to % in. long:
fls. in a raceme with the calyx glandular-hairy and the
petals greenish-purple. Canary Isls
laxiflbra. Per. with fibrous roots and fat egg-shaped Ivs.
to Ys in. long: flowering shoots to 3 in high, terminating in
a slightly hairy raceme; fls. purplish or yellowish, with the purpui
calyx glabrous or slightly hairy. Canary Ibis. i^* „'„ i
MONARDA. HORBE-MINT. Labiatse. Ann.
and per. aromatic N. American herbs, with
opposite toothed Ivs. and rather large strongly
2-hpped fls. in dense terminal and axillary
bracted showy clusters.
Horse-mints are rather coarse plants but striking in
masses in the wild-garden. Of easy cultivation. Propagated
by division of plants in the spring.
Bradburiana. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
to 3 H in- long, sessile: fls. pink to white spotted with purple,
1 in long, in terminal clusters, the bracts green or purplish.
Ind. to Ala. and Ark.
citriodd a: M. pectinata.
coccmea: M. didyma.
dldyma (M. coccinea. 'M. KalmiaKa). OSWEOO-TKA.
BRK- or FRAGRANT-BALM. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, to 6 in. long, petioled: fls. scarlet, to 2 in. long,
in terminal clusters, bracts tinged red. Que. to Ga. and
Tenn — Listed hort. names include filba, coccinea, magnif-
ica, purpurea, rdsea, rubra, salmdnea, sp!6ndens, superba,
violacea.
nstuldsa. WILD BKROAMOT. Per. to 3 ft : Ivs. lanceolate
to ovate, to 4 in. long, petioled: fls. lilac to purple, 1H in.
long, in terrnina clusters, the bracts whitish or purplish.
Mo. to Fla. and La. Var. filba has white fls. Var. m611is
(M. mollis) differs from the typical form only in its much
shorter pubescence.
florarie'nsis: hort. name.
hybrida: hort. name of no botanical standing.
Kalmiana: M. didyma.
lasioddnta. Per. to l^J ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 2 in.
long: fls. yellowish, V£ in. long, in axillary and terminal
clusters, the bracts wnite. Okla. to Ariz.
media (M. fistulosa var. media). Per. to 3M ft.: Ivs.
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to 5 in. long, petioled: ns. purple
or purple-red,- 1 % in. long, in terminal clusters, the Tbracts
purple. Me. to Va.
menthsefMia. Similar to M. fistidoaa var. mollis from
which it differs chiefly in its almost sessile or short-petioled
Ivs. Sask. to Alta., south to 111. and Tex.
mollis: M. fistulosa var.
pectinata (M. citrioGora). LEMON-MINT. Ann. or
short-lived per. to 15 in.: Ivs. lanceolate to oblanceolate,
to 1 % in. long, distantly serrulate, punctate: fls. yellowish-
white, in axillary and terminal clusters, slightly longer
than the purplish-green lanceolate bracts, calyx-lobes
awl-shaped. Neb. to Utah south to Tex. and Ariz.
ounctata. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long,
petioled: fls. yellowish spotted with purple, 1 in. long, in
axillary and terminal clusters, the bracts white or purplish,
calyx-lobes lanceolate. S. N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.
Ramaleyi. Per. to 2 ft., sts. white-pubescent above: Ivs.
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled: fls. hlac,
1 in. long, in terminal clusters, the bracts tinged purple. Colo.
Russelliana. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, nearly sessile: fls. lilac veined with purple, 1 in.
long, in terminal clusters, the bracts purplish. Ark.
salmdnea: M. didyma var.
strfcta. To 2 ft., minutely pubescent: Ivs. ovate to
broadly lanceolate, to 2^ in. long, acuminate, sharply
toothed, base rounded or truncate: fls. bright purple.
Wyo. to Ariz, and New Mex.
violacea: M. didyma var.
MONARDfiLLA. Labiate. W. American
fragrant herbs with purple, rose or white 2-
lipped fls, in terminal heads subtended by an
involucre. Sometimes grown in the rock-
garden. Propagated by division in spring.
lanceolata. Ann. to 2% ft., somewhat pubescent: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, to 2 in. long, entire: fls.
rose-purple. Cahf.
macrantha. Tufted per. to 1 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate,
to 1 in. long, mostly with entire revolute margins: fls.
orange-red, 13^3 in. long. Calif.
odoratissima (Madrondla odoratissimfi) . Per. to 10 in.,
sts. decumbent at base, grayish-hairy: Ivs. oblong, about
% in. long, obtuse, sessile or nearly so, somewhat hairy
beneath: fls. rose-pink to white, in compact terminal heads
to Y% in. across. Ore., Wash, and Ida.
parvifdlia (Madronella parvi folia) . Per. to 1 ft., woody
at base and sts. decumbent: Ivs. ovate- or oblong- lanceolate,
M in- long, entire: fls. lilac-purple, H m. long. Colo.
, jrea: a form of M. odoratissima occurring in N. W
U. S., having the leafy bracts subtending the head puberu-
lent and not pubescent.
villosa. Per. to 1% ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate, to 1 in.
long, slightly toothed: fls. purple, pink or white, about ^ in.
long. Calif.
MONDIA: Chlorocodon.
MONDO: Ophiopogon.
MONfiSES. Pyrolacese. One evergreen per.
herb to 6 in. high, native in woods of N. N. Amer.,
Eu. and Asia and sometimes planted in the wild-
garden. M. unifldra (Pyrola uniflom). ONE-
FLOWERED SHINLEAF. Lvs. near base of St.,
orbicular or ovate, to 1 in. long, wavy-toothed:
fls. white or pink, fragrant, to % in. across,
solitary and nodding: caps. % m- across.
MONEYWORT: Lysimachia Nummulana.
MONILARIA. Aizoacese. Dwarf succulents
of S. Afr.: first pair of lys. a globular body
pushed apart by second pair of cylindrical Ivs. :
fls. solitary, terminal, long-stalked; petals numer-
ous, linear; stigmas 5-7.
chrysoleuca (Mesembryanthemum and ConophyUum chry-
soleucum). To 4 in.: second Ivs. to 3 in. long and iy in.
thick, papillose: fls. white with yellow stamens, l^j in.
across, on pedicels to 3 in. long.
monilif6rmis (Mesembryanthemum moniliforme) . To
4 in., branched: second Ivs. to 3 in. long and K in. thick,
papillose: fls. white with yellow center, 2 in. across, on
pedicels 2 in. long.
MONIMlACE^E. MONIMIA FAMILY. About
30 genera in the tropics, trees and shrubs with
opposite simple Ivs., mostly bisexual polvpetal-
ous fls. having inconspicuous perianth, numerous
stamens, many 1-celled carpels, and fr. an achene
or drupe borne on the receptacle. Hedycarya,
Laurelia and Peumus may be cult, in warm
climates.
MONIMIA FAMILY: Monimiacese.
MONKEY-BREAD TREE: Adanaonia digitata. -Flower:
Mimulus. -Pod: Samanea Saman. -Pot: see Lscythidacex.
-Puzzle: Araucaria araucana.
MONKSHOOD: Aconitum.
Monocotyledon
483
Moonseed
MONOCOTYLEDON: a plant bearing only
one cotyledon or seed-leaf, in distinction from
those that have two (dicotyledon) or more
seed-leaves in the embryo; the cotyledons
become apparent in germination. Monocotyle-
donous: adjective, pertaining to monocotyle-
dons. The monocotyledons (in speech some-
times shortened to "monocots") are those of
endogenous internal structure, lacking true
separable bark or cortex; they were formerly
known as endogens. Mostly these plants have
parallel-veined leaves and floral parts in threes
or multiples of three. Few of them are tall
trees, many of the palms being exceptions.
Monocotyledonous plants comprise all the
grasses, cereal grains, sedges, oaiiana, lilies,
aroids, bromcliads, irids, cannas, orchids, palms.
MONOECIOUS: staminate and pistillate flowers on the
same plant.
MONOLOPIA. Composite. California white-
woolly annuals with alternate sessile Ivs. and
large solitary heads of golden-yellow ray- and
disk-fls. ; pappus none; somewhat allied to Baeria.
major. To 1H ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
entire or slightly toothed: heads 1-2 in. across.
MON6PSIS. Lobcliacese. Small genus of ami.
herbs native in S. Afr., allied to Lobelia and
differing in the 5-lobed rotate corolla: fr. a caps.
campanula ta (Lobelia campanulata) . To 1 ft., much
branched, glabrous, sts. very slender: lower Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, to % in. long and M in. wide, entire or few-
toothed: fls. deep blue with yellow anthers, to nearly % in.
long: caps, about % in. long, base rounded.
MONOTAGMA. MarantacedB. Per. herbs
from S. Amer., with creeping rootstocks, long-
petiolcd basal Ivs. and fls. borne in bracted
spikes; sometimes grown for the ornamental
foliage. Cult, as for Calathea.
smaragdinum (Calathea and Maranta smaragdina). To
1>6 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, emerald-green
above with dark green central stripe, pale green beneath.
Ecuador.
MONOTROPA. Monotropacese (see Pyro-
lacese). White saprophytic herbs with leafless
bracted scapes bearing a solitary nodding fl.
with 2-4 deciduous sepals and 5-6 petals;
2 species in N. and S. Amer. and Asia, one of
them sometimes transferred for curiosity under
proper woods conditions.
Brittonii. Per. 4-15 in. high: Ivs. ovate to oblanceolate:
fls. ochroleucous or salmon-colored, petals densely ciliate
and hairy within. N. C. to Fla.
unifldra. INDIAN PIPE. To 10 in., the scapes white-
bracted and lacking chlorophyll: fls. 'white, to 1 in. long:
caps, erect, H in. long. N. Amer., Mex., Japan, Himalayas.
MONSTfeRA. Araceae. Trop. American
woody-stemmed large strong climbers with
large thick Ivs. which are entire, pinna tely cut
and sometimes perforated, long sheathing
petioles, and bisexual fls. on densely-fld. spadices
surrounded by boat-shaped spathes; grown
under glass as a curiosity.
Monsteras are not particular as to soil and thrive in
pots, tubs and beds in the greenhouse or in the open far
South. Propagated by cuttings of the growing stems placed
in pots and kept in a humid hot atmosphere.
acuminata. Lvs. ovate-cordate, to 14 in. long, entire:
spathe to 3 in. long, spadix to 2 in. long and IK in. diam.
Cent. Amer.
delici&sa (Philodendron pertusum). CERIMAN. Straggling
climber, having long hanging cord -like aerial roots: Ivs. to
3 ft. long and wide, pinnately cut and perforated with large
holes: spathes white, about 1 ft. long; spadix to 10 in. long,
becoming a solid cone-Like edible fr. Mex., Cent. Amer.
dubia (Marcgravia paradoxa). Lf.-blade oblong, to 2^
ft. long, pinnatisect, segms. linear, to 1H in. wide, acute:
spadix to 1 ft. long and 2 in. thick. Mex., Cent. Amer.
MONTAN6A. Composite. Large shrubs or
small trees native Mex. to N. S. Amer., with
opposite Ivs. and white or rose heads of ray-
and disk-fls. borne in panicled cymes; pappus
none.
Propagated by seeds under glass and by cuttings; grown
under glass and out-of-doors in warm climates for the large
leaves and bold habit as well as for the showy heads.
bipinnatffida (Polymnia grandis). To 8 ft., shrubby: Ivs.
pinnately cut, hairy: heads to 3 in. across, with white rays.
Mex.
hibiscif61ia. Shrub to 20 ft.: Ivs. palmately lobed to
about middle, pubescent beneath, to 1 ft. across: heads to
1H in. across, with white rays and yellow disk. Guatemala
to Costa Rica.
MONTBRETIA: Tntonia.
MONTEZtFMA (Maga). Malvaceae. Two
heavily foliaged trees, one Puerto Rican and one
Cuban, distinguished from Thespeaia by the
large calyx breaking apart (circumscissile) and
deciduous, with very large showy fls. : fr. an inde-
hiscent leathery or fleshy pod.
speciosissima (Thespeaia grand* flora) . Tree to 40 or 50
ft.: Ivs. thick, broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate, entire,
5-8 in. long: fls. long-peduncled, 5-0 in. across, glossy red
and very veiny. Puerto Rico, once thought to be Mexican.
—Planted in S. Fla.
M(5NTIA. Portulacacex. Small soft herbs
with rather fleshy Ivs., small white or pinkish
fls., and capsular frs.; one sometimes grown as
a salad and pot-herb and others for interest in
moist places. Seed may be sown where plants
are to stand, any time in spring or summer.
Chamissdi (Crunocallis Chamissonis) . Aquatic-floating
or creeping per., rooting at nodes: st.-lvs. of several op-
posite pairs, spatulate to oblanceolate, to nearly 2 in. long:
fls. pale rose, to ]A in. long, 1-9 in raceme. Alaska to Calif,
and New Mex.— Occurs in wot places arid springs, adapted
to bog garden or shallow pools and ponds.
depre'ssa (Limnia depressa). Ann. to 4 in.: Iva. broadly
ovate to orbicular, to % in. across, connate, usually only a
single pair: fls. pink, in short racemes. S. D. to B. C., south
to Ariz, and Calif.
parvifldra (Claytonia and Limnia parmflora). Ann. to
8 in.: Ivs. spatulate to filiform, to 6 in. long: fls. pink or
white, in racemes subtended by involucral Ivs. united into
a disk. B. C. to Utah.
perfoliata (Claytonia and Limnia perfoliata). WINTER
PURSLANE. Arm. 4-12 in. or more: Ivs. basal, rhombic-
ovate and long-stalked: fls. white, in racemes subtended by
2 Ivs. which are united into a round disk, on scapes to 1 ft.
high. B. C. to Mex.
Sweetseri. Procumbent, sts. to 4 in', long: basal Ivs.
ovate, 1H m. long: fls. pink, petals ^ in. long. Ore.
MONVfLLEA. Cactacese. S. American night-
blooming cacti with half-erect long slender sts.:
fls. toward top of st., naked outside, the perianth
persisting even after withering and in that re-
spect differing from Cereus as well as in the
absence of columnar sts. or trunks. See Cacti.
Cavendishii (Cereus Cavendishii. C . splendens) . To 10 ft.,
more or less branched at base, sts. to 1 in. or somewhat more
diam.: ribs 9 or 10 and low; spines needle-like and 8-12:
fls. white, pinkish outside, to nearly 5 in. long. Brazil,
Paraguay, Argentina.
Damazidi: Arthrocereus microsphsericus.
marmorata: probably not distinct from M. Spegazzinii.
phceac&ntha: Cephnlocereus phseacanthus.
phatnospe'rma (Cereus phatnospermua) . Sts. decumbent,
to 6 ft. long and 1 in. diam.; ribs 4-5; radial opines 5-6 and
brown; centrals to 1 in. long: fls. white, 5 in. long. Paraguay.
Spegazzfoii (Cereus Spegazzinn) . Sts. erect, 3-angled,
spotted white; spines 3-6 and small: fls. white, purplish
outside, 5 in. long. Paraguay, Argentina.
MOONFLOWER: Calonyction.
MOONSEED: Menispermum. Carolina: Cocculus caro-
linus.
Moonwort 484
MOONWORT: Botrychium, Lunaria.
MOOSEWOOD: Acer penaylvanicum.
MORACEJE. MULBERRY FAMILY. Trees,
shrubs or herbs of wide distribution, some of
them climbing, often having milky juice and
mostly alternate simple Ivs.: fls. small, uni-
sexual, in spikes or heads, or in Ficus on the
inside of a hollow receptacle and constituting
a fig; perianth usually of 4 parts and stamens
4; ovary superior, 1-celled: fr. an achene or
drupe. The family furnishes many economic
products, as edible frs., hemp, rubber, dyes,
medicines, and food for silkworms. Genera
known to hort. are Antiaris, Artocarpus, Bro-
simum, Broussonetia. Cannabis, Castilla, Cecro-
pia, Chlorophora, (Judrania, Dorstenia, Ficus,
Humulus, Madura, Morus.
The plants are of diverse utility. Fig, mul-
berries and breadfruit are known for the edible
fruit, hemp (Cannabis) for its fiber, Castilla
and some species of Ficus for rubber, Dorstenia
for its curious open receptacle and sometimes
grown under glass for botanical demonstration.
hop (Ilurnulus) for its cones used in brewing and
grown also for ornament, osage-orange (Maclura)
for hedges, arid others in general planting for
ornament and interest.
Morisia
(Morca). Iridacesz. Herbs, mostly
African, having corms or short rootstocks,
narrow basal Ivs. and iris-like fls. in clusters,
the perianth without tube. Tender in the N.;
otherwise cult, as for Iris which these plants
much resemble. They thrive in Fla. and Calif.
The spelling Mora3a is now conserved.
bicolor. To 2 ft.: fls. lemon-yellow spotted with brown
at base, 2 in. across. S. Afr.
Carsonii. To 1^ ft.: If. 1, narrowly linear, to 1 ft. long,
stiffly erect, strongly ribbed: fla purple, less than 1 in.
long, in clusters of 3-4. caps, to ^ in. long. E. trop. Afr.
catenulata (Dietes catenulata). To 15 in.: Ivs. glaucous:
fls. white tinged with blue, outer segrns with large yellow
spot and 2 rows of small yellow warts, stigmas blue. De-
scribed from a cult, plant from Mauritius.
edulis. To 18 in , sts slender, terete: If. solitary, 8-15 in.
long, wiry: fls. lilac with yellow basal patches, usually 2-4,
about 2 in. across, remaining open for four to six hours only,
fragrant, Aug. S. Afr. — Pure yellow and white-fld. forms
are known.
flagelloldes: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
glauc6pis. To 2 ft : fls. white with blue-black circular
spot at base of outer segms., to 1^ in. long. S. Afr.
iridioldes (Dietea indiotdes) . To 2 ft.: fls. white with
yellow bands, \1A in. long, the crests of the style marked
with blue. S. Air. Var. J6hnsonii has longer Ivs. and
larger fls. Var. Macleai (M. Macleai) is an improved
hort. form.
isopgtala: listed name of form said to be similar to M.
polystachya, but with lilac fls.
Macleai: M. iridioides var.
papilionacea. To 6 in.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, hairy: fls. lilac
to red with yellow on claws. S. Afr.
pavdnia (Ins pavonia). To 1 or 2 ft.: Ivs. pilose: fls.
about 1 in. long, bright red with blue-black or green- black
spot at base, or in var. Ifttea glabrous Ivs. and unspotted
yellow fls.; var. yill6sa bright purple with blue-black;
another kind is white with blue spots. S. Afr.
polystachya. To 3 ft.: fls. lilac with large yellow spot at
base of outef segms., to 1^ in. long. S. Afr.
raxndsa. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1H ft. long: fls. bright
yellow, to 1>£ in. long, infl. a corynib of 20-30 clusters.
ramosfesima. To 30 in.: Ivs. basal, linear, about 6, to
18 in. long, canaliculate, ribbed: fls. bright yellow, in
corymbs, blossoming over several weeks, sts. branched with
axillary bulbels. S. Afr. — Conns of this species are some-
times labelled M. ramosa.
Robinsoniana. To 8 ft.: fls. white spotted near base with
red and yellow. Lord Howe Isls., Australia.
Sisyrinchium: Iris Sisyrinchium.
spathacea. To 4 ft.: fls. bright yellow, to 2 in. long. & Afr.
trictispis (Iris tricuspis). To 1 or 2 ft.: fls. whitish or
lilac, to 1 in. long. S. Afr. Var. Ifttea is listed.
tripetala. To 2 ft.: fls. lilac, rarely blue or reddish, Jo
IX in. long. S. Afr.
trfstis. To 1H ^.: ivs. 2-3, linear, mostly basal, grass-
like, to 2 ft. long: fl.-st. unbranched; fls. lilac or pink,
short-lived, in lax corymbs. S. Afr.
undulata. Lf. solitary, basal, linear, margin somewhat
wavy: fls. lilac, in few erect cymes on short peduncles.
S.Afr.
vil!6sa: M . pavonia var.
MORAWETZIA: Oreocereus Doehianua.
MORICANDA. Cruciferx. Erect herbs or
small shrubs from Medit. region, having glaucous
and usually entire Ivs., large rose- violet to purple
fls., and a linear silique with a short beak on
straight, erect pedicels. Propagated by seed.
arve'nsis. Ann. or bien. to 1H ft.: Ivs. entire, basal ones
cordate and sessile, lower st.-lvs. spatulate and briefly
petioled: fls. violet with darker veins, to 1^ in. across or
more: pod much compressed, to 2 in. long and & in. wide,
beak about ^ in. long.
hesperidifldra: Diplotaxis acris.
sonchifdlia. Ann. or bien. to 2 ft., branched, glabrous:
basal Ivs. lyrate, segms. ovate, st.-lvs. obovate-oblong, to
4 in. long, acute, serrate, sessile, acutely auricled at base:
fls. pale violet-blue, to 11A in. across, in lax terminal
racemes, anthers yellow: pod to 4 in. long, nearly straight.
Siberia.
MORlNA. Dipsaceae. Thistle-like per. Asian
herbs with opposite or whorlcd spiny-toothed
Ivs. and 5-lobed fls. in interrupted spikes, the
whorls subtended by leaf-like spiny-toothed
bracts; sometimes planted for ornament. Prop-
agated by division.
longifblia. WHORL-FLOWER. To 4 ft.: lys. oblong to
linear, to 6 in. long: fls. white changing to crimson, 1J-3 in.
long, tubular and conspicuously protruding. Himalayas.
MORlNDA. Rubiacese. Trees and shrubs in
warm and trop. regions of both hemispheres,
sometimes climbing, with opposite Ivs. or some-
times in 3's, and small white or crimson fls.
often in close clusters: fr. a glomerate head of
berry-like carpels.
citrifdlia. INDIAN-MULBERRY. Small glabrous tree: lys.
narrow-oblong to broad-oval, entire, to 10 in. long, with
prominent curving side veins, the stipules large and soon
falling: fls. white, Yz m or more long: fr. an aggregate
yellowish fleshy head to 2 in. long. S. E. Asia, Australia. —
Yields red and yellow dye m fls. and roots.
RoVoc. ROYOC. Vine-like shrub or sometimes erect to
4 ft.: Ivs. narrow-oblong, acute, to 3 in. or more: fls. mostly
white, in a head which becomes a yellow fr. to % in. and
more across. Fla., W. Indies, and seen about cult, grounds.
MORfNGA (Hyperanthera). Moringacede.
Deciduous trees with alternate pinnate Ivs.
and white or red fls. in axillary panicles; one
grown for ornament in the tropics, also for the
edible root and the seeds from which ben oil is
extracted. Propagated by seeds or cuttings.
oleffera (Af. pterygosperma). HORSE-RADISH-TREE. To
30 ft.: Ifts. small, less than 1 in. long: fls. white, 1 in. across,
fragrant: fr. linear, 3-angled, to 1M ft. long. E. Indies;
nat. in trop. Amer.
pterygospe'rma: M . oleifera.
MORINGACE>£. MORINGA FAMILY. Only
one genus, Moringa, characterized by bisexual
irregular fls. having 5 sepals and petals, 5 fertile
and 5 sterile stamens, superior 1-celled ovary,
and fr. an elongated caps.
MORfSIA. Cruciferae. One very small per.
herb native in Corsica and Sardinia, adapted to
the alpine-garden. M. monantha (M. hypogxa).
Sts. none or very short: Ivs. linear, pinnately
cut, to 3 in. long: fls. golden-yellow, % in. across,
solitary, spring and early summer.
Mormodes
MORM6DES. Orchidacex. American
epiphytic orchids with more or less elongate
several-lvd. pseudobulbs, plicate Ivs. and lateral
loosely-fld. racemes; allied to Catasetum from
which it differs in its perfect fls. and twisted
column.
badium. Pseudobulbs to 8 in. tall: Ivs. linear-oblong. to
15 in. long: scapes many-fld., arching; fls. deep purplish-
crimson. Dec.-Jan. Peru. Var. luteum has bright yellow
fls.
Lawrenceanum. Pseudobulbs oblong-conic: Ivs. to 16 in.
long: fls. to about 3 in. across, abundant on long scapes;
sepals and petals pale greenish-yellow with 5 brown-purple
lines; lip yellow spotted with purplish-brown. Colombia.
MORNING-GLORY: Ipomasa, also Argyreia, Convol-
vulus.
MORONGIA: Schrankia.
MORPHIXIA: Ixia paniculate.
MORRfeNIA. Asclepiadacex. Twining more
or less woody vines from Brazil and Argen-
tina bearing grayish foliage and small not con-
spicuous fls. in If. axils; follicles smooth,
tnick and leathery. One species is planted in
Fla. and S. Calif., M. odorata, prized for its
fragrant greenish white-centered fls. which are
about Y% in. long, solitary or few together in
axils on slender pedicels nearly or quite the
length of the corolla: Ivs. opposite, halberd-
shaped, with 2 spreading blunt lobes at base
and a long central lobe or part acute at apex,
closely pubescent underneath: corolla-lobes
pointed.
MORUS. MULBERRY. Mvracex. Deciduous
trees of the northern hemisphere with alternate
Ivs., unisexual fls. in drooping catkins, and fr. a
juicy syncarp resembling a blackberry in appear-
ance: grown for the edible frs. and the foliage
whicn is used to feed silkworms. For cult, see
Mulberry.
acid6sa: M. australia.
alba. WHITE M. To 80 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. and more
long, coarsely toothed or often lobed, shining above: fr.
white, pinkisn or purple-black, to 2 in. long, sweet. China;
nat. in Eu. and N. Amer. Var. globdsa, said to be of more
compact habit. Var. macrophylla (M. Morettiana) has un-
divided Ivs. to 9 in. long and red fr. Var. pendula, branches
drooping. Var. pyramidalis, of narrow pyramidal habit.
Var. skeletoniana (var. lacmiata), Ivs. with deep narrow
lobes. Var. tatarica (M. tatarica), RUSSIAN M., is a small
very hardy form.— Other names referred here are M. ced-
rona, M. hispanica and M. Tokwa.
australis (M. acidosa. M. japonica). To 25 ft., usually
shrubby: Ivs. ovate, to 6 in. long, toothed, often deeply
lobed : fr. dark red, ^ in. long, sweet. China, Korea, Japan.
cedr6na: M. alba.
hispanica: M. alba.
japdnica: M. australis.
Morettiana: M. alba var. macrophylla.
multicaulis (M. alba var. multicaulis) . Resembling M.
alba and sometimes considered a var., but with much larger
coarsely toothed Ivs. which are dull green and rough above,
and sweet black fr. China. — Famous for its part in the
historic attempts at silk-raising in N. Amer.
nlgra. BLACK M. To 30 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 8 in.
long, coarsely toothed, usually not lobed, heart-shaped at
base, dull green and rough above, pubescent beneath: fr.
purple to black, to 1 in. long. W. Asia.
p£rsica: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
rubra. RED or AMERICAN M. To 60 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
6 in. or more long, sharply toothed, sometimes lobed, soft-
pubescent beneatn: fr. dark purple, about 1 in. long. Mass.
to Fla. and Tex.
tatarica: M. alba, var.
T6kwa: M. alba.
MOSCHARIA. Composite. One musky-scent-
ed ann. herb from Chile, sometimes planted
for ornament. M. pinnatifida. To 2 ft., diffuse:
Ivs. clasping, pinnate or pinnatifid, the upper
485 Mulberry
ones lobed only at base: heads of white or light
rose ray- and disk-fls., borne in terminal panicles;
pappus of scales.
MOSCHATEL FAMILY: Adoxacex.
MOSCHOSMA: Iboza riparia.
MOSQUITO-TRAP: Cynanchum acuminatifolium.
MOSS, CLUB-: Lycopodium. Ditch-: Anacharis cana-
densis. Flowering-: Pyxidanthera barbulata. -Pink: Phlox
subulata. Rose-: Portulaca grandiflora. Spanish-: Tilland-
8ia usneoides.
MOTHER-OF-THYME: Thymus Serpyllum.
MOTHERWORT: Leonurus.
MOUNTAIN FLEECE: Polygonum amplexicaul«.
Fringe: Adlumia fungosa.
MOURNING BRIDE: Scabiosa.
MUCRONATE: tipped with a short sharp point or
mucro.
MUCUNA. Leguminosse. Wooo!y 'per. vines
with Ivs. of 3 Ifts., papilionaceous fls. in axillary
clusters, and thick leathery pods; distinguished
from Stizolobium chiefly by characters of seed.
Deeringiana: Stizolobium Deeringianum.
urens. Climbing to 30 ft.: Ifts. to 7 in. long: fls. purple
with yellowish keel: pods to 8 in. long, covered with stinging
hairs. Trop. Amer.
MUEHLENBfiCKIA (Calacinum). WIRE-
PLANTS. Polygonacex. Prostrate, viny or
climbing more or less polygonurn-like woody
plants with wire-like sts. and alternate Ivs.,
small unisexual fls. in axillary clusters or short
spikes or racemes, and berry-like frs.; grown in
greenhouses and hanging-baskets and out-
of-doors in warm climates. Propagated by
cuttings, when seeds are not available. Cal-
acinum is an older name than Muehlcnbeckiu
but the latter has been officially conserved.
axillaris. Much branched prostrate or sprawling small
bush forming matted clumps 1 ft. or less through or at other
times straggling: Ivs. \^ in. or less long, oblong to nearly
orbicular, rounded at base: fls. solitary or in 2's. New Zeal.
— Cult, as M. nana.
chilensis. Twining: Ivs ovate to oblong, triangular at
base, about ^ in. long: fls. in axillary and terminal racemes.
Chile, Peru.
complexa. WIRE-VINE. MAIDENHAIR-VINE. Twining,
covering bushes, rocks and chimneys with interlaced sts.:
Ivs. orbicular or fiddle-shaped, %-% in- across* fls. in
axillary or terminal spikes. New Zeal. — Much grown in
Calif.
nana: see M . anllaris.
platyclados: Homalocladium platydadum.
xivularis: see Polygonum rivulare.
MUGWORT: Artemisia.
MUfLLA. Liliacese. Small group of California
cormous plants with very narrow Ivs. and small
greenish-white fls. in umbels, allied to the alliums.
marftima (Allium maritimum). To 1 ft.: Ivs. nearly
cylindrical: fls. on long pedicels in loose umbels, anthers
purple.
MULBERRY. Trees from many regions in
the northern hemisphere, being species of
Morus (which see). Both for fruit and orna-
ment the mulberry is planted. The tree in
naturally open-centered and round-headed, and
is an interesting subject; some of the varieties
have finely cut leaves. The fruits are in great
demand by the birds.
In orchard plantations mulberries may be
placed 25-30 feet apart. About the borders of
a place they may go closer. The Russian varie-
ties are often planted for windbreaks, for they
are very hardy and thrive under the greatest
neglect; and for this purpose they may be
Mulberry
486
Muscari
planted 8-20 feet apart; they make excellent
screens and stand clipping well. New American,
Trowbridge and Thorburn are leading kinds of
fruit-bearing mulberries for the North. The
true Downing is not hardy in the northern states;
but New American has been sold under this
name. Pomological mulberries for planting in
the North are forms of Morus alba. The more
tender M. nigra, black mulberry, is grown in
the Middle South and beyond. Certain named
fruit varieties of the native M. rubra are also
known. In silk-producing countries mulberries
are grown as forage for silkworms. Mulberries
thrive in any good soil, and need no special
treatment. A weeping mulberry is frequent as
an ornamental oddity, being grafted 4 or 5 feet
high on a straight tree form; it is Morus alba.
Mulberries grow readily from seeds. Named
kinds may be cion-budded on seedlings or on
stocks grown from ripe hardwood cuttings.
MULBERRY, FRENCH-: Callicarpa americana. In-
dian-: Monnda citnfolia. Paper-: Brouasonetia.
MULGA: Acacia aneura.
MULGEDIUM: Lactuca.
MULLEIN: Verbascum. Cretan: Celsia cretica.
MULTIFID: cut or cleft into many narrow lobes or parts.
MUNDI-ROOT: Chlorocodon Whiteii.
MITNTfNGIA. El&ocarpaccx. One species, a
tree to 30 ft., native in W. Indies, Mex. to N.
8. Amer. and somewhat naturalized in the
eastern tropics. M. Calabftra. Lvs. alternate,
oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long, toothed, tomen-
tose beneath: fls. white, 1 in. across, solitary or
clustered in the axils: fr. a globose berry about
J/£ in. across.
MURR&A (Murraya. Chalcas). Rutaceae. A
few Indo-Malayan spineless small trees or
shrubs, one of which, M. exotica, the OIIANGE-
JEHSAMINE, is a handsome evergreen grown for
ornament in S. Fla. and S. Calif, and the tropics;
the plant known as M. panirulata is probably a
form of it. The orange-jessamine makes a tree-
like specimen 10-12 ft. high with glossy foliage
and white very fragrant fls. succeeded by clus-
ters of red ovoid frs. Y^ in. or less in diarn. : Ivs.
pinnate, of 7-9 ovate or rhornboidal Ifts. and
marginless petioles; blooms several times a year.
MUSA. BANANA. Musaccx. Tree-like but
hardly woody plants, the large spirally ar-
ranged Ivs. (which become frayed by the wind)
forming a trunk by their sheathing bases, the
irregular fls. borne in clusters under colored
bracts on long drooping or erect spikes, each st.
or trunk blooming only once, and fr. long and
fleshy; grown for the edible frs. and a few for
fiber and ornament. See Banana.
Bananas are suited only to warm climates, although
they often withstand a few degrees of frost. For ornament
they are grown in mild climates and are often planted out
for subtropical effects. The plant is renewed by the suckers
that spring up at the base, as the top dies after fruiting or
becomes weak and unsightly. Propagation is also effected
by root-cuttings planted in warm beds and transplanted
as soon as one or two leaves have matured. The ornamental
kinds often produce seeds and these should be sown in beds
with bottom heat. Bananas may be grown for decoration
in greenhouses with a night temperature of about 65°.
Arnoldiina. To 15 ft : Ivs. to 7 ft. long: spikes short
and drooping: fr. to 4 in. long, with seeds }$ in. long. Trop.
Afr.
Cavendishii: M. nana.
chinSnsis: M. nana.
Ensete. ABYSSINIAN B. To 40 ft., the trunk swollen at
base: Ivs. to 20 ft. long and 3 ft. wide: spike erect, the
reddish-brown bracts to 1 ft. long: fr. to 3 in. long, having
large black seeds, inedible. Abyssinia.
Martinii. To 30 ft.. Ivs. to 8 ft. long, oblong, long-
petioled, green above, red- veined beneath: fls. rose-red,
followed by small yellow fr. Intro, from Canary lals. —
Plant similar in habit to M, paradisiaca.
nana (M. Cavendishii. M . chinen&ai) . DWARF B. To 6 ft.,
stoloriiferous. Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 2 ft. wide: spike short
and drooping, the reddish-brown bracts to 6 in. long: fr.
yellow, to 5 in. long, seedless. S. China.
oranocensis: probably a hort. form of banana.
paradislaca. PLANTAIN. To 30 ft., stoloniferous; Ivs. to
9 ft. long and 2 ft. wide: spike drooping, to 5 ft. long, the
red or violet bracts to 1 ft. long: fr. greenish-yellow, to 14 in.
long, seedless, edible when cooked. Probably India. Var.
sapientum, COMMON B., has yellow fr \\hieh is edible
without cooking. Races are rubra with red frs. and Champa
with thin-skinned "lady- finger" frs.
religidsa. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to 5 ft. long, somewhat elliptical,
mucronate tipped and thick: fr. filled with seeds to ^ m.
diam., not edible. French Congo.
rosacea. To 6 ft., stoloniferous: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and
1 ft. wide, purplish beneath: spike drooping, to 1 ft. long,
the pale blue bracts to 8 in. long: fr. yellowish-green, to
3 in. long, inedible. India.
sapientum: M. paradisiaca var.
sumatrana. To 8 ft., usually stoloniferous: Ivs. to 6 ft.
long and 1^2 ft- wide, glaucous beneath: spikes drooping:
fr. to 3 m. long, inedible. Sumatra.
supSrba. To 12 ft., st. short: Ivs. oblong, to 10 ft. long,
sessile, base narrow: fls dull red, many in drooping spike:
fr. to 3 in. long. Tropics of Old World.
tSxtilis. ABAcX. MANILA HEMP. To 20 ft , stoloniferous:
Ivs oblong with petiole 1 ft. or more long: spike drooping
and short: fr. to 3 in. long, with numerous black seeds,
inedible. Philippines.— Grown for the fiber in the If.-bases.
zebrina: botanical identity uncertain: Ivs. striped with
brown.
BANANA FAMILY. Trop. per.
monocotyledonous herbs of about 6 genera, often
of very large size and becoming woody and
somewhat tree-like. The family is character-
ized by the bisexual or monoecious fls. borne
in the axils of large bracts in a spicate or panicu-
late infl. which is subtended by spathes, with 3
sepals and 3 petals, 6 stamens, 5 of which are
fertile, inferior 3-celled ovary, and fr. a berry
or caps. Several genera are cult, for orna-
ment and other kinds for fiber and the edible
fr., as Heliconia, Musa, Ravenala, and Strelitzia.
MUSCADINIA: Vitis rotundifolia, V. Muns&niana, and
V. Popenoei.
GRAPE -HYACINTH. Liliaceae.
Spring-blooming bulbous herbs native in Mcdit.
region, having a few narrow basal Ivs. and small
blue or white urn-shaped nodding fls. in racemes
or spikes at top of scape, the perianth-segms.
united and having 6 small recurved teeth. Of
easy cult., as for hyacinths, and useful for
colonizing. Propagated by offsets or seeds.
album: plants under this name may be forms of M .
botryoides or M. conicum.
amethystinum: an unidentified trade name.
amphibilis: listed name for a form with light blue fls.
Argsei: hort. name of uncertain standing.
armeniacum. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and K in. across: fls.
deep violet, the teeth white, scape to 6 in. high. Armenia.
azure um: Hyacinthus ciliatus.
botryoides. To 1 ft.: Ivs. M in. across: fls. blue, about
y$ in. long. S. Eu. Var. album has white fls., carneum
flesh-colored, and caeruleum bright blue.
cseruleum: M. botyroides var.
ciliatum: Hyacinthus ciliatus.
commutatum. To 10 in.: Ivs. M in. across: fls. dark blue.
Sicily.
comdsum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in. across: upper fls. sterile,
blue or violet, lower fertile fls. olive. S. Eu., Asia. Var.
monstrosum (M. plumosum and tenuifoliurri) has all the fls.
sterile and cut into fine shreds.
Muscari
487
Musquash-Root
c6nicum. To 6 in.: Ivs. % in. across: fls. violet-blue.
S. Eu.
elegans: listed name, fls. bright blue bordered with white.
Heldrelchii. To 8 in.: Ivs. & in. wide: fls. amethyst-blue,
the teeth white. Greece.
latifftlium. To 1 ft.: Ivs. solitary, to 1 in. across: fls. blue,
the sterile fla. paler. Phrygia.
Massey&num: listed name; plant with rose-colored fls.
micranthum. Scape to 5 in.: Ivs. longer, to H in. across:
fls. bright violet, sterile ones pale blue, fragrant. Habitat
unknown.
monstr6sum: M . comosum var.
moschatum. To 10 in. or less: Ivs. to % in. across: fls.
musk-scented, purplish becoming vellowish or brownish.
Asia Minor. Var. flavum, fls. yellowish. Vara. majus and
minus are hort. forms.
neglSctum. To 9 in.: Ivs. ^ in. wide: fls. dark blue,
fragrant. Medit. region.
paraddxum. To 9 in.: Ivs. few, to % in. broad: fls.
blue-black, in dense racemes. Caucasus.
plumosum: M . comosum var. monstrosum.
polyanthum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. Y± in. across: fls. deep blue.
Asia Minor. Var. album is listed.
racemdsum. To 8 in.: Ivs. ^ in. wide: fls. dark blue,
fragrant. Eu , Asia. Var. carneum is in the trade.
Szovitsianum. To 7 in.: Ivs. linear, to 9 in. long, canali-
culate, light green: fls. bright to purplish-blue, on short
curved pedicels, nodding in dense conical racemes. Caucasus
and S. Russia.
tenuifdlium: M. comosum var. monstrosum.
MUSCARIA: Saxifraga.
MUSHROOMS arc higher fungi, of which
Agaricus campestris, the common mushroom, is
the only species usually cultivated in the United
States. The life cycle of mushrooms begins
with the germination of a spore, which in the
cultivated mushroom gives rise to a thread-like
growth called mycelium. The mycelium de-
velops an extensive underground system by
which it concentrates food in a central point.
Here the threads enlarge, eventually forming a
group of buttons or small mushrooms.
Mushrooms are produced from an especially
prepared material, called spawn, filled with
living mushroom mycelium with which the pre-
Eared beds are inoculated. The spawn originally
ad a manure base, but since 1930 there has
been a gradual change to a base of whole kernels
of wheat or rye. This new type is economical
to produce and will inoculate approximately
three times as much bed area as an equal volume
of the manure spawn.
Mushrooms are grown where the temperature
can be kept between 45 and 65° F., providing the
relative humidity is high and the ventilation
controlled. Sunlight is not harmful to mush-
rooms, but they are usually grown in the dark
because it is easier and cheaper to control the
temperature and humidity in structures without
windows. Cellars, caves, old barns, and specially
constructed mushroom houses are employed.
Horse manure with straw bedding has been
used almost exclusively in the past as the raw
material for mushroom compost. However,
experiments in Pennsylvania have shown that
a compost of wheat straw, urea and wheat
produced nearly as many mushrooms to a ton
as did horse manure. Manure from grain-fed
horses bedded with wheat straw seems to be
best. It is usually composted as soon as a pile
is assembled sufficient to fill the mushroom
house or a definite unit of bed space ; less than 1
ton of manure is difficult to compost. Aeration,
moisture, and temperature are tne most impor-
tant factors affecting the composting process.
These are largely dependent on the size, shape
and compactness of the pile, the quantity of
water added and the number of days between
turnings. Manure containing a moderate
amount of straw is usually piled 4 to 6 feet high
when first assembled. The piles are allowed to
stand undisturbed for ten days before the first
turning. Repeated turnings are made at in-
tervals of about a week. Usually three or four
turnings are sufficient. The compost should be
kept moist at all times, neither wet nor dry.
The practical test is to squeeze a ball of it
tightly in the hand. If the hand is not moistened,
the compost is too dry ; if water oozes out f reely
between the fingers, it is too wet.
Manure should be placed in the beds at about
the rate of 1 bushel to 2 square feet of bed space.
As soon as the beds are filled, the house, or that
section of the structure containing the beds, is
sealed tightly for a few days to allow the manure
to go through a final period of fermentation.
High temperatures are generated in the beds
and in the air surrounding them. The manure
in the beds should reach a temperature of 130-
145° and the surrounding air temperature should
reach 120-130°. This eradicates most of the
harmful insects and fungi and seems to bring
about a condition which later encourages a
healthier and more rapid run of spawn. A still
more complete control of the insects and diseases
may be obtained by burning flowers of sulfur,
2 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet of air space, at the '
time the house reaches its peak heat. All
cracks and openings should be tightly sealed for
twenty-four hours.
After heating, the temperature is gradually
lowered to 75° for spawning. Mycelium de-
velops most rapidly from the spawn inoculations
if this temperature is maintained for a week or
ten days after spawning. The beds are then
allowed to cool slowly until a cropping tempera-
ture of 45-65° is reached. Spawn pieces about
one-half as large as hen's eggs should be spaced
8 inches to 1 foot apart in the bed and about 1-
1J/2 inches deep. An imperial quart bottle of
manure spawn will inoculate 30 to 40 square
feet of bed area. The new type grain spawn
will inoculate about twice this area.
Casing is the term applied to spreading soil
about an inch thick over the entire bed. This
is performed two to four weeks after spawning.
Silt loams to light clay loams, containing a fair
amount of organic matter and with a reaction
approximately neutral, are best. Acid soils
should be avoided or limed.
Watering the beds usually begins as soon as
they have been cased. Light waterings may be
necessary before this if the compost becomes too
dry. Care should be taken to avoid excess
watering.
After casing, mushrooms should appear in six
or seven weeks, and the crop should continue,
under proper conditions, for two or three months.
MUSiNEON. Umbelliferse. W. American
caulescent or cespitose perennials with pinnate
to tripinnate Ivs., cream-colored to yellow fls.
in dense bractless umbels, and ovate to oblong
fr. flattened laterally.
tenuifdlium (Daucophyllum tenuifolium). Plant cespi-
tose, to 10 in. high: Ivs. 2-3-pmnate, segins. filiform: fr.
cream-white. Neb. to S. D. and Wyo.
MUSKMELON: see Melon.
MUSK-PLANT: Mimulua moschatus. -Root: Adoxa
Moschatelhna.
MUSQUASH-ROOT: Cicuta maoulata.
Mustard
488
MUSTARD. Several species of Brassica
(Sinapis), mostly annuals, grown for the cluster
of basal leaves used as greens, and also for the
seeds employed in the manufacture of table
mustard and in other countries for oil (colza).
They are half-hardy, coming quickly from seeds.
For greens the plants are usually in rows far
enough apart to admit of tool-tillage; in the row
they may stand 5 or 6 inches apart and be
thinned as used. They may be sown at intervals,
in early spring for early summer use up to August
or even later for autumn use; in warm countries
they are sown in autumn for early spring crop.
They are usually little attacked by fungi. If al-
lowed to seed, they may become weedy.
The commonest vegetable-garden species is
Brassica juncea, particularly var. crispifolia
in the kinds known as Ostrich Plume and
Southern Curled. Another race is represented
by B. chinensis, B. parachinensis and B. pekin-
ensis, the latter discussed under the entry Pe-
Tsai. Probably all these mustards are east-
Asian in nativity.
MUTlSIA. Composite. Herbs and shrubs of
S. Amer., with alternate Ivs. and solitary ter-
minal heads of disk-fls. and a few purple, rose
or yellow ray-fls.; pappus plumose. One species
grown out-of-doors in Calif, or in a cool green-
house. Propagated by cuttings.
C16matis. Pubescent climbing herb: Ivs. pinnate, with
4-5 pairs of oblong-lanceolate entire Ifts., the midrib ex-
tended into a tendril: heads 2 in. across, with 9-10 bright
red recuived rays. Trop. Andes.
MYALL, WEEPING: Acacia pendula.
MYCONfiLLA. Composite. A small Cent,
and S. European genus, probably of a single
species, differing from Chrysanthemum in the
marginal achenes sterile, flattened and those of
the disk with a stiff pappus. M. Mycdnis
(Chrysanthemum and Myconia Myconis). Ann.
or per. to 2J/£ ft., sts. glandular-hairy to glabros-
cent: Ivs. obovate to spatulate, sharply serrulate,
obtuse: heads yellow, to 1J/2 in. across, solitary
on long narrow-lvd. peduncles; rays oblong,
apex usually bidentate. — Plants cult, under
this name may be Chrysanthemum segetum.
MYCONIA: Myconella Myconia.
MYOPORACE-flS. MYOPORUM FAMILY. Trees
and shrubs of 5 genera native from Australia,
E. Asia to Hawaii and W. Indies: Ivs. mostly
alternate, simple and entire: fls. bisexual, with
5-parted calyx, gamopetalous 5-6-lobed corolla,
4 stamens and 1 staminode, and superior usually
2-celled ovary: fr. a drupe. Bontia and Myo-
porum are occasionally grown foi ornament in
warm regions or greenhouses.
MY(5PORUM. Myoporacex. Shrubs and
trees with alternate glandular long and nar-
row Ivs. and usually white bell-shaped fls.,
regular or essentially so, in axillary clusters
among the foliage, and small drupaceous frs.;
native from Japan to Australia and grown in
the open in warm regions and under glass N.
Propagated by cuttings.
acuminatum. Shrub: Ivs. oval-oblong to linear, to 3 in.
long: fls. white, % in. long. Australia.
insulare. Tall shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to
obovate, to 3 in. long, remotely serrate to entire, thick:
fls. white with purple spots, to >£ in. across, usually 2-4 in
axils: fr. purplish-blue, globular, to % in. across. Australia.
l&tum. Shrub or tree to 15 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in.
Myosotis
I in. across: fr.
long, shining: fls. white spotted purple,
reddish-purple. New Zeal.
sandwicense. BASTARD SANDALWOOD. NAIO. Tree to
60 ft. with wood odor of sandal wood: Ivs. oval-lanceolate,
to 6 in. long: fls. white or pink, K in. across: fr. whit*.
Hawaiian Isls.
MYOSOTfpIUM. Boraginaceae. A single
per. herb native in the Chatham Isls. (New
Zeal.), sometimes cult, in mild climates; it has
been referred to Cynoglossum. Propagated by
seeds. M. Horte"nsia (M. nobile). To 3 ft.:
basal Ivs. ovate, heart-shaped at base, to 1 ft.
long, st.-lvs. smaller: fls. dark blue, paler at
outside, y% in. across, in dense cymes to 6 in.
across.
MYOS6TIS. FORGET-ME-NOT. Boraginacex.
Small ann., bien. and per. herbs with alternate
entire Ivs. and small but abundant blue, rose or
white fls. in terminal racemes, largely in Amer.
and Eu. in moist or cool places; corolla salver-
form, throat .usually crested; stamens included.
Forget-me-nots are cultivated mostly out-of-doors and
thrive in partially shady positions in moist soil. Winter
protection is desirable. Propagated by seeds which will
give bloom in autumn or the second year; also by division
of the clumps.
alpe'stris (M. rupicola). Similar to M. sylvatica, from
which it differs in its lower habit, shorter-stalked fls. and
larger nutlets. Eu. — Not known to be in cult., the plant
grown under this name is a form of M. sylvalica, which see
for listed vars.
alpJna: M. sylvatica.
arv&nsis. Ann. or bien. to 1 % f t. : Ivs. oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, 1 in. long: fls. white or blue, to % in. across.
Eu., Asia, E. N. Amer.
australis. Per. to IJ^ ft., densely hispid: basal Ivs.
oblong- to linear-spatulate, obtuse, to 2 in. long, st.-lvs.
smaller: fls. yollow or white, to % in- long, many in elon-
gated racemes. New Zeal. Var. conspicua has fls. to >£ in.
long and may not be cult.
az6rica. Per. to 1H ft.: Ivs. broadly oblong-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long: fls. blue with whitish center, % in. across.
Azores, Canaries, Algeria.
cespit6sa (M. Rehsteineri) . Similar to M. laxa but more
pubescent and fls. longer pedicelled. Eu.
decdra. Per., white-hoary, sts. prostrate or decumbent,
to 2 in. long: basal Ivs. linear-oblong, to 1 in. longj, leathery,
st.-lvs. to % in. long, sessile: fls. white, solitary in If. axils,
to % m- long, on short stalks, anthers long and conspicuous.
New Zeal.
dissitifldra. Similar to M. sylvatica, but differing in
lower habit and nutlets stalked, not sessile. Switzerland. —
The plant known to hort. under this name is a form of
M. sylvatica.
explanata. Per. to 12 in., sts. white-hairy, ascending:
basal Ivs. linear to spatulate, to 4 in. long, st.-lys. narrowly
oblong-lanceolate: fls. white, to % in. across, in many-fla.
short racemes. New Zeal.
grandifl&ra alba: M . syhatica var. robusta grandiflora.
laxa. Per. with decumbent sts. to 1^ ft. long: lys.
oblong or spatulate: fls. blue with yellow center, ^ in.
across. Newf. to Va. and Tenn., Eu.
lithospermifdlia: a form of M. sylvatica with numerous
large Ivs.
oblongata: M. sylvatica.
palustris: M . scorpioides.
pyrenaica. Per. to 5 in. tall, sts. ascending: basal Ivs.
spatulate, long-petioled, st.-lvs. lanceolate: fls. bright blue,
to \i in. across, in groups of 2-3, stalks shorter than calyx.
Corsica to Asia Minor.
Rehsteineri: M. cespitosa.
robusta grandifldra: a form of M. sylvatica.
rdsea: a variant of M . sylvatica.
rupicola: M . alpestris.
scorpioides (M. palustris). Sta. decumbent, to IK ft.
long: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. bright blue with yeflow,
pink or white center, ^ in. across. Eu., Asia. Var. re-sea
is listed as a color form. Var. semperflorens is a dwarf
form to 8 in. high which flowers all summer.
sylvatica (M. alpina. M. oblongata). Ann. or bien. to
2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-linear: fls. blue with yellow center, varying
to pink or white, to H in. across, fl.-stalks nearly twice as
long as calyx: nutlets sessile. Eu. and Asia. — A variable
Myosotis
489
Myrsinacece
plant in cult, and hort. variants are often confused and
listed under M. alpestria; some of these are: alba, fls. white;
comp&cta, a dense-growing form, lower than type; Fischeri,
dwarf with fls. bluish-pink; robusta grandiflora, vigorous-
growing with large fls.; rosea, fls. rose; strfcta, branches
erect and strict.
Tr&versii. Much branched per. to 6 in., white-hairy:
Ivs. linear-spatulate, to 1% in- long, leathery, rough: fls.
lemon-yellow, J£ in. long, fragrant, in head-like hairy
racemes. New Zeal.
unifldra. Tufted per. forming clumps 2-6 in. across,
covered with appressed white hairs: lys. linear-lanceolate
or oblong, to >£ in. long: fls. yellowish- white, to % in.
across, solitary, terminal, almost sessile. New Zeal.
Welwftschii. Ann. or bien. to 4 in.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate:
fls. bright blue with yellowish-white center. Spain.
MYRCIARIA: Eugenia.
MYRlC A (Cerothamnus) . Myricacese. Shrubs or
tree-like, with alternate simple Ivs., unisexual
fls. in catkins, and grayish or purple drupaceous
frs.; native in the northern hemisphere. Cult.
for ornament or M. rubra for the edible frs.
Propagated by seeds, layers and suckers.
asplenif61ia: Comptonia peregrina.
calif 6rnica. CALIFORNIA. BAYBERRY. To 35 ft.: Ivs.
evergreen, lanceolate, to 4 m long: fr. purple, to % in. long.
Wash, to Calif.; not hardy N. — Will grow on sterile sandy
soils.
carolinie'nsis: M . pensylvanica and M . cerifera.
cerifera (M. caroliniensis) . WAX-MYRTLE. To 35 ft.:
Ivs. evergreen, lanceolate, to 3 in. long, acute: fr. grayish-
white. N J. to Fla. and Tex.; fairly hardy N. — Prefers
moist peaty soil.
Gale. SWEET GALE. To 5 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, oblanceo-
iate, to 2l/2 in long: fr. inclosed by 2 wing-like bracts,
yellowish, in dense catkins ^ in. or more long. N. Amer.,
Eu., Asia; hardy N. — Does best on moist peaty soil. Specific
name pronounced in two syllables.
pensylvanica (M. caroliniensis of cult.). BAYBERRY.
To 9 ft.: Ivs. deciduous or sometimes evergreen, obovate,
to 4 in. long, acutish or obtuse: fr. grayish- white. N. S.
to Fla. and Ala.; hardy N. — Will do well on poor soil. The
name M . carohnicnsis was originally used by Philip Miller
for the plant correctly known as M. cerifera and is not
available for the Bayberry.
pumila. To 2 ft., spreading by hoiizontal rootstocks: Ivs.
obovate to hnear-spatulate, often toothed at apex, glandu-
lar, hairy beneath, sessile: fr. grayish- white, to % in. diam.
Ga. and Fla.
rubra. To 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long: fr.
deep red-purple. China, Japan; hardy only in warm regions.
— The frs. are edible and also used for making a drink.
SWEET GALE FAMILY. Two
genera of small trees or shrubs native in the
northern hemisphere, Comptonia and Myrica.
with alternate simple or pinnatifid Ivs., unisexual
fls. without perianth, having 2-16 stamens, 1-
celled ovary, and fr. a small drupe or nut.
MYRICARIA. FALSE TAMARISK. Tamaricacese.
Deciduous woody plants, Eu. to China, with
heath-like or scale-like closely placed alternate
Ivs., distinguished from Tomarix on technical
characters of fls. and seeds: fls. small, in dense
racemes, pink or white.
gennanica (Tamarix germanica). To 6 ft., with many
close ascending branches: fls. in terminal bracted racemes
to 2 in. long. S. Eu., W. Asia; hardy N.
MYRIOCfiPHALUS. Composite. Herbs of
Australia, usually white-woolly, with alternate
entire Ivs. and tubular fls. in dense compound
heads surrounded by a general involucre, the
bracts often with conspicuous appendage;
pappus none or of awns or bristles. One species
sometimes grown as an everlasting.
Stftartii (Polycalymma Stuartii). Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
linear or lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. yellow, the bracts
tipped white and resembling rays, in clusters 1 in. or more
across.
MYRIOPHfLLUM. WATER -MILFOIL. Halo-
ragidacese. Aquatic herbs, the Ivs. often of
two kinds, those above the water entire or
toothed and the submerged Ivs. pinnatifid
into hair-like segms., and the fls. in axillary
clusters or spikes; grown in aquaria &nd ponds.
Propagated by long cuttings planted in mud.
Several species are native in the U. S., and they
may occasionally be transferred to aquaria or
pools.
proserpinacoldes. PARROTS-FEATHER. WATER-FEATHER.
Rising about 6 in. out of water: Ivs. feathery, all of one
kind, the herbage in long bright green strands: fls. dioecious.
Chile, Uruguay. — Now commonly grown in fountain basins
and similar places.
verticillatum. Lvs. of two kinds; submerged Ivs. in
whorls of 3 or 4 arid very finely divided; floral Ivs. pinnatifid.
N. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
MYRISTICA: see Nutmeg.
MYRISTICACEJE. NUTMEG FAMILY. Trop.
evergreen dioecious trees of 8 genera, having
alternate entire Ivs., small fls. without corolla,
with 2-30 stamens, superior 1-celied ovary,
and fleshy fr. containing 1 seed surrounded
by an aril. The genus Myristica furnishes the
nutmeg and mace of commerce.
MYROBALAN: Phyllanthua Emblica, Terminalia Cat-
appa; also Prunus cerasifera.
MYROSPfiRMUM. Leguminosee. A single
tree to 60 ft., native in S. Amer. and escaped
in W. Indies. M. frute'scens. Lvs. of 11-17
oblong or oval Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. papilio-
naceous, white, 1A in. long, in racemes to 4 in.
long: pod flat, to 3 in. long, winged.
MYR6XYLON (Toluifera). Leguminosee.
Large trees with pinnate Ivs., whitish papilona-
ceous fls. in racemes, and flattened 2-winged pods
bearing 1 seed in the end; native of trop. Amer.
where they are grown for the balsam which
they yield.
Pereirae. BALSA M-OF-PERCT. To 50ft.: Ifts. 7-11, oblong.
Mex. to N. S. Amer.
peruiferum. PERU BALSAM-TREE. Large tree: Ifts.
9-13, ovate. N. S. Amer.
senticdsum: Xylosma senticosa.
toluifera (T. Bahamum). TOLU BALSAM-TREE. To
100 ft.: Ifts. 7-11, oblong. N. S. Amer.
MYRRHfNIUM. Myrtacex. Shrubs and trees
of S. Amer. with opposite simple Ivs. and fls. in
corymbsj having 4-8 long-exserted stamens;
one species intro. in S. Calif.
salicinum. Medium-sized glabrous tree: Ivs. narrow
oblong-lanceolate, gradually contracted at base. Uruguay.
M'^RRHIS. MYRRH. Umbelliferse. European
per. herb., sometimes grown for the sweet-
scented herbage. M. odorata. SWEET CICELY
of Eu. To 3 ft.: Ivs. 2-3-pinnateIy compound
into lanceolate, toothed or cut segms.: fls.
small, whitish, in compound umbels : f r. shining,
nearly 1 in. long and strongly ribbed. — Propa-
gated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, or by
division.
MYRSINACEJE. MYRSINB FAMILY. Trees
and shrubs of about 30 genera in the tropics
and subtropics on both sides of the world, with
alternate simple Ivs., regular bisexual or rarely
dioecious fls. having 4-5 sepals, 4-5-lobed corolla,
5 stamens, mostly superior 1-celled ovary, and
fr. a berry or drupe. Ardisia, Maesa, Myrsine
and Suttonia are grown for ornament.
Myrsine
490
Mystacidium
M tRSINE. Mymwcex. Shrubs and trees
in Asia and Afr., having entire or toothed Ivs.,
small fls. with petals united at base or to middle,
and fr. a 1-sceded berry; grown out-of-doors in
warm climates, Name in three syllables,
afric&na. Hhrub to 4 ft. or sometimes small tree: Ivs.
elliptic, variable but usually about J^ in. long, finely toothed
beyond middle: fls. %4in. across, m 3-8-fld. clusters. Afr.,
Arabia to Cent. China.
sallcina: Suttonia mlicina.
semiserrata. Small tree; Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
toothed or nearly entire: fls. white, about ^ in. long, in
5~12-fld. clusters, Himalayas to China.
{Jrvillei; Suttonia australis.
varidbilis. Tree to 40 ft.: Iva. obovate-oblong, to 2H in.
and more long, entire or slightly toothed: fls. about 12 in.
long. Australia.
MYRSIPHYLLUM: Asparagus asparagoides.
MYRTACE^E. MYRTLE FAMILY. An important
family with aromatic qualities, in the tropics
and semi-tropics of both hemispheres, par-
ticularly strong in Australia, of about 75
genera, largely evergreen, yielding valuable
timber, economic products such as oils, gums,
cloves, allspice, and many edible frs., as well
as numerous ornamental subjects. Trees and
shrubs with simple mostly opposite Ivs., regu-
lar bisexual polypetalous fls. having usually 4-5
sepals and petals or petals lacking, numerous
stamens ana inferior 1- to many-celled ovary,
Genera known to hort. are: Agonis, Angophora,
Astartea, Backhousia, Baeckea, Balaustion,
Beaufortia, Britoa, Callistemon, Calothamnus,
Calytrix, Chamdaiicium, Darwinia, Eremaea,
Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Feijoa, Hypocalymma,
Kunzea, Leptospermum, Melaleuca, Mctro-
sideros, Myrrhinium, Myrtus, Pimenta, Psidium,
Regelia, Rhodomyrtus, Syncarpia, Tristania,
Verticordia.
MYRTILLOCACTUS. Cacto. Short-
trunked tree-like heavy spiny cacti of Mex. and
Guatemala, making thick-branched erect tops,
with few stout ribs: fls. diurnal, very small,
often several at an areole; ovary bearing a few
very small scales with wool in the axils. See
Cacti,
Cftchal (Cereus Cochaf). To 10 ft. with short woody
trunk and many branches; ribs 6-8; radial spines 5; centrals
% m long: fls. light green tinged with purple, 1 in. long:
jr. red, J/jj in. across, edible. Lower Calif.
geome*trizans (Cereusgeometmans), Top large and much ovary, July-Get, Trop.Afr,
branched, to 15 ft,, branches bluish-green and commonly
5- or 6-ribbed and to 4 in. thick; radials mostly 5: central 1
and dagger-shaped: fls. mostly 1 in, or more broad: fr.
(garrambulla) size of olive, bluish or purplish, edible.
Tablelands, Cent, and S. Mex,
Sch6nckii, To 4 in, diam.f dark green; ribs 7-8, acute,
smooth, areoles glabrous; radial spines 6-7, to 1 in. long or
less; central 1, to 2 in. long: fls. cream to pale lemon-yellow
within, brownish outside, small. Mex.
MYRTLE: Myrtus. Crape-: Lagerstrmnia, Downy-:
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Gum-: Angophora. Running-:
Vinca minor. Sand-: Leiophyllum. Wai-: Myrica ceri/era.
MYRTUS, MYRTLE, Myrtacex. Shrubs and
trees in both hemispheres, with opposite entire
Ivs., white or rosy fls, solitary or in cymes, and
fr. a berry.
Myrtle is grown out-of-doors in the South, in greenhouses
or in pots for lawn specimens in the North. Propagated
by cuttings of partially ripened wood under glass; also by
seed.
bullata. To 25 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 2 in. long, leathery,
blistered between veins: fls. }^ in. across: fr, dark red,
]i in. long. New Zeal.
commtinis. The classic MYRTLE. To 10 ft., evergreen,
strongly scented: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 2 in. long:
fls. to % m. across: fr. bluish-black, 1A in. long. Medit.
region. Var. albocaYpa, fr. white. Var. buxif&lia, Ivs.
elliptical. Var. compa'cta is more dwarf and dense, Var.
ita*hca, Ivs, small, sharp-pointed. Var. latif&lia, Ivs. very
broad. Var. microphtflla has small overlapping Ivs. Vars.
minima and nAna are small-lvd. dwarf forms. Var. romina,
Ivs. broad-ovate. Var. tarentina, Ivs. in 4 rows, short.
Var, variegata, Ivs, variegated.
Ltima: Eugenia apiculata,
obcordata, To 15 ft., much branched: Ivs. obcordate, to
% in. long, leathery: fls. ^ in. across: fr. dark red or violet
Y± in. long. New Zeal.
pedunculata. Similar to M . obcordata but differing in the
obovate Ivs rounded at the tip and 5- rather than 4-lobed
calyx. New Zeal,
Poepplgeri: listed name,
R&lphii. To 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 1 in.' long: fls. j^ in or
less across: fr, dark red, to ^ in. long, New Zeal,
romlna: M. communis var,
figni (Eugenia Ugm) CHILEAN GUAVA. Shrub or tree,
pubescent when young: Ivs. ovate, leathery, shining above,
whitish beneath: fls. tinted rose, with 2 persistent basal
bracts, calyx-lobes reflexed: fr, purple or reddish, about
Y% in, diam, Chile,
MYSTACfDIUM. Orchidacex. African epi-
phytic orchids resembling Angracum; sepals
and petals similar, lip entire or 3-lobed, spurred
at base. See Orchids.
dfstichum (Angrxcum distichum). Sts, tufted, more or
less curved, to about 9 in. long, densely covered with small
equitant two-ranked fleshy Ivs. about H in. long: fls. white,
solitary, about % in. long; spur as long as the furrowed
N
NABALUS: Prenanthet.
NJBGELIA: Smithiantha.
NAIBEL: Hesperethusa crenulata.
NAIL-WORT: Paronychia.
NAIO: Myoporum sandwicense.
NAMA: Eriodictyon Parryi.
NANANTHUS. Aizoacese. Segregates from
the old genus Mesembryanthemum: stemless
very dwarf per. plants with thick rootstock and
warted Ivs. in tufts of 3-6 pairs together not
separated by internodes: fls. sessile or nearly so;
stamens erect and conspicuous, in a cone. S.
Afr.
albindtus: Rdbiea albinota.
aloldes (M. aloides). Tufted: Ivs. 6-8, partially terete, 2
in. long and H in. broad at base, white- warted: fls. yellow,
1 in. across, the petals in a single series.
Jamesii (Aloinopsis Jamesn). Lvs. 2, recurved, about
1 in. long, the upper ones ovate or orbicular, ft in. long,
brownish-green, punctate: fls. yellow with red lines, in two
series. — See also Rabiea Jamesii,
Pedrsii: Cheiridopsis Peersii.
Pftle-fevansii. Lvs. 6-10, spatulate-lanceolate, IK in.
long and H in- broad, gray-green with pale warts: fls. light
yellow with red line down middle of petals, % in. across,
the petals in two series.
rosulatus: Aistocaulon rosulatum.
rubrolineatus (M. rubrolineatum. Aloinopsia Dyeri).
Lvs. 6-8, oblong-^patulate, to 2 m. long and 1A in. broad,
covered with whitish warts* fls. yellow with red line down
middle of petals, 1J^ in. across, the petals in two series.
vittatua (Aloinopsis vittata. Af. vittatum). Closely cespi-
tose: Ivs. 6-8, obtusely triangular, to 1 in. long and H in.
broad, with many warts: fls. bright yellow with red line
down center of petals, 1 in. across.
NANDlNA. Berber idaceas. An attractive
evergreen shrub native in China and Japan,
and grown out-of-doors in S. U. S. N. domes-
tica. To 8 ft. : Ivs. 2-3-pinnate, Ifts. narrow, to
2 in. long, turning red in fall: fls. white, small,
in panicles to 1 ft. long: berries bright red, -^in.
across. Var. alba is listed. The plant offered in
the trade as N. aurea is probably only a hort.
formofN.domestica. In China the plant is called
"heavenly bamboo." — It thrives in shady or
sunny positions but should be well watered;
adaptable for full growth to southern parts of
the country but root -hardy N. in protected
places. Propagated by seeds.
NANNORRHOPS. Palmacex. Three species
in N. India and 1 of them also in the Afghanistan
region, small cespitose polygamous fan-palms
with prostrate branching sts. and infl. among
the foliage, unarmed but with serrulate petiole:
Ivs. rigid, plicate, with short petiole and curved
bifid segms.: spadix much branched; stamens
about 9 in the staminate fls. and 6 in the her-
maphrodite ones: fr. a small globose or oblong
1-seeded drupe.
Ritchie&na (Chamaerops Ritchieana). MAZARI PALM.
Lvs. grayish or whitish, commonly tufted from slender
underground sts. or rhizomes but sometimes from erect
branching st. to 10 or 20 ft. high; segms. 8-15 and a ft. or
more long, long-pointed, extending to middle of blade or
lower: fr. \L in. or less diam., surface somewhat wrinkled.
Punjab, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, in arid and cold regions;
has been planted in S. Calif, and in Fla., but little known
amongst us.
NANNY-BERRY: Viburnum Lentago.
NARCfSSUS. Amaryllidacese. Spring-flower-
ing bulbous plants with basal Ivs. and yellow or
white fls. solitary or several at top of scape,
the perianth salverform and having a crown or
corona which may be long and tubular or short
and ring-like.
Narcissi are hardy out-of-doors and also forced in the
greenhouse for winter and spring bloom; favorites for colon-
izing. Bulbs should be planted in September or October m
good loamy soil, and they will bloom the following spring if
of flowering size. They do better if lifted every few years
and separated, the poor bulbs discarded. A few kinds, as
N. Tazetta, may be grown in the house without soil, merely
putting the bulbs in a bowl of water and propping them up
with stones. There are many choice variants and hybrids,
prized by fanciers. See Bulbs.
Ajaz: a garden group belonging to N. Paeudo- Narcissus!
BaVri: a hort. group intermediate between JV. incom-
parabilia and N. poeticus, the solitary yellow fls. having a
crenulate crown about 1A as long as segms. Var. conspfcuus
is said to have a broad snort crown edged red.
bicolor: plants so listed may be forms of N. Pseudo-
Narcisirua or N. Tazetta. having white segms. and yellow
corona.
bifldrus. PRIMROSE PEERLESS N. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and
H in. broad: fls. usually 2, white, the tube 1 in. long, the
pale yellow wavy-edged crown several times shorter than
eegms. P>ance to Tyrol.
Broussonetii. To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, as long as scape: fls.
white, to 1 M in. across, crown very low or seemingly absent,
segms. oblong-lanceolate, acutish. Moiocco. — Perhaps not
hardy N.
Bulboc6dium (JV. cantabricus) . PETTICOAT DAFFODIL.
Lvs. to 15 in. long, very slender, exceeding the fls.: fls.
solitary, bright yellow, the crown to 1 in. long and sur-
passing the very narrow segms. S. France to Morocco.
Var. citrinus has lemon-yellow fls. to 2 in. long. Var. con-
spfcuus is a large form. Var. Graellsii has whitish or prim-
rose-yellow fls. Var. monophyllus (N. Clusn} has sessile
white fls. and is said to be hardier.
Burbidgei. Probably hybrid between N. incomparabilia
and N. poeticus: fls. solitary, drooping, white, with very
short yellow crown with red rim.
Campernellii. N. odorus.
canaliculatus: N. Tazetla.
cantabricus: N. Bulbocodium.
c£rnuus: N. triandrus var.
Clusii: N. Bulbocodium var. monophyllus.
cyclamfneus. Fls. solitary, drooping or inclined, with
very short tube and lemon-yellow reflexed segms., the orange-
yellow wavy-edged nairow crown as long as segms. Por-
tugal.— Small slender plant.
giganteus: a large-fld. form of N. incomparabilis.
gr&cilis. To 1 ft.: Ivs. grass-like. ^ in. wide or less: fls.
light lemon-yellow, corona usually deeper colored, segms.
oblong acute and imbricated. S. France. Var. tenuior is
more slender with paler fls.
incomparabilis. Lvs. 1 ft. long and % in. wide: fls.
sohtaiy, yellow, with tube % in. long and wavy-edged erown
about half as long as segms. Spain to Tyrol. In var. Slbus
the segms. are white. There are double-fld. forms.
J6hnstonii: N. Pseudo- Narcissus var.
Tonquflla. JONQUIL. Lvs. to 1H it. long, narrow and
rush-like: fls. 2-6 together, yellow, fragrant, with tube 1 in.
long and wavy-edged crown much less than half as long as
segms. S. Eu., Algeria. Var. simplex is listed.
juncifolius. Lvs. to 6 in. long, narrow and rush-like: fls.
1-4 together, bright yellow, with tube 1A in. long and darker
yellow wavy-edged erown about half length of segms. S.
France, Spain, Portugal. Var. rupfcolus, pedicels absent
or greatly reduced, perianth-tube about % m. long.
Le&dsii: a hort. group intermediate between N. Pseudo-
Narcissus and N. poeticus with solitary whitish fls. having
a yellow wavy-edged crown nearly as long as segms.
m&ximus: garden form of N. Pseudo- Narcissus with
very large golden-yellow fls.
minimus: very small garden form of N. Pseudo- Nar-
cissus, 3-6 in. high, early.
minor: name applied to small forms of many species.
monophyllus: N. Bulbocodium var.
monspeliensis: listed name of plant believed to be dwarf
form of N. Tazetta.
moschatus. By some authors considered a variant of
N. Pseudo- Narcissus but differs in Ivs. to 1 ft. long and
V£ in. wide: fla. pale yellow becoming white, the segms.
lanceolate and somewhat twisted, pedicel bhorter and
stouter. Mte. of Spain and Portugal.
491
Narcissus
492
Nelumbium
nanus: hort. name applied to small garden forms of N.
Pseudo- Narcissus.
Nelsonii. Robust: fls. solitary, white with short tube
and lemon-yellow crown more than half as long as segms.
Probably hybrid.
oddrus (N. Camperndlh) . CAMPEBNELLE JONQUIL. Lvs.
about 1 ft. long and very narrow: fls. 2-4 together, bright
yellow, fragrant, with tube % in. long and crenate-lobed
crown about half length of segms. France and Spain east-
ward. Var. ruguldsus has shorter imbricated segms.
orientalis: N. Tazetta var.
ornatus: N. poeticus var.
pdetaz. POETAZ N. Hybrid between N. Tazetta and
N. poeticus var. ornatua, having 2-6 fls. larger and more
pleasantly fragrant than Tazetta.
poeticus. POETS N. Lvs. to 1H ft. long and ^ in. wide:
fls. mostly solitary, white, very fragrant, with tube 1 in.
long and shallow crown with wavy red edges much shorter
than segms. France to Greece. Var. ornatus is an early-
flowering form. Var. radiifldrus has narrower Ivs. and
segms. and a more erect crown. Var. recurvus, Ivs. and
segms. recurved.
polyanthos: N. Tazetta var.
prfnceps: a form of N. Pseudo- Narcissus with sulfur-
yellow fls. and yellow crown.
Pseudo-Narcissus. DAFFODIL. TRUMPET N. Lvs. to
15 in. long and % in. wide: fls. solitary, yellow, with tube
^ in. long and frilled crown about length of segms. or 2 in.,
sometimes double. Eu. — Here belong the Ajax narcissi.
Among the Latin-named forms are: bicolor, corona yellow
with white imbricated segms.; J6hnstonil, corona pale
yellow and truncate segms. reflexed. Portugal.
recurvus: N. poeticus var.
ruguldsus: N. odorus var.
scaberulus. To 4 in.: Ivs. 2, linear, arching to prostrate,
canaliculate: fls. deep orange-yellow, tube narrowly cylin-
drical, to 1 in. long, segms. obovate, acute, somewhat re-
flexed. Portugal. — Requires much moisture at blossoming
time, but little or none for remainder of season.
ser6tinus. To 10 in.: Ivs. narrowly linear, appearing
after flowering' fls. with greenish- white tube to ^ in. long
and small white segms. Spain to Palestine. — Perhaps not
hardy N.
Taz6tta (N. canaliculatus) . POLYANTHUS N. Lvs. to
l^j ft. long and % in. wide1 fls. usually 4^-8 together, white,
fragrant, with tube to 1 in. long and light yellow crown
much shorter than the obovate segms. Canary Isls. to
Japan. — A pure white-fld. kind is the Paper White narcis-
sus, favorite with florists for winter bloom, capable of being
brought into flower before Christmas. Var. orientalis,
CHINESE SACRED-LILY, has sulfur-yellow segms. and dark
yellow crown about \i their length; much grown in water as
a house plant. Var. polyanthos has fls. in umbels of 12-20,
segms. ovate, shorter than tube. S. France.
tri&ndrus. Lvs. about 1 ft. long, narrow and rush-like:
fls. 1-6 together, pure white, with tube to % in. long and
entire cup-like crown half the length of segms. Spain,
Portugal. Var. calathlnus has pale yellow fls. with crown
nearly as long as segms. Var. albus, an old name for tri-
andrus. Var. c£rnuus ( N. cernuus) has larger fls. with pale
yellow segms. and golden-yellow crown. Var. c6ncolor,
pale yellow. Var. pulchellus, yellow with white crown.
viridiflorus. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. slender and cylindrical, to
1 ft. long: fls. green, drooping, to 1 in. long, segms. linear-
lanceolate, reflexed, usually 2-4 on slender erect scape.
Morocco.
Watieri. To 6 in.: Ivs. narrowly linear, obtuse: fls.
solitary, segms. pure white or occasionally flushed pink, to
1 in. across, tube to % in. long, greenish-white. Mts.,
Turkey. — Docs best in sun in not too dry a soil.
NARTHfcCIUM. BOG-ASPHODEL. Ldliacex.
Rhizomatous herbs with grass-like Ivs. and small
greenish-yellow fls. in terminal racemes; some-
times transplanted.
americanum (Abama americana). To 1H ft.: Ivs. to 8 in.
long: fls. M in, long, in dense racemes 2 in. long. Swamps,
N. J. and Del.
calif 6rnicum. To 2 ft.: basal Ivs. sword-shaped and
folded as in iris, narrowly lanceolate, to 10 in. long, st.-
Ivs. to 4 in. long: fls. yellowish-green, to ^ in. long, in
loose terminal racemes to 7 in. long, anthers red: caps,
salmon-pink. Marshes, Calif, to S. W. Ore.
NASTURTIUM. Cruciferx. Name of con-
fused application because of the indefinite and
varying practices of early authors. The hor-
ticultural plant involved is the water-cress,
N, officin&le (N. Nasturtiurrtraqitaticum). An
aquatic or marsh inhabiting bien., sts. much
branched, floating or creeping, glabrous: Ivs.
pinnately divided, of 3-9 segms. with terminal
one largest, all ovate to orbicular: fls. white,
to % in. across, in racemes: caps, to \% in. long,
on pedicels as long. Eu., N. Asia; nat. in temp,
or subtrop. regions of New World. See Cress.
As a vernacular name, Nasturtium is applied to
Tropseolum. See also Armosacia.
NAVARRETIA: Guia.
NAVELSEED: Omphalodes.
NAVEL WORT: Omphalodes, Umbilicus pendulinus.
NEANTHE BELLA: Colhma elegans probably.
NECKLACE-TREE: Ormosia.
NECTARINE, smooth-fruited peach, named
as a botanical variety (var. Nectarina) of
Prunus Persica. Usually nectarines are of
smaller size than peaches and of richer quality,
but there are no essential differences. The trees
are the same. One may originate from the
other, reciprocally, by seed and by bud- variation.
Cultural requirements and propagation are the
same. Nectarines are infrequently planted in
E. U. S., being known mostly as oddities or
rarities.
NEGUNDO: Acer.
NEfLLIA. Rosacex. Simple-leaved deciduous
Asian spirea-like shrubs with alternate toothed
often lobed Ivs. and white or pink fls.in terminal
racemes or panicles. Attractive bushes, hardy
N. or in the north central states. Propagated by
greenwood cuttings under glass and by seeds.
afflnis. To 6 ft.: fls. pink, campanulate, in dense racemes
to 3 in. long, calyx pubescent. May-June. China.
longiracemdsa. To 10 ft.: fls. pink, tubular, in dense
racemes 3 in. and more long, calyx pubescent. June-July.
China.
sinensis. To 6 ft.: fls. pinkish, tubular, in nodding
racemes to 2 in. long, calyx glabrous May-June China.
thibetica. To 6 ft.: fls. pink, tubular, in dense racemes to
3 in. long, calyx pubescent. China. — Closely allied to N.
longiracemosa but Ivs. and ovary more pubescent.
thyrsifldra. To 4 ft.: fls. white, campanulate, in panicled
racemes, calyx pubescent. Aug.-Sept. Himalayas.
NELtJMBIUM (Nelumbo). LOTUS. Nym-
ph&aceae (or N elwribonacese) . Large aquatic
plants with shield-like Ivs. usually standing
above the water, single large fls. mostly over-
topping the Ivs., and large flat-topped fr.-
receptacles containing many carpels, each
opening on top by a large hole; suitable for
large ponds and for masses, sometimes colonized.
The roots of nelumbiums should not be allowed to
freeze. Increased by seed, sown in shallow pans in the
garden or if sown in ponds they are rolled in a ball of clay
and dropped in the water; the hard seeds of some species
germinate better if they are bored or filed. Propagated
also by sections of the rhizomes, covered with a foot or
two of water, if outdoors; N. Nelumbo may be increased by
division. The tubers or roots should not be transplanted
until good growth has begun.
flav6scens: a hort. form, probably of N. pentapetalum.
lute urn: N. pentapetalum.
Nelumbo (JV. speciosum. Nelumbo nucifera and indica).
EAST INDIAN L. Rootstock with small scale-like Ivs., many
ft. long, used as food in some countries: Ivs. mostly 3-6 ft.
above the water, 1-3 ft. across: fls. 4-10 in. across, fragrant,
pink or rose. S. Asia to Australia, sometimes nat. Many
vars. are in cult, as album grandifl drum ; a*lbum plenum
(Shiroman); Grossherzog Ernst Ludwig (JV. flavescens X
N. Osiris), salmon-rose; kermeslnum, light rose; Kinshiren,
white shaded pink; Osiris, deep rose; pulchrum, dark rosy-
red; pekinense rubrum, rosy-carmine and plenum large and
double; pygm&um, dwarf; r6seum, rosy-pink. — This plant
is sometimes called Egyptian lotus, but that name belongs
rather with Nymph&a Lotus.
Nelumbium
493
Neolloydia
pekin^nse: hort. form of N. Nelumbo.
pentape"talum (N. luteum). AMERICAN L. WATER
CHINKAPIN. Lvs. usually 1-2 ft. above the surface in
shallow water, cup-shaped, 1-2 ft. across: fls. pale yellow,
to 10 in. across. S. Ont. to Fla. and La.
Speci6sum: N. Nelumbo.
NELUMBO: Nelumbium.
NEMASTYLIS. Iridacese. American bulbous
herbs with long narrow Ivs. and blue or purple
fls. lasting only a day; tender in the N.
acuta. To 2 ft., the sts. simple or forked: Ivs. to 1 ft.
long: fls. to 2 in. across, 2-3 from a spathe. Apr.-June.
Tenn. to Tex.
coel£stina: Salpingoatylis ccelestina.
floridana. Recently discovered species in the north-
eastern coastal region of Fla.: 1H-4 ft. and more: Ivs.
plicate: fls. several, erect, violet, to 2 in. across, opening
4-6 o'clock afternoon in autumn.
purpurea: Euatyhs purpurea.
NEMATANTHUS. Gesneriacese. Trop. Ameri-
can shrubs or vines similar to Columnea, differ-
ing in its calyx-tube turbinate, corolla-throat
swollen the entire length becoming somewhat
funnelform, and fr. a caps.
longipes (Columnea splendens). Shrub to 2 ft. with
drooping branches: Ivs oblong to ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in.
long, fleshy, ciliate when young: fls. bright red, to 2% in
long, lobes reflexed, pedicel to 3 in. long, slender and hirsute.
Brazil. — Sometimes grown as a house plant; propagated
by seeds and cuttings.
NEMESIA. Scrophulariacese. African herbs
and subshrubs with attractive tubular fls. in
various colors, usually in terminal racemes, the
corolla-tube 2-lipped, short, with a sac or spur
in front, blooming from June-Sept. : Ivs. opposite.
Much like short-tubed linarias.
Nemesias are easily grown as annuals; they should stand
about 6 inches apart in the garden; seeds are commonly
started in the house.
chamjedrifdlia. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to \y% in. long:
fls. pale pink, spurred, solitary in the axils. S. Afr.
compacta: N. versicolor var.
fioribunda. Ann. to 15 in.: Ivs. ovate or oval, to 1M in.
long: fls. whitish, spurred, in many-fld. racemes to 5 in.
long. S. Afr.
foe tens. Per. to 2 ft., somewhat shrubby: Ivs. linear, to
1^ in. long: fls. blue, lavender, pink or wnite with yellow
crest, spur and throat, to % in. long. S. Afr. Var. latifolia
has Ivs. lanceolate, toothed, and fls. white to pink.
grandifldra tigrina: N. strumosa var.
hybrida: hort. name.
lilacina. To 15 in.: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, to 1H in.
long: fls. small, lilac, spurred, in racemes to 1 ft. long.
S. Afr.
nana compacta: N. strumosa var.
strumdsa. Ann to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long:
fls. white or in shades of yellow and purple, often purple
marked on the outside, the bearded throat spotted on a
yellow ground, with pouch at base, in racemes to 4 in. long.
S. Afr. Var. grandindra is an improved form with larger
fls. Var. nana compacta is dwarf. Var. Suttonii comprises
improved forms in white, yellow, rose-pink, orange, crimson
and scarlet.
versicolor. Ann. to 1 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
to 2 in. long: fls. in various colors, the spur nearly straight
or incurved, in racemes to 3 in. long. Var. compacta (N.
compacta') is a compact form, very free flowering.
NEMOPANTHUS. MOUNTAIN-HOLLY. Aqui-
foliaceae. Neat deciduous bush distinguished
from Ilex by the narrow separate petals and
very small not persistent sepals. N. mucro-
nita (N. canadensis. N. fascicularis). To 10
ft., glabrous, with purplish young growths,
nearly or quite entire elliptic or oblong or some-
what obovate mucronate-tipped Ivs. to \Yi in.
long: fls. axillary, on slender pedicels: drupe
about % in. diam., red. Mostly in bogs and
swamps, Newf. to Wis. and Va. — Handsome in
fr. and in autumn foliage.
NEM<5PHHA. Hydrophyllacex. Small soft
fragile ann. herbs, mostly Califprnian, glabrous,
pubescent or prickly-hairy, with usually pin-
natifid Ivs., blue or white solitary peduncled fls.
or rarely in racemes, the calyx having 5 spreading
or reflexed appendages in each sinus, stamens
not exserted; grown in the garden for the con-
tinuous spring and summer bloom.
Seeds may be sown where the plants aro to grow, in
early spring for summer bloom; the flowers are small out
usually profuse and blight. Recent studies have modified
the conception of the cultivated species.
atomaria: N. Mennesn var.
aurita: Pholistoma auntum.
crambeoldes: N. Memtesn var.
discoidalis: N. Menziesu var.
insignia: N. Menyiesii.
integrifolia: N. rotata var.
linifl&ra: N. Memiesii var.
maculata. FIVE-SPOT. Ascending or decumbent: fls.
white with deep purple spot at tip of each lobe. Calif.
Var. grandifldra has larger fls. and var. purpurea purple fls.
Menziesii (N. insigms). BABY BLUE-EYES. Sts. pros-
trate or ascending, to 20 in. long: Ivs. to 4 in. long, pin-
natifid into 5-9 lobed divisions: fls. blue, rotate, to 1 }^ in.
across. Calif. Var. alba, fls. white. Var. atomaria (N.
atomaria), fls. paler, dotted with purple or black. Var.
crambeoldes, fls. light blue veined purple. Var. discoidalis,
fls. brownish-purple in center and white on edges. Var.
grandifldra, fls. large. Var. linifldra (N. liniflora), fls. white
or pale blue with black center. Var. margiuata, fls. blue
margined white.
phacelioldes. To 2 ft.: Ivs. alternate, scgms. ciliate,
notched at tip: fls. blue with white center, bell-shaped.
W. N. Amer.
purpurea: trade name, possibly for N. maculata var.
rot^ta. Differs from N. Memiesri in Ivs. pinnatifid into
3-5 entire divisions and smaller fls. Calif. Var. integrifdlia
(N '. inteyrifolia) , fls. pale blue, about Yi in. across.
NEOBENTHAMIA. Orchidacese. A single
African terrestrial orchid, N. gracilis. Tall
more or less branching plant to 4 ft. high: Ivs.
numerous, two-ranked, linear or linear-lanceo-
late, to 8 in. long: infl. terminal, simple or
branched, densely-fld. at the end of a long
naked peduncle; fls. white having a lip with
yellow middle line bordered on each side by a
row of rosy spots. Jan.- Apr., Sept. See Orchids.
NEOB^SSEYA. Cadacex. Small simple or
tufted globose or depressed cacti, on the Great
Plains of the U. S. to Mex.: plant -body bearing
spiralled or irregular tubercles mostly grooved
on the upper side and which are spine-bearing
at the apex: fls. near top of plant, relatively
large, yellow or pink. See Cacti.
asperispina. Usually solitary, globose, blue-green, to 2^
in. diam.; tubercles conical, to % in. long; spines grayish,
radials 9-10, to H in. long, stiff, radiating, central usually
absent: fls. greenish-yellow, to \Y* in. long. Mex.
missourie'nsis (Cactus, Mammillaria and Coryphantha
missouriensis. Mammillaria Nuttallii). St. usually solitary,
globose, 1-2 ft. high; tubercles Hs in. or more long; spines
10-20 together: fls. about 1 in. long and broad, yellow or
reddish, stamens yellow. N. D. to Tex. and west.
Ndtesteinti. Similar to N. missouriensis from which it
differs in its pubescent spines, pink stamens, and perianth-
segms. with red midrib. Mont.
similis (Coryphantha atmtfi*). Growing in clumps to 6
in. high and 1 ft. diam.; tubercles cylindrical and to ^ in.
long; radial spines 12-15, white tipped brown; central 1 or
none: fls. light yellow, 2 in. long. E. Tex.
Wissmannii. Solitary or growing in clumps to 4 in.
high and 1 ft. diam., areoles white- woolly; spines 7-14,
^ in. long: fls. deep yellow, 2 in. long. Cent. Tex.
NEOLL6YDIA. Cactacex. Small cylindric
and densely spiny tubercled cacti of Tex. and
Mex., formerly named in Mammillaria and
Echinocactus : central spines 1-seyeral and much
longer than the numerous radials: fls. large,
pink or purple. See Cacti.
Neolloydia
Beguinii (Echinocactua Beguinii). Cylindric, to 6 in.
high; tubercles in geometric figures and covered with spines;
ladials 20 or more and white, fls. bright pink, to 1^ in.
long. Mex. Var. senllis is listed.
ceratites (Mammillaria ceratitea). Ovoid, to 4 in. tall
and 2 in. diam., gray-green; tubercles about Y% in. across,
rhomboid, axils woolly; spines grayish, radiais 15, to % in.
long, base bulbous, centrals .5-6, to 1^ in. long, stout: fls.
purple, to \Yt in. long. Mex.
clavata (Mammillaria clavata. M. rhapidacantha).
Simple, cyhndric, to 6 in. high, bluish-green; tubercles
conic and axils woolly when young; radiais 6-12; central 1:
fls. about ^ in. long, creamy-white. Mex.
conofdea (Mammillaria conoidea. Echinocactua conoi-
deua). Mostly cespitose, parts short-cylindric; tubercles
obtuse and axils veiy woolly; spines very many and cover-
ing the plant, the radiais white: fls. purple. N. Mex.
grandifldra (Mammillaria and Coryphantha grandi flora).
Cylindrical, to 4 in. tall and nearly 3 in. diam.; tubercles
eubihombic, compact, woolly in groove and axils; radial
spines usually 20-25, white with black tip; centrals 1-2,
or absent, black, stiff: fls. dark violet-pink, to 2^ in. across
or more. Mex.
horrfpila (Mamrmllaria horripila). Globular or short-
cylindric, 5 in. high; tubercles glaucous; radial spines 8-10
and ^ in. long; central I. fls. deep purple, i££ in. long. Mex.
pilisplna (Mammillaria pihapina). Cespitose, 1J^ in.
diam., young areoles with long white wool; radial spines
3-7 and white tipped black; central spine 1 or none: fls.
purplish, l/$ in. long. Mex.
Roseana: probably Cochemiea Poselgeri.
texensis. Globose or short-oblong, 2 in. long; radial spines
10-15 and white; cential spines 1-3, 1 in. long, black. Tex.
NEOMAMMILLARIA: Mammillaria.
NEOMiRICA (Marica of hort.). Iridacese.
Trop. per. herbs with short root/stocks, narrow
basal Ivs. and blue, yellow or white iris-like fls.
of brief duration, in clusters near the end of flat,
winged, leaf-like scapes. The generic name
Marica, long associated with the following plants,
is now known to be a synonym of the closely
related genus Cipura.
Maricas are hardy in mild regions with winter pro-
tection, and thrive in Florida and similar climates. Propa-
gated by division.
caerulea. To 2^A ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and l>i in. across,
ensiform : fls. bright blue or lilac, to 4 in. across, outer segms.
with transverse bars of brown, yellow or white. Brazil.
gracilis. Lvs. to 1^£ ft. long and 1 in. across: fls. 2 in.
across, the outer segms. white with yellow and brown
markings, inner segms. small, blue. Mex. to Brazil.
longifdlia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. 1 in. across: fls. 2 m. across,
yellow barred with brown. Brazil.
magnified: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
Northiana. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 2 in. across:
fls. very fragrant, to 4 in. across, outer segms. white varie-
gated at base, inner segms. violet variegated at base. Brazil.
tristis: listed name.
NEOPIERIS: Lyonia.
NEOPORTfeRIA. Cactacese. Chilean cacti of
globose or cylindrical form with usually straight
tubercled ribs: fls. from center of plant, pinkish
or reddish, short-funnelform.
acutlssima: Chilenia acutiaaima.
chil£nsis: Chilenia chilensia.
ftisca (Echinocactua fuacua and ebenacanthua) . To 4 in.
diam., globular or short-cylmdnc; ribs 12-13; radial spines
5-7 and brownish; central spines 4 and 1 in. long: fls. yel-
lowish-white, 1 in. long.
napina. Globose to obconical, to nearly 4 in. tall and
2 in. diam., roddish-gray to brownish-green; ribs 14, spiral,
conspicuously tubercled; spines all radial, about 3-9, to
Yi in. long, dark brown: fls. yellow, to 1)2 in- long.
Nidus (Echinocactua Nidua and aeniha. N. aenilia).
Solitary, globose to subcylindrical, to nearly 4 in. diam.,
covered with long recurved spines; ribs 16-18, deeply
notched; spines in two series, the outer 20-24 slender,
white and about % in. long, the inner 6^-8 stouter, tortuous
and to l]4, in. long: fls. reddish, to 1H in. long.
nfgricans (Echinocactua nigricana). Short-cylindric; riba
15, strongly tubercled; radial spines 8-9, black; central
spines 1-2, % in- long: fls. white or yellowish-green, 2 in.
long.
494
Nepenthes
occulta (Echinocactua occultua). To 3 in. high, globular or
short-cylindric; ribs about 14, strongly tubercled; spines
1-10 or wanting, blackish, to l>i in. long: fls. reddish out-
side, 2 in. across.
Reichii (Notocactua Reichii). Cespitose and free-sprout-
ing, globose, to 3 in. diam., gray-green; ribs 30-40, low,
tubercled, spines 7-9, to y% in. long, white, curved: fls.
yellow, style red.
senilis: N. Nidus.
Stumeriana: listed name, perhaps Parodia Stuemeri.
subgibbdsa: Chilenia subgibboaa.
NEORAIM<5NDIA. Cactacese. Stout columnar
cactus branching near base, native in W. Peru.
N. macrostibas. To 12 ft., areoles very large
and sometimes elongated to 4 in.; ribs few:
spines 12 or more, very unequal, the central
often to 10 in. long: fls. to 1^ in. long, funnel-
form. Var. roseifldra, fls. rose-pink. Var. gigan-
tda, a large form to 20 ft., much branched
from about 1J^ ft. above ground, with spines
to 6 in. long.
NEOWASHINGTONIA: Washingtonia.
NEOWERDERMANNIA. Caciacex. One
species native in the high mts. of S. Amer.
N. Vorwerkii. Plant of 16 spirally arranged
protuberant 3-angled ribs, areoles in depres-
sions and white-woolly when young; spines
10, bent, y% in. long, and one to 1J^ in. long
and black.
NEPENTHACE^. NEPENTHES FAMILY. One
£enus of semi-woody more or less climbing
insectivorous plants native from E. Indies to
Madagascar, sometimes grown under glass as
curiosities and once assembled as much-prized
fanciers' plants in many forms and hybrids.
The family is characterized by alternate Ivs.
with midrib prolonged into tendril bearing at
end a hollow pitcher with thickened rim and
large or small lid, small dioecious fls. in racemes,
having 3-4 sepals, no petals, 4-24 united stamens,
superior 4-celled ovary, and fr. a caps. The
family appears in the sequence associated with
Sarracemaceae, Droseracese, Resedaceac.
NEPENTHES. PITCHER-PLANT. Nepenthacex.
Characters as for the family (above); many of
the named kinds are artificial hybrids.
Pitcher-plants are suitable for pots or baskets suspended
from roof of greenhouse, with temperature of not less than
65°. The best potting material is fibrous peat, moss and
sand. They should be shaded from bright sunshme. Propa-
gated by cuttings of ripened shoots and by seeds in a close
propagating frame.
atr os anguine a. Hybrid probably of N. diatillatoria and
N. Sedenii: pitchers reddish-purple mottled with pale
green, wings fringed.
Che'lsonii. Hybrid between N. Hookeriana and N
Dominii: pitchers yellowish-green spotted with purple,
wings fringed.
Cdurtii. Hybrid, with N. Dominii as one of the parents:
pitchers green mottled with purple, wings fringed.
Dickinsoniana. Hybrid between N. Raffleaiana and N.
Veitchii: pitchers green marked with purple, wings fringed.
distillat&ria. Pitchers pale green to dull red, to 5 in. long
and 1^ in. across, wings fringed. Ceylon.
D6minii. Hybrid with N. Raffleaiana as one of parents:
pitchers mottled green and purple, wings fringed.
edinensis. Hybrid between N, Raffleaiana and N.
Chelaonii: pitchers yellow-green spotted with dark purple,
wings fringed.
Henryana. Hybrid with N. Hookeriana and N. Sedenii
pitchers red or greenish-red and mottled, wings fringed.
Hookeriana. Pitchers pale green marked with pu
to 6 in. long and 3 in. across, the wings broad and douo
fringed or unfringed on upper pitchers. Borneo.
intermddia. Hybrid with N. Raffleaiana as one parent:
pitchers green spotted with purple, the wings fringed.
Nepenthes
495
khasiina. Pitchers green or reddish-green, to 7 in. long
and 1 H in. across, wings narrow and fringed. India.
Lawrenciana. Hybrid between N. polymer pha and
If. Hookeriana: pitchers pale green with dark purple mark-
ings, wings fringed, expanded: Ivs. lanceolate, margins
usually dentate-ciliate.
Mastersi&na. Hybrid between N. sanguinea and N.
khasiana: pitchers deep crimson or crimson-green with
purple spots, the wings fringed or small.
maxima. Pitchers pale green, heavily blotched with
purple, lower ones with wings expanded and fringed, middle
narrow-cylindric and unf ringed, upper ones funnel-shaped;
peristome expanded and wavy, greenish to dark purple
within. Celebes, Borneo, New Guinea. — Highly colored,
free-flowering; parent of many hybrids.
M6rganiae: probably not distinguishable from N. IMW-
renciana, both of which are reputed to have same parentage.
paradises. Hybrid with N. Phyllamphora as one parent:
pitchers purple-red below, yellow-spotted above.
Pa'tersonii. Hybrid of uncertain parentage: pitchers
yellowish-green mottled with red, the wings narrow and
fringed.
Phyllamphora. Pitchers pale to reddish-green or red, to
6 in. long and 1H in. across, the wings narrow and cord-
like. 8. China, E. Indies.
Rafflesiana. Pitchers pale green spotted with purple, to
7 in. long and 4 in. across, the lower urn-shaped and upper
funnelform. Malacca to Borneo and Sumatra.
sangufnea. Pitchers red or reddish-green, to 10 in. long
and 3 in. across, wings fringed or plain. Malaya.
S&denii. Hybrid of uncertain parentage: pitchers slightly
contracted in middle, the wings fringed.
sple'ndida. Hybrid between N. Hookeriana and N.
Phyllamphora.
Veitchii. Pitchers yellowish-green to reddish, hairy, to
8 in. long and 3 in. across, wings fringed, with wide rim.
Borneo.
Wflliamsii, Hybrid between N. Sedenii and N. Hooker-
iana: pitchers yellow-red with many bright red blotches
and spots: Ivs. petiolate.'
NfiPETA. Labiatx. Mostly aromatic herbs,
ann. and per., with toothed or cut Ivs., blue
or white fls. in whorls in clusters or spikes;
grown for medicinal purposes and the creeping
kinds for ground-cover in shady places. Cat-
nip is one of the sweet herbs. Propagated by
seeds and by division; easily grown.
amethystina. Per. to 2 ft., soft-tomentose: Ivs. cordate-
lanceolate, to l>i in. long: fls. blue, >$ in. long, in clusters
forming a long raceme. Spain.
barbata. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 1H in. long and M in.
wide, rounded or hastate at base. fls. in few-fld. loose
racemes, the spreading lower lip barbed. Turkestan.
Cataria. CATNIP or CATNEP. CATMINT. Per. to 3 ft.,
pubescent and pale: Ivs. ovate, to 2^£ in. long. fls. whitish
or pale purple, % in. long, in dense spikes to 5 in. long.
Eu., Asia; widely nat. in N. Amer. — An old sweet herb.
cyanea. To 6 in., sts. ascending, soft-tomentose: Ivs.
ovate or oblong, small, wrinkled: fls. 'pale purple, small,
in numerous racemes 1 in. long. Caucasus.
d Is tans. Per. to 1^ ft., soft-tomentose: Ivs. ovate-
cordate, to 2 in. long: fls. rose, in spikes to 8 in. long.
Himalayas.
Glechdma: N. hederacea.
grandiflora. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-cordate, to 2>4 in.
long: fls. blue, % in. long, in clusters forming loose racemes.
Caucasus.
hederacea (N.Olechoma. Glecoma hederacea). GROUND
IVT. GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND. FiEM>-BALM. Creeping per.
forming a mat, useful as ground-cover in both exposed and
shady places: Ivs. round or kidney-shaped, deeply cordate,
to 1H in. across: fls. light blue, to 1 in. long, in few-fld.
clusters. Eu., Asia; widely nat. in N Amer. Var. variegata
has variegated Ivs.
itdlica. Per. to 3^ ft.: Ivs. ovate, to % in. long, obtuse,
cordate, petiolate, glabrous above and shortly villous-
pubescent beneath, margins crenate: fls. purple to white,
in condensed vertirillate cymes subtended by narrowly
lanceolate bracts. N. W. Medit. region.
lanceolata: N. Nepetella.
macrantha. Per. to 3 ft.: lys. ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in.
long: fls. blue, to 1H in. long, in few-fld. clusters. Siberia.
Mussinii. Per. to 2 ft., much branched, white-pubescent:
Ivs. oblong-ovate, to % in. long: fls. blue with dark spots,
to ^ in. long, in clusters forming long racemes. Caucasus,
Persia. Vars. grandis and suplrba are listed.
Nephrophyllidium
Nepete'lla (N. lanceolata). Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
1 in. long, gray-pubescent: fls. white or pink spotted with
purple, H in. long, in spikes. S. Eu.
nervdsa. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
toothed: fls. pale blue, in spikes to 3 in. long. Himalayas.
nuda (N. pannonica). Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 2 in.
long, nearly glabrous: fls. violet to white spotted with
purple, H in. long, in many-fld. racemes. S. Eu.
pannonica: N. nuda.
ucr&nica. Per. to 2 ft., pubescent or nearly glabrous1
Ivs. oblong-ovate to oblong: fls. blue, small, in loose bracted
cymes. E. Eu., W. Asia. — Not showy; the material planted
undo** this name is usually N. grandiflora.
Wflsonii: Dracocephalum Wilsonii.
NEPHELIUM: Litchi and Euphoria.
NEPHRODIUM: Dryopteris.
NEPHR<3LEPIS. SWORD-FERN. Polypodiaccar.
Trop. and subtrop. ferns of both hemispheres,
some of them favorite house and conservatory
plants: fronds usually long and narrow, pin-
natelv compound or divided; sori on upper forks
of veins.
The sword-ferns are greenhouse or porch subjects,
sometimes grown in vases and baskets; they are commonly
propagated by rooting runners, as good spores may not be
produced by the horticultural varieties. The plants thrive
under common or even untoward conditions and produce
dense crowns of long often drooping fronds. See Ferns.
acuminata (M. davalhoides) . Fronds drooping, to 3 ft.
long and 1 ft. wide, pinna) linear-lanceolate, coarsely
toothed, the fertile ones much contracted. Malaya.
acuta: N. biaerrata.
biserrata (N. acuta). Fronds drooping or arching, to
4^6 ft. long and 1 ft. wide, pinnee distant, to 6 in. long,
toothed. Tropics. Var. furcans has forked segrns.
bostoniensis: N. exaltata var.
bulb if era: perhaps a form of Polystichum aculeatum.
cordata: N. cordifolia.
cordifdlia (N. cordata. N. tuberosa). Rhizome bearing
tubers: fronds to 2 ft. long and 2% in. wide, erect or nearly
so, bright green, pinnae close together, to 1^ in. long,
sharp- toothed. Tropics and sub tropics. Hort. vars. are
compActa, gigant&a, plumdsa, tessellata, variegata.
davallioides: N. acuminata.
Duffii (N. cordifolia var. Duffii). Tufted, graceful:
fronds to 2 ft. long and % in. wide, usually forked or crested
at tips, pinna* nearly orbicular, ^ in. across, wavy-toothed.
New Zeal, or S. Sea Isla. — Probably a mutant of N. cordi-
folia.
exaltata. Stiff, erect: fronds to 5 ft. long and 6 in. wide,
pinna) close together, to 3 in. long, entire or slightly toothed.
Fla. to Brazil and in Afr. and E. Asia. — This species has
given rise to numerous sports or mutants with much divided
and even crested fronds and that have received Latinized
names, some of which are entered here. Var. bostoniensis,
BOSTON-FERN, is more graceful and drooping, a famous
window-garden and table fern. From it or its derivatives
have arisen many forms as: Amersohln, Childsn, Dreyeii,
edmontoniensis, elegantissima and its vars. compacta and
compacta cnstata, Elmsfordu, falcata, Forstenana, Galves-
tonn, Giatrasii, Goodii, Gretnai, Harrian. Hill an, lycopo-
dioidea, Macawn, magnified, Milleri, Millsn, muscosa,
Norwoodii, phtlippinensis, Piersonn, Randolphii, robusta,
Rooseveltii, Scholzelii, Schubertii, Scotth, Smithii, aplendida,
superba, superbissima, tnpartita, todeoides, vindissima,
Wanamakeri, Whitmanii, Wicheri, Wilsomi, Wittboldn,
Wredei.
pectinata (N. cordifolia var. pectinata). BASKET-FERN.
Small, compact, grayish-green: fronds to Ity ft. long and
1 in. wide, pinnee close together, ^ in. long, toothed.
Trop. Amer.
tuberdsa: N. cordifolia.
NEPHROPHYLLIDIUM. Gentianacex. A
monotypic genus occurring in arctic and sub-
arctic regions from N. Wash, to Alaska and
Japan: allied to Menyanthes. differing in having
simple Ivs. and entire corolla-lobes. N. Crfsta-
gdlli. Per. with creeping rootstocks: basal Ivs.
kidney-shaped, to 5 in. wide, coarsely crenate,
long-petioled : fls. white, shortly funnelform and
5-lobed, in cymes on scapes to 2 ft. high. In
bogs and marshes. — Adaptable to the bog
garden or in moist mucky soil along pools or
ponds.
Nephthytis 496
NEPHTIT$TIS. Aracex. Herbs with thick
rhizomes, in W. Afr., long-petioled arrow-shaped
Ivs., and fls. borne on a stalked cylindrical spadix,
the spathe decurrent on peduncle; no close
relatives in general cult.
AfzSlii (N. liberica). Rhizome horizontal and creeping:
Ivs. to 1 ft. long, on petioles to 1 ^j ft. or more long: spathes
green, to 3 in. long. Var. variegata is listed as a variegated
foliage form.
liWrica: N. Afzelii.
pictur&ta: Rhektophyllum mirabile.
triphf lla: hort. name unidentifiable botanically, probably
not a Nephthytis.
NEPTUNIA. Leguminosse. Per. herbs or
shrubs of warm parts of the western hemisphere:
sts. spineless, diffusely branched or prostrate:
Ivs. bipinnate. Ifts. small: fls. regular, in globose
or cylindrical spikes on solitary axillary pe-
duncles: pods 1A~1A as broad as long, flattened.
Grown for ornament in the border; propagated
by seeds.
lutea. Low per., branched at base, pubescent: Ifts.
18-34, oblong, ^ in. long or less, cihate, apiculate: fls.
yellow, in dense heads to % in. long. Okla., Tex.
NERlNE. Amaryllidacese. Bulbous herbs from
S. Afr. with strap-shaped basal Ivs. not ap-
pearing with the bloom, and funnelform fls.
in shades of red to white borne in umbels at
top of solid scape, the perianth-tube very
short, blooming in autumn (Mar. to May in
S. Afr.)
Nennes are tender and grown mostly in pots in the
greenhouse, arid out-of-doors in mild climates. They should
be given plenty of water until after flowering, and from
May to August the bulbs should be rested. Propagated
by offsets.
Bdwdenil. To 15 in.: Ivs. strap-shaped, obtuse: fls.
bright rose-pink, in umbels of 8-12, segms. to 3 in. long,
spreading, margin wavy and crisp, reflexed at tip, stamens
and style longer than segms.
coruscans: hort. name, perhaps for N. sarniensis var.
corusca.
curvif&lia. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. 1 ft. long, curved, glaucous,
after fls.: fls. scarlet, stamens not exserted. Var. F6ther-
gillii (AT. Fothergillii) is stronger with numerous fls.
filif61ia. Subereet grass-like Ivs. to 8 in. long: fls. bright
red, to 1 in. long, segms. narrow, oblanceolate; infl. a centri-
petal umbel.
flexudsa. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear-lorate, to % in. wide: fls.
pale pink, to 1 M m. long, in umbels of 10-20, segms. with
crisped margins, stamens and style shorter than segms.
A var. alba with white fls. is advertised.
F6thergillii: N. curvifolia var.
Mansellii. Said to hybrid between N. flexuosa and N.
curvifolia var. Fothergillii.
rosea: N. sarniensis var.
sarailnsis (Amaryllis sarniensia). GUERNSEY-LILY. To
1 H ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and % in. wide, after fls.: fls. crim-
son, 1 H in- long, the segms. slightly crisped and the bright
red stamens exserted. Var. corusca, Ivs. broader with
cross-bars between veins, fls. bright scarlet, large; its form
major has crimson-red fls. Var. r6sea (N. rosea) has darker
Ivs. and rose-pink fls.
NfiRIUM. Apocynacese. Stout evergreen shrubs
with Ivs. opposite or in 3's or 4's, showy funnel-
form fls. in terminal cymes, and fr. of 2 long
follicles; native from Medit. region to Japan.
Oleanders are grown out-of-doors in the South and as
pot- or tub-plants North. They require little attention in
the South; in the North plants should be cut back and
rested after flowering, then potted in loam and rotted
manure. Propagated easily by cuttings of mature firm wood,
sometimes in water.
tndicum (N. odorum). SWEET-SCENTED OLEANDER. To
8 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 10 in. long: fls. rosy-pink to
white, often double, fragrant, 2 in. across. Persia to Japan.
oddrum: N. indicum.
Oleander. OLEANDER. To 20 ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
to 8 in. long: fls. to 3 in. across, white, yellowish to red and
purple, as indicated by the trade names album, atropur-
Nicotiana
pureum, cardinally carneum, lutSscens. rdseum, spl6ndens.
Var. variegatum, Ivs. variegated with white or yellow.
Medit. region. — Popular as a tub-plant; slips are sometimes
rooted in bottles of water.
NERTfeRA. Rubiacese. Creeping per. herbs
with small opposite Ivs., solitary tubular 4-5-
lobed fls., and fr. a fleshy drupe; native in the
southern hemisphere.
One species is cultivated as a ground-cover in California
and under glass in the North. It snould be grown in a shady
place in sandy or light soil. Propagated by seeds and
division.
deprlssa. BEAD-PLANT. Sts. to 10 in. long, matted: Ivs.
broad-ovate, K in. long: fls. greenish, minute and incon-
spicuous: fr. orange, about M in. across. S. Amer.,, New
Zeal., Tasmania.
NES^A: Decodon.
NETTLE: Urtica. Dead: Lamium.
NEVIUSIA. Rosacese. One deciduous shrub
native in Ala., grown out-of-doors for ornament
and sometimes forced under glass. N. alabamen-
sis. SNOW-WREATH. To 6 ft.: Ivs. alternate,
ovate, to 3 in. long, toothed: fls. white, without
petals, 1 in. across, in clusters, of feathery ap-
pearance due to the many stamens. — Propagated
by seeds and cuttings of young wood in the
greenhouse. It is hardy to New England and
Cent. N. Y. in somewhat protected places.
NEYRAUDIA. Graminese. One large leafy
per. grass native in trop. Asia, trop. Afr. and
Madagascar, planted somewhat for ornament
in S. Fla. and S. Calif. N. madagascariensis.
To 8 ft. or more: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 1 in.
wide: spikelets -awned, in compound nodding
plume-like panicles J;o 3 ft. long. See Grasses.
NICANDRA (Physalodes). Solanacex. Stout
ann. herbs from Peru differing from Physalis
in the 3-5-celled ovary and dry rather than
fleshy fr.: fls. larger and more showy. Some-
times grown from seed sown in the open in the
S., under glass in the N., as an ornamental
subject; escaped as a weed in some places.
Physalddes. APPLE-OF-PERU. SHOO-FLY PLANT. Strong
spreading old-fa«hioned garden plant, to 4 ft.: Ivs. oval,
sinuate-toothed : fls. blue, 1 in. or more across, wheel-
shaped, solitary: berry inclosed in an enlarged strongly
5-winged calyx. Escaped in U. S. and tropics.
violacea. Sts. dark violet: lys. to 10 in. long, with colored
hairs on upper surface: fls. solitary, bell-shaped, violet-blue
on upper half and white on lower.
NICKER-NUT: Csesalpinia Bonduc.
NICOTlANA. Solanacex. Large herbaceous
annuals and perennials, rarely shrubby or tree-
like, usually sticky-hairy, with long tubular
strongly fragrant fls., white, greenish, yellow
or purple, mostly opening at night, in terminal
panicles or racemes: Ivs. alternate and simple,
possessing narcotic-poisonous properties; grown
for ornament and N. Tabacum yielding tobacco.
Nicotianas are easily grown but are sensitive to frost.
Some of them make good pot-plants and border subjects.
Propagated by seed, the ornamental forms also by cuttings;
N. alata var. grandiflora by root-cuttings.
acuminata. Per. but grown as ann.: Ivs. ovate-lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, short-petioled, undulate: fls. white,
3 in. long, salverform, the tube 5 times as long as calyx,
lobes obtuse. Chile.
affinis: N. alata var. grandiflora.
alata. Tender per. to 5 ft. : Ivs. lanceolate or oblong, to
4 in. long, acute or obtuse, the petiole with narrow wings,
undulate: fls. fragrant at night, closing in cloudy weather,
salverform, corolla-limb white within, pale violet beneath,
2 in. across, lobes acute or notched, tube 4-5 times longer
than calyx. Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay. Var. grandiflora
(N. affinis), JASMINE TOBACCO, has very large fls. with
much dilated tube.
Nicotiana
497
Nierembergia
angustifdlia: JV. Tabacum var.
arb6rea: N. glauca.
attenuata. Ann. to 4 ft.: lys. broad-ovate to lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, petioled: fls. white or greenish, salverform, to
1 in. long, opening at night. B. C. to Mont, and Mex.
auriculata. Ann.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
clasping and ear-shaped at base: fls. funnel-shaped, red,
lobes acuminate. Sardinia.
Bfgelovii. INDIAN TOBACCO. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
ovate to lanceolate, to 7 in. long, acute, short-petioled or
sessile: fls. white, salverform, 2 in. long, limb 1 in. across.
Calif, to Nev. and Ariz.
cerinthoides: a listed name of uncertain botanical ap-
plication.
chine'nsis: JV. Tabacum var. angustifolia.
colossea: N. tomentosa.
Forgetiana. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. papery, oblong-lanceolate,
about 1 ft. long, obtuse, with short winged petiole: fls. rose,
funnelform, to 1% in. long and 1 in. across, the lobes obtuse.
Brazil.
fragrans: N. suaveolens var. macrantha.
fruticdsa: a listed name of uncertain botanical applica-
tion.
gigantea: JV. Tabacum.
glauca ( N. arborea). TREE TOBACCO. Tree-like, to 20 ft.,
glaucous-blue and glabrous: Ivs. ovate, acute, long-petioled:
fls. yellow, salverform, 1^ in. long, lobes acute. S. Amer.;
nat. in Tex., Calif, and elsewhere.
glutinbsa. Ann.: Ivs cordate- ovate, abruptly acuminate,
petioled: fls. reddish-yellow, drooping, salverform, twice as
long as calyx, lobes acute. Peru, Bolivia.
grandifldra purpurea: a form of N. Tabacum var. macro-
phylla; see also N. alita var.
lancifdlia: an unidentified name in lists; perhaps a form
of N. Tabacum.
L&ngsdorffi. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, ob-
tuse, short-petioled or sessile: fls. greenish -yellow, drooping,
salverf orrn, 3 times longer than calyx, lobes obtuse. Brazil,
Chile.
longifldra. Ann. or per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to
9 in. long, obtuse or acute, sessile or short-petioled: fls.
salverform, fragrant, night- opening, yellowish-violet with-
out, white within, to 6 in. long, 6-7 times longer than calyx,
the lobes obtuse or notched. Tex. to Chile and Argentina.
macrophylla: JV. Tabacum var.
noctifl&ra. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong to linear-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, short-petioled or sessile: fls. salverform,
opening at night, fragrant, white within, purplish without,
3 times as long as calyx, lobes notched. Argentina, Chile.
paniculata. Ann. to 3 ft : Ivs. ovate, acute or obtuse,
petioled: fls. yellowish-green, snlverform, 6 times longer
than calyx, lobes acute. Peru.
petiolaris. Ann.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, to 1 ft. long, acu-
minate, with short reddish petioles: fls red, funnelform,
the lobes acuminate or acute. Habitat unknown.
plumbagmifdlia. Lvs. oblong, sessile or clasping, un-
dulate: fls. salverform, greenish- white, to 2 in. long, open-
ing in evening Mex., W. Indies.
quadrivalvis. Ann. to 2 ft.: Iva. ovate-lanceolate or
oblong, petioled, upper sessile: fls. funnelform, white inside,
purplish outside, to 1 in. long. Wash., Ore., Mont.
rustica. Ann , bien. or trien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong,
to 1 ft. long, obtuse, petioled, thick: fls. day-opening, yel-
lowish or greenish, 1 in. long, salverform, 2-3 times longer
than calyx, lobes obtuse. Mex., Tex. Var. humilis is listed.
S&nderse. Hybrid between N. alata and jV. Forgetiana:
ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. spatulate, to 1 ft. long, acuminate, petioled,
undulate: fls. salverform, tube greenish-yellow tinted with
rose, to 3 in. long, the limb carmine-rose, 3 times longer
Mian calyx, lobes acute, obtuse or notched.
sanguinea: listed name of uncertain botanical standing.
suaveolens. Ann. or bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs. spatulate to
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, short-petioled: fls. nod-
ding, greenish-purple, night- opening, fragrant, to 2 in. long
and 1 in. wide, the limb somewhat 2-lipped, lobes obtuse.
Australia. Var. macrantha ( N. fragrans) has white fls.
sylve'stris. Per, to 5 ft. or more: Ivs. wrinkled, oblong,
obtuse, sessile or clasping: fls. drooping, not closing in the
morning when cloudy, white, fragrant, salverform, 3^ in.
long, 7 times longer than calyx, lobes acute. Argentina.
Tabacum (JV. gigantea). TOBACCO. Ann. to 6 ft.: Ivs.
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1 ft. or more long, acuminate,
sessile: fls. diurnal, to 2 in. long, woolly, funnelform, rose-
colored or red, lobes acute. Probably trop. Amer, Var.
angustifdlia (JV. chinensis) has narrow Ivs. Var. macro-
phylla (N. macrophylla) has larger Ivs. and fls.
tezana: listed name without botanical standing.
tomentdsa (JV. colosaea). GIANT N. Per., often woody,
to 20 ft.: Ivs. obovate-oblong, to IH.ft. long, acuminate,
with winged petiole: fls. l^j in. long, salyerform, pale green
without, yellowish tinged with red within, lobes obtuse.
Brazil. Var. variegata has mottled and margined f ohage.
trigonophylla. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. obovate-oblong, to 6 in.
long, sessile, lower with winged petioles: fls. salverform,
creamy- white, to 1 in. long. Colo, to Calif, and Mex.
virglnica: a name of uncertain application.
vise 6s a. Ann.: hrs. oblong, to 3 in. long, obtuse, sessile
or clasping: fls. funnelform, twice as long as calyx, lobes
obtuse. Argentina.
wigandioides. Per. to 9 ft.: Ivs. ovate, undulate, petioled:
fls. salverform, yellowish-white, drooping. Colombia.
NIDULARIUM. Bromeliacese. Epiphytic Bra-
zilian herbs with prickly-margined Ivs. in dense
basal rosettes and red, purplish or white fls.
sessile among the Ivs. and subtended by modified
orbract-lvs.jgrown as a glasshouse subject. Cult,
as for Bromeliacex.
amaz6nicum: Canistrum amazonicum.
fulgens ( JV. pictum). Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 2 in. broad,
spotted with dark green: fls. white with violet limb, in dense
clusters, the braet-lvs. bright scarlet.
innocent ii. Lvs. to 1 ft. long, strap-shaped, tinted with
brown or red: fls. white, in dense heads, the bract-lvs. bright
red.
Lindenii: Canistrum Lindenii,
pictum: N.fulgena.
striatum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 1 orate, serrulate, deep green,
longitudinally striped with narrow white bands wmch be-
come cream-colored as they approach the margin: fls.
white. Brazil.
NIEREMBfiRGIA. CUP-FLOWER. Solanacex.
Herbaceous annuals, perennials and subshrubs
grown in the open border, rock-garden or as
pot-plants for the showy pale violet or white
tubular fls. which often have a purple center,
and are borne singly at or near the tip of the
branches: Ivs. small, alternate, simple and entire.
The perennial species described (except N. Veitchii) are
hardy as far north as New York. Propagated by seeds or
in the fall from cuttings of firm shoots; N. rivulans most
easily by division of the creeping stems where they have
rooted.
atroviolacea: color form of JV. frutesccns.
caerulea. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, to % in. long: fls. pale
hwender-blue with bright yellow eye, to 1^ in. across.
Argentina. — Best treated as an annual propagated by seeds,
or desirable color forms may be maintained by cuttings.
This plant is often erroneously listed in the trade aa JV.
hippomamca.
calfcina. Per., sts. decumbent, much branched: Ivs.
broadly obovate, to 5^ in. long, glandular-pubescent: fls.
white, yellowish at base, to 3 in. long; corolla-tube very
slender, 4-6 times as long as lobes; calyx large, lobes tri-
angular. N. Argentina. — This plant may not be in general
cult., and much of the material so listed is JV. gracilis.
filicaulis: JV. gracilis.
frute*scens f JV. fruticosa). TALL C. To 3 ft., shrubby,
much branched : Ivs. linear, to 1 in. or more long: fls. 1 in.
across, the saucer-shaped limb white tinted with lilac or
blue, the throat yellow. Chile. Var. albiflftra has white
fls., atroviolacea dark violet with bright yellow throat, and
grandif!6ra larger fls. — This is the prevailing species in cult.
fruticdsa: JV. frutescens.
gracilis ( JV. filicaulis).. Prostrate or creeping, sts. ascend-
ing to 8 in.: Ivs. linear, to % in. long: fls. with convex limb,
white tinged and veined with purple toward the center,
throat yellow, to 1 5i in. long; calyx-lobes linear. Argentina.
Var. Crozyana has more abundant violet-tinted fls. — JV.
/rutescena is likely to be cult, under this name, and plants
listed as N. calycina usually belong here.
hippomanica. Per. to 6 in. or less, pubescent: Ivs. linear,
to H HI- long: fls. white tinged rose, to *A in. across or less.
Argentina. — Not known to be in cult., the plants so listed
are probably JV, caerulea.
rivularis. WHITE-CUP. Sts. creeping and rooting, mat-
ted, to 6 in. high: Ivs. oblong or oblong-spatulate, to 1 in.
long, long-petioled: fls. 2 in. across, creamy-white some-
times tinged rose or blue, limb broadly bell-shaped, throat
golden. Argentina.
VcJtchii. Tender per. to 1 ft., sts. prostrate, glabrous or
nearly so: Ivs. spatulate to linear, to 1 in. long: fls. pale lilac
Nierembergia
498
Nopalea
with white tube to ^ in. long; calyx-lobes linear and re-
curved. Trop. Amer.
NIGfiLLA. FENNEL-FLOWER. Ranunculaceae.
Ann. ornamental herbs with Ivs. pinnately cut
into linear or thread-like segms., often showy
white, blue or yellow fls., and fr. a caps.; native
in Medit. region and W. Asia.
Nigellas are planted in the flower-garden and of easy
culture. Propagated by seeds, that may be sown directly
where the plants are to stand; open sunny situation.
aristata: N.arvensis.
arvensis (N. ariatata). To 1H ft.:. Ifts. filiform: fls.
bluish-white, 1 in. or more across, solitary, without in-
volucre: fr. of 3-5 strongly ribbeti carpels joined about
% their length, with long beak-like styles. N. Afr., Eu.,
Asia.
damascena. LOVE-IN-A-MIST. To \}A ft. or more, much
branched: Ifts. filiform: fls. white or light blue, to 1^ m-
across, solitary and surrounded by a large finely divided
attractive involucre: fr. globular, inflated, carpels united
to top, with long erect styles. 8. Eu.
diversifdlia. Lower Ivs. oblong-linear, entire, st.-lvs.
sessile, palmately parted into linear Ifts.: fls. pale bluish,
in cymes: fr. of 3 carpels united about to middle, shortly
beaked. Turkestan.
hispftnica. To l\i ft., branching: Ifts. linear but not
filiform: fls. blue with red stamens, to 21A in. across, solitary
or in 2's, without involucre: fr. nbbea, the carpels united
nearly to top, the styles spreading. Spam, N. Afr. Var.
alba has white fls. and atropurpurea purple.
satlva. To 1 ft. or more, branching: Ifts. linear but not
filiform: fls. blue, to 1% in. across, solitary, without in-
volucre: fr. of 3-7 carpels united to top, inflated, styles
spreading. Medit. region. — Seeds are used for seasoning.
NIGHTSHADE: Solanum. Enchanters-: Circsea lute-
tiana. Malabar-: Basclla.
NINEBARK: Phyaocarpua.
NINTOOA: a section of the genus Lonicera.
NIOBE: Hoata.
NiPA. Palmaceas. One gregarious monoe-
cious unarmed feather-palm with branched
rootstocks and no upstanding trunk: spadiccs
erect from the rootstock; staminate fls. in
catkin-like short lateral branches among the
many bracts; stamens 3; pistillate fls. in dense
terminal heads: fr. a large globose aggregation
of obovoid fibrous carpels. A plant of estuaries
and brackish swamps, India, Malaya, Philippines,
Australia; stands in S. Fla. in suitable locations;
a handsome plant when properly placed. The
herbage is employed in domestic manufacture.
fruticans. Lvs from crowns of rootstocks, 10-30 ft.
long, gracefully arching; pinna) very many, well separated,
rigid, long-acuminate, 2-3 ft. long, ridged, glaucous under-
neath: head of fr. 10-12 in. diam., the angular hard carpels
4-5 in. long.
NIPHOBOLUS: Cyclophorua Lingua.
NIPPON-BELLS: Shortia uniflora.
NODE: a joint where a leaf is bome or may be borne;
also incorrectly the space between two joints, which is
properly an internode.
NOLANA. Nola,nacese. Reclining and pros-
trate herbaceous per. but grown as ann., with
showy tubular blue fls., and entire usually
fleshy Ivs. ; native in Chile and Peru.
Nolanas are grown as basket-plants and also useful in
the border or on rocky hillsides. They require the usual
treatment for annuals, with a sunny exposure.
atriplicifdlia (N. grandiflora. N.paradoxa). Sts. spotted
and streaked with purple above, to 1 ft. or more long,
usually erect: Ivs. spatulate, basal with petioles 3 in. long:
fls. blue with white throat, yellow inside, to 2 in. across.
Var. Alba, fls. white. Var. violacea, fls. violet.
grandifl&ra: N. atriplici folia.
lanceolata. Whole plant hoary-pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 6 in. long: fls. deep blue with yellowish-white spotted
throat, to 2 in. across. — Stock grown under this name is
likely to be N '. atriphcifoha,
parad6xa: N. atriplidfolia.
prostrate. Sts. reclining, to 10 in. long: Ivs. spatulate,
to 3 in. long: fls. blue with white throat, latter with purple-
violet veins, to */± in. across.
NOLANACE/E. NOLANA FAMILY. Three
genera of herbs or subshrubs ^ native in Chile,
Peru and Bolivia, with Ivs. alternate or paired,
bisexual solitary fls. having 5-parted calyx,
gamopctalous 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens, supe-
rior ovary and fr. of 5-;30 nutlets or follicles.
Only the genus Nolana is known to hort. The
family is sometimes included in Convolvulacese
and in Solanacea3.
NOLlNA. Liliacese. Sometimes producing
tree-like trunks or often without apparent sts.,
having linear stiff Ivs. and very small whitish
fls. in panicles; occasionally planted in warm
climates; rigid dry-country and desert plants.
For cult, see Yucca.
B61dingii. To 25 ft., branched near top: Ivs. to % in.
broad and 3 ft. long, glaucescent: panicle compound,
Erimary divisions about 1^ ft. long: fr. emarginate.
ower Calif.
longifMia (Dasylirion longi folium). To 10 ft., swollen
at base and with few branches toward top: Ivs. 3 ft. or more
long and 1 ^ in. wide, rough on edge. Mex.
microcarpa. Stemlcss per. with coarse linear Ivs. to
y§ in. wide, scabrous on margins: fls. pale yellow to whitish,
in erect racemes. S. W. New Mex. to Ariz, and south. — Lvs.
may be used in basketry and cordage.
Pdlmeri. Stemless: Ivs. about ^ in. wide, rough on edge.
Lower Calif. — Roots said to be used as a substitute for
soap.
Parryi. To 6 ft., unbranched: Ivs. in dense crown, to
3 ft. long and % in. broad: flowering stalk to 2 ft. long,
branches stout. S. Calif.
tuberculata: Beaucarnea recurvata.
N(3LTEA. Rhamnaceas. One S. African ever-
green shrub, sometimes grown in Calif. N.
afric^na (Willemetia africana). To 12 ft.: Ivs.
alternate, oblong-lanceloate, to 2}^ in. long,
toothed, pale beneath: fls. white, small, in
panicles about 1 in. long: caps. ^ in. across.
Var. a urea is listed. — Propagated by seeds
and cuttings of green or mature wood.
NOM<5CHARIS. Liliacese. Bulbous herbs
with scattered or whorled lanceolate Ivs. and
showy somewhat drooping fls. 1-4 in the axils,
perianth-segms. spreading and deciduous; allied
to Fritillaria.
Mairei. To 2 ft.: distinguished from JV. pardanthina by
the subverticillate and broader Ivs. and the perianth-segms.
abruptly acuminate, anthers purple, basinxed. Yunnan.
— Forms with satin-white and unspotted fls. also occur.
nana (Fritillaria Stracheyi). To 16 in.: st.-lvs. linear,
acute, the upper one exceeding the fl.: fls. purple to pale
lilac, about 1 in. long, solitary, nodding, segms. ovate-
lanceolate, acute, anthers purple and versatile. Himalayas.
pardanthina. To 1 ft.: fls. to 3 in. across; sepals pale
rose, oval, entire; petals reddish spotted with violet, oval,
cut-toothed on edge, anthers yellow. Yunnan.
NOPALEA. Cactacese. Cacti of Mex. and
Guatemala, differing from Opuntia in erect
petals and elongated filaments and style: much
branched plants with cylindrical trunks and
flattened often narrow branches, producing
small nearly terete Ivs. which are soon deciduous;
spines present in most of the species: fr. a juicy
red edible berry. Cult, as for Opuntia. See
Cacti.
Auberi (Opuntia Auberi). To 30 ft., with jointed trunk
not very spiny; joints narrow to 1 ft. long, bluish or glaucous,
areoles bearing wool and glochids and spines 1 or 2 or want-
ing: fls. rose-pink, about 3H in- long. Cent, and S. Mex.
Brfttonii. Differs from N. cochenillifera in the sprawling
habit, flattened trunk, joints 2-3 ft. long, areoles muofi
further apart, and longer ovary. Mex. Var. variegata
is listed.
Nopalea
499
Notocactus
cochenilllfera (Opuntia cochenillifera) . COCHINEAL
PLANT. To 16 ft., trunk sometimes 8 in. diam.; joints
oblong and often 20 in. long and mostly spineless, the many
glochids caducous: fls. on tops of joints, upwards of 2 in.
long, pink or rose. Long cult, but original habitat unknown.
— The cochineal of commerce is the insect that feeds on
the plant, collected in bulk, once extensively used as a dye.
This is one of the cacti on which the insect subsists.
dejecta (Opuntia dejecta). To 6 ft. with definite trunk,
very spiny; joints narrow and 4-6 in. long: fls. 2 in. long,
dark red. Probably Panama; cult, in trop. Amer. Var.
variegata is listed.
in£pt era. To 20 ft. with very spiny trunk and many
branches: joints to 7 in. long and strongly tubercled; spines
4-12 and to % in. long and yellowish: fls. pink, 1% in.
long. Mex.
NOPALXOCHIA. Cactacex. Two Mexican
cacti with irregularly branching habit, fls.
funnelform with tube shorter than limb, segms.
or sepals and petals many, outer segms. acute or
acuminate. See Cacti.
Ackermannii (Epiphyllum and Zygocactua Ackermannii).
Sts. several, to 3 ft., flat, thin and crenate: fls. very large,
to 8 in. long, scarlet outside and carmine within. Believed
to be of hybrid ongin.
phyllanthoides (Epiphyllum phyllanthoides) . Somewhat
oody, branches at length hanging and thin and flattened
above and often 2 in. broad: fls. diurnal, rose or red, tube
NORMANBYA. Palmacex. Trop. Australian
palm that has been planted in Fla. : monoecious,
unarmed, feather-lvd. : the genus is particularly
distinguished from Drymophloeus and Ptychos-
perma by the non-sulcate seed, and the peculiarly
arranged pinnae which are in groups resulting
apparently from the splitting of one pinna or 1ft.
into several that remain united at their bases,
and each pinna narrow with no marginal nerves
and truncate irregular apex.
Me'rrillii: Adonidia Merrillii.
Muelleri: N. Normanbyi.
Normanbyi (N. Muelleri. Areca, Cocoa, Drymophloeus
and Ptychoaperma Normanbyi). BLACK PALM. Stout tree
to 60 ft., outer wood hard and black: Ivs 6-8 ft. long, the
1 ^ in. long, more or less pear-shaped.
NOTAPHCEBE: Peraea Borbonia.
NOTHOCALAIS: Agoaens cuapidata.
NOTHOFAGUS. Fagacese. Beech-like trees
or shrubs but with small alternate Ivs., uni-
sexual fls. solitary or in 3's, and usually 3
3-angled nuts in a 2-4-lobed scaly involucre;
native in S. S. Amer., Australia and New Zeal.,
the southern hemisphere representative of
Fagus. Hardy only in warm regions, as Calif.
Propagated by seeds and layers.
ant&rctica. To 100 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, to 1 in. long,
toothed or slightly lobed, glabrous except on midrib. Chile.
cliff or tioides. To 40 ft.: Ivs. persistent, to % in. long,
acute, entire, grayish-pubescent beneath. New Zeal.
Cunninghamii. To 200 ft.: Ivs. persistent, to % in.
long, glabrous. Australia.
fusca. To 100 ft.: Ivs. persistent, to 1H m- long, coarsely
toothed, glabrous except on margin. New Zeal.
Me*nziesii. To 80 or 100 ft.: Ivs. persistent, ovate-
rhomboid, to M in. long, doubly toothed, glabrous except
petiole. New Zeal.
obliqua. To 100 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, to 3 in. long, toothed.
Chile.
procera. Tree: Ivs. deciduous, to 4 in. long, finely toothed,
pubescent beneath. Chile.
SoUndri. To 80 ft.: Ivs. persistent, to % in. long,
obtuse, entire, grayish-pubescent beneath. New Zeal.
NOTHOLjfeNA. Polypodiacese. Small rock-
loving ferns with farinose densely chaffy or
hairy fronds, 1-4-pinnate: son usually sub-
marginal, borne at or near the tips of the un-
modified veins: margins of segms. unmodified,
flattish or revolute and partially covering the
sporangia. About 60 species in S. E. U. S. and
trop. Amer., also 1 in Eu.
Fe'ndleri. Fronds to 9 in. long, broadly deltoid-ovate.
4-5-pinnate, whitish-farinose below, with rachises and
their branches flcxuous and zigzag. Colo, to Ariz, and Tex.
NOTHOLCUS: Holcus.
NOTHOLfRION. Liliaceae. Four Asiatic
species now considered distinct from Lilium,
differing in the bulb being tunicated (not com-
posed of scales), in the production of small
bulbils at the base of the bulb, long basal Ivs.,
stigma deeply 3-cleft (not merely 3-lobed) and
seeds much smaller and wingless.
macrophyllum (Lilium macrophyllum) . To 1 ft., with
flexuose sts.: fls. rose, 1H in. long, funnel-shape, usually in
clusters of 4-6. Himalayas.
Thomsonianum (Lihum Thomaonianum) . To 3 ft., with
long racemes and Ivs. scattered: fls. pink, fragrant, spread-
ing, broad-funnelform, the narrow segms. to about 2 in.
long. Afghanistan to N. W. Himalayas.
NOTHOPANAX. Araliacex. Evergreen trees
and shrubs from Malaya to New Zeal, with
simple or compound Ivs., small fls. in umbels,
and drupaceous frs.; a few species are grown
in Calif, for ornament.
andmalum (Panax anomalum). Shrub to 12 ft., much
branched: Ivs. orbicular, to ^ in. long, in young plants of
3 Ifts.: fls. minute, in simple umbels: fr. mottled. New Zeal.
arbdreum. Tree to 25 ft , much branched' Ivs. digitately
5-7-parted into oblong toothed Ifts. to 7 m. long: fls. % in.
across, in compound umbels: fr. purplish-black. New Zeal.
Colensdi. Shrub or tree to 15 ft.: Ivs. of 3-5 obovate
toothed Ifts. to 0 in. long: fls. in compound umbels. New
Zeal.
simplex. Tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in. long, in
young plants lobed or pinnately parted: fls. small, in
compound umbels. New Zeal.
NOTHOSC6RDUM. FALSE GARLIC. Liliacese.
Bulbous allium-like herbs with linear basal Ivs.
and small yellow or white fls. in umbels, the
perianth-segms. distinct; rarely cult., the fol-
lowing species tender N.
biv&lve (A Ilium atriatum). Lvs. to 16 in. long and Y* in.
wide: fls. yellowish, ^ in. long, on scapes to 16 in. high.
Va. to Fla. and Mex.
fragrans. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and ?/< in. wide: fls. white
lined with pinkish, fragrant, to % in. long, on scapes to
2 ft. high. Habitat doubtful; nat. in Bermuda and S. U. S.
NOTOBASIS: Cirsium syriacum.
NOTOCACTUS. Cactacex. A S. American
genus of cacti combined by some authors with
Malacocarpus from which it differs in its bristly,
scaly and hairy perianth-tube and fr., the latter
being dry and dehiscing at maturity; further
distinguished by highly colored oristle-like
spines and larger fls. Treatment as for Ech-
inocactus. See Cacti.
a'pricus (Echinocactua apricua). Cespitose, globose, to
2 in. diam.; ribs 15-20, low, somewhat tuberrled: spines
reddish-yellow, radials 18-20, to % in. long, bristly, cen-
trals 4, to 1^4 in. long: fls. yellow, to 1J4 in. long, inner
aegms. dentate, stigma 13-lobed. Uruguay.
concfnnus (Echinocactua and Malacocarpua concinnua).
Usually solitary, depressed-globose, to 2 % in. tall and
4 in. diam.; ribs about 18, low, tubercled along upper third;
radials 10-12, to % in. long, yellow; centrals 4, to % in.
long, yellow to reddish-brown: fls. pale yellow within, red
outside, to 3 in. long, stigma reel, 10-lobed. Uruguay,
S. Brazil.
floricomus (Echinocactua and Malacocarpua floricom.ua).
Solitary, depressed-globose to subcylindrical, to 7 in. tali
and 5 in. diam.; ribs 20, tubercled; spines white to gray
with red base, radials 15-20, radiating, centrals 4-5, to 1 in.
long, erect: fls. yellow, to 2^ in. long, inner segme. dentate,
stigma dark red, 8-lobed Uruguay, Argentina. Var.
flavispinus is said to have bright yellow spines.
Notocactus
500
Nutmeg
Graessneri (Echinocactua and Malacocarpua Graeaaneri).
To 2 in. high and 4 in. across; ribs more than 60 and usually
in spirals; spines numerous, % in. long, bright yellow: fls.
small. Brazil.
Gr6ssei (Echinocactua and Malacocarpua Groaaei).
Globose or depressed, to 4 ft.; ribs usually 16; spines 3-7,
white, to 1)4 in. long: fla. citron-yellow, 1^ in. long.
Paraguay.
Haselbergii (Echinocactua and Malococarpua Haael-
bergn). Globose or slightly depressed, to 3 in. across; ribs
30 or more; radial spines about 20 and white; central spines
3-5, pale yellow: fls. red outside, variegated inside, 1 in.
across. Brazil.
L£ninghausii (Echinocactua and Malacocarpua Lening-
hauan). St. slender and cylindric, to 3 ft. long and 4 in.
diarn.; ribs about 30 and obtuse; radials about 15; centrals
3 or 4 and longer: fls. 2 in. across, yellow. S. Brazil.
mammulbsus (Echinocactua and Malacocarpua mam-
muloaua). Plant simple and nearly globose, to 3 in. high,
shining green: ribs 18-25; radials 20-30; centrals 2-4, to
% in. long: fls. about 1 ^ in. long, yellow. Brazil to Ar-
gentina. Var. ruber is listed.
Mueller-Melchersii. A little-known species; st. de-
pressed-globose, areoles usually with 1 erect spine to H in.
long. Uruguay.
muricatus (Echinocactua muricatua). Globose to sub-
globose, to 6 in. tall and 4 in. diam.; ribs usually 16-20,
low, rounded, light green, notched; spines brown, radials
usually 12-15, to K in. long, somewhat curved, centrals
3-4, to y% in. long, darker: fls. pale yellow, to 114 in. long,
stigma 9-1 1-1 o bed. Uruguay, S. Brazil.
nigrisplnus: listed name.
Ottdnis (Echinocactua and Malacocarpua Ottonia).
Simple or cespitose, globular or perhaps depressed, 2 in.
or so diam.; ribs 10 and broad; spines needle-like and short:
fls. 2 in. or so long, yellow. S. Brazil to Argentina. Var.
uruguaye'nsis has 11 ribs with areoles more distant.
ing; centrals 1-2, stout: fls. yellow, inner segms. dentate.
Uruguay, Argentina.
Reichii: Neoporteria Reichii.
Schumannianus (Echinocactua and Malacocarpua Schu-
mannianus). To 1 ft. long and across; ribs about 30 and
low; spines 4-7, brownish or yellow: fls. citron-yellow, 1 in.
long. Paraguay, Argentina.
Sc&pa (Echinocactua Scopa and var. Malacocarpua Scopa).
Globular or cylindrical, to 1 ^ ft. high: ribs 30-40 and nearly
hidden by spines- radial spines 40 and white; central spines
4, brown or purple: fls. lemon-yellow, 2^ in across. Brazil,
Paraguay. Var. rube'rrimus has crimson-red central spines.
submammuldsus (Echinocactua and Malacocarpua aub-
mammuloaua) . Differs from N. mammuloaua in having only
6 radial spines and a single central, the latter to % in. long.
Uruguay and Argentina.
tabularis (Echinocactua and Malacocarpua tabularia).
Simple and globose or short-columnar; ribs 16-18 and
glaucous; radials 16-18; central spines 4: fls. 2 in. or more
long, yellow. Brazil or Uruguay.
VelenoVskii. Similar to AT. Aoricomua, to 4 in. thick and
as high- ribs 18-20, to ^ in. wide, acute; radial spines about
25, to ft in. long, radiating, bristly; centrals 7. Uruguay.
NOT6NIA. Composite. Fleshy herbs or sub-
shrubs with rudimentary or succulent Ivs., allied
to kSenecio but with heads of disk-fls. only:
heads red or yellow, solitary or in cymes:
native trop. Afr. and Asia.
Grintii. To 8 in., root tuberous: radical Ivs. elliptic,
sessile, to % in. long: heads orange-scarlet, % in. long, on
scape-like sts. bearing a few scale-like Ivs. Trop. Afr.
pe'ndula (Kleinia pendula). Sts. prostrate and rooting
to 1 ft. long and M in. thick, covered with remains of dried
Ivs.: Ivs. nearly cylindrical, % in. long: fls. orange- or blood-
red. Arabia.
NOTOSPARTIUM. PINK or SOUTHERN BROOM.
Leguminosae. Leafless shrubs, endemic to New
Zeal., haying flattened pendulous branchlets.
small papilionaceous fls. in lateral racemes, and
legume linear, straight or curved, compressed,
3-10-jointed and indehiscent. N. Carmichadlise.
To 12 ft., sts. slender, much branched, greenish:
long crowded on the branchlets for a considerable
distance: pods to 1 in. long, 1 seed in each
joint. — Does best on sandy loam in] sunny loca-
tions. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Not
hardy N.
NOTOTHLASPI. Crudferx. A small genus
of fleshy alpine herbs from New Zeal., haying
spatulate Ivs., large white fls. in terminal
racemes or corymbs, and rather large much com-
pressed and winged pods containing numerous
kidney-shaped seeds attached by long radicle.
rosul&tum. Per. to 9 in., sts. unbranched and very short
or wanting: Ivs. fleshy, spatulate, densely crowded and
imbricated in rosette, becoming glabrous with age: fls.
fragrant, in dense conical racemes: pods to 1 in. long,
ob ovate, stigma very short.
NOTOTRlCHIUM. Amaranthacese. Shrubs
or trees, one sometimes planted in Calif.: Ivs.
opposite: fls. small, pubescent, in spikes: fr. a
utricle.
sandwic£nse. KULUI. To 20 ft. or often a shrub: Ivs.
ovate, to 3 in. long, silvery-tomentose beneath: fls. crowded
in 3-5 spikes to 1 in. long at ends of branches. Hawaiian
Isls.
NtTPHAR (Nymphozanthus). Cow-LiLY.
SPATTERDOCK. YELLOW POND-LILY. Nym-
phseacesB. Aquatic plants with stout rootstocks
creeping in the mud: Ivs. large, some submerged,
others floating or standing erect above the
water: fls. not very attractive, yellow or pur-
plish, usually standing above the water, the 5
or more sepals the showy part of the fl.
The spatterdocks grow on the margins of slow-running
mud-bottom streams or kikes or in stagnant pools Their
cultivation and propagation is the same as for the hardy
nympheas and nelumbos.
ddvenum (Nymph sea advena). COMMON S. Lvs 1 ft.
long, thick: fls. 2-3 in arross, more or less globular, not
wide open, yellow tinged green or brown, sepals 6. N. Amer.
lute urn (Nymphaea lutea). EUROPEAN YKLLOW P. Lvs.
rising a little above the water or floating: fla. smaller than
those of N. advenum, yellow, somewhat fragrant, sepals 5.
Eu.
polys6palum (Nymphaea polyaepala). Lvs. to 1 ft. long
and 14 in. wide: fls. 3-5 in. across, yellow, sepals 9-12.
Calif, to Ore.
NURSERY, in horticulture, is a place or
establishment in which plants are propagated
and then grown until such time as they are
placed in permanent quarters or sold to the
customer. It is naturally concerned mostly
with perennial plants.
The nursery establishment may be wholly
or partly under glass, or wholly in the open.
It may be devoted to the rearing of orchids,
begonias, roses, dahlias, lilies, lilacs, hedge
plants, forest trees, fruit-trees, or any other
class of vegetation. Nursery-growing practically
constitutes a business or enterprise quite by
itself, requiring special equipment, experience
and market, and it has its own literature and
traditions.
NUT: an indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded hard and
bony fruit, even if resulting from a compound ovary. In
horticulture an edible hardshelled fruit that can be kept in a
dry state; see Filbert, Hickory-Nut, Pecan, Walnut.
NUTLET: a small or diminutive nut; nucule.
NUTMEG. One member, Myristica fragrans.
of a large genus, is widely known for the seed
which furnishes the nutmeg of commerce and
the aril surrounding thejseed which is commercial
mace. Attractive tree to 70 feet: leaves alternate,
oblong-lanceolate, to 5 inches long, brownish:
flowers dioecious, without corolla: fruit reddish
or yellowish, to 2 inches long, splitting into
2 valves, the scarlet mace forming a network
Nutmeg
501
Nymphcea
around the brown seed or nutmeg. Molucca,
but somewhat grown in parts of the American
tropics.
The nutmeg thrives in a hot moist climate
in well-drained rich soil. The plants are dioe-
cious and one male is sufficient for ten to twelve
females, although it is impossible to determine
the sex before flowering. For this reason
grafting is the best method of propagation
although seeds are commonly employed. Seeds
may be sown in bamboo pots and transplanted
when seedlings are 8-10 inches high. A tree
should come into bearing at seven to eight years
of age and will remain productive for many
years.
NUTMEG, CALIFORNIA-: Torreya California*.
NUTTALLIA: Osmaronia, Mentzelia.
NYCTAGINACE^. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.
About 25 genera distributed widely about
the world in warm and trop. countries; known
to hort. chiefly in Bougainvillea, a genus of
woody plants, Pisonia, and the herbaceous
genera Abroiiia, Allionia, Boerhaavia and
Mirabilis, grown for ornament. The family
is characterized by its fls. subtended by an
involucre which is sometimes petal-like and
showy (as in Bougainvillea), petals lacking but
calyx often or usually corolla-like (as in the
four-o'clock), 1 -celled 1-seeded ovary, the fr.
an achcrie on which the calyx is persistent.
The family is allied to Amaranthacese.
NYCTANTHES. Oleacese. Shrub or tree to
30 ft., native of India and sometimes grown
under glass or in the open in warm countries,
for its small night-blooming fls. Propagated
by cuttings over heat. N. Arbor-tristis. NIGHT-
JASMINE. TKEE-OF-SADNESS. Lvs. opposite,
ovate-cordate, to 43/2 in- long: fls. salverform,
white with orange tube, fragrant, in few-fld.
heads subtended by involucre-like bracts: fr.
an orbicular caps. % in. long.
NYCTERINIA: Zaluzianskya.
NYCTOCfeREUS. Cactacex. Slender erect or
clambering somewhat branched cereus-like cacti,
sts. and branches cylindric and many-ribbed,
spiny: fls. nocturnal, large and white, funnelform:
species 5, in Mex. and Cent. Amer. See Cacti.
guatemalensis (Cereus guatemalensis) . Usually erect, to
2^ in. diam.; ribs 8-12, obtuse, low; spines about 10, to
\l/i in. long, yellowish, not stiff: fls. yellow- to carmine-red
outside, white within, to 8 in. long. Guatemala.
Hirschtianus (Cereus Hirachtianus) . Sts. to 1 in. diam.,
prostrate; ribs about 10, acute, low; spines pale yellow, to
y% in. long: fls. pale rose to white, tne segms. very narrow.
Nicaragua.
serpentinus (Cereus aerpentinua) . Clustered, at first erect
and then clambering or hanging, to 10 ft. long and 2 in.
thick; spines about 12: fls. 6-7% in. long. Mex. — Widely
cuit.
NYMPHJ&A (Castalia). NYMPHEA. WATER-
LILY. Nymphseacex. Showy aquatic herbs
with horizontal or erect rootstocks, sometimes
tuberous, the Ivs. usually floating and often
colored on the under surface: fls. mostly showy,
floating or standing near the surface, in white,
yellow, pink, red or blue, some blooming by
day and some by night: fr. under water, a single
compound body of many divisions with a
depressed saucer-like center; about 40 species
and numerous hort. hybrids distributed widely
in temp, and trop. regions.
Nympheas are propagated by seed which are rolled up
in a ball of clay and dropped into a pond, or sown in pots
which are then submerged in shallow water, indoors or out.
The more usual method is to use parts of rootstocks which
are sunk in the pond and held by stones, or in the case of
the tender species they are placed in pans of water indoors;
the species that produce tubers on the rootstocks may be
increased by this means.
advcna: Nuphar advenum.
alba (N. venusta). EUROPEAN WHITE W. Robust: Ivs.
roundish, to 1 ft. across, red when young, crowded on the
rhizome: fls. white, 4-5 in. across, open nearly all day. Eu.,
N. Afr. In var. candid issima the Ivs. are yellowish when
young, first to bloom in spnng till frost. Var. rubra, rosy-
red. Sweden.
am&bilis: hort. form with silver-pink fls. of spreading
petals.
amp la. Tender: Ivs. narrowly peltate, to 14 in. diam.,
margins toothed or nearly entire, green above and red-
purple beneath: fls. white, to 5 in. across. Tex. to Brazil.
Andreana. Hybrid between N. alba var. rubra and JV.
mexicana.
Arethusa. Hybrid between N. alba var. rubra and JV.
mexicana: fls. crimson-pink.
Arnoldiana. Hybrid between N. rubra and N. Lotus:
fls. rosy-carmine.
atropurpurea: form of N. rubra.
aurdra. Hybrid between JV. alba var. rubra and N.
mexicana.
Bfssetii. Hybrid between N. rubra and N. Lotus: fls.
magenta.
caerulea. BLUE LOTUS of Egypt. Tender, free^blooming
but not showy: Ivs. 12-16 in. across, green with purple
blotches beneath: fls. 3-6 in. across, light blue with white
center, opening 3 days in forenoon. N. and Cent. Afr.
candid issima: JV. alba var.
capensis. CAPE BLUE W. Tender: Ivs. to 16 in. across:
fls. 6-8 in. across, sky-blue, whitish at bottom, opening
4 days in forenoon to late afternoon. S. Afr. Var. zanzi-
bariensis ( N. zanzibariensis) . Lvs. often smaller; fls. larger,
to 12 in., deep blue, opening and closing 3-5 days somewhat
later, sepals purple-blue within and on margins. Zanzibar.
Forms of this are azure a and rdsea.
Carishbrookii: hort. hybrid of undetermined parentage.
caroliniana (N. odornta var. superba). Hybrid between
N. odorata var. roaea and N. tuberoaa: fls. rosy-pink.
castalifldra: a hort. form with mottled Ivs. and pink
fragrant fls. to 10 in. across, day-blooming.
chromatella: JV. Marliacea var.
chrysantha. Hybrid between N. alba var. rubra and N.
mexicana.
colossea. Hybrid between N. alba and N. odorata var.
roaea: fls. light pink.
columbiana. Hybrid between N. rubra and N. Lotus:
fls. carmine.
Daubeniana. Possibly a hybrid of JV. micrantha and
N. caerulea: tender: fls. pale blue.
Deaniana. Hybrid between N. rubra and N. Lotus: fls.
pink.
dentata: N. Lotus var.
devoni£nsis. Hybrid between N. rubra and N. Lotus:
fls. rosy-carmine.
£legans. Lvs. 7 in. across, under surface dark purple:
fls. pale violet, 3-6 in. across, open 3 days in the forenoon.
Mex., Tex.
Ellisiana: hort. hybrid, of which one parent is probably
JV. alba var. roaea.
flava: JV. mexicana.
flavovirens (N. gracilis). Tender: Ivs. 15-17 in. across,
green underneath: fls. 6-8 in. across, white, day-blooming.
Mex.
form&sa. Hybrid between N. alba var. rubra and N.
mexicana.
FroSbelii: a form probably of N. alba var. rubra.
fulva. Hybrid between N. alba var. rubra and N. mexi-
cana.
gigantea. AUSTRALIAN W. Lvs. 18 in. across, under sur-
face brownish-pink to purple: fls. light blue, petals tipped
dark blue, open 7 days 9 A.M. to 6 P.M., 6-12 in. across.
Australia. Var. Hudsoniana does not differ.
Glads toniana. Hybrid between JV. alba and N. odorata
var. rosea: fls. white.
gloriosa: a form of N. alba var. rubra.
gracilis: JV. flavovirens.
gracilis rdsea and rubra represent a pink-fld. hybrid be-
tween JV. flavovirens and JV. capensis var. zanzibariensis.
helvola: N. tetragona var.
Indica. Hybrid between JV. rubra and JV. Lotus: fls. of
different colors, of many named forms.
Nymphcea
502
Nyssacece
kewensis. Hybrid between N. rubra and N. Lotus: fls.
rosy-pink .
lactea: garden form of N. odorata.
Laydekeri. Hybrid between JV. alba var. rubra and N.
tetragona or N. mexicana: there are many named forms in
different colors.
Ldtus. WHITE LOTUS of Egypt. Tender: Ivs. 12-20 in.
across, dark green on top, brownish beneath: fls. 5-10 in.
across, white with outer petals pinkish, opening evening
till nearly next noon. Egypt. Var. dentata. Fls. white,
8-10 in. across, open till past noon Cent. Afr. Large-fid,
forms of this are grand in* or a, magninca and superba.
Luciana: improved form of the hybrid between N.
odorata var. rosea and N. tuberosa.
hlcida: form of the hybrid N. Laydekeri with red-crim-
son fls.
lutea: Nuphar luteum.
Marliacea. A series of hybrids of different parentage
raised by M. Latour-Marliac of France. Vars. albida,
c&rnea and r6sea are hybrids of A'', alba and N. odorata
var. rosea. Var chromatilla ( N. chromatella) . Hardy .-float-
ing Ivs. much blotched with brown, 3-8 in. across, when
crowded rise above water: fls. bright yellow, 3-0 in. across.
Probably a hybrid between N. mexicana and N. alba or
N. tuberosa. Hybrids between JV. alba var. rubra and N.
tetragona are vars. flammea, fgnea, and rubra punctata.
marmorata: hort. name for a tender form said to have
lavender-blue fls. and Ivs. green, mottled and streaked with
chestn ut-br o wn .
mexicana (N. /lava). YELLOW W. Rootstock erect and
tuber-like, spreading by runners: floating Ivs. 4-8 in across,
blotched brown above, crimson- brown with blackish dots
beneath: fla. 4 in. across, standing 4—5 in. above the water,
bright yellow, open before midday and early afternoon.
Fla., Mex., but hardy N. protected under cult.
Modrei. Hybrid between N. alba and N, mexicana.
odorata. FRAGRANT W. Hardy: Ivs. 3-10 in. across,
rather thick, dull green above, usually purplish beneath:
fls. white, fragrant, 3-5 in. across, opening 3 days in fore-
noon. Common in E. U. 8. In the wild at Cape Cod is a
pink-fld. var. r&sea, in the S. and American tropics is a
larger white-fid, var. gigantea. Var. maxima is JV. tuberosa
var. Var. minor, Ivs. deep red beneath, sepals purple. Var.
sulphurea (JV. sulphurea}. Lvs. all floating, 4-6 in. across,
like those of N. odorata but blotched with brown: fls. light
yellow, 4-5 in. across. 2-4 in. above the water, open in
morning. Probably Jv. mexicana X JV. odorata.
Omarana. Hybrid between JV. rubra and JV. Lotus:
fls. magenta.
Ortgiesiana rubra. Hybrid between JV. rubra and JV.
Lotus: fls. magenta.
ovalifdlia. Tender: Ivs. narrowly elliptic, 10 in. long and
6 in. wide, large brown blotches above, under surface plain
green: fls. deep blue, closed in dull weather. Trop. Afr.
Pennsylvania. Hybrid between JV. cxrulea and JV. capen-
sis var. Zanzibar iensis: tender: fls. large, medium blue, open
8 A.M. to 5 P.M.
polysepala: Nuphar polysepalum.
pulch6rrima. Hybrid between AT. cserulea and JV. capen-
8t8: tender: under surface of Ivs. green, densely blotched
with purplish-black, margin purplish-red, 10 in. across: fls.
light blue, 10-22 in. across.
pygmeba: JV. tetragona.
Rfchardsonii: JV. tuberosa var.
R6binsonii. Hybrid between JV. alba var. rubra and JV.
mexicana.
rubicunda. Hybrid between JV. rubra and JV. Lotus: fls.
reddish-pink.
rubra. RED INDIA W. Tender: Ivs. 12-18 in. across,
bronzy reddish-brown but becoming greenish, hairy be-
neath: fls. 6-10 in. across, deep purplish-red, opening 3 or 4
nights till nearly noon. India. — The parent of many hybrids.
Seignor6tii. Hybrid between JV. alba var. rubra and JV.
mexicana.
somptudsa. Large-fld. hybrid between JV. alba and JV.
odorata var. rosea.
s pec i 6s a. An improved form of the hybrid between JV.
odorata var. fosea and JV. tuberosa.
splendida: hort. name.
stell&ta. BLUE LOTUS of India. Lvs. blue- violet beneath:
fls. 3- 7 in. across, pale blue, whitish at base (pink and white
forms are known), opening 3 days in the forenoon and early
afternoon. India.
Sturtevantii. Hybrid between JV. rubra and JV. Lotus:
fls. reddish-pink.
sulphurea: JV. odorata var.
superba: JV. carohniana.
tetragona (JV. pygmsea). PYGMY W. Hardy, smallest
species cult., has been used much in hybridization, con-
tributing to the Marliacea, Laydeckeri and other hybrids:
Ivs. reddish beneath, 3^1 in. across: fls. white, 1^-2^ in.
across, open 3 or 4 days from noon to 5 P.M. Siberia to
Japan, also in N . Ida. and Ont. Var. alba is listed, but may
not differ from type. Var. h61vola (JV. helwla). Probably
hybrid between JV. mexicana and JV. tetragona. Hardy: Ivs.
floating, 3-4 in. across, blotched all over with brown: fls.
floating, small, yellow, 2 in. across, open during the after-
noon.
tuberdsa. MAGNOLIA or TUBEROUS W. Hardy: root-
stocks bearing detachable short tuber-like branches: Ivs.
green beneath: fls. 4-9 in. across, pure white, opening 3 to
4 days till shortly after noon, faint or no fragrance. N.
Amer. Var. maxima is a smaller form from N. J. Var.
Richardsonii, more numerous petals, forming a globe when
fl. fully open. The vars. rdsea and rubra are forms of the
hybrid between JV. odorata var. rosea and JV. tuberosa,. Var.
sulphurea, a pale yellow form.
venusta: JV. alba.
virginalis: hort. form of unknown parentage.
zanzibariensis: JV. capensis var.
WATER-LILY FAMILY.
Per. aquatic herbs of wide distribution, with
usually large floating Ivs. that commonly arise
from a submerged rootstock, bisexual regular
showy or sometimes inconspicuous fls. having 4
or more sepals, few or many petals which pass
into the numerous stamens, and fr. of separate
or united carpels, the seeds sometimes discharged
through apical apertures. The genera grown in
ponds or aquaria are Brasenia, Cabomba, Eur-
yale, Nelumbium, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Victoria.
NYMPHOiDES (Limnanthemum) . FLOAT-
ING-HEART. Gentianacey, (or Menyanthaceae).
Aquatic perennials with broad floating Ivs.
heart-shaped at base and yellow or white fls.;
grown in ponds or tubs.
Tubs should be filled two-thirds full of loam covered
with sand and the remainder water. Propagated by pieces
of the leaf containing flower-buds.
mdicum. WATER-SNOWFLAKE. Lvs. orbicular, to 8 in.
across: fls. white, yellow toward base, borne in umbels at
top of petioles. Tropics. Var. aureum is a deep yellow form.
lacunodum. Lvs. ovate-orbicular, 2 in. across, purplish
beneath: fls. nearly white, J*j in. across, in umbels, accom-
panied by clusters of tubers. N. Amer.
nymphaeoides: JV. pdtatum,
peltatum (JV. nymphseoides), Lvs. ovate-orbicular, to
4 in. across, the margins wrvy: fls. bright yellow, 1 in.
across, in umbels in axils of Ivs. Eu., Asia; sparingly nat.
in N. Amer.
NYMPHOZANTHUS: Nuphar.
NlTSSA. TUPELO. Nyssacex. Asian and N.
American trees with alternate simple deciduous
Ivs. which turn scarlet in autumn, minute
greenish-white unisexual fls., and small but
conspicuous drupaceous frs.; sometimes grown
for ornament in moist situations, prized also
for the crooked brushy branching of some of the
species.
Propagated by seeds sown at once or stratified, and by
layers. Trees do not transplant well from the wild.
aqutftica. COTTON or TUPELO GUM. To 100 ft.: Ivs. to
7 in. long, entire or angular-toothed: fr. dark purple, 1 in.
long, solitary. Swamps, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
bifldra: JV. sylvaiica var.
multifldra: JV. sylvatica.
sylvfitica (JV. multiflora). PEPPERIDQB. SOUR or BLACK
GUM. To 100 ft : Ivs. to 4 in. long, entire: fr. dark blue,
to $4 in. long, 1-3 together. Me. to Fla. and Tex. Var.
biflora ( N. btflora) has mostly obtuse rather than acute Ivs.
and much flattened ribbed stones. N. C. to Fla. and La.
NYSSACEJE. NYSSA FAMILY. Three genera
of trees and shrubs native in N. Amer. and
Asia, with alternate simple Ivs., bisexual or
dioecious fls. having very small calyx, 5 or
more petals or lacking, inferior 1- or 6-10-
celled ovary, and mostly drupaceous fr. Camp-
totheca, Davidia and Nyssa are cult.
o
OAK: Quercus. Jerusalem-: Chtnopod^um Botrys.
Poison-: Rhua dive^auoba and ft. rodicana. She-: Caauar-
ina. Silk-: OreviUea robusta. Tanbark: Lithocarpus demi-
fiora.
OAKESIA: Uvularia.
OAKESIELLA: Uvularia.
OAT, FALSE: Triaetum.
OATS: Avena.
OBELISCARIA: Lepachys columnifera var.
OBLONG: a rather broad leaf or other part, longer than
wide and with the aides nearly or quite parallel most of
their length.
OBREG6NIA. Cactacese. One species native
in Mex. and related to Echinocactus. O. Den-
Sgrii. Obconic, to 5 in. diam., with numerous
densely imbricated keeled tubercles, areoles
white-woolly; spines many and soon deciduous:
fls. white, 1 in. long.
OBTUSE: blunt, rounded, not pointed.
OCEANORUS: Zigadenus leimanthoides.
(3CHNA. Ochnacese. Trop. trees and
shrubs in both hemispheres with alternate
toothed leathery Ivs., yellow fls., and fr. of
sessile drupes surrounding a central receptacle.
One species is grown under plass or out-of-doors in
southern California. The best soil in greenhouse culture is
fibrous loam well drained. Propagated by cuttings of half-
ripened wood in summer or fall.
multifldra. Shrub to 5 ft/ Ivs. oblong, to 5 in. long: fls.
yellow, the sepals turning red: fr. with bright red receptacle
and black seed-like drupes. Trop. Afr.
OCHNACE^E. OCIINA FAMILY. About 20
trop. woody genera with alternate simple or
pinnate Ivs., bisexual polypetalous -fls. with
mostly 5 sepals and petals, 10 or more stamens,
deeply lobed ovary, and fr. a drupe, berry or
caps. The family is near Hypericacese in the
series. Ochna is sometimes planted.
OCHROCODON: Fritillaria pudica.
OCHROMA. BALSA. Bombacacese. Trop.
American trees furnishing very light wood
used for commercial purposes: lys. large, soft,
alternate: fls. very large, terminal, petals 5:
fr. a caps, with seeds immersed in dense wool.
Lagopus: 0. pyramidale.
pyramidale (0. Lagopus). To 60 ft. with smooth trunk
to 16 in. diam.: Ivs. nearly orbicular, to 1 ft. across, toothed
or lobed: fls. solitary, nearly white, petals 4 in long: caps,
linear, to 1 ft. long, having reddish wool. W. Indies, N. S.
Amer.
OCHR6SIA. Apocynacese. A small genus
of trees from southern hemisphere having milky
juicej opposite or whorled Ivs., yellow fls. in
terminal or subterminal pedunculate cymes,
and fr. a 1- or 2-seeded drupe. Propagated by
seeds or cuttings.
elltptica. Tree to 20 ft. or less: Ivs. obovate-oblong to
elliptical, obtuse or very briefly acuminate, to 6 in. long,
in whorls of 3 or 4 or occasionally opposite: fls. cream-
colored, sessile, in dense corymbose cymes: fr. scarlet,
ellipsoid with acuminate apex, to 2 in. long, usually in
pairs, with violet-like odor when crushed. New Caledonia.
— It has been planted under the name Kopsia arbvrea.
dCIMUM. Labiate. Very aromatic ann. and
per. herbs or small shrubs, the basil grown for
seasoning and for the pleasing fragrance: fls.
mostly small, in terminal or branching racemes.
Basils are sweet herbs tender in the North and should
be started indoors or in a hotbed; otherwise they are easily
grown The herbage is cut while the plant is growing and
dried, and often a second crop is obtained The roots may
be lifted for a winter supply of foliage.
Basuicum (O. bullaium). BASIL. Ann. or grown as such,
much branched, to 2 ft.: lys. ovate, to 2 in. long, often
purplish: fls. white or purplish, to % in. long. Trop. Asia,
Afr., Pacific Isls.
bullatum: O. Basiltcum.
crispum. Erect per.: Ivs. ovate, to 1 in. long, acuminate,
serrate to entire, glabrous petiolate: fls. in lax terminal
racemes. Japan. — Best treated as an ann.
minimum. BUSH BASIL. Probably a small form of O.
Baailicum.
sanctum. Ann. to 2 ft , sts. purplish, hairy: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong, to 2 in. long, pubescent on both sides, glandular-
dotted: fls. purplish, in racemes to 8 in. long with pedicels
longer than calyx. Malaysia, Australia and W. Asia. —
Sometimes known as Holy Basil, as it is considered the
most sacred plant in the Hindu religion.
suave. TREE BASIL. Shrub to 8 ft , much branched: Ivs-
ovate, densely woolly: fls. whitish or purplish, >£ in. long*
in dense and much panicled racemes to 9 in. long. India,
Afr.
OCONEE-BELLS: Shortia galacifolia.
OCOTILLO: Fouguieria splendena.
OCTADESMIA: Laelia monophylla.
OCTOMfiRIA. Orchidaceae. American epi-
phytes with tufted sts., solitary Ivs. and small
fls. clustered in the axils of Ivs., the sepals
and petals similar, the small lip 3-lobed. See
Orchids for cult.
diaphana. Sts. to 4^ in. tall- If. elliptic-lanceolate,
petioled, to 3 in. long: fls. about Y% in. long, translucent,
yellowish-white. Dec.-Apr. Brazil.
ODONTIODA. Orchidaceas. Group of orchid
hybrids between the genera Odontoglossum and
Cochlioda.
Bradshawiae (0. crispum X C. Noezliana).
Brewii (Odontioda Charleaworthii X Odontogloaaum /for-
ryanum).
Chdrlesworthii (0. Harryanum X C. Noediana).
Codksoniae (O. armaimnlherense X C. Noezliana).
heaton£nsis (O. cirrhosum X C. sanguinea).
keighleyensis (O. cirrhosum X C. Noezliana).
Sand eras (O. percultum X C. Noezliana).
Thwaitesii (0. Harryanum X C. vulcanica).
Vuylst6keae (O. notnle X C Noezliana).
ODONTOGL6SSUM. Orchidacex. Epiphytic
trop. American orchids with 1- or 2-1 vd. pseudo-
bulbs and fls. in lateral racemes or panicles, the
sepals and petals nearly equal, the lip with claw
parallel to column and spreading mia-lobe. The
cult, species are mostly native in high elevations
and are usually difficult to grow in N. Amer. be-
cause of the hot summers; they require a cool
house. See remarks under Orchids.
Adrianiae. Hybrid between 0. crispum and 0. Hunn*
wellianum
Aireworthli. Hybrid between 0. criapum and O. Japonaia
Aliciae. Hybrid between O. Edwardii and O. spectabUe.
altum. Hybrid between O. armainvillierenae and 0
Hallii.
ama'bile. Hybrid between 0. apectabiJe and 0. criapum.
amandum. Hybrid between O. Deniaonise and 0. nobile.
amcenum. Hybrid between 0. nobile and O. apectrum.
Andersonianum: 0. criapum var.
ardentfssimum: 0. armainvillierenae.
armainvillier6nse (0. ardentiaaimum) . Hybrid between
O. nobile and O. criapum.
Ashworthianum. Hybrid between 0. Edwardii and 0.
Oaaultonii.
bictoniense. Pseudobulbs surrounded by If.-bearing
sheaths, 1-3-lvd.: Ivs. to 15M in. long and about 1 in. wide:
infl. to about 30 in. tall, commonly racemose, many-fid.;
503
Odontoglossum
504
Odontoglossum
fls. about 1H in. across; sepals and petals commonly yel-
low-green blotched with brown or purplish; lip violet or
whitish with a pair of erect yellow basal crests. Aug.-Jan.
Cent. Amer.
Cervantesii. Pseudobulbs clustered, 1-lvd.: If. petioled,
to 6 in. long: infl. longer than If., to 6-fld.; fls. 1H-2H m.
across; sepals and petals white with numerous concentric
chocolate streaks near the base; lip white with yellow basal
crest. Oct.-May. Mex., Guatemala.
Charlesworthii. Hybrid between O. Harryanum and
0. triumphant.
cirrh&sum. Pseudobulbs with 1-2 Ivs. to 12 in. long: infl.
to 3 ft. long, nodding; fls. to 4 in. across, white spotted with
red-brown; lip with yellow side lobes streaked with red.
Apr.-July. Ecuador.
citr6smum: 0. pendulum.
Cookianum. Hybrid between 0. blandum and 0. trium-
phans.
Coradmei. Perhaps a natural hybrid: racemes many-
fld.; fls. pale yellow with large brown spots, to about 3 in.
across. Colombia.
cordatum. Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to 8 in. long: infl. to
2 ft. high, to 10-fld.; fls. to about 3 in. across; sepals green-
ish-yellow barred with brown; petals yellowish spotted with
brown; lip white with brown spots. Jan., Apr.-July. Cent.
Amer.
Crawshayanum. Hybrid between 0. Hallii and 0.
Harryanum.
crispodfnei. Hybrid between O. crispum and 0. Cora-
dinei.
crfspum. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 12 in. long: infl.
exceeding the Ivs., usually racemose and 5-15-fld., rarely
paniculate; fls. to 3^jj in. across, variable in size and color,
wavy margined, often white and more or less blotched with
red; lip with large yellow blotch near base. Feb.-Apr.
Colombia. Var. Andersonianum (O. Andersonianum) has
yellowish fls. spotted with brown.
Denisoniee (O. Wdckeanum). Hybrid between O. crispum
and 0. luteo-purpureum.
fidwardii. Pseudobulbs 2-lvd.: Ivs. 2 ft. long and 1H in.
wide: infl. paniculate, to 4 ft. high, many-fld.; fls. small,
about 1 in. across, mauve or puce with yellow callus at base
of lip. Jan.-Apr. Ecuador.
Edwardinum. Hybrid between 0. Edwardii and 0.
eximium.
excellens. Hybrid between O. nobile and O. triumphant.
eximium. Hybrid between 0. armainvilherense and 0.
crispum.
Fletcherianum. Hybrid between 0. Edwardii and 0.
cirrhosum.
grind e. Pseudobulbs 2-3-lvd.: Ivs. to 14 in. long and
about 2H m. wide: infl. longer than Ivs., rarely to 7-fld.;
sepals yellow barred with cinnamon-brown; petals with
basal half reddish-brown and anterior half yellow; lip cream-
white spotted with brown near edges. Aug., Oct.-Mar.
Guatemala.
Hallii. Pseudobulbs bearing 1 or 2 Ivs. to 15 in. long:
infl. to 5 ft. long, racemose, many-fld.; fls. about 3-4 m.
across ; sepals and petals bright yellow blotched with chest-
nut-brown; lip pale yellow or white spotted with red,
toothed. Mar .-Apr. Ecuador, Peru.
Harryanum. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 1 ft. long: infl.
to 3 ft. high, many-fld.; fls. variable, 2%-4 in. across; sepals
chestnut-brown marked irregularly with yellowish; petals
chestnut-brown with basal half traversed by longitudinal
white and mauve lines; lip basally violet with white stripes
on the sides and with central yellow blotch, white in front.
July-Aug. Colombia.
harvengtense (O. loochristiense) . Hybrid between 0.
crispum and 0. triumphant.
hastilabium. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to about 1 ft.
long: infl. paniculate, to 4 ft. or more long; fls. 3 in. across;
sepals and petals pale green to cream-color, barred and
spotted with purple; lip white with purple at base. Jan.-
Aug. Colombia.
hellemense. Hybrid between 0. harvengtenae and O.
crispum.
Henryi. Hybrid.
H&lmegii. Hybrid between 0. spectabile and 0. Adrianiss.
Hunnewellianum. Pseudobulbs 1-lvd.: If. to 8 in. long:
infl. longer than If., racemose, several-fid.; fls. 2 in. across;
sepals and petals greenish-yellow spotted with brown; lip
white or yellowish spotted with brown. Aug., Nov.-Jan.
Colombia.
illustrlssimum. Hybrid between O. armainvfllierense
and 0. Japonais.
Insleayi. Plant similar to 0. grande: pseudobulbs with
2 Ivs. about 8 in. long: infl. exceeding the Ivs., 5-10-fld.; .
fls. to about 3 in. across: sepals and petals greenish-yellow
barred with red-brown; lip bright yellow with a border of
red spots. Aug.-Sept., Dec., Jan. Mex.
Japonais (O. Lambeauianum). Hybrid between 0. Rol-
fe& and 0. crispum.
Keighyetensii. Hybrid.
l&ve: MiUonia laevis.
Lambeauianum: 0. Japonais.
L6bbii. Hybrid between O. amabile and 0. nobile.
Ioochristi6nse: 0. harvengtense.
luteo-purpureum. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 1 ft. or
more long: mfl. about as long as Ivs., racemose, many-fld.;
fls. 3-4 in. across; sepals chestnut-brown tipped with yel-
low; petals yellow blotched with brown; lip white or yellow-
ish with large brown spot, fringed. Mar -Aug Colombia.
Var. sc6ptrum (O. sceptrum). Fls. smaller, sepals brown
with narrow yellow border.
maculatum. Pseudobulbs crowded, with 1 If. to 10 in.
long: mfl longer than Ivs , commonly many-fld., pendulous;
fls. 2-3 in. across; sepals brown; petals and lip yellow spot-
ted with brown. Jan.-May. Mex.
mirificum. Hybrid between O. crispum and O. luteo-
purpureum var. sceptrum.
nebul&sum. Pseudobulbs with 2--3 Ivs. to 9 in. long: infl.
slightly exceeding Ivs., 3-7-fld.; fls 2^-3 in. across, white
spotted around the center with red-brown. May- July.
Mex.
nitidum. Cross between the hybrids O. spectabile and
O. Denisonise.
n6bile (0. Pescatorei). Pseudobulbs 2-lvd : Ivs. to 12 in.
long: infl. to 2 ft. high, racemose or paniculate; fls. numer-
ous, 2-3^3 in. across, variable, white; lip with yellow crest
and often with crimson spots. Mar .-May. Colombia.
Oberthuri. Hybrid between O. Adrianise and O. harveng-
tense.
Ossultonii. Hybrid between O. speclabile and 0. nobile.
pendulum (O. citrosmum). Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs to
1 ft. long: infl. pendulous, longer than Ivs , many-fld.,
commonly racemose; fls about 2 in. across, variable; sepals
and petals white or sometimes rose-tinted; lip rose to lilac.
Apr.-July. Mex. Var. giganteum is listed.
Pescatdrei: O. nubile.
pulchellum. Pseudobulbs 2-3-lvd : Ivs. linear, to 13 in.
long: infl. to 15^ in. long, to 10-fld ; fls. 1-1) 2 in* across,
fragrant, white except base of lip which is yellow dotted
with red. Dec.-May. Cent. Amer.
Relchenheimii: Miltonia Reichenheimii.
R6lfe«. Hybrid between 0. nobile and O. Harryanum.
R6ssii. Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to about 5^ m. lorjg:
infl. little surpassing the If., 1-5-fld.; fla. about 2-3 in.
across; sepals white or pale rosy spotted with brown; petals
white or rosy, spotted with brown at base; hp white, rosy
or pale yellow with yellow basal crest. Feb.-Apr., Aug.,
Oct. Mex., Guatemala.
Sanderae. Hybrid.
sc6ptrum: O. luteo-purpureum var.
Schlieperianum. Plant similar to 0. grande: pseudobulba
2-lvd.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long: racemes surpassing Ivs., 3-6-fld.;
fls. to 3^ in. across; sepals and petals pale yellow with
brown spots in lower part; lip paler yellow spotted with
brown at base. May-July. Coata Rira, Panama. Var.
album has white fls. Var citrlnum is a listed name. Var.
x£nthinum is listed, with brighter yellow fls.
Thompsonianum. Hybrid between 0. Edwardii and 0.
crispum.
tigrinum. Hybrid between O. Fascinator and O. Harry'
anum.
triumphans. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 15 in. long: infl.
usually racemose, to 3 ft. high, to 10-fld ; fls. large, to 3 J/2 in.
across; sepals and petals golden-yellow blotched with red-
brown; lip white or yellowish at base, cinnamon-brown
bordered with white or yellow above. Mar.- May.
Colombia.
triumphftsum. Hybrid between 0. triumphans and 0.
cirrhosum.
Uroskinneri. Pseudobulbs with 1 or 2 Ivs. to 1 ft. long:
infl. to 36 in. tall, usually racemose. 9-20-fld.; fls. about 2 in.
across; sepals and petals green and brown mottled; lip pale
rose mottled with white. Mar.-Apr., July-Aug. Guate-
mala.
Vuylst^kei. Hybrid between O. Denisonise and 0.
triumphans.
warnhamense. Hybrid between 0. Hallii and 0. nobile.
Wilckeanum: O. Denisonise.
Williamsianum. Natural hybrid between O. grande and
0. Schlieperianum.
Odontonema
505
(Enothera
ODONTONfeMA (Thyrsacanthus). Acan-
thacese. Herbs and shrubs of trop. Amer. with
opposite entire Ivs. and red tubular 5-lobed or
2-lipped fls. in terminal spike-like racemes;
three species are grown in S. U. S. and some-
times under glass. Propagated by cuttings.
callistachyum. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong to elliptic-
ovate, to 1 ft. long: fls. red or pink, to 1 J4 in. long, in raceme-
like panicles. Mex., Cent. Amer.
Schomburgkianum (T. rutilans). Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate: fls. red, 1^ in. long, in drooping racemes
to 3 ft. long. Colombia.
strictum. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 6 in. long, often
wavy-margined: fls. crimson, to 1 in. long, with short lobes,
in erect close long infl. Cent. Amer. — Sometimes grown
as Justicia coccinea.
ODONT6NIA. Orchidacese. Group of hybrids
between the genera Odontoglossum and Miltonia.
Laire'sseae (O. crispum X M. Warscewiczn) .
ODONTOPHORUS. Aizoacese. Succulent per-
ennials of S. Afr., bearing opposite Ivs. having
several slender teeth on keel and edges, dotted,
velvety: fls. solitary; stigmas 8-10: segregate
from Mesembryanthemum.
Marlothii (M . Marlothn). Much branched: Ivs. 3-angled,
united at base, 1^ m« I°n8 &nd % in. wide and thick,
white- warted' fls. yellow, to 2 in. across.
nanus. Similar to O. prirnulinus but smaller, with white
fls.
primulinus. Lvs. 3-angled, to 1% in. long, % in. wide,
and ^2 in. thick, velutinous and warted: fls. pale yellow,
to 2 in. across.
ODONTOSORIA. Polypodiacese. Trop. ferns
formerly included with Davallia but differing in
characters of the indusium. One is readily grown
under glass. See Ferns.
chine'nsis (Davallia tenuifolia. O. tenuifolia). Fronds to
ll/$ ft. long and 9 in. wide, 3-4-pinnatifid into fine segms.
about l/% in. long. Trop. Asia, Polynesia.
tenuif dlia: O. chinensis.
ODONTOSPfiRMUM. Composite. Herbs and
shrubs of the Buphthalmum group from the
Medit. region and Canaries, with solitary terminal
rather large heads of ray- and disk-fls.; pappus
of scales. One species grown as a greenhouse or
tub-plant, and may be wintered as are hydran-
geas. Propagation by cuttings or seeds.
serlceum. Dwarf shrub: Ivs. opposite, obiong-spatulate,
silky-hairy: heads golden-yellow, 2-3 m. across, in summer.
Canary Isls. Var. grandifldrum is listed.
ODOSTEMON: Mahonia.
(ENOTHfeRA. Onagracex. Herbs of wide
distribution but mostly in western hemisphere,
including the evening-primroses that open late
in the day and close in morning (nocturnal),
and the sundrops that remain open in the day
(diurnal) and make attractive flowering clumps;
some of the evening-primroses have very large
fls. and are interesting for the sudden opening
of the corolla and the attracting of nocturnal
moths. The prevailing color in (Enothera is
yellow but there are red and pink kinds, and
fls. of some species open nearly or quite white
and change to rose. The group is separated
by some authors into about a dozen genera
but it is here kept together, as Anogra, Hart-
mannia, Kneiffia, Lavauxia, Megapterium, Mer-
iolix, Pachylophus, Raimannia, Sphacrostigma.
Some of these plants, particularly the CE.
biennis group (incl. (E. Lamarckiana), have
been the subjects of extensive studies in muta-
tion. The species are ann,, bien. and per.
(Enotheras are sun-loving dry-land plants of simple
cultivation, commonly grown from seeds or the clumps of
the perennial kinds may be divided. Some of them are tall
erect plants to 2 or 3 feet, and others are stemless; a number
of them are more or less prostrate. Some of the decumbent
and stemless kinds are useful in the rock-garden.
acaulis ((E. taraxaci folia). DANDELION-LEAVED SUN-
DROP. Bien. or per., stemless at first but making prostrate
branches: Ivs. pinnatifid, with large terminal segm.: fls.
to 4 in. across, white to blush, long-tubed, shorter than
radical Ivs.: fr. short, 4- winged at top, short-stalked or
nearly sessile. Chile. — This species ia Burbank's "America."
A var. lutea is listed.
albicaulis (Anogra albicaulis. CE. pinnatifida) . Ann. or
bien. to 15 in., branches decumbent or ascending: basal
Ivs. spatulate, toothed, obtuse; st,-lvs. deeply pinnatifid:
fls. yellow, diurnal, about 1% in. long. Man. to Mont,
south to Tex. and New Mex.
alyssoldes. To nearly 2 ft., mostly glabrous: Ivs. nar-
rowly lanceolate to obovate, to 4 in. long: fls. white fading
to pink, to y± in. long, many in dense spikes. Rocky Mts.
Var. dec6rticans has nodding spikes with caps, tapering
to apex and very thick-walled. Calif.
argillicola. Glabrous plant to 4% ft.: st.-lvs. linear-
lanceolate, to 3}^ in. long: fls. yellow, petals to 1 % in. long.
Va. and W. Va.
Berteriana (Raimannia Berteriana). Erect to 2 ft., ann.
or bien., hairy: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
more or less crenate and undulate, upper ones nearly or
quite sessile: fls. nocturnal, yellow, 1 in. or more across: fr.
linear, 1^-j in. long. Chile, Argentina.
biSnnis (Onagra biennis). COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE.
Tall coarse variable simple or branched erect weedy bien.
to 6 ft , in old fields and waste places and nat. in Eu. and
elsewhere: Ivs lance-ovate or narrower: fls. 1-2 in. across,
nocturnal, yellow: fr. oblong, to 1^ in. Var. grandifl&ra
is a larger-fld. form, in southern states, sometimes regarded
as a distinct species; forms in the trade under this name
need special study.
bistdrta. Rather showy ann. lightly pubescent sundrop,
ascending, 10-16 in.: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate to ovate,
denticulate: fls. to 1 in. across, yellow, with purple spots in
center: fr. about % in. or more long, somewhat 4-sided, not
beaked. S. Calif. Known in cult, mostly m the var. Veitch-
iana ((E. Veitchiana, Sphs-rostigma Veitchianum), which
differs in having a longer leas angled beaked pod.
brachycarpa (Lavauxia brachycarpa). Stemless pubescent
per.: Ivs. long and narrow, thickish, pinnatifid to entire:
fls. yellow, 2 in. or more across, long-tubed: fr. sessile on
the crown, short, winged. Kans., northwest and southwest.
ceespit6sa (Pachylophus csespitoaa). Nearly or quite
stemless bien. or per. with woody root: Ivs. pubescent,
narrow, sinuate or dentate to pinnatifid: fls. to 3 m. across,
white or pink: fr. short, tuberculate and winged. S. D.,
west and south.
calif drnica (CE. pallida var. Anoyra calif arnica) . As-
cending per. from a rootstock, 20 in. or less, hoary-pubes-
cent: Ivs. rmrrow-oblanceolate, dentate or pinnatifid: fls.
white turning pink, 2 in. more or less across, remaining
open in early morning: fr. linear and ribbed, to 2 in. long.
Calif. — Another (E. cahformca or Eulobua cahformcua ia
properly CE. leptocarpa, apparently not cult.; it is an erect
nairy ann. with small yellow or orange fls. that frequently
have reddish spots inside.
campyl6calyx (sometimes written campylocarpa. CE.
coccinea. CE. versicolor). Ann. or bien., erect to 2H ft-i
simple or branched, more or less pubescent: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, nearly or quite sessile, denticulate: fls. 1 in. or
more across, nocturnal, red with yellowish margins: fr.
short, oblong, sessile, hairy. Bolivia, etc.
canadensis: CE. fruticosa.
cheiranthif61ia (CE. spirahs. Sphxrostigma spirale).
Prostrate or somewhat ascending tap-rooted per., with
oblong to oblanceolate white-pubescent Ivs.: fls. yellow,
about 1 in. across: fr. nearly linear, short, coiled. Coasts,
Calif.
Chlldsii: CE. Kunthiana.
cinnabarina: see CE. odorata.
Clutei. Bien. to 5 ft., pubescent: Ivs. linear or oblong,
entire or slightly toothed: fls. yellow, to 3 in. across: fr.
short, about 1 in. long. Ariz.
coccinea: CE. campylocalyx, CE. rosca.
C6ckerellii. Erect very leafy bien., 2-3 ft., more or less
pubescent or hirsute: Ivs. lanceolate, entire or somewhat
denticulate: fls. light yellow, nocturnal, 1 in. or more across:
fr. narrow-oblong, sessile, about 1 in. long. Colo.
cons61ida: see CE. odorata.
coronopif&lia (Anogra and Raimannia coronopifolid).
Erect branched gray-pubescent per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. narrow,
deeply pinnatifid into narrow lobes: fls. diurnal, white
turning pink, 1 in. or more across, buds drooping: fr. oblong,
pubescent. Kans., north and west.
(Enothera
506
(Enothera
cruciata ((E. biennia var. cruciata). Erect mostly simple
glabrous or slightly hairy ann., to 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to
long-oblong, remotely denticulate or entire: fls. yellow,
small, about J^ in. across, nocturnal, the petals about as
narrow as sepals: fr. oblong-angled, sessile, aoout 1 in. long.
New England, N. Y.
densiflora: Boiaduvalia denaijlora.
dentata (Sphaeroatigma dentatum). Ann. to 9 in., branched,
glabrous or nearly so: Ivs. linear, to nearly 2 in. long:
fls. yellow changing to reddish, small. Calif, to Chile.
Drummondii (Raimannia Drummondii). Diffuse hairy-
pubescent ann., sts. rising 1-2 ft. : Ivs. mostly lance-oblong,
denticulate to entire: fls. yellow to cream-color, 2-3 in.
across, delicate and attractive, nocturnal: fr. linear, 1-2 in.
long. Tex. Var. nana is listed.
exfcnia (Pachylophus eximius). Leafy per. to 1 ft. high:
Ivs. oblanceolate to spatulate, dentate or lobed, hairy at
least on margins: fls. white turning pink, 2 in. or more
across, nocturnal: fr. narrow-ovoid, to 1^ in. long. Colo,
to New Mex. — Much like (E. csespitosa.
floribunda: (E. riparia.
fragrans: listed name.
Fraseri: (E. glauca var.
fruticosa ((E. aerotina. (E. canadenaia. Kneiffia fruticoad).
Per. sundrop, becoming semi-woody at base, 1-3 ft. tall,
sts. reddish, nearly glabrous to thinly hairy: Ivs. lanceolate
to oval-lanceolate, sparsely denticulate to entire, often
short-stalked: fls. to 2 in. across, showy, yellow: fr. short-
oblong, winged, about ^ in long, glabrous or with glandular
hairs. N. 8. south and west, on dry land. Var. major is
very floriferous and makes a bushy plant. Var. Youngii
((E. Youngii). strong and stocky, profuse bloomer: Ivs.
mostly large, shiny and slightly glaucous.
glabra: perhaps CE. biennia.
glauca (Kneiffia glauca). Sundrop much like (E. fruticosa
but glabrous and somewhat glaucous, fr. longer and broadly
winged, Ivs. sessile, ovate or oval. Va. and Ky. south. Var.
Fraseri ((E. Fraseri) has rather ovate-lanceolate and mostly
slightly stalked Ivs.
grandifldra: (E. biennia var.
gr&ndis: (E. lociniata var. grandiflora.
heterantha: (E. aubacaulia.
Hodkeri. Bien., of the (E. biennia group, to 4 ft., canes-
cent or hairy: Ivs. ovate to oblanceolate, to 9 in. long: fls.
yellow, nocturnal, the petals to 2 in. long and as broad.
Calif.
imperialis: the plant so grown is probably one of the
(E. fruticosa gi oup.
J6hnsonii. The true (E. Johnsonii (properly (E. primi-
veris), acaulescent and with pinnatifid Ivs., of W. N. Amer.,
is apparently not in ciilt.; the ornamental large-fld. sweet-
scented plant grown under this name is one of the (E.
Lamarckiana group: fls. opening in evening and closing
next forenoon or midday; calyx reddish; bien. to 4 ft., but
mostly blooming first year from seed.
Kunthiana ((E. Childsii. (E. tetraptera var. Childsii).
Differs from Co. tetraptera in having petals only %- ^gin-
long and winged fr. about K in. diam. Tex. to Cent. Mex.
laciniata (CE. sinuata. Raimannia laciniata). Diffuse
bien. or per., thinly hairy to glabrous, to 2 ft. high: Ivs.
narrow, sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid: fls. pale yellow,
mostly small and not showy, nocturnal: fr. linear, to 1H in-
long. N. J. to S. p., Fla. and Mex. Var. grandifldra ((E.
grandia) has fls. 2 in. or more across. Mo., Kans. to Tex.
Lamarckiana. Much like a large-fld. (E. biennia, but
sts. red-tuberculatef Ivs. broad and crinkled, fl.-buds dense-
ly pilose and viscid, stigmas longer. Unknown wild; an
old garden plant seen in various forms.
lavandutaefolia (Galpinsia lavandulae folia) . Tufted per.
to 8 in., gray-pubescent: Ivs. linear, entire: fls. yellow, to
3 in. long, with long funnelform tube: fr. cylindrical, 1 in.
long. Wyo. to Tex. and Ariz.
leptocarpa: see (E. californica.
linearis (Kneiffia linearis). Slender bien. or per. sun-
drop, to 20 in., nearly glabrous to hairy: Ivs. variously
spatulate to narrow-lanceolate, nearly or quite entire: fls.
bright yellow, to 1% in. across, but usually smaller: fr.
club-shaped, pubescent and not glandular. Conn, to Ga.
longiflora: see CE. odorata.
lutea is listed.
macrantha. The plant grown under this name is one
of the CE. Lamarckiana group.
macrocfirpa: (E. miaaourienaia.
marginata (Pachylophus marginatus). Tufted nearly
stemless per., hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate, wavy-toothed: fls.
white, turning pink, to 3 in. long, with long tube: fr. spindle-
shaped, with tubercles on angles. Ore. to Colo.
mexicana. Similar to (E. tetraptera from which it differs
in ite slightly smaller dull rose-red fls. and its long narrow
non-ridged nearly sessile cylindrical fr. N. Mex, to 8. Amer.
micans: see (E. odorata.
minuta: hort. name.
missouriensis ((E. macrocarpa. Megapterium missour-
ienae). Canescent per. with sts. ascending to about 1 ft.:
Ivs. narrow-oval to lanceolate to broad-linear, denticulate
or entire: fls. yellow, 4-0 in. across, long-tubed, showy: fr.
becoming 2-3 in. long and nearly as broad, widely winged.
Neb. and Mo. west and south.
mollfssima. Ann. or grown as such in gardens, to 2j^
ft., branched, loosely hairy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 3 m.
long, remotely denticulate to entire: fls. nocturnal, small,
yellow, about % in. across. Argentina. — The plant grown
under this name is weedy and not very attractive, and
some of the stock passing as CE. Sellown and CE. villosa are
apparently the same.
montana (Pachylophua montanus). Stemless per.: Ivs.
oblanceolate, to 4 in. long, coarsely wavy-toothed, margins
hairy: fls. white, becoming pink, night-blossoming, to 2^ in.
across: fr. tubeicled on blunt ridges. Neb. to Ida. and Nev.
muricata: CE. parviflora.
odorata. Ann. or so grown, erect, branched, to 4 ft.,
glabrous to sparsely hairy: Ivs. long-linear-lanceolate, or
the upper ones lance-ovate, remotely toothed: fls. nocturnal,
yellow fading to reddish, fragrant, 1-2% in. across. Chile. —
Plants sometimes grown as (E. cinnabanna, consolida,
longiflora, micana, prostrata, auaveolena, sulphurea, undulata,
apparently belong here.
ovata. GOLDEN-EGGS. Stemless per.: Ivs. in basal
rosette, oblong to ovate, entire or slightly toothed: fls.
yellow, the filiform calyx-tube to 4 in. long, petals orbicular,
y^ in. long: fr. linear. Calif.
pallida (Anogra palhda). Per. to 14 in.: Ivs. lanceolate,
entire, lobed or toothed, glabrous: fls. white turning pink,
to 1H m. long, blooming in evening: fr. narrow-lineal ,
8-ribbed. Calif, to Rocky Mts.
parvifldra (CE. muricata). Like CE. biennia but usually
not as tall and less branched: Ivs. rather thick and glabrous
or only thinly hairy, tip of sepals separated in bud (rather
than in contact), upper bracts persistent and equalling or
exceeding the pods. Northeastern states to Newf.
pergnnis (CE. pumila. CE. puailla. Kneiffia pumila).
Small or slender finely pubescent per. sundrop, sometimes
to 2 ft. but commonly lower arid often blooming when 2 in.
high: Ivs. oblanceolate or oblong, entire: fls. yellow, 1 in.
or Jess across: fr. short, club-shaped, short-stalked or sessile.
Newf. to Ga., Man. and Kans.
Pflgrimii: form of CE. perennis.
pinnatifida: (E. albicaulia.
prat£nsis (Kneiffia pratensis). Attractive stoloniferous
sundrop, per. to 2 and 3 ft., soft-hairy: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
or somewhat elliptic, sinuate or entire: fls. yellow, profuso
and showy, to 2 in. across, buds purplish: fr. short, club-
shaped. Fields, Me. to la. and Ark.
prostrata: see CE. odorata.
pumila: CE. perennis.
pusflla: CE. perennia.
rhizocarpa: CE. triloba.
rhombipetala (Raimannia rhombipetala). Bien. to 4 ft.,
pubescent: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, slightly toothed: fls.
yellow, to 2 in. across: fr. curved. Ind. to Tex.
riparia (CE. floribunda. Kneiffia riparia). Like CE.
linearis, but more pubescent and the fls. larger (to about
2 in. across), floriferous. Near the coast, L. I. to Ga.
rdsea (CE. coccinea of lists. Hartmannia roaea). Low
diffuse bien or per., blooming first year from seed, finely
pubescent, sts. slender and 1-2 ft. long: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate
or narrower, sparsely denticulate or entire, small: fls. small
and not showy, H in. or less across, rose-purple, opening at
evening and remaining to next day: fr. club-shaped, long-
tapering. Tex. and New Mex. to S. Amer.
rdsea mexicana is a form of CE. mexicana.
rubrfcalyx. AFTERGLOW EVENING-PRIMROSE. Form of
CE. Lamarckiana or derivative from it, with attractive red
calyx-tube.
Sarrazinii: CE. tetraptera.
Selldwii: see CE. molliaaima.
ser6tina: (E. fruticosa.
serrulata (Meriolix aerrulatd). Erect mostly finely
pubescent per. or bien., more or less woody at base, to 1^&
ft. high: Ivs. mostly linear, sharply dentate: fls. yellow,
diurnal, to 2 in. across, petals crenulate: fr. linear, canescent.
Man. to Tex. and New Mex.
sinuata: CE. laciniata.
speci&sa (Hartmannia apeciosa). Erect or ascending
finely pubescent per.: Ivs. linear to lance-oblong, sinuate,
dentate or pinnatifid : fls. diurnal, white or whitish changing
CEnothera
507
Okaria
to pink, to 3 in. across*: fr. club-shaped, 4-ribbed. Mo. west
and south, and nat. eastward; showy. Var. alba, fls. white;
var. grandiflora is listed; var. rdsea, fls. rose; var. rubra,
fls. dark red.
spinuldsa (Meriolix spinulosa). Similar to (E. semdata
but with spinulose- toothed Ivs. and larger fls. and frs. Ark.
to New Mex.
Spiralis: (E. cheiranthifolia.
Buaveolens: see OS. odorata.
Bub&ca&\iB((E.heterantha. Taraxia subacaulis) . Stemless,
nearly glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, entire or toothed: fls.
pale yellow, ^ in. long. Mont, to Calif. Var. taraxacifdlia
((E. heterantha var. taraxacifoha) , Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid.
sulphurea: (E. odorata.
taraxacifdlia: (E. acaulis.
tetr&ptera (CE. Sarrazinii. Hartmannia tetraptera). De-
cumbent diffuse or erect thinly hairy ann. to 20 in.: Ivs.
lanceolate to narrow-ovate, coarsely toothed to pinnatifid:
fls. whitish becoming rose or rose from the first, diurnal,
petals M-l.H m- long, showy: fr. swollen, 1 in. or more long
and %-% in diam., with long st.-hko base, 5-ridged. Tex.
to Ariz, to S. Amer. Var. Childsii is (E. Kunthiana. Var.
rdsea is listed.
trich6calyx (Anogra trichocalyx) . Bien. or per. to 12 in.
high, silky-hairy: Ivs. linear or nearly so to lanceolate or
ovate, usually sinuate-pinnatifid, to 2 in. long: fls. white,
petals to 1M in long, the buds nodding. Colo, and Wyo.
to Calif. — Variable.
trfloba ((E. rhizocarpa. Lawuxia triloba and flam) . Per.,
stemless, slightly pubescent or glabrate, with dandelion-
like Ivs., blooming first year from seed: fls. white or pink,
to 2^4 in. across, very long and slender-tubed, shorter than
Ivs.: fr. short, winged, in a cluster at the crown. Ky. and
Tenn. to Calif, and Mex.
undulata: see (E. odorata.
Veitchiana: (E. bistorta var.
verslcolor: (E. campy localyx.
villdsa. S. African, considered to be (E. biennia nat. there,
but plants grown under this name may be (E. molhsaima.
viridescens ((E. spiraha var. wndeacena. Sphserostigma
viridescens) . Tap-rooted bien. or per , green, sts. 1 %-2% ft.
prostrate or ascending: Ivs. thickish, round-ovate and
cordate, hairy, denticulate: fls. yellow becoming greenish,
1 in. or less across: fr. linear. 4-angled, coiled. Seashore,
S. Calif.
Whftneyi: Godctia grandiflora.
Youngii: CE. fruticosa var.
(ENOTHERACEJE: Onagracex.
OKA: Oxalis crenata.
OKRA, GUMBO. The large green erect
pods of Hibiscus esculentus. From these pods
is made the well-known gumbo soup of the
South, where the plant is more extensively
grown than in the North. The pods are also
employed in their green state for stews, and
are dried and used in winter, when they are
nutritious and form no little part of the diet
in certain sections of the country. The seeds
are sensitive to cold and moisture, and should
not be sown until the ground has become
warm. The seed should be sown in a drill 1
inch deep, the plants thinned to 12 inches in
the row for the dwarf varieties and 18-36
inches for the tall varieties; the rows are usually
far enough apart to admit of horse tillage.
One ounce of seed supplies 50-100 feet of drill,
depending on the thickness of sowing. The
tali kinds reach 4r-7 feet. The culture given
corn or cotton is suitable.
OLD MAN: Artemisia Abrotanum. -Man-and-Woman;
Sempervivum tectorum. -Mans-Beard: Clematis Vitalba.
Woman: Artemisia Stelleriana.
OLEA. OLIVE. Oleaceae. Attractive ever-
green trees and shrubs native in eastern hemi-
sphere with opposite commonly entire lys.
silvery-scurfy imaerneath, small white or whitish
unisexual or bisexual fls. in panicles, and fr. a
drupe, usually 1-seeded. One species is grown
widely for the edible fr. and others for ornament
in Calif, and other mild climates. See Olive.
Aquifdlium: Oamonthua ilidfoliua.
chrysophylla. Small tree: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
yellow beneath: fr. globose, blackish. Trop. Afr.
communis: see 0. europaea.
Cunninghami i. To 70 ft.: Ivs. variable, linear to ovate-
lanceolate, to 10 in. long: fr. ovoid, about H in- long, red.
New Zeal.
europ&a. COMMON O. To 25 ft.: Ivs. oval to lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, silvery-scaly beneath: fls. fragrant: fr. oblong,
to 1^ in. long, shining black when ripe. Medit. region. —
Grown for fr. in Calif, and for ornament and curiosity in
Fla. and elsewhere. The wild form has been distinguished
as var. Oleaster, with thorny branches, and the cult, olive
as var. communis.
fragrans: Osmanthua fragrans.
ilicifdlia: Osmanthus ilicifoliua.
lanceolata. To 50 ft., dioecious: Ivs. linear to ovate-
lanceolate, to 6 in. long: fr. ovoid, ^ in. long, red or orange.
New Zeal.
mo n tin a. To 50 ft., dio>cious: Ivs. linear or linear-
lanceolate, to 3^ in. long: fr. ovoid, red, to H in. long.
New Zeal.
OLIVE FAMILY. Widely dis-
tributed trees and shrubs in trop. and temp.
regions in both hemispheres, of more than 20
genera, grown for ornament and shade, and
the olive for the edible fr.: Ivs. prevailingly
opposite, simple or pinnate: fls. regular, bi-
sexual or unisexual, naving commonly 4-lobed
calyx and corolla, the latter gamopetalous
(sometimes apetalous in Fraxinus), 2 stamens,
superior 2-celled ovary: fr. a berry, drupe,
caps, or samara. Genera herein treated are
Abeliophyllum, Chionanthus, Fontanesia, Fore-
stiera, Forsythia, Fraxinus, Jasminum, Li-
gustrum, Menodora. Nyctanthes, Olea, Osman-
thus, Osmarea, Pnillyrea, Siphonosmanthus,
Syringa.
OLEANDER: Nerium. Yellow: Thevetia nereifolia.
OLEARIA (Shawia). TREE ASTER. DAISY-
TREE. Composite. Many evergreen shrubs and
small trees with mostly alternate Ivs. tomen-
tose beneath and heads of white, blue or purple
ray- and disk-fls. solitary or in corymbs or
panicles; pappus of bristles; native in New Zeal.
and Australia. Several species are grown out-
of-doors in Calif, for ornament. Propagated
by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, as well as by
seeds.
albida. Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong or ovate-oblong, to
4 in. long, entire, white-tpmentose beneath: heads of 3-6 fls.,
% in. long, in large panicles. New Zeal.
angulata. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. oblong or oval, to 2^ in.
long, white-tomentose beneath, undulate: heads of 3-5 fls.,
% in. long, in panicles longer than Ivs. New Zeal.
arbore'scens (O. nitida'). Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
3J^ in. long, sinuate-toothed, satiny-tomentose beneath:
heads of 15-20 fls., ^ in. long, in large branched corymbs.
New Zeal. Var. angustifdlia has lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate Ivs. Var. capillaris (0. capillaris) has Ivs. to
1 in. long.
argophylla. Tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceo-
late, to 5 in. long, toothed or rarely entire, silvery-silky-
pubescent beneath, reticulated above: heads few-fld., in
large corymbs. Australia.
avicenniaefolia. Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. oval-lanceolate, to
4 in. long, entire, white- or buff-tomentose beneath: heads
of 2 or 3 fls., H in. long, in long-stalked branched corymbs.
New Zeal.
capillaris: O. arborescens var.
Colensdi. Shrub to 10 ft. : Ivs. obovate to lanceolate, to
6 in. long, mostly acute, sharply toothed: heads discoid,
dark brownish-purple, to 1 in. across, 4-10 in hairy racemes
to 8 in. long. New Zeal.— Sometimes becomes a small tree
to 30 ft. high with larger Ivs.
Cunninghamii. Shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. ovate to
linear-oblong, to 6 in. long, coarsely toothed, white^tomen-
tose beneath: heads of 12-24 fls., ^ in. across, in large
branching panicles. New Zeal. Var. colorata has narrower
Ivs.
erub£scens: O. myrainoidea var.
Okaria
508
Omphalodes
Forsteri: O. paniculata.
fragrantfesima. Shrub to 15 ft., with dark brown or
black bark: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate to -ovate, to 1H in. long,
entire, silky-tomentobe beneath: heads of 4-8 yellowish
fragrant fls., % in. long, in sessile clusters. New Zeal.
furfuracea. Shrub or tree to 20 ft.. Ivs. oblong to ovate,
to 4 in. long, entire or slightly toothed, silvery- tomentose
beneath: heads of 5-12 fls., \i in. long, in branched corymbs
New Zeal.
Gunniana: 0. stdlulata.
Haastii. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to \\i in. long, entire,
shining above, white-tomentose beneath: heads of 8-10 fls.,
% in. long, in long-stalked corymbs. New Zeal.
ilicifdlia. Shrub or tree to 20 ft., with musky odor: Ivs.
linear to lanceolate, to 4 in. long, spiny-toothed and un-
dulate, yellowish-tomentose beneath: heads of 8-12 florets,
H in. long, in large corymbs. New Zeal.
lineata. Shrub with branches often drooping: Ivs.
clustered, narrow-linear, to 2 in. long, maigms revolute,
white-tomentose beneath: heads of numerous fls., in clus-
ters. New Zeal.
macroddnta. Resembling O. ilicifolia but with ovate or
oblong Ivs. toothed but not spiny. New Zeal
moschata. Shrub to 12 ft., with musky odor: Ivs. ob-
ovate-oblong, to % in. long, entire, white-tomeiitose be-
neath: heads of 12-20 florets, M m« long, m small long-
etalked corymbs. New Zeal.
myrsinoides. Low shrub: Ivs. obovate or oblong, to
% in. long, finely toothed, shining and reticulated above,
tomentose beneath: heads of 4-8 fls., in leafy panicles.
Australia. Var. erubescens (0. erubescem) has Ivs. to 2 in.
long and larger heads.
nftida: 0. arborescens.
mimrnularifdh'a. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. orbicular to ob-
ovate, to y^ in. long, margins recurved, very thick, shining
and reticulated above, tomentose beneath: heads of 6-12
fls., ^ in. long, solitary. New Zeal.
odorata. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. opposite or clustered, linear-
obovate, to 1 in. long, entire, white-tomcntose beneath:
heads of 20-35 flu., in clusters. New Zeal.
oleif&lia. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivy. lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, to 3 in. long, entire, reticulated above, whitc-tomen-
tose beneath: heads of 4-8 fls., % in. long, m loose corymbs.
New Zeal.
pachyph^lla. Shrub to 8 ft. : Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate,
to 5 in. long, entire or undulate, very thick, silvery-tomen-
tose beneath: heads of 7-10 fls., % in long, in corymbs to
5 in. across. New Zeal.
paniculata (O. Forsteri). Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs.
oblong or ovate, to 3 in. long, undulate, white-tgmentose
beneath: heads of 1 fl.f >5 in. long, in branched corymbs.
New Zeal. Var. eliiptica has narrower Ivs.
panndsa. Shrub: Ivs. ovate-cordate to oblong, to 3 in.
long, entire, letieulated above, densely tomentose beneath:
fls. to 1 in. long, in solitary heads. Australia.
parvif&lia: O. virgata.
Solandri. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. opposite or clustered,
linear-obovate, to % in. long, margins recurved, yellowish-
tomentose beneath- heads of 8-20 floiets, % in. long, soli-
tary. New Zeal.
stellulata (O. Gunniana). Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. oblong or
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, sinuate-toothed, white-tomentose
beneath: heads of 20 or more fls., m leafy panicles. Aus-
tralia.
suavis. Shrub or tree to 18 ft.- Ivs. linear-oblong to
ovate, to 1H ifl« long, entire, yellowish- tomentose beneath:
heads of 6-30 fls., J-& in. long, in branched panicles New
Zeal.
Th6msonii. Tree to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong-obovate, to 0 in.
long, entire, reticulated above, silvei y-tomentose beneath:
heads l/i in. long, in large corymbs. New Zeal.
Traversii. Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. opposite, oblong or ovate,
to 2£*z in. long, entire, white-tomentose beneath: heads of
6-15 disk-fls., % in. long, in branching panicles. New Zeal.
virgata (0. parvifolia). Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. opposite or
clustered, linear-obovate, to H in. long, white-tomentose
beneath: heads of 5-12 fls., % in. long, solitary or clustered.
New Zeal.
OLEASTER: Elseagnus angustifolia.
OLIVE. The developed fruit of Oka europxa,
grown extensively in Mediterranean countries,
and in North America well adapted to parts of
California, Arizona, and often grown for orna-
ment and interest in other southern regions.
Olive is somewhat more tender, or requires
more sum total of heat, than the wine grape
(Vitis vinifera). The olive attains great size
with age, and eventually the trees should stand
40 feet or more apart each way, but plantations
are commonly set at 25 to 30 feet, often with the
idea of thinning out the trees in time. The crop
demands a deep fertile soil but well drained,
and a clear fogless atmosphere is desired for
the best results. Although drought resistant,
the olive thrives well under intelligent irrigation,
the requirements being 30 to 40 acre-inches a
year, including rainfall.
Propagation of the olive is readily accom-
plished by means of softwood cuttings 4 or 5
inches long, only the leaves on the tip being
retained and those usually cut back some-
what. The cuttings are started in sand under
artificial heat and then removed to the nursery.
Much larger and heavier cuttings of old wood
are sometimes employed, the lower part being
variously cut or wounded to stimulate root and
stem production. The suckers about the base
of the tree, taken with a heel from the trunk,
are also employed. Seeds are also used in
propagation, but the seedlings must be grafted
to the desired variety. Cutting off the end of
the stone or pit will hasten germination. When
one your in the nursery the seedlings may be
whip-grafted or side-grafted.
For best results the olive orchard should be
given clean tillage. On neglected trees with-
out good moisture supply, the fruit is small or
it may not set freely. Attention is given to
pruning, and insects and diseases must be
promptly met.
For making the ordinary pickled olive, the
fruits are gathered when they have reached
practically full size but while still good green
in color. Ilipe pickles rich in eupeptic oil and
high in food value are also in demand, and
the fruit is taken from the tree when it is clack.
In any case the fruit is picked by hand to
avoid bruising; this is true even when the crop
is designed for oil, to pi event rot and mold.
The fruit is mechanically graded for pickles,
producing different lines or quotations of the
product. It is then cleaned, the bitterness
removed by lye, and the pickling process com-
pleted by hardening and preserving in salt.
It requires about 6 pounds of olives to make 1
gallon of pickles, and about 1 ton to yield 35
gallons of oil. The average production of fruit
is perhaps \l/$ tons to the acre, but greater
yields are obtained on the best plantations.
OLIVE, BLACK: Bucida Biiceras. False: Elseodendron
orientate. Russian: Elseagnus angustifolia. Spurge-: Cne-
orum tncoccon. -Wood Bark, Bermuda: Elxodendron Lane-
anum.
OLIVERANTHUS: Echeveria Harmsii.
Leguminosse. A spiny tree to
25 ft., native in the deserts of Ariz, to Lower
Calif. O. Tesdta. DESERT IRONWOOD.I Lvs.
pinnate, the Ifts. to % in. long, grayish: fls.
papilionaceous, violet-purple, in racemes about
1 in. long: pods oblong, to 3 in. or more long,
slightly constricted between seeds. — The seeds
or beans have been utilized as food by the
Indians.
OLSYNIUM: Sisyrinchium.
OMPHALODES. NAVELWOBT. NAVEL-SEED.
Boraginacese. Ann. and per. low herbs much like
Myosotis but differing hi technical characters,
mostly in Eu. and Asia, with alternate simple
Omphalodes
509
Oncidium
Ivs. and white or blue fls. in loose racemes re-
sembling forget-me-nots.
A few species are grown in the flower-garden. They suc-
ceed in moist partially shady or sunny situations. Propa-
gated by seeds sown in spring or by division.
cappad6cica (0. cornifolia). Per. to 10 in.: lys. ovate,
heart-shaped at base: fls. rich blue with white in center,
^ in. across, in spring. Asia Minor.
cornifdlia: O. cappadocica.
jap6nica. Probably per., to C in.: Ivs. spatulate-oblong
to oblanceolate, sessile, acute, base somewhat wedge-
shaped, margins entire or remotely wavy: fls. to Y% in. across,
calyx ciliate and pilose with lanceolate lobes. Japan.
linifdlia (Cynoglossum hnifolium). Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs.
spatulate to linear-lanceolate: fls. white, to % in. across, in
summer and autumn. Spam, Portugal. Var. caerulescens
has bluish fls. sometimes tinged rose.
Lucfliae. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. ovate or oblong: fls. rose turn-
ing to blue, >£ in. across, in spring. Greece, Asia Minor.
lusitanica (O. nitida). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
shining above: fls. blue with white center, ^ in. across, in
spring. Portugal.
nftida: 0. lusitanica.
ve'raa. CREEPING FORGET-ME-NOT. Per. to 8 in., bear-
ing stolons: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate: fls. blue, jHi in.
across, in spring. Eu. Var. alba has white fls.
OMPHALOGRAMMA. Primulacese. Small
Asiatic genus closely allied to Primula, differing
in fls. solitary, before the Ivs., calyx-lobes 5-8,
seeds much compressed and attached by a
narrow linear hilum on the ventral side.
vincifldrum (Primula mnciflora). To 9 in.: Ivs. oblong or
oval, erect and overlapping, ciliate, papery: fls. purple-
violet or blue, 1H m- across. China.
ONAGRA: (Enothera.
ONAGRACE^ (ffinotheracede) . EVENING-
PRIMROSE FAMILY. Herbs or only rarely shrubs,
of various habit, terrestrial or aquatic, ann.,
bien., per., yielding ornamental subjects in
several genera. The ovary, mostly elongated,
is inferior and prominent, crowned with the
calyx and polypetalous corolla, and commonly
with projecting or conspicuous essential organs.
The species are several hundred in many parts
of the world, in about 40 genera. Most of them
are of easy cult. The genera treated in this
book are Boisduvalia, Circaoa, Clarkia, Epilo-
bium, Eucharidium, Fuchsia, Gaura, Godetia,
Jussiaia, Lopezia, Ludwigia, (Enothera, Trapa
(sometimes referred to Trapacese or Hydrocarya-
ceai), Zauschneria.
ONCIDIODA. Orchidacede. A group compris-
ing a few hybrids between the genera Oncidium
and Cochlioda.
Charlesworthii (O. incurvum X C. Noezliana).
ONCfDIUM. Orchidaceas. Epiphytic orchids
of trop. Amer. with commonly 1-2-1 vd. pseudo-
bulbs and fls. in lateral racemes or panicles, the
sepals and petals often nearly equal, the lip
usually 3-lobed and crested or tubercled at base.
They are plants both of cool mts. and hot re-
gions, of various requirements in cult, from
coolhouse to warmhouse, depending on the
species; they usually require considerable sun
and air; see Orchids for cult.
alatum. Pseudobulbs ovoid, to % in. long, 1-lvd. at the
apex, flattened: If. oblong, to about 3 in. long, acute: scape
to 10 in. long, flattened, winged; fls. yellow; sepals and
petals with dark markings. W. Indies.
altissimum. Pseudobulbs with 1 or 2 Ivs. to 16 in. long:
fls. in nodding racemes to about 4 ft. long, yellow barred
with brown. W. Indies.
ampliatum. Pseudobulbs with 1-2 Ivs. to 15 J^ in. long
and 3>£ in. wide: infl. a many-fld. raceme or panicle to
about 3 ft. long; fls. bright yellow with red-brown blotches
near center, white on the back. Dec.-May. Cent. Amer.,
Trinidad. Colombia. Var. majus has larger fls.
anthocrdne. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 1 ft. long and
2 in. wide: infl. arching, racemes or panicles many-fld., to
4 ft. long; fls. brown banded and edged with yellow. Col-
ombia.
aur&sum: 0. excavatum.
barbatum. Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to 4H in- long: infl.
racemose or paniculate, loosely few-fld., to 2 ft. long; sepals
and petals yellow blotched with brown; lip 3-lobed, yellow,
having crest dotted with red. Jan.-June. Brazil.
carthagin6nse. Pseudobulbs much reduced, 1-lvd.: If.
oblong to elliptic, fleshy, to 19^ in. long: infl. loosely
paniculate, many-fld., to 5 ft. long; fls. white spotted with
purplish-rose, to 1 in. across, segms. crisped. Blooms all
year. Cent. Arner., W. Indies, N. S. Amer. Var. rdseum,
fls. smaller, yellowish with deep red spots.
Cavendishianum. Pseudobulbs' much reduced, with
1 oblong-elliptic If. to about 1 ft. long: infl. usually panicu-
late and many-fld., to nearly 4 ft. long; fls. rather large,
yellow; sepals and petals commonly spotted with brown.
Oct.-May. Mex., Guatemala.
Cebolldta. Pseudobulbs very small, with 1 slender
cylindrical If. to about 23 in. long: infl. commonly panicu-
late and many-fld , to 32 in. long; fls. dull yellow; sepala
and petals spotted with red-brown. Jan.-May. Cent.
Amer., W. Indies, S. Amer.
concolor (O. unguiculat urn) . Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to
6 in. long: fls. citron-yellow, in 6-12-fld. drooping racemes
to 1 ft. long. Oct -May. Brazil.
cornigerum. Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to 6 in. long: infl.
paniculate, many-fld., to 2 ft. long; fls. small, about % in.
across, yellow spotted with dark red. Nov.-Feb. Brazil,
Paraguay.
crispum. Pseudobulbs with 2-3 Ivs. to 8 in. long: infl.
loosely paniculate, to 45 in. long, many-fld.; fls. to 3 in.
across, very wavy, chestnut-brown sometimes spotted with
yellow. May- Aug., Nov.-Dec. Brazil.
cfirtum. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 1 ft. long: infl. loosely
paniculate, many-fld , to about 3 ft. long; fls. to 2 in. across;
sepals chestnut-brown barred with yellow, petals brown
with yellow margin; lip yellow with broad brown margin.
Spring and summer. Brazil.
divaricatum. Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to 1 ft. long: fls.
brown tipped with yellow, about 1 in. across, in much
branched panicles to about 6 ft. high. Aug.-Oct. Brazil.
excavatum (O. aurosum). Pseudobulbs with 1-2 Ivs. to
20 in. long: fls. yellow spotted with brown, 1% in. across,
in many-fld. panicles to 3 ft. long. Oct.-Mar. Peru,
Ecuador.
flexudsum. Paeudobulbs with 1-2 Ivs. to 9^ in. long:
infl. paniculate, many-fld., to 3 ft. high; fls. yellow spotted
near base of each segm. with brown, 9^-1^ in. across.
Oct.-Mar., June~Aug. Brazil, Paraguay.
Forbesii. Pseudobulbs with 1-2 Ivs. to 10 in. long: infl.
usually paniculate, many-fld., to 3 ft. high; fls. chestnut-
brown edged with yellow, 2-2^ in- across. Mar.-Apr.,
Oct.-Nov. Brazil.
fuscatum: MiUonia Warscewiczii.
Gardner!. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 1 ft. long: infl.
paniculate, many-fld., to 3 ft. long; fls. about 2 in. across;
sepals brown barred with yellow; petals brown margined
with yellow; lip yellow with marginal band of red-brown
spots. Aug.- Dec. Brazil.
Harrisonianum. Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to 6 in. long: infl.
paniculate, many-fld., to about 1 ft. long; fls. about % in.
across, yellow spotted with red. Oct.-May. Brazil.
hastatum. Pseudobulbs with 1-2 Ivs. to 9 in. long: infl.
loosely paniculate, to 5 ft. long; fls. about 1^ in. across;
sepals and petals marked with yellow-green; lip with white
or yellow side lobes and red mid-lobe tipped with green.
Mex.
incurvum. Pseudobulbs with 2-3 Ivs. to 16 in. long:
infl. loosely paniculate, many-fld., to about 5 ft. long; fls.
to 1% in. across, rose-lilac spotted with white. July-Jan.
Mex.
intermedium. Pseudobulbs lacking: Ivs. clustered at the
base, distichous, equitant, oblong-lanceolate, falcate, to
4 in. long, margins denticulate: fls. in racemes or panicles,
golden-yellow. W. Indies.
Jonesianum. Pseudobulbs very small, with 1 almost
cylindrical If. to 16 in. long and }i hi. wide: infl. racemose,
loosely 3-16-fld., to 20 in. long; fls. about 2 hi. across; sepals
and petals whitish-yellow or greenish spotted with brown;
lip white with yellow base spotted with red. Aug.-Feb.,
May. Paraguay, Bolivia.
Kramerianum. Pseudobulbs flattened- orbicular, 1-lvd.:
If. to 9 in. long: infl. to 30 in. long, with swollen nodes,
several-fld. in succession; fls. very large, about 5 in. in
vertical diam.; dorsal sepal and petals chocolate-brown,
lateral sepals orange-red mottled with yellow; lip wavy,
citron-yellow bordered by reddish-brown. Mar.- May,
Nov.-Dec. Ecuador, Colombia.
Onddium
510
Onion
Lanceanmn. Pseudobulbs minute, 1-lyd.: Ivs. to 20 in.
long and 5 in. wide, spotted with violet: infl. exceeding the
Ivs , racemose or paniculate, few- to many-fld. ; fls. to 2^ in.
across; sepals and petals yellow or green thickly spotted
with brown; lip violet-purple at base and rose above.
May-Aug. British and Dutch Guiana, Trinidad. Var.
Louvrexianum has the apical half of Up white.
leucochllum. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to over 2 ft. long:
infl. paniculate, loosely many-fld., to 7 ft. high; sepals and
petals greenish barred and spotted with dark brown; lip
white with lavender dots at base. Mar.-Aug., Nov. Mex.
to Honduras.
luridum. Differs from O. carthaginenae in its larger fls.,
and dull red to yellowish-brown sepals and petals which
are sometimes tinged with violet. Fla., W. Indies, Cent.
Amer., S. Amer.
macranthum. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to almost 2 ft.
long: infl. an elongate climbing panicle to 10 ft. long; fls.
very large, to 4 in. across; sepals olive- or brown-yellow;
petals golden-yellow; lip yellow with central white crest
and dark red or purplish basal lobes. Blooms nearly all
year. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
Marshallianum. Pseudobulbs with 2-3 Ivs. to about
1 ft. long: infl. a lax many-fld. panicle to about 5 ft. high;
fls. to 2j^ in. across; sepals greenish-yellow barred with
brown; petals golden-yellow with brown spots, wavy; lip
yellow with red spots at base. Apr.-June. Brazil.
microchUum. Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to 1 ft. long: infl.
loosely paniculate, to 4 ft. long, many-fld.; fls. 1% in.
across; sepals brownish edged with yellow; petals similar,
chestnut-brown or brown-purple; lip white spotted with
reddish-purple. Aug. Guatemala.
oblongatum. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 18 in. long: infl.
paniculate, many-fld.; fls. sulfur-yellow with reddish-Brown
spots at base of segms. July-Aug. Mex., Guatemala.
ornithorhjrnchum. Pseudobulbs with 2 Ivs. to 10 in. long:
infl. a drooping many-fld. panicle to 1^ ft. long: fls. rose-
lilac with yellow crest on lip, about % in. across. Aug.-Dec.
Mex. to Salvador. Var. albifldrum has whitish fls.
Papflio. BUTTERFLY ORCHID. Pseudobulbs with 1 If.
to 9 in. long and 2% in. wide, mottled with purplish-brown:
infl. to 4 ft. long; fls. 1-several, successive, very large, to
about 4 in. across; dorsal sepal and petals linear, reddish-
brown sparingly marked with yellow; lateral sepals oblong,
wavy, chestnut-brown with yellow markings; lip yellow
with broad brown marginal band. Blooms all year. Trini-
dad, Venezuela, Brazil, Peiu.
phymatochllum. Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to 14 in. long:
infl. loosely paniculate, many-fld. l to 5 ft. long; fls. 2 in.
across; sepals and petals greenish-yellow spotted with
biown (sometimes yellowish- white spotted with orange);
lip white with red spots around the basal yellow crest.
Apr.-May. Brazil.
Pubes. Pseudobulbs with 1-2 Ivs. to 5 in. long: infl. pan-
iculate, to 2 ft. high, many-fld.; fls. about 1 in. across;
sepals and petals brown barred with yellow, lateral sepals
united; lip red-brown or purplish bordered with yellow.
Dec.-Mar. Brazil, Paraguay.
pulvinatum. Pseudobulbs with 1-2 Ivs. to 1 ft. long: infl.
loosely paniculate, many-fld., to 9 ft. long; fls. to 1 in. across:
sepals and petals with basal half brown and apical hall
yellow; lip yellow spotted with red. June-Dec. Brazil,
Paraguay, Argentina.
rupestre. Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to 15 in. long: infl.
paniculate, few-fld.; sepals and petals bright yellow spotted
with reddish-brown at base; lip golden-yellow with reddish-
brown blotch. Apr.-Sept. Colombia, Ecuador.
sarc&des. Pseudobulbs with 2-3 Ivs. to 10 in. long: infl.
loosely paniculate, many-fld., to 6 ft. long; sepals and
petals cnestnut-brown bordered with yellow; lip bright
yellow with red-brown spots around the cre&t. Apr.-July.
Brazil.
sphacelatum. Pseudobulbs with 2-3 Ivs. to about 2 ft.
long: infl. loosely paniculate, many-fld., to 5 ft. long; fls.
1 in. across; sepals and petals yellow spotted with brown;
lip golden-yellow with red-brown band in front of crest.
Feb.-Sept. Mex. to Honduras.
splendidum: O. tigrinum var.
tigrinum. Pseudobulbs with 2-3 Ivs. to 12 in. long: infl.
usually loosely paniculate, to about 48 in. high; fls. large,
to nearly 3 in. across; sepals and petals greenish-yellow
blotched with red-brown; lip large, yellow. Oct.-Feb. Mex.
Var. spl6ndidum (0. aplendidum). Pseudobulbs 1-2-Jvd.:
claw of lip broader than in 0. tigrinum with smaller lateral
lobes. Dec.-Feb. Guatemala.
unguiculatum: 0. concolor.
unifl6rum. Plant small : pseudobulbs with 1 If. to about
6 in. long: infl. racemose, 1-2-fld., about length of Ivs.;
sepals and petals greenish-yellow spotted with brown; lip
bright yellow spotted with tawny-purple below. Apr.,
July-Aug., Dec. Brazil.
varic&sum. Pseudobulbs with 2-3 Ivs. to 12 in. long:
infl. a many-fld. nodding panicle to 5 ft. long; fls. about
1 in. across; sepals and petals dull yellow or greenish barred
with red-brown; lip large, golden-yellow. Sept.-July.
Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia. Var. R6gersii has larger fls.
to 2 in. across.
Wentworthianum. Pseudobulbs with 1-2 Ivs. to 12 in.
long- infl. loosely paniculate, to 12 ft. long; fls. about 1 in.
across, yellow spotted with brown. Apr.-June. Guatemala.
(5NCOBA. Fldcourtiacede. Trop. polygamous
shrubs or small trees with alternate Ivs., white,
reddish or yellow fls. in clusters or solitary, and fr.
a leathery berry; one species is planted in Calif.
Routledgei. Spiny shrub to 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong, wavy-
toothed: fls. white, 2 in. across, fragrant. Trop. Afr.
ONION (species of Allium). Well-known
hardy cool-season biennials and perennials,
cultivated in the vegetable-garden for the
edible bulbs and sometimes for the leaves that
are used in seasoning. Others of the genus arc
grown for the ornamental flowers, for which see
Allium.
The common onion is Allium Cepa, native
in western Asia, ordinarily biennial, with fistu-
lose or hollow leaves and a prominent bulb.
The Welsh onion is A. fistulosum, also Asian,
a more leafy plant and. with bulb soft and
little thicker than the neck. The shallot is
A. ascalonicum, probably Asian but not identi-
fied as an indigen; it differs from the onion in
small stature, slender awl-like leaves and small
more or less angular bulbs that part into several
bulbs cohering by the base; the usual shallot
of cultivation, however, is a small cluster
onion, a form of Allium Cepa.
Another fistulose species is the perennial
tufted A. Schcenoprasum, chive, native in
Europe and Asia. It does not produce dis-
tinct bulbs. The leaves are used for season-
ing, being cut as needed. It is a durable plant
and makes an attractive border; the rose-
purple flower-heads are ornamental when al-
lowed to develop. The chive (or cive) is readily
raised from seeds and propagates well by
division. It is hardy and requires no special
care, although it is well to divide and reset the
stools when they become weak from over-
cutting or crowding.
Flat-leaved alliums grown for eating are
leek and garlic, which see in their alphabetic
order. The leek has a, simple bulb, not much
thicker than the crown. Garlic is a much
smaller plant with the thin-skinned bulb break-
ing into several integral parts or cloves. Ro-
cambole is a larger plant than garlic (Allium
Scorodoprasum) , grown the same but little
seen in North America.
The common field onion is propagated directly
from seeds. Other races of the same species
are propagated asexually, as by (a) sets, (6)
multipliers, (c) "tops>y or
acorns
these
raves are grown for small green early bunch
onions, (a) Sets are small onions, the size of
a hazelnut more or less, that were arrested in
their development by being grown very thickly
(from seed) and ripened off early in the season;
when planted the next spring they resume their
growth. (6) Multipliers or potato onions are a
form in which the bulb divides into separable
parts; each part is planted the following spring
(or autumn far South) as are the sets, (c) Top
onions are little bulbels that appear in the
flower-cluster in the place of blossoms; they are
handled the same as sets.
Onion
Being hardy, onions are started as early in
the spring as the ground is dry and settled and
can be made fit. The land should be in good
tilth, fine and mellow. In the far South,
they may be sown in autumn.
Rows stand 12 to 18 inches apart. Seed is
sown thickly, covered }^-l inch deep, and the
seedlings or young plants thinned to 2 inches
or more apart, depending on the variety. In
the home garden, these young onions may be
used on the table. Good tillage must be pro-
vided until the onions are nearly grown. Soil
should hold moisture well as the plants are not
deep-rooted; it should be liberally supplied with
available plant-food. Soils that bake and
become very dry are not adapted to onion
growing. For these reasons, well-drained swamp
lands are popular for onion culture, but good
crops can be grown in the ordinary garden if
the earth is deeply prepared, fertile, well supplied
with humus, and in superior tilth. Tillage is
usually by means of hand tools. Raw rough
stable-manure is not used for onions.
After being pulled or lifted, the mature
bulbs are allowed to cure a day or two before
placed in storage; sometimes they are cured
under cover so that they become dry and free
from earth. After curing the tops are cut
off, about a half inch above the bulb. For
home use, onions are stored in the cellar, much
as are potatoes.
There are many varieties, differing in season,
size, shape, color, flavor. Danvers, Wethers-
field, Southport, are standard kinds or races.
The large Bermuda, Spanish, and Italian onions
require a long season and are usually mild in
flavor. A good crop of field onions is 300-500
bushels to the acre, but greater yields are fre-
quently obtained.
Onions are sometimes transplanted when
very young, the seeds having been sown in a
seed-bed usually under glass, as in a hotbed.
Karly onions of uniform size, for table use
green and for sale as "bunch onions," may be
produced by this method.
The onion is subject to serious diseases and
pests. The most recent advice should be
available from the experiment stations. Smut
is treated by applying formaldehyde solution
in the drill at seeding time.
The Welsh onion or ciboule is grown for its
leaves, employed as seasoning; raised from
seeds sown in spring, the foliage being ready
in autumn or following spring.
ONION, SEA-: Urginea maritima.
ON<5BRYCHIS. Leguminosse. Per. herbs or
spiny shrubs with pinnate lys., papilionaceous
fls. in axillary racemes or spikes, and flattened
often spiny or crested pods; 0. vidsefolia is
grown for forage and others occasionally for
ornament. Seeds should be sown in spring or fall
where the plants are to grow. Sainfoin is adapted
to dry soil.
Ca*put-ga*Ili. Ann. to 18 in., white-pubescent: Ifte.
10-14: fls. purple, very small, usually 3-6 in compact
racemes, the peduncle nearly as long as Ivs. Medit. region.
Cristagdlli. To 1 ft.: Ifte. less than ^ in. long
flesh-colored: pods with deeply lobed crest on b&c
% in. long. Medit. region.
sativa: 0. vicisefolia.
viciaefdlia (O. sativa). SAINFOIN or SAINTF-GIN. HOLY
CLOVEH. ESPARCEF. To 2 ft.: Ifts. 1 in. long: fls. pale pink:
pods toothed on back, }{ in. long. Eu., N. Asia.
511 Onopordum
ONOCLfeA. Polypodiacese. One coarse and
not very attractive fern with creeping rhizomes
and two knds of fronds, native of north temp,
regions, sometimes transferred to grounds. See
Ferns. O. sensfbilis. SENSITIVE-FERN. Sterile
fronds to 43^ ft. long, deeply pinnatifid, pinna)
wavy-toothed; fertile fronds to 2j/£ ft. long,
2-pinnate, the segms. rolled up into bead-like
bodies forming panicles. Newf. west and south
to Gulf states, in moist pastures and similar
places. For 0. Struthiopteris and nodulosa see
Pteretis.
ON6NIS. REST-HARROW. Leguminosae. Herbs
and shrubs native to Eu.. N. Afr. and W. Asia,
with Ivs. mostly of 3 lits., papilionaceous fls.
solitary or in racemes, and cylindrical or swol-
len pods; grown in borders and rock-gardens.
Of easy cult.; propagated by seeds or division.
aragongnsis. Subshrub to 10 in., branches contorted,
very pubescent: Ifts. orbicular, glabrous, leathery, margins
dentate: fls. yellow, in terminal non-leafy racemes. Medit.
region.
arv6nsis: O. apinosa, but material so listed may be 0.
hircina.
cenfsia. Per. to 10 in., slightly woody at base: Ifts.
oboval, denticulate: fls. rose, solitary on naked axillary
peduncles, in summer. S. Eu.
Columnce: O. pusilla.
fruticdsa. Shrub to 2 ft.: Ifts. oblong-ovate, coarsely
serrate: fls. pink or whitish, 2-3 together. June- Aug.
S. Eu., N. Afr.
hircina. Shrubby, to 2 ft.: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate: fls.
rose and white, usually 2 together, in summer. Eu.
minutfssima. Per. to 18 in., somewhat woody at base:
Ifts. obovate, denticulate, terminal 1ft. sessile: fls. yellow,
in leafy spikes, May-Sept.: pod glabrous. S. Eu., N. Afr.
Natrix. Per. to \1A ft.: Ifts. oblong: fls. yellow, solitary.
June-July. S. Eu.
pusflla (O. Columnae), Per. to 10 in.: Ifts. oval, terminal
1ft. petioled: fls. yellow, in leafy spikes, May-Juno: pod
pubescent. S. Eu.
ripens. Prostrate or ascending: Ifts. ovate or obovate:
fls. pink, soiitary. June-July. S. Eu.
rotundifdlia. Shrubby, to 1^ ft.: Ifts. round to ovate:
fls. bright rose, 2-3 together, in summer. S. Eu.
spindsa (O. arvensis). Per. to 2 ft., sometimes thorny:
Ifts. oblong: fls. pink, 1-2 together. June-July. Eu.
ONOP<5RDUM. Composite. Coarse ann. and
bicn. woolly thistle-like herbs with large alternate
prickly-toothed or -lobed Ivs. and solitary or
clustered heads of purple or white disk-fls., the
bracts of involucre often spiny-tipped; pappus
of bristles; native of the Old World, a few planted
for ornament. Propagated by seed.
Actathium. SCOTCH THISTLE. Bien. to 9 ft., white-
tomentose all over: Ivs. oblong, prickly, lobed and toothed,
the lower often 1 ft. long: heads to 2 in. across, usually
solitary, pale purple, spiny. Eu., Asia; nat. in E. N. Amer.
Var. aYbum has white fls. — The plant, or a form of it, is some-
times listed as "Robert Bruce.
acaule. Bien., st. very short and seemingly absent: Ivs.
oblong, pinnatifid, woolly on both sides, lobes spiny: heads
cushioned in basal rosette of Ivs., very large, solitary, white.
Medit. region.
alexandrmum: 0. Sibthorpianum var.
anat61icum: O. Sibthorpianum.
ar&bicum. Bien. with swollen deeply winged sts.: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, sinuate, spiny: heads solitary, purpliah-
red. Medit. region.
brae tea turn. Bien., tall, tomentose: Ivs. oblong-lanoeo-
late, shall owly lobed, spiny: heads large, globose, the in-
volucral bracts recurved. E. Medit. region.
illyricum. Bien., sts. with spiny wings: Ivs. oblong-lance-
olate, pinnate into spiny lobes, white-tomentose: heads
purple. S. Eu.
polycgphalum. Bien., densely tomentose, tall, sta.
grooved: Ivs. lanceolate, lobed, spiny: heads in corymbs,
rose, spiny. E. Eu.
Salteri' a hort. plant of unknown origin, to 5 ft., pyram-
idal, shining and silvery.
fls.
, to
Onopordum 512
Sibthorpianum (O. anatolicum) . Bien. to 3 ft., white-
tomentose: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, pinnate into spiny segms.,
sts. with spiny wings: heads to 3 in. across, purple, spiny.
Medit. region. Var. alezandrlnuxn (O. alexanunnum) is less
woolly.
tauricum. To 6 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, lobed, spiny:
infl. many-headed. S. Eu.
ON(5SMA. Boraginacese. Hairy ann., bien.
and per. herbs of the Medit. region and
Himalayas, sometimes undershrubs, with alter-
nate simple Ivs. and yellow, purple or white
fls. in one-sided racemes; corolla tubular or
urn-shaped, stamens commonly included. Some-
times grown in borders and rock-gardens.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings in summer.
albo-rdseum. Per to 0 in., densely tomentose: Ivs. ot>-
long: fls. white changing to rose or violet, velvety, about
1 in. long. Asia Minor.
cassium. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. oblong: fls. yellow, about
% in. long. Syria.
decipiens: O. nanum.
echioides. Bien. or per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. spatulate or
linear-lanceolate: fls. cylindrical, pale yellow or whitish,
drooping S. Eu. to W. Asia.
emodi. To 1^ ft.( hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate: fls. purple,
H in. long. Himalayas.
helve'ticum: a Swiss form of O. stellulatum.
nanum (O. decipiens). Probably per., to 5 in.: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, bristly: fls. white, glabrous. Asia Minor.
rupestre. Per. to 6 in.: Iva. linear-lanceolate, to 1 in.
long, soft-hairy, acute or obtuse, sessile: fls. pale yellow in
bud becoming ivory-white, narrowly urn-shaped, to % in.
long on short red pedicels. Caucasus.
stellaris: listed name.
stellulatum. Per. to 8 in : Ivs. linear- oblong: fls. tubular,
yellow, 1 in. long. S. Eu. V«r. tauricum (O. tauricum) has
revolute Ivs. arid fls. to 1 *,% in. long.
tauricum: O. stellulatum var.
tubifldrum. Lvs. linear, stellate-hairy: fls. to 1^£ in.
long, in lax elongate racemes. Bulgaria.
venustum: listed name.
Visianii. Bien., sts. setose, violaceous: Ivs. linear, white-
hairy beneath, sessile: fls white becoming yellowish, calyx
softly setose. N. E. Medit. region.
ONOSMODIUM. FALSE CROMWELL. Bora-
ginacex. Hairy per. herbs of N. Amer. and
Mex., with alternate Ivs. and white, yellowish
or greenish tubular fls. in scorpioid spikes or
racemes; may be transplanted but of little orna-
mental value.
occidentale. To 3J^ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate^lanceo-
late, to 3 in. long: fls. to % in. long, pubescent outside. 111.
to New Mex.
ONfCHIUM. CLAW-FERN. Polypodiacex.
Small graceful ferns with 3-4-pinnate fronds of
two kinds and sori borne at tips of segms.;
native in Asia, Afr. and trop. Amer. Grown
as pot and pan plants in conservatories and
similar places. See Ferns.
Ophthalmophyllum
jap6nicum. Fronds to 1 H ft. long, thin, light green, 2— 1-
pinnate into very small segms. Himalayas to Java and
Japan.
OOPHtTUM. Aizoacex. Two species of
tufted per. succulents of the S. African Mesem-
bryanthemum group: plant-bodies ovoid, the
solitary Us. borne in the small fissure; petals
many, in 2-3 series; stamens many; stigmas
usually 6, filiform.
nanum (M. narwra). Growths to about
thick, glabrous, with minute dots: fls. rose,
in. high and
in. across.
OPHIOGLOSSACEyE. ADDERS^NGUE FAM-
ILY. Three genera, in both hemispheres, of
more or less fleshy ferns with 'simple or com-
pound Ivs. from a short rootstock. and with
yellow spores in sporangia borne in separate
fertile spikes or panicles. Some of the species
are very small and commonly overlooked when
in grass or other herbage. The species of this
family are planted sparingly as wild-garden or
perhaps rock-garden subjects. Genera herein
treated are Botrychium and Ophioglossum.
OPHIOGL<5SSUM. ADDERS-TONGUE - FERN.
Ophioglossaceae. Small ferns with solitary or
few succulent Ivs., consisting of a sterile usually
entire blade and a contracted long-stalked fertile
spike bearing 2 rows of fleshy spore-clusters;
of wide distribution, but not often seen by the
casual observer and little planted. See Ferns.
fingelmannii. Lvs. usually 2-5, to 9 in. long, the sterile
If. -blade to 3>3 in. long and 2 in, wide, sessile: fertile spikes
to 1 in. long, on stalks to 4 in. long. Va. to Ariz, and Mex.
vulgatum. Hardy: If. usually solitary, to 16 in. long
including the stalk, If .-blade to 5 in. long and 2 in. wide,
sessile: fertile spikes about 2 in. long, on stalks to 10 in.
long. N, S. to Fla., Eu., Asia, mostly in moist meadows
and woods.
OPHIOPOGON (Mondo). LILY-TURF. Mi-
acex. Evergreen sod-forming stemless per.
narrow-lvd. herbs of E. Asia, not many species,
valuable as ground-cover and as pot and porch
plants, sometimes seen in the conservatory. The
following species are adaptable in parts of N. Y.:
fls. small, bluish or white, drooping, borne in
racemes among the foliage, the ovary inferior,
the filaments very short and anthers pointed: fr.
berry-like and 1 -seeded, blue.
The culture is simple in sun or shade. Propagated by
division. The oldest name for this genus is Mondo, and
combinations have been made under it, but Ophiopogon has
been long in use and is now officially conseived.
Jaburan (M. Jaburan). JABUKAN or WHITE L. Roots
stout and coid-liko, tubers none: Ivs. long and grass-like,
to 2 ft. or more, and about ^ in. broad: fls. white, H in.
or more long, in a shoit terminal raceme, fr. oblong, violet-
blue. Japan. Var. vittatus has lighter-striped Ivs. Leaf
color forms are known as vars. aureus and variegatus. —
Linope Muscan often passes as O. Jaburan.
jap6nicus (M. japonicuni). DWARF L. Low, with long
underground stolons and the roots tuber-bearing' ivs.
many, to 10 or 12 in. long, dark green, commonly curved:
fls. small, light lilac, in a short loose raceme: fr. blue, size
of pea. Japan, Korea. — An excellent sod-forming plant.
OPHRYS. Orchidacex. Terrestrial orchids
bearing basal and cauline Ivs. and fls. in terminal
racemes, the petals smaller than sepals, lip
entire or 3-lobed. For cult, see Orchids.
apifera. Plant to 20 in. high: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate-
elliptic: racemes loose, few-fld.; sepals pink; petals reddish-
green or dark green; lip dark purple or velvety-brown with
yellow-green markings. Eu., N. Afr. — Sometimes planted
in lock-gardens or similar places,
cordata: Listera cordata.
OPHTHALMOPH1TLLUM. Aizoacex. Stem-
less dwarf succulents from S. Afr., allied to
Conophytum and a segregate of the Mesem-
bryaiithemum group: Ivs. united into a plant-
body with small fissure at top, pubescent,
transparent at tips: fls. white or rose, short-
stalked.
FriSdrichiae (M. Friedrichix) . Plant-body cylindrical,
to 1H m. high and % in. thick, reddish: fls. purplish or
white, \i in. across.
He"rrei. Plant-body to IK in. high and M in. thick,
olive-green, velutmous: fls. white or pale rose, to 1 in,
across, slightly fragrant.
Maughanii (Conophytum Maughanii). Plant-body 1 in.
high and ^ in. wide and thick, smooth and light or yellow-
ish-green: fls. K in. across.
Schl£chteri. Similar to O. Friedrichise but smaller,
about H in. high.
Schuldtii. Plant-body to 1 in. high and % in. wide and
thick, cylindrical or somewhat obconical, fissure to % in.
wide: fls. creamy-white, 1 in. long, nocturnal.
Trifcbneri. Distinguished from 0. Friedrichiae by the
flattened rather than rounded lobes, thickly dotted and
less transparent.
Opiuma
513
Opuntia
OProMA: Pithecdlobium duke.
OPLfSMENUS. Graminese. Per. grasses
weak or decumbent at base, Ivs. broad and
flat, spikelets in interrupted spikesj native
in tropics and subtropics and planted in green-
houses for hanging-baskets and edgings of
beds; propagated by rooting sts. See Grasses.
compositus. BASKET-GRASS. Sts. to 3 ft. or more long,
somewhat trailing: Ivs. to 4 in. long and 1 in. wide: spikes
to 4 in. long, awned. Afr., trop. Amer. — Has been cult,
under the erroneous name of O. Burmannh. Var. vittatus
has Ivs. striped with white and pink.
hirtellus. Sts. to 2^ ft., usually about 14 in., creeping
with fruiting culms generally erect or ascending: purple
awned spikes in panicles to 4 in. long. Mex., W. Indies,
S. Amer. — A variegated-lvd. form is known to florists as
Parncum variegatum.
OPL(5PANAX (Echinopanax). Araliacese. A
few prickly deciduous shrubs native in W. N.
Amer. and E. Asia, with alternate palmately
5-7-lobed Ivs. and greenish-white fls. in pani-
cled umbels. Propagated by seeds, suckers,
and root-cuttings.
hdrridum. DEVILS-CLUB. To 12 ft.: Ivs. orbicular-
ovate, to 10 in. acroa-3, toothed, prickly on both sides,
bright green: fr. scarlet, y$ in. long. Alaska to Calif.
OPOPANAX: Acacia Farnesiana.
OPULASTER: Physocarpus.
OPtJNTIA. PRICKLY-PEAR. TUNA. CHOLLA.
Cactacese. Many species,B 250 or more, although
more than three times this number of names are
known in the genus, native from Canada to the
straits of Magellan. For the most part they are
coarse and awkward plants from the cultivator's
point of view and do not lend themselves well
to pot or tub culture, and relatively few of
them are well known to hort. although any
number may be transferred to grounds. The
frs. of some of them, as the tunas and Indian-
fig, are edible, and some of the spineless forms
are recommended for forage; in times of need,
spines are burned off wild plants to provide
forage for cattle. Some kinds of opuntia have
run wild extensively in Australia, S. Afr. and
elsewhere. The opuntias are of various habit,
from small tree-like plants or spreading or
prostrate, sometimes more or less clambering,
areoles mostly carrying spines and also glochids
or fine barbed bristles, but some species are
naturally spineless or nearly so: fls. commonly
1 at an arcole, yellow, red, greenish or white,
opening wide: fr. a dry or juicv berry. Two
main groups may be recognized by the non-
botanist, — the species with flat and mostly
broad pads or joints (or at least some of them
flat) as the prickly-pears and tunas; those with
cylindrical or terete joints or branches as the
chollas and tasajos; in the following account
the species belonging to the first group are
marked 1, and those to the second or cylindric
group are indicated as 2. The first group or
subgenus (1) is Platyojmntia, the second (2)
Cylindropuntia. There is a third subgenus,
Tephrocactus, with short usually clustered
joints, not much represented in hort. For
cult., see Cacti.
The odd or even grotesque form of the opuntias and
their ability to withstand hardship make them adaptable,
as ornamental subjects, to exposed and rocky banks, to
rock-gardens and to waste corners where little attention
can be given them. A good number of them are hardy
practically all over the country. They may be propagated
from the joints, and they grow very readily from seeds.
The flowers are showy and interesting although of short
duration. The spines and glochids, however, restrict their
use. O. FicuB-indica and 0. Tuna are grown in tropical
and subtropical countries for the abundant edible fruits.
aciculata. 1 : to 3 ft. high and 9 ft. across, lower branches
decumbent; joints obovate, to 8 in. long and glaucous,
areoles with several slender spines and numerous glochids:
fls. golden-yellow, to 4 in. across. Tex.
al bifid ra: O. Salmiana.
Alcahes. 2: to 3 ft., much branched, very spiny; spines
about 12 and covered with white sheaths: fls. greenish-
yellow, brownish outside. Lower Calif.
amm6phila. 1: erect and branched, to 8 ft. or TCIOTQ tall
and st. 10 in. diam. at base, somewhat tree-like, with un-
jointed trunk; joints elongate to oval, usually 2-8 in. long;
spines about 2H in. long, reddish to gray: fls. bright yellow,
about 3 in. across. Fla.
Amycl&a. 1 : joints oblong or elliptic, to 16 in. long and
twice as wide and somewhat glaucous, areoles with 1-2
short bristles and 1-4 stiff spines: fls. yellow. Probably
Mex.
Andeada: listed name.
andicola. Tephrocactus: low, much branched and
spreading; joints ovate, somewhat acute, to 3% in. long,
dark green to blackish, glochids pale yellow, abundant;
central spines 3-5, to 2H m. long, somewhat flattened: fls.
pale yellow. W. Argentina.
angustata. 1: sts. ascending; joints nanow, to 10 in.
long, tapering basally, glaucous green; spines to \% in.
long, sharply angled, whitish with brown base: fls. not
known. Ariz.
antillana. 1: prostrate, forming clumps 3 ft. across;
joints obovate, to 8 in. long; spines 3-6 and unequal,
glochids yellow: fls. yellow turning reddish, to 3 in. long.
W. Indies.
a or ac ant ha. Of the Tephrocactus group: forming clumps
to 20 ft. across and 8 in. high; jointa globular, to 3 in. diam.
and strongly tuberculate; spines 1-7, to 5 in. long, brown:
fls. white. Argentina.
arbore'scens: O. irribricata.
arbuscula (O. neoarbuscula) . 2: much branched bush to
10 ft. with short trunk; joints to 3 in. long and }i in. thick;
spines 1 or several to 1>£ in. long: fls. greenish-yellow tinged
red, 1M m. long. Ariz., Mex.
arenaria. 1: st. prostrate, to 1 ft. long; joints somewhat
tuigid in growing season but becoming thinner, to 3 in. long
and half as broad; spines 5—8: fls. red, about 3% m. broad.
Tex., New Mex.
ariz6nica: 0. Engelmannii.
atrispina. 1: low spreading plant forming clusters to 6
ft. diam. or more; joints somewhat orbicular, to G in. diam.;
spines from upper areoles only, flattened, dark brown, base
black: fls. yellow to oiange. Tex.
atroviridis. 2: low; joints globose or ovoid, to 11A in.
diam., olive-green, areoles with white wool and yellow
bustles; spines 3-5, 1 in. long: fls. yellow. Peru.
Auberi: Nopalea Auben.
aurantiaca. 1: low and much branched; joints fragile and
linear, about 3 in. long, to 1 in broad; spines 2 or 3: fla.
yellow, 1 in. broad. Uruguay, Argentina.
aurea. 1: prostrate; joints oval to obovate, to 4)^ in.
long and 1 in. thick, light green; spines usually absent, but
solitary and yellow when present, glochidia golden-brown:
fls. yellow to apricot-pink. Ariz.
austrlna. 1: roots tuberous, to 6 in. long and 2^ in.
diam., sts. somewhat erect; joints narrowly to broadly
ovate or suborbicular, to 4^ in. long, bright green; spines
1-6, about 1 in. long, twisted or wanting, white to pmk:
fls. bright yellow, to 3 in. across. Fla.
azurea. 1: erect, branching from base or with single
trunk; joints orbicular to obovate, to 6 in. diam., glaucous
blue-green; spines to IK in- long, unequal, nearly black,
glochids brown: fls. deep yellow becoming reddish-pink:
fr. spineless, dull crimson, edible. Mex.
bala: listed name.
basilaris. 1 : in clumps, sts. prostrate or erect, sometimes
to 4 ft.; joints broad-ob ovate, to 8 in. long; spines mostly
none: fls. purple or white, to 3 in. long. 8. Utah, Nev.,
W. Ariz., S. Calif., Mex. Listed vars. include alba, humi-
strata, intricata and ramosa.
bellaperone: listed name. *
Bergeriana. 1: often making thickets, to 10 ft. and trunk
to 16 in. thick, top spreading or clambering; joints narrow-
oblong and becoming somewhat glaucous; spines 2 or 3 or
5, unequal: fls. deep red and many, petals 1 in. long. Un-
known native; now spread on Riviera and N. Italy.
Bigelovii. 2: usually with an erect trunk to 3 ft. with
short branches conspicuous near the top and beset with pale
yellow spines; joints 2-6 in. long: fls. magenta to crimson,
about 1H in. long. Characteristic in 8. Nev., Ariz., S.
Calif., N.Mex.
Opuntia
514
Opuntia
Blakeana: 0. pheeacantka.
B61dinghii. 1: plant bushy, to 7 ft. tall; joints obovate,
to % in. long, usually spineless: fls. rose-pink, to 2 in. long.
Venezuela.
bondata: listed name.
borinque'nsis. 1: forming clumps to 6 ft. across and 1%
ft. high; joints oblong, to 3 in. long, 1% in. wide and % in.
thick; spines 2-3, to 2>£ in. long. Puerto Rico.
brachy&rthra: O. frayihs.
brachyclada. Similar to O. baailans, but differing in
having some joints flattened and others cylindrical.
Bradtiana: Grusoma Bradtiana.
brasilignsis. 1: to 12 ft., with cylmdric naked or spiny
trunk and small top; terminal joints flat and leaf-hke: fls.
yellow, about 2 in. long. S. Brazil to Argentina, Bolivia;
nat. in H. Fla.
Bravoana. 1: erect, branching from base, to 7 ft. tall;
joints oblong to obovate, to 15 in long and half as wide,
thin; spines none to 6. to 2 in long, flattened, glochids yel-
low surrounded by white wool: fls. yellow, shading to red
with age. Lower Calif.
bulbispina. 2: prostrate, forming clumps to 4 ft. across;
joints ovoid, 1 in. long and % in. diam. with prominent
tubercles; radial spines 8-12; central spines 4^ in. long and
bulbose at base. Mex.
Burr age ana. 2: to 3 ft. or less, densely spiny; joints
cylmdric, to 0 in. long; spines numerous and covered with
thin yellow sheaths: fls. brownish-red with green base, l/^
in. across. Lower Calif.
cacanapa: O. Lindheimeri.
Calmal liana. 2: joints cylindrical, to % in. diam.. tuber-
cles present, linear-oblong, to 1 in. long; spines about 4,
unequal, to 1 in. long: fls. said to be purple. Lower Calif.
camanchica: 0. phaeacantha.
camuessa: O. robusta.
canina. 1: erect becoming decumbent, plant to 14 ft.
across; joints narrowly oblong, to 14 in. long and about 2 in.
wide, glossy green; spines 1-3, to 1 H in. long, grayish tipped
yellow: fls. yellow. Argentina.
cantabrigiensis. 1: to 6 ft., bushy; joints orbicular or
obovate, to 8 in. long, arcoles with brown wool and yellow-
ish glpchids: spines 3-0 or more, to 1)2 m- long: fls. yellow-
ish with reddish center, 2 in. long. Mex.
Cardenche. 2: described as intermediate between O.
Kleinise and O. imbricata: to 8 ft., with trunk to 4 in. diam.;
Joints tuberculate; spines usually 4, to 1 in. long, trans-
ucent: fls. pale purple, IJ-jj in. across. Mex.
catacantha: 0. rubescens.
cenesa: listed name.
chlordtica: 1: to 0 ft. or more with definite trunk; joints
ovate or orbicular, to 8 in long and glaucous; spines several,
\l/i in. long, yellow, glochids numerous and yellow: fls.
yellow, 3 in. across. Calif., Nev., New Mex., Ariz., Utah,
Mex.
Ch61Ia. 2: mostly tree-like, to 10 ft , with trunk to 0 in.
diam., in age spineless; joints often in whorls, with large
compressed tubercles; spines commonly numerous: fls.
deep purple, about 1 in. or more broad. Lower Calif.
ciribe. 2: to 3 ft. tall; joints to 2 in. long and 3 in. diam.,
strongly tuberculate; larger spines 4-0, to 1J^ in. long: fls.
yellow: fr globose, spineless. Lower Calif.
clavaroides. 2: low, straggling; joints cylindrical to
conical, terminal ones often cristate; spines 4-10, radiating,
hair-like: fls. palo greenish-brown, to 2 in. across. Chile. —
Usually best grafted on other species of Opuntia or on
Cereus. Requires half-shade.
clavata. 2: spreading, patch-forming, to C in. high and
7 ft. across; joints clavate, to 3 in. long; radial spines 6-12,
to % in long; centrals 4-7, to 1J^ in. long: fls. yellow, to
1 % in. long. New Mex.
clavellina. 2: loosely branched erect shrub, to 3 ft. tall;
ultimate joints spreading or ascending, club-shaped, to 4 in.
long and Hjn. diam., with conspicuous elongated tubercles;
spines 3-6, to 3 in. long or more with loose sheaths: fls.
yellow. Lower Calif.
• cochenillifera: Nopalea cochenillifera.
comondue'nsis. 1: low, spreading, to 8 in. high; joints
obovate to orbiculate, about 6 in. long, soft-pubescent;
spines 1-3, to 2 in. long or more, yellow: fls. yellow: fr.
purple. Lower Calif.
compressa (0. Opuntia, humifuaa, mesacantha, nana,
Rafmesqufi). 1: low and spreading or sometimes ascending;
joints orbicular to oblong, to about 5 in. long; spines 1 or
2 from an areole or wholly wanting: fls. yellow, 2-3 in.
across. Ont. and Mass to Ala. and Mo ; nat. in Eu. — There
are several cult, forms. This low N. American plant had
been improperly known as O. wlgaris.
conge'sta: said probably to represent a race of O. or-
buscula.
corallfcola (Consolea corallicold). 1: to 6 ft. or more,
tree-like; joints elliptic, to 12 in. long; spines 6-9 and to
7 in. long: fls. bright red, to ^ in. across. Fla.
cordobensis. 1; tree-like, the very spiny trunk to 7 ft.
high and 8 in. diam.; joints oblong-obovate, to 1 ft. long;
spines 1-6, about 1 in. long, white: fls. yellow: fr. yellowish,
pear-shaped. Argentina.
Covillei (0. megacarpa) . 1. thicket-forming; joints nearly
orbicular, to 8 in. long or more; spines 3-C, to 2% in. long,
unequal, white to brown: fls. yellow. S. Calif.
cr&ssa. 1: to 6 ft., somewhat branched; joints ovate to
oblong, to 5 in. long and glaucous; spines 1 or 2 or wanting,
the areoles with brown wool: fls. not described. Unknown
wild, probably Mex.
crinifera: 0. orbiculata.
cumulicola. 1: erect, to 5 ft., branched, tuberous; joints
obovate to nearly orbicular, to 12 in. long, thick, bnght
treen; spines 1-2, light yellow to gray or brownish: fls.
eep yellow, to 4^£ in. across. S. Fla.
curassavica. 1 : sts. prostrate or hanging; joints usually 5,
oblong-ovate, to 2 in. long, thick; spines 4 or more, about
1 in. long, yellow to white, needle-like: fls. not known.
Curacao.
1 cylindrica. 2: to 12 ft., more or less branched; joints
eylindric and obtube at apex; spines short and white and
sometimes wanting: fls. scarlet, about 1 in. broad. Ecaador,
Peru. Var. cristata is listed.
Davisii. 2: to 1^ ft. and densely coveied with pale
yellow spines; joints to 3 in. long and ^ in. diam., strongly
tuberculate; spines 6-12, to 2 in. long, glochids numerous
and yellow: fls. olive-gieen or yellow, 1% in. long. \V. Tex.,
New Mex.
decumana: 0. maxima.
decumbens. 1: to 1 ft., often creeping or trailing; joints
oval or oblong, to 8 in. long, pubescent, areoles with yellow
glochids and wool; spines normally solitary, to 1^ in. long,
yellow: fls. deep yellow, 1^ in. long. Mex., Guatemala.
dejecta: Nopalea dejecta.
delicata. 1 : procumbent; joints ovate, to 3 in. diam.,
areoles with brown glochids; spines 1-2, to 1% in. long: fls.
yellow, 2 in. long. Ariz.
diademata. Tephrocactus: plant spreading; joints
ovate, to 3^ in. long, brown- to gray-green; spines 1-4,
reddish-brown, 1-4 in. long: fls. pale yellow, to 1% in.
across. W. Argentina. — Erect forms are known.
Digue tii: Pcreskiopsis Diguetii.
Dillenii (0. horrida). 1: low and spreading or tall and
branching to 10 ft. high; joints obovate or oblong, to 16 in.
long; spines sometimes few or none but on young areoles
often as many as 10 and usually not exceeding 2^Jj in. long:
fls. lemon-yellow but sometimes red, about 3 in. long.
Near coast S. C. to S. Amer. — It has been erroneously
known as 0. Tuna.
discata. !• spreading, shrub-like, to 5 ft. tall; joints
orbicular or nearly so, to 10 in. across, glaucous blue-green;
spines 2-4, rarely to 9, about 1 in. long: fls. light yellow
with darker center, to 4 in. acioss. Ariz.
distans. 1 : to 12 ft. with short trunk and many branches;
jointa obovate, to 10 in. long, 6 in. wide and % in. thick,
areoles few with many glochids and no spines: fls. orange-
red, % in. long. Argentina.
Dobbieana. 2: thicket-forming, usually only to 3 ft.
high but occasionally to 12 ft. or more; joints orbicular to
obovate, to 10 in. long, very spiny; spines 5-12, white, to
12 in. long, areoles usually with 2-4 reflexed hairs: fls. choco-
late-brown, to 1 in. long, filaments and style pinkish: fr.
red, to 2 in. long, spiny becoming smooth. Ecuador.
Drummondii (O. frustulenta. O. pes-corvii). 1: prostrate
or spreading, 8 in. or less high; joints narrow-linear to
broad-oblong, to 4^ in. long and half as broad; spines 1,
2 or 4 or wanting: fls. yellow, about 2^ in. broad. N. C.
to Fla. in sand.
durangensis. 1: probably of bushy habit; joints broadly
obovate, to 8 in. long and nearly as wide, pale green; spines
3-5, to Y% in. long, yellow to brown: fls. yellow, to 2 in.
long. Mex.
echinocarpa. 2: mostly low but sometimes to 4 ft. or
more high, much branched; joints short and strongly
tubercled; spines many: fls. yellowish, often tipped red
outside, ovary densely spiny. Utah, Nev., Ariz., Calif.,
Lower Calif.
EichlamH. 1: tree-like to 40 ft. tall; joints broadly obo-
vate, to 8 in. long; spines 4-6, unequal, to % in. long, rose-
pink to white: fls. carmine-red. Guatemala.
elata. 1: to 3 ft. ; joints oblong, to 10 in. long and half as
broad, areoles white- woolly and usually spineless: fls.
orange-yellow, 2 in. across. Brazil, Paraguay. Var. obovata*
Opuntia
515
Opuntia
joints obovate, spines on upper areoles and 2 in. long. Var.
elongata is listed.
elatior (O. nigricans). 1: much branched, to 15 ft.; joints
obovate to oblong to nearly orbicular, to 1 ft. or more
long; spines 2-8: fls. dark yellow striped red or sometimes
salmon-rose, about 2 in. across. N. S. Amer.
Ellisiana. 1: to 6 in. high and 6 ft. across, loosely
branched; joints obovate or ovate, to M in- long and glau-
cous, spineless: fls. deep yellow or orange, 2><j in. across. Tex.
fimoryi: O. Stanlyi.
fingelmannii (0. Wootonn. O. amonica). 1: wide-spread-
ing; joints oblong to orbicular, to 1 ft. long; spines mostly
3 or 4 but sometimes only 1 or even wanting or more
numerous on old joints: fls. yellow, large. Tex. to Ariz., Mex.
erinacea (O. ursina). 1: small low clump with branches
ascending or erect; joints ovate to oblong, to 4 in. or more
long; spines many: fls. red or yellow, about 2H m- long.
Utah, Ariz., Nev., Calif.
Flcus-fndica. INDIAN-FIG. 1: large and bush-like or
sometimes tree-like and to 15 ft.; joints oblong to spatulate,
to 15 or 20 in. or more long, commonly spineless: fls. yellow,
to 4 in. across. Nativity undetermined; widely spread
over the world.
filipgndula: 0. Pottsii.
Fisheri: listed name.
flavescens. 1: to 3 ft. high, forming clumps to 5 ft.
across; joints obovate, to 10 in. long, areoles about 1% in.
apart; spines usually 1-3, to 13^ in. long, stout. Ariz.
floccdsa (0. semhs of some authoia). One of the Teph-
rocacti with short oblong or globular joints: in clumps or
low mounds sometimes 6 ft. diam. with very many erect
branches hidden in a mass of long white hairs; spines 1-3
from an areole. fls. yellow, about 1 iri. long. Andes, Peru,
Bolivia.
fl6rida: listed name.
fragilis (O. brachyai thro) . 1: small and mostly not
conspicuous but sometimes making mounds a few in. high;
joints fragile, fiom nearly globular to flattened; spines
5-7. fls. pale yellow, about 2 in. across. Wis. to B. C. and
south to Tex. and Ariz.
frustulenta: 0. Drummondii.
frutescens: 0. leplocauhs.
fulgida (() mantillata). 2: to 10 ft. with woody trunk
8 in. diam.; joints to 8 in. long and 2 in. diam , strongly
tuberculate and breaking off easily; spines 2-12 and \\i in.
long and yellowish, glochids light yellow: fls. pink, 1 in.
across. An/., Mex.
fulvispina: O. leucotncha.
fuscoatra. 1: prostrate; joints orbicular or obovate, to
3 in. long; spines 1-3, 1 in. long, yellow or dark brown,
glochids numerous: fls yellow, 3 in. across. E. Tex.
glomerata: seemingly a confused name; plants so listed
may be 0. diadematn or 0. Turpimi.
Gosseliniana. 1: 3 ft. or more, the old trunk with long
spines; joints to 8 in. long and broad, red or purplish; spines
1-2 or lacking, to 4 in. long, brown, glocnids numerous.
Mex.
gracilis: O. leptocauhs.
Grahamii. 2: much branched, forming low mounds;
joints club-shaped, to 2 in. long, with oblong tubercles;
spines 8-15, to 2V£ in long, glochids numerous: fls. yellow,
2 in. across. Tex., New Mex., Mex.
grandifldra. 1: low with ascending branches; joints to
6 in. long; spines usually none: fls. yellow with red center,
to 5 in. across. E. Tex.
GreSnei: O. tortispina.
haitiensis: 0. monihformis.
Hamiltoniee: listed name.
Han bury ana. 1: shrub-like, to 7 ft. high; joints narrowly
oblong, to 12 in. long, bright green; spines usually 3-7, to
l\i in. long, slightly flattened and twisted, yellow-brown:
fls. yellow. Not known from wild.
Hfldemannii. Similar to O. sulphurea in habit and fls.,
differing in smaller joints, longer glossy deep yellow spines
and glossy fr. S. Amer., probably Bolivia.
h6rrida: O. Dillenii.
humifusa: 0. compressa.
humilis: O. Tuna.
humistrata. 1: prostrate or ascending, forming clumps
to 1 ft. high and 3 ft. across; joints obovate, to 6 in. long and
2^£ in. diam., glaucous, areoles without spines and with
numerous brown glochids: fls. purplish. Calif.
hyps6phila. 2: cespitose, to 4 in. high; joints globose or
cylinuric, to 1 in. long, spines 3-5 and weak. Argentina.
hyptiacantha. 1: to 3 ft., much branched; joints oblong
or obovate, to 1 ft. long; young spines 1 and with 2-3 white
hairs, spines on older plants 4-6 and % in. long: fls. rod.
Mex.
hystricma. 1: joints ovate or orbicular, to 8 in. long;
spines numerous and to 4 in. long, glochids yellow: fls.
yellow, 2 in. long. New Mex., Ariz., Nev.
ign£scens. Of the Tephrocactus section: forming clump*
to 8 in. high; joints to 4 in. long and very fleshy; spines
0-15, 2 in. long, yellow: fls. deep red. Peru, Chile.
imbricata (O. arborescens) . 2: tree-like, to 10 ft. and more;
ultimate joints about 1 in. diarn. and strongly tubercled,
spines 8-30 and sheathed: fls. purple, 2 in. more or less long.
Colo., Tex., New Mex., Mex.
inamcfena (O.quipa). 1: often prostrate, forming clumps
to 4 ft. across; joints orbicular or oblong, to 6 in. long and
1 in. thick, bluish-green; spines usually none, glochids
numerous and yellowish-brown: fls. brick-red. Brazil.
ine'rmis: O. stncta.
invicta. 2: forming clumps to 1 J4 ft. high a&d 6 ft. across;
joints obovoid or club-shaped, to 4 in. long and strongly
tuberculate; radial spines 6-10; centrals 10-12 and flat-
tened: fls. yellow, 2 in. across. Lower Calif.
jocoquilla: listed name.
key£nsis. 1: erect, clump-forming and freely branched;
joints broadly oval to spatulate, to 12 in. long, bright green;
spmes 4-13, very short and stout, usually concealed by the
bristles: fls. salmon-colored, to 1^ in. across. Fla. Keys.
Kleiniae. 2: to 8 f t , glaucous, areoles with white wool
and bristle-like spines; spines usually 1 and covered with
yellow sheaths; fls. purplish, 1 in. long. Tex., Mex.
Labouretiana: 0. maxima.
laevis. 1: low, bush-like, to 5 ft. or more; joints oblong-
obovate, to 12 in. long; spmes 1-3, often absent: fls. pale
yellow, tinged red, to 3 in. across. Ariz.
lagunse: thought to be inseparable from 0. robusta.
lanigera: 0. orbiculata.
lasiac&ntha. 1: somewhat tree-like with definite trunk;
joints obovate-oblong, to 12 in long; spines about 1-3, to
1% in. long: fls. yellow to dark orange, about 3 in. across.
Mex.
leptocaulis (O. frutescens. O. gmcihs). 2: commonly
bush-like but sometimes with trunk 3 in. diam. mid several
ft. high, branches cylindric and slender* spinrs very slender
and mostly solitary at young areoles out 2 or 3 on older
ones: lls. greenish or ycllowifih, about ?4 m< Jong. S. W.
U. S., Mex.
Ieuc6rricha (O. fulvispina). 1: to 12 or 15 ft., covered
with long white bristles; joints oblong to orbicular, pubes-
cent: fls yellow, about 2 in. long. Mex.
Lindheimeri (O. cacanapa). 1: commonly erect, to 12 ft.,
sometimes only spreading; joints orbicular to obovate and
somewhat glaucous; spines mostly 1-G: fls. yellow to dark
red, to 3^2 in- across. La., Tex , Mex.
linguiformis. 1: bushy, 3-4 ft ; joints oblong to lanceo-
late, to 20 in. or more; spines yellow: fls. yellow, about 3 in.
across. S. Tex.
littoralis. 1: spreading; joints orbicular or oblong and to
6 in. long, areoles with brown wool; spines numerous and
yellow: fls. yellow, to 5 in. across. Coast, S. Calif.
L16ydii. 2: to 10 ft. high and across, much branched;
joints cylindrical and % in. diam , tubercles prominent;
spines few, ^ in long: fls. dull purple, 1 in. long. Mex.
longispina: an uncertain species. S. Amer.
Lo6misii. 1: to 1^ ft. high; joints obovate-orbicular, to
6 in. long, areoles 1 in. apart; spines 1-4, to 1^ in. long:
fls. yellow fading to salmon-pink. Ariz.
lubrica. 1: low spreading plant; joints obovate to o*bic-
ular, about 7 in. long, glossy green; spines often absent, but
sometimes abundant and to 1 in. long: fls. yellow, to 1 in.
long. Mex.
lurida: name of no botanical standing.
Macateei. 1: prostrate; joints orbicular or obovate, to
2% in. long| spines 1-3, to 1 in. long: fls. yellow with red
center, to 3 in. across. Tex.
Macdougaliana. 1: tree-like, to 25 ft. tall; joints oblong,
to 2 ft. long, soft-pubescent; spines about 4, one to 1% in.
long, yellow to white, flattish. Mex.
M&ckensenii. 1: low, spreading, with some branches
erect; joints ovate-orbicular, to 8 in. long, pale to dark
green with age; upper areoles with 1-4 white or brown
spines: fls. yellow, to 3 in. long: fr. rose-purple. Tex.
macrocalyx. 1: to 3 ft. high and broad, much branched;
joints obovate, to 8 in. long and 3 in. diam., velvety-
pubescent, areoles with yellowish wool and reddish-biown
glochids, spineless: fls. yellow, green outside. Probably Mex.
macroc£ntra. 1: more or less bushy, to 3 ft.; joints
mostly orbicular to oblong, to 8 in. long; commonly with
1 or 2 spines at upper areoles but sometimes spineless: fls.
yellow drying red, 3 in. across. W. Tex. to Ariz., Mez.
Opuntia
516
Opuntia
macrorhlza. 1 : commonly nearly prostrate and making a
clump; joints orbicular to obovate, to 6 in. long; spines
1-4 and to 1 in. long or wanting: fls. yellow with reddish
center, about 3 in. across. Mo. and Kans. to Tex. — Has
tuber-like roots.
mamillata: 0. fulgida.
margaritana (O. pycnantha var.). 1: much branched
bush-like form to 4 ft. tall; joints oblong to orbicular, to
10 in. long, rather thick; spines about 4-9, to 3ls in. long,
needle-like, i eddish-brown: fls. pale yellow, becoming deep
maroon with age. Lower Calif.
maxima (0. decumana. 0. Labour eliana). 1: plants
large and much branched; joints long-spatulate, to 1 ft.
or more; spines 1 or 2 and white or wanting: fls. orange-red,
3 in. across. Known only in cult.
megac&ntha. 1: to 15 ft. or more, often with trunk;
joints obovate to oblong, to 2 ft. or more long; spines 1-5
and white: fls. yellow to orange, about 3 in. across. Mex.;
escaped in some regions.
megacarpa: O. Conllei.
mesacantha: O. compressa.
micr6calyx: listed name.
micr6dasys. 1: creeping to nearly erect, to 2 ft.; jointa
oblong to orbicular, to G in. long, spineless: fls. yellow or
tinged led, to 2 in. long. N. Mex.
Mfllspaughii. 1: trunk cylindrical, to 2 ft. high and 3
in. diam., blanches ascending from top; joints narrowly
oblong to lanceolate, to 18 in. long; spines on trunk dense,
to G in. long, purple to gray, those on branches and Joints
shoiter: fls. crimson-lake, to H m. acioss: fr. spiny. Bahama
mfnima: probably 0. curassavica.
missouriensis: O. polyacantha.
M&elleri. 1: somewhat spreading; joints erect, some-
what club-shaped, to 3 in. long; spines setose or needle-like,
about Y% in. long: fls. &almon-colored. Mex.
mojave'nsis. 1: piostrate; joints nearly orbicular; spines
2-6 and to 23^ in. long, angular and compi eased, bristles
yellow. Mojave Desert, Calif.
mol£sta. 2: to 7 ft. tall; joints cyliruhic, tapeiing basally,
to 16 in. long and to 2 in. diam. ut top, tubercles low,
somewhat elongate, to 13^ m. long; spines 6—10, unequal,
to 2 in. long, pale yellow, sheaths papery, loose: fls. purple,
2 in. long. Lower Calif.
monacantha. 1: erect shrub or tree-like, to 7 ft. with
thick fit.; joints ovate becoming elongated, to 1 ft. long;
areoles usually with single brown spine to 1^4 in. long: fls.
yellow, to 3^<j in. across' fr. red, pyriform, spineless, to
3 in. long. S. Brazil to Aigcntina.
monilif6rmis (O. haitiensis). I: trunk to 12 ft. high and
armed with spines to 5 in. long and with yellowish-white
wool at their bases, branching at top; joints to 1 ft. long
5 in. wide and 3i m. thick, areoles of older joints with 5-8
yellowish spines and brown glochids: fls. yellow or orange,
1 in. across. W. Indies.
multifldra: 0. Tuna.
nana: 0. compressa.
neoarbuscula: 0. arbuscula.
nfgricans: O. elatior.
nigrispma. Of the Tephrocactus group: much branched
shrub to 8 in.; joints cylindrical, to 13^ m. long and % in.
diam,, beai ing spii ally arranged tubercles, areoles with
wool and glochids; spines 3-5, 1 in. long, purplish-black:
fls. pia pie, 1 in. long. Argentina, Bolivia.
occidentals. 1: erect or ascending, to 4 ft. tall, forming
dense cespitose clumps j joints oblong-obovate, to 12 in.
long; spines 2-7, to 2 in. long, unequal and occasionally
absent: fls. yellow: fr. put pie. S. Calif.
Opuntia: O. compressa.
orbiculata (0. crinifera. O. lanigera. O. senilis of some
authors). 1. to 3 ft. or so, often broader than high; joints
orbicular to obovate or spatulate, to 6 in. long; spines
several and yellow: fls. yellow. N. Mex.
6rpetii: listed name.
ovata. 1: cespitose, low; joints ovate to occasionally
club-shaped, to 1}^ in. long, rarely to 3 in., yellowish-green
to purplish; spines 5-9, about 3^ in. long, brown becoming
white with age. Argentina, Chile.
pallida. 2: sts. to 3 ft. high and 2 in. diam., branching;
spines 20 or more and to 1)^ in. long with white papery
sheaths fls. pale rose. Mex.
papyracantha: a confused name; plants so listed may be
O. diademata or O. platyacantha.
Parishii. 2: sts. creeping, forming dense clusters, very
spiny; joints club-shaped; radial spines numerous; central
spines 4 and to lf£ in. long, glochids numerous. S. Calif.,
Nev.
Parryi. 2: shrub-like to 18 in. tall; joints cylindrical, to
12 in. long and % in. diara.*; tuberculate; spines about 10,
to 1^ in. long, unequal, dark brown: fls. yellow. S. Calif.
P6ntlandii. Tephrocactus section: much branched,
forming clusters to 3 ft. across; joints obovoid, to 4 in. long
and tubercled, areoles with wool and yellow glochids;
spines when present 2-10 and bright yellow: fls. lemon-
yellow to deep red, 1 in. long. Peru, Bolivia, Argentina.
p6s-c6rvii: O. Drummondii.
phasacantha (0. camanchica. O. Blakeana). 1: commonly
prostrate, some of the branches ascending; joints mostly
longer than broad, 4-C in. long; spines 1-4: fls. yellow, 2 in.
across. Tex. to Ariz., N. Mex.
pilifera. 1: to 15 ft. with woody trunk and broad top:
joints oblong or orbicular and to 1 ft. long; spines 2-9 and
white, areoles with white hairs: fls. red. Mex.
piscata: probably O. discata.
Pittieri. 1: tree-like, to 20 ft. tall, trunk terete, spiny;
joints nairowly oblong, to 20 in. long, areoles about lk in.
apart; spines 3-6, to 1 in. long, unequal, white, fls. dark
orange becoming scarlet. Colombia.
platyacantha. Tephrocactus: plant low, prostrate;
joints ovate, to 2% in. long; spines 5-7, whitish, to 1% in.
long: fls. yellow, to ]^ m. across. S. Chile to Patagonia.
P6Ilardii. 1: prostrate, resembling O. compressa in habit;
joints oblong, to 6 in. long and % in. thick; spines usually
solitary when present, to 1% in. long, stiff and sharp: fls.
yellow, to 33^ m. across. N. C. to N. Fla., Ala. and Miss.
polyacantha (0. missouriensis). 1: low and spreading and
commonly making small clumps; joints orbicular and usu-
ally less than 4 in. across; spines 9 or fewer: fls. lemon-
yellow, tinged red outside, to 2 in. long. N. D. to Alta.,
Wash., Tex. and Ariz. Var. borealis does not differ from
the type.
polyantha: O. Tuna.
polycfirpa. 1: erect, much branched, to 3 ft. tall, thicket-
forming; joints somewhat elliptic, to 15 in. long; spines
1-3, often absent, to \l/± in. long: fls. bright yellow, to 3 in.
across. Fla.
P6ttsii (O. fHipendula) . 1: to 1 ft. high, spreading; joints
broacl-obovate and to 5 m. long; spines 1—2, to 1)2 in- long
and white or purplish, glochids yellow: fld. deep purple,
3 in. across. Tex , New Mex , Mex.
prolifer. 2: somewhat tree-like, to 8 ft. tail, trunk and
older branches woody, cylindrical; upper joints to 5 in long,
tubercled, fragile; spines 6-12, to % m- long, brown: fls.
dark red, small. S. Calif.
pube'scens. 1: to 16 in , much branched; joints nearly
cylindrical and to 3 in. long; spines numerous and short:
fls. lemon-yellow. Mex. to Guatemala.
pumila. 1: low, thicket-forming; joints terete or some-
what flattened, to 8 in. long, soft-pubescent, tuberclcd,
fragile to touch; spines 2-8, to 13^ in. long, unequal: fls.
yellow, tinged red, about 3-2 m- long- Cent, and S. Mex.
pycn&ntha. 1: low, somewhat cespitose, to 10 in. tall;
joints oblong to orbicular, to 8 in. long, nreoles close to-
gether; spines 8-12, to 1^£ in. long, yellow to brown: fla.
bright yellow. Lower Calif.
Quimilo. 1: to 12 ft high, much branched; joints ellip-
tic or obovate, to 13-i ft. long and 1 in. broad and thick;
spines usually 1, to 6 in. long and twisted: fls. red, 3 in.
across. Argentina.
quipa: O. maracraa.
quisca!6ra: listed name.
Rafinesquei: 0. compressa; see O. tortispina.
ramosissima. 2: shrubby, to 6 ft. high, branches 3 in.
long and covered with low diamond-shaped tubercles.
areoles with wool and glochids; spines usually 1 or none and
covered with yellow papery sheaths: fls. greenish-yellow
tinged red, 1% in. long. Nev., Ariz , Calif., Mex.
rastrera. 1: creeping; joints circular or oboytite and to
8 in. diam.; spines several, to \Y% in. long, white, glochids
. .
yellow: fls. yellow. Mex.
repens. 1: forming dense clusters to
ft. high and
12 ft. across; joints oblong to linear, to 6 in. long and 13^
in. diam , areoles with brown wool and white hairs and
yellow glochids; spines numerous and to 13^ in. long: fls.
yellow, 1 3-a in. across. W. Indies.
retrdrsa. 1: sts. prostrate and creeping; joints linear-
lanceolate; spines 1-3 and reflexed: fls. yellowish, 2 in.
across. Argentina.
rhodantha (O. xanthoatemma) . 1: joints obovate to ob-
long and to 5 in. long; spines 3-4, to 1 in. long and 2-3
shorter ones, glochids brown: fls. red or pink, 3 in. across.
Neb., Colo., Utah.
robusta (O camuessa). 1: often erect to 15 ft., mostly
much branched; joints orbicular to oblong, to 10 in. long
and glaucous; spines in the wild 8-12: fla. yellow, 2 in.
across. Cent. Mex. Var. major is listed.
Opuntia
517
Opuntia
rosarica: listed name.
rotundifdlia: Pereskiopsis rotundi folia.
rubescens (O. catacantha) . 1: tree-like to about 30 ft.,
trunk sometimes 6 in. diam.; joints oblong to oblong-
obovate, to 10 in. long; spines several to many or sometimes
wanting: fls. yellow, orange or red, about % in. across.
W. Indies.
rufida (0. microdasys rufida). 1: to 5 ft., with definite
trunk; joints nearly orbicular, to 10 in. diam., velvety-
torncntose, areoles with many brown glochids: fls. yellow or
orange, to 2 in. long. Tex., Mex.
Salmiana (O. albi flora). 2: bushy, to 6 ft., branches
terete and to about ^ in. diam. and not tubercled; spmea
usually several but sometimes wanting: fls. pale yellow to
white, 1 in more or less across. S. Brazil to Argentina.
santamaria: see Crusonia santamuria.
s&nta-rita. 1: to 4^2 ft , with short trunk; joints orbicu-
lar and bluish-green, areoles with numerous browri glochids
and sometimes brown spines: fls. deep yellow, 3 in. across.
Ariz.
Scheeri. 1: to about 3 ft., lower branches sprawling;
joints oblong to oibicular, to 1 ft. longest way; spines
10-12 and yellow: fla. pale yellow becoming salmon, large.
Mex.
Schickenddntzii. 1: much branched and shrub-like, to
7 ft. tall; joints cylindric or flattened, warty, gray-green;
spines 1-2, to % in. long, awl-shaped: fls. yellow, to nearly
2 in. across: fr. green. N. Argentina.
Schottii. 2: prostrate, rooting from areoles, forming
clusters to 10 ft. across; joints club-shaped, to 3 in. long and
% in. diam. and strongly tubercled; spines several and to
2^4 in. long, wool and gloohids white turning brown: fls.
yellow, 1 1/2 in. long. Tex., Mex.
Schweriniana. Similar to 0. polyacantha, differing in
joints to 2 in. long, glochids red not yellow, and spines weak
not rigid. Colo.
senilis: O. floccosa, O. orbiculata.
serpentina. 2: sts. slender to 1 in. diam. and sometimes
prostrate, strongly tubercled; spines 7-20 and covered with
yellowish-brown papery sheaths: fls. greenish-yellow, 1%
in. across S. Calif, and Lower Calif.
sen-ana is listed.
silve'stris: listed name.
Soederstromiana. 1: usually erect, to 4 ft. tall; Joints
ob ovate, to 15 in. long, bright green to gray-green; spines
2-10, about l)a in- l°ng, unequal, reddish to gray, very
conspicuous: fls. yellow to orange and brick-red, to 2^ in.
long. Ecuador.
Soehrensii. 1: prostrate, in clusters to 3 in. across; joints
orbicular, to 2H in. diam. and very spiny; spines several
and to 2 in. long: fls. pale yellow, 1 in. long. Peru, Bolivia,
Argentina
spathulata: Pereskiopsis spathulata.
sph&rica. Of the Tephrocactus section: low; joints
globular and to 1 ft diam , areoles with brown wool; spines
few to many and to 1^ in. long: fls. deep orange, 1^ in.
long. Peru, Chile. Var. violacifldra is said to have violet fls.
spinosior. 2- to 12 ft., tree-like; joints to 1 ft. long and
1 in. diam. and strongly tubercled; spines 6-12 or more and
Yv in long, glochids yellowish-white: fls. purple, pink, yellow
or white, 2 in. across. Ariz., New Mex., Mex.
spinosfssima. 1: to 15 ft. with spiny tiunk 3 in. diam.;
joints oblong; spines 1-3, to 3 in. long, yellowish or whitish,
glochids brown: fls. yellow turning red. Jamaica.
spinulifera. 1: tall and much branched; Joints orbicular
or oolong or obovate, to 1 ft. long, with white bristle-like
spines or none: fls. purple. Mex.
Stanlyi (0. Emoryi). 2: sts. commonly less than 1 ft.
high and creeping, much branched and making broad
masses; joints 4-6 in. long and strongly tubercled; spines
many and stout: fls. yellow, about 2 in. across. New Mex.,
Ariz., Mex.
stenarthra. 1: shrubby, creeping; joints oblong to
lanceolate and yellowish-green; spines 1-3 or none: fls.
yellow. Paraguay.
stenope'tala. 1: thicket-forming bush-like plant; joints
obovate to orbicular, to 8 in. long, purplish- to gray-green,
areoles to 134 in. apart; spines 2—4, to 2 in. long, reddish-
brown to black: fls. orange-red, inner segms. very narrow.
Cent. Mex.
streptacantha. 1 : to 15 ft. with trunk to 1H ft. diam. and
many branches; joints obovate or orbicular and to 1 ft.
long; spines numerous and white: fls. yellow or orange,
to 3^ in. across. Mex.
stricta (0. inermis) . 1 : bushy and spreading and making
large clumps 2>£ ft. high; joints obovate to oblong, 3-^ in.
long, spineless or sometimes 1 or 2 or more spines to a joint:
fls. yellow, about 2>£ in. long. Cuba, Fla. to S. Tex.
strigil. 1: ascending to 2 ft. tall; joints orbicular to
obovate, to 5 in. long, areoles about H in. apart; spines
5-8, to 1 in. long, reddish. Tex.
subterranea. Of the Tephrocactus section : nearly buried
in sand, with thick root; joints cylindrical and to 1% in.
long; spines 1-7, short and recurved: fls. brownish. Argen-
tina, Bolivia.
StibulAta (Pereskia and Pereskiopsts (nibulata). 2: to 12
ft., sometimes with a single trunk to 4 in. diam., branches
many and clustered, tubercles large and depressed; spines
usually few and yellow but sometimes none: fls. orange or
greenish-yellow, reddish outside. Probably Argentina.
sulphurea. 1: forming clumps to 8 ft. across and 1 ft.
high; joints oblong to obovate, about 10 in. long, green or
purplish-green, tubercled; spines 2-8, to H m. long, curved,
twisted or straight: fls. yellow, to 1% in. across. Argentina,
Chile, and possibly Bolivia.
tapdna. 1: clump-forming, to 2 ft. high; joints orbicular
to obovate, to 10 in. across, pale green; spines 2-4, one to
nearly 3 in. long, yellow: fr. purple outside, led within,
spineless. Lower Calif.
tardosplna. 1: semi-prostrate, spreading, to about 1^
ft. high; joints orbicular to obovate, to 10 in. long; spines
often present at top only, usually 1-3, to 2 in. long, brown:
fls. yellow: fr. red. E. Tex.
tenuifldra. 1 : to 3 ft. or decumbent and much branched ;
joints spatulate, to 16 in. long; spines 3-6 and 1 m. long:
fls. salmon-colored, 1 in. across. Ma. Keys.
tSres: O. vestita.
Tesajo. 2: to 1 ft. high and broad; joints to 2 in. long;
spines 2 and small, central spine 1 and 2 in. long: fls. yellow,
M in. long. Lower Calif.
tetrac&ntha. 2: much branched and bush-like, to 5 ft.
tall; joints cylindrical, to 12 in. long and % in. diam.,
purplish-green, tubercles becoming less prominent with
age; spines 3-6, to 1^ in. long: fls. greenish-purple, to % in.
across. Ariz.
Thurberi. 2: bush-like, to 14 ft. tall; joints elongated,
to 10 in. long and H in. diam.; spines 3-5, to ^ in. long,
brown: fls. yellowish-brown, to l^j in. across. W. Mex.
tomentdsa. 1: to 20 ft. with smooth trunk to 1 ft. diam.;
joints oblong to narrow-obovate, to 8 in. long, soft-pubes-
cent; spines none 01 very few: fls. orange, about 2 in. long.
Cent. Mex.; escaped elsewhere.
tortispina (O. Greenei). 1: prostrate and creeping, with
ascending orbicular to obovate joints 6-8 in. long; spines
about 6-8 and white, yellow or brown: fls. sulfur-yellow,
to about 3 in. across. Wis. and S. D. to Tex. and New Mex.
— Some of the plants known as O. Rafinesquei may belong
here, but the spines in O. tortispina are 2 or more to each
areole rather than 1 or 2 or none.
Traceyi. 1: low, much branched, to 8 in. high; joints
oblong, to 3^ in. long and 1 in. wide, young ones nearly
terete; spines 1-4, to 1)^ in. long, needle-like, gray with
dark tips: fls. yellow, to 1% in. across. Miss.
Trel&asei. 1: spreading, to 1 ft. high; joints often erect,
obovate, to 6 in. long, pale blue-green; spines piesent or
absent, glochids dull yellow: fls. rose-pink. S. Calif.
triacdntha. 1: semi-procumbent or clambering or even
erect but low; joints thick and oblong, to 3 in long; spines
mostly 3: fls. brownish-yellow to cream-color, 2 in. long.
W. Indies.
trichdphora. 1: forming clumps to 3 ft. across; joints
orbicular or obovate and to 4 in. diam.; spines numeious, to
l)i in. long: fls. yellow. New Mex., Tex., Okla.
Tuna (O. humilis. O. multiflora. O. polyantha). 1: to
3 ft. or less; joints to 6 in. long but mostly smaller, obovate
to oblong; spines 2-6, light yellow and slightly spreading:
fls. yellow and slightly tinged red, about 2 in. across: fr.
red, 1 in. or more long. Jamaica. Var. amarflla is listed.
— See also O. Dillenii. Tuna is the Mexican name for
opuntias.
tunica ta. 2: to 2 ft. or forming low clumps; joints glob-
ular or oblong, to 6 in. long and strongly tuberculate;
spines 6-10, to 2 in. long and covered with white papery
sheaths: fls. yellow, 1 in. long. Mex. to Chile.
Turpinii. Tephrocactus: plant low and spreading; joints
spherical to ovoid, smooth, to 1^ in. long; spines 1-3, flat
and papery, to 1J^ in. long: fls. white or cream-colored, to
\Yn in. across. Argentina.
ursina: 0. erinacea.
Vaseyi. 1: spreading, branches low, a few erect; joints
ovate, to 5 in. long, thick, pale glaucous green; spines 1-3,
about % in. long, brownish to gray, tipped yellow: fls.
reddish-salmon-colored. S. Calif.
velutina. 1: to 12 ft.; joints oblong or pear-shaped, to
8 in. long and 6 in. across, pubescent; spines 2-^6, to 1%
in. long, bristles yellow or brownish: fls. yellow, 2 in. across.
Mex.
Verschaffgltii. 2: much branched, dense clumps; joints
Opuntia
518
Orchids
globose to short-cylindrie, to 10 in. long and % in. diam.,
tubercled; spines absent, glochids white: fls. orange to
blood-red. Bolivia.
versfcolor. 2: to 12 ft., with woody trunk and open top
to 15 ft. across; joints to 8 in. long and 1 m. diam. and
variously- colored; spines 5-11 and to 1 in. long, glochids
reddish-brown: fls. yellow, greenish, reddish or brown, to 2
in. across. Ariz., Mex.
vestita (O. terca). 2: clump-forming, with weak much
branched st ; joints oblong to cylindnc, to 8 in. long and
y% in diam.. fragile; spines about 6, to 1 in. long, brownish:
fls. dark red, about % in. across. Bolivia.
vivJpara. 2: to 10 ft., much branched; joints to % in.
long and K m. diam., areples with yellow wool; spines 1-4
and *A in. long: fls. purplish. Ariz.
vulgaris. 1: to 20 ft., often with cylindric trunk 6 in.
diam.; joints ovate to oblong, to 1 ft long; spines 1 or 2 or
sometimes 10 or more on the trunk: fls. yellow or reddish,
about 3 in. broad. Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina.
Var. variegata is listed. — Hee O. compressa.
W6beri. Of the Tephrocactus section: forming clumps
to 7 in. high and 1 ft. across; joints cylmdric, to 2l/% in. long
and H in- diam., strongly tubercled and spiny; spines 5-7,
to 2 in. long: fls. yellow. Argentina.
Wentiana. 1: erect, branched, to 7 ft. tall; joints obovate
to elliptic, to 10 in. long and H in- thick, pale glaucous
green; spines 3-5, pale yellow to white: fls. pale yellow: fr. '
red, small. Venezuela, Curacao.
Whfpplei. 2: much branched and low; joints usually
6 in. long or less and y% in. diam.; spines about 12, to % m.
long, glochids pale yellow: fls. yellow, to % in. across.
N. New Mex , Ariz., S. Colo, and S. Utah.
Whitneyi. 1: prostrate; joints obovate to orbicular, to
0 in. long, nearly as wide and about \% in. thick, reddish;
spines absent, glochids very short: fls. red, to 3 in. across,
margins of segms. wavy. Calif. Var. albifl&ra has green
joints to 3 in. wide and white fls.
Winteriana. 1: similar to O. Lindheimeri from which it
differs in its dark brown spines and by some authors the
two are not considered distinct.
Wo&tonii: 0. Engelmanmi.
xanth6stemma: O. rhodantha.
zebrtna. 1: to 3 ft., much branched; Joints oval or ob-
ovate and to 8 in. long; spines 1-4 and red-brown finely
banded: fls. yellow, 3 in. across. S. Fla. and Keys.
ORACH: Atnplex hortenais.
ORANGE: Citrus; see Citrus Fruits (page 182). African
Cherry-: Citropaia. Mexican-: Choiaya ternata. Mock-:
Philadelphua, Prunus carohmana. Natal-: Strychnoa spin-
osa. Osage-: Madura pomifera, -Root: Hydrastia cana-
denais. Trifoliate-: Poncirua trifohata. Wild-: Prunus
caroliniana.
ORBEXILUM: Psoralea Onobrychis.
ORCHID: see Orchids Butterfly: Epidendrum venoaum,
Oncidium Papilio. Crane-fly: Tipukiria discolor. Grass-
Pink: Calopogon pulchellus. Spider: Renanthera Maingayi.
Swan: Cycnoches. -Tree: Dauhinia variegata. Windmill:
Bulbophyllum refractum.
ORCHIDS, ORCHIDACEjE. ORCHID FAMILY.
An extensive family of terrestrial and epiphytic
monocotyledonous herbs of more than 500 widely
distributed genera, of various habit but mostly
with bulbous or thickened sts. often with thick-
ened internodes or pseudobulbs: the group is
characterized by the very irregular fls. having
3 sepals, 3 petals, of which the 2 lateral ones
are alike and the third modified into a lip which
is often spurred and saccate, the stamens and
pistil united to form a column or gynandrium
on which the pollen is borne in masses or pol-
Jinia, inferior ovary, and capsular frs. containing
many minute seeds.
Many genera are grown by florists for cut-
flowers, by fanciers, and some of the terrestrial
kinds in gardens; there are many artificial
hybrids in the greenhouse, often between genera.
Any number of genera are to be found in the
special collections of fanciers, but those most
generally cultivated or known within the scope
of this book are Acampe, Acineta, Ada, Aerangis,
Aerides, Aeridovanda, Angrsecum, Anguloa,
Aiiota, Ansellia, Aplectrum, Arachnis, Arethusa,
Arpophylium, Ascocentrum, Ascotainia, Aspa-
sia, Batemannia, Bifrenaria, Bletia, Bletilla,
Brassayola, Brassia, Brassocattleya, Brasso-
cattlselia, Brassolaelia, Brassolseliocattleya.
Broughtonia, Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Calopo-
gon, Calypso, Camarotis, Catasetum, Cattleya,
Cephalanthera, Chysis, Cleistes, Cochlioda,
Ccelia, Cudogyne, Comparettia, Corallorrhiza,
Coryanthes, Cycnoches, Cyrnbidium, Cyper-
orchis, Cypripedium, Cyrtopodium, Dendro-
bium, Dendroehilum, Diacrium, Disa, Doritis,
Dossinia, Epicattleya, Epidendrum, Epipactis,
Epiphronitis, Eria, Eriopsis, Eulophia, Galean-
dra, Galeola, Gastrochilus, Gomesa, Gongora,
Goodyera, Grammatophyllum, Habenaria,
Haemaria, Hartwegia, Houlletia, Huntleya,
lonopsis, Isotria, Laelia, Lypliocattleya, Leptotes,
Liparis, Lissochilus, Listera, Lockhartia, Ly-
caste, Macradenia, Malaxis, Masdevallia, Maxil-
laria, Miltonia, Mormodes, Mystacidium, Neo-
benthamia, Octomeria, Odontioda, Odontoglos-
sum, Odontonia, Oncidioda, Oncidium, Ophrys,
Orchis, Ornithidium, Ornithochilus, Paphiopedi-
lum, Peristeria, Pescatorea, Phaius, Phalacnop-
sis, Pholidota, Phraginipedium, Physosiphon,
Pleione, Pleurothallis, Pogonia, Polystachya,
Promenaea, Renanthera, Restrepia, Rhyncho-
stylis, Rodriguezia, Saccolabium, Sarcanthus,
Sarcochilus, Sarcoglottis, Schomburgkia, Scuti-
caria, Selenipedium, Sigmatostalix, Sobralia,
Sophrolacliocattleya, Sophronitis" Spathoglottis,
Spiranthes, Stanhopea, Stenoglottis, Thrix-
spermum, Thunia, Tipularia, Trichopilia, Vanda,
Vandopsis, Vanilla, Warsccwiczclla, Xylobium,
Zygocolax, Zygopetalum. The literature of
orcnids is extensive and the intending grower
should be in touch with it.
The native terrestrial orchids of the United
States and Canada are many. They usually
inhabit cool bogs and some of them are repre-
sented on sandy plains and in moist grass-lands.
Many of them are not showy, as in the genera
Aplectrum, Epipactis, Habenaria, Liparis, Lis-
tera, Malaxis, Spiranthes; others have showy
or very prominent flowers, as in Arethusa,
Calopogon, Calypso, Cypripedium, Orchis, Po-
gonia. Any of these orchids may be transferred
to grounds and some of them are offered by
dealers in native plants. The conditions under
which they grow naturally are diverse ; one must
know these conditions and endeavor to repro-
duce them in order to make a success of the
cultivation. The little native orchids add a
particularly interesting touch to rock-gardens,
bogs, and to wild places under control of the
gardener.
The commercial orchids of house culture are
from regions within the tropics, although
many of them come from high elevations.
Most of them are forest or shade-loving plants.
These orchids are principally in the genera
Brassavola, Calanthe, Cattleya, Coologyne,
Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Ltelia, Lycaste. Mil-
tonia, Odontoglossum, Oncidium, Papniope-
dilum, Phalsenopsis, Phragmipedium, Vanda.
One undertaking the culture of these and other
exotic orchids should know whether they are
epiphytes, and the approximate elevations and
conditions as to moisture, shade and sunlight
under which they grow in nature. The culture
of the main orchid groups is now so well learned
that many of the species are grown for the cut-
flower trade.
Orchids
519
Orchids
The culture of orchids requires close obser-
vation and adaptability on the part of the
grower, and he should not start out independ-
ently until he has had good experience under a
competent man. The niceties of orchid growing
are the result of much devotion to the subject.
A difference of two or three degrees in tempera-
ture, or a slight variation in watering or shading,
may make the distinction between success and
failure. The resting period of the different
kinds must be carefully understood and ad-
justed. Nearness to the glass or remoteness
from it are important. If one is growing the
usual run of common and commercial orchids,
one kind of greenhouse may be sufficient, but
if a wide assortment of fanciers' species is to be
grown, there should be houses of different
temperature and moisture conditions. For the
warmest species, the winter temperature should
not go below 65° to 70° at night; in such condi-
tions one may raise the more tropical Cypripedi-
ums (Paphiopedilum, Phragmipedium), An-
griEcums, Acrides, Calanthes, Dendrobiums,
Phalamopsis, Vanda. A cooler range, with
minimum night winter temperature of 60-65°.
should grow the more tropical Epidcndrums and
Laolias, the Cattleyas, some of the Miltonias,
Stanhopeas. A range running a few degrees
lower may be employed for the cooler or Mexican
Laelias, many Maxillarias, Lycastes, Oncicliurns,
some of the Ccelogynes (as C. cristata), Phaius,
The Odontoglossums usually require special
treatment to reduce the sun's heat in summer:
they are plants of high altitudes; houses should
be moist, well ventilated, and in hot weather
the roof may be sprayed outside with cold
water; shading in summer is also necessary to
reduce the temperature.
The two cultural groups of exotic orchids
are the terrestrials and the epiphytes, although
these divisions are not absolute; some growers
make one cultural group to 'comprise the decidu-
ous kinds and another the evergreen. As classes,
the terrestrials and epiphytes do not differ in
temperature and moisture requirements but the
terrestrial kinds are grown in pots of soil and
the true epiphytic kinds mostly on blocks or in
baskets or cribs. In general, terrestrial orchids
thrive in a soil comprised of about one-half
fibrous loam to which is added approximately
equal parts of leaf-mold and sharp sand. Some
growers make a mixture of one-third good
chopped sod with part of the fine silty soil
removed, one-third live chopped sphagnum,
one-third leaf-mold; ground bone may be
added for vigorous plants. The purpose is to
provide a medium containing sufficient plant-
food at the same time that it is thoroughly
well drained and aerated and vet retains the
necessary moisture. The observing grower soon
develops mixtures to suit his needs.
The epiphytic orchids require much fibrous
or peaty material in which to grow. This
material is usually obtained from the roots of
wild ferns, particularly of the osmundas, which
are chopped and rubbed on a sieve to remove
the fine earth. This osmundine or orchid
peat is now a standard base for potting mix-
ture as it does not soon decay, permits abundant
ventilation about the roots; and supplies the
necessary physical properties. With the os-
mundine or similar material are combined
chopped sod and leaf -mold for the semi-terrestrial
orchids, but it may be used alone for the true
epiphytes. Live sphagnum is sometimes added
to it.
Propagation of orchids has undergone a
radical revolution in recent years consequent
on the federal restrictions of the importing of
fresh plants from the tropics and the closer study
of germination requirements. The old methods
still are practiced of propagating by separa-
tion or onsets as in Dendrobium, by division
and by cuttings. Just before active growth
begins, well established plants of the Cypri-
pediums and some others may be divided.
Cuttings may be made of the sterns of species
that do not produce pseudobulbs; on some
orchids, as Vandas, aerial roots develop along
the continuing stem and the cutting may be
made below this point; other shoots are likely
to arise near the severed area and these may
also be employed for cuttings.
A special kind of cutting or division ob-
tains in the pseudobulbous species, as in Cat-
tleyas, Coelogynes, Odontoglossums and some
of the Dendrobiums. Behind the active growing
shoots are the old pseudobulbs attached to the
rhizome; part of this rhizome bearing usually 5
or more pseudobulbs may be partially severed
and allowed to remain until new growth begins
on it, or completely severed and potted at once.
Propagation by means of seeds has been a
difficult and dubious process, but recent in-
vestigation has put the practice on an assured
successful basis. The difficulty was due in
part to the minute size of the seeds which makes
them especially susceptible to injury by various
micro-organisms and insects. According to
certain European investigators the orchid
embryo must become infected by that particular
fungus which is found in the root of orchid
plants, and the fungus method has been put
into practical use abroad. The investigations
of Knudson in the United States reveal, however,
that the fungus plays no direct part in the ger-
minating process and that successful germination
of orchid seed depends on a supply of available
organic matter which constitutes food for the
embryos. On this latter principle Knudson has
devised a method that insures successful ger-
mination of orchid seeds and is now widely
employed under commercial conditions.
The Knudson method of germinating seed-
lings under aseptic conditions is similar to
those employed in culturing bacteria. For
this purpose a nutrient solution is made up,
consisting of calcium nitrate 1 gram, monobasic
or primary potassium phosphate 0.25 grain,
magnesium sulfate 0.25 gram, ferric phosphate
(insoluble) 0.05 gram, ammonium sulfate 0.50
gram, agar 15 grams, cane-sugar 20 grams and
distilled water one liter. The salts supply
nutrients, the sugar supplies organic food, and
the agar is to make the medium gel. The
solution should be acid in reaction. Due to the
variability in agar and salts the amount of acid
to be added cannot be specified but the reaction
should be in chemical terms pll 5.0 or 5.2.
This culture medium is heated until the agar
dissolves and then poured into culture tubes
(Fig. 9). These tubes are then plugged with
cotton and sterilized. After sterilization and
when still hot, the tubes are placed in an in-
clined position to give a slope to the culture
medium. The seeds are then sterilized by use
Orchids
520
Oreocereus
of a solution of chloride of lime and transferred
to the tubes by means of a looped platinum
wire. The technique used in bacteriology must
be followed. After the seeds have germinated
they may be transferred to flasks (Fig. 9)
containing the same medium but only ^ per
Fia. 9. Seed-propagation in orchids. Flask contains
three-months-old seedlings, reduced; middle tube, good
germination; right-hand tube, no germination because of
absence of sugar.
cent sugar. There they may be kept for a year
or so until large enough to transplant in the
open. The seedlings may also be transplanted
from the tubes to the open, although greater
care must be given the seedlings. From this
point, the plantlcts are given the same attentive
care that is familiar to orchidists who are ac-
quainted with propagation. The transplanting
of any orchid seedlings requires great pains.
Transplanting of the seedlings takes place
when two or three leaves have appeared or
when the rootlets become readily visible to
the naked eye. This may be anywhere from
two to eight months after sowing. They are
placed in 2^-inch pots, with drainage and
charcoal in the bottom. The pots should be
sterilized. The soil should be fine peat or similar
substance. As many as 100 seedlings may
be set in one pot. The pots are placed in a
moist warm glass frame or case free from drafts.
In six months or so the seedlings may be trans-
planted again into 2J-£-inch pots, only 25 being
set therein; at the third transplanting only 5
or 10 seedlings occupy a pot. In three to eight
months from the first shift the plantlets of most
kinds should be ready for separate or individual
pots; about two years are usually allowed from
the seed sowing to the individual potting; there-
after some four to six years are required to bring
the plants into bloom, depending on the species
and the general growing conditions.
If seeds are germinated in the Knudson or
other nutritive solutions, the plantlets will be
larger when removed and first transplanted,
and only a few need be placed in a 2)^-inch
pot and fewer transfers are necessary, but
otherwise the treatment is the same.
While the Knudson method is advisable for
commercial establishments where loss and
failure must be reduced to the minimum and
also for the germination of very choice and
rare seeds, the amateur and some large grow-
ers may nevertheless prefer sowing the seeds
on soil or other stratum. The seeds are sown
as soon as ripe. Early spring is a preferable
time. Sometimes the seeds are dusted on the
pots or baskets of the parent plant or of related
species and then imbedded in the potting ma-
terial by very careful watering. It may re-
quire three months or two years for the seed
to germinate under this method, and in the
meantime the material should not be disturbed.
In another method osmunda fiber alone or
mixed with dead or live sphagnum is used. This
material is compacted in a 4-inch pot. A piece
of burlap or Turkish toweling is stretched over
the surface and secured by forcing the edges of
the cloth between the pot and potting material.
The seed is sown on the cloth and the pots
then placed in a germinating case.
Germination by the fungus method consists
of inoculating a sterilized peat mixture with a
pure culture of the rhizoctonia or root fungus.
When the mixture is permeated with the fungus,
the seed is sown essentially as in other methods,
and the young plants go through a similar
course of transplanting.
6RCHIS. Orchid(icese. Orchids of woods,
swamps and moist places, with tuberous roots
and growing on the ground, mostly basal Ivs.
and rather small fls. in terminal racemes or
spikes, the sepals similar and either connivent
or spreading, the petals usually smaller, lip
entire or 3-lobed and spurred at base. Planted
in moist situations in rock-gardens and else-
where out-of-doors; see Orchids; also Habenaria.
maculata. To about 20 in. high: Iva. caulme, elliptic to
narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, often dark-spotted: fls.
in dense spikes to 3^ in. long, pink with lip marked with
purple. May-Aug. Eu., Asia.
militaris. To about 2 ft. high: Ivs oval to lanceolate-
oblong, to 8 in. long: spike dense, oblong-cylindrical: fls.
short-bracted; sepals and petals converging and arching
over the lip, pale rose, white or grayish- white; lip rose with
lilac-purple spots, 3-lobed with the large mid-lobe bilobed.
Eu., Asia.
rotundif&lia. To 11 in. high: If. single, basal, oval to
nearly orbicular: spike short, few-fid ; fls. magenta; lip
3-lobed, white spotted with magenta. Que. to Yukon south
to N. New England and Mont.
spectabilis (Galeorchis spectabihs). SHOWY ORCHIS.
To 1 ft. high: Ivs. 2, to 8 in. long and 4 in. wide: fls. about
1 in. long, in 2-7-fld. spikes; sepals and petals purple,
united into a hood; lip white. May-June. N. B. to Ga.
and Mo.
ORCHYLLIUM: see Utriculana.
OREOBATUS: Rubus dehciosus and relatives.
OREOBROMA: Leivisia.
OREOCARYA. Boraginacese. Bien. or per.
herbs of the Cryptantha kind, native in W. N.
Amer., having alternate hairy Ivs. and white
or yellowish salverform forget-me-not-like fls.
borne in a panicle or thyrse.
glomerata. To 1H ft.: Ivs. spatulate to linear, to 2H
in. long: fls. white, ^ in. across. Man. to Utah.
OREOCfeREUS. MOUNTAIN CACTUS. Cac-
taceae. Cacti native in the Andes, forming large
clumps, areoles with long white hairs, ribs
strongly spined: fls. diurnal, with cylindrical
tube. .
aureispinus: probably Parodia aureispina.
Oreocereus
521
Omithogalum
Bruennowii: O. Celsianus var.
Celsianus (Cereus and Pilocereus Celsianus). To 3 ft.
high, branches 3 in. thick; ribs 9-17, areoles H~H in- apart,
hairs of tubercles matted; spines to 2 in. long and yellow:
fls. dark red, to 7 in. long. Bolivia, Peru, Chile. Var.
Bru£nnowii (0. Bruennowii) has more slender sts., ribs
0-10, densely woolly. Var. foveolatus (O. foveolatus. O.
and Pilocereus fossulatus). Sts. more deeply notched with
areoles ^-1^£ in. ap .rt, hairs not matted. Var. lanugino-
sior has hairs woolly, abundant, short and matted. Var.
robustior is of larger habit and has stouter spines.
Doelzianus (Morawetzia Doelziana). Sts. club-shaped,
clump-forming, to 3^ ft. high and 4 in. diam., terminated
by a cephahum; ribs 11, about ^ in. high, rounded; spines
yellow to dark brown, about 20, to 1 % in. long, centrals
4 and scarcely distinguishable from the slightly shorter
radials: fls. carmine, to 4^ in. long, zygomorphic: fr.
ovoid, yellow-green. Cent. Peru.
fossulatus: 0. Celsianus var. foveolatus.
foveolatus: 0. Cehianus var.
giganteus: probably 0. Celsianus var. robustior.
Hendricksenianus. Differs from O. Trollii in its long
S^lden-yellow silky and glossy hairs and in its larger size.
olivia and Peru,
lanugindsior: O. Celsianus var.
Trollii (Cereus Irigoyenii. Pilocereus Trollii). Cespi-
tpse, unbranched, to about 3 ft. high and 4 in. diam.;
ribs usually 9, becoming indistinct with age; radial spines
about 7, to % in. long, reddish to white; centrals 1-3, to
2 in long; hairs abundant from areoles, glossy and cream-
colored, becoming grayish, to 2 in. long: fls. pale brownish-
red, to 4 in. long. Bolivia and Peru.
OREOCHARIS. Gesncriacese. Stemless per.
E. Asiatic herbs. One species, O. primuloides,
is offered. To 15 in. or more: Ivs. oblong-
cuneate, in basal rosettes, coarsely crenate-
dentate: fls. blue, to 1 in. long, in many-fld.
umbels or cymes: fr. a narrowly linear caps.
Japan. — Propagated by seeds and adapted to
the rockery.
OREODOXA (as to Florida and West Indian species):
Roystonea.
OREOPANAX. Araliacex. Shrubs or trees
with entire, lobed or digitate Ivs. and dioecious
or polygamous fls. in heads borne in panicles
or racemes, arid berry-like fr.; native in trop.
Amer. and grown under glass, in the open only
in the warm parts of the country. Propagated
by cuttings and seeds.
Thibautii: 0. xalapense.
xalap£nse (0. Thibautii). Shrub or small tree: Ivs. of
5--9 oblong or obovate Ifts. to 1 ft. long, nearly entire:
heads % in. across, in racemes 1 ft. long: fr. black. Mex.,
Cent. Amer.
ORE<5XIS. Umbelliferse. Dwarf stemless
alpine perennials from W. N. Amer.. having
pinnatisect Ivs. and yellow fls. in small umbels:
fr. globose-oblong and only slightly flattened
laterally. Propagated by division or seed;
adapted to the rockery.
alpina. To 3 in.: Ifts. 1-7, linear, to K in. long, pale
green: fls. pink, yellow to whitish, in umbels to nearly % in.
across: fr. to K in. long. High elevations, Colo., Utah.
ORIGANUM. MARJORAM. Labiate. Per.
herbs of the Old World, cult, for the aromatic
foliage and attractive small purple-pinkish fls.
borne in spikes.
Origanum is easily grown in all warm garden soils; the
plants should stand 10 inches in rows 15 inches apart.
Propagated by seed or usually by division in spring or early
autumn.
Dictamnus. CRETE DITTANY. Procumbent, white-
woolly, sts. often ascending: Ivs. broadly ovate, entire,
thick, to % in. long, somewhat mottled: fla. pink to pur-
plish, subtended by large bracts, in hop-like heads. Greece.
— Probably not hardy N.
hirtum: O.vulgare.
Major ana: Majorana hortensis.
Onltes: Majorana Onites.
pulchellum. To 1 ft. or less, gray-hairy, sts. ascending,
woody at base: Ivs. ovate, entire, obtuse: fla. rose-pink, in
nodding head-like spikes. S. E. Eu.
virens: O. vulgare.
vulgare (O. hirtum and virens). Hardy sweet herb to
2^ ft , rootstocks nearly horizontal: Ivs.7 broad-ovate,
ll/i in. long: fls. in clusters to 2 in. across. Eu.; nat. in
N. Amer. Var. aureum has golden or yellow Ivs.
ORfXA. Rutacese. Deciduous shrub to 10
ft. native in Japan and hardy in S. New England.
O. jap6nica (Celastrus Orixa). Lvs. alternate,
obovate, to 5 in. long: fls. dioecious, small,
greenish, the staminate in racemes, pistillate
solitary: fr. of 4 carpels. — Propagated by green-
wood cuttings, root-cuttings, layers and seeds.
ORMOSIA. NECKLACE-TREE. Leguminosae.
Trop. trees with pinnate leathery Ivs., papilion-
aceous fls. usually in terminal panicles and
compressed mostly thick and leathery pods;
the ornamental seeds of several species are
made into necklaces; sometimes planted in the
tropics and subtropics.
dasycarpa: O. monosperma.
monospSrma (O. dasycarpa). Large timber tree: fls.
blue, the panicles rusty-tomentose: pods 1^ in. l°n& rusty-
tomentose, with 1 large scarlet seed with a black patch.
W. Indies.
ORNITHfDIUM. Orchidaceae. Epiphytes of
trop. Amer. with elongate sts. usually concealed
by distichously imbricating sheaths and bearing
at intervals 1-1 vd. pseudobulbs and clusters o?
axillary rather small fls.; sepals and petals often
similar; lip 3-lobed. Grown in warm green-
house; see Orchids.
densum (Maxillaria densa). Lvs. to about 15 in. long:
fls. borne in dense clusters on peduncles about 1 in. long;
sepals and petals white often tinted with rose or green;
lip white or rosy with purple on disk. Dec.-May, July,
Sept. Mex. to Honduras.
ORNITHOCHILUS. Orchidacex. Asiatic epi-
phytic orchids with fls. in pendulous racemes or
panicles, the sepals and petals similar, the lip
3-lobed, clawed, and spurred at base. See
Orchids for cult.
fuscus. Lvs. to 6 in. long and 2 in. wide: infl. a pendulous
many-fld. raceme or panicle about 12 in. long; sepals and
petals golden-yellow or greenish streaked with red; lip
with a dark red fimbriate limb. May-Aug. Burma to
China.
ORNITH6GALUM. Liliacese. Bulbous herbs
with either narrow or rather broad basal Ivs.
and white, yellow or reddish fls. in bracted
racemes or corymbs at top of scape, the perianth-
segms. distinct.
The hardy kinds may be planted out-of-doors and left
undisturbed. The tender species, from Africa and Mediter-
ranean region, may be grown in pots in the greenhouse or in
frames, sometimes in window-gardens. Propagated by
offsets.
arabicum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 1 in. broad: fla.
white with black pistil, 1 in. long, fragrant, in racemes.
Medit. region. — Useful in conservatory.
arianum. To 10 in.: Ivs. 4-6, strap-shaped, to 8 in. long
and about H in. wide, all basal: fls. to % in. across, white,
outer segms. greenish with white margins, in corymbs of
8-12. E. Russia.
aureum: O. thyrsoides var.
Boucheanum: 0. nutans var.
caudatum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 1J4 in. across:
fls. white with green center, 1 in. across, in long racemes.
S. Afr. — Sometimes seen in windows.
F6rgusonii: listed name of plant said to be 9 in. high
with bright yellow star-like fls.: probably of hort. origin.
graminifdlium. Lvs. to 1 ft long, cylindrical: fls. white.
H m. long, in racemes to 3 in. long. 8. Afr.
kewense. Hybrid between O. thyrsoides and its var.
aureum: fls. buff-yellow.
Ornithogalum
522
Oscularia
Ificteum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1>£ ft. long and 1 in. broad: fls.
milk-white, % in. long, in dense racemes. S. Afr.
maculatum: O. Thunbergianum.
mauritanicum: listed name.
narbon6nse. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 1H ft. long and H in.
wide: fls. white keeled with green on outside, to 2 in. across,
in racemes. S. Eu. *
mltans. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1% ft. long and H'm. wide: fls.
white inside, green with white margins outside, to 2 in.
across, nodding, in racemes. Eu., 8. W. Asia; run wild in
Pa. and elsewhere. Var. Boucheanum (O. Boucheanum)
has larger fls. with more prominent anthers and in denser
racemes Asia Minor; nat. in Germany.
oligophyllum (O. plat yphy Hum). To 6 in., bulb com-
pressed-ovoid, to \% in. diam.: Ivs. lanceolate, falcate, to
0 in. long, glabrous: fls. pale creamy-white with narrow
pure white margin, to 1 in. across, in short corymbose
racemes with pedicels becoming shorter toward top, lanceo-
late bracts about half as long as pedicels. Greece to Asia
Minor.
platyphyllum: O. oligophyllum.
pyramidale. To 2 ft. : Ivs to 1 H ft. long and H in. across:
fls. white keeled with green outside, 1 in. across, in long
narrow racemes. S. Eu.
refle'xum. To 4 in., bulb about % in. diam.: Ivs. 2-3,
linear-oblong, obtuse, to 5 in. long: fls. with abruptly re-
curved segms., in racemes to 1% in. long. Asia Minor.
Saundersiee. To 3 ft. or more: Ivs. limp and strap-shaped,
to 1 ft. long, many: fls. white, to 1 in. across, on pedicels to
2 in. long, pistil prominent, shining, greenish-black. S. Afr.
speci6sum. To 1 ft., rarely 11A ft.: Ivs. linear, short,
thick, usually 4: fls. 3-5 in raceme having flexuous rachis,
white with distinct purplish-black spot at tip of each
perianth-segm., to 1 in. long, Begins, not keeled, style very
short and stout. S. Afr.
spl£ndens. To 15 in.: Ivs. sword-shaped, to 4 in. long,
glaucous, usually only 4: fls. satiny vermilhon. to 1 in. long,
cup-shaped, about 12 in raceme, anthers and style yellow.
S. Afr.
suaveolens. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 12 in. long, linear, gla-
brous, straight: fls. pale yellow, Y<r~y\ in. long, fragrant, few
or many on lax racemes to 6 in. long on a stiff peduncle,
segms. distinctly keeled, style K in- long or less. 8. Afr.
Thunbergianum (O. maculatum). To 1^ ft.: Ivs. linear
or lanceolate, shorter than st., usually 3 or 4: fls. yellowish,
the 3 outer segms. with distinct black spot at tip, segms.
not keeled, 1-6 on very short pedicels, style very short and
stout. S. Afr.
thyrsoides. To \1A ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 2 in. wide:
fls. white or yellow, % in. long, in dense racemes. S. Afr.
Var. album with white fls. represents the typical form. Var.
aureum (0. aureum), fls. golden-yellow.
umbellatum. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to
1 ft. long and ^ in. broad: fls. white, green margined with
white outside, 1 in. across, in umbel-like corymbs. Medit.
region; run wild in northern states.
ORNfTHOPUS. Leguminosx. Herbs with
E innate Ivs., small papilionaceous fls. in axillary
eads or umbels, and linear jjods separating
into 1 -seeded joints; one species is grown to
some extent as a forage and green-manure crop.
Seed should be sown in spring in light or sandy
soil.
sativus. SERRADELLA. Ann. to 1H ft.: Ifts. small and
numerous: fls. rose-colored, in few-fld. umbels. Spain,
Morocco.
ORNUS EUROP^A: Fraxinus Ornus.
OROBUS: Lathyrus and Vicia.
OR(5NTIUM. Aracese. Aquatic herb native
in E. N. Amer., sometimes transferred to bogs
and pond-margins where it roots deeply. O.
aqu&ticum. GOLDEN-CLUB. Lvs. oblong-elliptic,
to 1 ft. long and 5 in. wide, floating or ascending,
dark green above and paler beneath, on petioles
to 20 in. long: spadices 2 in. long, yellow, borne
on white scapes to 2 ft. long; spathes soon
deciduous.
OR(5PHACA: plants listed under this name
are here treated as belonging to the genus
Astragalus. The names in the trade are as
follows:
caespitosa: A. gilvi floras.
sericea: A. sericoleucus.
tridactylica: A. tridactuhcus.
OROSTACHYS: Sedum.
OROXYLON. Bignoniacede. One tree to 40
ft., native from India to Malaya, and grown in
the open in S. U. S. It prefers rich soil and is
propagated by seeds and cuttings over heat.
O. indicum (Pyrostegia indica). Lvs. 2-3-pin-
nate, the ovate entire Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls.
white or purplish, bell-shaped with 5 crisped
lobes, to 2 j^ in. long and 3^ in. across, in
terminal panicles: fr. linear, to 3 ft. long. For
O.flavum see Radermachia pentandra.
OROYA. Cactacex. Two depressed-globose
solitary cacti native in the Andes of Peru. See
Cacti for cult.
neoperuviana. To 8 in. diam., bright green; ribs about
24, sometimes more, to H in- wide; radial spines 23-28,
to % in long, pectinate, white to yellowish; centrals 1-2,
indistinct from radials: fls. yellow within, rose outside.
peruviana (Echinocactus perumanus). To 5 in. across;
ribs usually 21 and low and tubercled; radial spines 18-20,
% in. long, yellowish tipped with red; central spines often
lacking: fls. pink with yellow base, reddish outside, H in-
long.
ORPINE: Telephium. Family: Crasnulacex.
ORTHOCARPUS. OWLS CLOVER. Scro-
phulariacese. Ann. and per. herbs in W. N.
and S. Amer., allied to Castilleja, with alter-
nate entire or cut Ivs., those in the infl. often
colored, and 2-lippcd tubular white, yellow or
cream-colored fls. in spikes; sometimes grown
in the flower-garden.
purpurascens. Ann , 1 ft.: Ivs. cut into linear or thread-
like segms : fls crimson or purple, to 1% in long, the lower
lip tipped white and with yellow or purple markings, in
dense spikes to 4 in. long, fl.-bracts tipped with red. Calif.
tenuif61ius. Ann. to 8 in., sts. hairy and purplish: Ivs.
cut into linear-filiform segms : fls yellow, or sometimes
tipped purplish, to % in. long. Ida. to Wash, and B. C.
ORTHOSTEMON: Feijoa.
ORlfZA. Graminex. Ann. and per. marsh
grasses, one much grown for the grain: Ivs.
flat: spikelets large, flattened, in terminal
panicles. See Grasses.
sativa. RICE. Ann. to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and % in.
wide: panicles to 1 ft long, curved or nodding, branches
ascending: grains yellow or straw-colored, white when
polished (as in the commercial article). E. Indies, but
escaped in trop. regions. — Widely cult, in trop and warm-
temp, regions for the grain, requiring water conditions for
part of its development.
ORYZ6PSIS. RICE-GRASS. Gramine<z. Slen-
der per. grasses with flat or involute lys.
and terminal narrow or open panicles, native
in W. Amer. One species, O. hymenoides (0.
cuspidata), INDIAN II., is used for forage pur-
poses. To 2 ft., densely tufted: Ivs. narrow,
to 6 in. long: spikelets with awn to % in. long,
the glumes nearly black when mature ana
densely white-pilose. Man. to B. C. south to
Tex., N. Mex. and Calif.
OSAGE-ORANGE: Madura.
OSCULARIA. Aizoaceae. Separated from
Mesembryanthemum : small shrubby perennials
with spreading branches, 3-angled Ivs. slightly
united at base, and small short-stalked fls. in
3's: S. Afr.
caulescens (Af. caulescens). To 1H ft.: Ivs. to ^ in.
long and H in- broad, somewhat curved, glaucous, toothed
on edges but not on keel: fls. rose, fragrant, to about % in.
across.
Oscularia
523
Othonna
deltoides (Af . deltoides). Erect or nearly 80: Ivs. incurved,
to ty in. long and more than half as broad, glaucous and
toothed: fls. rose, H in. across. Var. muricata (M. murica-
tum), smaller and nlue-green, Ivs. smaller with sharper
teetn, pedicels shorter.
paardeberggnsis: probably Afesembryanthemum paarde-
bergense.
OSIER: Sdlix.
OSMANTHUS. Okacex. Shrubs and trees
with opposite entire or toothed persistent Ivs.
green and glabrous underneath, bisexual or
unisexual fls. in clusters or racemes, and fr. a
1-seeded drupe; grown under glass or in the open
in mild or warm regions. Propagated in late sum-
mer by cuttings of half-ripe wood under glass:
seeds do not germinate until the second year,
and are not often obtainable.
americanus. DKVIL-WOOD. To 45 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to
lanceolate, to 7^ in. long, entire, shining above: fls. green-
ish, fragrant, corolla-tube about length of lobes. N. C. to
Fla. and Miss.
Aquifdlium: 0. ilicifolius.
anna t us. To 15 ft : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate,
to 5% in. long, spiny-toothed, reticulate: fls. fragrant.
Sept.-Oct. China.
aurantlacus. Similar to 0. fragrans, differing in the
lanceolate Ivs 3-7 in. long, the fls. orange-colored and very
fragrant. China and possibly Japan.
Delavayi: Siphonosmanthus Delavayi.
F6rtunei. Hybrid between 0. fragrans and O. ilicifolius:
to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, spiny-toothed: fls. fragrant.
fragrans (Olea fragrans). To 30 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire or fine-toothed: fls. white,
fragrant, corolla divided nearly to base, early spring. Asia.
— An old greenhouse plant.
ilicifdlius (O. Aquifohum. Olea ilicifolia and Aqui-
folium) To 20 ft.: Ivs oval to oblong, to 2% in. long, with
few large spiny teeth, shining: fls. white, fragrant, corolla
divided nearly to base. June-July. Japan. Var. arg6nteo-
marginatus, Ivs. marked with white. Var. aureo-margina-
tus (var. aureus), Ivs. variegated with yellow. Var. myrti-
folius, Ivs. smaller, entire. Var. purpurascens (var. purpur-
cus), Ivs. dark purple when young. Var. rotundifdlius,
dwarf, Ivs 1 in long, entire or with short teeth. Var. varie-
gatus, Ivs. variegated with white.
purpureus: 0 ihcifolius var. purpurascens.
serrulatus. Differs from O. fragrans in its usually entire
more leathery Ivs. with midrib deeply impressed above,
and in its smaller fls. W. China.
OSMAREA. Oleacese. A generic group com-
prising crosses between Osmanthus and Phillyrea,
O. Burkwoodii having as parents Siphonosman-
thus Delavayi and P. decora. Evergreen shrub:
Ivs. \\2 in, long, dark green and shining: fls.
ivory-white, fragrant, in Apr.
OSMARONIA (Nuttallia). Rosacex. Decid-
uous shrub native from B. C. to Calif, and
planted for ornament, hardy in north central
states. O. cerasif6rmis. OSOBERRY. To 15 ft.:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire: fls.
dioecious, greenish- white, fragrant, % in. across,
in drooping racemes in Apr. -May: fr. a bluish-
black drupe to J/£ in. long. — It does best in
shady places in moist soil. Propagated by seeds
sown when ripe or stratified, and by suckers.
OSMIA: Eupatorium odoratum.
OSMORHiZA (Washingtonia). Umbelliferae.
Per. herbs with fleshy roots^ ternately compound
Ivs., very small white fls. in few-rayed umbels,
and linear frs,; native in N. and S. Amer. and
E. Asia; interesting in the wild garden.
brevlstylis: O. Claytonii.
ClAytonii (0. brematylis) . To 3 ft., hairv: Ivs. to 1 ft.
across, the segms. ovate, deeply toothed. N. S. to N. C.
and Ala.
longlstylis. Differs from O. Claytonii in its less coarsely
and irregularly toothed Ivs. and style to H in* long; gla-
brous and pubescent forms occur. Que. to Sask. south to
Ala. and Colo.
OSMtJNDA. Osmundaceae. Rather coarse
but attractive deep-rooted ferns with 2-pinnate
or -pinnatifid fronds in large crowns, the fertile
segms. much contracted and forming separate
panicles, or in O. Claytoniana some of the pinnae
only transformed and spore-bearing; native in
Asia, N. and S. Amer. See Ferns.
cinnamomea. CINNAMON-FERN. Hardy: sterile fronds
to 5 ft. long, on stipes 1 ft. long, rusty-tomentose when
young, 2-pinnatifid, margins usually entire; fertile fronds
in the center, 2-pinnate, becoming cinnamon-brown as
spores mature. N. Amer., W. Indies, S. Amer., E. Asia.
Claytoniana. INTERRUPTED-FERN. Fronds to 4 ft long
on stipes to 2 ft. long, 2-pmnatifid, margins usually entire,
the spores confined to a few of the central pinnae. N. Amer.,
Asia.
gr&cilis: probably a S. American form of O. regalia.
regalis. RoYALrFEUN. Fronds to 6 ft. long, 2-pinnate.
margins finely toothed, the fertile pinnce forming terminal
panicles. N. Amer., trop. Amer., Eu , Afr.
OSMUNDACE^. OSMTJNDA FAMILY. Three
genera in both Old and New Worlds, of large
ferns with 1-3-pinnate or -pinnatifid fronds and
naked sporangia borne on modified pinnae or
in clusters on lower surface of fronds. Leptop-
teris and Osmunda are grown in the open.
OSOBERRY: Osmaronia ccrasiformis.
OSTEOMfeLES. Rosacex. Shrubs with
alternate pinnate Ivs., white fls. in terminal
corymbs, and fr. a small pome; native in Asia
and Polynesia.
Grown for ornament mostly in mild regions (as southern
states) where they prefer well-drained soil and a sunny
position. Propagated by seeds which germinate slowly, by
cuttings under glass, or grafting on cotoneaster.
anthyllidifdlia. To 6 ft , evergreen: Ifts. 13-19, to ^ in.
long, silky-pubescent beneath: fls. ^ in. across: fr. pubes-
cent. Hawaii south. — Stands in parts of N. Y.
Schweriniee. To 10 ft., deciduous or semi-evergreen: Ifts.
15-31, to }4 in. long, gray-pubescent beneath: fls. H in.
across: fr. glabrous. China.
OSTEKDAMIA: Zoysia.
OSTROWSKIA. Campanulacese. One striking
per. herb from Cent. Asia, hardy in the N. with
winter protection but not very durable. It
should have a sunny exposure on well-drained
ground. Propagated by cuttings of young
growth or roots : also by seeds but these may re-
quire years to germinate and fls. may not be
obtained in less than three or four years. O.
magnifica. GIANT BELLFLOWER. To 5 ft. or
more: Ivs. whorled, ovate, to 6 in. long, toothed:
fls. pale lilac, to 4 in. across.
6STRYA. HOP-HORNBEAM. Betulacex. De-
ciduous monoecious small trees with alternate
toothed Ivs., staminate fls. in slender drooping
catkins, pistillate in erect catkins, and fr. a
nutlet inclosed by a bladder-like light green
involucre; native in the northern hemisphere
where it may be cult, for ornament. Propa-
gated by seeds sown in fall or stratified.
virginiana. AMERICAN H. IRONWOOD. To 60 ft.: Iva.
to 6 in. long: fruiting catkins to 2^ in. long, drooping.
Ont. to Fla. and Tex.
OTHAKE: Polypteria Hookeriana.
OTH6NNA. Composite. Shrubs or herbs in
S. Afr., often with tuberous roots: Ivs. basal or
st. -Ivs. alternate or clustered at ends of branches:
heads yellow, solitary or clustered, of ray- and
disk-fls. ; pappus of bristles.
Othonnas are grown in conservatories or hanging-baskets.
Othonna
524
Oxalis
They thrive iii any soil with good drainage. Propagated by
pieces of the stem treated as cuttings, or by portions of
the stem that have rooted where they rested on the soil.
capgnsis: 0. craasifoha.
carndsa. Subshrub, 9 in. high: Ivs. linear-terete, fleshy,
to 2 in. long: heads few, in corymbose panicles.
crassifdlia (O. capensia). Per. with slender or trailing
sts.. becoming shrubby at base: Ivs. scattered or in clusters,
fleshy, cylindric-obovoid, to 1 in. long: heads ^ in. across,
solitary on sts. to 4 in. long, opening in sun. — Frequent
under glass.
OURlSIA. Scrophulariaceae. Erect, decum-
bent or prostrate per. herbs of the Andean region
of S. Amer., New Zeal, and Tasmania: Ivs.
mostly radical, opposite, entire or crenate: fls.
mostly white out running into purplish shades
and yellow centers, sometimes scarlet, clustered
on a scape-like st. or sometimes axillary and
solitary; stamens 4. Sometimes grown in rock-
eries and shady places.
coccinea. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oval or oblong, dentate-lobed:
fls. scarlet, drooping above the foliage, stamens exscrted.
Chile; more or less hardy N.
macrocarpa. Sts. stout, to 2 ft., but usually lower: Ivs.
persistent, oblong or orbicular, to 8 in. long, cihate: fls.
whorled. white with more or less yellow center, to 1 in.
diam. New Zeal.; hardy N. in cool woods or rock-garden.
macrophylla. Differs from O. macrocarpa in more slender
habit, pubescent rather than glabrous, and less leathery Ivs.
New Zeal.
O U Y1KANDRA: Aponogeton fenestralis.
OVARY: ovule-bearing part of a pistil, becoming (some-
times with attachments) the fruit.
OVATE: with an outline like that of a hen's egg cut in
two lengthwise, the broadei end downward.
OVOID: a solid that is oval (less correctly ovate) in
flat outline.
OVULE: the body which, after fertilization, becomes
the seed; it is contained, perhaps with others, in the ovary.
OXALIDACE^E, Ox ALLS or WOOD-SORREL
FAMILY. About 10 widely distributed genera of
herbs, shrubs and trees, with usually compound
Ivs., regular fls. with 5 sepals and petals, 10
stamens and superior 5-cclled ovary, and fr. a
dehiscent caps, or fleshy berry. It is allied to
Geraniacese. Only the genera Averrhoa, grown
for its edible fr. as well as for tLe ornamental
tree, and Oxalis, planted for ornament, are
known in cult.
6XALIS. WOOD-SORREL. Oxalidacese. Small
herbs, often producing tubers or bulbs, with
clover-like digitate Ivs. which close at night,
white, pink, red or yellow axillary often long-
stalked fls. and capsular quickly dehiscent fr.;
about 300 widely distributed species, grown for
ornament or a few for the edible roots. Some of
the species have somewhat branching If .-bearing
sts., sometimes more or less woody, and others
are scapose with the peduncles arising directly
from the crown of the plant or the bulb.
Propagated by bulbs or division of the roots and by seedi.
For bloom in late winter or early spring in window-garden
sunshine.
Acetos&la. EUROPEAN W. Low early-blooming scapose
per.: Ifts. 3, obcordate: fls. white with purple or rose-purple
veins, the petals oval, obtuse, not emarginate. Eu. — See
O. montana.
adenophflla. Scapose per., roots tuberous: Ifts. 12-22,
obcordate, ft in. long, glaucous: fls. pink with deeper veins,
solitary or m few-fld. umbels. Chile.
Americana: O. montana.
Bowieana (O. Boiviei. O. purpurea. Caudoxalis Bowie-
ana). Scapose per. with thickened roots and scaly bulbs:
Ifts. 3, large, obcordate: fls. rose-purple, to 2 in. across, in
er, 8. Afr,
brasiliensis. Scapose per. to 6 in.: Ivs. retuse, Ifts. 3:
fls. magenta with darker throat and veins, to 1 in. across.
Brazil.
bupleurifdlia. Somewhat shrubby: petioles flattened
and leaf-like, bearing 3 small deciduous Ifts. at tips: fls.
yellow, among the Ivs. Brazil.
calif drnica (Xanthoxahs calif ornica) . Tufted per. with
prostrate sts. to 8 in. or more long: 1/ts. 3, oval, to % in.
long: fls. yellow, M m- across, 1-3 together. S. Calif.
carn6sa. Scapose per. with spindle-shaped roots: Ifts.
somewhat fleshy, obcordate: fls. yellow, in autumn, 2, 3 or
several to a scape, the petals emarginate or denticulate.
Chile.
c6rnua (Bolhoxalia cernua). BUTTERCUP O. BERMUDA
BUTTERCUP. Scapose per. with thickened roots and deep
scaly bulbs: Ifts. 3, deeply obcordate: fls. bright yellow, to
1>2 in- across, nodding, in spring. S. Afr.; nat. in Bermuda
and Fla.
corniculata (0. lutea. Xanthoxalis corniculatd) . Creep-
ing per. but blooming first year: Ifts. 3, small, obcordate:
fla. light yellow. Eu.; escaped in N. and trop. Amer. —
Frequent on the floor of greenhouses. Var. atropurpurea
(O. tropseoloides) has purple Ivs. and is used for bedding.
crenata. OKA. Per. but grown as ann. from under-
ground tubers, which are eaten in S. Amer.: Ifts. 3, obovate:
fls. yellow striped with purple, axillary. Peru.
decaphylla. Scapose, from solitary bulb: Ivs. digitate,
circular in outline, of 8-10 narrow bifid Ifts.: fls. violet,
small, many in an umbel. Mex.
DSppei (lonoxalis Deppei). Scapose per. with simple
scaly bulbs: Ifts. mostly 4, truncate, not notched: fls. red,
in umbels. Mex. Var. filba has white fls.
Drummondii (lonoxalis Dru mmondti) . Scapose per. to
1 ft., bulbous: Ifta. 3, 2-lobed, ovate or oblong: fls. violet,
to % in. long, in 4-7-fld. umbels on scapes longer than Ivs.
Tex., New Mex.
enneaphylla. Scapose per. with tuberous roots: Ifts.
9-20, obcordate, glaucous: fls. white with lavender veins,
solitary. Falkland Isls. Var. rdsea has rose-pink fls.
floribunda. Fls. rose with darker veins, or white. Botan-
ical position uncertain but probably a form of 0. rosea or
O. lasiandra.
gr&ndis. Per. to 3)^ ft.: Ifts. to 1J^ in. across, brown-
margined: fls. yellow, petals to % in. long, in dichotomous
cymes. N. B. to Ga., Ind. and Ala
heterophylla. Bulbous per. with weak leafy sts. 1 ft. or
more long: Ifts. 3, 2-lobed: fls. with yellowish tube and
purple limb, to % in. long, solitary. S. Afr.
hfrta. Erect or decumbent, st. branched and leafy,
pubescent: Ifts. 3, mostly apatulate or narrow-cuneate: fls
violet or purple, single on long axillary peduncles. S. Afr
lasiandra. Scapose per. with simple scaly bulbs: Ifts.
5-10, 3 in. long, entire: fls. crimson, m crowded umbels.
Mex.
latifdlia. Stemless bulbous per. to 8 in.: Ifts. 3, very
broadly wedge-shaped, to 1 % in. wide at truncate-emargi-
nate apex and % in. long, glaucous, ciliate, petiole to 6 in.
long: fls. dull lilac-purple, to % in. across, 5-8 in umbels,
pedicels to *± in. long and peduncle to 7 in. Mex.
lobata. Stemless per. to 4 in., tuberous: Ifts. obovate,
deeply ema ginate to retuse, occasionally almost bilobed:
fls. yellow, lined and dotted red. Chile.
lutea: O. corniculata.
magellanica. Per. to 2M in., stoloniferous: Ifts. 3, ob-
cordate, very small: fls. white, ^ in. long, solitary. SJ S.
Amer., S. Australia, New Zeal.
Martiana. Scapose per. with rather shallow loosely
scaly compound bulb: Ifts. 3, obcordate: fls. to % in. long,
rosy, in loose mostly compound umbels. Trop. Amer.
montana (O. americana). AMERICAN W. The American
representative of O. Acetosella: scapose, summer-blooming
in cool northern woods: Ifts. 3, obcordate: petals oblong,
emarginate, pale pink or white and purple-veined.
oregana. Lvs. and scapes from creeping rootstock: Ifts.
3, obcordate. to 2 in. wide: fls. white or rose veined with
purple. Wash, to Calif.
OrtgiSsii. Per. to 1^ ft., leafy-stemmed: Ifts. 3, fish-
tailed at end, very broad: fls. yellow with darker veins, in
cymes on long axillary peduncles. Andes of Peru. — Seen
in greenhouses.
purpurea: 0. Bowieana.
rdsea. Erect tall per.: Ifts. 3, obcordate, petioles 1 in. or
less long: fls. rosy with darker veins, in spring, long-stalked
in open cymes. Chile. Var. delicata is listed. — Probably
much of the cult, material under this name is O. rubra.
rubra. Scapose per. with thick stock: Ifts. 3. obcordate:
fls. pink or rose with darker veins, varying to lilac or white,
in compound umbels above the foliage. Brazil. — Frequent
window-garden plant, and in the open in mild regions.
Oxalis
525
Ozothamnus
strfcta (Xanthoxalis stricta). Per., erect: Ifts. 3, ob-
cordate: fls. small, yellow, pedicels reflexed in fr. Old
World; scarcely cult.; common weedy plant in N. Amer.,
Bermuda and elsewhere.
tetraphylla (lonoxalia tetraphylla). Scapose per. with
simple scaly bulbs: Ifts usually 4, obcordate: fls. lilac or
rosy, in simple umbels. Mex.
tropaeoloides: O. corniculata var. atropurpurea.
valdivi£nsis. St. short, per. but grown as arm.: Ifts. 3,
obcordate: fls. bright yellow striped with brown inside, in
umbels on long peduncles. Chile.
variabilis. Scapose bulbous per.: Ifts. 3, ciliate, not
notched: fls. showy, white, rose or violet? to 2 in. across,
yellow at base. Cape of Good Hope; persists in S. Calif.
violacea (lonoxalia violaceo), Scapose per. with scaly
brown bulbs: Ifts. 3, broadly notched: fls. violet or rose-
purple (seldom white), several on peduncles usually ex-
ceeding Ivs. Mass, to Fla. west to Rocky Mts. — Karely
cult, but useful in borders and rock-gardens.
OXALIS, BLUE: Parochetus communis.
OXfeRA. Verbenacese. Shrubs, often climb-
ing, with opposite entire Ivs. and white or yel-
lowish fls. in clusters; one sometimes grown in
greenhouses or out-of-doors in S. Calif. Re-
quires a winter temperature of 55-60°. Propa-
gated by cuttings and seeds.
pulche'lla. Climbing: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in.
long: fls. trumpet-shaped, white, 2 in. and more long, with
conspicuous calyx and long-exserted stamens. New Cale-
donia.
OXYPfiXALUM (Tweedia). Asclepiadacese.
S. American herbs or subshrubs with opposite
Ivs. and fls. in umbels or heads, corolla deeply
5-parted, the corona of 5 scales; one species
intro. into S. U. S.
cseruleum. Twining, herbaceous: Ivs. oblong, cordate
at base: fls. blue with darker blue fleshy corona, about 1 in.
across, in axillary 3-4-fld. clusters. Argentina.
OXYlUA. Polygonaccse. Low erect peren-
nials of nearly circumboreal distribution in
northern hemisphere, with basal palmatejy
veined Ivs. and small greenish perfect fls. in
terminal panicled racemes: fr. a broadly winged
achcne. Adapted to the rockery and propa-
gated by division or seeds. Two species known,
of whicn one, O. dfgyna, is cult. To 1 ft.: Ivs.
reniform to somewhat orbicular, to l^ in.
across, long-petioled : fls. many, slender-pedicelled.
OXYTTROPIS (Aragallus). Leguminosse . Low
per. herbs or subshrubs somewhat like Astraga-
lus, with pinnate Ivs., papilionaceous fls. in
racemes or spikes, and cylindrical pods; some-
times grown in rock-gardens. Propagated by
seeds or division.
argentata (O. sulphurea}. Nearly stemless, silky-pubes-
cent- fls. yellow or whitish, in dense spikes on scapes longer
than Iva. Siberia.
campe'stris. To 1 ft.: fls. pale yellow tinged with purple,
in short spikes. N. Eu., Asia and Amer.
Halleri: O. uralensis.
Lambertii. To 1J^ ft., silky-pubescent: fls. bluish-purple,
in racemes to 4 in. long. Minn, to Mont.
montana. To 6 in. : fls. purple, in short racemes. Eu.
OXYDENDRUM (sometimes but not originally
spelled Oxydendron). Ericaceae. Deciduous tree
to 60 ft., planted for ornament and hardy N.
ochroleftca. Sts. short, glaucous: fls. yellowish- white,
. Asi
OX-EYE: Buphthalmum.
OXLIP: Primula dalior.
OXYANTHUS ISTHMIA: PosoQueria lati/olia.
OXYBAPHUS: Alhonia.
OXYCOCCUS: Vaccinium.
drooping, in short racemes. Asia.
sericea. To 6 in., silky-pubescent: fls. light purple, in
racemes to 4 in. long on scapes longer than Ivs. Neb., Colo.,
to ou it., piameu ror ornament anu naray IN. Wy8piendens. To IK ft., densely silky-pubescent: fls. deep
but Of Slow growth. Propagated by seeds. O. purple, m dense spikes to 4 in. long. Minn, to Sask. and
arbdreum (Andromeda arborea). SOUR-WOOD. New Mex.
SORREL-TREE. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, to 8 in.
long, turning scarlet in autumn: fls. white, J^ in.
long, in terminal drooping panicles to 10 in.
long, July-Aug. : f r. a small gray-pubescent caps.
Pa. to Fla. and La.
OXYLOBIUM. Leguminosx. Shrubs from
Australia with simple entire usually whorled or
opposite Ivs., yellow or purple papilionaceous
fls. in racemes, and swollen pods; one species
sometimes planted in Calif.
Callistachys (Callistachys ovata). Tall shrub: Ivs. ovate-
oblong to lanceolate, to 5 in. long, leathery: fls. yellow, in
dense terminal racemes to 6 in. long: pods leathery, % in.
or more long.
lanceoiatum: probably a synonym of O. Calliatachys.
sulphurea: O. argentata.
ten£lla. To 1^ ft., sts. procumbent, hairy: Ifts. elliptic
to oblong-linear, acutish, *£ in. long or more, appressed-
silky. fls. bluish-purple to reddish, small: pod terete, 1-
celled. Turkestan. — A forage plant offered as Astragalus
Rubyi probably belongs here.
urale*nsis (O. Halleri). To 6 in., covered with silky hairs:
fls. bright purple, in short spikes. N. Eu. and Asia.
villdsus. To 6 in., silky-pubescent: fls. creamy, in dense
spikes 2 in. long. Mont., S. D.
OXYURA: Layia chrysanthemoides.
OYSTER-PLANT: Tragopogon porrifolius. Spanish:
Scolymua hispanicus.
OYSTER, VEGETABLE: Tragopogon porri/ohua.
OZOMELIS: Mitella stauropetala.
OZOTHAMNUS: Hdichrysum.
PACHiRA. Bombacaceae. Trop. trees with
digitately compound Ivs., large pink, white or
brownish fls. with abundant long showy sta-
mens, and capsular frs., the seeds sometimes
eaten; ornamental subjects in the far S. Propa-
gated by seeds or cuttings.
aquatica (Carolinea princess). GUINEA-CHESTNUT. Large
tree: If ts. 6-7, oblong-lanceolate, to 1 ft. long: fls. solitary,
pinkish or purplish, to 14 in. long, with numerous slender
btamens: fr. 1 ft. or more long and to 5 in. diam. S. Amer.
fastudsa: P. macrocarpa.
macrocarpa (P . fastuosa) . Small tree: Ifts. 5-7, oblong to
obovate, to 8 in. long: fls. pale pink to straw-colored within,
to 9 in. long: caps, to 9 in. long and 8 in. diam. Mex. to
Costa Rica. — Differs from P. aquatica in its ovate rotund
caps.
PACHlSTIMA. Celaslracex. Evergreen small
shrubs of N. Amer. bearing opposite simple
leathery Ivs., small reddish bisexual fls., and
capsular frs.
Pachistimas may be transferred into the border, wild-
garden or rock-garden where they thrive in any well-
drained soil. Propagated by seeds, layers, cuttings under
glass, and P. Canbyi also by division. They are hardy in
southern New England.
Canbyi. To 1 ft., trailing: Ivs. narrowly oblong, to 1 in.
long and less than \i in. broad, sides nearly parallel, the
margins revolute, minutely serrulate toward apex. Mts. of
Va. and W. Va.
Myrsinltes. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, oval to lance-elliptic,
to 1M hi. long, broad, toothed, often acute. B. C. to Calif.
Var. variegata ia listed.
PACHYCARPUS. Asdepiadacex. Erect per.
S. African herbs having tuberous or fleshy roots,
allied to Asclepias and differing in technical
characters of the fls. One species is doubtfully
cult., P. grandifldrus (Asclepias grandiflora) .
To 20 in., pubescent: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate,
to 4J/-2 in. long, petioled, margins usually undu-
late: fls. yellowish-green spotted purple-brown,
on pedicels to 1 in. long in 2-4-fld. umbels.
PACHYCfiREUS. Cactaccx. Columnar and
ribbed tree-like Mexican spiny cacti of 10 species
differing from Cereus in bearing scales on ovary
and fl.-tube with felt and bristles in their axils
and fr. bur-like and dry: fls. diurnal, stamens
included: plants usually bearing dense wool or
felt. See Cacti.
chrysomallus (Cereus and Cephalocereus chrysomallus).
Much branched with age, the erect branches making a
compact top to 15 ft. through and to more than 50 ft. high,
glaucous; ribs 11-14; radial spmes about 12; centrals 3:
fls. cream-color, about 2% in. long, concealed in long
brownish wool.
Columna-Trajani (Cereus and Ctvhalocereua Cdumna-
Trajam). TRAJANS COLUMN. St. often simple (at least
below), to 20 in. diam. and 40-50 ft. high; ribs many and
green, areoles with brown felt; radials 8-10; centrals longer:
Is. purple.
marginatus: Lemaireocereus marginatua.
Palmeri: perhaps Cephalocereua Palmeri.
pecten-aboriginum (Cereus pecten-aboriginum). HAIB-
BRU3H CACTUS. To 30 ft., trunk to 6 ft. and 1 ft. diam.,
with many erect branches; ribs 10 or 11 and tomentose;
spines 8-12, 1-3 central: fls. white inside and purple out-
side, 2 in. or more long. — The large frs. are sometimes used
by Indians as hair-brushes, whence the Latin name.
polylophus: Cephalocereus polylophus.
Prmglei (Cereus Pringlei). To 30 ft. and more, trunk
3-6 ft. and 2 ft. or more diam., sometimes nearly simple but
often with many upright branches; ribs 11-17, areoles
brown-felted; spines 20 or more on young paits but often
absent in old plants: fls. white, to 3 in. long.
rufic6ps. St. columnar, to 50 ft. tall and 18 in. diam.,
somewhat branched above; ribs about 26; spines reddish
when young, radials 8-10, to ft in. long, becoming gray,
centrals 1-3, to 2 in. long.
Tetetzo (Cereus and Pftocereus Tetetzo). To 45 ft.,
branching: ns. greenish-white, 2)4 in. long, in clusters of
10-20.
PACHYLOPHUS: (Enothera.
PACHfPHYTUM. Crassulacex. Succulent
herbs of Mex. with very thick Ivs. and fls.
solitary or in one-sided racemes, differing from
Cotyledon in having the petals appendaged at
the insertion of the stamens; sometimes grown
in greenhouses and perhaps in the open in warm
regions.
aduncum: P. Hookeri.
amethystinum: Graptopetalum amethystinum.
bractedsum (Cotyledon Pachyphytum) . About 1 ft. tall,
glaucous-blue: Ivs. mostly in rosettes on st., obovate: fls.
red, in racemes to 6 in. long.
brevif6lium. Sts. short, to 2 in.: Ivs. to % in. long, very
fleshy, blunt: fls. few, in a raceme; lobes of calyx broad and
blunt, nearly hiding the petals.
compa'ctum. Sts. to 4 in.: Ivs. very fleshy, but somewhat
flattened, to 1 in. long, closely set at right angles to at.:
fl.-st. to 16 in. high, with 7 to 10 reddibh fls. in a racemose
cluster.
glutindsum: listed name.
Hoftkeri (P. aduncum). Sts. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong, very
thick and turgid, to 2 in. long: fls. yellowish, tinged with
red, 6 to 18 in a racemose cluster.
humile: listed name.
ovtferum. Lvs. ovate, terete, hoary, to !><j in. long and
1 in. wide. fls. red; sepals unequal, to $£ in. long.
unifldrum. Sts. to 2 ft., simple or branched at base: Ivs.
turgid, to 2 in. long, pale green, not glaucous, fls. solitary,
reddish.
PACHYRHlZUS. YAM BEAN. Lcguminosae.
Twining herbaceous vines having large tuber-
ous roots, trifoliolate Ivs., papilionaceous fls.
in clusters on long axillary racemes, and flattened
pods.
Yam beans are grown in warm countries for the edible
roots and pods. Propagated by seeds. Vines should be
supported by sticks or otherwise.
erdsus. At least the terminal 1ft. lobed: fls. violet: pods
4—6 in. long. Tropics.
palmatflobus. Strong high climber: Ivs. of 3 large odd
irregular Ifts. cuneato at base and with pointed notches on
the broad top: fls. purple, in long racemes. Trop. Amer. —
Planted in S. Fla.
tuberdsus. Lfts. entire: fls. white: pods 8-12 in. long.
Tropics.
PACHYSANDRA. Buxacex. Deciduous or
evergreen procumbent per. hardy herbs or sub-
shrubs, witn simple Ivs., monoecious apetalous fls.
in spikes, and capsular frs.; planted as ground-
cover in shady locations. Propagated by cuttings
in summer.
procumbens. ALLEGHANY P. or SPURGE. To 1 ft.: Ivs.
mostly deciduous, entire or toothed above middle: fls.
greenish or purplish, in spikes from the base of the sts.
Apr.-May. W. Va. to Fla. arid La.
terminalis. JAPANESE P. or SPURGE. To 12 in.: Ivs.
persistent, toothed above middle: fls. white, in terminal
spikes, in May. Japan. Var. variegata has Ivs. bordered
and variegated with white. — This species is now much
employed Tor gi ound-cover.
PACHtSTACHYS. Acanthacese. Shrubs of
trop. Amer. distinguished from Jacobinia by
technical differences in the pollen and stamens,
and of the same cultural requirements.
coccmea (Jacobinia and Justicia coccinea). To 7 ft.: Ivs.
ovate or oval, to 8 in. long, entire: fls. scarlet, 2 in. long,
deeply 2-lipped, in dense terminal heads. Trinidad, 3.
Amer.
PACHYSTfeGIA, Composite. New Zealand
shrub distinguished from Olearia by technical
526
Pachystegia
527
Pceonia
characters of involucre and pappus. P. insfgnis.
To 6 ft. : Ivs. crowded at ends of branches, to 7
in. long and 4 in. across, entire, very thick and
leathery, shining above, densely tomentose
beneath: heads to 3 in. across, of white ray-fls.
and yellow disk-fls. Planted in Calif.
PACHYVfeRIA. Crassulacese. A name pro-
posed to include hybrids between the genera
Pachyphytum and Echeveria.
clavata. Hybrid between P. bracteosum and a species of
Echeveria: Ivs. gray, broadest near middle: raceme mostly
bifid with the fls. crowded.
Cleveland!!. Hybrid between P. bracteosum and E.
secunda: Ivs. narrow, tinged purple: petals without appen-
dages; sepals narrow, somewhat spreading or ascending.
glauca. Hybrid between P. llookeri and a species of
Echeveria: Ivs. closely crowded, to 2 in. long, subterete,
slightly flattened above, gray: sepals shorter than corolla;
petal-tips recurved.
Orpetii. Listed name applied to hybrid between P.
bracteosum and a specios of Echeveria: st. short: rosette Ivs.
oblanceolate, acute, to 7 in. long, glaucous, tinged with pur-
ple: flowering-shoot to 1 ft. tall; fls. pink, in a paniculate mfl.
Scheldeckeri. Hybrid between P. bracteosum and E.
secunda: cespitose, st. short: Ivs. many, glaucous: sepals
shorter than and appressed to corolla.
sobrina. Hybrid between P. llookeri and a species of
Echeveria: Ivs. narrow, to 5 times as long as broad, glaucous:
corolla and sepals both to about % in. long.
PADUS RACEMOSA: Prunus Padus.
PCEONIA. PEONY. Ranunculacex. Strong
per. herbs or low shrubs with tuberous or thick-
ened rootstocks, large alternate compound Ivs.,
usually large solitary red, purple, white or
yellow fls., and dehiscent follicular frs.; mostly
native in Eu. and Asia. — The commonly cult,
peonies are mostly the issue of P. albiflora and
P. suffruticotsa.
Peonies are amongst the most popular flower-garden
subjects and are very hardy, blooming in spring and early
summer. They thnve in any soil, but fertile loam is best
and as they are gross feeders they should be given a top
dressing in late fall which is worked into the soil in spring.
Propagated by division of clumps in late summer or autumn,
layers and cuttings; also by seeds which will not produce
bloom for about three years and are not expected to re-
produce the parent exactly. Varieties may be propagated by
grafting on a piece of tuber with eyes removed in late sum-
mer or early autumn, stored over winter, and planted out
in spring. Peonies may also be forced in the greenhouse.
Many of the horticultuial forms have been given Latin-
ized names and are not recognized botamcally. Some of
these are: alba, amabihs, atroaangmnea, bicolor, tiuckii,
candidtssima, chrysanthemifolia, delicatissima, formosa, fra-
grantissima, yigantea, grandiflpra, ligulata, magniflca,
mutabilia, mgricans, nivea, hobihssima, odorata, prohfera,
pulcherrirna, purpurea, sulphured, superbissima, tricolor,
umbellata, violacea.
albifldra (P. edulia. P. fragrans. P. Reevesiana). To
3J^j ft., with spindle-shaped tuberous roots: Ivs. biternate,
the Ifts. oblong to lanceolate, entire, long-acuminate, usually
veined with red: fls. originally white or pink but now in
many colors as most of the named garden forms belong here,
to 6 in. acrot»s. fr. of 3-5 commonly glabrous follicles.
Siberia, China, Japan. Var. festiva has double white fls.
marked in center with carmine. Var. sin6nsis (P. chinensis)
has large double crimson fls.
anemonaefldra: garden name for form of P. officinalis.
an6mala. To 3 ft., with tuberous roots: Ivs. biternate,
the Ifts. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, often
lobed: fls. bright crimson, about 4 in. a9ross: fr. of 3-5
glabrous or tomentose follicles. N. Eu., Asia. Var. insignia
has magenta fls. with crimson stigmas.
arborea: P. suffruiicosa.
arietlna: P. peregrina.
Banksii: a var. of P. suffruticosa with much doubled
larger rose fls.
Brownii. To 16 in.: Ivs. ternate or biternate, the lobes
obovate, glaucous: fls. brownish-red, to 1H in. across: fr.
of 3-5 glabrous follicles. B. C. to Calif, and Utah.
carnea: probably a hort. form of P. albiflora.
chinensis: P. albiflora var. sinensis.
coralline (P. Corsica. P. flavescens). To 4 ft., with
tuberous roote: Ivs. mostly biternate, Ifts. elliptic-lanceolate,
entire, acute: fls. purple to whitish, about 4 in. across: fr.
of usually 5 tomentose follicles becoming glabrous. S. Eu.
c6rsica: P. corallina.
decdra. To 3 ft., with oblong tuberous roote: Ivs. pale
green, Ifts. oblong, entire, obtuse: fls. deep purple, about
4 in. across: fr. of 2-3 tomentose follicles. S. Eu. Var.
Palla»ii has narrower Ifts. and crimson fls.
DeUchei: a violet-crimson late-blooming plant.
Delavayi. Stoloniferous subshrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. bipinnato,
the Ifts. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, entire or toothed:
fls. dark crimson, 2 in. across: fr. of 5 glabrous follicles.
W. China.
edulis: P. albiflora.
elegans: P. offictnalis.
em6di. To 2 ft.: Ivs. usually biternate, Ifts. oblong or
lanceolate, entire or cut: fls. white or red: fr. mostly of 1
rough or glabrous follicle. Himalayas.
festiva: plants so named are probably P, albiflora or
P. ojficinalis.
flavescens: P. corallina.
frigrans: P. albiflora.
fulgida: P. oflicinahs.
Humei: P. suffruticosa var.
humilis: probably referable to P. peregrina or P. para-
doxa.
laciniata: probably P. anomala although sometimes
applied to P. tenuifoha.
lobata: P. officinalis var.
lutea. Subshrub to 3 ft.: Iva. pinnate into obovate-
oblong cut 01 lobed Ifts.: fls. golden-yellow, to 4 in. across:
fr. of 3 glabrous follicles. China.
macrophylla of cult.: probably P. tomentosa.
microcarpa. To \l/£ ft.: Ivs. bipinnato into oblong acute
Ifts. very pubesrent beneath • fla. bright crimson, to 5 in.
across: fr. of 2 glabrous follicles. Mts. of Spain.
Mlokosewftschil. To 2*4 ft.: Ivs. biternate, Ifts. oblong
or elliptic, bluish-green above, glaucous beneath, nerves ana
margins red: fls, yellow, to 5 in. across: fr. of 3 white-to-
mentose follicles. Caucasus.
Moutan: P. suffruticosa.
officinalis (P. elegans. P.fulgida. P. pubens). To 3 ft.:
Ivs. mostly biternate, Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, lobed, obtuse or
short-acute: fls. dark crimson varying to white or yellovush,
about 4 in. across: fr. of 2-3 white-tomentose follicles. S.
Eu , W. Asia. Double forms are vars. albo-plena, rdseo-
pldna, rubro-plena. Var. festiva has white fls. with red
centers. Other Latin-named forms arc atro-riibra, lobata,
sanguinea, supe"rba.
paraddxa. Probably only a form of P. peregrina, differ-
ing in the smaller Ivs. glaucous and whitish beneath. S. Eu.
peregrlna (P. arictina). To 2 ft.: Ifts. oblong, acute,
pilose beneath: fls bright crimson, to 4 in. across: fr. of
2-3 tomentose follicles. Eu.
Pdttsii: listed as an early form with fragrant dark
crimson fls.
pubens: P. officinalis.
Reevesiana: P. albiflora.
Russii: a form of P. corallina with Ivs. densely pubescent
beneath.
sine*nsis: P. albiflora var.
Smouthii: a form of P. anomala.
suffruticdsa (P. arborea. P. Moutan). TREE P. Much
branched shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. biternate, the Ifts. ovat©>
3-5-lobed, glaucous beneath: fls. red, rose or white, to 1 ft.
across: fr. of numerous densely pubescent follicles China.
Var. Humei, fls. whitish with dark center, partially double.
Var. papaveracea, fls. white with purple blotch ut base of
petals, nearly single. Var. rftsea, fls. bright rose.
tenuifolia. To 1^ ft., with creeping rootstocks: Ivs.
tornate, the Ifts. narrow-linear: fls. dark crimson or purple,
3-4 in. across: fr. of 3-4 pubescent follicles. S E. Eu.,
W. Asia. Var. laciniata has more finely dissected Ivs. and
var. latif&lia is said to have less finely cut Ivs.
toment6sa. Much like P. Wittmanmana but with densely
tomentose carpels and darker more strongly veined foliage.
Orient.
VeJtchii. To 2^ ft.: Ivs. narrowly divided into 12-15
segnis., light green, glossy above and below, veins markedly
depressed: fls. purplish-crimson, to 4 in. across, several on
each peduncle. China.
Whitleyi: a form of P. albiflora with large white single fls.
Wittmanniana. To 3 ft.: Ivs. biternate, the Ifts. ovate,
pubescent beneath: fls. yellow to whitish, 4 in. across: fr. of
2-3 glabrous follicles. Caucasus.
Woodwardiana: listed name.
Pagoda-Tree
528
Palm
PAGODA-TREE, JAPANESE: Sophora japonica.
PAINT-BRUSH, DEVILS: Hieracium aurardiacum.
Indian: Caatilleja californica.
PAINTED-CUP: Caatilleja. -Tongue: Salpiglossia sin-
uota.
PAK-CHOI; Braseica chinensis and parachinensis.
PALAFOXIA: Polypteris Hookeriana.
PALApUIUM. Sapotacex. Large trees with
milky juice from whicn gutta-percha is obtained,
alternate leathery Ivs., small 6-lobed fls. in
clusters, and fr. a fleshy berry; native in E.
Indies and Malaya.
Giitta (Isonandra Gutta). To 40 ft.: Ivs. oval, 4 in. long,
rusty-tomentose beneath. Malaya. — Sometimes planted in
warm countries for ornament and intercut.
PALICOUREA. Rubiacex. Shrubs or trees
of trop. Amer., with opposite Ivs., small tubular
fls. in terminal panicles, and fr. a small drupe.
Sometimes planted for ornament far S.
barbin£rvia. Shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to 10 in.
long, shining above: fls. white, corolla tomentose. W. Indies.
crdcea. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate or elliptic, to 8 in.
long: fls. red, corolla glabrous: fr. dark brown or black.
W. Indies, S. Amer.
PALI- MARA: Ahtonia scholaria.
PALISOTA. Commelinacese. Trop. African
per. herbs having parallel- veined Ivs. edged with
reddish hairs, white, rose or bluish fls. in panicles
that are sometimes nearly hidden at oase of
foliage, and fr. a purple or red berry; rarely
grown in greenhouse collections. Propagated
by cuttings over heat, or by seeds.
Birteri. Lvs to 2 ft. long and 4^ in. wide, mostly
basal: fls dark purplish.
Pynae'rtii. Sts short: Ivs. to 1 ^ ft. long and 6 in. wide,
gray-pubescent: fls. white, in dense infl. to 3 in. long.
PALlfrRUS. Rtwmnaceae. Trees or shrubs
with spines and alternate simple Ivs., small fls.
in cymes, and spherical small fr. with a broad
wing or rim surrounding it, making a dry disk-
like object with raised center; grown for orna-
ment but not hardy north of Washington.
The one species commonly grown (P. Spina-Christi)
needs a sunny position and well-drained soil. Propagated
by seeds sown in autumn or stratified, by layers and root-
cuttings.
aculeatus: P. Spina-Christi.
Hemsleyanus (P. orientalis). Tree to 40 ft. or more,
often spineless, with Ivs. much larger than the following
species and f r. broader. China.
orientalis: P. Hemslcyanua.
Splna-Christi (P. aculeatus). CHRIST-THORN. JKRU-
SALKM-THORN. To 20 ft., with straight and hooked spines:
Ivs. ovate, to 1% in. long, mostly finely toothed, 3-ribbed:
fls. greenish-yellow: fr. brownish-yellow, to 1 m. across.
S. Eu. to N. China.
PALM, PALMACE^E. Highly ornamental
and decorative evergreen and mostly evergrow-
ing woody plants, much prized in the juvenile
state under ^lass and extensively planted for
full stature in tropical and warm-temperate
regions around the globe, many of them yielding
economic products of great importance, prob-
ably 200 genera and perhaps 4,000 species. In
general, the palms are not well understood
botanically as to species and varieties.
Palms are mostly tree-like, but some of them
are extensive climbers and others are bushes.
The trunk or caudex is various in character,
although of endogenous internal structure.
In some kinds the caudex is wholly subterranean,
In most cases the trunk is unbranched, but in
Hyphsene and a few others it may be naturally
forked, sometimes extensively. Multiple heads
now and then occur in various palms following
injury. The flowers of palms are small but com-
monly numerous, bisexual or unisexual, borne
on a simple or usually branching spadix or inflo-
rescence that is mostly contained in or subtended
by a simple or multiple spathe, the plant often
mono3cious or sometimes dioecious; the spadix
is borne among the leaves in some genera, below
them in others, and sometimes above the crown:
the fruit is exceedingly various, from nuts small
or large, drupes berry-like, and dry seed-like
bodies.
To the general observer and the horticulturist
the palms fall into two groups, (1) the fan-leaved
or palmate kinds, (2) the feather-leaved or
plumose in which the veining or the division is
pinnate on either side a continuing rachis; these
distinctions, however, do not hold strictly, for
there are intermediate types and a Botanical
classification might not give them primary im-
portance. For careful discrimination the flowers
and flowering habit, and the fruits, must be
known. Under glass, the palms are seen mostly
in the juvenile or virgin state and their exact
identification may be difficult or impossible.
The number of palms planted in the continen-
tal United States is far greater than is com-
monly supposed. Genera here entered are: Acan-
thophoonix, Acrocomia, Actinophlccus, Adonidia,
Aipnanes, Archontophoenix, Areca, Arecastrum,
Arenga, Arikuryroba, Astrocaryum, Attalea, Bac-
tris, Balaka, Bismarckia, Borassus, Brahea, Bu-
tia, Calamus, Caryota, Cerpxylon, Chamaidorea,
Chamsorops, Chambeyronia, Chrysalidocarpus,
Coccothrinax, Cocos, Collinia, Colopthrinax,
Copernicia, Corozo, Corypha, Cryosophila, Cyr-
tostachys, Dtcmonorops, Deckenia, Desmoncus,
Dictyosperma, Elseis, Erythea, Eupritchardia,
Euterpe, Gaussia, Geonoma, Guilielma, Hedy-
scepe, Heterospathe, Hpwea, Hydriastele, Hyo-
phorbe, Hypha^rie, Juania, Jubaca, Kentia, Kenti-
opsis, Korthalsia, Latania, Licuala, Linospadix,
Livistona, Lodoicea, Nannorrhops, Nipa, Nor-
rnanbya, Paurotis, Phoenix, Phytelephas, Pinan-
ga, Polyandrococos, Pseudophoenix, Ptychoraphis,
Ptychosperma, Raphia, Rhapidophyllum, Rha-
pis, Rhopalostylis, Rhyticocos, Roscheria, Roy-
stonea, Sabal, Scheelea, Serenoa, Stevensonia,
Syagrus, Synechanthus, Thrinax, Trachycarpus,
Trithrinax, Veitchia, Verschaffeltia, Wallichia,
Washingtonia, Zombia. Studies in recent years
have made important changes in palm nomen-
clature, and further elucidation is to be expected.
Other groups than these are undoubtedly in
test grounds within the confines of the conti-
nental United States, 'but probably the present
genera comprise the kinds that have attained
currency or have been represented in trade-lists
or American horticultural literature. Some of
these palms are known only as under-cover
subjects, although most of them (if not all)
are now planted somewhere within our limits in
the open or under lath (the lath providing
protection from sun and wind as well as from
cold). In some cases they are vet known only
as small seedlings, with tneir adaptabilities still
to be determined. The number in cultivation
will increase as the capabilities are better known
in southern Florida, southern California, and
on the Gulf coasts between, and as the interest
in palms expands.
The above genera represent most palm regions
Palm
529
Panax
of the world. In the United States, 10 genera are
native, with nearly or quite 20 species, most of
them Floridian. California has one species of
Washingtonia, Texas two or three species of
Sabal. No palms are known to be native in
Arizona ana New Mexico except one station
for Washingtonia in the former. In the middle
Gulf coast country, Sabal and Serenoa are
represented; and the palmetto extends as far,
on the Atlantic coast, as North Carolina.
Formerly many kinds of palms were grown in
greenhouses and for decoration in residences but
the number is now reduced mostly to those that
can be grown in large quantity and striking
uniformity, as the Howeas, Chrysalidpcarpiis
lutescens, Syagriw Weddelliana, Phoenix Roe-
belenii and P. canariensis, all feather-palms;
but in very mild climates for patio and lath-
house use a larger range of pot and tub subjects
is available; and many of the species are adapt-
able for house use in the hands of the amateur.
In general, palrns are easy to manage as pot
subjects, and when they become too large or
begin to fail they may be discarded for younger
plants, these plants being purchased from deal-
ers. They thrive mostly in partial shade. Trans-
planting to othor pots should be undertaken
preferably only when the roots are active, as in
spring and summer. A common fault is to shift
too frequently into too large pots, as this may
check growth and orderly development and may
result in over-watering. Although the growing
young palm requires constant moisture, it
suffers quickly from an excess and from poor
drainage. Well-rotted sod is a good basis for
palm soil with which may be mixed a little old
manure or leaf-mold and sufficient sand or peat
to keep it rather light, sweet and open. Most
Ealms grow readily from good seed, in a mild
eat under glass. The young seedlings of most
kinds thrive in a night temperature of about 60°
F. or a little under, and 10 to 20° higher in the
day. In summer, potted palms may be plunged
in the open in partial shade well protected from
wind. Only very few of the house palms can be
propagated from suckers, although this is the
only way of procuring named varieties of dates
in orchard planting for fruit; but for house
decoration, young date palms may be readily
raised from seeds of the commercial fruits.
The palms have large uses in landscape plant-
ing in climates adapted to them, but they are
commonly very poorly placed for the best
effect; the subject needs careful study by com-
petent artists. A palm, as any other plant, is
not pleasing unless thrifty and exhibiting the
characteristics of its kind. Often the plants are
neglected or carelessly grown; and if placed
where they must be constantly trimmed of their
leaves they soon lose character and become
valueless. For permanent planting, palms should
be moved only when roots are active and may
reestablish themselves; yet persons think that
because they are evergreen they may be moved
with impunity at any time. Palms require good
soil and, at least in tne growing season, plenty of
water, to produce their full verdure. Wnen
the ground is naturally thin and poor, abundant
stable-manure or other fertilizer may be thor-
oughly mixed with the soil, and an annual top-
dressing added. In other words, palms require
as good treatment as other plants if they are
to come to their best; and the intending grower
should understand something of the countries
from which they come as an index to their re-
quirements in temperature and moisture.
PALM, ALEXANDRA: Archontophcenix Alexandra.
Arikury: Arikuyroba. Barrel: Colpothnnax Wrightii. Bar-
rigona: Colpothnnax Wrightii. Betel: Areca Cathecu. Black:
Normanbya Normanbyi. Blue, Mexican: Erythea armata.
Bottle: Colpothrinax Wrightii, Hyophorbe amancauha.
Cane: Calamus. Carnauba: Copemicia cerifera. Cherry:
Pseudophasnix. Cluster: Actinophlaeus. Doum, Egyptian:
Hyphsene thebaica. Everglade: Paurotis Wrightii. Fan,
Chinese: Livistona chinenais. Fish-tail: Caryota. Foun-
tain: Limstona chinensia. Gingerbread: Hyphsene thebaica.
Guadalupe: Erythea edulia. Ivory-Nut: Phytelephas mac-
rocarpa. King: Archontophaenix. Lady: Rhapia. Manila:
Adonidia. Mazari: Nannorhops Rttchieana. Needle:
Rhapidophyllum. Nikau: Rhopalostylis sapida. Nut, Aus-
tralian: Cycaa media. Oil, African: Elasis guineensis. Oil,
American: Corozo oleifera. Overtop: Rhyticocos. Palmyra:
Borassus flobelhfcr. Peaberry: Thrinax. Peach: Gmhelma
Gaspiaea. Piccabeen: Archontophoenix Cunmnghamiana.
Pignut: Hyophorbe. Princess: Dictyosperma. Queen: Are-
castrum Romanozoffianum. Rattan: Calamus. Rock: Brahea.
Royal: Roystonea. Sago-: Cycaa revoluta. Saw-Cabbage:
Paurotia Wrightii. Seamberry: Coccothrinax. Silver-Saw:
PaurotiK. Spindle: Hyophorbe Verschaffeltii. Step: Archon-
tophaenix Alexandras var. Beatricix. Sugar: Arenga pinnata.
Syrup: Jubasa apectabiha. Talipot: Corypha umbracuhfera.
Wax: Ceroxylon andicola. Windmill: Trachycarrma Fortunei.
Wine: Caryota wrens. Yatay: Butia. Zombi: Zombia.
PALMA CHRISTI: Ricinus communis. de vino: Aero-
comia vinifera.
PALMATE: lobed or divided or ribbed in a palm-like
or hand-like fashion; digitate, although this word is usually
restricted to leaves compound rather than merely ribbed or
lobed.
PALMATTFED: cut about half way down in a palmate
form.
PALMER^LLA. Lobcliaceae. Per. lobelia-
like herbs native in Mex. and Calif., with alter-
nate simple Ivs., fls. in terminal racemes, the
corolla with long straight tube and spreading
2-lipped limb, and fr. a caps.
d£bilis. To 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to
3 in. long, entire: fls. whitish with light blue limb, % in.
long. Var. serrata has sharp-toothed Ivs.
PALMETTO: Sabal. Saw-: Serenoa. Scrub-: Serenoa.
PALO VERDE: Cercidium Torreyanum.
PANAX. GINSENG. Araliacese. Low per.
herbs native in N. Amer. and E. Asia, having
digitately compound Ivs. borne in whorls, small
greenish polygamous fls. in terminal umbels,
and berry-like frs.; grown for the roots Which are
employed in medicine. The species of Polyscias
are sometimes known as Panax.
Ginseng seed should be sown in drills or broadcast in
beds in light well-drained loam. Seedlings should be
transplanted the first or second year. Seeds should be
stratified until ready for use.
an6malum: Nothopanax anomalum.
aureum: a form of Polyaciaa Guilfoylei.
caryotaefdlium: listed name of unknown botanical
standing; apparently an error.
crassif ollum: Pseudopanax craaaifoliun^
excelsum: referable to Polysciaa fruticoaa var. plumata.
ferox: Pseudopanax ferox.
fruticdsum: Polysciaa fruticoaa.
Ginseng: P. Schinaeng.
L6s80nii: Pseudopanax Leasonii.
quinquef61ium (Araha quinque folia) . AMERICAN G.
To 1>4 it.: Ivs. of 5 somewhat obovate abruptly acuminate
coarsely toothed 1ft*. to 5 in. long. Que. to Mo. — The
common species in cult, in N. Amer.
Schinseng (P. Ginseng). ASIATIC G. Lvs. of 5 oblong-
ovate gradually acuminate finely double-serrate Ifta. to
4 in. long, having conspicuous white bristles on veins above.
Manchuria, Korea.
trif&lium (Aralia trifolia). DWABF G. GBOUNDNUT.
To 8 in.: Ivs. of 3-5 toothed Ifte. to 1M in. long. N. 8. to
Ga. and Wia.
Pancratium
530
Panicum
PANCRATIUM. Amaryllidacex. Mostly
summer-flowering bulbs of the Old World with
basal lys. and white fls. in umbels terminating
the solid scapes, the perianth with long tube
and narrow segins., the stamens united at base
into a cup or crown. Plants grown under this
name are likely to be Hymenocallis, which differs
in technical botanical characters.
Paneratiums should be kept in a night temperature of
60-70° and well watered. Bulbs should be rested and kept
dry through the winter. In late winter they may be repotted
or given a top di easing. Propagated by offsets or seeds.
calathlnum: Hymenocallis calathina.
canariense. To 2 ft.: Ivs. sword-shaped, glaucous, to 2 ft.
long: fls. white, to 2^ m. long, in umbels of 6-10, tube
about 1H *n, long, on very long pedicels. Canary Isls.
illyricum. Lvs. stiap-shaped, to 2 in. wide: fls. on scapes
1 ft. or more long, with groen tube 1 in. long and segms.
\% in. long, crown toothed, % m. long, filaments of stamens
to M in. long, pedicels whort. Medit. region.
marftimum. Lvs. to 23^ ft. long, linear, evergreen: fls.
very fragrant, with tube to 3 in. long and linear segms. 1^4
m. long, ciown with short teeth, 1 m. ^ng, the filaments 01
stamens and pedicels hhort. Medit. legion.
. SCREW-PINE FAMILY. Rather
woody plants, related to palms, usually shrub-
like or trees, with simple mostly stiff sword-like
Ivs. borne at tips of branches, and sometimes
producing aerial roots; stamens and pistils sepa-
rate and not in definite fls., and fr. a cone- or
ball-like body; 4 genera in Old World tropics
and warm regions, of which Freycinetia and
Paridanus are known to hort. in N. Amer.
PANDANUS. ScitEW-PiNE. Pandanacex.
Trop. shrubs and trees with stiff usually prickly-
margined Ivs., fls. in spikes, naked, and fr. a
mass of woody drupes or nuts: the Ivs. are
arranged in a spiral way, whence the name screw-
pine. Lvs. used for bags arid the like in some
cases.
Screw-pines may be planted out-of-doors in tropical or
semi-tropical regions, and are grown in greenhouses and
window-gardens in the juvenile state, in pots and tubs, for
house and table decoration. They require abundant
moisture and heat, and will thiive in conditions suitable
for palms. Propagation is by suckeis that arise about the
base, placed in pots over bottom heat, or by seeds when
Erocurable; the latter should be soaked for twenty -four
ours, planted in pots and given water and shade.
BaptfstU. St. short- Ivs. 1 in. wide, unarmed, striped
with white or yellow. New Britain Isls. Var. aureus is
listed with Ivs. yellow stuped.
boningnsis. Tree about 2 1 ft. high, at. with many aerial
supporting roots: Ivs. about 2 in. wide, long-pointed.
Pacific Isls. — Distinguished from P. tectoriua by drupes
trilocular, not multilocular.
caricdsus. Low, tufted: Ivs. to 2 in. wide, glaucous
beneath, margins finely spiny-toothed. Java.
furcatus. Tree to 40 ft. with large aerial roots forming
about base, sparingly forked: Ivs. to 20 ft. long and 4 in.
wide, glaucous beneath, marginal spines flattened and
curved, to H in. long: spathes golden-yellow, to 2 ft. long:
fr. reddish-brown, to 9 in. long, fleshy. S. Asia. — Sometimes
confused with P. ceylamcus, a plant not known to be in
cult, here, but which is more slender, and Ivs. narrower with
more strongly recurved spines.
gra'cilis. Shrub: Ivs. imbricated, keeled, margins and
midrib above with incurved prickles. Philippines.
graminif61ius. Lvs. about )£ in. wide, glaucous beneath.
Burma. — The plant commonly cult, under this name is
P. pygmscus.
jav£nicus: a name of no botanical standing; possibly
P. variegatus,
pacfficus. Lvs. broad, glossy dark green, with tail-like
tip. Pacific Isls.
pygrrufeus. St. to 2 ft.: Ivs. about H in. wide, glaucous
beneath, long-pointed. Madagascar.
S6nderi, St. short: Ivs. 2 in. or more wide, banded
lengthwise with golden-yellow. Timor. Var. Roehrsianus
has Ivs. striped yellow.
stenophyllus. Lvs. linear, to 2H ft. long, acute, spines
short, ascending and more remote and smaller along middle
than at base or tip: drupes several on peduncle, to H in*
long. Java, Sumatra.
tectdrius. Tree to 20 ft., with brace-roots: Ivs. to 2 in.
wide, glaucous-green, long-pointed. Asia, Australia, Pacific
Isls.
utilis. Branching tree to 60 ft., with brace-roots: Ivs.
3 in. wide, glaucous-green with reddish spines. Madagascar,
where it is used for making baskets arid other articles. —
The species is usually planted in frostless countries.
variegatus. St. with brace-roots: Ivs. striped or varie-
gated with white or young Ivs. entirely white. Polynesia.
Veitchii. Lvs. to 3 in. wide, banded lengthwise near the
margins with silvery-white. Polynesia. — The most popular
house and florists' pandanus.
PANDOREA. BignoniacesB. Evergreen shrubs
climbing or clambering by tendrils and petioles,
or otherwise, native in Old World tropics, with
pinnate Ivs., funnelform white or pink fls. in
panicles, and fr. an oblong pod.
Pandoreas are grown out-of-doors in southern United
States, but may withstand a little frost. They require rich
soil and &unny exposure. Propagated by seeds, and by
cuttings of green wood under glass.
australis: P. pandorana.
Brycei: Podranea Brycei.
jasminoides (Bignonia and Tecoma jasmin aides).
BOWKR-PLANT. Lvs. of 5~9 ovate to lanceolate entire Ifts.
to 2 in. lonff: fls. white with pink throat, to 2 in. long, in
few-fld. panicles. Australia. Var. filba, has pure white fls.
and r6sea pink.
pandorana (P., Bignonia,and Tecoma austrahs) . WONQA-
WONQA VINE. Lvs. of 3-9 ovate to ovate-lanceolate nearly
entire Ifts. to 2>i in. long: fls. yellowish-white spotted with
purple, % in. long, in many-fld. panicles. Malaysia, Austra-
lia. Var. rdsea has pale rose fls.
Ricasoliana: Podranea Ricasoliana.
PANICLE: flower-cluster in which the branches are
racemose, the floweis being pedicellate: a branching raceme.
PANICULARIA: Glycena.
PANICUM. Graminex. Large widely dis-
tributed group of aim. and per. grasses, the
spikelets borne in panicles or rarely racemes; a
few species are grown for grain and forage and
others for ornament. See Grasses.
altissimum: confused name.
americanum: Penmsetum glaucum.
barbinode: P. purpurascens.
capillare. WITCH-GRARR. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long
and }i in. wide: panicles to 14 m. long, the branches ex-
ceedingly slender and spreading. N. S. to Fla. and Tex.,
Bermuda. — Sometimes prized for its large capillary infl.
and in dry bouquets.
Crus-c6rvi: Echinochloa Cius-galh.
Crus-galli: Echinochloa Crus-galli.
excurrens: Setaria phcala.
frumentaceum: Echinochloa Crus-galli var.
germ&nicum: Setaria itahca.
hungariensis: this name presumably applies to the
Hungarian-grass, Setaria itahca var. nigrofructa.
maximum. GUINEA-GRASS. Tufted per. to 10 ft.: Ivs. to
2 ft. long and ^2 1T1- wide, midrib whitish: panicles to 2 ft.
long, branches spreading. Afr. — Grown for forage in the S.
miliaceum. MILLET. BROOM-CORN MILLET. Ann. to
4 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 1 in. wide: panicles to 1 ft. long,
drooping, the branches slender and crowded: grain smooth
and shining, white or straw-colored. E. Indies. — Grown
for grain and forage.
palmif61ium: Setaria palmifolia.
plicatum: Setaria plicata.
purpurascens (P. barbinode). PARA-GRASS. Per. to
10 ft., stoloniferous and rooting at nodes: Ivs. to 1^ ft.
long and \^ m- wide» rough on edges: panicles to 1 ft. long,
the branches ascending. Brazil, but escaped in trop. Amer.
— Grown for forage.
sulcatum: Seiaria sulcata.
tezanum. COLORADO-GRASS. TEXAS MILLET. Ann. to
3 ft., soft-pubescent: Ivs. to 8 in. long and % in. wide:
panicles of one-sided racemes. Tex.
1 6ns urn: Tricholsena rosea.
variegatum: the plant intended is probably Oplitmcnu*
hirtellus.
Panicum
531
Papaveracece
virgatum. SWITCH-GRASS. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. or
more long and % in. wide, rough on edges: panicles to 1^
ft. long, the branches spreading or ascending. Me. to Fla.
and Ariz., W. Indies, Cent. Amer. — Sometimes raised for
ornament.
PANSY: see Viola.
PAP AVER. POPPY. Papaveracex. Herbs or
rarely subshrubs with milky colored juice, lobed
or dissected Ivs., showy red, violet, yellow or
white fls. and nodding buds solitary on long
stalks, and fr. a caps.
Poppies are popular flower-garden subjects grown as
annuals, and others perennial in borders and rock-gardens.
Seeds should be sown where plants are to grow, as poppies
do not transplant well.
aculeatum. Ann. to 4 ft., st. branched or nearly simple,
covered with stiff spreading bristles: Ivs. green, pirmatifid,
pinnee spine-tipped: fls clear scarlet- orange, to 2 in. across:
caps, glabrous. S. Afr., Australia.
al pin urn (P. Buraeri). ALPINE P. Nearly stemless per.
to 10 in. high: Ivs. 2-3-pinnate, glaucous: fls. white or yel-
low, fragrant: caps, oblong. Alps. Hort. color forms listed
are: album, aureum and rdseum. Var. laciniatum is listed
with pinnae more narrowly linear. Var. pyrenaicum is P.
pyrenaicum.
altaicum: an unidentified trade name of which some of
the material so listed is P. atlanticum.
amure'nse: P. nudicaule var.
apulum. Ann.: Ivs bipinnate: fls. spotted with purple:
caps, ellipsoidal. Italy.
&rcticum: catalogue name.
Argemdne. Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate: fls. pale scarlet
with dark spot at base of petals: caps, oblong-cylindric.
Eu., N. Afr.
armeniacum. Bien. to 1 }•$ ft , spiny at base, glabrous
above: Ivs. ovate, rarely to 4 in. long, pmiiatifid, pinnce
spine-tipped: fls. pink, to % in. across: caps, glabrous.
E. Medit region.
atlanticum. Hairy per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. toothed or pinnate:
fls. orange-red or scarlet, to 3 in. across: caps, club-shaped,
glabrous except on ridges of its top. Morocco.
atrosanguineum: probably a hort. form of P. orientale.
bracteatum. Hairy per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, the lobes
coarsely toothed: fls. blood-red, to 4 in. across, with bracts
near them: caps obovate. Medit. region to Persia.
Burseri: P. alpinum.
calif 6rnicum. WESTERN P. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnate:
fls. red spotted with green at base, to 2 in. across: caps,
top-shaped. Calif.
caucasicum (P. fugax). Glaucous bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
bipinnate: fls scarlet, yellowish at base: caps, oblong.
Caucasus.
dubium. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnate: fls. rose or white
with darker center: caps, oblong or club-shaped. Eu.;
escaped in N. Amer. Var. laevigatum is glabrous and has
purple usually spotted fls. The plant under this varietal
name may be P. Rhceas.
floribundum. Bien. to 2 ft., sts. and Ivs. yellowish-
glaucous, hispid: If.-segms. usually dentate: fls. brilliant
vermilion, stamens yellowish: caps, glabrous. Caucasus.
fugax: P. caucasicum.
gigant&um: a form of P. somniferum.
glaucum. TULIP P. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnately lobed
or cut, glaucous: fls. scarlet spotted at base, to 4 in. across.
Syria to Persia.
Heldreichii. Hairy per. to 20 in. high, st. erect, not much
branched, leafy: Ivs. oblong, to 8 in. long, apex broadly
cuneate, cauline Ivs. sessile, uppermost ones bract-like,
margins of all crenate-serrate: fls. many in long racemes.
Medit. region. — The plant cult, under this name may be
P. Schinzianum.
hyoscyamifdlium. Bien. to 2 ft., sparsely setose: Ivs.
broadly oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, to 3 in long, segms.
oblong, terminated by set® to ^ in. long: fls. pink, suffused
with orange. N. Medit. region to Syria. — Sometimes con-
fused with P. caucasicum, differing in its more rigid seta-
tipped If.-segms. and caps, hispid on ridges, not glabrous.
involucratum: an unidentified trade name.
laterftium. Hairy branched per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
pinnatifid at base, outer half irregularly serrate, pinnae ana
serrations spine-tipped, to 10 in. long: fls. brick-red, petals
broad. Armenia.
macrostomum. Ann. to 1H ft.: basal Ivs. pinnate, ob-
long-lanceolate, cauline Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire or
somewhat acutely dentate: fls. purplish-red, to 2 in. across,
base rarely without black spots, petals sometimes with
white margins: caps, usually glaucous. E. Modit. region.
magnfficum: a form of P. somniferum.
Marei. Differs from P. dubium in anthers black before
anthesis, pollen yellow. Morocco.
motUUithuni. Per. to \\% ft.: Ivw basal, linear or oblong,
cut-toothed or pinuatifid: fls. solitary, brick-red, lj^ in.
long. Caucasus.
monstrdsum: a form of P. somniferum.
Murs611ii: a strain of P. aomniferum with double fringed fls.
nudicaule. ICELAND P. Nearly stemless hairy per. to
1 ft. high: Ivs. pinnately lobed or cut: fls. white with yellow
at base, yellow with green at base, orange or reddish, to
3 in. across, fragrant, sometimes double. Arctic regions,
in N. Amer. south to Colo. Color forms are grown under
such names as album, amurense, aurantiacum, aureum, coc-
cineum, cr&ceum, delicatum, lute urn, rdseum and rubro-
aurantiacum. — The American variations have been treated
by some botanists as P. radicatum.
Olympic um: P. pilosum.
orientale. ORIENTAL P. Hairy per to 4 ft : Ivs. pinnate,
the lobes sharply toothed: fls. scarlet with black spot at
base ranging to orange and pale pink, 6 in. and more across,
sometimes double. Medit. region to Persia. Hort. forma
include album, atrosanguineum, c&rneum, delicatum,
lumindsum, magnfficum. pygm&um. Var. bracteatum is
P. bracteatum. Var. Parkmannii (P. Parkmannii) is a
double-fld. form. — Many of these forms may be hort hybrids
of P. orientale and P. bracteatum. Oriental poppies are
easily propagated by division or root-cuttings made after
flowering. They are among the longest-lived members of
the group and do best when left undisturbed.
paeonifldrum: a peony-fld. strain of P. somniferum.
Parkmannii: P. orientale var.
paucifoliatum. Short-stemmed per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, pinnately lobed to irregularly crenate-serrate,
to 8 in. long, usually only one or two cauline Ivs.: fls. orange-
red, to \y% in. across. Armenia.
pavoninum. PEACOCK P. Hairy ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. pin-
nate, the lobes sharply toothed: fls scarlet spotted with
dark color, 1 in. across. Turkestan, Afghanistan.
pi 16s urn (P. objmpicum). OLYMPIC P. Hairy per. to
3 ft.: Ivs. irregularly toothed: fls. bnck-red, 2 in. across.
Mt. Olympus in Bithynia.
pinnatifidum. Ann. to 2 ft , much branched, sts. setose:
Ivs. pinnatifid to simple and toothed, somewhat pilose:
fls. rose-pink to reddish, stamens yellow. S. Eu.
pygm&um: P. orientale var.
pyrenaicum (P. rhaeticum). Tufted nearly stemless per.
to 4 in. tall: Ivs. pinnately parted: fls. yellow or orange, to
1 in. long: caps, oblong. Pyrenees.
radicatum: see under P. nudicaule.
rh&ticum: P. pyrenaicum.
Rhdfeas. CORN P. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. irregularly pinnate
or rarely entire: fls. cinnabar-red, deep purple, scarlet, or
sometimes white, 2 in. across. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.;
this is the common field poppy of Eu. Var. umbr&sum has
dark red fls. with blackish spots. Shirley poppies are a
strain of this species. Var. coccineum aureum is a color
form.
rupifragum. Nearly stemless per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. pin-
nately cut: fls. pale red, to 3 in. across. Spain. Var. at-
lanticum is P. atlanticum.
Schinzianum. Gray-hairy per. to 1^£ ft.: Ivs. obovate-
lanceolate, irregularly pinnately lobed: fls. brick-red, 1% in.
long: caps, obovoid. Habitat unknown.
setigerum. Sometimes treated as a form of P. somni-
ferum, but it is hairy, Ivs. more deeply cut, and has violet
fls. Medit. region.
somniferum. OPIUM P. Ann. to 4 ft.: Ivs. coarsely
toothed or lobed: fls. white, pink, red or purple, to 4 in.
across, sometimes double or with fringed petals Greece,
Orient. — Opium is obtained from the milky juice of the fr.
spicatum. Densely white-hairy per. to 2l/i ft.: Ivs.
oblong, basal ones long-petioled, densely pilose, margins
crenate-serrate: fls. arranged in spike-like racemes on short
peduncles: caps, glabrous. Asia Minor.
thibeticum. Similar to P. nudicaule but with larger fls.
in yellow and orange. Tibet.
trinieefolium. Bien. similar to P. caucasicum but with
more compound Ivs. and smaller fls. Asia Minor.
umbr&sum: P. Rhceaa var.
PAPAVERACE^E. POPPY FAMILY. Herbs or
rarely shrubs, of about 25 widely distributed
genera, often showy in bloom, having colored
juice, regular bisexual polypetalous fls. with 2-3
Papaveracece
532
Paphiopedilum
caducous sepals, 4-8 or 8-12 free deciduous
petals, numerous stamens, superior 1-celled
ovary, and fr. a caps, opening by valves or pores.
Several genera are ^rown in tne flower-garden,
as Argemone, Bocconia, Chelidoniurn. Dendrome-
con, Dicranostigma, Eornecon, Eschscholzia,
Glaucium, Hunnemannia, Macleaya, Meconella,
Meconopsis, Papaver, Platystemon, Pterido-
phyllum, Roemeria, Romneya, Sanguinaria,
Stylomecon, Stylophorum.
PAPAW: Aaimina triloba; see Pawpaw.
PAPAYA: see Carica.
PAPER-BUSH: Edgeworthia papyrifera. -Flowen Bou-
gainmllea ylabra var. Sanderiana.
PAPHIOPfeDILUM (Cordula). LADY-SLIP-
PBB. Orchiddcex. Trop. Asiatic terrestrial or
epiphytic orchids without pseudobulbs, leathery
conduplicate Ivs., and fls either solitary or in
racemes, having the lateral sepals united, lip
sac-like often with involute margins, and 1-
celled ovary. The name Paphiopedilum has
been conserved over the older genus Cordula
under the International Rules; species names
formerly listed under Paphiopedilum may be
found in Phragmipedium; see also Selenipedium.
Grown in the hothouse and some of them at
intermediate temperatures; they require good
moisture supply; see Orchids for cult.
Actseus: P. Siemonii.
Albertianum: a form of P. Leeanum.
Alexandra. Hybrid between P. Godefroyse and P. nitens.
Allanianum. Hybrid between P. Curtiaii and P. Spen-
cerianum.
amandum. Hybrid between P. inaigne and P. venustum.
angliae. Hybrid between P. calloaum and P. Leeanum.
Apple tonianum. Lvs. to 6 in. long and 1 y* in. wide, green:
fls. solitary or 2, on stalks to 20 in. high, about 3^ in. across;
sepals yellow-green streaked with wine-purple; petals green
at base and rose at tip; lip greenish-brown. Winter and
spring. Siam.
Argus. Lvs. to 8 in. long and 1 % in. wide, light green
tesselated with dark green spots: fls. solitary (rarely 2),
on stalks to 16 in. high; sepals white veined with green or
green and purple; petals white veined with green and
closely spotted with brownish-black, red at tip; lip brown-
ish-purple marked with light green. Mar.-June, Aug.
Philippines.
Arthurianum. Hybrid between P. inaigne and P.
Faireanum.
Ashburtoni®. Hybrid between P. barbatum and P.
insigne.
augustum. Hybrid between P. Haynaldianum and P.
villoaum.
aureum. Hybrid between P. nitens and P. Spicerianum.
There are many named forms of this hybrid.
barbatum. Lvs. to G in. long and about 1 in. wide: fls.
3-4 in. across, solitary (rarely 2), on stalks to 12 in. high;
sepals white and pale green veined with brown-purple;
petals greenish at base and purple at tip with black warts;
hp brown-purple. Jan. -Aug. Malaya. Var. WArneri has
deep maroon Up and dorsal sepal white spotted with rose-
magenta.
Bartetii. Hybrid between P. barbatum and P. inaigne.
B6d for dice. Hybrid between P. Actseus var. revolutum
and P. Shogun.
Beeckmannii. Hybrid between P. bellatulum and P.
villoaum var. Boxalhi.
Behrensianum. Hybrid between P. villosum var.
Boxalhi and P. lo var. grande.
bellatulum. Lva. to 10 in. long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse,
dark green above with pale green mottling, dull purple
beneath: fls. solitary on short peduncle, 2-3 in. across,
white or cream with brown-purple specks; sepals and petals
very broad; lip with smaller spots. Apr.-May, Aug.-Sept.
Burma.
bingleygnse. Hybrid between P. Charleswortkii and
P. Harriaianum.
blrkdalense. Hybrid between P. inaigne var. Harefield
Hall and P. Thalia Mrs. Wellesley.
B6xallii: P. villosum var.
Bragaianum: P.Godseffianum.
Br&ndtia. A cross between two hybrids, P. Iva and
P. Youngianum.
Brunnianum. Hybrid between P. Leeanum and P.
cenanthum.
burbagense. Hybrid between P. insigne and P. setti-
gerum.
Burtonii superbum is listed.
cillo-Rothschildianum: P. Fowleri.
calldsum. Lvs. to 9 in. long and 2 in. wide, green tessel-
ated with blackish-green: fls. large, 3^-4 in. across, solitary
(sometimes 2) on stalks to 15 m. high; sepals white lined
with purple and green veins; petals greenish, purple at
tip, with several black warts; Up brown-purple outside.
Jan. -Apr., July-Dec. Siam, Cochiri-China. var. gigan-
teum has dorsal sepal white shaded witli emerald-green
and striped with dark green. Var. Sanderee has white fls.,
dorsal sepal lined with green.
calophyllum. Hybrid between P. barbatum and P.
venuatum.
Calypso. Hybrid between P. villoaum var. Boxottii and
P. Spicerianum.
Canhamii. Hybrid between P. superbiena and P.
mlloaum.
Chamberlainianum. Lvs. to 8 in. long and nearly 2 in.
wide: racemes to 2 ft. long, many-fid.; fls. 3-5 in. across;
sepals greenish heavily marked with purplish-brown; petals
greenish marked with small purple arid brown spots in
lines, twisted and wavy; lip green at base shading to deep
rose and covered with purplish dots. Blooms all year.
Sumatra.
Charlesianum. Hybrid between P. nitena and P.
Leeanum.
Charlesworthii. Lvs. to 10 in. long and 1 in. wide: fls.
2^-3^ in. across, solitary on stalks about as long as Ivs.;
dorsal sepal rounded, rose veined with purple; petals and
lip greenish veined with brown. Aug.-Dec.f Apr. India.
ciliolare. Lvs. to about 12 in. long and 2% in. wide: fls.
to 4 in. across, solitary 011 stalks to 32^2 in. high; sepals
white striped with green, purphsh at base; petals drooping,
green at base, purplish above densely marked with dark
purple spots; lip greenish-purple. Feb.-June. Philippines.
Clarkii. Hybrid between P. Charleaworthn and P.
Swamanum.
concinnum. Hybrid between P. mlloaum and P. pur-
pur atum.
cdncolor. Lvs. to 6 in. long and \l/2 in. wide; fl.-stalks
very short; fls. 2-3 in. across, solitary or 2, pale yellow
finely spotted with violet. Apr , Sept. Burma, Indo-China,
China.
Crossianum. Hybrid between P. inaigne and P. venua-
tum.
Curtisii. Lvs. to 8 in. long and 3 in. wide: fls. to more
than 4 in. across, solitary on stalks to 12 in. or more high;
dorsal sepal green edged with white and lined with purple;
petals greenish-rose toward base, finely spotted with oark
purple; lip greenish-brown. Apr.-Sept. Sumatra.
Curtmannii. A cross between two hybrids, P. Schle-
singenanum and P. Beeckmannii.
Cymatodes. Hybrid between P. Curtisii and P. super-
biena.
Dauthieri: P. Harriaianum.
Dayanum. Lvs. to about 8 in. long and 2^ in. wide:
fls. to 6^ in. across, solitary on stalks to 12 in. high; sepals
white lined with green; petals greenish at base, purplish
or reddish- white near apex; lip greenish- violet. May- Aug.,
Nov. Borneo.
Deedmannianum. Hybrid between P. Chamberlain-
ianum and P. Spicerianum.
Dicksonianum. Cross between P. Hera (hybrid) and
P. villoaum.
Druryi. Lvs. to 10 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls. about 3 in.
across, solitary on stalks to 12 in. high; sepals and petals
greenish-yellow with a blackish stripe through the middle;
lip yellow. Jan.-May. India.
fidwardii. Hybrid between P. Fairieanum and P.
superbiena.
Eismannianum. Hybrid between P. villosum var.
Boxalhi and P. Harriaianum.
enfleld£nse. Hybrid between P. Lawrenceanum and
P. Hookerse.
erul. Lvs. to 12 in. long and 1 in. wide: fls. to 3 in. across,
solitary on stalks to 8 in. high; dorsal sepal green edged
with white and spotted with dark brown; petals yellow-
green
July.
j wuii/t; ivuii Disui/tou vrii.il unm uiuwu, jjci'tua yeuuw-
sn with dark dpota at base; lip brownish-yellow. Feb.-
Siam.
Paphiopedilum
533
Paphiopedilum
Fairieanum. Lvs. to 6 in. long and 1 in. broad: fls.
2-2H in. across, solitary on stalks about 6 in. long; sepals
white with violet stripes j petals green or yellowish- white
streaked with violet; hp brownish-green with purple
reticulations. Himalayas.
Fowled (P. callo-Rothachildianum). Hybrid between
P. calloaum and P. Rothachildianum.
fulshawe'nse: P. Schlesingerianum.
Gaudianum. Hybrid between P. Curtiaii and P. Har-
riaianum.
Genninyanum. Hybrid between P. hirautiaaimum and
P. mlloaum.
;as (P. Prewettii). Hybrid between P. Lawrenceanum
3. Harrisianum.
glanduliferum. Lvs. strap-shaped, to 24 in. long: scape
l~2-fld., to 22 in. long, dull purple; fls. large; dorsal sepal
yellowish- white with reddish-brown veins; petals to 5 in.
long, yellow-green with reddish veins; lip yellowish with
reddish-brown veins. June- July. New Guinea.
glaucophyllum. Lvs. to about 10 in. long and 2 in. wide:
fls. many, on stalks to 18 in. or more high; dorsal sepal
yellowish-green with pale yellow margin; petals twisted,
thickly spotted with brown-red; lip dull violet with green
margin. Blooms all year. Java.
G6defroy8B. Lvs. to 6 in. long and 1^ in. wide, dark
green mottled with greenish- white; scapes very short,
1-2-fld.; fls. white or pale yellow, closely spotted with red-
purple, sparingly pubescent; hp similarly colored, minutely
spotted. Indo-China.
Godsefflanum (P. Bragaianum) . Hybrid between P.
mlloaum var. Boxalhi and P. hirsutiaaimum.
Gowerianum. Hybrid between P. Curtiaii and P.
Lawrencea num.
Gratrixianum. Hybrid between P. bellatulum and P.
enfieldenae.
Grovesianum. Hybrid between P. Lathamwnum and
P. Leeanum.
Hansenii. Hybrid between P. Haynaldianum and P.
mlloaum.
Harrisianum (P. Dauthieri. P. hybridum). Hybrid
between P. mlloaum and P. barbatum.
Harveyanum. Hybrid between P. Stonei and P. Leeanum.
Haynaldianum. Lvs. to 17 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls.
to 7 in. across, in 2-6-fld. racemes to about 40 in. high;
dorsal sepal green at base with large brown spots, whitish-
cream or rosy above; petals elongate-spreading, lower half
greenish with large brown spots, apical part pale purple;
lip greenish tinted with brown. Philippines.
hirsutissimum. Lvs to 12 in long and % in. wide: fls.
to about 53^ in. across, solitary on stalks to 12 in. high;
dorsal sepal green heavily marked with blackish- violet;
petals green at base spotted with dark purple, violet at
tip; lip green stained with brown- violet. Mar.-May.
Himalayas.
Hitchinsise. Hybrid between P. Charleaworthii and P.
inaigne.
Hodkerae. Lvs. to 6 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls. 3-4 in.
across, solitary (rarely 2) on stalks to 1 ft. high; dorsal
sepal green with yellowish-white border; petals green at
base spotted with purple, purple at tip; lip brown-purple
tinged with green. Jan.-Aug. Borneo.
Hornianum. Hybrid between P. Spicerianum and P.
auperbiena.
hybrid um: P Harriaianum.
ingens. Hybrid between P. inaigne and P. Rothachild-
ianum.
insigne. Lvs to 12 in. long and 1 M in. wide: fls. 4-4^ in.
across, solitary on stalks to about 8 in. high; dorsal sepal
yellow-green spotted with brownish-purple at base, white
at tip; petals and lip yellow-green veined with brown.
Oct.-Mar. Himalayas. — Runs into many named forms, a
few of which are: Amesianum with unspotted fls. and sepal
with broad white margin; aureum with clear yellow-brown
petals and lip; Balliae; Bahnhoffianum; Berryanum;
bruge'nse; Chantinii with deeper coloring and larger white
area on dorsal sepal: Cobbi# corrugatum with cor-
rugated lip; Coulsonianum with larger fls.; Dominaianum;
Edenianum; Ernestii with yellow fls., the sepal brown-
spotted; Fostermannii, sepal with broad white border;
giganteum; Gravesianum, sepal with broad white border
and brown spots arranged in regular lines; heatonense;
Hurrellianum, sepal greenish-yellow, reddish-brown at
base and tipped with white; immaculatum nlgrum; Lagerse,
sepal dark brown in center margined with white: leopar-
dfflum; Letwycheanum; Lindemce; Lucianii with bright
yellow fls. tinged with green and sepal with broad white
border; luteo-album has sepal two-thirds white, yellowish-
green at base: Macfarlanei, with clear yellow fls. and sepal
with broad white border; maximum with large deep green
sepal; McNabianum; montanum, dorsal sepal bright yellow
on basal half, brownish above, petals yellow, striated with
brown-red; punctatfssimum has the sepal covered with
brown spots; rutherf ord£nse ; Sadleri; Sanderse with
bright yellow fls. white at tips; Sanderianum with yellowish-
green fls. veined with dark green, sepal with broad white
border; sylhete'nse, sepal with large dark spots; Watsonii;
westgat&ise; x&ntninum; Youngianum; zebrinum.
javanicum. Lvs. to about 12 in. long and 2% in. wide:
fls. about 3-4 in. across, solitary (rarely 2) on stalks nearly
twice as long as Ivs , green, dorsal sepal veined with dark
green. Feb.-Mar., July-Sept., Nov. Java, Borneo.
Josephianum. Hybrid between P. Druryi and P.
Sementa.
Kamilii. Hybrid between P. mllosum var. Boxallii and
P. Chamberlainianum.
laevigatum: P. philippinenae.
Lairgssei. Hybrid between P. Curtiaii and P. Rotha-
childianum.
Lathamianum (P. Thompsonii). Hybrid between P.
Spicerianum and P. mlloaum.
Lawrenceanum. Lvs. to about 10 in. long and 2 H in-
wide: fls. to 5^ in. across, solitary (sometimes 2) on stalks
to 18 in. high; dorsal sepal white veined with deep violet;
petals bright green tipped with purple-brown; lip brown-
purple Apr. -Aug., Nov. Borneo. Var. Hyeanum has
white sepals and petals marked with green and olive-green
lip Var. rdseum is listed.
Lebaudyanmn. Hybrid of P. Haynaldianum and P.
phihppincnse.
Leeanum. Hybrid between P. inaigne and P. Spicer-
ianum. There are many named forms of this hybrid.
Ledniae. Hybrid between P. insigne and P. cattosum.
Ieyburn6nse magnracum. Hybrid.
longwood£nse. Hybrid between P. Charlesworthii and
P. Leeanum.
Ldwii. Lvs. to 16 in. long and 2 in. wide: scape to 40 in.
high, 2-6-fld.; dorsal sepal yellowish-green to pale yellow
basally veined with brown-purple; petals with basal half
yellow with brown spots and apical part violet-purple;
Up greenish-brown. Feb.-July. Malaya.
luridum. Hybrid between P. Lawrenceanum and P.
villosum var. auperbum.
Mabeliae. Hybrid between P. auperbiena and P. Rotha-
childianum.
macrdpterum. Hybrid between P. Lowii and P. super-
biens.
Mfihlerae. Hybrid between P. Rothachildianum and P.
Lawrenceanum.
Mangoldii. Hybrid.
marmorophyllum. Hybrid between P. barbatum and
P. Hookerse.
Mastersianum. Lvs. to about 10 in. long and 2 in. wide:
fls. about 3-4 in. across, solitary on stalks to 18 in. high;
dorsal sepal green with yellowish-white border; petals
brownish-red; lip copper-brown. Mar.-May, July -Sept.
Malaya.
Matthewsii. Hybrid between P. Lawrenceanum and
P. Maateraianum.
Maudiee. Hybrid between P. Lawrenceanum var.
Hyeanum and P. calloaum var. Sanderae.
mirabile magnmcum. Hybrid.
M6rganiae. Hybrid between P. Stonei and P. auperbiena.
nltens (P. Salheri). Hybrid between P. villoaum and
P. inaigne var. Maulei.
nfveum. Lvs. to about 6 in. long and 1% in. wide,
green, tesselated above, purple beneath: fls. 2^-3V£ in.
across, solitary or 2 on stalks to 8 in. high, white dotted
with red-purple. June-Aug. Malaya.
oen&nthum. Hybrid between P. Harrisianum and P.
insigne var. Maulei.
oultonSnse. Hybrid between P. insigne and P. Mme.
Jules Hye.
6sbornei: P. Samgeanum.
Parishii. Lvs. to 15 in. long and 2^ in. wide: fls. 3-4 in.
across, in 3-8-fld. racemes on scapes to 2 ft. high; dorsal
sepal yellowish with green veins; petals green at base,
blackish-purple above; lip green, often stained with purple.
Mar.-Aug. Burma.
pavoninum. Hybrid between P. villoaum var. Boxalhi
ana P. venuatum.
philippin£nse (P. laevigatum). Lv8. to about 15 in. long
and 1 Yi in. wide: fls. about 3 in. across vertically, in 3~5-fld.
racemes about twice as long as Ivs.; dorsal sepal yellowish-
white veined with violet; petals elongate, pendent, twisted,
mostly brown-violet, green at base; lip yellow veined with
green. Mar .-July Philippines.
Paphiopedilum
534
Paris
Pitcherianum. Hybrid between P. Harrisianum and
P. Spicenanum.
Pollettianum. Hybrid between P. calophyllum and P.
tenanthum var.
Previrettii: P. gigas.
purpuratum. Lvs. to about 5 in. long and 1^ in. wide:
fls. solitary on stalks to 12 in. highj dorsal sepal white
striped with brown-purple; petals crimson-purple veined
with green or dark purple; lip brown-purple. Sept.-Jan.
China.
regale. Hybrid between P. purpuratum and P. insigne
var. Mnulei
Rehderianum. Hybrid between P. Pitcherianum and
P. purpuratum.
Ridolflanum. Hybrid between P. conspicuum and P.
insigne.
R61fei magniflcum. Hybrid between P. bellatulum and
P. Rothschilfhanum.
Ross£ttii. Hybrid between P. insigne var. Sanderi and
P Maudise.
Rothschildianum. Lvs. to 2 ft long and 1^-3 in. wide:
fls. 3)^-5 in. across vertically, in 2-5-fld racemes to 2}^ ft.
igh; dorsal sepal yellowish lined with dark purple; petals
h
narrow, elongate, pale green closely spotted with red-
purple, wavy; lip dull purple tipped with yellow at the
opening. Jari.-Apr., Aug. Sumatra, Borneo.
Sallieri: P. miens.
Sanderi. A cross between two hybrids, P. Calypso and
P. nitcns.
Sanderianum. Lvs. to about 1 ft. long and 1^ in. wide:
fls in li -5-lld racemes to 2 ft high; dorsal sepal pale yellow
with broad purple stripes; petals very narrow, to 25 in.
long, pale yellow tipped and edged with brown-purple; lip
brown-purple Oct. Malaya.
Savageanum (P. Osbornei). Hybrid between P. 7/am-
sianum and P. tipirerianum.
Schlesingerianum (P. fulahavvnae) . Hybrid between
P. villvsum var. Hoxnlhi and P. insigne var. Alaulei.
selUgerum. Hybrid between P. barbatum and P.
phili ppinense.
Shillianum. Hybrid between P. Gowerianum and P.
Rothsch / Idianum.
Siebertianum. Hybrid between P. Dayanum and P.
insigne.
Siemonii (P. Actseus). Hybrid between P. Leeanum and
P. insigne var. Sanderse.
Spicerifrnum. Lvs. to 12 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls.
about 2J-*j in. across, solitary (rarely 2) on stalks to 12 in.
high; dorsal sepal snow-^hite with a purple band in center;
petals yellowish-green with a median crimson line, wavy-
margined; lip red-brown. Nov.-Dec. India.
Stevensii. Cross between the hybrids P. Calypso and
P. Lathamianum.
Stdnei. Lvs. to about 10 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls.
about 4 in. across vertically, in 3-6-fld. racemes to 2 ft.
high; dorsal sepal white with several longitudinal purple
stripes; petals with lower two-thirds pale yellow spotted
with brown and the apical third brownish-crimson; lip
dull rose with darker veins. May-Aug. Borneo.
sup£rbiens. Lvs. to 7 in. long and 2M in. wide: fls. about
4 in. across vertically, solitary on stalks to 12 in. high;
dorsal sepal white regularly lined with green; petals whitish
lined with groen and spotted with purpie-brown; lip brown-
purple. Jan.-July. Malaya.
superciliare. Hybrid between P. barbatum and P.
superbiens.
Swanianum. Hybrid between P. barbatum and P.
Dayanum.
Swlnburnei magnincum. Hybrid between P. insigne
var. Maulei and P. Argus.
tenue. Hybrid.
Th6mpsonii: P. Lathamianum.
tixall£nse. Hybrid between P. Lawrenceanum and P.
Rothschikhanum,
1 6ns urn. Lvs. to about 7 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls. to
about 5 in. across, solitary on stalks to 16 in. high; sepal
white or greenish striped with green (and sometimes purple
also); petals bright green veined with darker green, with
several black spots; lip greenish shaded with brown and
crimson. Aug.-Nov , Jan. .Sumatra. — The named forms
Arthurianum and Charlesworthii are in the trade.
Tracyanum supgrbum. Hybrid between P, aureum and
P. Lfcanum var. yiganteum.
triumphans. Hybrid between P. nitens and P. aenanthum.
Trowamskianum. Hybrid.
Truflfautiae. Hybrid between P. ciliolare and P. Stonei.
ventistum. Lvs. to 6 in. long and \\fr in. wide, green-
mottled above, purple-mottled beneath: fls. 3-3 ^£ in. across,
solitary (rarely 2) on stalks to 9 in. high; dorsal sepal whit-
ish striped with green; petals green with blackish warts at
base, brownish-purple above; lip yellow-green tinged with
rose and veined witn green. Nov.-Mar., Aug Himalayas.
vexillarium. Hybrid between P. barbatum and P.
Fairieanum.
Vict&riae-Mariae. Lvs. to 12 in. long and 2 in. wide: scape
18 in. high, many-fld ; fls. to 3 in. across vertically; dorsal
sepal green lined with red-brown and with a whitish border;
petals green with red-purple margins; lip purple-brown
with green around mouth. Mar -July. Sumatra.
vill&sum. Lvs. to 18 in. long and 1% in wide: fls. large,
nearly 0 in. across, solitary on stalks nearly as long as Ivs ;
dorsal sepal purplish-brown at base and center, green
above with narrow white botder; petals yellowish-brown
with brown-purple mid-vein, wavy-margined; lip brownish-
yellow. Get -Mar. Burma. Var. aureum has lemon-yellow
dorsal sepal, the basal and central area brownish. Var.
B6xallii has dorsal sepal spotted with blackish-brown, with
broader white border.
VJpanii. Hybrid between P. niieum and P. phihppinense.
viridissimum blenheimense. Hybrid.
warnhamense. Hybrid between P. Curtisii and P.
phihppinense.
Wiertzianum. Hybrid between P. Lawrenceanum and
P. Rothschildianum.
Williamsii. Hybrid.
PAPILIONACEOUS corolla: butterfly-like; pea-like
flower, with a standard, wings, and keel.
PAPPUS: peculiar calyx-limb of composites, being
plumose, bristle-like, scales, or otherwise.
PAPYRIUS: Broussonetia papymfera.
PAPYRUS: Cyperus Papyrus.
PARACARYUM: Adelocaryum caelestinum.
PARADISEA. Lihaccse. One per. herb with
fleshy rhizomes and Imear basal Ivs. P. Lili-
Astrum (Anlhericum Liliastrwri). ST.-BRUNO
LILY. To 2 ft.: fls. white, funnel-shaped, to 2 in.
long, in loose racemes on slender bracted scapes.
Eu. Var. mljor is taller and has larger fls.: a
form, gigantda is listed and may be this var. —
Of easy cult, in the hardy boraer. Propagated
by division and seeds.
PARADISE NUT: see Lecythidaceae.
PARAMfGNYA. Rutacear. Evergreen spiny
climbing Indian shrubs: Ivs. of 1 1ft.: fls. solitary
or in axillary clusters, large and white; stamens
8-10, not united: fr. elliptic or globose, gummy
inside. P. monophylla has alternate Ivs. and
recurved spines that aid in climbing, and more
or less hairy young parts: fr. berry-like, about
1 in. diam., yellow. — Grown experimentally as
a Citrus relative.
PARA-NUT: Bertholletia.
PARASOL-TREE, CHINESE: Firmiana simplex.
PARDANTHUS: Belamcanda.
PARIETARIA. PELLTTOHY. Urticaces*. Widely
distributed herbs, with alternate entire Ivs. and
polygamous fls. in axillary clusters; one species
formerly grown for medicinal purposes. Propa-
gated by seeds and cuttings.
arbdrea: Gesnouinia arborea.
officinalis. Erect per. blooming first year, to 1 ft. or
sts. prostrate: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 4 in. long: fls. very
email, in sessile clusters. Eu., Asia.
PARIS. Liliacese. Rhizomatous herbs native
in mts. of north temp. zone, differing from Tril-
lium in the parts of the n. in 4's; sometimes
planted in hardy border.
polyphylla. To 3 ft.: Ivs. in a whorl of 4-9, petiole to
\b in. long: fls. with yellow filiform petals and green ovate-
lanceolate sepals, to 4 in. or more across: berry green, to
2^ in. diani. W. China. — Very variable as to size of parts.
Paris
535
quadrifolia. HERB-PARIS. To 1 ft.: Ivs. in a whorl of
4 about 2 in. below the solitary yellowish-green fl. about
1% in. diam.: berry bluish-black. Eu.
PARITI, PARITIUM: Hibiscus.
PARKINSONIA. Leguminosse. Trop. and
warm-temp, trees or shrubs with bipinnate Ivs.,
yellow or whitish fls. in racemes, and flattened
leathery pods.
aculeata. JERUSALEM-THORN. RATAMA. Tree to 30 ft.
with spines about 1 in. long: Ifts. having flattened twig-
like stalks, the numerous small segnis. deciduous: fls. yellow,
fragrant, in loose axillary racemes: pods to 5 in. long, con-
stricted between the seeds. Probably trop. Amer. — A good
hedge plant.
Torreyana. Tree to 25 ft.: Ifts. 2-3 pairs, l/£ in. long,
glaucous: fls. bright yellow, in terminal racemes: pods to
3 in. long, constricted between seeds. Ariz., Tex.
PARMENTlfeRA. Bignoniacex. Trees, often
bearing spines at the nodes, Ivs. of 3 Ifts., large
funnelform fls. solitary or clustered, the calyx
split and spathe-like, and long cylindrical frs.;
planted in S. Fla.
alata. Tree, without spines: Ifts. oblanceolate to spatu-
late, entire, the terminal one often 3 in. long, petiole very
broadly winged and long. Mex.
cereifera. CANDLE-TREK. Lfts. obovate, to 2 in. long,
entire or toothed: fls. white, to 3 in. long, with large brown-
ish calyx: frs hanging, to 4 ft. long, yellowish and resembling
candles. Panama.
edulis. GUAJILOTE. Tree to 30 ft., with broad head: Ifts.
ovate, entire, petiole very narrowly winged, spines sub-
tending Iva.: fls. greenish-yellow, about 2^ in. long: fr.
4-6 in. long and about 1 in. diam., yellowish-green, edible.
Mex., Guatamala.
PARNASSIA.. GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. Saxi-
fragacese (or Parnassiacese}. Small per. herbs
native in north temp, zone in low or moist places,
with entire basal Ivs. and 1 sessile If. on the
scape, and white fls. solitary at top of scape with
greenish or yellowish veins. Useful for planting
in damp situations, blooming in summer. Propa-
gated by seeds or division.
asarifdlia. To 20 in.: Ivs. kidney-shaped, to 3 in. across,
the st.-lf orbicular and clasping, about middle of scape:
fls. 1 m. across, the petals clawed. Va. to S. C.
californica (P. palustris var. californica}. To 16 in.:
If. not clasping, tapering to base, to 1 % in. long. Mts , Calif.
caroliniana. To 2 ft : Ivs. ovate to orbicular, to 2 m.
long, often cordate at base, the st.-lf. ovate and clasping,
below middle of scape: fls. l^'a in. across, staminodes stout
and shorter than stamens. N. B. to Va. and la. Var.
montana, a dwarf mountain form.
fimbriata. To 1 ft.: If. reniform or broad-cordate, to 1J4
in. long: petals fringed on sides. Colo, and Calif, to Alaska.
foli6sa. St. acutely 4-angled, winged: st.-lvs. rotund-
cordate, sessile, lobed, about 1 in. across, 5-7-nerved: fls.
white, to 1 in. across, petals much incised. India.
grandifdlia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to orbicular, st.-lf. ovate
and clasping at or below middle of scape: fls. to 2 in. across;
staminodes slender and longer than stamens. Va. to Fla.,
La. and Mo.
intermedia. To 16 in.: Ivs. ovate to kidney-shaped,
to 1^ in long, the st.-lf. ovate and sessile: fls. % m. across,
petals fringed. Nev., Ore.
montane'nsis. To 8 in.: Ivs. ovate, to % in. long: fls.
to ^ in. across, petals entire. B. C. to Mont.
palustris. To 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 1^ in. long, cordate at
base, the st.-lf. ovate and clasping, below middle of scape:
fls. to 1 in. across. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
parvifl&ra. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 1 in. long, narrowed at
base, the st.-lf. oval and clasping, about middle of scape:
fls. about J^ in. across. N. Amer.
PAR(5CHETUS. Leguminosse. Per. trailer
from trop. Asia and E. Afr. P. communis.
SHAMROCK-PEA. BLUE OXALIS. Lfts. 3, marked
with brown crescent at base: fls. papilionaceous,
cobalt-blue with pink wings, solitary or 2-3 in
the axils: pods 1 in. long. — Useful for rock-
gardens or hanging-baskets. Propagated by
seeds.
Paronychia
PAR6DIA. Cactacex. By some authors this
includes the monotypic genus Hickenia as well
as other species: plants small, spines hooked or
straight: fls. yellow to red, the tube hairy and
bristly: native in S. Amer.
aureice'ntra. Usually cespitose, depressed-globose, to
6 in. tall; ribs about 15, slightly tubercled; radial spines
about 40, bristly, somewhat adpressed; centrals stouter,
swollen at base, rose to yellow-brown: fls. bright blood-red,
about 1^8 m. long. Argentina.
aureispina. Globose, bluish-green; ribs spiral and tuber-
cled; radial spines 40 and white, centrals 6 and golden, one
hooked: fls. golden, 1 in. across, tube white-hairy. N.
Argentina. Var. 61egans is listed.
catamarc£nsis (Malacocarpus catarnarcensis} . Globose,
becoming cylindrical; ribs divided into round flat-topped
tubercles; radial spines about 9, spreading, slender, white;
centrals 4, dark purple, curved: fls. pale yellow. Argentina.
chrysaca'nthion (Echinocactus and Malacocarpus chrys-
acanthion}. St. simple or branched, globose to subcylmdrie,
to 3 in. tall and 2 in. diam.; ribs 24-30, spiral, tubercled
throughout; spines mostly alike, 30-40, the outer more
slender than inner, golden-yellow, to % in. long, unequal:
fls golden-yellow, to % in. long. Argentina.
erythr&ntha. Spherical, to 2 in. high, spirally tubercled;
radial spines about 20, to % in. long, matted; centrals 4,
reddish with white base, one hooked: fls. red, to 1 in. across,
stigma white. N . Argentina.
islay£nsis (Echinocactus and Malacocarpus islayensis}.
To 3 in. across, very spiny, woolly at top; ribs 19-25; radial
spines 8-22 and spreading; central spines 4-7 and ^ in.
long: fls. yellow, ^ in. long. Peru.
Maassii (Echinocactus and Malacocarpus Maassii).
Globular or short-cyhndric, 0 in. across, yellowish-green;
ribs 13 and undulate or tuberclcd; radial spines 8--10, weak
and long; central spine to 3 in long, curved or hooked: fls.
orange-red, (3 in. across. Bolivia, Argentina.
microspe'rma (Echinocactus and Malacocarpus micro-
sprrmus. Ihckenia and Microspermia micros per ma}. Glo-
bose or shoit-cylindric, very spiny, simple or in dusteis,
to H in. high and 4 in. thick; tubercles in indefinite ribs;
radial spines 11 -25, to ^ in long, \vhite; centrals 3-4, the
lowest strongly hooked, red or brown: fls yellow or red, to
2 in. across. Argentina. Var. rigidispina has stouter spines.
minor (Islaya minor}. Globose, to 4 in. diam., and 5 in.
high, dark green; ribs 10-18, to ^2 m wide and half as high,
areolcs about ^g in apart; spines black becoming grayish,
radials 18-22, to % m. long, centrals 4, to ^ m. long and
stouter: fls. golden-yellow, to nearly 1 in. across: fr. red,
pubescent. Peru.
mutabilis. Globose, to about 3)g m- diam., white-woolly
on top; tubercles in indefinite ribs; radial spines about 50,
bristly, white; centrals usually 4, one hooked, white to
orange: fls golden-yellow, to 2 in. across, throat often red.
Argentina.
nivdsa (M icrospcrmia nivosa. Echinocactus nivosus).
Differs from P. rmcrospernui in its larger habit, no central
spines hooked, and fls. brilliant scarlet, to 1^2 ii*. across.
Argentina.
sanguinifldra (Microspcrmia sanyuini/lora). Solitary,
depressed-glob ose, woolly on top; tubercles in spiral in-
distinct ribs, areoles woolly uhen young; radials about 15,
to % in long, spreading, bristly, white; centrals 4, brownish,
the lowest one hooked, to % in. long: fls. dark red, to 1^
in. across. Argentina.
Schwebsiana (Echinocactus Schwebsianus} . Depressed-
globose, 2 in. high and broad, white-woolly at top; ribs
13-20; radial spines 10 and 1A in. long; central spine 1, to
^4 in. long and curved: fls. red, 1 in. long. Bolivia.
setifera. Solitary, depressed-globose, to 3 in. diam.; ribs
18, to *4, in. high; radial spines about 20, to % in. long,
white; centrals 3-4, pink, one hooked, to % in. long and
often deciduous: fls. pale yellow, to l>ij in. across. Argen-
tina.
Sttiemeri (Echinocactus Stuemeri). Globose, very spiny,
to 4 in. high and broad; ribs about 20; radial spines about
25 and H m- long, white; central spines 4 and 1 in. long,
brown: fls. orange-yellow, \% in. long. Argentina.
tabularis: Notocactua tabularis.
tilcar6nsis. Differs from P. Stuemeri in having fewer
spines and slightly smaller orange-red fls. Argentina.
PARONtCHIA. WHITLOW-WORT. NAIL-
WORT. Illecebracese. Small herbaceous tufted
annuals and perennials with minute clustered
fls. without petals, often hidden among silvery
stipules or bracts: Ivs. opposite, broad or narrow:
mostly in the Medit. region but several native
Paronychia
536
Paspalum
in U. 8. Useful in the rock-garden. Of simple
cult.; propagated by seed and the perennials
also by division.
arg£ntea. Prostrate per.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, ciliate:
fls. in dense clusters among the Ivs., concealed by silvery
hi acts. Mtuiit. region.
argyrccoma (Anychia argyrocomd). Erect or ascending
per. to 8 in., making broad tufts or mats, covered with
silvery scale-like hairs: Ivs. linear, stipules silvery- white:
fls. in forking cymes, concealed by the large and silvery
bracts. Rocky places, Me. to Ga. and Tenri. Var. albimon- f
tana is listed as a dwarf form to 3 in. high.
bonariensis. Prostrate tufted per.: Ivs. ovate-oblong,
usually acute, densely appressed-pubescent: fls. in axillary
clusters. Probably Uruguay.
capita ta: see P. serpyllifolia.
dich6toma. Tufted per. to 14 in., woody at base: Ivs.
awl-shtiped, stipules silvery: fin. yellow, m loose cymes with
ascending branches. Dry soil, Md. to Tex.
Kap61a. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. oblong, bluish-green, ciliate:
fls. in heads to % in. across, concealed by silvery bracts.
8. Eu.
Lindheimeri. Ann. or bien. to 8 in.: Ivs. thread-like: fls.
in loose cymes. Tex., New Mex.
nfvea. Per. to 5 in., woody at base, sts. ascending, pubes-
cent: Ivs. linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute, densely
ciliate. fls. with large silvery- white bracts in dense heads.
Medit. region.
pulvinata. Mat-forming per.: Ivs. oblong, obtuse, densely
covering the short sts.: fls. terminal, sessile, few, nearly
covered by the Ivs. Colo., Wyo. and Utah.
serpyllif61ia. Creeping rooting per.: Ivs. obovate: fls. in
dense heads borne in cymes. S. Eu. — Probably a var. of
the species P. capitata, which is a per. to 6 in., sod-forming,
with fls. in dense terminal silvery-white heads.
sessilif&lia. Differs from P. puhinatti in its linear-
subulate acute to mucronate Ivs. Colo, to Sask.
PAROSELA: Dalea.
PARROT-BEAK: Clianthua puniceus.
PARROTIA. Ilamamelidaccx. Deciduous
tree native in Persia, hardy N. and the foliage
assuming brilliant autumnal colors. P. pSrsica.
To 15 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 4 in. long, coarsely toothed
above middle: fls. before Ivs., in dense heads to
^2 in. across surrounded by brown-tornentose
bracts, without petals, the stamens drooping. —
Propagated by seeds, layers and cuttings.
PARROTI6PSIS. Hamamelidacesp. Himala-
yan deciduous tree to 20 ft. P. Jacquemon-
tiana (Parrotia Jacqucmontiana). Lvs. nearly
orbicular, to 3 in. long, toothed, turning pale
yellow in autumn: fls. with the Ivs., in dense
heads to 2 in. across surrounded by large white
bracts, without petals, the stamens erect. —
Rather tender in the N. Propagated by seeds,
layers, and cuttings of green wood under glass.
PARROTS-BILL: Clianthus puniceus. -Feather: Myri-
ophyllum proserpinacoides.
PARRYA. CruciferdR. W. American per.
herbs allied to Radicula, differing in having
yellow or white fls. and pods flattened, not
terete. One species, P. Menziesii, may be
grown in the rockery; propagated by seeds.
To 6 in., ccspitose: Ivs. spatulate to oblanceolate,
to 4 in. long, entire, usually densely stellate-
hairy: fls. rose to purple, many in racemes: pods
spreading horizontally. W. Nev. to Calif, and
Ore.
PARSLEY: Petroselinum criapum.
PARSNIP: Pastinaca. Cow-: Heracleum. Water: Sium
suave.
PARSONSIA: Cuphea.
PARTED: cleft or cut not quite to the base, as a leaf or
petal.
PARTHfeNIUM. Composite. Herbs and
shrubs, per. or sometimes .ann., with alternate
lys. and small heads of white or yellow ray-and-
disk-fls. borne in corymbs and panicles; pappus
of awns or none; native N. Amer. to N. S. Amer.
The guayule is grown in southwestern United States for
the rubber obtained from the stems and is now of com-
mercial importance. The plants are set out late in March in
rows 2-3 feet apart. Propagated by seeds.
argentatum. GUAYULE. Shrub to 3 ft., much branched.
Ivs. lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, to 2 in. long, silvery-
pubescent: heads % in. across. Mex., Tex.
integrifdlium. Per. to 4 ft., corymbosely branched above:
lower Ivs. oblong to lanceolate, toothed, to 6 in. long, upper
ones ovate: heads whitish and small. Md. to Ga. west to
Minn, and Tex.
PARTHENOCfSSUS (Psedera). Vitacex.
Many species of shrubs climbing by tendrils
often with disk-like tips, having alternate lobed
or digitately compound lys., small greenish fls.
in cymes, parts of the fl. in 5's and falling sep-
arately (see Vitis), and fr. a black berry.
These vines are grown as coveting for walls, fences and
arbors and allowed to grow on trees. They thrive in any
good soil. Propagated by seeds, cuttings of hard and green
wood, and by layers.
Henryana (Ampelopsis Henryana). Young branchlets
4-angled: Ivs. of 5 ovate to obovate Ifts. to 2^ in. long,
toothed above middle, marked with white above, purplisn
beneath. China.
heptaphylla (Ampelopsis heptaphylla). Lvs. of mostly
7 oblong-lanceolate Ifts. to 2^ in. long, coarsely toothed.
Tex.
himalayana. Allied to P. tricuspidata' lft«. 3, obovate to
ovate, glaucous underneath. Himalayas; adaptable only
far S.
hirsuta: P. quinquefolia var.
inse'rta: P. quinquefolia var. vitacea.
latevirens. Lvs. of 5 obovate Ifts. to 4 in. long, coarsely
toothed, yellow-green, glabrous except perhaps on veins
underneath. China.
quinquefdlia (Ampelopsis quinquefolia and hed eracea) .
VIRGINIA CREEPER. AMERICAN IVY. Lvs. of 5 elliptic-
ovate coarsely toothed stalked Ifts. to 6 in. long, paler be-
neath. New England to Fla. and Tex. Var. fingelmannii
(Ampelopsis Engelmannii). Lfts. smaller. Var. hirsuta (P.
and Ampelopsis hirsuta). Lva. pubescent beneath. Var.
mur&rum. Tendrils short and numerous. Var. Saint-Paulii
(Ampelopsis Saint- Pauln). Branchlets often with aerial
rootlets; Ifts. pubescent beneath. Var. vitacea (P. and
Ampelopsis vitacea, P. inserta). Tendrils mainly without
disks and riot clinging well; Ifts. deeply cut in one form. —
In its many forms, the Virginia creeper is one of the hardiest
and most adaptable of climbers; sometimes called Five-
leaved Ivy and Woodbine.
Th6msonii (Ampelopsis Thomsonii). Lvs. of 5 elliptic
toothed Ifts. to 3 in. long, purplish when young. China,
Himalayas.
tricuspidata (Ampelopsis tricuspidata). JAPANESE or
BOSTON IVY. Lvs. variable, ovate to orbicular, to 8 in.
across, 3-lpbed or 3-parted, shining above. Japan, China.
Var. Ldwii (Ampelopsis Lown). Lvs. to 1H in. long, pur-
plish when young. Var. purpurea. Lvs. dark purple. Var.
robusta does not differ from the type. Var. VeJtchii (Ampe-
lopsis Veitchii). Young Ivs. purple, smaller. A small-lvd.
form is offered as minutifdlia.
vitacea: P. quinquefolia var.
PARTRIDGE-BERRY: Mitchella repens.
PASANIA: Lithocarpus.
PASITHfeA. Liliacex. One bulbous herb
native in Chile, belonging to the Anthericum
group. P. cseriilea. Lvs. narrow-linear, grass-
like: fls. blue, 1 in. across, borne in loosely
branched panicles on graceful scapes; peri-
anth-tube very short, the lobes spreading.
PASPALUM. Graminese. Ann. and per.
grasses of temp, and warm regions of the world,
sometimes grown for ornament: spikelets in
one-sided racemes which are solitary, paired
or in panicles. See Grasses.
dilatatum. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and H in. wide:
racemes to 5 in. long, in panicles of 3-8. Argentina; nat.
in S. U. S.
61egans: see P. racemosum.
Paspalum
537
Palrinia
racem6sum. Ann. with decumbent sts. to 3 ft. long:
Ivs. to 5 in. long and 1 in. wide: racemes to 1 in. long,
numerous, in panicles to 6 in. long. Colombia to Peru. —
Sometimes cult, as P. elegans and P. stoloniferum.
stoloniferum: P. racemosum.
PASQUE-FLOWER: Anemone Pulsatilla.
PASSIFLORA. PASSION-FLOWER. Passiflora-
ce%. Many vines climbing by tendrils, with
alternate entire or lobed Ivs., solitary or racemose
odd and often very showy fls. with stamens
united in tube and fr. a many-seeded berry; some
of them have edible frs. and others are grown as
ornamentals.
Passifloras are hardy only in the southernmost United
States but are sometimes grown under glass for the striking
bloom. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. P. edulis and
P. quadrangulans are the species mostly grown for the
edible fruit.
al&ta. Sts. slightly winged: Ivs. entire: fls. fragrant,
to 5 in. across, white, red inside, the crown red, purple and
white: fr. yellow, to 5 in. long, edible. Trop. Amer.
alato-caerulea (P. Pfordtn). Hybrid between P. alata
and P caerulea: Ivs. 3-lobed: fls. fragrant, 4 in. across,
white, pink inside, the crown purple, blue and white.
a'lba: P subpeltata.
antioquiensis (P. and Tacsonia Van-Volxemii). Lvs.
with 3 lanceolate toothed lobes: fls. to 5 in. across, bright
red; calyx-tube to 1H iQ long: fr. edible. Colombia.
atropurpurea. Hybrid between P. racemosa and P.
Raddiana. fls. 3 in. across, dark red, the crown violet spotted
with white.
Banks ii. Lvs. with 3 broad lobes: fls. pale at first but
becoming scarlet. Australia.
bifldra. Sts. 5-anglecl: Ivs. transversely linear to oblong,
to 4 in. wide and 1 in long: fla. white. Mex. to Venezuela
and Bahama Isls.
caerulea. Lvs. with 5 lanceolate lobes: fls. to 4 in. across,
pale pink, the crown white and purple: fr. yellow. \Yi in.
long. Brazil, and grown under glass. Var. grandindra haa
larger fls. and "Constance Elliott" white fla.
coccmea. Lvs. ovate, not lobed, coarsely toothed: fls.
scarlet with orange crown. S. Amer.
Colvillei. Hybrid between P. incarnata and P. cserulea:
Ivs. with 3-5 deep toothed lobes: fls. 3^ in. across, white
spotted with red-brown, the crown purple, white and blue.
edulis. PURPLE GRANADILLA. Lvs. with 3 deep toothed
lobes: fls. 2 in. across, white with white and purple crown:
fr. deep purple, to 3 in. long, edible. Brazil.
Elchwaldtii: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
exoniensis. Hybrid between P. antioquiensis and P.
rnollissima: Ivs. deeply 3-lobed, pubescent beneath: fla
to 5 in. across, brick-red, rose-pink inside, with tube 2^
in. long.
gracilis. Lvs. with 3 shallow lobes: fls. pale green or
white, apetalous, about 1 in. across. Brazil.
grandifidra: P. caerulea var.
ignea: P. mamcata.
incarnata. WILD P. MAYPOP. Lvs. with 3 deep toothed
lobes: fls. to 2 in. across, white with purple or pink crown:
fr. yellow, to 2 m. long, edible. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
Jamesonii (Tacsonia Jamesonii). Lvs. 3-lobed: fls. bright
rose or coral-red, the calyx-tube about 4 in. long. Peru. —
Some of the material cult, under this name is P. tomentosa.
kermesina (P. Raddiana) . Lvs. 3-lobed, slightly toothed,
purplish beneath: fls. crimson, the crown dark purple with
white filaments inside. Brazil.
lanata (Tacsonia lanata). Lys. entire, tomentose be-
neath: fls. white, with tube 2)^ in. long. Andes.
latifftlia: confused name, perhaps referable to P. alata.
laurifdlia. YELLOW GRANADILLA. WATER-LEMON.
JAMAICA-HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. entire: fls. to 4 in. across,
white spotted with red, the crown violet and white: fr.
yellow, to 3 in. long, edible. Trop. Amer.
ligularis. SWEET GRANADILLA. Lvs. entire: fls. to 3 in.
across, greenish with white and purple crown: fr. brown or
purplish, 3 in. long, edible. Trop. Amer.
lutea. Lvs. broader than long, shallowly 3-4obed: fls.
greenish-yellow, % in. across: fr. purple, H in. across.
Pa. to Fla. and Tex.
macroc&rpa: P. quadranyularia.
malif6rrnis. Lvs. entire: fls. fragrant, to 5 in, across,
white with red, violet and white crown: fr. yellowish-green,
2 in. across, edible. Trop. Amer.
manicata (P. ignea. Tacsonia manicata). Lvs. with 3
ovate toothed lobes: fls. to 4 in. across, bright scarlet with
blue crown, the calyx-tube 1^ in. long: fr. yellowish-green.
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
militaris. Lvs. with 3 deep toothed lobes: fls. to 5 in.
across, deep crimson with purple crown. Hybrid.
mirta (Tacaonia mixta). Lvs. with 3 deep toothed lobes:
fls. rose-pink, to 4 in. across, the green calyx-tube to 5 in.
long, Andes.
molHssima (Tacaonia mollissima) . Lva. with 3 deep
toothed lobes, very pubescent beneath: fls. to 3 in. across,
rose, the calyx-tube to 5 in. long: fr. yellow. Andes.
Pf 6rdtii: P. alato-cxrulea.
prince ps: P. racemoaa.
quadrangularis (P. macrocarpa). GIANT GRANADIILA.
Sts. winged: Ivs. entire: fls. fragrant, 3 in. across, white with
purple and white crown: fr. greenish-yellow, to 10 in. long,
edible. Trop. Amer. Var. variegata has foliage blotched
yellow.
racemosa (P. princeps). Lvs. deeply 3-lobed, margins
entire: fls. to 4 in. across, deep red with purple and white
crown: fr. greenish-yellow, 2 in. long. Brazil.
Raddiana: P. kermesina.
ros&cea: probably of hort. origin; the name has no
botanical standing.
subpeltata (P. alba). Lvs. broad-ovate, shallowly 3-
lobed, glaucous beneath: fls. pure white, 2 in. across: fr.
green becoming yellowish, size of an egg. Mex. to S. Amer.
tetr&ndra: Tetrapathsea tetrondra.
tomentdsa (Tacsonia tomentosa). Lvs. 3-lobed, tomen-
tose beneath: fls. with pubescent tube to 3^ ui. long. Peru.
trifasciata. Lvs. 3-lobed, banded with purple along
midribs: fls small, yellowish, fragrant. Brazil.
Van-V61xemii: P. antioquiensis.
violacea. Lvs. 3-lobed: fls. to 4 in. across, violet with
violet and white crown. Brazil.
PASSIFLORACE^. PASSION - FLOWER FAM-
ILY. About 18 genera of woody vines or some-
times erect herbs, most abundant in S. Amer.,
characterized by alternate simple or lobed Ivs.,
simple tendrils, regular mostly bisexual fls. with
3-5 sepals and separate petals or without petals,
usually with a conspicuous often showily fringed
crown in the center, and fr. a berry or caps.
Passiflora is grown for ornament and for the
edible fruits, also Tetrapathiea.
PASSION-FLOWER: Passi flora.
PASTINACA. PARSNIP. Umbellijerx. Thick-
rooted herbs, mostly bien., with pinnately com-
pound Ivs., yellow or red fls. in compound umbels,
and flattened frs. ; grown for the edible root.
Parsnips should be grown in deep mellow soil so that
the roots may develop straight and unbranched. Seeds
may be sown in spring in rows 16-18 inches apart and the
seedlings thinned to 6-6 inches in the row. It the ground
becomes crusted or baked before the seeds germinate, it
should be broken with a rake. Parsnips may be dug in
autumn and stored in a cellar, or left in the ground till
spring. They require the entire season in which to grow.
sativa. CULTIVATED P. To 5 ft., with grooved hollow
st. and roots to 20 in. long: Ivs. with 7-9 ovate toothed or
lobed Ifts.: fls. greenish-yellow. Eu. — The wild form, var.
sylv6stris, is nat. in N. Amer.
PATA-VACA: Bauhinia mexicana.
PATERSONIA. Iridacese. Australian rhi-
zome-bearing perennials with rosettes of stiff
linear Ivs. longer than the slender erect fl.-sts.:
fls. usually blue, short-lived, in terminal clusters,
the outer segms. spreading and inner ones minute
and erect: fr. a linear caps. Summer blooming
and somewhat difficult to establish.
glauca. Lvs. narrowly linear, to 18 in. long, acute, pale
green: fls. blue, 2-4 in solitary terminal spikes, outer segms.
ovate, about l/i in. long.
umbrdsa. Lvs. linear, to 24 in. long, more rigid than
above: fls. with outer segms. obovate, to 1^£ in. long.
PATRfNIA. Vakrianacex. Hardy peren-
nials from N. Eu. and Asia, having pinnatifid or
pinnatisect Ivs., except for entire basal ones, and
Patrinia 538
fls. yellow or white in corymbose-panicled
cymes, and differing from those of other cult,
genera of this family in having 4 stamens.
Blossoming in early summer and adapted to
rockery or border.
intermedia. To 1 % ft.: Ivs. pinnatifid with large terminal
lobe, other segrns. lanceolate: fls. yellow. Siberia.
palmAta: P. triloba.
rup6stris: confused name, the plants in cult, may be
/'. intermedia or P. scab IOSK/ aha.
scabiosaef61ia. Plant glabrous: basal Ivs. ovate-oblong,
lyrate, incised, st -Ivs. pinnatifid, segms. linear-lanceolate,
acute, distal one longest: fls. yellow. Dahuria.
sibirica. To 1 ft.: basal Ivs. long-spatulate, toothed or
entire, at. -Ivs. few, pinnate, segrns. entire: fls. yellow, fra-
grant. Siberia.
triloba (P. palmata'). To 15 in., hairy at nodes and on
peduncles, branched above: Ivs. heart-shaped, palmately
3 -5-1 o bed to entire, lower ones coarsely dentate to serrate:
fls. golden-yellow, in clusters to 4 in. across Japan.
villdsa. Coarse per. to 3 ft : basal Ivs. auricled, petioled.
villous, st. -Ivs. sessile, toothed: fls. white, in panicled
corymbs. Japan.
PAULLfNIA. Sapinddcese. Climbing shrubs
of the tropics with alternate compound Ivs., small
irregular fls. in axillary racemes, and somewhat
fleshy capsular frs.; one species is grown in the
greenhouse as a foliage plant. The tops should
be pinched off to induce stocky growth. Propa-
gated by cuttings in early spring.
thalictrif&lia. Tendril-bearing: Ivs. fern-like, three
times pinnate into 3 small Ifts , of bronze tint when young:
fls. pinkish: fr. 1 in. long, 3-winged. Brazil.
PAUL6WNIA. Scrophulariacese. Deciduous
trees of E. Asia grown for their large attractive
opposite catalpa-like Ivs. and showy panicles
of violet, or sometimes nearly white, tubular
fls. with 5 spreading lobes: fr. a large caps, with
winged seeds.
Paulowmas are tender in far North but are root hardy
north of their proper region and in the spring send up strong
new shoots and make very large leaves. They thrive best
in a light deep loam and northward in a sheltered position.
Propagated by seeds sown in the spring or by root-cuttings,
and in greenhouses from greenwood cuttings, also from the
loaves, taken when unfolding and about 1 in. long.
Ffirtunei. Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong,
to 10 in. long, densely tomentose beneath: fls. before Ivs.,
white spotted inside with purple, to 4 in. long. China. —
Grown in Calif.
imperialis: P. tomentosa.
toment&sa (P. imperialis). Pubescent tree to 40 ft.,
much like catalpa in habit: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 1 ft. and
more long, entire or 3-1 o bed, tomentose beneath: fls. 2 in.
or more long, pale violet, darker spotted inside, fragrant,
in many-fld. panicles to 1 ft. long. China ; escaped in
the U. S ; hardy in the East to about the latitude of N. Y.
Citv or somewhat farther, and along the Ohio River. Var.
lanata is yellow-tomentose beneath. Var. p&llida has pale fls.
PAUR6TIS (Acoelorraphe). SAW PALMETTO.
Palmacesp. Attractive hermaphrodite fan-palms
of southern everglade Fla. and parts of W.
Indies and probably Cent. Amer., producing
several slender trunks in one clump, unarmed
except for the short-spiny or sharp-toothed
petioles: spadix long and branched, among the
Ivs. and surpassing them; fls. small, solitary or
in 2;s or 3's; stamens 6, nearly or quite equal in
length, the filaments broad at base: fr. a globular
glabrous drupe about % in. thick, black.
androsana: P, Wrightii.
arborgscens: P. Wrightii.
Wrightii (P. androsana and P. arb&rescens. Serenoa
arborescens. Acceloiraphe arborescens and Wnghtii. Acan-
thosabal cxspitona) EVERGLADE PALM of FLORIDA. SILVER-
SAW P. SAW-CABBAGE P. Trunks slender, several or very
many, strict, to 10 ft : Ivs. nearly or quite orbicular, 2-3
ft. and more across, divided below the middle into narrow
segms., green above and silvery underneath.
Pea
PAVIA:
PAVONIA (Malache). Malvacese. Herbs and
shrubs in warm parts of Old and New Worlds,
with alternate often angled or lobed Ivs., yellow,
pink or purple fls. solitary or clustered and 5
carpels separating from axis at maturity; some-
times grown under glass N., or in the open in
warm climates. Propagated by cuttings in
spring or early summer, or by seeds.
flava: P. sepium.
hastata. To 6 ft., shrubby: Ivs. toothed, halberd-
shaped: fls. solitary, pale red with dark spot at base, to
1 in. long. S. Amer.; nat. in S. U. S.
multifldra. Lvs. narrowly oblong, toothed: fls. in ter-
minal clusters, purple, to \\^ in. long, the staminal column
exserted. Brazil.
praem6rsa. Shrub: Ivs. broad-ovate, toothed: fls. yellow
with dark center, oolitary. S. Afr.
sdpium (P. flam). To 6 ft., shrubby: Ivs oblong-ovate,
coarsely toothed: fls. about ^ in. long, in few-fld. racemes.
S. Amer.
spinifex. Shrub to 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate, toothed: fls. solitary,
yellow, 1 in. across. Trop. Amer.; nat. in S. U. S.
PAWPAW: Carica Papaya-, also Asimina triloba, mostly
spelled papaw.
PEA. The garden and field pea is a cool-
season hardy annual tendril-climbing p^ant.
It occupies the land only part of the season.
Peas are grown for the edible green seeds, and
one race for the edible pod with the seeds intact
after the way of string beans but this sort is
little known in North America. See Pisum.
Garden peas are "smooth" and "wrinkled."
The smooth kinds are inferior to the wrinkled in
quality.
Since the pea plant is hardy and does not pro-
duce well in hot weather, plantings in most
sections of the North should be made as early as
the land can be prepared. The best method of
obtaining a succession of peas is to plant early,
medium, and late varieties about the same time
in spring. In the South and in parts of the
Southwest and in southern California, the crop
is grown in winter and early spring, plantings
being made at intervals during fall and winter.
In home gardens and in commercial plantings,
in some regions, tall-growing varieties are sup-
ported on strings attached to stakes or on trel-
lises of chicken wire 2J^ to 3 feet wide stapled
to stout stakes; as soon as the crop is harvested
the wire is rolled up and the stakes are pulled
and allowed to dry, and the material is then
stored, being used over and over for years. A
large part of commercial plantings of both tall
and dwarf varieties are not supported. In the
home garden peas may be planted in rows 18
inches apart for hand cultivation and 30 to 36
inches apart for horse cultivation, using about 1
cjuart of seed for 100 feet of row. Most pea seed
is planted too deeply, resulting in slow come-up
and thin stand. A depth of 1 inch is sufficient
in moist heavy soil and 1J^ to 2 inches in dry
soil. A covering greater than 2 inches is seldom
justified in humid regions.
As a field crop, peas may be sown in rows far
enough apart to admit of horse-hoeing, but usu-
ally they are broadcast or planted with a grain
drill. For sale as green peas, the pods are picked
by hand, but for canning the crop is harvested
with a mowing-machine and hayrake. The can-
ning crop is hauled to the factory as gathered
and is there threshed; the straw has value as
manure and as feed for livestock.
Pea louse is often a serious pest, particularly
Pea
539
Peach
in broadcast fields where the insect spreads
readily from plant to plant. In rows the louse
or aphis can be controlled by spraying or dusting
with nicotine preparations. The lice may be
brushed from canning fields by a machine devised
for the purpose. The pea weevil infests ripe
peas in storage, where they may be killed by
fumigation with bisulfide of carbon; but peas
that have been injured by weevil should not be
planted for they produce weak plants.
PEA: see Lathyrus. Asparagus-: Psophocarpus tet-
ragonolobus. Butterfly-: Centrosema, Clitoria. Chaparral-:
Pickeringia, Chick-: Cicer anetinum. Glory-: Chanthus
Dampien. Partridge-: Cassia fasciculat a. Pigeon-: Cajanus
Cajan. Rosary-: Abrus precatorius. Scurfy-: Psoralea.
Shamrock-: Parochetua communis. -Shrub: Caragana.
-Tree: Caragana. Winged-: Lotus tetragonolobus.
PEACH (Prunus Persica). In some of its
forms the peach can be grown in nearly all parts
of the United States and southern Ontario
where winter temperatures do not fall beyond
12° to 15° below zero F. and where late spring
frosts are not common. Although under tlie
most favorable conditions dormant peach blos-
som-buds may withstand a temperature of 20°
below zero, ordinarily 10° below is critical and
lower temperatures may cause damage. Tem-
peratures of 15° to 25° below zero may seriously
injure the sapwood or kill the tree outright.
Varieties do not differ enough in hardiness to
make possible the extens'on of the peach indus-
try by the choice of hardy varieties as can be
done with the apple. Commercial peach grow-
ing is, therefore, confined to the southern and
middle states, and those parts of the northern
states that have the protection of bodies of
water, as for example the fruit districts along the
Great Lakes and some of the larger inland lakes.
Outside these regions, peach growing is too un-
certain to be commercially profitable, but may
be undertaken in home plantings where occasional
crop failure is of no great importance. In the
wanner parts of the United States peaches often
fail because of insufficient cold weather to break
the rest period. The Honey and Peen-to races
arc adapted to southern conditions. Large
quantities of clingstone varietes are raised in
California for canning.
Peach trees bear young, often a partial crop
the third year. In the northern states where
severe winters take their toll, the average life
of a peach orchard is only about a dozen years.
Farther south and particularly in California the
productive life of the trees is longer. Commerical
growers have successive orchards coming on,
but in the home garden young trees may be set
every four or five years to replace older ones,
thus having trees at a bearing age at all times
on a small place. Peach trees are set when one
year old, that is, one season's growth from the
bud. Trees should be set 18 to 20 feet apart
each way in spring or autumn, the former being
the better time in the North. In regions where
the trees attain large size, planting should be as
much as 24 feet apart either way.
Although peaches may be grown with fair suc-
cess on practically any good agricultural soil
that is well drained and reasonably warm, the
fruit attains its best development in color and
quality on good sands, sandy loams or the lighter
clay loams. In some regions, with abundant
fertilizer, good commercial crops are grown in
almost pure sand. Heavy or very fertile lands
which prolong the growing season should be
avoided in the North as late growth does not
become sufficiently hardened to withstand the
winter.
Peach varieties are budded on seedling stocks.
The pits are planted in the nursery row in late
summer^ or they may be stratified and sown in
spring; in either case germination does not take
place until the spring following the ripening of
the seed. The first-year seedlings arc budded to
the desired variety, in June in the southern
states and in late August or September in the
North. The buds inserted in late summer or
autumn remain dormant until the following
spring, when the stock (or young tree) is cut off
just above the bud; this bud is forced into
growth, and all other sprouts from the stock are
pulled off. The age of the tree is reckoned from
the bud, but of course the root is one year
older. In June-budded trees in the South, the
bud grows the same year in which it is inserted
and the resulting tree is ready for planting that
autumn. For heavy lands, peaches are some-
times budded on stocks of St. Julicn or Damson
plum.
Tillage and fertilizer are important. Although
it is sometimes possible to grow peaches for home
use without cultivation, by mulching with
manure, fertilizing heavily, or planting the
trees in the poultry yard, the universal practice
in commercial orchards is to till thoroughly and
turn under cover-crops. The land is plowed or
disked in early spring and then tilled frequently
enough to kill all weeds until July or August or
until the peach crop is well along. A cover-crop
of weeds or sowed crop, such as buckwheat, rape,
clover or cowpcas, is allowed to grow. On light
sandy soils a complete fertilizer is frequently
added, although usually nitrate of soda is the
most effective element. The nitrate may be
applied at the rate of 2 to 4 pounds a mature
tree, when the buds start growth. Nitrate should
be applied with caution as an overdose will
lower the color of the fruit and prolong growth
too late in the season. Manure may be used to
advantage in many cases.
Severe pruning at the time of setting is the
common practice. The trees are headed to the
desired height, usually 20-30 inches, and all but
the three or four branches wanted for the head
are removed and these are cut back to stubs 2 to
3 inches long. As the young shoots appear in
the spring the trees should be disbudded by
removing all young shoots except those desired
for permanent scaffold branches. From this
time until the first crops are borne, the tree, as
grown in the northern states, should be pruned
little except to keep it in shape and the head
somewhat open. In the South and West where
the trees grow more rapidly, the scaffold branches
must be headed back to prevent them from be-
coming "leggy." Mature trees must be heavily
pruned to maintain vigor of growth of the fruit-
ing wood, to keep the tree low so that the fruit
can be harvested from the ground or a six-foot
step-ladder, and to open up the center of the tree.
All this is accomplished by heading back the
most vigorous growth to side branches and thin-
ning out where necessary. The best time for
pruning peach trees is in the late winter or early
spring before the buds start.
Peaches are harvested when full sized and well
colored, but still firm. The time of picking is
very important and requires experience to deter-
Peach
540
Pear
mine it with nicety. Care must be taken not to
tear the flesh about the stem. In its fourth or
fifth year a well-grown tree may yield Yi to 1
bushel of fruit and when in full bearing 3 to 4
bushels are not exceptional. On the average,
however, 150 to 250 bushels to the acre are all
that can be expected. The yield of peach trees
is not dependent on cross-pollination, except in
the varieties J. H. Hale and the Mikado. Yields
are larger in California.
Marketing and storage have changed in recent
years. Roadside and local markets now absorb
much of the peach crop. The commercial crop
is shipped in various types of containers, among
the most common being the Georgia carrier of
the south Atlantic states, hampers of various
sizes and the standard bushel basket. Because
of the perishable nature of the fruit it is usually
pre-cooled and shipped in iced cars if the distance
is great. Firm fruit in prime condition can be
held in cold storage for a week to ten days at
32° F., after which loss of quality is rapid.
Varieties of peaches are many, with regional
adaptations. Many new varieties are being
introduced yearly. The commercial grower
should choose varieties suited to the particular
market. The following varieties, listed in order
of ripening, give a succession for either home or
commercial use.
Varieties with hardy fruit-buds adapted to
growing at the northern limits of peach culture:
Greensboro, Carman, Oriole, Golden Jubilee,
Rochester, Crosby, Hills Chili.
Varieties for fruit sections of New England,
New York, and Michigan: Mikado (June El-
berta), Oriole, Golden Jubilee, Rochester, Valiant,
Halehaven, Veteran, Champion, Early Elberta,
Early Crawford, J. H. Hale, Elberta.
Varieties for the Atlantic coast not including
Florida: Mayflower, Golden Jubilee, Carman,
Hiley, Halehaven, Belle, J. H. Hale, Elberta,
Late Crawford.
Varieties for the Middle West: Golden Jubilee,
Carman, Cumberland, Rochester, Halehaven,
Champion, Early Elberta, Belle, Elberta, Wilma,
Salberta.
Varieties grown on the Pacific coast, not
including canners and driers: Mayflower, Alex-
ander, Triumph, St. John, Hale's Early, Early
Crawford, Early Elberta, Elberta, J. H. Hale,
Salwey, Decker.
Varieties for southern Florida and other sub-
tropical regions: Jewell, Suber, Waldo, Angel,
Florida Gem, Honey, Imperial, Luttichau.
The spraying of the commercial orchard
should be carefully planned to meet local condi-
tions. In most cases a satisfactory program for
home planting consists of two sprays. The first
spray should be applied in autumn after the
leaves are off or early in the spring before the
buds start, using lime-sulfur 1-15 or an oil spray
for the control of scale, leaf-curl and brown-rot:
the second spray is applied when the "shucks"
or calyx-rings are falling from the fruit, using
wettable sulfur at manufacturers' directions,
lead arsenate 2 pounds, hydrated lime 16 pounds,
water 100 gallons. Tnis is to control curculio,
scab and brown-rot. The oriental peach moth,
now widely distributed, cannot be controlled by
spraying but is kept in check by liberating
larval parasites.
The peach borer, one of the worst pests in
many regions, can be controlled with ethylene
dichloride emulsion or by digging them out with
a knife. Ethylene dichloride emulsion has the
advantage of application as a liquid in October
after the rush of orchard work is past. Borers
may also be dug out in the way described for the
apple-tree borer. In using paradichlorobenzenc.
all gum is removed from the base of the tree ana
the ground made level for a space of about 1 foot.
The dry white powder is then spread on the
ground in a narrow ring about 2 inches from the
base of the tree. The base of the tree is then
mounded up with finely pulverized earth to a
height of about 2 inches above the highest visible
borer injury and the surface of the mound packed
with a shovel. This mound should be left undis-
turbed for three weeks and then torn down. One
ounce of powder for a tree six years old, ]/•> ounce
for a three- to five-year tree, J£-*HJ ounce for a
one- to two-year tree is sufficient. An excess may
cause serious injury. Applications should be
made in the fall, about September 1 in a region
like New Jersey, when the soil temperatures are
about 55-70° F.
PEACOCK-FLOWER: Delonix regia. Flower-Fence:
Adenanthera pavonina.
PEANUT: Arachia hypogsea. Hog-: Amphicarpa.
PEAR. In North America pomological pears
are of three botanical groups: (1) The European
pear, Pyriis communis, comprising all the old
standard varieties. (2) The Asian or oriental
pear, P. pyrifolia (P. serotina), native in China,
characterized by the absence of calyx on the
fruit, a very gritty hard flesh and long-keeping
quality, mostly an apple-shaped fruit, and
sharply serrate long-pointed leaves; the Sand
pear belongs here, but the species is not much
grown in America. (3) The Eurasian race, P.
Lecontei, hybrid between the two, represented
principally by Kieffer and Leconte. The Snow
pear, Pyrus nivalis, is grown in Europe for the
making of cider or perry but is known in America
only in botanical collections.
No home fruit plantation is complete without
trees of various kinds of pears, ripening from
early August till winter. The late varieties are
generally good keepers, and extend the season
into February, thus supplying fruit for six or
seven months. The pear is also a good com-
mercial fruit although perhaps not maintaining
its former importance in many of the fruit
regions. Compared with the apple the pear is
much more restricted in its geography. It can-
not endure the low temperatures of many parts
of the northern states nor the humid heat of the
South, thriving only in those favored regions
that have a fairly equable climate. Commer-
cially, therefore, plantings of the European type
of pear are largely confined to the fruit districts
of New England, about the Great Lakes and on
the Pacific coast. In home plantings, by the
selection of cold-resistant varieties, the range
can be extended somewhat farther north and by
blight-resistant varieties, particularly those de-
rived from the oriental or Asian pear, into the
southern states.
Soils for the pear should be of the strong or
heavy types. It thrives on the heavier sandy
loams or clay loams, which have good humus
content and moisture-holding capacity. Good
drainage and a porous subsoil are essential for its
best development. On the average the European
pear is adapted to heavier soils than the apple.
Pear
541
Pear
The Kieffer and other oriental pears, however,
thrive better on rather light soil.
Propagation of the pear is by seeds, which are
imported from France, or from Japan if the
oriental stock is desired. Commonly, however,
nurserymen have imported seedling stocks from
France. The desired varieties are budded or
grafted on one-year seedling stocks as with the
apple, shield-budding being the usual method.
Dwarf pears are propagated by budding on
French-grown Angers quince cuttings. Some
varieties do not grow well on quince, but must
be double-worked by budding a compatible
variety, like Angouleme, directly on the quince
stock and after the cion has grown a year or two
grafting the desired variety on the Angouleme
as an intermediate stock. As some varieties of
pear grow to perfection on quince, the dwarf tree
is peculiarly adapted to planting on small home
grounds, and is often used as a boundary plant,
or to serve the purpose of a screen. These dwarf
trees should be set deep — 4 to 6 inches below
the union — to prevent the stock from growing.
Dwarf trees may be set as near together as 10 to
16 feet, while the standard or tall-growing pears
should be set farther apart. Trees are planted
when two years old from the bud. Dwarfs are
kept within bounds by thorough and systematic
pruning and heading-in.
In orchards, one- or two-year-old nursery
trees are planted very ejirly in the spring in the
northern states. In milder climates, fall plant-
ing may be successful. Planting distances arc
20X25 or 25X25 for standards (not dwarfs).
To provide satisfactory pollination it is advisable
to plant at least two varieties in contiguous rows
or alternating in the rows. Not more than three
to four rows of one variety should be planted
together. The two important varieties Bartlett
and Seckel are intersterile.
Either tillage and cover-crops, or sod culture,
are practiced as with the apple. Mulching trees
with grass or straw in the home orchard is often
advisable. Trees in sod require fertilization
with manure or nitrate. Great care must be
exercised not to force the tree into very soft
growth and thus render it susceptible to fire-
blight infection.
Pruning is similar to that described for the
apple except that more scaffold limbs can be left
on the young pear tree. As the trees mature
they should be thinned out by removing crossing
or crowded limbs and, in case the head becomes
spurry, by cutting out many of the smaller
branches. Severe pruning is to be avoided as
the resulting succulent growth is susceptible to
fire-blight. Kieffer and other oriental pears are
cut back much more severely than varieties of
the European pear. Pruning may be undertaken
at any time when the trees are dormant, ordinar-
ily in late winter or early spring.
The fruit is always hand-picked when mature
but still firm. The fruit is raised and the stem
separates from the twig; it should not be pulled
oft. Pears should not be tree-ripened even for
home use. The yields vary with the variety,
but under good conditions 200-400 bushels to
the acre may be expected. In California the
yields may be much larger. In the East, pears
go on the general market in bushels and hampers.
On the Pacific coast the box is the standard
package. Local markets and canneries absorb
much of the crop in some regions.
The cold storage of pears is not as well under-
stood as that of the apple. Many varieties are
perishable and should not be stored, or for a short
time only. Bartlett, if picked while still very firm,
can be held for three months at 30° F., although
under most conditions a month or six weeks is
the commercial limit of storage. Ripening
Bartletts in high humidity at 65° F. after re-
moval from storage improves the quality. Most
varieties should be put into storage as soon as
possible after picking. The Bosc, however, is an
exception and should be ripened at 50° F. for ten
days before going into the cold. Varieties like
Anjou, Winter Nelis; and Lawrence, may be
held until February in cold storage. In home
storage, the fruit should be kept as cool as pos-
sible without freezing.
The question of varieties is very important
inasmuch as there is great variation in regional
adaptation and resistance to disease. In the
following lists the varieties are given in order of
ripening. Commercial varieties are starred:
Varieties of more than average hardiness
adapted to growing in the colder parts of the
pear regions: Tyson, *Clapp, *Seckel, Flemish
Beauty, * Anjou, Lawrence.
Varieties adapted to milder fruit sections, such
as the fruit districts of New England, New York,
Ohio and Michigan: Tyson, *Clapp, *Bartlett,
Gorham, *Seckel, Sheldon, Angouleme, *Bosc,
*Clairgcau, * Anjou, Dana Hovey, *Kieffer, Law-
rence, Winter Nelis.
Varieties for the states south of New York:
Kieffer, LeConte, Garber, Pineapple.
Varieties for the Pacific coast: *Bartlett,
*Cqmice, Easter Buerre, Hardy, *Bosc, * Anjou,
* Winter Nelis.
Varieties resistant to fire-blight: Tyson,
Seckel, Fred Clapp, Angoulemo, Kieffer, Anjou.
Insects and diseases play an important part
in pear culture. Of those common to both apple
and pear the codlin-moth and borers arc import-
ant and may be controlled as described under the
former. Fire-blight is the most serious disease,
becoming the limiting factor to pear growing in
the southern part of the pear regions. It is
caused by bacteria which gain entrance through
flowers and insect punctures and cause the young
growth and fruit to blacken and die. Frequently
trees of susceptible varieties are killed outright.
It can sometimes be kept in check by cutting
out the diseased branches as soon as they are
observed, making the cuts a foot or more below
the point where the tissue is killed. The cut
stub should be disinfected with a mixture of
cyanide of mercury 1 part, bichloride of mercury
1 part, and water 500 parts. Dormant cankers
on the trunk and. limbs should have the bark re-
moved from the diseased area and at least l/%
inch beyond and the wound disinfected. After
disinfection the wounds should be protected with
some good wound dressing. Blossom blight can
be controlled in part by spraying the trees in
early full bloom with bordeaux mixture 2-6-100.
In some regions pear psylla is a very troublesome
pest as are also the pear midge and the pear
thrip. The control of these insects is a compli-
cated and difficult matter which, in the com-
mercial orchard, requires expert advice. For
the home orchard about the only spray that is
practicable is the calyx application for codlin-
moth control as for apple.
PEAR, ALLIGATOR-: Per sea americana. Balsam-:
Pear
542
Pecan
Momordica Charantia. Prickly-: Opuntia. Vegetable-:
8co Chayote.
PEARL-BUSH: Exochorda. -Fruit: M argyricarpua aetoaua.
PEARLWORT: Sagina.
PECAN. One of the hickory-nuts, Gary a
Pecan, of special value and attractiveness. In
the United States, the species is indigenous
throughout most of the valley of the Mississippi
and its principal tributaries as far north as Iowa,
especially on the lowlands along the rivers ana
creek bottoms. Farther west, it is found along
most of the important streams in Texas and
Oklahoma. In Mexico, the pecan is native over
areas in the northern and central parts. The
cultural range of the pecan, as is usual with most
fruits and nuts, is much larger than its native
habitat. Pecans have been planted successfully
from the Atlantic coast to the western part of
Iowa, Oklahoma, and west Texas, from the
forty-third parallel on the north to the Gulf on
the south. In addition fairly successful trial
plantings have been made in Arizona and in the
Pacific states, especially California.
In Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana
the native pecan has become of considerable com-
mercial importance as a nut-producing tree.
It is estimated that in this area are well over a
hundred million native seedling trees which pro-
duce an average of about 50,000,000 pounds of
nuts annually. The largest seedling crop re-
ported up until 1940 is 78,000,000 pounds in
1935. Although much of the production comes
from seedling groves that are in no way improved,
there is a considerable area in improved seedling
pecan groves which receive more or less cultural
management. Grove improvement consists of
cleaning the ground of underbrush and the trees
of vines and other competing vegetation. Trees
other than pecans are removed and the remaining
trees carefully observed as to the amount and
quality of the crop borne. The grove is then
further thinned to about a dozen well spaced
trees to the acre, taking care to retain the best
trees in both type of nut and quantity produced.
Where the timber is not considered valuable, the
cost of thinning out the trees is greatly reduced by
the use of poison consisting of sodium arsenite
and caustic potash which is applied in a girdling
ring of axe cuts. Trees thus treated die within a
few weeks and are then allo\ved to rot in place.
Under some conditions seedling groves are fur-
ther improved by top-working the trees to thin-
shelled named varieties. The method of top-
working is to cut back all the limbs of the seedling
trees to stubs a few inches in diameter. These
cuts are made when the tree is dormant and
during the following season many sprouts grow
from the branches. In late summer buds are
inserted in a sufficient number in these sprouts
to make a good distribution of wood of the new
variety. After the buds have caught hold, the
remaining sprouts are thinned out and the bud-
ded sprouts cut back to within 2 inches of the
bud. The following season the buds grow to
form the new top of the tree.
In recent years extensive plantings have been
made of named varieties of pecans in orchard
form. These occur not only in the regions where
the pecan is native but also in the southeastern
states, particularly northern Florida, Georgia,
and South Carolina. Production of improved
varieties furnishes about 15,000,000 pounds
annually with a maximum of 21,000,000 in 1931.
Trees are planted at distances ranging from 50y-
70 feet, depending upon the richness of the soil
arid the vigor of the variety. Pecans are best
adapted to deep, well-drained alluvial soils, but
may grow in other locations provided the soil
is well drained, of a good depth, and care is given
to supply the needed fertilizers and soil manage-
ment. It has been a mistake to attempt to grow
pecans on run-down cotton lands without suit-
able soil-building practice. On level lands the
pecan orchards are cultivated for at least part of
the year. Leguminous cover-crops have been
shown to be a decided advantage in providing
nitrogen and humus for the soil. Under some
conditions commercial fertilizers can be used to
advantage. In some of the areas where pecans
have been planted, growth has been unsatis-
factory because of various mineral deficiencies
in the soil. In some cases an application of zinc
compounds has been of value.
Many varieties of pecans have been named and
propagated. These show great variation in their
type of growth and particularly in the length of
time required to mature their crop satisfactorily.
Varieties adapted to the Gulf Coast require a
growing season of 270 to 290 days. On the
other hand, varieties adapted to the northern
part of the natural range, particularly southern
Indiana and parts of Iowa, mature crops in 170
to 190 days. In the northern United States,
particularly parts of New York, Ohio and
Michigan, the northern strains of pecan are
hardy to winter cold but do not mature crops
satisfactorily. Among the Gulf Coast varieties
are the Schley, Stewart, and Frotscher. Some
of the northern varieties are the Indiana, Bus-
seron, Niblack and Posey. Many other sorts
show intermediate requirements as to length of
growing season arid climatic adaptation. Varie-
ties best adapted to different regions should be
carefully chosen in establishing a plantation.
Pecans are usually propagated by budding
named varieties on seedling stocks. The strati-
fied nuts are planted in the nursery row. Seed-
lings are budded using the annular or ring type of
bud. Whip-grafting may also be used. Nursery
trees are somewhat harder to handle than others
because of the long tap-root which must be dug
carefully to assure successful transplanting.
Pecans are wind pollinated. Many varieties
show self-sterility so that in any plantation
several varieties should be included. The grower
should make sure that the varieties shed pollen
at the time that the pistils are receptive. Pecan
yields are extremely variable. Specimen trees
on rich soil with plenty of room have been known
to yield upwards of a thousand pounds in a
single year with an average of 400 or 500. In
the orchards, however, the yields are much less
and in fact are inclined to be disappointingly
light and variable. The whole matter of yield
is affected by variety, soil, and particularly the
drop of the nuts due to the work of various pests
and diseases. Nuts are allowed to fall on the
ground at maturity or they may be shaken from
the trees. They snould be harvested promptly,
cleaned and dried to prevent deterioration.
Much of the crop reaches the market as pecan
meats or kernels. Effective mechanical crackers
have been devised for handling the product.
Deterioration of the meats is prevented either by
packing in a vacuum or by holding in cold
storage.
Pecan
543
Pelargonium
Pest and disease control in the pecan orchard
is an important problem. The most serious
disease, pecan scab, is particularly harmful in
the Gulf states. Its control requires a number of
spring and early summer sprays with 3-3-50
bordeaux mixture. The pecan nut and leaf case-
bearers are among the most serious pests. These
and some other chewing insects can be held in
check by spraying with arsenicals. Commercial
plantings require attention to the special pest
and disease problems in the locality.
PECTIANTIA: Mitella.
PECTINATE: narrow segments or spines set close to-
gether along an axis like teeth of a comb.
PEDALIUM FAMILY. About
14 genera of the oriental tropics, mostly herbs
but sometimes shrubs, with opposite Ivs. or the
upper alternate, covered with slime-secreting
hairs or glands, irregular gamopetalous fls.
having 5-lobed limb, 4 stamens, usually superior
2-4-celled ovary, and capsular frs; allied to
Bignoniacese and Martyniaceae. Sesamum is
cult, for the oily seeds and medicinal purposes
and Ceratotheca for ornament.
PEDATE: said of a palmately lobed or divided leaf of
which the two sides are again 2-cleft; bird-footed.
PEDICEL: stem of one flower in a cluster.
PEDICELLARIA: Gynandropsis.
PEDICULARIS. WOOD-BETONY. LOUSEWORT.
Scrophulariacex. Herbs sometimes planted in
the border or the rock-garden for the showy
terminal bracted spikes of purplish, red, rose-
colored or white 2-lippcd tubular fls., and the
finely cut foliage. Propagated by seed and di-
vision. Some of them are probably partially
parasitic on roots and may not find the proper
connections.
bractedsa. Per. to 3 ft., glabrous: Ivs. to 1 ft. long,
divided to midrib into lanceolate laciniately toothed divi-
sions: fls. yellowish, % in. long. June- Aug. B. C. to Calif.
and Colo.
canadgnsis. Pubescent per. to 11A ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long,
pinnately parted: fls. yellow or reddish, rarely white, «o
%, m. long, Apr.- June: caps. 3 times as long as calyx. N. S.
to Fla. arid Mex.
densiflora. Per. to 1 ft., pubescent or nearly glabrous:
Ivs. pinnate into oblong toothed or cut divisions: fls. crim-
son, 1 in. long. Calif.
groenla'ndica. Per. to 1^ ft., glabrous: Ivs. pinnate, to
6 in long: fls. red or purple, upper lip of corolla compressed
into a decurved beak to % m. long Greenland to B. C.,
south to New Mex. and Calif
lanceolata. Per. to 3 ft , nearly glabrous: Ivs. to 5 in.
long, pinnately lobed: fls. yellow, to % in. long, Aug.-Oct.:
caps, about length of calyx Conn, to Neb.
palustris. Ann. or bien. to 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, pinnately parted: fls. purple seldom white, % in. long:
caps, twice as long as calyx. N. N. Amer., Eu.
racemdsa. Per. to 20 in., cespitose: Ivs. lanceolate to
linear, to 3f£ in. long, undivided, crenate: fls. white, to
Y& in. long, June- Aug.: fr. with long strongly curved beak.
Alta. to New Mex., west to B. C. and Calif.
yerticillata. To 7 in.: Ivs. 1-2-pin ately parted: fls. red,
^ in. long. Arctic regions.
PEDILANTHUS. Euphorbiacex. Odd suc-
culent shrubs of trop. Amer. with milky juice,
alternate simple Ivs., fls. in showy cyathia (see
Euphorbiacese) , and capsular fr.; grown for
ornament in warm climates. For cult, see
Sitccidents.
aphyllus. Differs from P. macrocarpus in the peduncle
being attached to the back rather than center of involucre.
Mex.
euphorbioides: listed name.
grandifldrus: listed name.
macroca'rpus. To 3 ft., with whitish sts. and minute Ivs.:
infl. green, lobe of the involucre above the spur 2-parted:
caps. % in. across. Mex., Lower Calif.
planifdlius: listed name.
retusus. Much like the following but the Ivs. obtuse and
usually notched at end and midrib not keeled underneath.
Brazil. — A state with white-bordered Ivs. is grown in the
tropics and is to be expected in Fla.
tithyinaloides. REDBIHD-CACTUS. SLIPPER-FLOWER.
JEW-BUSH. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, pointed, with
midrib winged below: fls. (cyathia) red or purple, to % in.
long, pointed, in dense terminal cymes. W. Indies, Cent.
Amer., N. S. Amer. Vars. cucullatus and variegatus have
Ivs. bordered with white.
PEDIOCACTUS. Cactacex. One (possibly
2) small simple or cespitose strongly tubercled
very spiny cactus with dry dehiscent fr., areoles
at first very woolly but nearly naked with age:
fls. massed in woolly center of plant. See Cacti.
P. Simpsonii (Echinocactus arid Mammillaria
Simpsonii. M. Purpusii). SNOWBALL CACTUS
Depressed-globular, to 6 in. broad; radial spines
15-20, white and needle-like; centrals 5-7 and
stouter: fls. somewhat funnelform, pinkish, less
than 1 in. long, partially closing at night, massed
in center in whitish or brown wool. Kans. to
Wash, and New Mex.
PEDIOMELUM: Psoralea esculenta.
PEDUNCLE: stem of a flower-cluster or of a solitary
flower.
PEEPUL: Ficus religiosa.
PEERSIA: Rhinephyllum.
PEIRANISIA: Cassia multijuga.
PEIRESKIA: Pereskia.
PEJIBAYE: Guilielma GasipaSs.
PELARGONIUM. STORKSBILL. GERANIUM
of florists (see Geranium). Geraniaccx. Herbs
or shrubs with entire, lobed or dissected Ivs.,
irregular fls. in axillary 2-many-fld. umbels, the
calyx with a nectar-spur adnate to the pedicel,
stamens 10, and fr. of 5 valves which coil as they
open. Species here entered are S. African or else
hort. derivatives. They are perennials.
Geraniums are commonly grown as house and bedding
plants. Propagated by cuttings. Bloom can be secured in
four or five months. Plants over a year old are not satis-
factory for the common house or conservatory subjects and
should be discarded after cuttings are taken, although the
Domesticum group may be retained longer. Plants of the
common or fish geranium grown out-of-doors may be lifted
in autumn and kept until cuttings can be taken from them
for next year's plants If wanted for winter bloom in the
window, cuttings should be taken in summer. The show
geraniums may be kept several years; cuttings taken late
in spring will produce blooming plants the following winter
or summer
acerifdlium (Geranium citnodorum) . MAPLE- LEAVED G.
Shrubby, to 3 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-angled or -lobed, about 3 in.
across: fls. deep rose or purplish, in many-fld. umbels.
alchemilloides (P. mahsejoli m). To 1M ft., hairy: Ivs.
5-7-loled, to 3 in. across: fls. white veined with rose, in
3-6-fld. umbels.
capitatum. To 1 ft. or less, sts. woody at base, weak and
trailing: Ivs. cordate, 3-5-lobed, long-petioled: fls. rose-
iurple, on peduncles longer than Ivs., in dense heads. —
Hant is rose-scented.
citriodftrum: hort. hybrid of unknown parentage said to
have lemon-scented foliage.
coccfneum: P. hybridum
cr (spurn. Woody, to 3 ft.: Ivs. numerous and small, 1 in.
or less long, crisped on the margin, lemon-scented: fls. pink
or rose, in 1-3-fld. umbels. Var. latifftlium is listed.
denticulatum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. with long linear deeply
toothed lobes: fls. lilac or rose-purple, in 1-3-fld. umbels.
Var. ma jus is a larger torm.
dom^sticum. SHOW, FANCY, or LADT WASHINGTON
GERANIUMS or PELARGONIUMS. To 1U ft., soft-hairy: Ivs.
2-4 in. across, obscurely lobed, toothed: fls. large, white,
ink and red, the two upper petals with dark blotches, in
ew- to many-fld. umbels. Cultigen of many forms.
Pl
PI
pi
fe
Pelargonium
544
Pellionia
echinatum. Sts. short and fleshy with persistent spine-
like stipules: Ivs. cordate- ovate, with 3-7 shallow wavy-
toothed lobes, white-tomentose: fls. white with purple
center or all purple.
ferulaceum (P. parviflorum). To 2 ft., sts. fleshy, swollen
at nodes: Iva. oblong, pmnatifid to pinnatisect, hairy on
both sideH, segms. incised, flat: fls. white, upper petals
spotted rose, in umbels of 4-6, petals narrow, subequal with
upper 2 eared at base.
filicifdiium: a name sometimes applied to P. denticu-
latum.
ffltrum: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
fragrans. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 1 in. across, the margins crenate
or crisped: fls. whitish with pink veins, in 4-8-fld. umbels.
fulgidum. Shrubby: Ivs. pinnately 3-parted into lobed
or cut toothed segms.: fls. bright scarlet with darker lines,
in many-fid, umbels.
grandifldrum. Shrubby: Ivs. deeply 5-7-lobed, lobes
acute, dentate, glabrous: fls. white, upper 2 petals with red
hues and broader than others, usually 2-3 fls. on each
peduncle.
graveolens. ROSE G. Woody, to 3 ft.: Ivs. deeply 5-7-
lobed, the divisions again lobed and toothed, fragrant: fls.
rose or pink veined with purple, in 5-10-fld. umbels. Var.
rdseum is listed.
grossularioides. Arm. to 18 in., sts. ascending or erect,
glabrescent: Iva. remform-cordate, palmately loped, mar-
gins crenate-dentate, petioles of basal Ivs. to 4 in. and of
st.-lvs. to Mm. long: fls. red, small, petals rarely twice as
long as calyx, spur to % in. long: beak of fr. about % in.
long.
hederefdlium: P. lateripes.
hirsutum. To 8 in.: Ivs to 3 in. long, entire to pinnatifid,
densely white-hairy, margins toothed: fls. in umbels of
10- 15 on pedicels 1-4 in. long, flesh-colored to dark purple.
hortftrum. FISH G. Succulent, 1-2 ft. or more when
grown in the open: Iva. 3-5 in acroas, scalloped and crenate-
toothed, with fishy odor: fls red, pink, salmon, white, in
many-lid umbels. Cultigen of many races.
hybridum (P. coccineurri). Hybrid between P. zonale
and P inquinans: fls. deep scarlet.
lateripes (P. hederxfolium) . Similar to P. peltatum and
diflenng chiefly in having Ivs. cordate with acute lobes
rather than peltate with obtuse lobes.
Limdneum. LEMON G. A garden hybrid, lemon-scented,
and with purple and lilac fls.
malvaef 61ium: P. alchemilloides.
melfssinum. Hybrid of P. cnspum and P. graveolens:
Ivs. size and .shape of P. graveolens and crisp margin of
P cnspum: fls. wnite, upper 2 petals obovate, emarginate,
with red spots, lower petals narrowly lanceolate without
spots
odoratissimum. APPLE or NUTMEG G. Lopping plants
with branches to 1% ft. long: Ivs. 1 in. across, crenate,
sweet-scented: fls. white or whitish, in 5-10-fld. umbels.
parvifl&rum: P. ferulaceum.
peltatum. IVY G. Trailing or somewhat climbing plants
with branches to 3 ft.: Ivs. 2- 3 in. across, shallowly 5-angled
or -lobed, broadly ovate and somewhat obtuse: fls. rose-
carmine varying to white, the upper petals with dark mark-
ings, in 5 -7-fld. umbels.
pinguifolium. Hybrid of P. peltatum and P. lateripes
characterized by non-peltate Ivs. whose lobes are more
obtuse than acute, sts. and petioles remotely pilose and
occasionally 4-angled.
quercifdlium. OAK-LEAVED G. Shrubby, to 4 ft.: Ivs.
pinnately lobed with 2 to 3 toothed or angled lobes on each
side: fls. pink to rose with dark markings, in 3- 7-fld. umbels.
R&dula. To 1 ft.: Ivs. deeply lobed into narrow toothed
divisions: fls. rose with dark markings, in 5-fld. umbels.
r&seum: a garden name applied to plants of the P.
graveolens type.
seepefl&rens. Garden hybrid between P. reniforme and
probably P, echinatum, flowering from late summer to
late spring under glass: fls. bright rose with light spot in
center arid 2-dark marks.
scabrum. Shrubby, sts. stiffly glandular-hairy: Ivs.
deeply 3-lobed, base wedge-shaped, terminal lobe usually
tnfid, laterals bifid, all toothed, bristly beneath on nerves:
fls. small, many, in panicles, pedicels and calyx scabrous-
bristly. S.Afr.
terebinthinaceum. A garden hybrid between P. querci-
folium and P. yraveolens.
tomentdsum. Shrubby, to several ft., white-hairy: Ivs.
cordate-ovate, 3-7-lobed, velvety, minutely toothed: fls.
white, red spot near center. — Peppermint-scented.
vitifdlium. GRAPE-LEAVED G. Shrubby, to 3 ft.: Ivs.
2-3 in. across, with 3 shallow angled crenate lobes: fls. rose
or pink with darker veins, in 7-16-fld. umbels.
zonale. One of the species from which the P. hortorum
group is probably derived; apparently not in cult, in its
original form.
PELECfPHORA. HATCHET CACTUS. Cac-
tacex. Small cespitose tubercled cacti with
watery juice, the tubercles strongly flattened
sidewise and not on ribs and topped with elliptic
areole bearing 1 scale-like pectinate spine and
with woolly axils: fls. central on the plant. See
Cacti.
asellif6rmis. Body cylindric, to 4 in. high and half as
much in diarn.; tubercles in spirals: fls. bell-shaped, pur-
plish with outer segms. sometimes white, more than 1 in.
broad. Mex.
pectinata: Solisia pectinata.
pseudopectinata. Solitary, to 2^ in. high and 1% in.
diam., somewhat depressed on top, most of the at. under the
ground; tubercles square at base, compressed; spines small,
pectinate, yellowish: fls. rose- violet, to 2-4 in. long. Mex.
Valdeziana: Thelocactus Valdezianus.
PELICAN-FLOWER: Anstolochia grandijlora.
PELL A A. CLIFF-BRAKE. Polypodiacex. Small
rock-loving ferns with nearly uniform fronds 1-
or more pinnate, and sori in a marginal band,
protected by the reflexed margin of the segms.:
of wide distribution mostly in temp, and warm-
temp. regions. Some of them are grown in rock-
gardens and a few in cool greenhouses. They
prefer limerock situations. See Ferns.
adiantoides: P. viridis.
andromedsef61ia. Fronds to 2J-3 ft. long, 2-4-pinnate,
segms. oval or elliptic, % in. long, on flesh-colored stipes
1H ft. long. Calif ,Ore.
arropurpurea. Hardy: fronds tufted, leathery, <to 1 ft.
long and 6 in. wide, 1-2 pinnate, segms. to 2 in. long, on
dark purple stipes to 8 in. long. N. Amer.
brach^ptera. Fronds to 1^ ft. long, 2-pinnate, segms.
narrow-linear, to % in. long, on purplish-brown stipes
e., Calif.
t. long. Ore.,
Breweri. Fronds to 10 in. long, 1-pinnate, pinnae mostly
2-parted, on brown slender stipes to 4 in. long. Wash, to
Calif, and Utah.
Bridgesii. Fronds tufted, leathery, to 1 ft long, 1-pinnate,
segms. oval or oblong, on shining brownish stipes to 8 in.
long. Calif., Ida.
d£nsa (Cheilanthes densa and siliquosa. Cryptogramma
densa). Fronds to 3 in. long, 3-pmnate, glabrous, margins
of segms. revolute, on shining brown stipes to 9 in. long.
Que., Ont., W. N. Amer.
falcata (Platyloma falcatum). Fronds leathery, to 1^
ft. long and 3 in. wide, 1-pinnate, the lanceolate or oblong
pinnae to 2 in. long India to New Zeal.
glabrata: listed name.
gracilis: Cryptogramma Stelleri.
hastata: P.viridis.
mucronata (P. ornithopus) . Fronds to \1A ft. long, 2-3-
pmnate, segms. elliptic or Imear-oblong, to % in. long, on
purplish stipea to 10 in. long. Calif, to Tex. and Colo.
occidentalis (P. pumila). Fronds to 3 in long, 1-pinnate,
segms. few, oblong, shining and somewhat leathery, on
shining dark brown stipes to 2 in. long. B. C. to Colo. —
Possibly only a var of P. glabella.
ornithopus: P. mucronata.
pumila: P. occidentalis.
rotundif&lia (Allosurus rotundifolius) . Fronds to 1 ft.
long and 1% in. wide, 1 -pinnate, pinnae oblong to orbicular,
to % in. long. New Zeal. — Sometimes seen in greenhouses.
vfridis (P. and Pteris adiantoides. P. hastata). Fronda
to 2 ft. long, 2-3-pinnate, segms. oblong to ovate. Afr.
PELLIONIA. Urticacex. Prostrate or de-
pressed herbs with alternate Ivs. and unisexual
fls. borne commonly in dense cymes; native in
Asia and Pacific Isls. ; grown in greenhouses and
baskets for the attractively colored sts. and Ivs. ;
require warmth and moisture. Propagated by
cuttings and division.
Daveauana. Sts. prostrate, to 2 ft. long: Ivs. oblong or
orbicular, to 2^6 in. long, bronzy olive-green, paler alone
midnerve. India to Cochin-China. — Some of the material
cult, under this name is Ruellia Devosiana.
Pellionia
545
Penstemon
pulchra. Sts. creeping, purplish: Ivs. oblong, light green
with black nerves, pale purple beneath. Cochin-China.
PELLITORY: Parietaria.
PELTANDRA. ARROW-ARUM. Araceae. Herbs
native in the bogs of E. N. Amer., having
arrow-shaped entire Ivs. with long sheathing
petioles, and unisexual fls. borne on spadices
which are shorter than the spathes; sometimes
transferred from the wild and easy to colonize.
virgmica. Lvs. about 1 ft. long and 6 in. wide, the petioles
about 3 times longer: spathes green, to 8 in. long. Me. to
Fla. and Mo.
PELT ARIA. SHIELD WORT. Crudferas. Per.
glabrous herbs of the tyledit. region: Ivs. entire,
clasping on st.: fls. small, white or rose, in
terminal clusters: fr. or silicle orbicular or nearly
so. P. alliacea is a low per. with an onion-like
odor, useful in borders for its numerous white
fls. in summer; it grows 1-13^ ft. high, branched.
— Grown readily from seeds, blooming the fol-
lowing year, also by division.
PELTATE: attached to its stalk inside the margin;
peltate leaves are usually shield-shaped.
PELTIPH1TLLUM. Saxifragacese. Per. herb
similar to Saxifraga, native on banks of streams
in Ore. and Calif. P. peltatum (Saxifraga peltata).
UMBRELLA-PLANT. To 4 ft.: Ivs. basal, to 2 ft.
across, 9-15-lobed and toothed, petioles often to
3 ft. long: fls. numerous, white or pinkish, l/z
in. across, in terminal corymbs, appearing before
the Ivs., Apr. — Sometimes planted in wet places,
and hardy in parts of the E.
PELT<5PHORUM (Baryxylum) . Leguminosse.
Trop. trees with 2-pinnate Ivs., showy yellow fls.
in terminal panicles, and flattened winged pods;
commonly cult, for ornament in the tropics.
dubium. Large tree, rusty-tomentose: Ifts. 2CH30-
pinnate, to ^ in. long: pods to 3 in. long. Brazil.
ferrugineum: P. inerme.
in6rme (P. ferrugineum). To 50 ft., brown-tomentose:
Ifts. 10-20-pinnate. to K in long: pods to 3^ in. long.
Ceylon, Malaya, N. Australia.
PENICILLARIA SPICATA: Pennisetum glaucum.
PENIOCfiREUS. Cactaceae. Slender plants
with an enormous turnip-shaped root which is
sometimes 2 ft. diam., and angled sts.; spines
similar on all the areoles. See Cacti.
Grgggii (Cereus Greggii). DBERHORN CACTUS. Sts.
somewhat erect to 10 ft. but not rising high, to 1 in. thick,
pubescent on young plants; spines small and blackish,
radials 6-9 and central 1 or 2: fls. white tinged red outside,
nocturnal, to 8 in. long, the segms. acute. W. Tex. to Ariz.,
Mex.
J6hnstonii. Sts. somewhat erect to 12 ft. tall; ribs 3-5;
spines 9-12, brown to black, about l/i in. long: fls. white, to
6 in. long. Lower Calif.
PENNANTIA. Icacinacese. Small genus
native in New Zeal., Norfolk Isl. and Australia:
shrubs or trees: Ivs. alternate: fls. dioecious or
polygamous, in terminal panicles or corymbs:
fr. a small fleshy drupe.
corymbdsa. To 35 ft.: Ivs. obovate or oblong, to 4 in.
long, usually toothed or lobed: fls. white, fragrant, dioecious:
fr. black, \i in. long. New Zeal.
PENNISfeTUM (Gymnothrix). Graminex.
Tall ann. and per. grasses of trop. and subtrop.
regions, spikelets subtended by bristles and
borne in spike-like contracted panicles; several
grown for ornament and P. glaucum for grain
and forage. See Grasses.
alopecuroldes (P. japonicum). Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. long and
narrow, to 2 ft. and K in- or less broad: spikes solitary and
terminal, to 6 in. long, silvery with purplish anthers and
long bristles. China.
americanum: P. glaucum.
atrosangulneum: a form of P. Ruppelii.
cupreum: a form of P. Ruppelii.
glaucum (P. and Panicum americanum of authors.
Penicillaria spicata). PEARL, INDIAN or AFRICAN MILLET.
Ann. to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 2 in. wide, rough: spike
solitary and terminal, very dense and cat-t ail-like, to I fa ft.
long and 1 in. thick: fr. bluish or whitish and used for food.
Cultigen.
japdnicum: P. alopecur aides.
latifdlium. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 1 in. wide:
spikes several on the st., to 4 in. long, green, nodding, with
long bristles. Peru to Brazil and Uruguay.
longistylum: P. mllosum.
macrophyllum: P. macrostachyum.
macrostachyum (P. macrophyllum). Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs.
to 1 ft., and to 1 in. broad: spikes solitary and terminal,
to 1 ft. long, E. Indies. Var. atropurpureum has purplish Ivs.
macrourum. Per. to 3 ft. or more: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and
% in. wide, usually convolute: spikes in cylindrical panicles
to 1 ft. long. S. Air.
purpureum. NAPIER-GRASS. Per. to 12 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in.
wide: spikes in dense panicles, purplish or yellow, to 8 in.
long. Afr. — Grown for fodder in the S.
Ruppelianum: P. Ruppelii.
Ruppelii (P. Ruppelianum). FOUNTAIN-GRASS. Per. to
4 ft., curving: Ivs. to 2 ft., % in. or less broad, often in-
volute: spikes solitary and terminal, to 1 ft. or more long,
nodding or curved, rose, purple or copper-colored in cult,
forms, with long bristles. Abyssinia. See Grasses.
villdsum (P. longistylum). Per. to 2 ft. : Ivs. 4 in. and more
long and }^ in. across, spikes solitary and terminal, to 4 in.
long, with long feathery bristles. Abyssinia.
PENNYROYAL: Mentha Pulegium, Hedeoma pulegioides.
PENNYWORT: Umbilicus pendulinus.
PENSTfeMON ( Pentstemon, Pcntastemon) .
BEARD-TONGUE. Scrophulariacex. Many at-
tractive herbaceous perennials or shrubs with
opposite or whorled Ivs., bright colored 2-lipped
tubular fls. in terminal racemes or panicles in
summer, with 4 fertile and 1 sterile stamen, and
capsular frs.; mostly native in N. Amer.
Nearly all penstemons succeed in full sun but in a hot
dry place they may not last long. Many species are not
hardy North, but many others are, especially if given winter
protection. Some forms of P. gloximowles are treated
successfully as annuals. Propagated by seed, somewhat by
division, rarely by cuttings in summer.
acaulis. Almost stemless tufted per. 2 in. tall or less: Ivs
linear-acute, to % in. long, in bunches or whorls: fls. blue,
to % in. long and ^ in. across, throat yellow-hairy. Wyo.
acuminatus. To 2 ft., glaucous and glabrous: st.-lvs.
ovate, to 3 in. long, entire: fls. blue, M in. long; sterile
stamen bearded. Wash., Ore. — Name has been used for
P. secundiflorua and P. Fendleri.
Adamsianus. To 10 in., glabrous except infl.: IVH.
oblong or obovate, to 1M in. long, shining: fls. dark purple,
to 1 in. long; sterile stamen bearded. Mt. Adams, wash.
albertinus. To 8 in., glabrous: Ivs. rhombic-ovate to
elliptic-lanceolate, to 1 in. long, entire or st.-lvs. slightly
toothed: fls. light blue, % in. long; sterile stamen bearded.
Mts., Alta., B. C.
albidus. To 1 ft., the st. glandular-pubescent: st.-lvs.
lanceolate or oblong, toothed, to 2^ in. long: fls. white,
% in. long; sterile stamen slightly bearded. Minn, to Tex.
alpinus (P. glaber var. alpinus). To 1 ft., glabrous: st.-
lvs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire: fls. bluish-purple, 1 in.
long; sterile stamen glabrous. Rocky Mts.
amabilis. To 8 in., tufted, glabrous except infl.: Ivs.
lanceolate or basal ovate, to 1 in. long, toothed: fls. blue,
% m. long; sterile stamen densely bearded. Wash.
ambiguus. To 2 ft., sts. usually much branched and woody
at base: Ivs. lipear-filif orm : fls. white within with deep rose
throat, usually purplish outside, corolla salverform. Colo,
to Mex. and Ariz.
angustif61ius (P. caeruleua). To 1 ft., glabrous and
glaucous: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, to 2M in. long,
entire: fls. blue, % in. long; sterile stamen bearded S. D.
to Mont, and N. Mex.
antirrhinpides (P. Lobbii). Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. linear or
oblong, % in. long: fls. yellow, to 5^ in. long, very broad;
sterile stamen bearded. S. Calif.
aridus. To 8 in., slightly pubescent: Ivs. oblanceolatQ
Penstemon
to linear, to 1U in long, entire: fla. purplish, % in. long,
sterile stamen slightly bearded. Mont.
arizonicus. To 8 in., glabrous: Ivs. oval, crenate or
entire, leathery: fls. purplish, 1 in. long; sterile stamen
glabrous. Ariz.
atropurpureus: hort. name for P. campvnulatua.
attenuatus (P. veronnaejoliua). To 2 ft., glabrous except
iufl : Ivs spatulate to lanceolate, to 1H »n. long. fls. sulfur-
yellow, J4' in. long; sterile stamen bearded. Wash., Ore , Ida.
australis. To 2^ ft. or more, pubescent. Ivs usually
narrowly lanceolate, to 3 in. long, finely serrulate, acute
or obtuse: fls. reddish-purple outside and paler within,
veins darker, to 1 in. long. fcS. Va. to Cent. Fla. and Miss.
azureus (P. hcterophyllus var. azureua). To 3 ft., glau-
cous and slightly pubescent: Ivs. narrow-ovate to lanceolate,
entire: fls. blue or violet, 1% m. long; sterile stamen gla-
brous. Calif
barbatus (Chelone barbata). To 6 ft., glabrous: Ivs.
lanceolate or linear, entire: ris. red, 1 in. long, strongly 2-
lipped, the lower lip bearded; sterile stamen glabrous Utah
to Mex. Var. coccineus, fls. scarlet. Var. prafecox is listed
as early flowering. Var. rdseus, fls. rose-pink. Var.
T6rreyi is P. Torreyi.
Barrettise. To 1 ft., glabrous and glaucous: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, thick and leathery: fls. lilac-purple,
Ij^in long; sterile stamen glabrous. Ore.
Bradbury i: P grandiflorua.
Brandegei. To 2 ft , usually glabrous: st.-lvs. ovate,
to 2% m. long; banal Ivs. glaucous, sterile stamen nearly
glabrous Mts , Colo.
Bridgesii. To 2 ft , nearly glabrous: Ivs. linear to oblong,
to 3 in. long, entire: lls. red or scarlet, 1 in. long; sterile
stamen glabrous. Calif., Ariz , Colo.
cseriUeo-purpureus: P. confeitua var.
caeruleus: P. anyustifuhua.
ceespit&sus. Sts. decumbent, to 8 in. long, pubescent: Ivs.
spatulate, to \% in. long, fis lilac-purple, to % in- long, the
sterile stamen bearded. Wyo. to Colo.
calycdsus. To 4 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. spatulate to
lanceolate, to 0 in. long, entire or toothed: fls. 1 in. long,
purple; sterile stamen bearded Ind. to Ala.
campanulatus (Gerard ia hybrula). To 2 ft., nearly gla-
brous. Ivs. lanceolate, toothed: fls. 1 in long, rose-purple
or violet, sometimes white; sterile stamen bearded. Mex.,
Guatemala.
canescens. To 2 ft., pubescent: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate,
irregularly toothed, fls. pale purple, white inside lined with
purple, 1 in. long; sterile stamen bearded. Pa. to N. C.
and Ala.
Cardwellii. Evergreen, to 10 in., from woody base,
mostly glabrous: Ivs. thick, lanceolate or ovate, to 1 in.
long, sharp-serrate: fls. purple, to \\% in. long; sterile
stamen slender and short. Ore. Var. rdseus has rose-
col orod fls.
centranthifdlius. To 3 ft , glaucous: Ivs. ovnte-lanceolate,
thick, to 2}<2 in. long, entire: fls. scarlet, 1 in long, the
lobes very short; sterile stamen glabrous. Calif, to Ariz.
cinereus. Tufted, gray-pubescent: Ivs. somewhat
leathery, lanceolate, to ^4 in. long, entire, fls. dark blue,
to \<i in. long; sterile stamen bearded at top. Ore.
Clevelandii. To 2J£ ft, glabrous: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in.
long, entire to denticulate, lower ones petioled: fls. purplish-
red, tubular-fuunelf orm, to ^4 in. long, in narrow racemose
panicles to 1 ft. long. Calif, to Lower Calif.
Cob&a. To 2 ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblong or ovate, to 5 in.
long, toothed: fls. 2 in. long, purple, scarcely 2-lipped;
steiiltt stamen bearded. Mo. to Tex.
comarrhenus. To 16 in., nearly glabrous: Ivs. oval or
spatulate, to 4 in. long: fls. deep blue, 1 in. long; sterile
stamen bearded. Utah, Colo.
confgrtus. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong to linear, to 2 in. long,
entire, glabrous: fls. yellow, densely hairy patch on lower
Vip, to >2 in- long; sterile stamen bearded. Alta. to Wash.
Var. atropurpureus is not distinct from var. caeruleo-
purpftreus (P. aenileo-purpureus) which is a low mat-
tornting variant. with fls. white tipped blue. Var. proc&rus
is P. procerus.
cordifdlius. Pubescent half-climbing shrub: Ivs. ovate,
to 2 in. long, toothed: fls to \V^ in long, scarlet, the limb
short; sterile stamen bearded. S. Calif.
corymbdsus. Tufted subshrub to 16 in., nearly gla-
brous: Ivs. oblong or obovate, to 1^ in. long, tootned or
entire: fls. scarlet, to 1^ in. long; sterile stamen bearded.
Calif.
Cr&ndallii. To 8 in., sts. prostrate or ascending, slightly
?ubeacent: Ivs. linear-oblanceolate, to ^ in. long: fls. blue,
in. long; sterile stamen bearded. Mts., Colo. Var <Ubus,
fls. white. Var. procumbens is a prostrate habit form. Var.
rise us, fla. rose-pink.
546 Penstemon
crassif&lius. Shrub to 2 ft., glabrous: Iva. oblanceolate,
to 2 in. long: fls. lilac-purple, 1 in. long; sterile stamen
glabrous. Mts., Wash, to Wyo.
crat£nsis: P. cratems.
crateris: provisional name for an Ore. dwarf plant with
small Ivs. and blue fls.
cristatus: P. eruinthcra.
cyananthus (P. glaber var. cyananthus). To 3 ft., glabrous
and glaucous: Ivs. ovate, entire: fls. 1 in. long, blue; sterile
stamen bearded. Utah, Ida., Wyo.
cyathophorus. To 16 in.: Ivs. spatulate to orbicular,
11A in. long: fls. pinkish-purple, H «*• long; sterile stamen
bearded. Colo., Wyo.
Davidsonii (P. Mcmienu var. Davidsonn) Matted
prostrate alpine with sts. to 2 in.: Ivs. ovate, ^ in. long,
entire: fls. lilac-purple, to 1U m. long; sterile stamen
bearded. Calif, to Wash. Var. rose us is listed.
deustus. To 1 ft , nearly glrfbrous, alpine: Ivs ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, to 1% m. long, toothed: fls. blue, % m.
long; sterile stamen glabrous. Wyo. to Wash, and Calif.
Var. albus is listed.
d iff us us. To 2 ft , rather bushy and pubescent: Ivs.
ovate or lanceolate, 2 in. or more long, deeply toothed:
fls. % in. long, blue or purple; sterile stamen bearded.
B. C. to Ore. Var. albus is listed.
Digitalis (P. Iseviyatus var. Digitalis). To 5 ft , nearly
glabrous: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 7 m. long, toothed: fls.
1 m. long, white or pinkish, tube dilated at middle; sterile
stamen bearded. Me to S. D. and Tex.
Douglasii. Similar to P. fruticosus but dwarf and with
broad short Ivs. Mts., Ore , Wash.
Dracophyllum: listed name of unknown botanical stand-
ing^
Eatonii. To 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. ovate to linear-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long: fls. bright red, 1 in. long; sterile stamen
bearded. Utah, Colo., Ariz.
Edithise: hort. name.
elHpticus. Per. to G ft.: Ivs. broadly elliptic to roundish:
fls. violet-purple, to 1^2 hi. long, swollen, calyx densely
sticky-pubescent. Alta. to Ida and Mont
erianthera (P. crislatus) To 16 m , pubescent: at -Ivs.
oblong or linear, entire: fls. purplish, 1 in. long, sterile
stamen with long yellow hairs. N D. to Wash.
euglaucus. To 1*2 ft., glabrous and glaucous: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, to 2^o in. long, entire: fls. blue, ^ m.
long; sterile stamen bearded. Oie.
flagelhf6rmis: listed name of unknown botanical
standing
frutic6sus. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. spatulate, about 1 in.
long, toothed, fls purple, 1 m. long; sterile stamen glabrous.
Alta. to Wash and Ida. Var. Adamsianus is P. Adam-
sianus. Var azureus is listed and may be P. azuteus.
Gairdneri. To 10 in., tufted, gray -pubescent: Ivs.
linear or spatulate, to 1 m long: fls. dark blue or purple,
% in. long; sterile stamen bearded. Wash., Ore. Var.
hians has larger fls.
Garrettii. To 13^ ft., nearly glabrous, somewhat
glaucous. Ivs lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. blue, % in. long;
sterile stamen bearded. Utah.
gentianoides: P. Ilartweyii.
glaber (P. Goidonii). To 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblanceolate,
to 6 in. long, entire: fls blue or _purple, to 1^ in. long;
sterile stamen slightly hairy. N. D. to Wyo. Var. alpinus
is P. alpinus. Var. cyananthus is P. cyananthus. Var.
rdseus is listed. Var. specidsus is P. speciosus.
glanduldsus. To 3 ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to 6 in. long, toothed: fls. lilac, to 1^ in. long;
sterile stamen glabrous. Wash., Ore., Ida.
glaucus: may be applied to either P. gracilis or P.
Whippleanus.
gloxinioides. A race of variants from P. Hartwegii or
hybrids between P. Hartwegii and P. Cobsea, in many
colors.
G6rdonii: P.glaber.
G6rmanii. Per. to 10 in : basal Ivs. spatulate- oblong, to
2 in. long; st.-lvs. oblong-linear, to 2 in. long, upper ones
glandular- villous: fls. purple, to 54 in. long, very hairy
within. Alaska.
gracile*ntus. To 15 in., sts. woody at base: Ivs linear
to oblong-lanceolate, mostly basal, glabrous: fls. violet-blue,
to ^ in. long, on viscid 2-5-fld. peduncles. N. Calif, to
Nev. and Ore.
gracilis. To 16 in.: Ivs. oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long: fls. lilac or whitish, % in. long; sterile stamen
bearded. Man. to Sask. and N. Mex.
grandifldrus (P. Bradburyi). To 6 ft., glabrous: Ivs.
obovate to ovate, to 2J^ in. long, entire: fls. 2 in. long,
lavender-blue; sterile stamen bearded. 111. to N. D. and
Wyo.
Penstemon
547
Penstemon
Grinnellii (P. hians). Similar to P. Palmer i but with
bright green foliage and cream fls. tinted pink, having a
shorter tube and 2 wide-spreading lips. S. Calif.
Hallii. Tufted alpine to 8 in., glabrous: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate to linear, entire: fls. violet, to % m. long, with
very short tube; stenle stamen bearded. Colo.
Hartwegii (P. gentianoides) . To 4 ft., nearly glabrous:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, entire: fls. to 2 in. long,
scarlet, slightly curved. Mex. Vars. albus and grandifidrus
are listed.
Hectori: hort. name.
heterophyllus. Shrub to 5 ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate to
linear, to 2y% m. long, entire: fls. purple, to \% in. long;
stenle stamen glabrous. Calif. Var. azure us is P. azureus.
Var. erectus, a very dwarf form to 1^ ft. with blue fls.
Var. Purdyi, a decumbent mat-forming plant to 10 in. tall;
fls. blue to light purple; sometimes listed as California
Blue Bedder.
hians: P. Grinnellii.
hirsutus (P. pubescens). To 3 ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs.
oblong or lanceolate, to 4 H in. long, toothed: fls. 1 in. long,
purplish or violet, densely bearded in the throat; sterile
stamen bearded. Me. to Va. and Wis. Var. pygm&us is
listed as only 6 in. high.
humilis. To 1 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
to 1J4 m. long, entire: fls. deep blue, less than ^2 in long;
sterile stamen bearded. Wyo., Ida., Utah. Var. albus is
listed. — Name has been used for P. wens of Colo.
hybridus: listed name.
imbeYbis. Per. to 20 in.: Ivs narrowly linear, to 3 in.
long, entire, subobtuse, glabrous: fls. pinkish-red, to ?£ in.
long, beardless within, in terminal panicles to 9 in long.
Mex. — Some of the material in cult, with yellow-bearded
throat is a variant of P. barbatus.
isophfllus. To 2 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate,
entire: fls. nodding, 1^ in. long, scarlet, the throat white-
pubescent. Mex.
Jaffrayanus. To 14 in., glabrous and glaucous: Ivs.
obovate to elliptic, to 1^2 m. long. fla. lilac or purpliah-blue,
to 13-2 m long; sterile stamen glabrous. Calif.
Jamesii. To 1 ft.: Ivs narrowly linear-lanceolate, to
4 in. long: fla. purplish, to 1 in. long, glandular-villous. Colo.
labrdsus. To 2% ft., glabrous and glaucous: Ivs linear
or oblanceolate, to 4^ in. long, entire: fla. acarlet, to 1^ in.
long; sterile filament glabrous. Calif, and Lower Calif.
laetus. To 14 in , pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate or linear, to
3 m. long, entire: fls. blue or bluiah-purple marked with
white, 1 in. long; sterile stamen glabrous. Ore., Nev.,
Cahf.
Isevigatus (ChclonQ Pentstemori) . To 3 ft., nearly gla-
brous. TVS oblong or lanceolate, to 6 in. long, toothed: fls.
purplish, to 1 in long; sterile stamen bearded. Pa. to Fla.
Var. Digitalis ia P. Digitalis
lave"ndulus: P. secundiflorus var.
Laveri: listed as a bushy plant to 1 ft., with lavender-
blue fls white at base.
linarioides. To 1^ ft , pubescent: Ivs. linear to thread-
like, to 1 in long: fls lilac or purple, % m. long; stenle
stamen bearded. New Mex., Ariz.
Iinearif61ius. Per. to 1 ft., sts. woody at base: Ivs. linear
to linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, to 3 in. long, leathery:
fls. light purple, to 1^ m. long. Mont, and Ida.
lineolatus. To 1 ft., tufted, slightly pubescent: Ivs.
oblanceolate to oblong-linear, to 1 in. long, entire: fls.
purple, % m. long; sterile stamen bearded. Nev.
L6bbii: P. antirrhinoides.
Lyallii. To 1 ft , woody at base, nearly glabrous: Ivs.
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, toothed: fls.
purple, l^iz in. long; sterile stamen glabrous. B. C. to Mont.
M£nziesii. Woody at base, about 6 in. high: Ivs. oblong
to ovate, to % in. long: fls. 1 in. long, violet-blue to purple;
sterile stamen bearded B. C. to Ore. Var. albus is listed.
Var. Davidsonii is P. Davidsonii.
mexicanus: Allophyton mexicanum.
ceolate lobes. Wyo. to Ida. and Mont.
Murray anus. To 3 ft., glabrous and glaucous: Ivs. ovate
to oblong, to 4 in. long, upper connate: fls. deep scarlet,
1 in. long; sterile stamen giant ous. Ark., Tex.
Nelsoniae. To 3 ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, acuminate, entire or toothed: fls.
yellow, to Y± in. long, calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate; sterile
stamen yellow-hairy. Wash.
nemoralis: P. nemoroaus.
nemordsus (Chelone nemorosa). To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to 2 in. long, short-petioled: fls. violet-purple,
1 in. long, in loose clusters. Wasn. to Calif.
Newberryi. To 20 in., woody at base: Ivs. orbicular or
ovate, to 1% in. long, toothed, leathery: fls. red, about
1 in. long; sterile stamen bearded at apex. Cahf.
nitidus. To 1 ft., glaucous: Ivs. oblanceolate to lanceolate,
to 2 in. long, usually acute to acuminate: fls. blue, to % in.
long, somewhat funnelform, in loose infl. Wyo to Alta.
and Wash.
ochroleucus: hort. name.
oliganthus. Slender per. to 1 ft.: basal Ivs. oblong-ovate,
to % in. long; st.-lvs. linear-lanceolate: fls. white, pale blue
or mnk, to 1 in. long, densely villous in throat. Mts., Colo,
to New Mex.
oreganus. To 1^ ft., woody at base, pubescent: Ivs.
linear-oblanceolate, to 1 ££ in. long, entire: fls. purple, % in.
long; sterile stamen bearded. la., Ore.
ostrinus: provisional name for a pink-fid, penstemon
from Ore.
ovatus. To 4 ft., pubescent: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 3 in.
long, toothed: fls. blue changing to purple, % m long;
sterile stamen bearded. Ore. to B. C. Var. Douglasii is
listed.
Palmeri. To 3 ft., glabious: Ivs ovate to lanceolate, to 4
in. long, toothed, upper connate: fls. cream-white tinted
with pink, 1 in. long, short-tulwd; sterile stamen bearded.
Utah and Ariz, to Calif. Var. Grinnellii is P. Gnnnelln,.
palustris: listed name for a plant with violet fls. shading
to pink.
Parishii. To 3 ft., woody at base, glabrous: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to 2^ in. long, entire or toothed: fls. red, 1 in.
long; sterile stamen glabrous. Calif.
pinetdrum: P. Wilcoxn.
procerus. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolato, to 3 in. long,
glabrous: fls. purplish-blue, to }i in. long; sterile stamen
bearded. Sask to B. C and Calif. Var. minor is listed as a
dwarf form Var. T61mei is P. Tolmet.
pseudohumilis. To 1 ft , glabrous' Ivs. elliptic to spatu-
late, basal ones petioled: fls. bluish-purple, to % in. long,
funnelform; sterile stamen yellow-bearded. Ida. to Alta.
and B. C.
pub£scens: P. hirsutus.
pulche'llus. Similar to P. campanulalus, with violet or
lilac fla. with white veins, throat spotted. Mex.
puniceus. To 6 ft , very glaucous: Ivs. ovate: fls. 1 in.
long, scarlet; sterile stamen bearded. Ariz., Mex.
purpureo-caeruleus: probably P. confertus var. cseruleo-
purpureus.
pygm&us: hort. name for a dwarf alpine form, or for
P. hirsutua var. pugmxus.
R&ttanii. To 1 J^ ft : st.-lvs. oblong- or triangular-ovate,
to 2J4 in long, toothed: fls. lavender, % in or more long;
sterile stamen slightly hairy. Calif. Var Kleei, has
clasping Ivs. and fls. to 1M in. long. Var. minor has smaller
fls.
Richardsonii. To 3 ft , glabrous: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, deeply toothed or pinnatind: fls red, 2 in.
long; sterile stamen slightly bearded. B C. to Ida. Var.
dentatus is listed and may not be distinct from type.
Ro£zUi. To 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or linear: tts. pale blue
or violet, ^ in long; sterile stamen glabrous. Mts., Calif.
rupicola. Decumbent shrub to 4 in., pubescent: Ivs.
ovate or orbicular, to ^ in. long, glaucous: fla. rose-crimson,
1^ in. long; sterile stamen glabrous. Wash. Vars. majus
and rdseus are listed.
Rydbergii. To 1^ ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong, to 2 in.
long, entire: fls. pale blue to purple, j^ in. long; sterile
stamen bearded. Wyo., Colo, to Nev.
sdliens. Probably per., to 1 ft., sts. viscid-pubcrulent: Ivs.
obovate to obLanceolate, to 2 in. long, shaiply dentate to
subentire: fls. purplish, to 1 in. long, swollen, calyx glandu-
lar-hairy; sterile stamen bearded. Mont.
saxosorum. To 2J^ ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in.
long: fls. deep blue, % in. long; sterile stamen bearded.
Wyo., Colo.
Scouleri. Shrub to 1^ ft., slightly pubescent: Ivs.
lanceolate, to 2 in. long, toothed: fls. lilac, to 2 in. long;
Iterile stamen glabrous. B. C. to Calif. A var. albus with
white fls. is offered. — Probably only a var. of P. fruticosus.
secundifl6rus. To 2 ft., glabrous and glaucous: Ivs.
oblanceolate, to 3 in. long, entire' fls. lilac, M i"- long;
stenle stamen bearded. Wyo. to New Mex. Var. Iav6n-
dulus, fls. lavender-pink or lavender-blue, smaller than
type. — Name has been used for P. umlateralis.
serpyllifdlius: listed name.
Sm&llii. To 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, to 6
in. long, toothed: fls. pink-purple striped with white within,
Penstemon
548
Pepper
1 in. long, with yellow hairs in throat; sterile stamen
bearded. N. C., Term.
specidsus (P. glaber var. speciosua). To 2 ft., glabrous:
Ivs. oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire: fls.
bluish-purple, 1 in. long; sterile stamen glabrous. Wash,
to Calif.
spectabilis. To 6 ft., glabrous and glaucous: Ivs. ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, to 3^ in. long, toothed: fls. 1 in. or
more long, rose-purple or lilac; sterile stamen glabrous.
Ariz., Calif. Var. coronarius is listed.
stenose'palus: P. Whippleanus.
strfctus. To 1^ ft., glabrous: Iva. spatulate to linear, to
4 in. long: fls. deep b ue, 1 in. long; sterile stamen glabrous.
Wyo. to New Mex.
subglaber. To 1J^ ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. blue or violet, 1 in. long;
sterile stamen bearded. Mts., Ida. to Colo.
supgrbus. Per. to 3 ft. or more: basal Ivs. obovate,
connate-perfoliate; st.-lys. ovate-acute, connate, fleshy:
fls. brilliant scarlet, to 1 in. long, in narrow panicles. Calif.
ternatus. Straggling shrub to 6 ft., glabrous and glau-
cous: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 2 in. long, toothed, in 3's:
fls. pale scarlet, 1 in. long; sterile stamen bearded. Mts.,
S. Calif.
teucrioldes. Sts. ascending to 6 in., grayish: Ivs. linear-
spat ulate, to % in. long, entire, gray-green: fls. deep purple,
to % in. long, corolla not much swollen. Colo, to Utah.
Tdlmiei. Tufted per. to 9 in., with woody roots: Ivs.
lanceolate, entire: fls. }£ in. long, in dense racemes. Wash.
T6rreyt (P. barbalus var. Torreyi). Similar to P. bar-
batus but with larger scarlet fls., lower lip not bearded.
Colo, to Mex. Var. rdseus is listed.
trichander. To 2^ ft., slightly pubescent, glaucous: Ivs.
spatulate to linear, to 3 in. long: fls. scarlet, 1 in. long;
sterile stamen glabrous. Mts., Colo., Utah.
tubifldrus. To 3 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire: fls. scarcely 2-lipped, white
or tinged purple, % in. long; sterile stamen bearded. Mo.
to Ark. and Okla.
unilateralis. To 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. blue, % in. long, in
one-sided mfl.; sterile stamen glabrous. Wyo. to Utah.
utahensis. To 2 ft , glabrous: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 3 in.
long: fls. carmine, % in. long; sterile stamen glabrous.
Utah, Ariz.
vari&bilis. To 2 ft., much branched, glabrous except
infl.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2 in. long, usually toothed: fls.
yellowish- white striped with red, ^ in. long; sterile stamen
bearded. Wash.
venustus. To 2 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, to
2 in. long, toothed: fls light purple, 1 in. long; sterile
stamen hairy. Wash., Ore., Ida.
veroniceefMius: P. attenuatus.
versfcolor. To 15 in.: Iva ovate to obovate, to 2 in. long,
base cordate, very glaucous, acute: fls. pink changing to
blue, to % in. long, in fascicles forming narrowly elongate
thyrsus, sepals ovate-acuminate. Colo.
virens. Per. to 1 ft. or more: Ivs lanceolate-oblong, to
2 in. long, lower ones petioled, upper usually toothed: fls.
deep blue, to H in. long, funnelform, lower lip bearded.
Alta., Colo, and Nev.
Watsonii. To 1H ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, 2 in.
long: fls. violet-purple, ^ in. long; sterile stamen yellow-
bearded. Ida. to Ariz.
Whippleanus (P. st enoaepalus) . To 1^ ft.: Ivs. spatulate
to linear-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. purple or lavender,
to % in. long; sterile stamen bearded. Wyo. to New Mex.
Whitedii. Per. to 1 ft.: basal Ivs. narrowly spatulate, to
3% in. long; st.-lvs. ovate-lanceolate, to 2 in. long, acute,
entire or remotely dentate: fls. light blue, to Y\ in. long,
glandular-pubescent without. Wash.
Wllcoxii (P. pinetorum). To 4 ft., glabrous: Ivs. ovate,
to 3 in. long, entire: fls. bright blue or pink, to % in. long;
sterile stamen bearded. Wash, to Mont.
Wrightii. To 2 ft., glabrous, slightly glaucous: lys.
obovate or oblong, entire: fls. bright red, % in. long; sterile
stamen bearded. W. Tex. to Ariz.
PENTAGL<5TTIS (Caryolopha) . Boragin-
aceae. European per. herb differing from Ari-
chusa in technical characters of the nutlet: fls.
in long-peduncled If.-subtended glomerules. P.
sempervirens (Anchusa sempervircns) . To 2 ft.:
Ivs. oroadly ovate: fls. rich blue, in spring and
summer: grown for ornament.
PENTAPTERfGIUM. Ericacex. Asian
epiphytic shrubs with alternate leathery Ivs.,
tubular fls. solitary or clustered, and fr. a berry.
Grown in Calif.
s6rpens. Sts. drooping: Ivs. oblong, to % in. long,
margins recurved: fls. bright red with darker V-shaped
markings, % in. long. Himalayas.
PfiNTAS. Rubiacese. Herbs and subshrubs
of Afr., with opposite Ivs., long-tubular fls. in
corymbs, and capsular frs.; grown in warm
greenhouses or bedded out in S. U. S. Propa-
gated by cuttings of half-ripe wood over heat.
c&rnea: P. lanceolata.
lanceolata (P. curnea). To 2 ft., somewhat woody at
bottom: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate-oblong, to 6 in. long: fls.
pale purple, 1 in long, hairy in throat. Trop. Afr., Arabia.
Vars. alba and cocclnea are listed.
mussaendoides. Erect shrub or tree to 15 ft., twiga
brown-pubescent becoming glabrous: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, tapering at ends, petioled, stipules fringed:
fls. with pilose tube to 1 in. long, in large terminal panicles.
Madagascar.
PENTASTEMON, PENTSTEMON: Pemtemon.
PEONY: Pseonia.
PEPEROMIA. PiperacesB. Usually succulent
and often prostrate or somewhat scandent herbs,
widely distributed in trop. regions, having
minute bisexual fls. borne in dense slender
spikes; grown as foliage plants in the greenhouse.
Peperomias require warm temperature and careful
watering. Propagated by cuttings of stems or leaves in
sand over bottom heat, and by rooting joints when pro-
duced. The cultivated kinds are small plants, suitable for
pot culture.
argyroneura. Sts. erect, fleshy, to 4 in.: Ivs. alternate,
elliptic or oblong, to 1 in. long and H in. wide, the nerves
above silvery: spikes % in. long. Bismarck Archipelago.
arifdlia: P. Sandersii.
blanda. Sts. weak: Ivs. opposite or in 3's, obovate,
to 1^ in. long; spikes to 4 in. long. Venezuela to Bolivia.
crassifolia. Sts. decumbent, to 1 ft.: Ivs. alternate,
orbicular, % in. long: spikes to 3 in. long. Trop. Afr. —
Plants grown under this name may belong to a different
species.
macu!6sa. Sts. erect, green spotted with brownish: Ivs.
alternate, ovate, to 7 in. long: spikes to 1 ft. long. Trop.
Arner. — Plants cult, under this name may be P. Sandersii
var. argyreia.
magnolieefdlia: P. tithymaloides.
nummularifdlia: P. rotundifoha.
obtusif61ia. Sts. erect or decumbent, rooting at nodes:
Ivs. alternate, fleshy, oblanceolate or obovate, to 4 in. long
and 2^ in. wide. Trop. Amer.
ochetina: listed name.
pellucida. To 8 in.: Ivs. ovate or triangular, % in. long:
spikes % in. long. S. Arner.; nat. in tropics.
pericattii: listed name.
rotundifolia (P. nummulari folia) . Sts. rooting at nodes:
Ivs. oblong to orbicular, about % in. long: spikes to % in.
long. Trop. Amer.
Sandersii (P. arifolia). Stemless: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in.
long, peltate or splitting at base, the stalks dark red: spikes
to 4 in. long. Brazil. In var. argyreia the Ivs. are lighter
colored between the veins.
tithymaloides (P. magnoliaefolia) . Ann. or bien.: Ivs.
alternate, ovate to ovate-elliptic, to 3 in. long, acute, base
cuneate, nerves 10 or moref petiole about 1 in. long and
keeled beneath. Santo Domingo.
velutina. Plant erect, sts. villous and reddish: Ivs. ovate,
acute, fleshy, short-petioled, dark green above with ivory-
colored veins and reddish-brown Beneath: fls. not known.
Ecuador.
PEPINO: Solanum muricatum.
PEPPER. The pepper of world commerce and
spice markets is the small fruit or berries of
Piper nigrum, known as black pepper when the
outer shell is intact, white pepper when the shell
is removed. The plant is native in the Old
World tropics, but is now widely spread in warm
countries.
The peppers of vegetable-gardens and green-
Pepper 549
grocery markets are the fruits of a very different
plant, Capsicum frutescens and its derivatives.
The plants are tender while young, although
they endure some frost in autumn. Their cul-
ture is that recommended for eggplant, being
grown as annuals. A small seedsman's packet of
seed is sufficient for a large number of plants,
say 200. The large Bell peppers are the mildest,
and are used for making "stuffed peppers" and
other dishes. Paprika is made from the long
pointed type of fruit. The small hot peppers are
used for seasoning and sauces. Seeds would
better be started indoors for the northern states,
although early varieties bear well from seed
sown in the open ground as soon as ii is thor-
oughly warm. From the original pan or flat
the little seedlings may be transplanted to other
flats or to pots before putting them in the garden.
Rows should be as far apart as will admit of
good tillage, usually 2~3 feet, and the plants may
stand 10 to 18 inches apart in he row depending
on the variety. The commercial culture is not
essentially different from that indicated above.
See Capsicum.
PEPPER: Piper. -Tree: Schinus. -Tree, Monks: Vitex
Agnus-castus. -Vine: Ampelopsis arborea.
PEPPERBUSH, SWEET: Clethra alnifolia.
PEPPERIDGE: Nyssa syhatica.
PEPPERMINT: Mentha pipenta.
PEPPERWORT: Marsilea.
PERAMIUM: Goodyera.
PERDICIUM: Gerberia.
PEREGRINA: Jatropha hastata.
PERENNIAL, Latin perennisj enduring, per-
petual, is a noun and adjective denoting in
horticulture a plant that persists more than two
years, a one-year plant being an annual and a
two-year plant a biennial. All shrubs and trees
are perennial, but the word ordinarily connotes
an enduring herbaceous plant, one ttat remains
year after year; the "perennial border" is com-
prised of such plants, among which may be lark-
spurs, peonies, columbines, sedums. A perennial
may not endure indefinitely, howeverj many
of them are at their best in about the third year
and then gradually fail ; but tansy and bouncing-
bet may remain after the house falls down. It
is enjoyable work to grow perennials from seed.
Sown one spring, or sometimes in midsummer,
the seeds should give fresh blooming plants the
following season.
PERfiSKIA. Cactacex. Perhaps a score of
leafy shrubby or arboreous or vine-like cacti
native in Mex. and W. Indies to S. Amer., a few
of them long known in cult, in warm countries:
spines single, paired or clustered in axils of the
broad alternate Ivs., no glochids: fls. solitary,
corymbose or paniculate, rotate. See Cacti. —
Sometimes spelled Peireskia or Peirescia, but
the original spelling used by Linnaeus is adopted
here.
Although the pereskias are leaf-bearing plants, their
culture does not differ particularly from that of other cacti.
They are used as stocks on which to graft other kinds but
otherwise they are not much known as glasshouse subjects.
They propagate from cuttings.
aculeata (P. Pereskia). BARBADOS-GOOSEBERRY. LEMON-
VINE. Erect at first but becoming a vine to 30 ft. long;
axillary spines 2 or 3 and recurved: Ivs. thick, lanceolate
to ovate, acute, to nearly 3 in. long: fls. paniculate or
corymbose, white, yellow or pinkish, 1-1 & in. across.
Trop. Amer. Var. rubescens (P. rubescens) has red-
variegated IVB.
Perezia
BISo. Tree to 20 ft., trunk to 4 in. diam. and becoming
naked; spines in fascicles of 5 and 6 but on young shoots
fewer: Ivs. thin, oblong to oblanceolate, to 8 in. long: fls.
rose-color, style red: fr. truncate and naked. Panama,
Colombia. — The plant cult, under this name is usually P.
grandifolia.
Conzattii. Tree to 40 ft., bark smooth: Ivs. orbicular to
obovate, about 1 in. long, acute; spines 2-6, on small sts.
and 10-20 on large branches, to 1 in. long, yellowish to
dark brown: fr. pyriform, to 2 in. long, smooth. Mex.
Godsefnana. Sport of P. aculeata, with Ivs. mottled or
blotched above with crimson, yellow and green, purplish
underneath.
grandifdlia. Shrub or tree to 15 ft., with very spiny
trunk; spines 1 or 2: Ivs. oblong, to 6 in. long: fls. in mostly
few-fld. terminal clusters, rose-color or white and sepals
green, style and stigma-lobes white: fr. pear-shaped, leaf-
bearing. Brazil. — Usually cult, under the name P. Bleo.
Iychnidifl6ra. Tree or shrub, sts. terete: Iva. ovate-
oblong, to 3 in. lpng,lapex acute, base obtuse, sessile; single
stout spine to 2 in. long in If. -axils: fls. solitary, to 2^2 in.
diam., terminal on short lateral shoots, petala fringed
terminally. Mex.
Mo&rei. Shrub to nearly 4 ft. tall, much branched: Ivs.
orbicular to obovate, to '3% in. long, ap«x obtuse or acute:
, . ,
pines 2-4, to 3 in. long, unequal, gray or blackish: fls.
urpliah-red, to nearly 2 in. across. Brazil.
Nicoyana. Tree to 25 ft.; spines 1 and IK in. long or
wanting: Ivs. lanceolate or oblanceolate und nearly sessile,
lateral veins nearly parallel: fls. yellow, petals fimbriate.
Costa Rica.
Per6skia: P. aculeata.
rube'scens: P. aculeata var.
sa char 6s a. Shrub or small tree to 25 ft., sts. green,
becoming yellowish-brown with age: Ivs. lanceolate to
oblanceolate, to 5 in. long, acute: spinea 1-3 011 young and
3-6 on old branches, to 2 in. long, unequal: fls. white to
rose-pink, to 3^ in. across, in terminal clusters. Argentina,
Paraguay.
spathulata: Pereskiopsis spathulata.
subulata: Opuntia subulata.
tampicana. Shrub, sts. spiny or spineless: Ivs. ovate,
to 2 in. long, petioled: spines about 3-5, to \% in- long,
sharp, black: fls. rose-pmk. Mex.
PERESKI<5PSIS. Cactacex. Group that
differs from Pereskia in bearing glochids on the
areoles and in having opuntia-like fls,; from
Opuntia in carrying true Ivs. and in tree-like or
shrub-like habit: species 10 or more in hedges
and thickets of Mex. and Guatemala, feee
Cacti.
aqu6sa. Shrub, sts. green, spineless: Iva. elliptic, acute,
about 1 in. long, glabrous; spines solitary, white, glochida
yellow: fls. yellow, outer segms. red-blotched. Mex.
Chap is tie. Branching shrub to 16 ft.: spines 1 and 2^
in. long and white: Ivs. obovate, to 1H iu. long: fls. yellow.
Mex.
Diguetii (Opuntia Diguetii). Shrub to 10 ft. or more, sts.
becoming reddish with age: Ivs. elliptic- obovate, to 2 in.
long, almost cuspidate: spines 1-4, to 3 in. long, unequal,
black to gray, glochida brown: fls. yellow. Cent. Mex.
echinata: listed name.
Gatesii. Differs from P. Porten in thicker, smaller and
more lounded Ivs. and in deep rose-colored fr. % i«- long.
Lower Calif.
Pdrteri. To 4 ft. high and 1 in. diam., branching: spines
1-8 or more on trunk, areoles with many brown glocmds:
Ivs. obovate, 1 in. long: fls. yellow, 1 Yi in. across: fr. orange,
2 in. long. Mex.
rotundifdlia (Opuntia rotundifolia) . Sts. thick and woody:
Ivs. nearly orbicular: spines 1: fls. reddish-yellow, \l/i in.
across. Mex.
spathulata (Opuntia and Pereskia epathulata) . Branch-
ing bush to 6 ft., somewhat glaucous, branches deflexed:
spines 1 or 2 and about 1 in. long: fls. red. Mex.
subulata: Opuntia subulata.
velutina. Low, spreading, compact shrub to 4 ft. high,
sts. green becoming reddish-brown with age: Ivs. broadly
elliptic, to 2^ in. long, acute, puberulent: fls. bright yellow,
borne on second-year sts. Cent. Mex.
PERfeZIA. Composites. Per. herbs native
from Tex. to Patagonia, with alternate leathery
Ivs. and heads of rose, purple, white of blue disk-
fls., solitary or in panicles; pappus of bristles.
Sometimes planted for ornament.
Perezia 550
microce'phala. To 3^ ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 7M in.
long, toothed, clasping: heads whitish or purplish, ^ in.
or less long, in panicles. Calif.
multifldra. To 1 ft or more: Iva. pmnately cut into
triangular segrns., to (i m. long, spiny-margined: heads
blue, in dense corymbs. Peru to Argentina.
PERFUME-PLANT: Afathwla tncorms.
PERIANTH: the floral envelope considered together;
commonly employed for flowers in which there is usually
no clear distinction between calyx and corolla, as the lilies.
PERICARP: the ripened ovary, or fruit.
PERfCOME. Composite. Tall herbs from
N. Mex. and S. W. U. $., having opposite
pctioled Ivs. and small yellow fls. in rayless
heads arranged in large discoid cymes. P.
caii data is adapted to the border and is propa-
gated by seeds. To 4% ft.: Ivs. hastate or
deltoid, to 4 in. long, acuminate, minutely pu~
berulent and punctate: heads to % in. across, on
pedicels to % in. long, disk-fls. tubular, to K in-
long. W. Tex. to S. Calif, and Mcx.
PERfLLA. LabitiUe. Asian herbaceous an-
nuals, one of which is grown for the attractive
colored foliage something like a Coleus: fls.
small, in axillary or terminal simple or pariicled
racemes, the corolla-tube not exceeding the
calyx.
Penllas require a sunny or half-sunny position, and
the same treatment as other half-hardy annuals. Propa-
gated by seed.
frut6scens. The form known in cult, is var. crispa
( var. mink inensis) with dark purple-brown or bronzy foliage:
Ivs. broad-ovate, to 4^ m. long, toothed: fls. white or
reddish, % in. long, in autumn. India to Japan. Other yars.
have Ivs wrinkled or crisped, fringed or cut, sometimes
variegated, in the trade under the names atropurpurea,
laciniata, frutcscens loci mat a
nankine'nsis: P. frutescena var. crispa.
PERfPLOCA. SILK -VINE. Asclepiadacecs.
Woody vines, ours deciduous, with opposite Ivs.,
wheel-shaped fls. in terminal or axillary clusters,
and milkweed-like frs.; native in 8. Eu., Asia
and trop. Afr., more or less hardy in N. U. S.
Silk-vines grow in well-drained soil in sunny situations.
They may need winter protection in the North. Propagated
by seeds, layers or cuttings under glass m summer.
gr&ca. To 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 5 in. long: fls.
greenish, brownish-purple inside, 1 in. across, in summer.
S. Eu., W. Asia.
sdpium. Lvs. narrower and fls. smaller than in the above.
N. China.
PERISSOLOBUS: Machairophyllum.
PERISTERIA. Orchidacese. American ter-
restrial or epiphytic orchids with pseudobtilbs.
large plaited Ivs. and fls. in laterally produced
racemes, the sepals and petals similar and cup-
shaped, the base of lip united with the column
by broad wings. For cult, see Orchids.
cerina. Pseudobulbs ovoid, to 3 in. tall: Ivs. 2-4, to about
18 in. long and 3 in. wide: fls. pale citron-yellow, in dense
raceme on short pendulous scape. Apr.- June. Cent. Amer.,
Trinidad.
elata. HOLY-GHOST-FLOWER. DOVE-FLOWER. Plant
tall: psoudobulbs ovoid, with 3-5 Ivs. to 40 in. Ions and
6 in. wide: infl tall, erect, to 5 ft. high with very loose
many-fld raceme; fls. fleshy, waxy- white with lip spotted
with purple, fragrant. Aug-Oct. Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia. — Requires liberal supply of moisture and treat-
ment given Calantho.
plndula. Pseudobulbs subconic to ovoid, to 6 in. tall:
Ivs 3-4, elliptic-lanceolate, to 20 in. long: scape pendulous,
to 7 in. long, densely fld.; fls. globose, 2 in. across, greenish-
white spotted with purple. Sept.-Jan. British Guiana,
Brazil. — Said rarely to flower in cult.
PERISTROPHE. Acanthacese. Herbs or
shrubs of the Old World tropics with opposite
entire Ivs. and rose or purple tubular 2-lipped
Persea
fls. in brae ted clusters or solitary; grown in the
greenhouse where they need abundant air and
rich loamy soil. Propagated by cuttings.
angustifdlia. Grown as ann.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in.
Jong: fls. rose, in terminal clusters. Java. Var. aureo-
variegata has Ivs. variegated with yellow.
specidsa. Woody per. to 3 ft : Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long:
fls. violet-purple, 2 in. across, 2-3 together. India.
PERIWINKLE: Vinca.
PERNfiTTYA (originally spelled Pernettia by
Gaudichaud who a year later corrected it to
Pernettya). Ericaceae. Low evergreen shrubs
adapted to rock-gardens, having small toothed
Ivs., urn-shaped nodding usually solitary fls.,
and fr. a bright colored berry persistent through-
out the winter.
Pernettyas thrive in sunny positions in rather moist
peaty soil Fairly hardy North. Propagated by seeds,
cuttings of half-ripe wood, layers and suckers.
mucronata. To 2 ft., much branched: Ivs. ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, to % in. long: fls. white or pinkish, l/± in. long,
May- June: fr. white to red or purple, as indicated m the
names alba, coccinea, lil&cina, nigra, purpurea, r6sea,
rubra. Magellan region to Chile.
nana. Low creeping mat-forming shrub to 3 in high: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, acutish, to \^ in long, thick and leathery,
entire or remotely toothed, mostly glabrous: fls. urceolate,
to % in. long, usually solitary, axillary; calyx-lobes acute;
filaments as long or longer than styles, anthers minutely
bristle-tipped. New Zeal.
specidsa: a form of P. mucronata.
tasmanica. Creeping glabrous per., sts. to 3 in long: Ivs.
oblong, to \§ m long, subacute, leathery, obscurely crenate:
fls. campanulate, to ^ in long, solitary in axils on pedicels
to K m. long; calyx-lobes obtuse; filaments shorter than
styles, anthers not bristle-tipped. Tasmania. — Material
so listed in cult, may be P. nana.
PEROVSKIA. LaUatx. Asian herbs or sub-
shrubs with opposite Ivs. and rather small 2-
lipped fls. in whorls in terminal spikes; one
species grown for ornament.
Perovskia succeeds in sunny places in good loam, and
is fairly hardy North. Propagated by cuttings of young
wood under glass.
atriplicifftlia. To 5 ft., hoary-tornentose: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate to lanceolate, to 2|£ in. long, toothed: fls. blue,
^ in. long, the spikes forming panicles to 1^2 ft. long.
Aug.-Sept. W. Asia.
PtRSEA. Lauracex. Broad -Ivd. ever-
green trees with alternate entire Ivs., small bi-
sexual greenish not showy fls. in panicles, and fr.
a berry or drupe, edible in the case of the avocado,
which see for cult.
The perseas are small trees of warm and tropical regions,
the avocado now much grown for fruit, the others more
or less planted for ornament because of the laurel-like habit
and foliage. Most of them bear greenish, reddish or glau-
cous young shoots. The ornamental kinds require no special
treatment. Propagation by seeds and cuttings.
americana (P. gratissima. P. Persea). AVOCADO. Much
branched tree to 60 ft. or more: Ivs. elliptic or oval, 4-8 in.
long, acute or short-pointed: fla. small, greenish, in close
terminal panicles, the parts prominently gray-pubescent:
fr. large, fleshy, pyriform to oblong or globular, with rich
buttery flesh, thick skin, and one large seed. Trop. Amer..
cult, in the warmest parts of U. S., as West Indian and
Guatemalan avocado; somewhat nat. in S. Fla.; the fr. was
formerly known somewhat as "alligator-pear," a name
that should be discontinued. Var. drymifolia (P. drymi-
folid), is the Mexican avocado of cult.: Ivs. mostly elliptic
and acute at either end, anise-scented when crushed: per-
ianth more or less persistent: skin of fr. thin and soft.
Borbdnia (P. carohnensis. Tamala Dorbonia. Nota-
phcebe borbonica). RED BAY. BULL BAY. Tree 30-40 ft.:
Ivs. oblong to long-oblong, tapering to base, glabrous and
somewhat glaucous, to 6 in.: fls. few or several, in short-
peduncled clusters: fr. blue or blue-black, about ^ in.
diam. Del. to Fla. in swamps. — Sometimes planted for
ornament.
carolin^nsis: P, Borbonia.
drymif&lia: P. americana var.
glauca: advertised as a tree to 30 ft. with Iva. to 6 in.
Persea
551
Petalostemum
long and 2 in. wide, whitish beneath: fr. black, pear-shaped,
% in. long.
gratissima: P. americana.
indica. Attractive small tree with finely pubescent or
nearly glabrous young shoots: Ivs. oblong to lance-oblong,
to 6 in , coriaceous, pubescent underneath, mostly acute:
fls. small and few in upper axillary peduncled clusters: fr.
oblong, scarcely fleshy, % in. long. Canary, Madeira,
Azores Isls. — Planted for ornament in S. Calif, and Fla.,
named IMUTUS indica by Linnaeus, but habitat given by
him as Virginia.
Iei6gyna. TRAPP AVOCADO. Differs from P. americana
in the perianth glabrous within and only sparsely pilose
outside, pistil and stanunodes glabrous. Probably trop.
Amer.
macrodenia: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
Meyeniana. Tree, with elliptic obtuse or acutish Ivs.
glaucous beneath: fls. with silky-tomentose perianth, the
outer parts ovate, inner twice as long and elliptic-oblong;
staminodes usually hairy at tip. Chile. — Intro, in Cain*.
N&nmu: Pha-be Nanmu.
palustris (P. piibescens. Tamala pubescens). SWAMP
RED BAY. Shrub or small tree* Ivs. elliptic, to 8 in. long,
obtuse, tornentose beneath: fr. dark blue and bloomy, ]^ in.
long. N. C. to Fla. and Tex.
P6rsea: P. americana.
pubescens: P. palustris.
r6sea: probably hort. name.
PERSIC A VULGARIS: Prunus Persica.
PERSICARIA: Polygonum.
PERSIMMON. Species of Diospyros. Al-
though noteworthy varieties of the American
persimmon, Diospyros virginiana, native from
Connecticut and southern Iowa to Florida and
Texas, have been introduced, no important
orchard industry is based on it. The small size
of the fruit and its pulpy character when mature
have been real drawbacks not offset by its high
quality and delicious flavor. Hence, persimmon
culture has been undertaken with varieties of
Diospyros Kaki introduced from Japan and
China, commonly known as oriental or Japanese
persimmons and as kaki.
Roughly, the oriental persimmons are adapted
climatically to the cotton-belt. They are grown
as garden fruits over wide areas but a commercial
industry has been developed for the most part
only in California, Texas, Florida, southern
Georgia and the southern parts of those states
bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Outside of
California, individual orchard holdings usually
are not large.
The persimmon is not particular in its soil
requirements. It may be grown on any good
farming land, provided water is available for
irrigation in dry sections and drainage is satis-
factory where rainfall is heavy. Lands of good
quality produce more abundant crops of finer
fruits than do lighter soils.
Native persimmon stocks are employed for
propagation in the southern and eastern dis-
tricts entirely, while in California seedling Z).
Kaki and D. Lotus stocks are also used; the
Lotus has been freely utilized in recent years.
Native persimmon roots are adapted to moist
soils, D. Lotus to dry soils, while D. Kaki is
intermediate in its moisture requirements. D.
Lotus has a fine fibrous root system while D.
Kaki and D. virginiana have well-developed tap-
roots, naturally very deficient in lateral and
fibrous roots. Their root systems can be greatly
improved by transplanting and by root pruning.
Propagation is by whip-grafting in winter just
below the surface of the ground on one-or two-
year seedling stocks or by shield-budding with
long heavy buds just before the stocks become
dormant in summer.
In the eastern districts persimmons are planted
15 by 20 feet apart each way. In California they
are spaced the same distances on lighter soils and
25 to 30 feet on heavy soils. Orchards are
clean-cultivated in spring and early summer, fol-
lowed by cover-crops of cowpeas, beggarweed or
crotalaria for summer, and oats, rye or vetch
for winter. It is important that the organic
matter content be well maintained. Commercial
fertilizers are applied in spring and again in June
as for other tree crops.
While many varieties of oriental persimmons
may be found in gardens arid a fruiting season
from August to January maintained, commercial
plantings are usually made with Tanc-Nashi and
Fuyu in the East and with Hachiya and Fuyu in
California. Hyakume is present in the earlier
California plantings in large numbers. Fuyu
has the distinct advantage of being hard light-
fleshed and non-astringent at all stages, while
both Tane-Nashi and Hachiya are astringent
until they are soft-ripe. Pollination is required
for Fuyu in the eastern districts and a good
pollinator such as Gailey should be intorplantcd
one tree in ten.
Persimmons are attacked by such insects as
white-fly, mealy-bug, white peach scale and
black scale. These are controlled by spraying
with miscible oil. The most serious pest in the
southern and eastern districts is the flat-headed
borer which attacks the trunk and branches.
It is controlled by going carefully over the trees
in spring, locating the places attacked, digging
or cutting them out and painting with a good
tree paint.
PERSISTENT: remaining attached; not fulling off
annually or frequently, as leaves of pines; evergreen.
PERSONATE: said of a 2-hpped corolla the throat of
which is closed by a palate, as in snapdragon and linunas:
like a masked face.
PERSOONIA. Proleaceiz. Small trees or
shrubs of Australia and New Zeal., with mostly
alternate entire Ivs., small yellowish or white
fls., and fr. a drupe; one species intro. in Calif.
T&ru. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs linear-lanceolate, to 8 in long,
thick and leathery Ms. yellowish-brown, to ^ in long, in
rusty-pubescent axillaiy racemes: fr. reddish, to 2i in. long.
New Zeal.
PERULARIA: Ilabenariaflaw.
PERUVIAN BARK TREE: Cinchona.
PESCAT6REA. Orchidacex. Epiphytes with
fragrant showy fls. solitary in the axils of dis-
tichously tufted Ivs., the lateral sepals forming a
chin with the column-foot, the lip clawed and
with a thick crest at base; native in trop. Amer.
For cult, see Orchids.
cerma. Lvs. to about 20 in. long and 1% in. wide: fls.
white or citron-yellow with orange-yellow semicircular
grooved callus on lip, on peduncles to 0 in. long. June -Dec.
Costa Rica, Panama.
Day ana. Lvs. to 15 in. long and 2 in. wide: peduncles to
4 in. long; sepals and petals cream-white with pale green
tips; lip white stained with crimson. June- Sept. Colombia.
Klabochdrum. Lvs. to 20 in. long and about 2 in. wide:
peduncles short, pendulous; fls. to 4 in. across; sepals and
petals white with brown-purple apex: lip white densely
covered with purple papilhe and purple orest. May- Aug.
Ecuador, Colombia.
PETAL: one of the separate leaves of a corolla.
PETALOID: petal-like; of color and shape resembling a
petal; it may be a bract, sepal, or expanded stamen.
PETALOSTfeMUM. PHAIKIE-CLOVER. Legu-
minosx. Herbs, mostly per., or subshrubs with
pinnate Ivs., papilionaceous fls. in spikes, and
Petalostemwn
552
Petroselinum
short pods included in the calyx; native in N.
Amer. and any of the species may be planted
in the rock-garden, border or wild-garden.
candidum. To 2 ft.: Ifts. oblong or oblanceolate: fls.
white, in cylindric spikes to 4 in. long. Ind. to La. and Tex.
corymbdsus (Kuhnistera pinnata). To 4 ft.: Ifts. 3-7,
linear-spatulate to filiform, usually only to l/i in. long or
leas, minutely glandular-dotted: fls. white, in several to
many subglooose condensed head-like spikes to ^ in. diam.:
pods less than H in. long. N. C. to Fla. and Miss.
decumbens. Sts. decumbent or ascending: Ifts. linear
or linear-oblong: fls. pink or rose-purple, in ovoid or short-
oblong spikes to y± in. long. Ark., Tex.
multifl&rus. To 2 ft.: Ifts. linear to oblanceolate: fls.
white, in spikes % in. long. Kans. to Tex.
obovatum. To 20 in., silky-hairy: Ifts. obovate or oval:
fls. yellowish- white, in cylindric spikes to 4^ in. long. Tex.
oligophyllum. To 2H ft.: Ifts. linear or linear-oblong:
fls. white, in oblong spikes to 3 in. long. Minn, to Ariz.
purpureum (/'. molaceum). To 3 ft.: Ifts. linear: fls.
violet or purple, in dense spikes 2 in. long. Ind. to Sask. and
Tex.
Searlsiae. To 1^ ft.: Ifts. linear-lanceolate to ovate:
fls. rose, in dense oblong spikes to 2 in. long. Litah, Ariz.
Stanfieldii. To 1 ft.: Ifts. linear: fls. rose-purple, in
cylindric spikes to 1 in. long. Tex.
vi 116s urn. To 2 ft., ascending or decumbent, densely
hairy: Ifts. oblong or oblanceolate: fls. rose-purple or rarely
white, in cylindric spikes to 4 in. long. Mich, to Tex.
violaceum: P. purpureum.
PETASlTES. BUTTER-BUR. Compositx. Her-
baceous perennials with thick and often creeping
rootstocks, large basal felty Ivs. that appear
after the very early clustered purple to white
heads of dioecious disk-fls. or sometimes with
ray-fls., the scapes scaly; pappus of bristles;
native in the north temp. zone. Of easy cult.
Usually increased by division; also by seeds.
The name is pronounced in four syllables.
fragrans. WINTER-HELIOTROPE. SWEET COLTSFOOT.
To I ft.: Ivs. orbicular, small toothed, green and silky below,
evergreen: heads small, fragrant, pale lilac to purple.
Medit. region.
frigidus (P. nivalis). To 10 in.: lys. triangular or heart-
shaped, 5-7-lobed, to 4 in. long, white-toinentose beneath:
heads ^ in. long. Alaska to Wash.
hfbridus (P. oflicinciUs. P. vulgaria). To 2 ft.: Ivs.
reniform or orbicular, to 1 ft. across, toothed, gray-tomen-
tose beneath: heads ^ in. across, purplish, fragrant, in
dense spike-like racemes. Eu., Asia; nat. in E. N. Amer.
jap6nicus. To 6 ft.: Ivs to 4 ft. across: fl.-heads in a
fastigiate thyrse. Isl. of Sachalin. Var. gigantdus has
densely clustered fl.-heads and wavy-margined Ivs. — The
stalks are used as a vegetable and the fl.-buds as a con-
diment.
nivalis: P. frigidus.
niveus. To 1 ft.: Ivs. broadly cordate, toothed, denselj
white-woolly beneath: heads pinkish- white. Eu.
ofncin&lis: P. hybndus.
variegatus: trade name for a variegated form.
vulgaris: P. kybridus.
PETIOLE: leaf-stalk.
PETIOLULE: stalk of a leaflet.
PETIVfeRIA. Phytolaccacex. Herbs or sub-
shrubs with alternate Ivs. and small fls. in ra-
cemes or solitary; one species has medicinal pro-
perties and is sometimes planted under glass for
interest.
alliacea. GUINEA-HEN WEED. To 3 ft., with a strong
garlic odor: Ivs. ovate or elliptic, entire: fls. pink, white
or green, in long interrupted spike-like racemes. Trop. Amer.
PETRfeA. PURPLE WREATH. Verbmacese.
Shrubs, erect or climbing, grown out-of-doors in
the S. and under glass, having opposite leathery
simple Ivs. and violet, purple or bluish fls. in long
racemes. Propagated by cuttings of the shoots
over heat and by seeds.
arborea. Shrub, sometimes vine-like, to 25 ft.: lys.
sessile or with petioles less than H in. long, elliptic, to 6 in.
long, obtuse to emarginate, entire to undulate, cordate:
fls. blue, in axillary racemes 2-6 in. long. Trinidad to
Venezuela and British Guiana. Var. Br6adwayi has white
fls. — Much of the cult, material under this name is P.
volubihs.
Kohautiana. Woody vine or tortuous nearly self-sup-
porting shrub to 30 ft. or more: lys. with petioles to M in-
long, elliptic to elliptic- ovate, to 6 in. long, usually obtuse to
emarginate at apex, cordate at base, glabrous on both
sides: fls. lilac-blue to dark purple, in terminal racemes
6-20 in. long. W. Indies, particularly the French Antilles.
Var. anfrnala has white fls. and Ivs. narrowed at ends.
— Sometimes cult, as P. volubilis.
volubilis. Woody vine or subshrub to 35 ft.: Ivs. with
petioles to ^ in. long, elliptic, 2-8 in. long, apex mostly
acute to short-acuminate, base acute or obtusely cuneate,
rough-scabrous on both sides: fls. pale lilac to purple, in
axillary racemes 3-12 in. long. Mex., Cent. Amer., W.
Indies. Var. albifl6ra has white fls.
PETROCALLIS. Crudferse. Draba-like per.
in the Pyrenees, Alps and east (another in Persia),
grown in rock-gardens. P. pyrenaica (Draba
pyrenaica). Mat-like, 2-3 in., with simple sts.:
Ivs. all radical in rosette, wedge-shaped, lobed:
fls. white changing to pink: silicic or pod short,
little longer than broad.
PETROC6PTIS. Caryophyllacese. Perennials
of small size, the Ivs. mostly tufted or in a rosette,
fls. with uncut petals; a few species from the
Pyrenees, sometimes used in the rock-garden.
Very similar to Lychnis.
Lag£scae (Lychnis Lagascx). Low, tufted, glaucous, to
4 in. high: Ivs. linear to ovate-lanceolate, to % in. long,
acute: fls. pale rose with white center, about % in. across,
long-pedicelled.
pyrenaica (Lychnis pyrenaica). Low, tufted, to 6 in.
high, glabrous: Ivs. obovate-spatuiate, to % in. long,
glaucous, mucronate: fls. white to rose, to nearly ^ m.
across, not long-pedicelled, petals slightly notched at tip.
PETR(5PHILA. Protcacex. Shrubs with stiff
Ivs. and white or yellow fls. borne beneath scales
or bracts and forming dense spikes or cones;
intro. in Calif., from Australia.
bfloba. Lvs. flat, ternately divided into obliquely
ovate or oblong pungent-pointed segms. to % in. long:
fls. hairy, to % in. long: cones % in. long.
media. Lvs. cylindrical, 2-3 in. or occasionally to 10 in.
long: fls. hairy, about % in. long: cones % in. across.
Shuttleworthiana. Lvs. flat, divided into pungent-
pointed segms. 1 in. long: fls. glabrous, ^ in. long: cones
to 1 in. long.
PETR<5PHYTUM. Rosacese. Prostrate ever-
green shrubs native in W. N. Amer. and adapted
to the rock-garden: Ivs. crowded, entire: fls.
small, white, in terminal racemes: fr. a leathery
follicle. It succeeds in sunny positions in lime-
stone soil. Propagated by seeds and division.
uespitdsum (Spir&a caespitosa). Forming mats to 3 ft.
across: Ivs. to 1A in. long, 1-nervcd: fl.-spikes to 2 in. long.
S. D. to Calif ; hardy N.
ciner&scens (Spirsea cineraacens) . Differs from P.
Hendersonii chiefly in Ivs. being gray-pubescent. Wash.
Hendersonii (Eriogynia and Spiraea Hendersonii). Mat-
forming, sts. ascending to 4 in.: Ivs. spatulate, to % in.
long, 3-nerved: fls. in dense racemes to 3 in. long, petals
obovate to oval. Olympic Mts., Wash.
PETRORHAGIA: Tunica Saxifraga.
PETROSELlNUM. Umbelliferx. Herbs of
the Old World with pinnately compound Ivs..
greenish-yellow or reddish fls. in compound
umbels, and ovate compressed frs.; one species
is grown as a garnish and for salads.
Seeds of parsley should be sown in rows 10-12 inches
apart, and the seedlings thinned to 5 or 6 inches in the
row. As germination is very slow, it is well to soak the seeds
in warm water. For winter use roots may be transplanted
to boxes or pots and kept in a sunny window.
crfspum (P. hortense. P. aativum. Apium Petroselinum)
PARSLEY. Bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ternately decompound, those
Petroselinum
553
Phacelia
of the typical form curled and crisped. Eu., W. Asia. Var.
filicinum is a fern-lvd. form, nat. in E. N. Amer. Var.
latifdlium has If -segms. flat and not crisped and roots
fibrous. Var. radices um. TURNIP-ROOTED P., has thick
parsnip-like edible roots and flattened non-crisped If .-segins.
horte'nse: P. criapum.
sativum: P.crispum.
PE-TSAI. A leaf vegetable, Brassica pekinen-
sis, much grown in China and now well known in
this country as "Chinese cabbage" and "celery
cabbage." Annual and biennial; sown in spring,
it produces a close mass of foliage and a tender
central core in summer and early autumn. The
leaves are used as greens, and the white heart
for salad. For harder heads, the seeds should be
sown later so that the plant will mature in late
autumn. The excellence of the crop apparently
depends much on the care practiced in seed
selection. The product docs not have the strong
flavor and odor of real cabbages, and it should
not be called a cabbage.
A related product is Pak-choi, Brassica chinen-
sis and B. parachinensis. This plant does not
produce the solid head of Pe-tsai, and it is more
definitely biennial, if not even sometimes short-
perennial.
All these plants are probably natives of eastern
Asia. See Brassica.
PETT&RIA. Leguminosse. Deciduous shrub
native in Dalmatia, sometimes planted for
ornament. Cult, as for Laburnum. P. rament-
&cea (Cytisus Weldenu). To 6 ft.: Ivs. of 3 Ifts.
to 2 in. long: fls. yellow, papilionaceous, fragrant,
in dense upright racemes to 3 in. long, in May
and June: pods to lj^ in. long.
PETUNIA. Solanacex. Soft more or less
hairy branching annuals and perennials, of weak
straggling growth, with simple Ivs., alternate or
the upper ones opposite, and white, purple or
reddish fls. funnel- or salver-shaped, fragrant,
blooming all summer; native in S. S. Amer.
Petunias are treated as annuals in gardens and are very
satisfactory for bedding, to fill in spaces in the border, and
in window- and porch-boxes; also grown m the greenhouse.
They require sunny exposure. Petunias may be propagated
from seed, the large trilled and double forms sometimes
from cuttings. These latter high-bred types require more
care than the smaller single-flowered kinds; the seeds should
be started indoors; the weak plants usually have the most
double and daintily colored flowers.
argentea: trade name for a form of P. hybrida.
Atkinsii: form of P. hybrida.
axillaris (P. nyctagmiflora^ . LARGE WHITE P. Usually
erect, sticky-pubescent, to 2 ft.: fls. dull white, to 2^ in.
long, fragrant at night, tube 3-4 times as long as calyx.
Argentina.
compacta: P. hybrida.
elegans: P. hybrida.
fimbrteta: P. hybrida.
grandifldra: P. hybrida.
hybrida. COMMON GARDEN P. Reputed to be a series of
hybrids between P. axillana and P. violacea, funnel-shaped
fl.-tube broader than in the former species and longer with a
broader limb than in the latter, to 3>£ in. long: growth
stocky and plant often sticky. There are many vars. and
strains with fls. varying in size, color and form, sometimes
to 5 in. across, from white to deep red-purple often striped,
with star-like markings radiating from tne throat or ir-
regularly marked, some deeply fringed or even full double;
both tall and more or less dwarf forms. Some of the Latin-
named forms, often listed as binomials, are filba, compacta,
elegans, flmbriata, gigantea, grandifldra, kermesma, mac-
uldta, n&na, pendula, purpurea, re-sea, superb issima.
infl&ta. Much like P. violacea but corolla-tube much
broader as if swollen or inflated: Ivs. rather narrow. Para-
guay, Argentina.
nana: dwarf hort. form of P. hybrida.
nyctaginifidra: P. axiltaris.
parviflora. Ann. to 18 in., pubescent: Ivs. to Yi in. long:
fls. purple, to Y% in. across, corolla-lobes abruptly pointed.
N. C. to Fla., west to Calif., W. Indies, Mex. to S. Amer.
phcenfcea: apparently one of the P. hybrida group.
superbfssima: P. hybrida.
violacea. VIOLET-FLOWERED P. Sts. to 10 in. long, slender,
prostrate or tips erect : fls. rose-red or violet, the tube lighter,
funnel-shapecf, to 1 % in. long, about twice as long as calyx,
with unequal limb Argentina. — Perhaps some of the mater-
ial BO listed represents color forms of P. hybrida.
PEUCfiDANUM. Umbclliferse. Large and
complex group of herbs with Ivs. that are much
divided, white, yellow or rarely purple small fls.
in umbels, and flattened frs.
austrtacum. Per. to 3 ft.; If.-segms. linear to linear-
lanceolate, not dentate: fls. white, bracts reflexed: fr. to
% in. long. Eu.
Cervaria. Per. to 3^ ft.: If.-segms. oval to elliptic-
lanceolate, lobed or dentate: fls. white or pink, bracts
reflexed. Cent. Eu. and Medit. region.
Ostruthium (Imperatoria Ostruthium). To 3^ ft.: Ivs.
1-2-pinnate into broad toothed segms.: fls. polygamous,
white or pinkish. Mts. of Cent, and 8. Eu.
PEtlMUS. Monimiacese. Evergreen diu»-
cious tree to 20 ft., native in Chile. P. B61dus
(Boldoa fragrans). BOLDO. Lvs. opposite, ovate,
leathery and rough: fls. white, l/2 in. across, in
panicles: fr. an edible drupe. — Sometimes grown
in S. Calif. The tree has many economic uses, as
the hard wood is valuable for charcoal and imple-
ments, the bark for tanning and dyeing, and the
Ivs. have medicinal properties.
PEYOTE: Lophophora Williamaii.
PFElFFERA. Cactacese. A monotypic epi-
phytic genus from W. Argentina, growing on
trees and somewhat resembling Rnipsalis. P.
ianothele (P. cerdforniis. Rhipsalis cereiformis).
Sts. 3-4-angled, without aerial roots, to 15 in.
long or more and to % in. thick, areoles about
% in. apart, reddish: spines 6-7, to nearly J4 in.
ng: fls. white within, pale pinkish-purple to
pink outside, campanulate, about 1 in. long,
tube short or nearly absent: fr. spherical, wine-
red, to Y% in. diam. but usually less.
PHACA: Astragalus.
PHACfeLIA. Hydrophyllacese. More than 100
species of herbs, ami. and per., in Amer., the
larger part western, with mostly alternate Ivs.,
blue, purple or white fls. in scorpioid cymes
or racemes and deciduous corolla; some of them
are grown for summer bloom in the flower-garden.
The individual fls. are commonly not showy but
produce a bold effect in mass.
Seeds of the annual species may be sown in spring where
the plants are to stand. The perennials are propagated by
division as well as by seeds.
bipinnatiflda. Bien. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnatifid: fls. violet
or b'ue. Ohio to Ga. and Tenn.
campanularia (P. minor var. campunultiria) Ann. to
8 in.: Ivs. ovate, toothed: fls. blue. S. Calif., in dry or desert
regions.
ciliata. Ann. to 1^ ft., rough-pubescent: Ivs. pinnate
into oblong toothed or cut segms.: fls. blue. Calif., Lower
Calif.
congesta. Ann. to 2^ ft : Ivs. pinnatifid, often finely
dissected: fls. blue. Tex., N. Mex.
divaricata. Ann to 1 ft., straggling: Ivs. ovate or oblong,
entire: fls. blue. Calif. Var. Wrange liana has Ivs. slight1 v
lobed or toothed at base.
gloxinoldes: P. Whitlavia var.
grandifldra: P. Whi lama.
linearis (Eutoca muUiflora). Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear to
lanceolate: fls. violet or white. Calif, to Wash, and Utah.
leucophylla. Per. to 1^ ft., densely silky-pubescent: Ivs.
lanceolate to oblong, entire: fls. white or bluish, corolla-
lobes entire. S. D. to B. C. south to Colo and Neb. — Some-
times confused with P. heterophylla which has some Ivs.
divided.
Y%
lo
Phacelia 554
Lyallii. Per. to 8 in., tufted: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 4 in.
long, somewhat strigose, divided half way to midrib: fls.
dark blue, to },3 in long, in short dense mfi , calyx-lobes
hairy Mont., Ida to B. C.
minor. Widespread hairy and viscid ann. in S Calif.,
to 2 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, conisely serrate, to 23 £ in long:
fls. long-campanulate, the lobes not reaching middle, blue
or purple — Known in cult in ita torms or relatives P.
camjxinularia and P. Whitlavia.
Parryi. Ann. to \\'% ft.: Ivs. ovate, toothed or lobed:
fls. deep violet. Calif.
Purshii. To 1 ft.: Ivs. pinnate-lobed, lobes 5-9, lanceolate
to elliptic: fls. pale blue with white center, lobes briefly
fringed. Term.
sericea. Per. to 1 ft., silvery-silky: IVH. pinnate into
linear segrns.: fls. violet-blue. Alta. to Wash and Nev.
tanacetifdlia. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. pinnatifid, finely cut
like tho.se of tansy: fls blue or lavender. Calif
viscida (Eutoca macula). Arm. to 2 ft : Ivs ovate, toothed:
fls. deep blue, with purple or whitish center. Calif.
Whitlavia (P. minor var. Whitlavia. Whitlavia grandi-
flora). CALIFORNIA. BLUEBELL. Ann to l£a ft-: 1V8- ovate,
toothed: fin. blue or purple with swollen corolla-tube. S.
Calif. — Probably not specifically distinct from P. minor,
but long known in gardens as Whitlavia. Var. alba has
white fls Var. gloxinoides ( Whitlavia gloxinoides) has white
fls. with blue center.
Wrange liana: P. divaricata var.
PJL&DRANASSA. Amaryllidacex. Bulbous
herbs of Cent, and N. S. Amer., allied to
Eucharis, but differing in the subcylindrical
colored corolla whose scgms. spread only at the
tip. One species from Costa Rica, P. Carmidlii,
has recently been intro. to Calif. To 2 ft., bulb
to 3 in. diam.: Ivs. 1-3, oblanceolate, to 15 in.
long and 2 in. wide, obtuse, appearing at flower-
ing time, petiole to 8 in. long: fls. scarlet with
segrns. green margined yellow, to 2 in. long,
usually 6-10 in umbels, pedicels 1 in. long,
scape terete, naked.
PILEDRANTHUS. Bignoniacese. Showy
Mexican evergreer climber grown in subtrop.
climates and in cool greenhouses. Propagated
by cuttings. P. buccinatdrius (Bignonia buc-
cinatorius and B. C herein). Lvs. of 2 ovate or
oblong Ifts. to 3 in. long and a terminal 3-parted
tendril: fls. blood- or purple-red with yellow
base, funnelform, 4 in. long, in terminal racemes.
PHJETHUSA: Verbesina virginica.
PHAGNALON. Composite. Old World genus
haying alternate Ivs. and heads of disk-fls.;
allied to Senecio and Erigeron, differing from the
former in involucral bracts of several series and
imbricated, and from Erigeron in being white-
tomentose and not merely pubescent.
rupSstre. To 1 ft., somewhat woody at base, erect: Iva.
oblong to linear, to 2 in. long, obtuse, white-tomentose
beneath and somewhat so above, undulate: heads yellow,
to }^ in. across, solitary on slender naked peduncles to 2%
in long. Medit. region and Asia Minor.
PHAlUS. Orchidaccx. Old World epiphytic
or terrestrial orchids with leafy sts. or scveral-
Ivd. pseudobulbs and fls. in showy racemes, the
sepals and petals similar, the lip 3-lobed, free,
usually spurred at base. For cult, see Orchids.
flavus (P» maculatus). Pseudobulbs produced into a
leafy st.: Ivs. 2-8, to about 2 ft. long, often spotted with
whitish or pale yellow: scape to 3 ft. high, many-fld.; fls.
to 3 in. across, yellow with apex of lip orange or reddish
and wavy. Spring and summer. Malaya, China, Japan.
grandifdlius. Pseudobulbs with 4-6 lys. to 40 in. long:
scapos to 4 ft long, to 18-fld.; fls to 4 in. across, silvery-
white outside and yellowish-brown inside; lip yellow or
brown-yellow marked with rose-purple. Himalayas, Indo-
Chma, China, Australia.
maculatus: P. flavus.
Sanderianus: a hort. form, referred to as a var. of
P. tilumei, with sepals and petals coppery or bronzy and
lip dull rose with white margin.
Phalaris
PHAL^N6PSIS. Orchidacese. Epiphytic or-
chids of eastern hemisphere with short non-pseudo-
bulbous leafy sts., thick leathery Ivs. and fls. in
loose racemes or panicles, the sepals and petals
equal or the latter larger, the lip 3-lobed and
united with base of column, sometimes with
appendages at apex. Raised in a greenhouse
with minimum temperature not below 65°;
grown in osmundine or sphagnum and must be
well supplied with moisture. See Orchids.
amabilis (P. grandiflora. P. amabilis var. Rimestadtiana).
Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, to 1 ft. long: infl. a drooping ra-
ceme or panicle, loosely 3- to many-fld., to about 3 ft. long:
fls. white, to 4 in. across; lip marked with yellow and red
at base, terminating in a pair of divergent tendrils. Blooms
at various seasons. Malaya. Var. Aphrodite (P. Aphrodite,
P. Sanderiana) is a form distinguished from the species by
the retuse apex of the arms of the callus of the lip, and by
slightly smaller fls.; the form designated as P. Sanderiana
has fls. suffused with rose.
amethystina. Lvs. cuneate-oblong, to 4 in. long: pe-
duncles simple or branched, few-fld.; fls. small, white;
sepals about as wide as petals; lip amethyst striated with
white, notched at apex. Malaya.
Aphrodite: P. amabilis var.
Elizabeth!®. Hybrid between P. amabilis and P. amabilia
var. Rimestadtiana.
equSstris (P. rosea). Lvs to about 8 in. long and 2^ in.
wide: infl. a raceme or panicle, many-fld , to lt> in. long;
fls. about 13^ in. across; sepals and petals white tinged with
rose in the center; lip rose-purple. Blooms nearly all year.
Philippines.
Esmer&lda: Doritis pulcherrima.
grandiflora: P amabilis.
Lueddemanniana. Lvs. to 11 in. long and about 3 in.
wide: infl racemose or rarely paniculate, about length of
Ivs , few-fld.; fls to 2 in across; sepals and petals yellowish-
white banded with violet-purple; lip amethyst-purple with
white side lobes. Blooms nearly all year. Philippines. Var.
ochracea has stripes on sepals and petals light ocnre-yellow.
Rimestadtiana: P. amabilis.
r6sea: P. equestns.
Rdsenstromii. Lvs. oblong, to about 15 in. long: panicles
to nearly 3 ft. long, racemose branches 10 in. long, each
8-10-fld.; fls. white stained with yellow, similar to P.
amabihs but smaller; petals rhombic, wider than other
segms. Queensland.
Rothschildiana. Hybrid between P. amabilia and P.
Schillenana.
Sanderiana: P. amabilis var. Aphrodite.
Schilleriana. Lvs. to 20 in. long and 4 1/2 m. wide, mottled
above with gray and beneath with red-brown: infl. loosely
paniculate, to 4 ft. high; fls to 3^ in. across; sepals and
petals rose-purple tinted with white, lateral sepals dotted
with purple near the base; hp white dotted with purple.
Spring and early summer. Philippines. Var. grandiflora
is listed.
Stuartiana. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 4 in. wide, mottled
with gray above, purplish beneath: infl. a many-fld. droop-
ing panicle; fls. to 2^ in. across; dorsal sepal and petals
white; lateral sepals white with inner half yellowish covered
with purple spots; lip yellowish spotted with red-purple.
Jan .-Feb., May. Philippines.
violacea. Lvs. to 9 in. long and 4 in. wide: infl. racemose,
about 2-5-fld.; fls. to 3 in. across; dorsal sepal and petals
greenish-white with violet near base; lateral sepals greenish-
white with inner half mostly violet-purple; lip with yellow
side lobes and violet-purple mid-lobe. Sumatra.
PHALANGIUM: Anthericum.
PHALARIS. Graminese. Ornamental ann.
and per. grasses with flat Ivs. and flattened
spikelets in narrow panicles or spikes; native in
Old World and N. Amer. See Grasses.
arundinacea. REED CANARY-GRASS. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs.
to 1 ft. long and % in. wide: panicles dense, to 8 in. long,
branches erect. Eu., Asia, N. Amer. Var. picta (var.
variegata), RIBBON-GRASS, has Ivs. striped with white and
yellowish, common in yards as clumps or patches and
sometimes infrequently blooming.
canari6nsis. CANARY-GRASS. Ann. to 2 ft. : ivs. to 6 in.
long and ^ in. wide: spikes ovoid, to 1H in. long. Eu.:
nat. in N. Amer. — Grown for the shining straw-colorea
seeds which are fed to birds.
minor. Similar to P. canariensis but with cyiindrio-
oblong spikes and differing in floral characters. Eu.
stendptera: P. tuberosa var.
Phalaris
555
Philadelphia*
tuberdsa var. sten6ptera (P. stenoptera). Per. to 1^ ft.
or more, with short vertical or ascending branched rhizomes:
Ivs. Y± in. or less broad: panicle spike-like, dense, often lilac.
Probably Medit. region. — Sometimes mistakenly written
stenophylla. It has been sold as "Peruvian winter-grass."
PHARIUM: Bcssera elegans.
PHASfiOLUS. BEAN. Leguminosse. Mostly
twining, native in warm regions and extensively
grown for the edible seeds and pods: Ivs. of
3 Ifts. or sometimes reduced to 1 : ns. papiliona-
ceous, in axillary racemes or clusters: pods flat-
tened. For cult, of the annual garden beans, see
Bean.
aconitif61ius. MOTH B. Ann., trailing or diffuse, to 2 ft.:
Ifts. divided into 3-5 narrow lobes: fls. yellow: pods to 2 in.
long; seeds oblong, very small. Probably E. Indian.
acutifdlius var. latifdlius. TEPARY B. Ann., bushy or
twining: Ifts. ovate, pointed: fls white or violet: pods to
3 in. long; seeds roundish, % m. °r more long. Ariz., Mex.
angularis. ADZUKI B. Ann., bushy, to 2^ ft.: Ifts.
ovate, abruptly short-pointed, sometimes slightly 3-lobed:
fls. bright yellow: pock to 5 in. long; seeds oblong, Y± m.
or less long. Asia.
aureus. MIJNQ B. GREEN or GOLDEN GRAM. Ann. to
3 ft. and more: Ifts. ovate, acuminate: fls. yellow: poda to
4 in. long; seeds globular, small. Probably E. Indian.
calcaratus. RICE B. Ann , half-climbing: Ifts. ovate,
pointed: fls. bright yellow: pods to 5 in. long; seeds oblong,
^ in. or more long. Asia.
Caracalla. SNAIL-FLOWER. CORKSCREW-FLOWER. Per.,
twining to 20 ft.: Ifts. ovate, pointed: fls. light purple or
yellowish, frugrant, the keel coiled like a snail-shell. Tropics.
coccineus (P. multiflorus). MULTIFLORA B. SCARLET
RUNNER. Per. but grown as ann , tall-twining: Ifts. broadly
ovate: fls. bright scarlet, large: pods to 1 ft long; seeds
broad, to 1 in. long. Trop. Amer. Var. albus, WHITE
DUTCH RUNNKR, has white fls. Var. albonanus is a bushy
form with white seeds and var. rubronanus is erect und
has red fls.
lime'nsis (P. lunatus var. macrocarpus) . LIMA B. Per.
but grown as ann , high-climbing: Ifts. ovate, long-pointed:
fls. white or yellowish: pods with thick margins, to 5 in.
long; seeds flat, ^ in. and more long. Trop. Amer. Var.
limenanus, BUSH or DWARF LIMA, is a bushy form.
lunatus. SIEVA B. CIVET B. Ann., climbing: Ifts. broadly
ovate, long-pointed: fls. white or yellowish: pods to 8^2 in-
long, seeds flat and thin, H in. long. Trop. Amer. Var.
luno nanus, DWARF SIEVA B , is a bush form. Var. salicis,
WILLOW-LEAF B , has narrowly lanceolate Ivs.
Metcalfei (P. retuaus). METCALFE B. Per. with fleshy
roots: Ifts oblong, obtuse: fls reddish-purple: pods to 2%
in. long; seeds circular, about ^ in. long. New Mex.,
Ariz., Mex.
multifldrus: P. coccineus.
Mungo. URD. BLACK GRAM Ann., spreading, to 3 ft.:
Ifts. ovate, acuminate: fls. yellow: pods to 2 in. long; seeds
oblong, small. Probably E. Indian. Var. radiatus (P.
radiatus), sts. and pods with silky reddish pubescence.
nanus: perhaps P. vulgana var. humihs, but identity
uncertain.
radiatus: P. Mungo var.
retusus: P. Metcalfei.
trilobus. Ann. or per., trailing to 2 ft.: Ifts. ovate, lobed:
fla. minute: pods 2 in. long. Old World tropics.
trin&rvius. Per., twining' Ifts., ovate, often lobed: fls.
yellow or reddish: pods to 2% in. long. Malaya. — Grown
as coyer-crop in tropics.
violaceus (Dolichos violaceus). Ann. to 3 ft.: Ifts. ovate-
lanceolate, acute, usually glabrous: fls. 2-3. wings violet,
standard and keel white, calyx glabrous. Ethiopia.
vulgaris. KIDNEY B. HARICOT. Ann., tall-twining: Ifts.
ovate, long-acuminate: fls. white, yellowish or violet-purple:
pods to 8 in. long; seeds oblong or globular, about H in-
long. Probably American. Var. humilis, BUSH B., is a low
non-climbing form; the common garden and field bean.
PHEASANTS-EYE: Adonis.
PHEBALIUM. Rutacese. Shrubs with alter-
nate simple Ivs. and small white or yellow fls.
usually in corymbs; native in Australia and New
Zeal, and adapted to cult, in Calif.
arg£nteum. Lvs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire: infl.
densely covered with silvery scales. W. Australia.
PHEGOPTERIS: see Dryopteris and Athyrium.
PHELLODfiNDRON. CORK-TREE. Rutocex.
Trees from E. Asia with the aspect of Juglans.
dioecious, bearing opposite pinnate Ivs., small
greenish fls. in terminal panicles or corymbs
and black berry-like frs.; grown for ornament.
Cork trees are hardy in the North and adapted to most
soils. Propagated by seeds, cuttings over heat, and root-
cuttings stored over winter in moist sand or sphagnum.
amure"nse. To 50 ft., with corky bark: Ifts. 5-13, gla-
brous and glaucous beneath. China, Japan.
chine"nse. To 30 ft.: Ifts. 7-13, pubescent beneath.
China. Var. glabriusculum is pubescent ojnly on veins.
jap6nicuxn. To 30 ft.: Ifts. 9-13, pubescent beneath.
Japan.
sachalinense. To 50 ft.: Ifts. 7-11, glabrous beneath.
Japan, Korea, China.
PHELI/5PTERUS. Umbettiferx. Per. herbs
with fleshy roots and subterranean sts., related
to Levisticum, bearing at the surface of the
ground a cluster of pinnate Ivs. and white or
purplish fls. on naked peduncles; native in W.
N. Amer.
macrorhlzus. To 8 in., glaucous, roots to 2 in. diam.: Ivs.
to 3 in. long, of many ovate Ifts. : fls. pinkish, m open umbels:
fr. y§ in. long. N. E. Tex.
PHELLOSPERMA. Cactaccw. Small cactus
characterized by the large corky base of the
seed. See Cacti. P. tetrancistra (Marnmillaria
tetrancistra. M.Phellospcrma). Solitary or ccspi-
tose, globular or becoming cylindric and 1 ft.
long, root long and often thick; tubercles terete
and axils naked; radials numerous and needle-
like; centrals 1-4: fls. purple, about lj/2 in. long,
S. Utah arid Nev., W. Ariz., S. Calif., Lower
Calif.
PHENOMENAL BERRY: Rubus loganobaccus.
PHILADfiLPHUS. MOCK-ORANGE. Saxifra-
gaceae. Popular floriferous shrubs, mostly erect
but with curving or drooping branches, with
simple commonly deciduous opposite Ivs. and
white fls., often very fragrant, solitary or in
small clusters or racemes; a confused genus of
wide distribution in Asia, Ku., U. S. and Alex.,
and many cultigens. Sometimes called Syringa
but this name belongs to the lilac.
The mock-oranges commonly bloom in late spring.
They are well adapted to shrubberies If pruning is needed
it should be after flowering, since the blossoms appear from
wood of the previous year. They sire propagated by seeds,
layers, suckers and cuttings, the latter usually of mature
wood. Well-marked varieties are grown from cuttings of
soft wood in summer in frames.
arge'nteus. Low spreading shrub, older branches with
exfoliating bark: Ivs. elliptic to ov.'ite, to % in. long, entire,
white-silky beneath, stngoso above, coriaceous, almost
sessile: fls. white, in leafy panicles, sepals white-silky with-
out, tomentose within, petals obtuse to retuse. Ft. Hua-
chuca, Ariz.
aureus: P. coronarius var.
Billifirdii: P. insignia.
brachybotrys: P. pckinensis var.
calif 6rnicus. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, mostly
glabrous beneath: fls. 1 in. across, fragrant, in panicles,
calyx glabrous. Calif.
columbianus: P. Gordoninnus var.
cordifdlius. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, nearly
glabrous beneath: fls. to 1^ in. across, in panicles, calyx
glabrous. Calif.
coronarius. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong, to 3 in.
long, hairy only on veins beneath: fls to 1% in. across, very
fragrant, creamy, in 5-7-fld. racemes, calyx usually gla-
brous. Eu., S W. Asia. There are many hort. vars. such as:
adreus (var. folua aureia), Ivs. yellow; deutziajfldrus, double
with narrow petals; dianthindrus, double; duplex (var.
flore-pleno), double or partially so, dwarf; multifl6rus
plenus, fls. double; nanus is var. purmlus-, primulaefl&rus,
double with broad petals; pumilus (var. warms), dwarf;
ros8efl6rus, double; salicif61ius, Ivs. lanceolate; speciosis-
simus (P. 8pecio8i88imu8) is lower than the species and has
smaller Ivs. ; variegatus, Ivs. bordered with creamy-white.
Philadelphus
C&ulteri. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong, to 2 in.
long, white-tomentose beneath: fls. about 1 in. across, with
red spot at base of petals, solitary, calyx white-tornentose.
Mex.
cymosus. Hybrid between P. Lemoinei and probably
P. grandi floras: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, to 4 in. long, pubescent
beneath: tis. 2 in. or more across, often double, in 3-9-fld.
cymes or raceme*, calyx glabrous. Ilort. names belonging
here are Bunmcre, Couquete, Mer de Glace, Norma, Perle
Blanche, llosace.
Delavayi. To 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long,
grayish-tornentose beneath: fls. 1 % in. across, very fragrant,
in 5~13-fld. racemes, calyx glabrous and purple. W. China.
dianthiflftrus: P. coronarius var.
Falconer!. Hybrid between P. coronarius and probably
P. laxus: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, nearly glabrous
beneath: fls. 1 in. across, fragiant, in 3-7-fld. racemes,
petals oblong, acute.
floribundus. Hybrid between P. coronariua and probably
P. Gordonianus: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, pubescent beneath:
fls. 1H in. across, slightly fragrant.
fl6ridus. Resembling P. grandiflorus but with Ivs.
pubescent beneath and calyx and pedicels densely pubeo-
cent. N. C., Ga.
glori6sus: P. grandiflorus.
Gordonianus (P. Lewiaii of cult.). To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate
to elliptic-oblong, to 3 in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. about
2 m. across, fragrant, in 7-11-fld. racemes, calyx slightly
pubescent. B. C. to N. Calif. Var. columbianus (P.
columbianus) is smaller throughout.
grandifldrus (P. inodorua var. grandiflorus. P. gloriosus).
To 10 ft.. Ivs. elliptic-ovate, to 5 in. long, nearly glabrous
beneath: fls. 2 in. across, 1-3 together, calyx glabrous.
N. C. to Fla. and Ala.
hirsutus. To 8 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, densely
grayish-pubescent beneath: fls. 1 in. across, creamy, usually
in 3's, calyx pubescent. N. C. to Ga. and Ala.
inc&nus. To 10 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate,
to 3 in. long, densely gray-pubescent beneath: fls. 1 in.
across, in 5-7-fld. racemes, calyx densely tomentose. W.
China. Var. Sargentianus is listed.
inoddrus. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, glabrous
beneath except on veins, usually entire: fls. 2 in. across,
1-3 together, calyx glabrous. N. C. to Ga. and Miss.
inslgnis (P. Buliardii). To 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2^ in.
long, entire or toothed, smooth above, grayish-pubescent
beneath: fls. white, to 1)^ in. acioss, slightly fragrant, in
15-30-fld. leafy panicles. A late-floworing hort. hybrid of
P. pubeacena arid P. cordifoliua or P. calif ornicua.
Karwinskyanus. Tall shrub with long scandent branches:
Ivs. narrow-ovate, to 2% in. long, hairy beneath: fls. about
1 in. across, in 5-13-fld. panicles, calyx hairy. Mex. — See
P. mexicanua.
Ketele&ri. Shrub with slender sis. to 8 ft. or more: Ivs.
oval, acuminate, scabrous beneath, nerves pubescent: fls.
white, semi-double or double, fragrant, petals ovate-acute.
Probably of hort. origin.
latif dlius: P. pubeacena.
laxus (P. speciosus). To 4 ft.: Ivs. drooping, elliptic-
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, slightly hairy be-
neath: fls. to 1H in. across, 1-3 together, calyx glabrous. Ga.
Lemdinei. Hybrid between P. microphyllua and P.
coronarius: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 2 in. long,
slightly hairy beneath- fls. \\^ in. across, very fragrant,
in 3-7-fld. racemes. Some of the hort. forms are Avalanche,
Boule d'Argent, Candelabra, Erectus, Manteau d'Hermine,
Mont Blanc. Var. purpureo-maculatus is P. purpureo'
maculatus.
Lewisii: of cult is P. Gordonianus, true P. Lewiaii of
N. W. U. 8. differs in Ivs. glabrous or nearly so and is not
known to be in general cult.
Magdalen®. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, rough-
pubescent beneath: fls. 1 in. across, in 7-11-fld. racemes,
calyx pubescent. China.
maximus. Hybrid between P. tomentoaua and P. pubea-
cena: Ivs. beneath and calyx tomentose.
mexicanus. To 15 ft. or more, with long scandent
branches: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 3 in. long, slightly
hairy beneath: fls. to 1^ in. across, fragrant, creamy,
1-3 together, calyx hairy. Mex. — The material commonly
cult, undor this name is P. Karwinakyanua.
microphyllus. To 4 ft.- Ivs. oblong, to \^i in. long,
entire, hairy beneath : fls. 1 in. across, very fragrant, usually
solitary, calyx neaily glabrous. Colo, to New Mex. and Ariz.
nepalSnsis. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long,
glabrous except in axils of veins beneath : fls. 1 % in. across,
pure white, in 5-fld. racemes, calyx glabrous. Himalayas.
nivalis. Hybrid between P. pubeacena and P. coronarius:
Ivs. ovate, slightly pubescent beneath: fls. 1>£ in. across,
in 5-8-fld. racemes, calyx hairy.
556 Philibertia
pekinensis. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 3 in. long,
pekinensis. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 3 in. long,
glabrous except in axils of veins beneath, petioles purplish:
fls. about 1 in. across, creamy, slightly fragrant, in 5-9-fld.
racemes, calyx glabrous. N. China to Korea. Var. brachy-
botrys (P. brachybotrya) has short dense racemes and green
petioles.
polyanthus. Hybrid between P. Lemoinei and probably
P. insignia: Ivs. ovate, 1 in. long, usually entire, hairy
beneath: fls. 1^ in. across, hi cymes or racemes, calyx
pubescent. Some of the hort. forms are Favorite, Gerbe de
Neige, Pavilion Blanc.
pub6scens (P. latif oliua) . To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in.
long, gray-pubescent beneath: fls. 1^ in. across, in 5-9-fld.
racemes, calyx pubescent. Term, to Ala. and Ark.
purpur&scens. To 12 ft.: Ivs. elliptic- to lanceolate-
ovate, to 2 in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. 1 in. across,
pure white with purple glabrous calyx, very fragrant, in
5-9-fld. racemes. China.
purpureo-maculatus. Hybrid between P. Lemoinei and
P. Coulteri: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long, hairy beneath: fls.
about 1 in. across, with purple spot at base of petals, 1-3
together, calyx slightly pubescent. Some of the hort. forms
are Fantasie, Nuage .Rose, Ophelia, Romeo, Surprise,
Sybille.
pyramidalis: listed name.
satsumanus. To 8 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, hairy only in axils beneath: fls. 1 in across,
somewhat fragrant, in 5-9-fld. racemes, calyx nearly gla-
brous. Japan.
Schrenkii. To 6 ft. and more: Ivs. ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, hairy only on veins beneath:
fls. 1 1A in. across, in 5-7-fld. racemes, calyx hairy on nerves.
Manchuria to Korea.
sempervirens: name sometimes applied to P. mexicanus.
sericanthus. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, hairy on
veins beneath, the petiole often reddish: fls. 1 in. across,
in 5-9-fld. racemes, calyx pubescent. China.
speciosissimus: P. coronariua var.
speci&sus: P. laxus.
splendens. Hybrid between P. grandi florus and prob-
ably P. Gordonianus: Ivs. nearly glabrous: fls. 2 in. across,
in 5-fld. racemes, calyx glabrous.
subcanus. To 10 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 5 in. long,
pubescent on veins beneath: fls. 1 in. across, in 5^9-fld.
racemes, calyx densely pubescent. China. Var. Wflsonii
(P. Wilaonii) is larger.
tomentdsus. To 10 ft.: lys. ovate, to 3 in. long, grayish-
pubescent beneath: fls. 1 in. across, fragrant, in 5-7-fld.
racemes, calyx nearly glabrous. Himalayas.
verrucdsus. To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, pubescent
beneath: fls. 1 in. across, in 5-7-fld. racemes, calyx pubescent.
Origin uncertain. — Some of the material under this name
may be P. nivalis.
virginal! s. Hybrid between P. Lemoinei and probably
P. nivaha: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, pubescent beneath: fls.
double or partially so, in 3-7-fld. racemes, calyx pubescent.
Some hort. forms are Albdtre, Argentine, Bouquet Blanc,
Fleur de Neige, Girandole, Glacier, Virginal.
Wflsonii: P. aubcanus var.
Zfeyheri. Hybrid between P. coronariua and P. inodorua
or P. grandiflorus: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, hairy only on
veins beneath: fls. 2 in. across, in 3- 5-fld. racemes, calyx
glabrous.
PHILfeSIA. Liliacese. Evergreen shrub about
3 ft. high, native from Chile to Magellan. P.
magell&nica (P. buxifolia). Lvs. alternate, nar-
row-oblong, about 1J^ in. long, glaucous beneath:
fls. rosy-red, 2 in. long, nodding: fr. a berry. —
It thrives in cool temperatures and partially
shaded situations and requires peaty soil; some-
times grown under glass. Propagated by cut-
tings of ripened wood which are slow in rooting.
PHILIBERTELLA: Philibertia clauaa.
PHILEBfiRTIA. Asdepiadaceae. Twining or
scrambling herbs and subshrubs native from Tex.
to Argentina, with opposite Ivs., wheel- or bell-
shaped fls. in umbels, and long slender frs.;
grown in the open S., or under glass in a soil
composed of loam, peat and sand. Propagated
by cuttings over bottom heat.
clausa (Philibertella clauaa. Funa strum clauaa). Lvs.
evergreen, ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, to 3 in. long: fls.
white, J4 in. across, fragrant, in summer. Fla.
Phillyrea
557
Phlox
PHILL'S'REA. Oleacex. Evergreen small
trees and shrubs native in the Medit. region,
with opposite Ivs., small white dioecious us. in
racemes in spring, and fr. a black 1 -seeded drupe;
grown in mfld and warm climates for ornament.
Propagated by seeds, cuttings of half-ripe wood
under glass, by layers, and by grafting on the
privet.
angustifolia. To 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong- or linear-lanceolate,
to 2 in. long, commonly entire: fr. % in. long. S. Eu., N.
Afr.
decdra (P. Vilmoriniana) . To 10 ft.: Ivs. oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long, commonly entire, shining
above: fr. % in. long. W. Asia.
latif&lia. To 30 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long, toothed,
shining above: fr. Y± in. long. 8. Eu., Asia Minor. Var.
media (P. media) is lower with smaller Ivs. entire or wavy-
toothed. Var. spindsa has spiny-toothed Ivs.
media: P. latifolia var.
Vilmoriniana: P. decora.
PHILODENDRON. Aracese. More or less
woody climbers in trop. Amer., bearing thick
Ivs. which arc entire or pinnatcly cut, sheathing
petioles, and unisexual fls. on erect srjadices
slightly shorter than the fleshy spathes which are
white, yellow or red.
Philodendrons are grown as foliage plants in the green-
house and in the open in frostless countries, where they
should be given supports on which to climb and abundant
moisture. Propagated by division of the stems.
acuminatissimum. Lvs. arrow-shaped, the linear-
oblorig posterior obtuse lobes slightly twisted upwards, the
antenor acuminate lobe to 1 ft. long: spathes to 3^ in.
long. Ecuador.
Andreanum. Lvs. oblong-arrow-shaped, to 3 ft. long
and 10 in. wide, shining green suffused with yellow. Colom-
bia.
argyr&um Sanderianum: hort. name.
asperatum (P. impenale). Lvs. cordate-ovate, to 1J^ ft.
long and 1 ft. wide: spathes to 5 in. long, reddish outside,
pale yellowish-white inside. Brazil.
bipinnatifidum. Sts. erect: Ivs. 2-pinnate into linear or
oblong segms., the terminal segin 3-5-lobed: spathes about
8 in. long, purple outside and whitish inside. S. Brazil.
Carderi: P. verrucosum.
cor da turn. Lvs. cordate-oblong, to 16 in. long and 6 in.
wide, the posterior lobes to 4 in. long: spathes to 3 in. long.
Brazil.
Corsonianum. A hybrid having Ivs to 2^ ft. long and
to \y^ ft. across, shortly pinnatifid, dark green above and
purplish-green beneath with distinct green veins: spathe
tube purple-crimson spotted with light green, limb red
spotted on outside. Hort. origin.
Devansayeanum. Lvs. ovate-cordate, to 2 ft. long and
broad, long-acuminate, red when young: spathes to 6 in.
long, margined with red, the tube white. Peru.
dubium: a listed name of unknown botanical standing.
elegant issimum: hort. name.
erub6scens. Lvs. ovate-triangular, to 10 in. long and
5 in. wide: spathea to 6 in. long, dark purple. Colombia.
fimbriatum: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
giganteum. Lvs. broadly cordate-ovate, to 3 ft. long
and 2 ft. wide: spathes to 10 in. long, the limb pale green
and tube purplish outside and red within. W. Indies.
gloridsum. Lvs. cordate-ovate, to 10 in. long and 8 in.
wide, reddish on margins and pale green on nerves and
beneath, petioles marked with white. Colombia.
grandifdlium. Lvs. arrow-shaped, to 2 ft. long and 14 in.
wide: spathes to 4 in. long, pale greenish-yellow outside and
yellowish- white inside. Venezuela, Guiana.
imperiale: P. asperatum.
lacerum. Lvs. with petioles to 14 in. long and much
dissected blades to 12 in. long, lobes of Ivs. oblong, obtuse
or acute: spathe slender, to 5 in. long, tube purple, limb
yellowish, spadix to \\i in. long. Cuba.
Lindenii: P. verrucosum.
Mamei. Lvs. cordate- ovate, to 10 in. long and 6 in. wide,
deep green above irregularly spotted with silvery-white,
petioles pinkish. Ecuador.
mlcans. Lva. oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, to
3 in. long, base cordate, variegated red and green, petiole
to 3 in. long, reddish: fls. not known. Cent. Amer.
pertusum: Monster a deliciuaa.
scandens. Vine: Ivs. to 10 in. long, cordate, with petiole
to 4 m. long; juvenile Ivs. reddish, mature Ivs. green, usually
with 5-6 pairs of prominent veins. Puerto Rico.
Sell6um. Lvs. 2-pinnate into oblong lobes, the terminal
segm. 3-lobed: spathes to 1 ft. long, white inside. Brazil,
Paraguay.
specidsum. With tall woody st.: Ivs. simple, sagittate,
petiole about twice as long as blade: spathes somewhat
fleshy, green with purple edges, spadix shorter than spathe.
Brazil.
spectabile. A name of uncertain botanical standing,
said to have silky or velvety-green Ivs. about 15 in. long.
trifoliatum: listed name of uncertain botanical standing.
tripartitum. Lvs. 3-parted, to 10 in. long and 3 in. wide,
yellowish-green: spathes to 4 in. long, whitish. Trop Amer.
verrucdsum (P. Carderi. P. Lindemi). Lvs. ovate-
cordate, to 8 in. long and 0 in. wide, shining green above
with paler lines and sunken nerves, lined with salmon-
violet beneath, the petioles deep red and armed with bristles:
spathes purplish. Costa llira, Columbia.
Wallisii. Lvs. broadly ovate-coidate, to 1% ft. long and
1 ft. wide, deep green above: spathes to 5 in. long, brownish-
green. Colombia.
PHILOTRIA: Anacharis canadenais.
PHLEBODIUM: Polypodium.
Graminex. Grasses with flat Ivs.
and spikelets in dense terminal spikes; native in
temp, regions of the world and one valuable for
pasture and hay ; mostly per. See Grasses.
pra tense. TIMOTHY. HERDS-GRASS. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to
1 ft. long and ^ in. wide: spikes to 8 in. long, cylindrical,
awned. Eu., Asia; nat. m N. Amer. — An abundant meadow
grass.
PHLOMIS. Labiate. Per. herbs or low
shrubs with opposite Ivs. and purple, yellow or
white, 2-lipped fls. in axillary whorls subtended
by hairy bracts, the upper lip densely hairy.
These are rather coarse plants suitable for the wild-
garden and rear plantings. Propagated by seeds, cuttings,
division, and P. tuberosa by underground tubers.
alplna. Per. to 1^ ft., sts. square: Ivs cordate, lower to
8 in. long and 6 in. across: fls. purplish, in 20-30-fld. whorls,
the bracts subulate. Siberia.
cashmeriana. Per. to 3 ft., densely white-woolly, sts.
cylindrical: Ivs. leathery, linear-oblong, to 9 in. long: fls.
pale purple, in whorla to 1^ in. across, the bracts subulate.
Himalayas.
ferruginea: the plant cult, under this name is P. fruti-
cosa.
fruticdsa. JERUSALEM-SAGE. Erect more or less woody
herb or shrub to 4 ft., densely white- or yellow-woolly: Ivs.
ovate or oblong, to 4 in. long, very rugose: fls. yellow, in
20-30-fld. whorls, the bracts ovate. S Eu.
lanata. Shrub, the sts. square, densely yellow-woolly:
Ivs. ovate, 1 in. or less long, wrinkled: fls. yellow, in 6-8-
fld. whorls, the bracts ovate-lanceolate. Italy.
Lychnitis. LAMPWICK PLANT. Shrubby, to 1H ft-,
densely tomentose: Ivs. oblong-linear, to 3 in. long, clasping,
the floral Ivs dilated at base: fls. yellow, in 6-10-fld. whorls,
the bracts subulate. S. Eu.
pungens. Per. to 2 ft.: Iva. ovate-lanceolate, shining
above, tomentose beneath: fls. purplish- violet, in 6-10-
fld. whorls, bracts subulate. S. E. Eu.
Russeliana: P. mscoaa.
samia. Per. to 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate-oblong,
wrinkled, tomentose beneath: fls, purple, in 10-15-fld.
whorls, the bracts subulate. Greece.
Spectabilis. To 6 ft., sts. cylindrical, tomentose: Ivs.
ovate-cordate, to 1 ft. across, on long petioles: fls. rose-
purple, in many -fid. whorls to 2 in. across, the bracts thread-
like. Himalayas.
tomentdsa: the plant grown under this name is P.
fruticosa.
tuber&sa. Per. to 6 ft., nearly glabrous, with square sts.
ard tuber-like roots: Ivs. cordate-ovate, to 8 in. long: fls.
purple, in 30-40-fld. whorls, the bracts subulate. S. Eu.,
Asia.
visc&sa (P. Rusaeliana). Shrubby, pubescent, viscid
above: Ivs ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, tomen-
tose beneath: fls yellow, in many-fld. whorls, the bracts
subulate. Asia Minor.
PHL6X. Polemoniaceas. Many ann. and per.
herbs with mostly opposite entire Ivs. and bright-
Phlox
558
Phlox
colored salverform fls. in shades of blue, purple,
pink, crimson and white, borne in cymes or
panicles; popular flower-garden subjects yielding
many garden forms.
The annual phloxes are of easy culture in any garden
.soil but will bloom longer if given abundant moisture and
plant-food. Seeds Hhould be sown in early spring or some-
times started in boxes and transplanted. The perennial
summer phloxes require fertile soil and plenty of water and
should be set 2 -3 feet apart. Clumps will bloom for three
or four years and should then be divided. Propagated by
side snoots. Seeds do not reproduce the type, and named
or special forms are multiplied from the strong young shoots
that arise from the crown or root as the plant spreads, and
clumps may be divided. Most of the phloxes are hardy
North.
aculeata. Cespitose depressed per.: Ivs. subulate, %-l
in. long: fin. pink to white, small, the calyx viscid-pubescent.
Ida. — This, like most of the other dwarf species here listed,
blooms in early spring.
adsurgens. Per., with creeping shoots, sending up flow-
ering sts. to 1 ft.: Iva. elliptic or ovate upward, to 1^ in.
long, glossy, evergreen: fls. roue to salmon-pink with white
center, to 1 in. across, in cymes, in late spring. Ore., N.
Calif.
alyssifdlia. Tufted per. to 4 in.: Ivs. linear to oblong, to
1 m. long, margins ciliatc and thickened: fls. bluish, to
% in. across, calyx shorter than tube. Sask. to Mont, south
to Wyo. and N. W. Neb.
amobna. Per. to 1 ft., decumbent at base: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. purple, rarely pink or white,
to ^4 in across, in terminal compact clusters subtended by
an involucre of Ivs , in spring and early summer. Ky. to
Flu — Rarely cult., the plant grown under this name being
P. procumbf,n8, which see for hort. vars.
amplifdlia. Per. to 5 ft : Ivs. to 6 in. long, lower ones
broad-ovate, scabrous: fls pale pink, the petals narrower
than thowo of P. pamculata, the panicle snorter. Ind. to
Ala. and Mo.
andicola. Tiny erect per., spreading by rootstocks: Ivs.
subulate, ft~\ in. long: fls white, on short pedicels, about
*4 in across. N. D. to C'olo.
Arendsii. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate-ovate to linear-
lanceolate, to 4 in long: fls. lavender or mauve, I in. across,
in loose clusters to 0 in across, in summer, llybiid between
P. dimricata and probably P. pamculata.
argillacea: P. pilosa.
australis: reddish-purple race of summer perennial
phlox, P. pamculata.
binda. SAND P. One of the subulate phloxes: low tufted
hmry per. with well-separated nodes, lower Ivs. mostly
1 -2 in. long, awl-like1 fls pale violet to white with violet
tube; corolla-lobes notched to nearly or about */§ in. deep:
stamens partly exserted S. W. Mich, to Tenn., Ark. and
Ivans. Var. alba has white ils.
Brittonii: p. subulata var.
bryoides. Tattle per 2 in. or less high, with densely
imbricated cobwebby pointed narrow Ivs.: fls. solitary,
\%lute or lilac, less than J^ m l°nK- Neb. to Utah.
caerulea: advertised as a trailing phlox with bright blue
fls : P. stolomfi'ra. var. violacea.
caespitdsa. Cespitose per. with prostrate sts : Ivs. subu-
late, \^-\^ m. long: fls. white to lilac, with corolla exceeding
calyx, solitary on numerous branchlets. Mont, to Ore.
and Utah.
camlaensis: listed name.
canadensis: p. diwricata.
Carolina. THICK- LEAF P. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to
ovate, thick and scarcely veiny, to 5 in. long: fls. purple
varying to rose and white, about '4 in. across, in panicles,
early summer to fall. Ohio to W. Fla. — Early-blooming
phases are widely cult, as P. suffruticosa, in several hort.
forms. A variant listed as tnflora is reported to represent
an early-blooming form.
condensata. Cespitose per. to 1 ^ in.: Ivs linear-acute,
(Q M m. long, overlapping, stiff, ciliate: fls. white, to % in.
across, tube much longer than calyx. Colo. Var. Hender-
sonii in listed.
costata: same as P. multiflora.
Cdwardii: listed as bearing crimson blooms most of the
summer; hoit. race of P. stolonifera.
cuspidata: a name often applied to P. Drummondii var.
Htellans.
decussata: a name applied to hort. forms of P. paniculaia
and sometimes P. maculata or P. suffruticosa.
diffusa. Loosely tufted per. a few in. high: lys. linear-
subulate, about ft in long: fls lilac to white, H in. across,
Solitary on numerous branchlets. B C. to Calif.
divarlcata (P. canadensis). BLUE P., or WILD SWEET
WILLIAM. Per. to \ft ft., with many sterile creeping shoots:
Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 2 in. long: fls. pale violet-blue to
mauve, \.o \ft in. acioss, in open clusters, in spring; corolla-
lobes mostly notched or erose. Que. to Fla. and Tex. Color
forms are vars. alba and lilacina. Var. Laphamii has entire
corolla-lobes and large fls. of rich blue-violet.
Dotiglasti. Similar to P. diffuna, but herbage glandular.
Wash, to W. Mont.
Drummondii. ANNUAL or DRUMMOND P. Ann. to 1 ^ ft.:
Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 3 in. long, the upper alternate:
fls. rose-red varying to white, buff, pink, red and purple,
1 in. across, in close clusters. Tex. Color forms are rep-
resented by such names as alba oculata, atropurpurea,
caeriilea-striata, carnea, coccinea, rdsea, violacea. Var.
rotundata has large broad petals, and is also known as
grandiflora and splendens. Var. stellaris, STAR P., has
nanow cuspidate petals which are often cut and fringed.
Other varietal names listed are gigantea, Isabellina,
Leopoldii, nana, Radowitzii.
fimbriata: race of P. Drummondii.
glaberrima. SMOOTH P. Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. purple, about % in. across, in
cymes, in early summer. S. E. Va. to W. Fla., E. Tex. and
S. E. Wis.
glabrata (P. Hoodii var. olabrata): a glabrous-lvd. form
of P. Hoodii. Wyo. to N. D.
He'ntzii: P. nivalis.
HoddiL Dwaif cespitose per. to 2 in.: Ivs. subulate,
to 1A in. long, woolly, fls. white, % in. across, solitary.
N. W. N. Amer. to W. Neb. — The stock cult, under this
name is likely to be P. diffusa or other similar specie0.
Kelseyi. Per., sts. ascending, to 6 in. long, very leafy:
Ivs. narrowly oblong: fls. lilac, about % in. across, corolla
little exceeding calyx. Mont, to E. Ida.
lanceolata. Shiub to 2 ft.: Ivs. few, lanceolate to ovate,
thick, glandular: fls. few, lilac. N. Ore. to Wash.
longifldra: P. maculata.
longifdlia. Per., with woodv base, sts. to 1 ft., ascending:
Ivs. linear, 2-3 in. long: fls. lilac to white, corolla about %
in. across, m corymbs. N. W. U. S.
maculata (P. longiflora) Per. to 5 ft., with purple-
spotted St.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in. long: fls. pink or purple,
rarely pink or white, ft in. across, in elongated panicles in
summer. Conn, to N. C. and la. — Rarely cult., the plant
so named usually being a form of P. suffruticosa.
missouliSnsis: a large-lvd. form of P. Douglasii, from
Missoula, Mont.
multiflora. Per. forming mats to 4 in. high: Ivs. linear,
to 1 in. Ions, nearly glabrous: fls. lilac to white, % in. across,
sohtaiy on numerous bianchlets. Mont, to Colo.
muscoides. Canesccnt moss-like prostiate per., 1 in.
high: fls. solitary, small, white. Wyo. and adjacent states.
nana. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 2 in. long, viscid: fls.
rose to white, l^j in. across, in few-fid, corymbs. Tex. to
New Mex. and Mex.
nivalis. TRAILING P. One of the subulate phloxes: hairy
per. to 0 in.: Ivs. awl-shaped, ^ in. long: fls. pink or white,
nearly 1 in. across, in spring; corolla-lobes entire or erose,
or only shallowly notched if at all. Va. to Fla. Var. £lba
has white fls. Var. sylvestris is listed as having rose-pink
fls. to 1^ in, acioss. Var. elegant issima is listed. — Has
been confused with P. subulata, and comprises several
supposed vars. of that species as Hentzii and selacea.
occidentalis: P. speciosa.
ovata. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
to 2 in. long: fls. purple or sometimes pink, 1 in. across, in
small clusteis, in summer. Pa. to Ala. Var. pulchra is
listed as having pastel-pink fls.
paniculata. SUMMER PERENNIAL P. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate to oval, thin and veiny, to 5 in. long:
fls. pink-purple but varying into many colors as white,
salmon, scarlet, h ac, purple, 1 in. across, in large panicles
in summer and early autumn. N. Y. to Ga. and Ark. Var.
Sieboldii. orange-scarlet. — In many hort. forms it con-
stitutes the common per. summer-blooming phlox of gardens.
p&tula. Shrubby, sts. spreading, to 10 in. long: Ivs.
linear, to 1^ in. long and */$ in. wide: fls. to % in. across,
few or solitary, calyx subglabrous, to >£ in. long, deeply
cleft. Mont, to Colo.
pilosa (P. argillacea). Hairy per. to l$$ ft.: Ivs. linear to
lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. purple, varying to pink, violet
and white, to *A in. across, in small clusters, in spring and
early summer. Ont. to Fla. and Tex. Var. alba, fls. white.
Var. splendens, fls. lilac-rose, in masses.
planitiarum: same as P. andicola.
procumbens (P. verna). Supposed hybrid between
P. stolonifera and P. subulata, often grown as P. atnaena:
per. to 1 ft., decumbent at base: Ivs. oblong to epatulate,
to 2 in. long- fls. bright purple, to % in. across, in spring.
Phlox
559
Phoenix
Var. caerulea, described as having soft blue fls. is P. stoloni-
fera var. violacea. Var. rdsea, said to have rose-pink fls.
Var. variegata is listed.
Radowitzii: hort. name for an improved strain of
P. Drummondii.
r£ptans: P. stolonifera.
rfgida. Differs from P. Douglasii in having narrower
sharp-pointed Ivs. with revolute margins. W. Mont, to
Wash.
scleranthifolia. Sts. depressed: Ivs. filiform to subulate,
to H in. long, spine-tipped, glabrous: fls. white, subsessile.
S. D. to Ida.
setacea: see P. nivalia.
speciftsa (P. occidentalis). Shrub with herbaceous flower-
ing shoots, 2 (rarely 4) ft.: Ivs. linear to lanceolate, to 2ty in.
long: fls. rose to lilac, to 1 in. across, in corymbs, spring.
Calif, to W. Mont, and B. C.
Stansburyi. Small per. with woody base, 4 in.-l ft. high,
glandular- Ivs. very narrow, thick: fls. pink or rose, calyx-
teeth subulate, corolla-tube about 1 in. long. E. Calif, to
S. New Mex.
Stellaria. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate,
to 2 in. long: fls. pale violet-blue or nearly white, % in.
across. Var. lilacina is listed as a color form. — The plant
cult, under this name is apparently a hybrid between P.
bifida and P. subulata.
stellaris: P. Drummondii var.
stolonifera (P. reptans). Hairy per. to 1 ft., with long
creeping sterile shoots: Ivs. obovate to lanceolate, to 3 in.
long: fls purple or violet, 1 in. across, in cymes, in spring
and early summer. Pa. to Ga. Var. violacea, fls. violet.
subulata. GROUND- or Moss-PiNK. Per. forming mats,
to 6 in.: Ivs. crowded, awl-shaped, ^ in long, evergreen:
fls. bright purple, varying to pink and white, % in. across,
in spring; corolla-lobes shall owly notched. N. Y. to N. C.
Var. Brittonii (P. Brittonii). Fls. lavender-white. Ap-
palachians, Potomac Valley. Var. Ne'isonii has white fls.
with rose centers and is of compact habit. Hort. names
listed as subordinate to P. siibulata are vars. alba, atro-
lilacina, atropurpurea, atroviolacea, australis, cserulea,
caerulSscens, frond 6s a, lilacina, major, Mderheimii, rdsea,
rubra, violacea, WUsonii. — Some of the hort. kinds named
under this species belong to P. nivalis.
suffruticdsa. Phloxes bearing this name are early-
blooming phases of P. Carolina, which is the tenable name.
sylve'stris: hort. name, probably for plant listed as
P. mvahs var.
verna: P. procumbens.
viscida. Tufted per. 6-8 in., viscid-glandular throughout:
Ivs. linear, about 1^ in. long: fls. few, about % in. across,
lilac. E. Ore.
PHLOX, NIGHT-: Zaluzianskya capensia. Prickly:
Gilia cahfomica.
PHCEBE. Lauracex. Trop. trees and shrubs
with alternate leathery Ivs.. small fls. and fr. a
berry; one species rarely cult, in S. Calif.
Nanmu (Per sea Nanmu). Tree: Ivs. oblanceolate, to
6 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls. in terminal corymbs about
length of Ivs., the perianth silky-pubescent. China.
PHCENICOPHORIUM: Stevensonia.
PHCENIX. Palmaceae. Perhaps a dozen
species of dioecious feather-palms in Afr. and
Asia, unarmed except for the stiff spine-like
basal pinnie on the Ivs., often sprouting or
sucketing at the base: trunk, if evident, covered
with the bases of old petioles, at least toward the
top: piniue induplicate in vernation, narrow,
long-pointed, without midrib but .with a nerve
either side the sharp fold or ridge, sometimes
fascicled on the rachis: spadices among the Ivs.;
spathe 1- or 2-valved, narrow and relatively
small, more or less persistent, the peduncle of the
pistillate spadix often greatly elongating; fls.
small, yellowish, borne on the angles or curves of
many slender often long branches; stamens 6:
fr. an oblong or nearly globular drupe with a
single grooved seed. — It is very difficult to make
out the identity of many of the planted trees of
phoenix, for some of the surest characters of
separation are in staminate fls. and frs. which
are usually not to be had together; as these palms
are dioecious, one may have only the male or
female tree; the conditions seem to be favorable
for hybridization although this subject has re-
ceived little careful attention.
All the species are native in the eastern hemi-
sphere and it is not known how or when the stock
of the ornamental kinds reached this country,
or what its particular origin may have been.
There is also much natural variation in some of
the species. Because of the confusion in the
cult, phcrnices it has seemed advisable to place
rather full descriptions here as aids in identifica-
tion. For cult, see Date and Palm.
acaulis. Apparently stemless, the trunk represented by
an ovoid bullnform caudex 1 ft. or leas in diam. that rises
little above the ground: Ivs. to 0 ft., somewhat glaucous;
pinnte rather limp, to 20 in. long, with strong marginal
nerves, nearly opposite and interruptedly fascicled; petiole
with many stout spines: spadix 1 ft. or less long, peduncle
very short or none, the 1-valved spatho that sphta down the
side arising at surface of ground or beneath; fruiting pe-
duncle remaining very short, often not evident: fr. elliptic-
oblong, about ££ in. long, red to blue-black, edible, the
clusters sometimes half in the ground. N. ami Cent.
Bengal. — It is a question whether this species is in cult,
with us; not all acaulescent phcemces belong hero.
canari6nsis (P. Jubae. P. tennis). Strong tree to 50 and
60 ft. over all and more, with solitary straight trunk, the
upper crown of foliage and the entire top in young plants
strongly ascending but the lower Ivs. hanging with nge, the
top becoming very large and broad, petioles and spines
: Ivs. 15-20 ft. long; pinna) very many, light green,
diffc
top bccom
yellowish:! . -- *
long-pointed, standing in different planes, the lower ones
of which are long stout spines and those at the base fascicled
or irregularly placed as well sometimes as some of tho.se
above the spines: peduncle of fruiting clusters elongating
often to several ft. and drooping: fr. ellipsoid or globose-
ovoid, 1 in or leas long, with a pulpy exterior, yellow and
varying to reddish. Canary Lsls , and now widely spread
as a cult, plant; variable. — Trees grown in this country as
P. cycadi folia, P. Iconcnsis and P. leonensis speciosa belong
here, although the leonensis of old hort literature is sup-
posed to bo P. reclinata, and cycadi folia is accounted a form
of P. dactyhfera. One of the hardiest palms, thriving in
Cent. Calif., middle and N. Fla , and upper Gulf Const,
making striking massive specimens on fertile moist soils
cycadifolia: see P. canariensis; a name apparently
applied to diffeient palms.
dactyl if era. DATE. Tree to 100 ft. and more with slender
trunk for the greater heights, suckenug at base, upper part
of crown with erect-ascending foliage and lower part with
down-curving or declined foliage: Ivs. grayish-glaucous,
sometimes bluish; pinnae 18 in. or less long, narrow and
stiff, sharp-pointed, distichous: fr. cylindrical or long-oblong,
1-3 in long, with thick very sweet flesh much prized for
food; fruiting peduncle very much developed and elongated,
flattened, yellowish or reddish, drooping or hanging with
weight of fr. — Long domewticated, in various forms, piob-
ably native in W. Asia and N. Afr. but origin undetermined;
commercially cult, for fr. in Calif, and Ariz., and widely
planted in warm-temp parts for ornament and interest.
farinifera: P. pusilla.
Hanceana: P. humilis var.
humilis (P. Ouseleyana. P. pedunculata) . Small plant
more or less sobohferous the trunk attaining 0-10 or 12 ft.:
Ivs. somewhat glaucous; pinnas scattered and interruptedly
fascicled, usually rather limp or flaccid, the marginal nerves
faint: fruiting peduncle becoming much elongated: fr. small
ovoid, about % in- long, the pulp edible. India to Cent.
China; variable. Var. Hanceana (P. Hanceana) is a liardy
form with trunk 3 or 4 ft., and grayish-green foliage.
hybrida: a hort. name.
Jubae: P. cananensis.
Ieon6nsis: see P. canarientis.
Loureiri: see under P. Roebelenii.
natalgnsis: P. reclinata.
Ouseleyana: P. humilis.
paluddsa (P. siamensis). Small tree or tree-like shrub,
forming dense clumps with several erect or inclined trunks
to 25 ft., ringed at base: Ivs. 6-10 ft., spreading and curving
and forming an attractive mass; petiole scurfy, bearing
slender spines; pinna) 1-2 ft. long, both opposite and alter-
nate anci 2-ranked, % m. or less broad, not stiff, lighter
colored or mealy underneath, striate: fruiting spadix 3-4 ft.
long: fr. ovoid, about \^ in., rnucronate, red becoming
black-purple; seed with basal embryo and in this rerpect
differing from other phrrnices. Benga1 to Coclnu-China.
pedunculata: P. humilis.
Phoenix
560
Phragmipedium
pumila: see P. reclinata.
pusflla (P. farinifera) . Shrubby stoloniferous palm with
very short trunk that ia entirely covered with sheaths and
does riot elevate the top high: Ivs. pale green, bearing one
or more pairs of spines; pinme nearly opposite, in 4 rows or
planes, rigid and prominently pointed: spadix 8-12 in.
long, much branched and erect, the branches widely spread-
ing: fr. % in. long, dull purple-black. S. India and Ceylon,
near the sea. — Some of the stock known as P. farinifera
may be P. reclinata.
reclinata (P. natalensis. P. senegalensia. P. spinoea
and spimfera). Soboliferous producing several or many
sts. in a close clump to 20 ft. or more high but making a
single slender trunk to 40 ft. if suckers are removed, the
trunks bearing If.-scars: Ivs. floccose underneath when
young, particularly on the ribs, bearing scattered or paired
spines below, rechnate or curved downward at the apex;
pinnm subopposite or alternate or in groups of 2 or 3, 1 ft.
long more or less, firm or subrigid in texture, with sharp
stimsh points: staminate fls. narrow and acute in bud and
thereby differing from other phrenices: fr. % in. or less long,
ovoid-ellipsoid, brown or reddish. Trop. Afr. and south
to Natal. — The best known African palm if the date is
counted out and the most widespread. Variable; a popular
and attractive palm, distinguished from P. rupicola by the
stiffish appearance of the foliage and the tufted habit.
The plant known in cult, as P. pumila probably belongs here.
RoebelSnii. Dwarf fine-!vd. palm now planted in the
open in the warm parts of the country and prized also as a
pot-plant. A plant was shipped probably from Singapore
by Mr. Roebeleni, and described and named by James
O'Brien in Gardeners' Chronicle in 1889. It is referred to
P. humihs by some writers; probably it is the same as
P. Loureiri (an older name) of Cochm-China (P. humilis
var. Loureiri of Beccan) ; sts. usually several, 2-5 or 6 ft.f
sometimes swollen at base, erect or somewhat flexuose,
covered at least toward top with If .-bases: ivs. many,
shiny green and somewhat glaucous, rather soft, gracefully
3urving and drooping, bearing numerous narrow long-
attenuate oppo.site or subopposite pinna), with slender
weak spines on petiole: fr. oblong, about % in. long, borne
in a many-branched email spadix on a peduncle about 1
ft. long.
rupicola. Trunk slender and solitary, to 20 ft., naked of
If.-bases or becoming so, the crown with declined or droop-
ing lower Ivs., the foliage with a soft (or not stiff) appear-
ance: Ive. bright green; pinna) limp or flaccid, decurvod,
not conspicuously long-attenuate to sharp points, 2-ranked
in one plane and not fascicled, represented by spines on the
petiole: fr. oblong, 54 in. long, shining yellow. India;
usually growing among rocks. — A very graceful plant either
for the open in tho warmest parts of the country or for pots.
senegale'nsis: P. reclinata.
siame'nsis: P. paludosa.
spindsa (spinifera): P. reclinata.
sylvSstris. WILD DATE. Trunk stout and solitary, to
50 ft., covered with bases of old If .-stalks, bearing a large
rounaed very thick crown, lower Ivs. decurvod and droop-
ing: ivs. long, grayish-green or glaucous-green; pinnae very
many, fascicled and in 2-4 planes, glaucous, rigid and
long-acuminate into stiff points, the petiole spines 2-4 in.
long: fr. olive-form or oblong-elliptic, about 1 in. long,
orange-yellow, scattered on long drooping branches of the
spadix, pulp very astringent. India, wild and also cult, for
the making of sugar from the sap. — Frequently planted for
ornament and interest in the warm parts of the U. S., being
about as hardy as P. canaricnsis; fast-growing useful tree.
tgnuis: P. canaricnsis in tho literature, but the plants
cult, under this name may belong to other species.
vinifera: a hort. name.
zeylanica. CEYLON DATE. Trunk solitary, to 20 ft.,
bearing old If.-bases: Ivs. relatively short, but with very
many rigid pinna) 1 ft. or less long standing at right angles
in about 4 rows or planes arid bright green with sharp points:
fr. obovoid-oblong and apiculate at apex, about }4 in. long,
red ripening to violet-blue or dark purple; pulp sweet,
eaten m its native country. Ceylon, in woods.
PH(ENI£-TREE: Firmiana simplex.
PHOLED&TA. OrchidacesB. Epiphytic or-
chids with creeping rootstocks. 1- or 2-1 vd.
pseudobulbs, and small fls. in slender terminal
racemes, the sepals and petals similar, lip sac-
like at the base. Grown m a warm greenhouse;
for cult., see Orchids.
articulata. Pseudobulbs oblong-cylindric, superimposed
forming an elongate axis, each with 2 Ivs. to 6^ in. long:
racemes pendulous, densely 7- to many-fld.: fls. about $4 in.
across, pinkish-, brownish- or creamy-white. May-Oct.
Himalayas, Indo-China, China, Malaya.
conchofdea: P. imbricata.
imbricata (P. conchvidea). Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to
about 20 in. long: infl. to about 21 in. long, above densely
many-fld.; fls. about M in. across, pale brown or whitish,
lateral sepals with a sharp keel. Feb.yNov. Himalayas,
India, Indo-China, China, Malaya, Philippines.
PHOLfSTOMA. Hydrophyllacese. Ann. be-
coming much branchea and vine-like, differing
from Nemophila in the succulent texture, prickly
sts., spiny caps, and sculptured globose seeds.
One species, P. auritum (Nemophila aurita),
FIESTA-FLOWER, is grown. Climbing or scram-
bling to 6 f t. : petioles broadly winged and clasp-
ing; Ivs. oblong to ovate-lanceolate, to 6 in. long,
E innately lobed, segms. 7-13, oblong or lanceo-
ite, entire or toothed, often hispidulous: fls.
lavender to blue or violet and paler outside with
darker markings in throat, to 1J4 in. across,
solitary or in cymes of 2-6. Calif. — For cult,
see Nemophila.
PHORADENDRON: see Loranthacese.
PH6RMIUM. Liliacex. Large per. herbs
native of New Zeal., probably 2 species,
grown in warm climates as foliage clumps and
sometimes in greenhouses, furnishing a strong
fiber where native. Propagated by seeds sown
in Feb. out-of-doors or in pots of rich compost;
also by division.
Colens&i (P. Cookianum). To 7 ft.: Ivs. to 5 ft. long and
2^ in. broad, less rigid than in P. tenax: fls. yellow, to
1^5 in. long.
Cookianum: P. Colenaoi.
tenax. NEW ZKALAND FLAX. To 15 ft.: Ivs. basal, to
9 ft. long and 5 in. broad, stiff, tough and leathery, splitting
at apex, margined with red or orange line: fls. dull red, to
2 in. long, numerous on long scape. Var. atropurpureum
has Ivs. reddish-purple, var. aureum Ivs. with broad yellow
stripes, var. rubrum, Ivs. red, var. varieglttum Ivs. striped with
creamy-yellow and white, and var. Veitchianum has broad
creamy-white stripes.
PHOTfNIA. Rosacese. Shrubs and trees in
Asia with alternate toothed Ivs.. white fls. in
corymbs or short panicles, and fr. a small red
berry-like pome.
The deciduous species are mostly hardy North and
succeed in sunny positions. Propagated by seeds, by cut-
tings of young wood under glass, by layers, and by grafting
on hawthorn or quince.
arbutifdlia: Heteromeles arbutifolia.
arguta: P. villosa var. Isevis.
Beauverdiana. Deciduous shrub or tree to 20 ft., not
hardy N.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. Long: infl. 2 in. across. China.
crenato-serrata: Pyracantha crenato-serrata.
Davidson!®. Evergreen tree to 45 ft., grown in S. U. S.:
Ivs. oblong, to 5^3 in- l°ng» shining above, paler beneath:
infl. to 5 in. across. China.
dentata: name of uncertain application.
glabra. Evergreen shrub to 10 ft., to be grown far S.:
Ivs. obovate, to 3 in. long: infl. 4 in. across. Japan,
japdnica: Eriobotrya japonica.
parvifolia (P. mbumbellata). Deciduous shrub to 10 ft.:
Ivs. ovate, to 2^ in. long, pale beneath, very short-petioled:
infl. 2-8-fld., nearly umbellate. China.
serrulata (Cratsegus glabra). Evergreen shrub or tree to
40 ft., adapted to southern parts: Ivs. oblong, to 8 in. long,
dark and shining above, yellowish-green beneath: infl. to
6 in. across. China, where it is much planted.
subumbellata: P. parvifolia.
vill&sa. Deciduous shrub or tree to 15 ft., hardy N.:
Ivs. obovate, to 3 in. long, hairy beneath: infl. to 2 in. across.
Japan, Korea, China. Var. lefevis (Porthixa arguta) has
smaller glabrous Ivs.
PHRAGMIPfiDIUM (incorrectly spelled
Phragmopedilum). LADY-SLIPPEK. Orchidacese.
Trop. American terrestrial or epiphytic orchids
without pseudobulbs: Ivs. leathery, conduplicate:
fls. in racemes or panicles, lateral sepals united,
Phragmipedium
lip sac-like and ovary 3-celled. See Orchids for
cult. See comment under Paphiopedilum.
Ainsworthii (P. Brownii. P. calurum). Hybrid between
P. longifohum and P. Sedenii.
albopurpureum. Hybrid between P. Schlimii and P.
Dominianum.
Brownii: P. Ainsworthii.
calurum: P. Ainsworthii.
cardinale. Hybrid between P. Sedenii and P. Schlimii
var. albiflorum.
carlcinum. Lvs. narrow, to about 20 in. long and H "*.
wide: racemes loosely 3-7-fld.j fls. medium-sized, pale
greenish or whitish with green veins; petals tinted with rose
at tips; lip yellow-green with deeper green veins. Mar.-
Oct. Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.
caudatum. Lvs. to 20*^ in. long and 1H in. wide: ra-
cemes loosely 1-4-fld., to almost 3 ft. high; fls. large; sepals
yellowish or whitish with green veins; petals linear, to over
30 in. long, dull brownish-crimson: lip oronzy-green. Apr.-
June. Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica.
conchfferum. Hybrid between P. caricinum and P.
longifolium var. Roezlu.
Dominianum. Hybrid between P. caricinum and P.
caudatum.
£astonii. Hybrid between P. longifolium and P. Lind-
leyanum.
grande . Hybrid between P. longifohum var. Roezlii and
P. caudatum.
grande atratum. Hybrid between P. caudatum and P.
longifolium var. Hartwegn.
leucorrhddum: form of the hybrid P. Sedenii.
Lindleyanum. Lvs. to 25 in. long and 2^ in. wide: infl.
a loose raceme, 3-7-fld.; fls. to 3 in. across, light green with
red-brown veins. Autumn and winter. British Guiana.
longifdlium. Lvs. to 24 in. long and 11A in. wide: infl. a
raceme up to 10-fld.; fls. to 7 in. across; dorsal sepal pale
green with rose veins; lower sepal pale green with darker
veins; petals pale yellow-green with rose margins; lip yel-
low-green tinged with brown and rose. Costa Rica, Panama.
Var. Roezlii (P. Roezln) has broader Ivs. and petals mar-
gined with red. Colombia.
macrochilum giganteum. Hybrid between P. caudatum
and P grande.
magnifldrum: a var. of P. longifolium with white-
margined petals.
nitidissimum. Hybrid between P. caudatum and P.
conchiferum.
Roezlii: P. longifohum var.
Sargentianum. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, to 8 in. long:
fls. about 3 V£ in across, in 2-4-fld. loose racemes; sepals pale
yellow with red veins; petals whitish streaked with red:
lip yellowish with red veins and infolded side lobes speckled
with red. Nov.-June. Brazil.
Schlimii. Lvs. to 12 in long and nearly 1 in. wide: fls.
up to 7, in racemes (or panicles); dorsal sepal greenish-
wnite stained with pale rose; lower sepal whitish with
green veins; petals whitish stained with rose near base; lip
rose-carmine and whitish. Nov.-Apr. Colombia.
Schrdederee. Hybrid between P. caudatum and P.
Scdeni i .
Sedenii (P. tenellum). Hybrid between P. Schlimii and
P. longifolium.
tenellum: P. Sedenii.
Titanum. Hybrid between P. Lindleyanum and P.
longifolium.
Urgandiee. Hybrid between P. Lindleyanum and P.
longifolium.
PHRAGMiTES. Gramineae. Tall per. grasses
with broad Ivs. and soft hairy spikelets borne
in large panicles ; native in swamps and wet areas
in north temp, zone and S. Amer. and one planted
for ornament. The name is pronounced in three
syllables. See Grasses.
communis: P. maxima.
maxima (P. communis. Arundo maxima). COMMON
REED-GRASS. To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. or more long and 2 in.
wide: panicles to 1 ft. long. Swamps N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
Var. variegata has variegated Ivs.
PHRYNIUM: Calathea, Ctenanthe.
PHYGfeLIUS. Scrophulariacex. Small shrubs
or stout herbs grown in conservatories or in the
open in sheltered situations as far north as Phila-
561 Phyllitis
delphia, and as pot subjects under glass, for the
terminal panicles of scarlet drooping tubular fls.
having 5 nearly equa^ lobes: Ivs. opposite: 2
species in S. Afr.
Propagated from seed or from cuttings taken from the
late autumn shoots of outdoor plants. The plant is now
infrequent in cultivation.
eequalis. Differs from P. capensis in denser infl. with
fls. on short pedicels, calyx-segms. lanceolate and corolla-
tube nearly straight.
cap£nsis. CAPE FUCHSIA. To 3 ft., sts. 4-angled or
narrow- winged: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
toothed: fls. to 2 in. long, somewhat curved, purple-scarlet,
in panicles to 1 H ft. long. Var. coccineus is listed.
PH"£UCA. Rhamnacex. Small evergreen
shrubs in S. Afr. of many species, one of which is
grown sometimes under glass for ornament and
probably in Calif, in the open: Ivs. alternate and
crowded, small and simple: fls. small, largely in
close heads or spikes, petals often wanting or
bristle-like, stamens 5: fr. a small caps.
ericoides. To 3 ft., with slender erect tomentose
branches: Ivs. small and linear or subulate, heath-like,
tomentose underneath, margins revolute: fls. very small, in
little terminal involucrate heads.
PHYLLAGATHIS. Melastomacese. Subshrubs
with short thick sts.. large simple Ivs., rose fls.
in a head, and capsular f r. ; greenhouse subjects.
From March to September these plants require high
temperatures and plenty of water at the roots. Propagated
by cuttings of half-ripened wood or leaf-cuttings in Febru-
ary or March over heat.
rotundif6Ha. To 2 ft.: Ivs. roundish, 6 in. long, plaited
and glossy green above tinted with metallic blue and purple,
coppery-red beneath with prominent veins: fls. % in.
across. Sumatra.
PHYLLANTHUS. Euphorbiacese. Monoecious
herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate simple Ivs.
which are often arranged in two ranks on lateral
branches so as to resemble pinnate Ivs. (distich-
ous), fls. without petals, and fr. a berry or caps.
Two species are gr9wn in warm climates for the edible
fruits which are made into preserves and a few others under
glass. Propagated by seeds, greenwood cuttings and P.
Emblica by layers.
acidus (P. distichus. Cicca disticha). OTAHEITE-GOOBE-
BERRY. GOOSEBERRY-TREE. Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
3 in. long, distich ously arranged: fls. very small, reddish,
in many-fld. panicles: frs. angled, to % in. across. S. Asia;
nat. in S. Fla. and W. Indies.
albus: Glochidion album.
angustifdlius: Xylophylla any usti folia.
atropurpureus: Breynia nivosa var.
calycinus. Shrub to 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong, to ^ in.
long, very obtuse: fls. small, pink edged with white.
Australia.
distichus: P. acidus.
£mblica. EMBLIC. MYROBALAN. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.:
Ivs. linear-oblong, to % in. long, distich ously arranged: fls.
small, yellow, clustered in the axils of the Ivs.: fr. somewhat
lobed, to 1 in. across. Trop. Asia.
latif&lius: Xylophylla speciosa.
mimoseefdlius of cult, with us is P. mimosoidea.
mimosoldes. Shrub with rusty-scaly branches and
abundant fine and ornamental foliage: Ivs. oblong and
mucronate, about K~H in- l°ng on two sides of slender
branchlets like pinnate foliage, whitish underneath: fls.
very small, axillary, slender-pedicelled. Farther W. Indies.
— -Sometimes grown under glass.
nivdsus: Breynia nivosa.
specidsus: Xylophylla speciosa.
PHYLLAUREA: Codiseum.
PHYLLlTIS. Polypodiacex. Small group of
mostly temp, region ferns with simple strap-
shaped fronds and long son at right angles to
midrib, one of them known in cult, in the open.
See Ferns.
Scoloptadrium (Scolopendrium vulgare). HARTS-TONOUB-
FERN. Hardy: fronds straight or curved, to 1H ft. long
Phyttitis
562
Physalis
and 3 in. wide, entire or sometimes wavy-margined. Eu.;
native in a few scattered localities in E. N. Amer. — There
are many cristate, divided, crisped and dwarf forms known
to fanciers, grown in the open: they are of simple cultural
requirements. *
PHYLLOCACTUS. Cactaceae. The proper
name for this genus is Epiphyllum (which see),
and the plant formerly known as Epiphyllum
(Crab or Christmas cactus) is Zygocactus. The
plant in cult, as P. latifrons is Epiphyllum oxy-
petalum, and P. biformis is Disocactus biformis.
PHYLLOCARPUS. Leguminosse. Unarmed
trees of western hemisphere tropics with abruptly
1-pinnate Ivs. and fls. in short racemes in ad-
vance of full foliage: pod 1- or 2-seeded, winged
on one side, indehiscent. One species, P. septen-
trionalis, 01 Guatemala, is planted in S. Fla.: to
60 ft. or more: Ifts. in 4-6 pairs, obovate or
oblong, 2 in. or less long, entire, becoming shin-
ing: fls. scarlet, fragrant: pod 6 in. or more long.
PHYLL6CLADUS. Podocarpacex. A few spe-
cies of evergreen trees and shrubs in the south-
ern hemisphere: true Ivs. reduced to scales, the
branchlets flattened in leathery leaf-like bodies
or cladodes which are toothed or lobed: male
fls. in clusters at tips of branches, female borne
on cladodes. For cult, see Conifers', grown in
Calif.
rhomboidalis. Tree to 60 ft. or shrub: cladodes triangu-
lar or rhomboid Tasmania.
trichomanoides. Tree to 70 ft. : cladodes triangular, lobed
or pinnately cut. New Zeal.
PHYLLODIUM: expanded leaf-like petiole and no
blade, as in sorno acacias and other plants; young plants
and shoots often show leaflets on such phyllodia.
PHYLL6DOCE. Ericacex. Very low ever-
green heath-like shrublets with prostrate or
ascending branches, small linear Ivs., bell-
shaped or urn-shaped nodding fls. in terminal
umbels, and capsular frs.; suitable for the rock-
garden where they thrive in moist peaty soil.
Propagated by seeds, cuttings or layers.
aleutica. Per. to 10 in. or more: Ivs. linear, crowded,
scabrous: fls. whitish, subgiobose, corolla and filaments
glabrous. Aleutian Isls., Alaska.
Brdweri (Bryanthus Breweri). To 1 ft.: fls. rose-purple,
^ in. long, in terminal racemes, corolla divided to middle,
bell-shaped, stamens exserted. Mts. of Calif.
cearulea (P taxi folia. Andromeda cxrulea}. To 6 in.
high, with ascending branchlets: fls. pink or purple, about
\\ in. long, corolla urn-Hhaped, glabrous, stamens included.
Circurnpolar; south to Me , N. If. and Alta.
empetrif6rmis. To 0 in., ascending: fls. rosy-purple, \£
in. long, corolla bell-hhaped, stamens included, sepals ob-
tuse. B. C. to Calif. Vur. amabilis is P nipponica var.
Var. nana is listed. — Some of the material cult, under this
name has urn-shaped corollas and may be P. intermedia.
glandulifldra. To 1 ft : fls. sulfur-yellow, \i in long, urn-
shaped, pubescent without Alaska to Mont, and Ore.
intermedia. Hybrid between P. empetn'formis and P.
glanduh flora: fls. pink, urn-shaped, sepals acute.
nipp6nica. To 6 in.: Ivs. linear, serrulate: fls. white,
bell-shaped, stamens not exserted, sepals acute. Japan,
Var. amabilis has smaller whitish or pinkish fls.
taxifc-lia: P. cserulea.
PHYLLOPODIUM. Scrophulariacex. Ann.
or per. S. African herbs or subshrubs, usually
sticky-hairy, with lower Ivs. opposite becoming
alternate above: fls. small, subcylindrical, with
limb spreading and the 5 lobes rounded and
nearly equal, usually in terminal spikes, with
small leafy bracts fused to calyx: fr. a septicidal
caps, with bifid valves.
capitatum. Ann. to 7 in., erect or spreading, becoming
woody at base, white-pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate-elliptic to
oblanceolate, to 1 in. long, dentate: fls. orange-yellow, to
nearly
long.
in. long, many in dense spikes: caps, about
PHYLI/5STACHYS. Gramineae. Tall woody
grasses with sts. flattened on one side, deciduous
If .-sheaths, tessellated Ivs. and spikelets borne
in terminal panicles, stamens 3; native in Asia.
See Bamboo.
aurea (Bambusa aurea). GOLDEN BAMBOO. To 15 ft.,
sts. yellow: Ivs. to 5 in. long and % in. wide, long-pointed,
glabrous, glaucous beneath, sheaths bristly at apex. China,
Japan.
bambusoides (P. reticulata. P. Qwlioi). To 45 ft., sts.
bright green, st. -sheaths mottled purple: Ivs. to 6 in. long^
and 1 in. wide, glaucous beneath. Cnina. Var. Castilloni
(P. and Bambasa Castillom) has yellow sts. striped green
and Ivs. striped with yellow. Var. marliacea (P. marliacea)
has wrinkled sts. and dark green st. -sheaths.
Boryana: P. niger var.
CastiUdni: P. bambusoidea var.
edulis (P. pubescent). To 100 ft , sts. bright green: Ivs.
to 4 in. long and H in. wide, toothed. China. — The young
turions are said to be edible.
fastudsa: Semiarundinaria fastuosa.
flexudsa (Bambusa flexuosa). To 18 ft., sts. becoming
nearly black, branches flexuose: Ivs. to 4 in. long and Y^ m.
across, glaucous beneath. China.
Hen6nis: P. niger var.
Henryi. Lvs. glabrous, sheath to % in. long, blade to
2^ in. long and ^2 m across, hgule short and truncate: fls.
in dense solitary panicles at ends of short leafy branches.
China.
kumasaca: Shibatsea kumasaca.
marliacea: P. bambusoides var.
mitis: P. sulphurea.
NeVinii. Sts. pale green: Ivs. linear-oblong, shining above,
rough on edges. China.
niger (P. puberula var. niQra. Bambusa nigra). BLACK-
JOINT BAMBOO. To 25 ft , sts. becoming black, nodes with
lower edge white: Ivs to 4 in long and % in. wide, glaucous
beneath. China, Japan. Var. Boryana (P. Boryana) has
yellow sts. spotted with purplish-brown. Var. Hendnis
(P. and Bambusa Henonis P. puberula). To 00 ft , sts.
greenish becoming yellowish, st.-sheaths not spotted.
puberula: P. muer var. Henonis.
pub£scens: P. edulis.
Quilidi: P. bambusoides.
reticulata: P. bambusoides, as far as known cult, material
is concerned
ruscifdlia: Shibatsea kumasaca.
sulphurea (Bambusa sulphurea, striata and mitis. P.
mitis). MOHO BAMBOO. To 25 ft., sts yellow: Ivs. to 5 in.
long and M in. wide, glaucous beneath, If.-sheaths with
bristles at apex. China, Japan.
viminalis: Shibatsea kumasaca.
vio!6scens (Bambusa nolescens). To 12 ft., sts. turning
from violet to yellowish-brown, st.-sheaths violet: Ivs. to
G in. long and 1H m. wide, toothed, glaucous beneath,
petiole purple. China.
viridi-glaucescens (Bambusa vindi-glaucescens). To
25 ft., sts. yellowish-green, st.-sheaths striped purple: Ivs.
to 4 in. long and % in. wide, glaucous beneath, If.-sheaths
purplish with bristly tips. China.
PHYLLOTdENIUM: Xanthosoma Lindenii.
PHYMATODES: Polypotiium.
PHYMOSIA: Sphseralcea.
PHf SALIS. HUSK-TOMATO. GROUND-CHERRY.
Solanaceae. Herbaceous annuals and perennials,
sometimes slightly woody at base, straggling,
diffuse or creeping: lys. alternate, often 2 to-
gether: fls. usually axillary, blue, yellowish or
whitish, not showy, the calyx becoming large and
bladder-like and inclosing the globular yellow or
greenish 2-celled berry, the corolla wheel- or bell-
shaped; grown for ornament and some of them
for the edible frs. used in preserves and pickles.
Most cultivated species of physalis need a warm sunny
exposure. Since they are long-season plants and the high
colors of the calyx in the ornamental species do not develop
until the fruit is ripe, the seed should be sown early in the
spring indoors or in a hotbed. The perennials may be
propagated by division of the rhizomes or by soft cuttings.
Physalis
563
Phytekphas
Alkekengi (P. Bunyardii. P. Franchetii). ALKEKENGI.
WINTER-CHERRY. CHINESE LANTERN-PLANT. Per. but
often grown aa ami., to 2 ft., with long creeping under-
ground sts.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, cihatc: fls. whitish: fr.
with blood-red inflated calyx about 2 in long. S. E. Eu.
to Japan. Vars. gigantea and monstr6sa are listed aa large
forms. — Grown for ornament.
Bunyardii: P. Alkekcnyii.
edulis: the plant listed may be either P. ixocarpa or
P. peruviana.
Franchetii: P. Alkekengii.
ixocarpa. TOMATILLO. Ann. to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in.
long, toothed or notched: fls. % in. across, bright yellow,
the throat with 5 black-brown spots: fr. with inflated purple-
veined oalyx, 1 in or more long, entirely filled by the round
sticky purplish berry. Mex.; mtro. N.
lobata: Quincula lobata.
peruviana. CAPE-GOOSEBKRRY. Partially erect, to 3 ft.:
Ivs. evenly cordate- ovate, soft-pubescent, often not toothed:
fls. ^ in. long, light yellow marked inside with purple,
anthers purple: fr. with inflated long-pointed calyx in-
closing the yellow edible berry. Tropics.
philadelphica: probably P. subylabrata.
pruindsa. STRAWBERRY-TOMATO. DWARF CAPE-GOOSE-
BERRY. Stout ann. with angled sts., more or less erect but
becoming diffuse, gray-pubescent: Ivs. ovate, subcordate
but oblique at base, to 4 in. long, coarsely obtuse-toothed
to the base: fls. buff-yellow, anthers sometimes tinged purple:
fr. yellow or nearly so, edible, in a large pubescent calyx.
Mass, to Fla and west. — Apparently the common husk-
tomato of gardens.
pubescens. Differs from preceding in being more slender
and less erect, less pubescent or nearly glabrous, Ivs. not
toothed to base and mostly narrower and usually nearly
entire. Pa. to Calif, and tropics. — -The common husk-
tomato of gardens was formerly considered to be of this
species but how much if any of it belongs here is yet to be
determined.
subglabrata. Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, oblique at base, entire or wavy: fls. yellow
with purplish throat, to 1 in across, anthers purplish: fr.
with inflated calyx inclosing the red or purple oerry. Ont.
to Ga. and Colo.
PHYSALODES: Nicandra.
PHYSARIA. Cruci/erse. Tufted stellate-
pubescent perennials from N. W. Amer. with
mostly entire Ivs. and yellow fls. having spatu-
late petals: fr. a somewhat inflated didymous
pod (silicic) seemingly lobed at apex with style
emerging from sinus. Propagated by seed,
cuttings or division and adapted to rock-gardens
in well-drained soil.
alpestris. To 4 in. tall, white-pubescent, sts. ascending,
to 6 m.long,unbranched: Ivs. spatulate, basal ones petioled:
fls. to nearly ^ in. long: pods often tinged purplish, later-
ally flattened. Arctic regions of N. W. Amer.
didymocarpa. Sts. erect to decumbent, to 6 in. long,
short-pubescent: Ivs. broadly obovate, to 3 in. long, entire
or smuately toothed: fls. 1A in. long: pods deeply cordate
at base. Utah to Colo, north to Sask. and Alta.
floribunda. To 10 in., sts. nearly erect: basal Ivs. ob-
lanceolate to spatulate, more erect than in above, sinuately
toothed: fls. to ^ in. long: pods not strongly cordate at
base. Colo.
Ge^eri. To 5 in., sts. ascending or decumbent, to 6 in.
long: basal Ivs. obovate to orbicular, to 2 in. long, petiole
winged: fls. to y^ in- long: pods not much inflated, the
upper sinus shallow. Wyo., Mont, to Wash.
PHYSIANTHUS ALBENS: Araujia sericofera.
PHYSIC, INDIAN: Gillenia trifoliata. -Nut: Jatropha
Curcas,
PHYSOCARPUS (Opulasler). NINEBARK.
Rosaceae. Deciduous spirea-like shrubs, hardy
N., with alternate toothed or lobed Ivs.. white
or pinkish fls. in umbel-like clusters, ana fr. an
inflated pod or follicle; native in N. Amer. and
N. E. Asia. Hardy in the N. and of easy cult.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings of young or
old wood.
amurensis. Similar to P. opuUfolius from which it
differs in Iva. to 4 in. long and fls. about % in. across.
Manchuria, Korea.
bracfeatus. To 6 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 3 in. long: infl.
many-fld.: pods 2, united half their length, pubescent. Colo.
capitatus (Spirsea capitata). Branches partially climbing,
to 20 ft. long: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 2^ i"- long, 3-5-lobed:
infl. dense: pods usually 5, glabrous. B. C. to Calif.
intermedius (P. Ramaleyi. P. missouriensis). To 5 ft.:
IVP. ovate, to 2*2 in. long: infl many-fld.: pods 3-4, united
at base, pubescent. Ont. to Colo. Var. parvifdlius has
smaller Ivs. and fls.
malvaceus (P. paucijlorus) . To 7 ft., sts. quite erect:
Ivs. orbicular or nearly so, to 2^j in. long, lobes 3-5, doubly
crenate-serrate: fls. white, to ^ m. across, in few-fld. umbels:
pods usually 2, stellate-pubescent with erect beaks. Wyo.
to Utah, Ore. and B. C.
missouriensis: P. intermedius.
mon6gynus. To 3J^ ft.: Ivs. broadly ovate to kidney-
shaped, to 1^ in. long, lobes 3-5 and rounded incisely-
serrate, glabrous: fls. pinkish to white, to 1A in. across, in
few-fld. umbels: pods usually 2, densely stellate-pubescent
with spreading beaks. Wyo to S. I)., Tex. and New Mex.
opulifdlius (Spirsea opuhfolia) . To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate,
to 3 in. long: infl. many-fld., to 2 in. across, fls. to y± m.
across: pods usually 5, glabrous. Que. to Va. and Tenn.
Var. luteus (var. aurcus) has bright yellow Ivs. becoming
bronzy. Var. nanus is dwarf with smaller Ivs.
paucifldrus: P. malvaceus.
Ramaleyi: P. intermedius.
tibetica: presumably Neillm thibetica.
PHYSOSiPHON. Orchidacex. Epiphytes of
trop. Amer., with commonly clustered 1-lvd.
sts. bearing racemes of small to minute fls. of
which the sepals are united into a bell-shaped
tube inclosing the minute petals and lip. Grown
in the cool greenhouse; for cult, see Orchids.
Ldddigesii: P. tubatus.
tubatus (P. Loddiocsn). To about !'£ ft. tall: If. to 5H
in. long: racemes many-fld.; fls. to % in. long, green, green
and orange, yellow, or orange-red. Nov.-Aug. Mex.,
Guatemala.
PHYSOSTfeGIA. FALSE DRAGONHKAD. Lab-
iate. Per. herbs with slender often wand-like
sts. and panicled spikes of gaping fls. in purple.
rose or white, whorls 2-fld.; corolla-tube inflated
toward the top.
These ornamentals are useful in borders and in wild-
gardens and easily cultivated. Propagated usually by
division of strong clumps, also grown from seed.
Digitalis. Very similar to P. virginiana from which it
differs chiefly m having bluntly-toothed Ivs. Ark. to Tex.
and Mo.
formdsior. To 3^2 ft., sts. very leafy: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, to 4 m. long and 1 in. wide,
serrate to denticulate, mostly acuminate, glaucous beneath,
rather succulent: fls. deep pink, to $4 in. long, in dense
spikes to 6 in. long. N. D. — Differs from P. mrginiana in
its wider and more bluntly toothed Ivs. which are not green
beneath, in the shorter fls. and in the fr.-calyx globose not
oblong.
grandifldra: P. viryiniana var.
specidsa: P. viryiniana var.
virginiana (P. mrginica. Dracocephalum virginianum) .
To 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, to 5 in. long, sharply
toothed: fls. purplish-red to rose-pink or lilac, to 1 in. long,
in spikes to 8 in. long, summer. Que. to Fla and Tex. Var.
£lba, fls. white; gigantea, to 7 ft.; grandifldra, fls. bright
pink; specidsa, spikes densely panicled. Other listed vars.
are nana, rdsea, rubra, spl6ndens, super ba.
PHYTfiLEPHAS. Palmacex. Acaulescent or
short-trunked feather-lyd. dioecious unarmed
palms of several species in northwestern S.
Amer.: spadices from If .-axils and mostly near
the ground; staminate spadix a long catkin, the
prominent stamens numerous; pistillate spadix
comprising a more or less dense head of large fls.,
the ovary with several cells: fr. a syncarp of
several united berry-like parts. See Palm.
macroc&rpa. IVORY-NUT PALM. Trunk to 2 ft. long,
often or mostly declined or prostrate (or becoming so) and
rooting: Ivs. very long, erect-curving, to 20 ft. or more;
pinnffi about 80 pairs, mam ones 2-3 ft. long and 2 in. or
less broad, strongly many-nerved, rather stiff: fr.-heads
sometimes weigh 25 Ibs., and supply "vegetable ivory."
Colombia, Ecuador; has been planted in S. Fla.
Phyteuma
564
Picea
PHYTEtFMA. HORNED RAMPION. Campanur
lacese. Many per. herbs with alternate and radical
simple Ivs., 5-parted blue, purplish or white fls.
in terminal heads or spikes, and capsular frs.:
fl.-buds mostly long curved and horn-like and
fls. not opening widely, with little look of a bell-
flower; native in Eu. and Asia. Some of the
Phyteumas have been referred to the genus
Asyneuma.
Phyteumas are grown mostly in rock-gardens where
they succeed in any good soil, and the larger ones in borders.
Propagated by seeds or by division in spring.
betonlcaefdlium. To 1 Y^ ft. : Ivs. cordate-lanceolate,
lower long-stalked: fls. blue, in spikes. Eu.
canescens. To 3 ft., gray-pubescent and rough: Ivs.
ovate to lanceolate, toothed: fls. blue, in loose spikes.
E. Eu., W. Asia.
Channel!!. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oval to lanceolate, toothed: fls.
dark blue, in globular heads. Alps.
comdsum. To 6 in. decumbent: Ivs. cordate-ovate to
lanceolate, coarsely toothed: fls. dark purple, lilac below,
the corolla-lobes united into tube above around the long-
exserted style, borne in umbels. Alps.
Halleri. To 2% ft.: Ivs. ovate or orbicular, coarsely
toothed: fls. dark violet or white, in dense oblong spikes
subtended by 2 long drooping bracts. Eu.
hemisph&ricum. To 6 in., tufted: Ivs. linear or linear-
lanceolate, entire: fls. blue or sometimes whitish, in 12-15-
fld. oval heads. Alps.
humile. Dwarf, 2-5 in. high, erect: Ivs. linear, lower ones
nearly or quite reaching the fl.-head which is dense and
about ^4 in. across and subtended by long linear bracts:
fls. dark violet. Alps.
limonifdlium. To 2 ft., erect: Ivs. lanceolate or narrower,
somewhat dentate or entire: fls. blue, in long open spikes,
placed singly or in 2's or 3's. Mts., 8. E. Eu., 8. W. Asia.
lobelioides. To 2 ft.: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, wavy-
toothed : fls. in loose spike-like racemes. Asia Minor.
Michelii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to linear, lower long-
stalkod: fls. violet, rarely white, in dense oblong heads.
8. Eu.
nigrum. To 1 ft.: basal Ivs. heart-shaped, toothed, long-
stalked, st. -Ivs. linear: fls. dark blue, in oolong dense heads.
Eu.
orbiculare. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to linear, toothed: fls.
purple, in many-fid, globose heads. Eu.
Scheuchzeri. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate,
toothed: fls. violet-blue, in dense globose heads 1 in. across
subtended by long narrow bracts. 8. Eu.
serratum. To 6 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, toothed: fls. blue,
in globose many-fld. heads to % in. across. Mte., Eu.
Sieberi. To 6 in.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, toothed: fls.
deep blue, in 12-15-fld. globose heads. 8. Eu.
•picatum. To 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate to linear, toothed, the
basal long-stalked: fls. white with greenish tips, in dense
oblong spikes. Eu. Var. nigrum is P. nigrum.
Vagneri. Lvs. irregularly toothed, lower long-petioled
and cordate at base, upper sessile, linear or linear-lanceo-
late: fls. dark violet, in globose spikes becoming elongated.
Hungary.
PHYTOLACCA. POKEWEED. POKEBERRY.
Phytolaccacese. Herbs, shrubs or tree-like plants
with alternate simple Ivs., small fls. in terminal
racemes, and fr. a fleshy berry with staining
juice; grown for ornament and P. esculenta as a
pot-herb in some countries. Of easy cult. Propa-
gated by seeds.
americana (P. decandrd). POKE. SCORE. Herb to 12 ft.,
strong-smelling: Ivs. oblong- or ovate-lanceolate: fls. bi-
sexual, white or purplish. Me. to Fla. and Mex.
decandra: P. americana.
dioica (Pircunia dioica). Evergreen soft-wooded tree to
60 ft. and more with thick trunk: Ivs. elliptic or ovate: fls.
dioecious, white. 8 Amer.
esculenta (P. Kaempferi). Herb to 3 ft. or more, slightly
woody at base: Ivs. ovate, edible: fls. bisexual, white. China,
Japan.
heterotepala. Shrub: Ivs. ovate-elliptic: fls. bisexual,
green. Cent. Amer., Mex.
Kaempferi: P. esculenta.
octandra. Woody herb to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate:
fla. bisexual, pinkish-white. Cent. Amer. to Colombia.
PHYTOLACCACESE. POKEWEED FAMILY.
About 22 American and African genera of herbs,
shrubs and trees with alternate entire Ivs.,
regular bisexual or unisexual fls. having no petals,
4-5-parted calyx, 4-5 stamens, superior ovary
and fr. a berry, caps, or samara. Agdestis,
Ercilla, Petiveria, Phytolacca and Rivina are
cult.
PIARANTHUS. Asdepiadacese. Leafless S.
African herbs of the Ceropegia relationship, very
dwarf and succulent, with 5-lobed fls. in pairs or
clusters having a simple crown.
cornutus. Sts. procumbent or ascending, to 1^ in. long,
globose or oblong, remotely 4-angled, 3-5 tubercled teeth
along each angle: fls. white or pale yellow with purplish-
crimson dots, to 1J4 in. across, no distinct tube.
foMidus. Sts. tufted, to 2^ in. long and % in. thick,
obtusely 4-5-angled, often mottled with purple: fls. rotate,
yellow spotted and lined with purple, % in. across; crown
orange-yellow marked with purple-brown.
Nebrownii: hort. name; possibly referable to Caralluma
Nebrownii.
PIAROPUS: Eichhornia.
PlCEA. SPRUCE. Pinacese. Evergreen conif-
erous trees of pyramidal habit and continuing
axis, native in cooler parts of northern hemi-
sphere and hardy in cult., with linear 4-angled or
compressed Ivs. having white bands, catkin-like
fls. and drooping cones with persistent scales,
in these characters differing from the firs (Abies) .
For cult, see Conifers.
Abies (P. excelsa) NORWAY S. Branchlets usually
drooping: Ivs. 4-angled, to % in. long, dark green and
shiny: cones to 7 m. long. Eu.; one of the commonest
planted evergreens in N. Amer. Some of the hort. vars. are:
argentea, Ivs. variegated with white; arge'nteo-sptea, tips
of young branchlets white; aurea, Ivs. golden-yellow;
aurescens, foliage golden-yellow when young, becoming
yellowish-green; Barryi, conical form with thick branches;
capitata, snoots close together at ends of branches, forming
heads; chlorocarpa, cones green when young; cincinnata,
Ivs. long and spirally twisted; Clanbrasiliana, compact bush
to 7 ft. with whitish branchleta; col unmans, of columnar
habit with very short branches; compacta, dense nearly
globose form; c6nica, of conical pyramidal habit; C6stickii.
listed as of dwarf ^upright habit; cupressina, of broad
columnar form; diffusa, dense and wide spreading, foliage
light yellowish-green; dumdsa, prostrate; echinceformis,
dwarf and slow-growing, Ivs. long and prickly, resembling
a hedge-hog; elegans, of slender conical habit; Ellwanger-
iana, of broad pyramidal form with crowded branchlets;
erythroc&rpa, cones violet-purple when young; finedonensis,
Ivs. pale yellow becoming bronzy, then green; Gregoryana,
dwarf to 2 ft., with crowded pale branchlets; highlandia,
low and dome-like, foliage shining dark green; humilis,
very dwarf, foliage small, dark green; inversa. branches
drooping, densely branched; Maxwellii, dwarf form to
2 ft. with very snort thick branchlets; Merkii, low form
with thin grass-green Ivs.; microsperma, of dense bushy
habit; monstrdsa, without branches, only a single st.
clothed with stiff Ivs.; mucronata, shrub with crowded
red-yellow branchlets: nana, dwarf with short orange-
yellow branchlets; nidif6rmis, low form with^very dense
head, having a nest-like mass of branchlets; nigra, of py-
ramidal densely branched habit; Ohlendorffii, compact and
globular, foliage pale yellowish-green; Parsonsii, straggling
dwarf form with drooping branchlets: parvif drmis, of broad
pyramidal habit; p6ndula, branches drooping: procumbens,
prostrate, with horizontal bright yellow brancnlets; pseudo-
Maxwellii, cushion-like, with branches in horizontal layers;
pumila, dense dwarf form with Ivs. bluish-green in glauca;
pygm&a. dense and small; pyramidalis gracilis, dwarf,
nearly globose, foliage bright green; pyramidata (P. excelsa
var. erecta), of slender pyramidal habit; Rem6ntii, dense
pyramidal form with crowded yellow branchlets : re pens,
low, branches procumbent or arching, Ivs. crowded; tabuli-
fdrmis, prostrate, with horizontal branches; yeltchii,
dwarf conical form; viminalis, branches nearly horizontal,
with long slender branchlets; virgata, branches elongated
and without branchlets. Other listed varietal names are:
boreahs, erimata, robust a, Smithii and tenuifolia.
ajanensis: P.jezoenais.
alba: P. glauca.
albertiana: P. olauca var.
Alcockiana: P. bicolor.
Picea 565
asce'ndens: see P. brachytyla.
asperata. Lvs. 4-angled, to % in. long, dark green:
cones to 4 in. long. W. China; hardy N. Var. heter61epis
(P. heterolepia) has hairy twigs, blue-green glaucescent
Ivs. and lower cone-scales deeply emarginate. Var. no-
t&bilis has longer Ivs. and cones. Var. ponder6sa has thicker
bark and larger cones.
aurantiaca. Branchlets orange: Ivs. 4-angled, to % in.
long, sharp-pointed: cones to 5 in. long. W. China; hardy N.
Balfouriana. Lvs. 4-angled, to % in. long, with 2 white
bands above: cones to 3^ in. long. W. China; hardy N.
but likely to remain small.
bfcolor (P. Alcockiana). ALCOCK S. Lvs. 4-angled, to
% in. long, with 2 white bands above: cones to 4 in. long.
Japan; hardy N. Var. acicularis and var. refle'xa have
curved Ivs. and entire cone-scales.
bif dlia: Abies lasiocarpa.
borealis: a form known as the Finnish spruce but not
separated botamcally from P. Abies.
brachytyla (P. Sargentmna). Branchlets orange-yellow:
Ivs. flattened, to 1 in. long, white above: cones to 5 in. long.
Cent. China; to be tried in north-central regions. — A
somewhat more hardy form known as rhombisquamea
(P. ascendens) has Ivs. to % in. long and cones to 4 in. long,
the scales emarginate or erose. Var. complanata (P.
complanata). has Ivs. to 1 in. long, acute and cones to 6 H in.
long with scales truncate or rounded at apex. W. China;
hardy N.
Breweriana. Branchlets drooping and whip-like: Ivs.
flattened, to 1 in. long, with white bands above: cones to
5 in long. S. Ore., N. Calif. — A form pygmsea is listed.
canadensis: P. glauca.
complanata: P. brachytyla var.
cornuta: a listed name.
Douglasii: Pseudotsuga taxifolia.
fingelmannii. Lvs. 4-angled or slightly flattened, to
1 in. long, bluish-green: cones to 3 in. long. B. C. to New
Mex.; one of the hardiest. Var. arggntea has silvery-gray
Ivs. and var glauca steel-blue. Var. F£ndleri has drooping
branchlets and longer Ivs.
exc£lsa: P. Abies.
glauca (P. canadensis. P. alba). WHITE S. Branchlets
commonly drooping: Ivs. 4-angled, to Y± in. long, bluish-
green: cones to 2 in. long. Across Canada and in N U. S.
Var. albertiana (P. albertiana) ALBERTA S , Ivs. more
crowded, cones to 1^ in. long and nearly as broad; B. C.
to Mont.; plants grown under this name may be var. den-
sata. Var. aurea, Ivs. golden-yellow. Var. c&rulea, Ivs.
glaucous. Var. c6nica, dwarf narrowly conical form. Var.
densata, BLACK HILLS S , a very hardy form from the
Black llills of S. D., slow-growing and of compact dense
symmetrical habit; sometimes grown as var. albertiana. Var.
nana, dwarf and dense. Var. p&rva (var tabuliformis) ,
dwarf and flat-topped with horizontal layered branches;
tabulif6rmis is var. parva. A var. gloridsa is listed.
Glghnii. SAOHALIN S. Lvs. 4-angled, to H in. long,
deep green: cones to 3 in. long. Japan, Saghabn; very
hardy.
heterolepis: P asperata var.
hondoensis: P. jezoensia var.
hudsdnia: Abies Fraseri.
Hurstii: unidentified catalogue name.
jezo£nsis (P. and Abies ajanensia). YEDDO S. Lvs.
flattened, to % in long, sdvery-white above, glossy dark
green below: cones to 3^ in long. N. Asia, Japan; hardy N.
Var. hondoSnsis (P. hondoensis) has shorter Ivs. dull green
below.
Kosteriana: P. pungens var.
Koyamai. Lvs. 4-angled, to ^ in. long, with 2 white
bands above: cones to 4 in. long. Japan; hardy N.
Iikiang6nsis. Branchlets pale yellow: Ivs. 4-angled, with
white bands above: cones to 3^ in. long. W. China.
mariana (P. nigra). BLACK S. Lvs. 4-angled, to % in.
long, dull or bluish-green: cones to 1 H in long. Alaska and
northern states to mts. of Va. Some of the hort. vars., are:
Beissneri, pyramidal form with light bluish-green Ivs.;
Doumetii, of dense pyramidal habit; ericoides, slow-growing
conical form with very thin Ivs.; fastigiata, of columnar
habit; nana, dwarf form.
Maximowiczii. JAPANESE BUSH S. Lvs. 4-angled,
spreading radially, to % in. long, dark green and stiff:
cones to 2^ in. long. Japan, hardy N.
Meyeri. Lvs 4-angled. to % in. long, bluish-green: cones
to 3 in. long. N. China; hardy N.
M&erheimii: P. pungens var.
montlgena. Lvs 4-angled, to 1A in. long, with 2 white
bands above: cones to 4 in. long. W. China; hardy N.
Morlnda: P. Smithiana.
Picrasma
morrisonfcpla. Lvs. 4-angled, to % in. long, dark green:
cones to 2^ in. long. Formosa.
M6seri. Hybrid between P. jezoensia and P. mariana.
nigra: P. mariana.
obovata (Abies obovata), SIBERIAN S. Branchlets slightly
drooping: Ivs. 4-angled, to \i in. long, dull or bluish-green:
cones to 2H in. long. N. Eu., N. Asia; very hardy. Var.
alpestris, slow-growing form with larger cones. Var
fennica, Ivs. dark green.
Omdrika (Abies Omorika). SERVIAN S. Lvs. flattened,
to % in. long, with 2 white bands above and glossy dark
green below: cones to 2>$ in. long. S. Eu.; hardy N., but
requires shelter from winter winds to be at its best. Var.
pendula is listed.
orientalis. Branchlets slightly drooping: Ivs. 4-angled,
to H in. long, crowded, glossy dark green: cones to 3U in.
long. Caucasus, Asia Minorj hardy in Cent. New England
but does best in sheltered positions. Var. aurea, Ivs bronzy-
golden. Var. aureo-spicata, Ivs. yellow when young. Var.
nana (var. compacta), low with wide-spreading branches.
Parryana: synonym of P. pungena.
pottta. TIQERTAIL S. Lvs. 4-angled, to 1 in. long,
spreading radially, stiff, glossy dark green: cones to 5 in.
long. Japan; hardy N.
pungens. COLORADO S. Lvs. 4-angled, to 11A in. long,
spreading radialljr, stiff and spiny-pointed, usually bluish-
green: cones to 4 in. long. Colo., Wyo., Utah, New Mex.;
very hardy. Hort. vars. are: arge*ntea, Ivs. silvery- white ;
aurea, Ivs. golden-yellow; Bakeri, deeper blue and with
longer needles than var. argentea; caerulea, Ivs. bluish-white;
comp&cta, dwarf and compact: glauca, Ivs. bluish . Hodpsii,
very silvery; Hunnewelliana, dense dwarf form; Kosteriana
(var. glauca pendula), branchlets drooping. Ivs. bluish;
Moerheimiij compact, foliage blue; Splckii, foliage bluish-
white; vfridis, Ivs. green.
purpurea. Branchlets orange-yellow: Ivs. 4-angled, to
^ in. long, with 2 white bands above and green below: cones
to 2^2 in. long, purple. W. China; hardy N. in special
locations.
retrofl6xa. Branchlets bright yellow: Ivs. 4-angled, to
1 in. long: cones to 5 in. long. W. China.
rubens (P. rubra. Abies rubra). RED S. Lvs. 4-angled,
•^ in. long, dark or bright green: cones to 2 in. long. N. S.
to mts. of N. C. Var monstrdsa is listed; var. virgata has
long slender branches without branchlets.
rubra: P. rubena.
Sargentiana: P. brachytyla.
Schrenkiana. Branchlets drooping: Ivs. 4-angled, to 1%
in. long, radially spreading, dull green: cones to 4 in. long.
Cent. Asia; hardy in S. New England. There is a var.
glauca.
sitche'nsis. SITKA S. Lvs. flattened, to 1 in. long, spiny-
pointed, silvery-white above, glossy green below: cones to
4 in. long. Alaska to Calif., can be grown in central states
and S. New England, best in long dry summers. Var.
specidsa is more compact and slower-growing.
Smithiana (P. Morinda). HIMALAYAN S. Branchlets
drooping: Ivs. 4-angled, to 2 in. long, spreading radially,
bright or dark green: cones to 7 in. long. Himalayas; can be
grown in north central Atlantic states and in S. New
England in sheltered positions.
spinul&sa. Branchlets drooping: Ivs. slightly flattened,
to 1>^ in. long, w th 2 glaucous bands above: cones to 4 in.
long. Himalayas; to be planted far S.
Watsoniana: P. Wilsonii.
Wflsonii (P. Watsoniana). Lvs. 4-angled, l/£ in. long,
sharp-pointed, dark green: cones to 2^ in. long. Cent.
China; hardy N.
PICKEREL-WEED: Pontederia cordata.
PICKERlNGIA. CHAPARRAL - PEA. Leg-
uminosx. One spiny evergreen shrub, P. mon-
t&na, allied to Lupinus but differing in stamens
all distinct. To 7 ft., much branched : Ivs.
palmately 1-3-foliolate, to % in. long, nearly
sessile, Ifts. obovate to oblanceolate, glabrous to
tomentose, stipules absent: fls. purple, to % in.
long, almost sessile: pod flattened, straight and
linear. Calif.
PICOTEE: Dianthus Caryophyllua.
PICRASMA. Simaruhaceae. A small genus
of subtrop. trees and shrubs occurring in Asia, W.
Indies and Brazil, having large unequally pin-
nate Ivs. and small fls. in axillary panicles: fr. of
1-5 fleshy or leathery drupes.
Picrasma
566
Pimeled
quassioides. Shrub to 8 ft. or more, irregularly branched
witn His. often decumbent, bark very bitter: Ivs. to 15 in.
long, Ifts. 9-15, obovate, acuminate, serrate, lowest pair
small and stipule-like: fls. green: fr. of 3-5 membranous
drupes, each about ^ in. diam. and 1-seeded. Himalayas.
PICRIDIUM VULGARE: Reichardia picroides.
Pf CRIS. Composite. Hairy ann. or per. herbs
native in temp, regions of the Old World, with
alternate toothed Ivs. and heads of yellow ligulate
fls. borne in corymbs; pappus of white bristles.
Sometimes seen in the flower-garden.
echioides. Ann. to 2 ft., with appearance of Sonchus:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, wavy-toothed, covered with bristly
hairs: heads % in. long. Eu., N. Afr.
PICROTHAMNUS: see Artemisia spinescens.
PIE-PLANT: Rheum Rhaponticum.
PlERIS. Ericacex. Evergreen shrubs or
small trees in N. Amer. and Asia with mostly
alternate toothed Ivs., white urn-shaped fls. in
terminal panicles, and dry capsular frs.
Pierises require moist peaty or sandy soil and partial
shade. They are sometimes forced under glass. Propagated
by seeds, by layers, and cuttings of ripe wood under glass
which root slowly. The following (except the last two)
are hardy North.
floribunda (Andromeda flonbunda) . To 6 ft., the branches
hairy: Ivs. ciliate: fls. % in- l°ng, in erect panicles to 5 m.
long. Apr.-May. Va. to Ga.
formdsa. Small shrubby tree to 20 ft : Ivs. elliptic-oblong
to lanceolate, to 6 in. long, acuminate, margins finely
toothed: fls. white, often tinged pink, panicles drooping, to
6 in. long. E. Himalayas.
jap6nica (Andromeda japonica). To 10 ft. or more, the
branches glabrous: fls. ^ in. long, in drooping panicles to
6 in long. Apr.-May. Japan. Var. variegata (var. albo-
marginata), Ivs. with whitisn margins.
lucida: Lyonia lucida.
mariana: Lyonia maruina.
nana (Arctenca nana). Prostrate shrub with puberulous
sts.: Ivs. elliptic to elliptic-oblong, to % in. long, entire,
mucronulate, usually in whorls of 3: fls. to ^ in. long, in
terminal 3's or short racemes. N. E. Asia. — Not hardy
north of Va.
nftida: Lyonia lucida.
taiwan£nsis. Branches glabrous: fls. \^ in long, nodding,
in dense pamcled racemes to 2^ in. long. Formosa.
PIGEON-BERRY: Duranta repens.
PIGNUT: Carya glabra.
PIGWEED: Chenopodium.
PiLEA (Adicea). Urticacex. Small herbs
with opposite Ivs. and small unisexual fls. in
axillary dusters; grown as pot-plants or for edg-
ings in greenhouses or out-of-doors in the S. for
the compact habit and small foliage; native in
warm and tropical countries. Of easy cult, but
require abundant moisture. Propagated by cut-
tings.
callitricholdes: P. microphylla.
microphylla (P. calhtrichoidea. P. muacosa). ARTILLERY
PLANT. Ann. or bien., the fleshy sts. suberect to 1 ft. high:
Ivs. oblong to ovate with cuneate base, of unequal size, to
V^ in. long, entire, petiole much shorter than blade, cysto-
liths (minute calcium secretions) on lower If. surface very
faint and absent above: fls. in sessile or subsessile cymes,
staminate fls discharging pollen forcibly when dry. Trop.
Amer , S. Fla. — A very variable species, growing as a
slender impoverished plant in crevices among rocks or as a
robust plant in the border. Requires protection in the N.
Much grown in greenhouses.
muscdsa: P. microphylla.
nummularieefolia. CREEPING CHARLEY. Per. with
creeping sts. rooting at nodes: Ivs. orbicular, to % in. across,
crenate. W. Indies.
serpyllacea. Similar to P. microphylla in general habit
and appearance, differing in its orbicular Ivs. rounded at
base, and fls. in pedunculate cymes, the peduncles usually
longer than the Ivs. Trop. Amer.
serpyllifolia. Material listed in the trade under this
name is probably P. microphylla, as the true P. serpylli/olia
is not known to be cult.
PILEOSTfiGIA. Saxifragacex. A monotypic
shrubby E. Indian genus. P. viburnoldes. Vi
burnum-like shrub: Ivs. opposite, petioled, ovate-
lanceolate to oblong, 3-5 in. long, entire, persist-
ent, leathery: fls. small, in terminal panicles;
petals 4-5, falling off in a cap; stamens 8-10;
ovary inferior, 4-8-celled.
PILOCfeREUS. Caciacese. The older and ac-
cepted name for this genus is Cephalocereus,
which see. The following names under Pilo-
cereus are referable to other genera; some are
insufficiently described and are here placed pro-
visionally under their original name. Certain
cactus writers retain the genus Pilocereus.
acranthus: see Haageocereus acranthus.
albispinus (Cereua albispinus). Columnar, usually
simple; ribs 8-12, woolly at top; radial spines 8-13, white
tipped with red. W. Indies. Var. Weberi has weak branches
and shorter spines.
arr&bidae: Cephalocereus arrabidae.
atro-viridis. To 3 ft., branches to 8 in. thick and tipped
with white hairs; ribs about 8 and wavy; radial spines 8;
central spines 3 and % in. long, white. Colombia.
Ba"ckebergii (Cereua Backebergii) . Tree-like, to 15 ft.,
light bluish-green; ribs 9-15 with areoles having silky white
wool; radial spines 10-12 and ^ in. long; central to 2 in.
long: fls. yellowish-green, whitish inside. Venezuela.
brasiliensis: Cephalocereus brasiliensis.
Celsianus: Oreocereus Celsianus.
chrysac&nthus: Cephalocereus chrysacanthua.
C611insii: Cephalocereua Collmni.
colombianus: Cephalocereus colombianua.
Dautwitzii: Espostoa lanata.
erythroce"phalus: Denmoza rhodacantha.
euphorbioides: Cephalocereus euphorbioides.
fossulatus: Oreocereus Celsianus var. foveolatus.
Frtcii (Cereus Fricii). Troe-like, little branched; ribs
4-5, areoles woolly; radial spines 7, to 1 in. long; central
usually 1, to 2 in. long: fls. white, greenish outside. Vene-
zuela.
giganteus: Camegiea, gigantea.
Gounellei: Cephalocereus Gounellei.
Haagei: Espostoa lanata.
Hoppenstedtii: Cephalocereus Hoppenstedtii.
Houlletii: Cephalocereus Palmeri.
lanugindsus: Cephalocereus lanuginosus.
leucostdle: Cephalocereus leucostele.
Llanosii. Similar to Cereus peruvianus. S. Amer.
macroce'phalus: Cephalocereus macrocephalus.
Moritzianus: Cephalocereus Moritzianus.
n6bilis: Cephalocereus nobihs.
penteedrdphorus: Cephalocereus pentaedrophorua
Purpusii: Cephalocereus Purpusii.
remolin^nsis (Cereus remolinensis) . Much branched,
30-40 ft., shining green; ribs 6-7, the areoles densely woolly
when young; radial spines 7-13 and to % in. long; central
to 1 in. long: fls. creamy-white tipped with lilac-rose, to
2)^ in. long. Colombia.
Russelianus: Cephalocereus Russelianus.
Sartorianus: Cephalocereus Sartorianus.
senilis: Cephalocereus semlis.
sericatus: see Espostoa lanata,
set&sus: CepJialocereus Gounellei.
Smithianus: Cephalocereus Smithianus.
Straussii: Cletstocactus Straussii.
Tet6tzo: Pachycereus Tetetzo.
Tr611ii: Oreocereus Trolhi.
PILOGYNE: Melothria punctate.
PIMfeLEA (Banksia of some writers). RICE-
FLOWER. Thymelseaceae. Shrubs native in Aus-
tralia and New Zeal., with simple entire Ivs.,
white, pink or reddish fls. in terminal heads,
bisexual or dioecious, fr. a drupe.
Pimeleas are grown out-of-doors in warm climates and in
the greenhouse. Propagated in early spring by cuttings of
half-ripened shoots under glass in a temperature of 55-00°.
Pimelea
567
Pineapple
coa*rctica: listed name of dwarf plant reputed to have
glaucous Ivs , abundant minute white fls. and white fr.--
The name is not botanically known.
decussata: P. ferruginea.
ferruginea (P. decussata). To 3 ft.: Ivs. opposite and
crowded, ovate or oblong, to ^ in. long, margins revolute:
fls. rose, in round heads which are subtended by pink or red
involucral Ivs. or sometimes only tinged. W. Australia.
gracilifldra. To 2}£ ft : Ivs. opposite, lanceolate, to
% in. long, dotted above: fls. white, in globular heads. W.
Australia.
ligustrina. To 6 ft.: Ivs. opposite, ovate or oblong, to
1 ^ in. or more long: fls. white, in globular heads. Australia,
Tasmania.
spect£bilis. To 4 ft.: Ivs. opposite and crowded, linear-
oblong to lanceolate, to 1 H in long: fls. white or pinkish.
in large globular heads subtended by involucral Ivs. tinged
on margins. W. Australia.
PIMENTA. Myrlacese. Aromatic trees of
trop. Amer. with opposite simple leathery Ivs.,
small fls. in cymes, and drupaceous fr.; one
species furnishes allspice and another grown for
the oil which is used in the preparation of bay-
rum. Adapted to trop. climates.
acris (Amomis airyophyllata). BAY-RUM-TKEE. To
45 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to obovate, to 0 in. long: fls. white; calyx
5-lobed: fr. about ^ in long. W. Indies, S.
officinalis. ALLSPICE. PIMENTO. To 40 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
to 7 in. long: fls. white; calyx 4-lobed: fr. dark brown, ^ in.
long. W. Indies, Cent. Amer.
PIMENTO: from Spanish pimiento, pepper; in U. S.
applied as a general term to Capsicum, and sometimes to a
specific cult, variety.
PIMPERNEL: Anagallis.
PIMPINELLA. Umbelliferse. Herbs with
pinnately compound Ivs., small white or yellow
fls. in compound umbels, and ovate frs.; anise is
cult, for its use in medicine and cookery. Propa-
gated by seeds sown whore plants are to stand.
Anisum. ANISE. Ann. to 2 ft.: basal Ivs. simple or ter-
nate, st.-lvs. 1-2-pinnate or ternate, entire or toothed.
Greece to Egypt
m&gna. To 2}£ ft., stout: If.-segms. usually undivided,
ovate to lanceolate, to \\^ in. long, teeth or lobes very
pointed: fls white or in var. rdsea pink, an large terminal
umbels of 10-15 rays. Eu.
PINE FAMILY. About a dozen
genera of resinous trees and shrubs of wide dis-
tribution, having linear needle-like Ivs., fls. in
cones, and fr. a hard woody cone. The family-
was established by Lindley in 1847 and until
recently included the Taxodiaceae and Cupres-
saceae, two groups here treated as separate
families. Pinacese is technically distinguished
by the cones, formed of distinct scales and
bracts, the former with 2 usually winged seeds.
See Conifers. The family contains many valu-
able timber trees and numerous ornamental
subjects, as Abies, Cedrus, Ketelecria, Larix,
Picea, Pinus, Pseudolarix, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga.
PINANGA. Palmacede. Bamboo-like un-
armed ringed monoecious feather-palms of the
Indo-Malayan region, 60 or more species : trunks
solitary or plant gregarious or colonizing: pinnie
mostly short, often broad, sometimes truncate
and toothed at apex, upper ones mostly confluent :
spadices among the Ivs., short, commonly with
few or several strands from the base; fls. in 3's,
the middle one pistillate; stamens 6 or more: fr.
small, ovoid or ellipsoidal. Sometimes grown
under glass and to be expected in S. Fla. See
Palm.
dec&ra. St. tall: Ivs. arching and graceful; pinnse of
mature Ivs. apparently 2 pairs, broadly lanceolate and
gradually acuminate, strongly several-nerved. Borneo. —
Described from juvenile plants and character doubtful;
perhaps two palms have passed under this name.
Kuhlii. Attractive plant because of the neat tufted habit
and coral-red refracted spadices: sts. several, to 30 ft.,
many-ringed: Ivs. 3-4 ft. long, pliable; pinnm 3-6 pairs,
1-2 ft. long and to 3 m. broad, strongly several-ribbea, the
upper ones truncate and toothed, the lower sharply acumi-
nate; spadix 1 ft. long, of several branches: fr. nearly % in.
long S. Andaman Isls., Sumatra, Java.
p&tula. Plant colonizing: st. solitary, 6 ft. or more,
ringed and smooth: Ivs. 4-5 ft. long; pirimo strongly several-
nerved, 16-30, the lower and middle ones 6-12 in. long and
long-acuminate and 1-2 in. broad, the upper ones broader
and confluent and truncate and toothed at apex: spadices
on the trunk below the Ivs., short-peduncled, with several
rather stout branches: fr. ellipsoid, orange-red, % in. long.
Sumatra.
PINCUSHION, BLUE: Brunonia australis. -Flower:
Scabiosa.
PINE: Pinus. Australian-: Casuarina. -Barren Beauty:
Pyxidanthera barbulata. Cypress-: Callitris. Dammar-:
Ayathis. Ground-: Lycopodium obscurum Hoop-: Arau-
caria Cunmnghamii. Huon-: Dacrydium Franklinu. Kauri-:
Agathis. New-Caledonian-: Araucana columnans. Nor-
folk-Island-: Araucana cxcdsa. Running-: Lycopodium
clarxitum. Screw-: Pandanus. Umbrella-: Sciadopilys ver-
ticillata.
PINEAPPLE. A composite body representing
the fruiting inflorescence of Ana,nas comosus;
sec Ananas.
Some years ago, along the east coast of Florida,
the pineapple was raised on a very considerable
scale in the open and under slat sheds as far
north as 27.5°. In other parts of that state, as in
Lee, Orange and Pinellas counties it was grown
to some extent under lath sheds. At one time
the crop was in excess of a half million crates
annually, but now the pineapple, as a commercial
fruit, has almost disappeared from Florida. This
was brought about by a combination of circum-
stances, among which may be mentioned diseases
(in particular, a wilt caused by a virus spread by
mealy-bugs), a succession of cold winters, high
freight rates, and the development of its culture
elsewhere, particularly in Cuba-, Puerto Rico and
Hawaii. At present most of the fresh fruit enter-
ing the markets of the eastern United States
comes from Cuba and Puerto Rico. The western
states are supplied with fresh fruit from Hawaii
and the canned fruit trade is furnished almost
entirely with large quantities from the Hawaiian
fields. The largest areas are in Hawaii where 75
per cent of the world's crop is produced. Most of
the product is canned.
Commercial propagation of pineapple is by
moans of (1) ratoons. or suckers, that come from
the base of the old fruiting stem, (2) stem slips
developed along the trunk or stem of matured
plants, and (3) fruit slips, produced around the
base of the fruit. The crown, or leafy part on
top of the fruit, will also produce a plant, but
it is slow in coming into fruit and it is not usually
employed in commercial plantings. Plants will
also develop from old stems if they are cut up
and partially buried in the earth.
The exact nature or character of the soil is not
important. It may vary from light sand to
heavy clay. It is important, however, that it
be thoroughly well drained, for although the
pineapple requires abundant water for its
development, it will not grow where the drainage
is poor and water stagnates. In some localities
excess lime and manganese have caused trouble.
The difficulties due to the presence of manganese
are caused by its effect on the availability of
iron and have been overcome by using iron
sulfate spray.
Pineapples are planted in beds of three or
more rows. In Hawaii the three-row system is
Pineapple
568
Pinus
largely used in planting Smooth Cayenne, while
beds with a larger number of rows are preferred
in the West Indies for smaller-fruited varieties.
The number of slips to the acre will vary from
7.500 to 15,000 depending on the distance apart
they are set and the number of rows to each bed.
The usual distances apart for the plants vary
from 18-24 inches. Slips are set just deep enough
to keep them in an upright position. On light
soils it is usual to drop a small amount of cotton-
seed-meal into the centers of the plants. This
forms a cake and prevents their being filled with
sand.
Tillage must be shallow (an inch or so) inas-
much as pineapple roots are near the surface.
The favorite tool is the scuffle hoe with which
shallow cultivation and weed destruction are
readily accomplished. Old plantations are not
cultivated. In Hawaii mulching with special
paper has come into considerable use.
The extent to which fertilizers are used will
depend on the nature of the soil, the number of
plants set to an acre, and the age of the planta-
tion. On light sandy soils fertilizers are applied
in large quantities, a ton or more to the acre
being not unusual. Applications are usually
made in October, February and June. Tankage
and dried blood are good sources of nitrogen,
potash may be furnished from high or low grade
sulfate of potash, and phosphoric acid from
ground bone, raw or steamed. In Hawaii high
analysis fertilizers with ammonium sulfate as a
nitrogen source are used.
Yields vary with intensity of culture. The
first and heaviest crop in Hawaii may be 30 tons
to the acre. Three crops are usually harvested
before replanting which may total 50-60 tons
to the acre.
If intended for shipment to distant points
pineapples are commonly picked a week or so
before reaching full maturity. If intended for
local consumption or for canning at nearby
establishments they may be allowed to become
much riper, thereby developing their full delicious
flavor. There is perhaps no more luscious fruit
than a well-grown field-ripened pineapple. For
shipment, fruits are wrapped in paper and packed
in crates, in rows, the crowns and bases alternat-
ing. The superior varieties are packed in cases
with excelsior.
Insect and disease control presents a serious
Eroblem. The wilt is caused by a virus spread
y mealy-bugs. Another virus is spread by
thrips. Spraying with contact insecticides, par-
ticularly oil emulsions, controls these insects
and thus checks the spread of the diseases. Nem-
atodes are often troublesome. They are best
handled by rotating the crop, and planting
crotalaria or Natal-grass to starve them out.
Several soil and fertilizer troubles may arise,
but these can usually be overcome without much
difficulty.
Varietfes of pineapples in commercial plant-
ings have never been great in number when com-
pared with other fruits. In Hawaii the favorite
is Smooth Cayenne and this has been the most
important fancy variety in other parts of the
world. In Florida in years past, and in the
West Indies now, the most important variety
by far is Red Spanish. Here and there other
varieties, Porto Kico for example, a very large
kind, and Abbaka a small fruit of very high
quality, are seen. Into commercial plantings
today only two varieties, Smooth Cayenne and
Red Spanish, enter to any extent.
PINEAPPLE-FLOWER: Eucomis comoaa.
PINEWEED: Hypericum gentianoides.
PINGUfCULA. BUTTERWORT. Lentibulari-
acese. Small herbs with basal entire Ivs. usually
covered above with a sticky secretion on which
insects adhere, white, purple or yellow fls.
solitary on a scape, the corolla 2-lipped arid
spurred at base, ana capsular frs.; of wide dis-
tribution in moist ground.
Butterworts are grown mostly on rocks or in moist rock-
gardens. Propagated by seeds and offsets when produced.
australis: P.elatior.
elatior (P. australis). To 1 ft.: Ivs. to lj*j in. long: fla.
purple varying to white, 1 in. across, the lobes 2-purted.
N.C.toFla.
grandifldra. To 8 in.: Ivs. oval: fls. violet, 1 in. long and
% m. across, the lobes wavy. W. Eu.
lutea. To 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2^ in. long: fls. golden-
yellow, to \y> in. long and broad, with nearly regular
corolla-limb. N. C. to Fla. and La.
Reuteri. Per. to 6 in., glandular-pubescent: Ivs. ovate-
oblong: fls. lilac-blue, to % m. long, upper lobes subacute.
Swiss Alps.
vulgar is. To 6 in.: Ivs. ovate, to 114 in. long: fls. violet
or purple, ^ in. long and broad. N. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
PINGUIN: Bromelia Pinguin.
PINK: Dianthus. Cushion: Silene acaulis. Fire: Silene
virgimca. Ground-: Phlox subulata, Giha dianthoides.
Indian: Silene luciniata, Lobelia cardmahs. Moss-: Phlox
subulata. Mullein-: Lychnis coronana. -Root: Spigeha
manlandica. Sea-: Armeria. -Shower: Cassia yrandis.
Swamp-: Helomas bullata. -Vine: Antigonon leptopus.
Wild: Silene carohmana.
PINNA: a primary division or leaflet of a pinnate leaf.
PINNATE: feather-formed; with the leaflets of a corn-
pound leaf placed on either side of the continuing rachis.
PINNATIFID: cleft or parted in a pinnate (rather than
palmate) way.
PINNATISECT: cut down to the midrib in a pinnate
way.
PINNULE: a secondary pinna or leaflet in a pinnately
decompound leaf.
Plff ON, PINYON: Pinus cembroides.
PiNUS. PINE. Pinacese. Commanding ever-
green trees having two kinds of Ivs., the scale-like
ones deciduous, the permanent Ivs. linear arid
borne in clusters usually of 2-5, staminate fls.
in catkins, and cylindric or nearly globose pistil-
late cones with woody scales; native in the north-
ern hemisphere, and furnishing many valuable
timber and ornamental trees, most of them
adapted to large areas and extended grounds but
a few dwarf and compact forms. For cult, see
Conifers.
albicaulis. WHITEBARK P. Lvs. in clusters of 5, to 2^
in. long, stiff, dark green: conns ovoid, to 3 in. long. B. C.
to Calif.; very hardy.
arista ta. HICKORY P. BRISTLE-CONE P. Sometimes
shrubby: Ivs. in clusters of 5, to 1H in. long, dark green
with whitish exudations of resin: cones cylindric- ovoid,
to 3^ in. long. Calif, to Colo.; stands in S. New England
but grows very slowly.
ariz6nica: P. ponderosa var.
Armandii. Lvs. in clusters of 5, to 6 in. long, bright
green and thin: cones oblong-conical, 6 in. and more long.
China, Formosa, Korea; hardy N.
attenuata (P. tuberculata) . KNOB-CONE P. Lvs. in
clusters of 3 or rarely 2, to 5 in. and more long, pale yellow-
ish or bluish-green: cones conic-oblong, to 6 in. long. Ore.
to Calif.
austriaca: P. nigra.
Ayacahuite. MEXICAN WHITE P. Lvs. in clusters of
5, to 6 in. long, bluish-green: cones cylindnc-conical, to
15 in. long. Mex. to Guatemala. Var. brachyptera has
larger seeds. Var. Veitchii has longer cones.
Balfouriana. FOXTAIL P. Lvs. in clusters of 5, to 1 H &•
Finns
569
Pin us
long, stiff, dark green: cones cylindrio, to 5 in. long, drooping.
Calif.
Banksiana (P. divaricata) . JACK P. Lvs. in clusters of
2, 1 in. long, stiff and twisted, bright or dark green: cones
conic-oblong, to 2 in. long. N. S. to N. Y. and Minn.
brutia: P. halepensia var.
Bungeana. LACEBARK. P. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 4 in.
long, stiff, light green, cones conic-ovate, to 3 in. long.
N. W. China; hardy N. but may remain bushy.
canari£nsis. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 12 in. long, glossy
light green, drooping: cones cylindric-ovoid, to 8 in. long.
Canary Isls.
carib&a. SLASH P. Lvs. in clusters of 3 or 2. to 12 in.
long, clossy dark green: cones conic-oblong, to 6>^ in. long.
S. U. S., Cent. Amer.
Cembra. Swiss STONE P. Lvs. in clusters of 5, to 5 in.
long, dark green: cones ovoid, to 3^ in. long. Eu , N. Asia;
hardy N., but very slow growing. Var. aurea, foliage
yellowish. Var. columnaris is of columnar habit. Var.
sibirica has shorter Ivs. and larger cones.
cembroides. MEXICAN STONE P. PINON or PINYON.
Lvs in 3 or 2, to 2 in. long, dark green: cones nearly globose,
to 2 in. long. Ariz, to Mex.; to be planted far S. Var.
edulis (P. eduhs). NUT P. Lvs stiff, dark green. Wyo. to
New Mex.; apparently hardier. Var. monophylla (P.
monophylla. P. Fremontiana). Lvs. usually solitary, stiff
and spiny-pointed. Calif, to Colo. Var. Panyana (P.
Parryana. P. quadrifolia) . Lvs. in clusters of 3-5, stiff, pale
glaucous-green. Calif.
clausa. SAND P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to 3 in. long, dark
green: cones conic-ovoid, to 3^2 in- long. Fla., Ala.
cont6rta. SHORE P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to 2 in. long,
stiff and twisted, dark green: cones conic-ovoid, to 2 in.
long. Alaska to Calif.; not hardy in northeastern states.
Var. latifdlia (P. Murray ana). LODGE-POLE P. Lvs. longer,
lighter green. Rocky Mts. ; hardy E.
C6ulteri. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 12 in long, dark bluish-
green: cones eylmdric- ovoid, to 14 in. long, drooping.
Calif.; can be gro\vn in sheltered places in S. New England.
densifldra. JAPANESE RED P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to
5 in. long, bright bluish-green: cones conic-ovoid to oblong,
2 in. long. Japan; hardy N , but sometimes Buffers in severe
winters. Hort. vars. are: albo-terminata, tips of Ivs. yellow-
ish-white; aurea, Ivs. yellow; globdsa, dwarf globose form;
dculus-dracdnis, Ivs. with 2 yellow bands; pendula, branches
drooping or prostrate; umbraculifera, TANYOHHO, JAPANESE
UMBRELLA P., dwarf form with umbrella-like head.
divaricata: P. Banksiana.
echinata (P. mitm). SHORTLEAP P. Lvs. in clusters of
2, to 5 in. long, dark bluish-green: cones conic-oblong, to
2 in. long. N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.
edulis: P. cembroides var.
excelsa: P. nepalensis.
fL£xilis. LIMBER P. Lvs. m clusters of 5, to 3 in. long,
stiff, dark green: cones ovoid, to 6 in. long. Alta. to Calif,
and Tex.; hardy N. Var. reflexa, taller, with longer Ivs.
and cones. Ariz.
Fremontiana: P. cembroides var. monophylla.
Gerardiana. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 4 in. long, bluish-
green: cones to 9 in. long. Himalayas.
glabra. CEDAR P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to 3 in. long,
soft: cones ovoid, to 2^2 HI. long. S. C. to Fla. and La.
halep6nsis. ALEPPO P. Lvs. in clusters of 2 or rarely 3,
to 4 in. long, light green: cones conic-ovoid, to 3J^ in. long.
Medit. region; to be planted in mild climates. Var. brutia
(P. brutia. P. pyrenaica). Lvs. longer, stiffer, darker green.
Held^eichii. GRAYBARK P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to 2 H in.
long, stiff, bright green: cones ovoid, 3 in. long. Balkan
Peninsula; hardy N. Var. leucodermis (P. leucodermis)
has more whitish bark and grayish-white smooth twigs.
horizontals: P. nigra var. cebennensie.
ins ignis: P. radiata.
insularis. BENGUET P. Lvs. in clusters of 3, or rarely 2,
to 10 in. long, pliable, bright green: cones ovate-conic, to
4 in. long. Philippines, Burma.
J&freyi. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 8 in. long, pale bluish-
green: cones conic-ovoid, to 12 in. long. Ore. to Calif.;
hardy N.
koraie'nsis (P. mandshurica) . KOREAN P. Lvs. in
clusters of 5, to 4 in. long, dark green: cones conic-oblong,
to 6 in. long. Japan, Korea; hardy N., but grows slowly in
northern climates and should be planted in sheltered
positions. Var. glauca has bluish-green foliage.
Lambertiana. SUGAR P. Lvs. in clusters of 5, to 4 in.
long, sharp-pointed, with white lines on back: cones cy-
lindric, to 20 in. long. Ore. to Lower Calif.; hardy N.,
needs protection from winter winds.
Larfcio: P. nigra.
leiophylla. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 4 in. long, If.-sheaths
deciduous: cones to 2 in. long. New Mex., Ariz., N. Mex.
leucodermis: P. Hcldreichn var.
Iongif61ia: P. Roxburghn.
luchu£nsis. Lvs. in clusters of 2, 6 in. long: cones ovate-
come, 2 in. long. Lu-Chu Isls. south of Japan.
mandshurica: P. koraiensis.
maritima: P. Pinaster.
Massoniana. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to 8 in. long, thin,
light green: cones ovoid, to 3 in. long. China, probably
not hardy N. — The material usually cult, under this name
is P. densi flora.
Merkusii. TENASSERIM P. Differs from P. insukiris in
Ivs. in clusters of 2 and narrow-cylindrical cones to 3 in.
long. Philippines.
mltis: P. echinata.
mong61ica of the trade is probably P. tabulaeformu.
monophylla: P. cembroides var.
monspeliensis: P. nigra var. cebennensia.
montana: P. Mugo.
Montezumse. Lvs. usually in clusters of 5, to 12 in long,
often bluish-green: cones conical, to 12 in. long. Mex. to
Guatemala. Var. Hfirtwegii has shorter Ivs. and smaller
cones.
montfcola. WESTERN WHITE P. Lvs. in clusters of 5,
to 4 in long, stiff, bluifeh-green: cones cylindric, to 11 in.
long. B. C. to Cahf.; hardy N.
Mugo (P. montana). Swiss MOUNTAIN P. Lvs. in
clusters of 2, to 2 in. long, crowded, bright green: cones
ovoid, to 2^4 in. long. Eu.; hardy N. Var. compacta, dense
globose foim. Var. gallica is listed. Var. Mughus (var.
prostrata). Commonly a prostrate shrub with shorter cones.
Var. Pumflio (P. Pumiho). Usually .shrubby. Var. rostrata
(P. montana vur. uncinata. P. uncmuta). Tree to 80 ft.:
cone-scale apices pyramidal and with deflexed hook-like
processes France, Spain Var. rotundata. Tree to 30 ft.
with several sts. Vnr. Slavinii. Low, com pact and spreading
with erect branchlets, f ohage bluish-green.
muricata. BISHOP P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to 7 in. long,
stiff, usually twisted, dark green: cones oblong-ovoid, to
3K in long Calif.
Murray ana: P. contorta var. latifoha.
Nelsonii. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 3}$ in. long, grayish-
green: cones cylindric. Mex.
nepal£nsis (P. excclsa). HIMALAYAN WHITE P. BLUE P.
Lvs. in clusters of 5, to 8 in. long, drooping, grayish-green :
cones cylindric, to 10 in. long. Himalayas. Var. zebrina,
Ivs. with yellow areas, appearing as if zoned.
nigra (P. austriaca. P. Laricio. P. nigra var. austriaca).
AUSTRIAN P. Lvs. m fascicles of 2, to 6^ m. long, stiff,
dark green: cones ovoid, to 3^2 in. long. Eu., Asia Minor;
hardy and good. Var. calabrica is var. Poiretiana. Var.
caramanica (var. Pallasiana). CRIMEAN P. Tree with broad
pyramidal head and glossy Ivs. W. Asia. Var. cebennensis
(P. monspeliensis. P. horizontal™) . Lvs. slender, cones
smaller. S. France, Pyrenees. Var. globdsa ia very dense.
Var. Hornibrookiana. Low and spreading, Ivs. stiff and
crowded, to 2}4 m. long. Var. monstrdsa. Of columnar
habit, the branchlets irregular and contorted. Var. pendula
has drooping branches. Var. Poiretiana (var. calabrica).
CORSICAN P. Tree with narrower head and lighter twisted
green Ivs. S. Eu. Var. prostrata has prostrate branches,
var. pygmafea is dwarf, and var. pyramidalis is narrow with
ascending curved branches.
oocarpa. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, erect,
to 12 in. long, bright green: cones ovoid, to 3^ m. long,
persistent, hanging from elongated usually curveu peduncle.
Mox. and Cent. Amer. — Doubtfully in cult, although listed.
palustris. LONGLEAF P. Lvs. in clusters of 3, forming
tufts at ends of branchlets, to 18 in long, dark green: cones
cylindric, to 10 in. long. Va. to Fla. and Miss.; adaptable
in the S.
Parryana: P. cembroides var.
parvifl6ra. JAPANESE WHITE P. Lvs. in clusters of 5,
forming tufts at ends of branchlets, to 1% in. long, bluish-
green: cones ovoid, to 3 in. long. Japan; hardy N. Var.
glauca has glaucous IVH. Var nana is less vigorous and has
shorter Ivs. Var. pentaphylla (P. pentaphylln) is the wild
form.
patula. Lvs. usually in clusters of 3, to 12 in. long,
drooping, grass-green: cones conic-ovoid, to 4^ in. long.
Mex.
pentaphylla: P. parviflora var.
Pedce. MACEDONIAN P. Lvs. in clusters of 5, to 4 in.
long, bluish-green: cones cylindric, to 6 in. long. Balkan
Mts.; very hardy.
Pinaster (P. mantima). CLUSTER P. Lys. in clusters of
2, to 9 in. long, stiff, glossy green: cones conic-ovoid, to 7 in.
Finns
570
Piquena
long. Medit. region; will stand only S. and in Calif., al-
though it may be grown in favored positions in S. New
England if protected. Var. Hamilton!! has shorter Ivs. and
larger cones.
Pinceana. Lvs in clusters of 3, to 6 in. long: cones
cyhndnc, to 3^ m. long. Mex.
Pine a. ITALIAN STONE P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to 8 in.
long, stiff, bright green: cones ovoid, to 5^ in. long. Medit.
region.
Poiretiana: P. nigra var.
ponderdsa. WESTERN YELLOW P. Lvs. usually in clus-
ters of 3, to 11 in. long, dark green, cones ovoid-oblong,
to 6 in. long. B. C. to Mex. and Tex.; hardy N. Var.
arizdnica has shorter Ivs. and cones. Ariz., New Mex.
Var. p£ndula has drooping branches. Var. scopuldrum
(P. scopulorum), ROCKY MT. YELLOW P., is smaller.
piimila. D WAHF STONE P. Shrub with prostrate branches:
Ivs in clusters of 5, to 3 in. long: cones ovoid, to 1% in.
long. N. Asia.
Pumflio: P. Mugo var.
ptingens. TABLE MOUNTAIN P. Lvs. in clusters of 2 or
3, to 2M in- long, stiff and twisted, dark green: cones
conic-ovoid, to 3^£ in. long. N. J. to Ga
pyrenaica: P. halepensit var. brutia.
quadrifdlia: P. cembroidea var Parryana.
radiata (P. insignia). MONTEREY P. Lvs. in clusters of
3, to 6 in. long, bright green • cones conic-ovoid, to 7 in.
long. S. to Lower Calif. Var. binata. Lvs. in clusters of 2.
stouter. Santa Rosa and Guadalupe Isls.
resin&sa. RED P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to 6 in. long,
flexible, glossy, cones conic-ovoid, to 2^ in. long. Newt,
to Pa. and Minn.; a good species for ornament. Var.
globdsa is a dwarf globose foim.
rhaeiica. Hybrid between P. Mugo and P. sylvesiria.
rfgida. PITCH P. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 5 in. long,
stiff and spreading, dark green* cones ovoid, to 4 in. long.
N. B. to Ga. arid Ky. Var. serdtina (P. xcrotinn), POND P..
is a round-topped tree with longer Ivs. and shorter cones.
R6xburghii (P. longifolia). CHIR P. Lvs in clusters of
3, to 1 ft. long, drooping, light green: cones conic-ovoid, to
7 in. long. Himalayas.
Sabiniana. DIGGER P. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 12 in.
long, pale bluish-green- cones ovoid, to 10 in. long. Calif.
scopuldrum: P. ponderosa var.
ser6tina: P. ngida var.
sin£nsis: P. tabulxformis.
Strbbus (Strobus Strobus). WHITE P. Lvs. in clusters of
5, to 5 in. long, soft, bluish-green: cones cylindric, to 4 in.
long. K. N. Amer. Hort. vars. are: aurea, foliage yellowish,
at least when young ; cont6rta branches twisted, bearing
tufta of Ivs.; Dawsonlana. listed as dwarf and spreading;
d£nsa is var. nana; fastigiata, with narrow pyramidal head;
glauca, Iv8. bright bluish-green; nana, dwarf bush form;
nfvea, Ivs. silvery-white beneath; prostrata, dwarf with
trailing branches; umbraculffcra, dwarf umbrella-shaped
form.
sylvestris. SCOTS P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to 3 in. long,
stiff and twisted, bluish-green1 cones conic-oblong, to 2% in.
long. Eu., Asia; one of the hardiest. Hort. vars. are:
arg£ntea, Ivs. silvery; aurea, Ivs. golden-yellow when
young; engadine'nsis, slow-growing, Ivs. shorter, Tyrol;
fastigiata, with narrow-pyramidal head; Iapp6nica, Ivs.
broader and shorter, N. Eu.; nana, low dense bush; pendula,
branches drooping- pumila, dwarf globose bush; rige'nsis,
bark very red; scotica, bark veiy red, Ivs. shorter; Watereri,
columnar, Ivs. steel-blue.
tabulaef6rmis (P. sinensis). CHINESE P. Lvs. in clusters
of 2 or 3, to 4 in. long, stiff: cones ovoid, to 2H in. long.
China; hardy N. Var. densata has 2 Ivs.
Tefeda. LOBLOLLY P. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 9 in. long,
brijrht green: cones conic-oblong, to 5 in. long. N. J. to
Tex.
taiwangnsis. FORMOSA P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, 3^ in.
long, near ends of branches: cones conic-oblong, 2 in. long.
Formosa.
Tanyosho is listed; this is the common name of P.
densiflora var. umbraculifera.
Teocdte. Lvs. in clusters of 3, to 8 in. long, stiff: cones
cylmdric-ovoid, 2^ in. long. Mex.
Thunbergii. JAPANESE BLACK P. Lvs. in clusters of 2,
to 4^ in. long, sharp-pointed, bright green: cones conic-
ovoid, to 3 in. long. Japan; hardy N. In var. 6culus-
drac&nis the Ivs. have 2 yellow bands.
Torreyana. TORREY P. Lvs. in clusters of 5, to 13 in.
long, stiff, dark green: cones ovoid, to 6 in. long. S. Calif.
tuberculata: P. altcnuata.
uxnbracuHfera: P. densiflora var.
encinata: P. Mugo var. rostrata.
virginiana. SCRUB P. Lvs. in clusters of 2, to 3 in. long,
stiff and twisted: cones conic-ovoid, to 2j^ in. long. N. Y.
to Ga. and Ala.
Wfitereri: P. sylvestris var.
yunnanensis (P. sinensis var. yunnanensis). Lvs. usually
in clusters of 3, to 8 in. long: cones ovoid, to 3>3 in. long.
W. China.
PINXTER-FLOWER: Rhododendron nudiflorum.
PINYON: Pinus cembroides.
PiPER. PEPPER. Piperacea*. Many species
of herbaceous and woody plants over the world,
various in habit and appearance, having alter-
nate Ivs. and minute fls. borne in catkin-like
mostly slender spikes; a few are grown in col-
lections of economic plants and sometimes as
foliage subjects; erect bushes or root-climbers.
Of easy cult. Propagated by cuttings under
glass, or by seed when available.
aurltum. Lvs. broadly ovate, to 20 in. long and 7 in.
wide, cordate, petiole slender, to 2 in. long, usually pubes-
cent: fl.-spikes to 10 in. long, on short peduncles. Mex.
Cubdba. CusEn. Climbing or tree-like: Ivs. oval or
narrower: benies brownish, used for medicinal purposes.
E. Inches.
magnfficum is listed, but is of unknown botanical
standing.
metallicum: hort. name for a form with thick metallic-
green Ivs.
nigrum. PEPPEH. Climbing: Ivs. ovate to nearly or-
bicular, berries yellowLsh-red, furnishing when dried com-
mercial black pepper, or white pepper when the pericarp
is removed. Old World tropics and now widely dispersed. —
For the pepper of vegetable-gardens see Pepper and
Capsicum.
ornatum. Climbing: Ivs. ovate-orbicular, peltate,
spotted pink above when young and white when old.
Celebes.
PIPERACE^E. PEPPER FAMILY. About 9
genera comprise this widely distributed and
populous family: herbs or woody plants with
entire Ivs., very small fls. without perianth
borne in dense spikes or racemes, having mostly
2-6 stamens, superior 1 -celled ovary and fr. a
berry. Macropiper, Peperomia and Piper grown
for foliage or the last for economic products.
PIPERIA MICHAELH: Habenaria elegans.
PIPEWORT: Eriocaulon.
PIPSISSEWA: Chimaphila.
PIPTAD&NIA. Leguminosae. Trop. shrubs
or trees with bipinnate Ivs. and small white fls.
in heads or spikes; one species furnishes a gum
and the tree may be planted for ornament in
warm countries.
rfgida. Tree or shrub: Ifts. linear, oblique, J^ in. long,
shining: fls. in axillary spikes to 1M in. long: pods linear, to
5 in. long. Brazil.
PIPTANTHOCEREUS: Cereus.
PIPTANTHUS. Leguminosae. Shrubs, decid-
uous or partially evergreen, with Ivs. of 3 entire
sessile Ifts., yellow papilionaceous fls. in terminal
racemes, and linear flattened pods; native in
Himalayas and China and adapted to S. U. S.
i in. long:
concolor. To 6 ft.: Ifts. ovate-lanceolate,
pods to 4)^ in. long, glabrous. China.
laburmfdlius (P. nepalensis). To 10 ft.: Ifts. lanceolate,
to 5^ in. long, glaucous beneath: pods to 4H in. long,
slightly pubescent. Himalayas.
nepal£nsis: P. Liburnifohus.
tomentdsus. To 7 ft.: Ifts. ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
tomentose beneath: pods to 3 in. long, tomentose. China.
PIQUfeRIA. Composite. Shrubs or herbs
with opposite entire or toothed Ivs. and clustered
small heads of white or whitish disk-fls. : pappus
none or of scales: trop. America.
Piqueria
571
Under the name Stevia, florists grow one species of
Jiqueria for the profuse small winter bloom, and it is also
idapted to bedding-out. It is propagated by cuttings and
liviaion as well as by means of seeds.
trinervia (Stevia senata of hort.). Per.: Ivs. lanceolate
0 oblong-lanceolate, toothed: heads 3-5-fld., white, fra-
grant, boine in small panicled coiymbs. Mex., Cent. Amer.
ind Haiti. Var. variegata has Ivs. edged or splashed with
srhite; often giown as a pot-plant.
PIRCUNIA: Phytolacca dioica.
PISONIA. Nyctaginacese. Trees and shrubs
>f trop. and subtrop. regions, with simple Ivs.
ind small unisexual or bisexual fls. borne in
)anicles; intro. in Calif.
Brunoniana. To 20 ft. or more, glabrous: Ivs. oblong, to'
5 in. long: fls. greenish, l$ in. long: fr. linear, to 1% in.
ong, with very sticky ribs. S. Sea Isls., New Zeal., Aus-
raha.
PISTACHE: Pistacia.
PISTACHIO: Pistacia vera.
PISTACIA. PrsTACHE. Anacardiacex. Trees
ind shrubs, deciduous or evergreen, bearing com-
)ound Ivs., small durcious fls. without petals,
1 stamens, 1 -celled ovary and dry drupaceous
r. ; about 20 species in the Medit. region to Asia,
in Canary Isls. and 1 in Mex. and Calif.; one
rrown for its nut or kernel which is used in con-
cctionery, and others yielding gums and oils;
lot hardy in northern states.
The pistaches may be grown in any climate suitable to
he olive. Trees may be planted 25 feet apart, about one
nale to every six females to insure pollination. Propagated
>y budding and grafting, also by seeds.
atlantica. Deciduous tree to 60 ft.: Ifts. 7-11, petiole
ringed, fr. dark blue, }/$ in. long. Algeria.
chinensis. Deciduous tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. of 5—6 pairs of
fts.: fr. scarlet turning purple. China.
Lentiscus. Evergreen tree to 15 ft.: Ivs. of 3-5 pairs of
&athery Ifts., petioles winged: fr. reddish turning to black,
kledit. region.
mutica. Lvs. deciduous, Ifts. of 2-4 pairs, oblong to
ivate, obtuse, puberulent, petiole winged: fls. in stiff straight
lamcles' fr. obovate, apiculate. Abia Minor.
Simaruba (Elaphmum Simaruba). Deciduous tree to
0 ft., bark flaking off: Ivs. pinnate, to 8 in. long, Ifts. 3-7,
ivate to elliptic, acute or acuminate, entire: fls. in racemes:
r. 3-angled, glabrous. S. Fla., W. Indies, E. and Cent.
4ex.
Terebinthus. Small deciduous tree: Ifts. 9-13, petiole
omewhat winged: fr. dark purple and wrinkled. Medit.
egion.
texana. Tree to 30 ft. Ivs. partially or wholly persistent,
nth winged petiole and 4-0 pairs of oblong-spatulate Ifts.:
r. oval, brown, about % in. long. Tex., Mex.
vera. PISTACHIO. Spreading deciduous tree to 30 ft.:
vs. of 1-5 pans of Ifts.: fi. reddish and wrinkled, containing
he green or yellow seed 01 kernel of commerce. Medit.
egion arid Onent. — Grown for its comestible nut; much
steerned in Medit. countries. The pistachio thrives in.
egions to which the olive is adapted. It may be budded or
rafted on other species of the genus. There are several
ort. vars.
PfSTIA. Aracex. Free-floating per. native in
rop. Amer. and southernmost U. S., grown in
.quaria and ponds in warm regions. The sum-
tier temperature of the water should be between
'0-80° and the plants should be shaded from
lirect sunlight in the middle of the day for best
esult. P. Stratidtes. WATER-LETTUCE. Sto-
aniferous and having long feathery hanging roots,
he rosettes of Ivs. about 6 in. across: Ivs. obo-
rate or round, very obtuse, to 5 in. long, bright
;reen and velvety-scurfy: spathes very small.
PISTIL: the ovule-bearing body (becoming the seed-
earing organ), with style and stigma.
PISTILLATE: having pistils and no stamens; female.
PlSUM. PEA. Leyuminosse. Herbs with pin-
late Ivs., the terminal 1ft. represented by a
Pittosporacece
branched tendril, papilionaceous fls. solitary or
few in the axils, and flattened pods; widely grown
for the edible seeds and pods and some forms for
forage. For cult, see Pea.
arv£nse: P. sattvum var.
sativum. GARDEN P. Ann., climbing to 6 ft.: Ifts. oval
to oblong: fls. white, 1-3 together: pods to 4 in. long. EU.
and Asia. Var. ary£nse (P. arvense), FIELD P., has pinkish
fls. with purplo wings and greenish keel, and is grown for
forage. Var. humile, EARLY DW\RF P., is a low form with
small pods. Var. macroc&rpon, EDIBLE-PODDED P., has soft
pods to 6 in. long.
PITANGA: Eugenia uniflora.
PITCAlRNIA. Bromcliacese. Herbs or some-
what woody at base, mostly terrestrial, native
in trop. Amer., with narrow Ivs. in rosettes and
red, yellow or nearly white fls. in spikes or ra-
cemes; sometimes seen in choice greenhouse col-
lections. For cult, see Bromeliaceae
aphelandrsefldra. Lvs. narrow, erect or recurved, pale
green with brown spine at apex, margins minutely spinu-
lose. fls. to 2^3 in. long, on short pedicels. Brazil.
corallina. Lvs. about 3 ft. long and 4 in. wide, the petioles
with brown spines: fls. coral-red, in racemes about 1 ft.
long on red stalks to 1 ft. long. Colombia.
punfcea. Lvs. to 10 in. long and % in. wide, slightly
spiny, white-scaly on the back: fls. scarlet, in laccmes to
9 in. long 011 very short stalks. Mex.
Whitet: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
PITCHER-PLANT: Nepenthes, Sarracenia. California:
Darhngtoma califormca.
PITHECELLOBIUM (Pithecololium) . Le-
guminosw. Broad trees and shrubs with 2-pin-
nate Ivs., small fls. in heads or spikes, and flat-
tened usually twisted and contorted pods; grown
for ornament in trop. and serni-trop. regions.
Some species yield tannin and the wood is useful
for minor building purposes.
dulce (Inga dulcis). GUAYMOCHIL. HUAMUCHIL. OPI-
UMA. MANILA TAMARIND. Tree to 50 ft., spiny: fls. white,
in dense sessile heads, pubescent: pods spirally twisted, to
5 in. long, red. Trop. Amer., Philippines, E. Indies.
flexicaule: Ebenopsis jlexicaulis.
guadelupense. Differs from P. Unguis-cati in being
usually without spines, petioles shorter than petiolules and
ovary pubescent. 8. Fla. to N. S. Amer.
Junghuhnianum. Tree with orange-yellow fls. in brush-
like axillary long-peduneled heads 1 in. or so across: Ifts.
3 or 4 pairs, oblong, entire, glossy, l%-2 in. long. Java. —
Planted in S. Fla.
lanceolatum. Tree to 40 ft., spiny: fls. white, in dense
spikes to 5 in. long: pods nearly straight or curved, to 5 in.
long Mex., Cent. Amer., N. S. Amer.
Saman: Samanea Saman.
tJnguis-cati. CATS-CLAW. BLACK-BEAD. Shrub or tree
to 15 ft., spiny: Ivs with petioles longer than petiolules:
fls. greenish-yellow, in stalked heads, ovary glabrous: pods
spirally twisted, to 4 in. long, red. Fla., \V. Indies, N. S.
Amer.
PITHECOCTfeNIUM. Bignoniacese. Woody
evergreen vines with Ivs. of 2-3 Ifts. and 3-parted
thread-like tendrils, bell-shaped fls. in terminal
racemes or panicles, and large prickly causular
frs.; native from Mex. to Argentina and hardy
only in warm climates. Propagated by cuttings.
clematfdeum: P. cynanchoides.
cynancholdes (P. clematideum). Lfts. ovate, to 2 in.
long: fls. white, to 2 in. long: fr. 2H m« long, covered with
yellowish spines. Argentina, Uruguay.
echinatum (P. muricalum. Bignonia siderafolia) . Lfts.
ovate, to 4 in. long: fls. white turning yellow, to 2 in. long:
fr. to 8 in. long, covered with sharp tubercles. Mex. to
Brazil.
muricatum: P. echinatum.
PITHECOLOBIUM: Pithecellobium.
PITTOSPORACECE. PITTOSPORUM FAMILY.
Trees and shrubs, sometimes climbing, with
alternate simple Ivs., bisexual polypetalous fls.
Pittosporacece
572
Plantaginacece
having 5 sepals and 5 petals, 5 stamens, superior
ovary, and fr. a dehiscent caps, or indehiscent
and berry-like; native mostly in Australia, but
Pittosporum is widely distributed in Old World
tropics. Billardiera, Bursaria, Hymenosporum,
Pittosporum and Sollya are grown for ornament
in the warmer parts of the country and some-
times under glass.
PITT6SPORUM. Pittosporaceae. Evergreen
trees and shrubs with simple Ivs., fls. solitary
or in panicles, and fr. a caps, with leathery
valves; native in tropics and subtropics of Old
World; of good habit, attractive in foliage,
flower and fruit.
Pittosporums are cultivated in southern California and
southern states for ornament and hedges, and P. Tobira is
sometimes seen under glass Propagated by seeds sown in a
rool greenhouse, by cuttings of half-ripened wood, or by
grafting, principally on P. undulatum.
bfcolor. Small tree: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, tomentose
beneath, margins usually recurved: fls. purple and yellow,
about \$ in. long, solitary or few: fr. tomentose, New S.
Wales.
Buchananii. Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 5 in.
long, acute: fls. dark purple, solitary: fr. about % in. diam.
New Zeal.
Colensdi. Small tree: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long, acute,
leathery: fls dark purple, usually solitary: fr. about Y* in.
across New Zeal
crassifdlium. KAIIO Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. obovate,
to 3 in. long, obtuse, leathery, sinning above, white-to-
mentose beneath, margins revolute: fls red or purple, to
^2 m. long, m terminal clusters: fr. to 1^ in. long, tomen-
tose. New Zeal.
erioldma. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 3 in. long,
leathery, margins revolute: fls yellowish, \^ in. long, in
terminal clusters: fr to % in. across. Lord ifowes Isl.
eugenioldes. TARATA. Tree to 40 ft : Ivs elliptic, to
4 in long, acute, margins usually undulate: fls. yellowish,
fragrant, to X in. long, in terminal compound umbels: fr.
Y\ in long. New Zeal. Var. variegatum has variegated
foliage.
Fairchildii. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 3 in. long,
obtuse or acute, leathery: fls. purple, solitary or in 2-4-fld.
terminal clusters: fr. to 1 in. across. New Zeal.
ferrugineum. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to
4 in long, rusty-tomentose when young, long-petioled: fls.
gieemsh-white, l/i in. long, in terminal clusters: fr. ^ in.
across Malaya to Australia.
floribundum. Small tree: Ivs. lanceolate, to 8 in. long,
leathery and shining, margins undulate: fls. yellow, small,
in terminal compound corymbs. Himalayas.
grandifldrum: hort. name.
heterophfllura. Spreading shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. of various
shapes, small, glabrous: fls. pale yellow, very fragrant, small,
few togethpr. Hocky places, China.
H6smeri. Tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 10 in. long,
bi'owii-tomentose beneath, margins revolute: fls. cream-
colored, about Yi in- long, in corymbs: fr. to 2 in. across,
becoming orange-yellow. Hawaiian Isls. Var. longifdiium
has Ivs. to 16 in. long and 3^ in. wide.
Kfrkii. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. linear-obovate, to 5 in. long,
very leathery, margins thickened: fls. yellow, in terminal
umbels: fr. 1)4 in long. New Zeal.
Mayii: hort. name.
nfgricans: P. tcnuifohum.
phillyraeoides. NAKKOW-LEAVKD or WILLOW P. Tree to
20 ft , the branchlets drooping: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to
4 in. long: fls. yellow, ^ in. long, solitary or in axillary
clusters: fr. ^ in. long, deep yellow. Australia.
Ralphii. Differs from P. crassifolium in the Ivs. not
revolute and the fr. only % in. long. New Zeal.
revolutum. Tall shrub: Ivs. elliptic, to 4 m. long, rusty-
tomentose beneath: Us. pale yellow, % in. long, in terminal
clusters: fr. to % in. long. Australia.
rhombifdlium. QUEENSLAND P. Tree to 80 ft.: Ivs.
rhomboid- oval, to 4 in. long, coarsely toothed above middle:
fls. white, Yi m- long, in terminal compound corymbs: fr.
M m. long, becoming oiange-yellow. Australia.
tenuif&lium (P. nigricans). TAWHIWIII. KOHUHU. Tree
to 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 2}$ in long, margins undulate:
fls dark purple, to ^ in. long, solitary or in axillary clusters:
fr. Yi m. across. New Zeal. — There is a variegated form.
TobJra. JAPANESE P. Shrub to 10 ft , useful as a hedge
plant in southernmost states: Ivs. obovate, to 4 in. long,
obtuse, very thick and leathery, margins revolute : fls. white
or greenish, fragrant, to % in. long, in terminal clusters:
fr. to % in. long, tomentose. China, Japan. Var. variegata
has Ivs. variegated with white.
umbellatum. Tree to 25 ft.: Ivs oblong, to 4 in. long,
pale below, leathery: fls. in many-fld. terminal umbels:
fr. Yi in. across. New Zeal.
undulatum. VICTORIAN Box. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. oblong
to lanceolate, to 6 in. long, acuminate, shining, margins
usually undulate: fls. white, fragrant, to }$ in. long, m
terminal clusters: fr. to % in. across. Australia.
viridifldrum. CAPE P. Shrub to 25 ft.: Ivs obovate, to
3 in. long, acute or obtuse, leathery and shining, margins
often revolute: fls. yellowish-green, to % in. long, in dense
terminal clusters: fr. % in. long. S. Afr.
PITYROGRAMMA (Ceropteris). GOLD- and
SILVER-FERNS. Polypodiacese. Conservatory
ferns and grown in the open in warm countries,
sometimes known as Ceropteris and Gymnogram-
ma, with mostly 2-pinnate tufted fronds interest-
ing for the white or bright yellow powder on the
under surface; sori linear, borne along veins on
back of segms.; native mostly in trop. Amer.
They are plants of simple requirements, readily
grown in an intermediate temperature in pots
and pans. See Ferns.
calomelanos (Gymnogramma calomelanos) . SiLVER-F,
Fronds to 3 ft. long and 10 in. wide, powdery white beneath,
segms. toothed or cut, stipes as long as blades Trop Amer.,
trop. Afr. Var. aureo-flava (Gymnogramma chrysophyllum,
P. chrysophylla). Gou)-F., has gold-colored powder.
chrysophylla: P. calomelanos var. aureo-flaw.
Lauchdana: hort. form or hybrid related to P. calome-
lanos var. aureo-flava.
sulphur e a (Gymnogramma sulphurea). JAMAICA Gou>-F.
Fronds to 1 ft. long and 5 in. wide, powder sulfur-yellow,
segms. cut, stipes much shorter than blades. W. Indies.
tartarea (Gymnogramma tartarta). Fronds to 2% ft.
long and 1 ft. wide, white powdery beneath, segms. entire
or cut, stipes as long as blades. Trop. Amer.
triangularis (Gymnogramma tnanyulans). CALIFORNIA
GoLD-F. Fronds to 7 in. long and 0 in wide, on stipes to
1 ft. long, deep golden-yellow beneath, sometimes white.
Calif, to Alaska.
PITYROSPERMA ACERINUM: Cimicifuga japonica.
PLAGlANTHUS. Malvaceae. Trees and shrubs,
seldom herbaceous, native in Australia and New
Zeal., with alternate simple Ivs., small bisexual
or unisexual fls. and frs. of 1 or several carpels;
sometimes grown in S. Calif.
betullnus. Tree to 00 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. small and not showy, m
panicles to 9 in. long. New Zeal.
divaricatus. Shrub to 8 ft., branches much interlaced,
slender: Ivs. linear- oblong, to 1 in. long, obtuse, entire,
leathery: fls. small, solitary or fascicled, axillary. New Zeal.
Lyallii: Gaya Lyallii.
pulchellus. Shrub: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long, coarsely
toothed: fls. small, in axillary racemes. Australia.
PLANfeRA. Ulmacex. Decidous elm-like tree
to 40 ft., native from S. 111. to Fla. and Tex., not
hardy far N. P. aquatica. WATER-ELM. Lvs.
alternate, ovate, to 2J/£ in. long, toothed: fls.
small, unisexual or bisexual, in clusters: fr. a
small drupe with crested ribs. — Propagated by
seeds sown in spring, by layers, and by grafting
on the elrn. For other Planera names, see
Zelkova.
PLANE-TREE: Platanus.
PLANTAGINACECE. PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Three genera of herbs and subshrubs of wide
distribution, with basal Ivs. and sometimes alter-
nate or opposite ones on the st., mostly bisexual
small not showy fls. in heads or spikes, having
4-lobed scarious corolla, 4-parted calyx, 4 ex-
serted stamens, superior ovary, and fr. a caps,
or nutlet inclosed by the calyx. A few plantagos
Plantaginacece
573
Platystemon
are sometimes planted for interest, although they
are weedy subjects, and some of the species are
true weeds about dwellings and in lawns.
PLANT AGO. PLANTAIN. Plantaginacex. Herbs
or rarely shrubs mostly of temp, regions, some
of them rarely grown in the garden but mostly
weedy plants. Propagated by seeds.
asiatica. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. forming rosette, mostly
ovate, to 10 in. long, petioles often as long as blades- fls.
inconspicuous, in long dense spikes: caps, circumscissile
below the middle. Alaska to Calif, and Colo.
C^nops. Subshrub to 1 % ft.: Ivs. linear, to 3 in. long: fls.
whitish, in heads J^ in. long. S. Eu.
macroc&rpa. Per. to 15 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 15 in. long,
petioles long and somewhat winged: fls. whitish, in spikes
to 2 in. long on scapes of tea longer than Ivs.: caps, yi in.
long. Wash, to Alaska. — Advertised as a rock-garden plant.
major var. asiatica: P. asiatica.
maritima. Ann., bien. or per., acaulescent: Ivs. linear,
to 10 in. long: fls in dense spikes to 5 in. long. Seashores
and salt marshes, N. Amer., Eu , Asia.
patagonica. Ann. to 1 ft.: Iva. linear to oblanceolate:
fls. in dense cylindrical or oblong spikes. Mex., S. Amer.
Ps^llium. Ann. to 8 in : Ivs linear or linear-lanceolate,
to l^j in long: fls. in ovoid spikes ^ in. long. S. Eu. to
India.
Purshii. Ann. to 15 in., woolly: Ivs. linear, to 3 in. long:
fls. in dense cylindrical spikes to 5 in. long. Ind. to B. C. and
N. Tex.
PLANTAIN: Mum paradisiaca, Plantago. Poor Robins:
Engeron pulchellus. Rattlesnake: Goodyera. Water-:
Ahsma. Wild: Hehconia Bihai.
PLATANTHERA: Habenaria.
PLATANUS. PLANE-TREE. The only genus of
Platanacete. Deciduous monoecious large trees
with pale bark shedding in plates, large alternate
palmately-lobed Ivs., and unisexual fls. in dense
globular drooping heads in spring; native in
N. Amer., S. Eu. to India. Sometimes known as
sycamore, but this name belongs to Ficus
Sycamorus.
Plane-trees thrive best on rich moist soil and withstand
transplanting well. The species herein are hardy North
with the exception of P. racemosa which will thrive only m
the southern states. They are useful as street trees and
for extensive lawns, and bear heavy pruning; sometimes
in confined formal areas they are sheared to dense small
heads. Propagated by seeds, by cuttings under glass, by
layers, and varieties sometimes by grafting
acerifdlia. LONDON P. Hybrid between P. occidentalis
and P. onentahs: to 120 ft.: Ivs. with 3-5 triangular lobea
about l/i length of blade: fr.-heads 2 or sometimes more to
a st., bristly. Common tree often passing as P. onentahs.
Var. Kelseyana, Ivs. variegated yellow. Var. Suttneri has
Ivs. blotched with creamy- white.
americana: listed name of no botanical standing.
calif 6rnica: P. racemosa.
occidentalis. BUTTON WOOD. To 150 ft.: Ivs. with 3-5
shallow triangular lobes: fr.-heads usually solitary, smooth.
Me. to Fla. and Tex.
orientalis. ORIENTAL P. To 100 ft.: Ivs. with 5-7 narrow
lobes about J<$ length of blade: fr.-heads 2-~6 to a st., bristly.
S. E. Eu., W. Asia. — Not often seen in this country, at least
not in the N.: see P. acerifolia.
racemdsa (P. calif arnica). To 90 ft.: Ivs. thick, with
3-5 deep entire lobes, tomentose beneath: fr.-heads 2—7 to
a St., bristly. S. Calif., Lower Calif.
PLATYCARYA. Juglandacex. Chinese decid-
uous monoecious shrub or tree to 40 ft., P.
strobilacea. Lvs. of 7-15 ovate- to oblong-
lanceolate Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls. without perianth,
the stamina te in slender catkins to 5 in. long,
the pistillate in cone-like catkins to 2 in. long that
bear small winged nutlets under the scales. — A
sumach-like bush, not hardy N. Propagated
by seeds and layers.
PLATYCfeRIUM (Aldcornium) . STAGHORN-
FEBN. Polypodiacese. Large epiphytic ferns
with two types of fronds, the oterile flat, rounded,
shield-shaped, entire, parchment-like, clasping
the tree or support on which they grow, the
fertile fronds erect, spreading or drooping, with
antler-like segms. bearing naked sori beneath;
trop. Afr. and Asia to temp. Australia.
The staghorn-ferns are striking plants when old and
well-grown. P. bifurcatum does well in a cool temperature
but the others are tropical. Most of them produce suckers,
by which (as well as by spores) they may be propagated.
They thrive op pieces of tree-fern trunks or even on boards
if provided with a chunk of peat and moss for foothold,
which may contain a little charcoal; a little bone-meal may
be added now and then if needed. They may be checked
a little in winter.
eethiftpicum: P. Stemaria.
alcic6rne: P. bifurcatum.
angolense. Fertile fronds not lobed, to 1^ ft. long,
rusty-tomentose beneath. W. Afr.
bifdrme. Stenle fronds lobed above; fertile fronds much
forked, to 5 ft. long; spores boruo on 2 kidney-shaped
appendages. Java.
bifurcatum (P. alcicorne), COMMON S Grayish-green,
pubescent; sterile fronds wavy-margined; fertile fronds
clustered, drooping, to 3 ft. long, forked into narrow segms ,
sori extending to tips. Australia, Polynesia. Var. majus
is larger, greener, more leathery.
grdnde. Nearly glabrous: both sterile and fertile fronds
stag-like, to 6 ft. long, the son borne in patch at base of
first foik. Australia.
Hfllii. Deep green: fertile fronds erect, \\^ ft. or more
long, repeatedly forked, son not extending to tips. Aus-
tralia. Var. major is listed.
Stemaria (P. set hiopicum) . TRIANGLE S. Fertile fronds
twice forked, drooping, to 3 ft. long, white-tomentoso
beneath, son extending part way down forks. W. trop.
Afr.
Veitchii. Sterile fronds brownish; fertile fronds to 2 ft.
long, narrow at base, becoming 4 in. wide where branches
into 6-8 lobes, white-hairy beneath. Australia.
Wallichii. Similar to JP. grande but yellowish-tomentose.
Malaya.
Willinckii. JAVA S. Fertile fronds in 3's, drooping,
forked into long narrow segms. bearing sori nearly to tips.
Java.
PLATYCLINIS: Dendrochilum.
PLATYCODON. BALLOON-FLOWER. Campan-
uluccx. One showy per. herb native in E. Asia
and differing from Campanula chiefly in the
opening of the caps, at the top: fls. wide-open to
almost rotate, blue-purple but varying to other
colors in cult. The flower-buds are swollen and
balloon-like just before opening.
Plants thrive in open or loamy soils in full sun and are
hardy in the North. Propagated i eadily by seeds, blooming
the second year, and by division in spring; handsome
subjects.
grandifldrum (Campanula grandiflora) . To 2^ ft.: Ivs.
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, sharp-toothed,
glaucous beneath: fls. deep purple-blue, open-bell-shaped,
to 3 in. across, solitary on ends of branches. June-Aug.
Var. album, white. Var. autumnale flowers later. Vars.
azureum, ceeruleum, blue. Var. japdnicum has a 10-lobed
star-like corolla. Var. Marie sii grows to 1 } -j ft. and has
large fls. Var. micranthum, small-fld. Dwatf formH are
listed as nanum and pumilum and partially double forms
as semi-duplex and semi-pldnum. Early-blooming kinds
are var. pr&cox, sometimes lifted as prsecox giganleum.
The name P. glaucum probably designates P. g^andiflorum
itself.
Mari&sii: P. grandiflorum var.
PLATYLOMA: Peltea falcata.
PLATYMfSCIUM. Leguminosx. Trop. Ameri-
can trees or shrubs with opposite pinnate Ivs.,
yellow papilionaceous fls. in racemes, and flat-
tened pods; intro. in Calif.
polystachyum. ROBLE. Tree to 90 ft.: Ifts. shining:
fls, orange, ^ in. across, in partially drooping racemes on
old wood: pods 2^ in. long and 1 in. wide, 1-seeded. Trini-
dad, N. S. Amer., Panama.
PLATYSTfeMON. Papaveracex. Californian
ann. suitable for the flower-garden. Propagated
by seeds. P. calif tirnicus. CREAM - CUPS. To
Platystemon
1 ft.: Ivs. linear-oblong, entire: fls. cream-vellow,
1 in. across, solitary on long stalks: fr. of many
linear carpels distinct or partially united. Var.
crinitus is more hairy, the yellow fls. often tipped
with pink or green.— In Calif, it covers great
areas of open country in spring.
PLECTRANTHUS. Lahiatse. Trop. and sub-
trop. herbs and subshrubs of the Old World,
comprising nearly 100 species closely allied to
Coleus, differing in stamen filaments all free and
not basally fused.
glauc6calyx. Erect per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. narrowly ovate, to
2Mjin. long, coarsely serrate, hispid above and pubescent
beneath: fls. bluish, many in cymose panicles. E. China.
PLECTRlTIS. Valerianacex. Ann. herbs,
mostly of the Pacific northwest, by some authors
merged with Valcrianella but differing in sts.
usually simple or monopodially branched, cymes
congested, ovary 1-carpelled, and frs. winged
laterally.
conge"sta (Valerianella congesta). To 2 ft., sts. sometimes
branched: Ivs. opposite, entire: fls. rose-pink, to \4 in. long,
limb bilabiate, spurred, in head-like clusters: ir. broadly
' winged. B. C. to Calif.
PLEfiA. RUSH-FEATHERLING. Liliaccse. A
mono ty pic genus represented by a rush-like herb
of pine land coastal swamps from N. C. to Fla.:
Ivs. few, erect, striate, slender: fls. in slender ter-
minal racemes; sepals longer than petals ; stamens
9-12, anthers 2-celled, mtrorsely dehiscent and
versatile; styles 3: fr. a septicidal caps. P. tenui-
folia. Per. 1-2^ ft. high: Ivs. 6-9 in. long: fls. 1
in. across, greenish outside, white within, 3-9 on
erect pedicels in erect racemes.
PLEIOBLASTUS. Graminese. Shrubs with
tufted or creeping rootstocks and erect or arch-
ing sts., differing from Arundinaria in each node
having 3-7 buds or branches and bristles of the
apex of persistent If.-sheaths smooth and flex-
uous. See Bamboo.
Chino (Arundinaria Mazimowiczii. A. Simonii var.
Chino. Bambuxa Laydeekeri) . To 6 ft.: Ivs. 2-10 in. long
and to % m. wide, 3-7-vemed and green beneath. Japan.
distichus (Bambusa and Sasa disticha. B. angustifolia.
B. Vilmnrinii). To 2^ ft.: Ivs. to 2% in. long and H in.
wide, finely toothed, blight green, arranged in two ranks.
Japan.
Hindsii (Arundinaria and Thamnocalamus Hindsii. A.
erecta. Bambusa gracihs). To 12 ft., sts. dark olive-green:
Ivs. to 8 in. long and %. in. wide and gradually narrowed at
base, glaucous beneath, glabrous. China, Japan.
humilis (Arundinaria and Sasa humilis. A. gracilis). To
3 ft., st.-sheaths not ringed with hairs at base: Ivs. to 6 in.
long and % in. wide, pale green, nearly glabrous, If.-sheaths
bristly at apex. Japan.
pumilus (Arundinaria and Sasa pumila). To 2 ft., sts.
covered with a waxy bloom, st.-sheaths tessellate around
the base: Ivs. to 6 in. long and % in. wide, toothed, hairy.
Japan.
Simonii (Bambusa and Arundinaria Simonii). To 25 ft.:
Ivs. to I ft. long and 1 in. wide, rounded or broadly wedge-
shaped at base. China. Var. Chino is P. Chino. Var.
vanegatus (var. striatiis), Ivs. striped white.
variegatus (Arundinaria and Sasa variegata. A. For-
tunei). To 3 ft.: lya. to 6 in. long and % in. wide, toothed,
hairy on both sides, striped with white. Japan. Var.
pygmeeus is P. viridi-striatus var. vagans.
vfridi-striatus (Sasa and Arundinaria auricoma. Bam-
busa Fortune* aurea). To 4 ft., sts. purplish-green: Ivs. to
8 in. long and 1 in. wide, finely toothed, pubescent beneath
and nearly glabrous above, striped green and yellow. Japan.
Var. vagans (Sasa and Arundinaria pygmaea. S. variegata
var. pygmaca). To 2 ft., with hairy Ivs. entirely green, root-
stocks creeping and spreading forming dense clumps. — The
plants grown as Sasa aureo-striata arid S. aryenteo-atriata
may belong here, the latter perhaps a silver-striped form.
PLEIOGfNIUM. Anacardiaceae. Dioecious
tree from Queensland, Australia, with compound
574 Pleurisy-Root
Ivs., fls. in axillary racemes, 10 stamens, 5-12-
celled ovary and somewhat compressed drupa-
ceous fr. P. Solandri (Spondias Solandri) . BURDE-
KIN-PLUM. Evergreen to 60 ft. : Ivs. of 7-9 ovate
to oblong entire Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls. greenish,
densely clustered: fr. l^ in- across, used for
jellies and jams. Cult, in Calif, and Fla.
PLEIONE. Orchidacex. Old World terrestri-
als with ann. pseudobulbs bearing 1 or 2 decidu-
ous Ivs. and 1- to several-fld. scapes: fls. showy;
sepals and petals similar; lip much broader,
often with fringed keel. Grown in cool green-
house; see Orchids.
lagenaria. Lvs. to 10 in. long: scape 1-fld.; fl. large, to
3 in. across; sepals and petals rose-lilac; lip yellow with
marginal portion blotched with purple and white, traversed
by 5 longitudinal fringed lines. Oct.-Nov. Burma.
macula ta. Lvs. to 9 in. long- scape 1-fld ; fl. to 2 in.
across; sepals and petals white; lip yellow with marginal
urple streaks, white side lobes and 5 fungcd longitudinal
eels. Oct.-Nov. Himalayas, Bui ma.
prsecox (P. Walhchiana). Lvs. to 12 in. long* scapes
1-2-fld.; fls. about 3 in. across; sepals and petals light rose-
purple; lip rose with yellow disk and 5 denticulate keels.
Nov.-Dec. Himalayas, Burma.
Wallichiana: P. prsecox.
p
k
PLEIOSPlLOS. Aizoacex. Stemloss plants
without internodes separated from Mcsembry-
anthemurn, bearing; 1 or 2 pairs of short thick
ovate Ivs. and large showy terminal fls. in the
foliage; stigmas 9-14. S. Afr.
Archeri. Differs from P. Hilmari in flatter Ivs., tube of
Ivs. and bracts longei, and inner petals shoitor.
Bftlusii (M. Bolusn). Lvs. 2, thick, stone-like, connate,
2 in. long and broad, at maturity with shiivelled ones under-
neath1 fls. sessile, golden-yellow, to 3 in. across, with numer-
ous very narrow petals.
canus (Punctillaria cana). Lvs. with whitish bloom: fls.
loosely arranged; petals spreading, becoming iccurved and
lasting for several days.
compactus: P. nobihs.
Dekenahii (Punctillana Dekenahii). Lvs. to 3 in. long,
1 in. wide, ^ m. thick at base and 1 in. at apex, grayish-
green dotted with dark green: fls. yellow with metallic
sheen, to 3 in. acrofes.
dimidiatus. Lvs. 2, to 2 in. long and 1 in. wide, glaucous
with green dots: fls. with many petals in 3-4 series.
Fe'rgusoniae. Distinguished fiom P. magnipuncfatus by
the peduncled fls. which have 5 sepals and acuminate petals.
Hflmari. Lvs. 2, turgid and nearly cylindric, to 1 in.
long and H in. wide and thick, glaucous and reddish, dotted:
fls. yellow, 1% in. across.
longibracteatus. Lvs. 2, to 1|^ in. long and H in. wide:
fls. yellow, whitish at base, bracts exceeding the sepals,
1 in. long.
magnipunctatus (M. magnipunctatum. Punctillaria mag-
nipunctata} . Lvs. to 3 in. long, ^ in. wide and % in. thick,
covered with dots: fls. bright yellow, 2)4 in. across.
Ne"lii. Similar to P. Bolusn but more compact, with
short-stalked fls.
nobilis (P. compactus. M. nobile and compactum. Punc-
tillaria compacta). Branching: Ivs. to 3 in. long, % in. wide
and ^ in. thick, covered with dark green dots: fls. bright
yellow, pale at base, to 2^ in. across.
optatus (M. optatum. Punctillaria optatd). Lvs. to 2 in.
long, Yi in. wide and thick, glaucous, dotted with dark
green: fls. bright yellow, whitish at base, to 1^ in. across.
Purpusii (Punctillaria Pur push). Differs from P. mag-
nipunctatus in Ivs. more acute and less stout, and sessile fls.
prismaticus (P., M. and Punctillaria Roodiv). Lvs. to
2% in. long, 1 in. wide and % in. thick, united for about
^ in. at base, covered with inconspicuous dots: fls. yellow,
2 in. across.
Ro&dise: P. prismaticus.
slmulans (M. aimulans). Lvs. to 3 in. long, 2 in. wide
and M in. thick near apex, gray-green dotted with dark
green: fls. yellow varying to white, to 3 in. across.
willowmore'nsis. Distinguished from P. nobilis by its
broader obtuse sepals and shorter broader bracts.
PLEROMA: Tibouchina.
PLEURISY-ROOT: Asclepias tuberosa.
Pleurothallis
575
Plum
PLEUROTHALLIS. Orchidaceae. Epiphytes
of trop. Amer., ccspitose or repent in habit, with
1-lvd. sts. and small fls. in racemes or solitary
from the axil of If.; petals usually smaller than
sepals; lip simple or 3-lobed. Grown mostly as
Cattleyas, in shallow pans near glass; see Orchids.
Roe'zlii. St. to 0 in. high: If. oblong-lanceolate, to about
9 in. long, erect-spreading: infl. longer than If., nodding,
about 5-9-fld.; fls. deep wine-purple, 1% in. long. Feb.—
Mar. Colombia.
tridentata. Lvs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, to
about 2^ in. long and % in. wide, minutely 3-toothed at
apex- fls. very small, axillary,, several, yellow or greenish,
sometimes tinged with purple. Venezuela.
velaticaulis. To nearly 2 ft. high: Ivs. elliptic to oblong-
lanceolate, up to 9 in. long and 3>£ in. wide: racemes densely
many-fid., snorter than or surpassing If., inclosed at base
by a leathery spathe; fls. yellowish. Cent. Amer., W. Indies,
Venezuela, Ecuador.
PLUCHEA. MAUSH - FLEABANE. Composite.
Ann. or per. herbs or shrubs of semi-trop. and
temp, regions of New World, having hairy
camphor-scented alternate Ivs. and many-fld.
small pink or rose-colored heads in corymb-like
or glomerate cymes : involucral bracts lanceolate,
outermost shorter than inner, marginal fls.
pistillate and inner ones perfect, pappus con-
sisting of one row of capillary bristles.
camphorata. Ann. to 5 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate, to
6 in. long, on terete sts., margins usually toothed: involucres
about y$ in. long, densely pubescent, outer bracts elliptic,
inner ones long-acuminate. Salt marshes, Mass, to Fla.
west to Tex.
PLUM. The group of fruits comprising the
plums is assembled of several natural species of
widely different nativities. An understanding
of these sources is essential to a clear analysis of
plum culture.
(A) The Dornesticas, Prunus domestica, prob-
ably originally from southwestern Asia. Here
are included the common plums and prunes long
grown in Europe and the eastern states and on
the Pacific coast. Such varieties as Bavay
(Green Gage), Bradshaw, Lombard, Agen, Egg
plums, Heine Claude, Grand Duke, Washington,
belong here. The Damson plums are P. domes-
tica var. insititia. To be associated with these
kinds are the myrobalan and cherry plums,
Prunus ccrasifera, probably of similar nativity.
This latter species is much employed as a stock
on which to work the Domesticas, and it yields
a few minor varieties of pomological fruits as
De Caradeuc, Golden Cherry.
(B) The Japanese plums, P. salidna (P.
triflora) represented by Abundance, Santa Rosa,
Formosa, Red June, Burbank, Satsuma, Kelsey,
and others. The Japanese kinds thrive over a
wider extent of territory than the Domesticas.
(C) The American plums, products in recent
time of several native species as of P. americana,
P. nigra, P. hortulana, P. Munsoniana, P.
angustifolia. Varieties of this native group are
Wild Goose, Golden Beauty, Cheney, Hawkeye,
De Soto, Forest Garden, Newman, Miner, Wolf,
Weaver, Wayland, and many others. These
plums thrive over a wide range in the interior
country and the South.
These more than half a dozen species contrib-
ute, by their diverse climatic requirements, to
the growing of plums over practically the whole
of the United States and far north into Canada.
The European plum is of the greatest importance,
being largely grown in the fruit regions of New
England, the Great Lakes states and provinces,
and particularly on the Pacific coast where it
furnishes the varieties raised for prunes. The
Japanese plum is grown over much the same
region and in addition somewhat farther south
along the Atlantic coast and in the Mississippi
Valley. The Damson plums extend the range
of these two species somewhat farther north.
The native sj>ecies are valuable in extending
plum culture into the far north and, by their
resistance to heat and disease, into the lower
Mississippi Valley and the Gulf states.
Soil requirements are various, although any
well-drained agricultural land is suitable for some
varieties of plum. In general, the European
varieties grow best on the heavier loams whereas
the Japanese and American types thrive on the
lighter lands. Adaptation to diverse soil types
is possible by the use of suitable stocks.
Propagation is by budding, rarely grafting,
on many different seedling stocks, the method
being that described for the apple. Myrobalan
stock is the most widely employed in both the
East and West. Japanese varieties are some-
times worked on peach stocks especially for
growth on light soils and in the South. Where
hardiness is wanted, some of the America jj
species are used as stocks. Rooted cuttings 01
the Marianna stock (supposed to be a cerasifero
hybrid) find occasional use in the South.
Planting distance for plums of practically
every sort is 20 by 20 feet on the square. Small-
growing Damsons may succeed with less space
and some rank-growing Japanese varieties may
profit by a few feet more. Either one- or two-year-
old nursery trees are set, usually in early spring.
Tillage and fertilizer, together with cover-
cropping, are the same as described for the peach.
The plurn will endure more neglect than the
peach and in home plantings will yield fair crops
under sod conditions. Mulching with manure
or the application of nitrate of soda, 1 or 2
pounds to the tree in the early spring, will benefit
trees in sod. Under thorough cultivation and on
good land plum trees rarely show any noticeable
response to fertilizers.
Pruning at planting time is essentially that
indicated for the apple. After the scaffold limbs
are started, little pruning is advisable until the
trees come into bearing. The mature trees may
be thinned out by removing crowding or crossing
lirnbs and in case the trees are not making vigor-
ous growth or are becoming taller than is desir-
able the lirnbs may be headed back, usually cut-
ting to side branches. With some Japanese
varieties renewal pruning such as is given the
peach but less severe is a good practice. Prun-
ing may be undertaken at any time when the
trees are dormant, preferably in late winter or
early spring in the East.
Harvesting and marketing of plums are not
peculiar. In the fresh state the fruits are care-
fully hand-picked, usually into small baskets,
while the fruit is mature but still firm. For the
cannery and jam factory it may be more nearly
ripe and for prune making the fruit is allowed to
ripen fully and fall from the tree. Tree-ripened
fruit is the best for home use. In the East, the
standard package for fresh plums is the climax
basket in several sizes. Fresh prunes may be
marketed in round half-bushels. The California
product is shipped in small wooden baskets, four
baskets to a crate. The bulk of the Pacific coast
crop is made into prunes.
Yields vary with the variety and care. In the
Plum
576
Poa
eastern states from 1 bushel to 3 or 4 may be ex-
pected from the mature tree under good condi-
tions. On the Pacific coast larger yields are fre-
quent. Although by careful cold storage at 32°
F. plums can be held for a month or more in firm
condition, such storage is a doubtful practice as
usually the flavor is lost. Plums in good condi-
tion for marketing are highly perishable and are
usually rushed to market under refrigeration.
Fresh prunes keep longer than most other plums.
Varieties of plums are many, and one should
know to what class or group they belong. Where
the European and Japanese kinds can be grown
to advantage, it is questionable whether other
sorts are worth planting. Many varieties of
plums, especially the Japanese and native kinds,
do not fruit without other varieties nearby as
pollenizers. Varieties are listed in order of ripen-
ing. Commerical varieties are starred.
Varieties adapted to the fruit sections of New
England, the Hudson Valley and the Great
Lakes: Abundance (Japanese), Santa Rosa
(Japanese), *Burbank (Japanese), Pearl, *Brad-
shaw, Washington, "Italian Prune, Stanley,
"Grand Duke, imperial Epineuse, "French Dam-
sori, Gold Drop, Jefferson, "Reine Claude.
Hardy native varieties for northern planting:
Bixby, Mankato, Opata, Ornaha, Cheney,
Waneta, Emerald, Brackett, Stoddard.
Varieties for southern Florida and the Gulf
coast: Excelsior, Terrell, McRea.
Japanese varieties for southern planting: Red
June, Bartlett, Santa Rosa, Abundance, Climax,
Burbank, Chabot, Satsuma, Kelsey.
Native varieties for southern planting: Mun-
son, Clifford, Wild Goose, Wilder, Forest Garden,
Mincr; Wayland.
Varieties for the Pacific coast, Japanese varie-
ties: "Beauty, "Burbank, "Climax, "Duarte,
"Formosa, "Kclsey, "Santa Rosa. European
varieties: "Agen, Golden Drop, Giant, "Grand
Duke, Imperial Epineuse, "Italian Prune, Jeffer-
son, "Pond, "Ileine Claude, Tragedy.
Pests and diseases are a serious problem with
the plum as well as with the peach, particularly
curculio and brown-rot. They can be controlled
with dry-mix lime-sulfur and lead arsenate as
described for the peach. A second or third ap-
plication may be necessary at intervals of two
or three weeks after the first spray. Black-knot,
a fungous disease which causes black warty ex-
crescences on the twigs and limbs, may cause
serious damage. Control is to cut out and de-
stroy the affected parts as soon as the disease
appears. Spraying the trees as the buds are
breaking with lime-sulfur 1-8 or bordeaux-oil
emulsion 6-12-100 with 3 per cent oil has given
good results with severe infestations.
PLUM, BATOKO-: Flacourtia indica. Burdekin-: Plei-
ouymum Solandn. Coco-: Chrysobalanus Icaco. Date-:
Diospyros Lotus, Governors-: Flacourtia indica. Hog-:
Spondias Mombin. Jambolan-: Syzygium Cumimi. Japan-:
Enobotrya japomca. Kafir-: Harpephyllum caffrum. Mar-
malade-: Achras Zapota. Natal-: Canada grandiflora.
Pigeon-: Coccolobia floridana. Spanish-: Spondias purpurea.
PLUMBAGINACEJE. PLUMBAGO or LEAD-
WORT FAMILY. Herbs and small shrubs of about
10 widely distributed genera, mostly in the Medit.
region and eastward, having certain medicinal
uses but mostly grown as ornamental subjects.
The family, which is allied to Primulaceae, is
characterized by bisexual regular gamopetalous
fls. having 5-toothed calyx wnich is often ribbed
and membranaceous, 5-fobed or -parted corolla,
5 stamens, superior 1-celled ovary, and fr. in-
closed by the calyx. Acantholimon, Armeria,
Ceratostigma, Limonium, Plumbago are herein
treated.
PLUMBAGO. LEADWORT. Plumbaginaceae.
Herbs and small shrubs with alternate entire Ivs.
and blue, red, or white salver-shaped fls. in
terminal spikes; grown out-doors in stibtrop.
countries and under glass in intermediate tem-
peratures. Propagated by cuttings of nearly
mature wood, by division and seeds.
capgnsis. Partially climbing or upright and straggling:
Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long: fls. azure-blue, corolla-tube l^ in.
long, limb to 1 in. or more acioss. S. Afr.— Common in
greenhouses and in the open in warm countries. Var. alba
has white fls., also common.
cocctnea: P. indica var.
indica (P. rosea). Paitially climbing: Ivs. ovate-elliptic,
to 4 in. long: fls. puiplish-ied, corolla-tube 1 in. long. S.
Asia. Var. coccfnea has largei scarlet fls.
Larpentise: Ceralostigma plumbayinoides.
rosea: P. indica.
sca'ndens. Climbing or trailing: Ivs. ovate- or oblong-
lanceolate, to 5 in. long: fls. white, corolla-tube to % in.
long, limb of corolla ^ in. or less across. Trop. Amer.
e: Ceratoatigma Willmottianum.
PLUMfeRIA. FRANGIPANI. Apocynacex. De-
ciduous trees and shrubs with thick soft branches
and very milky sap and alternate long pinnately-
veincd Ivs., large funnelform fls. in terminal
cymes, and fr. of 2 leathery follicles; about 50
species in trop. Amer., some of them grown for
ornament in warm countries, and for the per-
fume. Propagated by cuttings in early spring.
Fls. mostly appear when trees are leafless.
acuminata: P. rubra.
acutifdlia: P. rubra var.
£lba. To 35 ft.. Ivs. very narrow, to 10 in. long and % in.
wide, white-pubescent beneath: fls. white, fragrant. W.
Indies.
emarginata. Small tree: Ivs. to 7 in. long and 3 in. broad,
more or less pubescent underneath, shallowly euiarginate
at apex, the veins at nearly right angles to the midiib and
in this respect differing from the closely related Cuban
P. obtusa in which the veins are strongly ascending: fls.
white, with rounded lobes 1 in. or more long (in P. obtusa
lobes shorter, not known to be in U. S.), Cuba: planted
in Fla.
rubra (P. acuminata). To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 16 in. long and
4 in. wide, glabrous: fls. pink, red or purple, very fragrant.
Mex. to Venezuela; nat. in W. Indies. Var. acutifdlia (P.
acutifoha) has corolla white usually with yellow center and
sometimes flushed rose.
PLUMOSE: plumy; feather-like; with fine long hairs
along the side as the pappus of some composites.
POA. Grammes. Small sod-forming ann. and
per. grasses employed for lawns and in pastures
and meadows, having flat or convolute lys. and
spikelets in open or narrow panicles; of wide dis-
tribution in temp, and cold countries. See
Grasses, Lawns.
alpina. MOUNTAIN SPEAR-GRASS. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs.
to 3 in. long and H m. wide: panicles to 3 in. long, branches
spreading. Eu., Asia, N. N. Amer.
amabilis: Eragrostis amabilia.
annua. DWARF MEADOW-GRASS. Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. to
4 in. long and fa in. wide: panicles to 4 in, long, branches
spreading. Eu., Asia, N. Amer.
bulbdsa. Tufted per. to 16 in., sts. bulboualy thickened
at base: Ivs. to 3 in. long and }/§ in. wide: panicles to 2 in.
long. Eu., Asia.
compr6ssa. CANADA BLUE-GRASS. WIRE-GRASS. Per.
to 2 ft., decumbent at base with creeping rootstocks, bluish-
green: Ivs. to 4 in. long and fa in. wide: panicles to 3 in. long,
branches erect or ascending. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
nemoralis. WOOD MEADOW-GRASS. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. to
5 in. long and fa in. wide: panicles open, branches erect or
spreading. Eu., Asia.
palustris. FOWL MEADOW-GRASS. Tufted per. to 5 ft.:
Poa
577
Pogonia
Ivs. to 6 in. long and % in. wide, soft: panicles open, to 1 ft.
long, nodding, yellowibh -green or purplish. Eu., N. N.
Amer.
pi!6sa: Eragrostis ptlosa.
pratensis. KENTUCKY BLUE-GRASS. JUNE-GRASS.
Tufted per. to 3 ft.* Ivs. to 6 in. or tnoie long and M in.
wide, panicles to 8 in. long, branches spreading or ascending.
Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
trivialis. ROUGH-STALKED MEADOW-GRASS. Per. to 3 ft.,
often decumbent at base: Ivs. to 7 in. long and % in. wide:
panicles open, to 6 in. long, branches ascending or spreading.
Eu.; nat. in N. Ainer.
POD: a dehiscent dry pericarp; a rather general un-
critical term.
PODACHjfeNIUM. Comvositx. Shrubs or
tree-like with large opposite Ivs. and small heads
of white ray-fis. and yellow disk-fls. borne in
panicled corymbs; pappus of bristles and scales;
native Mex. to N. S. Amer. and one grown out-
of-doors in S. Calif.
£minens (Ferdinanda eminens). To 25 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
orbicular, to 1 ft. and more long, entire or aiigular-lohed,
gray-tomentose beneath: heads to 1 in. across. Mex.,
Cent. Amer.
Leguminosse. Shrubs of S. Afr.
with alternate simple Ivs., purple, rose or whitish
papilionaceous fls., and leathery swollen pubes-
cent pods; grown in Calif.
calyptrata. To C ft.: Ivs. to 1M in. long and 1 in. across,
pubescent arid green on both sides.
sericea. To 6 ft., sometimes procumbent: Ivs. oblong,
silvery-silky on both sides.
PODOCARPACE^E. PODOCARPUS FAMILY. A
few genera of evergreen coniferous resinous trees
of the southern hemisphere, grown for ornament
in S. U. S. or rarely in conservatories. Until
recently this family has been united with Tax-
acese but differs in technical characters of the fl.,
particularly in anthers composed of only 2 cells
rather than several: fr. a naked seed surrounded
by a fleshy aril and berry-like : Ivs. usually needle-
like or broadly oblong and alternate. The cult.
genera are Dacrydium, Phyllocladus, Podocar-
pus, Saxegothaea.
PODOCARPUS. Podocarpacese. Trees and
shrubs with flat mostly narrow but sometimes
broad persistent Ivs., yellow catkin-like male fls.
and greenish inconspicuous female fls., and
berry- or drupe-like frs. often on fleshy red or
purple stalks; native in the mts. and highlands
of warm regions, many of them in the southern
hemisphere. For cult., see Conifers. The foliage
of most of the species docs not at first suggest
the Conifenc. The podocarpuses are grown in
the open far south in the eastern and central
U. S. and in Calif., and sometimes under glass
as tub plants.
acutifolia. Much branched shrub to 10 or more ft.: Ivs.
linear, to 1 in. long, thin. New Zeal.
alpina. Shrub or tree to 15 ft.: Ivs. linear, to % in. long,
pale beneath. Tasmania, Australia.
andina. Tree to 45 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1^ in. long, with
2 glaucous bands beneath. Chile. — -Some of the material
in the trade may be P. saligna.
chinensis: P. macrophylla var. Maki.
dacrydioides. KAHIKA. Tree to 100 ft. or more: Ivs.
overlapping, to Y% in. long or on young trees M m. New Zeal.
elongata. Tree to 70 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 3 in.
and more long, thin, pointed. S. and trop. Afr. — Prized in
S. Calif, in juvenile stage for its attractive habit and bright
green foliage, as a tub and decorative plant.
ferrugmea. MIRO. Tree to 80 ft.: Ivs. linear, to % in.
long, crowded. New Zeal.
gracflior. Tree to 00 ft.: Ivs linear-lanceolate, to 4 in.
long and M in. wide. Cent. Afr.
H611H. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 1*4 in.
long, leathery. New Zeal.
japdnica: P. macrophylla var. Maki.
longifdlia: P. macrophylla.
macrophylla. (P. longifoha). Tree to GO ft.: Ivs. lanceo-
late, to 4 in. long, glossy dark green above, paler beneath.
Japan. Var. appressa is a low foim with shorter Iva. Var
Maki (P. chinensis, P. japonica, P. sinensis). has smaller
Ivs. and is usually shrubby. — Apparently the commonest
species m cult.
Nagi. Tre« to 90 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, to 3 in.
long and about 1 in. broad (like Agathis), paler beneath.
Japan.
neriifdlia. Tree to 70 ft.: Ivs lanceolate, to G in. long,
slightly glaucous beneath, midrib in a groove. China to
New Guinea.
nival is. Much branched shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. to ^ in.
long, leathery, with thickened margins. New Zeal.
nublgena. Tree or shrub: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 1 }£ in.
long, with 2 glaucous bands beneath. Chile.
saligna. Tree to GO ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 4 in.
long, blue-green above and pale beneath. Chile.
sine'nsis: P. macrophylla var. Maki.
spicata. MATAI. Tree to 80 ft., with pendulous branches
when young: Ivs. linear, to ^ in. long, glaucous beneath,
leathery. New Zeal.
spinuldsa. Spreading shrub: Ivs. linear, to 2% in. long,
stiff, pungent-pointed. Australia.
Totara. Tree to 100 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1 in. long, dull
green, leathery. New Zeal.
POD6LEPIS. Composite. Ann. and per. herbs
of Australia with deciduous tomentum, alternate
entire linear to lanceolate Ivs., and terminal
heads of yellow, pink or purple ray-fls. and disk-
fis.; bracts of involucre stiff and showy; pappus
of bristles.
Species of podolepis are grown as everlastings and thrive
in sunlight in porous soil Propagated by seed, sown under
glass in April or outdoors when the aoil is in proper con-
dition.
affinis: P. canescens.
aristata (P. chryaantha). Ann. to 1 ft.: heads solitary,
1 in. or more across, rays yellow, 3-4-lobed.
cane'scens (/•*. affinis). Ann. to 1 ft.: heads solitaryr
about % in. across, rays yellow, 3-4-lobed.
chrysantha: P. aristata.
gracilis. Ann. to 1 ft. or more, much branched: rays
purple or lilac, entire or 2-lobed, % in. long.
PODOPHtLLUM. MAY -APPLE. Berberi-
dacex. Per. herbs with large peltate palmately
lobed Ivs., solitary white fls., and fr. a fleshy
berry; useful for shady places in the wild-garden;
native in N. Amer. and Asia. A drug is obtained
from the rhizomes of the native species. Propa-
gated by division and seed.
emddi. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. across, 3-5-lobed: fls. to
1% in. across: fr red, to 2 in. across, edible. Himalayas.
Var. major is listed as having pink fls.
peltatum. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. across, 5-9-lobed: fls.
2 in. and more across: fr. yellowish, 2 in. long. Que. to
Fla. and Tex.
PODRA.NEA. Bignoniace3e. A small African
genus allied to Pandorea, differing in having an
inflated calyx when in fl , the ovary oblong, not
ovoid, and fr. an elongate linear caps, with
flexible leathery valves, not short and oblong
with stiff woody valves. See Pandorea for cult.
Brycei (Pandorea Brycei. Tecoma Reginse-Sabae) . Lvs.
of 9-11 lanceolate long-pointed entire Ifts to 2 in. long:
fls. pale pink marked with red and throat yellow, \Y± in.
long and 2 in. across, in any-fld. panicles. Rhodesia.
Ricasoliana (Pandorea and Tecoma Ricasoliana. T. and
Bignonia Mackenn). Lvs. of 7-11 ovate short-pointed
toothed Ifts 1 in. long: fls. pale pink striped with red, 2 in.
long, in loose panicles. 3. Afr.
POG6NIA. Orchidacese. Terrestrial orchids,
chiefly American, with sts. bearing usually a
solitary If. and a single bracted terminal fl..
having sepals and petals nearly equal, ana
toothed bearded lip. Grown out-of-doors in
shady or moist situations; see Orchids.
Pogonia
578
Polianthes
divaricata: Cleistes divaricata.
ophioglossoides. To about 21 in. high, with a solitary
If. to 3^4 m. long on the at.: fls. (rarely 2) rose-pink, fragrant.
Mar .-May (in S.), June-Aug. (in N.). Newf. to Fla. and
Tex.
verticillata: leotria verticillata.
POINCIANA. Lcguminosx. Trees or shrubs
with 2-pinnate Ivs., showy fls. in panicles or
racemes, the stamens often long-exserted, calyx-
lobes strongly imbricate, and flat pods; native in
warm regions. Cult, as for Cysaljrinia.
Conzattii. Small tree: Ifta. 8-10, oblong to obovate: fls.
yellowish-red to brilliant red, in sessile racemes: pods
curved, pubescent. Mex.
Gilliesii (Caesalpinia Gilliesii). Straggling shrub or small
tree, not prickly, brunchlets glandular-pubescent: Ifts.
numerous and very small: fls. light yellow with bright red
stamens: pods to 4 in. long. 8. Amer.
pulch£rrima (Csesalpinia pulcherrima) . BARBADOS PBJDE.
BARBADOS FLOWER-FENCE. DWARF POINCIANA. More or
less prickly glabrous shrub to 10 ft.: Ifts. to % in. long: fls.
orange or yellow with bright red stamens to 2H in. long:
pods to 4 in long. Tropics. Var. flava, fls. yellow.
regia: Dclonix regia.
POINSETTIA: Euphorbia pukherrima; culture under
Euphorbia.
POISON-BULB: Crinumasiaticum.
POKE: Phytolacca americana.
POKEBERRY: Phytolacca.
POKER-PLANT: Kniphofia.
POKEWEED: Phytolacca.
POLANlSIA. Capparidacex. Coarse weedy
ami. herbs of warm and trop. countries, probably
30 species, differing from Cleome in the absence
of a conspicuous stalk (gynophore) to the ovary.
P. trachysperma of N. Amer. is sometimes grown
as Cleome gigantea and C. grandis by error or ad-
mixture; it is a glandular plant, not showy, with
purple and whitish fls. and much shorter stamens
than the Cleome.
POLEMONlACEJE. PHLOX FAMILY. Bland
herbs or rarely shrubs or small trees, of about 12
genera in Eu., Asia and N. Amer., characterized
by bisexual mostly regular fls. having 5 sepals,
&4obcd gamopetalous corolla, 5 stamens, supe-
rior usually 3-celled ovary, and capsular frs.
The family furnishes many garden ornamental
subjects, as Cantua, Cobsea, Collomia, Gilia,
Loeselia, Phlox, Polemonium.
POLEMONIUM. Polemoniacese. Mostly per.
herbs with alternate pinnatcly dissected Ivs.
and blue, purplish, white or yellowish often
nodding fls. in terminal corymbs; grown in the
flower-garden or border. Of easy cult, in rich
loam. Propagated by division or seeds sown in
fall.
album: plants in trade under this name may be vars. of
P. caeruleum or P. Richardsomi.
amcenum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. of 15-21 lanceolate Ifts.: fls.
pale blue, % in. long. Wash. — By some authors considered
a variant of P. carneum.
Archibald!®. To 2 ft.: Ivs. of 13-19 oblong-lanceolate
Ifts.: fls. purple, *A in. long. Mts., Colo., Utah.
bore Ale: see P. Richardsonii.
caeruleum. JACOBS-LADDER. GREEK VALERIAN. CHARITY.
To 3 ft.; Ivs. of 11-21 lanceolate Ifts.: fls. blue, 1 in. across,
drooping. Eu. Var. album has white fls. Var himalayanum
(P. yrandi/lorum) has lilac-blue fls. to 1>£ in. across. Var.
tangfiticum is probably not distinct from var. album. In
var. variegatum the foliage is variegated.
c&rneam. To 2 ft.: Ivs. of 5-17 ovate to oblong-lanceo-
late Ifts. to 1H in. long: fls. salmon fading purplish, to 1^
in. across. Calif., Ore.
cashmirianum: listed name of unknown botanical
standing
confer turn. SKUNKWEED. To 8 in.: Ivs. of 30-40 or-
bicular or oblong Ifts : fls. blue or violet, 1 in. long. Mts.,
Wyo. to New Mex.
delicatum. To 4 in, very slender: Ivs. of 11-23 ovate
to oblong sticky-hairy Ifts : fls. violet, ]/^ in. Across, sepals
acute. Mts., Colo., Utah, Ariz., New Mex.
£legans. To 6 in , viscid: Ifts. numerous, ovate to elliptic,
very small: fls. blue with yellow throat, about ^2 in. long.
Wash.
eximium. To 9 in , tufted: Ivs of many linear palmately
divided Ifts.: fls. blue, in dense heads. Calif.
FSrreri: perhaps referable to P. caeruleum var. himalaya-
num.
filicinum. To 3 ft. or more: Ivs. fern-like, the Ifts. lance-
olate: fls. deep blue or purple, ^ in. across. New Mex.
flavum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. of ovate to oblong-lanceolate Ifts.:
fls tawny-red outside, yellow inside, about 1 in. across.
Mts. of New Mex. Var. caeruleum may not differ from type.
F6rrestii: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
grandifldrum: P. caeruleum var. himalayanum.
Haydenii. Per. to 1 ft , sts glandular-puberulent above:
st.-lvs. usually 3-5, Ifts 15-25, ovate to oblanceolate, to
ty in. long: fls blue, to ^g in- l°ng, campanulate, in narrow
mfl. Mont., Ida., Wyo.
himalayanum: P. cseiuleum var.
humile: P. Kichardsomt.
mellitum. To 10 in.: Ivs. of 30-00 oval to linear Ifts.:
fls. white or cream, 1 in. long. Rocky Mts.
micranthum. Ann to 10 in : IVH. to 2 in. long, Ifts.
elliptic to lanceolate, to % in. long: fls. white, minute,
solitary Wash to Mont south to Calif.
m611e. To 2 ft , hairy: IVH. of 13-21 oblong or lanceolate
Ifts.: fls. purple, /2 in long. Kooky Mts.
occidentale. To 3 ft , glandular-pubescent: Ivs. of 15-27
ovate-oblong or lanceolate lft«. to 1^2 m long: fls. blue or
violet, ^2 m long. Alaska to Colo, and Calif.
parvifdlium. To 1 in. or leas: Ivs of 11-25 very small
oval or orbicular Ifta.: fls. dark violet, % in. long, sepals
obtuse. Mts., Mont.
paucifldrum. To 1 ft , glandular-pubescent: IVH of 12-24
narrow-lanceolate Ifts. ^4 m long: fls yellow tinged red,
1J/2 m- long, sometimes solitary. Mex., Anz.
pildsum: P. mxcosum var.
pulchellum: P. Richardsonii var.
pulcherrimum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. glabrous to puberulent,
of 15-27 oval Ifts.: fls violet or rose, yellowish at base,
% in. long, sepals acute. Mts., Alta. to B. C , Wyo. and
Ariz.
r£ptans. To 1 ft.: Ivs. of 5-15 ovate to lanceolate-oblong
Ifts.: fls light blue, to ?£ in long N. Y. to Ala. and Kans.
Var. himalaicum is probably P. cserulcum var. himalayanum.
Richardsonii (P. humile). To 9 in., with villous-hairy
sts.: Iva. of 15-21 round-ovate to oblong Ifts., hairy: fls.
blue to purplish, ty in. across. Arctic regions. — The name
P. humile was applied to another species many years prior
to its use for this plant. The plant known as P. boreale
(P. humile var. boreale) is tall and glabrescent, native of
arctic Kurasia, and now treated as a variant of P. lanatum,
neither form known to be in cult, in U. S. Var. album has
white fls. and var. pulchellum (P. pulchellum) smaller
violet to white fls.
robustum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. of 11-17 lanceolate Ifts.: fls.
rose or purplish, to ^5 in. long. Mts. of Colo.
rdseum: listed name for a pink form.
Van-Bruntiae. To 2^2 ft , with stout horizontal roots: Ivs.
of 3-5 or more ovate or lanceolate Ifts.: fls. bluish-purpl^,
Y± in. across. Vt. to Md.
visc&sum. To 4 in., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. of 30—41
orbicular Ifts. to Y§ in. long: fls. blue or violet, % in. long.
Mts., Alta. to Ida. Var. pildsum, plant woolly-pilose, fls.
white.
POLIANTHES. Amaryllidacese. Herbs with
tuberous roots, grass-like basal and st.-lvs. and
white fls. in terminal racemes or spikes, the
perianth-tube long. Mex.
Tubers or bulbs should be set out early in June and
covered with about an inch or more of fine light soil. One,
the tuberose, is a popular garden plant The roots should be
dug before frost and stored over winter in a dry warm place.
Tuberoses are summer and autumn bloomers; they may be
forced for bloom in April to June by starting in January and
kept in a temperature of 75-80°. The bulbs may be re-
tarded in a cool dry place and forced for November bloom.
tuber 5s a. TUBRHOSE (that ia, txiber-ose). To 3^ ft.:
Ivs. to 1 H ft. long and \i in. wide, those on the at. clasping
Polianthes 579
and successively smaller: fls. waxy- white, very fragrant,
2M in. long, the double form mostly planted. Unknown
POLIOTH^RSIS. Flacourtiacese. Chinese tree
adaptable far S. Propagated by seeds, ^cuttings
of green wood and roots. P. sinensis. To 40 ft. :
Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, to 7 in. long, toothed:
fls. monoecious, greenish-white, small, without
petals, in terminal panicles to 8 in. long: caps.
% in. long.
POLLEN: spores or grains borne by the anther, con-
taining the male element; sometimes, as in orchids and
milkweeds, it is not granular.
P(5LLIA. Commelinacex. Per. herbs in tropics
of the Old World, having large Ivs. borne near
the top of the st. and white or pale rose fls. in
terminal panicles,' sometimes found in green-
house collections. Requires the treatment of
other glasshouse spiderworts.
condensata. Sts. to 6 ft.: Ivs to 1 ft. long and 3 in. wide.
Trop. Afr. Var. variegata has Ivs. variegated with yellowish-
white.
POLYANDROC6COS. Polmacex. IVo tall
unarmed monoecious Brazilian feather-palms,
one of which has been planted in Fla.; spadix
among the Ivs., long and simple, staminate in the
upper part; stamens 15-20; pistillate fls. sub-
tended by bracts that enlarge in fr., making a
close cylindrical spike: fr. ellipsoid or obovoid,
concave at apex. For cult, see Palm.
caud£scens (Diplothemium caudcscens). Trunk to 20 ft.,
closely ringed, bearing a heavy dense crown of stiff foliage:
pinnae very many, 2 in. or less broad, with very strong
midrib and other nerves faint, somewhat crenate near the
point: stamens 90-120: fr. obovoid, about % in. long,
punctate, pubescent in apical cavity. Bahia to Espinto
Santo.
POLYANTHUS: Primula polyantha.
POLYCALYMMA: Mynocephalus Stuartii.
POLYCODIUM: Vaccmium stamineum.
POL^GALA. MILKWORT. Polygafacex. Many
herbs or shrubs planted out-of-doors in warm
climates or grown in the greenhouse, and some
of them native in N. Amer.j characters of
Polygalaceae, which sec.
Some species may be transplanted from the wild and
these should mostly be placed in shady situations in light
soil; propagated by seed. The tender species are propagated
by cutting? in spring, over heat.
dlba. Ann. or bien. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1 in. long:
fls. white, in spike-like lacemes. Minn, to Mex.
amara. Per. to 10 in.: Ivs. obovate, lower ones in rosette
and longer than st.-lvs.: fls. pale blue or whitish, bracts
shorter than pedicel: caps, small. Eu.
apopetala. Shrub to 15 ft. or more: Ivs. lanceolate, ob-
tuse: fls. pinkish-purple, in terminal racemes. Lower Calif.
— Planted on Pacific coabt.
brachypoda. Erect: fls. reddish-purple, in racemes.
Native country unknown.
calcarea. Per. to 8 in., tufted: Ivs. in rosettes, oboyal to
linear-lanceolate, variable in size: fls. blue, seldom white or
rose, in terminal clusters. Eu. — Differs from P. amara in
its larger bracts and caps.
Chamaebuxus. Creeping evergreen shrub to 1 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate to obovate, to 1 in. long- fls. yellow, 1 or 2 to-
gether. Eu.; stands in S. New England. Var. grandifldra
(vars. atropurpurea and purpurea) has purple wings and
yellow petals. Var. lutea is listed as having clear yellow fls.
cruciata. Ann. to 10 in.: Ivs. linear to spatulate, usually
in 4's: fls. rose, wings usually bristle-pointed, in short thick
sessile spikes. Me. to Minn, south to Fla. and Neb.
Dalmaisiana. A hybrid with P. myrtifolia var. grandi-
flora as one parent: fls. purplish- or rosy -red, blooming
almost continuously. — Greenhouse bush, planted out far
S. arid in Calif.
grandifldra: P. myrtifolia var.
hebeclada (P. rhodoptera). Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear to
cuneate, puberulous, margins somewhat revolute: fls. yel-
Polygonatum
low with pink wings, on long pedicels in lax terminal
racemes. Brazil.
lutea. Tufted ann. to 1 ft. : Ivs. oblong-Ianeeolate, about
1 in. long. fls. orange-yellow, M m. long, in dense spike-
like racemes to 1^6 in. long. L. I. to Fla. and La.
myrtif&lia. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong or obovate, to 1 in.
long: fls. greenish-white veined with purple, the lower petal
with a conspicuous fringed crest, borne in short terminal
racemes. S. Afr. — Greenhouse, or in the open in warm
regions. Var. grandifldra (P. grandi flora) has large rich
puiple fls.
paucifdlia. FRINGED P. FLOWERING WINTERGREEN. Per.
trailer to 6 or 7 in.: upper Ivs. clustered and ovate or oblong,
lower ones distant and becoming scale-like: fls. rose-purple
or rarely white, 1-4 together, appearing terminal, with
conspicuous fringed crest on corolla. N. J3. to Ga. and
Minn.; sometimes colonized about woods.
polygama. Bien. to 1% ft.: Ivs. spatulate to oblong, to
1 in. long: fls. purple or rose, ^ in. long, in loose racemes to
4 in. long. N. S. to Fla. and Tex.
rhod6ptera: P. hebeclada.
sangufnea: P. viridescens.
Senega. SENECA SNAKEROOT. Per. to 1H ft.: Ivs. lance-
olate or oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. white or green-
ish, very small, in terminal spikes to 2 in. long. N. B. to
N. C. and Ark.
V&yrediae. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, usually deflexed
and drooping: fls. purple with yellowish keel, in short
axillary racemes. Pyrenees.
virgata. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. linear: fls. purple or pink.
in many-fkl leafless racemes. S. Afr. — Planted sometimes
in warm regions.
viridescens (P. sanguined). Ann. to 15 in.: Ivs. oblong
or linear-oblong, about 1 in. long. fls. rose-puiple, varying
to greenish or white, in globose neads % in. across. N. S.
to N. C. and La.
POLYGALACE^S. MILKWORT FAMILY. Herbs,
shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing, of about
10 widely distributed genera, Comesperma, Polv-
gala and Securidaca being known as cult, sub-
jects. The family is characterized by simple
Ivs., bisexual irregular fls. with 5 sepals of which
2 resemble petals, 3-5 petals often united, 8-10
stamens, superior 2-celled ovary, and fr. usually
a caps, but sometimes a samara or drupe. Grown
somewhat for ornament.
POLYGAMOUS: bearing unisexual and bisexual flowers
on the same plant or in the same inflorescence; a sexually
mixed inflorescence.
POLYGONACE^). BUCKWHEAT or KNOT-
WEED FAMILY. About 40 widely distributed
genera of herbs, vines, shrubs or trees having
jointed sts., simple Ivs. with stipules usually
united into a prominent more or less tubular
sheath or ocrea, and small bisexual or unisexual
fls. without petals and with 2-6-parted calyx,
2-9 stamens, superior 1-cclled ovary, and fr. an
achene. A few genera yield food products and
others are cult, for ornament, as Antigonon,
Atraphaxis, Chorizanthe, Coccolobis, Eriogon-
um, Fagopyrum, Homalocladium, Muehlen-
beckia, Oxyria, Polygonclla, Polygonum, Rheum,
Rumex, Tovara, Triplaris.
POLYG<3NATUM (Salomonia). SOLOMONS-
SEAL. Liliaceae. Several per. herbs of north
temp, zone with creeping roots, sts. leafy toward
the top, and greenish drooping fls. solitary or in
umbels in the axils, the perianth-segms. united;
suitable for the wild-garden. They thrive in
shady positions in deep rich soil. Propagated
by division.
bifldrum (P. pubeacena). SMALL S. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in.
long and 2 in. wide, pubescent beneath: fls. 1-4 together,
to & in. long. N. B. to Fla. and Tenn. Var. major is a
large form.
commutatum (P. giganteum). GREAT S. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to
6 in. long and 4 in. wide, glabrous: fls. 1-8 together, % in.
long. N. Amer.
giganteum: P. commutatum.
Polygonatum
580
Polypodiacece
grand ifl&rum: listed name, probably of hort. Origin.
latifdlium. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long: fla. 1-6 together,
2£ in. long. Eu.
major: P. bijlorum var.
multifl&rum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. 3 in. long and 1H in. wide,
glabrous: fls. 2-8 together, % in. long. Eu., Asia. Var.
major is listed.
offlcinale (Conrallaria Polygonatum). To 1)4 ft.: Ivs.
to 6 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls. 1-2 together, % in. long,
fragrant. Eu., Asia.
pubescens: P. biflorum.
POLYGONfiLLA. Polygonaceae. Ann. and
per. herbs of E. N. Amer., with jointed sts.,
alternate Ivs., and small white or greenish fls. in
panicled racemes; allied to Polygonum; some-
times offered but of little hort. merit.
americana. Per. to 4 ft., ste. somewhat flexuous: Ivs.
linear to hncar-spatulate, to 1 in. long, fleshy : racemes to
3 in. long, dense: fr. winged. Dry soil, Ga. to Ala., Mo. and
Tex.
articulate, (Delopyrum articulatum) . Ann. to 1H ft.: lys.
linear or linear-subulate, to 1 in. long: racemes to 1*4 in.
long: fr. not winged. Coast, Me. to Fla.
POLYGONUM. KNOT WEED. FLEECE-FLO WEB.
Polygmuicex. Many species, mostly herbs, some-
times twining or aquatic, with alternate simple
Ivs., small fls. in racemes, spikes, or heads, and
fr. a small achene; grown in borders or the wild-
garden. Plants of varied character, in many
parts of the world, a few of the kinds of good orna-
mental value for their profusion of little white,
greenish or red fls. and sometimes for the abund-
ant foliage; some of the natives, little known in
cult., are known as Smartweeds, growing in low
places. Of easy cult. Propagated by seeds and
division.
affine (P. Brunonis). Per. to 1M ft.: Ivs. mostly basal,
oblanceolate, 6 in. or more lon^, finely toothed: fla. bright
rose-red, in dense spikes to 3 in. long, in autumn. High
Himalayas.
alpmum. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate^lanceolate,
to 0 in. long, cihate on margins: fls. white, in pamcled
racemes, in summor. Alps and Asia.
amphtbium (Persicaria amphibia). Aquatic per. with
pt. to 20 ft. long which roots at joints: Ivs. rather thick,
floating, oblong to lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. light rase,
in dense terminal lacemes to 1 in. long, in late summer.
In ponds and lakes, N. Amer. and Eu.; sometimes nat. in
pools.
amplexicaule (P. oxyphyllum). MOUNTAIN FLEECE.
Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 6 in. long, the
upper st. -clasping: fls. rose-red or white, in spikes to 6 in.
long, in mid-summer. Himalayas. Var. album has white
fls. Var. atropurpureum is listed as having mahogany-ied
fls. Var. rubrum has led fls.
Aubertii. CHINA FLEECE- VINE. SILVER LACE-VINE.
Twining per. vine to 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 2^
in. long: fls. greenish, fragrant, in long erect panicled ra-
cemes, in late summer. W. China, Tibet.
baldschuanicum. Closely resembling P. Aubertii but
with larger rose-colored fls. in denser drooping panicles.
Bokhara.
Bist6rta. SNAKEWEED. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. basal and
cauline, oblong-ovate, truncate at base, with long winged
petiole: fls. white or pink, in a dense spike to 2 in. long, in
late summer. N. Eu. and Asia.
bis torto Ides (Bistorta bistortoides. P. calophyllum). Per.
to 2^2 ft.: lys. mostly basal, oblong or lanceolate, to 10 in.
long: fls. white, in dense racemes to 2 in. long. B. C. to Calif.
and Rocky Mta. — Differs from P. Bistorta in the longer
narrower Ivs. commonly tapering into unwinged petioles.
Brundnis: P. affine.
calophyllum: P. bistortoides.
capitatum. Per. with trailing branches to 10 in. long:
IVB. elliptic, to \y& in. long: fls. pink, in dense heads to $£ in.
across. Himalayas.
compactum: P. cuspidatum var.
cuspidatum. JAPANESE K. MEXICAN-BAMBOO. Per. to
8 ft.: Ivs. oval to nearly orbicular, to 5 in. long, abruptly
pointed: fls. small, greenish- white, in axillary panicled
racemes, in late summer and autumn. Japan. Var. com-
pactum is a condensed form about 2 ft. high. Var. crfa-
pulum is listed. — The name cuspidatum was employed earlier
in the genus but is apparently an undetermined or dead
name and under the International Rules does not invalidate
the present use of it; under other interpretation, however,
the name cannot be employed again and both P. Sieboldii
and P. Zuccarinii have been used instead.
filif 6rme: Tovara virginiana var. filiformis.
multifldrum. Climber, with tuberous root: Ivs. cordate-
ovate, 2-5 in. long, evergreen in mild climates: fls. greenish,
in slender panicles, in autumn. Japan.
orientale (Persicaria orientalis). PHINCES-FEATHER,
Hairy arm. to 6 ft.: Ivs. broadly ovate, to 10 in. long: fls.
bright pink or rose, in dense spikes to 3^£ in. long, in
autumn. Asia, Australia; nat. in N. Amer. Var. variegatum
is listed as having variegated foliage,
oxyphyllum: P. amplexicaule.
Paron^chia. Per. with prostrate or ascending sts to
3 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to % in. long, margins revolute:
fls. white or rose, in leafy terminal spikes. B. C. to Calif.
Persicaria. LADYS-THUMB. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate
or narrower, usually with triangular spot near middle: fls,
pink or greenish-purple, in dense spikes to 2 in. long, in
summer. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
polygaloJdes. Ann. to 8 in.: Ivs. narrow-linear, to 1 in.
long: fls. white or pinkish, the bracts with white petal-like
margins. Wash, to Mont.
polystachyum. Shrubby per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lance-
olate, to 9 in. long and 3V£ in. wide. fls. white or pink,
in large terminal panicles, in autumn. Himalayas.
re'ptans: probably an error for repena which is a synonym
of P. capitatum.
rivulare. Ann. to 3 ft., erect, usually simple: Ivs. lance-
olate, to 4 in. long and % in. wide, sheaths glabious and
cilia te: fls. rose-pink, in lax cylindrical spikes to 1^ in. or
more long. Chile.
sachalin6nse. SACALINE. Coarse per. to 12 ft.: Ivs.
oval-oblong, 1 ft. and more long, slightly heart-shaped at
base: fls. greenish, in short axillary clusters, in autumn.
Saghahn Isl. — Sometimes grown for rough forage or as a
coarse cover or screen.
sc&ndens. Twining per.: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long: fls.
greenish-yellow, in axillary leafy racemes to 10 in. long.
N. S. to Fla. and La.
serfceum: the plant grown under this name is P,
alpinum.
SiSboldii: see P. cuspidatum.
Spaethii. Erect per. to 12 ft., roots much knotted, sts.
thick with enlarged nodes, internodes about 10 in. long:
Ivs. cordate-ovate, to 18 in. long and 9 in. wide, petiole
blood-red, to 6 in. long, margins undulate and somewhat
cihate: fls. whitish, in short axillaiy clusters. China.
sphaerostachyum. Tufted per.: Ivs. linear or linear-oblong,
wavy-toothed: fls. crimson, drooping, in dense solitary
spikes. Himalayas.
tinctfirium. Erect per. to 3 ft. : Ivs. ovate, obtuse, taper-
ing into petiole pellucid-dotted, cihate: fls. bright crimson-
pink, in dense cylindrical spikes to 3^ in. long. China. —
Source of an indigo-blue dye of commercial importance in
Orient.
vaccinifdlium. Per. to 1 ft. with trailing branches: Ivs.
orbicular, to % in. long, slightly glaucous beneath: fls. rose,
^» in. across, in racemes to 3 in. long. Himalayas.
virginianum: Tovara virginiana.
vivfparum (Bmtorta vivipara). Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong
to linear, to 8 in. long: fls. pale rose or white, in narrow
terminal racemes. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
W6yrichii. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 7 in. long, white-
tomentose beneath: fls. white or greenish, in racemes form-
ing a large terminal panicle. Saghalin.
Zuccarinii: see P. cuspidatum.
POLYMNIA GRANDIS: Montanoa bipinnatifida.
POLYPETALOUS: having several distinct (separate)
petals.
POLYPODlACE^. COMMON - FERN FAMILY.
Most of the common low ferns without distinct
trunks, planted in the open and grown under
glass, belong to this variable family of wide dis-
tribution: fronds or lys. simple or pinnate, or
palmate in some species, bearing sori on backs
or margins, usually covered with an indusium.
The most important genera known to hort. are
Acrostichum, Adiantum, Ariopteris, Asplenium,
Athyrium, Blechnum, Camptosorus, Cheilan-
thes, Coniogramme, Cryptogramma, Cyclo-
phorus, Cyrtomium, Cystopteris, Davallia,
Polypodiacece
581
Polystachya
Dennstaedtia, Diplazium, Doodia, Doryopteris,
Dryopteris, Elaphoglossum, Hemionitis, Hu-
mata, Hypolepis, Microlepia, Nephrolepis, Not-
holsena, Odontosoria, Onoclea, Unychium, Pel-
liea, Phyllitis, Pityrogramma, Platycerium,
Polypodium, Polystichum, Pteretis, Pteridium,
Ptens, Sadleria, Stenochlaena, Struthiopteris,
Woodsia, Woodwardia. For cult, see Ferns.
POLYP6DIUM. POLYPODY. Polypodiacese. A
great genus of ferns growing in all parts of the
world, of various habit and often epiphytic:
fronds simple or compound ; sori naked, on backs
of veins. Some of the species are good in the
rock-garden, others are tropical and therefore
greenhouse subjects, of diverse kinds but mostly
easy to grow. A number of them are root-
climbers. Propagation is by spores, and readily
by division of clumps or rhizomes. See Ferns.
aureum (P, glaucum. Phlebodium aureum) . HARES-FOOT-
FERN. GOLDEN P. Coarse fern with brown-scaly rhizomes:
fronds to 4 ft. long and 1 ft. wide, deeply cut or pinnate,
pinna to 1 ft. long and 2 in. wide, often glaucous beneath.
Trop. Amer.
diversifdlium. Fronds leathery, of two forms, about 9
in. long and 2 in. wide and entire, or to 1 % ft. long and 9 in.
wide and deeply pinnatifid, pinna to 5 in. long. New Zeal.,
Australia, Tasmania.
Dry6pteris: Dryopteris Linnseana.
falcatum: P. vulgar e var. occidental.
fraxinifolium. ASHLKAF P. Fronds to 4 ft. long and
1H ft. wide, pinnate, pinnae entire, to 9 in. long. Colombia
to Brazil and Peru.
' glaucophyllum crispum: form of P. aureum.
glauco-pruinatum (P. glaucum. Phymatodes glaucum).
Fronds to \Y% ft. long and 8 in. wide, deeply pinnatifid,
segms. entire, % in. or more wide. Philippines.
glaucum: P. aureum or P. glauco-pruinatum.
glycyrrhiza: P. vulgare var. occidentals.
hespdrium: P. vulgare var.
hexagondpterum: Dryopteris hexagonoptera.
incanum: P. poly podio ides.
irioides. Fronds to 3 ft. long and 3 in. wide, entire,
leathery. Trop. Asia, Afr., Pacific Isls.
Knlghtiee: hort. form of P. subaunculatum.
Lingua: Cyclophorus Lingua.
L&wii: a form of P. aureum.
Mandaianum: a wavy-lvd. form of P. aureum.
occidentale: P. vulgare var.
P&lmeri. Rhizomes very thick, white-scaly: fronds to
8 in. long and 3 in. wide, the fertile smaller, oblong to linear,
entire. Mex. to Panama.
pennfgerum: Dryopteris pennigera.
percussum (Phymatodes percusswn). Fronds to 1 ft. long
and \y% in. wide, entire, narrowed toward both ends, very
leathery. Colombia to Peru and Brazil.
Pheg6pteris: Dryopteris Phegopteris.
PhvlHtidis (Campy loneuron Phylhtidis). STRAP-FERN.
Fronds to 3 ft. long and 4 in. wide, simple, leathery, shining,
sometimes wavy-margined. Fla. to Uruguay.
Phymat&des (Drynaria vulgaris. Phymatodes vulgaris).
EAST INDIAN P. Similar to P. aureum but with slender
blackish rhizomes, smaller fronds and different venation.
Asia, Afr.
polypodioides (P. incanum). RESURRECTION-FERN.
Fronds evergreen, leathery, to 7 in. long and 2 in. wide,
pinnatifid into oblong entire segms., gray-scaly beneath.
On trees, Del. to Tex., trop. Amer.
pustulatum. Fronds variable to 9 in. long and % in.
wide and entire, or to 1 ^ ft. long and 6 in. wide and deeply
pinnatifid into linear-lanceolate segms. to 3 in. long. New
Zeal., Australia.
quercifdlium (Drynaria guercifolia) . OAK-LEAVED- FERN.
Fronds leathery, of two kinds; fertile long-stalked, to 3 ft.
long, pinnatifid into oblong entire Begins, to 9 in. long;
sterile sessile, shape of oak Ivs., to 1 ft. long and 8 in. wide,
lobed. India, Malaya to Australia.
Reinwardtii: a hort. form of P. subauriculatum.
Scouleri. Fronds to 1 H ft. long, leathery, pinnate into
segms. to H in. wide, slightly wavy. Coast, B. C. to Calif.
subauriculatum (Goniophlebium subauriculatum) . JOINTED
P. Fronds to 3 ft. long and 1 ft. wide, pinnate into
entire or toothed segms. to 6 in. long and % in. wide. Trop.
Asia to Australia.
vendsum: a name of uncertain application.
virrinianum. AMERICAN WALL-FERN. Formerly in-
cluded in P. vulgare but rhizomes not sweet, fronds smaller,
the lower segms. as long as or longer than middle ones.
E. N. Amer., on cliffs and rocks, north to Labrador.
vulgare. COMMON P. WALL-F. Forming mats, rhizomes
sweet: fronds to 2 ft. long and 5 in. wide, deeply pinnatifid
into segms. to 2 in. wide, the lowest usually shorter than
middle ones. On rocks, banks and trees, Eu , Asia, W. N.
Amer. Var. hespSrium (P. hesperium). Fronds pinnate,
to 7 in. long, pmnce oblong or oval. B. C. to Calif. Var.
occidentale (P. falcatum. P. glycyrrhiza. P. occidentale).
Fronds pinnate, to 1^ ft. long and 7 in. wide, pinna? to
2% in. long. Calif, to Alaska. — There are many crested,
dissected and plumed forms.
POLYPODY: Polypodium. Limestone: Dryopteris Rob-
erliana.
POLYPOGON. Graminese. Grasses, mostly an-
nuals with flat Ivs. and spikelets borne in spike-
like panicles; native in temp, regions and one
sometimes planted for the ornamental fluffy
spikes. See Grasses.
monspelie'nsis. ANNUAL BEARD-GRASS. Ann. to 2 ft.:
Ivs. to 6 in. long and % in. wide, rough: panicles to 4 in.
long, dense, awns to y± in. long. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
POLtpTERIS. Composite. Erect herbs with
entire alternate Ivs. and rose-purple or flesh-
colored radiate heads in loose panicles; pappus
of scales; native in N. Amer. One sometimes
cult.
Hookeriana (Palafoxia Hookeriana. Othake Hooker-
ianum and 0. sphacelatum). Ann. to 4 ft., sticky above:
Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, rough: heads 1 in. or more
across, rays rose-red, deeply 3-lobeu, the bracts of involucre
tipped purple. Neb. to Mex.
POLxSCIAS. Araliacese. Aromatic shrubs and
trees from tropics of Old World and Pacific, with
pinnate exceedingly variable Ivs., very small fls.
in umbels or heads which are often panicled, and
berry-like frs.; known in cult, usually as Aralia
and Panax. Certain authors prefer to put the
following species in Nothopanax.
These araliads are planted in greenhouses and out-of-
doors far South, being much employed in tropics for hedges
and division plantings. Of easy cultivation. Propagated
mostly by cuttings of firm wood; also by eye-cuttings over
heat. Old stools placed over bottom heat will yield cuttings
which may be rooted in heat. Cleft- or wedge-grafting
is also employed.
Balfouriana (Aralia Balfouriana). To 25 ft.: Ivs usually
of 3 orbicular coarsely toothed Ifts. to 4 in. acrons, some-
what heart-shaped at base, often blotched with white at
the margin. New Caledonia.
fllicifdlia (Arabia Mid folia] i. To 8 ft.: Ivs. 1-pinnate, on
the same plant, the Ifts. varying from oblong arid entire to
7 in. long, to very narrow, pinnatifid and sharply toothed,
and to 1 ft. long. Pacific Isls. — A cut-lvd. form was once
grown in this country as Panax gracillima.
fruticosa (Aralia fruticosa). To 8 ft.: Ivs. at least 3-
pinnate, the Ifts. varying from narrowly ovate to lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, toothed or deeply cut. India to Polynesia.
Var. plumata (Panax excelsum) has small, very fine and
narrow segments. One of the leaf forms has been called
Panax dissectum.
Guilfoylei (Aralia Guilfoylei). To 20 ft.: Ivs. 1-pinnate,
the ovate to orbicular Ifts. remotely toothed, to 5 in. long,
usually margined or blotched with white. Polynesia. There
are many leaf forms, the most important being var. laciniata
with the white margins cut into pronged teeth, var. mon-
str&sa (Aralia monstrosa) with Ifts. irregularly cut and
jagged, and var. Victdrias (Aralia Victoria) having much
divided and cut Ifts., useful in pots.
obtusa. Tree to 12 ft.: Ivs. bipinnate, glabrous; Ifts.
small, nearly orbicular, rounded or truncate or subcordate
at base, sharp-toothed or cut, perhaps variegated. Java;
grown in S. Fla. and southward.
POLYSTACHYA. Orchidaceae. Cosmopolitan
epiphytic orchids with leafy sts. and terminal
racemes or panicles of small fls. with lateral
Potystachya
582
Pongamia
sepals and 3-lobed lip united to column-foot.
Sec Orchids for cult.
affinis (/>. bracteosa). Lvs. thin, to over 7 in. long: infl.
usually racemose, downy, to 1 ft. long: fls. golden-yellow.
May. W. Afr.
bractedsa: P. affinis.
luteola (P. minuta). A widely distributed species of
both hemispheres, to about 22 in. high: Ivs. to 12 in. long
and \\^ in. wide: infl. loosely paniculate (less often race-
mose), many-fid., exceeding Ivs. ; fls. greenish-yellow. Trop.
Arner., trop. Asia.
minuta: P. luteola.
POLtSTICHUM. Polypodiaceae. Ferns of
temp, regions, mostly in woods, with fronds pin-
natifid to 4-pinnate into sharp-toothed segms.;
sori round, covered by indusia. Here are in-
cluded some of the ferns formerly known as
Aspidium. The native species are sometimes
transferred to grounds; others are cool greenhouse
subjects of easy cult. See Ferns.
acrostichoides (Aspidium and Dryopteris acrostichoides).
CHRIBTMAB-FKRN. DAGOEK-FERN. Hardy: fronds ever-
green, to 2 ft. long and 5 in. wide, 1-pmnate into linear-
lanceolate segms., those bearing spores contracted. N. 8.
to Tex.
aculeatum. (Aspidium aculeatum. Dryoptena aculeata.
P. angulare}. Hardy, dark green: fronds to 2 ft. long and
0 in. wide, 1-pmnate into pinnatiful segms. Widely dis-
tributed in Old World arid S. Arner. — Very variable.
Var. d£nsum (P. angulare var. dennuiri) has the fronds in a
dense mass. Var. proliferum (P. proliferum) is a proliferous
form.
adiantif6rme (P. capense. P. coriaceum). Fronds tri-
angular, leathery, to 3 ft. long and 2^ ft. wide, 1-3-pmnate,
sogms. oblong, to 1 in. long, coarsely toothed. Tropics.
Andersonii. Fronds to 3 ft. long and 8 in. wide, nearly
2-pmnate into triangular segms minutely scaly beneath,
rachis proliferous below tip. Alaska to Wash, and Mont.
angulare: P. aculeatum.
aristatum (Aspidium aristatum. Lastrea aristata).
EAST INDIAN HOLLY-FEHN. Stipes to 1}^ ft. long: fronds
to 2 ft. long and 1 ft wide, 1-3-pinnate, segms. pinnatifid
and spiny-toothed Asia to Australia. Var. variegatum has
Begins, banded with whitish-green.
Braunii (Aspidium Braunii). SHIKLD-FERN. Hardy:
fronds to 2 ft. long, 2-pmnate, segms. sharp-toothed,
covered with hair-like scales. N. N. Amer , Eu.
calif 6rnicura (Aspidium calif ormcuiri). Fronds to 2% ft.
long and 8 in. wide, 1-pinnate into pinnatifid linear segms.
Wash, to Calif.
capense: P. adiantiforme.
coriaceum: P. adiantiforme.
falcatum: Cyrtomium falcatum.
imbricans: P. munitum var.
LSmmonii. Fronds to 1 ft. long and 2 in. wide, pinnate
into many small pinnately lobed or divided segms., margins
wavy-toothed. Alaska to N. Calif.
lobatum (P. aculeatum var. lobatum). Differs from P.
aculeatum in somewhat shining fronds distinctly tapering
to base, mostly sessile pinnules at an acute angle to rachis,
the lowest considerably larger than one next to it.
Lonchitis (Aspidium Lonchitis). MOUNTAIN HOLLY-
FERN. Hardy: fronds leathery, evergreen, to 2 ft. long,
1-pinnate into lanceolate segms. to 1% in. long, spiny-
toothed and strongly auricled at base. Mts.f N. Amer.,
Eu., Asia.
montanum: Dryopteris oreoptcris.
munitum (Aspidium munitum). GIANT HOLLY-FERN.
Hardy: stipes to 2 ft. long: fronds leathery, evergreen, to
3^ ft- long and 10 in. wide, 1-pinnate into linear sharp-
toothed or cut segms. Alaska to Mont, and Calif Var.
imbricans has smaller fronds with crowded obliquely
imbricated pirimc. -
plumdsum var. compactum and var. densum: listed
names, probably to be referred to variations of P. munitum.
proliferum: P. aculeatum var.
scopulinum. Fronds to 1 ft. long and 2U in. wide,
pinnate into few large pinnately lobed or divided sharp-
toothed segms. Wash, to Calif., Que.
setdsum: a name of uncertain application.
tsus-simense (Aspidium tsus-simense) . Small and
suitable for fern-baskets: fronds thin, 2-pinnate, to 2 ft.
long including the stipe. Japan.
varium. JAPANESE HOLLY-FERN. St. partly creeping:
fronds to 2 ft. long and 1 ft. wide, 2-3-pinnate, somewhat
leathery. China, Japan.
vivfparum. Fronds to 1 % ft. long and 6 in. wide, pinnate
into many lanceolate segms., auricles of the pinnte forming
distinct Ifts. W. Indies.
POMADERRIS. Rhamnacex. Shrubs and trees
of the Australia-New Zeal, region with alternate
mostly tomentose and stellate simple lys., small
greenish fls. in cymes, corymbs or panicles, and
little capsular frs.; grown for ornament in the 8.
and Calif. Propagated by cuttings of half-rip-
ened shoots under glass.
apdtala. To 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long, white-tomen-
toae beneath, rusty on veins, fls. greenish-white, in panicles
to 7 in. long, without petals. Australia, New Zeal. — Planted
as a yard arid stieet tree in Calif.
Edgerleyi. To 1 ft., sometimes procumbent: Ivs. oblong,
to I in. long, lusty-tomentose beneath, bristly above: fls.
in cymes, without petals. New Zeal. — Planted m Calif.
ellfptica. To 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 3 in. long, white-
tomentose beneath: fls. blight yellow, ^ in. acioss, in much
branched panicles, with petals. New Zeal.
lanigera. Tall shrub: Ivs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, to
3 in. long, soft-tomentose beneath: fls. in panicles, with
petals. Australia.
phyliceefdlia. To 4 ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-oblong, to
^3 in. long, margins levolute to midrib, rough-hairy above:
fls. in small cymes, without petals. New Zeal.
rugdsa. To 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 1% in. long,
pubescent beneath, iubty on veins: fls. in cymes, without
petals. New Zeal.
POME is from the Latin pomum, fruit; the
English word, however, designates a particular
kind of fruit represented by apples, pears,
quinces, having a peculiar morphological struc-
ture: the ovary is immersed in a thick outer part
that supplies most of the edible flesh; in prevail-
ing cases the outer part completely covers the
carpels, only the old styles protruding at the
apex when the fruit is mature, but in the medlar
the carpels are exposed on top. Jri pomology the
Latin element retains its original signification,
the word meaning the subject and practice of
fruit-growing, whether the fruits are pomes,
grapes, berries, avocados, citrus, nuts, plums,
persimmons, dates.
POMEGRANATE: Punica Oranatum.
POMELO: Citrus paradisi; see Citrus Fruits (page 183).
POMERACK: Euyenia malaccensis.
POMME BLANCHE: Psoralea esculenta.
POMPELMOUS: Citrus maxima.
PONCIRUS. Rulaccae. A small stiff-growing
spiny deciduous tree of China, planted for orna-
ment and hedges in the southern states and in
protected places as far north as Philadelphia and
much employed as stock for citrus fruits to im-
prove their hardiness. P. trifoli&ta (Citrus tri-
foliata, JEgle sepiaria), TRIFOLIATE-ORANGE,
"blooms in spring on bare branches in axils of
large spines, the ns. white, opening flat, and some-
times 2 in. across: Ifts. 3, oval or oblong, to 2 in.
or more long, petiole winged : f r . small but orange-
like and aromatic, to 2 in. diam., downy, pulp
scant and acid. — A parent in hybridization: see
Citrus Fruits. Propagated by seeds.
POND-APPLE: Annona glabra.
POND WEED: Potamogeton. Cape: Aponogeton dw-
tachyus.
PONGAMIA. Leguminosx. Tree to 40 ft.,
grown for ornament in S. U. S., and the seeds
Furnishing an oil. P. pimulta (P. glabra). KARUM
or POONGA OIL TREE. Lvs. pinnate, of 5-7 ovate
Ifts. to 4 in. long, strong-smelling: fls. papilion-
Pongamia 583
aceous, purplish, pink to white, in loose racemes
to 5 in. long: pods woody, thick and flat, to 2 in.
long and 1 in. across. Trop. Asia, Australia.
PONGELION: Ailanthua.
PONTEDfeRIA. Pontederiacex. American
aquatic per. herbs with thick parallel- veined Ivs.
having long petioles and blue fls. in spikes; grown
in ponds and bog-gardens. The water should be
about 1 ft. deep. Propagated by division.
cordata. PICKEREL WEED. To 4 ft., from a rootstock:
Ivs. to 10 in. long and 6 in. wide, heart- or arrow-shaped at
base: fls. with upper lobe having 2 yellow spots. N. S. to
Fla. and Tex. and S. Var. angustifdlia (P. montemdiensis)
has much narrower Ivs.
paniculate: Eichhornia Martiana.
PONTEDERlACE^E. PICKEREL-WEED FAM-
ILY. Six genera native in swamps or ponds: Ivs.
various: fls. bisexual, somewhat irregular, having
6-parted corolla-like usually showy perianth, 3
or 6 stamens, and superior ovary: fr. a caps, or
achene. Eichhornia and Pontederia are grown
in ponds and tanks.
POONGA OIL TREE: Pongamia pinnata.
POOR MANS WEATHERGLASS: AnagalUs arvensis.
POPINAC: Acacia Farnesiana. White: Leucscna glauca.
POPLAR: Populus; see Liriodendron Tulipifera.
POPONAX: Acacia macracanthoides,
POPPY: Papaver, Meconopms. Bush-: Dendromecon
rigida. California-: Eschscholzia cabformca. Celandine-:
Stylophorum diphyHum. Flaming-: Stylomecon heterophylla.
Homed-: Giaucium. Matilija-: Romneya Coulten. Mexican
Tulip-: Hunnemannia fumariip folia. Plume-: Macleaya
cordata. Prickly-: Argemone. Sea-: Giaucium. Snow-:
Eomecon chwnantha. Tree-: Dendromecon rigida. Water-:
Hydrocleys nymphoides. Wind-: Stylomecon hetet ophylla.
POPULUS. POPLAR. ASPEN. COTTON WOOD.
Salicacex. Many species of dioecious trees and
bushes with soft white wood, widely distributed
in the northern hemisphere, having alternate
long-stalked Ivs. and fls. in drooping catkins
before the Ivs., the seeds surrounded by copious
silky hairs; widely planted for avenues, wind-
breaks and ornament. The term cottonwood
is applied mostly to P. deltoides and associates,
as /•*. Sargentiif P. Frcmontii, P. Wislizcrvii; the
pistillate tree becomes offensive from the "cotton"
discharge from the capsules.
Poplars are of easy cultivation in almost any soil and are
of prompt and rapid growth. The loots arc likely to atop
drains or cause heaving of sidewalks, so should bo planted
with caution. Propagated by hardwood cuttings, suckers,
or sometimes by seeds, and the weeping sorts are grafted
on the upright forms.
acuminate. To 45 ft.: Ivs. rhombic-lanceolate, to 4 in.
long, broadly cuneate at base, glossy dark green above, light
green beneath. Sask. to Colo.
adenopoda. CHINESE A. To 75 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate,
to 4 in. or more long, truncate or heart-shaped at base, pale
green below with grayish pubescence at least when young.
China.
alba. WHITE P. ABELE. To 90 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate, to
5 in. long, palmately 3-5-lobed or -toothed, rounded or
slightly heart-shaped at base, white- or gray-tomentose
beneath. Eu., Asia. Var. Bolleana is var. pyramidalis.
Var. glob6sa is a small form with dense oval head. Var.
nivea nas lobed Ivs. densely white-tomentose beneath. Var.
p£ndula, branches drooping. Var. pyramidalis (P. Bolleana)
is of columnar habit. Var. Richardii (P. Richardii) has Ivs.
yellow above.
Andrewsii. Hybrid between P. Sargenlii and P. acumi-
nata, having oblong-ovate Ivs. to 4 in. long.
angulata. Probably a hybrid, perhaps between P. bal-
samifera and P. mgra, having ovate Ivs. to 7 in. long arid 5
in. wide, tiuncate or heart-shaped at base, light green be-
neath. Var. cordata is a stamina te hardier form.
angustifdlia (P. fortissimo). To 60 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, rounded or wedge-shaped at
base, light green beneath. Sask. to Ariz.
Populus
aurea: P. tremidoides var.
Baileyana: P. Jackii.
balsamifera: P. del to ides.
berolinensis. Hybrid between P. laurifolia and P. nigra
var. italica, of columnar habit, with ovate long-pointed Ivs.
to 4 in. long, having a narrow translucent border.
betulif&lia: P. nigra var.
Bolleana: P. alba var. pyramidalis.
canadensis. CAROLINA P. Hybrid probably between P.
nigra and P. balsamifera, stammate plants only, with tri-
angular-ovate Ivs. to 4 in. long, truncate at base, somewhat
ciliatc on margins. Var. aurea (P. Van Geertn), has yellow
Ivs. Var. er6cta is of pyramidal form. Var. Eugenei (P.
Eugenei), EUGENE P., is of narrow-pyramidal habit. Var.
maril&ndica (P. marilandicd) has wide-spi eadmg branches.
Var. regenerata (P. regenerata) comes into If. about two
weeks earlier than var. ser6tina (P. serotina) which has
wide-spreading ascending branches.
candicans. BALM-OF-GILEAD. To 90 ft., pistillate plants
only: Ivs. triangular-ovate, to C^ in. long and 4 in. wide,
heart-shaped at base, whitish and pubescent beneath.
Probably a hybrid of European oiigin. — Sometimes con-
fused with P. Tacamahaca var. Michauxii.
cane*scens. GRAY P. Resembling P. alba but with
smaller Ivs. only obscurely lobed and gray beneath. Eu.,
W. Asia.
carolinensis, caroliniana. This name in the trade may
be applied to more than one poplar, but it probably refers
to P. canadensis, mostly to var. Eugenei.
cathayana (P. suaveolens). To 90 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long and 2% in. wide, rounded or wedge-
shaped at base, glossy above and whitish beneath. Asia. —
Likely to be confused with P. Maximowiczn.
certinensis. Considered to be staminate plants of P.
berohnensis, but material in the trade under this name may
belong elsewhere.
chinensis: see P. nigra var. italica.
cordata: probably P. angulata var.
deltoides (P. balsamifera. P. month/era). COTTONWOOD.
To 90 ft., with broad head: Ivs. ovate, to 7 in. long, trun-
cate or somewhat heart-shaped at base, glossy above. Que.
to Fla. arid Tex. — The Noi way poplar is probably a form
of this species or a hybrid; it is a vigorous hardy tree
planted in Minn, and Dak. — See P. Tacamahaca.
e*legans: P. nigra var. plantierensis.
Eugenei: P. canadensis var.
fastigiata is P. nigra var. italica, and its var. Wflsonii is
P. W ihomi.
fortissima: P. angustifoha.
Fremontii. To 90 ft.: Ivs. triangular, to 2l/§ in. long and
3 in. wide, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at base, glossy
above. Calif, to Ariz.
generosa. Hybrid between P. trichocarpa and P.
angulata with Ivs. pale green beneath and with translucent
narrow margins.
gr&ca: P. tremuloides.
grandidentata. LARGE-TOOTHED A. To 60 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, to 4 in. long, coarsely toothed, truncate or wedge-
shuped at base, grayish-tomentose beneath but becoming
glabrous. N. S. to N C. and Term, — For the pendulous
form see P. pseudo-grandidentata.
heteroph^lla. SWAMP C. To 90 ft. or shrubby in cult.:
Ivs. broad-ovate, to 7 in. long, heart-shaped or rounded at
base, pale green and often slightly pubescent below. Conn,
to Ga. and La.
Tackii (P. Baileyana). Hybrid between P. Tacamahaca
and P. balsamifera, with broad ovate Ivs. heart-shaped at
base.
koreana. To 75 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 3M in. across,
rounded at base, dark green and wrinkled above, whitish
beneath, with red midrib. Korea.
lasiocarpa. To 60 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 1 ft. long, heart-
shaped at base, light green and pubescent beneath, with
red midrib. China.
laurifdlia. To 45 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-ovate to lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, rounded at base, whitish and slightly pubescent
beneath. Siberia. Var. Lindleyana (P. Lindleyana, P.
sahcifolia) has narrower Ivs. with wavy margins.
Lindleyana: P. laurifolia var.
MacDougalii. To 100 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 3 in. long,
truncate at base, margin usually finely crenate-serrate.
S. Calif., Ariz.
macrophylla: hort. name, sometimes referable to P.
candicans, sometimes to P. angulata.
marilandica: P. canadensis var.
Populus 584
Maximo wiczii. To 90 ft.: Ivs leathery, elliptic to nearly
orbicular, to 5 in. long, slightly heart-shaped at base,
whitish beneath and pubescent on veins. N. E. Asia, Japan.
monilifera: P. balxarnifera.
nlgra. BLACK P. To 90 ft.: Iva. triangular, to 4 in. long
and 3 in. wide, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, light
green beneath. Eu., Asia. Var. betulifdlia has lys. pubes-
cent when young. Var. italica (var. pyramidaha. P.
ainensis. P. faatigiata), LOMBAHDY P., narrow-columnar
habit and usually only starmnate trees. Var. plantierensis
(var. elegans), columnar form with pubescent petioles and
branchlets. Var. thevestma has whitish trunk and grayish
branches.
N61estii: hort. name; probably a hybrid.
pekinensis: P. tomentosa.
Petrowskyana. Hybrid between P. bahamifcra and prob-
ably P. launfolia, with ovate Ivs. to 6 in. long, pale beneath.
Przewaiskii: P. Simonn.
pseudo-grand id en tat a (P. grandidentata var. pendula).
Probably a hybrid, having pendulous branches and Ivs.
similar to P. tremula.
Purdomii. Lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, to 10 in. long,
rounded or slightly cordate at base. China.
pyramidalis: hort. name for a narrow-headed or fastigiate
poplar, oftenest applied to P. nigra var. italica.
Rasumowskyana. Hybrid between P. nigra and prob-
ably P. launfolia, with elliptic to orbicular Ivs. to 0 in. long.
regenerata: P. canadensis var.
Rfchardii: P. alba var.
robusta. Hybrid between P. angulata and P. nigra var.
pfantierensis, of vigorous growth.
rotundifdlia. Lvs. orbicular, to 4 in. across, often heart-
shaped at base. Himalayas. Var. Duclouxiana has Ivs.
short-acuminate and fruiting catkins to 6 in. long.
salicifblia: P. laurifolia var. Lindleyana.
Sargentii. Resembling P bahamifera but with light
yellow branchlets, pubescent buds, and mostly smaller
Ivs. Sask. to New Mex. and Tex.
ser6tina: P. canadensis var.
Sieboldii. JAPANESE A. To 60 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in.
long, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, pubescent when
young. Japan.
Simonii (P. Przewaiskii). To 35 ft.: Ivs. rhombic-ovate,
to 5 in. long and 3 in wide, rounded at baoe, whitish or
pale green beneath. China. Var. fastigi&ta is of narrow
pyramidal habit. Var. pendula has drooping branches.
sinensis: P. nigra var. italica.
suaveolens: P. catJiayana.
szechuanica. To 120 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 8 in. long
and 5 in. wide, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, whitish
beneath. China.
Tacamahaca. TACAMAHAC. BAUSAM P. To 90 ft.: Ivs.
rather thick, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
rounded at base, whitish beneath. N. N. Amer. Var.
Michauxii has Ivs. pubescent on the veins beneath. — This
species was formerly known as P. balsarmfera but is not
the plant Linnaeus described under that name.
toment&sa (P. pekinensis). CHINESE WHITE P. To 90
ft.: IVH. triangular-ovate, to 6 in. long, acuminate, truncate
or slightly cordate at base, gray-tomentose beneath. China.
tremula. EUROPEAN A. To 90 ft., with open head: lys.
thin, orbicular to oval, to 3 in. long, truncate at base, with
large teeth, becoming glabrous beneath, with flattened
petioles. Eu., Asia., N. Afr. Var. Davidiana has Ivs. with
shallower teeth. Var. pendula has drooping branches. Var.
villdsa has silky-pubescent Ivs. when young.
tremuloides (P. grseca). QUAKING A. To 90 ft.: Ivs.
ovate to orbicular, to 3 in. long, truncate at base, finely
toothed, with flattened petioles. N. Amer. Var. aurea
(P. aurea) has broader Ivs. changing to orange-yellow in
autumn. Var. pendula ("Parasol de St. Julien") has droop-
ing branches.
trichocarpa. WESTERN BALSAM P. To 180 ft.: Ivs.
broad-ovate, to 5 in. or sometimes 10 in. long, truncate or
rounded at base, whitish or rusty beneath. Alaska to S.
Calif.
tristis. Small tree: Ivs. narrow-ovate, 4 in. long and 2 in.
wide, rounded at base, whitish and pubescent beneath.
Cent. Asia.
Van Gedrtii: P. canadensis var. aurea.
v61ga: listed name.
Wflsonii. To 75 ft , pyramidal: Ivs. ovate, to 7 in. long
and 0 in. wide, heart-shaped or rounded at base, reddish-
tomentose beneath but becoming glabrous. China.
WislizSnii. To 90 ft.: Ivs. triangular- ovate, to 4 in.
long and as broad, truncate at base, yellowish-green. W.
Tex., New Mex.
Portulacaria
Wo6bstii. Hybrid between P. laurifolia and probably
P. tristis, with lanceolate Ivs.
yunnan6nsis. Lva. elliptic- ovate, to 6 in. long, wedge-
shaped at base, whitish beneath, with red midrib. China.
PORANA. Convolvulacede. Twining herbs with
alternate cordate-ovate entire Ivs. and small
white, blue or purple fls. in cymes or panicles;
sometimes grown in S. U. S.
paniculata. To 30 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, white-pubescent
beneath: fls. white, to \i in. across, in many-fld. panicles.
India. — A profuse bloomer. Sometimes known as "White
Corallita," but not related to Antigonon.
PORFlRIA. Cactaceds. A single species, P.
Schw&rtzii (P. coahuilensis, Haagea Schwarlzii),
allied to Mammillaria. St. solitary, depressed-
globose, to \y% in. diam.; tubercles blue-green,
to \l/2 in. long, areolcs woolly becoming glabrous;
spines to about 34 in- l°ng, radials 16, uppers
longer than lowers, gray-white, central 1, brown-
ish: fls. pale pink to white, to 1M in. across,
inner segms. with pink stripe, stamens white,
style pink, stigma-lobes 5, yellowish-green. Var.
albifldra has pure white fls.
PORRECT: directed outward and at right angles to the
principal axis, as in some spines of cacti.
PORTERANTHUS: Gillenia.
PORTH1JEA ARGUTA: Photinia villosa var. Isevis.
PORTIA-TREE: Thespesia populnea.
PORTLANDIA. Rubiacex. Shrubs or small
trees from Mex. and W. Indies, with opposite
leathery Ivs., large white or purple fls. having
campanulatc or funnelform 5-lobed corolla, and
fr. a leathery caps.; one species is grown in the
American tropics. Propagated by cuttings.
platantha. Shrub to 3 ft., evergreen: Ivs. oval: fls. white,
showy, 3 in. or more across and 6 in. long; resembles some-
what a Solandra.
PORTULACA. PURSLANE. Portulacacese.
Fleshy or supple herbs with mostly alternate
Ivs., sun-blooming fls. of many colors subtended
by a leafy involucre, and capsular frs. opening
by the top falling off like a lid ; grown as annuals
in the flower-garden and one sometimes as a pot-
herb.
grandifldra. RosE-Moss. Prostrate or to 1 ft. high: Ivs.
terete, to 1 in. long: fls. rose, red, yellow, white, often
striped, 1 in. or more across. Brazil. — A favorite garden
ann. for warm sunny places.
marginata. Sta. thick and red: Ivs. spatula te, % in. long,
margined with red: fls. yellow. Venezuela.
oleracea var. satlva. KITCHEN-GARDEN P. To 1^ ft-i
the sts. thick and soft and mostly erect: Ivs. obovate, to
1H in. long: fls. bright yellow, jHz in. across. Probably
cultigen. Var. giganthes is a prostrate form with double
fls. 1 in. across, grown for ornament. — P. oleracea itself is
purslane or "pusley," a familiar garden weed.
pil6sa. St. with tufts of white shaggy hairs: Ivs. terete,
H m. long: fls. red, ^ in. or less across. N. C. to Fla. and
Mex. Var. hortualis, SHAQQY GARDEN P., has larger red-
purple fls. to % in. across. Cultigen.
PORTULACACE^E. PURSLANE FAMILY. About
20 genera of widely distributed rather fleshy
herbs or subshrubs with simple entire often
terete Ivs. and bisexual fls. having usually 2
sepals, 4-5 fugacious petals, few or many sta-
mens, superior 1-celled ovary and capsular fr.
A few are grown for ornament and pot-herbs, as
Anacampseros, Calandrinia, Claytonia, Lewisia,
Montia, Portulaca, Portulacaria, Spraguea, Tal-
inum.
PORTULACARIA. Portidacacese. S. African
succulent shrubs or small trees, of which one is
Portulacaria
585
Potentilla
grown in Calif, and under glass in the N.; also
recommended for fodder in warm dry regions.
ifra. To 12 ft., with 89ft wood: Ivs. opposite, obovate,
to jH» in* long, fleshy: fls. pink, about ^j in. long, in clusters.
POSOQUfeRIA. Rubiacese. Shrubs or small
trees in trop. Amer. with opposite entire leathery
Ivs., fragrant white to red fls. in terminal corymbs
having very long slender tube and 5-lobed limb,
and fr. a fleshy berry; one species grown in 8.
Fla. Propagated by cuttings.
latifdlia (Oxyanthus isthmia). Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. oval to
oblong, to 10 in. long: fla. white, salverform, to 6 in. long:
fr. yellow, globose, 2 in. across. Mex. to S. Amer.
POSSUM-HAW: Ilex decidua.
POTAMOGfiTON. PONDWEED. Potamogeton-
acese. Many aquatic plants sometimes grown in
ponds and aquaria: Ivs. often of two kinds, sub-
merged and floating: fls. inconspicuous, in small
spikes above the water.
crfspus. Lvs. linear-oblong, to 4 in. long, obtuse, crisped:
spikes % in. long, on stalks to 2 in. long. Mass, to Va., Eu.
POTAMOGETONACE^. Weak herbs in
water, floating or submerged, in many parts of
the world; they are without showy fls. or hort.
distinction, but may be interesting and useful in
aquaria and pools. Only Potamogeton appears
in the North American trade; there are 8 other
genera.
POTATO (Solanum luberosum) is the most
valuable member of the family Solanacese from
the standpoint of human food supply. Its great
value is due to the popularity of its starchy under-
ground tubers, the quantity and quality of which
varies principally with choice of variety, climate
and character of soil. It is best adapted to
moderately cool temperate climate and to regions
having rather short days late in the growth
period, ample rainfall and deep friable soil. The
tubers represent surplus or stored carbohydrates
which have been synthesized in the foliage and
deposited below ground mostly late in the season
after the foliage has reached maximum size.
Under cool humid conditions, the plant may
blossom and bear fruit or seed-balls resembling
small green tomatoes. These seed-balls may be
entirely devoid of seed (parthenocarpic) or they
may contain from 75 to 300 seeds which, when
planted, will produce a variety of types.
World production of potatoes approximates
five billion bushels, the countries ranking highest
being in order, Russia, Germany. France and the
United States. In the Unitea States annual
production varies from 350 to 400 million bushels
or approximately 3 bushels per capita. The
principal producing states are Maine, Michigan,
Minnesota, New York, Wisconsin, Idaho and
Pennsylvania. Yields average slightly above 100
bushels, usually from 100 to 500 bushels to the
acre.
The potato crop is propagated by tuber-cut-
tings or seed-pieces planted from 12 to 18 inches
apart in rows 32 to 36 inches apart to provide for
inter-row cultivation. Depth of planting varies
from 2 to 4 inches depending on the soil type.
The seed-pieces should weigh not less than one
ounce and carry from one to three "eyes" to
insure at least one vigorous sprout or stalk for
each plant. Larger seed-pieces usually are not
economical. When recommended planting prac-
tices are observed, from 15 to 20 bushels of seed
are sufficient to plant an acre of land.
Among the factors which are most likely to
limit yields is disease carried in the seed tubers.
Most serious diseases of this type are leaf roll,
mosaic, yellow-dwarf, bacterial ring-rot, psyllid-
yellows and purple-top. The best control of
these is to plant healthy seed, as neither seed
treatment nor spraying is effective. For the
convenience of growers who are not familiar with
these disease problems, public agencies have been
set up to provide a system of seed inspection and
certification in nearly all of the important potato
seed-producing states.
In choosing a variety, the grower should be
guided largely by prevailing practice and local
or regional soil, climate and market conditions.
In the Pacific coast states, Russet Burbank and
White Rose are most extensively grown; in the
Rocky Mountain region, Russet Burbank, Tri-
umph, Rural and Red McClure; in the southern
states, Bliss Triumph, Irish Cobbler and Katah-
din; while east of the Mississippi River and north
of the Ohio River such varieties as Rural, Green
Mountain, Cobbler, Katahdin and Chippewa
are most important. For farm and home gardens
where early maturing varieties are desirable,
such kinds as Warba, Cobbler and Chippewa
may be chosen. Recently several new and promis-
ing varieties have been introduced and are now
on trial. Among them are Houma, Earlaine,
Sebago, Pontiac and Sequoia. See Potomato.
The potato crop draws heavily on soil nutri-
ents and has a relatively high water requirement.
Therefore, it is usually profitable to maintain the
soil in good moisture-holding condition and in a
state of high fertility. Successful growers either
turn under forage crop residues or green-manure
crops to provide soil humus. They also supply
relatively large applications of commercial ferti-
lizer. On the lighter, sandier soils of the Atlantic
seaboard, applications of 1,000 pounds to the
acre of 10-20-10, 5-10-10 or 10-16-14 are rec-
ommended. On the heavier soils farther inland
and where stable manure is available, 500 pounds
to the acre of such mixtures as 10-20-10 and
4-16-4 may be used profitably. Where potatoes
are grown in rotation with other crops, the
fertilizer should be applied in the row on each
side of the seed-pieces. Automatic machine
planters which apply both seed and fertilizer at
one operation are now used extensively by
growers who plant five acres or more annually.
Potatoes cannot be grown profitably without
seed treatment and spraying of the plants against
certain diseases and insects. Control of scan and
rhizoctonia is mainly by keeping the soil suffi-
ciently acid and seed disinfection with dilutions of
formaldehyde or such mercury compounds as
corrosive sublimate and yellow oxide of mer-
cury. Late blight (Phytovhthora infestons), the
principal fungus affecting tne foliage, is controlled
by thorough spraying with 5-5-50 bordeaux
mixture. To control the Colorado potato beetle
and other foliage insects such arsenicals as
calcium arsenate and lead arsenate are added
to the bordeaux mixture.
POTATO, AIR: Dioscorea bulbifera.
POTENTfLLA. CINQUETOIL. Rosaceae. Many
herbs or sometimes subshrubs of the north temp,
and frigid zones, with compound Ivs. and yellow,
white or red fls. solitary or in terminal cymes.
Potentillas are grown mostly in the border or rock-
garden, but some are useful in the flower-garden; most
of them are hardy North. Propagated by seeds and division.
Potentilla
586
Potentilla
adscharica. To 11A ft.: Ivs. palmately 3-5-parted, the
Ifts. toothed and ciJiate: fls. yellow, in many-fld. loose
clusters. Caucasus.
£lba. To 10 in.: Ivs. palmately 5-parted, white-silky
beneath1 fls. white, to 1 in. across, in 3's. Cent. Eu.
alchemilloides. To 1 ft.: Ivs. palmately 3-7-parted,
white-silky beneath: fls. white, to 1>2 in. across, in clusters.
Pyrenees.
alpestris (P. Crantzn. P. Jttiformis). To 8 in.: Ivs.
palmately 5-parted into deeply toothed lobes, dull green:
fls. yellow, sometimes with orange spot at base, to 1 in.
across, in clusters. Eu.
alpina: doubtful name in the lists.
amahnoides: a listed name.
ambigua. Sts. creeping or ascending, tufted: Ivs. of
3 rather leathery 3- toothed Ifts., glaucous beneath: fls.
yellow, to 1 in. across, solitary. Himalayas.
andicola. Tufted per. with many-fld. branches to 6 in.
high, silky-pubescent: Ivs. pinnately 3-5-parted into ovate
toothed Ifts.: fls. yellow. Colombia.
Anserlna (Argentina anserina). SILVER-WEED. Tufted
heib with radical pinnate Ivs. silky at least undeineath; Ifts.
oblong, serrate to lacerate: fls. yellow, solitary on long
peduncles, to 1 in. across. Shores and banks across the
continent and in Eurasia, spreading by long runners. Var.
cdncolor is P. argentea.
apennlna. Small silvery-silky plant: Ivs. 3-parted into
Ifts. 3-toothed at apex- fls. white, rarely pink, usually in
clusters of 3. Apennines. Var. aurea is listed.
arbdrea: hort. name, probably P. fruticosa.
arg£ntea. To 1^2 ft.: Ivs. palmately 5-paited into deeply
lobed Ifts., white-tomentose beneath: fls. sulfur-yellow,
£<2 in. across, in clusters. Eu., Asia, N. Amer. Var. cal&bra
(P. calabra) has Ivs. white on both sides. Italy.
arguta (Drymocalhs ayrimonioides) . To 3 ft.: Ivs. pinnate
into 7-11 toothed Ifts., hairy on both sides: fls. creamy-
white, \'i in. across, in dense clusters. N. B. to Va. and Colo.
argyroph^lla. To !}£ ft.: Ivs. palmately 3-parted into
coarselv toothed Ifts., white-tomentose below fls. yellow,
1 in. across, in clusters. Himalayas. — Variable, or else
more than one species is involved in the forms, some of
which run to red forms; see P. atroxangumea. Var. insignis
has the basal Ivs. quadrifoholato or quinquefoliolate.
atrosanguinea. Closely resembling the last, but with
red or puiple fls. Himalayas.
aurea (P. chrj/socraapeda). To 1 ft.: Ivs. palmately 5-
parted into toothed lobes, with silveiy hairs on margins
and veins: fls. yellow, 3-2 in. across, in few-fld. clusters. Eu.
bicolor. Hybrid probably between P. argyrophylla and
P. atrosanguinea, with oiange and red fls.
bicrenata. To 3 in.: Ivs. palmately 5-parted into entire
Ifts., 3-toothed at apex, white-tomentoso beneath: fls.
^2 m. across, in clusters of 1-3. Wyo., New Mex.
b if urea (P. imbncata). To 8 in.: Ivs. pinnate into 5-15
2-3-paited Ifts.: fls. yellow, ^2 m. across. Himalayas.
Blaschkeana. To 3 ft.: Ivs. palmately divided into 7
deeply dissected Ifts., white-tomentose beneath: fls. % in.
across, in many-fld. clusters. Alta. to Wyo. and N. Calif.
Brennae: probably a misspelling of P. Brennia.
Br6nnia. Hybrid between P. alpestris and P. nivea, with
the basal Ivs. 4-5-parted.
Brdweri. To 10 in.: Ivs. pinnate, basal Ivs. with 7-17
cuneate Ifts., densely white silky-villous: fls. yellow, to
^2 «!• across, with obcordate petals. Calif, and Nev. Var.
exp&nsa is smaller, with smaller fls. and less hairy Ifts.
Calif.
Buccoana. To 2 ft.: Ivs. 3-parted, coarsely toothed: fls.
yellow, about ^ in. across, in many-fld. clusters. W. Asia.
cal&bra: P. argentea var.
calycina. Plant rough-hairy, to 10 in.: lower Ivs. pinnate,
upper ternate: fls. nodding, campanulate, with the white
petals shorter than puiple calyx. Asia Minor.
canadensis (P. pumila). Small creeping per. to 4 in.
high, with the first fl. fiom the node above the first well-
developed internode: Ivs. palmately 5-parted, Ifts. dull,
scarcely veiny, narrowly obovate: fls. yellow, about %, in.
across. N. S. and Out. to Pa. and Ohio. — Plants listed as
P. canadensis may be P. simplex*
cascad6nsis. St. erect or ascending to 1 ft.: basal Ivs.
pinnate into 7-13 deeply incised slightly hairy Ifts. less than
*/i m. long- fls. yellow, % in. across, calyx silky-strigose.
Wash, to Calif.
caulescens. Subcespitose from a stout rootstock, fl.-sts.
ascending, slender, to 1 ft.: Ivs. palmately 3-5-parted with
Ifte. oblong-obovate and coarsely serrate towards apex:
fls. white, rarely pink, to % in. across. S. Eu.
chrysantha. To 2 ft.: Ivs. palmately 5-9-parted into
toothed hairy Ifte.: fls. golden-yellow, to 1 in. across, in
few-fld. clusters. S. Eu.
chrysocraspeda: P. aurea.
cinerea. Tufted, to 4 in.: Ivs. palmately 5-parted into
oblong or obovate toothed Ifts., thick and hany: fls. pale
yellow. Alps.
Clusiana. To 4 in.: Ivs. in rosettes, palmately 5-parted
into toothed and ciliate Ifts.: fls. yellowish-white, % in.
across, in clusters of 1-3. Austria, Germany.
Convallaria (Drymocallia Coniallaria). To 3 ft., sticky-
hairy: basal Ivs. pinnate into 7-11 rhornbic-obovate toothed
or incised Ifts.: fls. yellow, % in. across, in narrow cymes.
Mont., Wash, to New Mex.
Crantzii: P. alpestris.
crinlta. To 1 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, with 11-15 toothed silky-
pubescent Ifts.: fls. yellow, about % in. across, in many-fld.
clusters. Colo, to New Mex.
Cryptot&niae. Erect: Ivs. 3-parted, the Ifts. toothed: fls.
yellow, in panicled clusters. Japan.
dahurica: P. fruticosa var.
dfiscia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. palmately 3-7-parted, with Ifts.
coarsely toothed and pubescent on both surfaces: fls. /^ in.
across. Wash, to Calif, and Mont.
delphinensis. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. palmately 5-paited, Ifts.
cuneate-obovate, obtuse, appressed-pubescent. strongly
serrate: fls. yellow, to 1 in. across. Alps.
Detommasii. Sts. ascending: Ivs. palmately 5-7-parted
into toothed Ifts. feilky-pubescejit beneath : fls. yellow, 1 in.
across, in clusters. S. Eu.
diss6cta. Erect, branching, glabrous: Ivs. palmately
5-parted into pmnatifid Ifts.: fls. in clusters. Hudson Bay.
divisa. Per. with sts. spreading or diffuse, to 4 in. long:
Ivs. palmately 3-5-parted, Ifts. obovate, deeply cleft, pubes-
cent above and densely white-tomentose beneath1 fls.
cymose, less than Yi in. acrohs. S. D. and Alta. to Colo.
Dombeyi. Sts. decumbent, to 1 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, with
3-5 Ifts. toothed at tips' fls. yellow. Chile.
Drfimmondii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnate into 5-11 sharp-
toothed Ifts., soft-pubescent: fls. bright yellow, ?4 in. across.
Mts., Alta. to N. Calif.
effusa. To 13-2 ft-, much branched. Ivs. pinnate, with
5-1 1 toothed tomentose Ifts.' fls. yellow, about Y± in. across,
in loose clusters. Sask. to New Mex.
engadinensis: hybrid.
erecta: P. recta.
eriocarpa. To 8 in.: Ivs. of 3 coarsely toothed Ifts.: fls.
yellow, 1^2 in. across, solitary or twin. Himalayas.
Farreri: P. fruticosa var.
filif 6rmis: P. alpestris.
fissa (Drymocallis fissa). To 1 ft., veiy leafy and
branched, glandular-hirsute: Ivs. pinnate, with about 9
orbicular deeply incised Ifts.: fls. to ^4 in. across, many in a
narrow cyme, petals much exceeding sepals. S. D. to Alta.,
Colo, and Utah.
flabellifdlia. To 1 ft.: Ivs. of 3 deeply toothed Ifts., very
thin: fls. bright yellow, % in. acioss, in loose clusteis of
1-3. Mts., B. C. to Ida. and Calif.
form6sa: P. nepalensis.
fragif6rmis. To 8 in.: Ivs. 3-paited into broad coarsely
toothed hairy Ifts.: fls. yellow, to % in. across, in few-fld.
clusters. Sibena, Aleutian Isls. Var. minor is listed.
Friedrichsenii: P. fruticosa var.
frigida. To 3 in., sts. often decumbent: Ivs. 3-parted,
hairy: fls. yellow. Alps.
frut£scens: a name of uncertain botanical standing;
probably P. fruticosa.
fruticdsa (Dasiphora fruticosa). Shrub to 4 ft.: lys.
pinnate, with 3-7 silky-pubescent Ifts. to 1 in. long, margins
revolute: fls. bright yellow, to IK in. across, in few-fld.
clusters. North temp. zone. There are many vars. as:
albicans, Ifts. white-tomentose beneath, China; dahurica,
1^2 ft., Ifts. l/i in. long, fls. creamy, China, Siberia; Farreri,
Ifts. K-% in. long; Friedrichsenii, hybrid between the
type and var. dahurica; mandshurica, low, Ifts. small,
densely whitish silky-pubescent on both sides; moot ana,
dwarf, about 1 ft. high; ochroleuca, fls. creamy- white;
paryifolia, dwarf, Ifts. % in. long, Asia; Purdomii, Ifts.
^ in. long, nearly glabrous beneath, fls. pale yellow, China;
tenufloba (var. tenuifoha), Ifts. nearly linear; Veitchii, Ifts.
glaucous beneath, fls. creamy- white, China; Vilmoriniana,
Ifts. white-tomentose beneath, fls. creamy, China. Vars.
Beesiana and nana are listed.
fulgens. To 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, with many toothed Ifts.
silvery-pubescent beneath: fls. yellow, about l/i m. across,
in panicled clusters. Himalayas.
ge"lida. To 2 ft.: Ivs. 3-parted, the Ifts. to % in long and
coarsely toothed: fls. yellow, to 1 in. across, in 1-4-fld.
clusters. N. Asia.
Potentilla
587
Potentitta
Gfbsonii: listed as having brilliant scarlet fls.
glanduldsa (Drymocallis glandulosa). To 2 ft., sticky: lys.
pinnate into 7-9 toothed If ts. : fls. yellow, % in. across, in
many-fld. clusters. S. D. to Calif. Var. Wrangelliana
(P. Wrangelliana) , to 4 ft., very glandular, basal Ivs. to
1 ft. long.
glaucophylla. To 1 ft.: Ivs. palmately 5-7-parted into
coarse-toothed somewhat glaucous Ifts.: fls. % in. across,
in 3-12-fld. clusters. B. C. to New Mex.
Gdldbachii: P. thitringiaca var. elongata.
Gordonii: Horkeha Gordomi.
gracilis. To 2^ ft.: Ivs. palmately 5-7-parted, the Ifta.
white-tomentose beneath and cut halfway to midrib: fls.
yellow, to % in. across, in clusters. B. C. to Ore. and Mont.
Var. ngida is listed.
grammopetala. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 3-parted, the Ifts. toothed,
silky-pubescent beneath: fls. yellowish- white, in 3-7-fld.
clusters. S. Eu.
grandifldra. To 15 in.: Ivs. 3-parted, the Ifts. toothed,
hairy, to 1 in. long: fls. golden-yellow, to 1 in. across, in
clusters. Eu.
heptaphylla: P. thuringiaca.
Hippiana. To 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, with 7-11 deeply toothed
silvery-pubescent Ifts.: fls. bright yellow, to 1 in. across,
in loose clusters. Sask. to New Mex.
hfrta. To 1 ft., ste. often decumbent: Ivs. palmately
5-7-parted, the Ifts. hairy arid deeply toothed: fls. bright
yellow, % in. or more acioss, in few-fld. clusters. Eu.
Hookeriana. To 8 in.: lys. mostly 3-parted into cut Ifts.,
Mlky-puhescent on both sides: fls. % in. across, in dense
cymes. Sank, to Mont.
Hopwoodiana. Hybrid between P. nepalensis and P.
recta: fls. dark red at base, pale yellow in center, rose at
tips.
h^brida. A group of hybrids between P. nepalensis
and P. aryyrophylla, with purple fls.
imbricata: P. bifurca.
insignis: P. argyrophylla var.
Kleiniana. Ann. with prostrate sts. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pal-
mately 3-5-piiited into toothed Ifts.: fls. yellow, $i in.
across, in pamcled cymes. Asia.
Knappii: P. leucopohtana var.
kurdica. To 3 ft.: Ivs. palmately 5-parted, Ifts. coarsely
toothed, pubescent: fls. yellow. S. W. Asia.
Leschenaultiana. Sts. to 10 in. long, ascending or de-
cumbent: basal Ivs. with 5-9 ob ovate Ifts., cauhne Ivs.
ternate, pubescent: fls ^ in. across, yellow, rarely white.
Asia, Himalayas.
leucopolitana var. Knappii (P. Knappii}. Sts. prostrate
or ascending, to 8 in. long: Ivs. palmately 5-parted: fls.
pale yellow. Eu.
Leutiana: listed name.
Levieri. To 1 ft.: Ivs. palmately 3-5-parted, the Ifts.
deeply toothed, silky-pubescent, ciliate: fls. yellow, about
Y± in. across, in loose clusters. Caucasus.
Iiban6tica. Low, glandular-hairy: Ivs. 3-parted, the Ifts.
coarsely toothed: fls. white, in clusters. Lebanon, on lime-
stone cliffs.
Macnabiana. Hybrid between P. argyrophylla and P.
atrosanyuinca.
Matsumurae. Sts. ascending to 6 in.: Ivs. of 3 obovate or
orbicular toothed Ifts. to 1 in. long, slightly hairy: fls. yel-
low, Yi in. across, long-stalked. Mts., Japan.
megalantha. Subcespitose: basal Ivs. cordate-orbicular,
to 3 in. wide, deeply crenate and emarginate at apex,
pubescent, cauhne Ivs. similar but smaller: fls. bright yellow.
1^ in. across Japan.
Meyeri. Similar to P. argentea but with shorter less
divided Ifts. Asia Minor.
monspeliensis: P. norvegica var. hirstUa.
montenegrina. To 1 H ft.: Ivs. 3-parted, the Ifts. toothed
and slightly hairy: fls. golden-yellow, large. S. E. Eu.
multifida. To 4 in.: Ivs pinnate, the Ifts. deeply cut into
linear segms., white-hairy beneath: fls. yellow, small, in
2-3-fld. clusters. Eu.
nana vars. argentea and multifl6ra: listed names.
nepalensis (P. formosa). To 2 ft. and more: lys. pal-
mately 5-parted, the Ifts. toothed, green and hairy: fls.
rose-red, 1 in. across, in forking panicles. Himalayas. Var.
Wfllmottiae ("Miss Willmott") is a dwarf free-flowering
form or derivative with magenta-rose fls.
nevade*nsis. Sts. prostrate: Ivs. palmately 3-5-parted,
the Ifts. coarsely toothed, silky-pubescent beneath: fls.
fellow, in 3-4-fld. clusters. Spain. Var. minor is listed.
nitida. Forming mats 1 in. or more high, the whole
plant silky-hairy: Ivs. 3-parted, the Ifta. entire or toothed
at tip: fls. rose, rarely white, to 1 in. across, solitary. High
Alps. Var. elongata is listed.
nivalis. To 1H ft.: lys. palmately 5-7-parted, the Ifta.
toothed at apex or entire, silky-hairy on both sides: fls.
white, in many-fld. clusters. S. Eu.
nivea. Cespitose, sts. to 8 in. high: Ivs. ternate, densely
white-tomentose below, Ifts. oblong-cuneate, coarsely
toothed: fls. 2-6 in a cyme, petals obcordate, yellow, ^ in.
long. Arctic and alpine regions of N. Amer., Eu. and Asia.
norv£gica. To !><j ft., ann. or bien.: Ivs. 3-parted into
oblong toothed lobes, rough-hairy: fls. yellow, in clusters.
Eu. and Asia. Var. hirsuta (P. monspeliensis) has Ifts.
broadly obovate and more bluntly toothed. N. Amer.,
Eu., Asia.
O'Briana: listed name.
olympica: listed name.
ornithopioides: name of doubtful status.
pacific a. Similar to P. Anserina but peduncles and sts.
becoming glabrous, and differs in technical fr. characters.
N. Amer., E. Asia.
palustris (Comarum palustre). MARSH C. Decumbent:
Ivs. palmately 5-7-parted into toothed lobes: fls. red or
purple, to 1^ in. across, in clusters or solitary. Swamps,
N. Amer , N. Eu., N. Asia.
pensylv&nica. To 2% ft.: Ivs. pinnate into 5-15 deeply
lobed Ifts., gray-tomentose beneath: fls. yellow, in dense
cymes. N. Amer.
perf6cta. A reputed hybrid with maroon fls. shaded
with yellow.
pimpinelloldes. To 1 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, with 15-25 deeply
toothed Ifts. and palmately parted stipules: fls bright
yellow, % in. across, in many-fld. clusters. S. E. Eu.
pinnatifida: a monstrous form of P. reptans with lacerate
sepals and stipules and very small petals.
propinqua. To 1^ ft., often decumbent, Hilky-hairy:
Ivs. of 9-11 oblanceolate coarsely toothed Ifts , white-
tomentose beneath: fls yellow. Alta. to Ariz.
pseudorupe'stris (Drymocallis pseudorupestns) . To 1 ft.:
Ivs. pinnate into 7-9 toothed or cut Ifts.: fls. white, % in.
across, hi loose clusters. Alta. to Wyo. and Ida.
pulche'rrima. To 2 ft.: Ivs. of 5-7 oblanceolate toothed
Ifts. white-tomentose beneath: fls. yellow. Alta. to New
Mex. Var. communis is the commonest variation, with
basal Ivs. long-petioled, digitately 5-7-parted, rarely aub-
pinnate, sepals and peduncles densely gray-pubescent.
pumila: P. canadensis.
Purdomii. To 1 ft.: basal Ivs. pinnate, to 6 in. long, Ifts.
very broad at base, dentate, green: fls. to % in. across,
yellow, with caipels hairy and styles subterminal. N. China.
purpurea. Procumbent, sts. to 4 in.: Ivs. of 5 Ifts. toothed
at apex: fls. pale purple, >5' in. across, solitary or twin.
Himalayas.
pygm&a: P. rupeatris var.
pyrenaica. To 1 ft.: Ivs. palmately 5-parted, the Ifts. to
f£ in. long, toothed at apex : fls. golden-yellow, 1 in. across,
in raceme-like clusters. Pyrenees.
recta (P. erecta). To 2M ft.: Ivs. palmately 5T7-parted,
the Ifts. toothed, green and nairy: fls. yellow, to 1 in. across,
in many-fld. clusters. Eu. Var. macrantha is listed.
repens: probably an error for P. reptans.
r£ptans. Pubescent, with creeping shoots: lys. digitate,
with 5 obovate toothed Ifta.: fls. yellow, to 1 in. or more
diam., solitary from axils. Eu., Asia.
rivalis. To 2 ft. : Ivs. pinnate, with 3-5 coarsely toothed
Ifts., green and pubescent: fls. yellow, ^ in. across, in loose
clusters. B. C. to Mex.
rupestris. To 1H ft., much branched, hairy: Ivs. pin-
nate, with 5-7 toothed Ifts.: fls. white, to 1 in. across, in
loose clusters. Eu. Var. pygm&a is a dwarf form, to 4 in.
high, with smaller fls. Var. alba is listed.
Russelliana. Hybrid between P. nepalenaia and P.
atropurpurea: fls. scarlet.
Sanguis6rba. Erect: lys. pinnate, the Ifts. obovate, cut-
toothecr fls. yellowish- white, usually in 2's. Siberia.
sanguisorbif&lia: the European form of P. pensylvanica.
Saxtfraga. To 8 in.: Ivs. paimately 5-parted into lanceo-
late leathery Ifts. silvery-pubescent beneath: fls. white, in
loose cymes. Alps.
Sidgfriedii: P. verna var. paeudo-inciaa.
simplex. Ste. prostrate or ascending, to 3 ft. or more
long: Ivs. palmately 5-parted into toothed Ifta.: fls. yellow,
^ in. across, solitary. N. B. to Ga. and Tex.
speci&sa. To 10 in.: Ivs. of 3 obovate thick toothed Ifte.,
white-tomentose at least beneath: fls. white or yellowish,
$4 in. across, in few-fld. clusters. S. Eu.
sp!6ndens: name of doubtful status, applied to several
species.
Potentilla 588
8t6rilis. To 4 in., creeping: lvs.palmately 3-parted, Ifte.
toothed, hairy above: fls. white. Eu.
stolonifera. With stolons: basal Ivs. pinnate, with 2-3
pairs of subclliptic or obovate coarsely toothed Ifte.: fla.
yellow, to 1 in. across. N. E. Asia, Bering Isl.
supina. Procumbent ann., pubescent, pale green: Ivs.
pinnately 3-5-paited, Ifta. deeply toothed: fls. pale yellow.
Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia.
Thurberl. To 2H ft.: Ivs. palmately 5-7-parted, Ifta.
coarsely toothed: fls. reddish-purple, about H m. across,
in loose clusters. New Mex. to N. Mex.
thuringiaca (P. heptaphylla) . To I ft.: Ivs. palmately
5-7-parted, Ifte. toothed, green and hairy: fla. yellow. Eu.
Var. elongata (P. Goldbachn) is more robust, with Ifte. paler
on the lower surface and more deeply toothed. European
Russia.
thymacea: listed name.
Tommasiniana: a confused name, to bo considered as
one of the many forms of P. verna.
T6nguei: P. tormentillo-formosa.
Tormentflla. Sts. slender, erect or ascending, to 1 ft.
or more: basal Ivs. long-petioled, ternate, 4-5-parted: fls.
yellow, H "i. across. Eu., W. Asia.
tormentfllo-formosa (P. Tonguei). Prostrate per.,
hybrid between P. nemoraha and P. nepalensis, with shoots
pubescent, to 1 ft. long, spreading and ascending to a height
of 6 in.: Ivs. 3-5-foliolate, with Ifts. obovate, coarsely
dentate, fls. % in. across, petals obovate, yellow, red at
base.
transcaspia. Robust per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. 5-7-parted, Ifts.
oblong-lanceolate, remotely toothed: fls. yellow. Asia.
tridentata (Sibbaldiopsis tridentata). To 1 ft., woody at
base: Ivs. 3-parted, Ifte. 3-toothed at apex, shining above:
fls. white, ^ in. across, in loose clusters. Greenland to Ga.
and Minn.
trtmcata: Ilorkelia truncata.
uniflora. To 2 in., densely tufted: Ivs. of 3 coarse-toothed
Ifts. white- tornentose beneath: fls. yellow, ^ in. across,
usually solitary on scapose ste. Arctic-alpine regions of E.
Asia and N. W. N. Amer.
Veitchii: P. fruticosa var.
verna. Matted ste. to 6 in. or more long: Ivs. palmately
5- or rarely 7-parted into obovate Ifte. to 1H in. long,
toothed or cut, ste. and Ivs. puberulent: fls. golden-yellow,
in few-fld. cymes. Eu., W. Asia. Var. pseildo-incisa (P.
Biegfriedii) has Ifte. more deeply and sharply toothed and
Eubescence strongly spreading. Vars. aurea and nana are
sted.
villosa. To 1 ft.: Ivs. 3-parted, Ifte. coarsely toothed,
silky above, white-tomentose beneath: fls. yellow, 1 in.
across, in few-fld. clusters. Alaska to Wash., Siberia.
Vilmoriniana: P. fruticosa var.
virgata. Erect, branched: Ivs. palmatelv 7-9-parted,
Ifte. pinnately cut, white-tomentose beneath: fls. yellow,
small, in many-fid, clusters. Eu.
visiana. Ste. to more than 1 ft., usually red, divaricately
branched: Ivs. 5-7-parted, cuneate-obovate or suboblong,
coarsely toothed: fls. yellow, to 1 in. across. Serbia.
Warrensii: a variation of P. erecta with large bright
yellow fls.
Wttlmottlfle: P. nepalensis var.
Wrangelliana: P. glandulosa var.
POTfeRIUM. Rosacese. Deciduous spiny erect
subshrub native in S. Eu., sometimes planted in
S. U. S. P. spindsum (Sangiiisorba spinosa). To
1 ft., much branched: Ivs. pinnate, of 7-15 pub-
escent Ifts. y% in. or less long: fls. unisexual,
rnish, without petals, in spikes to 1 in. long:
red, globose, to J^ in. across. — For other
plants listed as Poterium see Sanguisorba.
P6THOS. Aracex. Climbing shrubs native in
the tropics of the Old World, with entire or
lobed Ivs. and bisexual fls. borne on spadices.
Cult, under glass or lath in our area, as for
Philodendron; but the kinds commonly grown
as Pothos are of other genera.
ftrgyr&us: Scindapsus pictua var. argyrseua.
aureus: Scindapsua aureus.
cordatus: Anthurium cor datum.
nitens. Hort. name of doubtful botanical standing: Ivs.
cordate- ovate, glossy purplish-green. Malaya.
Primula
POTOMATO. A name once applied to the
combination potato-tomato plant produced by
grafting one on the other. The grafting can be
performed either way, but the hope that by this
means one can produce good crops of both pota-
toes and tomatoes on the same plants is fanciful,
although both tubers and tomatoes may be pro-
duced if the potato is the stock. See Cornell
Bulletin 61, December 1893, as to name; and
the literature of the subject is considerable.
Recently this combination plant has been called
topato.
POURRETIA: Puya chilensia.
PRATIA. Lobdiacese. Small creeping or pros-
trate herbs suitable for the rock-garden or green-
house: Ivs. alternate, toothed: fls. 2-lippcd. split
to base at back, solitary in the axils: fr. a Deny.
angulata. Per., ats to 1 ft. long: Ivs. to 1 in. long and
2£ in across: fl« white streaked with purple, ^ in- long:
berry reddish-purple, H iQ- lt>nK- New Zeal.
begonifdlia. Per.: Ivs. to J^ in. across, denticulate: fls.
green streaked with pink, to % in. long: berry black, to
^$ in. long Malaya to S. China.
hybrida: probably hort. name.
m&crodon. Per., sts. to 4 m. long, somewhat fleshy and
forming patches: Iva broadly obovate to orbicular, to % in.
long, coarsely toothed: fls. pale yellow, to H in- long,
fragrant. New Zeal.
PREMNA. Verbenacex. Trees or shrubs of the
Old World tropics, with opposite Ivs., small
white or greenish fls. in pubescent corymbs or
panicles, and fr. a small drupe; one species is
grown out-of-doors in S. Fla.
odorata. To 25 ft. : Ivs. broad-ovate, more or less cordate,
to 8 in. long, tomoiitose beneath: fls. j^ in. long, in terminal
corymbs 8 in. across: fr. dark purple. Philippines.
PRENANTHES. RATTLESNAKE ROOT. Com-
vositse. Per. herbs of the Old and New Worlds,
having alternate Ivs. and erect or drooping small
heads of ligulate fls. borne in terminal spike-like
Sinicles; pappus of white or brown bristles,
y some authors the American species are re-
tained under Nabalus and the Euro-African
under Prenanthes. Adapted to borders and
wild-gardens.
fispera (Nabalus asper). To 4 ft., rough-hairy: Ivs. to
3 in. long and 1 in. wide, toothed: heads light yellow, }£ in.
across, erect and short-peduncled; pappus straw-color.
Ohio to Neb. and La.
purpurea. To 5 ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, nearly
entire, glaucous beneath: heads bluish-purple, on slender
flexuose peduncles. S. Eu.
virgata (Nabalus virgatus). To 4 ft., glabrous: Ivs.
lanceolate, lower ones sinuate to pinnatifid, to 10 in. long:
heads with white to pinkish fls. to % in. long. N. J. to Fla.
PRfeNIA. Aizoacese. Mesembryanthemum seg-
regate: succulent herbs, with prostrate sts. or
flowering branches: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, keeled
on back: fls. in terminal few-fld. cymes or solitary;
petals numerous, united into tube at base; stig-
mas 5, filiform. S. Afr.
Sladeniana (M. Sladenianum) . Glaucous arm.: Ivs. to
2 in. long, becoming reflexed, often with pink edges, united
at base: fls. white, H in. long, 2 of sepals very large and
inclosing fl.
PRETTY FACE: Brodisea ixioides.
PRIDE-OF-CALIFORNIA: liathyrua splendent.
PRIDE-OF-INDIA: Melia Azedarach.
PRIM: Ligustrum vulgare.
PRIMROSE: Primula. Arabian-: Arnebia cornuta.
Cape-: Streptocarpus. Evening-: (Enothera.
PRfMULA. PRIMROSE. Primidacese. Well-
known attractive mostly low per. herbs with
Primula
589
Primula
basal Ivs., fls. of many colors, in heads or umbels
or in whorls one above another, corolla with
slender tube and spreading lobes: mostly native
to the north temp, zone, many kinds grown in
gardens and greenhouses. Primulas have re-
ceived much attention in recent years and are
becoming fanciers' plants.
The hardy primroses thrive in any good garden soil.
Seed should be sown in spring or early summer in flats or
pans and the seedlings transplanted. Large plants may be
propagated by division. Seed of the greenhouse species
(mostly P. yinensis and P. malacoides) should be sown in
January if wanted for Christmas bloom, in soil composed
of equal parts loam, leafmold and sand. Frequent trans-
plantings should be given until September when the plants
should be set in the pots in which they are to bloom. Shade
and moisture should be provided during the summer. A
good temperature for these primroses is 55-60° F. The
hardy outdoor kinds are largely spring and early summer
bloomers.
acaulis: P. vulgaris.
dlgida. To 8 in.: Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long: fls. violet,
H m- across, in many-fld. heads in May- June. W. Asia.
Allidnii. Lvs. ovate or oblong, to 1^ in. long, gray-
green and sticky: fls. rose with white eye, to % in. across,
in 1-7-fld. umbels on very short scapes, in spring. Maritime
Alps.
alpicola. To 16 in.: Ivs. elliptic to oblong-elliptic, to
6 in long, suddenly contracted or obscurely cordate at base,
crenulate, upper side rugose, glabrous: fls. yellow to violet,
many in umbel, corolla-tube nearly Y% in. long, limb to *£
in. across, spreading. Tibet. Two variants are recognized,
luna, fls. yellow and violacea, fls. purple or violet and rarely
white.
alpina: P. Auricula.
americana: a confused name; some of the material so
listed may be P. incana or P. intercedens.
am&na. To 8 in.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long, wrinkled
and minutely pubescent, margins remotely toothed: fls.
rose-purple, to 1 in. across, in loose umbel on scape. Cau-
casus.— Reputedly confused in cult, with the scapeless
P. Sibthorpii.
angustifdlia (P. angustifolia var. Heleniae). To 2 in.:
Ivs. hnear-oblanceplate, to 2 in. long: fls. rose-pink, % in.
across, usually solitary, in early summer. Colo.
anisoddra. To 2 ft.: Ivs obovate, to 8 in. long- fls. dark
purple, almost black, in superimposed whorls. China.
aurantiaca. To 10 in.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 6 in. long,
narrowed into winged petiole: fls. deep ruddy-orange,
% in. long, in 6-12-fld. superimposed umbels. China.
Auricula (P. alpina). AUIUCULA. To 8 in.: Ivs. thick,
persisting, obovate, to 4 in. long: fla. of many colors, about
1 in. across, in many-fld. umbels, in spring. Alps of Eu.
Var. ciliata (var. Balbisii), Ivs. not farinose, margins
densely long-ciliate. — See Auricula.
auriculata. To 14 in.: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong-spatulate,
to 10 in. long, often less, glabrous, finely and sparsely
toothed: fls. rose to violet with whitish eye, to % in. across.
Asia Minor to Caucasus.
azure a: listed name.
Barnardoana: listed name.
Beesiana. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong, narrowed to winged
petiole: fls. rose-lilac with yellow eye, % in. across, in
superimposed whorls in early summer. China.
Briscoei. Hybrid between P. Bulleyana and P. japonica.
Bullesiana. A strain of hybrids between P. Bulleyana
and P. Bee&iana, in shades of cream to orange, purple or
lilac, pink to crimson.
Bulleyana. To 2H ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, narrowed
to winged petiole: fls. deep yellow, to 1 in. across, in super-
imposed whorls, in summer. China.
burmanica. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate. to 1 ft. long,
narrowed into long winged petiole: fls. reddish-purple with
orange eye, % in. across, in 16-fld. superimposed umbels.
Burma.
cachemiriana: P. denticulata var.
caerulea. To 3 in.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, pubescent
beneath and puckered above: fls. purplish-blue, 1 in. across,
in 1-2-fld. umbels. China.
caljrcina: P. glauceacena var.
can6scens: listed name.
capitata. To 1 ^ ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
narrowed to winged petiole, silvery beneath: fls. purplish-
blue, ft in. across, in dense heads. Himalayas. Var.
Mooreana is P. Mooreana.
capitellata. To 10 in.: Ivs farinose, becoming glabrous,
narrowly oblanceolate to spatulate, remotely toothed to
entire, shorter than scape: fls. rose, to ^ in. across, sub-
sessile in dense heads. Persia to Afghanistan.
carni6lica. To 8 in.: Ivs. obovate or oblong, shining: fls.
rose with white eye, turning lilac, to 1 in. across, in many-
fld. umbels. Alps.
cashmiriana: P. denticulata var. cachemiriana.
chin£nsis: P. sinensia.
chionantha. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong, to
10 in. long, narrowed to winged petiole, yellow-mealy be-
neath: fls. white, fragrant, to % in. across, in superimposed
umbels. China. Var. atrosanguinea is listed with deep
red fls.
chrysdpa. To 10 in.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, 1J^ in. long,
on petioles to 5 in. long: fls. lilac with yellow eye, H in.
across, lobes bifid, in 2-4-fld. umbels or sometimes 2 super-
imposed umbels. China.
chunge"nsis. To 20 in. or more: Ivs. oblong-oval, to 1 in.
or more across, crenulate: fls. 4-8 in a terminal umbel and
also in whorls, yellow (limb pink?), fragrant, about % in.
long. China.
Clusiana. To 7 in.: Ivs. ovate or oblong, to 3)^ in. long,
shining, with narrow cartilaginous margins: fls. rose or lilac,
1 in. or more across, the lobes bifid, in 1 -6-fld. umbels. Alps.
Cockburniana. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 4 in. long:
fls. orange, 1 in. across, in 2 superimposed umbels. China.
Columnee: P. veris var. suaveolens.
consp6rsa. To 10 in.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in.
long: fls. lilac with orange eye and yellow tube, to % in.
across, the lobes bifid, in superimposed umbels in summer.
China.
cortusoldes (P. denh flora). To 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong,
heart-shaped at base, to 3^j in long, lobed: fls. rose, to
% in across, in many-fld. umbels in May and June. W.
Siberia.
c6ttia. To 5 in.: Ivs. obovate, to 3 in. long, sticky and
covered with red glands: fls. rose with white eye, to 1*4, in.
across, in 2-12-fld. umbels. Cottian Alps.
crispa (P. aipitata var. crispa). To 8 in.: Ivs. oblong or
oblanceolate, to 3 in. long, narrowed into winged red petiole:
fls. orange, in head-like umbels. China.
crispata. To 1 ft.: Ivs. in rosettes, oblong, to 4 in. long,
narrowed into winged petiole: fls. lilac or blue, about % in.
across, in umbel-like heads. Himalayas.
cuneif61ia. To 5 in.: Ivs. obovate-cuneate, to 1 in. long:
fls. pink or rose % in. across, in 1-6-fld. umbels. E. Siberia.
dec f pi ens (P. magellanica. P. farinosa var. magellanica) .
To 20 in., usually less: Ivs. spatulate to ovate or rhombic,
to 4 in. long, serrulate-dentate, farinose or glabrous be-
neath: fls. white, sometimes tinged lilac, lobes to 54 in.
wide, mvolucral bracts lanceolate, flat, calyx glabrous or
remotely farinose with lobes as long as tube. S. Chile,
Colo, and Utah.
defl£xa. To 2 ft.: Ivs. in rosettes, oblanceolate, to 11 in.
long, white-hairy: fls. dark blue or rose-purple, H in. long,
in globose heads 1 in. across. \V. China.
denticulata. To 10 in.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 2 in.
long, narrowed into winged petiole: fls. lilac, ^ in. across, in
dense heads in early spring. Himalayas, var. alba has
white fls. Var. cachemiriana (P. caahminana) is more
farinose, with rich purple fls. with yellow center. Var.
grandiflora is a more vigorous hort. form. Vars. rdsea and
rubra are color forms.
dentifldra: P. cortuaoidea.
dedrum. To 10 in.: lys. oblong or lanceolate, to 2 in.
long, stiff, with cartilaginous margins: fls. purple, )$ in.
across, in nodding one-sided 5-10-nd. umbels. Bulgaria.
diaralica: listed name.
duplex: a double garden form.
edina. Hybrid between P. Beesiana and P. Bulleyana:
fls. yellow and violet.
effusa. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, 1H in. long,
slightly lobed or toothed, on stalks to 5 in. long: fls. lav-
ender-rose with yellow tube, M in- long, in superimposed
umbels. W. China.
el&tior. OXLIP. To 8 in.: Ivs. wrinkled, ovate 9r oblong,
to 3 in long, pubescent beneath: fls. yellow, to 1 in. across,
in many-fld. umbels in spring. Eu. to Persia. Var. alba,
fls. white. Var. atrocaerulea, fls. dark blue.
elongata. To 1 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 5 in. long, glabrous
above, sometimes farinose beneath, crenulate : fls. golden-
yellow, to 1 in. across, in 5-8-fld. umbels. Sikkim-Hima-
layas.
Elwesiana. To 6 in. : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
nearly entire, leathery: fls. violet, solitary. Himalayas.
firikssonii: an improved strain of P. malacoides.
er&sa. To 7 in.: Ivs. obovate, to 5 in. long, with jagged
teeth: fls. purple or violet, H in. across, in many-fld. i
Himalayas.
Primula
590
Primula
farindsa. BIRDSEYE P. To 1 ft.: Ivs. obovate-laneeolate,
to 5 in. long, silvery or farinose beneath; fls. usually lilac-
purple with yellow eye, ^ in. or more across, in many-fld.
umbels in early summer. Boreal or alpine regions in Old
World. — The plants so named in N. Arner. belong to other
species. The plant in the trade as var. gaspensis is prob-
ably P. laurentiana.
Fauriei. To 4 in.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, to 2 in.
long, yellow-farinose beneath, margins crenulate-dentate
to entire: fls. rose, to H in. across, several to many in umbel.
Japan.
floribunda. BUTTERCUP P. To 8 in.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in.
long: fls. yellow, ^ in. across, in many-fld. superimposed
umbels, in winter and spring in a greenhouse. Himalayas.
Var. grandifldra has fls. to 1 in. across.
fl6rida. To 1 ft., white-mealy: Ivs. oblong or ovate,
to 3 m. long, subcordate at base: fls. blue-purple, about
% in. across, in 9-fld. umbels. China.
Florfndas. To 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate-cordate, to 8 in. long,
toothed, with reddish petiole 1 ft. long: fls. sulfur-yellow,
^ in. acioss, drooping, in terminal 30-40-fld. mealy umbels,
in sununei. Tibet.
FoYbesii. BABY P. To 14 in.: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long,
heart-shaped at base: fls. rose or lilac, to ^ in. across, in
superimposed whorls, in winter and spring in the green-
house. China, Burma.
form6sum: listed name of plant said to be 4 in. high
and with various-colored fls.
F6rrestii. To 3 ft., producing rootstocks several ft. long:
Ivs. ovate-elliptic, to \V^ in. long, wrinkled above, mealy
beneath: fls. yellow with orange eye, fragrant, % in. across,
in many-fld. umbels. China.
fronddsa. To 5 in.: lys. oblong, 1 in. long, silvery be-
neath: fls. rosy-lilac, M in. across, in many-fld. umbels in
spring. Balkans.
geraniifftlia. To 1 ft.: Ivs. orbicular-cordate, to 2 in. long,
11-15-lobed, each lobe many-toothed: fls. rose, to % lr*'
across, on slender pedicels to ^ in. long. Tibet.
Giraldiana (P. muscamoides) . To 1 ft.: Ivs. narrow-
oblong, narrowed into winged petiole: fls. blue, ^ in. across,
in heads. China.
glaucescens. To 5 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
shining and glaucous, with broad cartilaginous margins:
fls. rose to puiple, 1 in. across, in 2-6-fld. umbels, May-
Juno. Alps. Var. calycina (P. calycina) is more robust with
larger fls.
glutindsa. To 4 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2% in. long,
glandular-sticky: fls. deep blue turning violet, to % in-
across, flagrant, in 1-6-fld. heads. Alps.
glycydsma. To 2% ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 1 ft.
long, narrowed into winged petiole- fls. deep purple, H. in.
or less across, in 2-many-fld. superimposed umbels. China.
grandis. Tall herb: Ivs. ovate, to 6 in. long, on petioles
to 1 ft. long, wrinkled, pubescent below: fls. pale yellow,
tubular, ^ in. long, on slender nodding pedicels 2 in. long,
in many-fld. umbels. Caucasus.
Heleniae: P. anguatifoha.
helodoxa. To 2 ft.: fls. deep yellow, in superimposed
umbels in summer. China; requires protection.
heucherifdlia. To 0 in.: Ivs. rotund, cordate, 7-9-lobed,
somewhat pilose, petioles red-villous: fls. purple, to ^j in.
across. Tibet and China.
hirstita. To 4 in.: Ivs. broad-obovate, to 5 in. long,
glandular-sticky: fls. rose, lilac or white, to 1 in. across,
with slender pedicels, in 1-many-fld. umbels. Mts. of Ku.
hybrida: of the japomca type with very large purple
fls.
incana. Differs from P. decipiens in its densely farinose
calyx whose lobes are shorter than the tube, with lilac
petals to 1 ^g in. wide. Sask. to Colo, and Utah. — Material
listed as P. americana may belong here.
integrif&Ua. To 2 in.: Ivs. oval or oblong, to 1^ in. long,
glandular, entire: fls. rose-lilac or rarely white, to 1 in.
across, in 1-3-fld. umbels. Alps, Pyrenees.
interc&dens. Closely allied to P. mistassinica, differing
in Ivs. often farinose beneath and the seeds strongly angled
and reticulated. — Some of the material listed as P. ameri-
cana may belong here.
involucrata. To 1 ft. : lv. ovate or oblong, to 1 in. long,
leathery, pale, on petioles 2 in. long: fls. white, fragrant,
$£ in. across, in 3-6-fld. umbels. Himalayas.
jap6nica. To 2 ft.: Ivs. obovate-oblong, to 6 in long,
narrowed into winged petioles: fls. purple, rose or white,
1 in. or more across, in many-fld. superimposed umbels in
•ummer. Japan. Color forms are alba, atrocaerulea, at-
trosanguinea, eximea, r6sea, salmonea, splendens.
jesoana. Per. 8-24 in. high: Ivs. all basal, palmately
7-9-lobed, reniform-orbicular, to 4 in. across, petioles to
1 ft. long, erect, purplish, glabrous: fls. rose-purple with
yellow eye, salverform, to \^ in. long and % in. across, in
1-4 umbels. Japan. — White-fld. forms are known.
Juliae. To 3 in.: Ivs. orbicular-cordate, with winged
petiole: fls. rose or red, to 1 in. across, scapeless, on pedicels
to 2 in long. Caucasus. Var. alba, fls. white. Var. crispa,
Ivs. somewhat curly on margin.
kewe'nsis. Hybrid between P. floribunda and P. ver-
ticillata: to IjHj ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 8 m. long, narrowed into
winged petiole: fls. bright yellow, fragrant, % in. across,
in superimposed umbels, in winter and spring in the green-
house. Var. farindsa is covered with silvery-white powder.
Kingii. To 8 in.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 3 in. long,
nearly entire: fls. scarlet, to % in. across, in 4-6-fld. umbels.
Himalayas.
Kleynii: P. veris var.
laurentiana. To 18 in.: Ivs. farinose, spatulate to nar-
rowly rhombic-ovate, to 5 in. long, dentate, usually petioled:
fls. hlac, pedicels erect or ascending to nearly 2 in. long,
1-17 in umbel. Lab., E. Quo. to N. E. Me.
l£pta. To 4 in.1 Ivs. oblong-oval, to 2 in. long, crenulate-
dentato, ciliate, minutely hnsute beneath: fls. bluish-purple,
about ]^ in. across, fragrant, scape yellow-farinose. N. W.
Yunnan.
Ieuc6chnoa. To 18 in., usually less* Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
5-9 in. long, acute, margins revolute: scapes 1-3; fls. purplo,
to % in. across, in umbels of 2 or more, pedicels somewhat
pendulous. China.
leucophylla. Similar to P. elatior, from which it differs
chiefly in Ivs. densely white-tomentose beneath. Carpathian
Mts.
lichiangensis. To 14 in.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, lobed, heart-
shaped at base: fls. roso to rod with greenish eye, fragrant,
in umbels. China.
Littoniana. To 2 ft.: Ivs. broad-lanceolate, 8 in long,
hairy: 11s. violet-blue, fragrant, 3/3 in. across, in dense spikes
to 5 in. long. China. Var. major, slightly Uuger than type
with lavender and crimson fls.
longifldra. To 1 ft , mealy: Ivs. oblong, to 3 in. long: fls.
violet with yellow throat, ^ in. across, the corolla-tube
1 in. and more long, in many-fld. umbels. Alps.
luteola. To 10 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 8 in long: fls.
sulfur-yellow, % in. across, in many-fid, umbels in summer.
Caucasus.
macrocalyx: P. veris var.
magellanica: P. decipiens.
malacoides. FAIRY P. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in long,
heart-shaped at base, on petioles to 7 m. long: flu. lilac and
rose, to ^2 m- across, in many-fld. superimposed umbels, in
winter and spring in the greenhouse. China. Var alba has
white fls. and vnr. r6sea bright rose fls Var fimbriata is
said to have lacerate petals. Var. gigantea is a more vigor-
ous cult. form. Vur. nana is dwarf Var. Lelandii has large
fls. said to reach 1^ in. across. Var. robusta has large fls.
in great profusion. Var. super.ba is an improved form.
marginata. To 5 in , mealy: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long,
with silvery margins: fls. violet-rose, to 1 in. across, in
2-20-fld. umbels in spring. Alps.
Menziesiana. To 4 in.: Ivs. elliptical, to 1^ in. long,
crenate, soft-hairy: fls. blue- violet with white eye, in heads
to 1 in. across. Bhutan.
microd6nta. To 1 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 5 in. long, long-
petioed: fls. yellow, % in. across, in many-fld. umbels.
China. Var. &lba is listed with fls. very pale yellow to
white. For vars. alp cola and violacea, see P. alpicoUi.
minima. Lvs. obovate, to 1 in. long, shining: fls. rose or
white, to 1 in. across, the lobes bifid, 1-2 on very short
scapes. Mts. of Eu.
mistassinica. To 6 in.: Ivs. spatulate or obovate, to 1%
in. long: fls. pink to pale blue, sometimes with yellow eye,
H m. across, in 2-8-fld. umbels. N. N. Amer. Var. leu-
cantha (var. alba) has white fls.
mode"sta. To 6 in.: Ivs. spatulate, to 21A in. long, den-
tate-serrate, farinose: fls. lilac to purple, to % in. across, in
8-10-fld. umbels. Japan.
Mderheimii. Hybrids having large fls. in shades of
red, pink and orange.
Moore ana. Differs from P. capitata in larger Ivs. which
are coarsely reticulated and snow-white beneath and bright
green above. China.
multiflora: listed name.
muscarioides: P. Giraldiana.
nipp6nica. To 6 in.: Ivs. spatulate, to 1^ in. long,
farinose or glabrous, margins with few large teeth: fls.
white, to 1 in. across, usually 2-5 in umbel on slender
flexuous scape. Japan
nivalis. To 10 in.: Ivs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate, to
5 in. long: fls. purple or white, to % in- across, in many-fld.
umbels. Caucasus to China. Var. Moorecroftiana is less
densely or not at all farinose and has deep violet fls
Primula
591
Primula
nutans. To 8 in.: Ivs. oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, narrowed into winged petiole: fls. violet, % in.
across, nodding, in small dense heads. China.
obc6nica. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 4 in. long, with
irritating hairs: fls. lilac or pink, to 1 in. across, in many-fld.
umbels, in winter in the greenhouse. China. Var. atro-
sanguinea, fls. dark red. Var. grandifldra has fls. to 1 1A in.
across. Var. gigantea is a large form. Var. &lba has wnite
fls. Var. rdsea, fls. rose.
oblanceolata. Lvs. oblanceolate, to 1 ft. long, glaucous:
fls. rose, 1 in. or more across, in superimposed umbels.
China.
obtusifdlia. To nearly 1 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-spatulate to
oval, somewhat dentate or entire, glabrous or farinose:
fls. bluish-purple, to 1 in. across, in 4-15-fld. umbels.
Himalayas.
officinalis: P. vens.
Palinuri. Lvs. obovate or oblong, to 8 in. long and 3 in.
wide, toothed: fls. deep yellow, in many-fld. umbels, on
scapes longer than Ivs. S. Italy.
pann6nica: P. veris var. inflata.
Parryi. To 1 ft.: Ivs. obovate-oblong, to 8 in. long,
narrowed to winged petiole: fla purple with a yellow eye,
1 in. across, in many-fid, umbels in summer. Rocky Mts.
Paxiana. To 1 ^ ft-: Ivs. heart-shaped, to 5 in. long and
7 in. broad, 7-12-lobed, on petioles 10 in. and more long:
fls. blue-lilac, 1 in. across, in superimposed umbels. China.
pedemontana. To 6 in.: Ivs. ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
shining: fls rose or rarely white, 1 in. across, in few- to
many-fld. umbels. Alps.
Poissonii. To 5 ft.: Ivs. narrowly oblong, to 5 in. long,
stiff and glaucous: ils. rose, to 1^ in. across, in super-
imposed umbels in summer China.
polyantha. POLYANTHUS. A hybrid group, probably
having parentage of P. verts, P. elalior and P. vulyans. to
1 ft.: Ivs. obovate, narrowed into winged petiole: fls. of
many colors, in many-fld. umbels or sometimes solitary, in
spring; an old garden plant. Color forms include alba,
ceerulea, rdsea and rubra.
prion6tes. To 15 in : Ivs. oblong to narrowly elliptic, to
7J^ in long, glabrous, margins toothed: fls. purple, in many-
fld. umbels. Tibet.
pseudosikkimensis. Similar to P. sikkimcnsis, but with
smaller Ivs. and larger bright yellow fls. on scapes to 1% ft.
Yunnan.
pube"scens. A group of hybrids between P. Auricula
and P. hirsuta. fls. rosy crimson with white center.
pudibunda. To 8 in.: Ivs. obovate-spatulate, 3H in-
long, long-pel loled: fls. yellow, % in. across, in 3-4-fld.
umbels. Himalayas.
pulverulSnta. To 3 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 16 in. long: fla.
purple with orange-brown eye, 1 in. across, in superimposed
umbels on a silvery scape, in summer. China.
Reidii. To 4 in : Ivs. oblanceolate, to 3 in. long, bullate
and sparsely villous above, hniry beneath: fls. pale cream-
white, to ^4 in. across, in several-fid, umbels on stiff scape.
Himalayas.
Reinii. Densely hairy: Ivs. round or kidney-shaped, to
6 in across, deeply toothed, cordate at base: fls. pale violet,
in 2-6-fld. clusters. Japan.
rdsea. To 8 in.: Ivs. oblong, to 2^ in. long: fls. bright
rose, -K in. across, in loose heads, in spring Himalayas.
Var. grandifldra has large fls.
rotundif51ia. To 1 ft. or more: Ivs. orbicular-cordate,
to 4 in. Across, toothed, crenate or erose, somewhat mealy,
often lobulate, long-petioled: fls. purple, many in super-
imposed umbels, scape puberulous and mealy. Himalayas.
rufa. To 8 in., hairy: Ivs. elliptic, 2^ in. long, reddish-
pubescent: fls. deep yellow, % in. across, in many-fld.
umbels. China.
Rusbyi. To 10 in.: Ivs. oblong-spatulate, denticulate,
with margined petiole to 5 in. long: fls. deep purple with
yellow eye, 6-10 to a scape. New Mex., Ariz.
saxatilis. To 10 in.: Ivs. oblong, to 3 in. long, heart-
shaped at base, lobed and crisped: fls. rose-lilac, to % in.
across, in 1-10-fld. umbels. N. Asia.
scdtica. Similar to P. farinosa but smaller, with bluish-
purple fls. having yellow eye. Scotland.
seclusa. To 1H ft-, hairy: Ivs. cordate- ovate, to 10 in.
long: fls. red, about ,H in. across, in superimposed umbels.
China.
secundifldra. To 8 in. or more: Ivs. oblong, to 3 in. long,
narrowed into winged petiole, yellow-mealy beneath when
young: fls deep violet, % in. across, in 6-10-fld. one-sided
umbels. China.
serratifdlia. To 2 ft., often less: Ivs. oblong to ovate, to
8 in. long, glabrous, irregularly serrate: fls. yellow, striped
or blotched orange, in superimposed umbels with lax
pedicels. S. W. China.
sibirica. To 8 in.: Ivs. ovate, to % in. long, pale green:
fls. lilac or rose, to }4 in. across, in few-fld. loose umbels.
Arctic Eu., Asia, N. Amer.
Sieboldii. To 8 in.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long,
lobed, heart-shaped at base: fls. white, rose or purple, to
2 in. across, in many-fld. umbels in spring. Japan. Var.
grandifldra is a garden form. Var. Alba, fls. wnite. Var.
rubra, fls. red.
sikkimensis. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 5 in. long, wrinkled,
sharp-toothed: fls. yellow, 1 in. across, in many-fld. umbels
in late spring. Himalayas.
sinensis (P. chinensis). CHINESE P. To 8 in.: Ivs.
round, to 4 in. long, lobed, often heart-shaped at base,
long-petioled: fls. in many colors, to 1^ in. across, in many-
fld. umbels, blooming in winter in the greenhouse China.
Var. alba magnffica has large white fls. Var. filicifdlia has
crisped Ivs. Var. fimbriata has fringed or crested fls Var.
stellata, STAR P., has fls. in superimposed umbels. — Popular
florist plant in many forms.
sinopurpurea. To 1 % ft.: Ivs. oblong-oval, to 10 in. long,
narrowed into winged petiole: fls. deep purple, in many-fld.
umbels. China.
Smithiana. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
obtuse, thin, usually glabrous, margins serrate: fls. yellow,
to 1 in. across, on slender pedicels to }$ in. long, in super-
imposed umbels. Sikkim-Himalayas.
spectabilis. To 4 in.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long, stiff and
glossy: fls. rosy-purple, 1 in. across, in 1-7-fid. umbels in
summer. Alps.
sphserocephala. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolato, to 5 in. long,
narrowed into winged petiole: fls. purple, in small globular
heads. China.
stellata: P. sincnsis var.
suaveolens: P. vena var.
suffrutescens. To 4 in : Ivs. thick, spatulate, toothed at
apex: fls. red-purple, £3 m- across, several to a scape.
Calif.
szechuanica. To 10 in.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, to
3 in. long, thin, glabrous: fls. yellow or violet, to % m.
across, lobes entire, reflexed, in 6~10-fld. umbel. China.
Var tuba-purpurea is listed.
Thdmassinii. Hybrid between P. veris var. suaveolena
and P. vulgans, differing from the former parent in its
orurige-spotted pale yellow fls. Pyrenees.
variabilis: name applied to plants of the polyantha group.
Veltchii. To 1 ft.: Ivs. round, to 4 in. long, silvery be-
neath, long-petioled: fls. rose, in a many-fld. umbel or
umbels superimposed. China.
v&ris (P. officinalis). COWSLIP. To 8 in.: Ivs. ovate or
ovate-oblong, to 3 in long, puSescent beneath: fls yellow,
fragrant, to 1 in. across, in many-fld. umbels in spring. Eu
Var. alba, fls. white. Vars. aurea and caerulea are listed
Var coccmea, fls. crimson. Var. grandifldra is a more
vigorous larger-fld. cult. form. Var. inflata (P. pannoinca)
has calyx as long as corolla-tube. Var. Kleynii (P. Kleymi)
is listed as having yellow fls. shading to apricot. Var.
lutea, fls. pale yellow. Var. macrocalyx (P. macrocalyjr),
fls. orange-yellow with calyx to % in. long. Var. suaveolens
(P. suaveolens, P. Columnae). has Ivs. densely white-
tomentose beneath, and slightly fragrant fls. Var. superba
is a hort. form perhaps not distinct from var. giandijlora.
verticillata. To 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 8 in. long,
narrowed into winged petiole: fls. yellow, fragrant, to ^4 in.
across, in superimposed umbels, in winter in the greenhouse.
S. Arabia.
vincifldra: Omphalogramma vincijlorum.
viscdsa. To 8 in.: Ivs. oval to lanceolate, to 7 in. long,
rank-smelling, yellowish-green, glandular: fls. rose-lilac,
fragrant, £-£ in. across, in many-fld. umbels in late spring.
Alps and Pyrenees.
vittata. To 10 in.: Ivs. narrow-oblong, to 6 in. long: fls.
purple, % in. across, in many-fld. umbels or 2 superimposed
umbels. China.
vulgaris (P. acaulis). To 6 in.: Ivs. oblong, to 3 in. long,
wrinkled: fls. yellow, purple or blue, 1 % in. across, solitary
on long sts., in spring. Eu. Color forms are listed as alba,
atropurpurea, azurea, caerulea, lilacina, rdsea, rubra. Var.
hortensis is a term used to indicate garden mixtures of
many forms. Var. superba is offered as an improved form.
Waitonii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 8 in. long: fls. violet,
^ in. across, in large many-fld. umbels. Tibet.
Wardii. To 10 in., tufted: Ivs. oblong, to 1^ in. long,
narrowed into winged petiole: tis. rose or violet, in few-
fld. umbels. China.
W&ttii. To 6 in.: Ivs. oval to broadly lanceolate, to 1 J4
in. long, pubescent beneath, remotely so above, margins
coarsely dentate: fls. purple with white center, to % in.
Primula
592
Propagation
across, bell-shaped, in drooping 3-6-ftd. umbel. E. Him-
alayas.
Webbiana: hated name.
Wflsonii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 8 in. long: fls.
purple or violet, to % in. across, in superimposed umbels.
China.
WJnteri. Plant white- or yellow-mealy: Ivs. obovate,
4 in. long: fls. pale purple with yellow eye, \% in. across,
in many-fld umbels. Himalayas.
Wulfeniana. To 2 in., tufted: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong,
to 2 in. long, shining: fls. rose with white throat, 1 in. across,
in 1-3-fld. umbels. Alps.
yargong&nsis. To 4 in : Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 2 in. long:
fls. deep purple, ^ in. across, in 1-3-fld. nodding umbels.
Tibet.
zambal£nsis. To 4 in.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 2 in. long,
margins re volute: fls. deep rose-lilac, 1 in. across, in 3-5-
fld. umbels. Tibet.
PRIMULACEiE. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Nearly
30 genera of herbs, or seldom suffruticose, widely
distributed particularly in the northern hemi-
sphere, furnishing many flower-garden and green-
house plants. Family characterized by the bi-
sexual regular fls. with 5 petals more or less
united, 1-celled ovary with many seeds, 1 style,
and dehiscent fr. The genera in cult, are Ana-
gallis, Androsace, Cortusa, Cyclamen, Dode-
catheon, Douglasia, Glaux, Lysimachia, Om-
phalogramma, Primula, Samolus, Soldanella,
Steironerna, Trientalis.
PRINCES-FEATHER: Amaranthua hybridua var. hypo-
choiviriacua, Polygonum orientate.
PRINSfePIA. Rosacex. Deciduous Asian spiny
shrubs with simple Ivs., yellow or white fls. in
axillary clusters or racemes, and fr. a purple or
black drupe; grown for ornament and hardy N.
Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe or stratified,
by cuttings of young wood under glass, and by layers.
sine'nsis. To (> ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, to
3 in. long: fls yellow, H in. across, Mar -Apr.: fr. purple,
\i in. long. Manchuria.
uniflora. To 5 ft.: Ivs. narrow-oblong, to 2^ in. long:
fls. white, H in. across, Apr.- May: fr. black, bloomy, % in.
long. China.
PRITCHARDIA: Eupritchardia. P. grandis: Licuala.
P. Wrightii: Colpothrinax.
PRIVET: Ligudrum.
PROBOSCfDEA. UNICORN-PLANT. Martyni-
acese. Broad-topped sticky-pubescent thick-
stemmed ann. and per. herbs with large long-
stalked Ivs., large yellowish-purple fls. in few-fld.
axillary racemes, and woody curved caps, having
a beak which splits into 2 hook-like appendages;
9 known species, in the western hemispnere.
These plants are grown for ornament or for the young
fruits which are pickled as cucumbers or used in mixed
pickles. In the South seeds may be sown where the plants
are to stand but in the North they may be sown in hotbeds
and transplanted.
£nnua: Mar ynia annua*
formdsa: P. Juaaieui.
fragrans. Ann., sts. to 2 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate or deltoid,
mostly broader than long, at maturity usually 6-lobed:
fls. deep purplish. Mex. — The plant commonly grown
under this name is P. Jussieui.
Jussieui (P. and Marty nia louisiana. M. Proboscidea) .
COMMON U. or PROBOSCIS-FLOWER. Clammy, low and
spreading, to 3 ft. broad, the branches in opposite pairs:
Ivs. nearly orbicular to ovate-cordate, to 1 ft. across, wavy-
margined but not lobed: fla. creamy-white to violet or light
red, to 2 in. long: fr. hanging, to 6 in. long, half the length
being the slender beak. Del. and Ind. to New Mex. Var.
r6sea, fls. rose. — Grown in the garden under such names as
Martynia craniolaria, formosa, fragrana
louisiana: P. Jussieui.
lutea: Ibicella lutea.
tricolor: hort. name.
PROBOSCIS-FLOWER: Proboacidea Juaaieui.
PROCUMBENT: trailing or lying flat, but not rooting.
PROLIFEROUS: bearing offshoots or redundant parts:
producing other similar structures on itself, as when a head
of calendula has secondary heads springing from it.
PROMENyfeA. Orchidacex. Trop. S. American
epiphytes with 1-3-lyd. pseudobulbs and com-
monly 1-fld. lateral infL, the sepals and petals
similar, lip 3-lobed. Grown in warm greenhouse;
see Orchids.
citrma: P. xanthina.
xanthina (P. citrina). Lvs. to 4 in. long and about 5^ in.
wide: fls. to 2 in. wide, citron-yellow with side lobes of lip
and column spotted with red. Nov.- July. Brazil.
PROPAGATION of plants is accomplished by
two different means: (1) by seeds and spores,
which arc normal reproductive bodies, the seeds
and sometimes the snores the direct result of
sexual processes; (2) oy vegetative or asexual
parts. The second category may be again divided
into propagation (a) by division of the plant, (b)
by separation of naturally detachable parts, as
bulblets and offsets, (c) by layers, (d) by cuttings,
(e) by graftage.
Although plants have been propagated from
immemorial time and great skill has been de-
veloped in the practices, yet modifications of
these experiences are constantly arising. Many
of the old ideas on multiplication of plants are
being challenged and physiological studies have
resulted in and will continue to suggest con-
siderable changes in method. Persons desiring
to develop the greatest success in the work should
keep in touch with investigations as they are
published. The skilled propagator develops a
kind of intuitive sense as to how a plant new to
him may be increased and handled to best ad-
vantage. The propagation of plants, as a subject,
is much more than habit and manual skill.
Seedage is the subject and the practice of prop-
agating plants by means of seeds. The practice
is not only interesting in itself as a development
of skill but it brings the practitioner into close
relationship with fascinating natural objects.
There is peculiar satisfaction in being the agent
that causes the release of the dormant energy in
the seed and sets the processes into cumulative
action until the plant has attained its term.
Many persons do not wish to wait for the slow
processes of seed propagation, in the perennial
plants, and therefore purchase their stock ready
raised; but thereby they miss one of the major
rewards in gardening, for the plant is as interesting
in its beginnings as in its endings.
Seeds of most annuals, herbaceous perennials
and many trees and shrubs are best stored dry
in a fairly cool place. It is well to use screw-top
bottles or other air-tight containers and keep
them in a cool cellar or storage room. It is better
to rely on fresh seeds and, before sowing, test
their ability to germinate by placing a few in
soil or between moist flannel pads at a tempera-
ture of 65°-70° F. in the house or greenhouse.
Seeds of annuals and herbaceous perennials
may be germinated indoors or sown outside in
spring or early summer. Most tree and shrub
seeds are planted in prepared outdoor seed-beds
in autumn or early spring. If the seeds are fresh,
germination usually follows rapidly, but a few
varieties of garden flowers and a number of trees
and shrubs, handled by ordinary methods, may
require from a few months to one or even two
years to sprout. Such seeds are said to be
"dormant" or to require a "rest" or "after
ripening" period before germination can occur.
Propagation
593
Propagation
The simplest form of dormancy is caused by a
hard seed-coat which, through excessive drying,
has become impermeable to water and to gaseous
exchange. Familiar examples are canna, moon-
flower, black locust and sweet pea. All seeds of
this type are better if kept moist during storage.
This method of storage is known as "stratifica-
tion" and consists of mixing the seeds with moist
peat moss, placing them in a box and keeping in
a cool room or cellar at a temperature of prefer-
ably between 35° and 50° F. This to a large ex-
tent prevents the initial hardening of the seed-
coats. Dry sweet pea seed is benefited by soak-
ing in water, if not put into the ground until
the soil is warm. Seed of canna, moonflower and
others with hard shells may be scraped until the
outer shell is pierced or is very thin to allow
entrance of water. Seeds of^ black locust and
certain other legumes are frequently soaked in
concentrated commercial sulfuric acid for fifteen
minutes or until small white spots appear upon
the seed-coat. They must then be thoroughly
washed in water before sowing.
Dormancy is caused in seeds of holly and
orchids largely by a lack of stored food required
for germination. Orchid seeds are germinated in
flasks containing a sugar solution. Seeds of many
rosaceous plants, including certain kinds of
hawthorn, cotoneaster, viburnum and others,
may normally require at least a year for germina-
tion. These are said to require an "after ripen-
ing period" — an interval during which certain
internal processes are completed and which must
take place before germination can occur. It has
been found that the after ripening process of these
slower seeds can be hastened artificially by
stratifying them — keeping them moist and at a
cool temperature—for one to several months
before sowing. Different periods of stratifica-
tion are required for different kinds of plants.
For many with a short stratification period, fall
sowing or burial of the seed-flat outdoors over
winter may be all that is necessary to secure good
germination in spring. Seed of flowering dog-
wood, stored dry and sown in spring, may nor-
mally require at least twelve months for germina-
tion. If secured in fall, however, stratified for
sixteen weeks, and sown in May, seedlings may
be obtained in a very few weeks. However, not
all hastening treatments are as simple as this.
Peony and certain species of Lilium, for example,
have two definite stages in their germination
process, the first involving the formation of the
seedling root, the second the development of the
shoot. The root develops readily but the shoot
requires a period of low temperature first. If
seedlings of such plants are desired in quickest
time, they should be sown outdoors in early
summer to secure root development while the
weather is warm. Cool temperatures of winter
affect the after ripening of the shoot and the
young seedlings develop in spring. If sown in
autumn these seeds would require two years to
germinate. The process could be speeded up
further by use of a greenhouse and stratification.
Stratification is essentially a time-saving proced-
ure for use with slow seeds. Descriptions of the
best handling methods for the commoner seed
types are available and should be consulted for
more specific information.
In sowing seeds, the general rule is to cover
them twice or thrice their thickness. This rule
applies to the greater number of kinds of seeds,
but in many plants of a naturally short season of
bloom or growth, examples of which are the
garden pea and sweet pea, it may be advisable
to sow the seed deeper. Also, in sowing very
minute seeds, as tobacco, petunia, begonia, and
others of like size, care should be taken to place
them only under the surface of the soil — simply
pressed down with a smooth surface or allowed
to settle into the soil with the soaking in of the
water. The soil for all seeds should be loose and
ponous, to allow the excess moisture to escape
and the warmth to penetrate, but should DC
firmed directly over the seeds to induce an uj>-
ward flow of moisture.
Seedlings germinated in the house are frequently
subject to a serious disease, known as "damping-
off," which causes them to rot at the surface of
the soil. The disease is likely to appear when the
soil is kept too moist and warm. It can be pre-
vented by pre-sterilizing the seed with a material
such as red copper oxide and by sterilizing the
soil before sowing with formaldehyde or with
heat derived from steam or electricity.
One of the most common mistakes is sowing all
seeds at the same time without regard to the
season, thus causing a failure with some, while
others grow freely. Seeds of tender plants should
be sown only when the ground has become
thoroughly warm, while seeds of the so-called
hardy plants may be sown as early in the spring
as the ground is fit to work.
Very small seeds are sometimes mixed with
sand or other inert material to allow of more
uniform distribution; and the bed is frequently
shaded with lath or cheese cloth until the seed-
lings are established.
If seeds are not sown where the plants are to
stand, the seedlings must be transplanted before
they begin to crowd or become "drawn." This
operation the gardener calls "pricking out."
This means taking the young plants from the
seed-box as soon as they are large enough to be
handled — usually when the first true leaves
have developed — and replanting them in other
boxes or pots, either singly or at a greater distance
apart than they were when in the seed-boxes.
Transplant on a cloudy day, and just before a
rain, if possible, if the plants are going in the
open ground. Plants usually "take" quickly if
transplanted on freshly plowed or spaded ground.
Shade if necessary for a day or two, but do not
cover closely. If the plants are of considerable
size, it is good practice to remove part of the
leaf surface to reduce evaporation.
Division is the simple process of producing t\vo
or more new and complete plants by the splitting
apart of one original parent. Plants readily prop-
agated by this method are those with many
branching "crowns," rootstocks or rhizomes,
those with tubers or tuberous roots, or which
produce suckers, offsets or runners. Thus rhu-
barb and canna are multiplied by dividing the
roots or rhizomes into pieces bearing an eye or
bud; dahlia is increased by breaking apart the
clustered "tubers" so that each has a portion of
the stem with its dormant buds attached.
Division is performed mostly in the resting
season. Early flowering plants are usually divided
after ripening in autumn, while those flowering
in late summer may be left until just before
growth starts in spring. The removal and plant-
ing of naturally detachable parts such as bulbels
from about the mother bulb, bulblets from the
Propagation
594
Propagation
axils of leaves or flowers, plantlcts from the
leaves of kalanchoe or certain ferns is some-
times referred to as "separation," but the process
involved is essentially a form of division.
Layerage is the rooting of branches while still
part of the parent. Some plants form natural
layers; with others the production of roots on
above-ground parts is a purely artificial process.
FIG. 10. A girdled layer.
The operation entails the covering of a stem or
side growth with soil or other suitable medium
into which rooting is likely to take place. The
initiation of root production may be encouraged
by wounding the portion of the root so covered.
Tonguing, twisting, notching and ringing are
methods frequently practiced. When sufficient
roots have been produced, the shoot is removed
and potted or planted out for growing into size.
Simple layering is that of a side shoot of peren-
nials such as dianthus or viola or of shrubs such
as magnolia or rhododendron. Strong branches
are notched, bent down to the soil, and held in
place with a peg or stone. The region of the cut
is well covered with sandy soil. Layering can be
done in spring or, more frequently, in autumn.
The branch may be severed from the parent at
the end of one year. Quick-rooting layers may
FIG: 11. A notched layer.
be transplanted immediately, but slower types
such as rhododendrons should be left a second
year for plenty of root to form. Figs. 10 and 11
illustrate simple layers in a diagrammatic way.
Tip layering is^ adapted to shrubs, such as
black raspberry and forsythia, making long
slender shoots which fall to the ground. In late
summer, when growth is practically completed,
the tips of such young shoots are pegged down
to the soil and lightly covered. By late fall or
spring these tips can be severed about 6 inches
above the ground. By spring the young plants
with roots, crown eyes and "handles," will be
ready for transplanting to permanent locations.
Serpentine layering is particularly adapted to
such vines as grape and clematis. In early spring
long vigorous stems are taken down and undu-
lated or arched so that occasional nodes are
buried beneath the soil, the intervening ones and
the tip being exposed. The lower nodes are
nicked with a knife, pegged into place, and
covered with soil. At the end of a year the stem
is cut from the parent plant and the individual
sections severed to leave an upper growing bud
ahead of each root system. Transplanting can be
done during the second year.
Stool ing is a method of layering in which the
parent plant is cut off just above the ground in
spring. As new shoots develop their bases are,
in successive stages, covered over with soil.
These young shoots root into the soil and can be
removed as rooted plants in autumn. Many
stiff-wooded shrubs such as hydrangea and
mock-orange can 'be handled by this system.
Certain modifications of the method, known as
mound stooling and trench layering, have partic-
ular application in the vegetative propagation
of apple and quince understocks.
Air layering is a special form in which the
layered part is not in the ground but is an up-
right shoot, wounded or ringed Just below a node.
The roots are struck in a marcot box or split pot
containing peaty soil, or in moist sphagnum moss
bound around the wounded part. When sufficient
roots have formed, the shoot is cut from the
parent plant and potted. The atmosphere
should be moist at all times and careful watering
of the new plant is necessary until it becomes well
established. Air layering is particularly useful
for lowering the heads of "leggy" or scraggly
specimens of rubber plants, crotons or other tall
foliage subjects.
Cutting propagation differs from layerage in
the fact that the part is severed before roots are
formed. Cuttings, therefore, are parts of plants
inserted in sand, soil or water with the intention
that they shall produce roots and make new
plants. They are of various kinds. They may be
classified, with reference to the age of the wood
or tissue, into two classes: those made from per-
fectly hard or dormant wood (taken from the
winter twigs of trees and bushes), and those from
more or less immature or growing "wood."
They may be classified again in respect to the
part of the plant from which they are taken, as
root-cuttings, tuber-cuttings (as the ordinary
"seed" planted for potatoes), stem-cuttings and
leaf-cuttings.
Dormant stern-cuttings arc employed with
grapes, willows, poplars, privets, spireas and
many other kinds of easily rooting trees and
shrubs. Such cuttings are ordinarily taken in
fall or winter, but cut into the proper lengths
and then buried in sand or moss where they do
not freeze, that the lower end may heal over or
callous. In spring these cuttings are set in the
ground, preferably in a rather sandy and well-
drained place. Usually, hardwood cuttings are
made with two to four joints or buds, and when
they are planted only the upper bud projects
above the ground. They may be planted erect,
or somewhat slanting. That the cutting may
reach down to moist earth, it is desirable that it
should not be less than 6 inches long; and it is
sometimes better if it is 8 to 12 inches. If the
wood is short-jointed, there may be several buds
on a cutting of this length; and to prevent too
many shoots from arising from these buds, the
Propagation
595
Propagation
lowermost buds are often cut out. Roots start
readily if the lower buds are removed, since the
^ buds grow into shoots and not
f\ into roots. Cuttings of currants,
grapes, honeysuckles, and the like
may be set in rows far enough
apart to admit of easy tillage
either with horse or hand tools,
and the cuttings may be placed
3 to 8 inches apart in the row.
After the cuttings have grown for
one season, the plants are usually
transplanted and given more
room for the second year's growth,
after which they are ready to be
set in permanent plantations. In
some cases, the plants are set in
the field at the end of the first year ;
but two-year plants are stronger
and usually preferable. Dormant
cuttings are shown in Figs. 12 and
13, ready for setting in spring.
Softwood or greenwood cut-
tings are made from the young
shoots of coleus, geranium, fuch-
sia and many other green house,
house, and outdoor perennial
plants. They are rooted under
cover, in a greenhouse, coldframc
or dwelling house. The shoots
should be mature enough to break
when bent sharply. When the
wood is so soft that it will bend
and not break, it is too immature,
in most plants, for
j^k;,-.., of o-nod
maKing oigooa
cuttings. Softwood
cuttings are usually
3 to 5 inches long and bear two or
three joints or nodes. If there are
two nodes, the lower leaves are re-
moved and the upper ones cut in
two, so that they do not present
their entire surface to the air and
thereby lose, by evaporation, an
excessive amount of moisture. If
the cutting bears only one node,
the lower end is usually cut just-
above the next lowest node. In
either case the cuttings arc inserted
to a depth of 1 to lj/2 inches in a
rooting medium composed of well-
drained sand. Mixtures of sand and
peat moss are used for rooting cer-
tain plants while water is satis-
factory for very easy varieties such
as English ivy; but one should avoid
ordinary soil or any material that
holds too much moisture and be-
comes muddy and spur. The bed
is kept uniformly moist throughout
its depth and the cuttings shaded
until they begin to emit roots.
Occasional ventilation is necessary
to prevent the air from becoming
too close and to minimize the danger
of damping-off or other disease at-
tack. A gentle bottom heat of 65-75°
F., provided by fermenting manure,
electrical resistance cable, or other
means will increase the speed of
rooting. Figs 14 15 16 ilWrate «?«£, frc°
three types of softwood cuttings. Of currant.
Fia. 12. Cutting
of grape, made
of the just-rip-
ened cane.
FIG. 13. Hard-
wood cutting,
Fia. 14. A softwood cutting; it is set in earth up to
the hoi izontal line.
Ilalf-ripewood cuttings are made in late June
and July from the ripening young shoots of
various types of trees and shrubs. They repre-
sent a stage between the hardwood dormant
cutting and the softwood green cutting in which
FIG. 15. Carnation cutting.
the shoots are green and in leaf but becoming
woody. They are illustrated in Figs. 17 and 18.
Since a true distinction is of ton difficult to make
between "softwood" and "half-ripewood" cut-
tings, there is a growing tendency to classify all
leafy summer cuttings under the simple term
FIG. 10. Coleus cutting.
Propagation
596
Propagation
Fia. 17. Half-ripewood cutting of viburnum.
"soft woods' ' regardless of the type of plant or,
within limits, the degree of maturity of the cut-
ting involved. As designated here, however,
three or more nodes are comprised in the half-
ripewood cutting. The leaf surface is somewhat
reduced; it is inserted in sand or sand and peat
moss in a frame or propagating house, and given
care similar to that accorded the ordinary soft or
greenwood cutting. Fig. 18 is a thuja or arbor-
vita; cutting. Evergreens of this kind can be
rooted in hotbeds in summer or in the greenhouse
during fall and early winter. Later in the year
such cuttings become practically true hardwoods
inasmuch as the wood is ripened and the leaves
are persistent.
Synthetic growth substances such as indole-
butyric or naphthalene-acetic acid have come
into use in recent years for the encouragement of
earlier rooting or the production of heavier root
systems by soft- or half-ripewood cuttings.
These effects are secured with many of the easily
rooting plants as well as with certain more
difficult ones such as flowering dogwood, Vi-
burnum Carlesii and hemlock. The treatment is
effected by soaking the cuttings for a few hours
in a liquid solution of one of these acids or by
dipping their bases in a preparation of the acid
in powder form ^before inserting them in the
rooting medium. The acid powders are easier
to use than the liquids and usually as effective.
Rooted softwood cuttings are commonly grown
in pots until ready for transplanting to their
permanent quarters. Half-ripewood cuttings
may be either potted or planted in prepared soil
outdoors for growing into size.
Root-cuttings are employed for blackberries,
raspberries, perennial pnlox, anchusa and cer-
tain other woody and herbaceous plants. With
trees and shrubs they are usually made of roots
from the size of a lead pencil to a little finger, cut
into 3- to 5- inch lengths. Such cuttings are
stored as are hardwood stem-cuttings and al-
lowed to callous. In spring they are planted in a
horizontal or inclined position in moist sandy soil
and covered to a depth of 1 or 2 inches. Root-
cuttings of herbaceous perennials, about 2 inches
long, may be directly potted in the greenhouse
in fall or planted in the greenhouse bench or in
outdoor coldframes. They will be of size for
transplanting at th6 end of the first year.
Leaf-cuttings are often employed for the
fancy-leaved begonias, gloxinias and a few other
plants. The young plant usually arises most
readily from the leaf-stalk or petiole. The leaf,
therefore, is inserted in the rooting medium much
as is a softwood cutting. Begonia leaves, how-
ever, develop young plants from the main veins,
if these veins or ribs are cut. For this to occur,
well grown and firm begonia leaves, with the
main veins cut, are placed upon moist sand and
weighted down with pebbles.
The leaf-bud cutting is a variation which has
acquired increasing usage in recent years. It
consists not only of leaf -blade and petiole but of
these with axillary bud and a portion of the stem
attached. It has been very successful for the
propagation of blackberries, is now being used
for camellias, hollies, hybrid rhododendrons
and various other plants. With such subjects it
possesses the advantage of easier rooting than
FIG. 18. Cutting of arbor- vita. The full cutting shows the
formation of call us at base; the detail, later, haa the roots
well formed.
Propagation
597
Pruning
the stem-cutting and a more certain ability to
produce shoot growth than the simple leaf-cut-
ting. Maturing young leaves are usea as cuttings
in midsummer. Leaf-bud cuttings of rhododen-
drons, after potting, must be maintained at a
relatively high temperature for a few weeks in
order to secure rapid shoot growth before winter.
Plants may be propagated by means of cut-
tings or cions that are inserted in another plant
rather than in soil. The practice is discussed
under the article Graftage.
PROPHET-FLOWER: Arnebia echioidea.
PROSARTES: Disporum.
PROSOPIS. Leguminosse. Trees or shrubs with
2-pinnate Ivs., the Ifts. usually small and numer-
ous, greenish-yellow fls. in axillary spikes, and
straight or sickle-shaped pods; the first species
is of economic importance in arid regions, for
forage and as a honey plant.
glanduldsa (P. juliflora var. glandulosa). MESQTJITE.
Much branched shrub to 9 ft. or sometimes small tree to
20 ft. high, with axillary spines: spikes to 3>£ in. long: pods
to 8 in. long. Tex., N. Mex., S. Calif., characteristic of the
region.
pub6scens (Strombocarpa odorata and pubescent!) . SCREW
BEAN. TORNILLO. Spreading shrub to 15 ft. or small tree
to 35 ft., with axillary spines: fls. greenish, in spikes to 3 in.
long: pods to 1 ^ in. long. Tex , Utah, Calif.
Stephaniana. Low tree, spiny: spikes about 3 in. long:
pods to 1 in. long, black. S. W. Asia.
PROSTANTHfeRA. Labiate. Shrubs of Aus-
tralia with opposite Ivs. and white or red 2-lipped
fls.; grown out-of-doors in S. Calif. Propagated
by cuttings of young wood.
lasianthos. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, pale or glaucous beneath, margins often re-
curved: fls. tinged pink or blue, % in. long, in terminal
racemes.
nivea. To 6 ft.: Ivs. linear, to \% in- long, entire: fls.
white or tinged with blue, % in- across, axillary, forming
leafy racemes
rotundifdlia. To 7 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to % in. long,
nearly entire: fls. blue or purple, about % ii . long, in
terminal racemes.
Si&beri. Tall shrub: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or oblong, to
1 in. long, deeply toothed: fls. blue or purple, ^ in. across,
in terminal racemes.
PROTEA. Proteacese. Trees, shrubs or stemless
perennials, mostly from the Cape region of S.
Afr.: Ivs. alternate, entire, leathery: fls. in many-
fld. usually sessile solitary heads inclosed in an
involucre of imbricated bracts: fr. a densely
bearded nut.
comp&cta. Shrub: Ivs. imbricated, to 4^4 in. long and
1^5 in. wide: heads terminal, 4 in. long inner bracts pink
to carmine.
grandiceps. Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. elliptical, to 5 in. long,
apex obtuse, base broad and somewhat cordate, glaucous
usually with reddish margins, coriaceous and strongly
veined, sessile: heads terminal, to 4}^ in. long and 6 in.
across, inner bracts red to purplish with rounded tips,
beard white, orange, purple or black.
mellifera. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. to 3^ in. long and M in.
wide: heads terminal, 5 in. long, bracts sticky, dark red or
greenish-white with pink tips and marg ns.
obtusifblia. Shrub: Ivs. to 4 % in. long and 1^ in. wide,
obtuse or emarginate: heads terminal, 3% in. long, bracts
ciliate.
scolymoc6phala. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2^£ in. long and
H in. wide: heads terminal, to 1 in. long, bracts pale green.
Stisanniae. Shrub: Ivs. to 5 in. long and ^ in. wide: heads
terminal, 3 % in. long, bracts pubescent.
PROTEACE^. PROTEA FAMILY. South hemi-
sphere trees and shrubs, sometimes herbs, abun-
dant in Australia and S. Afr, : lys. usually alter-
nate: fls. bisexual or unisexual, with 4-parted peri-
anth, 4 stamens, and superior 1 -celled ovary,
borne in racemes, clusters or bracteate heads: fr.
a nut, drupe or caps. A few genera yield edible
nuts and dyes and the following are grown for
ornament in warmer parts of the country, particu-
larly in Calif. : Banksia, Dryandra, Embothrium,
Gevuina, Grevillea, Hakea, Hicksbeachia, Isopo-
gon, Knightia, Lambertia, Leucadendron, Leu-
cospermum, Lomatia, Macadamia, Persoonia,
Petrophila, Protea, Roupala, Stenocarpus, Telo-
pea.
PRUINOSE: covered with a bloom, like a plum or a
cabbage leaf.
PRUNE. Any variety of Domestica plum
(Prunus domesticd) with firm meaty flesh, and
which readily makes dried fruit. Some of the
prunes are commercially grown in the East, but
they are sold in the green state as are other plums;
and they are adapted to all the uses of other
plums. Prunes are cultivated like other plums.
Fruits for drying are allowed to fall from the
tree, then carefully gathered. They are dipped
in lye to prevent fermentation and to hasten the
drying, often being rinsed thereafter. They may
then be dried in kilns, or in warm sunny regions
like California on trays in the open air. In this
country the product is raised and prepared on
the Pacific coast. See Plum.
PRUNfiLLA (Brunella). Labiatse. More or less
weedy low-growing per. herbs, with purple or
violet fls. in dense bracted heads or spikes; useful
for the rock-garden or slightly shady parts of the
border. They grow readily in common condi-
tions.
atropurpurea: a hort. form with bronzy Ivs. and purple
fls.
grandifldra. To 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate, toothed or entire- fla.
purple, 1 in. long. June-July. Eu. Color forms are vars.
alba, carmine a, r6sea, and rubra.
hastaef61ia (P. pyrenaica). To 1 V£ ft., soft-pubescent:
Ivs. oval-hastate, 1 in long, toothed: fls. blue-violet, 1 m.
long June-Sept. Spain, Portugal.
inclsa: P. vulgaris.
laciniata: P. vulgaris var.
pyrenaica: P. hasty folia.
vulgaris (P. incisa). SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL. To 2 ft.,
sts. often procumbent: Ivs ovate to oblong-lanrcolate, to
4 in. long, entire or toothed: fls. purple or violet, rarely
white, to % in. long. May-Oct. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
Var. laciniata has cut Ivs.
Webbiana: hort. name for a floriferous plant with bright
purple fls.; botanical position uncertain.; some of the
material so listed appears to be P. grandiflora.
PRUNING. All woody plants, and practically
all others, are pruned by nature if not by man.
Branches arise from buds, and yet there are any
number more buds on a tree or bush than can
grow full-size branches. A large part of the
twiglets die and fall, probably having contributed
to the welfare of the plant in their short life.
The trunk of a tree has shed perhaps hundreds of
twigs in its course from seedling to sapling and
maturity, otherwise it would not be a smooth
continuous bole. Twigs in disadvantaged posi-
tions, as on the inside and under side, fail and
fall, as the droppings on the ground testify.
Eventually the full-formed characteristic plant
is produced; its form and character constitute its
charm, and this charm should be retained.
The pruning of ornamental plantings, there-
fore, has for its object the maintenance of the
plant in its normal, natural condition. It may be
corrected, if need be, by removing superfluous,
injured and wayward growths and by keeping it
Pruning
598
Pruning
within bounds; and broken, diseased and wounded
places on trees should be treated and the head so
directed from the first as to avoid dangerous
crotches and to make it shapely. Beyond all
this, the plant should be left largely alone unless,
for some special reason, it is desired to trim it
into a formal shape; and in this case the work
should be in the hands of a trained person and
not a tree butcher or a person who happens to be
possessed of priming-shears. As to trees, the
knowledge of insects and diseases, and of the
physiological processes, now requires educated
and trained men, and trees become more valuable
as property values rise and as men and women
become more sensitive to their surroundings.
When it is desired to grow a product of extra
size and excellence, pruning must be undertaken
to reduce competition between numbers, whether
the product is roses or peaches. The gardener
prunes his chrysanthemums for the production
of extra-large blooms, and his greenhouse toma-
toes for first-class fruit. No vineyardist expects
an acceptable crop of fruit without pruning, nor
any grower of blackberries and raspberries with-
out at least removing the spent canes. Anybody
can cut off limbs and make a great display with
saws and priming-shears, but real pruning re-
quires discrimination and intelligent experience.
Pruning is a process of educating the plant for
the purpose of correcting its faults and develop-
ing its most desirable attributes.
Pruning has two objects: to trim the plant or
make it assume a designed shape; to render it
more vigorous or more fruitful, or to make other
changes in its character. These objectives are
woll illustrated in the pruning of ornamental
shrubs. If one wants the shrubs sheared into
formal shape, the shearing may be undertaken
at almost any season; in fact, it is better to
practice it two or three times each year, to keep
the plants attractive and neat. If only once, it is
well to perform it early in the season so that new
growths may quickly arise and cover whatever
damage may be wrought. If, however, the desire
is to obtain more flowers, the case is very differ-
ent. Some shrubs and trees bear their flowers on
the wood of the preceding year. Such, for ex-
ample, are the early-flowering shrubs as lilacs
and snowballs. The flower-buds are made the
previous year. In this case, pruning in winter
cuts off the flower-buds. The proper time for
pruning them, therefore, is just after the flowers
have passed. The flower-buds form later in the
season for the production of flowers the following
spring. Other shrubs, however (particularly
tnose that blossom late in the season), bear on
wood of the current year's growth. Some kinds
of clematis blossom in late summer and fall on
the wood of the season. Roses present a similar
case. The greater the quantity of strong wood
in any season, therefore, the greater the bloom
in that season. With such shrubs, it is well to
prune in winter or early spring, and rather
heavily. The abundance of new shoots may be
expected to bear flowers later in the season.
Following are shrubs which, for best results in
flower-bearing, may be pruned when dormant
(in winter) : camellia, Jackmanii type of clematis,
cornus, hibiscus (shrubby), hydrangea, many
loniceras or honeysuckles, philadelphus or mock-
orange, some spireas. Shrubs that rnay be
pruned when in leaf (after blooming): lilac,
deutzia, weigelas, exochorda, spring-flowering
FIQ. 19. Bush in its natural attractive form.
loniceras, tree peony, flowering almond, some
spireas and viburnums, wisteria. Fig. 19 shows
a plant form that is likely to be ruined by persons
who shear bushes.
Fruit-trees, particularly apples, during the first
years after planting, are pruned to space the
limbs and build a strong framework. Important
considerations are: (1) spacing the limbs verti-
cally along the main trunk so that only one is in-
serted on the trunk at any one level; (2) avoiding
the formation of crotches in which the two arms
are of equal size; the main trunk should be of
greater diameter than any branch arising from
it; (3) choosing for permanent limbs only those
that make a wide angle with the trunk. Fig. 20
shows a properly formed system of scaffold
branches. Later pruning may be to stimulate
the formation of vigorous fruiting wood, to
facilitate spraying and picking and to keep the
trees from becoming unmanageably tall. Peaches
are given rather heavy detailed pruning for the
purpose of thinning the crop. Annual pruning is
essential for peaches and grapes. Apples and
other temperate zone fruits may be pruned
every two years. Citrus and some subtropical
Fia. 20. A properly formed system of scaffold branches.
Pruning
fruits need very little pruning of any kind.
Heavy pruning is rarely justified except in
neglected orchards where the growth is much too
thick. Kxcessive pruning of fruit-trees may
result in considerable reduction of crop. Pruning
should be so managed that the tops of the trees
will be open, that no two limbs interfere with
each other, that the fruit will not be so abundant
as to overload the tree. Before one can prune a
fruit-tree intelligently one must know its fruit-
bearing habit and be able to distinguish fruit-buds
and flower-buds.
The wound made by pruning heals by being
covered with callus tissue, which grows out from
the cambium region and rolls over the face of the
exposure. The hard wood itself never heals ; that
FIG. 21. Healing of pruning wound. Left, pi lining wound
on side of trunk showing annual growth rings. A, pith, C,
wood, D, bark. Right, the same wound healed over. K,
wood formed prior to cut, G, annual layers of wood formed
after cut, L, bark. The cambium is between the bark and
the wood.
is, the cells do not have the power of making new
cells; the old wood is covered up, or hermetically
sealed as a cap is put on a fruit-jar, as indicated
in Fig. 21. It is evident, therefore, that no kind
of dressing will hasten the healing of the wound.
The merit of a dressing is to keep the cut wood
sound and healthy until the callus naturally
covers it over. A good dressing is thick linseed-
oil paint, but special kinds are on the market.
Water-soluble asphalt emulsions are among the
best. A dressing should be adhesive and endur-
ing, and have antiseptic properties. Small
wounds on sound limbs or trunks are usually not
dressed in orchard pruning.
The time or season for pruning, so far as the
wound is concerned, is ordinarily in spring just
as growth starts; but the season also influences
fruit-bearing and wood-making, and these ques-
tions should be considered. Those wounds heal
best that are on strong main limbs, where there
is a full flow of nutritious sap. The limb should
be cut off so that the wound is approximately
parallel with the trunk on which it sits, and close
to it. With many trees there is an enlarged
shoulder at the base of each limb. Correct
practice is to start the cut close to the trunk on
599 Pruning
the upper side of the branch and slant the saw
slightly outward (Fig. 22). Stubs projecting
beyond this shoulder will not heal properly.
One has only to observe the trunks of trees as one
passes, or the knots in fire-wood, to understand
the decay and damage that result from long stubs,
whether left by the pruner or by storms, for
knot-holes are only decayed branches. The
injury may invade the trunk far beyond the
knot-hole.
It is generally best to prime hardy orchard
trees late in winter or early in spring, but much
depends on climate and also on the extent of
the work and available labor supply. It is
ordinarily better, however, in the North, to leave
peaches and other tender fruits until after the
buds have swollen, or even after the flowers have
fallen, that one may determine -how much they
have been injured by the winter. Grape vines
should be pruned in winter or preferably not
later (in the North) than the first of March.
If pruned later than this, they may bleed.
Such loss of sap, however, is of little importance
and should not prevent late pruning if earlier
pruning has been impossible. These remarks
may be made to apply to other woody plants as
well as to fruit-trees.
Tree surgery, or the treating of wounds, depre-
dations and damages, is a different practice from
pruning although pruning may be involved in it.
Special knowledge and equipment are required
for it.
Pruning and trimming should be contrasted
although they are ordinarily confounded. Trim-
ming is an affair of the shaping of plants and not
to the thinning of them, or to training for wood,
fruit or other special object. Trimming is mostly
employed on hedges. It is also practiced to keep
evergreens in shape. Many ornamental plants
are also trimmed into various forms, although it is
a question whether such practice is often desir-
able. Fruit-trees should be pruned, as a rule,
rathor than trimmed: they should be allowed to
take their natural form, the primer taking out
Fia. 22. Position of cut in removing branch. N. correct
line of cut for quick healing, M, too far out, a stub is left,
O, too close, the wound is larger than necessary.
Pruning
600
Prunus
the superfluous and unnecessary wood and keep-
ing them within manageable bounds.
Training is still another practice. It directs
the parts, often placing them on trellises or
walls. The plant must first be pruned, and the
nature of the pruning may be modified by the
form of training. If grapes are to be trained on
the Kniffin system, pruning is one thing; if on
the horizontal-arm system it is quite another
thing.
PRUNUS. THE STONE-FRUITS. Rosacex. Or-
chard, ornamental and interesting deciduous and
evergreen trees and bushes, mostly of the north
ternp. zone, of about 200 species, with alternate
and prevailingly simple Ivs.: fls. normally bisex-
ual, white or pink, solitary or in clusters and
often preceding the foliage; stamens 20 or more;
pistil single, inside the calyx-cup: fr. a drupe,
mostly edible, with a single pit or stone.
For Hortus Second it is best to keep the genus Prunus intact,
to include the plums, apricots, peaches, cherries, and cherry-
laurels. The cherry species fall into several groups, of which
three may be mentioned: the umbellate, in which the flowers
are in small umbel-like clusters, as in the orchard kinds,
although in some cases they may be only 1, 2 or 3; the
racemose cherries, with the flowers in distinctly elongated
clusters or racemes, as the choke-cherry; the cherry-laurels,
with flowers racemose and leaves persistent (evergreen).
All the urunus plants are tractable in cultivation. Most
of the kinds are hardy in the northern parts of the country.
They are not particular as to soil. Usually they are propa-
gatable directly from seeds sown in autumn or stratified
until spring. Named varieties are started from firm-wood
cuttings under glass or are budded on closely related stock,
commonly the latter. The usual stocks are common plum,
myrobalan plum, peach, cherry. Note the statements
under some of the species in this account, and consult
Almond, Apricot, Cherry Peach, Plum.
&cida: P. Cerasus var. caproniana.
eequinoctiahs: form of P. subhirtella var. pendula.
alabame'nsis. Racemose cherry like P. serotina but a
smaller tree, the Ivs. underneath as well as petioles and
rachis of raceme tomentose or pubescent, Ivs. relatively
broader. Ala.
alleghaniensis. Plum: shrub or small tree: Ivs. lance-
ovate to narrow-obovate, long-pointed, serrate, becoming
glabrous: fls. about % in. across, white turning pink, calyx
somewhat pubescent outside: fr. about Yi in- diam., dark
purple and glaucous. Conn, to Pa.
americana. Small native plum tree 20-30 ft. or much
loss: Ivs. obovate or oblong-obovate and acuminate, dull,
sharp-serrate, petiole usually glandless: fls. about 1 in.
across, calyx-lobes not glandular: fr. about ^4 in. diam.,
but in some strains larger, yellow or red, stone swollen.
Now England to Man., west and south. — Blackhawk,
Hawkeye, DeSoto and other plums belong here.
Amygdalus (P. communis. Amygdalua communis).
ALMOND. Glabrous tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate and
acuminate, closely serrate, somewhat shining above: fls.
mostly before Ivs., 1^ in. or less across, pink: fr. oblong
and flattened. 11A in. or more long, with dry inedible flesh,
varying in thickness of stone and edibleness of kernel.
Probably W. Asia. — There are double-fld. forms in different
tints, vanegated-lvd. and pendulous., with varietal names.
angustifdlia. CHICK ASA w PLUM. Small twiggy glabrous
tree or a bush: Ivs. lanceolate, standing trough-like, shining,
closely fine-serrate: fls. ^ in. across, white: fr. about % in,
diam., red or yellow. Del., west and south to Fla. and
Tex. — Produces Caddo Chief. Var. varians. More robust
and fr. larger: stone pointed at apex. Var. Watsonii.
HAND PLUM of Kans. southwest. Bush, with very zigzag
twigs.
ape'tala (P. ccrase idos) . Small tree or shrub: Ivs. oblong
to obovate, to 2 in. long, acuminate, sharp-serrate, pubes-
cent: fls. with small petals soon perishing, the calyx purple,
with the Ivs. Japan.
Armeniaca. APRICOT. Small tree with ovate to round-
ovate, often cordate, abruptly pointed, closely serrate Ivs.
pubescent on veins underneath: fls. 1 in. or less across,
pinkish or white, solitary in advance of Ivs.: fr. large, be-
coming nearly smooth with very short st ; stone mostly
smooth. Perhaps W. Asia. Var. mandshurica. Lvs. more
cuspidate, sharply serrate: fr. with st. about y± m. long.
Var. sibirica. Lvs. narrower and smaller, long-acuminate:
fr. small and scarcely edible, splitting. For plumcot, see
P. salicina.
Arnoldiana: see P. triloba.
avium. SWEET CHERRY. Large tree with central leadoi
and birch-like bark: Ivs. oblong-ovate to -obovate, largGv
soft, doubly serrate: fls. about 1 in. across, with the Ivs. in
clusters, white: fr. globular or oblong, long-stemmed.
Eurasia. — Often spontaneous in the form known as Maz-
zard, the seedlings used as stocks. There are double-fld.,'
cut-lvd. and drooping forms. Var. actiana (var. aylvestns)
is the wild or run-wild form bearing very small sweet dark
colored fr. Var. duracina. BIOARREAU or HARD-FLESHED
CHERRIES. Var. Juliana, HEART CHERRIES. Var. regalis
(P. effusa), DUKE CHERRIES, with narrow growth and sour
flesh, thought to be hybrid with P. Cerasus.
az6rica: P. lusitanica.
Besseyi. SAND CHERRY. Glabrous little bush, diffuse or
nearly prostrate: Ivs. elliptic to oval, finely serrate: fls.
about £<$ in. across, white: fr. about % in. diam. or more,
black, edible. Plains, Man. to Kans. and Colo. — Some-
times employed as stock for hardiness and for dwarfing.
Blireana: see P. cerasifera.
brigantina (P. bngantiaca). Apricot: small tree or
shrub: Ivs. ovate, short-acuminate, sharply serrate, pubes-
cent underneath: fls. short-stalkeu, white or pink, about
% in. or more across: fr. small, yellow, smooth, subacid;
seed oily and fragrant. S. France.
Buergeriana. Racemose cherry, 20-30 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to
oblong and acuminate, serrulate, glabrous except in axils
underneath: fls about % m. across: fr. small, black. Japan,
Korea; hardy N.
campanulata. Handsome umbellate cherry to 25 ft.,
young growth glabrous: Ivs. oblong-ovate, sharply serrate,
acuminate, nearly or quite glabrous underneath: fls with
the Ivs. or in advance of them, long-pedicelled, calyx and
corolla dark deep rose-red: fr. ovoid, about l/% in. long, red.
S. Japan; thrives in S. Calif.
cane'scens. Shrubby cherry with pubescent branchlets
and Ivs., the latter ovate or longer, short-acuminate, ser-
rate: fls. 2-5 together, nearly },% in- across, pink: fr. about
Yl in. diam., red. China; hardy N.
Capuli (P. serotina var. sahcifolia. P. Capolliri). CAP-
OLLIN. Lvs. narrow and long-acuminate: racemes stout,
closely flowered: fr. large, sometimes 1 in. across. Trop.
Amer.; grown for fruit and ornament.
caroliniana (Laurocerasus caroliniana). Native ever-
green cherry-laurel to 40 ft. or more: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
and acuminate, nearly or quite entire: fls. small, cream-
white, in racemes: fr. \^ m. or less long, shining black.
N. C. to Tex , mostly near coast. — Known as Wild-Orange
and Mock-Orange.
ceraseldos: P. apetala.
cerasifera (P. myrobalana). CHERRY or MYROBALAN
PLUM. Slender small tree glabrous or essentially so at ma-
turity: Ivs. small and thin, 2 in. long, short-ovate, finely
serrate: fls. 1 in. or less across, white, single or 2 or 3 to-
gether, before Ivs.: fr. mostly 1 in. or less diam., globular,
red or yellow, sweet, very juicy. S. W. Asia. — Much used
as stock. Huns into more or less weeping and leaf-margined
forms Var. atropurpftrea (var. Piasardii) is purple-lvd.:
several derivatives of it are listed, as P. Blireana (supposed
to be hybridized with P. Mume), P. Hessei, P. Moseri,
P. Veitchii. Var. divaricata (P. divaricata) is more bush-
like, branches very slender, Ivs. rounded at case, fls. smaller
and coming with the Ivs. Var. Woddii (P. Spaethii), Ivs.
dark purple, holding color all summer. Mananna and
similar plums are apparently offshoots of P. cerasifera,
perhaps oy hybridization.
cerasoides (P. Puddum). Like P. campanulata but Ivs.
broad-oval and very sharply toothed: fr. pointed. Hima-
layas.
Cerasus. SOUR CHERRY. Small round-topped or much
spreading variable tree, suckering from root: Ivs. short-
ovate to somewhat obovate, stiffish, abruptly short-pointed,
doubly serrate: fls. about 1 in. across, white to pink, a little
in advance of Ivs. or with them, sometimes double: fr. ,
% in. or so diam., red, sour. Eurasia; sometimes spontane-
ous.— There are double- and pink-fld. forms Much cult,
as an orchard fr. in two forms, var. austera or Morello
with colored juice and var. caproniana (P. acida) or Ama-
relle with light or uncolored juice. Var. Rhexii has double
white fls. Var. semperfldrens, EVERBLOOMINQ or ALL
SAINTS CHERRY, blooms on shoots of the season, in summer.
Chamaec6rasus: P. fruticosa.
cistena. PURPLELEAF SAND CHERRY. Hybrid between
P. pumua and P. cerasifera var. atropurpurea: Ivs., pedicels
and calyx reddish.
Cocomflia. Often bushy, with thorny branches: Ivs. oval
to obovate, sharp-serrate, tapering at base: fls. mostly in
pairs, whitish, about H in. across: fr. about 1 in. or less
diam., yellow. Italy. — Allied to P. cerasifera.
communis: P. Amygdalus.
concfnna. Umbellate bush cherry, becoming nearly or
quite glabrous in all parts: Ivs. narrow, to 1 in. wide, with
Prunus
601
Prunus
not more than 10 pairs of veins, finely serrate: fls. 1 in. or
less across, 4 or fewer together, white, before the Ivs.: fr.
about H in. long, black. China. — Ornamental.
Conradinae. Umbellate cherry allied to P. concinna, tree
to 25 ft., glabrous or nearly becoming so: Ivs. 2 in. or so
broad, with more than 10 pairs of veins: fls. 4 or fewer to-
together, whitish or pinkish, nearly 1 in. across: fr. nearly
H in. long, red. China,
cornuta. Like P. Padua, of which some writers consider
it a var., but has Ivs. rounded at base, reddish hairs in
axils underneath, commonly pubescent racemes, calyx
glabrous inside, and stone smooth. Himalayas.
cuneata: P. pumila var. ausquehanse.
dasyc&rpa. PURPLBJ APRICOT. Small tree like apricot,
to 20 ft., branches purplish: Ivs. plum-like, ovate to oval,
to 2 H in. long, closely serrate, usually pubescent on veins
underneath: fls. 1 in or more across, white, before the Ivs.:
fr. l^i in. diam., pubescent, dark purple, acid Unknown
wild; perhaps a hybrid with P. cerasifera.
Davidiana. Peach-like, glabrous tree to 20 or 30 ft.:
Ivs. narrow and willow-like, finely serrate: fls. 1 in. or more
across, white or light pink to red, very early and often taken
by frost, sessile: fr. about 1 in. diam., pubescent, flesh dry.
China; hardy N. — Has been used as a stock.
dehfscens: P. tangutica.
demfssa: P. virginiana var.
depr£ssa: P. pumila var.
Dielsiana. Umbellate cherry, tree to 30 ft. or sometimes
bushy, much like P. Pseudocerasua: fls. pink or white,
before the Ivs., 3-5 in an involucrate cluster, bracts fim-
briate, calyx-lobes longer than the tube: fr. small, red,
China.
divaricata: P. cerasifera var.
dome'stica. COMMON PLUM. Small tree, with twigs more
or less pubescent at least when young: Ivs. ovate to obovate,
rather thick, dull green, pubescent underneath: fls. 1 in. or
less across, whitish, solitary or few together and mostly in
advance of Ivs. ; blossoms sometimes double (var Plantieri) :
fr. various, mostly oblong or ovoid Eurasia; sometimes
spontaneous. Var. insitftia. DAMSON, BULLACE. Usually
a more compact grower and young growth more pubescent:
Ivs. smaller: fr. much smaller, often in clusters.
Dunbari. Hybrid between P. marilima and P. ameri-
cana: Ivs. larger than in the former and more sharply ser-
rate, less pubescent: fr. larger, purple.
effusa: P. avium var. regalia.
emarginata. Allied to P. penaylvanica but a smaller
tree or a shrub, Ivs. obtuse or only acute and closely or in-
distinctly seirulate, often pubescent underneath: fr. about
^ in. diam., becoming black. N. Ariz to B. C.
fruticdsa (P. Ckamxcerasua) . EUROPEAN DWARF or
GROUND CHEKHY. Bush 3-4 ft., sometimes with pendulous
branches, glabrous or becoming so: Ivs. oval to oblanceolate
or riarrow-obovate, about 2 in. long, closely serrate: fls.
% in. across, white, with the young foliage: fr. about ^ in.
across, red-purple. Eu., Siberia. — Sometimes worked on
tall or standard stocks.
glabra var. albiplena: probably P. glandulosa var.
albiplena is meant.
glanduldsa. One of the flowering almonds, but properly
a cnerry: shrub 3-5 ft.: Ivs. oblong to ovate-oblong, broadest
at about the middle or sides nearly parallel, not acuminate,
apex blunt: fls. white to pink: fr. about ^ in. diam., red.
Japan, China.— Common in cult., usually double as in var.
albiplena. Var. rdsea has pink fls. Var. sin£nsis has double
pink fls. and lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate Ivs.
gracilis. OKLAHOMA PLUM. Bush to 15 ft., with oval
or ovate-elliptic Ivs. slightly pubescent above and densely
so underneath: fls. about \£ in. across, white, preceding the
Ivs.: fr. about % in. diam., reddish with thin bloom. W.
Ark. to N. Tex.; hardy N.
Grayana. Somewhat like P. Padua, but Ivs. with seta-
ceous teeth and long point, the petiole not glandular: tree to
30 ft.: fls. about \$ in. across, white, in racemes: fr. about
^ in. diam., black. Japan; hardy N.
H6ssel: see P. ceraaifera.
hortul&na. HORTULAN PLUM. Tree to 30 ft., not forming
thickets, glabrous or lightly pubescent on veins or under
side of the obtusely serrate Ivs. which are oblong-ovate to
elliptic and long-acuminate: fls. preceding Ivs., about 1A in.
across, white: fr. 1 in. or less diam., red to yellow. Ky.,
Term, to Iowa and Okla. — Parent of Cumberland, Golden
Beauty, Wayland and other orchard plums. Var. Mtaeri
has thicker and duller coarsely toothed Ivs. and late firmer
fr.; here belong Miner, Clinton and other plums.
humilis. Bush cherry to 4 or 5 ft. : Ivs. 2 in. or less long,
elliptic-ovate and somewhat acute, serrulate, glabrous: fls.
appealing with Ivs., solitary or in pairs, white to pinkish,
H in. across: fr. ^ in. long, red. China; hardy N.
ilicifdlia. ISLAY. Evergreen glabrous shrub or tree to
30 ft.: Ivs. 2 in. or less long, spiny- toothed and holly-like:
fls. about % in. across, white, racemose: fr. ^ in. or less
diam., dark red to nearly black. S. Calif.
incana. Bush cherry, 3-6" ft.: Ivs. small, variously ob-
long, obtuse or short-pointed, serrate, tomentose under-
neath: fls. with the lv«. or just in advance, H m. across,
rose: fr. about Y± in. diam., red. S. E. Eu. and W. Asia;
hardy N.
inclsa. Small cherry tree or big bush: Ivs. ovate to ob-
ovate and acuminate, double-serrate, pubescent both sur-
faces: fls. with the Ivs., nodding, red and pink, short-pedi-
celled, less than H in. across: fr. about % in. long, purple-
black. Japan; hardy N.
injucunda: P. umbellata var.
insitftia: P. domestica var.
integrifdlia: P. Lyonii.
Jacquemontii. One of the flowering almond or dwarf
cherry icind, shrub-like, glabrous, to 10 or 12 ft.: Ivs. elliptic
to obovate, acute, serrate: fls. in advance of Ivs., about
" ' . across, pink: fr. about H in. diam., red. Hima-
layi
jap6nica. A dwarf flowering cherry, known as flowering
almond, closely allied to P. glandulosa but less frequent in
cult, and differing in ovate sharply serrate Ivs broadest
below the middle: fls. about 1 in. across, blush or pink,
usually double in cult.: fr. H~*M in. diam., red. China. —
Several races or forms are cult.
lanata (P. americana var. mollis. P. Palmeri). Small
round-headed tree occurring in thickets: Ivs. obovate to
nearly oblong, acuminate, pubescent underneath, petioles
mostly without glands: fr, nearly globose, about 1 in. diam.,
red or yellow. 111. and Iowa to Tex.
Lannesiana: P.serrulatav&T.
Lauroc6rasus (Laurocera&ua officinalia) . CHERRY-
LAUREL. Evergreen bush or small tree: Ivs. oblong, re-
motely small-toothed, shining and thick: fls. about % in.
across, white, very fragrant, in racemes not longer than the
Ivs.: fr. about Min. long, dark purple. S. E. Eu. to Persia. —
Much planted in southern states and Calif. There are
many leaf forms and others, as anguatifolia, Bertinu,
caucaaica, japonica, latifoha, magnolias folia, parvifoha,
rotundifoliat schipkaensis, serbica, veraaillensis, Zabeliana.
lobulata. Cherry, to 35 ft.: Ivs. oblong to obovate,
acuminate, sharply double-serrate, hairy underneath on
veins: fls. preceding Ivs., white: fr. about % in. diam., red.
China.
lusitanica (P. azorica). PORTUGAL-LAUREL. Much like
P. Lauroceraaua, but tree larger, Ivs. crenate-dentate and
racemes surpassing the Ivs. Portugal, Spain; planted fur S.
Leaf forms are angusttfoha, myrtifolia, vanegata,
Lyonii (P. integri folia) . ISLANDS CHERRY. Evergreen
bushy tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute,
margins entire or on young shoots denticulate: fla. about
K m. diam., white, in axillary racemes: fr. 1 in. or more
diam., dark purple. Isls. of S. Calif., and planted in the
region. — By some considered to be a form of P. ihcifolw,.
Maackii. Racemose cherry, to 50 ft., parts pubescent
or becoming nearly glabrous: Ivs. oblong to elliptic-ovate,
acuminate, sharply glandular-serrate: fls. white, about
U in. across: fr. about ^ in. diam., black. Manchuria,
Korea, China; hardy N.
Mahaleb. MAHALEB or ST. LUCIE CHERRY. Green-
twigged tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate to orbicular, ab-
ruptly short-pointed, 2^ in. or less long, glabrous both
sides except perhaps on midrib underneath: fls. % in. or
less across, in umbels, white and fragrant: fr. about % in.
long, black. Eu. and W. Asia.-^Cult. for ornament and as
stock for other cherries; sometimes escaped. A form has
pendulous branches.
mandshurica: P. Armeniaca var.
marftima. BEACH PLUM. Straggling bush or sometimes
tree-like: Ivs. 2 in. or less long, oval to obovate, obtuse or
short-pointed, serrate, pubescent underneath: fl«. about
% in. across, white, preceding Ivs.: fr. % in. or less diam.,
red or yellow, edible. N. B. to Va , on or near coast.
Maximowiczii. Racemose cherry, tree to 50 ft.: Ivs.
obovate, double-toothed, acute, glabrous except perhaps on
veins underneath: fls. about % in. across, whitish, after
the Ivs.: fr. about % in. diam., red to black. Manchuria,
Korea, Japan; hardy far N.
melanocarpa: P. virginiana var.
mexicana. BIG-TREE PLUM. Tree to 25 ft., not suckering:
Ivs. large, oblong to obovate, short-acuminate, sharp-
serrate, pubescent usually both surfaces: fls. % in. across,
white, preceding Ivs.: fr. 1 in. or more long, purplish-red
and glaucous. Ky. and Tenn. to Okla. and Mex.; hardy N.
mlra. Peach-like, tree to 30 ft., glabrous except on
midrib underneath: Ivs. lanceolate and tapering, crenate-
serrate: fls. about 1 in. across, 1 or 2 in a place, white, nearly
sessile: fr. about 1 in. diam., tomentose, stone smooth.
W. China; hardy in central states.
Prunus
602
Prunus
M6seri: soe P. cerasifera.
Mume. JAPANESE APRICOT. Differs from common
apricot in bark greenish or gray, Ivs. smaller and narrower
and not cordate and long-pointed and often pubescent
underneath, fr. smaller and stone mostly pitted. Japan;
hardy N., particularly when worked on plum. — There are
double-fid, and other forms, constituting the "flowering
plums" of Japan.
Munsoniana. WILD GOOSE PLUM. Tree to 25 ft., sucker-
ing from roots and forming thickets: Ivs. rather thin, oblong-
lanceolate, often trough-like, glossy above, finely serrate,
mostly slightly pubescent on veins underneath: fls. ^ m. or
more across, white, commonly preceding Ivs.: fr. about % in.
long, red or yellowish, slightly glaucous. Ky , Tenn..
Kans , Tex.; hardy N. in vars. Newman, llobinson and
others.
myrobalana: P. cerasifera.
myrtifdlia (P. sphserocarpa) . MYRTLE-LEAVED CHERRY-
LAUKEL Kvcrgrecn tree to 40 ft., glabrous: allied to P.
occidentals but Ivs. such smaller (2-4 in. long), elliptic to
ovate: fls. yellowiHh-white, % in. chain.: fr. subglobose,
about 3 2 m. diarn., black-purple. S. Fla , W. Indies, Mex.
to Brazil. — Another myrtifolui is a form of P. lusitanica.
nana: P. tenella.
nigra (P. amcncana var. nigra). Lvs. commonly broader
than in P. amcnrana and obtusely or cloHely glandular-
serrate, petiole with 2 ghincls: fls. larger, white changing to
pink, calyx-lobes glandular-serrate: fr. often larger. N. B.
fur west and south to N. Y. and Wis. — Yields Cheney,
Itaska and other orchard vars.
nikkoensis: P. nippomca.
nipponica (P. nikkoensis). Umbellate cherry allied to
P. incisn, but petioles glabrous rather than pubescent,
pedicels longer (to 1 in ), fls. twice larger: bushy tree to
20 ft. with ovate long-acuminate Ivs. and white or pale
pink bloom. Japan; hardy N.
nucipersica: P. Persica var. Nectanna.
occidentals (Lauroccrasus occidentahs) . WEST INDIAN
CHKRRY-LAUIIKL. Evergreen glabrous tree to 40 or 50 ft.:
Ivs. oblong or elliptic, 4-8 in. long, acuminate, entire: fls.
white and fragrant, about 14 in. long, in dense racemes
shorter than the Ivs.: fr. ellipsoid, about 1 in. long, purple.
Jamaica and Cuba to St. Vincent. — The name occidenlalis
has been applied also to P. Lyomi.
orthos&pala. Probable hybrid between P. angustifolia
var. Watsonu and P. americana: shrub to 6 ft., with larger
Ivs , frs. and fls. than in P. angustifoha.
Padus (Padua racemosa). EUROPEAN BIRD CHERRY.
Tree to 30 or 40 ft.: Ivs elliptic to obovate, short-acuminate,
sharply somite, glabrous except on veins underneath: fls.
about \i in. across, white, fragrant, appearing with full
leafage on drooping or spreading racemes, calyx pubescent
inside, petals twice longer than stamens: fr. about J4 in.
diam , black, stone sculptured. Ku to Japan. Var. com-
mutata. Lvs. appearing early, with coarse serratures,
green underneath. E. Asia — Planted for ornament, some-
times in pendulous, red-fld., double-fld., spotted-lvd. and
other forms.
Palmeri: P. lamta.
pedunculata. Bush of the Amygdalus section: Ivs. ellip-
tic to oblong, dentate: fls. pink, solitary: fr. ovoid, about
% in long, pubescent; stone smooth. Siberia.
pensylv&nica. WILD RED CHERRY. Small tree to 35 ft.:
Ivs. ovate or oblorig-lariceolate, long-pointed, finely toothed,
glabrous, fls. *6 in. across, in umbels, white: fr. y± in. across,
N. C., we
red. Newf. to
west to Colo.
PSrsica (Amygdalus Persica. Persica vulgans). PEACH.
Small glabrous tree: Ivs. long-lanceolate, finely serrate: fls.
solitary in advance of foliage, sessile, 2 in. or less across,
pink: fr. \i in. diam., pubescent, stone pitted and wrinkled.
China — -Cult, for edible fr. and also in ornamental forms
as double-fld , purple-lvd., dwarf, pyramidal, pendulous
with various Latin names. Sometimes spontaneous. Var.
compr£ssa (var. platycarpa) , FLAT and PEEN-TO PEACH,
fr. flattened endwise. Var. Nectarina (P. and var. nuciper-
sica), NECTARINE, fr. smooth.
pilosiuscula. Umbellate cherry, shrub or tree to 40 ft.:
Ivs. obovate to oblong, acuminate, serrate, pubescent on
veins underneath: fls. with the Ivs. or just preceding them,
about 24 in- across, pink: fr. about ^ in. long, red. China,
hardy in parts of N.
Pissardii: P. cerasifera var. atropurpurea.
plantiere'nsis, Plantieri: double-fld. form of P. domestica.
Pseudoce'rasus. Small cherry, to 25 ft., with much the
look of P. Ceraaus: Ivs. ovate to broad-ovate, film, more or
loss pointed, sharp-serrate, somewhat hairy on veins under-
neath: fls. just in advance of full foliage. 1 in. or less across,
white and fragrant: fr. a very early red edible cherry 24 in.
or less diam. China. — Now mtro. for experimental purposes.
pubfgera. Like P. Padus: Ivs. minutely serrulate: fls.
smaller, the petals nearly as long as stamens; stone smooth.
W. China.
Puddum: P. cerasoides.
pulcherrima: listed name.
pumila. SAND CHERRY. Decumbent at base when old
but growths erect 3-5 ft., all parts glabrous: Ivs. narrow-
oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate and mostly acuminate,
2-3 in. long, margins closely serrate toward apex, lighter
underneath: fls. white, slender-pedicelled, mostly 2-3 to-
gether with the Ivs., ^ in. or more across: fr. about % in.
across, purple-black, stone subglobose. Sandy shores,
Great Lakes. Var. depressa (P. depressa). Prostrate dwarf
cherry on beaches and shores, Que. to Mass, and Ont.,
probably not in general cult, but to be distinguished from
P. pumila: Ivs. less acuminate and thinner, more glaucous
underneath: fr. small with ellipsoidal stone. Var. susque-
han® (P. susquefianae. P. cuneata). Erect to 3 or 4 ft.: Ivs.
short, mostly short-obovate or spatulate to elliptic-ovate,
toward apex bearing appressed teeth: fls. with the Ivs.,
white, about ^ in. across: fr. about }4. in. diam. Woods,
hills and shallow bogs, Me. to Penna. and Man.
ReVerchonii. Hoa PLUM. Shrub to 6 ft., forming thick-
ets: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, con-
duplicate, glandular-serrate, somewhat pubescent under-
neath: fls. with or before the Ivs., white, about % in. across:
fr. about % in. diam., yellow to red. Okla., Tex.
Rhe*xii: P. Cerasus var.
rufa. Like P. campanulata but young parts densely red-
dish-tomentose, Ivs. narrower and glandular-serrate.
Himalayas.
sachalin6nsis: P. Sargentii.
salicina (P. triflord). JAPANESE PLUM. Small tree to
25 ft.: Ivs. oblong-obovate or -ovate, pointed, usually shin-
ing above and not conspicuously rugose, closely serrate,
mostly glabrous underneath: fls. % in. or less across, mostly
in advance of Ivs., white: fr. various, yellow or bright red,
often pointed. China. — Cult, in several orchard vars.
Plurncot is apparently a hybrid between P. salicina and P.
Armeniaca. Plum peach may be a hybrid with P. Persica.
S&rgentii (P. serrulata var. sachalinensis). Fls. 2-4 in
sessile umbels: teeth on Ivs very sharp: fls. pink, very early.
Japan. — Handsome and hardy tree growing to large size.
sericea. Racemose cherry, to 50 ft. or more: Ivs. elliptic
to obovate, pointed, silky underneath: fls. about % in.
across: fr. ^ in. or more long, black. China.
serotina. WILD BLACK CHERRY. Large forest tree: Ivs.
oblong to lanceolate to oval, acuminate, with appressed
callous teeth, nearly or quite glabrous underneath: fls.
white, about % in. across, with the Ivs , in racemes, fra-
grant: fr. }$ in. or less diam., purple-black. N. S. to Dak.,
Fla. and Tex. — Leaf and habit forms are in cult. Var.
salicifdlia: see P. Capuh.
serrulata. One of the Japanese flowering cherries (see
P. Sicboldu, P. subhirtella, P yedoensis). Tree to 60 ft.
and more: Ivs. ovate or narrower, long-acuminate, acutely
or short-anstate serrate, somewhat glaucous underneath:
fls. white but with many pink double forms, not fragrant,
1 *>-% in. or less across, in clusters with fimbnate bractn, with
or in advance of foliage: fr. size of pea, black. Japan, Korea,
China. Var. Lannesiana (P. Lannesiana) . Teeth on Ivs.
long-anstate: fls. pink, fragrant. Var. sachalinensis is P.
Sargentii. Var. spontanea. Considered to be an onginal
form of the species: fls. white or pink, single.
sibfrica: P. Armeniaca var.
Sieboldii. Small tree, like P. serrulata but branchlets
and under side of Ivs. soft-pubescent: fls. pink or white,
single and double. Japan, but unknown wild. — Includes
the plant known as P. Watereri.
Simonii. APRICOT PLUM. Narrow-headed glabrous tree
to 25 ft.: Ivs. narrow-obovate, dull, rather thick, trough-
like, obtusely serrate: fls. nearly sessile, preceding Ivs.,
white, about % in. across: fr. 1-2 in. diam., flattened length-
wise, dull red, flesh yellow, with strong flavor. China.
sine'nsis: applied to dwarf flowering almonds, particu-
larly to P. glandulosa.
Spaethii: P. cerasifera var. Woodii.
sphserocarpa: P. myrtifolia.
spindsa. SLOE. BLACKTHORN. Thorny suckering bush,
or tree to 10 or 12 ft.: Ivs. many and small, obovate to
ovate, obtuse, serrate, pubescent or glabrous underneath:
fls. % in. or less across, white, before the Ivs.: fr. about % in.
diam., blue to black, glaucous. Eu., W. Asm. — Planted for
oinament; fls. sometimes double; sometimes purple-lvd.
Ssidri. Racemose cherry, to 50 ft. or more: Ivs. oblong
to obovate, acuminate, aristate-serrate, nearly glabrous
underneath: fls. white: fr. about ]^ in. across, black. N. E.
Asia; hardy N.
subcordata. PACIFIC PLUM. Tree to 25 ft., or sometimes
shrubby: Ivs. broad-ovate to orbicular, obtuse or nearly so,
serrate, pubescent or becoming glabrous underneath: fls.
Prunus
white to rose, % in. across, before Ivs. : fr. 1 in. more or less
diam., red or yellow, edible. Calif., Ore. Var. Kelloggii,
SisaoN PLUM, Ivs. not cordate and glabrous, fr. larger.
subhirtella. ROSEBUD CHERRY. Small tree to 25 or 30 ft.,
sometimes bushy: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, short-pointed,
double-serrate, hairy on veins underneath: fls. in profusion,
pink to nearly white, about ^4 in. across, before the Ivs.,
petals notched: fr. about \i in. diam., black. Japan; hardy
N.; beautiful species. Var. ascend ens. Tall tree, not
weeping: Ivs. elliptic-oblong. Var. autumnalis. Shrub or
small tree bearing partly double fls. some of which may
bloom in autumn. Var. pendula has crooked drooping
branches.
sultana. Apparent hybrids between P. Simonii and P.
saliaina, as Wickson.
susquehanae: P. pumila var.
tangutica (P. dehiscens). Glabrous bush of the dwarf al-
mond group with more or less spiny branches: Ivs. small and
narrow, not much exceeding 1 in. long, finely crenate: fls. 1 in.
across, solitary arid sessile: fr. nearly 1 in. diam., very tomeii-
tose, splitting. China; hardy in some of the northern states.
ten el la (P. nana). DWARF RUSSIAN ALMOND. Haidy
bush to 5 ft., glabrous: Ivs. stiifish and narrow, 3 in. or less
long, obtuse or nearly so, serrate: fls. about % in. across,
with the Ivs., pink to white: fr. about % in. long, pubescent.
Eurasia. — Sometimes grown for ornament. The name
P. nana is applied by some writers to the choke-cherry
(P. virgimana),
toment6sa. Bush cherry or very small tree: Ivs. broad-
oval to -obovate, 2^ in. or less long, shoi t-pointed or obtuse,
serrate, tomentose underneath and on young growths: fls.
nearly sessile, just before the Ivs., Y\ in« across, usually
tinted* fr. about % in. diam., i eddish, edible. China;
hardy N. Var. endotricha has shorter Ivs., fls. white and
abundant.
trichostyla: a form of P. glandulosa.
trifl&ra: P. sahcina.
triloba. One of the plants known as flowering almond:
bush, but sometimes tree-like and 10 ft. or more: Ivs. broad-
ovate to obovate, sometimes 3-lobed on shoots, double-
senate, hairy both sides: fls. !}£ m. or less across, pink or
white, before the Ivs., usually double in cult.: fr. about
^2 m. diam., red, pubescent. China.— Cult, mostly in
double-fld forms, worked on plum stocks. P. Arnoldiana
is a hybrid between this species and P. cerasifera: differs
from P. triloba in its white fls. that appear with the Ivs.
arid on longer pedicels.
umbellata. Plum, bush or small tree, the branchlets
glabrous or becoming so: Ivs. narrowly elliptic-acuminate,
1*6-3 in. long, closely serrate, more or less pubescent
underneath: fls. white, few together in advance of Ivs.:
fr. Yr-% in. across, yellow to purple. S. C. to Fla. Var.
injucunda (P. injucunda), N. C. to Miss., has pubescent
twigs and stone more pointed at either end.
Veltchii: see P. cerasifera', also applied to a form of
P. serrulata.
virginiana. CHOKE-CHERRY. Shrub, sometimes tree-like:
Ivs. elliptic to obovate, short-acuminate, finely serrate,
glabrous or nearly so underneath: fls. about ^ in. across,
white and somewhat fragrant, in racemes with the Ivs.:
fr. }4 or 14 m. diam., red sometimes yellow, Newf. to Sask.,
N. C. and Kans. Var. demfssa (P. demissa)., Wash, to
Calif., has Ivs. pubescent underneath. Var. melanocarpa
(P. melanocarpa), N. D. to B. C. and New Mex., Ivs. mostly
smaller, fr. nearly black, petioles glandless.
Watered: P. Siebo^i.
Wdtsonii: P. angustifolia var.
xanthoc&rpa: yellow-fruited state of P. virginiana.
yedo6nsis. Like P. serrulata, but lys. hairy or pubescent
at least on veins underneath: fls. single, white or pink,
pedicels and perhaps calyx pubescent, calyx-lobes sharp-
serrate. Japan.
PSAMM(5PHORA. Aizoacex. Low woodv
succulents from S. Afr., having short thick
gummy Ivs. and solitary terminal violet or
white fls. with linear petals.
Pfllansii. To 6 in. : Ivs. to 1 in. long and K in. wide and
thick: fls. pink, 1 in. across.
PSEDERA: Partkenocisaua.
PSEUDERANTHEMUM. Acanthacese. Herbs
and shrubs of world-wide tropics with opposite
Ivs. and tubular 5-lobed fls. subtended by linear
bracts, in spikes or racemes; grown in the green-
house, and in the open in warm countries.
Propagated by cuttings.
atropurpftreum (Eranthemum atropurpureum). Shrub to
603
Pseudopanax
4 ft.: Iva. ovate or oval, obtuse or nearly so, to 6 in. long,
entire, purple or sometimes green spotted with yellow: fis.
white with purple center or purplish, \i in. long and to 1 in.
across, in narrow clusters, coiol la-lobes broad and mostly
blunt. Polynesia. — Now commonly planted in the American
tropics.
bicolor (Eranthemum bicolor). Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate,
to 8 in. long, entire, dark gireu: fls. white spotted purple,
salverforrn, to 1^ in. long and 1 in. across. Polynesia.
kewSnse. Another plant descnbed and figured as
atropurpureum but differing in iiarto\\er and acuminate
Ivs., terminal spikes rather dense and broad, corolla-lobes
narrow, cihate, white with rose at base. Solomon Isls. —
Probably not planted within our area.
reticulatum (Eranthemum reticulatum). Shrub to 3 ft.:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 10 in. long, wavy-margined, daik
green veined with yellow: fls. white spotted purple, % in.
long and 1 % in. across. Polynesia.
tuberculatum (Eranthemum tuberculatum). Small ahiub,
branches with many small rough elevations: Ivs. elliptic,
to 1 in. long: fls. white, to 1^2 in. long and 1 in. acioss,
solitary. Polynesia.
PSEUDOBULB: the thickened or bulb-form stems of
certain orchids, the part being solid and boine above ground.
PSEUDOCASSIA: Cassia spectabilis.
PSEUDOCYCAS. A genus of fossil plants. For the
living plant known as P. Michohtzti, see Cycas.
PSEUDOCYDONIA: Chxnomeles sinensis.
PSEUDOCYM6PTERIS. Umbelhfcrx. Short-
stemmed or stcmless W. American plants having
bipinnate Ivs., and a non-mvolucratc infl. of
white, yellow or purple fls.: fr. an oblong gla-
brous schizocarp with prominent dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs and no stylopodium.
anisatus. To 1 ft., steniloss tufted prr. from much
branched rootstock: Ivs. long-petioled, with segms. slender,
linear and sharply acute: fls. white or yellow, fr. to ]/« hi.
long. N. W. U. S.
montanus. St. to 2 ft. high: Ivs. few, segms. ovate to
lanceolate: fls. pale yellow, in C-12-iayed umbels. Colo,
to Ariz, and New Alex.
PSEUDOESPOSTOA: Haayeocereus chosicensis.
PSEUDOLARIX. Pinacca*. One deciduous tree
native in China, P. amabilis (P. Fortunri. P.
Kaempfcri). GOLDEN-LARCH. To 130 ft.: Ivs.
in dense clusters, linear, to 3 in. long, light green
turning bright yellow in autumn: cones hanging,
ovate, to 3 in. long, the scales deciduous and thus
differing from Larix as well as in the clustered
staminate fls. Var. nana is a dwarf form. For
cult, see Conifers.
PSEUDOLOBIVIA: although this generic name appears
in the trade for certain cacti, it has no known botanical
standing. Plants so listed are probably referable to Echin-
opais.
PSEUD6PANAX. Aratiacex. Shrubs or small
trees in New Zeal, and S. Amer., with variable
(dimorphous) simple or compound Ivs., durcious
fls. in umbels, and drupaceous frs.; grown under
glass or out-of-doors in mild climates, as Calif.
For cult, see Polyscias.
cbath&micum. To 25 ft.: Ivs. simple, of two forms, the
mature Ivs. linear-obovate, to 8 in. long, slightly wavy-
toothed : f r. globose. New Zeal.
crassifolium (Aralia crassifolia. Panar crassifohum) .
Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. of young unbranched plants very narrow-
linear and rigid, toothed, to 3 ft. long, those of mature
plants often of 3 or 5 broader Ifte.: fls. in terminal com-
pound umbels: fr. globose. New Zeal. Var. trifoliolatum
has 3-5 Ifts.
dfscolor. To 15 ft., much branched: Ivs. of 3-5 obovate
Ifts. to 3 in. long, sharp-toothed, yellowish-green or bronzy,
leathery: fr. oblong. New Zeal.
f&rox (Panax ferpx)l To 20 ft.: Ivs. simple but variable,
very thick and stiff, from narrow-linear to obovate, on
young plants 12-18 in. long and 1 in. or less broad and
strongly toothed, those on old plants shorter and entire
except perhaps near tip: fr. oblong. New Zeal.
Lessonii (Panax Lmom't). To 20 ft., much branched:
Ivs. of 3-5 obovate Ifte. to 4 in. long, entire or wavy-toothed,
shining and leathery: fr. oblong. New Zeal.
Pseudophcenix
604
Psychotria
PSEUDOPHCENIX. CHERRY PALMS. Palm-
aceas. Unarmed feather-palms, with staminate
and hermaphrodite fls. in the same infl., spadices
among the Ivs. and branching, 1 species on cer-
tain of the Fla. Keys, the Bahamas, and south-
ward; and there are a few other species: fls. on
slender pedicels; stamens 6, the expanded fila-
ments somewhat united at base: fr. a globose 2-
or 3-lobcd orange-scarlet drupe. See Palm.
Sargentii. Slow-growing palm to 25 ft., but in open
ground likely to be lower and not straight, top of the bole
narrow and tapering: Ivs. long and regularly pinnate: fr.-
clusters declined from the axils, nearly or quite as broad as
long, or even broader, the branchlete wide-spreading; fr.
cherry-red to oiange-scarlet, pyriform, sometimes double
or triple, nearly or quite % in. long. Sparingly planted in
»S. Fla. from the Keys. — The related P. vinifera from His-
paniola is apparently not planted in our area; it is a taller
tree with much larger fr. in elongated clusters and branches
riot divaricate.
PSEUDOSASA. Gramineae. Shrub having
creeping rootstocks, hollow round sts. and the
branches usually solitary at the nodes. The
genus is now segregated from Sasa, differing in
the st. -nodes scarcely raised, If .-sheaths with
flexuous bristles or glabrous, and the fls. with
usually 3 stamens; 3 species have been described,
all E. Asiatic. See Bamboo.
jap6nica (Arundinaria, Bambusa and Sasa japonica.
A. and B. Metake). To 15 ft., the st.-sheaths bristly-hairy:
Ivs. to ) 0 in. long and 1 l/i in. wide, finely toothed, shining
above, glaucous beneath. Japan.
PSEUDOTSUGA. Pinaccse. Several tall ever-
green coniferous trees with flat linear Ivs. having
2 white bands below, and drooping cones with de-
ciduous scales and conspicuous exserted bracts;
native in W. N. Amer. and E. Asia. For cult, see
Conifers.
Douglasii: P. taxifolia.
glauca: P. taxifolia var.
jap6nica. Lvs. notched at apex, glossy: cones to 2 in.
long. Japan.
macrocarpa. BIQCONE-SPRUCE. Branches usually droop-
ing: Ivs. acute, bluish-green: cones to 7 in. long. S. Calif.
mucronata: P. taxifolia.
sine'nsis. Lvs. to 1 ^ in. long, notched at apex: cones to
2 H in. ^ng. W. China.
taxif61ia (P. Douglasii. P. mucronata. Picea Douglasii.
Abies taxifolia). DOUGLAS-FIR. Lvs. obtuse, dark or
bluish-green : cones to 4 1A in. long. B. C. to Mex. and Tex. —
A major timber tree in the regions of its best development.
The Rocky Mt. form, which is sometimes considered a
separate species, is hardy and adaptable for ornament in
N. Y. and Cent. New England. Some of the hort. vars.
are: argSntea, Ivs. silvery- white; brevibracteata, smaller
tree with bracts of cone shorter: c&sia, Ivs. bluish-green:
compacta, compact form with snorter Ivs.; d£nsa, dwarf
and flat-topped; fastigiata, pyramidal form; Fretsii, Ivs.
shorter and oroader; glauca (P. glauca), with smaller lys.
and cones, the Rocky Mt. form, and glauca p£ndula with
drooping branchlets and bluish Ivs.; globdsa, dwarf and
globose; p£ndula, branches drooping, Ivs. dark green;
pyramidata, of conical habit but partially dwarf- vfridis,
Ivs. green, cones larger. — Recent investigations nave re-
vealed new evidence indicating the correctness of the name
P. taxifolta and not its synomym P. Douglasii.
PSfDIUM. GUAVA. Myrtacese. Trees and shrubs
of trop. Amer. with opposite simple Ivs.. large
white fls. with many stamens, and berry-like fr.
crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes; grown
in Fla. and tropics for the edible frs., from which
jellies and conserves are also made.
Guavas require tropical temperatures, although they
withstand a few degrees of frost. The strawberry guava
grows wherever the orange thrives, and the requirements
are simple. Any soil is satisfactory. Trees should be set
10 to 15 feet apart. Propagated by seeds sown in flate or
pans of light sandv loam; seedlings should be kept in pots
until transplanted permanently. Shield- and patch-bud-
ding should be employed for choice varieties. Cuttings
may also be taken.
Araca: P. uuineens*.
Cattleianum. STRAWBERRY G. To 25 ft., the bark
smooth: Ivs. to 3 in. long, glabrous: fls. 1 in. across, solitary:
fr. purplish-red, to 1H in. long, with white flesh. Brazil.
Var. lucidum has sulfur-yellow frs.
chine'nse: an unidentified hort. name.
Friedrichsthalianum. COSTA RICAN G. To 25 ft., the
branchlets 4-angled: Ivs. to 3 in. long, glossy above, pubes-
cent below: fls. 1 in. across, solitary: fr. sulfur-yellow, to
2H in. long, with white flesh. Cent. Amer.
Qua Java. COMMON G. To 30 ft., with scaly bark and
4-angled branchlets: Ivs. to 6 in. long, pubescent beneath,
the veins prominent: fls. 1 in. across, solitary or few to-
gether: fr. yellow, to 4 in. long, with white, yellow or pink
flesh. Trop. Amer.
gulne'ense (P. Araca). BRAZILIAN G. Shrub: Ivs. to
5 in. long, pubescent below: fls. 2-3 together: fr. greenish-
yellow, \Yi in. long, with white flesh. S. Amer. but once
supposed to be Gumean (Afucan). — The plants known to
the trade under this name are usually forms of P. Guajava.
PSELOCAULON. Aizoacex. Shrubs with small
cylindrical Ivs., differing from Mesembryanthe-
murn in petals united at base into short tube,
and technical fr. characters.
granulicaule (M . granulicaule) . To 16 in., much branched,
sts. rough-hairy: Ivs. to % in. long, soon deciduous: fls.
whitish, y± in. across, 1-2 at tips of branches; styles 5.
S. Afr.
PSILOSTEMON: Trachystemon.
PSOPHOCARPUS. Leguminosse. Twining
herbs making tuberous roots, Ivs. of 3 Ifts.,
papilionaceous fls. in racemes, and 4-angled
winged pods; one species grown in warm regions
for the edible roots and pods.
tetragon61obus. GOA BEAN. ABPARAGUS-PEA. Ann.:
Ifts. ovate, to 6 in. long: fls. bright blue, 1>^ in. long: poda
to 9 in. long, with jagged wings. India.
PSORALEA. SCURFY-PEA. Leguminosse. Scent-
ed herbs or shrubs with pellucid dots, usually
pinnate Ivs., papilionaceous fls. in racemes or
spikes, and short 1-seeded pods: one species has
an edible root and others may be grown for orna-
ment. Propagated by division.
aphylla. Tall shrub with rod-like branches usually
leafless and bearing subulate scales: Ifts. (when present)
1-3, narrow-linear: fls. pale blue. S. Afr.
bitumindsa. Per. to 3 ft.: Ifts. 3. ovate: fls. in dense
heads, in spring and early summer. Arabia.
cuspidata. To 2 ft , with tuberous roots: Ifts. 5, oval:
fls. bluish, in dense oblong spikes. May-June. S. D. to Tex.
esculSnta (Pediomelum esculentum) . POMME BLANCHE.
INDIAN BREADROOT. Per. to 1U ft., with edible tuberous
root: Ifts. 5, obovate: fls. bluish, in dense head-like spikes.
May-June. Sask. to Mont.
gland uldsa. Shrubby, to 5 ft.: Ifts. 3, ovate-lanceolate:
fls. blue and white, in racemes. Chile, Peru.
hypog&a. Nearly steinless, with tuberous roots: Ifts. 5,
linear or oblanceolate: fls. blue, in dense spikes. May-
June. Neb. to New Mex.
macros tachy a. LEATHER-ROOT. Per. to 10 ft.: Ifts.
ovate: fls. purple, in broad spikes. Calif.
On6brychis (Orbexilum Onobrychis). Per. to 4% ft.:
Ifts. 3, lanceolate, to 4 in. long, glabrous above, pubescent
beneath: fls. pale purple, in narrow spike-like racemes to
6 in. long; pod H in. long, rugose. Ohio to la. south to
Tenn. and Mo.
pinnata. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ifts. 7-11, linear or linear-
lanceolate: fls. blue and white, solitary or clustered. S. Afr.
PSlTCHOTRIA. WILD-COFFEE. Rubiacese.
Many shrubs or trees in the tropics with mostly
opposite Ivs., white, yellow or rose somewhat
Ixora-like fls. in corymbs, having short tube and
4^6-lobed limb, and fr. a drupe; a few of them
rarely planted in extreme S. U. S., and sometimes
seen under glass.
bacteri6phila. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. elliptic or ovate-
oblong, to 3 in. long, shining above, fleshy: fls. greenish-
white, about H in. long, stamens exserted: fr. reddish,
% in. across. Comoro Isls.
capensis. Evergreen: Ivs. obovate, to 5 in. long, shining:
fls. yellow, Yi in. long: fr. black, shining. 3. Afr.
Psychotria
605
Pterocarya
jasminifl6ra. Evergreen shrub with white bark: Ivs.
oblong-ovate, to 3 in. long, pale beneath: fls. white, to 1^[
in. long, stamens exserted. Brazil.
Sulzneri. Shrub: Ivs. oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, to
6 in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. white. Fla.
undata. Similar to P. Sulzneri but glabrous and corolla-
lobes shorter rather than as long as tube. Fla., W. Indies.
PTfeLEA. HOP-TREE. Ruiaceae. Small trees
and shrubs of N. Amer., with usually alternate
trifoliolate Ivs., small greenish- white polygamous
fls. in short dense clusters, and fr. an orbicular
or oblong or cordate samara.
Hop-trees thrive in somewhat shady positions in porous
soil and are hardy North. Propagated by seeds sown in
autumn, budding in summer, layering or grafting in spring
under glass. They are ornamental tree-like shrubs of
secondary importance. The species are confused, and sev-
eral kinds are native in United States.
isophylla. Shrub or small tree: Ifts. 5, terminal one
rhombic- ovate, to 2^ in. long, blue-green, glabrous or
nearly so: fr. suborbicular, to 1 in. across. Mo. — Perhaps
not distinct from the following species.
'mfoliata. Shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ifts. to 5 in. long: fr.
circular, about 1 in. across, dry, winged all around. N. Y.
to Fla. and west. Var. aurea has yellow Ivs.
PTERfiTIS (Matteuccid). OSTRICH-FERN. Poly-
podiacese. Large ferns of N. Amer., Eu. and
Asia, 3 species, the sterile fronds deeply 2-pin-
natifid and borne in a circle surrounding the
fertile fronds which have segms. contracted into
pod-like bodies around the sori. The American
and European plants have been regarded until
recently as a single species, and the synonyms
properly belonging to P. Struthiopteris may be
applied in lists to P. nodulosa. They are bold
strong subjects for outdoor planting. See Ferns.
noduldsa (Onoclea nodulosa). Fronds 6-10 ft. long,
margins of pinn«e often revolute, on stipes to 14 in. long.
N. S. to Va. and la.
Struthi6pteris (Matteuccia and Onoclea Struthiopteris.
Struthioptens germanica). Differs from P. nodulosa in less
erect habit, shorter fronds 3-5 ft. long, on stipes to 5 in.
long. Eu.
PTERfDIUM. BRACKEN. BRAKE. Polypodiacex.
Coarse ferns with triangular 3-4-pinnate fronds;
sori borne in a marginal line, with double indus-
ium. Useful as background in the rock-garden
or wherever large masses of ferns are desired;
hardy and durable.
aquilinum (Pteris aquihna). Fronds to 4 ft. long and
3 ft. wide, 3-pinnate into oblong or lanceolate segms.,
densely pubescent below, on stalks to 3 ft. long, the in-
dusium ciliate. Cosmopolitan. Var. lanugindsum has the
fronds with the segms. linear-oblong, strongly pubescent
beneath and sometimes hairy above. W. N. Amer.. Mich.,
Ont., E. Que. Var. latiusculum (P. latiusculum) , the com-
mon form in E. N. Amer., has segms. thinly pubescent
along veins beneath and indusium not ciliate.
latiusculum: P. aquilinum var.
PTERIDOPH^LLUM. Papaveracese. Mono-
typic genus from the mts. of Cent. Japan, dis-
tinguished from other cult, genera of rapaver-
acese and Fumariacese by its pinnatisect fern-
like Ivs. which form a basal rosette from which
arise the taller and naked peduncles. P. race-
mdsum. Stemless per. to 10 in.: Ivs. to 6 in. long
and 1 in. wide: fls. white, to % in. across: fr. a
2-valved silicoid caps, about % in. long. Prefers
moist soil in shade, not hardy far N.
PTfeRIS. BRAKE. Polypodiacex. Large genus
of mostly trop. ferns (omitting Pteridium), a few
of which are used for table decoration in fern-
dishes, in the window-garden and in conserva-
tories: fronds 1-4-pinnate; sori in a marginal line
with indusia formed of the revolute edge of
frond. P. cretica and P. serrulate and their many
forms are well-known subjects for pans and fern-
dishes, used in table decorations, and of easy
management. See Ferns.
adiantojdes: Pellsea viridis.
Alexandra: hort. form of P. cretica.
aquilixuu Pteridium aquilinum.
argyr&a: P. quadriaunta var.
Charlesworthii: hort. var. of P. serrulata.
Childsii: a modified form of P. cretica.
crenata: P. ensiformis.
erotica. Fronds to 1 ft. long, on slender straw-colored
stipes, 1-pinnate, pinme to ^ in. across, the lovser often
pinnatifia. Tropics and subtropics. Var. albo-lineata has
Ivs. white along center. Cristate, divided or larger forms
are vars. cristata, magmficat major, nobiha.
Drinkwateri: hort. form of P. cretica.
Dutrei: modified form of P. cretica.
ensifdrmis (P. crenata). SWORD B. Very slender:
fertile fronds erect, to 20 in. long, 1-pinnate, pinnir to }4 in.
across; sterile fronds shorter, segms. broader, to £4 in. long
and to \£ in. wide. E. Asia, Malaya, Australia Var.
Vict&riae (P. Victorias) has segms. banded with white.
Gautheri: hort. form of P. cretica.
hastata: Pellsea viridis.
heterophylla: Anopteris hexagona.
longifdlia. Fronds to 2U ft. long and 1 ft. wide, 1-pinnate,
pinnae to 6 in. long and \i in. wide, the fertile narrower.
Tropics. Var. Mariesii has shorter Ivs.
marginata: P. tripartita.
Mayii: hort. form of P. cretica.
multiceps: hort. form with striking variegation.
multinda: P. serrulata.
noduldsa: see Pteretis nodulosa.
Ouvardii: hort. form of P. serrulata.
Parked: a robust form with broad green fronds.
quadriaurlta. Rather coarse: fronds to 3 ft. long and
l^i ft. wide, 2-pinnate or lower 3-pinnate, segrns. ^ in.
across, entire. Tropics. Usually grown in the var. argyr&a
with segms. banded with whitish. Var. tricolor has \vmtish
and reddish bands.
Rivertoniana: a modified form of P. cretica.
serrulata (P. mutiifida). Slender: fronds to 1% ft. long
and 10 in. wide, 1-pmnatc into very narrow long segms.,
lower segms. 2-3-forked, rachis winged. China, Japan.
There are many crested and other vars. as angustata, corym-
bifera, cristata, nana, variegata, valuta .
Sieboldii: hort. form of P. ensiformis.
tr^mula. AUSTRALIAN B. Fronds bright green, to 3 ft.
long and 2 ft. wide, 2-^-pinnate, segms. linear, to 1^ in.
long, wavy-toothed. New Zeal , Australia.
tripartita (P. marginata). Fronds 3-parted, each branch
pinnate, segms. oblong, to 1 in. long, rachis winged. Trop.
Asia, Afr., Australia, Pacific Isls.
umbrdsa. Fronds to 3 ft. long, 1-pinnate or lower 2-
pinnate, segms. linear-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, entire or
sterile toothed. Australia.
Victdriae: P. ensiformis var.
Wflsonii: hort. form of P. cretica.
Wimsettii: a cristate form of P. cretica.
PTEROCARYA. WING-NUT. Juglandaceae. De-
ciduous monoecious trees of Asia with alternate
pinnate Ivs., unisexual fls. in drooping catkins,
and fr. a winged nutlet, Of rapid growth, but
some of them require protection in the N. when
young. Propagated by seeds, layers or suckers.
caucasica: P. fraxini folia.
fraxinif&lia (P. caucasica). CAUCASIAN W. To 100 ft.:
Ivs. of 11-20 ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate Ifts. to
5 in. long: fr. with nearly orbicular wings, in racemes to
1^ ft. long. Caucasus to Persia.
jap6nica: P. stenoptera.
Rehderiana. Hybrid between P. fraxinifolia and P.
stenoptera.
rhoifdlia. To 100 ft.: Ivs. of 11-21 ovate-oblong Ifts. to
5 in. long: fr. with wing broader than long, in racemes to
1 ft. long. Japan.
sinensis: P. stenoptera.
sten6ptera (P. japonica. P. sinensis). To 100 ft.: lv§.
with a winged rachis, of 11-23 oblong Ifts. to 4 in. or more
long: fr. with oblong wings, in racemes to 1 ft. long. China.
Pterocassia 606
PTERO CASSIA: Cassia polyantha.
PTERO CfiPHALUS. Dipsacese. Ann. and per.
herbs, sometimes subshrubs, in the Medit. region
and eastward, differing from Scabiosa in the
calyx being represented in fr. by pappus-like
awns.
parna'ssl (Scabiosa pterocephala). Spreading deep-rooted
per. .3 or 4 in. high but making broad patches: Ivs. more or
less lyiate-pmnatifid, to 1^. in. long, scalloped, densely
Inibescent. fin. purplish-pink, in composite-like heads about
in. across standing above foliage. Mte. of Greece.
PTEROSPfiRMUM. Sterwdiacex. Trees or
shrubs of trop. Asia, the growing parts scaly or
tomentose, having alternate leathery Ivs., large
fls., and large leathery or woody capsular frs.
One spooi es is planted sparingly in Fla. and prob-
ably elsewhere. Propagated by cuttings of the
side shoots.
acerifdlium. Large tree: Ivs. peltate, palmately nerved
and usually lobed, to 1 ft. across, thick rusty-pubescent
beneath: fla. white, fragrant, to 6 in. across: caps, to 0 in.
long. India to Java.
PTERO ST YRAX. EPAULETTE-TREE . Styrac-
acctp. Deciduous trees or shrubs native in Asia,
with alternate toothed Ivs., white fls. in panicles,
and fr. a small ribbed or winged drupe. These
plants thrive in rather moist sandy loam. Propa-
gated by seeds, layers, and cuttings of young
wood under glass.
corymb6sa. Shrub or tree: Ivs. oval or ovate, to 5 in.
long: tla. in corymbose panicles to 5 in. long: fr. 5-wmged,
tomentose. Japan, China.
hispida (tfalesia hispida). To 50 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to
7 in. long: fls. fragiant, in drooping panicles to 10 in. long:
fr. 10-ribbed, densely bristly. China, Japan; hardy N.
PTERYGOTA. Stcrculiacex. E. Indian trees
differing from Sterculia and Brachychiton chiefly
in the winged seeds; one species intro. in Calii.
and Fla.
alata (Kterculia alata). Large tree with ash-colored bark:
Ivs. clustered at ends of branches, cordate-ovate, to 10 in.
long and 7 in. wide: fls. unisexual or bisexual, 1 in. across,
rusty-tomento.se, in few-fld racemes: fr a woody pubescent
globoHC follicle to 5 in. across; seed with large corky wing.
PTYCHORAPHIS. Palmacese. Malayan and
Philippine unarmed monoecious feather-palms,
none of which is regularly planted in our territory.
Trunks ringed, usually slender: spadix below the
Ivs., branched; fls. spirally arranged, pistillate
between 2 staminate and all staminate toward
the top of the branches; stamens 6: fr. small,
ovoid, drupe-like, 1 in. or less long. See Palm.
PTYCHOSP6RMA. Palmacex. About 12 or 15
species of ringed unarmed monoecious feather-
palms in New Guinea and other isls., Australia:
Ivs. mostly gracefully curved; pinna) usually
broadened at the apex and toothed or jagged:
spadiccs below the Ivs., branched; fls. spirally
disposed in 3's, the outer ones staminate; stamens
20-30: fr. small, ovoid or ellipsoid, sometimes
beaked, l-secdec{, stigma tic point terminal; seed
sulcate or furrowed; albumen ruminate. See
Palm for cult.
Alexandras: Archontophccnix Alexandra.
Cunninghamiana: Archontophoenix Cunninghamiana.
elegans. Slender palm with solitary trunk to 20 ft., and
relatively few Ivs. 3 ft. and more long, bright green and
paler underneath; pinna) to 2 ft. long and 1H~3 in. broad,
contracted at base, oblique or truncate and toothed or
jagged at apex: spadix about 20 in. long, on a very short
peduncle; staminate fl -buds oblong: fr. about % in. long.
E. Australia (Queensland) ; common in S. Fla. — This plant
is the true Seaforthia elegans, but the palm known to planters
Pummelo
under that name is Archontophaenix Alexandras', Seaforthia
is not the oldest name.
Mac&rthuri: Actinophloeus Macarthun.
Ndnnanbyi: Normanbya Normanbyi.
PUBERULENT: somewhat or minutely pubescent.
PUBESCENT: covered with short soft hairs; downy.
PUCCOON: Lithospermum canescens.
PUDDING-PIPE-TREE: Cassia Fistula.
PUERARIA. Leguminpsse. Herbaceous or
woody twiners with trifpliolate Ivs., blue or pur-
ple papilionaceous fls. in axillary racemes, and
linear more or less flattened pods; native in Asia
and Pacific Isls.
The roots of many species yield economic and medicinal
products. One species is grown for ornament and is hardy
in rnid-riorthern United vStates, although the vine may be
killed back to the ground each winter and may not reach
blooming stage. Propagated by root-division, seeds, or
cuttings.
hirsuta: P. Thunbergiana.
Thunbergiana (P. hirsuta. Dolichos japonicus). KUDZU-
VINB. Hairy vine to 60 ft.: Ifts. broadly ovate, entire or
with shallow lobes: fls. purple, fragrant, in late summer:
pods hairy. China, Japan.
PUKA: Meryta Sinclairi.
PULICARIA. Composite. Herbs of the Old
World with alternate Ivs. and yellow heads of
ray- and disk-fls. solitary or clustered; pappus of
scales and bristles. Plants of somewhat weedy
aspect, sometimes planted for ornament and
interest.
dysente'rica (Inula dysenterica). Per. to 2 ft , gray-
torncntose: Ivs. oblong-cordate, wavy-margined, clasping:
heads 1 in. across. Medit. region.
oddra (Inula odora). Per. to 2 ft., gray-hairy to hoary:
Ivs. oval or oblong, entire, the upper clasping: heads 2-4,
to 1 in. across. Medit. region.
PULMONARIA. LUNGWORT. Boraginacese.
Per. more or less pubescent herbs with long-stalked
basal sometimes mottled Ivs., few alternate st.-
Ivs. and blue or purplish fls. in terminal cymes;
corolla funnelform, the throat hairy or naked,
stamens included; allied to Myosotis; European.
Suitable for the flower-garden and border. Of
easy cult. Propagated by division.
angustif&lia. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong to linear-lanceolate:
fls. blue. Eu. Vars. aurea, azurea, caerulea and rubra are
listed.
arverngnsis is a hort. form with purple-blue fls.
azurea: probably jP. angustifolia var.
L&ggeri: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
maculata: P. officinalis.
mdllis: P. montana.
montana (P. mollis. P. rubra). To 1^ ft.: Ivs. broadly
elliptic-lanceolate: fls. violet. Cent. Eu.
ofncinalis (P. maculata). To 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong to
linear, spotted with white: fls. red fading to violet. Eu.
rubra: P. montana.
saccharata. BETHLEHEM-SAGE. To 1H ft.: Ivs. oval to
ovate-oblong, spotted with white: fls. wmtwh or reddish-
violet. Eu. Vars. maculata and picta are listed.
PULSATILLA: Anemone.
. Leguminosse. Shrubs in Australia
with simple prevailingly alternate Ivs., yellow,
orange or tinged purple papilionaceous fls. soli-
tary or in terminal heads, and ovate pods; intro.
in Calif. Propagated by seeds or cuttings of the
tips of shoots.
daphnoides. To 6 ft.: lys. oblong, to 1J^ in. long, pale
beneath: fls. in dense sessile heads surrounded by an in-
volucre of Ivs.: pods flat, ^ in. long.
PUMMELO: Citrus maxima', see Citrus Fruits (page 183).
Pumpkin
607
Puya
PUMPKIN and SQUASH are terms employed
popularly to designate the edible fruits of Cucur-
bita Pepoy C. moschata, C. maxima. See Cucurbita,
Squash. The words are not applied with preci-
sion, and it is important to accord them more
definite meaning. The term Pumpkin is some-
times applied, in a classificatory way, to the
fruits and plants of both C. Pepo and C. moschata,
and Squash reserved to C. maxima. Of C. Pepo,
there are three well-marked classes: the common
running field or pie and stock-feed pumpkins,
and the vegetable marrows; the summer and
early autumn bush varieties, as the various scal-
lops, pattypans arid cymlins, the crooknecks, and
certain other forms as the Cocozelle, all of which
are commonly known as squashes; the hard-
shelled yellow-flowered gourds grown for orna-
ment. Cucurbita moschata yields the winter (not
warty) crooknecks, the Cushaws, Japanese Pie,
Tennessee Sweet Potato, Cheese, and many
forms grown in the tropics. Examples of squashes,
C. maxima, are Marblehead, Plymouth Rock,
Bay State, Warren, Delicious, Kssex, Mammoth,
Hubbard, and the turbans. The three species
remain distinct in the field. See Gourd.
All the pumpkins and squashes are similar in
their cultural requirements. They are sappy
rapid-growing frost-tender annuals. Seeds are
commonly planted directly where the plants are
to stand, although they may be started indoors,
if desired, in pots, berry-boxes or knock-down
boxes or on inverted sods, for they may not
transplant very readily otherwise. The running
kinds need plenty of room, the hills or stands
8-12 feet apart either way if possible. The bush
squashes should be 4 or 5 feet apart if land is
available. If the land is not in good heart, well-
rotted manure may be forked into the hills, and
chemical fertilizer added. The plants should
make good headway early, in the northern states,
to insure a crop before frost.
In garden operations, the squash-bugs or stink-
bugs may be killed by trapping them under
boards laid about the vines. Aphis is controlled
by spraying or dusting with nicotine prepara-
tions. Striped cucumber beetles are driven away
or poisoned by bordeaux mixture with arsenate
of lead as well as by nicotine dust; this beetle is
the carrier of bacterial wilt.
The fruits of the summer bush varieties, as
the scallops and warty crooknecks, are eaten
when immature, but other kinds are used when
ripe. The squashes and some of the pumpkins
can be kept in winter if mature and not injured
in handling, in a fairly warm arid dryish store-
room.
PUNCTATE: with translucent or colored dots or de-
pressions or pits, as in leaves.
PUNCTILLARIA: Plewspilos.
PUNCTURE VINE: Tribulus terrestris.
PUNGENT: ending in a stiff sharp point or tip; also
acrid (to the taste).
PtTNICA. Punicacex. Trees or shrubs in S. Eu.
and Asia, one widely grown for the edible frs.
and as an ornamental. P. Granatum. POMEGRA-
NATE. To 20 ft. and more: Ivs. lanceolate to ob-
long, to 3 in. long, shining: fls. orange-red, to V/&
in. across, solitary or clustered toward ends of
branchlets: fr. brownish-yellow to red, about
size of orange^ with hard rind and many seeds
and reddish juicy pulp and persistent calyx.
S. Asia, widely nat. Var. nana is a dwarf form
grown in greenhouses and about yards far S.
There are double-fld. races and color variations,
as vars. alba, rubra, yariegata, and Legrellei with
double fls. striped with red and yellow outside. — •
The pomegranate is adapted to trop. and sub-
trop. climates and succeeds on deep rather heavy
loam. For orchards, bushes should be set 12-18
ft. apart and for hedges 6-8 ft. Propagated
mostly by hardwood cuttings in spring, also by
seeds and layers.
PUNICACEJE. POMEGRANATE FAMILY. Only
1 genus, Punica, and two species, characterized
by mostly opposite simple Ivs., bisexual fls.
having 5-7 sepals and petals, numerous stamens,
inferior and many-celled ovary, and fr. a hard-
shelled berry.
PUNK-TREE: Melaleuca Leucadcndra.
PURPLE WREATH: Petrea.
PtJRSHIA (Kunzia). ANTELOPE-BRUSH. Ros-
acese. W. American cragged bushes of 1 or 2
species, sometimes transferred to grounds: Ivs.
small, stiff and clustered, simple: fls. small, yel-
lowish, not showy. P. tridentata is a gray or
silvery deciduous shrub to 6 ft. or more: Ivs.
34~/4 in. long, linear toward base but broadened
and 3-toothed at apex: petals thin, less than y%
in. long. Arid lands, Rocky Mts., Ore., Calif.
Var. glanduldsa, separated as a species by some
authors, is more or less evergreen and the Ivs.
punctate-glandular.
PURSLANE: Portulaca. Winter: Montia perfoliata.
PUSCHKfNIA. Liliacex. Two spring-blooming
bulbous herbs from Asia Minor, one sometimes
grown in rock-gardens or borders. For cult, see
Scilla.
libandtica: P. scilloides var.
scilloides. To 1 ft: Ivs. basal, to 1 ft. long and 1 in.
wide: fls. bluish, l/% in. long, in racemes terminating the
scape, the perianth-segrns. partially united. Var. libandtica
(P. Lbanotica) has longer perianth-lobes.
PUSLEY: Portulaca oleracea.
PUSSYS-PAWS: Spragnea multiceps. Toes: Antennaria.
PUT6RIA. Rubiacese. A small genus in the
Medit region, of low much branched .shrubs. P.
calabrica is cult. To 8 in. or less, branches vel-
vety-hairy: Ivs. linear-oblong, to l/± in. long or
more, somewhat fleshy, opposite, short-petioled,
with scabrous margins: fls. red to reddish-purple,
tubular, to 1 in. long, 4-lobed, in terminal few-
fid, corymbs, calyx tubular and 4-toothed: fr. a
small drupe. Propagated by seeds or division^
does well in full sun in sandy soil; perhaps noc
hardy N.
PUTTY-ROOT: Apkctrum.
PtrYA. Bromeliacese. Terrestrial stiff mostly
giant herbs native in dry parts of S. Amer..
having spiny-margined Ivs. in dense rosettes ana
blue, purple or yellow fls. in spikes or racemes;
planted occasionally in the hothouse. Cult, as
for Bromelia\ out-of-doors in Calif. They thrive
without special treatment.
alpSstris. Sts. short: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 1 in. wide,
pale beneath: fls. dull metallic blue, \1A in. long, anthers
bright orange, the infl. much branched. Chile.
caerulea. To 4 ft.: Ivs. 2 ft. long, narrow: fls. blue, tho
infl. somewhat branched. Chile.
chilensis (Pourretia chilensis). To 5 ft.: Ivs to 4 ft. long,
very narrow, glaucous: fls. greenish-yellow, in a branching
infl. Chile.
Pycnanthemwn
608
Pyrolirion
PYCNANTHEMUM (Koellia). MOUNTAIN-
MINT. Labiatx. N. American per. herbs with
opposite entire Ivs. and small white or purplish
fls. in heads or cymes in late summer or fall;
sometimes transplanted. Of easy cult.
flexudsum. To
fls. m denae heads
.: Ivs. to 2 in. long and tS in. wide:
m. across. Mo. to Fla. and Tex.
incanum. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 3 m. long and 1^ in. wide,
white-pubescent beneath: fls. m loose clusters to 1)3 in.
across. Me. to Fla. and Mo.
lanceolatum: P. virgmianum.
muticum. To 3^ ft., finely pubescent: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to \% in. long, serrate: fls. in dense heads,
calyx-lobes short and inucronate. Me. to Fla. and Mo.
virgmianum (P. lanceolatum). To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long
and 1A in. wide, fragrant: fls. in dense heads }$ in. across,
calyx-lobes triangular. Que. to Ga. and Ala.
PYCN6STACHYS. Labiatse. African per. herbs
with opposite Ivs. and blue or violet 2-lipped fls.
in whorls in dense terminal spikes; grown under
glass, and in the open far 8.
Dawei. To 6 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 1 ft. long, toothed,
pubescent: fls. cobalt-blue, % in. long, spikes to 5 in. long,
calyx-teeth becoming spinescent. Trop. Afr.
thyrsiflora: listed name of form said to have spikes of
blue fls. to 3 ft.
urticifolia. To 7 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, acute,
long-petioled, deeply incised-crenate and densely pubescent:
fls. bright blue, in dense spikes to 3 in. long. Trop. Afr.
PYRACANTHA. FIRETHORN. Rosaceae. Ever-
green usually thorny shrubs with alternate
simple Ivs., white fls. in corymbs, and fr. a small
red or orange pome; native in S. Eu. and Asia;
related to Crataegus.
Firethorns are planted for ornament and hedges. The
fruit is showy. P. coccinea is fairly hardy in middle states
but the other species can be grown only in the South and
California. Propagated by seeds, by cuttings of ripe wood
under glass, by layers, and rare kinds by grafting on
cratipgus or cotoneaster.
angustif61ia (Cotoneaster angustifolia) . To 12 ft., the
brancn.es often prostrate: Ivs. narrow-oblong, to 2 in. long,
nearly entire, gray-tomentose beneath: corymbs tomentose.
China.
atalantioldes (P. discolor'). To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate-elliptic
to oblong, to 2}4 in. long, entire or nearly so, glabrous,
indistinctly veined beneath: fls. white, many in corymbs
to 1)3 in. across: fr. reddish. China.
chamelioides: hort. name of no botanical standing.
coccinea (Cotoneaster and Cratxgua Pyracantha). To
20 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblanceolate, to \H in. long, finely
toothed, becoming glabrous: corymbs pubescent. S Eu.,
W. Asia. Var. Lalandii is a more vigorous form with orange-
red fr. Var. paucifldra is said to have smaller corymbs.
crenato-serrata (P. crenulata var. yunnanenaia. P.
Gibbaii var. yunnanenaia. P. yunnanenaia. Photinia crenato-
serrata'). Differs from P. atalantioides in Ivs. crenate-serrate
and broadest above middle. China. Vars. Graberi, macro-
c&rpa and prostrata are listed.
crenulata (Cotoneaster and Cratsegua crenulata). To 20 ft.:
Ivs. oblong to oblanceolate, to 2 in. long, wavy-toothed,
glabrous, shining above: corymbs glabrous. Himalayas.
Var. flava (var. aurantiaca), a form of var. Rogersiana with
yollow fr. Var. kansuensis (P. kanauenaia) has narrower
[vs. to 1 in. long and smaller fr. N. W. China. Var. Roger-
siana is lower, with oblanceolate Ivs.
discolor: P. atalantioidea.
Duvalii: a hort. form listed as of spreading habit to 10 ft.
tall and fr. bright red; perhaps of hybrid origin.
formosana: P. Koidzumii.
Gfbbsii: may be either P. crenato-aerrata or P. atalan-
tioidea.
kansuensis: P. crenulata var.
Koidzumii (P. formoaana). Lvs. clustered at tips of
branchlets, oblong-obovate, 1 in. long, entire, pale and
pubescent beneath: corymbs nearly glabrous. Formosa.
Varietal names listed under P. formosana include Miller!
and splend£ns.
Rogersiana: P. crenulata var.
splendens: hort. name.
yunnane'nsis: P. crenato-aerrata.
PYRfcTHRUM. Composite. An old genus
modernly combined with Chrysanthemum. The
florists' pyrethrum is Chrysanthemum coccineum
(C. roseum)'j it is a spring- or early summer-
blooming per. with long erect sts. bearing a large
brilliant crimson, lilac or white head and finely
cut Ivs. Another plant still known in gardens as
pyrethrum is the feverfew, C. Parthenium; and
C. uliginosum is also sometimes named in that
genus. P. inodorum is Matricaria inodora; P.
Tchihatchemi is a Matricaria. For other names
see Chrysanthemum.
PYRIFORM: pear-formed or -shaped.
SHINLEAF. Pyrolacese. Per. herbs
having rootstocks, clusters of evergreen Ivs. and
white, greenish or purplish fls. in racemes termin-
ating a scape, in summer: sometimes transplanted
to the wila-garden or colonized in woods but they
do not thrive in usual garden soil. Sometimes
called wintergreen: see Gaultheria.
americana: P. rotundifolia var.
asarif61ia. To 1 ft.: Ivs. kidney-shaped or orbicular, to
2 in. long, blade about as long as petiole, rather thick,
shining: fls. pink or purplish. N. B. to B. C. and New Mex.
Var. incarnata, fls. pink or rose, Ivs. subcordate to obovate.
Swamps.
bracteata: P. rotundifolia.
chlorantha. To 8 in.: Ivs. orbicular, to 1% in. long,
shorter than petiole, thick, glossy: fls. greenish-white,
calyx-lobes ovate-triangular. N. Amer., Eu.
elliptica. To 10 in.: Ivs. oval or oblong-elliptic, to 3 in.
long, thin, dull: fls. white, calyx-lobes ovate-triangular.
N. Amer.
incarnata: plants so listed are referable to P. rotundifolia
or P. uhyinoaa.
minor (Erxlebenia minor) . To 8 in. : Ivs. oval or orbicular,
to l}4 in. long: fls. white or pinkish. N. Arner., Eu., Asia.
pfcta. Lvs. ovate to rhombic, to
blotched white above and purple beneat, .
green to purplish, about y* in. long. B. C. to Mont, south
to Calif, ana Ariz. Var. aentata is listed as having more
dentate Ivs. The true P. dentata is not known in cult, and
does not have mottled Ivs.
rotundifdlia (P. bracteata). To 10 in.: Ivs. nearly round,
to 2 in. long, thick, glossy: fls. white, calyx-lobes oblong.
Eu. Var. americana (P. americana) differs only in being
slightly larger in all respects. N. S. to N. C. and Ky.
secunda. To 10 in.: Ivs. ovate to nearly orbicular, to 2 in.
long: fls white or greenish- white. N. Amer. — Differs from
other species here enumerated in having the style straight
rather than declined, petals not spreading and fls. in a
secund raceme.
uligindsa. To 1 ft.: Ivs. broadly ovate to orbicular, to
3 in. long, obtuse, finely crenulate, glossy: fls. pink to pur-
plish, about K in. long. N. S. to Minn., B. C. to Calif, and
Colo.
unifidra: Moneses uniflora.
2K in. long, acute,
ath, denticulate: fls.
(sometimes written Pirolacese).
SHINLEAF FAMILY. Low mostly evergreen herb-
aceous or scarcely woody plants of northern
regions, sometimes included in Ericacea). Three
genera are characteristic of the family, Pyrola,
Chimaphila, Moneses; these are plants with
small nearly regular bisexual fls. in which the
corolla is comprised of separate petals. Some
authors include the saprophytic genera, like
Monotropa, Pterospora and Sarcodes in this
family, others separate them in the family Mono-
tropacese and still others retain them in Ericaceae;
thev are not cultivated plants but Monotropa
and Sarcodes are sometimes planted.
PYROLfRION. FIRE -LiLY. AmarylUdacex.
Bulbous herbs with linear Ivs., scape single-fld.,
spa the tubular below, equilaterally bifid above;
n. erect, funnelform, yellow to deep orange with
cylindrical tube expanded upward, stigmas trifid,
spatulate; Bolivia-Peru.
Pyrolirion
609
Pyrus
aureum (Zephyranthea aureo). Lvs linear, green, some-
what falcate: scape stout at base, tapering upward; fls.
deep orange, erect, opening flat 1^-2 in. diam.; stigmas
markedly spatulate. Peru.
PYROSTfeGIA. Bignoniacex. S. American
woody evergreen climbers with Ivs. of 2-3 Ifts.
and 3-parted tendrils, tubular fls. in terminal
panicles, the stamens exscrted, and long linear
frs. ; commonly planted as an arbor and roof vine
in S. U. S., making a brilliant display when in
bloom; sometimes grown in conservatories.
Propagated by cuttings.
fgnea (P. and Bignonia venusta). Lfts. ovate, to 3 in.
long: fls. reddish- orange, to 3 in. long, with reflexed lobes
margined with white hairs: fr. to 1 ft. long. Brazil.
indica: Oroxylonindicum.
venusta: P. ignea.
PYRRHOCACTUS. Cactacese. A small genus
combined by some authors with Malacocarpus
but separated by its scaly ovary in the axils of
whose scales are bristles and a white-woolly
tomentum: fls. reddish-yellow.
centete'rius (Echinocactus centeterius and mammillarioides.
Malocacarpus marnmillarwides) . Nearly globose; nbs
14-16 and strongly tubercled with large felted areoles; spines
about 7: fls. yellowish-red. Chile.
curvispinus (Echinocactus curvispinus). Solitary, glo-
bose to subcylmdric, to 7 in. diam., gray-green; nbs 16,
to 1 J4 i*1 high, rounded, somewhat tubercled; spines
similar, usually 14-18, lowest to \Y± in. long, middle ones
curved upwards and shorter, yellow to gray: fls. reddish-
yellow. Chile.
Froehlichianus (Echinocactus Froehlichianus. Gym-
nocalycium Froehlichianuiri). Globose to subcylmdrical,
to iy* in. high and 6 in. diam., usually spineless on top;
ribs 18, to 1 ^ in. high, obtuse, straight or spiralled, tuber-
cled; spines to 17, the lowest to 1 ^ m long, others shorter,
yellow to gray: fls. yellow. Chile. — By some authors be-
lieved to represent a variant of P. curvispinus.
h6rridus: probably P. tuberisulcatus.
mammillarioides: P. centeterius.
Soehrensii: P. tuberisulcatus.
Strausianus (Echinocactus and Malacocarpus Strau~
sianus). Solitary, globose to ovoid, gray-green, to 6 in.
tall and 8^2 in- diam ; ribs 13, somewhat spiralled, rounded,
thick, tubercled; spines all similar, usually 9-20, the 4 inner
ones larger and to 1 % in. long, others stout and awl-shaped:
fls salmon-pink, to % in. long. W. Argentina.
tuberisulcatus (Echinocactus Soehrensii and tuberisul-
catus. P. Soehrensii). Solitary, depressed-globose but not
concave on top, covered with spines, to 6 in. diam. or more;
ribs 16 -20, about % in. high, straight, prominently tuber-
cled; spines brown to gray, radials 10-12 or less when
young, to about Y% in. long, centrals 4-5, to 1 in. long,
stiff: fls. brownish-yellow, striped red, to nearly 2 in. long.
Chile.
umadeave (Echinocactus and Friesia umadeave). To 4 in.
high and broad; ribs about 18, areolea large and white-
woolly; spines 30-35, to 1 in. and more long, curved up-
wards, wmte or brownish: fls. pale yellow, 1^ in. long.
Argentina.
P'J'RUS. PEAR. Rosacex. About a score of trees
and large shrubs in the northern hemisphere,
commonly deciduous, a few species grown for
the edible frs. and others somewhat for ornament
and interest: fls. showy, bisexual, in umbel-like
clusters in advance of foliage or with it, white or
nearly so; petals 5, on run of calyx-cup; stamens
many; styles 3-5, free to base: fr. a porne, with
core of 5 carpels, the flesh of the edible kinds con-
taining hard or grit cells. See Malus.
The species and their varieties of Pyrus are hardy plants
of simple culture in any ordinary soil and garden location.
Like the species of Malus they propagate readily from
seeds sown or preferably stratified in autumn, and kinds not
yet producing fruit may be grafted or budded on closely
related stocks. See Pear.
adstrfngens: Malus adstringens.
aldenham£nsis: Malus sylvestris var.
americana: Sorbus americana.
amygdalif6nnis. ALMOND PEAR. Shrub or tree, in
several vars., to 20 ft. or more, grown for ornament in
differing forms: Ivs. thick, oblong to narrow-obovate, entire
or nearly so, glaucescent and becoming nearly or quite
glabrous underneath: fls. about 1 in. across, white: fr. 1 in.
more or less diam., yellowish-green and hard. France to
Asia Minor. Var. persica (P. persica. P. siwnca). Lvs. ob-
long and fr. depressed endwise.
angustifdlia: Afalus angustifoha.
arbutifdlia: Aroma arbutifoha.
Aria: Sorbus Ana.
Arnoldiana: Malus floribunda var.
astracanica: Malus sylvestris var.
atropurpurea: Aroma atropurpurea.
atrosanguinea: Malus Halliana.
Aucuparia: Sorbus Aucuparia.
auricularis: Sorbopyrus auncularis.
baccata: Malus baccata,
betuleefdlia. Tree to 20 ft. or more, branchlets tpmentose:
Ivs. mostly ovate-acuminate, sharp-serrate, shining above
and tomentose or becoming nearly glabrous underneath:
fls. % in. across, white: fr. about J 6 in. diam., brown and
dotted, calyx-lobes falling. N. China; hardy N. — Free-
flowering and suggested as experimental stock for the pear.
Bollwylleriana: Sorbopyrua auricularis.
Bretschneideri. One of the oriental pears, distinguished
by ovate or elliptic-ovate Ivs. with a mostly acuminate
base, yellow subglobose fr. about 1 in. long, calyx falling.
N. China; hardy N.
breVipes: Malus brevipes.
Gallery ana. Glabrous tree: Ivs. ovate or broader, short-
pointed, crenate (not sharp-serrate): fls 1 in. or less across,
white, styles 2 or 3: fr. about 1A in. or less diam , globular,
dotted brown. China; hardy N. — Attracts attention as a
pear stock. Var. gracilifldra, fls. smaller and pedicels more
slender. Var. tomentella has young branchlets and young
Ivs. tomentose or floccose, pedicels villous.
cerasifera: see Malus baccata.
communis. PEAR. Large long-lived tree: Ivs. oval to
oblong-ovate, hard in texture, short-pointed, crenate-
serrulate to nearly entire, glabrous or becoming so: fls. 1 in.
or more across, white sometimes tinged pink, appearing
with first foliage: fr. mostly pyriform, variable, with gritty
cells. Eu. and W. Asia. — Cult, as an orchard fr. in many
vars.
coronaria: Malus coronaria.
crataegifolia: Malus florentina.
Cyddnia: Cydonia oblonga.
Dawsoniana: Malus Dawsoniana.
Delavayi: Docynia Delavayi.
dome'stica: Sorbus domestica.
elaeagrif&lia. Small commonly thorny tree tomentose on
twigs and both sides or under side of Ivs., the latter lanceo-
late to very narrow-obovate and entire: fls. about 1 in.
across, white, on tomentose pedicels: fr, about 1 in. diam.,
green, short-podicelled. Asia Minor.
Eleyi: Malus sylvestris var.
florentina: Malus florentina.
floribunda: Malus floribunda.
fonnosana: Malus formosana.
fusca: Malus fusca.
germanica: Mespilus germanica.
glabrata: Malus glabrata.
glauc£scens: Malus glaucescens.
Halliana: Malus Halliana.
heteroph^lla: see Malus heterophylla.
Hdpa: see Malus adstringens.
hupehensis: Malus hupehensis.
io6nsis: Malus ioensis.
japdnica: Chaenomeles japonica.
Kaido: Afalus micromalus.
kansu6nsis: Malus kansuensis.
lancifdlia: Malus lanci folia.
Lec6ntei. Hybrid race between P. communis and P.
pyrifolia, represented by LeCont-e, Kieffer and other
pomological vars.: frs. more firm or hard in substance as a
rule than those of P. communis, calyx persistent.
Lemdinei: Malus sylvestris var.
16ngipes (P. communis var. longipes). Small tree: Ivs.
ovate or broader, acute or nearly obtuse, rounded or sub-
cordate at base, becoming glabrous underneath, petiole
long: fls. about 1 in. across, white: fr. about ^ in. diam.,
globose, calyx deciduous. Algeria.
Malus: Malus syhestris.
Pyrus
610
Pyxie
Maulei: Chaenomelea japonica.
melanoc£rpa: Aronia mekinocarpa.
micromalus: Mains micromalus.
Niedzwetzkyana: Mains sylvestris var.
nigra: Aronia melanocarpa.
nivalis. SNOW PKAR. Small tree, white-tornentose on
numy parts, thornless: Ivs. oval to ohovate, acute, narrowed
to base, entire or essentially so, tomenturn remaining on
under surface: fls. about l^<j m- across, white: fr. 1-2 in.
diarn., globose. K. Eu. — Useful for ornament, and fr. for
perry (pear cider).
ovoidea: P. ussuriensis var.
Parkmanii: Mains Hallianav&r.
Pas hi a. Tree to 30 ft. or more, usually spiny: Ivs. ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, becoming nearly
or quite glabrous, often lobed and sharp-serrate on shoots:
fls. 1 in. across, white: fr. about % in. across, subglobose,
brown. Himalayas to China; hardy N.
p£rsica: P. amygdaliformis var.
phaeoca'rpa. Tree of medium size, most parts becoming
glabrous: Ivs. elliptic to ovate, long-attenuate, base mostly
broad-euneate, open-serrate: fls. about 1 in. across, white:
fr. about 1 in. long, pyriform, brown. N. China; hardy N.
pinnatifida: Sorbus hybrida.
platycfirpa: Mains platycarpa.
Pollv£ria: Sorbopj/rus auricularis.
Prfittii: Mains Prattii.
prunif&lia: Mains pruni folia.
pulch6rrima: Mains floribunda.
purpurea: Mains pur pur -ea.
pyrifolia (/'. serotina). SAND PEAR. Tree to 50 ft.,
glabrous or becoming so: Ivs. ovate or somewhat longer,
long-acuminate, setose-serrate: fls. \% i"- across, white,
with Ivs. or just in advance of them, styles 5: fr. mostly
apple-shaped, very hard, brown, calyx-lobes falling. China.
— Cult, (in var. culta) for its fr. LeConte, KielTer and other
orchard vars. are hybrids with the common pear: see P.
Lecontni.
Ringo, Rinkii: Mains pruni folia var. Rinkii.
Riversii: Mains spectabilis var.
rivularis: Mains fnsca.
robusta: see Mains baccata.
salicif61ia. Often spiny tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. willow-like, %
in. or less broad, tapering at both ends, entire, tomentpse
when young but becoming glabrous: fls. % in. across, white:
fr. about 1 in. long, pyriform, yellowish, calyx persistent.
S. K. Eu., Caucasus, Armenia; hardy N.
Sdrgentii: Mains Sargentii.
Scheldeckeri: Mains floribunda var.
ser6tina: P. pyrifolia,
serrulata. Small tree differing from P. pyrifolia by
shorter Ivs. without setose serratures, smaller fls. witn
styles 3 or 4, subglobose fr. about ^ in. long, and calyx
persistent or often so. China; hardy N.
Sieboldii: Mains Sieboldii.
siniica: P. amyudaliformis var. peraica,
sin^nsis (Decnc.) : P. ussnriensis.
S6rbus: Sorbus domestica.
Soulardii: Mains Soulardii.
spectabilis: Mains spcctabilis.
sublobata: Mains snblobata.
the if era: Mains hupehensis.
Toringo: Mains Sieboldii.
toringoides: Mains toringoides.
torminalis: Sorbus tormiruilis,
transc^ndens: Mains transcendent,
transit6ria: Mains transitoria.
trilobata: Mains trilobata.
Tschondskii: Mains Tschonoskii.
ussuri6nsis. Tree: Ivs. nearly orbicular to ovate, broad
or subcordate at base, acuminate, strongly setose-serrate,
nearly or quite glabrous: fls. 1 in. and more across, white,
on short pedicels: fr. to ll/i in. diam., nearly globose, green-
ish-yellow, calyx persistent. N. E. Asia; hardy N., and has
been tried experimentally as pear stock. Var. ovoidea (P.
ovoidea) has ovate to oblong-ovate Ivs. and more ovoid
long-stemmed frs. N. E. Asia. — P. sinensis, in part, be-
longs here.
Veitchii: Mains yunnanensis var.
yunnanensis: Mains yunnanensis.
Zumi: Mains Zumi.
PYXIDANTHfeRA. Diapensiaceje. Creeping
evergreen shrublcts forming cushion-like masses,
native in pine-barrens from N. J. to N. C., and
sometimes transplanted to the rock-garden and
similar places.
barbulata. PYXIE. FLOWERING Moss. PINE-BARREN
BKAUTY. Branches to 1 ft. long, covered with very small
Ivs.: fls. white, about % in. across, solitary but many at
ends of branches. Mar.-May.
brevif&lia. Separated from P. barbulata by smaller
hoary Ivs., ciliate calyx-lobes, and lobes of corolla cuneate
rather than nearly orbicular. N. C.
PYXIE: Pyxidanthera barbulata.
Q
QUAIL-BUSH: Atnplex tentiformia.
QUAMASIA: Camasaia.
QUAMOCLIDION: Mirabilis multiflora.
QUAMOCLIT. STAR-GLORY. Convolvulacex.
Trop. herbaceous vines with alternate, simple or
compound Ivs. and salverform red or yellow fls.
in long-stalked axillary clusters, the stamens and
style exserted; cult, as for Ipomoea, from which
it is distinguished by the small slender fls. and
protruding stamens and style. Often grown from
seed as summer-flowering vines.
coccinea (Ipomcea coccinea). STAR IPOMOSA. Ann. to
10 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, to 6 in. long, entire or angular-
lobed: fls scarlet with yellow throat, to \l/i in. long. Trop.
Amer.; nat. in N. Amer Var. hederifdlia (Ipomcea heden-
folw) has 3-5-lobed or -parted Ivs. Var. luteola has yellow
or orange fls. 1 in. long.
lobata (Minn lobata). Per. to 20 ft.: Ivs. cordate, 3 in.
across, deeply 3-lobed: fls crimson becoming pale yellow,
with short tube and cylindrical hmb % in. long, the stamens
long-exserted. Mex.
pennata (Ipomoea Quamocht). CYPRESS- VINE. Ann. to
20 ft : Ivs. pmnately cut into thread-like segms.: fls scarlet,
to \y<i in. long Trop. Amer., S. U. S. Var. alba has white
fls.
Sl&teri (Ipomcea cardinalis). CARDINAL-CLIMBER.
Hybnd between Q. coccinea and Q. pennata: ann : Ivs. to
4^ in. across, palmate'y lobed nearly to base into 7-15
segms. to % in. across: fls. crimson with white throat, to
2 in long.
QUASSIA. Simarubaceap. Trees with bitter
white wood having medicinal properties, and
sometimes grown for ornament in the tropics:
Ivs. pinnate: fls. dioecious, in terminal racemes or
panicles: fr. of 5 spreading drupes. One species
is sometimes planted in the warmest parts of the
country for interest, it being a medicinal plant
with a bitter principle; also worth growing for
ornament.
amara. To 10 ft. and more: Ivs. of 5 elliptic-oblong Ifts.,
the petioles winged: fls. crimson, to 1^ in. long, m racemes.
Trop. Amer
QUEEN-CUP: Clintoma um flora. -of-the-Meadow:
Fihpendula Ulmana. -of-the-Prairie: Pilipendula rubra.
QUEENS DELIGHT: Stillingia syhatica.
QUEENSLAND NUT: Macadamia terni folia.
QUERCUS. OAK. Fagueex. Hardwood trees and
bushes mostly of the northern hemisphere with
alternate Ivs., staminate fls. in slender drooping
catkins, pistillate in 1-many-fld. spikes, and nut
or acorn inclosed or surrounded at oase by a cup-
like involucre; grown for ornament and timber,
commonly with striking colors in autumn. The
acorns are employed as feed for hogs and the bark
of some species yields medicinal products, cork
and tanning materials; major trees in hort.
literature.
Oaks thrive on rich rather moist soil for the most part,
although the scrub oaks inhabit dry barren lands. Most of
the deciduous species are hardy North, while the evergreen
kinds are adapted only to the southern and warmer parts
of the country. Propagated by seeds sown in autumn or
stratified and the evergreen species also by cuttings and
layers; protect the seed-acorns from vermin. Varieties may
be grafted on seedling stocks under glass in early spring or
sometimes in August.
acuta. JAPANESE EVERGREEN O. Small tree: Ivs. per-
sistent, oblong, to 5 in. long, entire and wavy-margined:
cup pubescent, about *4 length of nut. Japan.
acutissima. To 50 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, oblong, to 7 in.
long, with bristle-like teeth, shining above: cup with spread-
ing scales, % length of nut. Asia. — Formerly known as
Q. aerrata but this name is properly a synonym of Q. glandu-
hfera.
(Q. ventricoaa). To 80 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, elliptic
to oblong, to 4 in. long, with 9-13 entire bristle-tipped
lobes, yellowish-tomentose beneath: cup \$rl/i length of
nut. S. Eu., W. Asia.
agrif&lia. COAST LIVE O. To 100 ft.: Ivs. persistent,
elliptic, to 3 in long, spiny-toothed, light green and glossy
beneath: cup pubescent, U~H length of nut. Calif.
alba (Q. ramosa). WHITE O. To 100 ft.: Ivs. deciduous,
obovate, to 9 in. long, with 5 -9 entire obtuse lobes, glauces-
cent beneath: cup about J4 length of nut. Me. to Fla. and
Tex. Var. repanda has Ivs. with shallow sinuses.
aliena. ORIENTAL WHITE O. To 70 ft.: Ivs. deciduous,
oblong-obovate, to 8 in. long, coarsely toothed, gray-
tomentose beneath: cup gray-tomentose, about H length
of nut. Japan, Korea, China.
ambigua: Q. boreahs.
aquatica: Q. mgra.
arkansana. Like Q. manlandica but Ivs. pale under-
neath, and the scales on cup of acorn erect and in a single
row: Ivs. deciduous, broad-obovate, broad at apex, little if
at all lobed, to 4 or 5 in. long: cup shallow arid flal . Ark.
Balldta: Q. Ilex var. rotundifoha.
bicolor. SWAMP WHITE O. To 70 ft.: Ivs. deciduous,
obovate, to 6 in long, coarsely toothed or lobed, dark green
above, whitish-tomcntose beneath: cup about \i length of
nut. Que to Ca. and Ark.
borealis (Q. ambigua. Q. rubra var ambigua) NORTHERN
RKD () To 80 ft • Ivs. deciduous, oblong, to 9 m. long, 7-11-
lobed halfway to middle, pale beneath: cup about H length
of nut N. S. to Pa and la. Var maxima is a taller tree
with larger acorns N S. to Fla. and Tex.
brutia: Q. Robur.
camata pendula: Q. pyrcnaica var.
canarie'nsis (Q Mirbeckii). Tree to 100 ft.: Ivs. decidu-
ous, ovate-oblong, to 5 in. long, coarsely toothed, shining
above: cup about ^2 length of nut. Spain, N. Afr.
castanea: Q. Muhlenbergii.
Catesbcei: Q. Ixoia.
Ceiris. TURKEY O. To 100 ft.: Ivs deciduous, oblong, to
5 in. long, with 3-8 pairs of entire or toothed lobes, grayish-
pubescent beneath when young: cup mossy, about ^ length
of nut S. Eu , W Asia. Var austriaca, AUSTRIAN TURKEY
OAK, has shall owly lobed Ivs Var laciniata has pinnatifid
Ivs. Var. pendula has drooping branches and pinnatifid Ivs.
chrysolepis. CANON or MAUL O. To 90 ft.: Ivs. per-
sistent, elliptic, to 4 in. long, spiny-toothed or with entire
revolute margins, glaucous and tomentose beneath: cup
tomentose, about }\ length of nut. Ore. to Lower Calif.
cleistocarpa: see Ldhocarput cleistocarpa.
coccifera. KERMKA O. Shrub: Ivs. persistent, broad-
elliptic, to 1*4 in long, with few spiny teeth, shining: cup
about % length of nut. S. Eu., N. Afr , W Asia.
coccinea. SCARLET O. To 80 ft : Ivs deciduous, oblong
or elliptic, to 0 m long, with 7-9 very deep lobes, bright
green: cup M~M length of nut. Me. to Fla. and Mo.
conferta: Q. Frainetto.
cornea: Lithocarpus cornea.
crispula: Q. mongohca var. grosseaerrata.
cupressoides: Q. Robur.
cuspidata: Castanopsia cuspidata.
Darling t6nia: Q. laurifoha var.
densifldra: Lithocarpua densiflora.
dentata (Q Diamio). To 80 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, obovate,
to 1 ft long, with 4-9 pairs of rounded lobes or teeth, pubes-
cent beneath: cup with spreading scales, ^ or more length
of nut. Japan, Korea, China. Var. pinnatifida lias Ira.
divided almost to midrib.
Diamio: Q. dentata.
dumdsa. CALIFORNIA SCRUB O. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs.
persistent, oblong to elliptic, to 1 in. long, spiny-toothed
or entire, glossy dark green above, pale and pubescent
beneath: cup about % length of nut. Calif.
durata. LEATHER O. Spreading shrub to 5 ft., branch-
lets densely tomentose: Ivs. oval, to 1 in. long, dark green
above, coriaceous, margins with sharp dentate teeth, per-
sistent: cup to Yt in. across and nearly >£ in. deep. Calif
ellipsoidalis. To 80 ft. or more: Ivs. deciduous, elliptic
to 4 or 5 in. long, with deep narrow lobes bearing pointed
teeth, becoming glabrous underneath except in axils of
veins: cup H «r 1A length of nut. Man. to Mich, and la.
fengelmannii. To 60 ft.: Ivs. persistent, oblong, about
2 in. long, entire or sometimes toothed, pale beneath: cup
M length of nut. S. Calif.
falcata (Q. ru&ro). SPANISH RED O. To 80 ft. or more:
611
Quercus
612
Quercus
Ivs. deciduous, obovate, to 8 in. long, with 3-7 deep acute
lobes, pubescent beneath: cup l/i-% length of nut. N. J.
to Fla. and Tex. — Formerly the name Q. falcata was con-
sidered a synonym of Q. rubra, and both were mistakenly
applied to the tree now known as Q. boreahs.
Frain6tto (Q. conferta. Q. pannonica). ITALIAN O. To
120 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, obovate, to 7 in. long, with usually
7 very deep lobes, dark green above, pale and pubescent
beneath: cup \irY^ length of nut. S. Eu.
G&mbelii. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, broad-obovate,
divided about half way into rounded lobes, glossy above,
slightly pubescent beneath: cup about y% length of nut.
Colo, to New Mex.
Garryana. OREGON O. To 100 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, ob-
long-obovate, to 6 in. long, divided about half way into
3-5 pairs of entire or toothed lobes: cup pubescent, about
^ length of nut. B. C. to Calif.
georgiana. Shrub or tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, obo-
vate, 2>2 m- long, lobed halfway to midrib or sometimes
pinnatifid, shining above, pale beneath: cup H~H length
of nut. Ga.
glabra: Lithocarpus glabra.
gland ulif era (Q. serrata). To 50 ft.: Ivs. deciduous,
oblong-obovate, to 0 in. long, sharply toothed, shining
above, grayish-pubescent beneath: cup about }^ length of
nut. Japan, Korea, China. — Some of the material known
as Q. serrata is Q. acutissima.
glauca. To 50 ft.: Ivs. persistent, oblong, to 5 in. long,
toothed above middle, sifky arid glaucoiis beneath when
young: cup pubescent, about \i length of nut. Asia.
Havardii. SHINNEUY O. Low shrub to 2% ft.: Ivs.
deciduous, oblong, to 2H in. long, coarsely lobed or toothed,
bright green, pubescent beneath: acorns to 1 in. long. Tex.,
New Mex.
heterophylla. Hybrid between Q. Phellos and either Q.
borealis var. majcima or Q. velutma. N. J. to Tex.
ilex. HOLLY or HOLM O. To 60 ft.: Ivs. persistent, ovate
to lanceolate, to 3 in. long, toothed or entire, shining dark
green above, yellowish- or whitish-tomentose beneath: cup
about % length of nut. S. Eu. Var. rotundifdlia (Q. Bal-
lota) has smaller ovate Ivs. Var. F6rdii is of pyramidal
habit.
ilicifdlia. SCRUB O. Much branched shrub to 10 ft. or
more: Ivs. deciduous, obovate, to 4)^ in. long, with 2 pairs
of broad entire or bristly-toothed lobes, whitish-tomentose
beneath: cup % length of nut. Me. to Va. and Ky.
imbricaria. SHINGLE O. To 60 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, ob-
long, to 6 in. long, entire, pale and pubescent beneath: cup
14-14 length of nut. Pa. to Ga. and Ark.
K611oggii. CALIFORNIA BLACK O. To 80 ft. or more: Ivs.
deciduous, oblong, to 6 in. long, with narrow sharp-dentate
lobes half way to middle, pubescent or sometimes becoming
glabrous underneath: cup ^ or more as long as nut. Calif.,
Ore.
leevigata. Lvs. thick and glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, to
7 in. long, entire or slightly toothed. Japan.
Iffevis (Q. C'cUenban). To 50 ft and more: related to Q.
falcata, with Ivs. glabrous and shining underneath and petioles
very short, deciduous: cup deeper, with scales over edge and
down inside. N. C. to Fla. and west.
lanugindsa: Q. pubescena.
laurifdlia. LAUREL O. To 60 ft.: Ivs. deciduous or some-
what persistent, oblong, to 6 in. long, entire or sometimes
slightly lobed, shining dark green above, light green be-
neath: cup \i length of nut. Va. to Fla. and La. Var.
Darlingt6nia (Q. Darhngtomo) , DARLINGTON O., is listed
as being of more compact habit and Ivs. more persistent.
lobata. VALLKY O. To 100 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, obovate,
to 3 in. long, with 7-11 obtuse lobes, grayish-tomentose
beneath: cup l/i~lA length of nut. Calif.
longifdlia: Q. Kobur var. holophylla.
Lou6ttei: Q. petrsea var. mespilifolia.
lyrata. OVERCUP O. To 100 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, obovate-
oblong, to 8 in. long, deeply pinnatifid with a large terminal
lobe, white-tomentose beneath or green and pubescent: cup
usually inclosing the nut. N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
macranthdra. To 60 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, obovate, to 7 in.
long, with 8-10 pairs of broad lobes, grayish-tomentose
beneath: cup about H length of nut. W. Asia.
macroc&rpa. BURR or Mossy-Cup O. To 80 ft. or more:
Ivs. deciduous, obovate, to 10 in. long, pinnatifid with large
terminal lobe, grayish-pubescent beneath: cup with fringe-
like border, about £•£ length of nut. N. S. to Pa. and Tex.
Var. olivaeformis has smaller and more deeply lobed Ivs.,
nut smaller and usually }$ or more inclosed by cup.
marilfindica. BLACKJACK O. To 50 ft. but mostly less:
Ivs. deciduous, broader upward or toward apex, to 6 or Sin.
long, shallowly lobed at top, tomentose underneath: cup
H or more length of nut, the run scales recurving. N. Y.
south and west.
m&xima: Q. borealis var.
Michauxii: Q. Pnnua.
Mirbeckii: Q. canariensis.
mongdlica. MONGOLIAN O. To 100 ft.: Ivs. deciduous,
short-stalked and clustered at ends of branches, obovate,
to 8 in. long, with 7-10 broad teeth: cup with short fringe,
about H length of cup. China. Korea, Japan. Var. gros-
seserrata (Q. crispula) has smaller Ivs. with acute teeth.
montana. CHESTNUT O. Often confused with Q. Prinus,
but Ivs. yellow-green above and only slightly pubescent
beneath when young, turning dull orange instead of crimson
in autumn. Me. to S. C. and Ala.
Muhlenb6rgii (Q. castanea of cult). YELLOW CHESTNUT
O. To 100 ft. and more: Ivs. deciduous, oblong to lance-
oblong, to 6 in. long, with incurved coarse teeth along sides,
pubescent underneath: cup nearly half length of nut.
New P^ngland west and south.
myrsinffif&lia (Q. Vibreyana). To 60 ft.: Ivs. persistent,
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, acuminate, toothed, shining above,
glaucous beneath: cup about % length of nut. Japan,
E. China.
nlgra (Q. aquatica). WATER O. To 80 ft.: Ivs. mostly
deciduous or in some regions reported persistent, obovate,
to 3 in. long, 3-lobed at apex or entire, bluish-green above:
cut J4-H length of nut. Del. to Fla. and Tex.
olivsef6rmis: Q. macrocarpa var.
palustris. PIN O. To 80 ft. or more: Ivs. deciduous,
elliptic, to 5 in. long, with 5-7 oblong toothed lobes, bright
green: cup about ^ length of nut. Mass, to Del. and Ark.
Var. aurea is listed. — Planted as a street or avenue tree.
panndnica: Q. Frainetto.
pectinata: Q. Robur var.
pedunculata: Q. Robur.
petr&a (Q. sessihjlora') . DURMAST O. Very similar to
Q. Robur, differing chiefly in the longer petioles and almost
sessile frs. Eu., W. Asia. Var. mespilif&lia (Q. Louettei) has
narrow nearly entire Ivs.
Phe'llos. WILLOW O. To 60 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, linear-
oblong, to 4 in. long, entire, light green and shining above:
cup about y± length of nut. N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.
phillyraeoides. To 30 ft.: Ivs. persistent, elliptic or
obovate, to 2}% in. long, wavy-toothed: cup tomentose.
Japan, China.
prinoides. CHINQUAPIN O. Shrub to 6 ft. or rarely small
tree: Ivs. deciduous, oblong, to 5 in long, toothed, grayish-
pubescent beneath: cup about \^ length of nut. Me. to
Ala. and Tex.
Prinus (Q. Michau.ni). BASKET O. To 100 ft.: Ivs.
deciduous, obovate, to 7 in. long, coarsely toothed, shining
bright green above, grayish-pubescent beneath: cup H~~.H
length of nut. Del. to Fla. and Tex.
pub£scens (Q. lanuginosa of cult ). PUBESCENT O. Shrub
or tree to 45 ft.: Ivs deciduous, obovate, to 4 in. long, with
4-8 pairs of rounded lobes, grayish-pubescent beneath: cup
tomentose, H-~Hi length of nut. S. Eu., W. Asia.
pyrenaica (Q. Toza). To 60 ft., suckering: Ivs deciduous,
obovate, to 6 in. long, with 5-6 pairs of acute deep lobes,
yellowish-tomentose beneath: cup tomentose, H~H length
of nut. S. Eu. Var. p£ndula (Q. camata pendula) has droop-
ing branches.
ramdsa: Q. alba.
repanda: Q. alba var.
R&bur (Q. pedunculata. Q. brutia. Q. cupressoides) .
ENGLISH O. To 80 ft. or more: Ivs. deciuuous, obovate,
to 5 in. long, with 3-7 pairs of rounded lobes: cup about
}$ length of nut. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia. Some of the hort.
vars. are: atropurpurea, Ivs. purple; Concdrdia, Ivs. bright
yellow; fastigiata, of columnar habit; filicifdlia, Ivs. deeply
cut into linear crisped lobes; holophylla (Q. pedunculata var.
longifolia), Ivs. entire; pectinata. Ivs. deeply cut into narrow
lobes; pe'ndula (var. Dauvewei) , branches drooping; va-
riegata, Ivs. margined or variegated white.
rubra: a confused name; the Northern Red O. to which
this name has been referred is Q. borealis while the Southern
or Spanish Red O. is Q. falcata\ the var. ambigua is Q.
boreahs.
semp6rvirens: Q. virginiana.
serrata: Q. glandulifera; see also Q. acutissima.
sessilifldra: Q. petrsea.
Shuma'rdii. Tree to 130 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, elliptical to
obovate, to 7 in. long, with 7-9 coarse sharp-pointed lobes,
under surface green and glabrous except in axils of larger
veins: nut to 1 % in. long in wide saucer-shaped cup. N. C.
to Fla., Kans. and S. Mich.
stellata. POST O. To 100 ft. but usually much less: Ivs.
deciduous, obovate, lyrate-lobed, 6-8 in. long, lobes obtuse,
grayish or whitish underneath: cup % or more length of nut.
Mass, south and west.
Quercus
613
Quisqualis
Siiber. CORK O. To 60 ft., with thick bark yielding the
cork of commerce: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, toothed, shining
dark green above, grayish-tomentose beneath: cup H~H
length of nut. S. Eu., N. Afr.
texana. Tree to 35 ft.: lys. elliptical to obovate, to 3}-$
in. long, with 5 sharp-pointed lobes, infrequently with
minute axillary tufts of hair on lower surface: nut to % in.
long. Tex. — Similar to Q. Shumardu but of questionable
hardiness in the N.
tinctdria: Q, velutina.
T6za: Q. pyrenaica.
Turneri. Hybrid between Q. Robur and probably Q.
Ilex, half-evergreen tree to 50 ft. with toothed Ivs.
undulata. To 30 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, elliptic- oblong, to
3 in. long, coarsely toothed or lobed, bluish-green and
pubescent: cup about l/i length of nut. Colo, to Mex. and
Tex.
utah6nsis. To 50 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, oblong, to 5 in.
long, with 3-5 pairs of deep broad lobes, shining dark green,
pale and pubescent beneath: cup pubescent, about l/i length
of nut. Colo, to New Mex. and Tex.
variabilis. To 80 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, oblong, to 6 in.
long, with bristle-like teeth, wlute-tomentose beneath: cup
with curved scales, % or more length of nut. China,
Korea, Japan.
velutina (Q tinctorid). BLACK O. To 100 ft. or more: Ivs.
deciduous, ovate to oblong, to 10 in. long, with 7-9 broad
toothed lobes, shining dark green above: cup pubescent,
with fnnge-like border, about ^ length of nut. Me. to
Fla. and Tex.
ventricdsa: Q. dSgilops.
Vibreyana: Q. myrsinsefolia.
vlrens: Q. mrgimana.
virginiana (Q sempermrens. Q. wrens). LIVE O. To 60
ft.: Ivs. persistent, elliptic to oblong, to 5 in. long, usually
entire, shining dark green above, whitish-tomentose be-
neath : cup tomentose, about l/i length of nut. Va. to Fla.
and Mex.
Wflsonii: Lithocarpus cleistocarpa.
WfeUzenii. To 75 ft.: Ivs. persistent, usually oblong,
to 4 in. long, glossy above, yellowish beneath, margins
entire or spiny-tootned: nut cylindrical and tapering to
apex or conical, to 1% in. long, cup inclosing 1A~-1A of nut.
Calif.
QUILLAJA. Rosacex. Evergreen trees of S.
Amer., the bark often with soap-like and medi-
cinal properties, having alternate simple Ivs.,
unisexual fls. in clusters, and fr. of 5 leathery
follicles united at base; grown out-of-doors in
the S. and Calif. Propagated by cuttings under
Saponaria. SOAP-BARK TREE. To GO ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
2 in. long, sparingly toothed, shining: fls. white, about
}£ in. across. Chile.
QUINCE. The pomplogical quinces are two,
the common or true quince, Cydonia oblonga, and
the Chinese quince, Cfisenomeles siriensis. The
latter is little known in North America although
long ago introduced. It will stand on the sea-
board as far north as Long Island, but is not
generally hardy north of Philadelphia in the
East. The fruits become 6 inches or more long,
and have been recommended for culinary pur-
poses. Several related plants are known as
quince, grown for the ornamental early spring
bloom and for the edible fruit. The ornamental
or ' 'flowering" quinces may be found under the
entry Cli&nomeles.
The common orchard quince, Cydonia oblonga,
is a small crooked-branched tree native in Asia,
grown in temperate climates for its fruit which
is used in preserves and cookery. It is a slow-
growing shallow-rooted tree, requiring a rather
heavy moist deep soil for best results, but very
heavy lands are likely to produce green fruit of
poor quality. The trees may be set one rod apart
both ways which is greater than the usual full
height of large specimens. The quince propa-
gates readily from long hardwood cuttings.
Nursery practice is to bud named varieties on
rooted Angers quince cuttings or more rarely on
seedlings. Plants are set when one or two years
old; the second or third year thereafter a few
fruits should be produced and then the crop
should be steady for any number of years. The
quince is but little hardier than the peach in its
wood and may be severely injured at tempera-
tures of 15° to 20° below zero. In the warmer
parts of the country where the humidity is high,
fire-blight is the limiting factor. Commercial
quince culture is therefore largely restricted to
the favored fruit regions of California, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, New York and Ontario. In home
planting it is worth attention over a much wider
area.
The fruit is hand-picked when mature and
well colored. Althougn a hard fruit, the quince
shows bruises very readily and must, therefore,
be handled with great care. In the East, quinces
go to the general market in bushels. Fancy
grades may be packed in smaller baskets. The
fruit may be kept for a relatively short time as
compared with the apple at 30° to 32°. Usually
however, the crop is used at once. In some parts
of the world quinces of much higher quality nave
been developed than any grown in North America.
Here the one variety is the Orange, outstanding
for its earliness, quality and color. Other varie-
ties sometimes grown are the Champion, Meech,
Fuller and Smyrna.
Fire-blight, the worst disease of the quince,
can be kept in check by avoiding over-stimula-
tion of the trees and by cutting out the diseased
twigs as with the pear. Borers, often a serious
pest, can be dug out as in the case of the apple.
The codlin-motn and quince curculio may be
combatted with powdered arsenate of lead, 2
pounds to 50 gallons of water, applied when the
petals fall and again three weeks later. There are
other insects and diseases of lesser although often
great importance.
QUINCULA. Solanacex. Spreading or pros-
trate per. herb suitable for dry sunny places in
the rock-garden. Q. lobata (Phy sails lobata).
Lvs, spatulate to oblong, sinuate or pinnatifid:
fls. purplish, to 1J4 in. across, wheel-shaped,
usually in pairs. Kans. to Mex.
QUININE: see Cinchona.
QUINOA: Chenopodium Quinoa.
QUINTlNIA. Saxifragacese. Shrubs or trees
native in Australia and New Zeal., having alter-
nate leathery lys. and small fls. in many-fld.
racemes; intro. in Calif.
serrata. Tree to 30 ft., covered with minute scales: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate to oblong, to 6 in. long, toothed: fls. pale
lilac, y± in. across, in erect axillary racemes to 4 in. long.
New Zeal.
QUISQUALIS. Combretacede. Climbing or
clambering shrubs with opposite simple Ivs.,
showy fls. in spikes, and 5-angled or -winged fr.;
grown out-of-doors far S. and sometimes under
glass. Propagated by softwood cuttings over
heat.
fndica. RANGOON-CREEPER. More or less climbing or
lopping, without tendrils: Ivs. to 5 in. long, deciduous: fls.
fragrant, with slender green calyx-tube to 3 in. long and
petals white changing to pink and red, in terminal drooping
spikes. Burma, Malaya, Philippines.
R
RABIEA. Aizofic&P. Stemless succulenls from
S. Afr., of the Mesombryanthemum group: Ivs.
in dense rosettes, united at bast?, 3-anglcd: fls.
solitary, with numerous petals in several scries
and stamens in a cylindric mass.
albindta (M. albinotum. N(inftntfni8 albinotun). Lvs. about
1 in long and % in. broad, covered with whitish dots: fls.
yellow, \y% in. across.
albipuncta (M. albi punctum) . Lvs. 1 in. long and ^ in.
broad, covered with whitish dots: fls. yellow, 1 in. across.
Jamesii. Lvs. to 2 in. long and }£ in. broad and thick,
glaucous, with conspicuous warts: fls. yellow. — First named
in the genus Nananthus.
RACEME: a simple, elongated, indeterminate cluster
with stalked flowers.
RACHIS: axis bearing flowers or leaflets; petiole of a
fern frond.
RADERMACHIA. Bignoniacese. Trees in Asia
with opposite pinnate Ivs., large bell-shaped fls.
in terminal panicles, and linear capsular frs.;
grown in subtrop. climates. Propagated by seeds,
cuttings and air-layering.
pentandra (Orojcylon flavum). To 20 ft , evergreen • Ivs.
bipinnate into oblong entire Ifts. to 7 in. long: fls. yellow,
2 in. long and 3 in. across, in panicles 1 ft. long: frs. to 3 ft.
long. China.
RADIATE: standing on and spreading from a common
center; also, with ray-flowers, as in the Composite.
RADICAL: l>elonging or pertaining to the root Radical
leaves are those that arise from the root or crown, i. e.,
basal.
RADICULA ARMORACIA: Armoracia rusticana. Nas-
turtium-aquaticum: see Cress.
RADISH (Raphanus sativus and varieties).
The small tuber-like roots of radish are eaten
with us as a relish and an accessory, but the
harder larger summer and autumn varieties are
used freely in Europe, and in the Far East the
durable winter radishes are important articles of
food. These various races, with roots of many
sizes, shapes and colors, are accounted as forms
of one species, Raphanus salivas', and this species
is unknown as an indigenous plant and is sup-
posed to be a development from the weedy
charlock, R. Raphanistrum. Another very differ-
ent race is the rat-tailed radish, in which "the
seed-pods are highly developed and the root
spindling and hard; these pods are often 1 foot
or more long, soft and thick, and are eaten either
raw as are radishes or used in pickles; this plant
is R. salivus var. aiudatus; it has been called
"aerial radish." See Raphanus.
The small radishes so much used as table
delicacies should be grown quickly in order to
develop crispness; seeds may be sown as early
in the spring as the ground is fit. Of quick-grow-
ing varieties in good soil and the best conditions,
edible roots may be had in four to six weeks.
Seeds may be sown every week up to midspring
for succession. If the small seeds are sifted out
and only the large ones planted, better results
are to be expected. Radishes also force readily,
for which certain varieties arc specially adapted.
They may be grown in hotbeds and in frames.
The seeds germinate quickly. They are sown in
drills 6-12 inches apart, and the plants are
thinned to 1 -3 inches as they grow.
For main summer use, another set of varieties
is adapted, requiring a longer time, although the
spring kinds may be grown on ground sufficiently
cool and moist.
The common spring radishes run to seed the
same season, but the oriental winter kinds make
deep hard roots, sometimes 2 feet long, and
bloom the following year.
The most serious radish pest is the root-mag-
got. Rotation is to be practiced if the maggot is
abundant. In frames, the plants may be screened
with cheesecloth to keep the parent fly away.
Aphis may be combated by a spray of Black-
Leaf 40.
RAFFIA: Raphia Ruffia.
RAGGED ROBIN: Lychnis Flos-cuculi.
RAGWORT: Senecio.
RAIMANNIA: (Enothera.
RAINlfeRA. Composite. A milky-juiced herb
to 2 ft., R. stricta, native on Mt. Kainier, Wash.:
Ivs. oblorig-laiiceolate, to 10 in. long, tapering
to winged petiole: heads in dense racemes to 6
in. long, of 4-6 tubular fls,; pappus of pale
brownish bristles. The genus is much like Luina.
RAIN-TREE: Samanea Saman.
RAISIN: see Grape. -Tree, Japanese: Hovenia dulcis.
RAjANIA. Dioscorcacese. Twining per. vines
of W. Indies with alternate Ivs. and small green-
ish dioecious fls. in racemes; one species some-
times grown for ornament; it has a winged 1-
carpelled fr.; tubers of some species said to be
eatable.
pleioneura. COCKSCOMB YAM. Aerial tubers large and
very irregular: Ivs ovate, 0 in. across, heart-shaped at base
and sharply pointed at tip. Cuba.
RAMBUTAN, SMOOTH: Alectryon subcmereum.
RAMIE: B (Khmer ia nivea.
RAMONA: Sahia.
RAM(5NDA. Gcsneriacew. Small herbs with
basal Ivs. and broad-campanulate fls. borne in
few-fld. clusters on leafless scapes: native in
mts. of Eu. and grown in rock-gardens. Hardy
in the N. with winter protection. Propagated by
seeds or old plants by division. — The original
spelling is followed here, although the name is
often misspelled Ilamondia.
Heldreichii (Janksea Heldreichii). Lvs. oval, entire,
white-hairy above and hairs reddish-brown beneath: fls.
violet, on 1-2-fld. scapes, corolla 4-lobed, more concave
than in R. pyrcnaica. Thessaly.
Nathalie (R. serbica var. Nathalise). Lvs. oval, wavy-
toothed, hairy: fls. lavender-blue with golden center, 4-
parted. Serbia, Bulgaria.
pyrenaica. Per. to 3 in.: Ivs. ovate, deeply toothed,
hairy: fls. purple or white in var. alba, 1 in. across, 5-parted,
in spring. Pyrenees. Var. rosea is listed.
se'rbica. Per.: Ivs. in basal rosettes, obovate, coarsely
toothed, rusty-hairy: fls. violet, % in- across, 5-parteu.
Rocks, S. E. Eu.
RAMONTCHI: Flacourtia indica.
RAMPION: Campanula Rapunct
unia.
RANGOON-CREEPER: Quisqualis indica.
RAMPION: Campanula Rapunculus. Horned: Phy-
teuma.
RANUNCULACEJE. CROWFOOT or BUTTER-
CUP FAMILY. Herbs or sometimes shrubs of about
50 genera in the north temp, zone, with alternate
or opposite Ivs., mostly bisexual fls. with 2-many
sepals and petals or sometimes petals wanting,
numerous stamens, few or many superior pistils,
and fr. an achene, follicle or berry. The family
contains many ornamental and flower-garden
subjects as well as medicinal plants. Most of the
614
Ranunculacece
615
Ranunculus
P1
bi
species are hardy in the northern states and
Canada. Many of the kinds are alpine or boreal
and are prized in rock-gardens. Genera cult, are
Aconitum, Actsea, Adonis, Anemone, Anemonella,
Anemonopsis, Aquilegia, Caltha, Cimicifuga,
Clematis, Coptis, Delphinium, Eranthis, Glauci-
dium, Helleborus, Hepatica, Hydras t is, Isopyrum,
Leptopyrum, Nigella, Pseonia, Ranunculus,
Thalictrum, Trautvetteria, Trollius, Xanthor-
hiza.
RANtJNCULUS. BUTTERCUP. CROWFOOT. Ra-
nunculaccse. Many herbs of wide distribution,
having alternate simple or compound Ivs., yel-
low, white or red fis. with mostly 5 sepals and
petals and many stamens, and fr. a head of
achenes; grown in the flower-garden and borders.
The florists' ranunculus is R. asiaticus (and sometimes
R. acomtifohus) , and is propagated by the tuberous roots
which should be taken up and stored over winter. It may
be grown out-of-doors in the summer and in the greenhouse.
Other buttercups are propagated by seeds or division of the
:lants in spring. Most of the crowfoots are yellow-flowered,
ut there are a number of white kinds particularly in the
section (or genus) Batrachium which includes aquatic and
bog plants useful for colonizing in ponds and about the
margins. Many of the crowfoots are alpine and boreal and
well adapted to rock-gardens. Only two or three species
have been much modified under domestication into color
forms and doubles. The following species are perennial
unless otherwise stated.
abortlvus. Bien., to 2 ft.: basal Ivs. broad-ovate and
toothed, st.-lvs. divided into linear or oblong lobes: fls.
yellow, K in. across. N. Amer.
acer: R. acris.
acerifdlia: listed name.
aconitif&lius (R. pldtanifolius). To 3 ft., much branched,
the roots tuberous: Ivs. palmately 3-5-parted into broad
toothed segrns . fta. several to many, white, %-l in. across,
sepals glabrous Eu Var. fl6re-pleno has double fls. and
luteo-plenus double golden-yellow fls.
acriformis. Erect to 20 in.: Ivs. 2-3-ternately cleft,
Begins, lanceolate to linear, strigose: fls. yellow, to \i in.
long, petals broadly obovate, sepals slightly shorter, elliptic,
strigose. Bogs, Mont., Ida. to Colo.
acris. To 3 ft., much branched, the roots fibrous: Ivs.
palmately 3~7-parted into narrow toothed or lobed segms.:
fls. many, golden-yellow, £4-1 in. across, sepals hairy. Eu.;
nat. in N. Amer. Var. fl6re-pleno has double fls.
adoneus. To 8 in.: Ivs. 2-3-ternately parted into linear
lobes: fls. 1-2, golden-yellow, 1 in. across, sepals hairy. Mts.,
Colo , Wyo.
alismaefdlius. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. oval to lanceolate, entire
or toothed: fls. yellow, % in. across. Wash, to Colo.
alpestris. To 6 in.: Ivs. palmately 3-lobed: fls. usually
solitary, white, % in. across; sepals glabrous. Mts. of Eu.
amplexicaulis. To 1 ft.: Ivs. simple, oval-lanceolate,
st.-clasping, glaucous: fls. 2-3, white, 1 in. or more across,
sepals glabrous Mts. of Eu.
anemonoides. To 0 in.: Ivs. 3-pinnate into finely divided
segms., glaucous: fls. white or pinkish, to 1^ in. across.
Alps.
asiaticus. TUKBAN and PERSIAN B. To 1^ ft., simple
or slightly branched, the roots tuberous: Ivs ternate or
biternate into narrow toothed segms.: fls. 1-4, long-stalked,
bright yellow, to 1^2 in- across, in the hort. forms very
double, sepals hairy. S. E. Eu., S. W. Asia. Var. Ragion-
ieri is listed as a strain having large double fls. of mixed
colors. Var. superbissimus is taller with larger fls.
Brdteri. To 2 ft., branching, the roots slightly bulbous:
Ivs. deeply 3-parted into roundish toothed segms.: fls.
several, yellow, about 1 in. across, sepals hairy. Spain.
bulbdsus. To 1 ft., the roots bulbous: Ivs. 3-5-parted
into lobed or cut segms., the terminal stalked, the lateral
sessile: fls. solitary or few, bright yellow, about 1 in. across,
sepals refloxed, hairy. Eu.; nat. in E. U. S. Var. fl6re-
pleno has double fls.
calif 6rnicus. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ternate into lobed or
divided linear or lanceolate segms.: fls. yellow, M in. across,
sepals re flexed. Calif., Ore.
caucasicus. To 2 ft.: Ivs. broadly-ovate, 2-3-pinnatisect,
segms laciniate or dentate: fls. yellow, usually 3-5, to 1 in.
across, sepals hairy. S. E. Russia to Caucasus.
chinensis: R. pen&ylvanicus.
crenatus. Per. to 4 in.: basal Ivs. round-cordate, wavy-
toothed: fls. white, 1 in. across. Eu.
creticus. Per. to 2 in., soft-hairy: basal Ivs. orbicular,
to 4 in. across, obtusely palmately lobed: fls. golden-yellow,
in spikes ^ in. long. Crete.
Cymbalaria (Ilalerpcstes Cymbalaria). To 8 in, with
rooting stolons: Ivs. mostly basal, oval to remform, cordate,
crenate, to % in. long: fls. 1-3, yellow, to ^2 in- across, sepals
glabrous. N. Amer., S. Ainer., Asia.
delphinifdlius (R. muUifidus). Plant of variable habit;
when growing submerged in water the immersed Ivs. are
finely dissected into capillary or filiform segms., the floating
and aerial Ivs. narrower with longer petioles and linear
segms., and Ivs. of plants not submerged but growing in mud
are shorter with segms. lanceolate to ovate: fls of all forms
yellow, to ^ 4 in. across: fr.-head globose to somewhat ob-
long. Shallow water or mud, preferung at least partial
shade, Me. to N. C. west to B. C. and Utah.
Eschsch61tzii. Tufted per. to 6 in.: Ivs. unequally 3-
lobed or -parted, broader th'm long: fls. golden-yellow,
% in. across. Mts., Alaska to Calif, and Nev.
eximius. To 10 in.: basal Ivs. few or solitary, caulme Ivs.
sessile: fls. golden-yellow, 1 in. across. Mts. of Colo., Wyo.,
Ida.
fascicularis. Tufted per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. 3-5-parted into
oblong or linear lobes: fls. yellow, 1 m. across. Out. to Tex.
Ficaria (Ficaria Ficaria). Sts. decumbent, roots fleshy:
Ivs ovate-cordate, to 2 in. long: fls. solitary on scapes to
5 in. high, golden-yellow, 1 in. across, petals 8 or 9, sepals 3.
Eu.; nat. in E. N. Amer.
garganicus: R. millefoliatus.
glaberrimus. Per. to 7 in.: Ivs. oval, 3-lobed at apex or
entire: fls. 1-3, golden-yellow, to 1^ in. across. B. C* to
Calif, and Colo.
glacialis. To G in.: lys. palmately 3-5-parted into lobed
segms.: fls. 1-3, white or reddish, to 1 in. across; sepals very
hairy. Mts. of Eu., Greenland.
gramineus (R. graminifohus) . To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, en-
tiro, grass-like: fls. 1-7, yellow, to 1 in. across, sepals
glabrous. Eu., Morocco.
graminifdlius: R. gramineus.
Haastii. Leathery glaucous per. to 6 in., rootstock milky:
basal Ivs with long fleshy petioles, reniform to orbicular, to
4 in. across, with 5-7 palmate lobes; st.-lvs. sessile, Imear-
lobed, few: fls. yellow, to \\^ m- across, mostly solitary on
fleshy scapes, sepals oblong, glabrous. New Zeal.
hispid us: probably R. repens.
illyricus. To 1^ ft, white-silky-hairy: Ivs. deeply 2-3-
parted into linear-lanceolate segms.: fls. 1-3, yellow. S. E.
Eu.
laxicaulis: R, obtusiusculus.
Lingua. To 3 ft. and more, the roots fibrous: Ivs. lanceo-
late, to 10 in. long, sessile, entire or slightly toothed: fls. in
loose panicles, yellow, 1H in. across, sepals hairy. Eu.,
Asia.
Lyallii. Erect showy plant 1—4 ft.: lower Ivs. large,
peltate, simple, crenate; st -Ivs. few: fls. white or cream-
color, 2-3 m across, sepals hairy. New Zeal., and there
sometimes called "Mountain hly."
Macauleyi. Lvs. mostly entire, tongue-shaped, apex
truncate, 3-toothed; basal Ivs. long-petioled, st.-lvs. sessile:
fls. light yellow. July. Colo.
macrophtfllus: listed name whose botanical standing,
us used in the trade, is unknown.
millefoliatus (R. garganicus). Per. to 1 ft., erect, some-
what branched: Ivs. tripinnatisect, segms. acute, mostly
basal: fls. yellow, to 1 in. across, sepals glabrous: fr. carpels
hooked at apex. Mcdjt. region.
monspeliacus. To 10 in.: Ivs. mostly basal, petiolcd,
ternate or 3-lobed, segms. more or less deeply toothed: fls.
yellow, to 1}<2 in. across, not solitary: achenes tipped with
long beak. Apr.-June. Eu.
montanus. Per. to 6 in., with creeping rootetocks: Ivs.
3-5-parted into linear-oblong segms.: fls. usually solitary,
bright yellow, 1 in. across. Mts., Eu.
multifidus: R. ddphimfolius.
Nelsonii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. all petioled, deeply 3-cleft, divi-
sions broad, acute, toothed: fls. light yellow: achenes tipped
with recurved beak, pilose. Spring. Ore. to Alaska.
nemordsus. To 1 ft.: Ivs. palmately 3-parted into lobed
segms.: fls. several, yellow, *4-l in. across, sepals hairy.
Mts. of Eu.
nissanus. To 1 ^ ft.: lower Ivs. 3-lobed, upper Ivs. linear:
fls. bright yellow, 2 in. across, abundant. May. Jugoslavia.
obtusiusculus (R. laxicauha). Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceo-
late, denticulate or entire, lower ones on broad petioles
which clasp the st.: fls. yellow, petals much longer than
sepals. June-Aug. Swamps, E. U. S.
occidentalis. Per. to 1 ft. : Ivs. deeply 3-parted into ovate
toothed or cut segms.: fls. bright yellow, 1 in. across. Alaska
to Ore.
Ranunculus
616
Raphionacme
ophioglossifdlius (R. ophioglossoides) . Ann. with hollow
st.: Ivs. undivided, the lower cordate-ovate and upper ob-
long-lanceolate: fls. small, pale yellow, sepals glabrous:
achene slightly tuberculate. Medit. region.
orthorhynchus. Lvs. bipinnatifid, Ifts. deeply cleft,
linear-acute: fls. yellow, 1A in. across, solitary on branched
scapes. Wyo. to B. C. and Ore.
ovalis. To l^j ft.: basal Ivs. oval to ovate-oblong, 1 in.
or more long, toothed; st.-lvs. divided into narrow lobes:
fls. yellow, 1 in. across. Lab. to AJta. and Colo.
parnassifdlius. To 8 in.: basal Ivs. long-stalked, ovate
or cordate, shiny above, white-hairy below: fls. 1-6, white
or rarely purplish, about 1 in. across; sepals hairy. Alps,
Pyrenees.
parvifidrus. Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. 3-parted into oval toothed
or cut lobes: fls. yellow, % in. across. Medit. region; nat.
in N. Ainer.
pensylvanicus (R. chinensis). BRISTLY B. Pilose-hispid
per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. trifoliolate, Ifts. 3-fid, lobes lanceolate, in-
cised: fls. yellow, to ]^ in. across, sepals lanceolate, reflexed,
about as long as petals. N. S. to Ga. west to B. C. and Calif.
platanifdlius: R. acomtifohus.
Pumflio: considered to be synonymous with R. parvi-
florua.
pyren&us. To 1 ft.: Ivs. basal, lineal or lanceolate, entire:
fls. 1-4, white, to 1 in. across, sepals glabrous. S. Eu.
Ragionieri: R. asiaticue var.
repens. CREEPING B. To 2 ft., with runners rooting at
i'oints: Ivs. lorig-strtlked, 3-parteu into broad tootheu or
obccl segms.: fls. yellow, J£-l in. across, sepals slightly
hairy. Eu., N. Amer. Tho common form in gardens is var.
plenlfldrus (var. flore-plcno, R. speciosus) with double fls.
rutaefdlius. To 0 in.: Ivs. all basal, bipinnate, segms.
3-lobcd: fls. white, reddish on outside, solitary. June-July.
Mts. of Eu. and Asia,
Seguidri. Very similar to 72. glacialis but distinguished
by the glabrous sepals. Mts. of Eu.
septentrionalis. To 3 ft., some of the sts. procumbent:
Ivs. 3-parted into lobed segms.: fls. bright yellow, 1 in.
across. Swamps, N. B. to Ga. and Kans.
specidsus: R. repens var. plemflorus.
Sfiksdorfii. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. deeply 3-5-parted: fls. yel-
low, 1 in. across. Wash, to Mont.
triternatus. Per. to 6 in. : Ivs. 3-ternate into linear segms. :
fls. bright yellow, to 1 in. across, the peduncles recurved.
Wash.
RAOULIA. Composite. Small tufted or creep-
ing per. herbs of New Zeal, and Australia, having
alternate entire Ivs. and small solitary heads of
disk-fls.; pappus of hairs; adapted to the sunny
rockery and grown in Calif.
australis. Sts. prostrate and matted, to 6 in. long: Ivs.
imbricated, to ^ in. long, white- or yellowish-tornentose:
heads to % in. long, the inner bracts of involucre pale
yellow and shining. New Zeal.
eximia. Sts. aa above, to 2 ft. high and 4 ft. long: Ivs.
linear-spatulate, to ^ in. long, imbricated, 1-nerved,
densely tufted-hairy on distal end: heads numerous, small,
at distal ends of sts. New Zeal.
glabra. Prostrate: Ivs. loosely imbricated, to K in. long,
pale yellow-green, glabrous or nearly so: heads to ^ in.
across, the inner bracta of involucre with white radiating
tips. New Zeal.
subserfcea. Prostrate, sts. stout, closely branched: Ivs.
linear-oblong, to Y^ in. long, laxly imbricated, usually
silvery-tomentose: heads to l/i in. across. New Zeal.
te-nuicaOlis. Sts. prostrate, to 10 in. long: Ivs. loosely
imbricated, to Vio in. long, grayish-tomentose or nearly
glabrous: heads to Je in. long, the inner bracts of involucre
dry and brown-tipped. New Zeal.
RAPE (Brassica Napus). In North America,
primarily a forage crop for late autumn and early
spring pasturing; the seed is sown late, as for
rutabagas, sometimes following a grain crop; if
the land is good and rains are sufficient, excellent
late forage is secured, and as the plants with-
stand the winter they also give good spring
pasturage if not previously grazed too close; it
soon runs to seed. Hogs and lambs, as well as
other animals, are sometimes pastured or soiled
on rape. Dwarf Essex is the .prevailing variety.
It is sown either broadcast or in drills in June or
July or sometimes even in May in the North;
better results are to be expected in drills far
enough apart to allow of tillage; about 3 pounds
of seed are required for an acre of drills.
Annual or summer races of rape, presumably
of the same species, are grown in some countries
for the seed, used for oil and as birdseed.
RAPHANUS. CrudferdB. Ann., bien. and per.
branching tall herbs of Eurasia, of a few species,
interesting to hort. because it includes the radish:
Ivs. mostly lyrate-lobed or pinnatifid: fls. white to
purplish to yellowish, in racemes: fr. a terete
spongy indehiscent long-beaked pod or silique,
commonly constricted between the seeds. See
Radish.
caudatus: R. sativus var.
sativus. RADISH. Root developed into an edible short
or long tuber-like body: st. produced first or second year
from seeds, bearing white or lilac veined fls. Var. caudatus
(R. caudatus). RAT-TAILED RADISH. Root not tuberous:
pods 8-12 in. long, thick, used for pickles. Var. longi-
pinnatus. Lvs. to 2 ft. long, deeply pinnatifid: root usually
long and durable: known mostly as Chinese radish; much
grown in the Orient.
RAPHIA. Palmncese. About a score of monce-
cipus feather-palms, all but one native in Afr..
with gigantic erect and arching Ivs., unarmed
except perhaps on the sheaths, monocarpic
(dying after the first fruiting): trunk short and
stout, sometimes branched: spadices among the
Ivs., 3-4 ft. long, much branched, pendulous, the
short ultimate branchlets thick and arranged
comb-fashion on the branches, bearing many
cup-shaped bracts covering the fls. which are
pistillate at apex of branchlet and staminatc at
base, very heavy in fr.; stamens fr-16: fr. oblong
or ellipsoid or turbinate, beaked, covered with
imbricated scales. For cult, see Palm.
Ruffia. RAFFIA, yielding a familiar fiber from the ivs.
Trunk to 25 or 30 ft.: Ivs. to 65 ft. long, standing nearly
erect; pinnae very numerous, 2-5 ft. long, broad-linear and
long-pointed, rather rigid, green above and whitish-powdery
underneath: fr. 1-2 in, long. British E. Afr. to Madagascar;
once planted in S. Fla.
RAPHI(5LEPIS. Rosaccx. Evergreen oriental
shrubs with alternate, leathery and shining Ivs.,
white or pink fls. in racemes or panicles, and fr. a
small purple or black drupe-like pome.
Raphiolepis is grown out-of-doors in warm climates, as
southern states and California. Propagated by seeds, by
cuttings under glass late in summer of ripe wood, by layers,
and rare sorts sometimes by grafting on crataegus.
Delacouri. Hybrid between R. indica and R. umbellata,
with toothed Ivs. and pink fls.
h^brida: hort. name.
Indica. INDIA-HAWTHORN. To 5 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, to 3 in. long, bluntly toothed: fls. pinkish, about % in.
across, in loose glabrous panicles. S. China. Var. rdsea is
listed.
jap6nica: R. umbellata.
ovata: R. umbdlata var.
umbellata (R. japonica). YEDDO-HAWTHORN. To
12 ft., but often low and spreading: Ivs. obovate, to 3 in.
long, slightly toothed, very thick and with revolute margins:
fls. white, % in- across, fragrant, in dense pubescent panicles.
Japan. Var. ovata (var. integemma, R. ovata) has broad
nearly entire Ivs.
RAPHIONACME, Asckpiadacex. Low or twin-
ing per. tuberous- or fleshy-rooted herbs of trop.
and S. Afr., having milky juice, opposite Ivs.
and rather small greenish, white or purple
campanulate fls. in subaxillary or terminal
cymose clusters: fr. a follicle containing comose
seeds. Propagated by seeds or division and may
be grown under glass or in warm climates.
divaricata. Much branched, to 8 in. high, tuber to 15 in.
diam., sts. hairy* Ivs. elliptic to obovate or orbicular, to 1%
in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. purple, to H in- long, in
cymes of 5-25: fr. solitary* to 2H in- long, puberal oua.
Raspberry
617
Ravenala
RASPBERRY. The cultivated raspberries of
North America are of three groups: (1) red rasp-
berries, Rubus id&uis, native in Europe, Asia and
America, and var. strigosus which is the common-
est form of the species in the fields and woodsides
of the United States; (2) black raspberries or
blackcaps, Rubus occidcntalis, native in North
America: (3) purple-canes, a range of probable
hybrids between the two. All of them have bien-
nial canes: the shoots that bear fruit this year
arose from the root last year. The canes bear but
once, their second year, and are then cut away
at the ground, the new shoots or canes in the
meantime coming on to take their places. A few
strong shoots or canes should be allowed to re-
main each year after the plant is established,
and the superfluous and weak ones removed.
The red raspberry is one of the hardiest of
fruits, growing well in most of the northern
United States, in a large part of Canada and in
parts of Alaska. The black raspberry is not as
nardy, its range extending little north of the
Great Lakes. The purple-cane raspberry is
scarcely more hardy than the black. None of
these fruits is tolerant of heat or drought and
hence they cannot be grown to advantage south
of northern Virginia and Tennessee. Deep and
well-drained lands of good moisture-holding
capacity are favorable. Black raspberries thrive
on light soils better than the red sorts.
The black and most of the purple-cane rasp-
berries propagate by means of "tips," which are
the young plants formed when the ends of first-
year canes strike the ground and take root. To
insure a good stock of new plants, the tips may
be laid in the ground and covered in midsummer;
that autumn roots will have formed and the tip
or layer may be separated, in fall or spring, for
planting. Red raspberries are increased from the
suckers that naturally arise from the crown or
root.
In the North raspberries are commonly planted
in spring. The blackcap raspberries should be
set 3 to 4 feet apart, the rows 6 or 7 feet; the red
varieties 3 feet apart, the rows 5 feet apart.
For extra quality and yield, plants may be set
in "hills" 5 by 5 feet, or 6 by 6 feet. The first
year after the plants are set the blacks may be
pinched back when they reach the height of 30
inches. If a very vigorous growth has been made
the first season two canes may be left for fruiting,
but in the case of weak growth only one cane
should be allowed to fruit; the third season from
setting, a good crop should be produced. In
case of low-growing plants — those that have
been pinched back short — a cover of straw or
grass around the plants at fruiting time will help
to hold the moisture, and also serve to keep the
fruits clean in case of heavy rains. In the case of
red raspberries, it is well to cut the cane back to
within 6 inches of the ground when it is set to
force new canes from the crown.
Thorough but shallow tillage is necessary to
keep down weeds and to conserve moisture.
Heavy mulching with straw or other litter may
be of value especially in the home planting where
cultivation is Impossible. Manure has proved to
be the best fertilizer. A blackcap plantation
should remain in good bearing condition three to
five years if not diseased. Red raspberries should
last considerably longer.
Pruning, in the case of the red sorts, consists
in cutting out the fruiting canes immediately
after picking and thinning out the weaker canes
of the new growth the following spring. The
new canes of the black- and purple-cane varie-
ties are topped in the early summer at the
height of about 30 inches to force branching.
These branches are cut back to stubs 4-0 inches
long early the next spring. Old canes are re-
moved soon after picking the fruit, as with the
red raspberry.
Fruits are picked when ripe but still firm, into
pint or quart berry boxes in which they are to be
marketed. For drying, the black sorts are
knocked from the bushes with a bat into a large
container. All raspberries are very perishable
and must be rushed to market. Yields of 1,200
to 2,500 quarts to the acre may be expected.
Varieties are many. In this list the most
desirable kinds are starred.
Hardy red varieties: *Herbert, Sunbeam, King,
London, Ohta, *Latham.
General list of red varieties: *Cuthbert, *June,
*Latham, Indian Summer (everbearing), Ontario,
Newburgh, Viking, Marcy, Taylor.
Purple-cane varieties: *Columbian, Royal
Purple, Sodus.
Black varieties: ""Cumberland, Naples, Bristol,
Dundee, Ohio, *Plum Farmer.
Pests and diseases are likely to take heavy toll.
Planting disease-free stock helps to prevent
damage from anthracnose, orange-rust, mosaic
and crown-gall, four of the most serious diseases.
Plants having any of these maladies might better
be destroyed immediately. Raspberries can
usually be grown for home use without spraying,
but commercial plantations may be sprayed with
lime-sulfur or bordeaux mixture for anthracnose.
There is no remedy for orange-rust. Short rota-
tions — fruiting the plants only two or three
years — and burning the old canes and trimmings,
will do much to keep raspberry plantations
healthy.
RAT A: Metrosideros robusta.
RATAMA: Parkinsonia aculeata.
RATHBUNIA. Cactacege. Simple or bushy and
rather slender, the sts. weak arid often clamber-
ing, ribs 4-8 and prominent, spines awl-like: fls.
solitary and mostly at upper areoles, narrowly
tubular and the tube bearing long scales more or
less united with it. Two species of W. Mex. See
Cacti.
alamose'nsis (Cereus alamosensis. C. sonorenais. R.
sonorenais). Columnar to 10 ft. and 3 in. diam., erect at
first but becoming bent and rooting at tips; radial spines
11-18; centrals 1-4 and atouter: fla. acarlet, to 4 in. long,
diurnal.
sonorensis: R. alamosenvis.
RATIBIDA: Lepachya.
RATTLE-BOX: Crotaktria, Ludwigia alternifolia, Rhin-
anthu8
RATTLESNAKE MASTER: Eryngium aquaticum. Root:
Prenanthes.
RAVENALA. Musacese. Large and tree-like
plants with palm-like trunks and large Ivs. which
are two-ranked toward top of st. resulting in a
fan-shaped aspect: fls. bisexual, with elongated
sepals, petals and stamens, borne in stiff boat-
like bracts on spikes shorter than Ivs. Only two
species, the one commonly cult, in the tropics
being R. madagascariensis, TRAVELERS-TREE,
from Madagascar, to 30 ft. in clumps, and bear-
ing Musa-like Ivs.; the great fl. -bracts and lf.-
sheaths hold rainwater; a striking object when
mature.
Ray
RAY: outer modified florets of some composites, with an
extended or strap-like part to the corolla; also the branches
of an umbel or umbel-like cluster.
RAZOUMOFSKYA. sec Loranthacex.
REBUTIA. Cactacex. About 40 species of S.
American cacti, small and globose or short-
cylindric, simple or cespitose, tubercled but not
ribbed: fls. small, from old tubercles at base or
side of plant. See Cacti.
aureifldra: Mediolobivia aureiflora.
aurescens: H. semhs var.
chrysacantha. Usually solitary, subcylindrical, to 2*4 in.
high and 2 in. churn., glossy, green; tubercles spiralled;
spines 25 -30, white becoming yellow, bristly, the centrals
to 1-2 in. long, base somewhat swollen: fls. yellowish-orange,
to 2 in long. Argentina.
citrac&rpa: R. xanthocarpa var.
deminuta: Aylostera deminuta.
Duursmaiana: Mediolobivia Duursmaiana.
Einsteinii: listed name.
61egans: Medwlobivia elegana.
Fiebrigii: Aylostera Ficbrigii.
grandifldra. Globose to depressed-globose, to 2 in. high
and to 3 in. diarn.; tubercles m about 20 rows, spiralled;
radial spines about 25, short, bristly, white to yellowish;
centrals about 4: fls. carmine to brick-red, to 2% in long.
Argentina.
Haagei. Cespitose, globose to subcylindrical, to \% in.
tliam ; tubercles in 10 rows, spiralled; spines 4-12, about
Yt in. long, all radial, bristly, spreading: fls. rose-pink, to
IVgin long. N.Argentina.
Knuthiana. Depressed-globose, to 1 % in. diam., areoles
brown-hairy: fls. carmine-red, to 2 in long. Argentina.
Kupperiana: Aylostera Kuppcnana.
minuscula (Echinocactus minusculua) . Globular, to 2 in.
<liam ; tubercles in many spirals; spines in clusters of
25-30: fls. funnelform and slightly bent near base, bright
crimson, about 1 in. long, diurnal. N. W. Argentina. Vars.
cristata and setdsa are listed.
orurensis: perhaps Lobivia orurensis.
pseudodeminuta: Aylostera paeudodeminuta.
pseudominuscula. Cespitose, subcylmdric, to \^A in.
diam ; tubercles m 12-10 rows, dark green flushed red;
spines yellowish tipped brown, about H in. long, radials
7 -10, bristly, centrals 1-4: fls. brilliant red, to 1J4 in. long,
stamens and pistil white. N. Argentina.
pygm&a. Usually solitary and occasionally branched,
ovoid to subcylmdric, to ^4 m. diam.; tubercles in 8-12 rows,
spiralled; spines 9-11, all radial, to Y& in. long, appressed,
base swollen: fls. rose-purple, to 1 in. long. Bolivia and
N. W. Argentina.
salmdnea: R. ranthocarpa var.
senilis. Depressed-globose, to 10 in. high but usually
only to 3 in. and 3}^ m. diam.; tubercles spiralled,; spines
3540, to !}-£ in. long, bristly, similar: fls. bright carmine,
to 2 in. long. Argentina. Var aurescens, spines long
bristly and dense, the central ones yellow. Var. brevisdta
has more compressed sides, stiffer, more compressed, and
shorter bristles, some of which are yellowish. Var. Steu-
meriana, fls. bright yellowish-orange, throat yellow. Listed
vars include cana, e*legans and Iuteir6sea.
Spegazziniana: Aylostera Spegazziniana.
spinosissima: Aylostera spinoaissima.
Steinmannii: Lobivia Steinmannii.
violacifl&ra. Solitary, depressed- globose, to % in. diam.;
spines about 20, amber-colored, the centrals darker: fls.
rose-violet, to 1^ in. across, stamens and stigma white.
N. Argentina.
xanthoc&rpa. Globose to 2 in diam. ; spines to % in. long,
dull straw-colored, slender: fls. red, to % in. long, cam-
panulate. Argentina. Listed vars. are caerulescens,
citrac&rpa, Iuteir6sea and salmdnea.
RECEPTACLE: torus; the more or less enlarged or
elongated end of the stem or flower-axis on which some or
all of the flower-parts are borne; sometimes the receptacle
is greatly expanded, as in the Composite; sometimes it
assumes capsule-like forms, aa in the hypanthium of the
rose; at other times it is fleshy, as in the edible part of the
strawberry.
RECURVED: rjent or curved downward or backward.
RED-BERRY: Rhamnua crocea. Maids: Calandrinia
cilwla var. Menzieaii. Ribbons: Clarkia concinna. Robin:
Geranium Robertianum. Root: Amaranthua retroflexua,
Lachnanthea tinctoria.
618 Reinwardtia
REDBUD: Cercia.
REDTOP: Agrostia alba.
REDWOOD: Sequoia aempermrena.
REED, CANE: Arundinaria gigantea. Giant: Arundo
REED, CANE: Arundinaria g\ga
Donax. Sand: Ammophila arenana.
REFLEXED: abruptly recurved or bent downward or
backward.
REGALIA. Myrlacess. Stiff Australian shrubs
of the Calothamnus relationship, with small op-
posite Ivs. and sessile fls. forming terminal heaas;
one species somewhat planted in S. Calif.
ciliata. Straggling shrub to 5 ft., white-hairy: lys.
overlapping and densely clothing st., orbicular, Y§ in.
across: fls. rose-purple, in globose heads % in. across.
pileata: catalogue name.
REGULAR FLOWER: the parts in each series or set
alike; as stamens all like each other, petals all like each
other.
REHDERODfiNDRON. Styracacex. Chinese
trees having alternate exstipulate serrulate Ivs.
and solitary or paired woody indehiscent frs.
R. macroc&rpum. To 40 ft., branchlets reddish-
brown: Ivs. elliptic to nearly ovate, to 4 in. long,
acute to acuminate, reddish-green with red mid-
rib and lateral veins which are stellate-pilose
beneath, fr. oblong, to 3 in. long and half as
thick, ci owned with persistent calyx, outer shell
about % in. thick. Szechuan, China.
REHMANNIA. Scrophulariacex. Per. usually
sticky-hairy herbs suitable for a cool greenhouse
or outdoors in Calif, and the S., the large tubular
2-lipped fls. axillary or borne in terminal racemes:
Ivs. alternate and coarsely toothed or lobed;
native in China and Japan. The name Rehman-
nia is retained by the International Lists as
against Sparmannia.
Rehmannias are propagated by cuttings of growing
wood or by seeds which produce blooming plants by the
second year.
alba: listed name.
angulata. To 3 ft.: Ivs. deeply toothed: fls. 2 in. long,
red with band of scarlet at margin of upper lip and orange
dots inside the lower lip. China. Var. tigrina, fls. spotted.
Var. tricolor, fls. bright purple at first, then violet-rose,
throat whitish.
elata. To 0 ft.: lys. lobed, the lobes entire: fls. bright
rosy purple on the lips, throat yellow dotted with red, to
3 in. long. China.
glutindsa. To 1 ft., sts. weak: Ivs. coarsely toothed: fls.
yellowish or purplish with purple throat ana veins, about
1 in. long. China.
REICHARDIA. Composite. Ann. or per. herbs
of the Medit. region with alternate or basal Ivs.
and long-stalked yellow heads of ligulate fls.;
pappus of white bristles. Somewhat like Son-
chus; sometimes planted for ornament.
picroides (Picndium vulgare). Per. to 2 ft., glabrous:
Ivs. spatulate, clasping, toothed, the lower often pinnate:
heads % in- long, bracts of involucre margined with white.
REINECKIA. Liliacese. Per. herb of China
and Japan with creeping underground sts. R.
c&rnea. Lvs. basal, to \]4 ft. long and 1A in.
across: fls. flesh-colored, about Yi in. long, sessile,
in racemes on scapes only few in. high, the
perianth-segms. partially united. Var. variegata
is listed as having Ivs. striped pale yellow. —
Sometimes grown as a pot-plant, and in the open
in mild climates. Propagated by division.
Likely to be confused witn tne Ophiopogons.
REINWARDTIA. Linacex. Subshrubs bearing
alternate Ivs., yellow fls. with fugacious petals.
3-4-celled ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, ana
3-4 styles; 2 Indian species.
Reinwardtia
619
Rhamnus
Grown under glass; they require a temperature of 55-
80°. Propagated by cuttings from strong growths in spring
in sandy loam. Frequent pinching back to induce compact
habit should be practiced. Adapted to outdoor culture far
South and in California.
fildica (R. trigyna. Linum trigynuni). YELLOW FLAX.
To 4 ft.: Ivs. obovate, entire: fls. 1-2 in across, styles 3. —
Sometimes grown erroneously as Linum flavum.
tetragyna. Lvs. serrulate: styles mostly or often 4.
trigyna: R. indica.
RENANTHfeRA. Orchidticese. Old World cpi-
phyt.es with leafy non-pseudobulbous sts. and
fls. in many-fid, racemes or panicles, the sepals
and petals spreading, lateral sepals usually much
larger, the lip very small, spurred. Grown in a
warm greenhouse; see Orchids.
cocclnea. Sts. stout, to 10 ft. long: Ivs. to 5 in. long and
1^4 in. wide: fls. to 3 in. long, m many-fid, loose panicles
to 3 ft. high; dorsal sepals and petals orange spotted with
scarlet; lateral sepals scarlet or crimson; lip yellow striped
with rod. Apr -Sept. Cochm-Chmu, Human.
Imschootiana. Sts. to 1 ft. long: Ivs. to 4 in long and
1 in. wide: infl. loosely paniculate, many-fid., to about 2 ft.
long; fls to about 2^2 m. long; dorsal sepals and petals dull
yellow spotted with scarlet; lateral sepals scarlet; hp light
Sallow spotted and barred with red. May— June. Assam,
urma, Indo-Chma.
L6wii: Arachms Lowii.
Maingayi. SPIDER ORCHID Sts. to 6 ft. long: Ivs.
linear-oblong, to 5 m. long, tapering, apex notched: fls. to
2 in across, m racemes or short-branched panicles to 3 ft.
long; sepals and petals white, thickly barred with dark
pink, hp white closely striped with crimson or entirely
crimson with buff-colored spot on each latent! lobe. Mal-
acca Isls.
Storiei. St. to 12 ft long: Ivs. distichous, oblong, fleshy,
to 10 in. long: mfl. about 2 ft. long, loosely many-fld.;
fls. to 3 in. long; dorsal sepal and petals lineur-spatulate,
orange-red mottled with crimson; lateral sepals spatulate-
obovatc, crimson with red blotches; hp red with yellow
at base of lobes. Mar .-June, Sept.-Oct. Philippines.
RENEALMIA NUTANS: Alpinia spectoaa.
RENIFORM: kidney-shaped.
RESfeDA. MIGNONETTE. Rescddcege. Herbs
grown under glass and out-of-doors for the small
fls. in terminal spikes, ornamental or fragrant.
The species mostly grown is known for its very fragrant
bloom; the plant thrives in cool moderately rich soil in
partially shaded positions. In the greenhouse the mght
temperature should be about 48°. Seeds should be sown
where the plants are to grow, or else handled in pots, as
they do not transplant well. Often seen in the flower-
garden.
alba. WHITE UPRIGHT M. Ann. or bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs.
pinnate or deeply cut: fls. greenish-white, not fragrant. S.
Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
crystallina. Ann.: Ivs. 3-parted or entire aear base: fls.
deep yellow. Canary Isls.
odorata. COMMON M. Ann., becoming decumbent: Ivs.
entire or only notched: fls. yellowish-white, very fragrant.
N. Afr. Var. grandifldra arbdrea is a large garden form.
MIGNONETTE FAMILY. Six
herbaceous genera native in Medit. region,
characterized by bisexual irregular fls. with 4-7
sepals and petals, 3-40 stamens, ovary of 2-6
free or united carpels, and fr. a caps, or berry.
Reseda is grown for ornament.
REST-HARROW: Ononis.
RESTRfePIA. Orchidacex. Small trop. Ameri-
can epiphytic orchids with tufted sts. each
bearing a solitary If. and 1-fld. axillary peduncles;
lateral sepals united, dorsal sepal and petals
prolonged into filiform tails. See Orchids.
antennifera (R. maculata). Sts. to 8 in high, covered by
loose membranaceous sheaths: If. elliptic or oval, erect, to
3^<£ in. long: peduncles 1-3; dorsal sepal and petals white
or pale yellow with purple veins; lateral sepals ochraceous-
yelfow densely spotted with brown-purple; hp similar to
lateral sepals but much shorter with an emarginate tip.
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador.
maculata: R. antennifera.
RESURRECTION PLANT: Anastatica hierochuntica,
Selaginella lepidophylla.
RETINISPORA, RETINOSPORA: Chamxcyparis,
Thuja.
REVOLUTE: rolled backwards, margin rolled toward
lower iiude.
RHABDOTHAMNUS. GetmeriacesR. Much
branched shrub to 5 ft., native in New Zeal.
R. Sol&ndri. Lvs. opposite, ovate or orbicular,
J^-2 in. long, coarsely toothed, rough: fls.
orange striped with red, to 1 in. long, solitary
in the axils: caps. J^ in. long. Listed in Calif.
RHAGODIA. Chenopodiacex. Australian
shrubs or rarely herbs, one planted for ornament
in Calif.: Ivs. alternate or opposite, entire: fls.
polygamous, small, in terminal spikes or panicles:
fr. a small berry.
nutans. Herb to 2 ft., prostrate or procumbent: Ivs.
hastate to lanceolate, 1 in. or less long: mfl. to 1 in. long,
often nodding.
RHAMNACE^B). BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Wide-
ly distributed temp, and trop. trres and shrubs,
climbing plants, rarely herbs, some 45-50 genera,
with mainly alternate simple Ivs., small, regular,
bisexual or polygamous whitish or greenish fls.
of 4-5 sepals, petals and stamens or sometimes
without petals, 2-4-celled ovary, and fr. a drupe
or caps., sometimes wingod. The following
genera are grown for ornament and two (Hovenia,
/izyphus) also for edible frs.: Alphitonia,
Bcrchemia, Ceanothus, Colletia, Condalia, Dis-
oaria, Hovenia, Noltea, Paliurus, Phylica,
Pomaderris, Rhamnus, Sagerctia, Spyridium,
Trevoa, Zizyphus.
RHAMNUS. BUCKTHORN. Rhamnawy. Many
shrubs and small trees, mostly deciduous, with
commonly alternate simple Ivs., small greenish
fls. in axillary clusters, umbels and racemes fol-
lowed by berry-like frs.
It ham mis furnishes considerable ornamental material
suitable for shrubberies Several 81)00108 have modiomal
properties. Propagated by seeds sown in uutumn or strati-
fied, by cuttings and grafting; the evergreen kinds by cut-
tings of mature wood under glass.
Alat£rnus. To 20 ft., evergreen or partially so: lys. ovate,
to 2 in long, toothed: fls. in shoit racemes: fr. bluish-black.
S. Eu ; adaptable south of Washington. Var. argSnteo-
variegata (var. vancyata), Ivs. margined with creamy- white.
alnifolia. To 3 ft., deciduous: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long,
toothed: fls. 2-3 together: fr. black. N. Amer.
alpina. To 10 ft , deciduous: Ivs. elliptic, to 4 in. long,
toothed: fls. in clusters: fr. black. S. W. Ku.
calif 6mica (R. Pursfnana var. calif urnica) . COFFEE-
BERRY. To 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. oblong, to 21A m. long,
finely toothed: fla. in umbels: fr. red turning black when
ripe. Calif.; not to be grown in the N. Var. crassifdlia is
listed.
caroliniana. INDIAN-CHERRY. To 30 ft., deciduous: Ivs.
elliptic or oblong, to 6 in long, finely toothed or entire: fls
in umbels: fr. red turning black when ripe. Va. to Tex.;
hardy to New England.
cathaitica (R. Wicklia). COMMON B. To 12 ft , decidu-
ous, often with spines at ends of branchlets: Ivs. ovate, to
3 in. long, toothed: fls. dioecious, in clusters: fr. black. Eu.,
Asia; escaped m E U. S.; hardy far N.
Chadwickii: listed name of form said to have glossy Ivs.
chlorophora: probably referable to R. utilis.
corymbdsa: name of uncertain application.
crenata. To 10 ft., deciduous: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long,
finely toothed: fls. in umbels: fr. from red to purplish-black.
Japan, China; hardy to New England.
crdcea. RED-BERRY To 3 ft , evergreen: Ivs. elliptic,
about l/2 in. long, finely toothed: fls. polygamous, without
petals, in clusters: fr. bright red. Calif. Var. ilicifdlia (R.
ihcifolia) is a tree to 20 ft. with larger spiny-toothed Ivs.
Cahf. to Ariz.
davurica. To 30 ft., deciduous: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long,
Rhamnus
620
Rhexia
finely toothed: fls. dicocious, in clusters: fr. black. Siberia
to N. China; hardy in S. New England. Var. nipp6nica
he-is narrower longer Ivs.
dumetdrum. To 6 ft., deciduous, with spiny branchlets:
Iva. obovate, %-lH in. long, remotely toothed: fls. without
petals. China; hardy N. Var. crenoserrata has Ivs. to
2% in lontf, wavy-toothed.
fallax. CARNIOLIAN B. To 10 ft., deciduous: Ivs. oblong,
to 5>2 »n. long, finely toothed: fls. m clusters: fr. black. Mts.
of S. and Cent. Eu.; hardy to New England.
Fr&ngula. ALDKR B. To 12 ft., deciduous: Ivs. obovate,
to 2H !«• l°ng, entire: fls. in umbels: fr. red turning black
when ripe. I0u., N. Afr , Asia; escaped in E. U. S.; hardy
far N. Var. aspleniif61ia is a feathery form with linear
wavy Ivs.
ilicifdlia: H crocea var.
imeretina. To 10 ft., deciduous: Ivs. oblong to oval, to
8 in long, finely toothed, turning bronzy in autumn: fls.
in clusters: fr. black. Caucasus; hardy to New England.
infect6ria. AVIGNON BERRY. To 6 ft., spiny, deciduous:
Ivs. elliptic, to \Y% in. long, toothed: fr. black. S. Eu.
koraie*nsis. Tree with fine thorns: Ivs. oval^ finely
toothed, pubescent on both sides: fls. in clusters. Korea.
lanceolata. To 6 ft., deciduous: IVH. ovate-lanceolate, to
3 in long, finely toothed: fr. black. Pa. to Tex.
Purshiana. CAHCAUA SAORADA. To 20 ft., deciduous:
Ivs. oblong, to 8 in. long, finely toothed: fls, in umbels: fr.
black. Wash, to Calif.; adaptable south of Philadelphia.
specidsa: listed name of unknown botanical application.
tinct6ria. To 5 ft , deciduous: Ivs. elliptic, to 2 in. long,
toothed, pubescent beneath. S. E. Eu.
tomentella. Similar to R. cahfornica but Ivs. yellow- or
gray-tomentose beneath. Calif, to Ariz.
utilis. To 10 ft., deciduous: Ivs. oblong, to 5 in. long,
finely toothed, yellowiwh-green: fr. black. China; probably
adaptable south of N. Y.
Wfcklia: H. cathartica.
Wflsonii. To 0 ft., somewhat spiny: Ivs. opposite, ovate-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, acuminate, glabrous, serrate-
dentate: fr. probably black. China.
RHAPHITHAMNUS. Vcrbenacex. Spiny trees
of Chile, one sometimes planted in 8. U. 8.: Ivs.
opposite, entire: fls. lilac, tubular, solitary or
paired in the axils: drupes bright blue, fleshy.
cyanoc&rpus. To 20 ft., with slender spines to 1 in. long:
Ivs. ovate, to % in. long: fls. l/i in. long: fr. globose, to 1A in.
across.
RHAPIDOPHtLLUM. NEEDLE PALM. Palm-
acex. One low fan-palm on the coastal plain
8. C. to Fla. and Miss., mostly in low grounds,
remarkable for the long sharp erect needles of the
If .-sheaths: polygarno-dia'cious or hermaphro-
dite: spadiccs short and condensed, head-like,
buried in the If .-sheaths and needles at the base
of the plant; stamens 5-7: fr. ovoid, 1 in. or less
long, drupe-like, red.
Hystrix. Cespitose or stoloniferous, crown or caudex
rising a few in., the spines G~16 in. long: petioles long and
slender, unarmed; If. -blade 1 H-2 )£ ft. across, parted nearly
to base into 5 to a dozen or more spreading narrow strongly
ribbed stiflish segrns. 1 )a in. or less broad that are bifid or
toothed at apex, glaucous and finely pubescent underneath.
RHAPIS. LADY PALMS. Palmacese. Low reed-
like or bamboo-like dioecious or polygamous
cespitose fan-palms, of 9 described species in 8.
China; two of them long grown as tub specimens
and for clumps in the open in regions as mild as
8. Calif, and 8, -Fla. : Ivs. 1-2 ft. across, divided
nearly to the base; sheaths fibrous: spadices
among the Ivs., long-stalked, branched; fls. yel-
lowish; stamens 6: fr. a small 1-seeded berry
with a soft exterior, seldom produced outside the
tropics. For cult, see Palm.
excelsa (R. flabdliformis) . Sts. several to many, 5-10
ft., covered with coarse fiber: some or many of the Ivs.
only 3-7-parted, others to 10-parted, green both sides,
the segms. uniformly curving or drooping, broad and
notched at the end, 1 %-3 in. broad at middle, cross- wrinkled
or puckered.
flabellif6rmis-. R. excdsa.
humilis. Ste. more slender with finely-fibrous sheaths:
segms. narrow, mostly 9 or more, the rear ones usually
spreading or directed somewhat backward, usually not
exceeding 1 in. broad and surface not puckered, apex very
narrow.
RHAPONTICUM: Cenlaurea cynaroides.
RHAZYA. Apocynacex. Shrubs of the Medit.
region, akin to Amsonia, with alternate Ivs. and
white or blue fls. in terminal cymes.
orientalis. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, 2 in. long: fls. white,
^ in. long. S. E. Eu., Asia Minor.
RHEKTOPHtLLUM. Aracex. One or two
tall-climbing herbs rooting at the nodes, native
in W. Afr., of which one is sometimes grown in
hothouses.
mirabile (Nephthytis picturata). Lvs. arrow-shaped, to
6 ft. long and 2 ft. broad, green variegated with pale green
between the nerves, the margins deeply wavy, the petioles
to 3 ft. long; spathes to 4 in. long, green outside, reddish-
purple inside.
RHfeUM. RHUBARB. Polygonacese. Stout per.
herbs of Asia, with clumps of large basal Ivs.,
small greenish, whitish or reddish fls. in panicled
clusters or racemes on tall hollow sts., and fr. a
winged achene; one species grown for the edible
If.-stalks and others for bold foliage effects. See
Rhubarb.
acuminatum. Similar to R. emodi but only to 3 ft. high
and fls. larger: sts. and infl. red-purple. Himalayan.
australe. Lvs. almost orbicular, S-O-vemed, with
broad cordate bases: infl. without foliaccous biact«; fls.
small, greenish-white, to dark red in fr. Cent. Asia.
Collinianum. Perhaps a hybrid: Ivs. with broad much
cut lobes: fls. red. China.
compfictum. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, undulate and
obscurely lobed: infl. with drooping branches. Sibena.
emddi. Lvs. cordate-ovate, wavy-margined, somewhat
copper-colored: fls. dark purple, stalks to 10 ft. high.
Himalayas.
ndbile. To 4 ft., sts. densely covered with straw-colored
bracts 6 in. across which conceal the short axillaiy panicles:
Ivs. ovate-oblong, 1 ft. across, leathery, entire. Himalayas.
officinalis. Lvs. round-oval, 3-7-lobed, the lobes notched,
to 3 ft. across: fl.-stalks to 10 ft. high. W. China.
palmatum. Lvs. nearly orbicular, heart-shaped at base,
deeply palmately lobed, the lobes sometimes again divided:
fl.-stalks to 6 ft. high. N. E. Asia. Var. atrosanguineum
has dark red panicles and var. tanguticum longer Ivs. not so
deeply lobed. Vars. coccfneum and rubrum are also listed.
Rhaponticum. GARDEN R. PIE-PLANT. WINE-PLANT.
Lvs. ovate, heart-shaped at base, the maigins entire but
wavy, to ll/i ft. long, fl.-stalk to 6 ft. high. Siberia.
Ribes. To 5 ft.: Ivs. thick, almost leathery, cordate to
remform, with the margins crisped or undulate and the
blades puckered or blistered: infl. with fohaceous bracts;
fls. green, drooping: frs. about 1 in. long, blood-red, showy.
Asia Minor to Persia.
Spicif6rme. Lvs. orbicular or cordate, very leathery,
reticulated beneath: fl.-stalk to 2 ft. high. Himalayas.
tat&ricum. Lvs. roundish, 3-veined, weakly cordate:
infl. without foliaceous bracts. W. Asia.
undulatum. To 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate-cordate and strongly
undulate: infl. with foliaceous bracts; fls. with the pedicels
jointed near the base. Asia.
RHfiXIA. MEADOW-BEAUTY. Melastomaceae.
Per. herbs native in N. Amer., with opposite
simple 3-5-nerved Ivs., terminal fls. solitary or
in cymes, and capsular frs. ; cult, in borders and
wild-gardens in moist situations. Propagated by
tubers and seeds.
lanceolata. To 18 in., hairy, sts. terete: Ivs. oblanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, to 1 in. long: fls. white to pale purple,
to 1 H in. across. Blue Ridge Mts., Ga.
hi tea. To 1 ft., sts. angled, much branched: Ivs. obovate
to lanceolate, serrulate, glabrous: fls. yellow, small, in
cymes N. C. to Fla. and west.
mari&na. To 2 ft., sts. cylindric, very hairy-pubescent:
Ivs. narrow, oblong or linear-oblong, to \l/4 in. long: fla.
pale purple, about 1 in. across, in loose cymes. L. I. to Fla.
and Tex.
Rhexia
621
Rhizophora
Nfishii. To 2 ft., sts. densely yellow-hairy: 1 vs. narrowly
elliptic-lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. purple, to 1^ in. across.
Swamps of Fla. to La.
virgmica. To 1 H ft., the roots bearing tubers, sts. square,
somewhat pubescent: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long: fls. rosy-
purple, 1^ in. across, in cymes. Me. to Fla. west to la.
and La.
RHINANTHUS. Scrophulariacex. Ann. herbs
of the northern hemisphere, with opposite Ivs.,
yellow, blue or violet 2-lipped tubular fls., some-
times parti-colored, and capsular frs.; sometimes
placed in the rock-garden or elsewhere.
Crista-galli. RATTLE-BOX. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 2 in. long, toothed: fls. yellow with purple spots on lips,
about J3 in- long. Mts., Eu., Asia, northern part of N.
Amer.
RHINEPHtLLUM. Azzoacex. Stemless succu-
lent perennials with opposite Ivs. and solitary
terminal fls., the petals in one row; stigmas 5.
S. Afr., allied to Mesembryanthemurn.
C6mptonii. Lvs. several, thick, keeled, expanded at end,
toothed, petals comparatively broad, filaments papillate,
stigmas slender.
macradSnium. (M. macradenium. Peersia macradenia) .
Branches decumbent: Iva. to 2 in. long and % in. thick,
united at base, bright green: fls. yellow, 1 in. across.
RHIP6GONUM (or Ripogonum). Liliaceds.
Climbing shrubs of Australia and New Zeal.,
with mostly opposite Ivs., small fls. with decidu-
ous perianth borne in racemes, and fr. a berry;
one species intro. into Calif.
scandens. Lvs. ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, to
5 in. long, leathery: fls. greenish, ^ in. across, in axillary
lacemes to 6 in. long: beiries bright red, ^ in. across.
New Zeal.
RHfPSALIS. Cactacese. Epiphytic cacti for the
most part, a number of them grown as pot sub-
jects in greenhouses, hanging or clambering or
sometimes erect and more or less rooting or
emitting aerial roots, the sts. branched, terete,
angled, or flattened and leaf-like, sometimes as
slender as strings, the areoles on the edges or
angles and bearing hairs, wool and bristles: fls.
small, with few segms., opening night or day: fr.
often resembling that of the mistletoe. Fla. to
Argentina, some 60 species. See Cacti.
The species of Rhipsalis are interesting pot subjects and
are easily grown, propagated by cuttings, and by seeds
when available.
capillif 6rmis. Very slender and weak, the main branches
very long and lateral ones short, all cylimliical: fls. many
along sides, cream-color, ^ in. or less across. Brazil.
cassutha (commonly but not originally spelled cassytha).
MISTLETOE CACTUS. Crowing on tiees or rocks hanging
in many strands to 30 ft., the branches terete and very
slender, somewhat bristly when young but becoming naked:
fls. cream-color, solitary, about M in. across. Fla. to Brazil
and Peru, also Ceylon arid trop. Afr.
caverndsa: Lepismium cruciforme.
cereif6rmis: Pfeiffera ianothele.
cereuscula (R. Saglionis). Parts terete, slender and
mostly long, sometimes to 2 ft. high and terminated by
cluster of short branches: fls. pinkish to white with yellowish
midrib, about 1A in. or more across. Cent. Brazil to Uru-
guay.
chrysocarpa: R. puniceo-discus.
com munis: see R. squamulosa.
cribrata (R. penduliflora) . Sts. becoming hanging, ter-
minal branches in whorls and 1 in. long: fls. white or cream-
colored, H in. long, pendulous. Brazil.
crispata (Epiphyllum crispatum). Joints elongate to
ovate, to 4 in. long, somewhat crenate: fls. pale yellow,
1-4 at an areole, but usually solitary: fr. white. Brazil.
dissfmilis. Sts. erect or hanging, naked or hairy, the
latter with 9 low obtuse ribs and areoles white-bristled:
fl.-buds red, fls. pink with numerous white stamens: fr.
white. Brazil.
funalis: probably R. grandiflora.
grandifldra. Branches cylindrical and rather stout, to
3 ft. high and nearly Y* in. diam,: fls. scatteied, rose or
cream-color, about % in. across. Brazil.
heter6olada. Sts. erect, dark green with purple zones
around areoles and branch tips, slender, areoles often only
1-bristled: fls. greenish- white, to K in. acioss. Brazil.
Houlletiana. Much branched, to 6 ft., branches leaf-
like, flat and thin, to 2 in. broad, serrate or notched, fls.
cream-color turning yellowish, with red center, about % in.
long. Brazil.
lumbricoldes. Sts. much branched, to 12 ft. long and
M in. thick, rooting freely, areoles with 5-10 white bustles
when young: fls. white or cream-coloied, ^2 in. long. Uru-
guay, Paraguay.
mesembryanthoides (often but not originally spelled
mesembryanthemoides). Upright with drooping ends,
branches of two kinds, some 4-8 in. long and very Blender,
fruiting branches ^-nearly \$ in. long and thicker, fls.
white or light pink, solitary, }$ in. or rnoio across. Brazil.
pach^ptera. Ste. more or loss pendent and much jointed,
joints to 2 ft. long and neaily 3 in. broad, but bomet imes
nearly orbicular, crenate: fls. yellowish, solitaiy, about %
in. long. Brazil.
parad6xa. Hanging in clusters to 3 ft. or rrioie, with
many aerial roots, branches 3-wmged and zigzag: fls. white,
about % in. long. Brazil.
pendulifldra: R. cribrata.
pent&ptera. Branches stiff and to }i in. or more diam.,
strongly 5- or 6-ribbed to almost winged: fls. scattered,
cream-color and petals reddish on back, about j^-^ in.
long. S. Biazil, Uruguay.
pigmatica zanzibaria is probably referable to R. cassutha.
prismatica (R. Suareziana. R.tetragona). Much branched,
prostrate, upper branches somewhat angled: fls. white.
Brazil.
punfceo-dfscus (R. chrysocarpa). Branches filiform and
hanging, rooting freely: fls. white, ^ m. long. Brazil.
rh6mbea. Branches flat and thin or sometimes 3-angled,
the joints to 1 in. broad and crenate: fls. solitaiy or in 2's,
cream-color with red spot inside. Brazil.
Saglidnis: R. cereuscula.
salicornioides: Hatiora salicornioides.
Schottmuelleri: a form of Hatiora salicornioides.
squamuldsa (Lepismium commune). Creeping, rooting
freely, blanches 3-angled, to 1 ft. long and 1 in. wide, green
tinged with red, areoles with white wool and bristles: fls.
white, to 1A in. long. Brazil, Argentina.
Suareziana: R. prismatica.
tetragdna: R. prismatica.
T6nduzii. Sts. to H. in. diam., usually 4-5-angIed,
rooting freely, branches 4 in. long and in clusters of 2-6 and
hanging, areoles forming notches in branches: fls. white,
^ in. long. Costa Rica.
trigona. Much branched, sts. 1A in. diam. and 3-angled:
fls. solitary, white or pinkish, to ^ in. across. Biazil.
tucumanensis. Much branched, the sts. pendent, often
whorled, to nearly }£ m. diam., becoming angled with age:
fls. solitary, pale rose to cream-colored, about % in. across:
fr. white to reddish, Argentina.
RHIZOME: underground stem; rootstock.
RHIZOPHORA. MANGROVE. The only rep-
resentative in the U. S. of Rhizophoracex, a
family of 17 genera of trees and shrubs in trop.
and semi-trpp. regions about the world; the
plants of this family bear thick leathery mostly
opposite entire Ivs., bisexual and regular poly-
petalous fls. in axillary clusters, and indehiscent
or tardily splitting leathery fr. R. Mfingle.
AMERICAN M., is native on tidal shores and
shoals and in marshes under sea influence and
along streams from the Everglades, S. Fla. to W.
Indies, Cent. Amer., S. Amer.: tree commonly
to 40 ft. high but sometimes twice or more this
height, with thick round and bushy top, forming
dense and difficult tangles by the many arching
aerial roots that become attached in the mud and
form stilts or trunks as well as by the seedlings
that arise from the seeds that begin to germinate
before the frs. fall from the tree. In regions of its
nativity the mangrove protects shores and aids in
building land, and affords acceptable background
for the development of personal properties; it is
one of the most interesting of trees.
Rhodanthe 622
RHODANTHE: Helipterum Mangleaii.
RHODIOLA: Sedum.
RHODOCHITON. KcrophuUiriaceae. Graceful
vino of free-flowering habit, similar to Maurandia
but more vigorous and differing in technical
characters; 1 species. It blooms the first season
if the seed is sown in early spring, and should be
treated as a tender arm. R. voldbile. PURPLE
BELL- VINE. Lvs. alternate, heart-shaped, to 3
in. long, toothed: fls. purplish-red, over 2 in.
long, on red sts., solitary, drooping. Mex.
RHODODENDRON (incl. Azalea and Rho-
dom). ROSE BAY. AZALEA. Ericaceae. Shrubs
and small trees with alternate entire often
leathery Ivs., bell-shaped or funnelform fls.
mostly in terminal umbel-like racemes, and cap-
sular frs., making prominent autumnal buds.
The botanical differences between azaleas and
rhododendrons are not constant, but the azaleas
are largely deciduous with funnelform fls. and
the rhododendrons mostly evergreen with bell-
shaped fls.
Rhododendrons do not thrive in clay or limestone soils,
but stand host in a mixture of leaf-mold, peat and sandy
loam They should he protected from strong winds and
continuous hot sun, and the soil kept moist. Transplanting
is easily effected in spring or fall if a good ball of earth is
kept around the roots. Most of the species require a mulch
as protection from frost. They usually need protection
from early spring sun and winds, and are therefore placed
where somewhat screened by other plantings.
Rhododendions and azaleas are propagated by seeds
sown in pans or boxes of sandy peat and only slightly
covered with sand or sphagnum. Seedlings should be trans-
planted as soon as they can be handled. The second year
they may bo taken out Propagated also by layers winch
cannot be separated until the second year and slowly by
cuttings of half-ripe wood taken with a heel. Named va-
rieties are increased by grafting, particularly veneer-
grafting
Rhododendrons are often forced under glass for the
florists' trade. They should be grown in pots and can be
brought into bloom in about six weeks \vith a night temper-
ature of 5(M>5°.
The varieties and hybrids of R. catawbiensc are the
standard arid dependable rhododendrons for planting in
the North Some of the unmodified species also endure
northern conditions, particularly if given some protection,
as R ar butt folium, brtichyctirpum, campanulutum, carolima-
num, caucuKicum, dauricum, f err tin in cum, husulum, Met-
tcrnichu, nucrnnthum, minus, mtfitifolium, Przewalskii,
SmirnoDii. The few high northern species are of course very
hardy, as It. lapponicum, maximum, par 01 folium.
As here understood, Rhododendron includes all the
azaleas, even though the latter are habitually kept separate
by gardeners. The azaleas are commonly assumed to be
deciduous, arid this is true of the native North American
species; but the Indian azaleas and others are evergreen,
and some of the rhododendrons are deciduous. Nor is the
fihape of the corolla or other character a constant mark of
separation when the plants of the world are considered.
Those \\ho wish to name their plants under Azalea will find
the A synonym, in the following account, to be the tenable
name under that genus The much-modified garden azaleas
are of three mam groups: (I) the Indian azaleas (R. in-
dtcum), evergreen, much grown under glass for florists trade
and in the open along the seaboard and in the South and
California; (2) the Ghent azaleas (hybrid derivatives from
R. luteum, known as R. ffarulavense), deciduous, abounding
in yellows, forced and also hardy on the seaboard; (3) the
kurume arid similar classes (forms of R obtusurn), ever-
green, not hardy North but popular under glass Some of
the dwarf kinds, or taller species that bloom when small,
are useful in rock-gardening.
The genus has been divided variously by different
authors The treatment usually accepted by botanists and
horticulturists of Europe divides the genus into forty-four
series and about as many sub-series. Because these "series"
do not represent clearly defined groups and are not each
distinct from the other, they are not accepted here. The
genus separates rather naturally into four subgenera, each
with its respective subsections: Eurhododendron, Azalea-
strum, Anthodendron and Therorhodwn
The subgenus Eurhododendron contains the true rhodo-
dendrons. It is characterized by leaves usually persistent,
smooth, hairy or glandular spotted (lepidote) beneath, and
rarely ciliate, with ovary usually glabrous. Sections of
Eurhododendron are: Leiorhodion, Lepipherum, Pogonan-
Rhododendron
thum and Rhodoraatrum. The first three usually have
persistent leaves and the flowers arise from terminal buds.
Section Leiorhodion has non-lepidote leaves and ovary,
the leaves may be glabrous or tomentose beneath. Sections
Lepipherum and Pogonanthum each have lepidote Ivs. and
ovary. Lepipherum has a rotate to funnel-shaped corolla.
Pogonanthum has a salverform corolla. The section Rhode-
rastrum differs in its leaves usually deciduous and lepidote,
flowers solitary or few from lateral buds and 10 stamens.
The remaining three subgenera have leaves usually
deciduous, never lepidote, and rarely glabrous; the ovary
usually setose. The subgenus Therorhodwn is characterized
by flowers borne on a leafy-bracted peduncle. The flowers
of the subgenera Azaleastrum and A nthodendron arise from
leafless buds whose bracts are deciduous. Azaleastrum has
its flowers solitary or in two's with only 5 stamens, and the
flowers of Anthodendron are usually many in terminal
clusters with 5-10 stamens.
Sections of Anthodendron are: Tsulsutsi, Sciadorhodion,
Rhodora, and Pentanthera. The flowers and leafy branches
of the first two sections arise from the same terminal bud
Section Tsutsutsi is characterized by leaves persistent or
deciduous, non-lepidote, and the branchlets vestured with
appressed setose hairs; stamens 5 -10. Section Sciador-
hodion has leaves deciduous, non-lepidote, usually clustered
at branchlet ends, branchlets glabrous or villous and
stamens 8-10. In the sections Rhodora and Pentanthera
the flowers arise from terminal buds and the leaves from
distinct lateral buds beneath Section Rhodora with a
rotate-campanulate corolla has 8-10 stamens, and section
Pentanthera with a funnelform corolla has 5 stamens.
To economize space in the following bnef diagnoses ot
species, or of plants under Latin names, letters are employed
to distinguish the subgenus and section into which the plant
falls according to the delimitations given above: E, Eu-
rhododendron; Az, Azaleastrum; An, Anthodendron; Th,
Therorhodiori; Li, Leiorhodiou; Le, Lepipherum; Po, Pogon-
anthum; Rh, Rhodorastrum; Ts, Tsutsutsi; Sc, Sciador-
hodion; Rho, Rhodora; Pe, Peiitathera and H, hybrids.
adenogynum. E, Le: to 8 ft : Ivs. lanceolate-ovate, to
3^2 in lom? and 1 J^ in. across, reddish-brown-pubescent
beneath: fls. white tinged pink or crimson, to 2^£ m. across,
fragrant. China.
aden6phonim. E, Le: to 8 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong,
to 5 in long, acute, thick, tawny beneath: fls. rose, to % m
across, corolla-tube cylmdnc and longer than limb, style
as long as corolla. Yunnan.
adenopodum. E, Le: to 10 ft., branchlets gray-tomen-
tose-glandular: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, to
8 in. long, acute, base cuneate, densely tomentose beneath:
fls. pale rose, to 1% in. long, on pedicels nearly as long,
lobes 5, stamens 10, ovary pubescent, style glabrous, calyx
about Y* m. long. S. W. China.
aechmophyllum. E, Rh: to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2 in.
long, acuminate to mucronate, not strongly pubescent: fls.
rose, stamens puberulous, of unequal length. S. W.
Szechuan.
aerugindsum. E, Li: to 8 ft.: differs from R. campanula-
turn m its more dwarf habit, Ivs. glabrous above with a
metallic luster when young and usually stiffer, Himalayas.
— Probably ments only a varietal rank and is so considered
by some authors.
agastum. E, Li: to 20 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, to 5H in-
long, led- tomentose beneath, mucronate- tipped: fls. rose
with crimson blotch within, unspotted without, campanu-
late, to 2 in. long, ovary glandular. W. Yunnan.
alabamense (A. alabamensis) . An, Rho: low shrub,
branches 11 regular, whorled, stngose when young, winter-
buds glabrous: Ivs. obovate to elliptic, to 2J4 m. long,
usually shoi t- villous beneath and above on midub: fls.
white, about 1 in. long, appearing with the Ivs., fragrant,
in clusters of 6-10, funnelform, tube hairy outside and
longer than lobes. Ala.
dlbicans (A. albicans). An, Pe: hybrid between R. molle
and R. occidentale: fls. white tinged yellow with orange
blotch.
albifldrum (A. albiflora). Az: to 6 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to
2^ in. long: fls. white, broad bell-shaped, % in. across,
solitary and nodding. June-July. B. C. to Ore. and Colo.
Albrechtii (A. Albrechtii). An, Rho: allied to R. penta-
phyllum from which it differs in growing only to 6 ft. high,
the Ivs. obovate to oblong-lanceolate, pubescent beneath:
fls. magenta in clusters of 3-6 and fr. bristly-glandular.
N. Japan. — Distinguished from R. canadense in corolla not
divided to base.
album. E, Le: evergreen: Ivs. to 4 in. long, rusty be-
neath: fls. yellowish-white, bell-shaped. Java.
&lbum £legans. Hybrid with R. catawbiense as one
parent: fls. pale pink cnanging to white.
album grandifl6rum. Hybrid with large pale pink fls.
changing to white.
&lbum novum. Hybrid differing from album elegans in
fls. clear white and lower habit.
Rhododendron
623
Rhododendron
altaclare*nse. A catawbiense hybrid with R. arboreum:
fls. crimson.
ambfguum. E, Le: to 7 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to
3 in. long, lepidote beneath: fls. pale yellow spotted green,
to 2 in. across, corolla lepidote without. W. Szechuan.
Amesfae. E, Le: to 14 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to nearly oblong,
to 3 in. long, acute, somewhat villous beneath on midrib,
petioles setose: fls. dark purple, corolla funnelform, gla-
brous. W. Szechuan.
amdenum: R. obtusum var.
Anneli<fsia3. An, Pe, H: hybrid of R. arbor escena and R.
calenduloceum: differs from R. arborescens in the midrib
pubescent beneath and in the yellow blotch on upper lobe
of the pale pink fls.; and from the latter parent in the
glabrous character of the Ivs., and almost glabrous branch-
lets.
Anthopdgon. E, Po: to 2 ft.: Ivs. oval or ovate, to 1 H in.
long: fls. white or pink, fading to yellow but not yellow
when opening, stamens glabrous. W. China. — True yellow-
fld. forms ascribed to this species are probably R. hypen-
anthum.
anwheinse. E, Li: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 2l/i in. long,
glabrous: fls. not seen. W. China.
aper&ntum. An, Rh: to 8 in.: Ivs. ovate to obovate, to
1 H in. long, pale to purplish-green above, lighter and
glaorous beneath: fls. rose to bright crimson, unspotted,
stamens 10, about % as long as corolla. N. E. Burma.
aralioldes: catalogue name, probably intended for R.
azaleoides.
arborescens (A. arborescens. Azaleastrum arborescens).
An, Pe: to 10 ft. or more, branchlets glabrous: Ivs. to 3 in.
long: fls. white or pinkish, fragrant, funnelform, 2 in. long,
June-July, stamens much exserted, style glabrous. Pa. to
Ga. and Ala.
arb6reum. E, Li: to 40 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long, silvery
beneath, base cuneate: fls. red, pink or white and often
spotted, bell-shaped, to 1)^ in. across. Mar .-May. Hima-
layas. Var. C&mpbelliae (R. Campbelhtc), differs from var.
nilagincum in its more purplish fls. Var. nilagiricum has
rose or crimson spotted fls., and Ivs. reddish-brown-pubes-
cent beneath, with obtuse to cordate base. Var. zeyl&ni-
cum (R. zeylamcuni) has rich pink fls., Ivs. bullate above
and fulvous beneath.
arbutifdlium (R. daphnoides). Hybrid between R. fer-
rugineum and R. minus: to 4 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, scaly beneath: fls. pink, bell-shaped, to % in. across.
June-July.
arg£nteum: R. grande.
argyrophyllum. E, Li: to 20 ft., branchlets becoming
glabrous: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long, acuminate,
white-felted beneath, fls. white often suffused rose, spotted
on upper part, about 11A in. long and narrowod toward
base, lobes usually 6-10, ovary white-floccose. S. W. China.
Var. culpare has corolla base wider and not funnelform.
Arnoldianum: R. obtusum var.
atlanticum (A. atlantica). An, Pe: to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 2% in.
long: fls. white or pinkish, funnelform, 1 in. long, appearing
before the Ivs., fl. bud-scales with stipitate glands, stamens
much exserted. Del. to S. C.
atrosanguineum. A catawbiense hybrid with rich blood-
red fls.
Auckland!!: R . Griffithianum var.
Augustinii. E, Le: to 20 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, scaly
beneath, petioles glabrous: fls. pink spotted with yellow,
broad bell-shaped, to 2 in across. Apr.-May. China.
aureum: R. chrysanthum.
auriculatum. E, Li: to 20 ft., auriculate at base: Ivs. to
1 ft. long, rusty-tomentose beneath: fle. white or pinkish
spotted with green or rose, broad-funnelform, to 3^ in.
across, Aug., corolla 7-lobcd. China.
austrinum (A. aiufrtna). An Pe: to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 3H in-
long, pubescent: fls. yellow or orange, funnelform, to 1*4 in.
long, early spring, stamens much exserted. Fla.
azaleoides (R. odoratum). Hybrid between R. ponticum
and probably R. nudiflorum: fls. pale purple, to 2 in. across.
Baileyi. E, Le: Ivs. oblong-oval, to 3^ in. long, dark
gieen above, buff beneath: fls. deep red-purple, to nearly
M in. across, usually 10-16 fls. in raceme, style shorter
than corolla-tube, stamens 10 as long as tube. o. Tibet.
Balfourianum. E, Li: to 8 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-
elliptic, to 314 in- long, acute, base rounded to cordate,
hairy beneath: fls. pale rose with crimson markings, funnel-
campanulate, to 1 % in. long, on glandular pedicels to 1 in.
long, lobes 5, stamens 10, ovary glandular and style glandu-
lar on basal third, glabrous above, calyx deeply 5-cleft,
to H in- long* W. Yunnan.
balsaminaflorum: R. indicum var.
barbatum. E, Li: tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. elliptical-lanceolate,
to 7 in. long, glabrous beneath, petioles bristly: fls. deep red.
bell-shaped, 1 J£ in. across, Apr., ovary strongly glandular,
stamens glabrous. Himalayas.
basilicum. E, Li: tree or shrub to 30 ft., young sts.
red-tornentose: Ivs. obovate, to 10 in. long, pubescent be-
neath, base cuneate to obtuse: fls. pale yellow spotted red,
to 1 H in. long, stamens 16, ovary tomentose. Yunnan.
bauhiniifidrum. E, Le: perhaps not distinct from R.
tnflorum, reported to differ in infl. 2-fld. and not 3-fld. and
in scales of lower surface of Ivs. unequal in size and of
uniform color. Assam.
Benigiri: a form of R. obtusum.
Blandianum. A hybrid with R. catawbiense as one parent:
fls. rosy-crimson.
Bodinieri. E, Le: small shrub: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to
3 in. long, apex acuminate, glabrous beneath, rarely lepi-
dote above: fls. rose spotted purple, to 1^ in. long, usually
6-7 in infl., corolla glabrous without. Yunnan.
Bo6thii. E, Le: a straggling epiphytic shrub to 10 ft.:
Ivs. ovate to elliptic, to 5 in. long, apex briefly acuminate,
hairy above on margins and midrib: fls pale yellow, un-
spotted, to 1 14 in. long, lepidote without, style shorter than
stamens, lepidote at base, pedicels to % in. long. Bhutan.
brachy&nthum. E, Le: to 5 ft.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to
\\4, in., lepidote beneath: fls. pule yellow to greenish-yellow,
to % in. long, corolla-tube broad bell-shaped, longer than
limb, pedicels 1 in. long or more, calyx green to H in. long.
Yunnan.
brachyca'rpum. E, Li: to 12 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in long, gray-
tomentose beneath, base rounded to aunculate: fls. cream-
white flushed with pink, spotted brownish-yellow, to 2 m.
across, ovary hairy, style glabrous, calyx minute. Japan,
Korea. Var. rossendrum has pink fls.
bracteatum. E, Le: shrub to 6 ft., twigs not ncaly: Ivs.
ovate-elliptic, to 2 in. long, obtusely mucronate, base
rounded, laxly scaly above and densely so beneath: fls.
white spotted red, campanulate, tube hairy within and
scaly outside, s ainens 10, hairy basally. W. Szechuan.
brevistylum. E, Lc: to 10 ft : Ivs. glabrous, to 4 in. long:
fla. rose with crimson markings, to 1 % in across, in ter-
minal clusters, style pubescent on lower half, shorter than
stamens, corolla-lobes longer than tube, pedicels to 1 in.
long. Yunnan.
bullatum. E, probably Le: to 8 ft., branch lets densely
woolly: Ivs. to 4 in. long, brown-tomentose beneath,
wrinkled above: fls. white with yellowish-green blotch at
base, fragrant, bell-shaped, to 2}% in. across, margins
wavy. Yunnan.
Bureavii. E, Li: to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 4>2 in. long, rusty-
tomeiitose beneath mixed with glands, base obtuse or
rounded: fls. rose marked crimson, ovary red-tomentose and
glandular, calyx to •)•$ in. long. Yunnan.
Bylsianum. A reputed hybrid.
calendulaceum (A. calendulacea. A. lutea, in part).
FLAME AZALEA. An, Pe: to 10 ft. or more, deciduous: Ivs.
to 3 in. long, pubescent when young: fls orange-yellow to
scarlet, funnelform, glandular without, 2 in. across, May-
June, stamens much exserted. Pa. to Ga. arid Ky.
calif6rnicum: R. macrophyllum.
callim6rphum. E, Li: to 10 ft.: Ivs. broadly elliptic,
to 2% m. long, apex rounded, glaucous beneath: fls. rose,
to 2 m. long, broadly bell-shaped, ovary glandular, stamens
10, glabrous. W. Yunnan.
calophyllum. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, scaly and
glaucous beneath: fls. white tinged yellowish-green, tubular-
bell-shaped, 3 in. across, stamens about 15, not exserted.
Himalayas. — Not known to be in cult.; plants under this
name are probably R. Maddemi.
calophytum. E, Li: tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 1 ft.
long: fls. white to rose, broad bell-shaped, 2 in. across.
China.
calostrdtum. E, Le: to 1 ft., suitable for rock-garden:
Ivs. oval or elliptical, to 1 in. long, reddish and scaly be-
neath: fls. pink, solitary or in pairs, to ^ in. long, corolla
pubescent without, calyx densely scaly, to % in. long.
N. E. Burma.
caloxanthum. E, Li: to 5 ft.: Ivs. nearly orbicular, to
2% in. long, glabrous beneath: fls. yellow, to % in. across,
ovary densely glandular, stamens 10, glabrous. N. E.
Burma.
camellisefl&rum. E, Le: weak often epiphytic shrub to
6 ft.: Ivs. narrowly oblong-lanceolate, densely scaly be-
neath: fls. white tinged pink, to \% m. across, terminal
in 2's, bell-shaped, style shorter than the 12-16 stamens.
Himalayas.
campanulatum. E, Li: to 16 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 6 in.
long, rusty-tomentose beneath: fls. rosy-purple and spotted,
broad bell-shaped, 2 in. across, June, ovary glabrous.
Himalayas.
C&mpbelliae: R. arboreum var.
campylocarpum. E, Li: to 8 ft.: Ivs. ovate to elliptic,
Rhododendron
624
Rhododendron
to 3 in. long, glabrous beneath: fls. yellow, sometimes with
pule crimson blotches, fragrant, to \fo in. across, ovary
glandular, pedicels about 1 in. long. Himalayas.
campylogynum. E, Le: to 0 ft., less than 1 ft. tall in
native habitat at 12,000 ft. altitude: Ivs. obovate, to 1 in.
*ong, glabrous beneath, petioles not scaly: fls. rose to dark
purple, to % in. across, pedicels 1% Jn- l°ng, corolla-tube
longer than lobes. W. Yunnan.
camtsch&ticum (It. kamtsciuiticum. Therorhodion camt-
Bchaticum) . Th: to 1 ft , deciduous: Ivs. to 2>/6 in. long,
ciliate: fls. rose-purple, rotate-bell-shaped, to \Yi in. across.
July- Aug. Alaska to B. C.
canadense (Rhodora canadensia). RHODOHA. An, Rho:
to 3 ft., much branched: Ivs. about 2 in. long, gray-pubes-
cent beneath: fls. rose-purple, 2-lipped, to 2 4 in. long,
Apr.-May, corolla divided to base. Newf. to Pa.
candid fssimum. A reputed hybrid.
canescens (A. caneacens) . An, Po: to 15 ft., deciduous:
Ivs. to 4 in. long, gray-tomentose beneath: fls. pink or
white, funnelform, l^j in. across, Apr., stamens much
exserted, corolla-tube much longer than lobes. N. C. to
Fla and Tex. Var. rdseum is listed but the plant may be
R. nudijlorum var. roseurn.
cantabile. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong to nearly elliptic,
to 1 in. long, densely scaly on both sides: fls. dark violet,
to % in. across, stamens 10, longer than tube, style basally
pilose. Yunnan.
cardinale: Hated name, probably a form of R. gandavense
or It. Mortten.
carminata splendens: hort. name.
carolinianum. E, Le: to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, rusty-
scaly beneath: fls. pale rose-purple to white, narrow bell-
shaped, to l|a in. across, May-June, stamens 10, style
glabrous. N. C. Var. &lbum has white fls.
Cartonianum. Reputed hybrid: fls. violet, white toward
base.
catapastum: R. desquamatum.
catawbiense. MOUNTAIN ROME BAY. E, Li: to 20 ft.,
evergreen: Ivs. to 5 in. long, shining above, pale beneath:
fls. lilac-purple, broad bell-shaped, to 2% in. across, May-
June, ovary tomcntoHC, stamens 10. Mts., Va. to Ga.
Var. album has white fls. Listed varietal names are com-
pactum and grandifldrum.
cauc&sicum. FJ, Li: to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, brown-
tomentose beneath, base cuneate, petioles glabrous, lateral
veins visible through tomentum: fls. pink or yellowish-
white spot-ted with green, narrow bell-shaped, 2 in. across.
May. Caucasus.
cephalantholdes. E, Po: to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to
5^ in. long, glabrous above, petiole Y% in. long, bud-scales
deciduous: fls. white, tube yellow, to % in. long, not scaly,
stamens 5-8, glabrous. Yunnan.
cephalanthum. E, Po: differs from R. cephalanthoides in
persistent bud-scales, fls. white, and stamens basally
pubescent. W. China.
Chamsecistus: Rhodotliamnus Cham&cistus.
chameeunum. E, Le: to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to ^ in.
long: fls. deep rose-purple marked crimson, to 1 in. long,
broadly funnel-shaped, ovary briefly tomentose, stamens
10. W. Yunnan.
charianthum. E, Le: to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 2 in.
long, scaly on both surfaces, glabrous: fls. rose spotted red,
to 3^ in. across, not scaly outside, style pubescent at base,
longer than stamens. W. China.
chartophyllum. E, Lo: to 8 ft. or more: lys. persistent
or deciduous, slightly scaly beneath, to 2^ in. long, gla-
brous: fls. pale purple, broadly funnel-shaped, to 2 in.
across, glabrous outside, in terminal and axillary clusters.
Yunnan.
chasmantholdes. E, Le: to 5 ft.: Ivs. oblong-triangular,
to 4 in. long, midrib pubescent beneath, petiole glabrous:
fls. rose to lavender with olive-green markings, scaly outside,
calyx rirn-like, unlobed. S. E. Tibet.
chrysanthum (R. aurewri). E, Li: typically to 1 ft.,
occasionally to 3 ft., much branched: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
glabrous beneatlu fls. pale yellow, narrow bell-shapea,
1 in. across, May-June, ovary rusty-tomentose. Siberia
to Japan.
chryseum. E, Le: to 2^ ft.: Ivs. ovate-elliptic, to U in.
long, densely scaly above and below: fls. yellow, to % in.
across, scaly, tube much shorter than lobes, style longer
than stamens. W.China.
ciliatum. E, Le: to 6 ft • Ivs. to 4 in. long, hairy above,
scaly beneath: fls. white to reddish-purple, belNshaped,
\Yi in. across, not scaly, early spring. Himalayas.
cinnabarinum. E, Le: to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, scaly
beneath fls. brick-red, tubular-bell-shaped, to 2 in. long,
not. scaly. May-June. Himalayas.
citrinifldnim. E, Li: to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-obovate to
obovate, to 2^ in. long, obtuse at ends, densely tomentose
beneath, petiole to ^ in. long: fls. lemon-yellow, to 1% in.
long, on pedicels to 1 Y± in. long in umbels of 4-6, lobes 5,
stamens 10, ovary glandular-hairy, style glabrous. W.
Yunnan.
Clementinse. E, Li: to 10 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong, to 5l/i
in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. yellowish- white to rose with
crimson markings, to 1H m. across, corolla 6-7-lobed,
stamens pubescent at base. W. China.
coccfnea specidsa: hort. name for form of R. gandavense
or R. Mortieri. •
concinnum (R. yanthinum)* E, Le: to 10 ft.: Ivs. to2l/i
in. long and scarcely 1 in. wide, scaly, glabrous beneath:
fls. purple, 1 l/i in. across. May. China. Var. lepidanthum
is R. pseudoyanthinum.
cra'ssum. E, Le: to 20 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, rusty-scaly
beneath: fls. white, funnelform, to 4 in. across, corolla and
style scaly. Himalayas.
crinfgerum. E, Li: to 12 ft.: IVH. to 7 in. long, pubescent
beneath: fls. white to pink spotted purple or with large basal
blotch, to 2 in. across, pedicels to l]4, in. long, ovary
glandular. W. China.
cr&ceum. E, Li: to 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 5H in. long,
sparsely pubescent or glabrous beneath: fls. yellow, with or
without crimson blotch, somewhat red-glandular without,
to 1 ]4, in. long, ovary and style glandular. N. W. Yunnan.
cucullatum. E, Li: to 8 ft.: Ivs. obovate to oblanceolate,
to 3 in. long, tomentose beneath: fls. white spotted crimson,
funnelform, to 1 % in. long, pedicels to % in. long, ovary
glandular, style glabrous. W. China.
cuneatum. E, Le: to 4 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to 1 in. long,
scaly on both sides: fls. dark rose, to 1 in. across, funnelform,
glabrous, style glabrous, longer than stamens. Yunnan.
Cunninghamii. E, Li: hybrid of R. maximum and R.
arboreum: Ivs. brown-tomentose beneath and fls. white
spotted purple. Not to be confused with "Cunningham's
White," a hybrid of R. caucasicum and R. ponticum album.
cyanocarpum. E, Li: tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to or-
bicular, to 4)'2 m. long, glabrous beneath: fls. white to rose,
to 3^ in. across, in umbels of 8-10, ovary arid style gla-
brous. W. Yunnan.
dahuricum: R. dauricum.
Dalhousiae. E, Le: to 8 ft., often epiphytic: Ivs. to 5 in.
g, rusty -scaly beneath: fls. yellow to white, fragrant,
[-shaped, 4>£ in. across; style scaly, longer than stamens.
Himalayas.
daphnoides: R. arbutifolium.
dauricum (R. dahuricum). E, Rh: to 6 ft., deciduous or
semi-evergreen: Ivs. to 2 in. long, scaly beneath: fls. rosy-
purple, broad bell-shaped, to 1J£ in. across, solitary.
Mar.-Apr. Siberia to Japan. Var. mucronulatum is
R. mucronulatum. Var. sempervirens (var. atromrens) has
dark green evergreen Ivs.
Davidsonianum. E, Le: to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 2J£ in. long,
scaly and glaucous beneath: fls. pink, narrow bell-shaped,
to 1 ^ in. across, May, mfl. axillary and terminal, stamens
slightly exserted. China.
dec6rum. E, Li: Ivs. to 5 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls.
white or pink, broad bell-shaped, 6-8-lobed, 2 in. across,
stamens 12-16. China. Var. majus is listed. — The plant
known as R. vermcosum differs only in the glands on the
style being dark red and R. rhantum is not distinct from it.
Delavayi. E, Li: tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. rusty-tomentose be-
neath, petioles and twigs reddish-tomentose: fls. deep red,
broad bell-shaped, 1 in. across, on pedicels to % in. long,
ovary pubescent. China.
deleiense. E, Le: shrub to 3 ft., branches spreading: Ivs.
oblong, to 5 in. long and \Yi in. wide, mucronate, densely
black-scaly beneath: fls. deep purple-magenta with tube
darker within, tubular-campanulate; stamens 10, exserted,
snorter than scaly style, stigma crimson, calyx large, deeply
lobed, segms. rounded. Assam.
delicatissimum. A catawbiense hybrid with pale pink
fls. changing to white.
desquamatum (R. stenoplastum. R. catapastum). E, Le:
shrub or small tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. to 3 % in. long, scaly below,
glabrous above: fls. pale pinkish-purple, to 1% in. across,
scaly outside, style glabrous, longer than stamens. W.
China, N. Burma.
det6nsum. E, Li: to 12 ft.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to 5 in.
long, densely or remotely reddish-tomentose beneath: fls.
rose-pink, crimson-spotted, to 2 in. across, pedicels 1H in*
long, corolla 5-7-lobed, ovary glandular. Yunnan.
diacrltum (R. pycnocladum) . E, Le: procumbent shrub
to 2 ft.: Ivs. broadly elliptical, to Yi in. long, densely scaly
on both sides: fls. dark rose-purple with white throat,
broadly funnelform, to % in. long, scaly, style glabrous,
longer than stamens. Yunnan.
dichroanthum. E, Li: to 7 ft. or less, blooming when
email: Ivs. oblong to oblanceolate or obovate, to 4 in. long,
Rhododendron
whitish underneath, petiole to Y% in. long: fls. 2-8 together,
yellowish-rose to orange, corolla fleshy and to 1 in. across.
Yunnan.
didymum. E, Le: to 1 ft. or more: Ivs. obovate, to 2 in.
long, in short whorls, dark green and rugulose above, gray-
hairy beneath, apex rounded, base wedge-shaped: fls. dark
crimson, tubular-campanulate, about 1 in. long, in umbels
of 3-5, stamens 10, filaments red and glabrous, shorter than
style. S. E. Tibet.
dilatatum: R. reticulatum.
diphrocalyx. E, Li: to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate to ob-
ovate, to 6 in. long, obtuse or cuspidate, base rounded,
essentially glabrous beneath, petiole to M in. long: fls.
light crimson to bright red, usually spotted or with basal
blotch, to l^i in. long, in umbels of 16-22, pedicels to J/g in.
long and densely hairy, ovary pubescent and shorter than
the calyx-lobes. W. Yunnan.
discolor. E, Li: to 15 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long, pale beneath,
base cuneate: fls. white or pale pink, narrow bell-shaped, to
3^i in- across, June, stamens 14-16, glabrous, ovary glandu-
lar. China.
drum&nium. E, Le: to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to }A in. long
and HJ in. wide, scaly on both sides: fls. pale bluish-purple,
nearly % in. long, funnelform, solitary, stamens 10, style
glabrous. Yunnan.
Edgarianum (R. oresbium). E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. broadly
elliptic, to \i in. long, scaly on both sides: fls. rose-purple,
to % in. across, not scaly, style longer than stamens.
W. China.
fidgeworthii. E, Li: to 6 ft., often epiphytic: Ivs. to 4 in.
long, rusty- torn entpse beneath, dark green and bullate
above: fls. white tinged with rose, broad bell-shaped, to
4H in. across, ovary and style tomentose. Himalayas.
elaeagnoides (R. sinolepidotum) . E, Le: to 9 in , branch-
lets warty: Ivs ob ovate-elliptic, to % in. long, scaly on both
sides: fls. palo yellow or reddish-purple, to \\4, in. across,
solitary, ovary scaly, stamens 8. Himalayas.
euchaltes. E, Le: currently considered a variant of
R. nemjlorum, differing only in its height of usually 15-20
ft. and tree-like in habit, not shrubby. Border of Yunnan
and Burma.
Everestianum: see R, Morelianum.
eximlum: R. Falconeri var.
Faberi. E, Li: to 18 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, rusty-tomen-
tose beneath, base rounded: fls. white or pink spotted with
red, broad bell-shaped, 1^ in. across, calyx to % in. long,
style glabrous. China.
Falconeri. E, Li: to 30 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long, rusty-
tornentose beneath: fls. white spotted with purple, fragrant,
bell-shaped, 2 in. across, in spring, corolla 8-lobed. Him-
alayas. Var. eximium (R. exirmum), fls. rose, not spotted.
Fargesii. E, Li: to 15 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, glaucous be-
neath: fls. \vhite or pink, broad bell-shaped, to 2 in. across,
May, calyx rim-like, stigma K m. across. China.
fastigiatum. E, Li: very dwarf, evergreen: Ivs. to J^ in.
long, rusty-scaly: fls. lilac-rose, to 1 in across, glabrous,
style glabrous, longer than stamens. China. — See R. im-
peditum.
fastu&sum fl6re-pl£no: see R. Morelianum.
Fauriei. E, Li: shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic to
obovate, to 5 in. long, upper surface glabrous, grooved
along midrib, lower surface paler, apex and base rounded:
fls. white or cream-colored, flushed pink along center of
petals and green spotted, funnelform-campanulate, about
1 in. long, in racemes of 12-15, stamens 10, filaments gla-
brous and swollen at base, hairy above, stigma orange.
Japan.
ferrugineum. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long, shining
above, rusty-scaly beneath: fls. pink to carmine, funnel-
form, % in. across. July-Aug. Mts. of Cent. Eu.
fictol&cteum. E, Li: to 20 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long, rusty-
tomentose beneath: fls. white spotted with red, bell-shaped,
2 in. across, lobes 7-8, ovary glandular. China.
fimbriatum. E, Le: low shrub with erect sts.: Ivs.
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, to 1 % in. long, mucronate,
scaly on both sides, petiole scaly: fls. deep mauve-purple
fading to purple, about % in. long, corolla campanulate.
glabrous outside, stamens 10, ovary scaly, style pink and
glabrous. N. E. Yunnan.
flavidum (R. primulinurri) . E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
ovate, to about % in. long, scaly, darker above: fls. few
together, yellow, about 1 in. across, corolla glabrous, sta-
mens 10, exserted. W. China.
flavum: R.hdeum.
floribundum. E, Li: to 15 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, gray-
tomentose beneath: fls. rose, 1 M in. across, pedicels to H in.
long, ovary white-tomentose. China.
formdsum. E, Le: to 8 ft.: Ivs. to 2^ in. long, scaly and
glaucous beneath: fls. white or pinkish, narrow bell-shaped,
625 Rhododendron
to 2 in. across, scaly outside, style scaly, stamens 10,
shorter than style. Himalayas.
Forsterianum. Hybrid between R. Edgeworthii and R.
Veitchianum: fls. white.
F6rtunei. E, Li: to 12 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 8 in. long,
glabrous beneath: fls. lilac or pink, fragrant, broad bell-
shaped, to 3 in. across, May-June, calyx rim-like, style
scaly. China. Var. cyanocarpum is R. cyanocarpum. Var.
Houlstonii is R. Houlstomi.
fragrant fssimum. Hybrid probably between R. ciliatum
and R. Edgeworthii: fls. white or pinkish, fragrant.
Fraseri. Hybrid between R. japonicum and R. cana-
dense: fls. rose-lilac, 2-lipped, to 1*4 in. across.
fulgens. E, Li: to 8 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, rusty-tomentose
beneath: fls. blood-red, bell-shaped, to \y± in. across, in
spring, pedicels less than ^ m. long, ovary glabrous.
Himalayas.
galactinum. E. Li: tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long, tan-
pubescent beneath: fls. rose with basal crimson blotches,
to 1 % in. across, 7-lobed, ovary glabrous, stamens 14. Sze-
chuan.
gandave*nse. GHENT AZALEAS. A series of hybrids
between R. luteum and other species, probably R, calendu-
laceum, R. nudiflorum and R. Mortieri,
giganteum. A catawbienae hybrid with bright rose fls.
glaucum. E, Le: to 3 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
scaly, glaucous beneath: fls. rose, bell-shaped, 1^ in.
across or less, in spring, corolla and style not scaly. Him-
alayas.
globultgerum. E, Li: to 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong to oboval, to
3 in. long, pubescent beneath, petioles tomentose: fls.
white, marked crimson, about 1 in. long, bell-shaped,
pedicels less than 1 in. long. W. China.
glomerulatum. E, Le: to 2 ft. or less, twigs densely
brown-scaly: Ivs. ovate to ovate-elliptic, about % in. long,
densely scaly on both sides, apex emarginate, base rounded:
fls. pale purple-mauve, about 6 in terminal clusters, nar-
rowly campanulate, about % in. long, glabrous outside,
hairy within. W. China(?) — Differs from R. ruasaturn in
glabrous style and smaller calyx.
grande (R. argenteum). E, Li: tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft.
long, white beneath: fla. rosy to white, bell-shaped, to 3 in.
across, calyx minute, style glabrous with large disc-like
stigma. Himalayas — Distinguished from R. calophytum
by its shorter and glandular fl.-pedicels.
grandiflftrum. A catawbienae hybrid with clear rose fls.
Griersonianum. E, Li: to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 7 in. long, acute,
with a red horny tip, rusty-tomentose beneath, petioles
tomentose: fls. rose with darker spots, 2% m. long, style
glandular at base. China.
Griffithianum. E. Li: to 8 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long, glabrous
beneath: fls. white, fragrant, 3 in. across, bell-shaped, calyx
to ^ in. long, stamens 12-18, glabrous, style glandular.
Hirna ayas. Var. Aucklandii has fls. to 7 in. across.
haemal eum. E, Li: to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. "ong, apex
rounded, base cuneate, pubescent beneath, petiole less than
1 in. long: fls. dark crimson with white stamens, to 1^ in.
long, tubular-bell-shaped. S. E. Tibet.
haematochilum: R. oreodoxa.
haematddes. E, Li: dwarf shrub, sometimes to 10 ft.:
Ivs. oblong-obovate, to 3 in. long, pubescent beneath,
petiole pubescent: fls. crimson, to 2 in. long, in umbels of
6-8, stamens usually 12, glabrous. Yunnan.
Hanceanum. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, scaly: fls.
pale yellow to nearly white, narrow bell-shaped, j& in.
across, in spring, stamens exserfed, style glabrous. China.
Hatsu-glrl: R. obtusum var. amosnum.
hedy6smum: R. ledoides.
helidlepis. E, Le: to 10 ft.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to 4 in.
long, glabrous beneath, petiole % in. long: fls. red to rose,
broadly funnelform, to I H in. across, scaly outside, style
longer than stamens, pubescent at base. Yunnan.
hemitrfchotum. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 1 in.
long, acute: fls. pale rose, less than 1 in. across, broadly
funnel-shaped, shprMobed, stamens 8, pubescent, style
very long. W. China.
Hinodeglri. One of the Kurume azaleas, R. oblusum var.
Hinom&yo. A Japanese azalea, evergreen: fls. clear pink,
produced profusely.
hlppophaeoides. E, Le: to 5 ft., much branched: Ivs.
to IK in. long, scaly on both sides: fls. lavender-blue, bell-
shaped, H in. long, tube villous within, style glabrous.
China.
hirsutum. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. to IK in. long, scaly be-
neath, cilia te: fls. pink to carmine, funnelform, H in. across.
June. Mte. of Eu.
Hodgsonii. E, Li: to 20 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. or more long,
rusty-tomentoae beneath, petiole tomentose: fls. pale
Rhododendron
626
Rhododendron
purple, broad bell-shaped, 2 in. across, corolla usually 7-8-
lobed, stamens 15-18, glabrous, ovary hairy. Himalayas.
horafeum. E, Li: procumbent, to 1 ft. or less: Ivs. obovate,
to 2 in. long, densely tomentose beneath, petiole white-
hairy, to H ln« long: fls. deep crimson, bell-shaped, to 2 in.
across, style glabrous, longer than stamens. S. E. Tibet.
horm6phorum. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2 in.
long, ciliate, scaly on both sides1 fls. rose marked with brown,
funnelform, scaly, to 1M in. long, style glabrous, longer
than stamens. W. China.
Houlstdnii (R. Fortunei var. Houlstonii). E, Li: differs
from R. Fortunei in smaller IVH., more glandular pedicels,
and glandular-pubescent ovary, fls. pink. China.
h^bridum. Hybrid between R. viocoaum and R. maxi-
mum: fls. whitish tinged pink or purple and spotted with
yellow, fragrant.
hypolepidfttum. E, Le: to 4J^ ft., branchlets scaly: Ivs.
oblanceolate, to 2 in. long, abruptly mucronate, scaly 011
both sides, petioles to % in. long: fls. yellow, broadly
campanulate, to % in. long,^ ovary scaly, style short and
thick, stamens exserted. 8. E. Tibet.
illuminatum: hort. name.
impe'ditum. E, Le: to 20 in.: Ivs. elliptic and obtuse, less
than */i in. long, scaly on both sides: fls. light purplish-blue,
funnelform, to % in. long, not scaly, style glabrous, longer
than stamens, stigma lobed. Yunnan. — Sometimes mis-
named R. fantigiatum which differs m its hoary rather dull
green appearance, slightly shorter corolla, purple rather
than brown anthers, and non-lobulate stigma.
indicum (A. indica. R. macranlhum. R. lateritium).
An, Ts: to 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 1)2 m. long, pale beneath,
margins crenulate: fls. rod or pink, broad-funnelform, to
3 in. across, usually solitary. June— July. Japan. Var.
balsaminflefldrum (var. rosxflorum), fls. salmon-red, double.
Var. laciniatum, fls. deeply 5-parted. Vaiietal names listed
under Azalea are filbum, C&vendishii, coccineum major is
R. speciosum, concinnum elegans, Iveryinum is not distinct
from var. vanegatum, lil&cinum, Mfltonii, praestantfssimum,
rdseum is R. mucronatum Sekidcra, sublanceolatum, viola-
ceum, vittatum is R. Simsii var. — The A. indica of the
trade is R. Simsii or hybnds of it arid other species.
inopinum. E, Li: shrub, perhaps to 2 Yi ft.: Ivs. ovate-
oblong, to 5 in. long, apex acute to acuminate, base lounded:
fls. cream-colored with cnmson ba-sal blotch and smaller
spots, funnelform-campanulate, about 1 in. long, in race-
mose umbels of about 10. Szechuan.
intermedium. Hybrid of R, maximum and R. ponticum
with pink fls., to 3 ft.
intricatum. E, Le: to l^f ft.: Ivy. }£ in. long, scaly: fls.
violet-purple, broad-funnelform, J-a in. across. June. China.
irroratum. E, Li: shrub 01 tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long,
pale and glabious beneath: fls. white or pinkish, nairow
bell-shaped, tj^ in. long, ovary and style glandular. China.
jap6nicum (A. japonica). An, Pe: to 6 ft., deciduous:
Ivs. to 4 m. long, ciliate: fls. orange-red to scailet, narrow
bell-shaped, to 2)^ in. aeioss. Apr .-June. Japan. Vars.
6 (bum and rdseum are listed.
jav&nicum. E, Le: epiphytic shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. nearly
obovate, to 5>2 m. long, glabrous and scaly: fls. red, bell-
shaped, 1)3 m. long. Mts., Malaya.
Ka6mpferi: R. obtusum var.
kamtschaticum: R. camtschaticum.
Kelskei. E, Le: low sometimes procumbent shrub to
10 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2]^ in. long, scaly beneath: fls.
lemon-yellow, unspotted, to 1^2 in, across, scaly outside,
style glabrous, longer than the 10 stamens. Japan.
kel€ticum. E, Le: semi-prostrate shrub to 6 in.: Ivs.
ovate to elliptical, to 3£ in. long, mucronate, ciliate, scaly
below: fls. purplish-crimson, darker marked, to 1 in. across,
funnelform, calyx nearly }$ in. long, style longer than
stamens. S. E Tibet.
Kixnnazdi. An evergreen azalea with deep rose fls. 1 ^ in.
across, and narrow Ivs.
Kirishlma. A Japanese evergreen azalea with large
white fls having scarlet center: a form of R. obtusum.
kiusianum: R. obtusum var. japomcum.
Kosterianum. Hybrid between R. japonicum and R.
molle: fls. white to red.
K6tschyi. E, Le: to 3 ft., usually less: Iva. oblanceolate,
to H in- long, mucronate, crenulate, scaly below: fls. pink,
rarely white, less than % in. across, corolla-tube longer
than lobes, style shorter than ovary. Cent. Eu.
Kurume azaleas: R. obtusum var. amocnum.
laeteviiens (R. Wilsomi. R. olesefolium). Hybrid between
R. carohnianum and R ferruyineum' fls. rose, 1)^ in. across.
lanatum. E, Li: large shrub or tree, but rarely exceeding
8 ft. in cult.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, densely tomentose beneath,
petioles pubescent: fls yellow spotted with red, bell-shaped,
to 2% in. across, pedicels less than 1 in. long. Himalayas.
lapponicum. E, Le: to 1^ ft. or prostrate, evergreen:
Ivs. to %, in. long, rusty-scaly beneath: fls. purple, broad
bell-shaped, H in. across. June-July. Mts. of N. Eu.t
N. Asia, N. Anier.
lateritium: R. indicum.
Leachianum: Kalmiopsis Leachiana.
ledif&lium: R. mucronatum.
ledoldes (R. hcdyosmum). E, Le: to 2% ft.: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 1}4 in. long, scaly beneath: fls. pale rose, to
% in. across, corolla-tube not scaly, longer than lobes,
stamens 5, glabrous. Yunnan.
lepiddtum. E, Le: to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1*4 in. long, scaly: fls.
purple, broad boll-shaped, Y^ in. across, ovary scaly, style
shorter than the 8 stamens. Himalayas.
leuc&spis. E, Le: shrub 1-2 ft high, twigs scaly and
pilose: Ivs. elliptic to obovate, to 2 in. long, pilose above,
scaly beneath, apex rounded or mucronate, base tapering:
fls. white, rotate, to 2 in. across, in infl. of 1-3, stamens 10,
pubescent basally. Tibet.
levistratum. E, Li: to 10 ft : Ivs to 3^ in. long, hairy
beneath, base rounded to obtuse: fls white or pale pink,
crimson spotted, about 2 4 m. across, pedicels % in. long,
calyx minute. N. W. Yunnan.
lilacinum: R. indicum var.
linearifdlium (A. linear i folia). An, Ts: to 4 ft., ever-
green: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. rose-lilac,
deeply divided into linear segms., stamens 5. Japan. Var.
macros6palum (72. macrosepalum). To 3 ft., often decidu-
ous: Ivs. elliptical-ovate to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse:
fls. rose-purple. Var. dianthifldrum is a doublc-fld. form.
litangense. E, Le: to 2 ft.: Ivs oblong-elliptic, to % in.
long, scaly on both sides: fls. dull purple, to % in. across,
style glabrous, longer than stamens. W. China.
litie'nse. E, Li: to 8 ft : Ivs. oblong, to 3 in. long, glabrous
beneath: fls. yellow, unspotted, broadly bell-shaped, to
1J4 in« long, style and ovary glandular, stamens glabrous.
Yunnan. — Differs from R. croceum in its smaller fls. and
Ivs. waxy beneath.
Idchmium. E, Le: spreading shrub, twigs densely scaly:
Ivs oblanceolate, to 232 in- 'ong, recurved above from the
midrib, glabrous above, densely scaly beneath, apex acu-
minate to mucronate, base narrowly wedge-shaped: fls.
?ink with red spots, to 1^2 m. long, glabrous outside,
'robably W. Szechuan, described from cult, material pass-
ing as R. Davidsomanum.
Ldderi. Hybrid between R. Fortunei and 7£. Grijffithia-
num: fls. white to rose, fragrant, to 6 in. across.
longistylum. E, Le: to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long, scaly
beneath: fls. white, narrow bell-shaped, ^ in. across, style
exserted, glabrous. China.
Luscombianum. Hybrid of R. Fortunei and R. Thomp-
sonii, with pink fls.
lutSscens. E, Rh: to 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
scaly beneath: fls. yellow, broad funnelform, 1 in. across,
in spring, stamens exserted. China.
luteum (R, flavum. A. pontica). An, Pe: to 12 ft.,
deciduous: Ivs. to 5 in. long, hairy when young: fls. yellow,
very fragrant, funnelforrn, 2 in. across, May, stamens much
exserted. Caucasus. — Parent of the race of Ghent azaleas;
see R. gandavense.
Iys61epis. E, Po: dwarf subshrub, branchlets erect and
scaly: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to ?4 in. long, mucronate, glossy
glandular-scaly above, scaly beneath: fls. pinkish- to dark-
violet, to 1 in. across, corolla-limb at right angles to short
tube, infl. of 3 fls., stamens 10, long-exserted, ovary scaly.
Nativity not known.
macranthum: 7?. indicum.
macrophyllum (R. calif ornicum. R. washingtonianum) .
E, Li: to 10 ft. or more: Ivs. to 6 in. long, glabrous beneath,
apex acute: fls. rosy-purple spotted with brown, bell-
shaped, to 2% in. across, May-June, pedicels glabrous,
ovary rusty-tomentose. B. C. to Calif.
macrose'palum: R. linearifohum var.
macr6stemon. A Japanese azalea with large salmon-
pink fls.; a form of R. obtusum with smaller corolla and long-
exserted stamens.
Maddenii. E, Le: to 8 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, densely
scaly beneath: fls. white, broadly tubular, to 3^ in. across,
scaly outside, style scaly, stamens 20, glabrous, shorter
than style. Himalayas.
malvaticum: hort. name.
Manglesii. Hybrid between R. Griffithianum and /?.
album elegans: fls. white, spotted.
Mariesii. An, Sc: to 10 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, ovate-lanceo-
late, to 3 in. long, glabrous: fls. rose spotted reddish-purple,
rotate-funnelform, to 2^ in. across, style glabrous, longer
than stamens. S. E. and Cent. China.
maximum* E, Li: tree or shrub to 35 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in.
Rhododendron
627
Rhododendron
long, tomentose beneath: fls. rose spotted with green, bell-
shaped, to 1 ^2 in. across. June-July. N. S. to Ga. and Ala.
Color forms are vars. album, purpurcum, rdseum.
Marwellii: hort. material under this name is probably
of the R. indicum group.
Metternichii. E, Li: to 12 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long, densely
tomentose beneath: fls. rose, bell-shaped, to 3 in. across.
Apr. -May. Japan.
micranthum. E, Le: to 8 ft.: Ivs. to IJ-a in. long, rusty-
scaly beneath: fls. white, bell-shaped, Y% in. across, June-
July, stamens exserted. China.
minus (R. punctatum). E, Le: to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long,
scaly beneath: fls. pink spotted with green, funnelform,
ll/i in. across, June-July, style glabrous, shorter than
stamens. S. C. to Ga. and Ala.
molle (R. sinense. A. molhs). An, Pe: to 5 ft., decidu-
ous: Ivs. to 6 in. long, gray-pubescent beneath: fls. golden-
yellow, broad funnelform, 2 in. across. Apr.-May. China.
mollicomum. E, Le: to G ft.: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate,
to l^i in. long, pubescent on both Hides, scaly beneath: fls.
crimson, to 1 in. across, in axillary clusters. Yunnan.
Morelianum. Hybiid between R, catawbiense and R.
ponticum: fls. lilac- violet. R. Everestianum and fastuosum
flore-pleno belong here.
Mdrii. E, Li: shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, to 5 in. long, base rounded or truncate, glabrous or
glandular-pubescent on midrib: fls. white or very pale rose
spotted or blotched crimson, broadly bell-shaped, to 1 % in.
long, stamens 10-14. Formosa.
Mortieri. Hybrid between R. calendulaceum and R.
nudifl-orum: fls. pinkish spotted with orange.
Mossieanum: an orchid-lavender colored form of R.
obtusum var. Arnoldmnum.
moupinense. E, Le: small shrub, sometimes epiphytic,
to 2^2 ft-". Ivs. elliptic, to 1^ in long, scaly beneath: fls.
white, to 11A m. long, broadly funnelform, fragrant,
glabrous, style glabrous, longer than stamens. E. Tibet.
mucronatum (R. ledifohum and var. album. A. muc-
ronata). An, Ts: to 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
tomentose: fls. white, fragrant, broad funnelform, 2 m.
across. May. China. Var. narcissifldrum. fls. white,
double. A form having pure white fls. spotted with rose is
Sekidera.
mucronulatum (ft. dauricum var. mucronulatum). E, Rh:
to 7 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, to 3 in. long,
acute, both sides somewhat scaly: fls. pale rose-purple, to
1% in across, before the Ivs., style longer than stamens,
glabrous. N. China.
muliense. E, Le: to 2*4 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to ^ in. long,
densely scaly on both sitfes: fls. bright yellow, to % in.
across, corolla scaly, lobes shorter than tube, style pubes-
cent, much longer than ovary. W. China.
myrtif61ium. Hybrid between R. hirsutum and R. minus:
to 5 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 2l£ in. long, rust> -scaly beneath:
fls. pink, funnel! orm, 1 in. across. June -July. — The name
is sometimes confused m the trade with R. Kotschui.
myrtilloldes. E, Le: low shrub to G in. with decumbent
branches: Ivs. to ^4 in. long, gray-white and scaly beneath:
fls. plum-colored, red inside, ^2 in. l°ng» funnelform,
glabrous Burma.
neriifdlium. E, Le: epiphytic shrub 3-9 ft. high: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, scaly: fls. rose or purple,
funnelform, 1^ in. long, usually solitary. New Guinea.
nikoense: R. pcntaphullum.
niveura. E, Li: shrub or small tree to 15 ft.: Ivs. obovate-
lanceolate, to 6 in. long, thmly tomentose beneath with
lateral veins visible: fls. magenta to purplish-lilac, narrowly
bell-shaped, to 1^ in. long, calyx rim-like, ovury pubescent.
Himalayas.
norbitone'nse. Hybrid with R. molle as one parent: fls.
'ellow. Var. aureum (R. Smithii aureum) has Ivs. glaucous
meath.
nudifl&rum (A. nudiflora). PINXTER-FLOWER. An, Pe:
to 6 ft. or more, deciduous: Ivs. to 3 in. long, glabrous and
green underneath or hairy on the midrib: fls. pink to nearly
white, funnelform, l}£ in. across, Apr.-May, stamens
exserted. Me. to Fla and Tt-x Var. rdseum (R. roseurn,
A. rosea) has under side of Ivs. and also shoots grayish-
pubescent; similar range but more inland.
obtusum (A. obtusa). An, Ts.: to 3 ft., much branched,
evergreen: Ivs. to 1 in. long, shining above: fls. red, funnel-
form, to 1^6 in. across. Apr.-May. Japan. Var. album
(R. ramentaceum) has white fls. and rather larger Ivs. Var.
amcbnum (R. amaenum. R. Hatsu-gin) , fls. purple or
magenta, about 1 in. across, hose-in-hose; here belong most
of the "Kurume" azaleas. Var. Arnoldianum is a hybrid
between vars. amcenum and Kaempfen with rose to red
fls. Var. japdnicum (R. kiusianum) has two forms of Ivs.
at different seasons, fls 2-5, the wild or spontaneous form.
Var. Kaempferi (R. Kaempfcri) is often deciduous, sum-
fi
mer Ivs. somewhat different: fls. red to pink, 2-4, 2 in.
across. — The Kurume and Hinodegiri azaleas are products
of R. obtusum, the former particularly of var. amcenum and
the latter of var. japonicum.
occidental (^4. occidcntahs). An, Pe: to 10 ft., decidu-
ous: Ivs. to 4 in. long, ciliate: fls. white or pink with yellow
blotch, funnelform. to 2 in. across, June-July, stamens
exserted. On-., Calif.
occulIssiiDum: hort. hybrid of unknown parentage.
ochraceum. E, Le: to 9 ft.: Ivs. narrowly oblanceolate,
to 3 in. long, pubescent beneath, petiole pubescent: fls.
crimson, unspotted, open bell-shaped, to \l/\ in. long, ovary
hairy, style ami stamens glabrous. W. China.
odoratum: R. azaleoides.
(Mdhamii (A. Oldhamii). An, Ts: much branched ever-
green to 10 ft., very glandular and hairy: Ivs. elliptic or
lanceolate to nearly ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. red, to 2 in.
across the spreading rounded lobes. Japan.
oleeefdlium: R. Ixtevirens.
oleif61ium: R. racemosum var.
Oomurasaki: referable to R. pulchrum var. phoeniceum.
orbiculare. E, Li: compact cushion-like shrub to 6 ft.
high and 12 ft. across: Ivs. broadly ovate to orbicular, to
4 in. long, glabrous beneath: fls. rose, bell-shaped, to 2 f^ in.
across, 7-lobed, calyx minute, style glabious, stamens 14.
W. China.
oreodoxa (R. hxmatochilum) . E, Li: shrub: Ivs. to 4 in.
long, glabrous beneath, base obtuse or rounded: fls. pale
rose, sometimes purple spotted, broadly bell-shaped, to 2%
in. across, usually 7-8-lobed, stamens usually 14. W. China.
oreotrephes. E, Le: to 7 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long, rounded at
each end, densely scaly beneath: fls. rose-lavender, broad
funnelform, to 1^ in. long, not scaly, m tiusses of 5-8,
stamens exserted, stylo glabrous, shorter than stamens.
China.
oresbium: R. Edgarianum.
orthocladum. E, Le: to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to M in.
long, scaly on both sides: fls. mauve, to % in. acioss, funnel-
form, not scaly, style glabious, shoitcr than stamens.
N. Yunnan.
6smerum: R. russatum.
ova turn. Az : evergreen : Ivs. to 2 ^ in. long, shining above:
fls. pale puiple to pink, spotted, 1 in. across. May-June.
China.
pachytrichum. E, Li: shrub G-18 ft. high: Ivs. oblong to
oblanreolak> or obovate, to 5 in. long, glabrous above and
beneath except on lower side, of midrib which is brown-
shaggy-hairy, ar*'x cuspidate, base cordulate-rounded or
curieate: fls. white to pale lose with dark puiple basal
blotch, campanulate, to l)a m. long, in lacemose umbels
of 7-10. W. Szechuan.
paradoxum. E, Li: shrub to 7 ft., teiminal If.-buds
elongate with outer basal scales twice as long as inner:
Ivs. oblong, to 5 in. long, glabrous above with patches of
loose indumentum beneath, apex obtuse and beaked, base
rounded: fls. white with dark crimson basal blotch with
smaller spots above, to % in. long, in racemose umbels of
about 7-9 fls. Szechuan. — Similar to R. inopinum, the
latter best distinguished by its ovate teiminal If. -buds
whose outer scales scarcely exceed the inner.
parvif6lium. E, Le: to 1^ ft.: Ivs. to % in. long, scaly
on both sides: fls. rose-puiple, broad bell-shaped, to % in.
across, glabrous within, Apr.-May. Siberia, Korea.
pendulum. E, Le: low shrub with trailing branches,
often epiphytic: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, to 2 in. long, woolly
beneath: fls. white, sometimes yellowish within, broadly
tubular, to 13^ in. wide, scaly outside. Himalayas.
pennsylvanicum. Listed as a natural hybrid of R.
atlanticum and R. nudiflorum: fls. white, flagrant, early.
pentaphyJlum (R. nikoense). An, Rho: to 25 ft., de-
ciduous: Ivs. elliptic, glabrescent, to 2^ in. long: fls. rose,
broad bell-shaped, 2 in. across, in clusters of 1-3. Apr.-
May. Japan.
peregrinum. E, Li: shrub or small tree: Ivs. elliptic, to
7 in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. white spotted and
blotched bright red. to 2 in. across, bell-shaped, 6-7-lobed,
on hairy pedicels to 1 % in. long, ovary glabrous. W. China.
phoenfceuin: R. pulchrum var.
planetum. E, Li: to 12 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long, pale green
beneath: fls. pink, nairow boll-shaped, to 2 in. long, calyx
small, stamens 12-14, style glabrous with large flat stigma
to % in. across. W. China.
pleistanthum. E, Le: differs from R. yunnanense in its
violet to pale purple fls., non-biistly Ivs. and non-scaly
calyx. Yunnan.
polylepis. E, Le: to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, scaly be-
neath: fls. purple spotted with yellow, to 2 in. across, sta-
mens exseited, longer than style. China.
ponticum. E, Li: to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, pale be-
Rhododendron
628
Rhododendron
neath: fls. purple spotted with brown, narrow bell-shaped,
2 in. across. May-June. Spain, Portugal, Asia Minor.
Vans, compactum and Davieoue are listed.
poukhanense: R. yedoense var.
pr&cox. E, Rh: hybrid between R. dauricum and R.
cihatum: Ivs. to 2 in. long, rusty-scaly beneath: fls. rose-
purple, broad funnelf orm. 1 1A in. across. Mar.-Apr.
primulinum: R. flavidum.
prdbum. E, Li: shrub 4-6 ft. high: Ivs. oblong to obovate,
to 2 in. long, dark green and glabrous above, glaucous-
gray beneath, apex and base rounded: fls. white without
markings, to 1 ^ in. long, in umbels of 4-5. W. Yunnan. —
Currently treated as a vanant of R. aelenae, a species not
known to be in cult, in N. Amer.
procumbens: see Loiseleuria procumbena.
prunifldrum. E, Le: compact subshrub to 2 ft., branch-
lets scaly: Ivs. obovate-elhptic, to 1^ in. long, obtusely
mucronate, glabrous above, scaly beneath: fls crimson
to plum-purple, to Y% in. long, broadly tubular-campanu-
late, glabious outside, ovary scaly, style short. N.E. Burma.
prunif61ium. An, Pe: to 10 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 5 in.
long, pale beneath: fls. crimson, funnelf orm, 1 in. long,
stamens much exserted. Ga. to Ala.
Przewalskii. E, Li: Ivs. to 4 in. long, brown-tomentose
beneath: fls. white or pink spotted with purple, bell-shaped,
to 1 ^ in. across, ovary glabrous, grooved. China.
pseudoyanthinum (R. continuum var. lepidanthum) .
E, Le: similar to and often confused with R. continuum,
differing in the larger Ivs. 2 >3~3 in. long and 1-1 ^ in. wide,
and larger dark purple fls. W. Szechuan.
pubescens. E, Le: to 4 ft.: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, to
% in. long, scaly beneath and densely yillous on both sides:
fls. bright rose, to % in. long, lobes ciliate, style glabrous,
longer than stamens. W. China.
pulchrum. An, Ts: to 6 ft.: Ivs. persistent, elliptic to
oblong-oblanceolate, to 2H in. long, glabrescent above,
somewhat hairy beneath: fls. rose-purple spotted darker,
broadly funnelform, to 2^ in. across, sepals lanceolate,
stamens 10. Intro, from cult, in China; possibly of bybrid
origin. Var. calycinum (R. ledifolium var. purpureum),
fls. bright rose-purple, large, sepals usually acuminate.
Var. phcenfceum (R. puniceum), fls. magenta.
pumilum. E, Le: to 6 in., semi-prostrate: Ivs. obovate-
elliptic, to % in. long, scaly beneath: fls. pink, broadly
tubular, to % in. long, pubescent and sometimes scaly
outside. S. Tibet, N. Burma, W. China.
punctatum: R. minus; also applied to R. Isetevirena and
by some authors to R. carolinianum.
punfceum: R. pulchrum var. phaeniceum.
pur&lbum. E, Li: shrub 12-15 ft. high: Ivs. oblong-ovate,
to 5 in. long, both surfaces glabrous at maturity, apex ob-
tuse or subacute, base rounded to truncate or subcordate,
petiole about 1 in. long: fls. white, saucer-shaped, to \% in,
long, about 8 in terminal umbels, stamens 10-12, style and
ovary glandular. Yunnan.
purpureum crispum. A catawbiense hybrid with lilac-
purple fls. spotted with green, purpureum elegans and
grandiflorum have rich purple fls.
pycnocladum: JR. diacritum.
quinquefdlium. An, Sc: to 25 ft., deciduous: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, ciliate: fls. white spotted with green, broad bell-
shaped, \}4 in. across. May. Japan. Var. rdseum is a
synonym of R. pentaphyllum.
racemdsum. E, Rh: to 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 1H in.
long, scaly and glaucous beneath: fls. pink, broad bell-
shaped, % in. across, Apr.-May, scaly but not pubescent,
stamens exserted. China. Var. album, fls. white. Var.
oleifdlium (R. oleifolium) has pink to white fls. which are
pubescent and scaly outaide.
radians. E, Le: shrub: Ivs. in whorls of 5-12, cordate-
ovate or oval, to 2 in. long, slightly scaly beneath: fls.
white, salverform, to 3 in. long, slightly scaly outside.
Celebes.
rad Jeans. E, Le: prostrate and matted, to 8 in. high,
mentioned in rock-gardening: Ivs. thick, narrow-oblong to
somewhat obovate, about ^ in. long, shining above, gray-
ish underneath: fls. solitary and terminal, dark purple,
corolla about ^ in. long. Tibet.
radmum. E, Po: to 4 ft., branchlets bristly and scaly:
Ivs. narrowly oblanceolate, to % in. long, mucronate, scaly
on both sides: fls. white flushed with rose, narrowly tubular,
to H i"- long, scaly outside, stamens 5, glabrous, ovary
scaly, style short and glabrous. Yunnan.
ramentaceum: R. obtuaum var. album.
ramosissimum. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. broadly elliptic, to
% in. long, scaly on both sides, reddish beneath: fls. dark
purple, to % in. long, broadly funnelform, style glabrous,
shorter than stamens. W. China.
ravum. E, Le: to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to nearly % in.
long, scaly on both sides: fls. rose, to % in. long, narrowly
funnelform, style hairy at base, longer than stamens.
Yunnan.
r&pens. E, Li: creeping shrub to 1 ft. high: Ivs. obovate
to elliptic, to 1% in. long, somewhat bullate above, glandu-
lar-hairy below: fls. crimson, to 1^ in. long, narrowly bell-
shaped. W. China. — Vars. having larger Ivs. or of taller
habit are known.
reticulatum (R. rhombicum. R. dilatatum, A. reticu-
lata). An, Sc: to 25 ft., deciduous: Ivs. ovate, to 2H in.
long: fls. rose-purple, broad bell-shaped, to 2 in. across.
Apr.-May. Japan.
rhaibocarpum. E, Li: to 7 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-oval, to 2%
in. long, minutely pubescent beneath: fls. white or pinkish,
sometimes with crimson basal blotch, funnelform, to 1 ^ in.
long. N. W. Yunnan.
rhantum: see R. decorum.
rh6mbicum: R. reticulatum.
rfgidum. E, Le: shrub to 7 ft., twigs laxly scaly: Ivs.
oblanceolate, to 2 in. long, scaly on both sides, apex mucron-
ate, base tapering: fls. veiy pale rose with cnmson-brown
markings, to % in. long, about 4 in terminal clusters.
Yunnan.
riparium. E, Le: to 1^ ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to % in. long,
scaly both sides: fls. purple with darker spots, to 1 in. long,
lobes scaly outside. S. Tibet.
Rfriei. E, Li: to 18 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, pale beneath:
fls. purple with black spots, broad bell-shaped, 2 in. across.
China.
rosaefldrum: R. indicum var. balsamin&florum.
Rdsamundii: catalogue name for form said to have pink
fls.
rdseum: R. nudiflorum var.; sometimes considered to be
a separate species.
rdseum glegans and r&seum sup£rbum are catawbiense
hybrids with lilac and rose-purple fls.
rubigindsum. E, Le: shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-
lanceolate, to 2^ in. long, scaly beneath: fls. pinkish-blue,
brown spotted, funnelform, to 2 in. across, style glabrous.
Yunnan.
ruplcola. E, Le: to 2 ft.: Ivs. bioadly elliptic, to H in.
long, scaly on both sides: fls. dark crimson, to 1 in. across,
scaly, style glabrous, longer than stamens. Yunnan.
russatum (R. osmerum). E, Lo: to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong to
oval, to 1 in. long, scaly and russet-brown undei neath: fls.
in head-like umbels, deep purple-blue with white center,
to 2^ m. long, not scaly, style hairy at base. Yunnan.
rusticum. Hybrid.
Rutherfordianum. Hort. hybrid having many color
forms from white through crimson, one parent of which is
said to be R. pulchrum var. phceniceum.
Sakuragiri. A Japanese azalea having white fls. edged
with pink.
saluen£nse. E, Le: to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to 1 in.
long, scaly on both sides: fls. dark purple-cnmson, to 1^ in.
across, scaly and pubescent outside. N. W. Yunnan.
Sanderi. Hybrid between R. obtusum and R. Simsii.
sangufneum. E, Li: to 3 ft.: Ivs. obovate to narrowly
oblong, to 2]^ in. long, minutely pubescent beneath: fls.
crimson, narrowly bell-shaped, to 1 ^ m. long, ovary hairy,
style glabrous. W. Yunnan.
scabrum (R. sublanceolatum) . An, Ts: to G ft., evergreen:
Ivs. to 4 in. long; fls. rose to scarlet, funnelform, 2)^ in.
across. Japan.
Schlippenbachii (A. Schlippenbachii) . An, Sc: to 15 ft.,
deciduous: Ivs. to 5 in. long, pale beneath: fls. pink spotted
with brown, fragrant, broad funnelform, to 3 in. across. May.
Korea, Manchuria, Japan.
scintillans. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to % in.
long, scaly on both sides: fls. lavender, to nearly 1 in. across,
broadly funnelform, not scaly outside. Yunnan.
Sears ii. E, Le: to 15 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate-acuminate,
to 3 in. long, scaly beneath: fls. white to mauve, to 2H in.
across, not scaly, style glabrous, longer than stamens.
W. China.
serpyllifdliura (A. serpylli folium). An, Ts: low much
branched shrub, branchlets appressed-hairy: Ivs. deciduous,
obovate to elliptic, to ^ in. long, base wedge-shaped,
remotely hairy beneath: fls. rose-pink, funnelform, to 1 in.
across, stamens 5, glandular on basal half, style glabrous,
ovary hairy. Japan.
serrulatum (A. aerrulata). An, Pe: to 25 ft., deciduous:
Ivs. to 3 in. long, ciliate: fls. white, fragrant, funnelform,
1^ in. long, stamens exserted. Ga. to Fla. and La.
setdsum. E, Le: low spreading shrub to 15 in. high,
branchlets densely setose: Ivs. oblong-elliptic, to V£ in.
long, glandular-scaly above and setose-scaly beneath: fls.
bright purple-pink, funnelform, to 1 in. long, in 3-fld. ter-
minal clusters, stamens 10, ovary scaly, style glabrous.
Himalayas to 3. Tibet.
Rhododendron
629
Rhododendron
Sh6rwoodii: catalogue name.
shweliense. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. to 2 in. long, scaly on
both sides, grayish- white below: fls. greenish-yellow, bell-
shaped, % in. long. China.
siderophyllum. E, Le: to 9 ft.: lys. to 3H in. long, scaly
beneath: fls. white to violet, to 1 in. across, lobes slightly
scaly outside. 8. W. Yunnan.
sigillatum. E, Li: shrub 6-12 ft.: Ivs. oblong-elliptic to
ovate or obovate, to 4 in. long, glossy above, ends rounded,
densely short-hairy beneath : fls. white with crimson mark-
ings on lower side, in umbels of about 10, funnel-campanu-
late, iollA in. long, stamens 10, ovary and style glabrous.
N. W. Yunnan
Sfmsii. An, Ts: to 10 ft., semi-evergreen: Ivs. to 2 in.
long, hairy: fls. rose to red, broad funnelform, to 2 in. across.
May-June. China, Formosa. Var. vittatum (R. vittatum),
fls. white striped with lilac-purple.
sin£nse: R. mo lie.
sino-grande. E, Li: to 30 ft.: Ivs. to 1^ ft. long and
1 ft across, white-pubescent beneath: fls. white with
crimson blotches, bell-shaped, 2% in. long, stamens 18-20,
puberulous at base. Mts., China.
sinolepiddtum: R. elseagnoides.
sinonuttallii. E, Le: to 10 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to 8 in. long,
scaly beneath, midrib raised on upper surface: fls. whitish-
pink tinged with yellow, fragrant, bell-shaped, to 5 in.
across. China.
Smirndwii. E, Li: to 18 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, brown-
tomentose beneath: fls. rose, narrow bell-shaped, to 3 in.
across. May. Caucasus.
Smithii. Hybrid between R. ponticum and R. arboreum:
fls. rose-purple.
Souliei. K, Li: to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, glabrous be-
neath: fls. pink or white, cup-shaped, to 3 in. across, May-
June, ovary glandular, stylo glandular to tip, stamens
glabrous. China.
specidsum (A. speciosa). An, Pe: to 6 ft., deciduous:
Ivs. to 2^2 in- long, pubescent beneath: fls. red with yellow
spot, funnelform, to 2 in. across, May, stamens much
exsertecl. S. C. to Ga.
sperabile. E, Li: to 6 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 4 in.
long, tawny-pubescent beneath, petiole \i in. long: fls.
scarlet, to 1 \^ in. long, narrowly bell-shaped, style glandular
and hairy. N. E. Burma.
sphaeranthum. E, Le: to 4 ft.: Ivs. narrowly oblong-
lanceolate, to 1 in. long, scaly beneath: fls. pink, to % in.
long, tubular, stamens 5, included, longer than style.
Yunnan.
spinuliferum. E, Li: to 8 ft.: Ivs. to 1 Y± in. long, pubes-
cent and glandular-scaly beneath: fls. red, tubular, 1 in.
long, stamens exserted. China.
stenoplastum: R. desquamatum.
sterophyllum. To 6 ft., branchlets resinous-glandular:
Ivs. obovate, to 2 in. long, mucronate, densely scaly on
both sides, petioles scaly, to l/£ in. long: fls. rose-pink, very
small, in 3-4-fld. clusters, stamens 10, hairy below, ovary
scaly, style glabrous. Yunnan.
Stewartianum. E, Li: to 7 ft.: Ivs. elliptical, to 5 in.
long, pubescent beneath: fls. white, yellow to rose, to 2 in.
long. N. E. Burma.
strigilldsum. E, Li: to 8 ft., twigs strongly strigose:
Ivs. to 5 H in long, brown-hairy beneath: fls. red or white,
bell-shaped, l/^ in. across, filaments and style glabrous.
China
sublanceolatum: R. scabrum.
sutchuene'nse. E, Li: to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long: fls.
pink or lilac spotted with purple, narrow bell-shaped,
to 2^ in. across, ovary and style glabrous. China.
taliense. E, Li: to 10 ft.: lys. to 5 in. long, rusty-tomen-
tose beneath: fls. white to pink, narrow bell-shaped, 1 in.
across. China.
tapetif6nne. E, Le: slow-growing mat-forming shrub to
8 in high or less: Ivs. broadly elliptic, to ^ in. long, scaly
on both sides: fls. pink, funnelform, to ^ in. long, not
scaly, style glabrous, longer than stamens. Tibet-Yunnan
border.
telmateium. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. narrowly oblanceolate,
to ^ in. long, scaly on both sides: fls. deep rose-purple with
white center, broadly funnelform, scaly outside, to nearly
1 in. across, style glabrous, longer than stamens. Yunnan.
tephrope'plum. E, Le: Ivs. to 2^ in. long, scaly beneath:
fls. rose, broad funnelform, 1 in. long, style somewhat scaly
and longer than stamens. S. E. Tibet.
Thayerianum. E, Li: shrub 9-13 ft. high: Ivs. narrowly
oblanceolate, to 5>£ in. long, acute to acuminate, base
cuneate: fls. white flushed pink, funnelform-campanulate,
to \y± in. long, usually 10-20 in compact racemose corymbs.
W. Szechuan.
Th6msonii. E, Li: to 12 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, glaucous
beneath: fls. blood-red, bell-shaped, to 3 in. across, in early
spring, stamens and pistil glabrous. Himalayas.
timet&um. E, Le: differs from R. oreotrephea in Ivs. less
glaucous beneath and scales more remote and fewer, the
infl. usually only 3-4-fld., and corollas purplish-rose with
a few darker markings. S. W. China.
Traillianum. E, Li: shrub or small tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. to
4% in. long, apex and base rounded, tomentose beneath:
fls. white or pale rose spotted crimson, funnelform-bell-
shaped, 1 in. across, infl. of 10-15 fls. N. W. Yunnan.
trichocladum. E, Le: to 3 ft., branches hairy: Ivs. de-
ciduous, oblong-lanceolate, to 1 )2 m. long, pubescent above,
minutely scaly beneath: fls. greenish-yellow spotted dark
green, broadly funnelform, to 1H in. across, ovary scaly,
style glabrous, sharply bent. W. Yunnan.
trifl6rum. E, Le: to 8 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 2^ in. long,
scaly beneath: fls. light yellow, green spotted, to 1% in.
long, scaly outside, stylo glabrous, not sharply bent.
Himalayas. — Differs from R. Keiakei in its non-hairy
petioles and green spotted fls.
tsangpolnse. E, Le: weak much branched shrub to
2 ft.: Ivs. obovatej to 1}£ in. long, remotely scaly beneath:
fls. pink, to 1^ in. across, usually 3-5 in infl., glabrous
outside, style glabrous, abruptly bent downward, stamens
hairy to top. Tibet.
tsar ong 6ns e. E, Po: to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong to oblong-
elliptic, to % in. long, scaly beneath: fls. white with yellow
center, narrowly tubular, to nearly *4 in. long, tube hairy
within, scaly outside, stamens 5. 8. E. Tibet.
Tschon6skii (A. Tsrhonoskii) . An, Ts: to 8 ft., much
branched, deciduous: Ivs. to 1 in. long, pubescent: fls. white,
funnelform, % in. across, June, stamens exserted. Japan,
Korea.
fjngeraii. E, Li: to 20 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long, brown-
t mentose beneath: fls. pink to white, broad bell-shaped,
2 in. across. Caucasus. — Differs from 72. Smirnowii in its
glabrous ovary and minutely apiculate If. apex.
vaccinioldes. Small shrub, usually epiphytic: Ivs.
oblanceolate, about % in. long, scaly beneath: ns. pink or
white, to % in. long, somewhat scaly outside, style shorter
than stamens. Himalayas.
Vaseyi (A. Vaseyi. Biltia Vaeeyi). An, Rho: to 15 ft.,
deciduous: Ivs. to 5 in. long: fls. rose spotted with brown,
2-hpped, 1% in. across, Apr.-May, stamens 5-7, exserted.
Veitchianum. E, Le: to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, scaly and
glaucous beneath: fls. white, broad funnelform, 5 in. across,
scaly, style scaly at base, longer than stamens. Himalayas.
vernicdsum: see R- decorum.
yerruculdsum. E, Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. broadly elliptic, to
^ in. long, scaly on both sides: fls. purple, to }£ in. across,
scaly, stamens 7-8, shorter than style. W. China.
Vervaeneanum. A hybrid Indian azalea with rose fls.
bordered with white. Var. album has white fls.
vi)16sum. E, Le: to 5 ft., rarely to 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, scaly beneath, midrib pubescent:
fls. rose, more than 1 in. across, scaly outside and bristly
on lower half, ovary bristly and scaly. W. China.
virgatum. E, Le: to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 2^ in. long, scaly
beneath: fls. rose, funnelform, 13^ in. across, style longer
than stamens, hairy and scaly on basal half. Himalayas.
viscdsuxn (A. w'scosa). WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE.
An, P: to 10 ft. or more, deciduous: Ivs. to 2^ in. long: fls.
white or pink, fragrant, funnelform, to 2 in. long, June-July,
stamens exserted. Swamps Me. to S. C. Var. glaucum, Ivs.
glaucous beneath. Var. montanum, a dwarf form from
N. C.
vittatum: R. Simsii var.
Wailichii. E, Li: to 10 ft., branchlets glabrous: Ivs.
elliptic, to 4 in. long, obtuse, somewhat cordate at base,
under surface with scattered tufts of hair: fls. lilac with
dark rose-colored dots, broadly campanulate, to 2 in. long,
in racemes of 6-10, pedicels 1^ in. long, corolla 5-lobed,
stamens 10, pistil to 1 % in. long, ovary glabrous. Himalayas.
Wirdii. E, Li: to 20 ft.: Ivs. broadly elliptic to semi-
orbicular, usually glabrous beneath: fls. bright yellow, to
3H in. across, ovary and style glandular. W. Yunnan.
washingtonianum: R. macrophyllum.
Websterianum. E. Le: to 3 ft.: Ivs. narrowly elliptic, to
H in- long or less, densely scaly on both sides: fls. rose-
purple, to 1 in. across, not scaly outside. W. China.
wellesleyanum. Hybrid between R. catawbiense and R.
maximum: fls. white or pinkish.
Weyrichii. An, Sc: to 17 ft., deciduous: Ivs. suborbicular
to rhombic-ovate, to 3 in. long, becoming glabrous beneath
with age: fls. red, funnelform, to 2^ in. across. S. Japan
and Korea.
Wlghtii. E, Li: to 14 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long, rusty-tomen-
tose beneath: fls. yellow spotted with red, bell-shaped,
2 >i in. across. Himalayas.
Rhododendron
Williamsianum. B, Li: slender-branched, to 3 ft.: Iva.
ovate or broader, mostly subcordate, to nearly 2 in. long,
glabrous: fls. 3-5 together, pale rose, pedicels nearly gla-
brous, stamens glabrous. W. China.
Wflsonii: R. laetemrena.
Wfltonii. E, Li: to 15 ft., twigs grecnish-white-pubesrcnt,
becoming glabrous with age: Ivs. to 5 in. long, cinnamon-
tomentose beneath: fls. white to pink with red spots or
blotches, to 2^ in. across, stamens hairy at base. W. China.
yanthinum: R. concinnum.
Yayeglri. A Kumme azalea with double salmon-red fls.
yedo£nse (A. yodogava). An, Ts: deciduous or semi-
evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in. long, pule and hairy beneath: fls.
rose-lilac spotted with purple, double. May. Korea, Japan.
Var. poukhanense (R. poukhanense). To 6 ft.: fls. fragrant,
2 in. across.
yodogava or yodogawa: R. yedoense.
yunnane'nse. E, Le: to 6 ft., semi-evergreen: Ivs. to 3 in.
long, scaly, bristly on upper surface and margins: fls. white
or pinkish spotted with red, broad funnclform, 2 in. across,
Ma,y, mfl. axillary and terminal, stamens cxserted. China.
Var. pr&cox is listed.
zaleucum. K, Le: tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, gray-
scaly and glaucous beneath: fls. white or pinkish, funnelform,
1 ^2 m. long, scaly, style glabrous, longer than stamens.
China.
zeylanicum: R. arbor cum var.
RHODOHYPOXIS. Amaryllidacex. A small
genus of S. African bulbous plants allied to
Hypoxis, differing in having a short perianth-
tube and sessile anthers. They are adapted to
the environment of a well-drained rock-garden
when planted in a sandy soil in full sun; propa-
gated by offsets or seed.
Baueri. To 2% in.: Ivs. linear, acute, to 2 in. long, hairy
and glaucous: fls. rose-red, to 1 in. across, solitary on erect
Blender sts.
hygrom6trica: Hypoxis hygrometrica.
platyp£tala. Similar to R. Baueri and by some con-
sidered only a variant of that species, differing in fls. white
or flushed pale pink and Ivs. much more densely pubescent.
RHODOMtRTUS. Myrtocex. Trees and
shrubs trop. Asia to Australia, with opposite
simple Ivs., rather large pink or white fls., and
fr. a berry; grown for the edible fr.
The following species will withstand several degrees of
frost and is not particular as to soil. Propagated by seeds
which should be sown in flats.
tomentdsa. DOWNY-MYRTLE. HILL-GOOSEBERRY. To
5 ft : Ivs. to 2^2 in long, densely tomentose beneath, 3-
nerved from base: fls. rose-pink, ^ in. across: fr. ^ in.
across, purple. Japan, China, Philippines.
RHODORA: Rhododendron canadense.
RHODORHIZA: Convolvulus floridus.
RHOD6STACHYS. Rromeliacex. Short-
stemmed S. American herbs with stiff spiny-
toothed Ivs. and sessile fls. in heads; suitable for
cult, in a warm greenhouse.
andina. Lvs linear, to 1 ft long and 1 in. wide: fls. rose,
1 in. long, petals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the bracts
about the length of fls. Chile.
pitcairniifdlia. Lvs. ensiform, to 1 ft. long, margins
ahort-spined, innermost ones bright red at base: fls. blue,
to 2 in. diam., m dense central sessile head, petals oblong,
obtuse. Chile.
RHODOTHAMNUS. Ericaceae. Evergreen
much branched shrub about 1 ft. high suitable
for rock-gardens. It does best in peaty moist
soil in partial shade. Propagated by seeds, layers
and cuttings of ripe wood. R. Chamaecistus
(Rhododendron CJmmsecistus) . Lvs. to J/£ in. long,
entire, ciliate: fls. purple, 1 in. across, usually
solitary, May-June. Alps of Eu., E. Siberia.
RHODOTYPOS. Rosocex. Deciduous shrub
to 6 ft., native in Japan and China and now much
planted for ornament. R. tetrapetala (R. ker-
rioides). JETBEAD. Lvs. opposite, ovate or ob-
long-ovate, to 4 in. long, doubly toothed: fls.
630
Rhubarb
white, to 2 in. across, solitary, May- June: fr. a
shining black drupe about % m- across. — Hardy
in N. Y. and New England and of easy cult.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings. The generic
name has recently been written Rhodotypits, but
the author of the name used the Greek form -os.
By some authors the specific name scandens is
brought over from Thunberg's Corchorus scan-
dens, 1793, supposed to be identical with our
plant; but Thunberg described, under that name,
a climbing plant with yellow fls., perhaps an
error, and the name may lead to confusion when
applied to Rhodotypos.
RHCEO. Commelinacex. Per. herb from W.
Indies and Mex., grown in greenhouses and in the
open in S. Fla., where it is also naturalized. R.
discolor (Trade scantia discolor and versicolor).
Sts. to 8 in. long: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 3 in. wide,
dark green above, purple below, making an at-
tractive erect-spreading foliage clump: fls. white,
in dense umbels nearly concealed by 2 boat-
shaped bracts. Var. vittata is striped above length-
wise with pale yellow.
RHOMBOPHtLLUM. Aizoacex. Segregate
from Mesembryarithemum (which see for cult.),
marked by oblique-rhomboidal white-flecked
Ivs. and thread-like stigmas. S. Afr.
dolabrif6rme (Hereroa dolabrifonnis. M. dolabriforme).
St. at length to 6 or 8 in : Ivs. hatchet-shaped (dolabri-
form), glaucous, to 1^2 m. long and nearly or quite half as
broad at apex: fls. golden-yellow, 1^ in. across, in 3's or
5's.
Nelii. Differs from R. dolabriforme in the 2-lobed, not
hatchet-shaped, Ivs.
rhomboideum (M. rhomboidewri) . Sternless: Ivs. 8-10,
to 2 in. long and 5-4 in broad: fls. yellow, 1 in across, in
3's on a scape, the petals little exceed ng calyx.
RHOPALOSTYLIS (Eora). Palmacese. Un-
armed ringed moncrcious feather-palms bearing
infl. at summit of trunk and base of Ivs., and
with sheathing petiole-base, native in the New
Zeal, region, all the species being accounted for
herewith: crown rather narrow because of the
upward or feather-duster habit of the Ivs.:
pmnie with 1 strong rib either side the midrib:
spadix short, stout, much branched; fls. in 3's,
pistillate one in middle; stamens 6: fr. ellipsoid,
ovoid-oblong or globose, Y^ in. or less long, with
fleshy exterior, seed 1. For cult, see Palm.
Baueri: see R. sapida.
Cheesemanii: see R. sapida.
sapida (Areca, Kentia and Eora sapida). NIKAU PALM.
Erect clean-looking tree to 20 or 25 ft., trunk 6-9 in. diam.:
Ivs. to 8 ft.; rachis scaly; pinnaB numerous, 2-3 ft. or more,
1-2 in. broad: spadix 12-16 in. or less long; fls. purplish:
fr. ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, about % in. long and % m or
less diam., red at maturity; seed ovoid, with light colored
polished surface and broad-linear hilurn: fruiting perianth
cup-like. New Zeal. — Thrives and fruits in S. Calif., the
spadices sometimes appearing only 2 ft. above the ground;
probably the only species planted in the U. S. R. Baueri.
Tall palm, probably reaching twice or more the height of
R. sapida: spadix to 3 ft. long: fr. ovoid-ellipsoid, % in.
long and ^ in. diam., seed with dull brown surface, and
hilum linear and slightly narrowing toward base: fruiting
perianth cup-like. Norfolk Isl. R. Chedsemanii of the
Kermadec Isls. (north of New Zeal, proper), was formerly
confused with R. Baueri: tall, to 60 ft.: spadix in fr. about
1H ft- diam.: fr. globose, 1A in. or less diam.; seed with
light colored polished surface, the hilum broad and sub-
orbicular above and narrowing toward base: fruiting peri-
anth wide-spreading rather than cup-like.
RHUBARB (Rheum Rhaponticum) . Strong
hardy Old World perennial grown for the thick
leaf-stalks that are cooked and eaten in early
spring for their agreeable acid; known also as
pie-plant. See Rheum.
Rhubarb
Rhubarb thrives on any good garden land.
As large leaf-stalks in abundance are wanted, the
land should be rich and kept moist.
The plant is usually propagated by division of
the fleshy roots, small pieces of which will grow
if separated from the old established roots and
planted in rich mellow soil, every piece having
a good eye. Planting is usually in spring; roots
are spaced 2-3 feet apart in rows 4-6 feet apart
and covering 3-4 inches deep. Clean tillage
should be maintained throughout the season.
If given good care the plants will yield abun-
dantly for many years. The stalks should not be
harvested until the second year. In harvesting
the stalks are pulled (not cut) and the expanded
portion of the leaf is cut off.
Rhubarb may be forced for winter and very
early spring, either by placing a temporary glass
structure over rows in the field or by digging
the roots in autumn and growing them in the
cellar or under a greenhouse bench. For the
latter kind of forcing strong roots are employed,
allowed to freeze after digging, then planted in
position with earth underneath them and over
them in a room or space with diffused light and
a temperature 50° to 75°. After forcing, the roots
are usually discarded.
RHUBARB, SPINACH-: Rumex abyssinicus.
RHtJS. SUMAC. Anacardiaccae. Woody erect
or root-climbing plants native to temp, and sub-
trop. regions, with milky or resinous juice,
simple or compound Ivs., small polygamous fls.
borne in panicles, 5 stamens, and small 1-sceded
drupaceous fr.; grown for ornament; some of
them yield tannin; some are poisonous.
Cultivation is simple m any garden soil. Propagated by
seeds and root-cuttings; some species by layers and by
cuttings of mature wood. Planted mostly in shrubbery
borders for the luxurious effect of the pinnate foliage, the
bright red autumn color, and the dense fruit-heads.
americana: Cotinus americanus.
arom&tica (R. canadensis. Schmaltzia crenata). FRA-
GRANT S. Shrub to 8 ft.1 Ivs aromatic, of 3 ovate coarsely
toothed Ifts. to 3 in long: fls. yellowish, in clustered spikes
before the Ivs.: fr. red and hairy. Ont. to Minn., south to
Fla. and La. Var. laciniata is listed as having Ifts. more
narrowly and deeply lobed.
canadensis: R. aromatica.
chinensis (K. javanica of hort., R. Osbeckii. R. semi-
alata) Shrub or tree to 25 ft.: Ivs of 7-13 ovate commonly
toothed Ifts to 5 in. long, brownish-pubescent beueath, the
stalk winged: fls. creamy- white, in large terminal panicles
in Aug. and Sept.: fr red and hairy. China, Japan, S. Asia.
cismontana. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. of 11-15 lanceolate
sharply toothed Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls. greenish-yellow: fr.
red and hairy. S. D. to Wyo., south to Ariz, and N. Mex.
Var. flavSscens has yellow fr. changing to russet and light
green foliage. — Sometimes tieated as a var. of R. glabra.
coccinea: R. glabra.
cognata: R. tnlobata.
copal Una. SHINING S. Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. of
9-21 oblong-lanceolate usually entire Ifts. to 4 in. long, the
stalk winged: fls. greenish, in dense terminal panicles in
July and Aug.: fr. red and hairy. Me. to Minn., south to
Fla. and Tex.
coriaria. Shrub to 20 ft.: Ivs. of 9-15 oval to oblong
toothed Ifts. to 2 in. long, pubescent beneath, the petiole
winged: fls. greenish, in loose terminal panicles m July: fr.
red, hairy. Medit. region.
cotinoides: Cotinus americanus.
Cotinus: Cotinus Coggygria.
divers floba. POISON-OAK. Shrub to 8 ft. or sometimes
climbing: Ivs. of 3 ovate variously toothed or lobed Ifts. to
3 in. long: fls. greenish, in panicles with the Ivs.: fr. whitish.
B. C. to Calif.
glabra (R. coccinea). SMOOTH S. Glabrous shrub or
tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. of 11-31 oblong-lanceolate toothed Ifts.
to 5 in. long: fls. green, in dense panicles in June and July:
fr. scarlet and hairy. N. S. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.
Var. laciniata has deeply cut Ifts.
631 Rhynchostylis
hirta: R.typhina.
integrifdlia. SOUR-BERRY. Evergreen shrub or tree to
30 ft.: Ivs. simple, oval, to 2 in. long, entire or toothed: fls.
white or pinkish, in pubescent panicles: fr. dark red and
hairy. S. Calif.
javanica: the true R. javanica of Linmeus is not known
in cult., the plants so named are referred to R. chinensis.
lAncea. Small tree: Ivs. compound, the Ifts. lanceolate-
linear, to 5 in. long: fls. in panicles shorter than Ivs. S. Afr.
laurina. LAUREL S. Evergreen glabrous shrub: Ivs.
simple, ovate to lanceolate, to 3 in. long, entire: fls. greenish-
white, in dense panicles: fr. whitish. S. and Lower Calif.
6sbeckii: R. chinensis.
ovata. SuQAR-Bu»n. Evergreen shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs.
simple, ovate, to 3 in. long, usually entire: fls. light yellow,
in short dense spikes: fr. dark red and hairy. S. Calif., Ariz.
quercifdlia: R, Toxicodendron.
radicans (7?. Toncodendron of auth. Toncodendron
radicans). POISON IVY. POISON-OAK. Vine or low shrub:
Ifts. 3, to 10 in. long, margins entire, toothed or lobed,
glossy or dull above, glabrous or somewhat pubescent
beneath: fls. greenish- white, early spring: frs. white, in
axillary clusters, berry-like, waxy, persisting into the
winter. B. C. to N. S. south to Fla., Tex. and Mex.
semialata: R. chinensis.
succedanea. WAX-TREE. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs.
of 9-15 oblong Ifts. to 4 in. long, shining above: fls. yellow-
green, in panicles m May: fr. whitish. Asia.
sylv6stris. Tree to 30 ft : Ivs. of 7-13 ovate Ifts. to 4 in.
long: fls brownish-pubescent, in panicles in June: fr. brown-
ish-yellow, glabrous. China, Japan, Korea.
terebinthifdlia. Evergreen shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. of 3-15
oblong to ovate Ifts. to 2^2 m. long: fr. red or orange, hairy.
Mex., Guatemala.
Toxicodendron (R. ouerci folia) . Shrub to 1J£ ft.: Ivs. of
3 Ifts. which are 3-7 -lobed: fls. greenish, in panicles: fr.
whitish. N. J. to Tex. — The R. Toxicodendron of most
authors, and more commonly known as poison ivy, is now
considered to be the plant treated here aa R. radiums.
trichocarpa. Tree to 25 ft. or more, branchlets hairy
when young: Ifts. 13-17, ovate to oblong, to 4 in. long,
acuminate, pubescent beneath on veins, margins entire,
base rounded: 11s. in axillary panicles to 6 m. long: fr.
whitish. Japan, China. — Foliage orange to scarlet in
autumn, probably poisonous.
tnlobata (R. cognata. Schmaltzia tnlobata). LEMONADE
S. Ill-smelling shrub to 0 ft.: Ivs. of 3 ovate usually coarsely
toothed Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. greenish, in clustered spikes
before the Ivs.: fr. red and hairy. 111. to Calif.
typhlna (R hirta). STAOHORN S. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.
with densely pubescent twigs: Ivs. of 11-31 oblong-lanceo-
late toothed Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls. greenish, in dense ter-
minal panicles, in June-July: fr. crimson and hairy. Oue.
to (Ja. and la. Var. diss6cta has Ifts. cut and var. laciniata
Ifts. arid bracts lacmiately toothed.
venenata: R. wrnix.
verniciflua. VARNISH-TREE. LACQUER-TREE. Tree to
60 ft.: Ivs. of 11-15 ovate-oblong entire Ifts. to 8 in. long:
fls. whitish, in loose axillary panicles, in June and July: fr.
yellowish, glabrous. Japan, China.
vernix (R. venenata.) POISON S. SWAMP S POISON DOG-
WOOD. Shrub or small tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. pinnately compound,
Ifts. 7- 13, glabrous, margins without teeth, If.-stalks reddish:
fls. greenish, axillary: frs. greenish- white, in pendent axillary
clusters to nearly 8 in. long, the pedicels persistent through
the winter. Swamps, Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. —
Probably not in cult.
viminalis. Tree to 40 ft. or more: Ivs. trifoholate, Ifts,.
lanceolate, to 2^2 in. long: fls. whitish-green, to y% in. across,
in terminal panicles. Afr.
RHYNCHOSIA (DolicMus). Leguminosx. Per.
herbs or subshrubs with pinnately trifoliolate
Ivs., usually yellow papilionaceous fls. in axillary
racemes, and flattened pods; rarely grown for
ornament in warm regions.
minima. Slender twiner or trailer: Ifts. rhombic-ovate:
fls. J4 in. long: pods to % in. long. Tropics.
pube'rula (Desmodium cihatum). Prostrate or partially
climbing, with many flexuose branches: Ifts. oblong: fla.
% in. long: pods to % in. long. Cape.
RHYNCHOSPERMUM: Tracheloapermum.
RHYNCH6STYLIS. Orchidacese. Old World
epiphytic orchids with leafy non-pseudobulbous
sts. and densely many-fld. lateral racemes;
Rhynchostylis
632
Ribes
dorsal sepal and petals similar, the lateral sepals
broader; lip entire and spurred. For cult, see
Orchids.
retusa (Saccolabium Blumei. S. prsemorsum.') . Lvs. to
about 1 ft. long and 1 in. wide, ligulate, imbricated: mfl. a
densely many-fld. pendulous raceme longer than Ivs.; fls.
about % m- across; sepals and petals white spotted with
purple; lip purple. June-Sept. India, Burma, Indo-China,
Malaya, Philippines.
violacea: Anota molacea.
&HYTIC6COS. OVERTOP PALM. Palmacese.
One large mona'cious unarmed ringed feather-
palm of the French W. Indies and Dominica,
a segregate from Cocos with the aspect of
Arecastrum. R. amara (Cocos amara. Syagrus
amara). Tree to 50 or 60 ft. with relatively thick
trunk: Ivs. long and heavy, dark shining green;
pinna; numerous, aggregate or fascicled particu-
larly toward base of If ., middle ones ly%-2 in.
broad, conduplicate, with very strong midrib:
spa the conspicuously plicate-sulcate on outside;
pistillate fls. ovate or ovate-conic when closed,
petals valvate at apex: fr. very large, 2-2% in.
long, heavily fibrous-coated, ovoid with blunt
apex; nutlet 1-celled, the wall bony and very
thick; albumen ruminate, with cavity in center
when dry. — A handsome tree, probably intro.
into the southern part of our territory.
RIB: in a leaf or similar organ, the primary vein; also
any prominent vein or nerve.
RIBBON-BUSH: Homalocladium.
RlBES. CURRANTS. GOOSEBERRIES. Saxifra-
gacex. Shrubs of temp, regions, mostly decidu-
ous, sometimes prickly, with alternate usually
palmately lobcd Ivs., bisexual or unisexual fls. in
racemes or solitary, appearing in spring with the
Ivs., and fr. a berry. Certain Ribes are grown for
edible frs. (as R. Grossularia, R. hirtellum, R.
odoratum, R. nigrum, R. sativum) and others for
ornamental habit and bloom. For cult, see
Currant and Gooseberry. Propagated by cuttings
and mound-layers as well as by means of seeds. —
Ribes proper, including the currants, is without
spines at the nodes and the fls. are mostly in
racemes on jointed pedicels. Tho Grossularia
section (by some authors held as a separate
genus), comprising the gooseberries, is prevail-
ingly prickly and the fls. are solitary or few and
pedicels commonly not jointed; the synonymy
indicates them.
alpgstre. HEDGE C. To 10 ft., armed with spines about
1 in. long: fls. greenish or reddish; 1-2 together: fr. purple,
glandular-bristly. Himalayas, China.
alplnum. MOUNTAIN C. To 8 ft., unarmed: fls. dioecious,
greenish-yellow, in erect racemes: fr. scarlet, glabrous. Eu.
Hort. vars are aureum with yellowish foliage, laciniatum
with deeeply cut Ivs., pumilum dwarf.
americanum (R. floridum). AMERICAN BLACK C. To
5 ft., unarmed: Ivs. resinous-dotted beneath: fls. yellowish-
white, in many-fld. drooping racemes: fr. black, glabrous.
N. S. to Va. and Colo.
aureum (R. tenuiflorum. Chrysobotrya aurea). GOLDEN
C. To 6 ft., unarmed: fls. yellow, in 5-15-fld. racemes: fr.
black or purplish, glabrous. Wash, to Mont, and Calif.
Var. chrysococcum ha? orange-yellow fls. Var. gracillimum
differs chiefly in calyx characters. — See R. odoratum.
bractedsum. To 10 ft., unarmed: Ivs. resinous-glandular
beneath: fls. greenish or purplish, in erect racemes to 10 in.
long: fr. black with whitish bloom. Alaska to Calif.
calif ornicum. To 4 ft., spiny: fls. white with greenish or
purplish calyx, solitary: fr. bristly. Calif.
cereum. To 3 ft., unarmed, glandular-pubescent: fls.
white or greenish, in few-fld. drooping racemes: fr. bright
red. B. C. to Mont, and Calif.
curvatum (Grossularia curvata). To 3 ft., with spines to
\t in. long: fls. white, 1-5 together: fr. greenish, glabrous.
Qa. to La. and Tex.
Cyndsbati (Grosnularia Cynosbatii). To 5 ft.f with
spines to % in. long or lacking: fls. green, 1-3 together: fr.
wine-red, prickly. N. B. to N. C. and Ala. Var. in£rme is a
native form without prickles.
Diacantha. To 6 ft., armed with small prickles: fls.
dioecious, greenish-yellow, in erect racemes: fr. scarlet,
glabrous. N. Asia.
echinellum (Grossularia echinella). To 3 ft., with spines
about % in. long: Ivs. less than 1 in. long: fla. green or
greenish-white, 1-2 together: fr. green, very prickly. Fla.
fasciculatum. To 5 ft., unarmed: fls. dinocious, yellowish,
fragrant, the staminate in 4-9-fld. umbels, the pistillate in
2's: fr. scarlet, glabrous. Japan, Korea. Var. chinense is
larger. N. China.
fl6ridum: R. americanum.
glandu!6sum (R. prostratum). FETID C. Low, with
prostrate sts.: fls. white or pinkish, in 8-12- fld. racemes:
fr. red, bristly. N. Amer.
glutin6sum. To 12 ft., unarmed, glandular-pubescent:
fls. red, in spreading or nodding racemes: fr. black, bloomy.
Calif.
Gordonianum. Hybrid between R. sanguineum and R.
odoratum with yellow fls. tinged red outside.
gracillimum: R. aureum var.
Grossularia (Grossularia rechnata). ENGLISH G. To
3 ft., with spines to ^ in. long, fls greenish, 1-2 together:
fr. red, yellow, or green, pubescent. Eu., N. Afr., S. W.
Asia — -Original of the large European gooseberries. Var.
tTva-crispa has smaller Ivs. and yellowish fr.
hesperium (Grossularia hcspena). To 10 ft., with spines
to ^ in. long: fls. greenish-red, 1-2 together: fr. very prickly.
S. Calif.
hirtellum (Grossularia hirtella) To 3 ft., the branches
bristly: fls. greenish or purplish, 1-3 together: fr. purple or
black, commonly glabrous. Newf. to W. Va. and S. D. —
Original either directly or through hybridization of the
American pomological gooseberries.
inebrians (R. pumilum). Branched erect shrub to 4 ft.:
Ivs. 3-5-lobed, glandular beneath: fls. pink, in few-fld.
rucemes: fr. red, often glandular. Mont., 6. D., to N. Mex.
and Cent. Calif.
inenne. To 6 ft., usually with few small spines: fls.
green or purplish, 1-4 together: fr. purplish-red, smooth.
B. C. to N. Mex.
japdnicum. To 6 ft., unarmed: fls. greenish or brownish,
in erect racemes: fr. black, smooth. Japan.
lacustre (Limnobotrys lacustris). To 3 ft., with clustered
spines and bristles: fls. greenish or purplish, in 12-20-fld.
drooping racemes: fr. purple, bristly. N. Amer.
lasianthum (R. leptanthum var. lasianthum. Grossularia
lasiantfia). To 3 ft., stiffly branched, with spines % in.
long: fls. yellow, 2-4 together: fr. crimson, glabrous. Mts.,
Calif.
leptanthum (Grossularia leptantha). To 6 ft., with spines
to H in- long: fls. greenish-white, 1-2 together: fr. black,
shining. Colo, to New Mex.
L6bbii (Grossularia Lobbii). To 6 ft., with spines to
}t in. long: fls. purple-red, 1-2 together: fr. purple, densely
glandular. B. C. to Calif.
malvaceum. To 6 ft., unarmed: fls. pink or purple, in
drooping racemes: fr. sticky-pubescent. Calif.
missouri6nse (Grossularia missounensis) . To 6 ft., more
or less bristly and the spines % in. or less long: fls. greenish-
white, 2-3 on slender peduncle: fr. purplish, glabrous. Tenn.
west and northwest. — Like R. niveum but with smaller
and greener fls.
nevadSnse. Unarmed: fls. rose, in 12-20-fld. racemes: fr.
blue, glaucous. Ore., Calif., Nev.
nigrum. EUROPEAN BLACK C. To 6 ft., unarmed: fls,
greenish-white, in 4-10-fld. drooping racemes: fr. black,
glabrous. Eu., Asia. Some of the hort. vars. are: chloro-
carpum, fr. green: heterophyllum (var. laciniatum), Ivs.
deeply cut; reticulatum, Ivs. mottled with yellow; xantho-
carpum, fr. yellow or whitish. — The black currants of
fruit-gardens are of this species.
nfveum. To 10 ft., with spines to % in. long: fls. white,
1-4 together: fr. bluish-black, glabrous. Ida., Wash., Nev.
odoratum (Chrysobotrya odorata). BUFFALO C. To 6 ft.,
unarmed: fls. yellow, fragrant, in 5-10-fld. racemes: fr.
black, glabrous. S. D. to Tex. Grown foi fr. in the form
known as Crandall.— ^Closely related to R. aureum and
differing chiefly in having the sepals less than half the length
of the calyx-tube; these species have been confused.
orientate (R. resinosum). To 6 ft., unarmed: fls. dioecious,
green tinged with red, in short racemes: fr scarlet, pubes-
cent. Eu., Asia.
oxyacanthoides (Grossularia oxyacanthoides). Low,
bristly, with spines H in- or less long: fls. greenish-white,
1-2 together: ir. red, smooth. N. Amer.
Ribes
633
Robinia
petr&um. To 6 ft., unarmed: fls. red or pink, in racemes
to 4 in. long: fr. dark red. Mts. of Eu. — A variable species
of many botanical varieties.
pinetdrum (Grossularia pinetorum). To 6 ft., with spines
1 in. or less long: fls. orange-red, 1-2 together: fr. purple,
prickly. Ariz., New Mex.
prostratum: R. glandulosum.
pumilum: R. inebrians.
resindsum: R. orientate.
robustum. Hybrid between R. niveum and probably R.
inerme: spines small: fls. white or pinkish.
RoSzlii (Grossularia Roezhi), To 6 ft., branches spread-
ing, tortuous, spines usually in 3's, to 1A in. long: Ivs.
rounded, to 1 in. across, 3-5-lobed, incised-crenate, more
densely hairy beneath than above: fls. with white petals:
fr. dark red to purplish, about % in. across, hairy and
prickly. Calif.
rotundifdlium. To 3 ft., with few small spines: fls. green-
ish-purple, 1-3 together: fr. purplish, smooth. Mass, to
N. C.
rubrum. NORTHERN RED C. To 6 ft., unarmed: fla.
greenish-brown, in racemes: fr. red. Eu., Asia. — Cult, in
Eu. but rarely in Amer.
sanguine urn. To 12 ft., unarmed: fls. red, in many-fld.
racemes: fr. bluish-black, bloomy. B. C. to N. Calif. Vars.
atr6rubens and splendens have dark red fls.
satlvum (R. vulgare). COMMON or GARDEN C To 5 ft.,
\ narmed: fls. green or purplish, in many-fld. drooping
racemes: fr. red or white, juicy. W. Ku. Var. macroc£rpum,
CHERRY C., has large red frs. Var. varieg&tum has Ivs.
variegated with white or yellowish. — Here belong the
common pomological currants.
setdsum (Grossularia setosa) . To 3 ft , bristly, with
spines to about 1 in. long: fls white, 1-3 together: fr. red or
black, glabrous or slightly bristly. Ida. to S. D.
specidsum (Grossularia speciosa) . FUCHSIA-FLOWERED G.
Evergreen, to 12 ft., bristly and spiny: fls. bright red, 2-4
together, drooping, the stamens long exserted: fr. red,
glandular-bristly. Calif.
stenoc&rpum (Grossularia stenocarpa). To 6 ft., spiny:
fls. reddish, 1-3 together: fr. greenish or reddish, mostly
glabrous. China.
t£nue. To 8 ft., unarmed: fls. dioecious, brownish-red,
in racemes: fr. red. W. Asia.
tenuifldrum: R. aureum.
triste. SWAMP RED C. Sts. decumbent: fls. purple, in
drooping racemes: fr. red, smooth. N. N. Amer., N. Asia.
viburnifdlium. Evergreen, to 8 ft., unarmed: fls. rose,
in erect racemes: fr. red. S. Calif., Lower Calif.
vulgar e: R.sativum.
RlCCIA. A genus of hepatics or liverworts
(which are allied to mosses), one of which may
be seen in aquaria or pools; it is R. fluitans, with
little green radiating thalli on the surface of the
water much like branching lemnas and which
may be gathered with those plants on stagnant
and roadside pools : thallus or plant-body forking
and becoming an inch or two long, sometimes
forming mats, without root-hairs wnen floating
but developing them when stranded on mud,
the branches or divisions J^ in. or less broad.
RICE: Oryza sativa. -Flower: Pimelea. Wild: Zizania.
RICHARDIA. Rubiacede. Pubescent or hairy
herbs with opposite entire Ivs. and white or
pink fls. in terminal clusters subtended by an
involucre, having funnelform corolla and 3-5-
lobed limb. See Zantedeschia for calla-lily once
known as Richardia.
One species is grown as a forage, green-manure and
coyer-crop in southern United States. It thrives on sandy
soil. Propagated by seeds.
scabra (Richardsonia scabra). MEXICAN CLOVER. Ann.
with erect or diffuse sts. to 4 ft. long: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
to 3 in. long, rough: fls. white, % in. long. S. C. to S. Amer.
RICHARDSONIA: Richardia scabra.
RfCINUS. Euphorbiacex. A single variable
species widely nat. in the tropics and warm
regions but originally from Afr., commonly
planted for foliage effects; the seeds yield oil
which is extensively used for medicinal and other
purposes.
Castor-beans thrive in sandy or clay loams with good
drainage, although they grow on any land not too wet.
Seeds may be sown where the plants are to stand or sown
in pots under glass and transplanted about the middle of
May.
communis. CASTOR-BEAN. C ASTOR-OILT PLANT. PALMA
CHRISTI. Ann. to 15 ft., or in tropics a tree to 40 ft.: Ivs.
peltate, palmately divided into 5-11 lobes, to 3 ft. across:
fls. monoecious, without petals, in panicles 2 ft. or more
long: fr. to 1 in. long, covered with soft dark brown spines.
Runs into numerous forms, the best known of which are:
africanus with very large green Ivs ; borboni6nsis arbdreus
with red sts. and glaucous Ivs.; cambodg6nsis with very
dark foliage and sts.; coccineus with dark red foliage;
Gibsonii, a small form with dark red foliage having a
metallic luster; hybridus panormitans, a large form with
dark, very glaucous foliage; laciniatus, lobes deeply cut;
macro-carpus, purple-red foliage; macroph^llus, purple-red;
purpureus, purple-red; sanguine us with red Ivs.; zanzi-
bare'nsis, bright green Ivs. with white veins.
RIC6TIA. Cruciferx. Annuals of the Medit.
region: glabrous and much branching: Ivs.
mostly pinriatisect : fr. a broad flat pod. R.
Lunaria, of Egypt and Syria, is a diffuse quick-
growing ann. sometimes raised for its lilac
radish-like fls. and large flat thin odd pods. —
Sow in the open in spring; fls. should appear in
two months or less; plant 8-20 in. high, spread-
ing; sometimes used in rock- work.
RIGIDfiLLA. Iridaceas. A small genus of half-
hardy bulbous plants from Mex., differing from
Tigridia in the very small inconspicuous erect
inner perianth-segms. and larger outer ones with
a reflexed blade.
flammea. To 5 ft.: Ivs. broadly linear-lanceolate, plicate,
equitant: fls. bright scarlet striped black at throat, in
terminal fascicles: caps. 3-valved and papery. Var. guate-
mal£nsis is listed.
RIM ARIA. Aizoacex. Plants in the trade
under this name may be found as follows:
C6mptonii: Gibbxum Comptonii.
Hdathii: Gibbaeum Heathii.
Pole-fivansii: Dinteranthus Pole-Evansii.
Roddiae: Vanheerdia Roodise.
RIMU: Dacrydium citpressinum.
RIVlNA. Phytolaccacex. Herbs with alternate
entire Ivs., small bisexual fls. in rnariy-fld.
racemes, and fr. a red berry; grown out-of-doors
and in the greenhouse for the ornamental little
berry-like frs. Propagated by seeds or cuttings
in spring over heat.
aurantiaca: R. humilis.
humilis (R. aurantiaca). ROUGE-PLANT. To 3 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, to 4 in. long: fls. white or rosy. S. U. S. and trop.
Amer.
ROBERTIELLA: Geranium Robertianum.
ROBfNIA. LOCUST. Leguminosae. American
trees and shrubs with pinnate Ivs., showy papil-
ionaceous fls. in usually pendulous racemes, and
flattened pods; planted lor ornament.
Locusts arc mostly hardy in the North and thrive in
any usual soil. Propagated by seeds sown in spring, by
suckers, root-cuttings and division, and special varieties
by grafting.
Bessoniana: P. Pseudo Acacia var.
B6yntonii. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ifts. 7-13, elliptic or oblong:
fls. pink or rose-purple and white, May-June: pods glandu-
lar-hairy. N. C. to Ga. and Ala.
Decaisneana: R. Pseudo Acacia var.
Elliot tii. Shrub to 4 ^ ft., branch lets glabrous or pubes-
cent, not hispid: Ifts. 11-15, to 1 in. long, elliptical: flB.
rose-purple or white, racemes 5- 10-fld., peduncle pubescent:
pods hispid. N. C. to Ga.
f6rtilis: R. hispida var.
Robinia
glob&sa: listed name of plant resembling R. Pseudo-
Acacui var. Rehderi.
hispida. ROBE ACACIA. Shrub to 7 ft., with bristly hairs:
Ifts. 7-13, oval to suborbicular, obtuse: fls. rose or pale
purple, May-June: pods bristly-hairy, to 2^ in. long.
S. E. U. S. Var. Camus6ttii has deep red bristles. Var.
ffirtilis (R. fertihs), to 8 ft. high, with Ifts. oblong to oblong-
elliptic, acute. Var. macrophylla has larger Ifts. and fls.
ana the branchlets and petioles are nearly destitute of
bristles. Var. r6sea may be either R. Boyntonn or R.
Elliottu.
H61dtii. Hybrid between R. luxuriant and R. Pseudo-
Acacui: fls. light pink or rose.
K61seyi. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ifts. 9-11, oblong-lanceolate:
fls. rose, May-June: pods bnatly-hairy, 2 in. long. N. C.
luxurians. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ifts. 15-21, oblong:
fls. pale rose or nearly white, June-Aug.: pods glandular-
hairy, to 4 m. long. Colo, to Utah and New Mex.
neo-mexicana. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ifts. 9-15, elliptic-lanceo-
late: fls. rose, June-Aug.: pods smooth, to 4 in. long. New
Mex.
p6ndula: R. PseudoAcacia var.
Pseudo Acacia. FALSE ACACIA. BLACK ACACIA. YELLOW
L. Tree to 80 ft., nearly glabrous, the branches prickly: Ifts.
7-9, oval: fls. white, fragrant, May-June: pods reddish-
brown, glabrous, to 4 in. long, remaining on tree over win-
ter. K. and Cent. U. 8. Var. amorphifdlia has narrow oblong
Ifts. Var. Bessoniana, slender unarmed branches. Var. De-
caisneana, light rose-colored fls. Var. erecta has Ivs. of 1
or few Ifts., a tree of columnar habit. Var. inermis (R.
spectabilis) , unarmed branches. Var. monophylla is var.
unifoliola. Var. pendula, branchlets somewhat pendulous.
Var. pyramidalis is of columnar habit with spineless branch-
lets. Var. rectissima, SHIPMAHT L., has more durable wood,
produces no root shoots, has fewer fls. with less hairy
calyces and is not known to produce fr. Var. Rehderi
is a low Hubglobose form. Var. semperfL6rens flowers
throughout the year. Var. tortudsa has short twisted
branches Var. umbraculifera has a dense head and un-
armed branches. Var. unifoliola (monophylla), Ifts. reduced
to 1 to 3 or more.
spectabilis: R. PseudoAcacia var. inermis.
umbraculifera: R. PsewloActicia var.
visc6sa. CLAMMY L. Tree to 40 ft., young branches and
other paits glandular-viscid: Ifts. 13-25, ovate: fls. pink,
May -June: pods with glandular hairs, to 3>4 in. long.
S. U. S.
ROBINSONELLA. Malvaceae. Small trees or
shrubs of Mex. and Cent. Amer.. differing from
Sida in their tree-like habit and the much in-
flated papery carpels with the calyx much
smaller than fr. and sepals never connivent nor
inclosing it. Grown for ornament in S. Fla.
edentula Small tree: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to
6 in. long, usually 3-lobed, somewhat scabrous: fls. white
with violet center, about % m. across. Cent. Amer.
ROBLE: Platymiscium poly&tachyum.
ROCAMBOLE: Allium Scorodoprasum.
ROCHEA. Crassulacede. Succulent S. African
subshrubs with opposite simple Ivs. and white,
yellow or red fls. in dense terminal clusters, the
petals joined to about the middle; one sometimes
grown in greenhouses for the bloom. For cult,
see Succulents.
cocclnea (Crasa-ula and Knlosanthes coccinea). To 2 ft.:
Ivs. ovate, to 1^ in. long, closely imbricated: fls. bright
scarlet, fragrant, to 2 in. Jong, with long slender tube.
falcata: Crassula falcata.
longifdlia: listed name without botanical standing.
versicolor. Differs from R. loccinea iu the long lanceolate
Ivs. and the pink or white fls.
ROCK-BRAKE: Cryptogramma. -Rose: Cistus.
ROCKET: Diplotaxis, Hesperis. -Salad: Erucasativa.
ROCKFOIL: Saxifraga.
ROCK-GARDENING. A type of gardening in
which special provision is made for rock-loving
or saxicolous plants. It is likely to be confused
with alpine-gardening, which may be only one
phase of it: see Alpines.
A rock-garden is not primarily a pile of rocks:
634 Rock^ardenintf
the rocks and stones are employed for the pur-
pose of providing proper conditions for the grow-
ing of plants. The plants, rather than the rocks,
are the primary consideration; and the plants
should be such as specially thrive in rock crevices
and pockets or at least be comparable with them
in size and form. A tumulus of rocks in which is
grown a miscellaneous collection of plants that do
not profit by such conditions is not a rock-
garden: such plants may be grown with less
trouble elsewhere, and are likely to be much
more in keeping.
Much of the charm of a rock-garden depends
on its setting. In a city or town lot a rock-garden
may be established in the rear without particular
relation to a landscape although it should have
connection with boundaries, but in properties of
any size such a garden should conform to con-
tours and to the subdivision of the area. Not
every park or pleasure-ground has an acceptable
setting for a rock-garden. It is to be remembered,
also, that not every so-called rock-garden is an
object of interest arid beauty. Unless under the
hand of a specially skilled gardener who main-
tains a continued interest in it, such an area is
likely soon to fall into neglect and disrespect, and
it becomes an abundant lodgement for weeds
and vagrants .
The special appeal of a rock-garden lies in the
skilful growing of plants that in nature inhabit
cliffs, moraines and mountains. Many such
plants are tall and take much room in the wild,
but those kinds most prized in the constructed
rock-garden are the low, tufted and spreading
species, for the most part perennial. They arc
likely to have a penetrating root system, often a
pronounced tap-root, and are therefore able to
establish themselves in deep cool moist chinks
and depressions. The proper preparation for the
rock-gardener is a keen knowledge of such plants:
he then finds or makes conditions for them where
they may come to perfection. Having provided
a proper place for the plant, he will keep it in
place, restricting it to its confines. He will be
careful with his labels and his note-book records.
He will provide inhabitants for all the pockets
or spaces, and this may require a supply of extra
plants, sometimes even of temporary annuals if
they are conformable and not the usual horti-
cultural subjects of flower-gardens and borders.
The exposure of the rock-garden must depend
on the kinds of plants to be grown in it, and the
climate. In general, it should occupy an open
free space not over-shadowed with trees or
buildings; yet in parts of North America it is
well if the severity of midday and afternoon sun
can be mitigated. The area should be protected
from the roots of trees that may forage under-
neath it.
Knowing the kinds of plants he may wish to
grow, the rock-gardener will make his rock areas
to suit them. The construction will be neat and
trim, and have ^ood lines and proportions. If
there are rocky cliffs or outcrops on the property,
he may utilize them rather than attempt to make
a wholly artificial area. Stone walls and old
foundations may sometimes be utilized to ad-
vantage. Old quarries often yield excellent re-
sults. The rock-garden will not be a mere dis-
play of rocks. The larger part of any structural
rock or stone is below the surface of the ground.
In placing the rocks one must always have in
mind the providing of good roothold for plants.
Rock-Gardening
635
Romneya
All cavities should be firmly filled to avoid
covered hollows that dry out. Every part of the
construction should be easily accessible from
paths and trails. The success or failure of the
rock-garden may depend on the ability to hold
moisture and thereby to carry the plants through
dry times, although provision must be at hand
for applying water when needed. On the other
hand, good natural drainage is essential, for
saxicoles are not bog-plants. The soil with which
to fill the pockets and leads will be conditioned
on the plants to be grown, but in general its
main elements should be good garden earth,
fine or sifted leaf-mold or peat, and gritty sand
or fine gravel, all well mixed. Fertilizing is likely
to be necessary.
The visible part of the rock construction should
be attractive. Rocks from the neighborhood or
region are commonly the most desirable. Gen-
erally speaking, only about one-third of the mass
of any boulder should be exposed to view. There
should be harmony in the work, the rocks, and
the positions and directions in which they are
laid, presenting a pleasing uniformness of char-
acter. Likewise it is necessary that the plants
produce a harmonious picture. Much of this
harmony will reside in vegetation, presented in
tufts, mats, and growths lying close to stones.
Many of the rock-garden mats are evergreen;
and at appropriate places very dwarf compact
forms of certain conifers may be utilized, as well
as various kinds of shrublets.
The kinds of plants suited to rock-gardening
are legion. Crassulaceous plants of this character
arc many (see Succulents]] also ferns; some of
the best of them in other families are in the
genera arthioncma, allium, alyssum, androsace,
anemone, aquilcgia, arabis, arenaria, aster
(dwarf), aubrietia, campanula, cassiope, cory-
dalis, cotoneastcr, daboccia, daphne, dianthus,
draba, dryas, epigira, epimcdium, crinus, gcnti-
ana, heucnera, iberis, iris (dwarf), leontopodium,
lewisia, linaria, linnira, lithospermum, loiseleuria,
lychnis, oxalis, papaver, petrocallis, phyllodoce,
phlox, potentilla, primula, ranunculus, rhodo-
dendron, saxifraga, shortia, soldanella, thymus,
viola, wahlenbergia. The attentive rock-gardener
will observe the saxicolous plants native in his
region and find satisfaction in growing them.
A rock-garden properly placed, constructed
and maintained, and with a population of well
chosen and skilfully grown plants, constitutes
one of the choicest departments of horticulture.
RODGERSIA. Saxifragacex. Herbaceous per-
ennials with thick rootstocks, showy terminal
fl.-clusters : Ivs. large, peltate or digitately or
pinnately compound: native in China and Japan,
variously hardy N. Multiplied by division of
the plants, also by seeds when obtainable.
sesculifdlia. To 6 ft.: Ivs. resembling the horse-chestnut,
finger-shaped, with usually 7 coarsely toothed Ifta. to 10 in.
long: fls. white, in flat clusters forming an infl. to 2 ft. long.
China.
pinnil ta. To 4 ft.: Ivs. pinnately compound, Ifts. qb-
lanceolate, 5-9, to 8 in. long: fls. red without, white within,
in large branched panicles with reddish rachis and branches.
China. Var. alba, fls. white, in larger and looser panicles.
podophylla. To 5 ft., with thick scaly rootstock: lys.
finger-shaped, the 5 lobes angled and toothed, to 10 in.
long and 6 in. wide, light green in spring, in summer metallic
bronzy: fls. small, yellowish- white, in panicles to 1 ft. long,
making a fluffy spray. China.
sambucif61ia. To 3 ft.: Ivs. pinnately compound into
3-11 Ifts.: fls. white, small, in terminal flat-topped panicles.
China.
tabularis. To 3 ft.: Ivs. peltate, to 3 in. across, long-
petioled, with many short lobes resembling teeth: fls. white,
small, in many-fld. panicles. China.
RODRIGUfiZIA. Orchidacex. American epi-
phytes often with an elongate rhizome, small
1-2-lvd. pseudobulbs and lateral racemes; dorsal
sepal and petals similar; lateral sepals deeply
united and concave; lip with a short spur. Grown
at intermediate temperatures; see Orchids.
secunda. Lvs. narrowly oblong, very leathery, to about
9 in. long: racemes usually one-sided, many-fld., to 15 in.
long; fls. pale rose to red. Feb.-Oct. Manama, St. Vincent,
Trinidad, N. S. Amer.
venusta (Burlingtonia fragrans). Lvs. linear-oblong, to
about 9 in. long: racemes pendulous, to about 9-fld ; fls.
1^ in. long, fragrant, white with yellow spot on lip. Jun.-
May. Brazil.
ROEMERIA. Papaveraceas. Ann. slender herbs
of the Medit. region, with yellow juice, pinnately
dissected Ivs., and violet or blue solitary fls.;
sometimes planted for the bloom.
refracta. To 1 ft.: Ivs with linear segms.: fla. blue,
spotted with black at base, to 1 in. long. Asia Minor,
Caucasus.
violacea. To l^j ft.: Ivs. 2-3-pirmatisect, segms. linear
and terminated by a bristle: fls. lilac, oil short peduncles.
Mcdit. region.
ROGIERA: Rvndeletia.
ROHDEA. Liliacese. One Chinese and Japanese
herb sometimes grown as a durable foliage plant
in the house or out-of-doors in mild climates;
much prized in the Far E. R. japdnica. Lvs.
basal, to 2 ft. long and 3 in. broad, leathery: fls.
tightly packed in a thick short spike terminating
the scape, resembling an aroid, concealed by the
foliage: fr. a large berry with red pulp. There
are many forms with striped, variegated, and
otherwise modified Ivs.
ROLLfNIA. Annonacese. Trop. American trees
and shrubs with alternate simple Ivs., bisexual
fls. with the 3 outer petals produced into wings
or spurs, and fr. a fleshy syncarp resembling
Annona. Cult, as for Ctierimoya,
mucdsa (R. Sieben). Small tree: Ivs. elliptic, to 8 in.
long, pubescent beneath: fla. rusty-tomentose, about 1 in.
long: fr. nearly globose, 3 in. across, covered with tubercles,
edible W. Indies, Mex.
SiSberi: R. rmicosa.
ROMANOVTA: Actinophlaus Nicolai.
ROMANZOFFIA. Hydrophyllacese. Per. herbs
of W. N. Amer., in haoit resembling a delicate
saxifrage: Ivs. mostly basal, round- cordate and
lobed, long-stalked: fls. pale pink, purple or
white, in racemes on scape-like sts.
calif 6raica. Material so listed is probably not distinct
from R. sitchensis. R. calif ornica was originally described
as differing from the following species in Jacking scaly
bulb-like tubers but this distinction has not been accepted
in recent treatments.
sitchensis. To 9 in., the rootstock bearing tubers: fls.
white, on long stalks. Alaska to Calif.
unalaschkeiisis. Differs from R. sitchensis in roots not
bearing tubers, pedicels shorter instead of longer than fls.,
and very short-funnelform corolla. Unalaska.
ROMNfeYA. Papaveracese. Per. herb native in
S. Calif, and Mex., striking as a flower-garden
and border subject where hardy. Propagated by
suckers and seeds but the latter require several
years before blooming. It transplants with
difficulty. R. Cdulteri. MATILIJA-POPPY. To 8
ft.: Ivs. pinnately cut, to 4 in. long: fls. white,
fragrant, 6 in. across, solitary. Var. trich6calyx
has a beakless bristly calyx.
Romulea
636
Rosa
ROMULEA. Iridacex. Crocus-like bulbous
herbs with narrow basal Ivs. overtopping the fls.
and solitary funnelforrn fls. having short tube
and long pedicels: cult, as for Crocus but not so
hardy.
Hartungii: catalogue name.
hirsuta. Lvs. obscurely pilose, to 4 in. long: fls. golden-
yellow below, reddish-purple above, segrns. lanceolate, to
1 in. long, stigmatic branches reaching anther tips. S. Afr.
hirta: catalogue name.
rdsea. LVH. to 1 ft. long: fls. red-lilac with yellow throat,
Begum, oblariceolate, acute, the outer ones with faint purple
stripes, 1 in. across, stigmatic branches much exceeding
antner tips. S Afr.
sabulbsa. To 4 in.: Ivs. filiform, terete, to 3 in. long: fls.
deep rose-pink with purple center, segnm. obovate, obtuse,
free to base and not forming lube, anthers exceeding style.
S. Afr.
RONDEL&TIA (Royiera). Rubiaccx. Many
trop. American evergreen shrubs and trees witn
mostly opposite Ivs., tubular 4-5-lobed fls. in
cymes in red, yellow or white, and capsular frs.
Rondeletiaa are grown out-of-doors in the South, and
in the greenhouse North where the temperature should not
be allowed to go below 50°. Propagated by cuttings of half-
ripened wood.
amcena (R. verticolor). Shrub or small tree: Ivs. ovate,
to 6 in. long, densely pubescent beneath: fls. pink, pubescent,
with yellow-bearded throat, \% in. long. Mex. to Panama.
cordata. Shrub to 7 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong or ovate, to
5 in. long, nearly glabrous: fls pink or red, pubescent, with
yellow-bearded throat, l/± in. across. Guatemala.
odorata (72. speciosa) Shrub to 6 ft. : Ivs ovate to oblong.
2 in. long, nearly glabrous, margins often revolute: fls.
orange-red with yellow throat, ^2 m- across. Cuba, Panama.
— The commonest species in cult.
specidsa: R. odorata.
sp^endens: listed name.
thyrsofdea. Shrub to G ft : Ivs. ovate or oval, to 6 in.
long, pubescent beneath: fls. yellow, }\ in. long, pubescent.
Jamaica.
versfcolor: R. amcena.
ROODIA DIGITIFOLIA: Argyroderma brevipes.
ROOTSTOCK: subtenanoan stem; rhizome.
ROQUETTE: Eruca sativa.
RORIPA ARMORACIA: Armoracia rusticana.
ROSA. HOWE. Rosacex. Large genus of shrubs,
mostly prickly, often more or less scandent,
native mostly in the north temp, zone, and fur-
nishing many ornamental subjects: Ivs. alternate,
commonly pinnate: fls. white, yellow or red,
solitary or in corymbs, prevailingly in early
summer: fr. a hip, achonos inclosed in a fleshy
nearly closed hollow receptacle, usually red.
The species of Rosa can be accurately determined
only from full technical descriptions; at this place
some of the main horticultural features may be
indicated. For cult, see Rose.
acicularis. To 3 ft.: Ifts. 3-7 to 2 in. long: fls. deep rose,
fragrant, 2 in. across, solitary. N. Amer., N. Asia. Var.
Bourgeauiana has obtuse doubly toothed Ivs. Var. Engel-
mannii (R. Engelmannn) is more bristly and Ivs. are gla-
brous beneath. Var. nipponensis, Ifts. 7-9, to 1 in. long,
petioles and pedicels bristly.
alba. Presumably a hybrid between R. corymbifera and
R. (lalhca: to 6 ft.: Ifts. mostly 5, to 2}£ in. long: fls. white
or pinkish, fragrant, to 3 in. across, often double, in corymbs.
Var. c&rnea is said to have pale salmon-pink fls. — A source
of attar of roses? Hardy N., and frequent in yards.
Albertii. To 3 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, to 11A in. long: fls. white,
1 K m- across. Turkestan.
alpina: R. pendnlina.
altaica: R. spinosissima var.
Andersonii: listed as a late-flowering rose-pink form.
anemoneflora: R. triphylla.
anemonoides. Hybrid probably between R. lanigata
and R. odorata: climbing: Ifts. 3-5: fls. light pink, single.
arkansana. To 1^ ft : Ifts. 9-11, to 2)4 in. long: fls.
pink, 1J^ m. across, m corymbs. Wis. to Kans. and Colo.
Arnoldiana. Hybrid between R. rugosa and R. bor-
bomana: Ifts. 5-7: fls. purplish, 2 in. across, semi-double,
in corymbs.
arvensis (R. repens). Branches trailing: Ifts. mostly
7, to 1% m. long: fls. white, to 2 in. across, in corymbs or
solitary. Eu; hardy N. Var. Ayreshlrea, AYKEBHIRE R., ia
more vigorous. — The double-fld. forms are probably
hybrids.
Banks ise. BANKHIA R. Climbing to 20 ft., evergreen,
with few prickles: Ifts. commonly 3-5, to 2^ in. long: fls.
white or yellow, 1 in. across, slightly fragrant, in many-fld.
umbels. China; not hardy N. Var. albo-plena, fls. double,
white. Var. lutea, fls. double, yellow. Var. lutescens, fls.
single, yellow. Var. normalis, fls. single, white.
banks io ps is. Lfts. 7-9, 1 in. long: fls. red, 1 in. across,
in corymbs. China.
Barbierana. A series of hybrids between R. Wichuraiana
and R. muUiflora: Ifts. 5-7: fls. red, 2 in. across, single.
Beggeriana. To nearly 10 ft., prickles hooked: Ifts.
5-9, ovate to elliptie-obovate, to 1 in. long, serrate, blue-
to gray -green, usually pubescent beneath: fls. white, rarely
pink, to l^s in. across, usually in corymbs. N. Persia to
Altai.
bella. To 10 ft.: Ifts. 7-9, to 1 in. long: fls. rose, 2 in.
across, in 1 -3-fld. corymbs. China.
bengal£nsis: R. chincnsis var. semperflorens.
blanda. To 6 ft., often without prickles: Ifts. 5-7, to 2^
in. long: fls. pink, 2 in. across, solitary or in few-fid, corymbs.
Newf. to Pa. and Mo.
borboniana (R. borbonica). BOUHBON R. Hybrid be-
tween R cfnnensis and R. galhca: Ifts. mostly 7: fls. red or
purple, to 3 in. across, double or partially so, solitary or in
lew-fld. corymbs in late summer. Hybrid Bourbons repre-
sent crosses between this hybrid and R. galhca, R. centifoha.
and R. damaacena; these crossed with R. chinenais produced
the group of Hybrid Perpetuals or Rernontants, which are
mostly harcly N.
borb6nica: R. borboniana.
bracteata. MACARTNKY R. To 20 ft., half-climbing,
evergreen: Ifts. 5-9, to 2 in. long, shining above, rachis
glabrous: fls. white, 3 in. across, solitary, subtended by
large toothed bracts. China; nat. in S. U. S. — Some of the
material so listed may be R. Wichuraiana.
Bruantii. A group of hybrids between R. rugoaa and
R. odorata or R. dilecta.
Brundnii. HIMALAYAN MUSK R. Tall, with partially
climbing branches: Ifts. 5-7, to 2^ in. long: fls. white,
fragrant, to 2 in. across, in many-fld. corymbs. Himalayas;
not harcly N.
burgundlaca: R. centifolia var. parvifolia.
calif6rnica. To 10 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, to 11A in. long: fls. pink,
1\£ in. acioss, in corymbs. Ore. to Lower Calif. Var.
plena has fls. double or partially so.
Camellia: R. Isevigata.
canina (R. Friedlanderiana. R. monticola) . Doa R.
To 10 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, to 1^ in. long: fls. white or pinkish, to
2 in. across, solitary or in few-fld. corymbs. Eu.
cantabrigi£nsis: listed name of unknown botanical
standing.
carelica: the plant in the trade is a form of R. acicularis.
Carolina (R. humihs), PASTURE R. To 3 ft. or more,
suckenng: Ifts. commonly 5, to 1^± in. long: fls. rose, 2 in.
across, usually solitary. Me. to Fla. and Tex. Var. filba
(R. Lyonii var. alba) has white fls. Var. grandifl&ra has
fls. 2^2 m. across. Var. villdsa (R. Lyonii) is somewhat
larger with longer Ifts. and larger fls. which are often in
few-fld. racemes. B. C. to Tex. — See R. palustna.
cathaye"nsis: R. Gentihana.
caudata. To 12 ft.: Ifts. 7-9, to 2 in. long: fls. red, 2 in.
across, in few-fld. corymbs: fr. orange to coral-red, about
1 in. long. China,
centifdlia. CABBAGE R. To 6 ft.: Ifts. mostly 5, to 2 in.
or more long: fls. pink, fragrant, to 3 in. across, solitary,
nodding, very double with the petals overlapping. Caucasus.
Var. cristata has edges of sepals mossy. Var. muscdsa
(R. raustosa) MOBS R., has mossy calyx and pedicels. Var.
panrifdlia (R. parmfoha, R. buryundiaca) , BUHQUNDIE R.,
Ifts. to */i in. long, fls. 1 in. across. — Seen in old yards, and
haidy N.
cerasocarpa. Allied to R. moachata: Ifts. 3-5, ovate to
elliptic-ovate, glabrous: fls. white, about 1 in. across,
pedicels and receptacles glandular. Cent. China.
cherokeensis: R. Isevigata.
chin 6ns is. CHINA R. Low, evergreen or partially so:
Ifts. 3-5, to 2^ in. long, shining above: fls. red to nearly
white, 2 in. across, in few-fld. corymbs. China; hardy only
far S. Var. Manfittii is R. Noisettiana. Var. minima (R.
Lawranciana, R. Roulettii). FAIRY or PYGMY R. To 1 ft.:
fls. rose-red, 1 Y^ in. across, single or double. Var. semper-
Rosa
637
Rosa
fldrcns (R. bengalensis). Fls. crimson, usually solitary. Var.
viridifldra. GKEEN R. Fls. green, the petals represented by
green Ivs.
chrysophylla: listed name.
ciimamdmea. CINNAMON R. To 6 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, to 1 H in.
long: fls. red, fragrant, 2 m. across, solitary or in few-fld.
corymbs. Eu., Asia; escaped in E. U. S. Var. plena has
double fls.
clinophylla. Differs from R. bracteata in prickles straight,
not hooked, and Ifts. acute and pubescent beneath with
rachis also pubescent. China.
coriifdlia. To 5 ft.: Ifts. 5-7: fls. rose, solitary or in
corymfcs. Eu., W. As a. Var. Froebelii has small white fls.
corymb if era (R. camna var. dumetorum. R. dumetorum).
Distinguished from R. camna by the Ifts. being pubescent
rather than glabrous. Eu., W. Asia; hardy N.
coryihbul6sa. To 6 ft.: Ifts. 3-5, to 1H in. long: fls. red,
white in center, 1 in. across, in many-fid, corymbs. China.
cymdsa. Differs from R. Banksise in having more
slender sts. with hooked prickles, glabrous rachis and
corymbs of smaller white fls. China.
damascena. DAMASK R. To 8 ft.: Ifts. usually 5, to 2^
in. long: fls. pale pink to red, fragrant, double, in corymbs.
Origin unknown; intro. from Asia Minor. Var. triginta-
p6tala, fls. red, semi-double. Var. versicolor, YORK and
LANCASTER R., has partially double white fls. striped with
pink. — A source of attar of roses. Hardy N., and persists
in old yards.
Davidii. To 10 ft.: Ifts. 7-9, to 2 in. long: fls. pink, to 2
in. across, in corymbs. China.
davurica. Resembles R. cinnamomea but with straight
instead of curved prickles and smaller Ifts. N. Asia.
dilgcta. A group of hybrids between R. odorata and R.
borboniana, comprising the Hybrid Teas: fls. white, red,
yellow, fragrant.
dumalis (R. glauca. R. Reuteri). To 6 ft.: Ifte. 5-7, to
\\^ in. long, bluish-green: fls. rose, about \Y% in. acioss,
solitary or in coiymbs. Eu., W. Asia.
dumet6rum: R. corymbifera.
dumifldra: error for R. dumetorum.
Dupontii (R. moschata var. mvea). Hybrid between
R. moschata and R. gallica: fls. white.
ECBB. This species is not known to bo in cult., material
so listed being It. Primula.
Eglanteria (R. rubigmosa}. EGLANTINE. SWEERBRIER.
To 8 ft., much branched: Ifts. 5-7, to 1^ in. long, glandular
and fragrant: fls. pink, 2 in. across, solitary or in few-fld.
corymbs. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer., and common in pastures.
Var. duplex has double fls.
£ngelmannii: R. aciculana var.
exce*lsa: a hybrid Wichuraiana.
Fedtschenkoana. Differs from R. Webbiana in branchlets
bristly as well as prickly, Ifts. oblong and somewhat longer
and pubescent beneath, with white fls. Turkestan.
F£ndleri: R. Woodsn var.
ferox: R. horrida.
ferruginea: R. rubrifolia.
filipes. To 15 ft., the branches partially climbing: Ifts.
5-7, to 3 in. long: fls. white, fragrant, about 1 in. across, in
many-fld. corymbs. China.
fcstida (R. lutea). AUSTRIAN BRIER. To 10 ft.: Ifts.
5-9, to 15^ in. long: fls. deep yellow, with unpleasant odor,
to 3 in. across, commonly solitary. Asia; hardy N. Var.
bf color, AUSTRIAN COPPER BRIER, fls. coppery. Var.
persiana, PERSIAN YELLOW, fls. double.
foliol&sa. To IK ft-: Ifts. 7-9, to IK in. long, shining
above: fls. rose or white. \% in. across, solitary or in few-
fld. clusters. Ark. to Tex. Var. alba has white fls.
Fortuneana. Hybrid between R. Bankaise and probably
R. Ixwgata climbing: Ifts. 3-5: fls. white, double, solitary.
Friedlanderiana: R. canina.
fujisane'nsis. To 10 ft., sts. flexuose: Ifts. 3-9, to % in.
long: fls. white, 1 in. across, in corymbs. Japan.
gallica. FRENCH R. To 4 ft.: Ifts. 3-5, thick, to 2H in-
long: fls. pink or crimson, to 3 in. across, solitary. Eu., W.
Asia. Var. pumila is a dwarf form with single red fls. Var.
versicolor has partially double fls. striped white and red.
Other listed vars. are conditdrium, marmorata and sple*n-
dens. — This rose is common in old gardens and often
escapes or persists.
Gentiliana (R.cathayensis. R.multiflorava.r. cathayenaia).
Branches somewhat climbing: Ifts. usually 5-7, stipules
fringed: fls. few, pink or rose, \\$ in across, fragrant, in
corymbs. China.— -Other material of this name is R. Henryi,
gigantea: R. odorata var.
Giraldii. Lfts. usually 7, to H in. long: fls. pink, 1 in.
across. China.
glauca: R. dumalis or R. rubrifolia.
glutindsa. To 4 ft. or less, prickles to nearly % in. long,
bristly and gland-tipped, abundant: Ifts. elliptic to obovate,
to H in. long, glandular: fls. pink, small. S. E. Eu., W.
Asia.
gratfesima. To 6 ft., much branched: Ifts. 5-7. to 1*4 in.
long: fls. pink, about 1 in. across, in corymbs. Calif.
gymnocfirpa. To 10 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, to 1^ in. long: fls. rose,
about 1 in. across, usually solitary. B. C. to Mont, ana
Calif.
haemat6des. To 4 ft., prickles stout and curved: Ifts.
3-5, ovate-oblong, obtuse, sharply toothed, nerves often
minutely glandular-puberulous beneath: fls. crimson,
large. E. Caucasus.
Harisonii. HARISONS YELLOW R. Hybrid between
R.fietida and R. spinosissima: fls. pale yellow, double.
He'leniae. To 15 ft., with partially climbing branches:
Ifts. 7-9, to 2 in. long: fls. white, fragrant, about 1 in. across,
in many-fld. corymbs. China; hardy N.
heli6phila: R. suffulta.
hemisph&rica. SULPHUR R. To 15 ft , prickles hooked:
Ifts. 5-9, obovate, to 1M m. long, coarsely toothed, some-
what glandular, base wedge-shaped: fls. pale yellow, to 2 in.
across, double, not fragrant. W. Asia. — A form with single
fls. is not known to bo cult.
H&iryi (R. Gentiliana, in part). To 12 ft., the branches
partially climbing: Ifts. 5, to 2>2 in- long: fls. white, fragrant,
to 13^ in. across, in many-fld. corymbs. China.
hibe'rnica. Hybrid between R. spmosissima and R.
canina. fls. pink, 1 in. across.
highdown6nsis. Said to be n. hybrid of which one parent
is R. Moycsii: Ivs. glaucous beneath: fls. crimson, on arch-
ing sts.: fr. bright colored.
Hillieri: R. pruhoniciana.
himalaica: fls. white tinted blush; hort. name.
hispida: R. spinosissima var.
hdrrida (R. feror). Dwarf: Ifts. 5-7, about ^ in. long:
fls. white, about 1 in. across, in few-fld. coiymbs. S. Eu.,
Asia Minor.
Hugdnis. HUGO R. To 8 ft., the branches drooping:
Ifts. 5-13, to % in. long: fls. yellow, 2 in. across, solitary,
May-June China; hardy N., early.
humilis: R. Carolina.
illino6nsis: R. spinoaiasima.
Indica: confused name, belonging mostly to R. chineneis
and R. odorata.
in6rmis Morl£ttii: a form of R. penduhna, with purplish
fls., thornless.
Iwara. Hybrid between R. multijlora and R. rugoaa:
fls. white, single, small.
Jackii: R. Maximowicziana var.
Jacksonii. Hybrid between JR. Wichuraiana and R.
rugosa: fls. bright crimson.
Jundzfllii: R. maryinata.
kamtchatica: R. rugosa var.
Kukolinskii. A cross or sport of R. canina which has been
recommended as an understock.
laevigata (R. Camellia. R. cherokeensis) . CHEROKEE R.
Climbing to 15 ft., evergreen: Ifts. usually 3, to 2}^ in. long,
shining: fls. white, fragrant, to 3^2 in. across, solitary.
China; nat. in S. U. S.
Lawranciana: R. chinensis var. minima.
laxa. To 8 ft.: Ifts. 7-9, to 1 ^ in. long: fls. white, several.
Turkestan.
Lheritierana. BOURSAULT R. Hybrid between R.
penduhna and R. chinensis: climbing to 20 ft.: Ifts. 3-7: fls.
red, in corymbs.
longicuspis. Climbing: Ifts. to 4 in. long, ovate to ovato-
oblqng, acuminate, glabrous, glossy: fls. silky, in corymbs,
pedicels pubescent. W. China.
lucens Srecta: hort. form with semi-double pink fls., per-
haps of R. longicuspis or R. sempervirena*
lucida: R. virginiana.
lutea: R. faetida.
Lyonii: R. Carolina var. villosa.
MacDougalii: R. nutkana var. hispida.
Macounii. To 6 ft., much branched: Ifts. 5-7, to 1% in.
long, glaucous beneath: fls. rose, 1H in- across, solitary or
in few-fld. corymbs. B. C. to Tex.
macrantha. Hybrid between R. canina and R. gallica:
Ifts. 5-7: fls. light pink, 3 in. across.
macrophflla. Large: Ifts. 9-11, to 2M in. long: fls. red,
2 in. or more across, solitary or in few-fld. corymbs. Him-
alayas.
Manettii: R. Noisettiana.
Rosa
638
Rosa
marginata (R. Jundzillii) . Related to R. canina, differ-
ing in prickles nearly straight, Ifte. doubly glandular-serrate
and usually glandular beneath, pink fls. to 3 in. across on
long glandular bristly pedicels. Eu., W. Asia. Var. amcena
is listed.
Marretii. Branchlets dark purple: Ifts. mostly 7, to
\l/t in. long: fls. pink, solitary or in few-fld. corymbs.
Saghalin Isl.
Maximo wicziana. Branches partially climbing: Ifts.
7-9, to 2K in. long: fls. white? 1% in. across, in many-fld.
corymbs. N. Asia. Var. Jackii (R. Jackii) has no bnstles.
meUna. To 3 ft., much branched: Ifts. usually 7, to IK
in. long: fls. rose, to 2 in. across, commonly solitary. Colo.,
Utah.
micrantha. To 6 ft., much branched: Ifts. 5-7, to 1M in.
long: fls. pink or white, about 1 in. across, solitary or in
few-fld. corymbs. Eu.; escaped in N. Amer.
microcarpa. The true R. microcarpa is not known to be
in cult., the material so listed is referable to R. cymosa.
microphylla: R. Roxburghii.
minutif61ia. To 4 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, K in. or less long: fls.
pink or white, 1 in. across. Lower Calif.
mirmca: R. stellata var.
mohavensis. To 3 ft.: Ifts. usually 5, to H m. long: fls.
rose, about 1 m. across, mostly solitary. Calif.
m6llis. To 4 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, to 1 H m. long, silky-tomentose
beneath: fls. deep pink or rarely white, to 2 in. across,
solitary or few. Eu., W. Asia.
monticola: R. canina.
morlca. Hybrid with R. canina as one parent: fls. light
pink.
moschata. MUSK R. Branches partially climbing or
arching: Ifts. 5-7, to 2 in. long: fls. white, with odor of
musk, to 2 in. across, in 7-fld. corymbs. Medit. region; not
hardy N. Var abyssinica, a more prickly tender form from
Abyssinia. Var. filba, a large-fid, hybrid between the
species and R. camrui. Var. flonbtinda, large clusters of
white fls. Var. grandifldra (R. polyantha var. grandiflora),
probably hybrid. Var. japonica is listed. Var. nivea is
R. Dupontn. Var. nastarana (R. Pissardn) has more
numerous pinkish fls. Var. plena has double fls. — Now little
known m gardens.
Moyesii. To 10 ft.: Ifts. 7-13, to \1A in. long: fls. deep
red, to 23^j in. across, solitary or in 2's: fr. dark orange-reo,
about 2 in. long. China.
multibracteata. To 6 ft.: Ifts. 7-9, to H in. long: fls.
pink, about 1 in. across, m corymbs. China.
multifldra. Branches climbing or trailing: Ifts. 5-11, to
\Y^ in long, stipules fringed: fls. white, very fragrant, to
^4 m. across, in many-fld. panicles. Japan. Var. platyphylla,
SKVEN SISTERS R., has larger Ivs. and deeper pink fls.
Other listed vars. are jap6nica and nana.— ^Source of many
garden roses, often double, together with its Chinese ally,
R. Gentiliana. Hardy N. Crimson Rambler is of this
relationship.
muscdsa: R. centifolia var.
mutabilis: a confused name, plants so listed are probably
referable to R. gallica or R. setigera.
myriacantha: R. spinosissima var.
nipponensis: R. acicularis var.
nitida. To 1 H ft. : Ifts. 7-9, to 1 ^ in. long, shining above:
fls. rose, 2 in. across, solitary or in few-fld. corymbs. Newf.
to Conn.
Noisettiana. NOISETTE, MANETTI or CHAMPNEY R.
Hybrid between R. chinensis and R. moschata to 10 ft.:
Ifts. 5-7: fls. white, pink, red, yellow, in many-fld. corymbs.
Not hardy N. The Marochal Niel is one of this group, as
are also the Manetti roses (R. Manettn) used extensively
as stocks on which to grow greenhouse roses.
nutkana. To 5 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, to 2 in. long: fls. commonly
rose, 2 in. across, solitary. Alaska to Calif. Var. hispid a
(R. MacDougalii). has the receptacle glandular-hispid.
Var. Halliana is listed with large pink fls.
Nuttalliana: probably R. palustris var.
odorata. TEA R. Evergreen or somewhat so, branches
partially climbing: Ifts. 5-7, to 3 in. long, shining above:
fls. white, pale pink or yellow, to 3 in. across, solitary or in
few-fld. corymbs. China; hardy only far S. Var. gigantea,
fls. cream, to 6 in. across. Var. ochroleuca, fls. pale yellow,
double. Var. pseudindica, fls. salmon-yellow, double, to
4 in. across.
omeiensis. To 12 ft.: Ifts. 9-17, to 1 in. long: fls. white,
to 1H m. across. China. Var. chrysocarpa, fr. bright
yellow. Var. pteracfintha has prickles much enlarged at
base, forming wide lings.
Miss. Var. Nuttalliana has larger fls.— -This is the rose to
which the Linnsean name R. Carolina was long erroneously
applied.
parvif&lia: R. centifolia var.
Paulii (R. rugosa var. repens). Hybrid between R.
rugosa and R. aroensis: procumbent: fls. white, in corymbs.
pendulina (R.alpina). To 3 ft. : Ifts. 7-9, to 2 ^ in long:
fls. rose, 1 ^ in. across, solitary or in few-fld. corymbs Eu.
Var. oxyodon (R. oxyodon) , Ifts. 5-9, ovate; pedicel and
receptacle smooth, not glandular-bristly. Var. pyrenlica
is of lower habit with glaucous brarichlets and glandular-
bristly pedicels and receptacle.
Penzanceana. LADY PENZANCE R. Hybrid between
R. f(ftida and R. Eglantena: Ifts. 7, fragrant: fls. pink with
yellow center.
Pernetiana: see R. foctida, page 640.
persica (R. simplicifolia). To 1J$ ft: Ivs. simple, to
1 l/i in. long: fls. yellow with red center, 1 in. across, solitary.
W. Asia; little grown and not hardy N.
pimpinellifdlia: R. spinosissima.
pinetdrum. To 3 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, to \\i in. long: fls. deep
rose, 1^ in. across, usually solitary. Cuhf.
pisocfirpa. To 6 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, to 1^ in. long: fls. pink,
1J^ in. across, in corymbs. B C. to Calif.
Pissardii: R. moschata var. nastarana.
polyantha. A group of roses of the R. mnltiflora type.
pomifera (R. villosa). To 6 ft., densely branched: Ifts.
commonly 5-7, to 2 in. long: fls. pink, to 2 in. across,
solitary or in few-fld. corymbs. Eu , Asia; hardy N. —
Recent studies have shown the description accompanying
the older Linnacan name of R. villosa to be too ambiguous
to merit its acceptance.
pratmcola: R. suffulta.
Prattii. To 8 ft.: Ifts. 7-15, to H in. long: fls. pink,
to % in. across, solitary or few-fld. China.
Primula (R. Ecse of cult.). To 0 ft.: Ifts. 7-15, to % in.
long: fls. pale yellow, 1 in. across, solitary. Asia.
oxyodon: R. pendulina var.
palustris. SWAMP R. To 6 ft.: If ts. commonly 7.to 2 in.
long: fls. pink, 2 in. across, in corymbs. N. 8. to Fla. and
pmhoniciana (R. Ililheri). Hybrid between R. Will-
mottix and R. Moyesii: fls. bright pink.
ripens: R. arvensis.
Reuteri: R. dumalis.
rev6rsa (R. rubella). To 5 ft , erect bristly sts. with
prickles: Ifts. 5-9, orbicular to oblong-ovate, to 3| in long:
fls. red, to 2 in. across, solitary, pedicels glandular-bristly.
Eu. — Believed to be a hybrid between R. spinosissima and
R. pendulina.
Richardii. Allied to R. centifolia, differing in Ifts. rugose
and pubescent on lower side only and sepals pinnately lobed,
leafy at apex. Abyssinia.
RoulSttii: R. chinensis var. minima.
R6xburghii (R. microphylla of cult). To 8 ft., much
branched: Ifts. 7-15, to % in. long: fls. pale pink, to 2>^ m.
across, solitary or in few-fld. corymbs. China, Japan. Var.
hirtula has Ifts. pubescent beneath. Var. normalis has
single fls. and var. plena double.
rubella: R. reversa.
rubigindsa: R. Eylanteria.
rubrif61ia (R. ferrugmea. R. glauca). To 6 ft., sts.
purplish: Ifts. 7-9, to 1H m. long, somewhat purplish: fls.
deep red, \\i m. across, in few-fld. corymbs. Eu.; hardy N.
rugdsa. To 6 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, to 2 in. long, thick and rugose,
shining above: fls. red or white, to 4 in across, solitary
or in few-fld. corymbs. China, Korea, Japan; hardy and
durable Var. llba, fls. white. Var. filbo-plena, fls. white,
double. Var. Chamissoniana, less bristly, Ivs smaller. Var.
kamtch&tica, Ivs. thinner, fls. smaller. Var. magnified, said
to be an improved form. Var. ripens is /?. Paulii. Var.
r&sea, fls. rose. The typical form (var. rubra) has fls. purple.
rustica: R. stylosa.
s&ncta. The true R. sancta is not known to be in cult.;
the materials so listed are probably R. Richardii.
saturata. To 8 ft., scarcely prickly: Ifts. mostly 7, to
2% in. long: fls. dark red, 2 in. across, solitary China.
sempervirens. Evergreen, the branches decumbent or
climbing: Ifts. 5-7, to 2 in. long, shining: fls. white, slightly
fragrant, to 2 in. across, in corymbs. Medit. region; to be
grown S.
Serafinii. Low shrub, prickles hooked, unequal: Ifts.
5-7, ovate-orbicular, to \\ in. long, glandular beneath:
fls. pink, solitary, pedicels short, glabrous. Medit. region.
serfcea. To 12 ft., prickly: Ifts. 7-11, to % in. long,
silky-pubescent beneath: fls white, to 2 in. across, solitary.
Himalayas. Var. fructo-luteo has yellow hips. Var. nigra
is listed.
sertata. To 6 ft.: Ifts. 7-11, to \i in. long: fls. rose,
. across, solitary or in few-fld. corymbs. China.
Rosa
639
Rose
setizera. PRAIRIE R. To 15 ft., the branches climbing:
Ifts. 3-6, to 4 m. long: fla. rose fading to white, 2 in. across.
in few-fld. corymbs. Ont. to Fla. and Tex.; hardy N., and
represented in Baltimore Belle and others. Var. tomentdsa
has Ivs. tomentose beneath.
setipoda. To 10 ft.: Ifts. 7-9, to 2f$ in. long: fls. pink or
rose, 2 in across, in corymbs. China.
simplicifolia: R. petyic-a.
sinica: synonym of R. laevigata and R. chtnensis.
sonomensis. To 1 ft.: Ifts. 5, to H in- long: fls. rose, in
many-fid, corymbs. Calif.
Soulieana. To 12 ft.: Ifts. mostly 7, to 1J£ in. long: fls.
white, 1 y^, in. across, in many-fld. corymbs. China.
Spaethiana. Hybrid of H. rugosa and R. palustns, having
corymbs of large purple fls.
spinosissima (R. pimpinelli folia. R. tllinoensis). SCOTCH
or BURNET R To 4 ft., densely spiny: Ifts. 5-11, to }£ in.
long: fls. white, pink or yellow, to 2 in. across, solitary.
Ku , Asia. Var. alba, fls. white. Var. altaica (R. altaica) t
fls white. Var. cestifldra is listed as a single rose. Var.
fulgens, fls lilac-pink, semi-double, small. Var. hispida,
fls. sulfur-yellow, to 3 in. across. Var. lutea, fls. bright yellow.
Var. luteola, fls. pale yellow. Var. myriacantha (R. my-
riacnntlui), very prickly, fls. white tinged pink. Var.
sulphur ea, fls. pale yellow. Var. V6rbergii is R. flansonii.
spinulifdlia. Hybrid between R. tomentosa and R.
'penduli rui .
spithamea. To 1 ft.: Ifts. 3-7, to 1}£ in. long: fls. rose,
to 1^ in. across, in few-fld. corymbs. Ore , Calif.
stellata. To 2 ft.: Ifts. usually 3, to % m. long: fls. deep
rose, to 2 in. across, solitary. Tex., Ariz. Var. mirifica
(R. mirifica}, to 4 ft., fls. larger.
styl&sa (R. rustica). Sts. green, arching, prickles stout,
curved, scattered: Ifts. 5-7, ovate to elliptic, mostly to % in.
long, serrate: fls. soft pink to neaily white at base, to 2 in.
across, m corymbs of 3-0. Eu.
subserrulata. To 2M ft.: Ifts. 3-7, sharp-toothed: fls.
rose, about 2 in. across, solitary. Mo. to Tex.
suffulta (R. hehophila. R. pratmcola). To 1% ft.: Ifts.
7-11, to 1^-2 in. long: fls. pink, 1% in. across, in corymbs.
Man. to Tex.
Sweginz&wii. To 15 ft.: Ifts. 7-11, to 2 in. long: fls. rose,
1 l/i in across, solitary or in few-fld. corymbs. China.
tomentdsa. To 6 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, to IK in. long: fls. pale
pink to white, 1 M in. across, solitary or in few-fld. corymbs.
Eu.; escaped in N. Arner.
triphylla (R. anemone flora) . Climbing, partially ever-
green: Ifts. 3-5, to 3 in. long: fls. white, 1^ in. across,
double with the inner petals shorter, in corymbs. China.
vill&sa: R. pomifcra.
virginiana (R. lucida). To 6 ft.: Ifts. 7-9, to 2*£ in. long,
shining above: fls pink or rose, to 2^2 in- across, in few-fld.
torymbs. Newf. to Va. and Mo. Var £lba has white fls.
Watsoniana. Branches partially climbing: Ifts. 3-5, to
2% in. long, very narrow arid with entire wavy margins:
fls. white or pink, l/i in. acioss, in many-fld. corymbs.
Probably Japan; not hardy far N.
Webbiana. To 6 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, to H in. long: fls. pale
pink, 2 in. across, mostly solitary. Himalayas to Tuikestau.
Wichuraiana. MEMORIAL R. Prostrate or trailing,
evergreen: Ifts. 7-9, to 1 in. long, shining above: fls. white,
fragrant, to 2 m. across, in corymbs. Japan to China; hardy
N. — Dorothy Perkins is a derivative of this species.
Wfllmottiae. To 10 ft., densely branched: Ifts. 7-9, to
% in. long: fls. rose-purple, 1% in. across, solitary. China.
Woodsii. To 6 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, to 1J4 in. long: fls. pink or
rarely white, 1% in. across, solitary or m few-fld. corymbs.
Sask. to Kans. and Utah. Var. Fe"ndleri (R. Fendlen) is
lower with straight prickles.
xanthina. To 10 ft.: Ifts. 7-13, to % in long: fls. yellow,
\Yz in. across, semi-double, solitary. N. China, Korea.
Var. spontanea (var. normalia) is the wild single form. —
Some of the material so listed may be R. Primula.
. ROSE FAMILY. About 100 widely
distributed genera of herbs, shrubs and trees,
with mostly alternate Ivs., bisexual regular fls.
having 4-5 sepals and petals or petals lacking,
and 5-many stamens borne on edge of calyx-tube,
and fr. an achene, follicle, hip, pome or drupe.
The family contains many of the most important
fruit plants and ornamentals in the north temp.
zone, most of them grown out-of-doors. Genera
herein treated are Acscna, Adenostoma, Agri-
monia, Alchemilla, Amelanchier, Aronia, Arun-
cus, Cercocarpus, Chsenomeles, Chamsobatia,
Chamsebatiaria, Chrysobalanus, Cotoneaster,
Cowania, Cratsegomespilus, Cratspgus, Cydonia,
Dalibarda, Dryas, Duchesnea, Kriobotrya, Exo-
chorda, Fallugia, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum,
Gillenia, Heteromeles, Hplodiscus, Horkelia,
Kageneckia, Kelseya, Kerria, Luetkea. Lyono-
thamnus, Maddenia, Margyricarpus, Mcspilus,
Neillia, Neviusia, Osmaronia, Ostcomeles, Pctro-
phytum, Photinia, Physocarpus. Potentilla,
Poterium, Prinsepia, Primus, Purshia, Pyracan-
tha, Pyrus, Quillaja, Raphiolepis, Rhodotypos,
Rosa, Rubus. Sanguisorba, Sibbaldia, Sibiraca,
Sorbaria, Soroaronia, Sorbopyrus, Sorbus, Spen-
ceria, Spiraea, Stephanandra, Stranva^sia, Wald-
steinia.
ROSA DE MONTANA: Antigonon leptopus.
ROSCH^RIA. Palmacese. Monoecious palm of
the Seychelles Isls., sometimes included in
Verschaffeltia, but Ivs. pinnate except in ver
young trees, fls. in 2's, one of which is pistillate,
spathes several and in technical characters. It
is seldom seen in collections.
ROSCOEA. Zingiberacex. Per. herbs with
thick fleshy roots, of the Curcuma kind, lanceo-
late or oblong parallel-veined Ivs. and purple or
blue fls. in terminal spikes, the calyx split down
one side.
Roscoeas are suitable for the greenhouse or for borders
in mild climates. The roots should be planted m sandy loam
4-5 inches deep. Propagated by division.
alpina. To 6 in.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
sessile, becoming fully developed after blossoming: fls. with
dark purple limb and tube White, to 1 in. long. Himalayas
to Burma.
cautleoides. To 1 ft.: Ivs. usually sessile, to 6 in. long
and 1 in wide: fls. pale primrose-yellow, to 3 in. or more
long. China.
pur pure a. To 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, undulate, usually
5-0 on st.: fls. with white to purple limb and tube, few in
sessile spike. Himalayas to Burma and Assam. Var.
capitata is listed.
ROSE. The species of Rosa are probably 200,
widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.
A score of them have been much modified under
cultivation or have contributed to important
hybrids, but even in the crosses the parental
resemblances are usually apparent to students
of the genus. All members of the genus are im-
portant to the horticulturist, to be grown as orna-
mental shrubbery if not directly for bloom. The
well-known horticultural classes, often much
modified from the wild state, arc the following:
Hybrid Perpetual or Remontant roses (H.P.)
are of mixed ancestry, with R. borboniana prob-
ably prevailing (although few Bourbon roses as
sucn are now in commerce); highly developed
varieties of upright growth, producing in early
summer and sparingly in autumn very large,
double and fragrant flowers, from white through
pink to deep crimson. Hardy for the most part
m the northern states, they form the background
of many rose gardens. Once dominant, their
varieties, not seriously increased in the last
twenty years, are now less than one-fourth of
those in ordinary use.
Hybrid Tea (H.T.) roses, broadly referred to
R. dilecta, represent crosses between the Hybrid
Perpetuals and virtually all other classes, begin-
ning with Tea and China groups. They are less
hardy than the Hybrid Perpetuals and the
Polyanthas, but because of their recurrent
blooming habit and the richness and color varia-
tion of their fragrant blooms, they by far pre-
Rose
640
Rose
dominate as garden roses. The Hybrid Teas are
grown throughout America, sometimes with such
protection as may be required, and also exten-
sively for out-of-season flowering in greenhouses.
Through the work of a French hybridizer, M.
Pernet-Ducher, about 1900, there was introduced
into the Hybrid Tea class the brilliant yellow
and copper tones of the Austrian Brier (72.
fwlida), giving as a continuing result under
many hybridizers colors not before available,
and, at the same time, unfortunately beginning
a disease liability now being slowly bred out.
To illustrate the relation of these Hybrid Teas
to the general group of garden roses, it was noted
that a recent comprehensive catalogue included
204 H.T., as compared with 120 H.P. and 85 of
the varied Polyantha varieties.
The Polyantha roses, sometimes attributed to
R. multiflora nana, form a most important and
largely used branch of the Multiflora family.
It includes dwarf roses with characteristic
flowers, sometimes called "baby ramblers."
In more recent hybridizations, equally floriferous
and hardy, and even better adaptable to garden
use. the flowers are larger arid brighter in color,
including yellow and orange, and are of high
value for masses of bloom. Certain desirable
forms originating in Denmark and north Ger-
many reach above 3 feet, being otherwise similar
to the lower-growing Poly ant ha type. An inde-
terminate subclass in this general group, by
reason of its blooming habit, has been commer-
cially called the Floribunda without botanical
support. All the colors of the rose, including
yellow and even orange, as well as the pinks and
crimsons and scarlets, are found in these impor-
tant and rapidly enlarging groups.
Tea roses (T.), derived principally from R.
odorata, are much less used in America than the
Hybrid Tea group. In California and on the
Gulf Coast great specimens of these roses,
brought in with the old missions, yet remain in
much beauty. Not dependably hardy north of
the Mason and Dixon Line, they yet provide
abundance of bloom, large flowers, and great
beauty, though in general without the strong
yellows and bright reds which characterize the
H.T.'s. Once considerably grown under glass
for forcing purposes, they are now rarely so used.
About 25 horticultural varieties are found in
various parts of America.
China and Bengal roses, attributed both to
R. chinensis and R. odorata and their hybrids,
are used in the same way as are the Tea roses,
though some of them prove hardy in the middle
states. Both have horticultural varieties with
small red blooms, and, being generally of lower
growth, are valuable, with careful selection, in
ordinary rose gardens.
Noisette or Charnpneys, R. Noisettiana, re-
sulting from a hybrid made in Charleston,
South Carolina in 1810, form excellent bush
roses where they are hardy, as in the same sec-
tion mentioned for the larger Tea roses. Much
grown in Europe, they have their horticultural
varieties, including the famed Mare*chal Niel
and similar strong-growing climbing yellow
roses.
The Multiflora roses. R. multiflora, include
an important class of climbing roses sometimes
called "ramblers," but diminishing in importance
by reason of hybridization with R. Wicnuraiand
forms. The true Multiflora groups have cluster
flowers in large panicles of white, blush pink, and
dull crimson.
The Wichuraiana group, R. Wichuraiana,
(also called the Memorial rose) arises from a
more or less evergreen ground trailer, itself use-
ful for covering banks with its white flowers and
shining leaves, but more important because of
the hybrids which have reached into all other
forms of roses, producing pillar and climbing
roses of high value with both large and small
flowers and in varied and attractive colors.
This is the dominant form of the Hardy Climb-
ing rose in America, and not even a trained
botanist can readily distinguish the Wichuraiana
base from the Multiflora base. The initials L.C.
are used to designate these varieties, referring to
the larger flowers produced on these modern
climbers.
The Sweetbriers, R. Eglanteria (rubiginosa),
are exemplified in the so-called Penzance sweet-
brier hybrids, which, with fragrant foliage, also
include single flowers of great attractiveness.
The liugosa roses, R. rugosa, from China and
Japan, furnish hardy roses of strong growth,
suitable for hedges and garden backgrounds.
Hybridized with all other classes, many forms
even including rich yellow and orange tones, have
been combined with the Ilugosa type to great
garden advantage when the plants are used as
backgrounds or for hedges, being unsuitable for
the formal rose-garden. The class is generally
designated as H.R.
The Austrian Brier rose, R. fwtida, includes
yellow roses of upright or half-climbing habit,
also bringing in notable copper hues. An early
American hybrid, Harisons Yellow, includes,
apparently, a cross with R. spinosissima in a
hardy spreading awkward bush of great bloom
beauty. Another hybrid, the Persian Yellow,
was the parent of the so-called Pernetiana group
previously discussed.
Banksia rose, R. Banksise or Lady Banks, is a
climbing evergreen form from China abundantly
used in California, the South, and other mild
regions for its good foliage and seasonal abun-
dance of small clustered yellowish or white
flowers, sometimes fragrant.
The Cherokee rose, R. Isevigata, from China
and Japan, has been naturalized in the South,
producing very large single fragrant white
flowers, blooming once on strong shoots, some-
times evergreen. The Cherokee rose is rarely
hardy north of the Mason and Dixon Line.
Certain hybrids have been made in this class;
one said to contain Cherokee blood, Dr. W. Van
Fleet, is of importance as a hardy climber.
The Macartney rose, R. bracleata, also a garden
escape from China in the South, is chiefly or
value through its hybrid called Mermaid, which
endures to the middle states.
Hugonis, R. Hugonis, from China, provides
a yellow-flowered shrub of graceful form, bloom-
ing very early, with a covering of primrose single
flowers on a snapely hardy bush.
Primula, R. Primula, erroneously known as R.
Ecae, is of the same general form of bush, but
more graceful and stronger, blooming earliest of
all with primrose flowers in vast abundance.
Rosa setigera is the Prairie rose, which with
its derivatives is usually of climbing or bush
habit. Thoroughly hardy, of great vigor, it has
been used in second-generation crosses for a
series of most useful Hardy Climbing roses, in-
Rose
eluding American Pillar, Doubloons, Thor and
many others. These hybrids are designated as
H.S. in rose terminology.
Groups long cultivated and found all over
America as brought in by pioneers are the Musk
roses, including R. moschata and R. Brunonii,
the scentless white Ayrshire rose, R. arvensis,
the French or Provence roses, including 72. gal-
lica, the Moss and Cabbage roses, derived from
R. centifolia, the Damask roses, R. damascena.
All are included among the "old roses" listed as
worth the attention of the discerning amateur.
The Dog rose, R. canina, little used in America,
is important in Europe as an understock. In
that connection R. blanda and several other
species in northwestern America come into view
because of their hardiness and understock adapt-
ability.
The Scotch or Burnet rose, R. spinosissima, is
of very real garden importance for its pink, white
and yellow flowers on a hardy, handsome and
somewhat globular plant of much persistence.
The Cinnamon rose, R. cinnamomea, some-
times naturally develops flowers of many petals,
and it belongs with the "old roses, " being long-
persisting about old premises.
The dominant garden roses of America in-
clude the Hybrid Tea, Hybrid Perpetual, and
Polyantha types, in that order as to importance.
They are currently obtainable in hundreds of
horticultural varieties as pleasing and important
garden plants, rarely desirable as lawn subjects,
though the use of certain taller-growing plants
which can endure half shade is taking these
roses into the edge of the shrubbery. One
notable Rugosa hybrid, Max Graf, affords a
thoroughly hardy bank, fence or stone-pile
cover with enduring foliage and very beautiful
large pink flowers in June.
Broadly speaking, these truly garden roses
need to be composed by themselves, preferably
in beds or borders, though in some cases, witn
skilful use, the Polyantha roses form an admir-
able adjunct in herbaceous borders, as well as
serving excellently as low hedges. In some
cases the Rugosa roses, either trained high as a
protective hedge or pruned down to a definite
height, as may be done with certain hybrids,
serve admirably as backgrounds against V7hich
the lower-growing roses above mentioned may
be displayed. Some few of the groups mentioned
above may give similar service.
It is important that the separated rose garden,
the chief feature of which is to be the recurring
bloom of the Hybrid Teas and Polyanthas,
should be so placed that it can be adequately
cared for. This care, in addition to thorough
cultivation, and sometimes mulching, also in-
volves protection against the insects and diseases
which bother garden roses. Research by the
American Rose Society has resulted in control
methods for both fungous and insect troubles,
so that with reasonable care any thoughtful
grower may have good flowers through a long
season.
Some of the species of roses add an advantage
to their pleasing single blooms in decorative
"hips" which retain their color over winter.
Roses do well in any soil that will grow good
vegetables, whether of light or heavy nature.
Enough rotted manure to add fertility, the use
of peat moss in many cases to lighten clay soils
and to retain moisture, and good culture, will
641 Rose
generally produce many pleasing roses through-
out the season. Roses seem to prosper best in
soils neither strongly acid nor alkaline.
Planting methods vary according to location.
Ordinarily, roses in beds in the North can be as
close together as 15 inches, so that their foliage
will shade the ground. Farther south, with
larger growth, the distance must increase. The
admirably useful Hardy Climbing roses may be
planted in almost any location, and will flourish
wherever the soil will produce a good burdock.
In all cases thorough drainage is essential, as
roses do not endure "wet feet." In general the
observing rose grower varies his soil make-up
and his cultural practice by his own experience
or through reading the data constantly supplied
by othei amateurs through the American Rose
Annual.
Roses are best planted in the North very early
in the spring, though satisfactory results follow
fall planting in well-prepared ground with at
least a 6-inch hilling-up around the stem for
winter protection. Plants are now sold in con-
tainers of various sorts so that they rnay be pur-
chased in full leaf, and sometimes in full bloom,
and successfully transplanted. The best practice
is that of planting only fully dormant plants
with adequate preparation and care.
Pruning is as desirable to secure good roses as
it is for good apples or peaches. The average
rose plant is not a beautiful object in itself.
It is desirable, particularly with Hybrid Tea or
Polyantha roses, to space and handle beds so as
to give a flower mass as the blooms open. To
obtain this effect pruning is requisite: if the
plants are cut low, there will be more blooms not
so large; if the plants arc kept high and the buds
are thinned, large representative and specimen
flowers may be obtained.
The Hybrid Perpetual roses bloom on shoots
of the current season which arise from last year's
wood, and that fact must be kept in mind when
they are pruned. The Hybrid Tea roses bloom
only on the wood of the current year, and that
may arise from the base, above the bud. The
Polyantha roses bloom on old wood and require
little pruning. It is obvious that the frame of the
plant, in the case of the Hybrid Perpetuals, is
made up of older wood, whereas with Hybrid
Teas the new shoots are of more importance for
form and flowers.
Pruning may be simple and according to the
ideal established, it being always good practice
to cut away weak or diseased shoots and to
prune toward the size and style of plant that is
desirable.
In pruning the Hardy Climbing roses it is
essential to know whether the variety is of the
Multiflora type, in which case most or all of the
current year's shoots are removed immediately
after the bloom is over, the new shoots that
arise from the base forming the plant for next
year. The other type, of which Dr. W. Van
Fleet is an example, blooms on short shoots
arising from old wood, and this must not be
pruned so sharply.
The Hybrid Perpetual roses may be induced
to recur in bloom, in many cases, if carefully
pruned after the bloom is spent, there being at
the same time added fertility to promote new
growth.
Generally speaking, rose pruning should be
done in the spring, though it is sometimes ad-
Rose
642
Rotate
visable to cut back long shoots to avoid whipping
about by winds during the winter.
Winter protection depends on location.
Throughout the middle states a mound from 6
inches to a foot of earth about the Hybrid Tea
roses will preserve them so that even if the frost
is heavy, Nature's pruning to the top of the
mound will leave a good plant for next year.
Pruning for special places and of special varieties
is best learned by conferring with others who
have succeeded, and in that respect the American
Rose Society provides important available in-
formation.
The species and bush roses are usually pruned
only by removing shoots that are in the way or
are obviously diseased or worn out. It is not
often desirable to cut them down as is the
practice for Hybrid Tea roses.
Rose plants are easily propagated by one of
two ordinary methods. For many years, as
"own-root roses." there was large use of rooted
cuttings of Hybrid Tea and Tea roses which
were sold when the plants were in full leaf, and
which, under proper care, would grow to useful-
ness in a year. As some varieties seemed to do
better if given a stronger root system than
naturally available, the practice arose of budding
on an understock. Formerly the most important
understock was known as Manetti, and that is
still used for greenhouse roses. By far the largest
number of the ordinary garden roses, including
the Hybrid Teas and Polyanthas, are budded
on one of several understocks, the more import-
ant being the Japanese Multiflora. Another much
used understock is Ragged Robin, being the old
Bourbon rose, Gloire des Rosornanes. In both
of these cases the understocks may be raised from
cuttings, or, with Multiflora, sometimes from
seedlings.
The process of budding is not here described.
Any standard method by which a bud of the
desired variety is slipped when sap is moving
under the slit stem of the proposed understock,
with attention to protection until the bud has
begun to grow, will give good results.
In general, the dependence in America is on
budded roses grown in the open ground which
have had the advantage of a full season's growth
after the bud has taken hold, and before the plant,
then known as a "maiden, is lifted to be sold
or elsewhere set where it is to remain. Of these
budded roses there arc several qualities, and the
nursery standards explain the difference between
the No. 1 and No. lj/2 roses of commerce. These
plants, if carefully budded on a suitable under-
stock and carried through a full season under
good nurture, afford the most desirable material
for planting a rose garden. There are unscrupu-
lous dealers who sell plants not fully matured,
or who are careless about the labels, these plants
usually being offered at lower prices. Obviously
it is a waste of time to go to the trouble of plant-
ing roses that cannot be depended on as being
what the purchaser desires and as having back
of them the responsibility of a known grower who
is willing to make good.
The culture of roses has tremendously in-
creased in the United States, and annually fully
twenty-five millions of outdoor-grown budded
rose plants are sold. The greenhouse men who
grow roses to bloom over winter probably do
ten millions more. There is an increasing de-
mand for the Hardy Climbers and for the bush
and species roses as desirable adjuncts for home
planting.
ROSE, BRIDAL-: Matricaria inodora var. plenissima.
Brier-: Rubus coronanus. California-: Convolvulus japoni-
cus. Christmas-: Helleboruaniger. Confederate-: Hibiscus
mutabihs. Cotton-: Hibiscus mutabihs. Guelder-: Vi-
burnum Opulus var. roseum. -Mallow: Hibiscus. -Moss:
Portulaca yrandiflora. -of-China-: Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis.
-of-Heaven: Lychnis Cceli-rosa. -of- Jericho: Anastatica
hierochuntica, -of-Sharon: Hibiscus synacus. Rock-:
Cistus. Rush-: Crocanthemum scopanurn. Sun-: Hel-
ianthemutn.
ROSELLE. An annual hibiscus, H. Sabdariffa,
sometimes grown in the warmest parts of the
United States and in the tropics for the large
thick acid calyx and bracts that are prized in
the making of jams, sauces, jellies and acid
drinks. It is grown like tomatoes or eggplants.
Hows are ordinarily spaced for horse tillage, and
plants may be set therein 18-24 inches apart.
The plants reach 4 or 5 feet or more in height,
making a continuous line or hedge. The bolls or
heads are picked when immature, before becom-
ing woody, and utilized either fresh or after being
dried. There are yellowish forms of roselle, but
in the usual kind the bolls are red. The plant
is known also as Jamaica sorrel.
ROSEMARY: Rosmarinus. Bog-: Andromeda. Wild:
Lvdum palustre.
ROSENBERGIA: Cobsea.
ROSEOCACTUS. Cadacese. Segregate from
Ariocarpus, technically defined by the fls. arising
from an areole concealed in a longitudinal (deft
in the tubercle: very succulent plants with a
turnip-like root and flat or hemispherical t^ody
bearing thick spirally disposed tubercles: fls.
from the center of the plant, opening in sun arid
of short duration. See Cacti.
fissuratus (Anhalonium fissuratum. Ariocarpus fissura-
tus. Mammilitma fissuiata}. LIVING ROCK. Plant-body
flattish or somewhat rounded, mostly buried, to 5 or 6 in.
across; tubercles grooved on upper side, the triangular
surface showing a deep linear impression following the
outer margins: fls. white to shell-pink, to 1^2 m- across.
W. Tex , Mex.
Kotschoubeyanus (Ariocarpus Kotschoubeyanus and
A. sulcatus) Plant 2 in. or leas across, only the flat top
above ground; tubercles grooved on upper side, the tri-
angular surface slightly rough: fls. about 1 in. long, rose-
colored to light purple, arising near the top of the tubercle.
Mex.
L16ydii (Ariocarpus Lloydii}. Body with rounded top,
4 in. or more diarn.; tubercles without a linear depression
along the margin, exposed end broadly rhomboid rather
than triangular: fls. purple, slightly above 1 in. long.
Cent. Mex.
ROSEOCEREUS: Trichocereiis tephracanthu*.
ROSEROOT: Sedum Rosea.
ROSINWEED: Silphium.
ROSMARlNUS. ROSEMARY. Labiate. Hardy
evergreen subshrub with small fls. in short
axillary racemes, a well-known sweet herb grown
for its aromatic Ivs. which are used in seasoning
while their volatile oil is common in drug-stores.
Rosemary lasts for years if given well-drained
soil and some winter protection. It is useful in
S. Calif, for hedges, especially along the coast
where it is dry and rocky. R. officinalis. To 6 ft. :
Ivs. linear, }4 in. long, revolute, dark and shining
above, white-tomentose beneath: fls. in short
axillary racemes, light blue, % in. long, Apr.-
May. Medit. region. Var. prostrfctus is prostrate.
ROSULARIA PALLIDA: Sedum chrysanthum.
ROTANTHA: Campanula floridana.
ROTATE: wheel-shaped; with short or obsolete tube
and a flat and circular limb.
Rotenone
643
ROTENONE: see Dems.
ROTUND: nearly circular; orbicular inclining to be
oblong.
ROUGE-PLANT: Rivina humilia.
ROtJPALA. Proteacex. Trop. American trees
with alternate leathery Ivs., bisexual fls. in pairs
borne in racemes, and hard capsular frs.; differs
from Hakea and Grevillea chiefly in seed char-
acters. Sometimes grown under glass, and out-of-
doors in S. Calif.
corcovadensis: R. Pohlii.
P6hlii (R. corcovadensis). To 30 ft. or more, branches
rusty-toinentotse: Ivs. with 5-8 pairs of ovate or oblique
toothed Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls. white or yellowish, in racemes
to 5 in. long. Brazil.
ROWAN: Sorbus Aucuparia.
. Ebenacex. African evergreen trees
or shrubs with entire Ivs., small usually solitary
fls., and fr. a leathery berry; one species grown
out-of-doors in S. Calif, and sometimes under
glass.
Iftcida. To 12 ft. or more: Ivs. alternate, oval, to 2 in.
long, shining above: fls. white or yellowish, to % in. long:
fr. red or purple, to 1 in. long. S. Afr.
ROYOC: Marinda Royoc.
ROYSTONEA. ROYAL PALMS. Falmacese.
Momrcious columnar unarmed feather-palms of
American tropics of striking appearance and
much planted in trop. countries around the
world and in S. Fla. : trunk solitary, tall, cylindri-
cal or variously bulged, more or less ringed: Ivs.
regularly pinnate, long and large, handsomely
arching and drooping: spadices arising from top
of trunk at base of sheath - column, much
branched, shorter than Ivs.: fls. in 3's, the middle
one pistillate, or in 2's and staminate toward
ends of branches; stamens mostly (>: fr. globose
or oblong, % to % in. long, 1-sceded. See Palm
for cult.
borinquena. PUERTO Rico R. P. Trunk to 50 ft. and
more, fusiform or swollen in the upper part and thence
tapering to the infl : Ivs to 10 ft. long; pinna) many, to
2 }4 ft. long, nearly 2 in. or less broad, long-tapermg to the
point; stamens covered in the bud: fr. ovoid, yellowish-
orown, about % in. long and % in. thick. Puerto Rico;
sometimes planted elsewhere.
floridana: R. regia.
oleracea (Oreodoxa oleracea). CAIUBBKK R. P. Noble
slender tree reaching 100 ft. and more: trunk commonly
swollen at base and then cylindrical: Ivs ascending or
horizontally spreading HO that the rrown is more or less
flat on the bottom; pmnas in a single row on either side the
rachis: spadices far below the crown and therefore con-
spicuous; stamens protruding in the bud: fr. oblong, l/%~%
in long and V% in thick, often somewhat curved. Farther
W. Indies; much and widely planted.
regia (R. floridana. Oreodoxa regia). CUBA R. P. To 70
ft. or perhaps more, the t unk swollen somewhat at or above
the middle and then tapering: crown bushy and the lower
Ivs. drooping and covering the rather short spadices; pinna}
in 2 rows or directions on either side the rachis; stamens
covered in the bud: fr. globose or globular-oblong, Yy~Yi, in.
long. Cuba, and reporter! on other isls. ; S. Fla. on isls. in
Everglades; much planted in S. Fla.
RUBACER: Rubus odoratus.
RUBBER, PARA: Hevea brasiliensis. -Plant: Ficua
elastica. -Tree, Mexican: Castilla elastica. -Vine: Cryp-
tostegia.
RUBIA. Rubiaceae. Per. herbs with mostly
whorled Ivs. and small wheel-shaped 5-lobed fls.
in cymes; of wide distribution, one sometimes
cult, for the root which yields a dye.
tinctdrum. MADDER. To 4 ft., erect or decumbent: Ivs.
in 4's-6's, lanceolate, to 4 in. long, prickly on midribs and
edges: fls. greenish-yellow, in branching cymes: fr. red
turning black. S. Eu., Asia.
RUBlACE/E. MADDER FAMILY. A large group
of about 350 genera of herbs? shrubs and trees,
sometimes climbing, abounding in ornamental
subjects: Ivs. simple, opposite or whorled: fls.
usually bisexual with gamopetalous 4r-5-lobed
corolla, 4-5 stamens, inferior 1-10-celled ovary:
fr. a caps., berry or drupe. The family furnishes
many economic plants such as coffee and quinine,
as well as dyes and medicines. The genera known
to hort. are Asperula, Bouvardia, Catesbsea,
Cephaclis, Cephalanthus, Chiococca, Cinchona,
Coccocypsclum, Coffea, Coprosma, Coutarea,
Crucianella, Damnacanthus, Duggena, Emmen-
opterys, Galium, Gardenia, Genipa, Hamelia,
Iloffmannia, Iloustonia, Isertia, Ixora, Lepto-
dermis, Luculia, Mancttia, Mitchella, Morinda,
Nertera, Palicourea, Pentas, Portlandia, Poso-
queria, Psychotria, Putoria, Richardia, Ronde-
letia, Rubia, Serissa, Tricalysia, Vangueria, War-
szewiczia.
RUBUS. BRAMBLES. Rosaccae. Shrubs, seldom
nearly herbaceous, the woody species with bien.
canes (fruiting the second year and then perish-
ing), most of them prickly, including the black-
berries, dewberries, raspberries grown for fruit
and also a good number of exotic species planted
for the showy flowers and ornamental foliage;
there are hundreds of species around the world,
mostly in the northern hemisphere. Lvs. alter-
nate, prevailingly compound but sometimes
simple: fls. white or pinkish or rose, in the cult,
species mostly in clusters: fr. an aggregate of
small drupes; when the cone or thimble of coher-
ing drupelets parts from the receptacle when
picked, it is a raspberry, the receptacle remaining
on the bush; when the drupelets adhere to the
receptacle it is a blackberry or dewberry, the
receptacle being eaten as part of the fruit. The
dewberries differ from blackberries only in being
vines, running over the ground or when planted
needing support. The new cane, which usually
does not flower and fruit that year, is a primo-
cane; the second year it bears fls. and frs., may
have different foliage, and is called a floricane.
The characters of the cane in these different
ages are important points in distinguishing the
species botanically.
The pomological blackberries and dewberries
in North America are derived within a century
from native species, yet these species are so little
understood that the varieties cannot now be
referred to their original sources. Probably the
subject will be elucidated in the near future.
The native species are many more than we have
recognized, some of them not yet named and
described.
The brambles are of simple culture. The canes of black-
berries and raspberries should be lemoved at the ground
after fruiting and opportunity given for the new ones to
develop. An open exposure and average garden soil are
suitable. They grow readily from seeds, but the usual
method of propagation is by root-cuttings or by suckers;
Home of them increase by the new canes taking root either
at the joints or at the recurving tip. See Blackberry, Boysen-
berry, Dewberry, Himalaya-Berry, Loganberry, Raspberry.
acuminatus. Ornamental scandent shrub: Ivs. simple,
ovate-oblong, caudate-acuminate, serrulate; fls. white,
small, in fascicled racemes. Himalayas; probably adapted
to parts of the S.
allegheni6nsis (R. nigrobaccus) . Glandular highbush
blackberry, erect or at length somewhat arching, to 10 ft.,
with hooked prickles' Ifte. 3 or 5, ovate or oblong-ovate,
long-pointed, soft-pubescent underneath: infl. elongated:
fr. mostly long or oblong, sweet and aromatic. Common,
N. S. to N. C. and Mo. — In dry open lands the wild plant
may remain as low as 1 or 2 ft.
arcticus. The plant so listed is probably not the true
Ru&as
644
Rubies
R. arcticus of N. Eurasia hut R. stellatus native in northern
Amer. and which is an herbaceous unarmed glabrous more
or less decumbent or mat-forming plant much resembling
a strawberry Ifte. 3 or the If. 3-lobed, close to the soil: fl.-
ste. rising from the crown or at the ground, bearing 1 or 2
rose-colored fls.: fr. very small, globular.
argutus. Non-glandular highbush blackberry, erect or
becoming arching or in woods more or less decumbent, to
8 ft. or more, stiff and upright in the open: Ifte. 3 or 5,
mostly oval to oblong or lance-ovate, commonly soft-
pubescent underneath, the petioles and inn. essentially
glandless. infl. short: fr. rather small, short-oblong. Central
eastern states and west to Miss. River.
aurantiacus: see R. elhpticus.
australis. Lofty tree climber, dioecious: branches slender
and drooping, recurved-prickly: Ifts. usually 3 or 5, variable,
nai row-ovate or narrower, to 5 in. long, glabrous or some-
times tomentose underneath, sharp-serrate : fls. white, to
l/i in. dmm.: fr. reddish-orange, K in- diam. New Zeal.
Var. glaber Is the glabrous or smooth form. — Adapted only
to war rner parts and sometimes seen under glass.
bambusarum: R. Uenryi var.
c&sius. EUROPEAN DEWBERRY. Weak plant with long-
prostrate slender rooting glaucous canes, making large
colonies, piickles not stout and mostly or often straight,
Hte. and fl. -clusters with few or no glands: Ifts. normally 3,
broad-ovate, fls. white, few in open cluster, fr. of a few
large glaucous drupelets and the sepals mostly erect.
Eurasia. — Planted as ground-cover and sometimes spon-
taneous, also mtro. for fr. because of its hardiness far N.
canadensis (R. Millspaughii). Glandless highbush es-
sentially glabious blackberry, spineless or nearly so, to
8 or 12 ft., the canes at length somewhat arching: Ifte. 3,
5 or seldom 7, ovate to narrow-ovate arid long-acuminate,
sharp-serrate- infl. elongated: fr. oblong to roundish, mostly
sour. Abundant northward, ranging from Newf. to the
mis. of Ga. — Probably not in cult, outside botanical col-
lections except as a transplant; the thornless blackberries
of cult, are spineless states of other species.
Chamaeni6ru8. CLOUDBERRY. Monoecious or dioacious:
st. nearly or quite herbaceous, 3-10 in. high, from a creep-
ing rootstock. Ivs. 2 or 3, rounded in outline and obtusely
lobed: fl. solitary, white, to 1 in. across: fr. reddish or yel-
low. Aictie and subarctic regions around the world, south
to Me. — Useful in rock-garden.
Cockburnianus (R. Qiraldianua) . Raspberry grown for
ornament, ste. white-glaucous, somewhat prickly: Ivs.
white-tomentoMe underneath; Ifts. 7-9, oblong-lanceolate
and terminal one much broader, serrate: fls. purplish,
small, in narrow terminal panicles 4-6 m. long. China.
C6mmer8onii: R. roaacfohus.
coronarius (R. rossefohua var. coronarius). BRIER-ROSE.
Smaller stature than R. rossefohus, young parts and Ivs.
glabrous and strongly resinous-dotted, prickles much more
numerous and very stout, Ifts. relatively small, not prom-
inently acuminate and mostly narrowed at base: fls. full
double, white, 1 in. or more across. Probably Asian; cult,
and more or less wild in Calif, and tropics; persists as far
north as N. J.
crateegifdlius. Uptight, to 10 ft., prickly: Ivs. cordate-
ovate to oblong-ovate, with 3 or 5 acute toothed lobes,
mostly slightly hairy underneath: fls. white, %~H in.
across, in small clusters: fr. small, orange-red. China,
Japan. — Sometimes planted to cover banks and for its
good autumn foliage; hardy N.
cuneifolius. SAND BLACKBERRY. Stiff and erect, 1-3 ft.,
branched, strongly armed: Ivs. white-pubescent under-
neath; Ifte. 3 or 5, mostly obovate, dentate, obtuse or short-
acute: fls. white or pinkish, few in a cluster: fr. blackish,
oblong, good but small. Sands, Conn, to Fla. — Useful for
cover on poor lands.
Dalibarda: Dalibarda repens.
delicidsus (Bosaekia ddiciosa. Oreobatua deliciosus).
BOULDKR RASPBERRY. ROCKY MOUNTAIN FLOWERING
RASPBERRY. Upright, to 6 ft. or more, spreading and arch-
ing, unarmed: Ivs. orbicular-ovate to reniform, with 3 or
6 broad shallow lobes: fls. white, mostly solitary, to 2 in.
across, in spring and early summer: fr. dark purple or wine-
red. Canyons, Colo. — Grown for the rose-like fls. ; hardy N.
ellfpticus (R. flavus). Clambering semi-climbing strong
evergreen to 10 or 15 ft., sts. densely reddish or brownish
hairy and with stout prickles: Ifts. 3, oval or elliptic or
broader, obtuse or short-acute, serrate, gray- tomentose
underneath: fls. white, in panicles: fr. yellow. India. —
Grown in Calif, and similar climates for ornament and
sometimes naturalized in tropics; has been planted as
R. auraniiacus.
flagellaris (R. procumbens). AMERICAN DEWBERRY.
Trailing, rooting at tips, not glandular, with recurved
prickles: Ifte. 3 or 5, ovate to triangular-ovate, acute to
acuminate, serrate-dentate: fls. few in a forking infl.: fr.
spherical to oblong, black, edible. Canada to the Gulf
states, occasionally planted. — Sometimes known as R.
vttloaua. Var. almus. Without prickles: fl. -clusters arising
usually from lateral buds on floricane rather than on leafy
shoot: here belongs Foster Thornless dewberry. Var.
gedphilus (R. geophtlus). Lvs. very large, cutr-toothed.
Probable origin of the Mayes or Austin and similar dew-
berries. Var. roribaccus. Robust; Ifte. cuneate-obovate
and doubly serrate, pedicels very long, to 6 in., fls. and fr.
very large; Lucretia dewberry.
flavus: R. dhpticua.
Fraseri (R. robustua). Cross between R. parvtflorus and
R. odoratua: to 8 ft., less glandular-hairy than R. odoratus:
fls. rose-color fading to pale purple. R. parviflorua var.
Fraaenanua is a different plant.
fronddsus. Non-glandular highbush blackberry, at
length over-arching, with short recurving prickles: Ifte.
mostly 3, short-ovate, acute, dentate or serrate, soft-
pubescent: fls. in a short leafy cluster: fr. spherical or nearly
so, black, sweet. Mass, to Va.
fruticdsus: an old name for shrubby blackberries of Eu.,
now mostly abandoned as a name for a particular species.
gedphilus: R. flagellaria var.
Giraldianus: R. Cockburnianus.
glaucus. Raspberry with glaucous somewhat prickly
canes: Ifte. 3, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acum-
inate, serrate, white-tomentose underneath: fls. white, in
short terminal racemes. Costa Rica to Ecuador.
H^nryi. Climbing evergreen, with sts. tomentose when
young and few prickles: Ivs. deeply 3-5-lobed, white-
tomentose underneath, the segms. or Ifts. long and narrow,
to 6 in. long and 1 in. broad: fls. pink, % in. across, in
glandular racemes. China. Var. bambusarum (R. bam-
busarum) has 3 narrow short-stalked Ifte. to 4 in. long.
hfspidus. SWAMP DEWBERRY. Slender hispid and often
glandular trailer, lying close on the ground, without
prickles, foliage glossy and mostly evergreen: Ifte. mostly 3,
obovate and obtuse: fls. small, few. fr. black at full ma-
turity, sour. Swamps and low places, Canada to Ga. and
K.ans. — Sometimes grown as ground-cover.
id&us. EUROPEAN RASPBERRY. Erect, 3-5 ft. or more,
prickles many, few or none, sometimes bristly but not
glandular, propagating by suckers: Ifte. 3 or 5, ovate to
broad-ovate, dentate, grayish- or whitish-pubescent under-
neath: fls. whitish, few and small: fr. oblong, conical or
thimble-shaped, mostly dark red but sometimes yellow or
whitish. Eurasia, seldom northward in N. Amer. — The
pomological red raspberries belong to this species and its
varieties. Var. strigosus (R. strigosus). COMMON or AMER-
ICAN RED RASPBERRY. More hardy: infl. and sometimes
new canes bristly and glandular: fr. light red, hemispherical
to conical, soft. Newt, to N. C., Wyo. and B. C., and E.
Asia. — The purple-cane raspberries, frs. mostly purplish,
are apparently hybrids of the R. idxus class and R. oc-
cidentalis; plants propagated either by suckers or tips.
illecebrdsus. STRAWBERRY-RASPBERRY. Canes glabrous,
woody or nearly herbaceous from spreading roots forming
patches, with curved prickles, to 4 ft. long and more or less
lopping: Ifte. 5-9, narrow-lanceolate and acuminate, to 4 in.
long: fls. white, fragrant, few or solitary, to 1 % in. long,
with very long sepals: fr. large, scarlet, sour. Japan. —
Root-hardy N.; planted for ornament, fr. pleasant when
cooked. It has been known also as balloon-berry.
inSrmis: R. ulmifolius var.
innominatus. Canes densely glandular-hairy, erect, to
10 ft., prickly (in var. Kuntzeanus glandless): Ifte. 3 or 5,
oblong-ovate, serrate, white-tomentose underneath, to
4 in. long: fls. small, pink, in narrow panicles: fr. orange-
red, edible. China. — Sometimes grown for ornament and
interest, r9ot-hardy N. The Van Fleet raspberry, pomo-
logical variety for the S., is a hybrid of R. innominatua and
the Cuthbert red raspberry.
invisus: R. flagellaris var.
iren&us. Prostrate more or less shrubby evergreen, st.
tomentose and with or without prickles: Ivs. simple, nearly
orbicular, cordate, often acute, to 6 in. across, white- or
rusty-tomentose underneath: fls. white, to % in. across,
solitary to few: fr. red. China; not hardy N.
laciniatus. CUTLEAF or EVERGREEN BLACKBERRY.
Strong more or less evergreen hardy blackberry with tumb-
ling or trailing prickly per. canes becoming glabrous: Ifte.
3 or 5, cut into very narrow acute toothed parts: fls. white
or pink, in large panicles: fr. small to medium, spherical or
nearly so, black. Eu., run wild in many parts of the world
as on the Pacific Coast. — There are a few pomological vars.,
as Starr, Wonder.
lasiococcua. Ste. creeping, slender, nearly herbaceous,
to 12 in. or more, without prickles: Ivs. reniform or orbicular
in outline, small, 3-lobed or 3-divided with rounded parts,
finely serrate: fls. small, white, usually 1 or 2 on erect sts.
2-4 in. high. Mte., Ore. to B. C.
laudatus. Tall erect non-glandular blackberry with fur-
Rubus
645
Rubus
rowed canes becoming glabrous and straight or retrorse
prickles: Ifte. 3 or 5, obovate-oblong to oblanceolate to
ovate, acuminate, serrate: fls. white, in a short leafy cluster:
fr. oval, black, sweet, early. Mo., Kans. — Bundy and
Kenoyer blackberries belong here.
leucodermis (R. occidentahs var. leucodermis) . Differs
from R. occtdentahs in yellowish canes, more strongly re-
curved and flatter prickles, Ifts. yellowish-green above, less
acuminate, more strongly and sharply toothed, fr. reddish
or black, edible. B. C. to Calif., Mont., Utah.
leucdstachys. BROADLEAF EVERGREEN BLACKBERRY.
Stout and very prickly, more or less evergreen, with long
arching or prostrate densely felted per. often glandular
canes: Ifts. 5, broad-ovate to nearly orbicular, short-
acuminate, sharply dentate, yellowish- or grayish-felted
underneath: fls. white or pink, in large villous panicles: fr.
lather large, globose, black, sweet but insipid. Eu.; some-
times planted, and escaped on Pacific Coast.
Linkianus. Bramble of uncertain identity, not N.
American; the name has been applied to double-fld. forms
of European blackberries grown for ornament.
loganobaccus. LOGANBERRY. PHENOMENAL. Robust
and vigorous blackbeiry, canes glaucous, with many straight
prickles, long and vine-like: Ifts. 3 or 5, thick, large, broad-
ovate, acute, dentate, gray-tomentose underneath: fls.
bisexual, white, to 2 in. across (sometimes double), in short
open clusters: fr. long, to 1^£ in., red, acid. Cultigen;
offshoot of R. ursinus.
louisianus. Erect non-glandular blackberry with scat-
tered prickles, canes becoming glabrous with age; dis-
tinguished by the very narrow Ifts. (narrowly lanceolate
and long-pointed), to 4 in. long, sharp-serrate: fls. white,
in open leafy clusters: fr. cylindrical, white or nearly so.
S. U. S. — Known in the pomological varieties Crystal
White and Iceberg.
macrocarpus. Branches, infl. and petioles glandular and
villoiiH, with hooked piickles: Ivs. simple, lobed or ternate;
Ifts. thick, ovate or broad-elliptic, serrate: fls. purple, large,
somewhat pamcled: fr. large, long. Mts., Ecuador.
macropetalus. Blackberry or dewberry, at first ascend-
ing, becoming procumbent or vine-like, plant not tomentose,
canes slender and glaucous, with weak prickles: Ifts. 3,
green both sides, thin, most of them acuminate or pointed,
very sharply toothed: fls. unisexual or imperfect, white,
variable m size, in shoit clusters, pedicels and large calyx
with stalked glands: fr. glabrous, black. N. Calif, to B. C. —
Has given rise to pomological vars.; often confused with
R. ursinus.
Mfllspaughii: R. canadenais.
minis. Decumbent or clambering, with stout prickles
but no bristles or glands, the pedicel prickles also long and
prominent. Ifts. on new shoots ovate or elliptic, more than
half as broad as long- fls. white, very large, commonly more
than 1 in. across: fr. 1 in. or more long, black, of good
quality. Cultigen. — The Marvel dewberry belongs here.
moluccanus. Robust, raspberry-like, tomentose and
red-hairy, with curved prickles: Ivs. simple, tomentose
underneath, usually broad-ovate and deeply cordate, more
or less 3-5-lobed: fls. white, in terminal clusters. India,
Malaya.
negl6ctus: form of the native red raspberry, R. idseus
var. striyosus, at one time interpreted as a hybrid.
nigrobaccus: R. allcghcniensis.
nivalis. Woody prickly vine to 3 ft. or more long: Ivs.
persistent, mostly simple, more or less 3-lobed, rounded,
serrate: fls. red. Mis., Ida., Ore., B. C.— -Grown for ground-
cover.
nutkanus: R. parviflorus.
occidentalis. BLACKCAP RASPBERRY. BLACKCAP. THIM-
BLEBERRY. Erect, 3-5-ft., with glaucous prickly canes that
bend over and root at the tip: Ifts. mostly 3, ovate-acumi-
nate, doubly dentate, white-tomentose underneath: fls.
small, whitish, in dense short prickly clusters: fr. hemi-
spherical, black and glaucous, firm, seldom varying to
amber. N. B. to Ga., westward. — The source of many
pomological varieties of black raspberry.
odoratus (Rubacer odoratum). FLOWERING RASPBERRY.
Unarmed, erect, with shredding bark, to 6 ft., forming
colonies: Ivs. simple, large, broad-ovate, cordate, 3-5-lobed,
finely serrate, pubescent underneath: fls. to 2 in. across,
rose-purple (varying to whitish), many in loose clusters:
fr. red, flat, dry, not eaten. N. S. to Mich, and Ga. — Some-
times planted for ornament.
palmatus. MAYBERRY. Diffuse and rather slender, to
7 ft., glabrous, with scattered prickles: Ivs. simple, tri-
angular-ovate to oblong-ovate, to 3 \$ in. long, deeply lobed
toward base, sharply lobed-dentate, acuminate, somewhat
pubescent on veins underneath: fls. white, to 1 in. across,
solitary: fr. yellow. China, Japan. — Has been intro. for fr.
in mild climates ; sometimes planted for ornament and root-
hardy N. with protection.
paniculahis. Scandent, white-tomentose on branches
ana under side of Ivs. which are simple but sometimes
lightly lobed, cordate-ovate, to 6 in. long, acuminate, ser-
rate: fls. medium size, in large panicles. Himalayas; useful S.
parvifldrus (R. nutkanus). Much like R. odoratus, but
fis. fewer and white. Mich, to Mex. and Alaska. Var.
Fraserianus has lacmiate-toothed petals.
p&rvus. Prostrate, dioecious, with creeping sts. to 18 in.
long, glabrous: Ivs. of a single 1ft. which is linear or linear-
lanceolate, acute, dentate, 3 in. or less long. fls. solitary or
paniculate, small, white: fr. ^i-l in. long. New Zeal.
ped&tus. More or less herbaceous very slender vine with-
out prickles, to 3 ft. or more: Ivs. of 5 small dentate-sei rate
Ifts.: fls. solitary on slender pedicels, white. Mta., Ida.,
Ore. to Alaska. — Interesting ground-cover.
phoenicolasius. WINEBERRY. Canes long, recurving and
rooting at tip, with weak nearly straight prickles and
covered with red-brown glandular hairs. Ifts. usually 3,
broadly cordate-ovate, dentate, pmplish-vemed and white-
tomentose underneath: fls. small and whitish or pink, in
close clusters, the large calyx bristly: fr. bright red, small,
edible. China, Japan; escaped in U. S. — Ornamental.
prdbus. QUEENSLAND RASPBERRY. Erect or somewhat
drooping at maturity, 6-8 ft., producing suckers, canes
glabrous and with few short spines: Ivs. pinnate, glabious;
Ifts. 3-9, ovate-lanceolate and gradually acuminate, sharply
double-serrate, terminal one to 4 in. long: fls. white, solitary
or clustered, long-pedicelled, calyx not elongated: fi. red,
depressed endwise. Known only as a cultigen, said to be a
hybrid from Queensland, R. rosxfohus being one parent. —
Prized for fr. in Puerto Rico and has been grown in Fla.
procerus. HIMALAYA-BERRY. Very vigorous and thorny,
the woody per. canes 20-40 ft. long and trailing or clamber-
ing, young growths white-tomentose: Ivs. thick, persistent,
white-tomentose underneath; Ifts. 3 or 5, broadly elliptic-
ovate, sharply double-serrate: fls. white, in tomentose
panicles: fr. a thimble-shaped blackberry, black, mid-
summer to autumn. Eu.; now run wild in many parts of
U. S.
procumbens: R. flagellaria.
pub6scens (R. tnflorua). Soft little unarmed plant, the
sts. herbaceous or somewhat woody: Ifts. 3 or 5, rhombic-
ovate, acute, serrate, thin and nearly or quite glabrous:
fls. white, to J/2 in. broad, 1-3 on the peduncle: fr. led-
purple. Newf. to Alaska to N. J. and Neb., in swamps;
sometimes colonized in rnoist places.
reflSxus. Creeping or scandent, sts., petioles and under
side of Ivs. rusty-tomentose: Ivs. simple, ti iangular-ovate
in outline, 3-5-lobed, middle lobe long, dark green above,
brown-tomentose and prominently veined underneath:
fls. about % in. across, white, in close clusters: fr. globose,
dark purple. Hongkong. — Sometimes grown under glass
and in warm countries; offered as R. reflexus pictus.
robustus: R. Fraseri; another R. robustus is European
and another Andean, probably neither in cult. here.
rosaef61ius (R. Commersonii). More or less trailing,
canes 5-8 ft. loriR, pubescent at least on younger parts, with
few recurved prickles: Ivs. pinnate, thinly hairy, sharply
double-serrate; Ifts. 5 or 7, lanceolate, long-acuinmate,
broad at base: fls. white, solitaiy or m small clusters, lorig-
pedicelled, calyx-lobes long-caudate1 fr. globose to oblong-
thimble-shaped, red, edible. E. Asia; extensively nat. in
American tropics and the fr. collected; often planted. Var.
coronarius, see R. coronanus.
schmidelioides (R. australia var. schniiddwides) . Scram-
bling or climbing, forming a dense dioecious bush with
usually unarmed branchlets: Ifts. 3 or 5, orbicular-ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, mostly tomentose or pubescent under-
neath, petioles and midribs prickly: fls. whitish: fr. small,
pale yellowish. New Zeal. ; adapted to parts of Calif.
spectdbilis. SALMONBERRY. Sts. per., upright, becoming
long and prostrate, with few or weak spines, bark shredding,
spreading by underground roots: Ifts. 3, thin, ovate to
oblong-ovate, acuminate, doubly dentate, and somewhat
lobed, nearly glabrous: fls. 1-4, rose-colored or purplish,
about 1 in. across: fr. more or less conical, salmon-color,
edible. Ida. and Calif, to Alaska. — Sometimes planted for
ornament and hardy N.
stellatus: see under R. arcticus.
strigosus: R. idseus var.
thibetanus (R. Veitchii). Raspberry with pinnately
compound Ivs., sts. erect, with slender prickles: Ifts. 7-13,
elliptic or ovate, coarsely toothed, white underneath, the
terminal 1ft. larger and lobed or pinnatifid: fls. rose-purple:
fr. nearly globose, blue-black. W. China. — Sometimes
planted for ornament. A very different plant has been
grown as R. Veitchii.
titanus. Enormous grower, to 40 ft., the canes vine-like
and bearing many stiff prickles as also on the petioles and
midribs: Ifte. 3 or 5, ovate-attenuate, only thinly pubescent
underneath, jagged-toothed and sometimes somewhat lobed:
fls. white, bisexual, in short leafy clusters: fr. oblong, to
Rubus
646
Rulac
2^ in. long, black, sweet. Pacific coast; the Mammoth
blackberry, cult, in Calif. Var. espinatus, without prickles,
is represented in the Cory (Cory Thornless). Both are
probably developments from R. mtifolius.
trifl&rus: R, pubescens.
trivialis. SOUTHERN DEWBERRY. Variable long trailer,
very prickly and commonly bristly-glandular, partially
evergreen: Ifts. 3 or 5, stifhsh and glabrous, narrow-oblong
to lanceolate, pointed, sharp-serrate: fls. white varying to
pinkish, solitary or few: fr. oblong, black. Va. to Fla. and
Tex. — Several named pomological forms have been intro.
ulmifdUus. A name of doubtful application, in Eu.,
where native, a very thorny plant and probably not in cult,
here, but known in the accepted var. inermis (R. inermi8),
the EVERGREEN THORNLESS BLACKBERKV: canes per., very
long and clambering, destitute of prickles: Ifts. 3 or 5,
thick, gray-pubescent underneath, oval to elliptic-ovate,
serrate, acute: fls. mostly pinkish, in long panicles: fr.
nearly globose, black. Grown somewhat in mild climates,
particularly Calif, often as Burbank Thornless.
ursinus. PACIFIC DEWBERRY or BLACKBERRY. Mostly
strongly ascending at first but becoming decumbent or
vine-like, plant dull green and foliage felted or tomentose
at least when young and underneath; pi imocanes with
hairs among the prickles: Ivs. usually 3-foliolate unless those
in the fl. -clusters: fls. often functionally imperfect, white,
pedicels and calyx usually glandless. Ore. to Lower Calif.
—See R. loyanobiecua.
Veitchii: R. Ihibetanus.
velox. Robust, glarulless blackberry, canes arching or
finally ti ailing to several ft., with hooked prickles: Ifts. 3 or
5, ovate or elliptic-ovate, term trial one to 4 in. long, sharp-
dentate, soft-pubescent undeinoath: fls. white, about 1 in.
across, few in foikmg infl.: fr. 1 in. or more long, black,
very eaily. Tex. — Sorsby, Hogo, Spaldmg, McDonald
blackberries.
vitifdlius. Differs from R. ursinus in green color of
herbage and thinner not tomentose foliage which may be
only pubescent or even glabrous undeineath: middle Ivs.
of flowering shoots mostly 3-lobcd rather than 3-foliolate.
W. Cent. Calif. — Parent of pomological vars. See R.
titanus.
xanthocarpus. Small plant with arm. shoots to 1 ft. tall,
lightly haiiy, prickles few and weak' Ivs. 3-foliolate, ter-
minal 1ft. ovate-oblong, all obtuse and serrate: fls. 1 or 2 in
upper axils: fr. large, ovoid, bright yellow, edible. W.
China. — Once intro. for its fr.
RUDBfiCKIA. CONEFLO WER. Composite.
Coarse summer-flowering aim. and per. herbs
of N. Amer. with simple or compound alternate
Ivs., and usually showy terminal heads of yellow
ray-fls. and hemispheric to columnar disk green-
ish or yellowish to purplish-black; pappus a
crown or teeth or none.
The coneflowers thrive in almost any soil and situation.
Propagated by seeds, cuttings or divisions. They arc use-
ful for yellow border effects in summer and autumn; some
of the annuals are adapted to the flower-garden.
amplexicaulis (Dracopis amplencaulis). Ann. to 2 ft.,
glabrous, somewhat glaucous: Ivs. oblong or ovate, entire
or slightly toothed: heads solitary, 2 in. across, rays yellow
often with a brown-purple base, disk brownish, becoming
1 in. high. Mo. to Tex.
bfcolor. Ann. to 2 ft., bristly: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong,
to 2 in. long, entire: rays to 1 in. long, wholly yellow or with
lower part dark colored, disk black, *£ in. high. Ark. and
Tex. to Ga. Var. superba, ERFURT C., has heads 2 in. across,
rays yellow purplish-brown below.
calif 6rnica. Per. to 5U ft., pubescent: Ivs, ovate or
lanceolate, to 1 ft. or more long, entire or lower toothed or
lobed: heads solitary, rays to 2 in. long, disk 1^ m- high.
Calif., Ore.
column&ris: Lepachys columnifera.
flfcva: R. hirta.
fulgida. Per. to 2 ft , hairy: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate,
to 4 in. longj mostly entire: heads 1 ^ in. across, rays golden-
yellow or with orange base, disk black-purple, % in. across.
Pa. to Fla. and Tex. Var. varifibilis is listed.
hirta (R. flava). BLACK-EYED SUSAN. YELLOW DAISY.
Bien. or sometimes ann., rough-hairy, to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong
to lanceolate, to 5 in. long, mostly toothed: rays golden-
yellow or sometimes deeper at base, to 2 in. long, disk purple-
brown, % in. across. Ont. to Fla. and Tex.
laciniata. Per. to 12 ft.: Ivs. pinnately divided into
toothed or lobed segms.: heads 4 in. across, rays yellow,
drooping, disk greenish-yellow. Quo. to Fla. and Ariz.
Var. hortensia, GOLDEN-GLOW, fls. double.
Mandai&na: hort, name for a pure yellow form.
maxima. Per. to 9 ft., glabrous and glaucous: Ivs. ovate
to 1 ft. long, nearly entire, clasping: raya yellow, to 2 in.
long, drooping, disk brownish, to 2 in. long. Mo. to Tex.
m 61 1 is. Per. to 3% ft., gray-hairy: Ivs. elhptic-spatulate,
to 2^2 in- long, margins wavy or entire: heads to 3^ in.
across. Coastal plain, E. Ga. to Fla.
montana. Per. to 6 ft., glabrous: Ivs. pinnately divided,
the upper entire: heads of purplish-black disk-fls. to 2% in.
long. Alts., Colo.
moschata: an old name of doubtful application, some of
the material so listed being R. laciniata.
Newmanii: R. speciosa.
nitida. Per. to 4 ft : Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, entire or finely toothed: rays pure yellow, drooping,
disk to 2 in. high. Ga. to Fla. and Tex.
occidentalis. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 6% in. long,
toothed: rays none; disk to \Y± in. high. Wash, to Calif,
and Nev.
pillida: Echinacea pallida.
purpurea: Echinacea purpurea.
scari&sa: hort. name.
speciftsa (R. Newmanii). Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate
to ovate, to 0 in. long, toothed: rays yellow often orange
at base, !}£ m long, disk brown-purple, to ^ in high.
Pa. to Mich, and Ark. Var. grandifldra is an improved form.
spectabilis: listed name.
subtomentdsa. SWEKT C. Per. to 6 ft., gray-pubescent,
rough: Ivs toothed, ovate or 3-lqbed, to 5 in. long: rays to
1^2 in- l°n£> yellow with sometimes dark base, disk dull
brownish, ^ m across. 111. to Tex.
triloba. BKOWN-EYED SUSAN. Bien. blooming the first
year, to 5 ft.: lower Ivs 3-lobed or -parted, rough: rays to
1 in long, deep yellow or with orange or brown-purple base,
disk blackTpurple, % in. across. N. J to Ga and La.
RUE: Ruta. -Anemone: Ancmonella thalictroides.
Meadow-: Thalictrum.
RU^LLIA. Acanthacex. Herbs and shrubs with
opposite entire Ivs. and funnclform or salver-
form 5-lobed fls.; grown under glass and out-of-
doors in the S. for the ornamental fls. Propa-
gated by cuttings, seeds and division.
amdena (Stephanophysum longifoha). To 2 ft.: Ivs.
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long, toothed or wavy:
fls. bright red, 1 in. long, gibbous at base, long-stalked,
in clusters. 8. Amer. — Frequent in cult.
cilidsa. To 2^2 ft.: Ivs. oblong to ovate, to 3 in. long,
cihate: fls. blue, 2 in. long, sessile, solitary or in clusters.
N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
Devosiana. To l}4 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 2 in. long, entire,
purple beneath, veined with white above: fls. white marked
with lilac, l^i m. long, solitary Brazil. — Makes a good
decumbent greenhouse plant; has been grown as a Pellioma.
floribunda: plant cult, under this name is probably
R. arnaena.
formdsa. Subshrub: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long: fls. scarlet,
\}/2 m. long, long-stalked. Brazil.
longifdlia: R. amoena.
macrantha. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 6 in. long:
fls. rosy-purple, 3 in. or more long, solitary. Brazil.
Makoyana. Similar to R. Devosiana but fls. bright
carmine and larger. Brazil.
malacospe*rma. To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 6 in. long:
fls. blue-purple, 1^ in. long. Cult, in Mex. and Cent.
Amer. — lias been confused with Strobilanthes isophyllus.
nudifldra. To 1 ft. or more: Ivs. oval, to 2 in. long: fls.
violet, 1 % in. long. S. U. S , Mex.
occidentalis: a listed name.
pedunculata. To 2 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to
3 in. long: fls. lilac or bluish, on slender peduncles with
2 leaf-like bracts at summit. Mo. and south.
PortellflB. To 1 ft., velvety-pubescent: Ivs. elliptic-ovate,
to 3 in. long, acute, deep green above with primary veins
nearly white, reddish-purple beneath: fls. rose-pink, to 1%
in. long and 1 in. across, lobes bifid, tube slender. Brazil.
strepens. To 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong or ovate, to 6 in. long,
entire: fls. blue, to 2 in. long, sessile, solitary or clustered
in axils. Pa. to Fla. and Tex.
tuber dsa. To 2 ft., roots tuberous-thickened: Ivs. ovate-
oblong to elliptic, to 3 in. long, base narrowly wedge-shaped,
margins undulate: fls. blue or whitej to 1^ in. long, in
open axillary cymes forming a terminal panicle-like infl.
Tex. to S. Amer.
RUFACER: Acerrubrum.
RULAC: Acer Negundo.
Rumex
647
Russelia
RUMEX. DOCK. SORREL. Polygonacese. Herbs,
many of them weeds but a few grown for greens,
with basal or st.-lvs. and small green bisexual or
unisexual fls. borne in panicles. Of easy cult, in
any garden soil. Propagated by seeds which
yield plants for cutting in one or two years.
The old kitchen-garden species are R. Acctosa,
R. Patientia, R. scutatus; R. abyssinicus has now
been introduced for similar use.
abyssinicus. SPINACH-RHUBARB. Per. to 0 ft.: Ivs.
broadly ovate to arrow-shaped or lanceolate, to 7 in long,
entire or somewhat 3-lobed: fls. unisexual. Abyssinia. —
The Iva. are eaten as spinach and the stalks as rhubarb.
Acetbsa. GARDEN S. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong or oblong-
oval, to 5 in. long, arrow-shaped at base: fls. unisexual.
Eu , Asia; nat. in N Airier. — One of the principal cult,
forms is Large Belleville,
alpinus. Per. to 3^ ft.: lower Ivs. ovate-cordate, very
large: panicles showy. Mts. of Eu.
aquaticus. Per. to 6 ft.: lower Ivs. ovate-cordate: fls.
bisexual Ponds, Eu., N. Asia.
conglomeratus. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
to 5 in. long: fls. bisexual, in leafy racemes. Eu.; nat. in
N. Amer
flexudsus. Per. to 18 in., sts. slender and flexuous,
usually grooved: Ivs linear to oblong, to 12 in long, base
variable from cuneate to cordate: fls. bisexual or unisexual,
margins of inner penanth-segms. wil.h long curved spines.
New Zeal. »
Hydrolapathum. GREAT WATER-DOCK. Per. to 6 ft.:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 2 ft. long, wavy-margined: fls.
bisexual, in very large panicles. Eu — Planted along ponds
and streams.
hymenose'palus. CANAIGRE. Per to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, to 1 ft. long: fls. bisexual, the panicles
to 1 ft. long. Okla. to Calif. — Tannin is produced from the
tubers.
obtusifdlius. BITTER D. Per to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 11 in. long, rounded or cordate at base: fls.
bisexual Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
occidentalis. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, to 1 ft. long: fls. bisexual. N. Amer.
Patie"ntia. SPINACH-DOCK. HERB-PATIKNCE. Por. to
6 ft : Ivs elliptic-ovate to lanceolate, to 1 ft. long: fls.
bisexual, the panicles to 2 ft. long. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
pulcher. Per to 3 ft : Ivs. oblong or fiddle-shaped, cor-
date, to 0 in. long. fls. bisexual. Eu.; nat. in N Amer.
rdseus (IL vcsicarius var. roseus). Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
triangular-ovate, small: fls. unisexual, in short racemes,
the valves veined with rose. Egypt to Persia.
scutatus. FRENCH S Low per , the sts prostrate or
ascending: Ivs cordate-ovate, those on the st arrow- or
riddle-shaped: fls. unisexual. Eu , Asia.
ven6sus. Per. to IJ.j ft : Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 5 in.
long: calyx rod, in fr. with largo wings to 1}^ m- across.
Sask. to Wa,sh. and Nev.
RUNNER: a slender trailing shoot taking root at the
nodes.
RUPTURE-WORT: Hcrniaria.
RUSCHIA. Aizoaccx. A segregate from Mos-
embryanthemum: S. African succulents with
3-angled Ivs. usually with dark transparent
dots: fls. rose, violet or white.
acuminata. Branches ascending or decumbent, to 8 in.
long: Ivs to 1 in. long and % in. wide and thick, acute or
acuminate: fls. white or pinkish, the petals filamentous.
Axthelmiana (M. A it hdmianwri) . To 2 ft., much
branched: Ivs about 1 in. long and ^ in wide and thick,
blue-green: fls solitary, violet, % in. across.
crassa (M. crnssum). Plant robust, white-puboscent:
Ivs. % in. long, glaucous: fls. 1-2, white, 1 in. across.
cymdsa (M. cymosum). To 1% ft., with stiff branches:
Iva. ascending, to 2 in. long and ,H in. wide and thick,
glaucous: fls in cymes, purple-rose, to % in. across.
dfchroa (M. dichrmim). To 3U ft.: Ivs. 4-6, spreading,
linear-oblong, to 2% in. long and M in. wide, glaucous: fls.
white with rose tips, 1 % in. across, nearly sessile. Var.
filba has snow-white fls. 2 in. across.
filamentdsa (M. filament osum) . Sts. prostrate, branched:
Ivs. to 2 in. long and ^ in. \\ide: fls solitary, red, 2 in.
across, the pedicels with 2 united bracts.
gibbdsa. To 1]^ in, branches erect or ascending: Ivs.
to M in long and y% in. wide and thick, glaucous: fls. soli-
tary, rose, ^4 in. across.
hamata (M. hamatum). Sts. thick, with stiff spreading
branches: Ivs. to H in. long and & m. wide: fls. solitary,
purple or rose-purple, l/i in. across
hexamera (M. hejcamernm). Sts. to 4 in. long: Ivs. to
1 in. long and }$ in. wide and thick, keeled on back, velvety-
papillose, glaucous: fls. solitary, white or pink. Var.
longipe"tala has pink petals ^ in. long.
impressa. To 21A in., branches spreading: Ivs. about
M in. long and thick, with conspicuous impressed lines:
fls. rose, J'a in. across.
karrodica (M. karrooicum). To 1 ft.: Ivs. ascending, to
1 in. long and Y$ in. thick, glaucous: fls. solitary, rose-purple,
2 m. across.
multifldra (Af. multijlorum) . Erect, to 3 ft., with straight
branches: Ivs. separated, long-linear, glaucous-green, to
3 in long: fls. white, 1 in. across.
muricata. Branches decumbent, to 1 ft. long, toothed,
rough, glaucous, suffused with rose: fls. solitary, pale rose,
}£ in. across.
piscoddra (M. piscodorum) . To 10 in., with slight fishy
odor: Ivs. to *i in. long and >£ in. wide and thick, glaucous:
fls. solitary, rose, 1 in. across.
propmqua (Af. propinquurri). To 1 in.: Ivs. ^ in long,
H in. wide and & in. thick, margins and keels ciliate,
glaucous: fls. pale rose, ><J in. across.
pygm&a (M. pygnueuin). To 3 in., tufted: Ivs. united at
base, to J-jj in. long and ^8 m. thick, inclosed in sheath, very
small second pair of Ivs. developing between first pair.
rigida (M. rigidutri). Branches very stiff, erect, 1 ft. arid
more: Ivs. less than % in. long: fls. white, petals about
}/i in long.
sabulicola. To 1 ft., much branched: Ivs. \\^ in. long,
with 1 or 2 teeth, blue-green: fls. solitary, white, petals
Y± in. long.
serrulata (M. serrulatum). Branches ascending: Ivs.
somewhat scimitar-shaped, thick, serrulate, more or less
glaucous, to 1^2 m- long: fls purplish, the 2-toothed petals
a little exceeding the calyx-lobes.
s61ida (M. sohdum). Sts. short, with decumbent stiff
branches to 10 in. long: Ivs. ascending, to 1 in. long and
% in. wide, glaucous, fls. 2 or 3, rose-purple, to % in. across.
Steingroeveri (M Steingroeveri) . Lvs. to % in. long: fls.
solitary, J.2 in- across.
tumidula (Af. tumidulum). To 2 ft., much branched:
Ivs. to 1 in. long and Y§ in. wide: fls. in panicles, rose veined
with darker, 1 in. across.
uncinata (Af uncinatum). Sts. prostrate: Ivs. to U in.
long, with few teeth on keel, gray-green with darker dots:
fls. solitary, rose, % in. across.
uncine'lla (M. uncmellum). Similar to R. uncinata but
with Ivs. ^2 in- long with teeth on edges near tip: fls. rose,
^2 m- across.
vaginata (M. vaginatum). To 3 ft., much branched: Ivs.
1 in. or more long, united about half way: fls. m many-fld.
cymes, white, 1 m. across.
RtJSCUS. Liliacex. Shrubs with minute bract-
like Ivs., the apparent Ivs. being leaf-like branch-
lets or cladodes, small greenish unisexual fls.
attached on the midrib of the cladodes, solitary
or clustered, and berry-like frs.; grown out-oi-
doors in 8. U. 8. and the dried artificially colored
sprays of R. aculeatus frequently used in florists'
decorations.
aculeatus. BUTCHERS BROOM. To 3 ft., evergreen: Ivs.
or cladodes to ll/% m. long and 1 in. wide, spiny-pointed:
berries red or yellow, to ^ in. across. Eu.
Hypogldssum. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long and 1^ in.
wide: berries red, ^5 in. across. S. Eu.
Hypophyllum. To 1 ft. : Ive. to 3 in. long and 1 % in. wide:
berries red, % in. across. C&nary Isls. to Caucasus.
racemdsus: Danae racemosa.
RUSH: Juncus. Flowering-: Butomus umbelkitus. Wood:
Luzula.
RUSSiXIA. CORAL-BLOW. Scrophulariacex.
Shrubs in trop. Amer. with opposite or whorled
Ivs. often reduced to scales on the branches and
red 2-lipped tubular fls.
Russelias are often grown in greenhouses and in the open
far South, also good as basket-plants as the bloom is nearly
continuous. Of easy culture. Propagated by cuttings.
elegantissima. Supposed hybrid between R. equiaetifor-
rnis and R. sarmentosa.
equisetiformis (R. juncea. R. acoparia). CORAL-PLANT.
Russelia
648
Rye
FOUNTAIN-PLANT. To 4 ft., much branched, branches rush-
like, nodding or drooping, sts. sharply 4-angled: Ivs. mostly
reduced to bracts on the branches, but lanceolate to ovate
and dentate when produced: fls. in 1-3-fld. clusters. Mex.;
nat. in Fla. and W. Indies.
jtincea: R. cquiaetiformia.
Lemdinei. Reputed hybrid between R. equisetiformia
and H. aarmentoaa,
aiultifldra: R. aarmentoaa.
sarmentdsa (R. muUiflora). Similar to 72. equiaetiformis
but with ovate toothed Ivs. to 2 in. long, never reduced to
ucales, and fls. in many-fld. clusters. Mex.
scoparia: R. equiaetiformia.
RUTA. RUB. Rutacese. Very aromatic or
pungent per. herbs and subshrubs from the
Medit. region eastward, with alternate simple
or compound Ivs., small yellow or greenish fls.
in terminal clusters, perfect with 4-6 petals,
8-10 stamens arid ovary sessile, and capsular fr.;
grown for the medicinal properties and for
general interest in herb gardens; hardy. Propa-
gated by division and seeds.
albifldra: Boenninohauacnia albiflora.
chalape*nsis. Differs from R. graveolena in the fringed
petals and the carpels of the fr. pointed. Medit. region.
graveolens (R. officinalia). COMMON U. Evergreen sub-
shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. 2-3-pinnate: fls. yellowish^ about % in.
across: carpels of fr. obtuse. S. Eu. — An old inhabitant of
herb gardens: Ivs. sometimes variegated.
officinalis: R. graveolens.
patavhia. Herb to 6 in.: Ivs. simple, the lower ones ob-
long-spatulate, the upper Ivs. 3-parted: fls. golden-yellow.
S. Eu. — The plant grown under this name is sometimes
R. graveolcna.
RUTABAGA (Brassica Napobrassica). A
hardier plant than the turnip (which see) and
requiring a longer season of growth. The edible
root has a long leafy neck, and the foliage is
glaucous blue-green, smooth, very different from
that of the turnip. Roots left in the ground may
survive the winter and go to seed the following
year, becoming more or less spontaneous.
Seeds of rutabagas are sown in the northern
parts of the country in June or very early July,
usually in drills about 18 inches apart; 1 to 2
pounds of seed are required to the acre. Bagas
are not grown as an early summer vegetable.
. RUB FAMILY. Trees and shrubs
of more than 100 genera widely distributed in
warm regions, with simple or compound Ivs.
(sometimes reduced to a single 1ft.), bisexual,
polygamous or dioecious fls. with 3-5 sepals and
petals, the same or twice the number of stamens,
and fr. of various forms, often pulpy and edible.
The family is commonly known in cult, by the
citrus fruits; most of the genera yield essential
oils and many have medicinal properties. The
genera here treated are Acronychia, ^Egle,
^Eglopsis, Agathosma, Atalantia, Balsamocitrus,
Barosma, Boenninghausenia, Boronia, Caloden-
drum, Casimiroa, Chalcas or Murrea, Choisya,
Citropsis, , Citrus, Clausena, Cneoridium, Cole-
onema, Correa, Dictamnus, Diosma, Eremocit-
rus, Eriostemon, Eyodia, Fcronia, Feroniella,
Fortunella, Glycosmis, Hesperethusa, Lavanga,
Melicope, Microcitrus, Mumea, Orixa, Para-
mignya, Phcbalium, Phellodendron, Poncirus,
Ptelea, Ruta, Severinia, Skimmia, Swinglea,
Thamnosoma, Triphasia, Vepris, Zanthoxylum.
RUTLAND BEAUTY: Conwlmdua sepium.
RYDBERGIA: Actinea grandi flora.
RYE: SecaU cereale. Wild: Elymua.
SABAL (I nodes). PALMETTO. Palmacesp. More
than 25 species of stout spineless fan-lvd. palms
native in the western hemisphere, many of them
planted but the original habitat of some of them
yet unknown. Some of the tallest species reach
60 ft. and more in height but in others, as S.
minor and S. Etonia, the trunk usually does not
rise much above the ground. Nativity of the
genus is from the seacoast of N. C. through Mex.
and Cent. Amer. and also the W. Indies to N. S.
Ainer. S. Palmetto is an abundant native tree in
Fla. Fls. very small in long branching spadices
that may droop when in fr., hermaphrodite,
greenish; sepals and petals each 3; stamens 6:
tr. a small globose or pyriform dark drupe with
thin flesh, mostly 1-seeded. The genus divides
itself into two sections on the conformation of the
If. : Sabal proper in which the petiole ends at the
blade; Inodes, in which the petiole extends
through the blade like a midrib and the If. has a
characteristic downward twist. The undivided
part of the blade is the palman.
Palmettoes are simple in cultural requirements, thriving
both in nature and in gardens in both moist and fairly dry
lands. Fresh seeds germinate readily and in the following
year the progeny may be transplanted. Whether the leaves
on mature trees shed from the boles when a year or two old
or hang dead and prone depends on vigor of tree, protection
from wind and perhaps to some extent on the nature of the
particular plant. The petioles usually break midway and
the old bases or boots may persist for years; when the
grounds are extensive enough to afford distance these trunk
coveimgs may be highly attractive.
acaulis: S. minor.
Adansdnii: S. minor.
Beccariana. Tall tree long retaining its boots: Ivs. at
maturity with many long hanging segms., palman occupy-
ing about H length of blade, both surfaces green: fr. short-
pyriform, about l/§ in. crosswise diam., grayish-black.
Nativity unknown. — One of the palms passing as S.
princeps.
bermudana, BERMUDA PALMETTO. Stout tree to 30 or
40 ft., trunk likely to be inclined or crooked, soon becoming
bare in exposed places: If .-blade 6-9 ft. across, green on
both surfaces, palman about 1 ft. long, filaments few or
none: spadix much branched, usually shorter than Ivs.;
fls. sessile: fr. pyiiform with narrow base, about % in.
across. Endemic in Bermuda, — Formerly called S. Black-
bur mana.
Blackburnia (S. Blackburniana) . Palm of unknown
origin and perhaps not grown in our territory, distinguished
by spadix shorter than petiole and fr. % in. across and
much less than that endwise, not tapering to base. See
S. bermudana.
causiarum. PUERTO RICAN HAT PALM. Stout tree to
40 or 50 ft. but usually lower, trunk commonly soon be-
coming nude: If. -blade about 2 in. across, palman about
% its length, green on both surfaces but on some trees
glaucous, filaments many: spadix usually exceeding Ivs.;
s. slightly fragrant, white: fr. nearly or quite globose but
with a very short tapering base, about % in. across. Puerto
Rico.
Deeringiana: S. louisiana.
Etdnia. Apparently acaulescent, the caudex crooked or
S-shaped and commonly not rising above ground: Ivs. with
continuing midrib, standing upright and rather stiff, deep
green, very filiferous, the blade 3 ft. long; segms. about 40,
extending to more than half depth of blade, deeply divided
into long narrow points: fr. about % in. diatn., black or
nearly so, globose. Dry lands, peninsular Fla.
erfil. VICTORIA P. Large hardy tree with vivid green
foliage, the If .-bases on the trunk also green: main lf.-
segms. about 2 in. broad and 3 ft. long: terminal branchlets
of the spadix thickened: fr. solitary from each fl., nearly
globular, about % in. diam. Planted in Victoria, Tex.,
and elsewhere in that region; probably Mexican.
Ghiesbrechtii: old hort. name, not identified.
glabra: S. minor.
glauc6scens: name in lists.
havan£nsis: confused name; perhaps sometimes 8.
minor.
Jamesiana: S. Palmetto.
longipedunculata: listed name.
louisiana (S. Decnngtana). Low tree, to 15 ft., of which
the trunk may compnse fo the height: If.-blade green, to
6 ft. across but usually collapsed at apex of petiole when
full grown inasmuch as petiole is not continuous: fr.
depressed-globose, K in- or less across. Lowlands, S. La.
mauritiaef6rmis: confused name, probably not to be
employed for plants in the trade in U. S.
minor (S. acauhs. S. Adansonii. S. glabra. S. pumila).
DWARF P. Stemless palm, the caudex not rising above
ground: Ivs. glaucous or pale green, not filiferous, firm to
stiff, middle segms. extending about half depth of blade
and others much farther: spadix equalling or exceeding the
Ivs., with many short branches: fr. globose, about ^ in.
diam. Ga. to Fla. and Tex., luxuriant when growing in
swamps.
Palmetto (S. Jamesiana}. CABBAGE P. Tree to 50 or
even 90 ft., trunk with remains of If .-bases or becoming
bare, bearing a relatively small glolmlai rather dense head
of green foliage: Ivs. 5-8 ft. lorfg and often broader, con-
spicuously filamentose, middle segms. extending more than
half way to the continuing midub and others still deeper,
the points veiy long and narrow and decurved or hanging:
spadix long and much branched, usually exceeding the
Ivs. in old tiees: fr. nearly globose, black, H~H m- diam.,
1-seeded. N. C. to Fla., near the coast except in Fla.
princeps: old hort. name of no definite application unless
to S. Beccariana.
pumila: S. minor.
texana. TEXAS P. To 50 ft., the trunk eventually shed-
ding most of the If .-bases, the crown globular in old trees:
Ivs. yellowish-green, 5-0 ft. long and as bioad or broader,
moderately filamentose, cut half or moie to the cpntinumg
midrib into very long-pointed segms.: spadix much
branched, equalling or exceeding the Ivs.. fr. larger than in
(S. Palmetto, globular to nearly reniform and in the latter
case perhaps % in. across, sometimes 2- or 3-seeded. Tex.
in the lower Rio Giande valley and in Mex.
umbraculifera. Stout and tall, to 50 or 60 ft. and more,
soon becoming bare in exposed situations: Ivs. very large,
green., filaments not conspicuous: spadix shorter than Ivs.
and often hidden among thorn: fr. oblate-globular, % m.
or more across, shiny. Hispaniola. — Probably the heaviest
of the palmettoes.
uresana. To 30 ft. or more: Ivs. glabrous and very
glaucous, somewhat waxy, 3 ft. or more long, with many
segms., filaments many: fr. flattened-globose, % in. diam.,
edible. Sonora, Mex.
SABATIA. Gcntimwcex. American ann. or bien.
erect herbs with forking sts., usually opposite
sessile Ivs, and rose or white rotate large fls.
terminating the branches; something like Cen-
taurium.
angularis. To 3 ft., branches opposite: Ivs. ovate or ob-
long, to iy2 in. long: fls. rose-pink with greenish eye, to
1 U in. across, usually solitary at ends of branches. N. Y.
to Fla. and La.
campestris. To 15 in., sts. 4-angled, branches alternate:
Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 1 in. long: fls lilac, 1 in. long, solitary,
calyx as long as corolla. Mo., Kims, to Tex.
paniculata. To 2% ft., branches opposite: Iva. linear-
oblong to lanceolate, to 1^ in. long, obtuse: fls. white, to
% in. across. Va. to F!a.
stellaris. To 2 ft., branches alternate: Ivs. lanceolate-
oblong to linear, to 2 in. long: fls. pink, rarely white, with
yellow eye bordered with red, to 1 }4 in. across, solitary at
ends of branches. Coast, Mass, to Fla.
SABlACE££. SABIA FAMILY. Four genera of
trees, shrubs or vines in trop. and warm-temp.
Asia and Amer., with alternate simple or tnnnate
Ivs., not showy bisexual or polygamous fls. hav-
ing mostly 5 sepals, petals arid stamens, superior
2-celled ovary, and indehiscent fr. Meliosma is
sometimes planted for ornament outside botanic
gardens.
SABINA: Juniperu*.
SABlNEA. Legummosx. W. Indian shrubs or
small trees having deciduous even-pinnate Ivs.
of 6-15 pairs of tfts., large axillary papilionaceous
649
Sabinea
650
Saintpaulia
fls. with diadelphous stamens, and fr. a com-
pressed 2-valved legume. Grown in S. Fla.
Propagated by seeds.
carinalis. Small tree: Ifta. fi-S pairs, oblong, to % in.
long, glabrescent, apex rounded, truncate or emarginate,
mucroriate: fls scarlet to deep crimson, to 1^ in. long, 3-5
in axillary fascicles: pods linear, long-stipitate, flatly com-
pressed. Dominica.
SABULINA: Arenaria.
SACALINE: Polygonum sachalinense.
SACCHARODENDRON: Acer.
SACCHARUM. Graminex. Very tall stout per.
grasses with broad Ivs. and spikelets in large
terminal fluffy silky panicles; native in tropics
of Old World and one widely cult, for cane-
sugar. See Grasses.
ciliare. To 12 ft.: Ivs to 3 ft. and }$ in. broad: panicles
to 1 Y% ft. long, linear-oblong, dense. 8. W. Asia.
officinarum. SUGAR-CANE. To 15 ft., with solid canes:
Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 2 in. wide, with broad midrib and
rough edges: panicles or "arrows to 2 ft. long, plume-like
with open and drooping branches, the spikelets with tufts
of white hairs. Probably a cultigen. — Does not bloom reg-
ularly in the continental U. S. Propagated by pieces of the
St., but seeds are sometimes produced in tropics with which
breeding experiments are conducted.
SACCOLABIUM. Orchidacex. A small Old
World genus of epiphytic orchids from Malaya,
Philippines and Oceania, allied to Sarcochilus,
none known to be in cult, and names in the trade
are referred elsewhere as follows:
ampullaceum: A scocent mm ampullaceum.
bellinum: Gastrochilus bellinus.
Blumei: Khynchostyha retusa.
giganteum: Anota densiflora.
miniatum: Ascocentrum mimatum.
prcemdrsum: Rhynchostyhs retusa.
trichdmum: uncertain name botanically.
violaceum: Anota vwlacea.
Wrightii: listed name.
SADLfeRIA. Polypodiaceds. Low tree-ferns of
Hawaii with tufted 2-pinnate fronds arid linear
sori in rows each side or rachis. Sometimes grown
under glass. See Ferns.
cyatheoides. Trunk 5 ft. or more high: fronds leathery,
dark green, to 3 ft. long, on stalks to 2 ft. long, segms.
linear, to ^ in. long, with revolute margins.
SAFFLOWER: Carthamus tinctorius.
SAFFRON, FALSE: Carthamaa tinctorius.
SAGE: Salvia. Bethlehem-: Pulmonaria saccharata.
-Brush: Aitemisia tndentata and arbuscula. Jerusalem-:
I'hlomis fruticosa.
SAGERfeTIA. Rhamnacex. Woody plants of
Asia and warmer parts of N. Amer., with op-
posite Ivs., small whitish bisexual fls. in clusters
or spikes, and fr. a berry-like drupe; one species
sometimes planted in S. U. S. Propagated by
seeds and cuttings.
Michauxii: S. minutiflora.
minutifldra (S. Michauxii), Trailing or straggling, spiny:
Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long, finely toothed, leathery, shining
above: fls. in slender spikes to \H in. long: fr. purple, l/i in.
across. N. C. to Fla. and Ala.
SAGlNA. PEARLWOKT. Caryophyllacex. Little
ann. and per. tufted herbs, sometimes used for
edgings or in the rock-garden, having awl-shaped
Ivs. and very small fls.; natives of temp, and
colder regions. Propagated mostly by division.
alphia. A prostrate per. perhaps not distinct from S.
saginoides.
glabra. Creeping per., often rooting at nodes, sts. to
4 in. long: Ivs. linear: fls white. July- Aug. S. Alps. Var.
aurea, Ivs. variegated yellow.
Linn&i: S. saginoides.
pillfera: S. subulata.
procumbens. Matted and spreading, to 3 in. high: Ivs.
linear, to H in. long: fls. white, solitary, star-like. May-
Aug. Asia; nat. in N. and S. Amer.
saginoides (8. Linwei). Tufted per. to 4 in. high: Ivs.
linear or filiform, about ^ in. long: fls. white. Alpine and
arctic Eu., Asia, N. Amer.
subulata (S. pihfera. Spergula pilifera). Hardy per.,
evergreen, densely tufted, covering the ground like a sheet
of moss: Ivs. very small, stiff: fls. white, on long slender sts.f
covering the plant. July-Sept. Corsica. Var. aurea, Ivs.
marked with yellow.
SAGITTARIA. ARROWHEAD. Alismaceae. Bog
and aquatic per. herbs with tuberous or knotted
rootstocks, arrow-shaped, lanceolate or ovate
Ivs. and fls. unisexual, both kinds usually on the
same plant, in whorls of 3 in racemes or panicles
and having 3 white deciduous petals; native in
temp, and trop. regions in many parts of the
world. Arrowheads are grown in ponds arid
aquaria. Propagated by division, seeds, and
underground tubers when produced.
Engelmanniana. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and ^ in.
wide, basal lobes M or more length of blade: fls. to 1 in.
across. Mass., to Del.
gigantea: possibly a hurt, form of S. sagittifolia or S.
grammea.
graminea. To 2 ft.: Ivs. linear to elliptic: fls. to ^ in.
across. Newf. to S. D. and Tex. — The plants in the trade
as $. sinensis and sinensis giyantea apparently belong here.
guyan6nsis: Lophotocarpus guyanensis.
japonica: S. sagittifoha var. flore-pleno.
lancifolia. To 6 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to elliptic: fls. to 2 in.
across. Del. south to Fla. arid Mex., trop. Amer.
latifolia (S. variabilis). To 4 ft.: Ivs. variable, from linear-
lanceolate to broad arrow-shaped with lobes half as long
as blades: fls. to 1)^ m. across. N. Amer.
montevid£nsis. GIANT A. To 6 ft.: Ivs. arrow-shaped,
with lobes as long as blade: fls 2 in. arid more across, with
brownish-purple spot at base of petals. fc>. Amer.; nat. in
S. U. S.
natans. Floating or sometimes erect to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear
to oblong-ovate. N. Eu., Siberia. — It is riot certain that
plants cult, under this name belong here.
papilldsa. To 1^2 ft.: IYS- linear to linear-lanceolate,
to (i in. long, leathery: infl. usually simple. Tex., La.
sagittif61ia. OLD-WORLD A. To 4 ft.: Ivs. variable,
linear or arrow-shaped with lobes longer or shorter than
blade: fls about 1 in. across, spotted with purple at base of
petals. Eu., Asia — Produces underground tubers which
are eaten in the Orient. Var. fl6re-pleno (S. japonica) has
double fls.
sinensis: S. graminea.
subulata. To 0 in.: Ivs. stiff, linear or narrow-oblanceo-
late, to 1H in- long: fls. few, to % in- across. N. Y. to Fla.
and Ala.
variabilis: S. latifolia.
SAGITTATE: like an arrowhead in form; triangular
with the basal lobes pointing downward: see hastate.
SAHUARO: Carnegiea gigantea.
SAINFOIN: Onobrychis mcisefoha.
ST. ANDREWS-CROSS: Ascyrum hypericoides. Johns-
Bread: Ceratonui Sihqua. Johnswort: Hypericum. Peters-
wort: Ascyrum stans. Thomas-Tree: Bauhinia tomentosa.
SAINTFOIN: Onobrychis vicixfolia.
SAINTPAULIA. Gesneriacese. Small and con-
densed trop. African hairy perennials with basal
long-stalked Ivs., 2-lipped violet fls. in few-fld.
cymes, the corolla-tube short, and capsular frs.;
grown under glass and sometimes in window-
boxes in warm countries. Propagated by seeds
and by leaf-cuttings inserted in sand.
ion&ntha. AFRICAN- and USAMBARA-VIOLET. Lvs.
round or oblong-ovate, to 1H in- long* toothed: fls. violet,
to 1 in. across, with linear calyx-lobes: caps, narrow-
oblong. Var. cordata is listed with darker heart-shaped
IVB. and darker fls. Var. grandifldra has larger deep violet
fls. Var. variegata has Ivs. variegated with yellow and white.
kew£nsis. Similar to S. ionantha but with entire white-
hairy Ivs., oblong-linear calyx-lobes and much broader
hairier caps.
Salal
651
Salix
SALAL: Gaultheria Shallon.
WILLOW FAMILY. Two genera
of dioecious trees and shrubs mostly native in
temp, regions of the northern hemisphere, having
alternate simple Ivs., the unisexual fls. without
perianth borne in more or less silky-hairy catkins.
1 or many stamens, 1-celled ovary, and small
capsular frs. Populus and Salix are planted for
ornament and service. The systematolpgy of
the species is mostly difficult, and hybrids are
many.
SALICORNIA. GLASSWORT. Chenopodiacese.
Erect fleshy herbs native in salt marshes of Eu.,
Asia and N. Amer., of little hort. interest but
sometimes listed: Ivs. reduced to scales at the
nodes and bearing the fls. in their axils, the
stamens exserted.
europ&a (8. herbacea). Ann. to 2 ft., turning bright
red in autumn: spikes to 3 in. long in fr. Eu., Asia, N. Amer.
herbacea: S. europsea.
SALISBURIA ADIANTIFOLIA: Ginkgo biloba.
SALIX. WILLOW. OSIER. Salicacex. Shrubs and
trees, or alpine species nearly herbaceous, dio?ci-
ous, with mostly lanceolate Ivs. and little fls.
borne in dense catkins before or after the Ivs.;
grown for ornament, screens, shelter, holding of
banks, and some of the species for the twigs from
which baskets are made; mostly moist land plants.
Willows are well adapted to moist situations and along
stream hanks, but most of them succeed also in almost any
soil. A few species are dry-soil plants. They grow rapidly.
Propagated by ripe-wood cuttings taken in the fall and
planted at once or kept in the cellar until spring: also by
seeds sown in pans on moss as soon as the capsules are ripe.
Weeping or special varieties may be top-grafted on upright
stock. They are soft-wooded plants.
acuminata: S. dasyclados.
acutifftlia. Similar to S. daphrundea but smaller, with
narrower Ivs. and slenderer catkins. Russia to E. Asia.
aglaia: S. daphnoides.
alba. WHITE W. To 75 ft : Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
finely toothed, with white silky hairs beneath: catkins with
the Ivs Eu , Asia, N. Afr.; escaped in N. Amer. Var.
calva (S. cxrulea) has more upright branches. Var. cher-
mesina (S. vitellina var, bntzensis), branchlets bright red.
Var serfcea (var regalia), Ivs. densely silky beneath. Var.
tristis (var. vitellina pendula), branches bright yellow and
drooping. Var vitellina (S. wtelhna), branchlets yellow,
Ivs. glaucous beneath.
ambigua. PUZZLE W. Hybrid between S. aurita and
«S. repens, low shrub with rather small silky-tomentose Ivs.
americana pe'ndula: S. purpurea var.
amygdalina (8. tnandra). ALMOND-LEAVED W. To 30
ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, finely
toothed, glossy dark green above, paler below: catkins with
the Ivs. Eu , Asia. Var. glaucophylla (var. discolor) has
Ivs. grayish or whitish beneath.
amygdaloides. PEACH-LEAVED W. Differs from «S.
amyydahna chiefly in the slender glandlesa petioles and
cuspidate-acuminate Ivs. N. Amer.
annularis: S. babylonica var. cnspa.
aurantha: listed name.
aurea: hort. name for forms with yellow branchlets.
aurita. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. obovate or oblanceolate, to
3 in. long, obscurely toothed, gray-tomentose beneath
but becoming glabrous: catkins before or with the Ivs.
Eu., W. Asia.
babylfinica. WEEPING W. To 30 ft., with long drooping
branches: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, finely
toothed, grayish-green beneath: catkins with the Ivs.
China. Var. aurea, branches golden-yellow. Var. crispa
(S. annularis) has curled ring-like Ivs. Var. pSndula is
synonymous with type. Var. ramulis-aureis, branches
yellowish, perhaps not distinct from var. aurea. Var.
Salamdnii is S. sepulcralis.
baltica: listed name.
blanda (S. pendula. S. Petzoldii var. pendula. S. baby-
lonica var. dolorosa. S. dolorosa). WISCONSIN WEEPING W.
Hybrid probably between S. babylonica and S. fraffilu,
with long drooping branches.
B6ckii. Shrub to 9 ft.: Ivs. oblong or obovate, to V£ in.
long, entire or slightly toothed, deep green above, bluish-
white and silky beneath: catkins with Ivs. m autumn.
China.
brachycarpa. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-oblong to
oblanceolate, to 1 in. long, entire, hairy on both sides:
catkins with the Ivs. Man. to B. C. and Colo.
ccorulea: S. alba var. calva.
c&sia. Shrub to 3^2 ft., twigs glabrous: Ivs. broadly
ovate, obovate or oblong, to 1 ^ in. long, mostly acute,
glabrous, gray-green above, pale beneath, short-petioled:
catkins with the Ivs., nearly % in. long. Cent Eu. to Cent.
Asia.
Cfiprea. GOAT W. SALLOW. To 25 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate
to oblong, to 4 in. long, slightly toothed or entire, gray-
pubescent beneath: catkins before the Ivs. Eu , Asia. Var.
pe'ndula, KILMARNOCK W., has crooked drooping branches;
to be worked on other stocks. Var. variegata has Ivs.
variegated with white.
cardinalis: listed name of a willow having bright red
twigs.
chlorophylla: S. plani folia.
cinerea. GRAY W. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to obovato-
lanceolate, to 3^ in. long, wavy-margined, gray-pubescent
beneath: catkins before or with the Ivs. Eu , Asia. Var.
tricolor has Ivs. variegated with yellow and white or some-
times also with red.
daphnoides (S. aglaia). To 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong- to narrow-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, finely toothed or nearly entire,
glaucous beneath: catkins before or with the Ivs. Eu., Asia.
dasyclados (S. acuminata of some). To 18 ft.: lys.
lanceolate, to 8 in. long, gray-pubescent beneath: catkins
before the Ivs. Eu.
discolor. PUSSY W. To 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long,
wavy-toothed or nearly entire, glaucous beneath: catkins
before the Ivs. N. S. to Va. and Mo.
dolordsa: S. blanda.
Doniana. Hybrid between >S. purpurea and S. repens,
with oblong or lanceolate Ivs. glaucous beneath.
Eleeagnos (S. incana). To 45 ft : Ivs. narrow-lanceolate,
to 6 in. long, revolute at margins, white-tomentose beneath:
catkins before the Ivs. Eu., Asia Minor.
elegantissima (S. Sieboldii). THUKLOW WEEPINO W.
Branches long and drooping: Ivs. lanceolate, to 6 in. long,
finely toothed, bluish-green beneath: catkins with the
Ivs. Japan(?).
Forbyana: AS. rubra.
fragilis. BRITTLE or CRACK W. To GO ft., twigs brittle
at base: Ivs. lanceolate, to 7 in. long, toothed, light green
beneath: catkins with the Ivs. Eu., Asia; escaped in E. U. S.
Var. bullata is a compact bushy form.
franciscana: S. lasiolepis var. Bigelovii.
glabra. Shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. broad-elliptic to oblong, to
3 in. long, wavy-toothed, glaucescent beneath: catkins with
the Ivs. Eu.
glacialis. Prostrate shrub: Ivs. ovate to obovate, to ^ in.
long, obtuse, entire or with few teeth at base, glabrous at
maturity: pistillate catkins ovoid to globose, the scales
black and nearly glabrous. Arctic coast of W. N. Amer.
from Mackenzie River north to Pt. Barrow.
glaucophylloides. To 15 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong-lanceo-
late, to 5 in. long, finely toothed, glaucous beneath: catkins
with the Ivs. N. B. to Me. Var. glaucophylla has thicker
Ivs. Ont. to Wis.
glaucops. Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs oblanceolate or obovate,
to 21A in. long, entire, pale beneath: catkins with the Ivs.
Alaska to Calif., New Mex., Utah.
gracilis: »S. petiolaris. '
gracilfstyla. Shrub: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long, finely
toothed, grayish-pubescent beneath: catkins before the
Ivs. Japan, Korea.
grandif&lia. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. oval to obovate, to
6 in. long, wavy-toothed, light green beneath: catkins
before or with the Ivs. Eu.
hastata. HALBERD-LEAVED W. Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs.
ovate to obovate, to 3 in. long, sometimes heart-shaped at
base, finely toothed, glaucous beneath: catkins with the
Ivs. Eu., Asia.
Helix: probably S. rubra.
helvetica. Shrub to 2 ft. : Ivs. oblong or elliptic-lanceolate,
entire, white-tomentose beneath: catkins with the Ivs.
Alps.
herbacea. DWARF W, Subshrub to 1 ft., sts. creeping,
often subterranean, angled: Ivs. suborbicular, to % in.
long, tip rounded or notched, bright glossy green, margins
crenate-serrate: catkins small. Mts. ofEu., Asia, N. Amer.
south to N. H.
humilis. PRAIRIE W. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
Salix
652
Salix
late, to 4 in. long, wlightlv toothed, glaucous and tomentose
beneath: catkins beiore »he Ivs. Newf. to Minn, to N. C.
incana: S. Elaeagnos.
irrorata. Shrub to 10 ft., branchlets with white bloom:
Ivs. oblong to linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire or
slightly toothed, shining above, glaucous beneath: catkins
before the Ivs. Colo, to New Mex. and Ariz.
jap6nica. Shrub to 6 ft.: vs. elliptic-obtong, to 5 in.
long, sharply toothed, silky-pubescent becoming glabrous:
catkins with the Ivs. Japan.
iessoensis. Tree to 90 ft., branchlets light brown,
glabrous: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, to 3^ in. long, finely
toothed, very silky when young lesa so above at maturity,
petiole to nearly 2 in. long: catkins with the Ivs., on short
stalks, to 2 in. long. Japan.
Leestadiana. Hybrid between *S. lapponum and S.
Caprea, with Ivs. silky-pubescent beneath.
laevigata. RED or POLISHED W. To 40 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
to 6 in. long, nearly entire, glaucous beneath: catkins with
the Ivs. Calif, to Ariz.
Lambertiana: S. purpurea var.
lanata. Shrub to 5 ft., twigs mostly woolly: Ivs. elliptic-
orbicular to oblong-ovate, to nearly 3 in. long, silky above
becoming glabrescent, entire to undulate: catkins with the
Ivs., 2 in. or more long. N. Eurasia.
lappdnum. Shrub to 5 ft., much branched: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong to lanceolate, to 2^ in. long, entire, pubescent above,
toineutose beneath: catkins before or with the Ivs. Mts.,
E u. to Siberia.
lasiandra. To 60 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, wavy-
toothed, glaucous beneath: catkins with the Ivs. B. C. to
New Mex.
Iasi61epis. ARROYO W. To 35 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to
4 in. long, nearly entire, glaucous beneath: catkins before
the Ivs. Wash, to Mex. Var. Blgelovii (S. franciscana)
has Ivs. pubescent below.
latifdlia. Hybrid between S. Caprea and S. myrainifolia,
with elliptic to oblong Ivs. silky-pubescent when young.
laurifdlia: S. pentandra.
Iongif61ia. SANDBAR W. Shrub to 12 ft. or tree to 25 ft.:
Ivs linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, slightly toothed: catkins
with the Ivs. N. Amer.
lucida. SHINING W. To 18 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or
lanceolate, to 5 in. long, finely toothed, shiny on both
sides: catkins with the Ivs. Newf. to Neb.
ludificans. Hybrid between S. aurita and S. phylicifolia,
with elliptic glabrous Ivs.
lutea. Shrub or tree to 20 ft., branchlets light yellow:
Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long, toothed, yellowish-green. Man.
to Mont, and Utah.
magnifica. To 18 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, to 8 in. long, nearly
entire, glaucous beneath: catkins with the Ivs. China.
Matsudana. To 40 ft : Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, to 3 in.
long, sharply toothed, whitish beneath: catkins with the
Ivs. N. Asia. Var. tortudsa is listed as having branchlets
in spirals.
mollissima. Hybrid between S. amygdahna and S.
viminalis with Ivs. gray-tomentose beneath.
multingrvis. Hybrid between S. aurita and S. cinerea
with Ivs. gray-pubescent beneath and small catkins.
mustina is listed as a shrub but the name is of unknown
botanical standing.
muta* bills. Erect or decumbent shrub, twigs yellowish-
green: Ivs. lanceolate, to 1M in- long, serrate along upper
half, blue-glaucous beneath, base obtuse, apex acuminate.
Tyrol.
myricoides. A hybrid of S. cordata and -S. sericea with
pubescent branchlets; Ivs. lanceolate, somewhat silky
beneath, having small stipules.
myrsinifblia (S. mgricans). Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. orbicular-
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, toothed, gray-green
and glabrous or pubescent beneath: catkins beiore or with
the Ivs. Eu., Asia. Var. cotinifftlia is listed.
myrsinites. Shrub to 1^£ ft.: Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate,
to 2 in. long, toothed, shining green on both sides: catkins
with the Ivs. Eu., Asia.
myrtilloides. Shrub to 1H ft.: Ivs. elliptic, entire, light
green beneath: catkins before or with the Ivs. Eu., Asia.
nigra. BLACK W. To 35 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
finely toothed, pale green beneath: catkins with the Ivs.
N. Amer.
nfgricans: S. my rsini folia.
niobe: probably S. babylonica var. aurea.
nivalis. Tufted creeping shrub: Ivs. oblong to ovate,
to nearly H in. long, acute, smooth, dark green above,
glaucous beneath, entire: catkins on leafy sts. Alta. to B. C.,
south to Mont, and Wash,
patula. Hybrid between S. Elaeagnoa and S. aurita with
Ivs. gray-pubescent beneath.
P&asei. Prostrate shrub, branches flexuous or decum-
bent, to 2 ft. long, very dark brown, lustrous: Ivs. elliptical
to narrowly obovate, to nearly 1 in. long and % in. wide,
crenate-dentate, dark green and lustrous above and below:
catkins to 1^ in. long. N. H. — Grows in wet shaded
mountainous ravines.
pgndula: S. blanda.
pentandra (S. launfolia). BAY or LAUREL W. To 60 ft.:
Ivs. elliptic, to 5 in. long, finely toothed, shining dark green
above, paler beneath: catkins with the Ivs. Eu., escaped
in E. U. S.
petiolaris (S. gracilis). Shrub to 4 ft., twigs purple: Ivs.
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, serrulate, acuminate, base taper-
ing, glabrous: catkins with the Ivs. N. B. to Man. south to
Tenn. and Wis.
petr6phila. Creeping shrub to 4 in.: Ivs. obovate to
oblanceolate, to 2 in. long, entire: catkins with Ivs. B. C.
to Calif, and New Mex.
P6tzoldii pSndula: S. blanda.
phylicifdlia. Shrub to 3 ft. or more: Ivs. elliptic to lanceo-
late, to 3 in. long, toothed, grayish-green beneath: catkins
before or with the Ivs. Eu., Asia.
planif&lia (S. chlorophylla) . Shrub to 10 ft., branchlets
purplish: Ivs. to 2 in. long, elliptic to lanceolate, glabrous,
somewhat glaucous beneath: catkins with or before the
Ivs., small. N. U. S. and Canada.
Pontederana (S. sordida). Hybrid between S. purpurea
and S. cinerea, with Ivs. silky and glaucous beneath.
purpurea. PURPLE O. Shrub to 9 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate,
to 4 in. long, finely toothed, paler beneath: catkins before
the Ivs. Eu., N Afr., Asia. Var. Lambertiana (S. Lamber-
tiana) has purplish stouter branches. Var. nana is listed as
a dwarf form. Var. p6ndula (S. americana pendulfi) has
slender drooping branches. Var. gracilis (var. uralensis)
has slender branches and narrow Ivs.
regalis: S. alba var. aencea.
repens. CREEPING W. Shrub to 3 ft., the st. prostrate:
Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate, to 2 in. long, nearly entire, silky
when young. Eu., Asia. Var. nftida (var. argentea) has
Ivs. densely silky when young. Var. rosmarinifftlia (S.
rosmannifolia) has linear to oblong-lanceolate acute Ivs.
reticulata. Depressed shrub: Ivs. oval to orbicular, green
above roughly netted, whitish beneath: catkins slender
from long peduncle. Arctic and Antarctic regions.
retusa (S. scrpylli folia} . Depressed shrub: Ivs. obtuse to
retuse at apex, small, rarely to >£ in. wide, entire, seemingly
paralled-veined. Alpine regions of Eu. and Asia.
Reuteri. Hybrid between S. Elseagnoa and S. daphnoidea
with Ivs. silky-tomentose beneath.
rosmarinif61ia of the trade is S. Elaeagnoa or S. repens
var.
rubens. Hybrid between S. fragilia and S. alba, with Ivs.
usually glaucous beneath.
rubra (S. Forbyana. S. Helix). Hybrid between S.
purpurea and S. viminalis, shrub to 9 ft. with lanceolate Ivs.
Salamonii: S. sepulcralia.
saximontana. Densely tufted creeping shrub to 2 in.
high: Ivs. oblong or elliptic, to ^ in. long, entire, glaucous
beneath: catkins with the Ivs. Mts., Wash, to New Mex. —
Perhaps only a variant of S. mvahs.
Scouleriana. To 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong-obovate, to 4 in. long,
nearly entire, silvery- or rusty-pubescent beneath but be-
coming glabrous. Alaska to Calif, and New Mex.
sepulcralis (S. Salamonii). Hybrid between S. babylon-
ica and S. alba, with drooping branches and Ivs. silky-
pubescent beneath.
sericea. SILKY W. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to
4 in. long, finely toothed, silky beneath: catkins before the
Ivs. Me. to Mich, and Va.
serpyllif 61ia: S. retusa.
sesquitertia. Hybrid between S. purpurea X aurita and
S. phylicifolia, shrub to 6 ft.
sibirica. Shrub to 3 ft., the branches red-brown: Ivs.
oval to oblong, ^ in. long: catkins with the Ivs. Siberia.
Sieboldii: S. elegantiaaima.
sileslaca. Shrub: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate, to 6 in. long,
toothed, pale green beneath. Eu.
Smithiana. Hybrid between S. viminalia and S. Caprea,
shrub to 18 ft. with Ivs. gray-pubescent beneath.
s6rdida: S. Pontederana.
stipularis. Ijarge shrub: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, to 8 in.
long, grayish-tomentose beneath. Eu.
stolonlfera. SPROUTING W. Plant prostrate, branches
very slender, stolons leafless, subterranean to H in. diam.:
Ivs. to 1 J4 in. long, oval to obovate, apex rounded or acute,
Salix
base cuneate or obtuse, glaucous beneath, margins entire
or with few small teeth: catkin-scales black, usually pubes-
cent. Alaska.
subcserulea. Shrub to 7 ft., twigs becoming glabrous and
purple: Ivs. lanceolate to oblanceolate, to "2l/i in- long, acute,
glabrous above and white-silky beneath, margins mostly
entire: catkins IJi in. or more long. Wyo. to Wash, south
to New Mex. and Calif. — Branchlets covered with con-
spicuous glaucous bloom in winter.
tetr&pla. Hybrid between S. phylicifolia and S. myraini-
foha, of intermediate character.
triandra: S. amygdahna.
trfstis. Shrub to 1H ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 2 in. long,
entire, white-tomentose beneath: catkins before the Ivs.
Me. to Fla. west to Minn, and Tenn.
urale'nsis: S. purpurea var. gracilia.
thra-ursi. BEARBERRY W. Prostrate shrub: Ivs. obovate,
to 1 in. long, entire or slightly toothed, shining above,
glaucous beneath: catkins with the Ivs. Alaska to Lab.,
south to mts. of N. Y.
viminalis. COMMON O. To 30 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 10 in.
long, entire, silvery-white and silky-tomentose beneath:
catkins before the Ivs. Eu., Asia: escaped in E. U. S. — The
commonest species employed in basket-making.
vitellina: S. alba var.
W6ntworthii: listed name.
Wilhelmsiana. Shrub: Ivs. linear, to 1 V$ in. long, nearly
entire, becoming glabrous: catkins with the Ivs. Asia.
Wimmeriana. Hybrid between S. purpurea and S.
Caprea, with Ivs. grayish below.
SALLOW: Salix Caprea.
SALMONBERRY: Rubua apectabilia.
SALOA: Blumenbachia.
SALOMONIA: Polygonatum.
SALPICHR6A. Solanacex. Herbs, subshrubs
and shrubs, one sometimes used as cover planting
in S. Calif, and mentioned for bee forage: Ivs.
entire, long-petioled : fls. small, white or yellow,
solitary, tubular or urn-shaped: fr. a berry.
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood and
kept in a close atmosphere; also from seeds when
obtainable.
rhomboldea. COCKS-EGGS. Per. climber from a fleshy
root, somewhat woody, with a strong odor: Ivs. ovate-
rhomboid, to 5^ in. long: fls. nodding, white, urn-shaped,
H m. long: berry yellow or white, said to be edible. Argen-
tina.— It was once offered in the trade as Withania ongani-
foha.
SALPIGL<3SSIS. Solanacese. Slender usually
glandular-hairy herbs with alternate, entire,
toothed or cut Ivs., many colored usually large
funnel-shaped fls. with wide throat, and capsular
fr.; native in Chile.
Salpiglossis requires the usual treatment given half-
hardy annuals but the young plants should not be allowed
to become stunted before they are transplanted to the
garden. When desired for winter bloom in the greenhouse,
the seed should be sown in late summer.
gloxmieefl&ra: hort. name for improved strain of S.
sinuata.
grandiflftra: S. sinuata.
hybrida: S. sinuata.
sinuata (S. grandiflora. S. hybrida. S. variabilia).
PAINTED-TONGUE. Half-hardy branching ann. to 2^ ft.:
Ivs. elliptic- or oblong-linear, sinuate-toothed or cut: fls.
to 2 % in. long and as wide, straw-colored, primrose, yellow
through scarlet, nearly to blue, with much variation in
veining and other markings. Var. superbfssima is un-
branched and of more columnar habit.
variabilis: S. sinuata.
SALPING6STYLIS. Iridacese. One bulbous
herb native in N. Fla. and probably S. Ga. S.
coel£stina (Nemastylis and Ixia codestina). To
1}^ ft.: Ivs. narrow-linear, 5-6 in. long: fls. violet
with white eye, 2^ in. across, nodding, usually
solitary, blooming only from just after sunrise to
about 8 A.M. — The genus Salpingostylis was
founded in 1931 by John K. Small to accommo-
date Ixia ccelestina of William Bartram (1791),
653
Salvia
an overlooked plant of the lower southeastern
U.S.
SALSIFY: Tragopogon porrifoliua. Black: Scorzonem
kiapanica.
SALSOLA. Chenopodiacex. Weedy herbs of
wide distribution with stiff prickly Ivs. and bi-
sexual axillary small fls. ; rarely grown in gardens
for interest but of slight ornamental value.
Kfcli. SALTWORT. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to % in. long, gray-
ish: fls. solitary. Eu., Asia, seashores of E. N. Amer. — A
related species is S. peatifer, the Russian thistle.
SALTBUSH: Atriplex.
SALT TREE: Halimodendron.
SALTWORT: Salaola Kali.
SALVERFORM, SALVER-SHAPED: with a slender
tube and an abruptly expanded flat limb, as that of the
phlox.
SALVIA. SAGE. Labiate. Many herbs, sub-
shrubs and shrubs, with tubular 2-lipped fls. in
whorls of 2 or more arranged in spikes, racemes
or panicles, the colors ranging widely from scarlet
through purple and violet to azure-blue, white
and even pale yellowish, but not pure clear
yellow.
Some species are grown for ornament in the garden or
conservatory, others for culinary or medicinal purposes.
•S. splendens, scarlet sage, is the most widely cultivated of
the ornamental sages. It is treated as an annual. It should
be grown in masses with a good background of green,
preferably in full sun, but it may be used to brighten shady
places such as a woody recess; if well managed it will bloom
continuously from July to frost. The other salvias require
only simple treatment, as flower-garden and border sub-
jects; and the sweet-herb species, S. officinahs, persists for
years when once established.
acetabuldsa. Shiubby or suffrutescent per. to 3 ft., sts.
ascending: lower Ivs. pinnatisect, segms. of 1-2 pairs,
upper Ivs. entire, oblong, obtuse, haiiy on both sides: fls.
bluish-purple, calyx pilose-hispid, usually in whorls of
8-10 forming simple racemes. Asia.
apiana (Audibertia polyatachya) . WHITE S. To 10 ft.,
shrubby, white- tonientose: fls. white, to % in. long. Calif. —
One of the shrubs called "greasewood.
arbdrea: hort. name, probably for the shrubby form of
S. (tplendena.
argentea. SILVER S. Bien. to 4 ft.: Ivs. broad -ovate, to
8 in. long, lobed, white- woolly : fls. rose-white, purplish,
whitish or yellowish, % in. long, in panicles. Medit. region.
— Although technically a bien., lateral rosettes are produced
in successive seasons, thus prolonging the colony as if it were
per.
atroviolacea: S. pratenaia var.
aurea. Shrub 3 ft. or more, white-tomentose: Ivs. ovate,
to 1 in. long, entire, leathery: fls. golden-yellow, to 2 in.
long, in racemes to 4 in. long. S. Afr.
azurea. Per. to 3 ft. or more, glabrous except perhaps
above: Ivs. oblong to linear: fls. blue or white, about H in.
long, calyx puberulent, in mostly simple open not very
long racemes. S. C. to Fla. and Tex. Listed vars. are
angustif&lia and longifolia. — The plants cult, under this
name (var. grandiflora) are mostly or wholly the more
western S. Pitcheri.
ballotaefl&ra. Shrub to 10 ft., much branched: Ivs.
ovate- triangular, to M in. long, crenate, tomentulose when
young: fla. bluish-purple, in few-fld. panicles. Tex. and Mex.
Baumgartenii: S. pratenaia var.
Bertoldnii. Per., erect or ascending: Ivs. ovate-cordate,
toothed or lobed, wrinkled, pubescent beneath: fls. red-
purple or violet-blue, rarely white, in branched racemes.
S. Eu.
bfcolor. SPANISH S. Bien. or per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. broad-
ovate, palmately lobed, sticky-pubescent: fls. bluish- violet
and white, 1 in. long, in racemes to 2 ft. long. Spain, N.
Afr. — See also S. coccinea var.
brachycalyx: S. indica.
bracteata. Subshrub to 1^ ft., pubescent: Ivs. pinnately
divided, the floral-lvs. entire and persistent, sometimes
colored: fls. purplish, in racemes. Asia Minor.
brunellddes: S. prundloides.
cacaliaefolia. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. broad-triangular, pubes-
cent: fls. deep blue, small, in branched racemes. Mex.
cftdmica. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong or oval, to 1H in.
Salvia
654
Salvia
long, entire or lobed: fls. white, 1 in. long, in racemes.
Asia Minor.
cserulea. Herb: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, pubescent above:
fls. blue, 1 % in. or more long, in racemes to 6 in. long. Brazil.
candelabrum. Subshrub to 3 ft.: Iva. oblong, to 4 in.
long, entire, gray- tomentose beneath: fls. with upper lip
white and lower violet streaked with white at throat.
S. Spain.
cardinalis: S. fulgena.
carduacea. THISTLE S. Ann. to 2 ft., thistle-like,
tomentose: Ivs. basal, oblong, lobed, spiny-toothed: fls.
lavender or bluish-purple, 1 in. long, in many-fld. head-like
whoils 1}^ in. diam. subtended by spiny bracts, calyx
woolly. Calif.
carn&sa (Audibertia and Audibertella incana). To 2 ft.,
much branched, gray-pubescent: fls. blue, J^ in. long,
stamens exserted. Wash., Ida., Ore.
eland es tina var. angustifdlia (S. cleistogama) . Per. to
2 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long, pirmatifid: fls. blue, % in.
long, in racemes to 1 ft. long. S. Afr.
cleist6gama: 8. clandestina var. angustifolia.
coccfnea (S. rosea). TEXAS S. Ann. or per. to 2 ft.,
pubescent: Ivs. ovate, to 2^ in. long, toothed: fls. scarlet,
to 1 in. long, in racemes to 8 in. long. S. C. to Fla. and Tex.,
trop. Amer. Var. alba has white fla. Var. bfcoior has upper
lip white, lower lip carmine-red. Var. major is somewhat
shrubby, to 4^6 ft., with larger bright scarlet-red fls. — The
name coccinea is sometimes misapplied to S. aplendens.
c61orans: S. aplendens.
Columbaria. Ann. to 15 in.: Ivs. mostly basal, 2-pin-
natifid, to 2J/4 in. long, very wrinkled: fls. blue, ^ in. long,
in 1 or 2 whoils. Calif.
dichroa. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 8 in. long,
toothed, pubescent: fls. deep blue with white spot on lower
lip, in racemes 1 ft. or more long. N. Afr. Var. magnified
is listed as an improved form.
farinacea. MEALYCUP S. Per. to 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs.
ovate- to linear-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, toothed: fls.
violet-blue, ^ in. long, in racemes to 8 in. long, calyx white
or violet-tomentose. Tex. Var. filba has white fls.
fulgens (8. cardinalis). CARDINAL S. MEXICAN RED S.
Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, to9thed, white-
woolly beneath: fls. bright scarlet, 2 in. long, in racemes to
1 ft. long. Mex.
glob6sa. ROUNDTOP S. Bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. in a flattened
rosette, deeply cut, white- tomentose: fls. large, white.
Asia Minor.
glutindsa. Per. to 3 ft., sticky-hairy: Ivs. ovate-oblong,
to 8 in. long, toothed: fls. pale yellow, l^i in. long, in
racemes. Eu., Asia.
Grahamii. Shiub to 3 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 1 in. long, nearly
entire: fls. red, 1 in. long, in racemes 1 ft. or more long. Mex.
grandifldra. Shrub to 2 ft. or more, sts. white-woolly:
Ivs. ovate, to 2^ in. long, toothed: fls. blue, to 2 in. long,
in racemes. Asia Minor.
Greggii. AUTUMN S. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong, % in.
long, entire: fls. red or puiphsh-ml, 1 in. long, in racemes
to 4 in. long, in autumn. Tex., Mex. Var. alba has white
fls. Var. rdsea has pale red fls.
Heeri. Subshrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
toothed, wrinkled, pubescent beneath : fls. scarlet, % in. long,
in racemes. Peiu.
hians. Per. to 2 ft., herbaceous, sts. hairy: Ivs. ovate,
acuminate, long-petiolate: fls. blue, in whorls of 6, racemes
somewhat branched. Cashmir.
hispanica. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, toothed:
fls. pale blue, in racemes to 4 in. long. S. Amer., Mex.
H6rminum. Ann. to \}^ ft., pubescent: Ivs. oblong to
ovate, floral-lvs. often colored: fls. lilac to purple, % in.
long, in racemes. Medit. region. Var. violacea has light
violet-blue fls.
H6veyi: S. ianthina.
ianthina (S. Hoveyi). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, toothed,
wrinkled, floral-lvs. colored: fls. purple-violet, large.
Probably Mex. or Peru.
incana: S, carnosa.
indica (S. brachycalyx). Coarse per. to 4 ft. with rough
broad basal Ivs. to 10 in. long: Ivs. ovate to oval, sinuate-
toothed, the uppermost sessile: fls. in separated whorls, %
in. or more long, upper lip blue-purple and strongly arching,
lower spotted. Syria.
interrupta. Shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. pinnately divided, the
terminal Ifta. largest, to 6 in. long, wrinkled, white-tomen-
tose beneath: fls. bluish-white, in racemes to 2 ft. long.
N. Afr.
involucrata. ROSELEAF S. Subshrub: Ivs. ovate or
oblong-ovate, to 5 in. long, toothed, floral-lvs. bract-like,
colored: fls. rose, 1 in. or more long, calyx red or purplish,
in dense racemes to 6 in. long. Mex., Cent. Amer.
jap6nica. Per. to 1^ ft. : Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, pin-
nately divided into deeply toothed segins.: fls. dark lilac
or blue, in racemes to 5 in. long. Japan.
Jurisfcii. Per. to 18 in. or more, sts. sparingly long-
Rilose: Ivs. 1-2-pinnatisect, to 4 in. long, segms. narrowly
near-oblong: fls. small, purple, in branched racemes.
Serbia.
lanceolata. Per. to 1 % ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to
3 in. long, slightly toothed: fls. purplish, % in. long, in
racemes to 6 in. long. Neb. to Tex. and Mex.
leucdntha. MEXICAN BUSH S. Shrub to 2 ft.: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, toothed, white-tomentose
beneath: fls. white, ^i in. long, the calyx lavender-tomen-
tose, in racemes to 10 in. long. Mex.
leucophylla (Audibertia and Ramona nivea). PURPLE S.
To 4 ft., sts. woody, white-tornentose : Ivs. triangular-oblong,
to 2^ in. long, obtuse, crenulate: fls. rose-purple to bluish,
to 1A in. long. Calif.
lyrata. Per. to 2 ft., pilose, not much branched: basal
Ivs. lyrate, to 3 in. long, toothed, hispidulous on both sides,
st. -Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, few: fls. bluish-pui pie, to 1 in.
long, in 6-fld. whoils, racemes lax, little branched. Conn,
to Fla. west to 111. and Tex.
mellifera (Audibertia and Ramona stachyoides). BLACK
S. Shrub to 7 ft., sts. often glandular-pubescent: Ivs.
oblong-elliptic, to 2 1/2 in. long, obtuse, green above,
whitened beneath, crenulate: fls. pale blue, often tinged
rose and occasionally white, to ^ in. long. Calif. — A bee
plant.
mexicana. Heib: Ivs. ovate or oblong, to 3 in. long,
toothed, pubescent: fls. blue, in racemes to 1 ft. long. Mex.
— Name has been used for S. splendens.
Montbretii. Per. to IK ft.: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, white- tomentose beneath, fls. blue, 1 in. long,
in racemes to 9 in. long. Asia Minor, Syria.
Munzii. Distinguished from 8. mellifera by its more
compactly rounded habit, more obovate Ivs., darker blue
fls. and usually unbranched mfi. Calif.
napifdlia. Differs from S. verticillata in the veiticillate
whorls of only 8-12 fls. each, lather than 20-30. Smyrna.
nemor&sa: the plant in cult, under this name is usually
S. superba; some of it may be S. ayhestris.
nilotica. Per.: Ivs. ovate, entire, lower Ivs. lyrate, to
6 in. long: fls. pale blue, in long raceme-like panicles.
Trop. Afr.
nutans. Hardy per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 5 in.
long, toothed, pubescent beneath: fls. violet, Yz in. long,
in racemes to 1 H ln- l°ng» nodding as the fls. open. S. E. Eu.
officinalis. GARDEN S. Hardy subshrub used for season-
ing, usually white- woolly: Ivs. oblong, 2 in. 01 more long,
toothed or entire, wrinkled: fls. puiple, blue or white, % in.
long, in racemes. Medit. region. Var. albiflora has white
fls. and rubrifl6ra red. Var. tricolor has gray-green Ivs.
veined yellowish and pink becoming velvety-ied.
patens. GENTIAN S. Half-hardy per. to 2>i ft., sticky-
hairy: Ivs. ovate or arrow-shaped, toothed: fls. blue, 2 in.
long. Mts. of Mex.
Pitcheri (S. azurea var. grandiflora). Per. to 4 ft., closely
grayish-pubescent: Ivs. linear or broadly so: fls. blue or
white, to 1 m. long, calyx densely pubescent, spicate racemes
long and rather dense. Minn, and 111. to Kans. and Tex. —
See S. azurea.
pratensis. Hardy per. to 3 ft., root sometimes tuberous.
Ivs. cordate-ovate, toothed, wrinkled, slightly spotted with
blood-red: fls. bright blue, seldom red or white, 1 in. long,
in racemes. Eu. Var. £lba has white fls., atroviolacea, dark
violet-purple, Baumgartenii, violet, rdsea, rose-pink,
rubicund a, rose-red. Var. Ten&rei is S. Tenorei.
prunelloldes (S. brunellodes). Per. to \Y% ft.: Ivs. ovate-
oblong, toothed: fls. blue, in long-stalked racemes. Mex.
Var. purpurea, fls. purplish-red.
pulch£lla. Herb or subshrub: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 3 in.
long, toothed: fls. red, 1 in. long, in long racemes. Mex.
Regeliana. Per. to 1H ffc- or more, pubescent: Ivs.
ovate-cordate, to 3 in. long, obtuse, crenate: fls. lavender-
purple, about % in. long, in axillary whorls, stamens
included, glabrous. Russia.
rfngens. Hardy shrub to 2 ft. : Ivs. irregularly pinnately
cut, pubescent: fls. reddish-purple or light blue, to IK in.
long, in racemes. Greece.
Roemeriana. Per. to 2 ^ ft., pubescent: Ivs. very broadly
ovate to kidney-shaped, wider than long, to 1% in. across,
the lower ones occasionally compound, sinuate- toothed : fls.
scarlet-red, to 1 in. long, in panicles to 1 ft. long. Tex. —
Material in the trade may be S. coccinea or S. aplendens,
either distinguishable by Ivs. longer than wide.
rdsea: S. coccinea.
rugdsa. Herb: Ivs. oblong or sometimes ovate, to 8 in.
long, toothed, pubescent and rugose: fls. white or purple
ana white, % in. long, in racemes to 1 ft. long. S. Afr.
Salvia
655
Sambucus
rutilans. A plant with scarlet fls. to 1 in. long, of un-
certain botanical standing; possibly a form of 8. splendent.
Schiedeana. To 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, toothed,
slightly pubescent: fls. blue, M in. long, in dense whorls
in spikes to 5 in. long. Mex.
Sclarea. CLARY. Hardy bien. to 3 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovatel
to 9 in. long, hairy, toothed, floral-lvs. cotored rose and
white: fls. whitish-blue, to 1 in. long, in panicled racemes.
S. Eu. Var. turkestanica has white fls. tinged pink, with
involucral bracts to twice as long as calyces or more.
sclerdtina: catalogue name, perhaps for S. serotina.
ser6tina. Per. to 2% ft., finely pubescent: Ivs. ovate to
orbicular, to 1% in. long, obtuse, crenate-serrate: fls. blue
to white, to \i in. long, in dense cylindrical panicles. S.
Fla. to trop. Amer.
S6ssei. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long, toothed:
fls. scailet, 2 in. long, in loose panicled racemes, the calyx
red. Mex.
Sibthorpii. Per. to 4 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate, lower ones
to 9 in. long and 4 in. wide, doubly serrate: fls. light blue,
in long branched panicles. N. Medit. region.
spathacea (Audibertia and Ramona grandiflora) . CRIM-
SON S. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. white-tomentose beneath: fls. to
1 % in. long, crimson, in dense clusters. Calif.
splendens (S. color ans). SCARLET S. Shrub to 8 ft., but
cult, as an ann.: Ivs. ovate, to 3J£ in. long, toothed, glab-
rous, floral-lvs. and bracts colored: fls. scarlet, 1% in. long,
in racemes, the calyx scarlet. Brazil. Var. alba has white
fls. Var. compacta, of smaller compact habit. Var. grandi-
fldra is listed.
superba. Strong herb to 3 or 4 ft., with lanceolate
serrulate Ivs. and purple fls. with red bracts; supposed to
be a sterile hybrid of which one parent is probably S. syl-
vestns; known erroneously in cult, as S. nemorosa.
sylve"stris (<S. valentina) . Hardy per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, toothed, pubescent beneath, floral-
lvs. coloied. fls. purple- violet, small, m long slender racemes.
Eu. and Asia. Var. filba (var. flore-albo) has white fls.
Ten6rei (S. pratensis var. Tenorei). Differs from S.
pratensis m upper Ivs., sts. and calyces not glandular: fls.
dark blue. N. E. Medit. region.
tiliaefdlia. Herb: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 1 }$ in. long, toothed:
fls. blue, very small, in dense racemes to 3 m. long. Mex.
triangularis. Per. to IK ft.: Ivs. ovate, to IK in. long,
toothed, pubescent: fls. blue, K m. long, in racemes to 8 in.
long. S. Afr.
tub if era. Herb or subshrub to 3 ft. and more: Ivs. broad-
ovate, toothed, nearly glabrous or white-pubescent beneath:
fls. pui push-red, to 1^ m. long, in racemes to 6 in. long.
Mex.
turkestanica: S. Sclarea var.
uligindsa. Boo S. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, toothed: fls. blue or white, % in. long, in.
racemes. Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay.
valentina: S. sylvestna.
variegate: hort. name referable to forms of S. ojfflcinalia
and S. pratensis.
verbascif&lia. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, lobed,
thick and wrinkled, white-tomentose below: fls. white
with blue hairs, to % in. long, in panicles. Caucasus.
verben&ca. VERVAIN S. Hardy per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong
or ovate, lobcd, to 4 ui. long: fls. blue, rarely white, to ^ in.
long, in long racemes. Eu. and Orient.
verticillata. LILAC S. Per. to 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs.
broad-ovate, cordate or lyrate-pmnatifid, to 3 in. long:
fls. lilac-blue, H in. long, in dense remote whorls. Eu., Asia
Minor, Caucasus.
virgata. Per. to 6 ft., pubescent: Ivs. broad-ovate,
cordate, toothed: fls. light blue, to 1 in. long, in large
branched panicles. S. Eu., Orient.
viscftsa. CLAMMY S. Per. to 3J^ ft., sticky-pubescent:
Iva. ovate-oblong, to 1 ft. long, upper ones nearly sessile:
fls. pink to red, in whorls of 4-6 in racemes or loose panicles
to 14 in. long, corolla about 2^ times as long as calyx.
Asia Minor.
SALVlNIA. Salviniacede. Floating flowerless
(cryptogamous) annuals with small entire Ivs. or
fronds pimpled above; widely distributed. Grown
in aquaria or greenhouse tanks, forming colonies
on the surface of the water. Propagated by
spores, or a single plant soon spreads.
auriculata (S. natans. S. brasiliensis) . Fronds nearly
round, about % in. across. Trop. Amer.
brasilie'nsis: S. auriculata.
natans of the trade- S. auriculata.
SALVINlACEJSB. SALVINIA FAMILY. Two
genera of free-floating aquatic ferns having two
kinds of spores borne under the fronds. Azolla
and Salvima are grown in aquaria.
SAMAN£)A. Leguminosse. Trop. American
trees and shrubs with 2-pinnate Ivs., fls. in heads,
and flattened nearly straight pods; planted in
the tropics for shade trees. Propagated by seeds.
Saman (Pithecellobium and Inga Saman). MAIN-TREE.
MONKEY-POD. SAMAN or ZAMAN. To 80 ft. with branches
spineless, often spreading to 100 ft.: fls. yellowish with
very long pink stamens, many in dense umbel-like heads:
pods to 8 in. long. W. Indies, Cent. Amer.
SAMARA: indehiscent winged pericarp, as of the maple
and ash.
SAMBUCUS. ELDER. Capnfoliaccap,. Shrubs or
small trees, rarely herbs, of wide distribution,
having opposite pinnate Ivs. with toothed Ifts..
small white wheel-shaped fls. in compound
terminal corymbs or panicles, and fr. a small
berry-like drupe that in some species is edible
and in other species poisonous.
Elders are effective when planted in mass, and are also
somewhat grown for the fruit which is edible in some species.
Most of the elders are hardy North and thrive in rich rather
moist soil. Propagated by seeds, cuttings and some kinds
by suckers.
acutOoba: S. canadensia var.
aurea: yeliow-lvd. races of S. canadcnsis and S. nigra.
caerulea (S. glauca). BLUE E. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 5-7
oblong Ifts. to 6 in. long: fls. yellowish- white, in umbel-like
cymes 6 in. across, June-July: fr. blue-black, glaucous.
B. C. to Calif, and Utah. Var. ndo-mexicana (S. intermedia)
has 3-5 grayish-green lanceolate Ifts. Ariz., New Mex.
Var. velutina (S. cahformca) has densely pubescent Ivs.
Calif.
californica: S. cserulea var. velutina.
callic&rpa (S. racemosa var. callicarpa). To 20 ft. and
sometimes tree-like: Ifts. oblong to obovate, pubescent
underneath particularly on lib, shai p- toothed to tip: fr.
scarlet, in showy clusters. Calif, to Wash.
canadensis. AMERICAN or SWEET E. To 12 ft., stolon-
iferous, with white pith: Ivs. of usually 7 oval or lanceolate
Ifts. to 6 in. long: fls. white, in umbel-like cymes to 10 in.
across, June— July: fr. purplo-black, edible (with nomoloKi-
cal vars.). N. 8. to Fla. and Tex. Var. acutiloba (var. lacin-
lata) has much dissected Ifts. Var. aurea has golden-yellow
Ivs. and red frs. Var. chlorocaYpa has greenish frs. Var.
maxima is a larger form with cymes to 15 in. across.
£bulus. DWARF E. Herbaceous per. to 4 ft., with many
std.: Ifts. narrow-oblong and long-pointed, sharp-seriate:
fls. white tinged pink, in broad cymes, fr. small, black.
Eu., N. Afr., Asia.
glauca: S. cserulea.
intermedia: S. aerulea var. neo-mexicana.
leiosperma. The western form of S. pubens, nearly
glabrous and frs. almost smooth. Alaska to Wash, and Wyo.
melanocarpa. To 12 ft.: Ivs. of 5-^7 oblong-lanceolate
Ifts. to 6 in. long: fls. yellowish-white, in an ovoid cyme to
3 in. across, July-Aug.: fr. black. B. C. to Calif.
microbdtrys. Shrub to 6 ft., ats. light brown, pith of
young sts. white: Ifts. 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
sharply toothed: fls. nearly white, in hemispherical cymes
to 2 in. across: fr. scarlet. Colo, to Calif.
nigra. EUROPEAN E. To 30 ft.: Ivs. of usually 5 oval
Ifts. to 5 in. long: fls. yellowish-white, in umbel-like cymes
to 8 in. across, May-June: fr. shining black. Eu., W. Asia,
N. Afr. Some of the hort. vars. are: filbo-yariegata, Ivs.
variegated with white: arg£ntea. Ivs. predominantly white;
aurea (var.fohia-lutets), Ivs. golden -yellow ;aureo-variegata,
Ivs. variegated with yellow; heterophylla, Ifts. irregularly
dissected; laciniata, Ifts. deeply dissected; latise*cta, Ivs.
said to be more finely cut than the foiiner var. ; pyramidalis,
habit columnar; rotundifdlia, Ifts. usually 3, broad-ovate;
variegata is listed.
pubens. AMERICAN RED E. To 15 ft., pubescent when
young, with brownish-red pith: Ivs. of 5-7 oblong Ifts. to
4 in. long: fls. in rather loose pyramidal cymes to 4 in. long
in which the lower branches are spreading, May: fr. scarlet,
not edible. N. B. to Ga. and Colo. Var. arbore'scens is tree-
like. Var. leucocarpa has white frs. Var. mfixhua is hated
as having cymes larger than type.
racemdsa. EUROPEAN RED E. To 12 ft., glabrous, pith
of sts. brown: Ivs. of 5-7 ovate or oval Ifts. to 3 in. long: fls.
Sambucus
656
Sansevteria
yellowish-white, in dense ovoid panicles to 3 in. long with
lower branches of it usually reflexed, Apr.-May: fr. scarlet.
Eu., W. Asia. Var. laciniata, Iftn dissected. Var. plumdsa,
Ifts. toothed to about middle, and golden-yellow in plumdso-
aurea. Var. tenuifdlia, Iftd. finely dissected.
Sieboldiana. To 20 ft.: lys. of usually 7 oblong Ifte. .to
8 in. long: fls. yellowish- white, in ovoid panicles to 3 in.
long, Apr.-May: fr. scarlet. Japan, China.
SAMOLUS. Primulacese. Small per. smooth
herbs of wide distribution, having basal or alter-
nate entire Ivs. and small white fls. in racemes
or panicles; sometimes planted for interest in
mojst places, but not showy.
Valerandi. To 1 ft. : Ivs. obovate or oblong : fls. to H in.
across, in racemes. Eu., Asia; sparingly intro. into N. Amer.
— The native S. floribundus is larger but with smaller fls.
SAMPHIRE: Crithmum mamtimum.
SAMUfeLA. *DATE YUCCA. Liliacese. Trees re-
sembling Yucca, with sharp-pointed narrow
filiferous Ivs. and white fls. in dense panicles, the
perianth-segms. united; planted in Calif.
carnerosana. To 18 ft., the trunk usually simple: Ivs.
to 1 ^ f t. long and 3 in. wide: fls. to 4 in. across, the tube
1 in. long: fr. to 3 in. long. Mex.
Faxoniana. To 15 ft., trunk simple or branched at top:
Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 3 in. wide: fls. to 4 in. across, the tube
l/£ in. or less long: fr. to 3 in. long. W. Tex.
SANCHlSZIA. Acanthacex. Herbs or shrubs of
S. Amer. with large opposite Ivs. and orange, red
or purple tubular fls. subtended by bracts and
usually borne in spikes; one species grown as a
foliage plant in the greenhouse and out-of-doors
in S. U. S., as well as for its heavily bracted
spikes of showy bioorn. Propagated by cuttings.
n6bilis. Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 1 ft. long,
abruptly acuminate: fls. yellow, 2 in. long, with narrow
revofute rim, stamens exserted, bracts red, to 1)£ in. long.
Ecuador. Var. glaucoph^lla has Ivs. variegated or blotched
along veins with white or yellow. Var. variegata is listed.
spectibilis: hort. name, probably for S. nobilia var.
glaucophylla.
SANDALWOOD: Santalum. Bastard: Myoporum sand-
wicenae. Tree, Red: Adenanthera pavomna.
SANDBOX-TREE: Hura crepitans.
SANDERS6NIA. Liliacese. One S. African
per. herb with tuberous root, adapted to green-
house cult., belonging to the Uvularia tribe.
S. aurantiaca. To 2 ft.: Ivs. alternate, linear or
lanceolate, to 4 in. long, sessile: fls. bright yel-
low, to 1 in. long, solitary on slender drooping
stalks, Nov.
SAND WEED: Hypericum fasciculatum.
SANDWORT: Arenaria.
SANGUINARIA. Papaveracex. One low spring-
blooming per. herb with red juice, native in E. N.
Amer. on rich lands and sometimes transplanted
to the wild-garden. S. canad&nsis. BLOODROOT.
Lvs. basal, palmately lobed, to 1 ft. across: fls.
white, sometimes tinged with pink, to \y% in.
across, solitary on scapes about 8 in. high: fr. a
narrow caps, to 1 in. long: rootstocks prominent.
Var. multiplex has double fls.
SANGUIS6RBA. BURNET. Rosacex. Hardy
per. herbs native in north temp, zone^ witn
alternate pinnate Ivs., small bisexual or unisexual
fls. without petals borne in heads or spikes, and
fr. an achene inclosed in the calyx-tube. Grown
in borders and S. minor for the Ivs. used in
flavoring. Propagated by seeds and division.
See Poterium.
canaden&ls (Poterium canadenae). To 6 ft.: Ifts. 7-17,
oblong, to 3 in. long, toothed: fls. bisexual, white, in spikes
to 6 in. long. Newf. to Mich, and Ga. Var. latifdlia (8.
aitchensis) is smaller with teeth of Ifta. more rounded and
less acute. N. W. Amer.
dictyoc&rpa (Poterium dictyocarpum) . Perhaps not
distinct from 8. minor and from which it reputedly differs
in its more ovoid fruiting calyx whose margin is non-ciliate.
Cent, and N. Eu.
dodecandra (S. Valliatellinx) . To 3 ft.: Ifts. 13-19,
linear-oblong, toothed: fls. bisexual, greenish-yellow, in
drooping spikes 2 in. and more long. Eu.
hortensis: catalogue name.
media: the plant cult, under this name may be S.
canadenae.
minor (Poterium Sanguiaorba) . To 2 ft.: Ifts. 7-19, oval,
to % in. long, deeply toothed: fls. bisexual and unisexual,
greenish, in dense heads about \^ in. long, fruiting calyx
acute, ciliate. Eu., Asia, E. N. Amer.
muricata (S. polygama. Poterium muricatum). Differs
from S. minor in its glabrous Ivs. with Ifts. slightly longer
stalked and margins of fr. calyces winged. Cent, arid S. Eu.
myrioph^lla: listed name.
obtusa (S. obtusata. Poterium obtusum). To 3 ft.: Ifts.
about 13, oblong, toothed: fls. crimson, in spikes to 3 in.
long, nodding at tips. Japan. Var. £lba, fls. white.
obtusata: S. obtusa.
officinalis. To 5 ft.: Ifts. 7-13, lanceolate-oblong, to
3 in. long, toothed: fls. dark purple, in spikes about 1 in.
long. Eu., Asia; somewhat nat. m N. Amer.
polygama: S. muricata.
sitchensis: S. canadensia var. latifolia.
spinftsa: Poterium spmosum.
tenuifdlia (Poterium tenwfohum). To 4 ft. or more: Ivs.
mostly basal, Ifts. 13-21, linear-oblong, to 3 in. long, deeply
.toothed: fls. white or varying to purple, in spikes to 2 in.
long. N. Asia.
Vallistellinae: S. dodecandra.
SANSEVlfiRIA. BOWSTKING-HEMP. Liliacese.
Stiff and erect per. herbs with short thick root-
stocks, very thick and erect long basal Ivs. which
are often variegated and mottled, and whitish
or yellowish narrow fls. in racemes or spikes on
slender scapes, the perianth-segms. united into a
tube.
Sansevierias are commonly grown as durable porch and
house plants in the North and out-of-doors in the South;
some kinds are naturalized in warm countries. Of easy
culture in a rather heavy soil. Propagated by division; also
by cuttings of the leaf about 3 inches long and placed in
sand, from which a stolon-like part is produced.
ffithidpica. Subshrub, stemless: Ivs. to 16 in. long, linear-
lanceolate, running out into white awl-like tips to 3 in. long,
erect-spreading, margins red or white, more or less glaucous,
sometimes transversely dark green banded: fls. white, on
infl. to 30 in. long. S. Afr. — By some authors combined
with S. zeylanica.
Craigii: hort. name for form said to have variegated lvs«
cylindrica (S. sulcata). Lvs. to 5 ft. long and 1^ in.
thick, cylindrical or slightly flattened, striped and trans-
versely banded with dark green: fls. white or tinged with
pink, 1 % in. long. Trop. Afr.
gracilis. St. to 8 in. long and 14, in. diam.: Ivs. terete, to
2 ft. long and H m. diam., slightly sheathing at base, apex
spinose-acute, dull green with bright green longitudinal
striations, glabrous: ns. white, in lax racemes to 3 in. long,
perianth-tube to ^ in. long, lobes to ^ in. long, linear and
revolute. Trop. Afr.
grandicuspis. Lvs. to 20 in. long and 1 % in. wide, nearly
flat or channelled, narrowed into green point to 2 in. long,
transversely banded with pale green, lined down back.
Habitat unknown.
gumeensis: S. thyrsiftora.
humilis: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
Klrkii. Lvs. to 6 ft. or more long and 3J^ in. wide, flat or
concave, the petiole deeply channelled, wavy-margined,
grayish-green mottled or slightly barred with pale green,
ned on back: fls. greenish, to 5 in. long. Trop. Air.
Laur£ntii: S. trifasciata var.
parva. To 1 H ft. : Ivs. to 18 in. long, narrowly lanceolate,
recurved and spreading, very concave with green awn-like
tip to 3 in. long, inflexible, variegated: fls. pale pinkish-
white within and much darker without, arranged in pairs
on raceme to 1 ft. high. British E. Afr.
pumila: name of uncertain application, but probably a
juvenile form of 5. grandicuapis.
subspicata. To 1 H f t. : Ivs. to 2 ft. long, lanceolate with
slender petiole, dark green, mature Ivs. not variegated: fls.
white, solitary or in pairs in raceme to 1 H ft. high. 8. Afr.
Sansevieria
657
Saponaria
suffruticdsa. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and *A in. wide, cylindrical,
slightly banded with pale green, lined with darker green,
rough: fls. whitish or greenish- white, % in. long. E. Afr.
sulcata: S. cyhndrica.
thyrsifldra (S. guineenais). Lvs. to 1 ^ ft. long and 3 ty in.
wide, nearly flat but narrowing into channelled petiole,
margined with yellow and banded transversely with pale
green: fla. greenish-white, 1 ^ in. long, fragrant. S. Afr.
trifasciata var. Laurentii. Resembling S. zeylanica but
Ivs. longitudinally striped with golden-yellow. Belgian
Congo.
zeylanica. Lvs. to 2 1A ft. long and *A in. wide, concave
at middle, transversely banded with light green and lined
down back: fls. greenish- white, 1^ in. long. Ceylon. Var.
Mandaiana is listed. — Plants are not likely to be true to
name.
SANTALACE^. SANDALWOOD FAMILY. More
or less parasitic herbs or shrubs, of 27 widely dis-
tributed genera, having alternate or opposite
entire lvsv bisexual or unisexual fls. with 3-6-
lobed perianth, 3-6 stamens, usually inferior
1-celled ovary, and fr. a nut or drupe. Buckleya
is sometimes cult.; sandalwood of commerce is
obtained from Santalum.
SANTALUM. SANDALWOOD. Santalacex. Ever-
green trees or shrubs native in India, Malaya,
Australia and Polynesia, with opposite Ivs., bi-
sexual fls. in panicles, and drupaceous frs. Oil
is extracted from the sweet-scented wood which
is used as a perfume.
album. WHITE S. Small tree: Ivs. ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. yellowish turning to red, in
short panicles: fr. black. India. — Sometimes planted in
warm countries.
SANTOLlNA. Composite. Grayish low ever-
green shrubs or rarely herbs with aromatic alter-
nate small Ivs. pinnately toothed, lobed or finely
divided, and many-fld. heads of yellow or rarely
white aisk-fls.; pappus none; native mostly in
the Medit. region.
Santolinas are employed as low border or edging plants.
Propagated by cuttings taken in spring from plants wintered
over in a frame or they may be taken from the plants in
the fall bef 01 e frost.
alpina: a confused name, the material in cult, probably
referable to Anthemia montana.
Chamsecyparissus (S. incana). LAVENDER-COTTON.
Evergreen subshrub to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnate into minute
segms., silvery-gray-tomentose: heads solitary, to % in.
across, yellow, globular. Medit. region. — Often persisting
in cemeteries and old yards.
incana: S. Chamxcyparissus.
lindavica: listed name.
pinnata. Per. to 1 ft. or more: lys. small and narrow,
deeply pinnatifid into narrow divisions: heads J^j in- or
more across, solitary terminating stiff ste. Italy.
rosmarinif dlia. To 2 ft. : Ivs. linear, to 1 in. long, fleshy,
entire or slightly toothed : heads solitary, globular. S. Eu.
tomentdsa: probably S. Chamsecyparisaua.
virens (S. viridis). Per., spreading, to 15 in. high: lys.
very narrowly linear, acutely serrate, to 2 in. long and iV in.
wide: heads yellow, to % in. across, solitary on stout pe-
duncles. Medit. region.
viridis: S. virens.
SANVITALIA. Composite. Ann. American
herbs with opposite usually entire Ivs. and small
solitary heads, the rays white or yellow, the
disks brown or purple; pappus of awns or teeth
or none.
One sanvitalia is grown as a flower-garden annual; it
prefers a light or open soil and full sunlight. Propagated
By seed.
procumbens. Ann. with trailing ste., hairy: Ivs. ovate,
to 1 in. long: heads % in. across, rays yellow, disk dark
purple. Mex.
. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. A heter-
ogeneous assemblage, mostly trees and shrubs,
but in a few cases herbaceous and tendril-climb-
ing, of about 125 genera, sometimes evergreen,
the larger number in trop. regions of both hemi-
spheres: Ivs. usually alternate and pinnately or
palmately compound: fls. unisexual or polyga-
mous, having 4-5 sepals and petals or apetalous,
5-10 stamens, and superior 2-4-celled ovary: fr.
of many kinds, often berry-like or drupe-like,
sometimes a caps, or nut or winged body, in
some cases a greatly inflated pod. Several genera
are grown for the edible fr. and for ornament, as
Alectryon, Blighia, Cardiospermum, Cupania,
Diploglottis, Dodqnsea, Euphoria, Harpullia,
Ko?lreuteria, Litchi, Melicocca, Paullinia, Sap-
indus, Serjania, Ungnadia, Xanthoceras.
SAPfNDUS. SOAPBERRY. Sapinddccx. Trees
and shrubs of trop. regions with commonly pin-
nate Ivs., small regular polygamous fls. in panicles
or racemes, and fr. a fleshy or leathery berry;
grown in the S. for ornament.
The fruits are rich in saponin which is employed for
cleansing purposes in some countries. They thrive in sandy
or dry and rocky soil. Propagated by seeds and cuttings
in spring.
Drummondii. Deciduous tree to 50 ft.: Iva of 8-18
lanceolate Ifts. to 3 in. long: fla. yellowish- white, in panicles
to 10 in. long: fr. round, yellow turning black, to 1% in.
across. Mo. to Mex.
Mukor6ssii. Evergreen brittle tree: Ivs. of 8-13 oblong-
ovate or -lanceolate Ifta. to 6 in. long, the If .-stalk nairowly
winged: fr. yellow or orange-brown, % in. across. India
to Japan. — The fr. has a large content of saponin; planted
in Fla.
Saponaria. Evergreen tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. of 7-9 elliptic
to oblong-lanceolate Ifts. to 4 in. long, the If.-stalk usually
broadly winged: fls. white, the panicles to 10 in. long. fr.
round, orange-brown and shining, to 5i in. acioss. Trop.
Amer.
trifoliatus. Small tree: Ifte. elliptic-lanceolate, to 4 in.
long, acuminate, Icatheiy, glabrous: fls. white, in terminal
pubescent panicles: fr. 2-3-lobcd, to % in. long. Old World
tropics.
SAPIUM. Euphorbiacex. Trees and shrubs of
the tropics with milky juice, alternate simple
Ivs., monoecious fls. without petals borne in
spikes, and capsular fr.; several species furnish
rubber and the waxy seed-covering of S. scbif-
crum is used in making candles, soap, and dres-
sing for cloth. Propagated by seeds or cuttings
or varieties are top-grafted on seedling stocks.
sebfferum (Stillingia sebifera). CHINESE TALLOW-TREE.
VEGETABLE-TALLOW. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. rhombic-ovate,
to 3 in. long, abruptly acuminate: spikes to 4 in. long: fr.
\i in. across, the 3 large white seeds adhering to the central
column. China, Japan; nat. in S. U. S. — With us it is known
as a shade, ornamental or specimen tree; it has something
the aspect of a poplar.
SAPODILLA: Sapota Achras.
SAPONARIA. SOAPWORT. Caryophyttacev.
Herbaceous erect or spreading annuals and per-
ennials with flat broad Ivs. and red, pink or
white fls. in cymes or panicles; native in Eu.,
Asia and N. Afr., a few grown in rockeries and
borders. Of easy cult., thriving in any soil.
Propagated by seed or division.
bellidifolia. Glabrous tufted per. to 16 in.: Ivs. spatulate:
fls. yellow, in heads about 1 in. across at top of sts. S. Eu.
to Greece.
caespit&sa. Tufted, with sts. to 6 in. high: Ivs. linear:
fls. rose, in 2-3-fld. cymes. Pyrenees.
calabrica (S. multiflora). Ann., sticky-hairy above: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate: fls. pale rose, about 1A in. across, solitary
in axils forming leafy panicles, spring. Italy, Greece. Var.
alba, fls. white.
caucasica: S. officinalis var.
cerastioides. Ann. to 2 ft. : Ivs. obovate to suborbicular,
obtuse, glaucous: fls. in terminal dichotomous corymbose
panicles, petals bifid with linear obtuse lobes, calyx-teeth
ovate and obtuse, pedicels glandular-hairy. Caucasus.
lutea. Tufted, to 6 in.: Ivs. linear: fls. yellow, in dense
heads, stamens violet. Eu.
Saponaria
multifldra: S. calabrica.
ocymoides. Per., trailing, much branched, to 9 in.,
soft-hairy: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. bright pink, in broad
klba, fls. white. Var. multifldra is said to be larger and more
floriferous. Var. sp!6ndens, fls. larger and deeper rose.
Var. versfcolor, fls. white turning rose.
officinalis (Silene Saponaria). BOUNCING BET. Stout
glabrous per., little branched, to 3 ft.. Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long: fls. pink or whitish, about 1 in. across, in
dense terminal corymbs. May-Sept. W. Asia; widely
nat. in N. Amer, Vais. &lba, r6sea and rubra are listed
color forms. Double-fid, forms are fl6re-pleno, caucasica
and caucasica fldre-pleno.
semperfldrens nana: hort. name of a dwarf robust
long-hloHHoming form, probably of S. ocymoides although
said to be non-trailing.
Vaccaria (Vaccaria vulgaria, parviflora and pyramidata.
Lychnis Vaccaria). Cow-fiEUB. Ann , glabrous, to 3 ft.:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. deep pink, J^ in. across, in loose
cymes. Ku.; widely nat. in N. Amer. Var. alba has white
fls. Var. rosea has pale pink fls.
Welnmannii: a form of S. csespitosa, to 3 in. high, with
paler fls. and shorter calyx.
SAPOTA. Sapotaceae. Evergreen tree cult, in
the tropics Jor its delicious fr., native of trop.
Amer. S. Achras (Achras Sapota). SAPODILLA.
To 75 ft.: Ivs. oblong to elliptic, to 5 in. long,
shining: fls. white, to J^ in. across, solitary,
axillary: fr. to 3j/£ in. diam., rough, brown with
yellow-brown translucent flesh and black shining
seeds. —The milky latex of this tree is the chief
source of Gum Chicle, important in the chewing-
gum industry.
Botanical names of sapodilla and sapote are confused,
due to different interpretations of the historic records.
Sapodilla is Sapota Achras of Philip Miller, 1768, although
also known as Acliras Sapota. Sapote or maimalade-plum
LS Achras Zapota of Limucus, 1753; it haw also been called
Lucuma mammosa, Achradelpha mammosa and ('alocar-
pum Sapota. The usage in Hoi (us has been checked, but
general agieement is not attained.
The Hapodilla grows well in uny usual soil but seems to
prefer feitile .sandy loam. Tiees should not be planted
closer than 25-30 feet; they requne little pinning as their
growth is moie or less compact. Propagation is usually by
seed but a bettei method, peihaps, is by shield-budding on
common seedling stocks. Grafting and layeiing are also
methods in India.
SAPOTACE^:. SAPODILLA FAMILY. Mostly
trop. and sub trop. trees and shrubs in both
hemispheres, with milky juice, alternate simple
and entire Ivs., regular bisexual fls. having 4-6
separate sepals, gamopetalous corolla, as many
stamens as corolla-lobes, superior ovary, and fr.
a berry. There are more than 30 genera in the
family of which several yield edible fr. and one
gutta-percha. Those known to hort. are Achras,
Argama, Bumelia, Chrysophyllum, Lucuma,
Mimusops, Palaquium, Sapota, Sidcroxylon.
SAPOTE: Achras Zapota. Black: Diospyros Ebenaster.
White: Casimiroa eduhs.
SARACA. Leguminosse. Trees with pinnate
Ivs., fls. in panicled racemes, and flattened leath-
ery or woody pods; native in trop Asia; grown
for ornament in trop. regions and sometimes
under glass.
caulifldra. Bush-like tree: Ifts. 1 ft. or more long: fls.
scarlet. India*.
fndica. ABOKA. SORROWLESS TREE OF INDIA. Small tree:
Ifte. to 9 in. long: fls. orange-red, fragrant: pods to 10 in.
long. India, Malaya.
SARCANTHUS. Orchidacex. Old World epi-
phytes with non-pseudobulbous sts. bearing
distichous fleshy flat or terete Ivs. and lateral
racemes or panicles of very small fls.: sepals and
petals similar; lip spurred and joined to base of
footless column. See Orchids for cult.
Wflliamsonii. Lvs. cylindrical, filiform: panicles ex-
ceeding Ivs., loosely fld.; fls. amethyst-purple. Burma.
658 Sarcoglottis
SARCOBATUS. GREASEWOOD. Chenopodiacete.
, ^ spiny much branched shrub of W. N. Amer.,
having alternate linear fleshy Ivs. with some of
the branches leafless and spine-like; plants may
be dioecious or monoecious, staminate fls. in
catkin-like spikes and pistillate fls. solitary in
axils. One species, S. vermicul^tus, is known.
To 10 ft., usually glabrous, branches whitish: Ivs.
to 1^2 in- long, obtuse or subacute: staminate
infl. to 1 in. long, cylindrical, wing of pistillate
calyx to ^2 in. wide. Alkaline regions of W. Neb.
to Wyo., Nev. and New Mex. — The wood is
very hard, yellow and used for fuel.
SARCOCAULON. Geraniacex . Much branched,
fleshy, spiny, suffrutescent shrubs of S. and Cent.
Afr. distinguished technically from other genera
of the family by fls. with 15 monadelphous
stamens; spines represent persistent hardened
If.-petioles which may bear If.-blades when very
young, but normal Ivs. occur in axils of thorns.
Burmannii. To 20 in. high, sts. terete, to 1% in. diam.:
Ivs. obovate-cuneate, to % in. long, fleshy, margins incised-
crenate: fls. white with rose-pink center, to 2 in. across,
solitary. S. Afr.
rigidum. To 20 in. high, sta. irregularly subconstricted,
to 1% in. diam., spines about \}/± in. long: Ivs. obcordate,
to % in. long, mucronate, maigms entire: fls. rose-pink,
to 2 in. across, solitary. Cent. Afr.
SARCOCHILUS. Orchidacex. Epiphytic or-
chids of the Old World, with non-pseudobulbous
leafy sts. and lateral infl. either racemose or
paniculate; dorsal sepal and petals similar;
lateral sepals broader, running down the column-
foot; lip 3-lobed, spurred or shoe-shaped. See
Orchids for cult.
Calceolus: Thrirapermum Calceolus.
p&llidus (S. unffwculatua). Lvs. distichous, to about
14 in. long and almost 3 in. wide. infl. racemose, few- to
many-fld., ahoiter than IVH. ; fls. up to 2^ in. across; sepals
arid petals cream-white; lip cream-white or flesh color
barred with icd-bi own or violet. Blooming all year. Malaya,
Philippines.
unguiculatus: S. pallidus.
SARCOCOCCA. Buxacese. Evergreen long-
leaved Asian shrubs with alternate entire Ivs.
and unisexual fls. without petals borne in short
axillary racemes; sometimes planted for the
attractive foliage; useful in southern states.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
Chfagii: listed name.
Hookeriana. To 6 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fr.
black. Himalayas. Var. humilis (S. humilis), to 4 ft., with
shorter Ivs. and stamens.
humilis: S. Hookeriana var.
prunif6rmis: S. sahgna.
ruscif61ia. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long, lustrous
dark gieen above: fls. whitish, fr. red. China.
saligna (S. pruniformis) . Lvs. lanceolate-oblong, to
5 in. long, caudate-acuminate: fls. yellow: fr. purple.
Himalayas.
SARCODES. Monotropacese. Bright red or
crimson saprophytic herb of W. U. S., distin-
guished from Monotropa by its sympetalous
corolla and in the absence of a receptacular disk
beneath the ovary. S. sanguinea. SNOW-PLANT.
To 15 in., sts. covered with ovate to ligulate
fleshy scales to % in. long: fls. red, to J^ in. long,
in terminal racemes. In coniferous forests on
mts. in W. Nev., Lower Calif, north to S. Ore.,
blossoming as soon as snow melts in June- July.
SARCOGL(5TTIS. Orchidacese. American ter-
restrial orchids closely allied to Spiranthes and
sometimes considered to be genencally insepar-
able, but differing in having generally larger fls.,
Sarcoglottis
659
Satureja
recurved lateral sepals decurrent on the ovary
and reflexed terminal lobe of lip.
pfcta (Spiranthes picta). To about 2 ft. high: Ivs. elliptic-
oblaneeolate, to about 18 in. long: racemes to about 12 in.
long; fla. whitish, green or brown, about 2 in. long. Oct.-
June. Cent. Amer., Trinidad, S. Amer.
SARCOPODIUM: Dendrobium.
SARCOSTfiMMA. Asclepiadacex. Succulent,
leafless, trailing or twining herbs of semi-desert
trop. regions of Old World, having yellowish-
green to whitish fls. in umbels. S. viminJQe.
Trailing or shrubby suffrutcscent shrub, oc-
casionally with bract-like minute ovate Ivs.:
corolla pale greenish to sulfur-yellow, rotate to
subcampanulate. May be grown in sandy soil
as pot-plant under glass; propagated by cuttings
or seed. This plant, or a related species, may be
in cult, as Euphorbia pendula.
SARGENTODOXA: see Lardizbalacese.
SAROTHRA: Hypericum gentianoidea.
SARRAC&NIA. PITCHER-PLANT. Sarraceni-
acese. American insectivorous plants sometimes
grown as curiosities: stemless perennials with
basal hollow Ivs. or "pitchers" which are winged
or keeled on one side and with a lid at top, soli-
tary nodding yellow to crimson fls. with an um-
brella-like stigma, and capsular frs.
Pitcher-plants are natives of moist or swampy places
and should be grown in pots of fine sandy muck standing in
about 1 inch of water They withstand temperatuies neaily
to freezing (below freezing in native places when dormant),
and S. purpurea is hardy North. Propagated by seeds which
are obtained only by cross-pollination.
Catesbaei: S. Sledyei.
Drummondii. Pitchers to 4 ft. long, green below veined
with purple, the lid nearly erect and wavy-margined: fls.
purple, to 4 in. across. Ga., Ma., Ala.
flava. Pitchers to 3 ft. long, yellowish-green with crim-
son throat or sometimes eiituely ciimsoii, the hd slightly
bent over mouth • fls. yellow, to 4 in. across. Va. to Fla.
Jdnesii. Pitchers to 2^ ft. long, green, sometimes in-
conspicuously veined with red, the lid curving over mouth:
fls. dark red, 2 in. long. N. C. to Fla. and Miss.
minor (S. variolaris). Pitchers to 2 ft. long, veined to-
ward top with green and purple and blotched with white or
yellow, the hd bent over mouth, fls. pale yellow, to 2 in.
across. N. C. to Fla.
psittacina. Pitchers decumbent, to 6 in. long, veined and
spotted with purple and white, the lid strongly bent. fls.
puiple or gieenish-purple, to 2 in, across. Ga., Fla., Ala.
purpurea. Pitchers to 10 in. long, green to dark purple,
the lid nearly erect: fls. purple or gieemsh-purple, to 2 in.
across. Lab. to Fla. and Rocky Mts.
rubra. Pitchers to 20 in. long, veined with purple, the
lid slightly bent: fls. crimson, fragrant, to 2 in. across.
N. C. to Fla.
S16dgei (S. Cateabsei). Pitchers to 2^ ft. long, veined
with purple, the lid erect or slightly bent: fls. yellow fading
to white, to 2 ^ in. across. Ala. to Tex.— There is another
Catesbxi which is a hybrid between S. flava and S. purpurea.
variolaris: S. minor.
SARRACENlACE^). SARRACENIA FAMILY.
Three genera of specialized insectivorous low
herbs native in N. and S. Amer., Darlingtonia,
Heliamphora and Sarracenia, sometimes cult, as
fanciers' plants or for botanical demonstration.
fThe family is characterized by basal tubular
pitcher-like or trumpet-form Ivs., bisexual fls.
naving 5 sepals and petals, numerous stamens,
superior 3-5-celled ovary, and capsular frs.
SARSAPARILLA: Aralia.
SASA. Graminede. Bamboo shrubs, mostly
dwarf or not very tall, with cylindrical culms,
persistent If .-sheaths, Ivs. crowded at ends of
branches tessellate, and narrow spikelets borne
in loose panicles, stamens usually 6; native in E.
Asia and the Philippines. Many of them stand
as far north as Washington and Philadelphia.
See Bamboo.
filbo-margiiiata: S. Veitchii.
argent eo-striata: see Pleioblaatus viridi-striatua.
aureo-striata: see Pleioblaatua viridi-atriatus.
auricoma: Pleioblaatus vindi-atriatus.
chrys&ntha (Arundinana and Bambusa chrysantha).
To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long and % in. wide, glabrous, often
vaiiegated with yellow. Japan.
disticha: Pleioblastus distickus.
humilis: Pleioblastua humtha.
japdnica: Pseudoaasa japonica.
paniculata: S. aenanensis.
pumila: Pleioblastua pumilua.
pygmsfea: Pleioblastus vindi-atriatus var. vagans.
senanensis (S. paniculata). To f> ft., st. -sheaths with
cihate tongue: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 3 in. wide, shining above,
glaucous beneath. Japan. Var. nebulftsa (Arundtnana
and Bambusa palmata) has puiplish sts. and st. -sheaths
spotted with brown.
tessellata (Arundinaria tessellata. A. Rayamowskti.
Bambusa tessellata. B. Ragamowskn) . To 5 ft.: Ivs. to
1^2 ft. long and 4 in. across, toothed, glaucous and pubes-
cent beneath. Japan.
variegata: Pleioblaatua vanegatua.
Veitchii (S. albo-margtnata. Arundinaria and Bambuaa
Veitchii). To 3 ft., usually lower: Ivs. to 8 in. long arid 21a
in. wide, glaucous and pubescent beneath, edges turning
yellow, If.-sheaths with bristly tips. Japan.
SASSAFRAS. Lanraccy. Aromatic deciduous
trees, one native in N. Arner., one in Asia, one on
Isl. of Formosa, with alternate entire or lobed
Ivs., unisexual or bisexual fls. before the Ivs., and
drupaceous fr. having a fleshy pedicel. Of easy
cult. Propagated by seeds, suckers, and root-cut-
tings.
albidutn (S. officinale. S. varii folium) . SASSAFRAS. To
60 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long, entire or 1-3-lobed at
apex, pale beneath: fla. yellow, in racemes to 2 in. long: fr.
dark blue, with blight led btulks. Me. to Fla. and Tex.
officinale: S. albidum.
variifdUum: S. albidum.
SATIN-FLOWER: Lunaria. -Leaf: Chrysophyllum olivi-
forme.
SATURfejA (incl. Calamintha). SAVORY. Lab-
iate. Aromatic herbs and subshrubs of warm
countries, grown in borders for their bloom and
also as sweet herbs: Ivs. narrow, entire or broader
and toothed: fls. whorled, in simple spikes or
raceme-like panicles.
Savory is propagated by seed sown in the permanent
position; also by division and cuttings of the new growth,
in the case of the perennials.
Acinos (C. Acinos). Ann. to 6 in.: Ivs. ovate, obtuse,
slightly toothed: fls. in separated whorls, purple-blue. Eu.;
nat. in E. N. Amer.
alpina (C. alpina). ALPINE S. Per., much branched and
woody at base, 6 in.: Ivs. ovate, ^ in. long, slightly toothed:
fls. purple. Medit. region.
amcbna: listed name.
annua. Ann. to 5 in.: Ivs. ovate, acute, to % in. long,
serrate, glabrous, petioled: fls. many in dichotomous cymes,
calyx about as long as corolla. Russia.
Calamintha (C. oflicinalis and C. montana. Clinopodium
Calamintha). CALAMINT. Small hairy-pubescent per., with
creeping rootstocks, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. broad-ovate, obtuse,
dentate: fls. small, in separated leafy whorls, lilac. Eu. —
Sometimes confused as to name with S. montana.
Chandleri. To 3 ft., clump-forming: Iva. orbicular-ovate,
to % in. long, obtuse, remotely crenulate, petioles 1A in.
long: fls. white, upper lip of corolla 2-cleft and lower lip
3-cleft, lobes obtuse. Calif.
chinensis (C. chinensis). Per. with ascending hairy sts.:
Ivs. ovate, acute, toothed: fls. in very dense whorls. China.
coccmea: Clinopodium coccineum.
cdrsica. Low suffrutescent herb, subglabrous or twigs
pilose: Ivs. ovate, to H in- long, acute, often appressed
Satureja
660
Saxifraga
nil very-hairy beneath: fls. rose-pink, to H in- lonfr solitary
or in pairs, corolla about twice as long as calyx. Corsica.
croatica: Micromeria croatica.
coneifdlia: S. montana.
glabella (C. glabella). Per. with decumbent hairy sts.
to 2 ft.: Ivs. intirowly oblong, about 1 in. long, usually
glabrous: corolla purplish, about twice as long as calyx,
vertieillate whorls of 0-10 fls. Ky. to Ind. south to Tenn.
and Aik.
grandifldra. Per. to 18 in. or more: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in.
long, acute, coarsely dentate, usually sparsely pilose or
hispid: fls. purple, to 1H in- Ion8» few *n short peduncled
cymes, calyx about l/% in. long with awl-shaped lobes. Eu.
hortensis (C. hortenam) . SUMMER S. Ann. to 1}£ ft.:
IVH. soft, oblong-lmcar, to 1 H «i. long: fls. pink, purplish
or white. Eu.; nat. in E. U. 8.
ill^rica: S. montana.
intricata. SufTrutescent per., densely tufted: Ivs. obovate,
to 1A in. long, rnucronate, base wedge-shaped, maigma
usuafly 2-toothed and cihate, glabious: fls. white, usually
sohtaiy in If. -axils, glandular-punctate on outside. Spain.
montana (C. montana and ojficinahs. S. cuneifolia. S.
illynca. S. pygm^a). WINTER S. Per. or subshrub to 15
in.: Ivs. stiff, oblong-linear, to 1 in. long, sessile and bases
joined by lidge: fls. white or purplish. Ii.u., N. Afr.
Ne"peta (C. and Clinopodium Nepeta). Per. to 16 in.:
Ivs. ovate, to 1 in. long, slightly toothed: fls. puiplish or
white. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
pygm&a: S. montana.
rupe*stris. Subshrub to 1 H ft., woody at base: Ivs. ovate,
small, entire to creriate-dentate, obtuse, glabrous to canes-
cent: corolla slightly longer than calyx, fls. in dense whorls.
S. E. Eu.
stenophylla: listed name.
SAUR(5MATUM. Aracese. Per. herbs with a
large solid corm-like underground tuber from
which arise the short scape and large pedate If.,
one species sometimes planted for ornament and
curiosity: somewhat arissema-like but scape
separate from petiole-sheath: native in Himalayas
and Afr. Some forms stand in N. Y. with protec-
tion in winter.
guttatum (Arum guttatum). Tuber 3-6 in. diam.: scape
2-4 in. long, direct from tuber, usually before If.: spathe
narrow and long-tailed, 1-2 ft. or more, dull purple or
yellowish spotted and blotched puiple, blade oblong-
lanceolate: Ifts. or segms. 5-15, long oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, 6-12 in. long. Himalayas and subtiop. E. Asia. —
Variable, and has been grown in one of its forms as Arum
cornututn and "red calla." Var. pedattun (S. and Arum
pedatum). Petiole green, not spotted: spathe about 1 ft.
long, yellowish and purple-spotted inside. Var. punctatum
(S. punctatum). Petiole spotted: spathe brown-spotted at
base, stnate. Var. simle'nse (S. stmlenae). Small or de-
pauperate. If. 5-parted: spathe 4 in. or less long. Var.
venosum (S. and Arum venosum). Lf.-segms. 7-11, petiole
with long spots.
nubicum. Differs from S. guttatum in blade of spathe
being elongate-lanceolate and sterile fls. filiform, more
numerous and not club-shaped.
pedatum: S. guttatum var.
punctatum: S. guttatum var.
simle'nse: S. guttatum var.
vendsum: S. guttatum var.
LIZARDS-TAIL FAMILY. Per.
herbs of 3 genera in N. Amer. and Asia, having
alternate entire Ivs., small fls. without perianth
in racemes or spikes that are sometimes sub-
tended by corolla-like bracts, 6 or 8 stamens,
ovary of 3 or 4 carpels, and capsular frs. Ane-
mopsis, Houttuyniaand Saururus maybe planted.
SAURtTRUS. LIZARDS-TAIL. Saururacese.
Herbs in wet or moist situations^ with heart-
shaped Ivs. and fls. in dense terminal spikes or
racemes. Propagated by division or seeds.
cernuus. To 5 ft., with long rootstocks: Ivs. ovatet to
6 in. long, palmately veined: fls. white, fragrant, in spikes
to 6 in. long. Conn, to Fla. and Tex.
SAUSAGE-TREE: Kigelia pinnata.
SAUSStfREA. Composite. Herbs mostly of the
north temp, zone with alternate entire, toothed
or pinnate Ivs. and heads of purple or bluish
disk-fls.; pappus of bristles. Sometimes planted
for ornament. The name Saussurea has been
applied also to Hosta.
albe*scens. Per. to 10 ft., st. simple, erect: Ivs. oblong-
ovate, to 12 in. long, acuminate, entire or sinuate-lobed,
pubescent beneath: heads to % in. across, red, Himalayas.
deltoidea. Per. to 8 ft.: Ivs. triangular-ovate or lower
lyrate-pmnatifid, to l^jj ft. long, white-tomentose beneath,
heads to 1 H ln. across, in leafy panicles. Himalayas.
SAVANNAH FLOWER: Echitea tomentosa.
SAVIN: Juniperus Sabina.
SAVORY: Satureja.
SAXEGOTHAA. Podocarpacex. Evergreen
tree native to Chile, S. conspicua. To 45 ft.:
Ivs. yew-like, linear, to 1 in. long, dark green
above, with 2 broad white bands beneath: male
fls. in short spikes: fr. cone-like, about y% in.
across, with several seeds. — To be grown far
south in E. U. S. and in Calif. For cult, see
Conifers.
SAXfFRAGA. SAXIFRAGE. ROCKFOIL. Saxi-
fragacese. Varied group of many attractive her-
baceous perennials, a few ann. or bien., by some
authors arranged in several genera: Ivs. usually
basal and clustered, those on the sts. commonly
smaller: fls. white, pink, purple or yellow, in
racemose, paniculate or cymose clusters, bloom-
ing commonly in late spring and early summer:
native in ternp. and subarctic regions, mostly
in the mts. and in rocky places, many adapted
to the rock-garden, a few to the border, while
one (S. sartnentosa) is often grown as a window-
and basket-plant.
Saxifrages are much prized by fancieis but are relatively
little giowri in North America. They require the usual
treatment for rock-garden or border perennials. Increased
by seed, by division and in some species by runners, also
by the bulblets which some kinds produce.
The species of Saxifraga are divided into sections in order
to show natural relationships and to facilitate identification.
The species of a given section possess in common the
characteristics of that section and such are not repeated,
for the most part, in the brief diagnoses given. The dis-
tinguishing characters of the sections of the genus follow:
Diptera: flowers irregular, having definitely unequal
petals: plants generally hairy, runners usually present.
Tetramendium: flowers 4-merous, without petals: leaves
opposite, pitted.
The following sections have regular 5-merous flowers,
often with a double perianth:
Boraphylla: rhizome subterranean, the secondary shoots
permanently attached: ovary free: leaves without pits on
upper surface, no lime secreted: fls. white, seed fusiform or
spindle-shaped; capsule somewhat inflated, splitting above
the middle.
Hirculus: differs from Boraphylla in its yellow to orange
flowers and capsule not inflated, splitting below the middle.
Miscopetalum: differs from Hirculus in its obovate seed,
and white flowers.
Robertsonia: differs from Boraphylla in the rhizome
being above ground and fls. occasionally pink to carmine-red.
Cymbalaria: leaves brown-striate: flowers yellow: seed
globose.
Tridactylites: annual or biennial, without pits on foliage
leaves, rhizomes absent: flowers usually white.
Nephrophyllum: biennial or perennial, rarely annual,
rhizome subterranean, secondaries with shortened bulbous
internodes separating from the stem with age: leave*
usually not persisting through winter, pits absent from
cotyledons and foliage leaves: flowers white.
Dactyloides: perennials d ffering from Nephrophyllum
in absence of bulbous structures, rhizomes above ground,
leaves usually persisting through winter, herbaceous, not
setose: flowers white, pink or red, rarely yellow.
Trachyphyllum: differs from Dactyloides in leaves not
herbaceous, commonly very setose: flowers usually yellow,
occasionally white.
Xanthizoon: rhizomes above ground, branched from
the base: leaves alternate, pits present on margins and on
Saxifraga
661
Saxifraga
apex of cotyledons, covered with bristly hairs, not lime
inc rusted.
Euaizoonia: rhizomes above ground, secondary shoots
separating early from rhizomes, more or less stoloniferous,
their apex with a rosette of leaves: leaves alternate, pita
tent, lime incrusted.
Kabachia: differs from Euaizopnia in secondary shoots
remaining attached to the perennial rhizome.
Porphyrion: differs from Kabschia in leaves decussately
opposite.
Hybrids: not a botanical section of the genus. Many
horticultural and natural hybrids occur and are in cultiva-
tion, whose parents belong in different sections. These are
sometimes difficult of identification, and as complete
descriptions as practicable are given.
To economize space in the following brief diagnoses of
species, or of plants under Latin names, Tetters are employed
to distinguish the section to which the plant belongs:
B, Boraphytta', C, Cymbalaria', Da, Dactyloidea', Di,
Diptera; E, Euaizoonia', H, hybrid; Hi, Hirculua; K,
Kabachia', M, Miacopetalum', N, Nephrophyllum; P, Por-
phyrion; R, Robertaonia; Te, Tetrameridium; Tra, Trachy-
phyllum; Tri, Tridactylitea; X, Xanthizoon.
The section Engleria is encountered in trade publications.
This is a segregate from Kabschia and is not considered
botanically distinct by the more recent monographers of
the genus. *
adsc6ndens (Muacaria adacendena). Tri: to 5 in., sticky-
pubescent: Ivs. cuneate, 3-5-lobed, to Mm. long: fls. white,
very small, in corymbs. B. C. to Colo., Eu.
&mula: Bergenia media.
sestivalis (Micranthea aeativaUs). B: to 10 in.: Ivs. cordate-
orbicular, coarsely toothed, to 6 in, long: fle. white, very
small, in panicles. Alaska to Wash., Siberia.
affinis: S. hypnoidea.
aizoides (Leptaaea aizoidea). X: to 6 in.: Ivs. linear-
oblong or oblong, to % in. long, thick: fls. yellow, to K in.
long, solitary or several. Arctic N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
Aizo6n (Chondrosea Aizoon). E: to 20 in.: Ivs. in dense
basal rosettes, narrow-spatulato, to 1 34 in. long, with
incrusted white teeth: fls. creamy marked with purple, to
^ in. across. Arctic N. Amer., Eu., Asia. Varieties and
forms listed in the trade include: alba, fls. white; atropur-
purea, fls. rose-purple; balcana (S. balcana), fls. white with
large red spots; baldensis, Ivs. ashy-gray, short and thick,
N. Italy; brevif&lia, fls. white; calif 6rnica (S. carinthiac a) ,
fls. white; Churchillii, Ivs. gray, more pointed in stiff
rosettes; cristata, Ivs. narrow and silvery, fls. cream-colored;
cultrata, to 14 in., basal Ivs. narrow, serrate and obtuse,
fls. cream-colored, Carpathian Mts.; de~nsa, rosettes small,
very silvery; emarginata, to 10 in. with loose rosettes and
creamy fls.; flav6scens, fls. lemon-yellow; Hainoldii, to 1 ft.
with large rosettes and rose fls.; labradcrica, very small,
lagaveana, to 6 in., rosettes small and silvery, fls. creamy,
thick and wax-like; Lambertii, reported as a hybrid; lutea,
fls. yellow; major, Ivs. oblong-linear not widening much at
apex; minima, veiy small, fls. white (var. minor) ; notata. Ivs.
margined with silver; paraddxa, Ivs. bluish, fls. white;
pectmata, Ivs. margined with silver, fls. white spotted red;
P6rtiae, dense clusters of silvery-lvd. rosettes, fls. creamy;
R6x, to 10 in., fls. cream, large; rdsea, fls. bright pink;
rosularis, Ivs. of rosettes incurved, fls. white; Stabiana
(S. Stabiana), to 8 in., Ivs. to 1 in. long.
Albertii. K: to 1 in., densely tufted: Ivs. lingulate-
oblqng to linear-lanceolate, concave above: fls. yellow, in
panicles. Turkestan.
Allionii: S. moachata var.
alpina: name of uncertain application.
altfssima. E: to 2 ft.: Ivs. in basal rosettes, broadly
tongue-shaped, to 4 in. long, with cartilaginous teeth: fls.
white, slightly spotted with purple, % in. across. Tyrol.
ambfgua. Hybrid between S. media and S. aretioidea:
to 2 ^ in. : fls. purple, red or coppery. Pyrenees.
Andrews!!. Hybrid between S. Aizoon and 8. Geum:
to 6 in. : fls. white spotted with red.
anormalis: listed as having Ivs. in rosettes, lightly lime
pitted, fls. yellow; the name has no known botanical stand-
ing, and the plant may be a hort. hybrid.
apennina: S. cuneifolia var. aubintegra. }
aphflla. Da: to 1 in., loosely tufted: Ivs. spatulate-
lan eolate, entire or 3-5-toothed, to H in. long: fls. light
yellow, very small, usually solitary. Mte., Eu.
apiculata. Hybrid between S. Rocheliana and S. sancta:
to 3 H in.: fls. v How. Var. alba, fls. pure white or pale
cream. Var. Malyi (S. Malyi) has deeper yellow fls.
aquatica. Da: to 20 in.: Ivs. orbicular, about 1 in. wide,
3-lobed: fls. white, % in. across. Pyrenees.
arachnofdea. N: tufted, with procumbent ste. to 1 ft.
long, densely hairy: Ivs. 3-5-lobed, to $i in. long: fls. yellow.
Cent. Eu.
arco-valleyi. K: rosettes to % in. across: fls. bright red,
to H in. across. A hort. hybrid.
Arendsii. Hybrid of mixed parentage which probably
includes S. exarata and S. decipiena: to 4 in., with light green
dissected Ivs. in dense tufts: fls. rose to blood-red, to & in.
across. Var. sple'ndens has larger and deeper red fls.
aretioides. K: to 2 in., densely tufted: Ivs. leathery and
stiff, linear, to M in. long, the margins cartilaginous: fls.
golden-yellow, M in. across. Eu.
arguta (Micranthea arguta). B: to 1}$ ft.: Ivs. nearly
orbicular, cordate, wavy- toothed, to 1 ft. long: fls. white
with yellow spots, very small, in panicles. B. C. to Calif,
and New Mex.
aspera. Tra: to 6 in. with creeping sts.: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, cihate with stiff hairs, shining: fls. yellowish-
white, in few-fld. panicles. Mts., Eu. Var. bryoldes is
densely tufted, to 3 in.
atropurpurea: S. moachata var.
austromontana (Leptaaea auatromontana). Tra: to 3 in.,
densely tufted: Ivs. lanceolate, about ^ in. long, ciliate:
fls. white spotted with yellow, % in. across. B. C. to New
Mex.
balcana: S. Aizoon var.
balde'nsis: S. Aizoon var.
bathonignsis: S. decipiens var.
Beesiana: listed as having purple foliage in winter and
rose fls. ; probably a Bergonia.
Bellardii: S. lingulata var.
Bertoldnii. Hybrid between S. Friderici-Auguatii and
S. porophylla: to 3 in.: fls. red.
Biasol6ttii. Hybrid whose reputed parentage is S.
Gnaebachii and S. porophylla var. Sibthorpiana forma
theasalica: Ivs. narrow-spa tulate, acute: sts. red: fls. reddish-
purple.
bid ens (Micranthea bidena). B: Ivs. erect or nearly so,
to 2^ in. long, oblong to ovalj more or less cihate: fls.
white, sepals reflexed at maturity, petals clawed and 2-
toothed at apex; scapes erect to 16 in., fls. clustered m
cymules. Mont., Utah, Nev.
Bil£ckii. Hybrid of 8. Ferdinandi-Coburgii and S. tom-
beanensis: cespitose, to 3 in.: Ivs. linear, obtuse, fleshy,
small, fls. yellow, large.
Boeckeldri. Hybrid of S. Ferdinandi-Coburgii and S.
Stnbrnyi: small plant of tufted rosettes less than 1 in. across,
fl.-sts. to 3 in. tall: basal Ivs. linear-spatulate, to % in. long,
fleshy, white-pitted: fls. yellow tinged red.
B6ngardii (Spatularia Brunomana). B: to 16 in.: Ivs.
oblanceolate, to 2^ m. long, toothed, hairy, fls. white with
yellow spots, petals unequal, sometimes replaced by bulb-
lets. Alaska to Ore.
B6risii. Hybrid between S. marginata and S. Ferdinandi-
Coburgii: to 3 in.: fls. yellow.
B6ryi. K: to \l/i in., tufted: Ivs. oblong, spatulate: fls.
white, to M in. long. S. E. Eu.
Bdydii. Hybrid between S. aretioides and S. Burseriana:
fls. yellow. Var. alba, fls. white or pale cream-colored.
brachypus (Micranthea brachypua) . B: to 8 in.: Ivs. ob-
long or elliptic, to 5 in. long, slightly toothed: fls. white,
very small, in narrow panicles. Mts., Colo., Nev.
brevifdlia: S. Aizoon var.
bronchialis. Tra: to 8 in., tufted: Ivs. stiff, linear, to
ty in. long, ciliate: fls. yellowish- white, spotted with red-
dish, % in. across. Asia, Alaska.
Brunomana. Hi: to 5 in., laxly tufted, glabrous, shoots
to 4 in. long: Ivs. stiff, linear-lanceolate, to % in. long,
mucronate, ciliate: fls. to 2£ in. across. Cent. Asia.
Bucklandii. Probably a hort. form of S. cuneifoliat
differing in having 2 or 3 yellow spots on each petal.
Buraattii. Hybrid of S. cochlearia and -S. Aizoon: rosettes
like S. cochlearia: fls. white, large. A natural hybrid of the
Maritime Alps.
Burseriana. K: to 4 in. deeply tufted: Ivs. stiff, linear-
subulate, to % in. long, the margins cartilaginous: fls.
white, usually solitary, 1 in. across. Eu. Var. crenata.
petals crenate. Var. major (vars. grandiflora, magna and
tridentina) has larger fls. Var. minima (var. minor) is
smaller, to 1 H in. Var. specidsa, fls. larger on bright red
scapes. Var. sulphurea, fls. yellow.
bursiculata. Garden hybrid of 8. Buraeriana var.
major and S. apiculata: to 3 in., rosettes silvery-gray: Ivs.
linear-subulate, acutely pointed: fls. white, large, usually
3-4 in infl.
c&sia. K: to 3 in., densely tufted: Ivs. linear-oblong,
Y$ in. long: fls. white, about ^2 in. across, 1-2 together. Eu.
caespitosa (Muacaria caeapitoaa). Da: to 6 in., tufted:
Ivs. 3-lobed, about H in. long: fls. white, ^ in. or less across.
N. N. Amer., N. BE, N. Asia.
Saxifraga
662
Saxifraga
calabrica: listed as belonging in the Euaizoonia section
with fls. white.
calif ornica: S. Aizoon van; not to be confused with the
Pacific coast species of the same name, which is probably
not in cult.
CSmposii (S. Wallacei). Da: to 6 in.: Ivs. 3-lobed, shin-
ing: fls. white, % in. across. Spain.
canaliculate. Da: to 8 in., tufted: Ivs. 3-parted, H in.
across, the lateral lobes 2-3-parted, middle lobe entire,
sticky below, vciy stiff, petiole deeply grooved: fls. white,
^ in. long, in panicles. Pyrenees.
canis-dalmatica. E: listed with fls. white finely spotted
red; Ivs. heavily lime mcrusted.
capillaris: S. cuneifoha.
capfllipes: S. cuneifolia var. subintegra.
carinthiaca: S. Aizoon var. call/arnica.
cartilagmea (S. Kolenaiiana). E: to 9 in.: Ivs. in rosettes,
oblong, to 1 in. long, the margins cartilaginous: fls. white,
rose or puiple, about % in. across. Asia Minor.
catalaunica. E: to 2 ft., densely tufted: Ivs. oboyate,
margins white-crustate, glaucous: fls. white, in panicled
cymes. Spain.
caterhame'nsis: S. Cotyledon var.
caucasica. K: basal Ivs. to IK in. long, lanceolate,
margins pitted- fls. yellow, to % in. across, in corymbs.
Caucasus. Var. Desoulavyi (S. Deaoulavyi), has smaller
but stiongly ciliate Ivs.
ceratophylla: S. trifurcata.
Cholentiana: catalogue name.
chrysantha. Hi : low tufted plant to 2 in. tall with creep-
ing sts.: Ivs. basal, imbricated in rosette oblong, smooth,
fleshy: fls. yellow, large, usually 1-3 in terminal infl., on
slender glandular-pubescent peduncles. Mts. of Colo, and
N. Mex.
Churchillii: S. Aizoon var.
circuenta: listed name of plant said to be similar to S.
catalaunica.
Clarkei. Garden hybrid of S. Vandellii and S. media:
to 2 } 2 m. : Ivs. to 4 in. long, linear-oblong to linear-subulate,
glandular-hairy: fls. rose, to y* in. across, usually in 1-2-
fld. infl.
Clarmayiana. Garden hybrid, listed as producing cream-
colored fls. and placed in Jbuaizoonia section.
cochlearis. E: to 9 in., densely tufted: Ivs. linear-spatu-
late, to 1 in. long, margins cartilaginous: fls. white, to % in.
across. Alps. Var. longifdlia is listed as a hybrid with "fine
white plumes." Vai. major has larger white fls. Var.
minor, Ivs. silvery, in minute rosettes.
columbiana (Micranthes columbiana). B: to 1 ft.: Ivs.
oblong or elliptic, to 4 in. long, finely toothed or wavy: fls.
white or greenish, very small, in panicles. Wash., Ore. to
Mont.
conffera. Da: to 3 in., densely tufted: Ivs. oblong-linear,
leathery, margins ciliate: fls. white. Spain.
cordifdlia: Bergenia cordifoha.
coriophylla: S. marginata var.
cortusaefftlia. Di : to 1 ^ ft. : Ivs. roundish, to 3 in. long,
5-11-lobed, fleshy' Ms. white, to % in. long, in loose panicles.
E. Asia. Var. F6rtunei (S. Fortunei) has kidney-shaped
Ivs. to 2 in. long and 4 in. wide, usually 9-lobed, and smaller
fls. with toothed petals. Japan.
corymbdsa (S. luteo-mndia) . K: to 6 in., densely tufted:
Ivs. spatulate, to 1 in. long, with cartilaginous margins:
fls. pale yellow or yellowish-green, % in. across. Eu.
Cotyledon. E: to 2 ft.: Ivs. in rosettes, tongue-shaped,
to 3 in. long, toothed: fls. white veined with pink, fragrant,
to % in. across. Mts. of Eu. Var. caterham£nsis, to 3 ft.,
fls. white spotted red. Var. icelandica (S. icelandica), the
largest form of the species, with laige flat rosettes and
bronzy leathery Ivs. Var. longifdlia, Ivs. silvery, fls. white.
Var. montavonie'nsis, Ivs. glossy, fls. white with red sts.
Var. nepalensis is var. pyramidalis. Var. norvegica, listed
as producing "arching sprays" of white fls. Var. prolffera,
sts. decumbent, bearing 20-30 rooting rosettes. Var.
pyramidalis (var. nepalensis, S. pyramidalis, S. nepalenais)
grows to 4 ft.
crassifdlia: Bergenia crassifolia.
cristata: probably spelling error for S. crustata.
crustata (S. incru&tata). E: to 1 ft., densely tufted: Ivs.
linear, to 1 }$ in. long, crustated with lime: fls. white, some-
times marked with purple at base, % in. across. Tyrol.
cuneata. Da: to 6 in., loosely tufted: Ivs. cuneate, y^ in.
long, 3-lobed, leathery and shining: fls. white, Y± in. long,
in loose panicles. S. Eu.
cuneifolia (S. capillaris). R: to 1 ft.: Ivs. in rosettes,
broad-spatulate, to l^i in. long, rounded and toothed at
apex: fls. white, yellowish at base, y± in. across. Eu. Var.
infundibulu*6rmis with "spoon-shaped Ivs." is listed; it
may not differ materially from the type. Var. sub Integra
(S. apenmna, S. capillipes) has nearly entire Ivs.
cuscutaef6rmis. Di: to 6 in., with thread-like stolons:
Ivs. basal, oval, to 2 in. long, coarsely toothed or wavy,
veined with white: fls. white, 1 in. across, petals very un-
equal. Japan.
Cymbalaria. C: ann. or bien. to 1 ft.: Ivs. kidney-shaped
or ovate, to 1 in. long, lobed or crenate: fls. yellow, to H in.
across. Caucasus, Asia Minor.
dactyloides: a section of Saxifraga comprising the mossy
saxifrages.
dahlia* tica: listed as in Kabschia section with "minute
spiny cushions, fls. white in trusses."
decipiens. Da: to 1 ft. but usually lower, tufted: Ivs.
obovate-cuneate, cut into 3-5 linear lobes: fls. white, about
% in. across. Eu. — By some authorities consideied a sub-
species of S. cxspitosa. Runs into many hort. vars., a few
of which are: a"lba, fls. white; Arkwrightii, fls. to 1 in. across;
bathoniensis (S. ba(honienms), fls. scailet; grandifl&ra, to
8 in., fls. red fading pink; grandis, to 6 in., fls. rose; hfbrida,
a strain of red-fid, hybrids; rosea, fls. rich rose-red; san-
guinea, fls. deep blood-red.
Delavayi: Bergenia Delavayi.
densa: S. moschata var.
Desoulavyi: S. caucasica var.
Eastwoodiae (Hetensia Eastwoodix) . B: to 16 in.: Ivs.
neaily orbicular, to 3 in. across, deeply cordate and shal-
lowly lobed, long-petioled: fls. white. Wash, to Calif.
elatior: S. Hostn.
Elizabethise. Hybrid between S. Burseriana and 5.
sancta: to 2 in.: fls. yellow.
fingleri. Hybrid between S. Aizoon and S. cuneifolia:
to 4 in.: fls. very small.
Eudoxiana. Hybiid of S. Ferdinandi-Coburgii and S.
sancta: Ivs. silvery, sts. tinged red: fls. deep orange-yellow,
usually 2-3 in head.
exarata. Da: to 6 in., tufted: Ivs. 3-parted or -lobed: fls.
white varying to rose or purple. Mts. of S. Eu.
FeYdinandi-Cdburgii. K: to 2 in., densely tufted: Ivs.
oblong, to ^ in. long, ciliate: fls. yellow, about ^ in. across.
Macedonia.
ferruginea (Spatularia ferruginea). B: to 6 in., covered
with reddish hairs: Ivs. spatulate or oblanceolate, to 2^ in.
long, toothed: fls. white, ^ in. long, in cymes. Alaska to
B. C.
flagellaris (Leptasea flagellaris). Hi: erect stoloniferous
plant to 8 in.: Ivs. obovate to lanceolate: fls. golden-yellow,
to nearly 1 in. across, almost sessile* in corymbs of 1-10.
N. Eu., Asia, N. Amer. in Rocky Mts. to Ariz. — A moisture-
demanding bog plant.
flave"scens: S. Aizoon var.
F6rtunei: S. cortusoe folia var.
Franzlii: listed as belonging to the Kabschia section,
with "spiny Ivs. and golden-yellow fls."; the name is un-
known botanically.
Freisei. K: a hybrid, perhaps in part of S. porophylla,
listed with Ivs. spiny, fls, rose-pink.
Friderici-Augustii. K: to 6 in., tufted: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late or spatulate, entire: fls. violet-purple, in spike-like
racemes. S. E. Eu., Asia Minor.
Gaudmii. Da: hybrid between S. Aizoon and S. Coty-
ledon: rosettes silvery-gray: fls. white.
geranioides. To 10 in., tufted: Ivs. palmately 3-lobed,
the lobes 2-3- toothed: fls. white, ^ in. long. Mts. of Eu.
Gdum (Micranthes Geum). R: to 1 ft.: Ivs. nearly or-
bicular, to 1 in. across, coarsely toothed, on very long
petioles: fls. white, }£ in. across. Eu., Newf. Var. dentata,
. sharp-toothed, fls. white spotted with yellow or purple.
Ivs.
Var. minor is listed as a small-lvd. form.
glacialis. Hi: to 2 in.: rosette Ivs. narrowly spatulate, to
H in. long, obtuse, margins sparsely and minutely fimbriate,
st.-lvs. lanceolate-obovate : fls. yellow within and orange-
yellow to purplish outside, in subcorymbose infl., petals
elliptic, acutish. Szechuan, China.
globulifera. Da: to 4 in., tufted: Ivs. spatulate, \4 in.
long, usually 3-lobed, petioles dilated at base: fls. white,
H m. across. S. Spain, N. Afr.
Godsefflana. Hybrid between S. sancta and S. Eliza-
bethise: to 4 in.: fls. deep yellow.
grandifldra: S. st'Wrico, which is doubtfully in cult.;
material so listed may be hort. forms or races of other
species.
granulata. MEADOW S. N: to 20 in., bulbous at base
and with numerous bulblets in axils of basal Ivs. : Ivs. kidney-
shaped, to 1 in. long and 1 }4 in. wide, lobed: fls. white, 1 in,
across- Eu., N. Afr. Var. nore-pldno has double fls.
Saxifraga
663
Saxifraga
Greenwood!!. A hort. hybrid of Euaizoonia section better
known as Greenwood: fls. creamy-yellow.
Grisebachii (S. montenegrina). K: to 8 in., tufted: Ivs.
spatulate, to 1M in. long, the margins cartilaginous: fls.
purple, y$ in. or less across; mfl. spicate. Medit. region.
Gusmusii. Hybrid between S. thessalica and S. corym-
bosa: fls. reddish-pink.
Haagii. riybrid between S. Ferdinandi-Coburgii and
S. sancta: to 3 in. . fls. golden-yellow, to H in. across.
Hainoldii: S. Aizoon var.
Haussmannii. Hybrid between S. mutata and S. aizoides:
to 8 in.: fla. yellow.
Haworthii. Da: Ivs. pale green, in dense cushions to
6 in. high: fls. white, to ^ in. across. Hort. origin, name of
uncertain botanical standing.
Heinrichii. Hybrid of S. aretioides and S. Stnbrnyi: basal
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, short, acuminate: fls. yellow becoming
leddish, to % in. across, usually 6-8 on scape to 3 j^j in. tall.
hibernica: S. Sternbergii.
hirsuta. K: similar to S. Geum but with cordate-ovate
or oval Ivs. pmnately- rather than palmately-nerved. Eu.
Hdstii (*S. elatior). E: to 2 ft.: Ivs. in rosettes, tongue-
shaped, to 4 in. long, wavy-margined and mcrusted with
lime. fls. white sometimes dotted with purple, ^ in. across,
in many-fld. panicles. Eu.
Huetiana. C: ann. or bien. to 6 in.: Ivs. kidney-shaped,
5-7-lobed. fls. bright yellow, % in. across. Asia Minor.
hypnoides (S. affinis. S. sponhemica). Da: to 6 in.,
having many barren shoots* Ivs. linear, ^ in. long, some-
times 3-5-lobed and % in. long: fls. white, to 1 in. across.
Eu. Var. gemmifera (S. K.ingn) is a compact form. Var.
rdsea, fls. rose.
icelandica: S. Cotyledon var.
incrustata: <S. crustata.
integrifftlia (Micranthes integnfolia). B: to 1J$ ft., very
sticky: Iva. obovate, entire or slightly wavy, to 7 in. long;
fls. white, small, in panicles. Calif.
intermedia. Hybrid of S. Grisebachii and S. Stnbrnyi:
differs from S. Grisebachii in its lacemose mfl. arid longer
pedicels, fls. red.
irrigua. N: to 1 ft.: Ivs. in rosettes, kidney-shaped, H in.
long, deeply 3-lobed and the lobes toothed, on petioles to
2 in. long' fls. white, to I in. across, in many-fld. panicles. Eu.
trvingii. Hybrid between S. Burseriana vai. and S.
Friderici-Augustn: to 1 in. or moie: fls. pink with deeper
center. — Some authors think S. hlacina is alj>o involved in
the parentage.
Jenkinsii: lifted name.
juniperifdlia (S. juniperina). K: to 3 in., tufted: basal
Ivs. stiff, lanceolate, to % in. long, ciliate, st.-lvs. to % in.
long: fls. yellow, ^ in. across. Caucasus. Var. pseudo-
s&ncta (S. pseudo- sancta) differs in bt.-lvs. to % in. long.
juniperina: S. juniperifoha.
Kellereri. Hybiid between S. Fiiderici-Augustii and
probably a form of S. Burseriana: habit of former with
rosettes to 2 in. across, Ivs. longer and narrower, pitted with
white dots: fls. pink, darker in center, cylindiical, petals
not reflexcd, on sts. to 5 in. tall.
kestoniensis. Hybrid probably of -S. Burseriana: 3 in.:
fls. white on bright red sts., early-flowering.
kewensis. Hybrid between S. Burseriana var. macrantha
and S. Friderici-Augustn: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, in cushions,
sts. glandular-hairy: fls. with rose petals and deep red sepals,
bracts red tipped green.
Kmgii: S. hypnoides var. gemmifera.
Kolenatiana: S. cartilaginea.
Kfrillii. Hybrid between S. marginata and S. Ferdi-
nanai-Coburgn: 3 in.: fls. pale yellow.
Isevigata: listed name.
lagaveana: S. Aizoon var.
Landaueri: listed name.
lantoscana: S. lingulata var.
lasiophylla: S. rotundifolia var. repanda.
latepetiolata. N: to 10 in., densely tufted: Ivs. kidney-
shaped, to \% in. long, 3-parted into lobed segms., glandu-
lar-hairy, petiole broadly winged: fls. white, small. Medit.
region.
Leichtlfnii: Bergenia ligulata var. or S. lingulata var.
leucanthemif&lia (S. Michauxii. Hydatica petiolaris).
B: to 1 % ft. : Ivs. oblanceolate, to 7 in. long, coarsely toothed:
fls. white, H in. across. Va. to Ga.
ligulata: Bergenia ligulata.
lilficina. K: to 1 in., tufted: Ivs. oblong, to V* in. long,
margins cartilaginous: fls. pale lilac with purple lines, 1A in.
across, solitary, Himalayas.
Lindsay!: listed name of plant said to belong in section
Dactyloides and having white fls.
lingulata. E: to 1 ft., tufted: Ivs. linear-spatula te, to 3 in.
long, the margins recurved and mcrusted: fls. white, % in.
across. S. Eu. Vara. listed include- Albertii, larger than
type, foliage bluish-gray, lime inciusted, fls. white spotted
red, probably of hybrid origin; albida, foliage silvery;
australis, Ivs. longer and broader; Bell&rdii, a large glabrous
form; cochlearis is S. cochlearis; lantoscana (S. lantoscana),
Ivs. shoit and blunt; Leichtlinii, fls. rose-red, probably of
hybrid origin; rdsea, fls. rose, perhaps not distinct from
var. Leichtlinii; superba, larger creamy-white fls. in arching
plumes, an improved form of var. lantoscana.
longif&lia. E: to 2 ft.: Ivs. in rosettes, linear-spatulate,
to 3 in. long, margins mcrusted: fls. white, rarely purple-
spotted, % in. across, in many-fld. panicles. Pyrenees. — A
short-lived plant of rocky cie vices, perhaps best treated
as a bien. Vars. include: cochlearis is S. cochlearis; Cotylfc-
don is S. Cotyledon; grandifl&ra has larger fls.; L6wnu is
listed as a hybrid with pinkish fls. and major with white
fls. ; magnified, rosettes to 1 ft. across and panicles large.
lutea: S. Aizoon var.
luteo-vlridis: S. corymbosa.
Lyallii (Micranthes Lyallii). B: to 1 ft.: Ivs. obovate,
coarsely toothed, to 21*} in. long: fls. white with yellow
spots, in few-fld. panicles. Alaska to Mont.
Macnabiana. Hybrid between S. Cotyledon and S.
lingulata: fls. white spotted with purple.
Malyi: <S. apiculata var.
marginata. K: to 3 in., tufted: basal lys. obovate, lower
margins cihato, upper cartilaginous, to \y in. long: fls. white,
to J-2 in- across, usually 5-7 in a corymbose mfl. on erect
black-glandular-pilose stalks. S. Italy. Var. coriophylla
(8. coriophylla. S. Rochdiana var.). Lower Ivs. small,
oblong, with few pits: fls. ivoiy-wlute. Bosnia, N. Albania.
Var. Rocheliana (S. Rochdiana). Lvs. apatulatc, light gray-
green, horizontally spreading: fls. white, scape not as prom-
inently glandular-pilose as type. S. E. Eu.
Mariae-Theresia. Hybrid between S. Burseriana var.
mayor and S. Grisebachii: with small rosettes to % in. across:
fls. rose, sessile, usually 6-8 on fleshy sts. to 3}$ in. tall,
petals small and nariow.
media. K: to 3 in., tufted: Ivs. oblong- or linear-spatu-
late, to 1 in. long, margins cartilaginous: fls. purple, ^ in.
long, in branched panicles. Eu.
Meg&sea: see Bergenia.
Mertensiana (Hctcrisia Mcrtensiana). B: to 1 ft.: Ivs.
cordate-orbicular, to 3 in. across, toothed, long-stalked: fls.
white \vith yellow spots at base. Alaska to Calif. Var.
glandipildsa is glandular-pilose.
Michauxii: S, leucajithemifoha.
micranthidifolia (Micranthes micranthidifolia). B: to 3
ft.: Ivs. elliptic or oblanceolate, to 1 ft. long: fls. white,
small, in narrow panicles. Pa. to Ga. and Tenn.
montavoniensis: S. Cotyledon var.
montenegrina: S. Grisebachii.
moschata. Da: to 5 in.: Ivs. linear, entire or 2-3-lobed:
fls. yellowish, rarely purplish or \vhite. Eu. Var. Allionii
(S. Allionii), fls. white. Var. atropurpurea (6'. atropurpurea),
fls dark purple. Var. densa has densely packed foliage.
Var. Rhei (S. Rhei), fla. rose.
muscoides. Da: to 2 in., densely tufted: Ivs. linear,
3^ in. long: fls. white or yellowish, % in. across. Eu. Var.
alba, fls. white. Var. atropurpurea, fls. dark red, probably
of hybrid origin. Var. densa has densely packed foliage.
mutata. E: to 1 ft., with thick rhizome: Ivs. in rosettes,
thick, Hpatulate, to 3 in. long, very obtuse, the margins
cartilaginous: fla. yellow or orange, about ^ in. across. Eu.
Nelsoniana (Micranthes Nelsoniana) B: to 8 in.: Ivs.
cordate-orbicular or kidney-shaped, to (i in long, toothed:
fls. white, small, in compact heads. Al.-iska to B. C.
nepalensis: S. Cotyledon var. pyramidalis.
Newcombei (Spatularia Newcombei). B: to 10 in.,
glandular-hairy: Ivs. spatulate, to 3 in. long, coarsely
toothed: fls. white with yellow spots at base of petals, in
corymbs. Queen Charlotte Isls.
nivalis (Micranthes nivalis). B: to 6 in. high, usually
less: Ivs. ovate, thick, coriaceous, dark green above and
purplish-red beneath: fls. white, in cymules on erect glandu-
lar-viscid scapes. Circurnboreal, including N. S.
Obrfstii. Hybrid between S. Burseriana and S. marginata:
to 4 in.: fls. ivory-white, to 1 in. across.
obscura. vSupposed to be a hybrid between S. pubeecens
and S. geranioides: to 8 in., tufted: fls. white. Pyrenees.
occidentalis (Micranthes occidentalis) . B: to 8 in.: Ivs.
ovate or oblong, to 2^ in. long, toothed, often red-pubescent
beneath: fls. white, small, in cymes. Alta. to Mont.
ochroleuca. Hybrid between S. Burseriana var. minor
and S. sancta: habit of former with smaller Ivs. and pale
yellow fls.
Saxifraga
664
Saxifraga
odontoldma. B: to 1H ft.: Ivs. basal, orbicular, to 3 in.
across, coarsely toothed: ns. white, in loose panicles. Wash.,
Ore.
oppositifdlia (Antiphylla opposittfolia) . P: to 2 in.,
densely malted: Ivs. obovatc, keeled, to ^ in. long, ciliate:
fls. rose or purple, to ^ in. across. Eu., Asia, N. N. Amer.
Var. pyrenaica has large crimson fls. Var. sple~ndens has
large purplish-crimson fls.
orbicular is: tiergenia ciaaaijoha var.
palmata: a name of uncertain application.
parad6xa: S. Aizoon var.
Paulina. Hybrid between S. Burseriana var. minor
and S. Ferdmandi-Coburgii: to 2 in. : fls. pale yellow, K in.
across.
pectinata. Hybrid between S. Aizoon and 8. cruatata:
fls. white spotted with purple.
pedemontana. Da: to 4 in., tufted: Ivs. 3-lobed, the
lobes toothed, to % in. long, petioled: fls. white, to 1 in.
across. M Eu.
peltata: Peliiphyllum peltatum.
pensylvanica (Micranthea penny Ivanica). SWAMP S.
B: to 3 ft., with thick rhizome: Ivs. basal, oblong to spatu-
late, to 1 ft. long, cihate: fls. greenish, to ^ in. across.
Me. to Va. and Mo.
petiolaris: S. rivularia.
Petraschii. Hybrid between S. tombeanenais and S.
marginata var. Rocheliana: to 2 in.: fls. white, 1 in. across.
porophylla. K: to 5 in , tufted: Ivs. oblong-spatulate to
linear, to ^ in. long, the margins cartilaginous: fls. pink
or purple, \:> in. across. S. Eu. Var. montenegrraa is
listed; perhaps referable to S. Grisebachn.
P6rtiae: probably synonymous with S. lingulata var.
auatralts, also a var. of S. Aizoon.
primuloides: S. umbroaa var.
prolifera: S. Cotyledon var.
pseudo-K6tschyi. Hybrid between 8. marginata var.
Rocheliana and 8. Kotachyi: differs from the former in its
more spatula-to Ivs. and yellow Ms.; from the latter in its
longer petals and acutely apiculate Ivs.
pseudo-s&ncta: 8. juniperifolia var.
pulche'lla: name of uncertain application.
punctata. B: to 1J^ ft.: Ivs. reniform-orbicular, wavy-
toothed: fls. white, % in. long, in loose panicles. Eu.
pungens. Hybrid between S. marginata var. Rocheliana
and 8. jumperi folia: to 2 in.: fls. golden-yellow.
purpurfiscens: Bergenia purpuraacena.
pyramidalis: S. Cotyledon var.
pyrenaica: S. oppositifolia var.
ranunculifolia: Hemieva ranunculifolia.
retusa. P: tufted, to 2 in.: lower Ivs. imbricated, oblong-
lanceolate, 3-cornered: fls. ruby- or purple-red, in 1-4-fld.
clusters. S. Eu. in high ruts.
Rhei: S, moschala var.
rhomboidea (Micranthes r homboid ea) . B: to 1 ft.: Ivs.
ovoid, to 213 in. long, toothed: fls. white, K in. long, in
cymes forming heads. Mont., Wyo., Colo.
rivularis (S. petiolaria). N: tufted plant to 3 in.: basal
Ivs. kidney-shaped, palmately 3-7-lobed, petioles 3-5 times
longer than blades, upper Ivs. short -petioled and 3-lobed:
fls. white, sometimes tinged purple, usually 1-5 on axillary
peduncles to 3 in. long. Circumboreal, in N. Amer. to
White Mts. and in Rocky Mts. to Mont.
Rocheliana: «S. marginata var.
Rosmiae: listed as a hort. hybrid.
rotundifdlia. M: to 2 ft.: Ivs. in rosettes, kidney-shaped,
to 2 in. across, coarsely toothed, on petioles much longer
than Ivs : fls. white spotted with red or purple, to % in.
across Eu., Asia Var. repanda (S. laaiophylla) , Ivs. wavy-
toothed, densely pubescent.
rubicunda: listed name.
rufldula (Micranthes rufidula). B: to 6 in.: Ivs. ovate or
oval, to 1^6 in. long, toothed, red-tomentose beneath: fls.
white, K m. long, the stalks purple. B. C.
Salom&nii. Hybrid between S. Buraeriana and S.
marginata var. Rocheliana: to 2 in.: fls. white, % in. across.
sancta. K: to 2 in , tufted: Ivs. stiff, lanceolate, ^ in-
long, the margins ciliate and cartilaginous: fls. orange-
yellow, H in. across. Medit. region.
sanguine a of hort is S. decipiena var.
sarment6sa (Sekika sarmentoaa). STRAWBERRY-GERA-
NIUM. Di: to 2 ft., with filiform stolons resembling the straw-
berry: Ivs. orbicular-cordate, to 4 in. across, coarsely
toothed, on long petioles, reddish below, veined with white
above: fls. white, to 1 in. across, 2 petals much longer than
others. E. Asia. — A favorite basket and vase plant.
scardica. K: to 4 in., tufted: Ivs. oblong to lanceolate, to
H in. long, stiff, keeled beneath, margins cartilaginous: fls.
white or rose, H in. long, in corymbs. Medit. region.
Schlekheri: S. stellaria.
Sch6ttii. Hybrid between S. corymboaa and S. Stribrnyi:
to 3 in.
S6ndtneri: listed name.
serratifdlia: 8. umbroaa var.
sp!6ndens: a name applied to many hort. forms and of
uncertain application.
sponhe'mica: S. hypnoidea.
squarr&sa. K: to 3 in., densely tufted: Ivs. linear or
linear-lanceolate, ^ in- long, with narrow cartilaginous
margin: fls. white, to ^ in. long. Mts., Eu.
Stabiana: S. Aizoon var.
Stanborgii: listed name.
stellaris (S. Schleicfieri). B: to 6 in.: Ivs. pbovate, to 2 in.
long, toothed: fls. white, star-like, to % in. across. Eu.,
Asia, N. Amer.
stenog!6ssa. E: to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1 in. long, sharp-
toothed: fls. white, in panicles. Probably Eu.
Sternbergii (S. hibernica). Da: Ivs. 3-5-parted, ciliate:
fls. creamy-white. Ireland.
Stracheyi: Bergenia 8tracheyi.
Stribrnyi. K: to 5 in., tufted: Ivs. oblong-spatulate, to
1 in. long, with margins cartilaginous: fls. purple, % in.
across, nodding. Cent. Eu.
Stuartii. Hybrid with S. Stribrnyi as one parent: to 4 in.:
fls. pale yellow or purple, H in. across.
Sundermannii. Hybrid of S. marginata and S. Burseri-
ana: tufted plant with rosettes to % in. across: Ivs. deltoid,
to }<£ in. long, upper surface concave, margins chalky- white:
fls. white, to % in across, petals with wavy margins and
twice as long as sepals, infl. of 1-2 fls. on green sts.
sup4rba: probably S, lingulata var.
taygetea. R: to 6 in.: Ivs. kidney-shaped, J^ in. long,
slightly 6-9-lobcd: fls. white spotted purple, H in. long, in
panicles. Greece.
tellimoides: Boykinia tellimoidea.
tenglla. Da: to 4 in., tufted: Ivs. linear-subulate, to
\4 in. long: fls. white or yellowish, very small. Mts., Cent.
Eu.
tennessee'nsis (Micranthes tennesseensis) . B: to 1 ft.:
Ivs. elliptic-ovate to orbicular-reniform, to 5 in. long: fls.
white with yellow eye, in open cymules, petals to j-g in.
long. Tenn.
thessalica: a form of S. porophylla with very narrow Ivs.
tiro!6nsis. Hybrid between S. cseaia and S. squarrosa: to
3H in.: fls. white.
Tdhniei. B: to 5 in.: Ivs. linear, ^ in. long, imbricated
on the short sts.: fls. white, very small. B. C. to Calif.
tombeanensis. K: to 2 in.: Ivs. ovate- to linear-lanceo-
late, 3-angled, ^ in. long: fls. white, ^ in. long. Alps,
S. Eu.
tricuspidata (Leptasea tricuspidata) . Tra: to 8 in.: Ivs.
linear, to % in. long, with 3 spine-tipped lobes at apex: fls.
white, small. N. N. Amer.
trifurcata. Da: to 8 in.: Ivs. kidney-shaped, to % in.
across, palmately 3-parted, the segms. toothed or lobed, on
very long petioles: fls. milk-white, to M in. across. Pyren-
ees. Var. ceratophylla (8. ceratophylta) does not differ from
the species.
umbr&sa. LONDON PRIDE. R: to 1 ft.: Ivs. thick, ovate to
oblong, to 2^i in. long, the margins cartilaginous, often
reddish beneath, petioled: fls. white or pink, to J^ in.
across. Eu. Var. Cfilvillei is said to grow to 6 in. with
many pink to white fls. Var. primuloides (S. primuloidea) ,
to 6 in., Ivs. primrose-like, fls. rose-pink. Var. serratifdlia
OS. aerratifolia) , Ivs. erect, sharply serrate.
valde"nsis. E: to 3 in., densely tufted: Ivs. spatulate-
linear, to 1A in. long, keeled, purplish beneath: fls. white,
K in. long, in corymbs. Mts., Cent. Eu.
Vande'llii. K: differs from S. Burseriana in fls. several
to many, not solitary. Alps, Cent. Eu.
vespertlna (Leptaaea vespertina) . E: to 5 in.: Ivs. oblong,
to H in. long, spine- tipped: fls. white, often spotted yellow,,
small. Alaska to Ore.
virgin! e"nsis (Micranthea virginienais') . B: to 1 ft.: Ivs.
in rosettes, ovate to oblong, to 3 in. long, toothed: fls. white,
about H in. across. N. B. to Ga. and Tenn.
vfridis: listed name for plant said to belong in section
Euaizoonia.
Wallacei: S. Campoaii.
Wildiana. Hybrid between S. Aizoon and 3. Qeum: to
8 in.: fls. white, to H in. across.
Saxifraga
665
Scektium
Zelebori: listed name for plant which may be only a
form of S. Aizoon.
Zimme*teri. Hybrid between S. Aizoon and S. cuneifolia.
SAXIFRAGACEJE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. A
widely distributed family mostly of temp, re-
gions, of various character and habit; about 75
genera of herbs, shrubs and trees, having usually
bisexual regular fls. with 4-5 sepals and petals,
4-10 stamens, 2-5 carpels, and fr. a caps, or
berry; differs from Rosacese in technical char-
acters. Several genera are grown for ornament
and the currant and gooseberry for the edible
frs.; genera herein treated are Abrophyllum,
Anopterus, Astilbe^ Bauera, Bensonia, Bergenia,
Bolandra, Boykima, Cardiandra, Carpenteria,
Carpodetus, Chrysosplenium, Decumaria, Dei-
nanthe, Deutzia, Elmera. Escallonia, Fendlera,
Francoa, Hemieva, Heuchera, Hydrangea, I tea,
Jamesia, Kirengeshoma, Leptarrhena, Litho-
fragma, Mitella, Parnassia, Peltiphyllum, Phila-
delphus, Pileostegia, Quintinia, Ribes, Rodger-
sia, Saxifraga, Schizophragma, Suksdprfia, Tan-
akaea, Tellima, Tiarella, Tolmiea, Whipplea.
SAXIFRAGE: Saxifraga. Golden: Chryaoaplenium.
SCABIOSA. SCABIOUS. MOURNING BRIDE.
PINCUSHION-FLOWER. Dipsacese. Herbs aim. or
per. and perhaps bien., with opposite entire or
divided Ivs. and 4-5-lobed fls. in terminal long-
stalked composite-like showy heads subtended
by herbaceous involucral bracts, the calyx
bristly; Old World, often weedy.
Scabiosas are popular flower-garden subjects and thrive
in any good soil and sunny exposure. Propagated by seeds,
and perennials also by division.
africana. Lvs. obovate, irregularly toothed, to 6 in. long
and 2 in. wide, upper Ivs. undivided or pinnatifid, soft-
tomentose. S. Afr.
agre*stis: S. gramuntia.
amoena. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid: fls. pale blue
or lilac, in globose heads. W. Asia.
atropurpurea. SWEET SCABIOUS. Erect ann. (or grown
as such) to 3 ft. and more, cult, in many forms: basal Ivs.
lyrate-pinnatifid, st.-lvs. pinnate into oblong toothed lobes:
ns. dark purple, rose or white, in ovate or oblong heads to
2 in. across. S. Eu. Some of the hort. vars. are: can did 1s-
sima, fls. white and often double; comp&cta, of compact
habit; fldre-pldno, fls. double; grandifldra (var. maxima),
fls. large; major, tall; nana (var. minor), smaller, much
branched; pumila, dwarf.
australis: Succiaa australia.
brachiata. Ann. to 1 ft.: lower Ivs. ovate-oblong, upper
ones pinnate-dissected with terminal lobe large and obovate:
fls. pale blue. Greece. — By some considered as Tremoatelma
pal&atinum.
cane'scens. Per., erect or ascending: Ivs. simple, pin-
natifid or pinnately lobed, segms. lanceolate, entire: heads
bluish-violet, on long peduncles. Cent. Eu.
cauc&sica. Per. to 2l/i ft.: basal Ivs. lanceolate-linear,
entire, st.-lvs. divided: fls. light blue, in flattish heads to
3 in. across, the involucre grav-tomentose. Caucasus. Var.
alba has white fls. Var. caerulea, fls. light blue, large. Var.
goldingensis has large deep lavender fls. Var. magnified
has large lavender-blue fla. Var. perfecta, fls. large and
fringed.
Columbaria. Per. to 2 ft.: basal Ivs. ovate, toothed, st.-
lvs. pinnately cut into linear segms.: fls. blue, in ovate
heads to 1^ in. across. Eu., Asia, Afr. Var. anthemifdlia,
Ivs. 2-3-pinnatifid, fls. said to be pink, to 2 H in. across.
Var. rdsea, fls. pink, is listed.
Ffscheri. Per., much branched: Ivs. pinnately cut into
linear entire segms.: fls. bluish-purple. Dahuria.
ge6rcica. Per. to 2 ft., sts. branched, usually white-
pilose: Ivs. pinnately divided or lyrate, terminal segms.
oblong-lanceolate, larger than laterals: heads pale yellow,
on long peduncles, involucral bracts broadly triangular.
Eurasia.
gigantea: listed name of doubtful application.
goldingensis: S. caucaaica var.
graminifolia. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, entire, silvery:
fls. pale blue, in flattish beads to 1 H in. across. Eu.
gramuntia (S. aqrestis). Per. to 2 \i ft.: basal Ivs. lyrate,
st.-lvs. 2^3-pinnatisect, segms. narrowly linear: fls. lilac,
the marginal ones radiating. 8. Cent. Eu. — By some authors
treated as a variant of S. Columbaria.
grandifldra: S. atropurpurea var.
japdnica. Per. to 2 ft. : Ivs. pinnately divided into narrow
segms.: fls. violet-blue, in heads to 2 in. across. Japan.
lucida. Per. to 1 ft.: basal Ivs. ovate-oblong, serrate,
et.-lys. pinnatisect, segms. lanceolate: fls. rose-lilac, in dense
hemispherical heads to l;Ha in. across. Cent. Eu.
lyrata: doubtful name.
lyrophylla: Knautia lyrophylla.
macedonica: Knautia macedonica.
miesantha: listed name of unknown botanical .standing.
minor aurea: S. atropurpurea var. nana.
ochroleuca. Per. to 1% ft.: basal Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid,
st.-lvs. 1-2-pinnate into oblong or linear segms., whitish^
pubescent: fls. vellow. Eu., Asia. Var. Webbiana (S.
Webbtana) has lower Ivs. white-villous and usually dis-
sected. S. E. Eu. to Asia Minor.
palaestina. Erect ann., branched: Ivs. oblong, dentate or
lyrate, hairy; involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate: fls. pale
yellow, rarely lilac, heads large. Balkan region, Cent. Eu.
paraassUefdlia: probably error for S. parnaaaii.
parn&ssi: Pterocephalua parnaaai.
pennsylv&nlca: an erroneous catalogue name for Cepha-
laria tatarica.
Peteri: listed name.
prolifera. CARMKL DAISY. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate to linear: fls. cream-colored, in nearly sessile
heads to 2 in. across. Asia Minor to N. Afr.
pteroc6phala: Pterocephalua parnaaai.
pyrenaica (S. veatito). Per. to 1J^ ft., white-tomentose:
basal Ivs. oval-lanceolate, toothed, st.-lvs. pinnately
divided: fls. blue-lilac. S. Eu.
rhodopea: a form of S. ochroleuca.
silenif61ia. Per. to 1 ft.: lower Ivs. spatulate, entire,
upper pinnate into linear segms.: fls. lilac. S. E. Eu.
speci6sa. Tufted per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong, pinnatifid at
base, to 2 in. long, pubescent: fls. lavender to mauve, outer
ones to % in. long, head nearly flat, to 2 in. across, Hima-
layas.
stellata. Ann. to IH.ft.: basal Ivs. toothed, st.-lvs. pin-
nately divided: fls. blue, in globose heads 1 in. across. 8. Eu.
suaveolens. Per. to 1 14 ft., glabrescent; basal Ivs. entire,
oblong-lanceolate, st.-lvs. pinnatifid, segms. linear, entire:
fls. blue, fragrant, in nearly hemispherical heads to 2 in.
across. Cent. Eu. to Asia Minor.
Succisa: Succisa pratenais.
sylvatica: Knautia aylvatica.
triniftfdlia. To 2 14 ft.: foliage glabrescent, lower Ivs.
bipinnatifid, to 4 in. long, segms. of upper ones linear, some-
what fleshy and bristle-tipped: heads yellow, to 1% in.
across. Greece to Bulgaria.
vestita: S. pyrenaica.
Webbiana: S. ochroleuca var.
SCABIOUS: Scabiosa. Shepherds-: Jaaione.
SCABROUS: rough; feeling roughish or gritty to the
touch.
SCALE: a name given to many kinds of small mostly
dry and appressed leaves or bracte; a vestige.
SCAPE: leafless peduncle arising from the ground; it
may bear scales or bracts but no developed foliage leaves
and may be one- or many-flowered. Tulips are borne on
scapes.
SCARIOUS: leaf-like parts or bracte that are not green,
but thin, dry, and membranaceous, often more or less
translucent.
SCARLET-BUSH: Hamelia erecta. Lightning: Lychnis
chalcedonica. Plume: Euphorbia fulgena. Runner: Phaseo-
lua coccineus.
SCELfeXIUM. Aizoacex. S. African per.
separated from Mesembryanthemum (which see
for cult.), the Ivs. several times broader than
thick and naturally withering to a skeleton. S.
tortu&sum (Af. twtuosum). Branches long and
procumbent, leafy at top: lys. ovate-lanceolate,
somewhat recurved, tapering to both ends,
about 1 in. long: fls. white, 2 in. across. — The
plants of this genus are poisonous.
Schaueria
666
Schizanthus
SCHAUfeRIA. Acanthacex. Trop. herbs or
shrubs with opposite entire Ivs. and tubular
2-lipped yellow or red fls. in terminal spikes, the
calyx-lobes and bracts very long and narrow and
giving a shaggy appearance to the fl. -cluster:
one species grown in the greenhouse. Propagated
by cuttings.
flavfcoma. To 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to
6 in. long, shining: fls. pale yellow, l^ in. long. Brazil.
SCHEfeLEA. Palmaceae. Heavy feather-lvd.
palms of trpp. Amer., not known to be cult,
within our limits; see note under Attalea.
SCHEFFLfeRA. Araliacex. Trop. shrubs or
small trees with compound Ivs. and polygamous
or dioecious fls. borne in umbels, heads or racemes;
for outdoor cult, in S. U. S.
actinoph^lla. To 30 ft.: Ivs. digitately compound into
6-8 elliptic-oblong entire Ifts. to 6 in. long: fls. greenish, in
panicles to \\% ft. long. Austialia.
digitate. Tree to 25 ft.: lys. digitately compound into
7-10 oblong toothed Ifts. to 7 in. long: fln. greenish, to 1A in.
across, in panicles to 1 ft. long. New Zeal.
SCH!MA. Thcacex. Evergreen trees or shrubs
native in trop. Asia, with alternate simple Ivs.;
showy fls., and fr. a woody caps.; one species
grown in S. Calif.
Wallichii. Tree to 100 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, to 7 in.
long, nearly entire: fls. white, fragrant, to 2 in. across, in
short terminal racemes: fr. % in. across. India to Sumatra.
SCHINUS. Anacardiacex. Trees with simple
or compound Ivs., small fls. in racemes or panicles,
10 stamens, and round 1 -seeded drupaceous fr.;
polygamo-uiu'cious; native mostly in S. Amer.,
a few grown in sub-trop. regions, and in green-
houses N. Planted as lawn and avenue trees, but
S. Mollc is subject to black scale and is some-
times a menace. Propagated by seeds or cuttings.
dependens. Shrub or small tree to 15 ft.: Ivs. simple,
oblong, usually entire: fls. yellow, in short axillary racemes:
fr. deep pin pie. W. S. Arner.
latif&lius. Lvs. simple, to 3 in. long and 1 in. wide: fls.
white, 111 short racemes. Chile.
lentiscif dlius. Shrub to 3 ft. : Ivs. of 4-6 pairs of oval or
lanceolate nearly entire Ifts.: fls. white, in loose panicles
to 3 in. long1 fr. pink or whitish. Biazil.
M611e. CALIFORNIA PEPPER-TUBE. PERUVIAN MASTIC-
TREE. Evergreen tree to 20 ft., with graceful hanging
branches: Ivs. of many linear-lanceolate entire or toothed
Ifts.: fls. >ellowish-white, in much branched terminal
panicles: fi. rohc-color. American tropics.
terebinthifolius. BRAZILIAN PEPPER-TREE. CHRISTMAS-
BERRY-TREE. Tree to 20 ft., of moie rigid habit than S.
Molle: Ivs. usually of 7 oblong Ifts. very dark green above
and lighter below: fr. bright red. Brazil.
SCHISANDRA (commonly but not originally
spelled Schizandra). Magnoliacex. Twining
shrubs native in Asia and 1 in N. Amer., with
simple Ivs., unisexual red or white fls. in axillary
clusters, and mostly red berry-like frs. in droop-
ing racemes.
Both sexes should be planted if the decorative fruit is
desired. S. chinensis is haidy North. Propagated by seeds,
cuttings of green wood under glass, root-cuttings, layers
and suckers.
chinensis. Climbing to 25 ft. : Ivs. obovate, to 4 in. long,
toothed, shining above: fls. white or pinkish, H in. across,
fragrant, May- June, stamens 5: berries scarlet. N. E.
Asia, Japan.
coccmea. Lvs. ovate to elliptic, to 6 in. long, acute to
acuminate, fleshy, slender-petioled: fls. crimson. S. C. to
Fla.— Not hardy N.
sphenanthera. To 18 ft.: Ivs. broadly obovate to ovate,
to 4 in. long, margins minutely toothed: fls. greenish outside
and orange within, to 1 in. across, stamens many: berries
brownish-red. Cent, and W. China.
SCfflSMATOGLOTTIS. Aracex. Soft or
herbaceous plants native in the Malay Archipel-
ago, having lanceolate, cordate or arrow-shaped
Ivs. usually variegated, and unisexual fls. borne
on spadices shorter than the cylindrical spathes:
grown in greenhouses where a temperature of 70
should be maintained throughout the winter.
For cult., see LHeffenbachia.
asperata. Lvs. ovate or obovate, to 5 in. long and 3 in.
wide, deep green minutely white-dotted above, pale and
black-dotted beneath, the petioles about length of blades.
Borneo. Var. albo-maculata (S. crispatd) has Ivs. silvery
above except the margins and nerves.
calyptrata. Lvs. to 3 ft. long, blade about I ft. long and
fa ft. across, lobes to 2 in. long, ovate: spathe-tube to l?i in.
long, green, limb pale yellow, to 2% in. long; spadix shorter
than tube. N. W. Malaya.
crispata: S. asperata var. albo-maculata*
decdra: S. pulchra.
marantftfdlia var. macula ta: see Aglaonema com-
muiatum.
neo-guineSnsis (S. novo-guineensis. Colocasia nep-
guineensts). Lvs. ovate-cordate, to 10 in. long and 6 in.
wide, bright green irregularly spotted with yellowish-green,
the petioles twice longer than the blades: spathes about
3 in. long with green tube and white limb. New Guinea.
pfcta. Lvs. ovate- or oblong-cordate, to 8 in. long and
5 in. wide, pale gieen marked with white dots on either
side of midrib, the petioles 1 ft. long: spathes about 2% in.
long, greenish-yellow. Java.
pulchra (S. decora). Lvs. cordate-ovate, 5 in. long and
2% in. wide, irregularly variegated with silvery-white,
the petioles to 6 in. long: spathes 3 in. long, pale green.
Borneo.
Roebelmii: an unidentified trade name; possibly Aglao-
nema Robelimi.
siamensis: an unidentified trade name; perhaps Aglao-
nema siamense.
SCHTVERfiCKIA. Crudferx. Eurasian little
perennials like Alyssum and Draba, differing in
technical characters; one species is sometimes
grown in rock-gardens.
Bornnidelleri. To 2^ in. and more, pubescent: basal
Ivs. in rosettes, oblong-elliptic, to % in. long, entire: fls.
white. Asia Minor.
podolica (Alyssum podolicum). Tufted, 2-4 in. high,
grayish: Ivs. narrow-oblong to oblanceolate, ^ in. or less
long: fis. white, in short racemes. S. E. Eu., Asia Minor.
SCHIZjfeA. Schizteacete. Small mostly trop.
ferns with thread-like simple or divided Ivs., the
sori borne in rows along the segms. of fertile Ivs.
which form terminal spikes. See Ferns.
pusflla. CURLY-QRASS-FERN. Sterile Ivs. linear and
grass-like, exceeded by the fertile Ivs. or stalks which are
3-5 in. long and terminated by a close pinnate fertile por-
tion. Coast, Newf. to N. J., well known in pine barrens. —
Sometimes planted: it looks more like a little grass than a
fern.
SCHIZEA-FERN FAMILY.
About 4 genera of mainly trop. ferns, often
climbing, with simple or pinnate Ivs. and sori in
rows on specialized segms., which may be spike-
like. Lygodium is grown in greenhouses and
Schizaea may be planted in the open.
SCHIZANDRA: Schisandra.
SCHIZANTHUS. BUTTERFLY - FLOWER. Sol-
anacese. Erect annuals or biennials with very
irregular fls. grown in the garden and greenhouse
for the showy profuse bloom and dainty much-
cut foliage: fls. variously colored, in terminal
cvmes or panicles, the corolla-tube long or short,
the limb spreading, irregular and deeply cut:
native to Chile.
These plants are of easy cultivation. Seed sown indoors
in fall produces flowering plants in early spring or late
winter. Sown in the garden in spring for summer and
autumn bloom.
excelsior compactus: hort. form of S. pinna t us. •
gracilis. Similar to 8. pinnatiu but with smaller fls.
having shorter upper lip and much narrower lateral lobes.
Schizanthus
667
Schomburgkia
Grahamii. To 5 ft.: fls. typically lilac or rose, middle
segm. of upper lip yellow or orange, not notched, corolla-
tube as long as calyx, stamens slightly exserted.
grandifldrus: S. ptnnatus.
hybridus: hort. race of large-fld. plants of unknown
origin.
papilionaceus: S. pinna t us.
pinnatus (S. grandiflorus. S. papilionaceus). To 4 ft.
or more: fls. to 1 J^ in. across, the color and max kings vary-
ing greatly, lower lip usually lilac or violet, the upper paler,
its middle segm. with a yellow blotch near the base and
spotted with purple or violet, corolla-tube shorter than
calyx, stamens prominently exserted. Color vars. are
candid issimus, carmineus, hlacinus.
retusus. To 2M ft.: fls. to 1% in. across, the large
middle segm. of upper lip mostly orange and notched,
corolla- tube as long as calyx, stamens slightly exserted.
Var. &lbus has white fls. with middle segm. of upper lip
yellowish. Var. rdseus has lose-pink fls. Var. trimaculatus
has purplish-red fls. with 3 golden-yellow purple-bordered
spots.
wisetonensis. Hybrid between S. pinnatus and S.
Grahamii: intermediate between the parents: fls. from white
through bluish arid pink to carmine-brown, middle segm.
of upper lip mostly suffused with yellow, coiolla-tube
shorter than calyx, stamens slightly exserted. Var. com-
p&ctus is a denser low-growing form.
SCHIZOBAS6PSIS. Liliacex. S. African bulb
grown as a curiosity in greenhouses. S. volfcbilis
(Bowiea volubilis). Bulb 5 in. thick, sending up
a twining green st. which is much branched
below and performs the function of the absent
Ivs. : fls. small, green or greenish-white, the peri-
anth-segms., distinct. — Plants should be kept
dormant from May to early Oct., at which time
the bulbs should be repotted and kept well
watered. Propagated by seeds or sometimes by
division of the bulbs.
SCHIZOCARP: a dry fruit which splits into two one-
seeded halves as in the Umbelliferic and the maples.
SCHIZOCENTRON. Melastomacex. One Mex-
ican creeping herb sometimes grown in green-
houses and baskets. S. elegans (Heeria and
Heterocentron elegans). Forming a dense mat:
Ivs. ovate, to ^ in. long: fls. purple, 1 in. across,
solitary. For r&seum see Heterocentron. — Propa-
gated by cuttings.
SCHIZOCODON: Shortia.
SCHIZOLOBIUM. Leguminosse. Tall trees
native in Brazil and Panama, one cult, in warm
regions. S. parah^bum (S. excelsum) has bipin-
nate fern-like Ivs. white beneath, yellow fls. in
large erect racemes, and flattened 1-seeded pods.
Brazil.
SCHIZONOTUS: Holodiacus, Sorbaria.
SCHIZOPfiTALON. Cruciferx. Little delicate
ann. from Chile, S. Wfilkeri, sometimes grown
in the flower-garden or in frames or a cool house
for its attractive white fragrant fringed fls.
Seeds sown in the open in early May produce
flowering plants late in June and through the
summer. Sometimes seeds are sown in autumn
and the plants carried over cool under glass, for
bloom in early spring. The plant grows 9 in. to
1 ft. or more high, erect, bearing the fls. in a
terminal upright raceme.
SCHIZOPHRAGMA. Saxifragaceae. Woody
plants climbing by aerial rootlets, differing from
Hydrangea in the marginal sterile fls. which
comprise only 1 long-stalked unlobed sepal; the
loose terminal clusters of white fls. are showy:
Ivs. bright green, opposite, long-petioled.
Like Hydrangea petiolaris (with which it is sometimes
confused) the young plants produce small leaves and little
growth if unsupported and allowed to trail over the ground.
Propagation is by seeds, greenwood cuttings under glass,
and by layers.
hydrangeoides. JAPANESE HYDRANGEA- VINE. Climbing
to 30 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, broad-ovate to nearly orbicular,
to 4 in. across, toothed, pale beneath: cymes to 9 in. across;
marginal calyx-lobe white, ovate, to IJjj in. long. Japan;
hardy N.
integrifdlium. Climbing to 12 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, ovate,
to 3 in. long, nearly or quite entire: cymes 10 in. across;
marginal calyx-lobe ovate, 1^ in. long. China; not hardy
N. Var. denticulatum, Ivs. toothed. Var. m6lle has Ivs.
more densely hairy beneath and longer sterile sepals.
SCHIZ6STYLIS. CRIMSON FLAG. KAFIR-LILY.
Iridacex. S. African herbs with fleshy roots, not
bulbous or cormous, narrow Ivs., and red fls.
borne in spathes, the tube slender. Crown in the
greenhouse for winter bloom and for cut-fls.
Propagated by division of roots.
coccinea. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to \Yt ft. long, grass-like: fls.
2 in. across, deep crimson, tube straight and 1 in. or more
long.
SCHLUMBERGfeRA. Cactacex. Brazilian
cacti much like Zygocactus but the fl. regular or
essentially so and nearly rotate rather than
elongated: sts. much branched, joints short and
mostly flattened and crenate or serrate: fls.
purple to scarlet, with very short tube and sta-
mens in 2 clusters: fr. angled rather than terete.
Cult, as for Zygocactus. See Cacti.
Bridgesii (Epiphyllum BntlgetAi). Epiphytic; joints
flattened, green, margins somewhat eremite • fls. purple to
crimson, to 2^2 in- long, terminal, regular. Brazil, Bolivia.
Gae*rtneri (Epiphyllopsis Gaertneri. Epiphyttum Makoy-
anum). EASTER CACTUS. Habit more or loss upright with
drcopmg branches; joints oblong to obovate and crenate,
about 1^2 iii' long, with G-12 bristles from the areoles: fls.
scarlet, to 3 in. long.
Makoyaiia: S. Gaertneri.
Russelliana (Epiphyllum Rusaclhanum) . Epiphytic, to
1 ft. long, erect or pendent; joints about 1 in. long, upper
ones flattened, the lower terete, green becoming brown,
bristles few, short: fls. reddish-purple, to 2 in. long, terminal.
Brazil.
SCHMALTZIA: Rhus.
SCHOLAR-TREE, CHINESE: Sophora japonica.
SCHOMBtJRGKIA. Orchidacex. Epiphytes
native in trop. Ainer., with pseudobulbs bearing
2—3 Ivs. and fls. in terminal racemes or panicles;
sepals and petals more or less wavy; lip 3-lobed
and united with the base of column. Cult, as for
Cattleya; see Orchids.
crispa. Pseudobulbs fusiform, with 2-3 Ivs. to 10 in.
long: infl. to 3 ft. long, many-fld. at the apex; fls. to 2*<j in.
across: sepals and petals wavy on margin, yellowish- or
rcddisn-brqwn; lip whitish tinged with rose, with 5 keels.
British Guiana.
Humboldtii. Pseudobulbs nearly cylindrical, to 8 in.
tall: Ivs. 2-3, thick and leathery, to 10 in. long: scapes to
4 ft. high, paniculate, many-fld.; fls. to 3 in. across; sepals
and petals wavy-margined, pale lilac or rose-purple, the
latter becoming darker toward tip; lip bright purple with
yellow on disk. Venezuela.
supe'rbiens: Lselia auperbiens.
Thorns on iilna. Pseudobulbs subcylimlrie, 2-3-lvd.: Ivs.
leathery, to 8 in. long: infl. longer than Ivs , loosely pani-
culate, to 15-fld.; fla. 2J^ in. wide; sepals and petals wavy-
margined, whitish-cream or yellowish; lip yellow near base,
deep maroon-purple above. June. W. Indies.
tibicinis. Pseudobulbs subcylindric, hollow, to 24 in.
long, with 2-4 Ivs. to 11 in. long, leathery: infl. to 10 ft.
high, racemose or paniculate, many-fid.; fls. to about 3% in.
across; sepals ancf petals very wavy-margined, red-brown,
lilac or burnt orange; lip whitish with yellow center and
lilac apex. Feb.-Aug. Cent. Amer.
undulata. Pseudobulbs fusiform, to 12 in. high, 2-3-lvd.:
Ivs. to 9 in. long: infl. to 3 ft. long, at apex loosely racemose;
fls. to \yh in. across* sepals and petals wine-purple, very
wavy; lip with lateral lobes pale rose ami mid-lobe purple.
Dec. -July. Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia.
Schonlandia 668
SCHONLANDIA: Corpuscularia.
SCHOTIA. Leguminosx. African shrubs and
small trees with pinnate Ivs., red fls. in short
panicles, and flattened leathery pods; grown in
the greenhouse or in the open in warm regions.
brachypetala. Small tree: Ifts. 8-10: fls. crimson, stalked,
the petals very small. S. Afr.
latif 61ia. Tree to 30 ft. : Ifts. 4-8, obtuse to ernarginate,
to 1 in. long: fls. rose or pink, nearly sessile. 8. Afr.
specidsa. Tree to 10 ft.: Ifts. 8-32, mucronulate, rarely
to H in- long: fls. crimson, stalked. S. Afr.
SCHRANKIA (Morongia). Leguminosx. Per.
woody herbs or shrubs mostly with prostrate
prickly sts., of Amer. and Afr.: Ivs. 2-pinnate,
sensitive: fls. pink or purple, small, in heads or
spikes: pods linear, spiny. Sometimes planted
far S.
angustata: S. microphylla.
angustisiliqua. Sts. weak: Ifts. linear-elliptic, to 1^ in.
long: fls. pink to rose-purple: pods to nearly 3 in. long and
iV m. thick. S. Ha.
microphylla (S. angustata. Leptoglottis microphylla).
Differs from S. uncinata in Ifts. not prominently veined
beneath as in that species, and longer pods. Va. to Fla. and
Tex.
Roemeriana. Sts to 4 ft. long: Ifts. H in. long: fls. pink:
pods 1 ^ in. long. S. Tex.
uncinata. SENSITIVE BRIER. Decumbent per. with sts.
to 4 ft. long, bearing hooked prickles: Ifts. H in. long:
fls. pink, in dense globose heads to 1 in. across: pods 2 in.
long. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
SCHWALBEA. Scrophulariacede. A small genus
of E. N. American per. herbs, characterized by
2 bracelets subtending each fl., calyx 5-lobed, caps,
dehiscing septicidally and narrow winged seeds.
One species, S. americana, is offered. To 2 ft.:
Ivs. alternate, ovate to oblong, to \Y^ in. long,
acute, 3-nerved, upper ones becoming bract-like:
fls. pale yellow tinged purple at tip, to 1J^ in.
long, corolla irregular. Wet sandy soil, E. Mass,
to Va.
SCHWANTfeSIA. Aizoacese. Stemless succu-
lents: Ivs. in rosettes, keeled, blue-green with
whitish spots: fls. solitary, short-stalked, golden-
yellow; stigmas 5. Of trie S. African Mesem-
bryanthcmurn group.
H6rrei. Plant to 6 in. across: Ivs. to IK in. long and
^ in. wide: fls. to 2 in. across, petals numerous, in 3 series.
SCIACASSIA: Cassia siamea.
SCIAD(5PITYS. Taxodiacese. One slow-growing
Japanese evergreen tree, of ornamental value, S.
verticillata. UMBRELLA-PINE. Lvs. of two kinds,
small and scale-like, and the conspicuous ones in
whorls of 15-35, linear, to 6 in. long, glossy above,
with 2 white bands below, furrowed: cones to 5
in. long, with woody scales. Hardy in S. New
England. For cult, see Conifers.
SCfLLA. SQUILL. Liliacese. Bulbous mostly
small herbs with narrow basal Ivs. and blue,
purple or white fls. in racemes terminating the
scape, the perianth-segms. distinct or nearly so;
planted for the early spring bloom of most
species.
Squills are of easy culture out-of-doors if left undisturbed
for a number of years, with an occasional top-dressing.
They may also be grown in pots in a cool greenhouse.
Propagated by offsets planted early in autumn. The usual
kinds are hardy and early spring flowering.
amdbna. STAR-HYACINTH. To 6 in.: Ivs. to % in. across:
fls. blue to whitish, wheel-shaped, to % in. across, in 4-6-fld.
tacemes. Germany, N. Italy.
autumnalis. To 6 in.: Ivs. partially terete: fls. rose,
wheel-shaped, ^ in. across, in open racemes. Eu., N. Afr. —
Blooms in autumn.
Scirpus
bifdlia (8. laxa). To 6 in.: Ivs. to M in. across: fls. blue
with white and reddish vars., wheel- or star-shaped, 1A in.
across, mostly nodding, in 3-8-fld. racemes, feu., S. W.
Asia. Var. a'lba, fls. white. More commonly planted in var.
taurica (S. prxcox) which is a larger plant with 12 or more
blue flowers.
campanulata: S. hispanica.
chinensis. CHINESE S. To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear: fls. rose
tipped with green, % in. long, in dense spike-like racemes.
Clusii: S. peruviana.
hispanica (S. campanulata). SPANISH BLUEBELL. To
20 in.: Ivs. to 1 in. across: fls. blue to rose-purple, cam-
panulate, 1 in. across, often nodding, in 12- or more-fld.
racemes. Spam, Portugal. Vars. alba and filbo-majpr have
white fls. Garden forms are vars. caerulea, excelsior and
rdsea.
hyacintholdes. HYACINTH S. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 11A in.
across: fls. violet-blue, campanula te, % in. across, in uiany-
fld. racemes. Medit. region.
itaiica. ITALIAN S. To 11A ft.: Ivs. H in. .across: fls.
pale blue, fragrant, 34 in. long, wheel-shaped, in G-30-fld.
racemes. 8. Eu. Var. a'lba, fls. white.
laxa: S. bifolia.
natal Snsis. To 3 ft., bulb large, tunic brown, mem-
branous: Ivs. about 9, ovate, to 6 in. long, acuminate: fls.
usually deep blue, many in long lax racemes, segms. elliptic,
obtuse, filaments white. S. Afr.
nonscrfpta (S. nutans). ENGLISH BLUEBELL. To 1 ft.*
Ivs. l/i in. across: fls. blue, cylindrical or tubular, ^ in.
across, in 6-12-fld. racemes. Eu. Var. a'lba has white fls.,
Cfierulea blue, delicata pale pink, rdsea rose or pink, rubra
reddish.
nutans: 8. nonscripta.
peruviana (S. Clusii). To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in. across: fls.
purple to reddish or white (var. a'lba), wheel-shaped, ^ in.
long, in 50- or more-fld. short racemes. Medit. region, the
specific name being a misnomer. Var. caerulea, fls. bluish.
prafecox: S. bifolia var. taurica.
prat£nsis. Similar to S. italica but with very small
fls. in 12-30-fld. racemes and linear Ivs. Eu.
sibfrica. To 6 in.: Ivs. to j^ in. across: fls. deep blue,
Yz in. across, wheel-shaped, in about 3-fld. lacemes, often
nodding. Russia, S. W. Asia. Garden vars. aie a'lba,
atrocaerulea, azurea. Var. taurica (multijlora) is listed as an
earlier form with light blue fls. having dark blue lines.
ve"rna. To 6 in.: Ivs. about % in. across: fls. blue, H in.
across, fragrant, in corymb-like racemes. W. Eu.
SCINDAPSUS. IVY-ARUM. Aracese. Malayan
herbs climbing by rootlets, with simple usually
variegated Ivs., broad sheathing petioles? and
bisexual fls. on derisely-fld. spactices slightly
shorter than the boat-shaped spathes; cult in the
greenhouse, the same as Philodendron.
argyr&us: S. pictus var.
aureus (Pothos aureus). Tall climber: Ivs. ovate or
ovate-oblong, to 1^ ft. long and 14 in. wide, entire or
margins lobed, blotched with pale yellow. Solomon Isls.
Var. supe'rbus is an improved foim. In var. Wflcoxii the
variegations do not blend into the green portion of the If.
but terminate abruptly, the petioles and portions of sta.
often ivory-white in color.
pictus. Climbing to 40 ft.: Ivs. obliquely ovate-oblong,
to 6 in. long and 3 in. wide, spotted dark green above:
spathes about 3 in. long, white. E. Indies. Var. argyraeus
(Pothos argyrseus) has deeply cordate Ivs. spotted with
silvery-white above.
Wflcozii: S. aureua var.
SCfRPUS. BULRUSH. Cyperacex. Grass-like
herbs with bisexual fls. in little spikelets or heads
that are solitary or in spikes or umbels; about
150 widely distributed species. Grown in shallow
water or damp places and S. cernuus in the green-
house. Propagated by seeds, division and suckers.
acutus (S. occidentalis). To 9 ft., the Ivs. mostly reduced
to basal sheaths: spikelets in clusters of 2-7 or solitary.
N. Amer.
atrdvirens. To 4 ft., with leafy sta.: Ivs. to H in. wide:
spikelets in dense heads. N. S. to Ga. and La.
c6rnuus (laolepis gracilii). Tufted, with thread-like sts.
to 1 ft. which become drooping, almost leafless: spikeleta
solitary. Eu., but widely nat.
cyperimis (S. Eriophorum) . To 6 ft.: Ivs. ^ in. across,
often longer than sts., rough-margined: spikelets in head-
like clusters in compound umbels. Newf . to Fla. and La.
Scirpus
Eri6phonim: 8. cyperinua.
Holoschdfenus. To 4 ft., with 1 or 2 stiff narrow basal
Ivs.: spikelete in dense heads. Eu., Asia.
Hystrix: (S. natalensis). Ann. to 6 in., tufted: Ivs. to
6 in. long and fa in. wide, mostly from near base of st.:
spikelete about ^ in. long, in single dense head. 8. Air.
lacustris. To 9 ft., often much less, Ivs. reduced to
bajsal sheaths: spikelets in head-like clusters. Eu., Asia. —
Differs from its American representative, S. validus and
also from S. Tabernsemontani in the 3-cleft style.
microcarpus. To 5 ft. or the Ivs. sometimes longer:
spikelete in head-hke clusters. N. Amer.
natalensis: 8. Hyatrix.
occidentalis: S. acutus.
Tabernaemontani. To 2 ft. and more, the Ivs. reduced
to 1 or 2 sheaths: spikelets in terminal cymes, the styles 2.
Eu. Var. zebrmus has sts. banded with white.
tuberdsus: Eleocharis dulcis.
zebrinus : S. Tabernsemontani var.
SCLERANTHUS. KNAWEL. Illecebracex.
Small tufted aim. or per. herbs of the Old World,
having opposite subulate Ivs. and small green
funnelform or urceolate fls. with 1-10 stamens
inserted on perianth throat, petals filiform be-
tween the stamens or absent, styles 2: fr. a mem-
branous utricle inclosed in persistent perianth.
Propagated by seed or division, adapted to
rockery.
bifldrus. Cushion-forming, to 4 in. diam. or more and
often with creeping sts. to 6 in. long: Ivs. crowded, im-
bricated, to fa in. long, minutely serrulate, leathery: fls.
minute, usually in pairs on short solitary peduncle which
elongates in fr., stamen 1. Australia and New Zeal.
SCLEROCACTUS. Cactacex. Two spiny cacti
of S. W. U. S. much like Echinocactus and
Ferocactus, but the fr. is nearly naked and the
thin scattered scales bear small tufts of wool in
their axils: usually simple but sometimes clust-
ered, some of the central spines hooked: fls.
somewhat bell-shaped, borne on young areples
above the spine-cluster. Cult, as for Echino-
cactus. See Cacti.
polyancistrus (Echinocactus polyancistrus) . Solitary,
globose to oblong, to 16 in. tall; ribs 13-17, to % in. high,
wavy and rounded; radial spines 15-18, to 1 in. long, white;
centrals 3-5, to 5 in. long, unequal, often hooked: fls. rose-
magenta or yellow, to 3^ in. long. Calif., Nev., W. Ariz.,
S. Utah.
Whfpplei (Echinocactus Whipplei). Body or branches
globose and about 3 in. diam., or oblong and to 6 in. long;
ribs 13-15; radial spines 7-11; centrals usually 4: fls. pur-
plish or lavender, to 1% in. long. Colo., Utah, N. Ariz.,
on high mesas.
SCLEROPOA. Graminex. Low tufted ann.
grasses of the Medit. region, with narrow Ivs.
and flattened spikelets in panicles; one species
sometimes planted for ornament. See Grasses.
rfgida (Festuca rigida). To 1H ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long and
fa in. wide: panicles to 3J^ in. long, with short spreading
or ascending branches. S. Eu. ; nat. in S. U. S. and Bermuda.
SCOKE: Phytolacca americana.
SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE: Phylliti* Scolopen-
drium.
SC(5LYMUS. Composite. Stout erect or wide-
branching thistle-like ann. and per. herbs with
pinnately spiny-toothed or lobed alternate Ivs.
and yellow ligulate fls. in sessile heads; pappus a
ring or few bristles; native of the Medit. region.
The Spanish oyster-plant is grown for its edible tap-root.
It requires practically the same culture as parsnips and
salsify. It is milder in flavor than the root of the true
oyster-plant.
his panic us. GOLDEN THISTLE. SPANISH OYSTER-PLANT.
Bien., much branched, to 2J4ft.: Ivs. pinnately cut: heads
few-fld.t about 1 in. long. S. Eu.
SCORPIOID: said of a coiled cluster in which the flow-
ers are two-ranked and borne alternately at the right and
the left; common in Boraginaoe®.
669 Scrophulariacece
SCORPltTRUS. Leguminosae. Decumbent or
very diffuse herbs with simple Ivs., nodding
mostly yellow papilionaceous fls. solitary or few
in the axils, and variously coiled pods which are
grown as curiosities and surprises under the name
"worms." Propagated by seeds sown where
plants are to stand.
muricata. Fls. 3-4 on stalks longer than Ivs.: pods linear,
loosely coiled near end, bristly. Medit. region.
subvilldsa. Fls. 1-4 on stalks longer than lys., standard
sometimes reddish: pods linear, tightly coiled, bristly.
Medit. region.
sulcata. Fls. 1-2 on stalks longer than Ivs.: pods linear,
flatly coiled, rough. Medit. region.
vermiculata. Fls. solitary on stalks shorter than Ivs.:
pods thick, rough with stalked tubercles. Medit. region.
SCORZONfeRA. Composite. Herbaceous per-
ennials, rarely annuals: Ivs. more or less grass-
like, sometimes lobed or dissected: fls. ligulato,
in long-peduncled heads; pappus plumose: na-
tives of the Old World.
One species is cultivated as a root-vegetable, the same as
parsnips and salsify. It is treated as an annual or biennial.
The leaves are also eaten in salads.
hisp&nica. BLACK SALSIFY. Per. to 3 ft., usually pubes-
cent, the long fleshy tap-root with a black skin: Ivs. oblong
to linear, undulate: heads to 2 in. long, yellow. Eu.
purpurea (S. rosea). Per. to 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. narrowly
linear, to 10 in. long, entire: heads to 1^ in. across, ray-fls.
violet-purple. Eu.
rdsea: S. purpurea.
SCREW-PINE: Pandanus.
SCROPHULARIA. FIGWORT. Scrophidariacex.
Erect commonly per. herbs in the northern hemi-
sphere, strong-smelling, with mostly opposite
broad serrate to dentate Ivs., and small unshowy
greenish, purple or yellow fls. in terminal cymes,
the corolla tubular and irregularly 5-lobed, sterile
stamen manifest; rarely planted in the flower-
border or for medicinal purposes.
aqu&tica. To 4 ft., glabrous, sts. 4-winged: Ivs. ovate-
oblong, obtuse, cordate at base: fls. dull purple, in panicles
to 2 ft. long. Wet places, Eu., W. Asia.
calif 6mica. Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate-cordate, to 5 in. long,
serrate to doubly-serrate: fls. dull reddish, about ^ in.
long, infl. often sticky-hairy. Ore. to N. W. and Calif.
chrysantha. Bien. or per. to 2 ft. : Ivs. cordate-orbiculate,
doubly-serrate, lower ones long-petioled, upper ones sessile:
fls. greenish-yellow, stamens long-exserted, calyx laciniate.
Caucasus.
lanceolata (S. leporella. S. occidentalis) . To 8 ft., sts.
mostly puberulent and lacking grooved sides, blooming in
early summer: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, rather short-stalked,
truncate at base, very aharp-serrate: fls. green or purple,
shining outside. Vt. to Ore., Va. and Okla.
laterifldra. To several ft., glaucous and glabrous: lys.
lanceolate-cordate, to 5 in. long, toothed: fls. about fa in.
long. Caucasus.
Iepor611a: S. lanceolata.
marilandica. To 10 ft., st. glabrous and with grooved or
sunken sides, blooming midsummer or later: Ivs ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, cordate or rounded at base, to 5 in. or
more long, slender-petioled: fls. dull greenish-purple out-
side, H in- long. Me. to Ga. and Tenn.
musashie"nsis. Sts. erect: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acute, ir-
regularly dentate, white-pilose when young: fls. to M in.
long, corolla-lobes short and rounded, glabrous, inn. a
3-fld. axillary cyme, calyx-teeth lanceolate-acute. Japan.
noddsa. Similar to S. marilandica but only to 3 ft. high,
with smaller Ivs. which are often cordate and double-
toothed. Eu., N. Asia.
occidentalis: S. lanceolata.
peregrina. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, toothed: fls.
dark reddish-purple. Medit. region.
yeraalis. To 2 ft., usually bien.: Ivs. cordate-ovate,
hairy, double-toothed: fls. greenish-yellow, stamens barely
or not exserted, calyx not laciniate. Eu.
SCROPHULARlACE^E. FIGWORT FAMILY.
About 180 genera of herbs, shrubs and trees,
trop. and temp, regions in eastern and western
Scrophulariacece
670
hemispheres, having usually irregular bisexual
fls. with 4-5-toothed or -parted calyx, gamo-
petalous 4-5-lobed corolla which is often per-
sonate, commonly 4 but sometimes 2 or 5 sta-
mens, superior 2-celled ovary and fr. a caps, or
berry. Plants of many genera are grown for
ornament and some for medicinal purposes, as
Allophyton, Alonsoa, Anarrhinum, Angelonia,
Antirrhinum, Aureolaria, Bowkeria, Calceolaria,
Cam pylari thus, Castilleja, Celsia, Chaenostoma,
Chelone, Chionophila, Collinsia, Cymbalaria,
Diascia, Digitalis, Krinus, Euphrasia, Galvesia,
Gerardia, Gratioia, Hebe, Hebenstretia, Hydro-
trida, Isoplexis, Jovellana, Kickxia, Lagotis,
Leucophyljum, Linaria, Manulea, Maurandia,
Mazus, Mimulus, Mohavea, Ncmesia, Orthocar-
pus, Ourisia, Paulownia, Pedicularis, Pcnstemon,
Phygelius, Phyllopodium, Rehmannia, Rhinan-
thus, Rhodochiton, Russelia, Schwalbea, Scro-
phularia, Sibthorpia, Syrithyris, Tonella, Torenia,
Verbascum, Veronica, Veronicastrum, Wulfenia,
Zaluzianskya.
SCURVY-GRASS: Cochlearia.
SCUTELXARIA. SKULLCAP. Labiate. Herba-
ceous annuals and perennials, rarely subshrubs,
with blue, violet, scarlet or yellow 2-lipped fls.
in pairs in the axils or in terminal spikes or
ramnos; widely distributed.
Srutellaria.s are sometimes grown in borders and rock-
gaidenn and S. Ventenatu tinder glass. The herbaceous
types are propagated by seeds and division; the shrubby
kinds in spung by cuttings of half-ripened wood.
&lbida. Pubescent: Ivs. broad-ovate, 1 % in. long,
toothed, petioled: fls. opposite, whitish or dull, \$> in. long,
m racemes 1 ft. or more long. S. E. En., Cent. Asia.
alpma. Spreading per. to 10 in.: Ivs. ovate, to 1 in. long,
slightly toothed, shoit-petioled or nearly sessile: fls. purple
and white or somewhat yellowish, 1 in. long, in dense
terminal lacernes. Ku. Var. lupulma (S. lupuhna bicolor)
fls. yellow. Var. nana, low, to 5 in. Other color forms are
vars. £lba, caerulea, re-sea.
altfssima. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, 3 in. long,
coarsely toothed, petioled: fls. opposite, creamy-yellow,
Yi in. long, in long one-sided racemes. S. E. Eu., Caucasus.
angustifftlia. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or
linear, to 1 in. long, entire, petioled. fls. violet-blue, to 1 in.
long, solitary in axils. B. C. to Calif, and Utah.
baicalensis. Half-erect per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
entire, nearly sessile: fls. blue, in racemes. E. Asia. Var.
ccel£stina has large spikes of bright blue fls. 1 in. long.
Brittonii. Per. to 8 in., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. ovate-
oblong, to 1 in. long, entire, usually sessile: fls. blue, corolla
pubescent, to 1 J-4 in. long, axillary arid usually solitary.
Neb., Colo, and Wyo.
coccfnea. Shrub or subshrub: Ivs. oblong, to 1 in. long,
nearly entire, petioled, violet-purple beneath: fls. scarlet,
to % m- long, in terminal spikes 1 ^ in. long. S. Amer.
ccelestina: S. baicalensis var.
Columns. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, 2 in. long, wavy-toothed,
petioled: fls. dark purple, to 1 in. long, in racemes 6 in. or
more long. S. Eu.
galericulata. Per. to 3 ft., stoloniferous: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 2^3 in. long, shallowly serrate, acute: corolla
blue, to 1 in. long, puberulent, solitary in axils. N. Amer.,
Eu., Asia.
incana. Per. to 4 ft., finely white-downy except oc-
-oblong,
Sea-Kale
. long,
casionally on upper sides of Ivs.: Ivs. ovate-o,
in. long, petioled, acute, erenate-serrate: fls. blue, to %in.
long, in loose racemes, corolla canescent. Ont. to Fla.
west to Mich., Kans. and Ala.
mdica. Per. to 1 ft., sts. procumbent at base: Ivs. round-
cordate, petioled, toothed: fls. bluish, in dense racemes to
4 in. long. China, Japan. Var. japonica (S. japonica) is
lower, with blue or lilac fls.
integrifdlia. Pubescent per. to 2% ft.: Ivs. linear to
oblong, to 2 in. long, entire, petioled or upper sessile: fls.
blue or whitish, in terminal racemes. Mass, to Fla. and
Tex.
jap6nica: S. indica var.
lupullna: S. alpina var.
Mociniana. Tender shrubby plant to 1 ft.: IVB. ovate,
1 in. long, wavy: fls. red with yellow throat,
in dense terminal spikes. Mex.
nervdsa. Per. to 2 ft., stoloniferous, little or not at all
branched: Ivs. ovate-orbicular to lanceolate, to 2 in. long,
margins crenate-toothed: fls. blue, to % in. long, puberulent,
solitary in axils. Ont. to N. C. west to Mo. and Tenn.
orientalis. Procumbent per.: Ivs. ovate, % in. long,
deeply toothed or nearly pinnatifid, long-petioled, white-
tomentose beneath: fls. purplish or yellow, 1 in. long, in
spike-like racemes to 3 in. long. S. E. Eu., Asia.
pildsa. Per. to 3 ft., downy becoming glandular-pubes-
cent above: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 3 in. long, margins
crenate-toothed: fls. blue, to 5^ in. long, in terminal ra-
cemes or solitary in axils. S. N. Y. to Fla. west to Mich.,
Mo. and Tex.
resin&sa. Per. to 1 ft., gray-pubescent: Ivs. ovate or
oval, 1A m. long: fls. blue or purplish, ^ in. long. Colo.
to Ariz.
serrata. SHOWY S. Per. to 2 ft., glabrous or nearly so:
Ivs. ovate to elliptic, to 4 in. long, toothed: fls. blue, to 1 in.
long, in terminal racemes. N. Y. to S. C. west to Ky. and
Tenn.
tuberdsa. Per. to 5 in., the rootstocks tuberous: Ivs.
ovate, ^2 in- or less long, petioled, toothed, purplish be-
neath: fls. violet-purple, % in. long. Calif., Ore.
Ventendtii. Per., erect: Ivs. cordate-ovate, sinuate-
dentate: fls. scarlet, about 1 in. long, in elongating terminal
racemes. Colombia.
versicolor. Per. to 3 ft., usually erect, soft-hairy: Ivs.
ovate to orbicular-ovate, rugose, veins very conspicuous,
rounded-toothed, fls. bright blue, whitish on lip and lower
side, about 1 in. long. Pa. to Minn, and southward.
SCUTICARIA. Orchidacex. S. American epi-
phytes with very short branching sts. bearing a
solitary subcylindrical whip-like If. and short
lateral 1-3-fid. scapes; sepals and petals similar;
lip concave. For cult, see Orchids.
Hddwenii. Lvs. to 18 in. long: peduncle to 8 in. long:
sepals and petals greenish-yellow spotted with brown; lip
entire, whitish-yellow spotted with light brown, with
marginal area whitish spotted with rose. May-June, Sept.
iiiazil.
Steelei. Lvs. to 48 in. long: peduncles to 1H in. long,
1-3-fld.: fls. pale yellow spotted with brown-purple; lip
3-lobed with an orange crest at base. June-July. British
Guiana.
SCYTHIAN LAMB: Cibotium Barometz.
SEAFORTHIA: Ptychosperma elegans; but the palm
commonly planted as Seaforthia elegans is Archontophaentx
Cunninghamiana.
SEA-KALE (Crambe maritima). Heavy hardy
succulent perennial herb of the coasts of western
Europe, grown for the young shoots which when
blanched are used as a pot-herb, like asparagus.
The great thick glaucous-blue leaves arc con-
spicuous and showy and may contribute a good
element in ornamental borders. See Crambe.
The young spring shoots (leaf -stalks) of sea-
kale are blanched by growing into loose fine earth
with which the crown has been covered to the
depth of a foot or more; or a light-tight box or
other receptacle may be inverted over the plant.
If the growth is not cut for the kitchen until
late in the season, it is well to allow a part of the
plant to go naturally into leaf in order to main-
tain the vigor of the root; and in any case after
the cutting is over, the plant should be stimulated
into good growth for the remainder of the season
as with asparagus and rhubarb. Sea-kale should
give good yields for eight to ten years.
Sea-kale comes readily from seeds, sown in
their globular seed-like pods. It is well to carry
the seedlings in a bed the first year, and then to
transplant to permanent quarters. The field
distance is ordinarily about 3X3 feet. A good
harvest from seedlings should be had the third
year from seed. The plant is also propagated by
means of root-cuttings, and a good crop may
then be taken the second year. Uuttings 4 or 5
Sea-Kak
671
Sedum
inches long are made of vigorous roots, and these
cuttings are usually planted directly in the field.
SEA URCHIN: Hakea laurina.
SEBESTEN: Cordia Sebestena.
SEC ALE. Graminesb. Ann. or per. grasses of
Eu. and Asia, differing from Triticum in technical
floral characters; one species a valuable cereal
grain and forage plant. The name is pronounced
in three syllables. See Grasses.
cereale. RYE. Tufted ann. to 5 ft., bluish-green: Ivs.
to % in. across: spikes dense, curved, to 0 in. long, long-
awned: fr. light brown, ^ in. long. Cultigeri.
SfeCHIUM. Cucurbitacese. Tendril-bearing
monrecious herbaceous vine with per. root, grown
for its edible frs. and tubers, native in trop. Amer. :
fls. small and whitish, the pistillate 1 or 2 in the
axils, staminate racemose: fr. large and thick,
with one big seed.
edule (Chayota edulis). CHAYOTB. CHRISTOPHINE. Tall-
climbing or running: Ivs. broad-ovate to triangular-ovate,
to 10 in. across, angled or shallowly lobed: fr. of various
shapes and sizes in the cult, vars., mostly somewhat pear-
shaped and 3-4 m. long, furrowed, green or white, at the
apex closed or puckered over the seed which is 1-2 in. long.
See Chayote.
SECURIDACA. Polygalacex. Trop. American
shrubs, trees or vines with alternate entire Ivs.,
mostly pink or purplish irregular fls. in racemes
or panicles, the lower petal with a fringed crest,
and fr. a 1-seeded winged samara.
diversifdlia OS. erecta. Elsota diversifolia) . Trailing or
climbing shrub: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 5 in. long, thick:
racemes to 5^ in. long: fr. to 2% in. long. W. Indies, Cent.
Amer. to Ecuador.
er6cta: S. diversifolia.
tenuifdlia. Lvs. oblong, pale and pubescent beneath: fls.
to Yz in. long, long-stalked, in long loosely-fld. racemes.
Trinidad.
SECURIGERA. Leguminosse. One ann. herb
from the Medit. region. S. Securidaca (S.
Cpronilla. Coronilla Securidaca). To 1 ft.: Ivs.
pinnate: fls. yellow, papilionaceous, nodding, in
axillary umbels: pods flattened, to 3}^ in. long,
curved, the edges thickened. — Propagated by
seeds sown in spring where the plants are to
stand.
SECURlNEGA. Euphorbiacex. Temp, and
subtrop. monoecious shrubs having Ivs. alternate,
deciduous, entire: fls. unisexual, small, greenish-
white, apetalous: fr. a dehiscent caps. One
hardy species, S. suffruticdsa (S. ramiflora), is
grown in temp, regions. To 6 ft., sts. spreading:
Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate-ovate, to 23^ in. long,
often acute, mostly bright green, base wedge-
shaped: staminate fls. in clusters of 5-10,
pistillate fls. solitary: caps, subovoid, to l/£ in.
diam., on peduncles to % m- l°ng. N. E. Asia.
SEDGE: Carex. Family: Cyperacese.
SfiDUM. STONECROP. LIVE-FOR-EVEK. Cras-
sulacese. Succulent mostly per. more or less ever-
green low herbs of the north temp, zone, with
white, yellow or rose, rarely red or blue fls. in
terminal cymes, bearing twice as many stamens
as petals. The greater number in cult, are small
herbs without prominent rhizome or upright
stock and they have a decumbent or trailing
habit and often root at the joints. Certain of
the species have erect more or less stiff sts.. how-
ever, and these are usually broad-lvd.: the
common run-wild live-for-ever (S. Telephium)
is an example.
Some of the species are grown under glass for the inter-
esting habit and more or less showy bloom. The low hardy
kinds are popular in rock-gardens and edgings. The stone-
crops are of easy cultivation, even in thin poor soils. Prop-
agated by seeds or offsets or pieces planted as cuttings.
acerph^llum: listed name; plants received under this
designation have been S. sedifotme.
acre (S. nealcdum). Creeping evergreen forming mats,
to 5 in • Ivs. alternate, imbricated, oblong-triangular, about
iV in- long: fls. bright yellow, *2 jn. across, in late spring
and summer. Old World. Var. album with white fls. is
listed, but it is probably not of this species. In vnr. aureum
the Ivs. are bright yellow in spring. Var. elegans has the
young shoots tipped silvery. Var. ma jus is of large stature.
Var. minus is a small form. Var. minimum is also listed.
acutifdlium: S. subulatum; plants in the trade under
this name are likely to be S. seaiforme.
Adolphii. Bushy evergreen per.: Ivs. alternate, broadly
lanceolate, 1 J*jj m. long, very fleshy: fls. white, ?4 in. across.
Mar.-Apr. Mex.
Aizoon (S. Maximounczii. S. Laggeri). Per. to l}$ ft.
with large thick knotty rootstocks mid long tuberous roots:
Ivs. alternate, linear- to ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long,
sharply toothed: fla. yellow to orange, ^2 in. across, m
summer. Siberia to Japan. Var. floribundum is very tall
and uarrow-lvd.
Albertii (Semperyivum Albertii). Evergreen, creeping,
to 2 in. high: Ivs. linear-oblong, to }/i in. long: fla. white,
% in. across, in early summer. E. Turkestan. — Poss'^1"
not distinct from S. yracile.
albomargin&tum rdseum: listed name.
albordseum (S. japonicum). Per. to 2 ft., with tuberous
roots: Ivs. mostly opposite, ovate to obovute, to 3 in. long,
toothed: fls. greenish-white, I/L in. across, in caily autumn.
Japan, China. Var. variegatum has Ivs. blotched in center
with yellow.
album (S. balticum. S. turgitlum). Creeping evergreen
forming mats, to 8 in. high, variable: Ivs. alternate, linear-
oblong, to % in. long: fla. white, ^3 in. across, in Hummer.
Eu., Asia, N. Afr. Var. athdum has smaller Ivs and fls. and
the infl. fewer-fld. Var. brevifdlium has very short Ivs.
Var. chlordticum is yellowish-green with fls greenish- white.
Var. micr&nthum has fls. half aize of type. Var. murale has
purple foliage and pinkish fls. Var. purpureum is listed,
with purplish foliage. Other varieties listed are aureum,
bathoniensis, car ne urn, tenuifdlium, and virenr,.
allantoides. Evergreen, to 1 ft.: Ivs. alternate, club-
shaped, cylindrical, very blunt and glaucous, curved
upwards: fla. greenish-while, ^ in. across. June—July. Mex.
alpgstre. Small per. with creeping st.: sterile shoots
short with the oblong-obovate Iva crowded at the tips:
flowering shoots to 3 in., loosely leafy, bearing several
greenish-yellow fls. Cent, and S. Eu., Asia Minor.
alpin&tum: listed name.
altfesimum: S. sediforme.
amaramac&nthum: listed name; plants received as this
have been S. amecamecanum.
amecamecanum. Evergreen subshrub to 8 in.: lys.
crowded, oblanceolate, % in- long: fls. pale yellow, J^ in.
across, in rather dense cymes to 1 in. across. Mex.
amplexicaule: S. tenuifolium.
Anacampseros. Nearly evergreen, procumbent, to 6 in.
high: Ivs. alternate, obovate to orbicular, to 1 in. long:
fls. dull purple, 34 in- across, in summer. S. Ku.
anglicum. Creeping evergreen, making mats, to 2 in.
high: Ivs. alternate, elliptic, cylindrical, to i^ in. long: fls.
white, 1A in. across, in summer. W. Eu. Var. minus is
smaller than the type, with pinker fls. Vars. Album and
glaucum are also listed.
finnuum. Much branched ann. to 3 in : Ivs. alternate,
oblong-linear, ^ in. long: fls. yellow, small. June- July.
Eu., Asia Minor, Greenland.
an6malum. Low per., decumbent or ascending, light
green and slightly pinkish: Ivs. spatula te in rosettes, oblong
to oblanceolate on fl.-sts. and to \^ in. long: fls. bright
yellow, nearly sessile. S.W.Calif. — Probably not specifically
distinct from S. spathulifolium.
anopetalum. Creeping evergreen per., flowering shoots
to 9 in.: Ivs. crowded, linear, to % in- long: fls. whitish,
rarely yellow, in cymes to 1 in. across. June-July. Eu.,
Asia Minor. Var. glegans is listed.
arbdreum: see Crassula argentea] plants received under
this name have been 8. sediforme.
asiaticum: S. crassipes.
atlfinticum (Monanthes atlantica). Glabrous, with the
ovate or suborbicular Ivs. densely crowded at the tips of
the sterile shoots: flowering shoots to 1 in. high, with 3 to
5 yellow fls. Morocco.
athdum: S. album var.
Sedum
672
Sedum
atratum. Ann. or bien. to 2^ in.: Ivs. club-shaped,
cylindrical: fls. white with green or purple veins, in summer.
Cent. Eu.
aureum: see S. mexicanum.
azureum: has been applied to both S. cseruleum and S.
Ewer 8ii.
balticum: S. album.
Beyrichianum: S. Nevii var.
boloniense: S. aexangulare.
B6rderi: 8. Telephium var.
Braunii: name applied to S. apurium or 8. kamtachaticum.
brevifdlium. Creeping mealy evergreen to 2 in. high:
Ivs. crowded in 4 rows, ovoid, Y* in. long: fls. white, K in
across, in summer. Medit. region. Var. album with bronzy
Ivs. is listed, but probably does not belong here. Var.
Pdttsii does not differ from the type. — Plants listed as
8. Pittomi are to be referred here.
Brownii: name applied to 8. apurium and S. kamt-
achaticum, also to one form of S. Aizoon.
Bufordianum Pittonii: listed name.
bupleuroldes. Per. to 1 ft., dioecious, with much thick-
ened root stock: Ivs. alternate, rather distant, triangular-
ovate, cordate, H~l in. long: fls. dark red-purple, % in.
across. Himalayas.
cseruleum (S. azureum). Ann. to 4 in.: Ivs. alternate,
ovoid to oblong, to % in. long: fls. blue, white at base, % in.
across, in summer. Medit. region.
callichrdum. Glabrous ann. to 1M in. high: Ivs. oblong
to ovate, semi-terete, % in. long: fls. pink. Persia.
carneum: S. linear e var. variegatum.
carpaticum: S. Telephium var. Borderi.
cautfcolum. Glaucous per. with procumbent ste. to 6 in.
long: Ivs. opposite, orbicular-spatulate, to 1 in. long: fla.
rosy-purple, in a flattish subumbellate cyme. Japan.
Cepefea. Hairy ann. or per. to l\i ft.: Ivs. variously ar-
ranged, hnear-obovate, red-spotted, to /^ in. long: fls. white,
% in. across, on long pedicels. Cent, and S. Eu.
Charowanum: catalogued as a dwarf for carpeting.
chrysanthum (Cotyledon chryaantha. Roaularia pallida.
Umbihcua chryaanthua) . St. short: Ivs. oblong-spa tula te:
fls. yellowish striped with red on backs of petals. Asia
Minor.
coccmeum: 8. quadrifidum; also sometimes applied to a
phase of S. apurium.
coloni6ns6: a small blue-green plant of the hispanicum
group.
confusum. Much branched evergreen per. to 1 ft.: Ivs.
alternate, obovate-spatulate, to IK in. long: fls. yellow,
to M in. across, in late spring. Probably Mex. — It may be
known in cult, as S. apathulifolium.
c6rsicum: S. daayphyllum var. glanduliferum.
crassipes (S. aaiaticum). Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. alternate,
linear to lanceolate, to % in. long: fls. yellowish-white to
greenish, ^ in. across, in summer. Himalayas, China.
Crfeta-g£Ili: listed name.
cristatum: <S. rupeatre.
cru6ntum: trade name.
cupreum. Foliage narrow: fls. yellow. Name unidentifi-
able botanically.
cupressoides. Decumbent evergreen per.: Ivs. closely
imbricated, cypress-like, ovate, %> in. long, very fleshy:
fls. blight yellow, K in. across, solitary or few. July-Aug.
Mex.
dasyphy'llum. Evergreen, to 2 in.: Ivs. opposite, ovoid,
H in. long: fls. white tinged pink, yellowish at base, ^ in.
across, in early summer. Eu., N. Afr. Var. glanduliferum
(8. coraicum) is densely glandular-pubescent. Var. macro-
phylluin has Ivs. to \i in. long. Var. glaucum is listed.
dendroideum. Evergreen per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. crowded at
tips of branches, spatula te-orbicular, to 1% in. long, rounded
on one side: fls. bright yellow, ^ in. across. Mex. Var.
cristatum is listed. — Craaaula argentea is also sometimes
known under this name.
diffusion. Per. with spreading ste. to 6 in. long: Ivs.
alternate, oblong, to ^ in. long: fls. white, to H in. across.
Mex.
diveigens. Creeping evergreen, to 6 in.: Ivs. opposite,
obovate, K in. long: fls. bright yellow, $£ in. across, in
early summer. Ore. to B. C.
diversifd Hum. Glabrous tufted per. with elongate de-
cumbent floriferous sts. to 8 in. long: Ivs. of sterile shoots
densely imbricate, obovate, A in. long; Ivs. of flowering
shoots crowded, caducous, obovate to oblong, to H in.
long: fls. % in. diam., yellow. Mex.
diversum: listed name.
Douglasii. Evergreen per., green often tinged red, st. to
12 in. high, simple: Ivs. linear to linear-lanceolate, nearly
terete, to % in. long: fls. bright yellow, sessile, H in. across.
Mont, to B. C. and Calif.
feastwoodiae (Gormania Eaatwoodise) . Per. with stout
horizontal rootstock: basal rosette Ivs. spatulate, to % in.
long, pale green: fl.-sts. to 6 in. high; fls. red, in dense cyme.
Calif.
llegans: S. rupeatre.
Ellacombianum. Smooth per. to 6 in. high, related to S.
Aizoon but lacks the much thickened rootstock and tuber-
ous roots of that species, has many arching ste. and spatu-
late crenate-serrate Ivs. : Ivs. yellow, H in. across, in a close
flat leafy umbel-like cluster. Japan. — Sometimes grown
under the name S. Selakianum.
euphorbioldee: of doubtful status; has been applied to
S. Aizoon.
fiwersii (8. azureum). Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. opposite, broadly
ovate, % in. long: fls. purplish-pink, H in. across, in late
summer. Himalayas to Mongolia. Var. homophyllum is
much smaller and more glaucous. Var. turkestanicum does
not differ from the type.
exif fdeum: said to bo an early-flowering form of S. acre.
Fabaria: 8. Telephium var.
facoirdiazum: listed name.
farin6sum. Per., woody at base, to 3 in. high: Ivs. terete,
oblong to obovoid, to ^ in. long: fls. white. Madeira.
fimbriatum (Cotyledon flmbriata). Rosette Ivs. linear to
oblanceolate, tipped with broad fimbriate cartilage and
long narrow spines: fls. pinkish, long-pedicellate, in a
raceme or dense spike. China. Var. Chanetii (Orostachya
Chanetii) has larger fls. and rosette Ivs. broader with narrow
cartilage, entire or sparingly toothed, tipped with long
spines.
florairianum: listed name; plants grown under this
name have been S. Middendorffianum.
florfferum. Semi-evergreen per. with ascending or de-
cumbent sts. to 6 in. : Ivs. spatulate, to 1 ^ in. long, toothed
in upper part: fls. yellow, K in. across, in cymes to 2 in.
across. July-Aug. China. — Perhaps only a var. of S.
kamtachaticum.
Forsterianum: S. rupeatre var.
frfgidum: S. integnfolium.
fusifdrme. Much branched tufted per. to 6 in.: lys.
fusiform, thick in middle and narrowed at ends, to % in.
long, glaucous: fls. greenish- vellow. in few-fld. terminal
cymes. Madeira.
glaucum: S. hispanicum var. bithynicum.
globdsum: listed name.
Gdrmanii: trade name of doubtful status.
grilcile. Evergreen per. to 2 in., sts. procumbent below:
Ivs. linear-oblong, to H in. long, dotted with red: fls. white
often dotted with red, H in. across. June-July. Caucasus.
grandiflonim: listed name.
Gre'ggii. Per. with tufted sterile sts. and slender fl.-sts.
to 6 in.: Ivs. oblong or obovate, imbricate, ^g in. long: fls.
yellow, 1-3 in an infl. Mex.
guatemalense. Procumbent per. rooting at joints: Ivs.
cylindrical, M in. long: fls. reddish-yellow, % in. long.
Guatemala.
gypsicolum. Creeping evergreen per. forming mats, to
6 in. high: Ivs. imbricated, ovate-rhomboid, ^ in. long,
thick, tinged red: fls. white, Y\ in. across, in corymbs lj^
in. across. Spain, Portugal. — Sometimes considered a var.
of 8. album.
Hfillil: S. obtuaatum.
Hayesii. Sts. prostrate, reddish-purple: Ivs. spatulate,
^ in. long, glaucous : fls. rosy-lavender, \^ in. across, anthers
black-purple. — This seems to be a small form of 8. Eweraii,
known only from gardens.
hirsutum. Evergreen tufted per. to 3 in., sticky-pubes-
cent: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 1^ in. long, very fleshy: ns. white
or pinkish, ^ in. across. S. Eu.
hispanicum. Ann. or bien. to 6 in. : lys. linear to oblong-
lanceolate, to 1 in. long: fls. pinkish- white, ^ in. across, in
early summer. Switzerland to Persia. Var. bithynicum
(var. minua, S. glaucum, S. lydium var. glaucum) is a per. to
2 in. high, with glaucous-blue foliage densely crowded on
the barren shoots.
H6bsonii (S. Praegerianum) . Per. with thick rootstock
and long petiolate oblanceolate basal Ivs. : fl.-sts. prostrate,
to 6 in. long, witn Ivs. oblanceolate or oblong: fls. rose-red.
Tibet.
hybrid tun (S. aibiricum). Creeping evergreen forming
mats, to 6 in. high: Ivs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, 1 in.
long, toothed: fls. yellow, H in. across, in spring and again
in late summer. Siberia, Mongolia.
iblricum: S. atoloniferum.
Sedum
673
Sedum
integrifdlium (Rhodiola integri folia. S. frigidum. 8.
rhodioloides). Per. to 1 ft., dioecious, with fleshy rootstock:
Ivs. obovate or somewhat oblong, about % in. long: fls.
usually dark purple. Colo., Calif, to Alaska. — Probably a
subspecies of S. Rose/a.
intermedium: name of doubtful application.
Jaccardianum. Pubescent, with sterile sts. densely leafy
at tips, to 2^ in., and fl.-sts. to 4 in.: Ivs. spatulate, to
% in. long: fls. 7-10-rnerous, yellow. Morocco.
jap6nicum: S. alboroseum. S, japomcum macrophyllum
is the same or else S. maximum; true S. japonicum is prob-
ably not in the American trade.
Je'psonii: probably S. laxum.
kamtschaticum. Per. to 9 in.: Ivs. alternate or opposite,
obovate, to 2 in. long, toothed: fls. orange-yellow. 24 in.
across, in summer. N. E. Asia. Var. yarieg&tum has Ivs.
with marginal white band. Var. flavfssimum is listed.
Iac6nicum. Similar to S. acre, but differing in its ob-
lanceolate spotted Ivs., divergent carpels connate at base,
and taller fl.-sts., to 3^ in. Asia Minor, Greece.
Lagged: *S. Aizoon; also applied to S. maximum.
laxum (Gormania laxd). Green per. with fl.-sts. to 1 ft.:
Ivs. spatulate, to %, in. long: fls. red or pink. Ore. — Species
of doubtful status.
Leibergii. Tufted per. to 10 in.: sterile sts. loosely
rosulate with the lateral Ivs. oblanceolate, to % in. long,
and the central ones spatulate, to \i in. long: fls. yellow,
m open cymes. Wash., Ore., Ida., Wyo.
Liebmannianum. Glabrous almost deciduous per,, sts.
to 6 in , procumbent, thickened by the persistent silvery
bases of the old Ivs., each with a black tip: Ivs. oblong,
blunt, i3g in. long, densely imbricate: fls. % in. across,
white. Mex.
line are. Evergreen, to 6 in. high: Ivs. linear to linear-
lanceolate, cylindrical, to 1 in. long: fls. yellow, star-like,
JHz in. across, in summer. Japan, China. Var. robustum is
stouter, more branched and gray-green. Var. variegatum
(S. carneum variegatum) has Ivs. margined with white.
lycopodioides: see Crassula lycopodioides.
lydium. Evergreen, to 3 in. : Ivs. crowded, linear, cylindri-
cal, % in. long: fls. white, J4 in. across, in early summer.
Asia Minor — The form advertised as var. ylaucum is
properly 8. hispamcum var. bithymcum. Var. purpurascens
and var. rdseum are also listed.
macrophyllum: a garden name applied to S. alboroseum
and S. maximum.
magell£nse. Evergreen per. to 4 in.: Ivs. alternate or
opposite, obovate, }4 in. long: fls. white, % in. across, in
late spring. Italy, Greece, Asia Minor. Var. olympicum
(S. olympicum) is lower m grovvth and has the Ivs. sub-
spathulate-oblong to almost orbicular and the infl. shortly
racemose or corymbose.
Maximowiczii: S. Aizoon.
m&ximiim. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. commonly opposite, broadly
ovate, to 3 in. long, toothed: fls. greenish-white, % in.
across, in late summer. Eu., S. W. Asia. Var. atropur-
pureum has deep purple Ivs. and st. Var. hsematddes is a
smaller form of var. atropurpureum. Var. variegatum is
variegated with yellow.
Medde'mpium: listed name.
mesemberatum: listed name.
mexicanum. Evergreen decumbent or trailing bright
green per., floriferous and useful in pots, hanging-baskets
and porch-boxes: Ivs. nearly terete, to ^ in. long: fls.
golden-yellow, sessile, to ^ in. across. Nativity in doubt. —
Sometimes known as S. aureum.
micr&nthum: S. album var.
Middendorffianum. Tufted per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. alternate,
nearly linear, 1 J^ *n' long, toothed: fls. yellow, % in. across,
in summer. Siberia, Manchuria Var. diffusum has sts.
somewhat decumbent, often rooting at base and Ivs. to
2 in. long.
monregale'nse. Per. to 5 in., sts. decumbent below: Ivs.
in whorls of 4, oblanceolate, K in. long, fleshy: fls. white,
% in. across. July-Aug. S. Eu.
montanum: name of uncertain application.
moranSnse. Evergreen much branched low per., sts.
3-4 in. high, red and wiry, bare and procumbent below: Ivs.
triangular, sessile, % in. long and half as broad: fls. white,
red tinged on back, sessile, nearly ^ in. across. S. Mex. —
Sometimes erroneously known in cult, as S. Greggii and
S. Liebmannianum.
multiceps. Per. to 4 in., subahrubby and much branched:
Ivs. alternate, crowded, linear-oblong, ^ in. long, very
fleshy: fls. yellow, to H in- across. July. Algeria.
murale: S. album var.
negl£ctum: S. acre.
nevad£nse. Small ann. to 4 in. high, with linear sulx
terete Ivs. to K in. long: fls. 5-merous, with reddish- white
petals connate at base and with 5 stamens. Spain and N. Afr.
Nfevii. Per. to 4 in., tufted: Ivs. alternate, spatulate, to
^ in. long: fls. white with purple anthers, £i in. across.
June. Mts., Va. to Ala. and 111. Var. Beyrichianum is more
diffuse and greener with narrower Ivs.
nicaeSnse: 8. sediforme.
nipponicum: listed name.
nutans (Cremnophila nuians). Per. with woody sts. to 3
in. long and fl.-sta. usually pendent: Ivs. in dense rosettes,
to 3 in. long, 1 }$ in. wide and J$ in. thick: fls. bright yellow,
% in. long, in many-fld. panicles. Mex.
Nuttallianum. Tufted ann. to 3 in.: Ivs. alternate, linear-
oblong, to }i in. long: fls. yellow, about l/i in. across, in
spring. Mo. to Tex.
oaxacanum. Creeping evergreen: Ivs. alternate, obovate,
J4 m. long: fls. yellow, in 1-4-fld. cymes. Mex.
obtusatum (Oormania obtusatum and Hallii. Echeveria
Hallii and Brittonii. S. Hallii). Green or somewhat
glaucous, to 6 in. high: Ivs. spatulate, to % in. long: fls.
yellow, with acute or acuminate segms. little longer than
filaments, m a rather narrow cluster. Calif., in the Sieiras.
obtusifdlium. Tufted per. to 3 in.: Ivs. obovate, 1 in.
long, very obtuse, veined with red: fls. white, in corymbose
cymes. Caucasus.
olympicum: S. magellense var.
oppositifdlium: S. spurium.
opsinif 61ium: listed as 3 in. high with foliage turning red
in autumn; plants received as this have been S. sexangulare.
orbicularis: listed as of the hispanicum group, making a
dense blue-green mound.
oreganum (Gormania oregand). Green, to 6 in. high: Ivs.
spatulate-cuneate, less than 94 in. long: fls. bright yellow
fading pink, the narrow long segms. much surpassing the
stamens, in a compound cluster to 3 in. across. Ore. to
Alaska.
oxype'talum. Erect glabrous subshrub to 3 ft., with st.
becoming thick and stout at base: Ivs. obovate, flat, some-
times retuse, to 1^ in. long: fls. ^ in. across, dull red,
honey-scented. Mex. — Deciduous or semi-evergreen.
pachyphylhim. Evergreen per. to 4 in., very fleshy, sts.
sometimes rooting: Ivs. alternate, crowded, cylindrical, to
\Yz in. long, very blunt, curved upward, tipped with red:
fls. blight yellow, ^ in. across, in cymes to 2 in. across.
Mex.
pallidum. Per. to 5 in.: Ivs. linear, 1 in. long: fls. white
or rose. Asia Minor, India. — This name has been errone-
ously applied to several other species, particularly to S.
hispanicum.
Palmeri. Glaucous evergreen per., sts. decumbent and
more or less rooting, to 9 in. high: Ivs. spatulate, entire,
about 1 in. long, alternate or in rosette: fls. % in. across,
petals orange and sepals green, on drooping or wide-spread-
ing blanches. Mex.
perf6ssum: see Crassula Schmidtii.
pildsum. Bien. to 4 in.: Ivs. densely imbricated, hairy,
linear-spatulate to oblong-obovate, to % in. long: fls. rose,
to Y% in. across, in late spring. Asia Minor.
Pittonii: S. brevifolium.
populif 61ium. Subshrub to 1 1A f t. : Ivs. alternate, ovate,
^ in. long, toothed: fls. pale pink or white, to % in. across,
in late summer. Siberia.
potosinum. Evergreen per. with weak sts. to 6 in. high,
glaucous: Ivs. crowded, linear and nearly cylindrical, to
>2 in. long: fls. white, H in. across, in cymes. Mex.
praealtum. Evergreen shrub to 2 ft. or more: Ivs. alter-
nate, lanceolate-spatuiate, to 2% in. long, very fleshy,
shining: fls. bright yellow, % in. across, in panicles to 4 in.
long. May-June. Mex. Var. cristatum is listed.
Praegerianum: 8. Hobsonii.
pruinatum. Evergreen, very glaucous, to 0 in. high: lys.
alternate, linear, % in. long: fls. straw-colored, to 54 in.
across, in summer. Portugal. — The plants usually cult,
under this name belong to S. rupestre.
pruinoides: listed name.
pruindsum. White-pruinose per. with short sterile
shoots and fl.-sts. to 8 in.: Ivs. spatulate-oblong to obovate,
V£-l in. long: fls. bright yellow. Calif. — Doubtiully distinct
from S. spathuhfolium.
pulch611um. Ann. or per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. crowded, linear,
cylindrical, H in. long: fls. rosy-purple, \^ in. across, in
summer. E. U. S. — Two phases occur: one, an ann., flow-
ers in early spring; the other, per., flowers in summer and
thrives in damper habitats.
Purdyi. "Has densely crowded If. rosettes which throw
out red threads at the end of which are tiny plants": Ivs.
oblong-spa tulate, to about 1 in. long, in flat rosettes: fl.-sts.
to 4 in. high, with a rather densely flowered compact cyme;
fls. white. Calif.
Sedum
674
Sedum
purpurascens: a trade name, perhaps x form of 5. Tele-
phium; the plant grown 111 S. Calif, under this name is
Sempervivum or sEonium arboreum.
quadrifidum (S. coccineum). Glabrous per. with stout
elongate rootetock densely clothed with black wiry old
tits.: fl.-stH. 2-6 in. high with Ivs. oblong to lanceolate, en-
tiro, acute, \2 m. long: fls. yellow or purple. Asia.
radiatum. Per. to 7 in.: Ivs. oblong to oblong-ovate, to
^2 m. long: fLs. blight yellow, petals wide-spreading, ^ in.
long. Mts., Calif.
reflexum. Cieeping evergreen, foirning a mat, to 1 ft.
high. Ivs. crowded, linear, cylindrical, K m. long. fls. bright
yellow, ?fj in. acioss, in summer. Eu. Var. cristatum is a
nested or fasciate form. Var. minus, a small form, is listed.
Var. reptans and var. semperfldrens are also listed.
replesianum: listed name.
reptans: listed name.
retusum. Evergreen subshrub to 1 ft. high: Ivs. alternate,
spatula te, notched at tip, to 1 in. long: fls. white, % in.
across, in terminal cymes to 2 in. across, late summer. Mex.
rhodanthum (Clementsia rhodantha). Erect glabrous per.
with stout rootetock, sts. several, to 12 in., not branched,
very leafy. Ivs. lineal -lanceolate, acute, flat, 1 in. long:
fls. rose-color, about 1 in. long, in a dense raceme to 3 in.
long. Mont, to Ariz.
Rhodlola: AS. Rosea.
rhodioloides: S. integrifolium.
roanense (Rfiodiola roanensis). Tufted per. to 16 in.:
Ivs. elliptic or euneate, to L% in. long: fls. purplish, l/% in.
across. N. C., Tenn. — Probably only a phase of Sedum
Rosea.
Rdsea (S. Rhodiola. Rhodiola rosea). ROSEROOT. Per.
to 1 ft., dioecious, with rose-fragrant root: Ivs. scattered,
imbiicated,' obovate, to 2 in. long: fls. yellow or greenish-
yellow, H m. across, in spring and eaily summer. Circum-
J)olar regions. — This has been generally listed as S. roseum.
'lants in the trade as Gormama Ilhodiola may belong here.
r&seum: see S. Rosea.
rilbens. Ann. or bien. to 4 in., sticky-pxibescent: Ivs.
oblong-linear, % in. long, veiy fleshy, turning red. fls. white
or reddish, l/i in. acioss. July. Eu., N. Afr., Canaiy Isls.
rubricaule. Sts. to 1 ft. high, puberulent, densely dotted
with red or puiplish papilla?: basal rosettes dense; cauhne
Ivs. ovate, thick, bright green: fls. white. Mex. — Probably
a var. of S. ebracteatum.
rupestre (S. eleyans, S. virens. S. cristatum). Creeping
eveigieen forming mats, to 1 ft. high, glaucous' Ivs. crowded,
linear, to 5s in. long: fls. golden-yellow, ^2 in. across, in
summer. Eu. Var. Forsterianum (S. Forsterianum) is a
green form. Var. minus is smaller arid glaucous. Var.
ma jus and var. spirale are also listed.
rupicolum. Per. with thick fleshy ellipsoid Ivs. and yel-
low fls. Perhaps related to S. stenopetalum. Wash.
sarmentdsum. Prostrate evergreen: Ivs. in 3's, broadly
lanceolate, 1 in. long: fls. bright yellow, Y% in. across, in
summer. N. China, Japan.
Sartorianum: the plant grown under this name is
usually S. Stnbrnyi.
Schlehanii: listed name.
Sch6ttii: listed name.
Scopdlii: listed name.
sedifdrme (S. allissimum. S. nicaeense). Per. to 2 ft.:
Ivs. alternate, lanceolate, to I J£ m. long: fls. greenish-white,
^2 «i. acioss, in summer. Medit. region.
Selskianum. One of the Aizoon group: hairy per. with
ann. eiect sts. to 1}£ ft. high: Ivs. alternate, flat and scarcely
fleshy, lance-oblong and the upper ones linear-oblong,
toothed on upper half: fls. bright yellow, % in. across, in
laige leafy umbel-like cluster. Manchuria. — Plants grown
under this name may be S. Aizoon or S. Ellacombianum.
Semenovii (Cotyledon Semenovii). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
crowded, linear, to 2 in. long: fls. greenish- white, in dense
racemes to 3 in. long, in early summer. Turkestan.
sempervivoldes (Umbilicus plat yphyllus) . Bien. to 1 ft.:
Ivs. alternate, ovate, 1 in. long: fls. red, 1A in. across, in
summer. Asia Minor. — Umbilicus persicus and U. Pes-
talozzte arc perhaps to be referred here.
Sempervivum: see S. sempervivoides.
sexangulftre (S. boloniense). Creeping evergreen, forming
mate, to 3 in. high: Ivs. usually in 6 spiral rows, linear,
cylindrical, 1A, in. long: fls. yellow, % in. across, in summer.
Eu.
sibfricum: S. hybridum.
Sieboldii. Decumbent per.: Ivs. in 3's, nearly round, to
1 in. long, glaucous-blue or red: fls. pink,, % in. across, in
late autumn. Japan. Var. fftliis m&dio-variegatis has
center of If. yellow.
spathulifdlium. Little evergreen glaucous per. tinged
red when exposed: fl.-sts. to 5 in., leafy: Ivs. of sterile shoots
spatulate, flat and fleshy, 1 in. long, of flowering shoots
oblong and sessile, fleshy: fls. bright yellow, to \'i in. across,
in a leafy cyme. B. C. to Calif. Var. purpureum has Ivs.
deep purple, except when young. Vais. glaucum and rubrum
are also listed. — This name may be applied in cult, to S
confuaum.
specidsum: trade name.
spectabile. Glaucous per. to 1}£ ft.: Ivs. opposite or in
3's, obovate, 3 in. long: fls. pink, ^ in. across, in autumn.
Japan, Cent. China. Var. album has white fls., atro-
purpureum and rubrum crimson fls. and variegatum varie-
gated foliage. Vars. brilliant fssimum, Brfllii, and rdseum
are listed. — Crassula aryentea is also grown undei this name.
spin&sum (Cotyledon spinosa. Orostachys spinosus.
Umbilicus spinosus). Densely matted per.: Ivs. in rosettes,
spatulate, thick, with white spiny tip: fls. yellow, in spicate
panicles. E. Asia.
spurium (S. oppositifolium) . Creeping per. forming
mats, neatly evergieen, to 6 in. high: Ivs. opposite, obovate,
1 in. long: fls. pink varying to white, \^ in. across, in
summer. Caucasus. Var. splendens is a deep eiimson form,
var. album a white form. Vais. coccineum, cuphrium, and
rdseum are also listed.
Stahlii. Evergreen to 8 in.: Ivs. opposite, ovoid, }£ in.
long: fls. yellow, )^ in. across, in summer and autumn. Mex.
stellatum. Ann. to G in.: Ivs. alternate, spatulate, to
1 in. long: fls. purplish, % in. across, m early summer.
S. Eu.
stenope'talum. Evergreen per. to 6 in., tufted: Ivs.
alternate or ciowdcd, linear-lanceolate, to ^ in. long fls.
bright yellow, }£ in- aciohs. June. Alta. to Calif. Var.
subalpinum is not different, but a synonym.
stoloniferum (S. ibencum). Cieeping, nearly or quite
eveigreen, to 6 in. high: Ivs. opposite, spatulate, 1 in. long,
fls. rose, 3^2 m. acioss, m early summer. S. W. Asia. Vai.
coccfneum is offered, with pink fls. and foliage deep bronze
in winter.
Stribrnyi. Evergreen tufted per. to 6 in., sts. rooting
below: Ivs. crowded, linear, \^ in. long, slightly glaucous:
fls. blight yellow, % in. across. July. Bulgaiia, Gieece.
subulatum (S. acuhfoliuni) . Per. to 8 in. high, with
sterile sts. ascending to 2 in.: Ivs. teiete, linear, very acute,
subimbiicate, to }% in. long: fls. white, with petals fused
at base. Asia Minor to Persia.
Tatarin6wii. Per. with short thick rootstock, to 8 in.
high: Ivs. fleshy, oblanceolate to oblong, coarsely dentate
to deeply lobate, to 1 in. long: fls. white to pink. China.
telephioides. Per. to 10 in., glaucous and purplish: Ivs.
scattered, oblong, to 2 in. long, often toothed: fls. pale pink,
M m. acioss, in autumn; petals 3-4 times as long as sepals.
N. Y. and Pa. to N. C. and Ga.
Telephium. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. obovate-oblong, 3 in. long,
toothed: fls. greenish-white (in typical vai.) to red-purple,
in late summer. W. Eu. to Japan. Var. Border! (sometimes
known as S. carpaticum) has deeply and 11 regularly toothed
Ivs. Var. Fabaria is smaller, with narrower Ivs. and lilac-
purple fls. Var. purpureum (S. tripkyllum) has puiple fls.
in a dense terminal cyme.
tenellum. Per., woody at base, with Ivs. of sterile shoots
imbricate, oblong to suboibicular, jV in. long: fl.-sts. with
Ivs. imbricate, subterete, linear to oblong, to \^ in. long:
fls. white tinged with red, in a small dense infl. Persia,
Armenia, Caucasus.
tenuifdlium (S. amplexicaule) . Small procumbent per.
with why much branched sts., the barren shoots 1—3 in.
long and bearing linear terete glaucous Ivs. with clasping
base: fls. to % m. across, golden-yellow, in a forked infl.
S. Eu. — Allied to S. pruinatum.
ternatum. Evergreen, to 6 in.: Ivs. in 3's, obovate, to
1 in. long: fls. white, ^ in. across, in late spring. E. U. S.
Var. minus is much smaller than type.
tetragdnum: see Crassula tetragona.
tortudsum. Per. with thick arid tortuous branches: Ivs.
alternate, spatulate, 1 in. long: fls. white. Mex.
Tournefortii: a listed name.
Treleasei. Evergreen sprawling per., very fleshy and
glaucous: Ivs. alternate, crowded, oblong-obovate, to 1 J^ in.
long, curving upwards: fls. bright yellow, M in. across, in
nearly globular cymes to 1 ^2 m. across. Mex.
triphyllum: S. Telephium var. purpureum.
trfete: listed name.
turgidum: S. album.
turkestanicum: S. Eweraii var.
umbellatum: listed name.
undulatum: listed name.
unifldrum. Ste. weak and slender, 5-6 in. long: Ivs.
alternate, subterete, obtuse: fls. solitary at ends of branches,
Sedum
675
SelenicereuA
reddish. Luchu Isls. — This name has also been applied
to a form of S. Douglasii.
veris var. Alburn: listed name.
villdsum. Bien. to 6 in., pubescent: Ivs. alternate, linear-
oblong, to H in. long, fleshy: fls. pale purple, y± in. across.
June-July. N. N. Amer., Eu.
virens: S. rupestre. Var. monstrdsum is listed.
Wallichianum: propeily a synonym of S. crassipes but
applied to other species.
Watsonii (Gormania Watsonii). Per. with stout horizon-
tal rootstock. basal Ivs. spatulate, obtuse or ernarginate, to
1 in. long: fls. pale yellow, in an elongated cyme, with the
petals united for about ^ their length. Ore.
Wlnkleri (Cotyledon Winkleri. Umbilicus Winkleri).
Per. to 2 in., glandular-hairy: Ivs. in dense rosettes at tips
of branches, cylindrical, to }% in. long, glaucous: fls. white
with purple anthers. Spain.
Wo6dii. Per. to 4 in.: basal Ivs. broad-spatulate, }4 in.
long; Ivs. of flowering shoots alternate, narrower: fls. yellow,
H in long. Ore.
yosemitense. Per., stoloniferous, very fleshy: sts. to 6 in.
high with small obtuse spatulate to oblong Ivs.; basal Ivs.
obovate to nearly orbicular: fls. light yellow, the petals
about Y± in. long and exceeding sepals. Yosemite. — Proba-
bly not specifically distinct from S. spathuhfolium.
SEED: the ripened ovule; the essential part is the
embiyo, and this is contained within integuments.
SEEDAGE: see Propagation.
SEGMENT: one of the parts of a leaf, petal, calyx, that
is divided but not truly compound; one of the parts or
petals in the perianth of monocotyledons.
SEKIKA: Saxifraga sarmentosa.
SELAGINELLA. Sclagincllacese, which is de-
fined by the genus. Moss-like branching flower-
less herbs with numerous scale-like Ivs. often of
two kinds, the fruiting bodies (spores) borne in
terminal sessile spikes; widely distributed; grown
for the ornamental foliage out-of-doors and in
the greenhouse, in conditions suitable for ferns.
Selagmellas are of easy cultivation in shady moist situa-
tions. Propagated by spores or cuttings in spring. Cuttings
of some of the greenhouse kinds should be scattered over
the soil of the propagating bench, covered with glass and
kept in a temperature of 70°, until they form roots at the
joints.
africana: S. Vogelii.
amcena: S. caulescens.
apdda (apus). BASKET S. Ann. with creeping flaccid
sts. to 4 in. long: Ivs. minute, pale green. Me. to Tex.
Braunii. Sts. erect, to 1 % ft. high, straw-colored, not
blanched below: Ivs. scattered, very small. W. China.
Brdwnii: S. Kraussiana var.
c&sia: S. uncinata, S. Willdenovii.
caulescens (S. amaena). Sts. erect, stiff, to 2 ft. high,
unbranched below, greenish: Ivs. bright green, crowded.
Malaya, China, Japan. Var. japdnica (S. japonica) is less
branched and graceful above.
cuspidata. Sts. much branched nearly to base, densely
tufted: Ivs. pale green edged with white. Cuba, Mex.,
Venezuela.
denticulata. Per. with matted creeping sts. 6 in. or less
long: Ivs. crowded, toothed. Medit. region. — Most of the
material cult, under this name is S. Kraussiana.
Douglasii. Prostrate, sts. rooting and creeping to 1 ft.:
Ivs. in 4 ranks, yellowish-green. B. C. to Calif.
elegantissima: a garden name.
EmmeHana. Sts. erect, to 1 ft. high, branched nearly
to base. Ivs. bright green, crowded. Trop. Amer. Var.
aurea has yellowish Ivs. and var. variegata is variegated
with white.
er^thropus. Sts. erect, to 1 ft. high, unbranched below,
crimson: Ivs. crowded, dark green. Trop. Amer.
flabellata. Sts. erect, stiff, to 8 in. high, with short un-
branched part below: Ivs. obliquely ovate. Tropics and
subtropics.
gr&ndis. Sts. erect, to 2 ft. high, unbranched below: Ivs.
lanceolate, long for the genus, dark green. Borneo.
haematddes. Sts. erect, to 2 ft. high, unbranched below,
crimson. Venezuela to Peru.
jap6nica: S. Kraussiana or S. caulescens var.
Kraussiana (S. japonica). Moss-like per. with creeping
rooting sts.: Ivs. crowded, bright green. Azores to S. Afr.
Var. Brownii (S. Brownii) is a dwarf form and vars. a&rea
and variegata variegated.
lepidophflla. RESURRECTION PLANT. Sts. stiff, to 4 in.
long, densely tufted, curling up into a ball when dry but
will expand when put in water: fls. flat, crowded. Tex. to
S. Amer. — See also Anastatica.
Mandaiana: a trade name.
Mirtensii. Per. with ascending sts. to 1 ft. long, branched
to base and rooting in lower half: Ivs. pale green. Mex.
Var. variegata is marked with white.
pilifera. Much like *S. lepidophylla but differing in the
awl-shaped Ivs. Tex., Mex.
regalis: a hort. name.
rupestris. ROCK S. Densely tufted per. with branching
sts. to 5 in. long: Ivs. tipped with a white awn. E. U. S.
serpens. Per. with trailing much branched sts. to 9 in.
long: Ivs. bright green, crowded. W. Indies.
uncinata (S. cxsia). Per. with creeping rooting sts. to
2 ft. long: Ivs. blue-green, close together on the short
branches. China.
viticul&sa. Sts. erect, 1 ft. or less high, branched near
top: Ivs. crowded. Cent. Amer.
Vdgelii (S. africana). Sts. erect, stiff, to 2 ft. high, un-
branched below, brown: Ivs. green or bronzed. Afr.
Wallace!. Loosely tufted, sts. prostrate, to 6 in. long,
rooting sparingly: Ivs. stiffly imbricated on all sides,
slightly glaucous. B. C. to Calif.
WSllichii. Sts. erect, to 4 ft. high, branched to base:
Ivs. crowded. India, E. Indies.
Willdenovii (6'. cncsia arborea). Sts. straw-colored, erect
when young but soon climbing to 20 ft. or more: Ivs. blue-
green, crowded. Tropics of Old World.
SELENICfeREUS. Cactacese. Clambering, trail-
ing or climbing cacti, more or less epiphytic and
reaching the tops of trees, with aerial roots and
joints ribbed or angled, most of the species bear-
ing small spines: fls. large with long somewhat
curved tube which is commonly covered in the
axils of the scales with felt or hairs or bristles.
S. U. S. to Argentina. See Cadi.
These plants are among those known as night-blooming
cereus, raised under glass in cold countries and in the open
in froatless places. They aie readily grown, and old plants
bloom freely.
Boeckmannii (Cereus Boeckmannii). Sts. to % in. thick
and strongly angled; ribs 3-8; spines 3-6: fls. puie white
within and brownish outside, not scented, to 15 in. long.
Cuba, Ilispamola, E. Mex.
brevisplnus. Climbing or clambering, not much branched,
to 1]4 m. long; ribs 8-10, somewhat undulate; areoles
tawny; spines to jV m. long, radials about 12, centrals
3-4, usually cuived or hooked: fls. white, the outer segms.
yellowish, to 4 in. long. Cuba.
conifldrus (Cereus coniflorus). Climbing; ribs 5-6 and
wavy or knobby on edges; radial spines 4-6 and yellow;
central 1 and ]^ in. long. fls. white, yellow outside, to 10 in.
long. Mex.
Donkelaari (Cereus Donkelaan). To 25 ft. or more but
very slender, about % in. thick; nbs 0 or 10 and .sometimes
indistinct; spines 10-15, central 1: fls. white, reddibh out-
side, about 7 in. long. Yucatan.
grandifldrus (Cereus grandijlorus) . Sts. rather stout,
about 1 in. diam; ribs 7 or 8 or fewer; spines noodle-like
and intermixed with white hairs; fls. white, salmon outside,
about 7 in. long. Jamaica, Cuba. Var. armatus is said to
have longer spines. Var. T611ii has very slendor sts. about
l/i in. diam., ribs 4-5, fls. smaller than in type.
hamatus (Cereus hamatus. C. rostratus). Branches about
H in. thick, strongly 4-angled or seldom 3-angled, areoles
often forming spur-like reflexed processes; spines fow on
old branches and black: fls. white, pale green outside, to
10 in. long. S. and E. Mex.
hondurensis (Cereus hondurensis). Climbing, sts. % in.
diam.; ribs 7-10; spines % in. long and with many white
hairs or bristles: fls. white, yellow or brownish outside, 8 in.
long. Honduras, Guatemala.
Knuthianus. Sts. to 1 in. diam.; ribs 7-10, low; spines
brown, central 1 when present, radials 4, short and stiff:
fls. white within and reddish-green outside, to 10 in. long,
vanilla-scented. Cent. Amer.
Macdonaldiae (Cereus Macdonaldite). Old sis. terete,
about H in. thick, younger ones somewhat 5-arigled, several
and very short: fls. pure white, i eddish or yellowish on out-
side, to 12 in. or more long. Probably Uruguay and Argen-
tina.
Mallisonii: Aporocactus Mallisonii.
M&xonii: S. Urbanianus.
Mfirrillii. Ste. climbing, to 18 ft. long and 1A in. diam.;
Selenicereus
676
Sempervivum
ribs 7-8; spines 5-6 and minute: fls. white, greenish-yellow
outside, 6 in. long. Mex.
Nelsonii. Sts. climbing, much branched, to H in. diam.;
ribs 6-7, low, notched ; spines about 12, to Yt in. long, white
to yellow: fls. reddish-brown outside, to 8 in. long. Mex.
nycticallus: S. pteranthua.
pseudo-spinuldsus: not distinct from S. apinuloaua.
pteranthus (Cereus pteranthua. C. nycticallua) . Ste.
stout, to 1 or 2 in. thick, strongly 4-^-angled; spines 1-4,
dark: fls. very fragrant, white, 10-12 in. long. Mex.
spinuldsus (Cereus spinuloaus). Ste. 1-2 in. thick and
bearing many roots, commonly angled; ribs 4-6 or more:
spines very short, the radials 5 or 6 and with 2 reflexed
bristles at base, central 1 or 2: fls. pinkish to white, about
5 in. long. S. E. Tex., Mex.
triangularis: Hylocereua undatua.
Urbanianus (S. Maxonii). Ste. to 1^ in. diam., light
Cuba, Hispamola.
vagans (Cereua vagans). Ste. creeping and H in- diam.;
ribs aoout 10; spines numerous and short: fls. white, brown-
ish outside, 6 in. long. Mex.
viridic&rpus: listed name.
WSrcJclei. Ste. slender, branched, to % in. diam.; ribs
6-12, obtuse, low; spines absent: fls. bright red, to 6 in.
long. Costa Rica.
SELENIPfeDIUM. Orchidacex. Small genus of
trop. American orchids with 2 fertile anthers
borne on the side of the column, a large simple
inflated sac-like lip with entire incurved margins
and 3-celled ovary. Most of the plants cult, in
greenhouses under this name are now referred to
Phragmipcdium, probably no true Selenipediums
being generally known to hort.
SELF-HEAL: Prunella vulgaris.
SEliNUM (Sphenosciadium). Umbelliferx.
Coarse per. herbs of the northern hemisphere,
having pinnately decompound Ivs., involucre
of few Ivs.. involucels of numerous bracts, and
large umbels of white fls. ; differing from Angelica,
in part, in frs. with prominently winged ribs.
Propagated by seeds or division; adapted to
moist heavy soil.
capitellatum. To 5 ft., glabrous except infl.: Ivs. large,
with conspicuously dilated petioles, Ifte. coarsely lacmiately
lobed or toothed : umbels to 5 in. across, fls. pubescent. L.
Ore. to Nev. and Calif.
S&MELE. LUiacex. One shrubby vine from
the Canary Isls. suitable for greenhouse cult, or
out-of-doors in the S. S. andr6gyna (Danoe
androgyna). CLIMBING BUTCHERS BKOOM. Lys.
represented by scales, the apparent Ivs. being
leaf -like branches or cladodes to 4 in. long and 2
in. or more broad, ovate, leathery: fls. small,
yellow, borne in clusters on the margins of the
cladodes. Sometimes cult, as an Asparagus.
The name Semele is pronounced in three syllables.
SEMIARUNDINARIA. Graminex. Erect bam-
boo-like shrubs with sts. mostly round but
with the upper internodes flattened, Ivs. with
4-7 pairs of veins, If.-sheaths covered with stiff
smooth bristles at least on the apical end; differs
from Arundinaria in If.-sheaths falling, not per-
sistent.
fastudaa (Bambuaa, Arundinaria and Phyllostachys
faatuoaa. A. Narihira). To 40 ft., ste. hollow, marked with
purplish-brown: Ivs. to 7 in. long and 1 in. wide, shining
above, glaucous beneath, slightly pubescent. Japan.
SEMMANTHE. Aizoaceae. S. African some-
what woody branching plant once included in
Mesembryanthemum (which see). S. lacera (Af.
locerum) grows to 3 ft. high, with 2-angled
branches: Ivs. somewhat scimitar-shaped, sharply
3-angled, glaucous, toothed on keel, to 2 in. long:
fls. rose, 2 in. across, the inner petals short. The
name is pronounced, in three syllables.
SEMPERViVUM. HOUSELEEK. Crassulocex.
Succulent clustered per. herbs of the Old World,
usually without distinct trunk or caudex, with
thick Ivs. compacted into basal or terminal
rosettes, the st.-lvs. smaller, alternate and often
bract-like: fls. greenish, white, rose, yellow or
purple, in terminal usually compact cymes; parts
of the fl. 6 to many, the stamens two times as
many as the petals. Numerous names are known
in cult, but many of them represent variants or
hybrids of the few species, particularly of S.
tectorum. The species entered here are presum-
ably hardy in the northern states. The species
native in the Canary and Madeira Isls. are better
kept distinct, in the genera JSonium, Aichryson
and Greenovia, represented by plants grown in
the United States.
One houseleek, S. tectorum, is an old-fashioned plant
about houses and in borders, prized for ite durable rosettes
and the progeny of smaller ones. In European countries it
often grows on roofs, whence the Latin name (tectum, roof) ;
it is alpo somewhat escaped in this country. Other kinds
are useful in rock-gardens, spreading slowly. Propagation
is naturally by the small rosettes or offsete; they grow readily
from seeds when available, but some of them seldom bloom.
acuminatum: S. glaucum.
acutum: listed name.
admont6nse: name without botanical standing.
Albertii: Sedum Albertii.
albidum: a whitish form of S. tectorum.
Allionii (S. austriacum. S. hirautum). To 6 m.: rosettes
to 1 in. across, pale green, the Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, >£ in. long, incurved: fls. greenish- white, H in.
long. Alps.
alpestre: S. montanum.
alpinum: a var. of S. tectorum, but smaller, the green Ivs.
red at base. Alps, Pyrenees.
Anaca*mpseros: listed name.
androsacoldes: listed name.
angustifdlium. Hybrid between S. arachnoideum and
S. tectorum.
andmalum: a form of S. tectorum.
arachnoideum (S. aangumeum). COBWEB H. To 4 in.:
rosettes % in. across, the Ivs. connected by cobwebby
strands, tipped with long hairs: fls. bright red, 1 in. across,
in a dense few-fld. glandular panicle. Mte., S. Eu. Var.
glabrescens (S. Doelhanum, S. heterotrichum) is loosely
cobwebby. Var. L£ggeri (S. Laggert) is a larger form, with
rosettes twice as broad. Var. tomentdsum (S. tomentoaum,
S. Webbianum) has white-tomentose rosettes. Other vars.
listed are fimbriatum, hastipetalum, majus, minimum,
minus, rubrum and transalpinum. — S. jnhferum is a form
of S. arachnoideum or a hybrid between it and S. tectorum.
arbdreuxn: JEonium arboreum.
arenarium (S. comutum. S. Kochii). To 9 in.: rosettes
globular, the Ivs. reddish-brown on back: fls. pale yellow
tinted reddish outside, about ]4 in. long, petals tricuspidate.
Tyrol. — Plants grown under this name are likely to be a
form or hybrid of S. montanum.
arverne'nse (S. Boutignyanum). To 8 in.: rosettes 2^ in.
across, the Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, about 1 in.
long, with red-brown blotch at top: fls. pale pink, about
}i in. long, in panicle 3 in. long. France. — This plant is a
form of S. tectorum.
irvulum: listed name.
a ss f mile: S. Schlehanii; but the plant grown under the
name is likely to be S. tectorum.
atlanticum. To 1 ft.: rosettes to 3 in. across, the Ivs.
oblanceolate, cuspidate, to 1M in. l9ng, pale green: fls. pale
red, 1 in. across, in panicle 3-4 in. across. Morocco. —
Considered to be a subspecies of S. tectorum.
atropurpureum: listed name of no botanical significan ,e.
atr6rubens: listed name.
atroviolaceum: listed name.
austriacum: S. Alliomi.
Bantiftnum: listed name.
barb&ulum: name applied to the hybrid between S.
arachnoideum and S. montanum; this hybrid is aldo listed
as S. barbulatum and S. elegana.
Sempervivum
677
Sempervivum
barbulatum: another name applied to the hybrid between
S. arachnoideum and S. montanum.
Baulicinum: listed name,
blandum: S. Schlehanii. Var. variegatum is listed.
Boissieri. A form of S. tectorum: to 9 in. : rosettes 2 M in.
across, the oblanceolate cuspidate Ivs. tipped with red-
brown, about 1 in. long: fls. pale red, 1 in. across, in a close
small panicle.
Borisii: S. ciliosum.
Bourgeanum: listed name.
Boutignyanum: S. arvemense.
Braunii. To 9 in.: rosettes to 2 in. across, Ivs. obovate,
slightly cuspidate, glandular, to 1 in. long: fls. dull yellow,
with greeniah keels, to 1 in. across, in a close panicle to 4 in.
across. Tyrol. — To be regarded as a pale-fld. form of S.
montanum.
Brownii: presumably an erroneous spelling of the pre-
ceding.
caespitdsum: JEonium cxspitosum.
calcareum (S. calif ornicum) . To 1 ft.: rosettes 2 in.
across, the very glaucous Ivs. oblanceolate and cuspidate,
tipped with red-brown: fls. pale red, % in. across, in a
panicle 3-4 in. long. France. — A subspecies of S. tectorum.
calif6rnicum: S. calcareum.
canariense: JEonium cananense.
canescens: without botanical standing.
cant&bricum: listed name.
cantalicum: S. tectorum.
Chameedrys: listed name; probably not a Sempervivum.
Chavfnii: probably a hybrid.
ciliatum: dSonium ciliatum.
cilidsum (S. Borisii). Rosettes to 2 in. across, very
hairy, gray-green, the Ivs. oblong-oblanceolate, 1 in. long,
red on back when older: fls. gieenish-yellow, 1 in. across,
the infl. about 2 in. across. Bulgai ia.
ciner&scens: S. erythr&um.
Clayrmayianum: listed name.
Clusianum: probably a synonym of S. tectorum.
Com611ii: probably hybrid of S. tectorum and S. Wulfenii.
com p&c turn: S. tectorum.
Co6peri: listed name.
cornutum: S. arenarium.
crassicaule: listed name.
cuneatum: JEonium cuneatum.
debile: S. montanum.
decdrum: Momum decorum.
dich Sternum: Aichryson dichotomum.
Doellianum: S. arachnoideum var. glabrescena.
dolomiticum. Tufted, to 4J^ in.: rosettes dense, to 2 in.
across, the Ivs. obovate-lanceolate, }£ in- long, ciliate, tipped
red-purple: fls. rose-red with darker stripe and white dots,
1 in. across, the mfl. 1 ^ m. across. Alps.
dome'sticum: Aichryson domesticum.
Doramae: jEonium undulatum.
elegans: name applied to hybrid between S. arach-
noideum and S. montanum. Var. Lagged is listed.
erythrsfeum (S. cinerascens) . Tufted, to 8 in.: rosettes
wide open, 2 in. across, the Ivs. obovate, M in. long, purplish
densely covered with white hairs, densely ciliate: fls. red-
purple with white lines, 1 in across, the infl. 2 in. across.
Bulgaria.
Farreri: listed name.
fasciatum: listed name.
Fauconneitii (S. flavipilum, S. paeudo-arachnoideum).
To 8 in. : rosettes 1 H in- across, the oblanceolate Ivs. tinged
with red or purple, about % in. long: fls. bright red, 1 in.
across. Jura Mts. — Perhaps a hybrid of S. arachnoideum
and S. tectorum.
fimbriatum. To 10 in., glandular: rosettes 1 ^ in. across,
the oblanceolate Ivs. tipped with a tuft of hairs, outer be-
coming red: fls. bright red, 1 in. across, in open panicle.
Pyrenees, Tyrol. — Regarded as a hybrid between 8. arach-
noideum and S. Wulfenii.
FInchii: listed name.
flagellif 6rme. To 4 in. : rosettes 1 H in. across, the Ivs.
pale green, oblanceolate and pubescent, to % in. long: fls.
bright red, 1 in. across, glandular, nearly or quite sessile
in a dense head. Siberia. — The plant grown under this name
may be a form of 8. glaucum.
flavfpilum: S. Fauconnettii.
floribundum: listed name.
Funcldi. To 9 in. : rosettes 2 in. across, the Ivs. oblanceo-
late and cuspidate: fls. bright red-purple, 1 in. across,
glandular, in a panicle 2-3 in. across. S. Eu. — A hybrid;
but the plant passing under this name is probably S.
calcareum.
Funori: listed name.
Gaudinii: S. grandiflorum.
giganteum: listed name.
glaucum (S. acuminatum. S. Schottn). To 1 ft., sts.
hairy above: rosettes to 3 in. across, the oblanceolate Ivs.
glaucous with brownish spot at tip : fls. red, 1 in. across, in
panicles 2-3 in. long. Cent. Eu. — Probably a var. of S.
tectorum.
globtferum. To 1 ft.: rosettes to 3 in. across: fls. pale
yellow, to 1 in. across. Russia. — A dubious name; the plant
so called is apparently a form or hybrid of S. montanum.
glutindsum: dSonium glutinosum.
gnaphalium: sometimes applied to & arachnoideum.
Godchie: Monium Goochiae.
grand ifl drum (S. Gaudinii). To 8 in.: rosettes IJ^j in.
across, the obovate Ivs. pale green and pubescent, to 1 in.
long: fls. pale yellow, to 1 H m. across. European Alps.
Greenii. A form of S. tectorum but the plant in cult.
may be S. glaucum: to 6 in.: rosettes l^j in. across, the
oblanceolate glaucous Ivs. tipped with red-brown, to 1 in.
long: fls. pale red, H in. across, in small panicle. French
Alps.
Guillemotii: S. tectorum.
Hausmannii. To 6 in.: rosettes with Ivs. ciliate on mar-
gin and tipped with brown and a tuft of hairs: fls. rose-red.
Tyrol. — Probably hybrid of S. arachnoideum and S.
montanum.
Haw6rthii: Monium Haworthii.
heterdtrichum: S. arachnoideum var. glabreacens.
Heuffelii (S. patens"). To 8 in.: rosettes 2 in. across, the
Iva. obovate and cuspidate, with white-ciliate* margins and
upper part tinted red-brown: fls. pale straw-color, nearly
% m. long, in dense panicle to 3 in. across. Transylvania,
Greece.
Hillebrandtii: a form of S. hirtum with broader glabrous
st.-lvs. and grayish-green rosette-lvs.
hirsutum: S. Allionii.
hirtum. To 9 in.: rosettes 1J^ in. across, the obovate
Ivs. glandular-pubescent: fls. pale yellow, to % in. long, in
panicle to 4 in. across. S. Eu. Var. rarifdlium is listed.
hispfdulum: probably synonymous with S. montanum.
hfspidum: trade name; apparently a form or hybrid of
S. montanum.
Histori: listed name.
holochrysum: dSonium holochrysum.
Hodkeri: listed name.
houghifdlium: listed name.
Howardii: listed name.
Huteri. Hybrid with S. Wulfenii as one parent.
h^bridum: jEonium csespitosum.
jurat6nse: S. tectorum.
k&nswanii: listed name.
Kindmgeri. To 10 in.: rosettes open, to 2% in. across,
the Ivs. cuneate-oblong, 1 in. long, densely pubescent: fls.
, .
ivory- waxy, reddish at base,
across. Macedonia.
, .
in. across, the infl. to 4 in.
Kochii: S. arenarium.
L&ggeri: S. arachnoideum var.
LaH&rpei: trade name without botanical standing.
Lam6ttei: form of S. tectorum or hybrid from it.
lenellum: listed name.
lesurinum: S. tectorum.
leucaathum. To 8 in.: rosettes to 3 in. across, with Ivs.
numerous, crowded, erect in upper part, hairy, and puiple-
tipped: fls. to 1 in. across, 11-13-parted, with petals pale
yellow or greenish-yellow. Bulgaria.
Lmdleyi: ionium Lindleyi.
longifdlium: name of doubtful botanical status.
longobardum: name with no botanical standing.
L6wei: Monanthes brachycaulon.
xnagnfficum: listed name.
Malbyi: listed name.
Manrique&rum: ionium Manriqueorum.
Mettenianum. To 6 in. : rosettes to 2 in. across, the Ivs.
marbled and tipped with red-brown: fls. rose. Cent. Eu. —
Considered a form of S. tectorum.
minutum: S. tectorum.
modestum. Hybrid between & montanum and S.
tectorum.
Sempervivum
678
Senecio
Moggrtdgei. To 9 in.: rosettes 2 in. across, the long-
cuneate or oblanceolate Ivs. % in. long and tipped with
tufts of haiis fls. red, M m. across, calyx glandular. S.
Eu. — An offshoot of S. arachnoideum.
Mdleyi: hated name.
monstrdsum: lifted name.
montanum (S. alpestre. S. debile). To 6 in.: rosettes
compact, to 1M m. aeioss, Ivs. oblanceolate, cihate, to 1 in.
long: fls. bright mauvo-red or purplish, in a haiiy panicle
to 2 m. across. Alps, Pyrenees. Var. stiriacum has larger
rosettes and fls., the Ivs. tipped red-brown. Vars. flagel-
lif 6rme and pygnufeum are listed.
Morellianum. Hybrid of uncertain status.
Neilreichii: foim of S. hirtum with glabrous st.-lvs.
and very narrow rosette-lvs.
NSvii: listed name; possibly Sedurn Nevii.
nigrum: listed name.
n6bile: JEornum nobile.
obtusum: hoi t. name of no botanical standing.
<3llonii: trade name.
ornatum: S. 8chlehanii var. brunneifohum.
pallidum: S. tectorum.
parvifldrura. Probably a hybrid between S. montanum
and S. tectorum.
p&rvulum. Hybrid between S. montanum and S. tec-
torum.
patens: S. Heuffdn.
penicillatum. Hybrid between S. arachnoideum and S.
tectorum.
perca'raeum: JEonium percarneum.
Piedoyanum: listed name.
piliferum: see S. arachnoideum.
Pilosella. 'Hybrid between S. arachnoideum and 8.
tectorum.
Pfttonii. To 6 in.: rosettes 1*2 n>- across, the oblanceo-
late pubescent Ivs. blotched and tipped with light led: fls.
yellowish-white, in a dense hairy head. Styria.
P&melii. Hybrid between S. arachnoideum and S.
tectorum.
Pdtsii: listed name.
Pdwellii: listed name.
pseudo-arachnoideum: S. Fauconnettn.
pulchellum: /Konium spathulatum var. cruentum.
pumilum. To 4 in.: rosettes to 1 in. across, the Ivs.
pubescent: fls. bright rnauve-pui pie, 1 in. aeioss. Caucasus.
purpureum: listed name. Var. acutifdlium is also listed.
pyrenaicum. To 10 in.: rosettes 2 in. across, the Ivs.
glaucous tipped with reddish: fls. pale rose. Eu. — A form
of S. tectorum.
R&ngeri: listed name.
Reglnee-Amaliae: S. Schlehanii.
Requienii: S. tectorum.
rh&ticum. Hybrid between S. montanum and S. tec-
tor um.
rhodanicum: S. tectorum.
robustum: S. tectorum var.
rdseum. Hybrid between S. arachnoideum and S.
Wulfemi, with Ivs. light green and glabrous, but with a
tuft of woolly hairs at the tip. petals jellow with led lines
or reddish \\ith a yellow margin.
Royanum: a form of S. tectorum.
rubens: listed name.
rubicundum: S. Schlehanii.
rubrum: name without botanical status.
rupSstre: S. tectorum or a form of it; plants grown under
this name, however, are likely to be a form or hybrid of
8. montanum.
rupfcolum (S. Theobaldii. S. montanum X S. Wulfenii).
Rosettes to 2 in. across, Ivs. reddish at base: fls. pale green-
ish-yellow striped-with red. Tyrol.
ruthSnicum (S. Zelebon). To 12 in.: rosettes 1*4 in.
across, the Ivs. obovate and pubescent, short-cilia te : fls.
pale yellow, the petals about $$ in. long, filaments purple.
E. Eu.
sabaudum: S. tectorum.
sangufneum: S. arachnoideum.
Scherzianum: of no botanical standing.
Schlehanii (S. assimile. S. blandum. S. Reginx-Amalise.
S. rubicundum). To 6 in.: rosettes 4 in. across, the Ivs.
obovate, pale, neaily glabrous, to 1 in. long: fls. pale rose,
% in. across, calyx densely pubescent. Transylvania. Var.
brunneifdlium (8. ornatum) has Ivs. brown, red in winter.
Schnittspdhnii. Hybrid between S. arachnoideum arid
S. tectorum.
Sch6ttii. Hybrid between S. montanum and S. tectorum:
another Schottii is synonymous with S. glaucum.
sedifdlium: sEonium sedifohum.
Seguieri: name referable to Sedum dasyphyllum.
selaucum: listed name.
setdsum: listed name.
soboliferum. To 9 in. : rosettes 1 3 2 in. aci oss, Ivs. obovate,
to 1 in. long, the outer ones brown-tinged: fls. pale yellow,
in dense panicle to 4 in. across. Austria. — Plants so named
may be a form of 8. montanum.
spathulatum: ionium spathulatum.
specidsum: S. tectorum.
spindsum: listed name.
spinulifftlium: trade name of unceitain application.
Standsfieldii: listed name.
stenopetalum: unceitain name; peihaps a hybiid.
stiriacum: S. montanum var.
striatum: listed name.
subcicladanum: listed name.
Syleri: listed name.
tabulsef6rme: ionium tabulxforme.
tectdrum (8. cantahcum. 8. cornpactum. S. Guillemotii.
S. juratense. 8. lexunnum. 8. minutum. 8. pallidum. S.
Requienn. S. rhodanicum. S. sabaudum. S. xpecwsum).
COMMON OR ROOF HOUBKLEEK. HEN-AND-CHICKENS.
OLD-MAN- AND- Wo MAN. To 12 in.1 losettes 3-4 in. across,
with many cuneate-obovate cuspidate Ivs. to 3 in. long,
fls. pmk-ied, to 1 m. across, on secund curving hairy
branches, the petals mostly 12. Eu., Asia, variable; some-
what niri wild in U. S. Var. robustum has the rosettes to
G in. across and the Ivs. purple-tipped. Vars. m&jus,
mode stum, rubrum, violaceum, viol&scens, and viride
are listed.
tenellum: listed name.
tern&tum: listed name.
TheobAldii: S. rupicolum.
Thomayeri. Hybrid between S. arachnoideum and S.
tectorum, with dense rosettes and hairy Ivs.
Thompsonii. Hybrid between 8. arachnoideum and S.
tectorum.
Tissieri. Hybrid of uncertain parentage.
toment6sum: S. arachnoideum var.
tortudsum: Aichryson domesticum. Var. variegatum
is listed.
Tournef6rtii: listed name of no scientific standing; possi-
bly jEornum spathubitum.
trJste. A form of S. tectorum: to 1 ft.: rosettes to 3 in.
across, Ivs. oblanceolate and cuspidate, the upper part
of Ivs. led-brown: fls. bright red, 1 in. acioss, in panicle
to G in. long.
Tuscanii: listed name.
Umbilicus var. cheir&nthum: name without botanical
status; possibly may be applied to Umbilicus chrysanthua
which is Sedum chrysanthum.
umbrellum: name without botanical significance.
undulatum: jEonium undulatum.
V6rlottii. Hybi id between S. montanum and S. tectorum.
villdsum: Aichryson villosum.
violaceum: trade name of no botanical standing.
violascens: S. tectorum.
vulgaricum: listed name.
Webbi&num: S. arachnoideum var. tomentoaum.
Wolfii: listed name.
Wulfenii. To 9 in.: rosettes 2 in. across, Ivs. obovate
and cuspidate, slightly glaucous, ciliate, reddish at tip,
to 1 in. long: fls. pale yellow, in dense hairy panicle 2-3 in.
across. Cent. Eu.
Zelebori: S. ruthenicum.
SENEBIERA: Coronopus.
SENfiCIO (incl. Cineraria). GROUNDSEL. Com-
posite. Vast number of widely dispersed herbs,
shrubs and small trees, sometimes fleshy, with
alternate or basal Ivs. and solitary or clustered
heads of variously colored ray- and disk-fls.;
involucral bracts in 1 series, usually reinforced at
the base with shorter -bracts having a calyx-like
appearance but the margins not overlapping as
in Ligularia; pappus of soft whitish bristles.
Senecio
679
Senecio
A few herbaceous kinds are grown for flowers, foliage or
climbing habit. They are of easy culture. Practically
all the species may bo propagated by seed, the perennials
by division; stem- and root-cuttings may be employed.
S. mikanioides is easily increased by cuttings of the running
shoots. •
abrotanifdlius of lists is S. adonidifolius.
acanthifdlius: S. Cineraria.
aconitifdlius. Hardy per., tall: Ivs. palmately parted,
lobes somewhat toothed, heads small, pinkish-red, in loose
corymbs, of disk-fls. only. Amur, N. China.
adonidifdlius (S. abrotanifolius). Per. to 1M ft.: Ivs.
finely pmnately cut: heads small, brilliant orange, in a
compound corymb. S. Eu.
alatus. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to
1 ft. long, the petiole with broad toothed wings: heads
H m. long, in branched panicles. Himalayas.
antennariifdlius. Per. to 1H ft., white- woolly: Ivs.
mostly basal, oval to spatulate, to 2^ in. long, densely
white- woolly beneath and gieen above, upper Ivs. linear:
heads corymbose, to 1 in. across, ray-fls. golden-yellow.
Va. and W. Va.
arenarius. Ann., erect, to 1^ ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs.
variable, oblong to obovate, entire, toothed or 1-2-pmnati-
fid: heads several in lax corymbs, ray-fls. purple, disk-fls.
yellow, pedicels long. 8. Afr.
articulatus: Kleinia articulata.
aurantiacus (Cineraria aurantiaca). Per. to 1H ft.:
Ivs. oval, basal, with only a few linear st.-lvs.: heads orange-
red. Alps.
aureus. GOLDEN G. GOLDEN RAGWORT. Per. to 2 ft.:
basal Ivs. cordate-ovate, to 6 in. long, toothed, sometimes
tinged purple beneath; st.-lvs. pmnately cut. heads yellow,
% in. across, in coiymbs. Newf. to Fla. and Tex.
Balsamitae: S. pauper culus.
Bidwillii. Shrub to 5 ft , white-tornentose: Ivs. oblong,
to 2 in. long, leathery and thick: heads % in. across, in
corymbs, of disk-fls. only New Zeal.
Buchananii: S. elteagnifolius var.
canus. Tufted white-tomentose per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
obovute, to 5 in. long and 1 in. wide, entire or toothed: heads
Yi in. long, in cymes, lays yellow. B. C. to Neb.
centrop&ppus. Shrub to 10 ft., glabrous, much branched:
Ivs. bi oadly linear, to 3 in. long, ci owded at ends of branches,
sessile, entire: heads to \$ in. across, in small panicles at
ends of bianchlots forming a large corymbose panicle,
ray-fls. 4-G and scarcely longer than involucie, pappus-
bristles toothed and plumose. Australia.
Cineraria (Cineraria maritima. S. acanthtfolius).
DUSTY MILLER. Per. to 2}% ft., stiff, white-woolly: Ivs.
pmnately cut into oblong blunt segms.: heads yellow or
cream, to H m. long, in cynics. Medit. region. — Blooms
all seasons in favorable climates; hardy N. in protected
places; favorite for the white heibage. Var. aureo-margina-
tus, Ivs. bordered with oiange-yellow. For var. candidissi-
mus see S. leucostachya.
cinerascens (Kleinia cinerascens and tomentosa of hort.).
Per to 2 ft., woody at base, erect, white- woolly: Ivs. pin-
natifid, to 5 in. long, usually 2-4 lobes on each side, margins
levolute, often glabrate above: corymbs 3-8-headed, to
1/2 m. across. S. Afr.
clivdrum: Ligularia chvorum.
compactus. Shrub to 3 ft., much branched: Ivs. obovate,
to \Yi in. long, slightly toothed, white-tomentose beneath:
heads yellow, 1 in. across, in leafy racemes. New Zeal.
confusus. Glabrous vine or scandent shrub. Ivs. thickish,
narrowly ovate-acuminate, to 2 in. or more long, remotely
dentate, heads with piange or orange-red rays, % in. or
more across, in terminal clusters. Mcx.; cult, in the Rio
(haiide region.
crassissimus (Kleinia crassissima of hort.). Much
branched shrub to 2^ ft.: Ivs. broad-obovate, to 2% in.
long and 1 in. wide, entire or with few teeth, very thick and
fleshy: heads small, peduncled, ligules oblong. Madagascar.
cru£ntus (Cineraria cruenta). FLORISTS CINERARIA.
Short-stemmed woolly per.: Ivs. large, cordate-ovate,
undulate and toothed, fls. purple-red. Canary Isls. — The
supposed parent of the florists cineraria, perhaps hybridized
with other species, ita fls. more or less double, in white,
shades of blue, pink and red-purple. Cineraria stellata is of
more open growth, 2 ft., the fl.-heads single and smaller.
See Cineraria.
Ddria. Per. to 4 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oval-oblong, to 15 in.
long, toothed, glaucous: heads yellow. Eu.
Dor6nicum. LEOPARDS-BANE. Per. to 2 ^ ft., pubescent:
Ivs. thickish, ovate to lanceolate, to 7 in. long, toothed to
entire: heads orange or yellow, to 2% in. across, few. S. Eu.
Douglasii. Subshrub to 6 ft.? white-tomentose when
young: Ivs. linear or pinnate into linear lobes: heads yellow,
y^ in. long, in corymbs. Calif, to Tex. and Nev.
ekeagnifdlius. Shrub to 10 ft., yellowish-tomentose : Ivs.
obovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long, leathery: heads
M in. across, in panicles, of disk-fls. only. New Zeal. Var.
Buchananii (S. Buchananii) grows 4 ft. high and Ivs. to
2 in. long.
£legans (S. purpureus. Jacobjca elegans). PURPLE
RAGWORT. Ann. to 2 ft., sticky-hail y : Ivs. mostly oblong,
to 3 in. long, pinnately lobed or toothed: heads in loose
corymbs, rays purple or reddish, disk yellow. S. Afr. —
There are double vars. and with white, rose and crimson fls.
Flower-garden and conservatory plant.
filmed. Tufted per. to 8 in.: Ivs. spatulate-oblanceolate,
to 2 J4 m. long, toothed: heads }£ in. long, in cymes. Wash.
ensifdlius: trade name.
Fendleri. Per. to 1 ft., loosely woolly becoming glabrate:
Ivs. oblanceolate, to 2 in. long, pinnatifid, lobes rounded1
heads corymbose, about % in. across, ray-fls. yellow. New
Mex. to Colo, and Utah.
fibrilldsus. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, toothed: heads
yellow, % in. across, in racemes, of disk-fls. only. China.
ficoides: Kleinia ficoides.
F16ttii. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. mostly basal, oblong, to 5 in.
long, pinnate into cut-toothed begins.: heads \± in. long,
in coiymbs, rays dark yellow. Wash.
Fuchsii. Per. to 5 ft.: Ivs. oval to lanceolate, 6 in. long,
toothed, heads yellow, fragrant, \>i in. long, in corymbs. Eu.
glastif61ius. To 3 ft. or more, eiect: Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, to 3 m. long, glabrous, unequally toothed, lowci ones
stiongly decuirent: heads m corymbose panicles, to ^ m.
across, ray-fls. puiple. S. Afi.
grandiflorus. Per. to 5 ft. : Ivs. pinnate into linear sogms.:
heads with purple rays and yellow disk, in corymbs. S. Afr.
grandif&lius. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 11A ft. long,
wavy-toothed, tomeiitose beneath, heads yellow, in cymes.
Mcx.
GrSyii. Shrub to 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong or oblong-ovate, to
3 J'o in. long, leathery, wlute-tomentose beneath: heads
yellow, 1 in. across, in coiymbs to 5 in. across. New Zeal.
Harfordii. Per. to 1 \^ ft.: Ivs. to C in. long, pinnate into
lobed and toothed segms.: heads ^ in. acioss, in cymes,
lays bright yellow. Wash.
HSctori. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to
1 ft. long, crowded towaid end of braiichlcts, toothed to
pinnatifid, white-tomentose beneath: heads white, to 2 in.
across, in large corymbs. New Zeal.
Heritieri. Per. somewhat shrubby, about 1 ft.: Ivs.
suborbicular, to 1% in. broad, 5-7-lobed, white-woolly
beneath: heads mostly solitary, purple. Tcnenffe.
H until. Shrub or tree to 20 ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs.
elliptic-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire, heads >ellow, to
% in. acioss, in large panicles. Chatham Isls. (New Zeal ).
incanus. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. pinnately cut, white-woolly:
heads yellow, about }£ in- across, in corymbs. Alps.
Jacobeea. TANSY RAGWORT. Bien. or per. to 4 ft.: Ivs.
to 8 in. long, 2-3-pinnately cut: heads yellow, % in. acioss,
in many-fid, corymbs. Eu.; nat. in E. N. Amer.
jap6nicus: Ligularia japonica.
Kae'mpferi: Ligularia Kaempferi.
Kirkii. Shrub to 15 ft. high and 20 ft. across, occasionally
epiphytic: Ivs. linear-lanceolate to obovate, to 4^ in. long,
obtuse, entire or distantly serrate: heads to 2 in. wide, in
dense much branched corymbs to 3 ft. across, ray-fls.
pure white, recurved, disk-fls. yellow. New Zeal. ; not hardy N.
lanatifdlius. Per. to 10 m., branched and quite leafy:
Ivs. linear, pectinate-pinnatifid, the segms. wavy-toothed:
heads crowded, to ^ in. across, ray-fls. absent. Colo, to
Neb.
Le'debouri: Ligularia macrophylla.
Ieuc6stachys. Shiubby at base but herbaceous as usu-
ally grown fiom cuttings, white-tomentose: Ivs. pinnatifid
into linear lobes' heads in compound corymbs. Argentina. —
Known in cult, as S. Cineraria var. candidiasimus ; distin-
guished from S. Cineraria by less still habit and the numei-
ous very narrow If. -lobes; good plant for poich boxes.
lobatus. Ann. or bien., to 3 ft., often somewhat woolly.
Ivs. pinnately parted, with broad toothed Begins.: heads
yellow, with narrow rays. S. E. U. S. — The plant grown as
Cineraria lobata has slender very diffuse habit, and roundish
notched Ivs. S. Afr.
16ngipes. Per. or subshrub, erect: Ivs. fasciculate, nar-
rowly linear to filiform, acute, apically senate, margins
revolute: heads discoid, on long peduncles, usually 3-7 in
each cyme, mvolucral biacts 1-seriate, glandular. Pata-
gonia.
L^allii. Per. to 11A ft., pubescent: Iva. linear, to 10 in,
>ng, entire: heads yellow,
New Zeal.
long' entire: heads yellow, to 2 K in. across, in large corymbs.
~jwZeal.
macrophyllus (Jacobxa macrophylla). Per. to 4 ft.:
Senecio
680
Serenoa
lower Ivs. obovate-oblong, to 1J4 ft. long: heads yellow, in
compound cymes. Eu.
maritimus. A 8. African species not known to be in
cult.; material so listed may be S. Cineraria or Artemisia
Stelleriana.
mikanioldes. GERMAN IVY. Tall-twining: Ivs. ovate
with deep basal sinus, shaiply 5-7-angled: heads small,
yellow, in close clusters, of disk-fls. only. S. Afr. — Often
known erroneously as S. scandens; an old window-garden
and conservatory plant.
Monrdi. Shrub to 6 ft., white- tomentose: Ivs. oblong,
to \}A in. long, leathery, wa vy -margined : heads yellow,
to % in. across, in corymbs. New Zeal.
multibracteatus. Ann. to 1 1A ft. . Ivs. lanceolate, to 2 ^
in. long, with few coarse teeth: heads in long-stalked cor-
ymbs, rays purple, disk yellow. S. Afr.
nebrode'nsis. Ann. or bien. to 1M ft.: Ivs. pinnately cut:
heads yellow, to 1 in. across, in corymbs. Eu.
obovatus. Per. to 2 ft.: basal Ivs. obovate or oblong, to
4 in. long, wa vy- toothed ; st.-lvs. often pinnatifid: heads
yellow, ^ m. across, in corymbs. Me. to Fla. and Tex.
ovalis: Qynura auriculata.
palmatifidus: hort. name, probably for Ligularia jcv
ponica.
paucifl6rus: an uncertain name.
paupe'rculus (S. Balsamitie). BALSAM G. Per. to 1% ft.:
basal TVS. oblong, to 5 in. long, wa vy- toothed ; st.-lvs.
pinnately cut: heads yellow, to ^ in. across, in corymbs.
Newf. to B. C. and Neb.
Petasitis. VELVET G. CALIFORNIA-GERANIUM. Bold
per. to 8 ft.: Ivs. ovate or suborbicular, 9-13-lobed, to 8 in.
across, grayish-tornentose beneath: heads yellow, in ter-
minal many-headed panicles. S. Mex.
petrocallis. Per. to 4 in.: basal Ivs. nearly orbicular, to
% in. long: heads golden-yellow, H m. long, solitary or in
2s. Mts., Colo., Utah, Ida.
pseudaureus. Per. to 2^4 ft., glabrous: basal Ivs. broadly
ovate, to 2 in. long, obtusely serrate, long-petioled; st.-lvs.
oblanceolate-elliptic, to 33^ in. long, pnmati fid: heads
corymbose, to % in. across, ray-fls. bright yellow. New
Mex. to Calif, north to B. C. and S. D.
pulcher. Per. to 4 ft., white-cobwebby: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 10 in. long, thick, shallow lobed or toothed:
heads to 3 in. across, rays red-purple, disk yellow. Uruguay,
Argentina.
purpureus: S. elegana.
Purshiana. Per. to 8 in., densely tomentose: basal Ivs.
broadly spatulate, to 2 in. long, obtuse, entire: heads bright
'ellow, about % in. across, 2-10 in small cymes. Sask. to
i. C. south to Tex. and Utah.
remotifdlius. Shrub to 6 ft. : Ivs. to 5 in. long and 3 in.
wide, tomentose beneath : heads 1A in. across, in panicles to
G in. long, of disk-fls only. New Zeal.
re'ptans (Kleinia reptans of hort.). Plant with prostrate
rooting stolons to 3 in. long: Ivs. linear-oblong, to 1^ in.
long, cut-toothed: heads solitary, yellow. S. Afr.
Rfddellii. Per. to 3)4 ft., sts. glabrous, very leafy: Ivs.
pinnate, segms. linear-filiform, entire, glabrous: ray-fls.
about 12, light yellow, heads to !)-£ in. across. Neb. to
Wyo., Tex. and New Mex.
Rodriguezii. Ann. to 7 in. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to1 2 in.
long, obtuse, dentate, metallic-green above, purplish
beneath: heads short-rayed, to % in. across, rose-pink, in
2-3-headed lax cymes. Spain.
rotundif&lius. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. orbicular or
broad-oblong, to 5 in. across, thick and leathery, yellowish-
tomentose beneath: heads H in. across, in panicles, of
disk-fls. only. New Zeal.
saxifragoides. Per. to 1H ft.: Ivs. all basal, oblong-
orbicular, to 7 in. long, soft white-silky above when young,
long-petioled: heads corymbose, to IJa in. across, ray-
fls. yellow. New Zeal.
scandens. CLIMBING G. Woody, climbing to several ft.:
Ivs. ovate or oval-lanceolate, sometimes with a few divisions
at base of blade, toothed, grayish-green, pubescent: heads
yellow, in panicles. China. — See S. mikanioides.
scorzoneroides: Per. to 14 in., pubescent: Ivs. linear- or
ovate-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, entire: heads white, yellow
or pinkish, to 2 in. across, in large corymbs. New Zeal.
sibfricus: Ligularia sibirica.
spartioides. Per. to 2 ft., quite leafy: Ivs. linear, glab-
rous, entue. heads corymbose, to 1^ in. across, yellow.
Tex. to Ariz, north to Neb. and Wyo.
speciosus. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. obovate or lanceolate, to 7
in. long, toothed or lobed, glandular-hairy: heads bright
purple, 1 >2 m. across, in spreading corymbs. S. Afr.
stenoce'phalus: Ligularia stenocephala.
subscandens. Climbing herb: Ivs. to 4 in. long, pinnate
s
into oblong or ovate toothed lobes: heads ochre-yellow,
H in. long, in much branched cymes. Trop. Afr.
succulentus: Kleinia repens.
sylvaticus. Ann. to 1% ft.: Ivs. pinnately cut into linear
toothed lobes, white-hairy: heads yellow, in corymbs. Eu.
tangftticus. Per. to 7 ft. : Ivs. broadly ovate or triangular,
to 7 in. long, pinnately divided into toothed segms., pale:
heads yellow, veiy numerous in terminal pyramidal pan-
icles. W.China.
thapsoides. Per. or bien.: Ivs. oblong, wavy-toothed,
white-tomeritose beneath: heads ^ in. across, in racemes,
of disk-fls. only. Greece.
triangularis. Per. to 3 ft., leafy: Ivs. triangular, to 6 in.
long, toothed: heads H in. long, yellow, in corymbs.
Wash.
tropeeolif&lius (Kleinia tropscolifolia) . Per. to 1 ft.: basal
Ivs. orbicular, peltate, to 3 in. across, long-petioled, violet
beneath: heads in globose corymbs, rays yellow. Nyassa-
land.
tyroliensis: a listed name.
Veitchianus: Ligularia Veitchiana.
visc6sus. Ann. to 11A ft., sticky-hairy: Ivs. pinnate into
lanceolate segms.: heads yellow. Eu., W. Asia.
Visianus. To 2 ft., white- tomentose: Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, jagged-toothed, cobwebby above, densely tomentose
beneath: heads yellow, in panicles. Montenegro.
W6bsteri. Per. to 10 in., often woolly: basal Ivs. ovate
or oblong, to 5 in. long, toothed: heads solitary, ^ in. long.
Wash.
Wilsonianus: Ligularia WiUomana.
SENEGALIA: see Acacia.
SENNA: Cassia. Bladder: Colutea. Scorpion: Coronilla
Emerus.
SENSITIVE-PLANT: Mimosa pudica. Wild: Cassia
nictitans.
SEPAL: one of the separate leaves of a calyx.
SEQUOIA. Taxodiacese. Titanic evergreen
tree native in W. N. Amer., often becoming 300
ft. or more high and with immense boles, with
linear or scale-like Ivs. and drooping cones with
woody scales. For cult, see Conifers.
gigantea: Sequoiadendron giganteum.
sempervirens. REDWOOD. Lvs. linear, to 1 in. long,
mostly spreading in 2 ranks: cones to 1 in. long. S. Ore.,
N. and Cent. Calif, in the Coast ranges; to be planted,
outside its native regions, only far S. or in very mild climates.
Var. adpre'ssa has young Ivs. and tips of branchlets creamy,
var. glauca bluish Ivs., and var. p£ndula drooping branches.
Washingtoniana: Sequoiadendron giganteum.
SEQUOIADENDRON. Taxodiacese. Mpno-
typic genus of the western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada range in Calif., formerly treated as
belonging to the genus Sequoia, differing in Ivs.
uniform, ovate to lanceolate, appressed or
slightly spreading, winter-buds not scaly, cones
of 25-40 scales, and the seeds requiring two
seasons for the maturity of the embryos. There
are many other technical differences of the
floral structures.
gigantdum (Sequoia gigantea and Washingtoniana) .
GIANT SEQUOIA. Tree to 100 ft. or more, having trunk
many ft. in diam. and bark to 20 in. thick, narrowly pyram-
idal when young: cone ellipsoid, to 3^ in. long, very
hard and woody, remaining on the tree many seasons.
Trees have persisted in Cent. N. Y. to 30 ft. or more in
height in protected places, but are reliable only in the
central ana southern states. Var. aureum has yellow Ivs.,
var. glaucum bluish, and var. pendulum strong deflexed
branches forming a narrow column.
SERAPIAS: the name of a European genus of orchids,
formerly used for some members of Epipactia, which see.
SERENOA. SAW- or SCRUB-PALMETTO. Pal-
maceae. Hermaphrodite small fan-palm, S. C. to
Fla. and Tex., unarmed except for the numerous
fine saw-teetn on the slender petiole: spadix
axillary, much branched, usually surpassing the
petioles; fls. narrow-oblong in bud, fragrant;
stamens 6: fr. an ovoid or globose 1-seeded- black
drupe, I/<Z-ZA in. long. See Palm.
Serenoa
681
Shawia
arborescens: Paurotis Wrightii.
repens (Sabal and S. serrulata). Mostly with prostrate
or creeping branching sta. and making great masses or
colonies, sometimes the trunk erect and several ft. tall:
if. -blades 2-2 H ft. across, either green or glaucous, cleft
below the middle into 20 or more rather stiff segms. bifid
at apex. In its apparently acaulescent form it covers great
areas.
serrulata: S. rep ens.
SERICOCARPUS. Composite. Aster-like per.
herbs of N. Anier. with alternate Ivs. and panicled
heads of white ray-fls. and yellowish or purplish
disk-fls.; pappus of bristles. Sometimes trans-
ferred to the wild-garden or border.
asteroid es. To 2 ft.: Ivs. qbovate or oblong, toothed or
entire, to 4 in. long: heads % in. long. Me. to Fla. and Ala.
SERICOGRAPHIS: Jacobinia pauciflora.
SERICOTHECA: Holodiscus.
SERlSSA. Rubiacex. Shrub to 2 ft,, native in
S. E. Asia and grown under glass and in the open
far S. Propagated by cuttings over heat. S.
fdetida (S. japonica). Lvs. opposite, small and
clustered on flowering branchlets, ovate, to Yz in.
long, fetid when bruised: fls. white, to ^ in. long,
funnelform with 4-6-lobed limb, solitary or
clustered. Var. variegata has Ivs. margined with
yellow.
SERJANIA (orSeriania). Samndacex. Woody
twining or tendriliferous vines bearing alternate
mostly pinnate compound Ivs., yellowish irregu-
lar polygamous fls. in axillary racemes or panicles,
and winged frs.; sometimes grown in S. Calif,
and similar climates; native in trop. and semi-
trop. Amer.
fuscifdlia. Lvs. biternate into ovate toothed Ifts. rufoua-
pubescerit beneath: fr. ovate or elliptic, about % in. long.
Brazil.
glabrata. Lvs. biternate into ovate coarsely toothed
glabious Ifts.: fr. cordate-ovate, 1% in. long. S. Amer.
SERRADELLA: Ornilhopus sativus.
SERRAFALCUS HUGHH: Bromus intermedium.
SERRASTYLIS: Macradenia modesta.
SERRATE: saw-toothed.
SERRATULA. Composite. Per. herbs allied to
Centaurea: Ivs. alternate, toothed or cut: heads
purple, solitary or in corymbs, of disk-fls.; pappus
of hairs; native in the Old World. Sometimes
planted in the border.
nudicaulis. To 3K ft.: Ivs. oblong or oval, entire or
toothed below, heads solitary. Eu.
tinctdria. To 3 ft.: Ivs. variable, deeply pinnatifid or
sometimes entire: heads about Yz in. long, in loose corymbs.
Cent. Eu.
SERVICE-BERRY: Amelanchier. -Tree: Sorbus do-
mestica and torminalis.
SESAME: Sesamum orientate.
SfiSAMUM. Pedaliacese. African and Asian
herbs with often rough foliage, 5-lobed 2-lipped
tubular fls. solitary in the axils, and capsular frs.;
one species grown for the seeds which yield bene
oil. In the N. grown as an arm. from seeds; some-
times raised under glass for interest.
alarum. To 3 ft. erect, branched: lower Ivs. long-petioled,
blades palmately divided into 3-5 segms. or Ifts., latter
linear-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, acute, entire, mealy-glandu-
lar below, upper Ivs. entire, linear to lanceolate, petioles
short: fls. pink to carmine with dark spots in throat, to 1
in. long: caps. lJi-2 in. long, finely pubescent, seeds
winged. Trop. Afr.
capense. To 6 ft.: Ivs. all palmately 3-5-foliolate, Ifts.
obovate-oblong to linear, to 2^ in. long, obtuse, entire,
nearly glandular on both sides: fls. violet outside, darker
within, to 1^ in. long: caps, to 1$£ in. long, seeds winged.
Prop, and 8. Afr.
fadicum: S. oriental*.
orientale (S. indicum). SESAME. To 2 ft., pparingly and
finely pubescent: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
sometimes 3-lobed: fls. pink or white, 1 in. long, with
shorter upper lobes: caps. 1 in. or more long, with 4 grooves,
seeds not winged. Tropics.
SESBANIA (Sesban). Leguminosx . Herbs or
shrubs with pinnate Ivs., papilionaceous fls. in
axillary racemes, and long compressed pods;
grown for ornament in warm climates and one
for cover-cropping.
aculeata: S. bispinosa.
bispindsa (S. aculeata). To 10 ft., prickly: Ifts. to H in.
long: fls. pale yellow spotted with reddish-brown, m ra-
cemes to 6 in. long: pods 8 in. long. Tropics.
femerus (S. macrocarpa). Subshrub to 10 ft., sts. some-
what angled: Ifts. 24-50, apex obtuse, to 1^ in. long: fls.
yellow, to % in. long, standard bpotted daik purple and
% in. wide or more: pods to 8 in. long. Fla., Cent. Amer.
arid W. Indies.
exaltata. Ann. to 12 ft., sts. mostly terete: Ifts. 30-70,
apex mucronate, to 1 in. long: fls. yellow, % in. long or less,
standard % in. wide or less: pods to 9 in. long. Mo. to La.
and probably S. Calif, to Mex. — Sometimes employed as
green-manure crop. Some of the material grown as *S.
macrocarpa may belong here.
grandifldra: Agati grandiflora.
macrocarpa: S. Emerus.
punfcea: Daubentonia punicea.
Tripetii: Daubentonia Tripetii,
SESSILE: not stalked; sitting.
SET ARIA (Chsetochloa). Graminess. Ann. and
per. grasses distributed in warm regions, one a
valuable grain and fodder plant and a few others
ornamental: spikelets subtended by persistent
bristles longer than the spikelet, borne in ter-
minal spike-like panicles. See Grasses.
italica (S. macrochxta. Panicum germanicum). FOXTAIL
MILLET. Ann. to 5 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. or more long and 1 in.
wide, rough: spikes to 1 ft. long and 2 in. across, curved or
nodding, the bristles green, brown or purplish: fr. yellow,
brown, red or black. Cultigen but widely spiead. Var.
nigrofructa, HUNGARIAN-GRASS, has brown bristles, dense
spikes to 3 in. long, and nearly black frs. Var. rubrofructa,
SIBERIAN and TURKESTAN M., has purple bristles and
reddish or orange fr. Var. stramineofructa, GERMAN and
GOLDEN WONDER M., has very large spikes and yellow fr.
macrochafeta: S. italica.
nlgra: listed name.
palmifdlia (Panicum palmifolium) . PALM-GRASS. Per.
to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 3 in. wide in middle, plicate:
panicles to 2 ft. long, open and interrupted. E. Indies.—
Often grown in greenhouses and in the open far S. There is
a form with striped Ivs.
plica ta (Panicum plicatum. P. excurrens). Often con-
fused with S. palmifolia but the Ivs. are smaller, to 8 in.
long and H m. wide, and the panicles narrower.
Poiretiana. Tufted per. several ft. tall: Ivs. to l}4 ft.
long and 1 m. wide, strongly plicate: panicles to 2 ft. long,
narrow, branches ascending. Mex. to Brazil.
sulcata (Panicum sulcatum). Similar to S. Poiretiana
but taller with larger Ivs. and more open panicles, the
branches drooping. W. Indies to Ecuador.
SEVEN STARS: Ariocarpus retusua.
SEVERlNIA. Rutacese. S. buxifdlia (Atalantia
buxifolia, Triphasia monophylla), the only species,
native in S. China and Formosa, is an ornamental
spiny shrub or small tree, suitable also for
hedges far S.: Ivs. simple, ovate-oblong and
rounded or emarginate at apex, petiole very
short: fls. small, white, solitary or few in axils;
stamens 10, not united: fr. a globular berry,
shining black, about % in. diam.
SHADBUSH: Amelanchier.
SHADDOCK: Citrus maxima; see Citrus Fruits (page
183).
SHALLOT: see Onion.
SHALLT7: Sorghum vulgare var. Roxburghii.
SHAWIA: Olearia.
Sheath
682
Sidalcea
SHEATH: any long or more or less tubular structure
surrounding an organ or part; as the sheath of a grass leaf,
being ita lower part.
SHEEP-BERRY: Viburnum Lentago.
SHEEPS-BIT: Jasione perennis.
SHELL-FLOWER: Alpinia speciosa, Molucdla Isevis.
SHEPHERDIA (Leparyyrea) . Elxagnaccae.
Shrubs or small trees of N. Arner. with brown or
•silvery scales, having opposite simple lys., small
yellowish dioecious fls., and drupe-like frs.;
grown for ornament and S. argentea for the frs.
which are made into jelly. Adapted to dry
rocky soils. Propagated by seeds sown in fall or
stratified.
argentea. BUFFALO-BERRY. To 18 ft., thorny: Ivs.
oblong, silvery on both sides : fr. red or yellow in var.
xanthocarpa. Man. to Minn, and Kans.— Sometimes grown
for itH edible frs. and as a hedge plant in the Northwest,
valuable for its great hardiness.
canadensis. To 8 ft., thornless: Ivs. ovate or oval,
silvery beneath: fr. red or yellow. Newf. to Alaska and
south. Var. rubra, fr. red, Var. xanthocarpa, fr. yellow.
SHERWOODIA: Shortia galacifolia.
SHIBATjfeA. Graminede. Bamboo-like shrubs
having much flattened zigzag nearly solid sts.;
differs from Phyllostachys in its ovate-oblong to
ovate-lanceolate petioled Ivs. and shorter irreg-
ular sts.
kumasaca (Phyllostachys kumasaca, ruscifolia and
viminalis. Bambusa kumasaca and viminalis). To 6 ft.,
sts. much flattened1 Ivs. to 5 in. long and 1 in. wide, shining
above, slightly glaucous beneath. Japan.
SHIELDWORT: Peltarta.
SHINLEAF: Pyrola. One-flowered: Monesea uniflora.
SHOO-FLY PLANT: Nicandra Physalodes.
SHOOTING-STAR: Dodecatheon.
SH(5RTIA. Diapensiaceiv. Evergreen stemless
herbs with creeping rootstocks, basal Ivs., bell-
shaped nodding fls. solitary on slender scapes,
and capsular frs.; somewhat like Galax.
Shortias are grown in rock-gaidcns and similar places.
They should be planted in shady situations and require
leaf-mold and humus. Propagated by division and runners.
californica: Uaena anslata.
ilicif61ia: S. soldanell aides var.
soldanelloldes (Schizocodon soldandloides) . FRINGED
GALAX. FRINGE-BELL. Alpine, to few in. high: Ivs. round,
coarsely toothed: fls. deep rose, white or blush toward
edge, trio corolla-lobes funged, 1 in. across, 4-6 on a scape.
Japan. Var. ilicifdlia (S. ihcifolia) has larger and fewer
teeth on the If.-rnargms.
unifldra. NIPPON-BELLS. Differs from S. galacifolia in
the more heart-shaped and deeply wavy-margined Ivs.
Japan. Vai . grandifl&ra has larger fls.
SHRIMP-PLANT: Beloperone guttata.
SHRUB: a woody plant that remains low and produces
shoots or sterna from the base and not a single trunk;
contrast to tiee, among woody plants; bush.
SEBBALDIA. Rosaccx. Low tufted perennials
allied to Potentilla, with alternate Ivs. of 3 Ifts.
and small yellow fls. in cymes; adapted for alpine-
gardens and hardy.
procumbens. To 4 in.: Ifts, wedge-shaped, to % in. long,
3-o- toothed at apex: fls. }£ in. across. Arctic and alpine
regions, N. Amor., Eu., Asia. Var. grandifldra is listed.
SIBBALDIOPSIS: Potentilla tridentata.
SIBIR&A. Rosacex. Deciduous shrubs once
included in Spiraea, having alternate entire Ivs.,
small unisexual fls. in terminal panicles, and fr.
of 2-seeded follicles united at oase; native in
Asia and S. E. Eu. Propagated by seeds or
layers.
lasvigata (Spirsea Ixvigata). To 5 ft: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in.
long, bluish-green: fls. greenish- white, in panicles to 5 in.
long. Siberia; hardy N.
SIBTH6RPIA. Scrophidariacex. Creeping per.
herbs with orbicular-reniform Ivs. and yellow,
yellowish-rose or red fls. with short tube and 4r-
8 corolla-lobes; grown as a ground-cover in the
greenhouse or out-of-doors in mild climates.
africana: S. europxa var.
europ&a. Very slender trailer: Ivs. to }4 in.
7-9-lobed : fls. small, the 2 upper lobes of jjorofia yel
across,
yellowish,
the 3 lower pink. Moist shady places, England, France,
Spain, Portugal. Var. africana (S. africana) differs m being
more hairy, in the slightly larger all yellow or purplish fls.
Trop. Afr. Var. variegata has bright golden-green Ivs.
SIC ANA. CucurbiiacesB. Tendril-bearing monoe-
cious American vines, probably more than a
single species, per. but grown as an ann. in this
country for its ornamental fragrant fr. which is
also edible: fls. solitary, yellowish, corolla 1 in.
or less long.
odor if era. CURTJBA. CABSABANANA. To 40 ft. and more :
Ivs. nearly orbicular and several-angled or -lobed, to 1 ft.
across: fr. long-oblong and nearly cylindrical, to 2 ft. long,
orange-ci imson and scented. S. Amer. — Somewhat grown
in the Gulf regions. Benincasa hispida is sometimes con-
fused with Cassabanana.
SfCYOS. Cucarbitac€3s. Ann. tendril-bearing
monoecious vines of Amer. and Australasia, one
of which is sometimes grown as a screen: fls.
small, white or greenish, mostly in fascicles: fr.
small, indehiscent, usually spiny.
angulatus. BUK- or STAR-CUCUMBER. To 20 ft. or more,
with hairy petioles and peduncles. Ivs. cordate-orbicular,
sharply angled or lobed. fr. about Yi in. long, spiny, 1-seeded,
in clusters. E. Canada and U. S. — Likely to become a weed.
SID A. Malvaceae. Herbs or shrubs of wide
distribution and mostly of warm climates: allied
to Abutilon and Malvastrum, differing from the
former in seeds solitary in each carpel and from
the latter in the bracteate involucel wanting.
One species may be cult.
cordifdlia. Woody per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate to suborbicular,
to 4 in. long, crenate-dentate, velvety, cordate: fls. tawny-
yellow, to % m. across. Trop. Amer.
hermaphrodita. VIRGINIA-MALLOW. Per. to 12 ft.: Ivs.
palmately 3-7-lobed, to 6 in. across, lobes acuminate,
toothed: fls. white, to nearly 1 in. across, in umbellate
corymbs on slender pedicels: fr. composed of 10 one-seeded
carpels. Woods and river banks, Pa. to Ohio, south to
Va. and Tenn. — The plant offered as S. Abutilon probably
belongs here although the name is botanically a synonym
of Abutilon Theophrastn.
SIDALCEA. Malvaceae. Per. and ann. herbs
(ours per.) with alternate palmately lobed or
divided Ivs., purple, pink or white fls. in terminal
spikes or racemes, and 5 or more carpels separat-
ing at maturity; native in W. N. Amer. Of easy
cult, in the per. border. Propagated by seeds or
division. Garden hybrids are reported.
calif6rnica: S. malvaeflora var.
camp6stris. To 4 ft.: basal Ivs. orbicular, 9-lobed, st.-lvs.
with linear segms.: fls. rose or lilac, to % in. long. B. C.
to N. Calif.
Candida. Per. to 3 ft., nearly or quite glabrous: radical
Ivs. broad and crenate or bluntly lobed, upper Ivs. 6-7-
parted: fls. white, to M in- Icmg* in racemes. Rocky Mts.
grandifldra: hort. name.
Henderson!!. To 3 ft.: 1 vs. . orbicular, 5-7-lobed into
toothed segms.: fls. deep rose, 1 in. long. B. C. to Ore.
hybrida: hort. name.
Listeri: S. malvse flora var.
malvaefldra. CHECKERBLOOM. Per. to 2 ft. with erect or
somewhat decumbent branches: lower Ivs. crenate or lobed,
• - • • ,arte: fls. rose, to IK in.
atropurpurea has
_ , and Listeri has
satiny pink fls.
Sidalcea
683
Silene
Murrayina: S. spicata.
neo-mericana. To 8 ft.: basal lys. orbicular, to 4 in.
across, 5-9-lobed, st.-lvs. divided into linear or oblong
Begins.: fls. lilac varying to rose or white, to % in. long.
New Mex. to Wyo.
nervata. Believed to be only an eastern form of S.
oregana and by some authorities tieated as a synonym:
plants from the extreme eastern limits differ from S.
oregana in being glabrous or nearly so, the lobed lower Ivs.
and much larger fls. to 1 ^ in. across. Wyo., Utah. — Plants
cult, as S. malvseflora may belong here, also the form known
as Rosy Gem.
oregana. Per. to 5 ft., pubescent: lower Ivs. toothed or
slightly lobed, upper cleft into lanceolate or linear parts:
fls. rose-pink, ^ in. long, in dense spikes. Ore. to Calif.
parvifldra. Per. to 4 ft., glabrous to somewhat pubescent:
Ivs. palmately toothed or divided: fls. rose, J£ in. long, in
long slender racemes. S. Calif. — Probably not now in cult.
rdsea: hort. name, perhaps for garden form of S. mal-
vseflora.
spicata (S. Murrayana). Per. to 4 ft., pubescent or
hirsute: Ivs. crenately lobed to parted: fls. purplish, H in«
long, in dense spikes. Calif.
SIDERANTHUS. Compositse. Ann. or per.
herbs of the Ericameria kind, with alternate Ivs.
and yellow heads of ray- and disk-fls. ; pappus of
bristles.
&nnuus. Ann. to about 1 H ft.» glandular-pubescent: Ivs.
oblanceolate, dentate, to 2H in- long: heads corymbose,
to 1 M in. across, ray-fls. light yellow. Neb. to Tex.
phylloce'phalus. Ann. to 2 ft., sis. pubescent, usually
diffusely branched: Ivs. pinnatind or entire, segms. or
teeth bristle-tipped: fls. brownish-orange or dull yellow,
in heads to 2 in. across. Sandy beaches, Tex. and N. Mex. —
Xanthisma texanum has been grown under this name.
rubigindsus (Haplopappus rubiginosus). Ann. to 3 ft.,
sts. sticky-pubescent: Ivs. simple, oblong to lanceolate,
remotely dentate: fls. yellow, to nearly I in. across. Tex. —
Some of the material in cult, may be S. annua.
spinuldsus. Per. to 1 H ft. : Ivs. about 1 in. long, pin-
natind into linear or oblong toothed or cut segms.: heads
clustered, ^ in. acioss. Sask. to N. Mex.
SIDERiTIS. Labiatse. Herbs or shrubs with
entire or toothed Ivs. and small yellowish 2-
lipped fls. in clusters or spikes; native in Medit.
region arid Asia; sometimes grown in per. border.
eubcfea. White- tomentose : Ivs. oblong: fls. in cylindrical
spikes. Greece.
hyssopif&lia. To 8 in., subshrubby: Ivs. oblong, incised-
dentate, usually hairy: fls. with 5-toothed calyx, usually in
verticillate whorls, rarely forming a spike. S. Eu.
Hban6tica. Subshrub, sts. glabrous, to 1H ft.: Ivs.
pbovate to lanceolate, serrate, glabrous to hairy: fls. yellow,
in whorls of 4-8, calyx mucronate. S. Eu.
SIDEROCARPUS: Ebenopsis.
SIDEROXYLON. Sapotacex. Trees or shrubs
of the tropics, extending into S. Fla., with alter-
nate leathery Ivs., small 5-lobed fls. in clusters
and fr. a berry; one species cult, in S. Calif.
costd turn: S. novo-zelandicum.
ndvo-zelandicum (S. costatum). Tree to 45 ft.: Ivs.
obovate, to 4 in. long, shining: fr. 1 in. long. New Zeal.
SIEVERSIA: Geum.
SIGMATOSTALIX. Orchidaceae. Low herbs na-
tive in Cent, and S. Amer., with small 1-2-lvd.
pseudobulbs and small fls. in racemes or panicles,
the sepals and petals similar, the lip with long
claw. See Orchids for cult.
radicans. Lvs. to about 7 in. long and Y% in. wide: infl.
few- to several-fid., racemose; sepals and petals greenish-
white; lip white with yellow callus. Nov.-Mar., Aug.
Brazil.
SILfeNE. CATCH^LY. CAMPION. Caryophyl-
laceae. Erect, tufted, decumbent or more or less
climbing ann. and per. herbs with red, pink or
white fls. in cymes or solitary blooming in the
summer, a few well into autumn; of wide dis-
tribution over the world. The name Silene is
pronounced in three syllables.
A few species are cultivated in rock-gardens and borders.
The culture is very simple. If the seeds of the annual kinds
are sown in the fall, much earlier bloom is secured the fol-
lowing spring. The perennials are increased by seeds,
division or cuttings.
acaulis. CUSHION PINK. Moss CAMPION. Moss-like
tufted per. to 2 in. high: Ivs. linear, to }$ in. long: fl&. reddish-
purple, M in. across, solitaiy, May-Aug.; petals entire or
slightly notched. Eu., N. Amer. Var. llba has white fls.
Var. carminea is listed. Var. exscapa, fls. pale pink. Var.
n6rdica has darker fls. than the type. Var. pedunculata is
listed as having long-stalked fls. Var. saxatihs is listed.
&lba (S. mvea). Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in. long:
fls. white, yellowish beneath, % in. across, few or solitary,
June-July; petals 2-lobed; calyx inflated. Pa. to Neb.
alb&nica: name of unknown botanical standing.
alpestris (Hehosperma alpestre). ALPINE CATCHFLY.
Per. to G in., more 01 less sticky: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls.
glistening white, about l/i in. across, in panicle**, June-
Aug.; petals 4-lobed. Mts. of Ku. Var. fldre-pldno has
double fls. Var. grandifldra lias larger fls. Var. rdsea is
listed as having rose-pink fls.
alpina: confused name.
antirrhtaa. Ann. to 2 )$ ft. : Ivs. oblanceolate, to 2 in.
long. fls. pink, H in. across, in loose panicles. N. Amer.
— A weedy plant.
Armeria. SWEET WILLIAM CATCHFLY. Ann., erect, to
2 ft., glaucous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. pink
or rose, to % m. across, m terminal compound cymes,
July-Sept.; petals slightly lobed at tip. S. Ku.; escaped in
U. S. Var. alba has white fls. Var. splendida is an impiovcd
form.
Asterias. Per. to 4 ft., rather sticky: Ivs. lanceolate to
oblong, 4-5 in. long: fls. purple, in nmny-fld. head-like
cymes 1 in. across; calyx reddish; petals entire. Macedonia,
Rumania. Var. grandifldra, to 3 ft., fls. enmson-scurlet,
in globose heads, July-Aug. Balkan Mts.
auriculata. Per. to 6 in., sticky-pubescent above, not
much branched: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, short, acute, densely
ciliate: fls. rose-red, usually only 1-3; petals bind. Greece.
Behen. Ann. to 11A ft.: Ivs. obovate, acute: fls. pink,
very small, in cynics, the petals narrowly and deeply lobed.
Asm Minor.
Benoistii. Ann. to 1 ft., pilose to puberulous but not
glandular: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, pctioled to sessile,
pubescent, margins somewhat crisped: fls. yellowish -green
outside, purplish within; petals with 2 oblong-linear lobes;
pedicels erect, to ^2 ln long, pilose to densely puberulous:
pods ovate, to y§ in. long. Algeria.
B6rgeri: 6'. regia.
B6nnettii: S. pendula var.
brachype'tala: S. nocturna.
calif omica (Melandnum calif ornicum) . Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs.
ovate or oblanceolate, to 3}2 in. long: fls. crimson, to
\Y± in. across; petals deeply 4 -lobed. Calif , Ore.
Campanula. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. white
tinned red beneath, % in. long, solitary or m 2's; petals
2-parted. Mts. of S. Eu.
caramanica. Per. to \l/i ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls.
large, solitary, July; petals 2-parted. Asia Minor.
carol iniana (S. pensylvamm. Mtltindrium pensylvanicum).
WILD PINK. Per. to 10 in., sticky-hairy: Ivs. spatulate or
lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. rose or white, 1 in across, in
terminal cymes, Apr.-June; petals notched E. N. Aiuer.
chloraef&lia. Per. to 2 ft., woody at base. Ivs elliptic,
about 1 in. long, the upper cordate: fls. white turning
reddish, large, in loose paincled cymes, May-June; petals
2-lobed. W. Asia.
chlor&ntha. Erect per.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: fls.
greenish-yellow, nodding, in panicles; petals 2-parted.
Asia Minor.
compacta (S orientalis). Bien. to 2 ft., glaucous: Ivs.
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in. long: fls. pink, in dense
sessile heads to 3 in. across, the upper Ivs. forming an
involucre, July; petals entire. E. Eu., Asia Minor.
c6nica. Ann. to 2 ft., canescent-hairy but not sticky: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, acute, to 1^2 in. long, sessile: fla. rose to
Eurple, to % in. across, few in open cymes. Eu; escaped
'om cult, in N. E. U. S.
conoidea. Ann. to 1 ft.: lys. lanceolate: fls. pink, small,
in cymes; petals entire or slightly notched. S. Eu. to W.
Asia.
Correvoniana: hort. name for plant said to be of tufted
habit and having small rose-pink fls.
erotica. Ann. to 3 ft., villous-pubescent at base to sticky-
glandular above: Ivs. obovate-oblong to linear-subulate:
fls. purplish-red, in erect few-fld. panicles; petals deeply
lobed; calyx glabrous. W. Asia, riat. in Eu and N. Afr.
Cucubalus (S. venosa. S. inflata). BLADDKK CAMPION.
Silene
684
Silene
Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate: fls. white, in loose
panicles; petals 2-lobed; calyx inflated. Eu., Asia.
dianthif&lia. Per. to 0 in., densely tufted: Ivs. narrow-
linear, to 1 in. long: fls. solitary or in 2's, petals 2-parted
above middle. Asia Minor.
dichotoma. Branching pubescent ann. or bien. to 2 ft.:
Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. white, to K in. across,
sessile, in inany-fkl. paired racemes, summer; petals 2-
parted to middle or more. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
dinarica. Per. to 2 in., tufted: Ivs. linear, to H ia» long:
fls. solitary, rose, the petals 2-cut. Carpathian Mts.
Drummondii of the trade lists may be S, Scouleri.
£legans. To 8 in.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 2 in. long:
fls. usually in 2's; petals 2-lobcd. Portugal.
EHzabethise (Melandrium Elizabethise) . Per. to 6 in.,
tufted, sticky-pubescent: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, to 3 in.
long: fls. rose or rose-purple, lf£ in. across, in panicles;
petals 2-lobed Italy.
Fabaria. Erect, to 3 ft.: Ivs. fleshy, obovate to elliptic-
lanceolate: fls. in branching cymes, June; petals 2-parted to
base. Asia Minor.
flav6scens. Tufted per. to 8 in., yellow-pubescent: Ivs.
lanceolate: fls. bright yellow, large, solitary or in 2's; petals
2-parted. S. E. Eu.
Fortunei. Per. to 3 ft., woody at base: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate: fls. rose or white, H in. °r more across, the
calyx-tube to 1 in. long, solitary or in short racemes, Sept.;
petals 2-parted with cut lobes. China.
frigida: hort. name, probably for Lychnis apetala.
Frivaldskyana OS', tinctn). Per. to 2}£ ft. or more,
glaucous: Ivs. narrowly spatulate to linear-lanceolate, to
5 in. long, acute, clasping at base: fls. cream-colored to
white, in short-pedicelled pairs on erect spikes. Greece.
fruticdsa. Per. to ll/i ft., woody at base: Ivs. obovate to
linear-lanceolate, shining above: fls. red or rose, in dense
panicles; petals 2-lobed. S. Eu., Asia Minor.
fruticuldsa. Low per.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. whitish, soli-
tary; petals 2-parted. Medit. region.
gallica (S. sylvestris). Ann. to 15 in., erect or ascending,
glandular-hairy: lys. oblong-spatulate to linear-subulate:
fls. white to rose, in axillary spikes, petals entire or emar-
ginate. Old World.
gigantSa. Tall per.: lower Ivs. tufted, obovate, tomen-
tose: fls. white, in many-fld. panicles; petals 2-parted.
S. E. Eu.
glauca. Ann. or bien. to 6 in.: Ivs. lanceolate to linear:
fls. small, usually in 2's; petals 2-lobed. Medit. region.
greeca: *S'. pendula,
grandis. Per. to 2 ft., very leafy: Ivs. roundish-ovate,
clasping, to 3 in. long: fls. pink, % in. across, in clusters;
petals unequally 4-lobed. Calif.
Hayekiana. Per. to 15 in., much branched, glabrous: lys.
linear, acute, to \^A in. long: fls. white to pale pink, to Y± in.
across; petals deeply 2-lobod. Balkan regions to Crete.
Hodkeri (Melandrium Hookeri). Per. to 5 in.: Ivs.
obovate, to 2 in long: fls. white or pink, to 2 in. across,
solitary, deeply 4-parted and fringed. Calif., Ore. Var.
rdsea is the pink-fld. form.
inflata: S. Cucubalus.
tngramii (Melandrium Ingramii). Per. to 1 ft., white-
hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 3H in. long: fls. solitary or in
2's, violet to purple, to 1 ^4 in. across; petals usually 4-lobed.
Ore.
italica (S. ocymoides. S. viscosissi ma) . Branching,
hairy: Ivs. oblong to linear: fls. white, in panicles, Apr.-
July; petals 2-lobed. S. Eu., N. Afr.
jap6nica. To 1}$ ft., sts. short-hairy below, glabrous
above: Ivs. linear-lnnceolate, to 1 in. long, long-acuminate.
leathery, margins revolute: fls. deep purple, few in terminal
racemes Japan.
laciniata (Melandrium lacimatum) . MEXICAN CAMPION.
INDIAN PINK. Per. to 5 ft., with erect or decumbent much
branched sts.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 6 in. long: fls. bright
red, to % in. across, terminal and solitary; petals deeply
4-lobed. Mex., S. Calif. Var. Purpusii is dwarf with car-
dinal-red fls.
lafeta. Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. rose, rather small,
in few-fld. cymes; petals notched. Medit. region.
latifdlia (S. vulgaris). Per. to 2 ft., glaucous: Ivs. spatu-
late to lanceolate: fls. white or pinkish, drooping, in cymes
or panicles. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer.
leptoclada. Probably ann , erect, usually unbranched,
gray-hairy, sticky above: Ivs. oblong-spatulate to narrowly
linear: fls. white, usually only 1-2; petals briefly 2-lipped.
Asia Minor.
longifldra. Per. to nearly 4 ft.: Ivs. narrowly spatulate
to lanceolate, glabrous: fls. white to rose-red, to I $4 in.
across; petals deeply 2-lobed; calyx long and narrowly
cyhndric. S. E. Eu.
marftima. Per. to 1 ft. or more, glaucous: Ivs. lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate: fls. 1-4 on a st., white, about $£ in.
across; petals 2-lobed; calyx much inflated. Eu. Var. plena
has larger very double fls. about 1 ^ in. across. Var. rosea,
to 6 in., fls. rose.
melltfera. Per. to 2^ ft., puberulous below, sticky-
pubescent above: Ivs. ovate to spatulate-lanceolate or
uppermost ones linear-lanceolate, acute, pubescent: fls.
pale greenish- white, small, in lax panicles; petals deeply
2-lobed. Spam and Algiers.
monachdnun: S. quadridentata.
montana. Per. to 16 in., puberulent below, sticky-pubes-
cent above: Ivs. oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, to 2^ in.
longj fls. greenish-white to rose, to % in. across, in spicate
panicles; petals 4-lobed. Calif.
Moorcroftiana. Per. to IK ft., densely tufted: Ivs.
spatulate to linear-lanceolate: fls. dull red or white, in
1-^-fld. clusters; petals 2-parted. Himalayas.
multicaulis (S. Waldsteiniand). Per. to 1 ft., branched:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 1 in. long: fls. whitish and green
beneath or pink and brownish beneath, in cymes; petals
2-parted. Medit. region.
musclpula. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. rose, in
loose cymes; petals notched. Medit. region.
nicaeensis. Bien. to 1 ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. linear-
oblong to subulate: fls. greenish- white to pale rose, in
slender erect panicles; petals 2-lobed; calyx glandular.
Medit. region.
nivea: S. alba.
noctifldra. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. pink
or nearly white, opening at night, in few-fld. panicles;
petals 2-parted. Eu.
noctuma (*S. brachypetala). Ann. to 2 ft., glandular-
pubescent: Ivs. oblong-spatulate to lanceolate, to 4 in. long:
fls. rose-pink to white, axillary and nearly sessile; petals
2-lobed; calyx with short lanceolate teeth. Medit. region.
nutans (S. transsilvanica) . Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
obovate: fls. white or greenish, nodding, in loose panicles;
petals deeply 2-lobed. Eu.
ocymoides: S. italica.
orientalis: S. compacta.
Otites (*S. wolyenensis) . Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. spatulate to
linear: fls. dioecious, yellowish-green, small, in panicles,
May-July; petals entire. Eu., Asia.
ovata. Per. to 4 ft.: lys. ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, to
6 in. long: fls. white, % in. across; petals lobed. N. C. to
Ga. and Ala.
paradoxa. Much branched, woody at base: Ivs. oblong
to linear, white-ciliate: fls. m panicles; petals deeply 2-
lobed. S. Eu.
p£ndula (& grseca. S. rosed). Ann. to 10 in., soft-hairy,
sts. decumbent at base, branched above: lys. ovate-lanceo-
late: fls. flesh-colored, about H in. across, in loose axillary
racemes, becoming pendulous; petals 2-parted, Medit.
region. Var. filba, fls. white. Var. B6nnettii, sts. brown-red,
fls. purplish, shiny. Var. comp&cta, of compact habit.
Var. rdsea, fls. rose-pink.
pensylvanica: S. caroliniana.
petraea: 8. Saxifraga.
porte~nsis. Ann. to 1 ft., somewhat hairy at base: Ivs.
all linear, acute, canaliculate, mostly glabrous: fls. rose-pink
to white, long-peduncled; petals 2-lobed; calyx glabrous.
S. W. Eu.
Pseudo-Atdcion. St. branched at base, nearly or quite
Lerchenfeldiana. Low tufted per., glaucous: Ivs. lanceo-
te or ob
notched.
. ., . -
late or oblong: fls. rose, in terminal cymes: petals slightly
S. E. Eu.
9. 3^-1 in. across; calyx lo „
obovate and entire. Balearic Isls. and Algeria.
Pseudo-Otites: a form of S. Otitea.
pudibunda (Helios per ma pudibunda): a form of S.
quadndentata.
pulchella: hort. name.
Pumflio. Tufted per. to 3 in.: lys. linear: fls. rose, 1H
in. across, solitary, June; petals entire. Austrian Alps.
pusflla. Tufted low per.: Ivs. spatulate: fls. white,
solitary or in 2's; petals 4- toothed. S. Eu.
pygm&a. Low villous per., sts. branched at base, ascend-
ing: basal Ivs. spatulate, upper ovate: fls. few, erect, in
panicles; petals 2-lobed. Caucasus.
quadridentata (S. monachorum). Per. to 4 in., with
slender rather sticky sta.: Ivs. spatulate to linear: fls. white,
solitary or in 3's; petals 4-lobed. S. Eu.
quadrfflda: the correct spelling for the name of this
plant ia 8. quadndentata.
Silene
regia (S. Bergeri). ROYAL CATCHFLY. Per. to 4 34 ft.,
somewhat sticky and rough-hairy: Ivs. thick, ovate-lanceo-
late, to 3 in. long: fls. numerous, deep scarlet, 1 in. across,
in narrow panicles, July; petals notched or cut. Ohio to
Ala. and Mo.
Regis-F6rdinandii. Many-stemmed per.: Ivs. linear,
rough on margins: fls. white, 1 in. or more long, solitary.
Macedonia.
Reichenbachii. Tufted per. to 4 in., woody at base: Ivs.
oblanceolate to linear, cilia te: fls. white, in raceme-like
nodding panicles; petals 2-parted. Dalmatia.
reticulata. St. erect, branched at base, to 1 \^ ft., gla-
brous but sticky: lower Ivs. spatulate-lanceolate, attenuate
into petiole, upper linear: fls. H~M in. across; pedicels
shorter than calyx which is tubular-clavate; petals rose,
deeply emarginate. Algeria.
R6emeri. Per. to 1 ft., tufted, pubescent: Ivs. oblong-
spatulate to linear: fls. white, in cymes or heads; petals
2-lobed. Greece.
rdsea: S. pendula.
rubella. Erect, branching: Ivs. ovate-oblong to linear:
fls. rose, small; petals notched. Medit. region.
rubSrrima: hort. name.
nip£stris. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. pale pink, hi
cymes; petals 2-lobed. Eu.
Ruprechtii: S. saxatilis.
Saponaria: Saponaria officinalis.
saxatilis (S. Ruprechtii). Tufted per.: Ivs. oblong to
linear: fla. greenish, nodding, fragrant, 1-3 together; petals
2-parted. Armenia.
Saxifraga (S. petrsea). Tufted per. to 10 in., woody at
base: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate: fls. whitish, in 2-3-fld.
cymes or solitary; petals 2-parted. Eu., Asia Minor.
Schafta. Moss CAMPION. Soft-hairy per. to 6 in., simple
or slightly branched: Ivs. oblunceolate, small, in rosettes:
fls. rose or purple, 1 or 2 on a st , axillary or terminal; petals
notched. Caucasus.
Schmuckeri. Tufted per. to 4 in.: Ivs. oblong, gray-
pubescent: fls. purple, 1-3 together. Rocks, Albania.
Scouleri. Sticky-hairy per. to 2% ft.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls.
white or purplish, in whorled spikes, July-Aug.; petals
2-parted. Ore. to Vancouver Isl.
Sh6rtii: listed name.
sibirica. Probably per.: Ivs. oblong-linear, briefly ciliate:
fls. white to rose, in erect panicles; petals emarginate; calyx
glabrous. E. Russia to Siberia.
squamigera. Ann. to 1% ft.: Ivs oblong to linear: fls.
white, in panicles; petals 2-lobed. Asia Minor.
stellata. STARRY CAMPION. Per. to 3 ft., erect, branched,
rough-pubescent: Ivs. mostly in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceo-
late, to 4 in. long: fls white, to % in. across, nodding in an
open panicle, June-Aug.; petals fringed. Woods, Mass, to
Gra. and Tex.
Suksdorfii. Tufted per. to 4 in.: Ivs. linear to spatulate,
% in. long: fls. white, 1-3 together; petals notched. Mts.,
Wash.
sylvestris: S. galhca.
tatSrica. Per., sts. densely leafy: Ivs. linear-oblong: fls.
white, in loose raceme-like panicles; petals 2-parted. E.
Eu., W. Asia
tincta: S. Frioaltlskyana.
transsilvanica: S. nutans.
vallesia. Per. to 4 in., tufted, sticky-pubescent: Ivs.
spatulate or lanceolate: fls. rose- violet, greenish beneath,
tne petals 2-parted. Alps.
vendsa: S. Cucubalus.
verecunda. Per. to 1 ft., sts. erect or decumbent, pubes-
cent below, glandular-hairy above: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
acuminate: fls. rose-pink, to l/i in. across, in 1-3-fld.
clusters; petals narrowly 2-lobed. Calif.
virgmica. FIRE PINK. Per. to 2 ft., sticky-hairy: Ivs.
oblanceolate, to 5 in. long: fls. 1 in. or more across, crimson
or scarlet, in loose cymes, more or less nodding, May-Sept.;
petals cut or notched. N. Y. to Ga. and Ark.
viridifldra. Per. to 2 ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. oyate-
oblorig: fls. greenish- white, nodding, in long loose panicles;
petals 2-parted. S. Eu.
viscosfssima: S. italica.
vulgaris: S. lati folia.
Waldsteiniana: S. muUicaulis.
Whgrryi. Allied to S. caroliniana but differing in calyx
the same length as claws of petals and densely covered with
whitish hairs, and styles about length of ovary. Ohio to
Ala.
wolgen6nsis: S. Otites.
ZawSdskii. Per. to 8 in.: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. white, in
few-fld. racemes; petals 2-parted. Austria.
685 Sinapis
SELICLE: the short broad fruit of certain Cruciferse.
S CLIQUE: the long fruit of certain Crticiferse,
SILK-COTTON-TREE: Ceiba pentandra. -Plant, Chi-
nese: Boehmeria nivea, -tassel Bush: Garrya. -Tree:
Albizzia Juhbrissin. -Vine: Pcnploca.
SILKWEED: Asclepias.
SILKY: a covering of soft appressed fine hairs; sericeous.
SfLPHIUM. ROSIN WEED. Composite. Coarse
tall hardy herbaceous perennials with sunflower-
like heads of yellow ray- and disk-fls.; pappus
none or of awns; native in N. Amer. Differs irom
Helianthus in bearing sterile disk-fls. and in other
technical characters.
Silphiums thrive in any good soil and in full sunlight.
They are useful for rear borders. Propagated by seed or
division.
integrifdlium. To 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to
5 in. long, entire or slightly toothed, sessile: heads to 2 in.
across. Aug.- Sept. Ohio to Tex.
laciniatum. COMPASS-PLANT. To 12 ft., rough: Ivs. 1 ft.
or more long, 1-2-pinnate, the upper clasping: heads to 5
in. across. July-Sept. Ohio to Tex.
perfoliatum. CUP-PLANT. INDIAN CUP. To 8 ft., st.
square: Ivs. ovate, to 1 ft. long, upper connute-perfohate:
heads to 3 in. across. July-Sept. Ont. to Ga. and La.
terebinthinaceum. PRAIRIE DOCK. To 10 ft. : Ivs. mostly
basal, ovate-cordate, to 1 ft. long, toothed to pmnatifid,
long-stalked: heads to 3 in. across. July-Sept. Ont. to Ga.
and La.
trifoliatum. To 7 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 7 in. long, entire
or toothed: heads to 2 in. across. July-Oct. Pa,, to Va. and
Ala.
SILVER-BELL: Halesia. -Tree: Leucadendrtm argen-
teum. -Vine: Actinidia polyyama. -Weed: Potentilla
Anserina.
SILVERBERRY: Elseagnua commutata.
SILVERROD: Solidago bicolor.
SILVERY: with a whitish metallic more or less shining
luster.
SfLYBUM. Composite. Thistle-like herbs of
the Old World: Ivs. with spiny-toothed lobes and
conspicuously white-spotted above: heads large,
purplish, solitary and terminal, of disk-fls.;
pappus of bristles. Of simple cult.; increased by
seed, blooming first year.
eburneum. Ann. or bien. differing from S. Marianum in
the outer bracts of involucre erect and with very short
spiny point. N. Afr. — This plant has been listed as Carduus
arabicus.
Marianum (Caiduua Marianus). ST. MARYS, DLKSSED,
HOLY, or MILK THISTLE. Ann. or bien. to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 2^
ft. long, undulate, glossy: heads to 2)2 in- across, rose-
purple, bracts of involucre with long spreading-reflexed
spiny point. Medit. region; nat. in Culif.
SIMARUBACEJE. QUASSIA FAMILY. Trees
and shrubs of about 30 genera mostly in trop.
regions, known to cult, chiefly in the genus Ailan-
thus: Quassia and Picrasma also planted. The
family is characterized by mostly alternate pin-
nate Ivs., small unisexual or bisexual fls. with 3-5
sepals and petals, as many or twice as many
stamens, superior 2-5-celled or -parted ovary,
and usually drupe-like fr. The family yields
bitter qualities, insecticides, medicinal products,
and dyes.
SIMM(5NDSIA. EuphorbiaccdR. Dicvcious much
branched boxwood-like stiff evergreen shrub to
7 ft. native in S. Calif., Ariz, and Mex. and some-
times planted in its region. S. calif 6rnica.
JAJOBA. GOAT-NUT. Lvs. opposite, oblong to
ovate, ll/i in. long, entire: fls, small, apetalous:
caps, to 1 in. long.
SIMPSONIA MICROCARPA: Thrinax microcarpa.
SINAPIS: Brassica.
Sinarundinaria
686
Skimmia
SINARUNDINARIA. Graminese. Erect clump-
forming bamboo-like shrubs with round sts.
whose sheaths have deciduous appendages and
each node producing several branches; differs
from Semiarundinaria in the narrower Ivs. having
only 2-4 pairs of veins and the If .-sheath bristles
flexuous.
Murieliae (Arnndinaria Munelisi). To 12 ft., sts. yellow:
Ivs. to 5 in. long ;md ^3 in. wide, long bristly-acuminate,
rough above. China.
nitida (Arundinaria nitida). To 20 ft., st.-sheaths
purplish: Ivs. to 3 in. long arid l/$ in wide, glaucous beneath.
China. — The hardiest of the arundinariaa.
SINGHARA-NUT: Trapa biapinosa.
SINNfNGIA. Gesncriacese. Brazilian pubescent
herbs with tuberous conn-like roots, opposite
long-stalked Ivs., large tubular 5-lobed fls. soli-
tary or clustered, and capsular frs.; one species is
the gloxinia of florists and greenhouse cult., with
large richly colored fls.
Gloxinias require a warm humid atmosphere in the grow-
ing season, and protection from strong sun. After blooming
the tubers should be stored in a temperature of about 45
until February when they may be started into growth
again. Caie should be exercised in watering not to wet the
leaves. Propagated by seeds or by leaf-cuttings m a propa-
gating bed; either method should produce flowering plants
in about one year or perhaps less.
barbata: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
specidsa (Gloxinia speciosa). GLOXINIA. Nearly stemless:
Ivs. oblong or oblong-ovate, 6 in. or more long, toothed: fls.
violet or purplish, varying to red and white or spotted, 3 in.
and more long, bell-shaped. Var. macrophylla has large Ivs.
veined with white. Improved forms are advertised as
Gloxinia fiybrida grandiflora and G. impcriahs.
SINOCRASSULA. Crassulacex. Usually re-
ferred to Sedurn but possibly distinct, differing
in having only 5 stamens, an urceolate corolla,
and erect carpels; about 6 species in the Him-
alayan region.
maculata: listed name.
SINOFRANCHETIA: see Lardizabalacese.
SINOMfeNIUM. Menispcrmacex. Woody vine
from Japan and China. S. acutum. Lvs. ovate,
to 6 in. long, entire or palmately 3-7-lobcd, dark
green above, slightly glaucous beneath: fls. small,
in panicles to 10 in. long: fr. a bluish-black drupe.
In var. cinereum the Ivs. arc densely gray-pu-
bescent beneath. — Not fully hardy in the N.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
SINUS: a fold or re-entering angle; the space or recess
between two lobes of a leaf or other expanded organ.
SIPHONANTHUS: Clerodendrum Siphonanthua.
SIPHONOSMANTHUS. Oleacess. Evergreen
shrubs differing from Osmanthus in the salver-
forrn corolla, tube nearly cylindrical, longer
than lobes, and anthers dehiscing inwardly.
Delavayi (Osmanthus Delavayi). To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
1 in. long, toothed, fls. white, fragrant. Apr. China.
SIRIS-TREE: Albizzia Lebbek.
SISSOO: Dalbergia Sissoo.
SISYMBRIUM: a generic name of the Crucifer® va-
riously defined, sometimes applied to the water-cress
(Nastui tium) ; species not in cult. See Ambidopaia.
SISYRf NCHIUM. BLUE-EYED-GRASS. Iridaceae.
American small perennials with short rootstocks,
grass-like tufted Ivs. and small blue or yellow fls.
in terminal umbels, the perianth-tube short or
none. Of easy cult, in any garden soil, making
attractive clumps. Propagated by seeds and
division.
anceps: S. anguatifolium.
% ft., pale green, sts.
in. across. N. S. to Fla.
angustifdlium (S, anceps}. To 2 ft.: fls. deep violet-blue,
^ in. long. N. Amer.
bellum. To 1 % ft.: fls. violet-purple, to % in. long. Calif.
Bermudiana. To 20 in., sts. flattened and winged, usu-
ally branched: Ivs. about % in. wide: fls. violet-blue, yellow
at base, to % in. long, perianth-segms. emarginate and long-
aristulate. Bermuda. — Bermudiana was an early substan-
tive name for the plant, taken over by Linnffius.
birameum. To 1)4 ft., loosely tufted, 2-branched: fls.
dark blue with yellow eye, \$ in. long. Wash.
boreale (Hydastylus borealis). To 10 in., sts. broadly
winged. Ivs. about J/s in. wide: fls. yellow, to j^ in. across:
caps, ellipsoidal. B. C. to Wash.
brfichypus ( Hydastylua brachypus). Perhaps not distinct
from S. calif or nicum, but reported to differ in ite fl.-pedicela
shorter than the bracts and smaller seeds. Calif.
calif ornicum (Hydastylus calif ornicus) . To 1 ft. or more,
sts. bioadly winged: fls. bright yellow, to ^ in. long. Ore.
to Calif.
con volu turn. To 1 ft., leafy sts. broadly winged: fls.
yellow with brown veins. Trop. Amer.
Douglasii (S. grandiflorum) . To 1 ft., sts. compressed but
not winged, fls. i eddish-purple or rarely white, to ^ in.
long: caps, depressed-globose. B. C. to Ida. and Calif.
grammeum: S. graminoides.
graminoides (S. gramineum). To
broadly 2- winged: fls. blue, to
and Tex.
grandifldrum: S. Douglasii.
idahoense. To 1^ ft., sts. winged, glaucous: fls. deep
violet-blue with yellow eye, to % in. long. B. C. to Ore.
and Wyo.
inalatum. To 1 \4 ft., sts. simple and wingless, having a
mass of fibrous roots: fls. purple or purplish. Ida.
inflatum (Olsynium inflatum). To 15 in.: Ivs. 2, to 3 in.
long: fls. bright purple with yellow or greenish center.
Wash. — Said to differ from S. Douglasii in its smaller
brighter fls. which aie more numerous and the stamens
reddish, never yellow.
iridifolium (S. la rum). To 1 ft.: fls. yellowish- white, ^
in. long. Brazil to Chile.
laxum: S. indifolium.
macrocephalum. To 2 ft.: fls. yellow, H in- long, segms.
lacmiate. Brazil, Uruguay.
macrorhlzum is listed.
mucronatum. To 1 ft., sts. flat, narrowly winged: fls.
violet. Mass, to Va. and Mich. — Differs from S. angusti-
folium in being more slender and delicate m habit and in
having smaller caps.
pachyrhfeum (S. Sellowii). To 2 ft., st. 2-edged: fls.
yellow, K in. long. Brazil.
palmifdlium. Culms and narrow Ivs. flat and striate, to
16 in. or more: fls. striate, small, in brown-bi acted panicu-
late spikes, bracts 1 in. or more long and long-pointed.
S. Amer; planted in S. Calif.
Sellowii: S. pachyrfnzum.
striatum. To 3 ft. : fls. yellow, striped in center, to % in.
long. Chile, Argentina.
tanacetifdlium is listed.
varians. To 1 ft.: fls. light blue, to % in. long. Okla. to
Tex.
SITOLOBIUM: Dennataedtia cicutaria.
SlUM. Umbelliferse. Per. aromatic herbs with
pinnately compound Ivs., small white fls. in
compound umbels, and ovate frs.; S. Sisarum
is grown for the edible roots.
Skirret does best in rich soil. Seed may be sown in fall
or spring in drills and the seedlings thinned to 8 inches in
the row. Roots may be dug and stored in sand over winter
or left in the ground.
cicuteef&lium; S. suave.
Iatif61ium. To 3 ft.: Ifts. 11-17, oblong-lanceolate, to
1 %, in. long, margins evenly and closely serrulate. Eu.
Sisarum. SKIRRET. To 3 ft., with clustered tuberous
roots: Ivs. with 3-7 lanceolate toothed Ifts. E. Asia.
suave (S. cicutx folium) . WATER PARSNIP. To 6 ft.:
Ifts. 7-17, to 5 in. long, margins acutely and distantly
serrate. N. Amer.
SKlMMIA. Rutacex. Evergreen shrubs native
Himalayas to China and Japan, with alternate
simple Ivs., small white fls. in terminal panicles,
and berry-like frs.; grown for ornament far S.
Skimmia
but not hardy in the N., and sometimes grown
under glass for the fragrant bloom.
Plants may be grown in pots in a mixture of sand, peat
and loam, or set out in partly shaded situations. With the
dioecious species, both pistillate and staminate plants
should be provided to insure good fruit. Propagated by
seeds or cuttings over heat.
F6rtunei: S. Reevesiana.
fragrans: S. japonica.
jap6nica (S. fragrana. S. obloto). To 5 ft., polygamous
or dioecious: frs. bright red. Japan.
oblata: S. japonica.
Reevesiana (S. Fortunei). To 2 ft.: fls. usually bisexual:
fr. dull red. China. Var. variegata (S. Fortune* var.
argentea) has Ivs. bordered with white.
SKIRRET: Sium Sisarum.
SKULLCAP: ScuteUaria.
SKUNK-CABBAGE: Symplocarpus foetidy*. Yellow:
Lysichitum.
SKUNKWEED: Gilia squarrosa, Polemonium confertum.
SKY-FLOWER: Duranta repens.
SKYROCKET: Giha aggregata and pulchella.
SLIPPER-FLOWER: Pcdilanthus tithymaloides.
SLIPPERWORT: Calceolaria.
SLOE: Prunus spinosa.
SMARTWEED : see Polygonum.
SMEL6WSKIA. Cruciferss. Tufted gray-to-
mentose per. herbs with pinnatifid Ivs. and white
or yellow fls. in racemes; adapted to rock-gardens;
belongs in the Hutchinsia group.
americana. To 8 in.: Ivs. to 2 in. long, cut into spatulate
or oblong segms.: pods to }£ in. long. Mts., Mont, to Colo.
and Utah.
catycina. To 6 in.: If.-scgms. of 2-5 pairs, linear to
pbovate, obtuse, Ivs. sometimes entire: fls. whitish, to ]^
in. across. Arctic regions.
ovalis. To 4 in., densely white- villous: If.-segms. 5-7,
entire or 2-3-cleft, oblong: petals clawed: pods ovoid, to
yi in. long. Mts., Alta. to Wash, and Calif.
SMILAClNA (Vagnera). FALSE SOLOMONS-
SEAL. Liliacese. Rhizomatous per. herbs having
alternate usually sessile Ivs., small white or
greenish fls. in terminal racemes or panicles, the
perianth-segms. distinct, and round red or green-
ish berries. Of easy cult, in moist partly shady
places; useful for colonizing. Propagated by
division.
amplexicaulis. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 6 in. long: fls. in
panicles to 6 in. long: berries red spotted with purple. B. C.
to New Mex.
bif61ia: Maianthemum bifolium.
racemosa. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 3 in. wide: fls.
numerous, in panicles to 4 in. long: berries red. N. Amcr.
sessilifdlia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 6 in. long:
fls. few, in racemes to 2 in. long: berries dark purple. B. C.
to Calif.
stellata. To 20 in.: Ivs. to 5 in. long and \^A in. wide:
fls. several, in racemes to 2 in. long. N. Amer., .Lu.
trifdlia. To 15 in.: Ivs. to 5 in. long and 2 in. wide: fls.
few, in racemes to 2 in. long. N. Amer., Siberia.
SMlLAX. GREENBRIER. Ldliacex. Vines climb-
ing by tendrils borne in pairs at the base of the
petioles, the lower Ivs. reduced to scales, the
upper entire or lobed, with small unisexual fls.
in axillary umbels, the perianth-segms. distinct,
and fr. a berry; several species yield sarsaparilla
and others are gathered for winter greens from
the wild; they are mostly woody and often
thorny plants. They are sometimes transferred
to wild-gardens, or colonized; sometimes the
trop. species are seen in greenhouses. The smilax
of florists is Asparagus asparagoides.
£spera. Lvs. evergreen, ovate to lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
usually heart-shaped at base, commonly blotched with
white: fr. red. S. Eu. to India.
687 Sneezeweed
Bdna-N6z. SAW-BRIER, llootstook with large tubers:
Ivs. deciduous or partially evergreen, triangular-ovate or
arrow-shaped, spiny on margins, to 4^j in. long, ahimng: fr.
. to Fla. i
black. Va.
. and Mex.
China. Semi-woody climbing vine, sparsely spiny or
spineless: Ivs. lanceolate, broadly elliptic or sometimes
nearly orbicular, base cuneate, mostly 2-4 in. long: £r.
green, to % in. diam. China, Japan to Cochin-China.
glauca. CAT-BRIER. Lvs. deciduous or partially ever-
green, ovate, to 6 in. long, glaucous: fr. bluish-black. Dry
soil, Mass, to Fla. and Tex.
herbacea. CARRION-FLOWER. Lvs. deciduous, ovate
to lanceolate, to 5 in. long, obtuse or heart-shaped at base:
fr. bluish-black. N. B. to Okla. (
hispid a. Lvs. deciduous, ovate, to 5 in. long, usually
heart-shaped at base, rough-edged: fr. black. Conn, to
N. C. and Tex.
lanceolata. Lvs. evergreen, lanceolate, to 3J^ in. long,
shining above: fr. dark red. Va. to Ma. and Tex.
laurifdlia. FALSE CHINA-BRIER. Lvs. evergreen, oblong,
to 5 m. long, glaucous beneath, wedge-shaped at base: fr.
black. N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
myrtifdlia: Asparagus asparagoides var.
officinalis. Lvs. ovate-oblong, heart-shaped, to 6 in.
long, leathery, glabrous and shining. S. Amer.
rotundif&lia. HORSE-BRIER. Lvs. deciduous, ovate to
nearly orbicular, to 6 in. long, round ed or heurl-shnped at
base: fr. bluish-black. N. S. to Ga. and Tex.
W£lteri. Lvs. deciduous, ovate or oblong, to ±1A in.
long, mostly heart-shaped at base: fr. coral-red. N. J. to
Fla. and La.
SMITHlANTHA (Nxgdia). Gcsneriacey.
Trop. American herbs with opposite soft usually
cordate Ivs., tubular red or yellowish-white fls. in
terminal panicles, and capsular frs.; grown in a
warm greenhouse as for gloxinias and others.
Propagated by stolons or olTsets.
cinnabarina (Gesneria cinnabarina). To 2 ft , hairy: Ivs.
with red or purplish hairs: fls. cinnabar-red spotted with
white 1 l/i in. long, drooping, the tube swollen to base. Mex.
h^brida. llort. hybrid between S. zebnna and S. multi-
flora var. Leitchhnn, having fls. dark purplish-red outsido
and yellow within with red dots.
multir!6ra (Gesneria amabihs). To 1J3 ft.: Ivs. hairy: fls.
white or cream, drooping, tube scarcely swollen. Mex.
robusta: hort. name, perhaps of S. hybrida.
zebrina (Gesneria zebrina}. To 3 ft., densely pubescent:
Ivs. marked along veins with purple-red or dark brown: fla.
red, yellow spotted red beneath, 1*2 m. long, tube con-
tracted at base. Brazil. Var. discolor has more contrast-
ingly colored purplish-red and green foliage, fls. brown-
spotted within; said to be a hybrid of 6'. zebnna arid S.
muUi flora.
SMOKE-TREE: Cotinus Coggygria, Dalea spinosa.
SMOOTH: said of surfaces that have no hairiness,
roughness or pubescence, particularly of those not rough
or scabrous.
SMfRNIUM. Umbellifcrx. Erect bien. herbs
mostly of the Old World, with bi- or tri-tcrnately
compound glabrous Ivs. and greenish-yellow fls.
in compound umbels, usually without involucres,
fr. ovate, laterally flattened.
Olusatrum. To 4 ft., stout: lower Ivs. to \1A ft. long,
segms. broadly ovate, to 2^ in. long, coarsely serrate,
crenate or occasionally lobed: umbels to 4 in. across: fr.
to Y± in. long. W. Eu. and Medit. region; nat. in Bermuda.
SNAIL-FLOWER: Phaseolua Caracalla.
SNAILSEED: Cocculus.
SNAKE-HEAD: Chelone glabra.
SNAKEROOT, BLACK: Cimicifuga racemosa. Button:
Eryngium aquaticum, Liatris. Seneca: Poly gala Senega.
Virginia: Aristolochia Serpentana. White: Eupatorium
rugosum.
SNAKES-HEAD: Fritillaria meleagris.
SNAKEWEED: Polygonum Bistorta.
SNAKEWOOD TREE: Cecropia palmata.
SNAPDRAGON: Antirrhinum.
SNAPWEED: Impatiens.
SNEEZEWEED: Helenium.
Sneezewort
688
Soils
SNEEZEWORT: Achillea Ptarmica.
SNOWBALL: Viburnum.
SNOWBERRY: Chiococca, Symphoricarpoa albus. Creep-
ing: Chiogenes hiapidula.
SNOW-BUSH: Breynia nivosa. -in-Summer: Cerastium
tomentoBum. -on-the-Mountain: Euphorbia marginata.
-Plant: Sarcodea aanguinea. -Wreath: Neviusia alabamen-
818.
SNOWDROP: Oalanthus. -Tree: Haleaia.
SNOWFLAKE: Leucojum. Water: Nymphoidee indi-
cum.
SOAP-BARK TREE: Quillaja Saponaria. -Plant Chlo-
rogalum pomeridianum.
SOAPBERRY: Sapindus.
SOAPWORT: Saponaria.
SOBOLE: sucker — ground-shoot*
SOBOLIFEROUS: bearing shoots from tho ground;
sometimes said of palms and other tree-like plants produc-
ing two or more trunks that arise in the nature of suckers,
forming something like a set or cluster of stems in distinc-
tion from a single stem or trunk.
SOBRALIA. Orchidaccx. Trop. American reed-
like orchids, terrestrial or rarely epiphytic, with
mostly leafy sts. and fls. commonly solitary or in
terminal racemes; sepals and petals spreading
from a campanulate base: lip wrapped around
column forming a tube with gradually expanding
blade. Treated much like Ccelogyne; sec Orchids.
Kienastiana: S. macrantha var.
leucoxantha. Sts. to 3 ft. high: Ivs. to 7 in. long: fls.
solitary, to about 4 in. long; sepals and petals white; lip
with golden-yellow throat streaked with orange. Apr.-
Sept. Costa Kica.
macrantha. Sts. to about 6 ft. high: Ivs. to 12 in. long:
fls. about 6 in. across; sepals and petals rose- violet; lip
wavy-margined, violet with cream or yellow throat. May-
Nov. Mex. to Costa Rica. Var. Kienastiana (S. Kienasti-
ana) is a dwaif var. with white fls.
virginal is. Sts. to 3 ft. high: Iva. to about 6 in. long and
1^2 m. wide: fls. white with yellow throat, wavy, about 3%
in. long, sohtaiy. Colombia.
xantholeuca. Sts. to about 6 ft. high: Ivs. to 11 in. long:
fls. 1 or few and successive, about 6 in. across; sepals and
petals lemon-yellow; lip lemon-yellow with orange throat
marked with reddish lines. July-Sept. Guatemala.
SOILLESS GARDENING. The growing of
plants in nutrient solutions, without aid or sup-
port of soil. Such culture has long been practiced
as a laboratory and experimental procedure, but
in recent years methods are perfected whereby
plants may be grown without soil under glass
with satisfaction and a new literature is develop-
ing. This particular subject of plant-growing is
known also as Hydroponics.
In brief, the process consists of growing plants
with their roots in water containing a solution of
essential mineral requirements. The process, to
be successful, must be under the constant super-
vision of a person who understands the principles
of plant growth, as a trained technician. Because
of this, the process of water-culture of plants is
not advised lor use by the amateur or the average
commercial horticulturist. Many erroneous and
fantastic assertions have been made about the
water-culture production of crops. These in-
clude statements that quantities of fruits and
vegetables may be produced on "skyscraper"
farms in large cities, that they may be grown in
the cellars of homes, in closets or in converted
abandoned factories. All such statements are
inaccurate in fact and misleading in implication.
There are commercial possibilities in me water-
culture production of special high-priced crops
in regions highly favorable climatically and that
have a good water supply. In addition they must
be situated to supply markets ordinarily serviced
by regions of low soil fertility. Such an organiza-
tion demands a trained staff and costly equip-
ment. To date, no evidence is available on which
to base any prediction as to the future develop-
ment on a commercial basis of the water-culture
method.
The use of prepared commercial mixtures of
nutrient salts by amateurs will not remove the
major difficulties of the process. The principal
barrier to their success lies in the fact that plants
do not take up nutrients in the same proportions
at all stages of their development, and it is not
feasible to add salts indiscriminately from time
to time to compensate for the lack of balance of
these commercial mixtures. Other factors are re-
sponsible for many of the amateur failures with
water culture methods. These include inability
to provide sufficient sunlight for the plants, insuf-
ficient aeration of the water solutions and a lack
of facilities to compensate for loss of water from
the nutrient solutions by transpiration or by
evaporation. Formulae are available to the ama-
teur who, realizing the difficulties and limitations
of the water-culture method, wishes to undertake
it with serious purpose.
SOILS. Experience in choice and handling of
land for orchards and vegetable-gardens is now
extensive for practically all parts of the country;
and while there is much need of additional
investigation, the subject is one for special
technical discussion. The usual treatment of
soils, therefore, requires no description here.
There are many available books and bulletins.
Tillage and fertilizing, together with sufficient
drainage, are fundamental or primary require-
ments in the effective rearing of plants. Tillage
has many and far-reaching results aside from
destroying weeds and facilitating planting. It
provides good root-hold if deep enough and it
extends the feeding area at the same time that it-
renders soil nutrients more available. The fre-
quently shallow-tilled surface conserves moisture
by pre^senting evaporation in open lands; but
when land is covered with a crop and therefore
closely occupied by roots the moisture may be
transpired through the plants before it reaches
the upper layers, yet even in this case tillage of
closely-rowed crops is useful in eliminating weeds
and in keeping the land fit.
We now know that the soil reaction, i.e., its
alkalinity or acidity, is an important factor in
the successful rearing of many ornamental plants
with which the recorded experience is not exten-
sive or sufficient, and this factor may be discussed
as at present understood.
In 1926 Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, then in the
United States Department of Agriculture, pub-
lished in Bulletin No. 4 of the American Horti-
cultural Society, a list of several hundred plants
of horticultural interest arranged according to
their soil acidity preferences. In Better Homes
and Gardens for April, 1930, the same author
contributed an article on the development and
maintenance of acid-soil gardens. Extracts from
these articles were published in Hortus for 1930,
and since the work has stood the test of time,
most of the same material is republished here, with
revisions by Wherry, and quotations from his
writing. The subsequent work of Messrs. Wiggin
and Gourley, as published in 1931 in Bulletin 484
of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, and
that of Dr. G. M. Shear, as published in 1938 in
Technical Bulletin 63 of the Virginia Agricultural
Experiment Station, have also beea taken into
Soils
689
Soils
account. Several other state experiment stations
have issued lists or tables of crop plants giving
their acidity ranges under the climatic conditions
prevailing in the region covered, and may be
obtained on application or consulted in libraries.
"In recent years it has come to be recognized
that certain species of plants, including some of
the most highly prized ornamental shrubs, are
favored by acids in the soil and injured or killed
by alkaline materials, such as lime and manure.
There has arisen, accordingly, a new type of
horticulture, which may be termed, for short,
acid-soil gardening.
"Do many sorts of plants require a high degree
of acidity in their soils and so fit into this new
type of garden? Yes, it may be said that the
number is rather large. On scanning the catalog
of a well-known eastern nursery, some 225 native
American species were found to be included, and
of these, 80, or more than one-third, represent
plants which field observations have shown to
prefer acid-soil conditions. Evidently, therefore,
no one who goes in for the cultivation of our own
American ornamentals can afford to ignore soil
acidity.
"Perhaps the gardener has tried to grow some
of these plants and they have dwindled and died
in spite of all the care lavished on them. The
reason has probably been that the soil was not
sufficiently acid. Set aside a part of your garden
as a special acid-soil bed and try again. Unless
the climatic conditions are extremely unfavorable
one will find that such plants can be successfully
cultivated far from their native haunts in the
woodlands."
The appearance of moss or of sorrel on a plot
of ground is commonly supposed to indicate that
the soil has become acid, but such is not neces-
sarily the case, and actual tests as to reaction
should always be made. There are simple outfits
for the testing of the soil in respect to acid and
alkaline reaction, with a dye that changes color
one way or another. Directions come with the
outfit and persons without experience are able
to operate it.
It is often supposed that leaf-mold and all
types of humus are acidifying materials, but
"chemical examinations of hundreds of samples
of these substances have shown that in the
majority of cases they are neutral, or nearly so,
and quite unsuited to this purpose. Peat moss
derived from the disintegration of sphagnum
moss can usually be depended upon to be strongly
acid. So also can the upland peat which accumu-
lates under pine, spruce, and hemlock trees, or
under rhododendron, mountain-laurel, and blue-
berry bushes; or, lacking these, crumbling tree-
bark, rotted wood, and well-weathered sawdust
may be used. To be on the safe side, however,
tests should invariably be made with soil testers,
and no material which does not show a color
corresponding to a high degree of acidity should
be used to fill in the beds."
"Most acid-soil plants prefer a porous, open-
textured soil, which can best be obtained by
mixing with the organic substance just enumer-
ated a considerable volume of sand as free as
practicable from clay and from lime. White
sand from a pine-barren or bank sand is partic-
ularly desirable, but river sand, such as used in
cement work, is usually satisfactory.
"In case it is inconvenient to prepare a special
acid-soil bed by digging out and refilling, treat-
ment of the native soil with acidifying agents
may be used and often gives good results. If a
heavy mulch of any of the strongly acid organic
materials already discussed is spread over the
bed, rain or sprinkling-water will leach more or
less acid from them and gradually carry it down
to the plant roots. Fresh leaves of oak and
various other trees yield a certain amount of
acid and may be used for mulching, but when
they become soggy, black, and rotted, they lose
their acidity and must be renewed.
"Acidifying chemicals may also be used,
especially when quick results are desired, al-
though they must be applied cautiously. One of
the most desirable chemicals is commercial tan-
nic acid, which costs around 10 cents a pound.
It may be scattered over the surface of the ground,
then dissolved by soaking the bed thoroughly.
Another substance which has found favor for
use in the same manner is crude aluminum sul-
fate, which is even cheaper. It is extensively
used for clearing water and can be conveniently
obtained thru a local waterworks or from any
dealer in heavy chemicals. Also, applications
should never be made to mixed plantings, be-
cause the increase in acidity which would help
an azalea, for instance, would be fatal to a nearby
lilac bush.
"The amounts of these chemicals to be applied
varies greatly with the conditions. In soils which
are sandy, sterile, and moderately acid at the
start, 4 ounces of acidifying agent a square yard
may be sufficient to develop hign acidity.
Average neutral garden loams require 1 pound,
whereas in limestone regions as much as 5
pounds to the same area may be necessary. In
all cases it is desirable to wait a few weeks after
making an application to give the acidifying
substance time to mix thoroughly with the soil;
then repeat the test on another sample from root
level. If the desired degree of acidity proves not
to have been obtained, the treatment can then
be made again and again until the acid-tester
shows proper reaction.
Even when a bed has been made acid enough
for satisfactory growth of plants, it is not safe to
assume that it will remain so indefinitely. The
earthworm brings up lime from the subsoil and
mixes it with the upper layers, thus often neutral-
izing an acid plot. The indicator tests should be
made once or twice each year, and if high acidity
is not being maintained, the application of acidi-
fiers should be repeated.
Soil reactions are often stated in "pH units,"
but the numbers are logarithmic and difficult to
interpret. It is simpler for the horticulturist to
divide soils into four reaction-classes, which,
with the plant habitats they characterize, are:
Circumneutral. .Soils in which neither acid nor
(pH 8 to 6) alkaline influences are markedly
dominant. The soils of the
Mediterranean region where so
many of our garden plants are
native are mostly of this class.
Minimacid Humus-rich meadows, swamps,
(pH 7 to 6) and woods, in calcareous regions.
Fields and gardens under stand-
ard types of cultivation.
Subacid Many sorts of marshes, mead-
(pH 6 to 5) ows, swamps, and upland woods.
Long-abandoned fields and gar-
dens in non-calcareous regions.
Soils 690
Mediacid Various kinds of peat bogs.
(pH 5 to 4) Swamps where the water is
lacking in calcium bicarbonate.
Thickets of rhododendron, kal-
mia, and other ericaceous plants.
Woods where such plants as
hemlock, pine, spruce, or oak are
dominant. Accumulations of
upland peat, rotting wood, and
similar materials. Mountain
peaks and sandhills where the
substrata are non-calcareous.
The following plant lists are taken from Bulle-
tin 4 and other publications above referred to.
The reactions given are considered to represent
optimum values for the individual species, but
many plants will grow nearly as well in soils of
classes adjoining those in which the plant is listed.
Common garden flowers not included in any of
these lists appear to thrive equally well in soils of
all degrees of acidity ordinarily encountered.
1. Circumneutral soil plants. Many, though
not necessarily all, species of the genera:
Abelia Iris
Acer Juniperus
Actsea Lactuca
Adiantum Lespedeza
^Esculus Ligustrum
Alyssum Lonicera
Ampelopsis Lychnis
Anemone Lycopersicon
Antirrhinum Mains
Apium Medicago
Asparagus Melilotus
Aster Mertensia
Astilbe Narcissus
Berberis (Enothera
Beta Paeoriia
Brassica Papaver
Bromus Pastinaca
Buddleja Pelargonium
Buxus Phaseolus
Calendula Philadelphus
Callicarpa Pisum
Callistephus Poa
Campanula Polygonum
Canna Portulaca
Celastrus Primula
Clematis Prunus
Coleus Pyrus
Convolvulus Ranunculus
Cosmos Rhamnus
Cotoneaster Ribes
Cratsegus Rosa
Crocus Salvia
Cucumis Scabiosa
Cucurbita Secale
Dahlia Spinacia
Daucus Spiraea
Delphinium Syringa
Deutzia Tagetes
Dianthus Taxodium
Euonymus Taxus
Fagus Thuja
Forsythia Trifolium
Fraxinus Triticum
Gaillardia Tropseolum
Gladiolus Tulipa
Hedera Ulmus
Helianthus Viola
Hibiscus Wisteria
Hyacinthus Yucca
Impatiens Zinnia
Soils
2. Minimacid soil plants
Acanthus mollis
Adlumia fungosa
^Esculus Pa via
Agrostis palustris and alba
Allium Scha>noprasum
Amelanchier
Apocynum androsaemifolium
Aquilegia cserulea
cserulea hybrida
chrysantha
Aralia hispida
spinosa
Aster undulatus
Avena sativa
Brassica Rapa
Calypso bulbosa
Cardamine pratensis
Ccntaurea Cyanus
Cerastium arvense
Cheilanthes tomentosa
Chrysogonum virginianum
Coreopsis, many species
Cornus florida
Corylus rostrata
Delphinium nudicaule
Dryopteris intermedia
Linna^ana
spinulosa
Epilobium angustifolium
Fagopyrum esculentum
Filiperidula hexapetala
Fucnsifi hybrida
Garcinia Mangostana
Gillenia trifoliata
Helianthemum Chama;cistus
Houstonia ca3rulea
Iberis sempervirens
Linum usitatissimum
Litchi chinensis
Lonicera Periclymenum
Lotus corniculatus
Lupinus hirsutus
Miscanthus sinensis
Monarda didyma
Orchis rotundifolia
Petunia hybrida
Phaseolus lunatus macrocarpus
Phlox Dnrmmondii
Prunus Persica
Rubus occidentalis
Rumex scutatus
Selaginella rupestris
Silene orientalis
caroliniana
Stizolobium Deeringianum
Symplocos tinctoria
Trillium stylpsum (Catesbaei)
Vigna sinensis, some varieties
Vitis, cult, species
Zea Mays
3. Subacid soil plants
Abies
Acer pensylvanicum
spicatum
Agrostis capillaris
stolonifera
Aletris f arinosa
Aleurites Fordii
Anaphalis margaritacea
Antennaria
Arachis hypogsea
Aronia
Soils
Asarum virginicum
Aster linariifolius
inacrophyllus
patens
spectabilis
Athyrium Filix-femina
Azalea (Rhododendron)
Baptisia tinctoria
Betula lenta
Botrychium dissectum
matricariaefolium
obliquum
Calluna vulgaris
Campanula divaricata
Carex (Cymophyllus) Fraseri
Castanea dentata
pumila
Ceanothus americanus
Chamaedaphne calyculata
Chamflelirium luteum
Chcilanthes lanosa
Chelone Lyonii
obliqua
Chimaphila
Chionanthus virginica
Chrysppsis rnariana
Cimicifuga americana
Citrullus vulgaris
Claytonia caroliniana
Clematis crispa
Clethra
Clintonia umbellulata
Clitoria mariana
Comptonia asplenifolia
Convallaria majalis
Coreopsis major
pubescens
rosea
verticillata
Corydalis sempervirens
Cunila mariana
Cyclamen indicum
Cypripedium arietinum
Cytisus scoparius
Dalibarda repens
Dennstaedtia punctilobula
Dentaria diphylla
Dicentra eximia
Diphylleia cymosa
Disporum languinosum
Dryopteris Boottii
Clintoniana
dilatata (americana)
Erica
Eryngium aquaticum
Eupatorium aromaticum
Fothergilla Gardenii
Franklmia alatamaha
Galium boreale
Gaultheria procumbens
Gaylussacia
Gelsemium sempervirens
Goodyera pubescens
repens
tesselata
Gordonia lasianthus
Habenaria bracteata
ciliaris
fimbriata
Hookeri
lacera
obtusata
p>eramcena
691
Soils
Malesia tetrapiera
Heuchcra villosa
Houstonia serpyllifolia
Hydrangea macrophylla
Hypoxis hirsuta
Ilex Cassine
glabra
opaca
Ipomcea Batatas
Iris Carolina
Kaempferi
tenax
Juniperus communis montana
horizontals
Kalmia angustifolia
latifolia
Krigia montana
Leucothoe
Liatris graminifolia
squarrosa
Lilium carolinianum
Grayi
philadelphicum
superburn
Listcra cordata
Lupinus Hartwegii
perennis
Lycopodium clavatum
complanatum (flabelliforme)
luciduluni
obscurum
Lyonia ligustrina
Magnolia (excepting M. glauca)
Maianthemum bifolium
canadcnsc
Medeola virginica
Melanthium virginicum
Menyanthcs trifoliata
Mitchella repens
Mitella nuda
Monotropa uniflora
Myrica
Nemopanthus mucronatus
(Knotnera glauca
Opuntia compressa
Oxalis montana
Parnassia asarifolia
Paronychia dichotoma
Phlox amcena
ovata
stolonifera
Picea
Pinus, many though not all species
Polygala paucifolia
Pteridium aquilinum (latiusculum)
Pyrola
Quercus Catesbaei
falcata
marilandica
Phellos
stellata
Rhododendron (incl. Azalea)
Rhodora canadensis
Rubus idseus
Salix repens
Sedum anglicum
Senecio cruentus
Shortia galacifolia
Smilax laurifolia
Walter!
Solanum Melongena
tuberosum
Soils
Solidago bicolor
odora
Spiraea tomentosa
Spiranthes gracilis
odorata
Stellaria Holostea
Stewartia pcntagyna
Styrax americana
Tradescantia rosea
Trilisa odoratissima
Tsuga caroliniana
Ulex europaeus
Vaccinium, many species
Veronica spicata
Viburnum alnifolium
nudum
Viola pedata
pedata lineariloba
Woodsia ilvensis
Zenobia pulverulenta
Zephyranthes Atamasco
Zigadenus
4. Mediacid soil plants
Andromeda
Arenaria grccnlandica
Arethusa bulbosa
Arnica
Asarum Shuttleworthii
Asclepias rubra
Asplenium montanum
pinnatifidum
Calla palustris
Calopogon pulchellus
Chamsecyparis thyoides
Clintpnia borealis
Coptis
Corema Conradii
Cornus canadensis
Cypripedium acaule
Darlingtonia californica
Dionsea muscipula
Drosera
Empetrum nigrum
Epigsea repens
Galax aphylla
Habenaria blephariglottia
cristata
orbiculata
Helonias bullata
Iris prismatica
verna
Kalmia polifolia
Ledum grcenlandicum
Leiophyllum
Lilium Catesbaei
Linnaca borealis var. americana
Loiseleuria procumbens
Lygodium palmatum
Magnolia glauca
Menziesia pilosa
Molinia cscrulea
Paronychia argyrocoma
Pieris
Pogonia divarfcata
ophioglossoides
Polypodium aureum
Potentilla tridentata
Quercus ilicifolia
Rhexia
Rubus hispidus
Sarracenia
Sorbus americana
Stenanthium robustum
692
Solanum
Streptopus roseus
Trientalis borealis
Trillium undulatum
Vaccinium Vitis-Idsea var. minus
Woodwardia areolata
Xerophyllum asphodeloides
SOJA: Qlycine Max.
SOLANACE-5S. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. More
than 75 genera of wide distribution comprising
herbs, shrubs, vines and trees, with usually
alternate entire to pinnate Ivs., bisexual fls. with
5-lobed calyx and gamopetalous corolla, the
latter commonly wheel-shaped, 5 stamens of
which 1 or more may be sterile, superior mostly
2-celled ovary and fr. a berry or caps. The fam-
ily abounds in medicinal and poisonous proper-
ties and the potato, tomato, eggplant, red pepper,
tobacco and others are of great economic im-
portance. Genera herein treated are Atropa,
Browallia, Brunfelsia, Capsicum, Oestrum, Cy-
phomandra, Datura, Fabiana, Grabowskia,
Hyoscyamus, Ipchroma, Lycium, Lycopersicon,
Mandragora, Nicandra, Nicotiana, Nierembergia,
Petunia, Physalis, Quincula, Salpichroa, Sal-
piglossis, Schizanthus, Solandra, Solanum, Strep-
tosolen.
SOLANDRA. CHALICE- VINE . Solanaceae.
Woody plants, erect or climbing, glabrous or
pubescent, sometimes grown in warm greenhouses
and frequently in the open iri S. E. U. S. and
Calif, for the large, showy, winter-blooming,
tubular, white, creamy, or yellow, solitary fls.
and the leathery entire Ivs., and berry-like 2-
celled fr. in the large calyx-lobes; native in trop.
Amer.
Solandras need a temperature of at least 50° and plenty
of sunlight, also abundant water from early autumn to late
spring, when grown under glass. In summer, dmmg the
rest season, they should be kept dry. A somewhat sandy
loam is best, as too rich soil produces rank growth and little
bloom. Propagated by cuttings of film young shoots taken
with a heel, giving them slight bottom heat.
Cleggii: listed name.
grandifldra (Swartzia ffrandiflora) . To 30 ft. or more,
climbing: Ivs. to 5 in. long: fla. fragrant, white, cream-
colored or somewhat yellowish, to 10 in. long, the slender
part of tube included in an enlarged calyx which is 2-3 in,
long. W. Indies.
guttata (Swartzia guttatd). To 20 ft., somewhat climbing,
witn hairy or pubescent twigs: Ivs. to 6 in. long, pubescent
underneath: fls. fragrant, cream-color changing to yellow-
ish, spotted or feathered with purple, 9 in. long, the slender
part of tube much longer than calyx which is 3 in. long and
pubescent. Mex. — See S. nitida.
Hartwegii: S. mtida.
longifldra (Swartzia longi flora). To 2 ft., with trailing
branches: Ivs. obovate, petioles purplish: fls. white, to 1 ft.
long, 3 timea as long as calyx, contracted at throat. W.
Indies.
magnifica: hort. name.
nltida (S. Hartwegii. Swartzia nitida). To 20 ft. or
more, erect or clambering and climbing, quite glabrous:
Ivs. mostly glossy: fls. yellow, 10 in. long, with purplish
stripes, the corolla-lobes more or less reflexing. Mex. —
Apparently the usual species in cult., although often passing
as o. guttata.
spectabilis: hort. name for a white-fld, form.
SOLANUM. NIGHTSHADE. Solanacese. Very
many species of herbs, shrubs and even trees,
some of them climbing and some strongly spiny,
including many ornamental subjects for the
garden or conservatory, also the potato, egg-
plant, and a few medicinal plants: Ivs. alternate,
simple or compound: fls. often showy in white,
yellow, blue and purple, wheel-shaped orshal-
lowly bell-shaped: fr. a berry which is often
Solarium
decorative: native in many parts of the world,
the following grown for ornament except S.
Melongena, S. muricatum, S. tuberosum and some-
times S. nigrum. The genus is difficult to botan-
ists.
Most of the species may be propagated from seeds, sown
where the plants are to stand in the case of the annuals, but
indoors for the foliage types. The greenhouse shrubby
forms are increased also by softwood cuttings; S. Pseudo-
Capsicum, Jerusalem-cherry, by both seeds and cuttings.
The tuberous species are usually raised from the tubers, or
from divisions of them, containing at least one eye or bud.
See also Eggplant, Potato, Tomato ; also Potomato.
aculeatissimum (S. ciliatum). Per. undershrub to 2 ft.,
with spiny sts. and Ivs.: Ivs. broad-ovate, 5-7-lobed, 4 in.
long. fls. white, 1 in. across, in few-fld. cymes: fr. orange,
globose and corrugated, to 2 in. across. Tropics.
aethidpicum (S. Pierreanum). Shrub to 2 ft., unarmed:
Ivs. oblong, 5 in. long, undulate, glabrous: fls. white, H in.
across, in few-fld. cymes: fr. pale red, globose, often lobed,
large. Trop. Afr. to Asia.
alatum: S. robustum.
amazonicum. Shrub to 6 ft. : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 6
in. long, lobed or entire, veins and petiole minutely prickly,
margins crenulate: fls. blue- violet with bright yellow star-
shaped eye and stigma, to 2 in. across, in many-fld. leafy
racemes. Mex.; riot hardy N.
arb6reum. Tree to 40 ft. : Ivs. oblong-cuneate, acuminate,
to 8 in. long or more, glabrous, entire: corolla white, nearly
^ in. acioss, lobes lacimate-oblong, acute. Venezuela.
atropurpureum. Shrubby, with dark red spiny sts.: Ivs.
5-7-parted into lanceolate undulate or sinuately lobed
Begins., pale beneath: fls. pale yellow, 1A m. long, in racemes
about 1 in. long: fr. white turning yellow, globose, H in.
across. Brazil.
auriculatum. Velvety-tomentose shrub to 20 ft., un-
armed: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 8 in. long, entire, having small
orbicular Ivs in axils: fls violet or bluish-white, % in. across,
in corymbs: fr. globose, % in. across. Trop. Afr., trop.
Araer.
aviculare (S. lacmiatum). Shrub to 10 ft., unarmed and
glabrous: Ivs. variable, lanceolate and entire or pinnately
lobed, to 1 ft. or more long: fls. purplish, to 1 in. across, in
cymes: fr. yellowish, ovoid, 1 in. long. New Zeal., Australia.
Capsic&strum. FALSE JERUSALEM-CHERRY. Shrub to
2 ft., unarmed: Ivs. oval or oblong, to 3 in. long, pubescent
beneath, undulate: fls. white, ^ in. or less across: fr.
scarlet or orange-red, ovoid and pointed, % in. across.
Brazil. Var. Melvinii is a compact form about 1 ft. high.
Var nanum is listed. Var. vanegatum has variegated Ivs.
— This species has pubescent twigs.
ciliatum: S. aculeatissimum.
citrullifdlium. Ann. to 3 ft., with yellow prickles: Ivs.
2-pinnatifid, to 6 in. long: fls. violet, to 1H m. across, in
racemes: fr. prickly, 1 in. across. la. to Tex. and Mex.
Clevelandii: an improved form, probably of S. Pseudo-
Capsicum.
coccmeum: S. mtegrifolium.
cornutum. Pubescent very prickly ann. to 4 ft.: Ivs. 2-
Einnatifid, to 5 in long: fls. yellow, 1 in. across, in cymes:
:. prickly, small. Mex.
crispum. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, entire, to 4 in. long: fls. pale violet, ^ in. across, in
corymbs: fr. globose, pale yellow, about M in- across.
Chile, Peru.
crotonifdlium. Pubescent shrub with flexuose branches:
Ivs. oblong, entire, to 6 in. long, white-tomentose beneath:
fls. tomentose outside, M in. across, in racemes: fr. globose,
about ^ in. across. N. S. Amer.
Dulcamara. BITTER-SWEET. Shrubby climber to 8 ft.:
Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long, entire or lobed at
base: fls. violet spotted with green, LJJ in. across, the lobes
reflexed, in long-stalked cymes: fr. scarlet, ovoid, H in.
long, showy but poisonous. Eu. to Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
eleeagnifolium. Per. to 3% ft., silvery: Ivs. oblong, to 6
in. long, wavy-margined: fls. violet or white, 1 in. across, in
cymes: fr. yellow or black, globose, ^ in. across. Mo. to
Ariz.
fasciculatum: confused name.
Gayanum. St. woody, pubescent: Ivs. oval-oblong,
entire, ciliate: fls. blue, hairy outside: fr. about }£ in. across.
Chile.
gigantfcum. To 25 ft., somewhat shrubby, the st. with
short stout prickles: Ivs. oblong, to 8 in. long, white-to-
mentose beneath: fls. pale violet or blue, H in. across, in
many-fld. cymes: fr. red, globose, H in. across. India,
Ceylon. — Called "African-holly" in S. Calif, where it is
grown out-of-doors.
693 Solarium
gr&cile. Pubescent ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. objong-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, whitish beneath: fls. white, H in. across, in
racemes about 1 in. long: fr. black, globose, H in. across.
Brazil.
guatemalense: S. muricatum.
Henderson!!. A form of S. Pseudo-Capsicum or a hybrid,
having numerous white fls. and orange-red frs.
heterodoxum. Spiny pubescent ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. 3-
pinnate: fls. blue, H in. across, in short racemes: fr. green
turning black, globose, % in. across. Mex.
inaequAle (Cyphomandra fragrant). Shrub to 8 ft.,
branches greenish-yellow to gray, glabrous: Ivs. ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, to 4^ in. long, short-petioled : fls. white,
to \i in. across, 10-20 in raceme-like cymes: berry globose,
yellow. Brazil.
integrif ilium (S. cpccineum). SCARLET or TOMATO EGG-
PLANT. Pubescent spiny ann. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong-
ovate, sinuate-lobed, to 8 in. long: fls. white, % in. across,
in few-fld. clusters: fr. scarlet or yellow, globular, to 2 in.
across, furrowed, grown for ornament. Afr.
jasminoldes. Shrubby climber to 10 ft., glabrous and
unarmed: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, entire or
lower ones pinnate: fls. star-shaped, white tinged blue, 1 in.
across, in branching clusters. Brazil. Var. grandifldrum
has large clusters of fls.
laciniatum: S. aviculare.
lanceolatum: S. launfolium.
laurifdlium (S. lanceolatum). Shrub to 8 ft., often with
prickles: Ivs. oblong or oblanceolate, to 7 in. long, densely
tomentose beneath: fls. pale blue, M m. long, in many-fid,
cymes: fr. H in. across. Mex.
LycopSrsicum: the same as Lycopersicon esculentum.
macranth&rum. Woody climber: Ivs. ovate-acuminate,
entire or somewhat repand, long-petioled, pubescent: fls.
violet, in corymb-like clusters, anthers conspicuous al-
though short: berry red. Mex.; planted in Calif.
macranthum. Spiny pubescent shrub to 6 ft. or more:
Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, sinuately lobed, to 1 ft. or more
long: fls. bluish- violet, to 2 in. across, in racemes to 5 in.
long. Brazil.
marginatum. Spiny shrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate,
sinuately lobed, to 8 in. long, densely white-tomentose
beneath: fls. white lined with blue, 1 in. across, in cymes: fr.
yellow, globose, 1 H in. across, spiny. N. Afr.
Melongdna. Pubescent spiny herb or subshrub to 3 ft.:
Ivs. ovate, angled or lobed, to 9 in. long: fls. violet-purple,
to 1H in. across, usually solitary: fr. blackish-purple, 6 in.
long. Afr., Asia. Var. depress urn. DWARF EGGPLANT.
Small and glabrous: Ivs. to 6 in. long: fr. to 5 in. long. Var.
esculentum. COMMON EGGPLANT. Grown as ann.: Ivs. to
15 in. long: fls. nodding, to 2 in. across: fr. shining, to 1 ft.
long, purple, white, yellowish or striped. Var. serpentinum.
SNAKE EGGPLANT. Fr. to 1 ft. long and 1 in. thick, curled at
end.
muricatum (8, guatemalense). PEPINO. Spiny herb or
subshrub to 3 ft.: lys. oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, entire
or undulate: fls. bright blue, to Yi in. across, in long-stalked
clusters: fr. yellow marked with purple, ovoid, to 6 in. long,
edible. Peru.
nigrum. Prostrate or erect ann. to 2H ft.: Ivs. ovate or
lanceolate-ovate, entire or angled, to 6 in. or more long,
eaten as greens: fls. white, ^£ in. across, in drooping clusters:
fr. black, % in. or more across. Cosmopolitan. — Cult,
forms are known as "Garden Huckleberry" (var. guineense),
"Wonderberry" and "Sunbeny."
Pierreanum: S. sethiopicum.
Pseudo-Capsicum. JERUSALEM-CHERRY. Shrub to 4 ft.,
glabrous and unarmed: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long, undulate,
shining above: fls. white, H in. across, solitary or clustered:
fr. scarlet or yellow, globular, ]A in. across, long persistent,
for which it is grown in pots. Old World.
Pseudo-Melongena. Glabrous unarmed ann.: Ivs. ovate,
undulate, dark green: fls. nodding: fr. red and green, large
and fleshy. Habitat unknown. Probably a form of S.
integrifolium.
Rantonnltii. Shrub to 6 ft., unarmed and nearly gla-
brous: Ivs. ovate or oval, to 4 in. long, undulate: fls. dark
blue or violet with paler eye, 1 in. across, in clusters: fr.
red, heart-shaped, 1 in. long, drooping. Paraguay, Argen-
tina.
robustum (<S. alatum). Spiny densely rusty-tomentose
shrub to 5 ft., with winged sts. : Ivs. broad-ovate, sinuately
lobed, to 1 ft. long: fls.jwnite, 1 in. across, in axillary racemes:
fr. orange, globose, l/i in. Brazil.
rubrum: a listed name of uncertain botanical standing.
Seaforthiinum. Shrubby climber to 10 ft., glabrous and
unarmed: Ivs. mostly pinnate, to 8 in. long, the fits, unequal:
fls. star-shaped, blue or purple, to 1 in. across, in cymes:
fr. scarlet, globose, H in. across. Trop. Amer.
Solarium
694
Solidago
gisymbrifolium. Sticky-pubescei.t spiny ann. to 4 ft.:
Ivs. pinnate into sinuate or toothed lobes: fls. light blue or
white, 1M m- across: fr. red, globose, about ^ in. across.
Trop. Amer.; nat. in N. Amer.
sodomeum. Spiny pubescent shrub to 6 ft. : Ivs. pinnate
into undulate or entire lobes: fls. violet, aboxit 1 in. across,
in cymes: fr. shining yellow, globose, 1 in. across. Medifc
region.
texanum: a spineless race of 8. integrifolium.
Tdrreyi. Hairy per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 6 in. long,
5-7-lobed: fls. violet, to 1 J^ in. across, in cymes: fr. yellow,
globose, 1 in. across. Kans. to Tex.
triquStrum. Vine-like per. with sts. to 4 ft. long, glabrous
and unarmed. Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 2^ in. long, entire
or slightly 3-lobed at base: fls. purplish, ^ in. across, fr.
globose, H in- across. Tex., Mex.
tuber 6sum. POTATO. Sts. weak, to 3 ft. long, unarmed,
with underground edible tubers: Ivs. pinnate, to 10 in. long,
the Ifts. ovate with smaller ones between: fls. white or bluish,
about 1 in. across, in clusters: fr. yellowish or green, globular,
to % in. across. Probably Andes.
verbascifdlium. Tomentose shiub or tree to 30 ft.,
unarmed. Ivs. ovate or oval, to 1 ft. long, entne or slightly
undulate, fls. white, ^ in. across, in cymes: fr. yellow,
globose, to ^ in. across. Tropics.
Willacei. Sticky-hairy shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate,
undulate, fls. violet, to 1% in. across, in cymes: fr. dark
purple. Calif, and ibis.
Warscewfczii. Rusty-tomentose shrub to 6 ft., with
short stout spines: Ivs. to 1 ft. or more long, lobed to half
width of blade: fls. white, 1 ^ in. across, in racemes: fr. pale
yellow, shining, % in. across. S. Amer.
WSndlandii. Shrubby climber, prickly and glabrous: Ivs.
pinnate, with a large terminal 1ft., or upper Ivs. simple: fls.
lilac-blue, to 2^ ir*' across, in branched clusters: fr. globose.
Costa Rica.
Xantii. Pubescent shrub with erect or decumbent sts.
to 2 ft. long Ivs. ovate, to 1^ in. long, entne or lobed: fls.
violet, to 1 in. across, in cymes: fr. green or purplish,
globose. Calif.
SOLDANfiLLA. Primulacese. Per. herbs native
in mts. of Ku., sometimes grown in rock-gardens,
with basal Ivs., nodding blue or violet or rarely
white fis., solitary or in umbels, the corolla with
fringed lobes. Grown in shady situations in
moist soil. Propagated by division or seeds.
alpina. To G in.: Ivs. roundish, to 1 *^ in. across: fls. pale
blue, % in. long, in 1-3 fld. umbels, in spring.
minima. To 4 ft.: Ivs. orbicular-ovate: fls. pale bluish-
purple with darker markings, solitary, corolla split about
y$ of the way, to the base, pedicels hairy.
montana. To 15 in.: Ivs. roundish, to 2H in- across: fls.
blue, to % in. across, in 3-10-fld. umbels, May-July.
pusflla. To 6 in.: Ivs. roundish, to Y* in. across: fls. blue
or violet, ^ in. long, usually solitary, in May. — Differs from
S. minima in its rough, but non-pubescent, pedicels.
SOLENANTHUS. Boraginacex. Per. herbs,
distinguished from Cynoglossum by the anthers
exserted and not included within the tube of
corolla, and from Lindelofia by the usually erect
and rarely spreading short corolla-lobes; S. and
E. Eu. and W. Asia. Propagated by division or
seed. Useful in the hardy border or amongst
shrubbery.
apennlnus (Cynoglosaum apenninum). To 3 ft.: basal Ivs.
ovate-oblong, coarse, st.-lvs. narrowly lanceolate: fls. blue,
in dense axillary panicled racemes. S. Eu.
SOLIDAGO. GOLDENROD. Composite. Erect
herbaceous perennials of many kinds, useful for
borders and colonizing: Ivs. simple and alternate:
heads small, yellow or occasionally white, in
thyrses, spikes, racemes or compound panicles,
of ray- and disk-fls., blooming in late summer
and autumn; pappus of bristles: native mostly
in N. Amer. and characteristic of its late summer
and autumnal flora. Any number of the species
may be transferred to home grounds.
The goldenr9ds improve in the garden but some of them
become weedy if the soil is too rich. They are easily grown
from seed, blooming the second year; the mature plants may
be divided in spring or in autumn.
algida. To 1 ft., sts. tufted: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 4 in.
long, entire or toothed, ciliate: heads in dense oblong or
globose panicles. Mte., Wash.
alpe'stris: S. Virgaurea.
altfesima. To 8 ft., pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, mostly toothed: heads in recurved one-sided racemes
forming dense broadly pyramidal panicles. Me. to Ga. and
Tex.
arctica: a listed name.
arguta. To 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 16 in. long, coarsely
toothed: heads in one-sided racemes in terminal panicles.
Me. to Va. and Tenn.
bellidifdlia. To 1 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong to obovate, to
2 in. long, wavy-toothed, ciliate: heads in dense clusters to
4 in. long. Mts., Wash.
bicolor. SILVKKROD. To 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long,
toothed, pubescent: heads crowded in a narrow spike to
7 in. long, rays white. P. E. I. to Ga. and Tenn.
Bodttii. To 5 ft. : Ivs. ovate or oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, toothed or entire, heads in one-sided spreading racemes
in the loose panicle. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
brachystachys: hort. name.
Buckleyi. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 3M in. long, toothed,
pubescent beneath: heads in small axillary clusters. Ala.
c&sia. WREATH G. To 3 ft., glabrous, often glaucous:
Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in. long, toothed, heads in axillary
clusters or lacomes. N. S. to Fla. and Tex.
canad£nsis (S. reflexa). To 5 ft.: lys. linear-lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, entire or toothed: heads in one-sided racemes
forming large panicles. Newf. to Va. and Tenn.
capulinsis: listed as 2 ft. high with many heads of large
florets.
caroliniana: probably S. tenuifolia.
cilidsa. To 10 m., sts. pilose above: Ivs. spatulate to
linear-lanceolate, to 2 in. long, basal ones eremite-serrate,
upper st.-lvs. narrow and entire, ciliate at base: heads yel-
low, in small dense thyrse. Alta. to Colo, west to B. C. and
Ariz.
corymbosa: probably only a southern form of S. ngida.
Curtisii. To 3 ft , glabrous or remotely pubescent: Ivs.
lanceolate, to 6 in. long, acuminate, sharply serrate: heads
small, in loose axillary clusters and short terminal thyrses.
Mts , Va. and W. Va. to Ga. and Ky.
Cutleri. To 1 ft : Ivs. obovate, to 4 in. long, toothed:
heads in short racemes. Mts., Me. to N. N. Y.
decumbens. To 7 in , sts. decumbent, glabrous: basal
Ivs. sputuhtte, obtuse, distal half toothed: heads few, in
short dense irifl. Mts., Wyo. to New Mex.
elongata. To 3 ft.: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, to 4 in. long,
toothed, nearly glabrous: heads in dense thyrse-like panicles.
B. C. to Mont and Calif.
er6cta. To 3 ft., nearly glabrous: lower Ivs. oval, to 6 in.
long, toothed, upper lanceolate, entire: heads in a narrow
terminal thyrse. N. Y. to Ga. and Ala.
nstu!6sa. To 7 ft. : Ivs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate, to 4 in.
long, entire, rough on edges and midrib beneath: heads in
one-sided racemes in the panicles. N. J. to Fla. and La.
flexicaulis. To 3 ft., nearly glabrous, with zigzag angled
sts : Ivs. ovate, to 7 in. long, sharp-toothed: heads in axillary
clusters. N. S. to Ga. and Mo.
glaberrima. Differs from S. missouriensis in a more
open somewhat one-sided infl. and broader bracts. Mich,
to Ariz.
glabra: a name of uncertain application.
glomerata. To 4 ft.: Ivs. spatulate or oval, to 1 ft. long,
toothed: heads in axillary clusters. N. C., Tenn.
graminif61ia (S. lanceolata. Euthamia graminifolia) . To
4 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, entire: heads in
flat-topped compound corymbs. N. B. to Fla. and Neb.
hfspida. To 3 ft., hairy: Ivs. oval or oblong, to 5 in. long,
mostly toothed: heads in dense terminal racemes. Newf. to
Ga. and Mo.
J6hnsonii: listed name.
juncea. To 4 ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate or oval-lanceo-
late, to 1 ft. long, toothed: heads in one-sided racemes form-
ing a spreading panicle. N. B. to N. C. and Mo.
lanceolata: S. graminifolia.
Iatif61ia. To 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 7 in. long, sharp-toothed:
heads in short axillary racemose clusters. N. S. to Ga. and
Mo.
Ldavenworthii. To 4 ft.: Ivs. linear-spatulate to linear-
lanceolate, to 5^ m- long, toothed, margins ciliate: heada
in one-sided racemes in the panicle. S. C. to Fla.
Lfllei: listed name.
Lindheimeriana. To 3 ft., stoloniferous, pubescent: Ivs.
broad-lanceolate to oval, entire, rough: heads in narrow
thyrse. Kans. to N. Mex.
Solidago
695
Sophora
minor (Euthamia minor). To 3 ft., slender, glabrous,
branched above middle: Ivs. nearly acicular, to 2 in. long
and A in. wide, punctate: heads in numerous small corymbs.
Va. to Fla. and Ala.
missouri6nsis. To 1 H ft., glabrous: Ivs. linear-oblanceo-
late, to 6 in. long, entire or lower toothed: heads m a round-
topped panicle. B. C. to S. D. — See Sohdaster.
mollis. To 1 ft., stout and somewhat hairy: Ivs. oblong
to oblanceolate, to 3 in. long, entire, 3-nerved, canescent or
rough: heads yellow, in thyrsoid panicles. Minn, to Man.,
south to Mex.
neg!6cta. To 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 1 ft. long, toothed:
heads in one-sided racemes forming thyrsoid panicles.
Swamps, Me. to Md. and 111.
nemoralis. To 2 ft., gray-pubescent: Ivs. oblanceolate,
to 6 in. long, wavy-toothed: heads in one-sided racemes in
the panicles. N. S. to Fla. and Ariz.
occidentals (Euthamia occidentalis) . To 5 ft., glabrous:
Ivs. linear, to 4 in. long, entire: heads in corymbose clusters.
B. C. to Rocky Mts.
oddra. To 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, entire,
anise-scented: heads in one-sided racemes in large panicles.
N. S. to Fla. and Tex.
ohioe'nsis. To 3 ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, to 1 ft. long, toothed toward tip: heads in ter-
minal compound corymbs. N. Y. to \V'is.
pallida. To 2U ft.: Ivs. obovate to lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, entire, pale: heads in a dense elongated panicle. S. D.,
Neb., Colo.
pa tula. To 7 ft.: Ivs. oval or oblong, to 16 in. long, toothed
or entire, rough above: heads in one-sided racemes in loose
panicles. Swamps, Me. to Ga. and Tex.
pubens. To 5 ft., pubescent: Ivs. spatulate, to 6 in. long,
toothed: heads in axillary raceme-like clusters. N. C., Tenn.,
Ga.
pub£rula. To 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in long,
toothed or entire: heads in terminal thyrse. P. E. I. to Fla.
and Miss.
r&dula. To 4 ft., rough-hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 3 in.
long, wavy- toothed or nearly entire: heads in one-sided
racemes. N. C. to Tex.
refle'xa: 8. canadensis.
Riddellii. To 3 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, to
1 ft. long, entire: heads in dense corymbs. Ont. to Mo.
rigid a. To 5 ft., gray-pubescent: Ivs. ovate or oblong, to
2 in long, usually entire: heads in dense compound corymbs.
Mass, to Ga. and Tex.
rigidiuscula. To 4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
to 5 in. long, entire or toothed: heads in dense narrow thyrse.
Ohio to Colo and Tex.
rug5sa. To 8 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in.
long, toothed: heads in one-sided racemes in compound
panicles Newf. to Fla. and Tex.
scopu!6rum. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate to linear-lanceo-
late, to 6 in. long, toothed toward apex: heads in corymbs.
Alta. to Colo, and Utah.
sempSrvirens. To 8 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. oblong or
lanceolate, to 1 ft. long, entire, fleshy: heads in one-sided
racemes in large panicles. N. S. to Fla. and Mex., along
coast
ser6tina. To 8 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, toothed: heads in large
panicles. N. Amer.
Sh6rtii. To 4 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
to 4 in. long, toothed: heads in one-sided racemes in large
panicles. Falls of Ohio River.
speci6sa. To 7 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. ovate to oblong,
to 10 in. long, toothed: heads in large terminal thyrse.
Mass, to N. C. and Ark.
spectabilis. To 2\i ft.: Ivs. oblong to linear, toothed:
heads in dense compound thyrse. Nev., Calif.
squarrdsa. To 5 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. spatulate or
oblong, to 10 in. long, toothed: heads in terminal narrow
thyrse to 1 ft. long. N. B. to N. C. and Ohio.
stricta. To 8 ft. : Ivs. oblong to linear, to 8 in. long, entire,
glabrous: fls. in dense thyrse-like panicles. N. J. to Fla.
and La., Cuba.
tenuifdlia (Euthamia tenuifolid). To 1H ft., glabrous:
Ivs. narrow-linear, to 3 in. long, entire: heads in dense flat
corymbs. Mass, to Fla. and La.
trinervata. To 2 ft., gray-puberulent, sts. decumbent at
base: Ivs. oblanceolate, to 4 in. long, margins usually
oiliate: heads yellow, in dense leafy panicles. S. D. to Utah
south to Ariz, and New Mex.
uligindsa. To 4 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or
lanceolate, to 9 in. long, toothed : heads in dense terminal
thyrse. Swamps, Newf. to N. C. and Wis.
ve'rna. To 3 ft., soft-pubescent: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to
4 in. long, serrulate, hispidulous above, long-petioled : heads
bright yellow, in lax inn. N. C. to S. C.
Virgaurea (S. alpestrts). EUROPEAN G. To 3 ft.: Ivs.
obovate, to 7 in. long, toothed: heads in dense terminal
thyrse to 10 in. long. Eu.
WaVdii. To 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, to
3^ in. long, entire or with few teeth: heads in narrow leafy
panicles. Mo. to Okla.
SOLIDASTER (Asterago). Composite. A bi-
gencric hybrid, presumably of hort. origin, be-
tween Aster pbirmicoides and an unknown species
of Solidago. S. luteus (Aster hybridus luteus and
Solidcigo missouriensis of hort,). Per. to 2^ ft.,
scabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, to 4 in. long, margins
remotely serrate: heads numerous, ray-fls.
canary-yellow, disk-fls. golden-yellow, in much
branched corymbiform panicles.
SOLfSIA. Cactdcex. Segregate from Pelecy-
phora, being solitary rather than cespitose, juice
milky, fls. small and lateral, tubercle axils naked.
See Cacti.
pectinata (Pelecypkora pectinata). Globose, to 1 in. or
slightly more diam., hidden by the ovei lapping clusters of
20-40 radial pectinate white spines: fls. yellow. Mex. —
There is a cristate form.
pseudopectinata: probably Pelecyphora pseudopectinata.
SOLITARY: borne singly or alone.
S6LLYA. Pittosporacese. Australian evergreen
climbing shrubs, with alternate simple Ivs..
small blue attractive nodding fls. in terminal
cymes, and capsular frs.
One species is grown out-of-doors in the South where it
makes a good cover for banks or fences, and in the green-
house in the North. Propagated by seeds and cuttings
under glass.
heterophylla. AUSTRALIAN BLUEBELL CREEPER. To 6 ft.
or more, twining* Ivs. variable, from nairow lanceolate to
oblong, to 2 in. long, much paler beneath: fls. to H "». long.
SOLOMONS-SEAL: Polygonalum. False: Smilacina.
S6NCHUS. Composite. Old World ann. and
per. succulent herbs, some of them weedy, with
alternate Ivs. and heads of yellow ligulate fls. in
corymbs or panicles; pappus of soft white bristles.
One species is sometimes grown for ornament in
S. Calif.
cong£stus (S. Jacquinii). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate,
to 1 ft. long, pinnatifid to about middle: heads to 3 in.
across, in panicles. Canary Isls.
Jacquinii: S. congestua.
major: hort. name.
SONERlLA. Melastomacete. Trop. herbs or
subshrubs with simple 3-5-riervcd Ivs. that are
often ornamental, showy fls. in racemes or spikes,
and capsular frs.
margaritacea. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, purplish below,
having rows of pearly spots between the nerves: fls. rose,
Java.
S6PHORA. Leguminosse. Mostly woody plants
with pinnate Ivs., papilionaceous fls. in terminal
panicles or racemes, and usually cylindrical or
•twinged pods; often showy in bloom.
Sophoras are planted for ornament, the evergreen
species hardy only in the southern states. Propagated by
seeds, greenwood cuttings, layers or grafting.
afflnis. Tree to 20 ft.: Ifts. to 1^ in. long: fls. white or
pinkish, ^ in. long, in axillary racemes to 6 in. long: poda
to 3 in. long. Ark., Tex.
Davidii: S. viciifolia.
jap6nica. JAPANESE PAGODA-TREK. CHINESE SCHOLAB-
TREE. Deciduous tree to 80 ft. : Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls. yellow-
ish-white, y^ in. long, in panicles to 15 in. long: pods to 3 in.
Sophora
696
Sorbux
long. China, Korea; hardy N. Var. p6ndula has pendulous
branches. Var. violacea (S. violacea) has Ifts. appressed-
pubescent, fls. with wings and keel tinged purplish.
microphylla (S. tetraptera var. microphylla) . Differs from
8. tetraptera in the If ts. only M in. long and fls. to 1 H *n- long.
New Zeal.
platyca*rpa: Cladrastis platycarpa.
secundifl6ra (Broussonetia secundiflora) . MESCAL BEAN.
Evergreen shrub or tree to 40 ft. : If ts. to 2 H "V long, shin-
ing: fls. violet-blue, 1 in. long, fragrant, in terminal racemes
to 4 in. long: pods to 8 in. long. Tex. to N. Mex.
tetraptera (var. grandi flora). Evergreen tree to 40 ft.:
Ifta. to 1 in. long: fls. golden-yellow, 2 in. long, in 4-8-fld.
racemes: pods to 8 m. long, 4-winged. New Zeal.
violacea: S. japonica var.
SOPHROLvELIOCATTLEYA. Orchidacese. A
Op comprising hybrids between the genera
ronitis, Cattleya, and Laelia.
Bdldwinii (C. Warscewiczn X Sophrolzliocattleya Meuse).
radians (C. Princess Royal X SophrolxliocatUeya Isa-
bel lu).
SOPHRONlTIS. Orchidacex. Small epiphytes,
mostly native of Brazil, with 1-2-lvd. pseudo-
bulbs and showy fls. either solitary or in few-fld.
racemes; sepals and petals similar or petals
broader; lip adnate to column at base, entire or
3-lobed. Grown mostly in shallow pans under
the roof; see Orchids.
ceraua. Lf. solitary, about 1 in. long: infl. 2-5-fld.; fls.
about 1 in. across, cinnabar-red with lip shading to orange
or whitish at base. Oct.-Apr. Brazil.
coccinea (S. grandiflora). Lf. solitary, to 3 in. long: fl.
solitary, scarlet with yellow near base of lip, to about 3 in.
across. Blooming all year. Brazil.
grandifldra: S. coccinea.
SORB ARIA (Schizonotus). FALSE-SPIHEA.
Rosaceae. Deciduous shrubs of Asia with alternate
pinnate and toothed Ivs., and small white fls. in
large terminal panicles.
Sorbarias are cultivated for ornament; they spread rather
rapidly by suckers. They thrive in moist rich soil. Propa-
gated by seeds, by suckers, by cuttings of ripe wood or root-
cuttings.
Aitchisonii (Spinea Aitchisonii). To 10 ft.: Ifts. 16-21,
less than H in. wide, glabrous: panicles to 10 in. long,
upright. Jufy-Aug. W. Asia.
arbdrea. To 18 ft.: Ifts. 13-17, more than H in. wide,
pubescent beneath: panicles to 1 ft. long, loose and spread-
ing. July-Aug. China; hardy N, Var. glabrata has gla-
brous Ifts.
assurgens. To 10 ft.: Ifts. 13-17, more than ^ in. wide,
Subescent on veins beneath: panicles to 6 in. long, upright,
uly. China; hardy N.
Lindleyana: S. tomentosa.
sorbif&lia (Spiraea sorbifolia). To 6 ft., hardy: Ifta. 13-23,
more than ^ in. wide, nearly glabrous beneath: panicles to
10 in. long, dense and upright. June— July. Asia; sometimes
spontaneous; hardy far N. Var. stempila (S. stellipila),
Ivs. stellate-pubescent beneath.
stellfpila: S. sorbifolia var.
tomentdsa (S. Lindleyana. Spiraea Lindleyana). To 18
ft.: Ifts. 15-21, more than \£ in. wide, pubescent on veins
when young: panicles to 1 ft. long, loose and spreading.
July-Aug. Himalayas; stands far S.
SORBARONIA. Rosacete. Hybrids between
Sorbus and Aronia, with simple or partly pinnate
Ivs. Hardy N.
fillax (Sorbus heterophylla) . Hybrid between S. Aucu-
pana and A. melanocarpa: similar to S. hybrida but nearly
glabrous and with blackish fr.
hybrida (Sorbus spuria). Hybrid between S. Aucuparia
and A. arbutifolia: Ivs. to 3 in. long, with lobes or Ifts.
toward base, pubescent beneath: fls. white or pinkish: fr.
dark purple.
SORBOPlrtlUS. Rosacex. Hybrids of Sorbus
and Pyrus. S. auricularis is a tree to 40 ft., with
branchlets, under side of Ivs., long pedicels and
calyx tomentose or thickly pubescent: Ivs.
broad-elliptic, abruptly short-pointed, mostly
rather broad at base, strongly serrate: fls. about
y% in. across, white, many in a corymb: fr. about
% in. diam., pyriform, green or yellowish. A
very old European plant considered to be a
hybrid between Pyrus communis and Sorbus
Aria, known under a variety of names as Pyrus
auricularis, P. PoLlveria, P. Bollwylleriana,
Sorbus Bollwylleriana. Bollwilleria auricularis.
It is sometimes planted for ornament and interest ;
hardy N.
S(5RBUS. MOUNTAIN-ASH. Rosaces. Various
deciduous trees or shrubs native in the north
temp, zone, and hardy N., with alternate simple
or pinnate Ivs., white fls. in terminal compound
corymbs in late spring, and fr. a berry-like
usually bright red pome.
Most of the species are hardy in the North and will
thrive even in dry soil. Propagated by seeds sown when
ripe or stratified, by layers, or rare kinds by budding or
grafting on S. amencana or S. Aucupana.
alnifdlia. To 20 ft., branchlete glabrous or slightly
pubescent: Ivs. simple, ovate to elliptic, to 4 m. long,
usually glabrous beneath: infl. 6-10-fld., styles 2, fr.-calyx
deciduous. E. Asia.
americana (Pyrus americand). AMERICAN M. To 30 ft.:
Ivs. of 11-17 Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls. about y§ in. across, the
infl. glabrous. Newf. to N. C. and Mich.
amur6nsis. Similar to S. Aucuparia but with acuminate
more deeply toothed Ifts. and orange-red fis. N. E. Asia.
Aria (Pyrus Ana). WHITE BEAM-TKEE. To 50 ft.: Ivs.
simple, elliptic, to 5 in. long, doubly toothed, white- tomeii-
tose beneath: fls. % in. across, the infl. tomentose. Eu. Vars.
with yellow Ivs. are a urea, chrysophy~lla and lutescens. Var.
Decaisneana (var. majestica) has larger Ivs. Var. latifdlia is
S. latifolia and var. quercifdlia is S. hybrida.
Aucuparia (Pyrus Aucuparia). EUROPEAN M. ROWAN.
To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 9-15 Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls. % in. across, the
infl. pubescent. Eu. Commonly planted. Some of the hort.
vars. are : edulis, f r. used for preset vcs ; f astigiata, of narrow-
pyramidal habit; luteo-variegata, Ivs. variegated with
yellow: p£ndula, branches long and drooping; xanthoc&rpa
(var. Fifeana), fr. orange-yellow.
Bollwylleriana: Sorbopyrus auricularis.
Chamaem6spilus. To 10 ft.: Ivs. elliptic or oblong, to 3
in. long, toothed: fls. pink, the infl. tomentoso. Eu.
commlxta. To 25 ft.: Ivs. of 11-15 Ifts. to 3 in. long: fls.
14 in. across, the infl. glabrous. Japan, Korea.
decora. To 30 ft.: Ivs. of 11-17 Ifts. to 3 in. long: fls. M in.
across, the infl. pubescent: fr. bright red, to nearly % in.
across. Lab. to N. Y. and Minn.
discolor (S. pekinensis). To 30 ft.: Ivs. of 11-15 Ifts. to
3 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls. M in. across, the infl. nearly
glabrous: fr. white or yellowish. N. China.
dom£stica (Pyrus domestica. P. Sorbus). SERVICE-TREE.
To 60 ft.: Ivs. of 11-21 Ifts. to 3 in. long, tomentose beneath:
fls. M in. across, the infl. tomentose. S. Eu., N. Afr., W.
Asia. Var. pom If era has apple-shaped fr. and pyrifera
pear-shaped.
dumdsa. Shrub to 15 ft., winter-buds white- villous:
Ivs. of 11-14 Ifts. to 2^ in. long, doubly serrate: infl. to
3 in. across, white-villous, fls. about M m. across. Alta. to
Ore. south to Colo, and N. Mex.
europefea: listed name of unknown botanical standing;
the plant may be S. Aucuparia.
F6Igneri. To 30 ft., young sts. hairy: Ivs. simple, to 3^
in. long, elliptic-ovate, serrate, whito-woolly beneath: infl.
to 4 in. across: fr. red, to ^ in. diam. Cent. China.
heterophylla: Sorbaronia fallax.
H6stii. Hybrid between S. Chanuemespilus and S.
Mouqeotii: to 12 ft.: Ivs. simple, tomentose beneath: fls.
pinkish.
hybrida (S. quercifolia. Pyrus pinnatifida). Hybrid
between S. Aucuparia and S. intermedia: to 40 ft.: Ivs. lobed
or sometimes divided, tomentose beneath: fls. H in. across,
the infl. pubescent. Var. Meinichii (var. neuillyensis) has
distinct Ifts.
intermedia (S. scandica). To 30 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long,
pinnately lobed to M or less the width, grav-tomentose
Beneath: fls. % in. across, the infl. tomentose. N. Eu.
lanugindBa: S. thuringiaca.
latifdlia. Hybrid between -S. Aria and S. torminalis: to
Sorbus
697
SpathiphyUum
50 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4 in. long, with shallow lobes, tomentose
beneath: fls. H *"• across, the infl. toraentose.
majestica: S. Ana var. Decaisneana.
Mougedtii. To 60 ft. : Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, lobed,
white-tomentose beneath. Mts. of Cent. Eu.
occidentilis (S. pumila). Shrub to 10 ft.: Ivs. of 7-11 Ifts.
to 2 H in. long, serrate near tip only, bluish-green: infl. to
3 in. across. B. C. to Ore. and Ida.
pekinensis: S. discolor.
pohuashanensis. Small tree: Ivs. of 11-15 Ifts. to 2>£ in.
long, pubescent beneath, with large persistent stipules:
infl. tomentose. China.
pumila: S. occidentalis.
quercifdlia: S. hybrida.
sambucifdlia. To 8 ft.: Ivs. of 9-11 Ifts. to 3 in. long,
shining above: fls. % in. across, the infl. pubescent. N. Asia,
Japan.
sc&ndica: -S. intermedia.
scopulma. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ifts. 11-14, oblong-lanceolate,
about 2 in. long, acute: infl. villous. S. D. to B. C. south
to New Mex. arid Ariz.
sitchensis. Shrub to 15 ft.: Ifts. 9-13, elliptic to oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, glabrous: fr. bright red,
to y§ in. across. Alaska to Ida. and Ore.
spuria: Sorbaronia hybrida.
thuringiaca (S. lanuginosa). Hybrid between S. Aucu-
pana arid*S. Aria: Ivs. with 1-3 pairs of Ifts.
torminalis (Pyrus torminalis). WILD SERVICE-TREE. To
50 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long, with pointed lobes: fls. }^ in.
across, the infl. tomentose. Eu., N. Afr., Asia Minor.
S6RGHUM (Holcus, in part). Graminex. Tall
coarse quick-growing broad-lvd. ann. and per.
grasses native in warm parts of Old World, the
spikelets borne in large terminal panicles which
in some species mature into heavy grain-bearing
heads or tassels; grown for grain and forage and
for the syrup extracted from the stalks of S.
vulgare var. saccharatum. The species are not
clearly defined and there are many forms. See
Grosses.
halepe'nse (Andropogon halepensis. Holcus halepensis).
JOHNSON-GRASS. MEANS-GRASS. ALEPPO-GRASS. Per. to
6 it., very leafy, with strong creeping rootstocks: Ivs. to
2 ft. long and 1 in. wide: panicles loose,4 to 2 ft. long, the
brandies spreading. Medit. region but widely nat. — Grown
for forage and pasture, mostly in the S.; becomes an invad-
ing weed.
nigrum: S. vulgare.
sudanSnse: 8. vulgare var.
virgatum (Holcus virgatus). TUNIS-GRASS. Ann.:
panicles to 2 ft or more long, very narrow and slender,
spikelets awned. Afr.
vulgare (Andropogon Sorghum. Holcus Sorghum. S.
nigrum). SOHGHUM. Ann. to 12 ft. or more, often with juicy
pith yielding syrup: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 2 in. wide: panicles
variable, the spikelets large and broad and persistent at
maturity. Probably Afr ; long cult, and the source of many
races, some of which yield important grain as well n.s forage;
one is broom-corn and one the sweet or syrup sorghum.
Var. caffrdrum (Holcua cajfrorum). KAFIR. Pith dry:
panicles dense, oblong or cylmdric, grains large. S. Air.
Var caudatum (Holcus Sorghum vnr. caudatus). FETERITA.
To 14 ft.: panicles very dense, oblong, grains large, white,
yellow or red. Gent. Afr. Var. Drummondii (Holcus
Sorghum var. Drummondii). CHICKEN-CORN. To 6 ft.:
panicles to 16 in. long, the brunches ascending, grams
small, orange. Guinea. Var. Durra (Holcus Durra. Hol-
cus Sorghum var. Durra). DUKHA. Pith dry: panicles
ovate, recurved, grains large. Nile region. Var. Roxburghii
(Holcus Sorghum var. Roxburghii). SHALLU. Panicles
oblong, becoming loose, grains small. Afr., India. Var.
saccharatum (Holcus saccharatus. Holcus Sorghum var.
saccharatus) . SORGHO, SWEET or SUGAR S. Pith juicy and
sweet, employed in the making of syrup. Var. sudan£nse
(Holcus sudanensis). SUDAN-GRASS. To 10 ft.: IVH. to
2 ft. long and % in. wide: panicles to 1 ft. long and 6 in.
across, the branches ascending. Afr. Var. te"chnicum
(Holcus Sorghum var. tcchnicus). BROOM-CORN. Panicles
to 2 ft. or more long, spikelets usually awned.
SORREL: Rumex. Jamaica: Hibiscus Sabdarifla. -Tree:
Oxydendrum arboreum. Wood-: Ojcalis.
SORROWLESS TREE OF INDIA: Saraca indica.
SORUS: a heap or cluster; the fruit-dots or -clusters
of ferns (plural sori) .
SOTOL: Dasylirion.
SOUR-BERRY: Rhus integri 'folia. -Wood: Oxydendrum
arboreum.
SOURSOP: Annona muricata.
SOUTHERNWOOD: Artemisia Abrotanum.
SOYBEAN: Glycine Max.
SPADIX: a thick or fleshy spike of certain plants, as
the Araceai, surrounded or subtended by a spathe.
SPANISH BAYONET: Yucca alotfolia. Dagger: Yucca
gloriosa.
SPARAXIS. WAND-FLOWER. Iridacesr. Spring-
blooming S. African cormous herbs, with narrow
mostly basal Ivs. and fls. in short spikes, the
perianth-tube short. Cult, and treatment as for
Ixia.
bulbifera. To 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 1 ft. long, usually
3-4: flu. yellow, solitary, perianth-tube to l/% in. long.
grandifldra. To 1 ft.: fls. yellow or purple, 1 in. or more
long. Var. &lba, fls. white. Vur. atropurpurea, fls. dark
purple.
Pillansii. Perhaps to 2 ft. or more: fls. soft rose with
yellow center.
pulche'rrima: Dierama pulchcrrima.
tricolor. To 1*2 ft.: fl/s- dark purple or yellow tinged
with brown-purple or white with purplo, having a yellow
throat and dark blotch at base of each segm., 1 in. or more
long.
tubifldra: listed as light yellow.
SPARKLEBERRY: Vaccinium arboreum.
SPARMANNIA. Tiliaccx. White-hairy trees
and shrubs of Afr. with alternate toothed or
lobed large Ivs., white fls. in terminal umbels,
and spiny capsular fr. See Rchniannui for an-
other use of the name Spannannia.
A few species are plnrited out-of-doors in the South and
in the greenhouse, \vhere they should be given a moderate
temperature und plenty of nir and light. Piopagated by
cuttings of the young shoots.
africana. To 20 ft , often with many trunks: Ivs. 5-7-
angled, to 0 in long, hoart-slmped fit base: fls. to !£•£ in.
across, white with yellow stamens: fr. ^2 in. across. S. Afr.
Var. fl6re-pleno has double fls.
palmata (Entcha palmata}. Shrub: Ivs. deeply 5-7-lobed:
fls purplish, in dense umbels. S Afr.
SPARTIUM. Lcyuminosse. Ornamental shrub
native in S. Eu., and grown out-of-doors as far
north as Cent. II. S., and on the Pacific eoast.
Propagated by seeds and greenwood cuttings
under glass.
junceum (Genista juncea). SPANISH BROOM. WEAVERS
BEOOM. To 10 ft., with almost lenflesH lush-like branches:
Ivs simple, to 1 in. long: fls. yellow, papilionaceous, fra-
grant, 1 in long, in terminal racemes to 18 in. long: pods
flattened, haiiy, to 4 in. long. Var. n&num, a dwarf form,
is listed.
multiflbrum: Cytisus multijlorus.
scoparium: Cytutns scoparius.
SPARTOCYTISUS NUBIGENUS: Cytisus fragrans.
SPATHE: the bract or leaf surrounding or subtending
a flower-cluster or a wp.'idix; it is sometimes colored and
flower-like, as in the calla (Zantedeschia).
SPATHIPH^LLUM. Araccse. Trop. American
nearly trunkless herbs, having oblong Ivs. with
strong midribs and sheathing petioles, and bi-
sexual fls. on erect densely-fld. spadices which arc
shorter than the spathes; grown as foliage plants
in a warm greenhouse.
candidum: S. Patinii.
cannsefdlium. Lvs. to 20 in. long and 7 in. wide, tapering
at base, petioles 6-18 in. long: spathe green outside and
whitish within, 3-8 in. long; apadix greeriish-yollow. W.
Indies.
Cleveland!!: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
cochlearispathum (S. helicomifolium). Lvs. to 2^ ft.
long and 10 in. wide, thin, the margin often slightly wavy,
the petioles to 2 H ft. long: spathes to 10 in. long, the spadix
whitish. Mex., Cent. Amer.
Spathiphyllum
698
Spenceria
floribtindum. Lvs. to 0 in. long and 2^ in. wide, un-
equal sided, dark green above and paler beneath, the
petioles to 6 in. long: spathes to 2>3 in. long, white, the
spadix greenish-yellow or white. Colombia.
heliconiif&lium: S. cochleanspathum.
Patinii (S. candidum). Lvs. to 10 in. long and 2^ in.
wide, the petioles to 1 ft. long: spathes about 3 in. long,
whitish. Colombia.
SPATHODEA- Bignoniacex. Evergreen trees
of trop. Afr. with pinnate Ivs., bell-shaped orange-
red or scarlet fls. m terminal racemes or panicles,
the calyx split and sheath-like, and woody capsu-
lar frs.
One species (S. campanulata) is grown as a street tree in
the tropics and sometimes in southern United States. It
requires fertile well-drained soil for best results but grows
under many conditions. Propagated by seeds or cuttings.
campanulata. To 70 ft.: Ivs. of 9-19 ovate-lanceolate
entire nearly glabrous Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls. scarlet, 4 in.
long, with leathery calyx 2^ in. long: fr. 8 in. long and 2 in.
across. — Showy tree.
ni!6tica. Much branched, to 20 ft., branchlets pubes-
cent: Ivs. of 9-15 Ifts., ovate-oblong, to 4 in. lon^, densely
pubescent beneath, entue, leathery: corolla as in above,
calyx to 2 in. long.
SPATHOGL6TTIS. Orchidacex. Old World
terrestrial orchids with inconspicuous pseudo-
bulbs bearing 1 to several plaited Ivs. and infl.
rising from below the pseudobulb: fls. rather
large, in racemes, the petals often broader than
the sepals; lip 3-lobed. Grown in a warm green-
house; see Orchids.
Vieillardii. Lvs. to 40 in. long: scape to 24 in. high,
many-fid, above; fls. 2 in. across; sepals and petals whitish
to pale lilac; lip with orange-brown side lobes and lilac
mid-lobe. Sept.-Nov. Oceania.
SPATHYEMA: Symplocarpua.
SPATTERDOCK: Nuphar.
SPATULARIA: Saxifraga.
SPATULATE, SPATHULATE: oblong with the basal
end attenuated ; somewhat spoon- or ladle-shaped.
SPEARMINT: Mentha spicata.
SPECIES (the word is either singular or
plural). A kind of plant or animal distinct from
other kinds in marked or essential features, that
has good characters of identification, and may be
assumed to represent in nature a continuing suc-
cession of individuals from generation to genera-
tion.
The term is incapable of exact definition ; it is
only by long practice in systematic botany or
zoology that a person arrives at a defensible
conception of species-lines, and these persons
become the authorities. Certain species, as
sassafras, orchard-grass, Madonna lily, are well-
marked and clearly definable, whereas others
may be so variable that the species is difficult to
diagnose with clearness. Plants that to one
person constitute a single species may to another
person represent two or more species; there is no
absolute criterion.
The species is the primary or fundamental
concept in the understanding of the forms of
life. It is the unit in classification. Species are
combined into genera (see Genus), and variations
or subordinate forms of them are varieties (see
Variety). Botanical binomial nomenclature
begins with Species Plantarum (Species of Plants)
of Linraeus published in 1753. The name of a
species is two words, one representing the genus
or group and the other identifying the particular
kind or member of the group. Thus there are
some 300 species of violets, all of the genus Viola;
the florists violet is named Viola odorata, the
horned violet V. cornitta, the birds-foot violet
V. pedata; in this case odorata, cornuta, pedata
are specific or species-names.
Authors differ on the limits or definition of
genera, and thus it happens that a species may
be placed in different genera by different writers,
but the original specific name normally follows
it in whatever genus it may rest; thus the peach
was Amygdalus Persica to Linnaeus and this
disposition of it is followed by some of the con-
temporary authors; other authors prefer to
place it in the genus with the other orchard stone-
fruits, and it is then Prunus Persica. Some
authors keep the genus Azalea separate, others
unite it with Rhododendron; the pinxter-flower
may therefore bear the name A. nudiflora or R.
nudiflorum.
The number of species of plants is unknown.
Of course the count depends to some extent on
the varying definitions by different authors.
The earth is yet only partially explored for the
species of plants and animals. Among the seed-
plants or spermatophytes ("flowering plants")
probably upwards of a million specific names
nave been published; many of these names are
duplicates or synonyms, but it is probably fair
to assume that more than half of them repre-
sent separate species in nature. The species of
plants nave originated under natural conditions,
yet some of them have been recognized only
after having been introduced to cultivation; it is
not yet agreed whether any plants distinct and
permanent enough to be called species have been
produced as the direct results of the processes of
cultivation: knowledge of this subject is yet
scant and imperfect. See Cvltigen, Indigen.
SPECULARIA. Campanulaccx. Several ann.
herbs, mostly in the northern hemisphere, differ-
ing from Campanula chiefly in the wheel-shaped
corolla, long calyx-tube, and other technical
floral characters. Grown in the flower-garden,
rock-garden and for edgings. Propagated readily
by seeds.
pentagdnia (Campanula pentagonia). To 1 ft., hairy: Ivs.
obovate to linear-lanceolate, neaily entire: fls. blue, solitary,
the calyx-lobes spreading. Asia Minor.
perfoliata. To 1 J-6 ft., hairy: Ivs. round-cordate, J<J in.
long, wavy-toothed, clasping: fls. blue. N. Amor. — Weedy
plant but attractive in good moist land not too much ex-
posed to sun.
SpSculum-Ve'neris (S. and Campanula Speculum). VENUS
LOOKING-GLASS. To 15 in., neaily glabrous* Ivs. oblong,
to 1 \'i in. long, toothed1 fls. violet-blue or white, sometimes
double, M in. across, 1-3 together, the calyx-lobes reflexed.
Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia.
SPEEDWELL: Veronica.
SPEGAZZf NIA. Caclaccx. A small S. American
genus perhaps not wholly distinct from Parodia,
but distinguished from it by its swollen rootstock
which is separated from the plant-body by a
slender constriction and its stouter spines.
Fidaiana. Solitary, becoming cespitose or branched by
means of offshoots from upper areoles, globose to ovoid,
about 2H in. diam.; ribs usually 13-15, high, tubercled,
areoles large and woolly; spines pale yellow to blackish,
flexuous, radials 9, to 1J4 m. long, centrals 3-4, to 2 in.
long: fls. deep yellow, to \\i in. long, segms. obtuse.
Bolivia.
Neumanniana. Differs from S. Fidaiana in ite fls.
orange-red and segms. acute. Bolivia.
SPELT: Triticum Spelta.
SPENCfeRIA (sometimes, but not originaJly,
spelled Spencera). Rosacese. A small and per-
haps monotypic genus from W. China, differing
from Agrimonia in having about 30-40 stamens,
Spenceria
699
Spinach
a spineless but pilose calyx-tube, a funnel-shaped
involucre of 2 connate bracts, and stigmas
filiform not capitate. S. ramalina. Per. herb
to 1 ft. high, sts. many and erect from branched
rhizomes, silvery-pilose throughout: basal lys.
pinnate, Ifts. about 12, broadly elliptic, to % in.
long, 2-toothed; st.-lvs. of 1-2 pairs of Ifts. or
simple, acute: fls. bright golden- to reddish-
yellow, about 1 in. across, on pedicels to 1 % in.
long, in stiff loose racemes : f r. a subglobose hair-
tufted achene to 3^ in. long.
SPfiRGULA. Caryovkyllacese. Small ann. herbs
in temp, regions of the world: Ivs. awl-shaped,
usually clustered in the axils: fls. white, in
terminal cymes. Spurry is sometimes grown for
forage and as a green-manure crop on poor
sandy soils.
arvensis. Differs from S. saliva in being bright green,
not sticky, and seeds with whitish papilliC.
pilifera: Sayina subulata.
sativa. SPURRY. Dull green, sticky, to 11A ft.: Ivs.
linear, m clusters of 6-8 at the nodes: fls. small, numerous;
seeds not papillate. Eu. ; sometimes escaped in E. U. S.
SPERGULARIA (Tissa). Caryophyllacex. Low
ann. or per. herbs growing in salt marshes or
shores, with linear or bristle-like Ivs. and small
pink or whitish fls. in terminal cymes.
azoroides: listed name of pink-fld. form to 10 in. high.
marina: S salina.
salina (S. and Arenaria marina). To 8 in., ann. or bien.:
Ivs. cylindrical, fleshy, to 1^ m. long: fls. pink. N. Amer.,
Eu., N. Asia.
SPHACELE. Labiatse. Shrubs or subshrubs
native in Calif., Hawaii and 8. Amer., one offered
in Calif.: fls. solitary in axils of bracts, forming
leafy racemes; corolla with 4 small lobes and one
larger lobe. The name is pronounced in three
syllables.
calycina. To 5 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate,
to 4 in. long, toothed: fls. white or pinkish, about 1 in. long;
calyx inflated in fr. Calif.
SPEL&RALCEA (Phymosia). GLOBE-MALLOW.
Malvaceae. Herbs or sometimes woody, mostly
of warm regions in Amer. and Afr., with alternate
usually angled or lobed Ivs., lilac to purple and
red fls. solitary or clustered, and many carpels
in a ring around an axis; grown in the garden,
and sometimes under glass. Propagated by
seeds or greenwood cuttings.
acerifdlia (Phymosia acerifoha). Per. to 3 ft., gray-
pubescent: Ivs. maple-like, deeply 5-lobed: fls. rose, 2 in.
across, in spike-like clusters, calyx-lobes ovate, briefly
acuminate. Wash, to Calif.
ambigua. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. cordate or orbicular, often
somewhat 3-5-lobed: fls. rose- or brick-red, \y% in. across,
in racemes. Deseits, Calif., Ariz., Utah.
angustifdlia. Per. to f> ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, toothed: fls.
pink or red, 1 in. across in clusters. Mex. "
cisplatina (Malva miniata). Subshrub to 4 ft.: Ivs. 3-
lobed, the middle lobe the longest: fls. brick-red, to 1J£ in.
across, in axillary clusters. La Plata.
coccinea: Malvastrum coccineum.
cuspidate. Per. to 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, slightly toothed: fls. pink or r<*d, H in.
across, in clusters. Colo, to Mex.
fasciculata: Malvastrum fasciculatum.
Munroana. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. obscurely 3-lobed: fls.
scai let or rose, 1 in. acrcss, in clusters. W. N. Amer.
remdta (Phymosia remota). Per. to 4^ ft-» bushy,
densely pubescent: Ivs. maple-like, 5-7-lobed: fls. rose, to
2 in. across, in spike-like clusters, calyx-lobes long and
narrowly acuminate. 111.
rivularis (Phymosia rimdaris). Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. maple-
like, 5-7-lobed: fls. pink or white, 2 in. across. Alta. to
Colo, and Nev.
rdsea (S. vitifolia). Similar to S. urribdlata but with
bractlets united below the middle rather than distinct, and
longer fls. Guatemala.
subrhombofdea. Per. to 1^ ft.: Ivs. rhombic, 3-partcd
halfway down, grayish-green: fls. scarlet, H m. long, in
dense panicles. Utah.
umbellata. Shrub or tree to 15 ft.: Ivs. rotund, shallowly
7-lobed: flss. scarlet, white at base, 2 in. across, in clusters.
Mex.
vitifdlia: S. rosea.
SPH^EROGYNE LATIFOLIA: Tococa platyphylla.
SPHJEROSTIGMA: (Enothera.
SPHALMANTHUS. Aizoacex. Sts. creeping:
Ivs. opposite, sessile, semi-cylindrical: fls. in few-
fld. cymes, stalked, petals numerous in several
rows; stigmas 4-5. Allied to Mesernbryanthe-
inum; S. Afr.
longispinulus (M. longispinidum. Aridaria longispinula) .
Lvs. to 1 in. long and K in. wide, dotted: fls. yellow, 1H in.
across, on stalks to 2 in. long.
SPHENOGYNE: Ursinia.
SPHENOSCIADIUM: Sdinum.
SPICE-BUSH: Lindera Benzoin.
SPIDER-FLOWER: Cleome spinosa.
SPIDERWORT: Tradescantia. Family: Commelinaceae.
Loganiacex. American herbs with
opposite entire Ivs., tubular red, yellow or pur-
plish fls. in one-sided cymes, and capsular frs.;
one species is sometimes transplanted to the
border.
marildndica. PINK-ROOT. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4
in. long, sessile: fls. red outside, yellow inside, to 2 in. long.
May-July. N. C. to Fla. and Tex.
SPIKE: compact more or less simple indeterminate
mostly elongated cluster with flowers sessile or nearly so.
SPIKENARD, AMERICAN: Aralia racemosa.
SPILANTHES. Composite. Mostly creeping
or spreading herbs with opposite toothed Ivs.
and terminal long-stalked heads of yellow or
white ray-fls. and yellow disk-fls.; pappus of
awns. One species is grown for the Ivs. which
give a pungent flavor to salads.
oleracea.. Diffuse: Ivs. broadly ovate, wavy- toothed:
heads ovoid, without ray-fls., greenish-yellow, to 1 in. long,
the involucre-bracts oblong. Aug.-Oct. Tropics. — This
plant has apparently been grown as S. alba but that species
has white fls. and the involucre-bracts are nairow.
SPINACH (Spinada oleracea) . A better under-
standing of the value of spinach in the diet is
probably the most important factor responsible
for the more than seven-fold increase in the
acreage of this vegetable in the last twenty years.
Texas now contributes about two-thirds of the
present acreage grown for shipment in a fresh
condition. See Spinada.
Spinach is essentially a cool-season crop. The
plants run quickly to seed at high temperatures
and under a long daily light period. Close crowd-
ing in the row contributes to the early develop-
ment of the seed-stalks.
Culture of spinach is possible during the winter
where the weather is mild; elsewhere, it is grown
as a spring and fall crop. The seed is sown in
drills 10 to 15 inches apart. Large scale com-
mercial plantings are seldom thinned, the stand
being adjusted by the rate of seeding. Stocky
plants are obtained when they are thinned to a
spacing of 4 to 5 inches in the row. The plants
are harvested by cutting the stem near the ground
level, before seed-stalk elongation commences.
New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia expansa)
does well in hot weather. The seed should be
soaked before planting. When the plants are
Spinach
700
Spircea
spaced 1 to 2 feet in rows 3 to 4 feet apart, the
much branched growth spreads out to form a
mat over the ground. The apical 3 to 4 inches
of the branches are cut off and cooked like the
true spinach.
SPINACH-RHUBARB: Rumex abyssinicus.
SPINACIA. SPINACH. Chenopodiacex. Asian
annuals with alternate Ivs. and small unisexual
fls., the pistillate axillary and the staminate in
terminal spikes or panicles; one species commonly
grown for greens. S. oler^cea. PRICKLY-SEEDED
8. To 2 ft. : lower Ivs. broadly ovate to orbicular,
lobcd at base and sometimes on sides, st.-lvs.
narrower: fr. or "seed" inclosed in a spiny caps.-
like body. S. W. Asia. Var. inermis (var. glabra),
ROUND-SEEDED S., has spineless seeds. See
Sjnnach.
SPINDLE-TREE: Euonymus.
SPINE: a strong and shai p-pointed woody body mostly
arising from the wood of the stein, icpresenting a branch
or a separate outgrowth.
SPINESCENT: more or less spiny.
SPINOVITIS: Vitis Damdn.
SPIR&A. SPIREA. Hosacex. Attractive decid-
uous shrubs with alternate simple Ivs., white
or pink fls. in umbel-like racemes, corymbs or
panicles, and fr. a dehiscent follicle; native in
the northern hemisphere and popular ornamental
subjects for lawn and landscape planting.
Spireas thrive in any good land but require plenty of
moisture and sunny exposure. Propagated by seeds sown
as soon as ripe or stratified, by cuttings of green wood in
summer under glass, by cuttings of mature wood and some
species by layers There are many horticultural forms and
hybrids. The species are hardy to New York City and
beyond unless otherwise stated.
The planter may find a wide range of adaptable white-
flowered and pink-flowered shrubs among the spireas. If
allowed to take their natural growth, without shearing, they
soon make attractive masses with side branches arching or
drooping to meet the ground in good flowing lines. A
baker's dozen of them are »S. prunifoha, Tfiunbergi'i, Van-
houttci, tnlobnta, crenata, hypencifoha, chamsedryfolia,
japonica, salici folia, cantomensis, tiilhardii, tomentosa,
Kumalda, hardy and dependable over a \vide range of
country. Little pruning will be necessary, although #.
Thunbergn and some others may be injured on the tips by
winter and these parts may be cut back. The spring-
flowering kinds, as »S. prunifolia, Vanhvuttei, tnlobata,
crenata, may be pruned after blooming, if at all; the summer-
flowering kinds, as 8. Bumakia, Ihlhardii, japonica, salici-
foha, tomentosa, may be pruned in spring (if at all) to
stimulate flower-bearing shoots of the season.
Aitchisonii: Sorbana Aitchisonii.
&lba. MEADOWSWEET. To 6 ft.: Ivs. pubescent on veins
beneath: fls. white, in elongated leafy pubescent panicles.
June- Aug. N. Y. to Ga. and Miss.
albifldra (S. japonica var. alba). To 2 ft.: Ivs. glabrous:
fls white, in dense compound pubescent corymbs. July-
Aug. Japan.
alpina. Shrub to 4M ft., twigs puberulous, angled: Ivs.
oblong-obovate to oblanocolate, to 1 in. long, obtuse to
mucronulate, glabrous, entire: fls. ivory-colored, to }<i in.
across, in small dense umbels. N. E. Asia to W. China.
amcena. To 0 ft.: Ivs. pubescent on veins beneath: fls.
white or pinkish, in corymbs to 4 in. across. July. Hima-
layas; needs protection N.
arguta. Hybrid between S. Thunbergii and -S. multiflora:
fls. wiiito, in many-fld. umbels, borne profusely in May.
ariaef&lia: Holodiscus discolor var. ariaefoliua.
Aruncus: Aruncus Sylvester.
assurgens: probably Sorbaria aaaurgens.
astilboides: Astilbe astilboides.
aurea: hort. name applied to golden-foliaged forms of
several species.
be* Ha. To 3 ft., dioecious: Ivs. nearly glabrous, glaucous
beneath: fls pink, in compound corymbs. June. Himalayas;
not hardy N.
bethleheme'nsis: S. lati folia.
betulifdlia. To about 3 ft., sts. striped: Ivs. elliptic, to
1 % in. long, obtuse, crenate-serrate: fls. white, in terminal
simple corymbs. Siberia to Japan.
Billiardii (S. calif arnica. S. Lenneana. S. exiima).
Hybrid between S. Douglasn and S. sahcifolia: to 6 ft : Ivs.
gray-tomentose beneath when young: fls. bright pink, in
dense pubescent panicles. July-Aug. Vars. alba and rdsea
are listed.
bland a. Hybrid between S. chinensia and S. cantoniensis:
Ivs. gray-tomentose beneath: fls. white, in pubescent
umbels.
Blumei (S. rupestris). To 5 ft.: Ivs. blue-green beneath,
glabrous: fls. unisexual, white, in many-fld. umbels. June
Japan, Korea; not hardy N. — See S. tnlobata.
brachybotrys (S. pruinosa). Hybrid between S. canescena
and *S. Douylasii. Ivs gray-tomentose beneath: fls. pink, in
dense tomentose panicles.
bracteata: S. nippomca.
bullata (S. crispi folia) . To 1% ft.: Ivs. nearly glabrous,
thick and bullate: fls rose, in corymbs. July-Aug. Japan.
Bumalda (S pumila). Hybrid between 8. japonica and S.
albiflora: to 2 ft.: Ivs. glabrous: fls deep pink to white, in
flat corymbs. Anthony Waterer, with bright carmine fls.,
is the common form. Var. Frcfebelii (S. Fraebehi) is taller,
with bright crimson fls. Other listed vars. are crispa and
WaUufii.
caespit6sa: Petrophytum cxspitosum.
californica: S. Billwrdii.
calldsa: S. japonica.
camtschatica: Fihpendula camtschatica.
cana. To 3 ft. or more: Ivs grayish-pubescent on both
sides: fls. white, in dense pubescent umbels. May. S. Eu.
cane"scens (S. flavelhformis. S. rot undi folia). To 10 ft.:
Ivs grayish-green, pubescent beneath: fls white, in dense
pubescent corymbs. July. Himalayas; may need protection N.
cantonie"nsis (S. Reevesiana) To 5 ft.: Ivs. bluish-green
and glabrous beneath: fls white, in dense glabrous umbels.
June China, Japan. Var. lanceata has lanceolate Ivs. and
double fls.
capitata: Physocarpus capitatus.
carpinif6Ha: S. latifolia.
chamsedryfdlia (S. flexuosa). To 5 ft.: Ivs. bright green,
nearly glabrous: fls white, in urubcl-like glabrous corymbs.
May- June. N. E Asia. Var. ulmifdlia (S. ulmifolia) has
broader doubly toothed Ivs.
chine'nsis. To /> ft.: Ivs. yellow-tomentose beneath: fls.
white, in many-fld densely pubescent umbels. May.
China; not hardy N.
cindrea. Hybrid between 8. hypericifolia and S. cana:
Ivs. pubescent, usually entire: fls. white, in umbels.
cinera'scens: Petrophytum cinerascens.
confusa: S. media.
conspicua. Hybrid between S. albi flora and probably
S. latifoha: to 3 ft : Ivs. pubescent only on veins beneath:
fls. pink, in clusters forming a broad-pyramidal panicle.
corymbdsa. To 3 ft. or less: Ivs. bluish-green beneath
and nearly glabrous: fls. white, in slightly pubescent
corymbs to 4 in. across. June- July. N. Y. to Ga. and Ky.
crenata. To 3 ft : Ivs. grayish-green, becoming glabrous,
3-nerved: fls. white, in dense pubescent umbels. May.
S. E. Eu , Asia.
crispifdlia: S. bullata.
dasyantha. Lvs. white-tpmentose beneath: fls. whitish,
irifl. grayish-tomentose. China.
Davidii: probably Astilbe Davidii.
decumbens. Procumbent, to 10 in.: Ivs. glabrous,
elliptic-oblong, to 1% in. long, ends acute, toothed: fls.
white, in corymbs. June. S. Eu.
densifldra. To 2 ft.: Ivs. pale beneath, toothed above
middle: fls rose, in dense glabrous corymbs to 1^ in.
across. June. B. C. to Ore. and Wyo.
digitata nana: hort. name.
discolor: Holodiscus discolor.
Douglasii. To 8 ft : Ivs. white-tomentose beneath: fls.
deep rose, in long narrow tomentose panicles. July-Aug.
B. C. to Calif. Var. rdsea is listed.
eximia . Billiard i.
Filipendula: Filipendula hexapetala.
flagel'if dnnis: S. canescens.
flexudsa: S. chamscdry folia.
Fontenaysii. Hybrid between S. caneacena and 8. aalici-
folia: to 6 ft.: Ivs. pale and nearly glabrous beneath: fls,
white, in pubescent panicles. June-July.
Fortunei: S. japonica var.
Spircea
701
Spircea
F6zii. Hybrid between 8. corymbosa and S. japonica:
Ivs. glabrous: fls. white or pinkish, in pubescent corymbs.
Frdfebelii: S. Bumalda var.
gemmata. To 10 ft.: Ivs. gray-green beneath entire: fls.
white, in glabrous umbels. May. China.
gigantea: Fi ipendula camtschatica.
H£ndersonii: Petrophy urn Hendersonii.
Heiiryi. To 8 ft.: Ivs. pubescent beneath: fls. white in
loose pubescent corymbs. June. China. Var. notabi'is
has larger corymbs.
Hodkeri: hort name of uncertain application.
Humboldtii: Aruncus Sylvester.
hypericifdlia. To 6 ft : vs. grayish-green, nearly gla-
brous: fls. white, in sessile umbels. Apr.-May. S. E. Eu.,
Asia. Var. nana (S. nana) is a low compact form. Var.
obovata (S. obovata) has obovate Ivs.
idaho£nsis. To 7 ft. or more: Ivs. elliptic to ovate-
elliptic, to 4 in long, sharply serrate and often doubly so,
glabrous: fls. ro^e-pink, in elongate panicles. Ida.
japonica (S. cattosa). To 6 ft.: Ivs. pae beneath, pubes-
cent only on veins: fls pink, in compound pubescent
corymbs. June-July. Japan. Var. a.ba botanically is
S. albiflora but plants so named in the trade may be S.
japonica var. ovahfolia. Var. F6rtunei (S. Fortunei) is taller,
with glabrous Ivs. and pink fls. Var. macrophflla, Ivs. to
6^ in. long, bullate. Var. ovahf dlia, fls. white. Var. rube'r-
rima, fla. deep pink.
laevigata: Sibir&a loemgata.
lanceolata: name referabl* either to S. alba or S.
cantoniensis.
Iatif61ia (S. bethlehemensis. S. carpmifolia) . To 5 ft.:
Ivs. glabious: fls. white or pinkish, in glabrous panicles.
June-Aug. Newf. to N. C.
Lenneana: S. Billiardn.
Lindleyana: Sorbana tomentosa.
lobata: Filipendula rubra.
longigemmis. To 5 ft., twigs glabrous: Ivs. ovate- to
oblong-lanceolato, to 2J-2 in- long, acuminate, glabrous,
margins doubly or incisely serrate, teeth gland-tipped:
fls. white, to % in. acioss, in loose corymbs to 3 in. across.
N. W. China.
lucida. To 3 ft.: Ivs. glabrous, shining above: flw. whit ,
in flat glabrous corymbs to 4 in. acioss. June-July. B. C.
to Ore. and S. Df
macroth^rsa. Hybrid between S. Douglasii arid S. lati-
foha: Ivs. elliptic to obovate, finely pubescent beneath:
fls. bright pink, in dense panicles.
Margaritas. Hybrid between S. japonica and S. supcrba:
to 5 ft.: Ivs. pale beneath and pubescent only on veins:
fls. bright rose, in leafy pubescent corymbs. July.
media (S. confusd). To 5 ft.: Ivs. slightly pubescent:
fls. white, in many-fld. glabrous umbel-like laremes. May.
Eu., Asia. Var. m611is has Ivs. more pubescent.
Menziesii. To 5 ft.: Ivs. pale beneath, pubescent only
on veins, fls. rose, m dense narrow pubescent panicles.
June-AuR. Alaska to Ore. Var. macrothyrsa is S. macro-
thyrsa. Var. triumphans is probably S. Billiardn.
Miyabei. To 3 ft.: Ivs. glabrous, to 2 in. long, ovate to
ovate-oblong, acute, doubly incised-serrate: fls. white, in
pubescent compound corymbs. June. Japan.
mollifdlia. To 7 ft., twigs pubescent becoming glabrous,
branches arching and angled: Ivs. elliptic-oblong to obovate,
to % in. long, acute, silky-pubescent, 2-3-toothed at apex
01 entire: fls. white, to M Jn. across, in dense umbels to 1 in.
across. W. China.
multifldra. Hybrid between S. crenata and S. hyperici-
folia: fls. white, before the Ivs.
nana: S. hypericifolia var.
Newmannii: listed name for dwarf form.
Nicoudie"rtii S. pikoviensis.
nipponica (S. bracteata). To 8 ft.: Ivs. blue-green be-
neath, glabrous: fls. white, in many-fld. umbel-like racemes.
June. Japan. Var. rotundifdlia has larger Ivs. and fls.
Nobleana: S. sansaouciana.
N6rmandii: a dwarf form of S. Bumalda, turning bril-
liant scarlet in au umn.
nd£ha. Hybrid between S. corymbosa and S. latifoha:
Ivs. nearly glabrous: fls. white or pinkish, in glabrous
panicles.
nudiflftra. Hybrid between S. amcena and S. chamsedry-
folia var. ulmifolia: Ivs. nearly glabrous: fls. pinkish- white,
in pubescent corymbs
obovata: S. hypericifolia var.
Opulifdlia: Physocarpus opulifolius.
palm&ta: Filipendula palmata.
paniculata: listed name, sometimes given to hort. forms
of S. alba.
pectinata: Luetkea pectinata.
pentapetala: probably Filipendula Ulmaria.
pikoviensis (S. Nicoudiertii) . Hybrid between S. crenata
and S. media: Ivs. nearly glabrous: fls. white, in glabrous
umbels.
pruinoea: S. brachybotrys.
prunifdlia. BRIDAL WREATH. To 6 ft : Ivs. glabrous or
pubescent beneath: fls. white, in few-fld. sessile umbels.
Apr.-May. Korea, China. Var. plena has Ivs. shining above
and double fls.
pubescens. To 6 ft.: Ivs. gray-tomentosc beneath: fls.
white, in many-fld. glabrous umbels. May. China.
pumila: S. Bumalda.
pyramidata. Hybrid between S. lucida and <S. Menziesii:
to 3 ft.: Ivs. glabrous: fls. white or pinkish, in dense pyram-
idal panicles.
Reevesiana: $. cantoniensis.
revir^scens. Hybrid between S. amcena and S. japonica:
to 3 ft.: Ivs. yellow-tomentose on veins: fls. rose, in loose
tomcntose corymbs.
richme'nsis: listed as a plant 3-5 ft. high with deep pink
fls. in feathery plumes, and appears to be one of the S.
Billiardn gioup.
richmon£nsis: hort. name.
rdsea: S. splendens.
R6sthornii. To 6 ft.: Ivs. pubescent on veins beneath:
fls. white, m loose pubescent corymbs. June. China.
rotundifdlia: S. cancscens.
rupestris: S. Blumei.
salicifolia. To 6 ft.: Ivs. pale and glabrous beneath: fls.
pink, m pyramidal pubescent panicles. June-July. S. Eu.
*o Japan. Var. alba is listed as having white fls.
sanssouciana (S. Nobleana). Hybrid between S.
Douylasn and S. japonica: to 5 ft.: Ivs. pale and pubescent
beneath: fls. rose, m dense pyramidal pubescent panicles.
July -Aug.
Sargentiana. To 6 ft.: Ivs. pubescent beneath and
slightly so above: fls. creamy-white, in pubescent corymbs
1 ^ in. across. June. China.
Schinabe'ckn. Hybrid between S. chamtedryfolia and
S. tnlobata: Ivs. glabrous: fls. white, in umbels.
semperfldrens. Hybrid between S. japonica and S.
sahcifoha: Ivs. neaily glabious: fls. rose, in much branched
pubescent panicles.
sorbifdlia: Sorbaria sorbifolia.
splendens (S. rosea). To 4 ft.: Ivs. glabrous, ovate to
elliptic-oblong: fls. rose, in slightly pubescent corymbs.
June. Ore., Calif.; probably not hardy m N. E.
Stevenii. To 2 ft., outer bark of twigs puberulcnt and
ultimately exfoliating. Ivs. elliptic to ovate, to 1% in. long,
crenate along terminal thud, ends usually rounded: fls.
white, to % in. across, in flat-topped infl. to 2 in. diam.
Alaska and N. W. Territory.
superba. Hybrid between S. albiflora and S. corymbosa:
Ivs. nearly glabrous: fls. pink, in terminal corymbs. June-
July.
syringaefldra. Hybrid between S. albiflora and S. solid-
folia: ivs. nearly glabrous beneath: fls. pink, in pyramidal
pubescent panicles.
Thunbergii. To 5 ft., twiggy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
glabrous fls. white, in few-fld. sessile umbels. Apr.-May.
Japan, China.
tomentdsa. HARDBACK. STEEPLEBUSH. To 4 ft.: Ivs.
yellow-tomentose beneath: fls. lose or purple, in dense
narrow tomentosa panicles. July-Sept. N. S. to Ga. and
Kans. Var. alba has white fls.
trichocarpa. KOREAN BRIDAL WREATH. To 6 ft.: Ivs.
glabrous: fls. wlii e, in pubescent umbels. June. Korea.
trilobata. T 4 ft.: Ivs. pale and glabrous beneath,
slightly 3-5-lobed: fls. white, in many-fld. umbels. May-
June. Asia. — Sometimes cult, under the name S. Blumei.
Ulmaria: Filipendula Ulmaria.
ulmif 6lia: S. chamsedry folia var.
Vanhouttei. Hybrid between S. cantoniensis and 8.
trilobata: to 6 ft. : Ivs. bluish-green and glabrous beneath:
fls. white, in many-fld. umbels. May-June.
Vanicekii: hort. name.
Veltchii T 12 ft.: Ivs. pubescent beneath: fls. white,
in dense pubescent corymbs. June-July. China.
venusta: Filipendula rubra var. venusta.
virginiana. To 4 ft.: Ivs. pubescent only on veins be-
neath: fls. white, in pubescent corymbs. June. Va. to N. C.
and Term.
Spircea
Wallufii: S. Bumalda var.
Wflsonii. To 8 ft.: Ivs. pubescent on both sides: fls.
white, in dense glabrous corymbs. June. China.
SPIRANTHES (Ibidium). LADIES-TRESSES.
Orchiddcese. Usually terrestrial orchids, of wide
distribution, with slender sts. bearing Ivs. mostly
toward ba.se and small fls. in more or less twisted
terminal spikes; sepals free or united with petals;
lip usually entire, and spurless. Grown in shady
locations out-of-doors; see Orchids.
brevifdlia: S. lonyilabris.
c£rnua. NODDING L. To 22 in. high: Ivs. linear to linear-
lanceolate, to 10 in. long- spike compact, to 6^ in. long;
fls. white, more or less nodding, to nearly }£ in- long- July-
Dec. N. S. to Fla. and Minn, to New Mex.
gracilis. SLENDER L. To 30 in. high: Ivs. basal, fugacious,
to 2'^j in. long and nearly 1 in. wide: spike spiral or one-
sided, to about 10 Yi in. long; fls. white with green lip, about
K in. long. June-Sept. (Apr.-May in S.). N. S. to Fla.,
Man. to Tex.
latifdlia: S.lucida.
longilabris (8. brevifoha). To 24 in. high: lys. linear to
lanceolate, to about 4 in. long: spike to 5^ in- long; fls.
white, to nearly ^ m. long. Oct.-Dec., May. N. C. to
Fla. and Tex.
lucida (S. latifoha. S. plantaginea, in part). WIDE-
LEAVKD L. To 14 in. high: Ivs. lanceolate, to 5 in. long:
fls. white with pale yellow lip, \i in. long, in dense spikes
to 4^ in. long. Que. to Va. and Wis.
pfcta: Sarcoglottts picta.
plantaginea: S. Indicia.
Romanzoffiana. HOODED L. To 22 in. high: Ivs. linear
to oblanceolate, to 10 K in. long: spike dense, three-ranked,
to 454 m. long; fls. white to creamy- white, to almost ^ in.
long. Newf. to N. Y., west to Alaska and Calif.
SPIREA: Spiraea. Blue: caryopteris incana. False-:
Sorbana. Rock-: Holodiscus discolor.
SPIRODELA: see Lemma.
SPIRONfeMA. Commdinacese. Mexican per.
herb sometimes grown under glass or in the open
in warm regions. S. frfcgrans. Sts. fleshy, hang-
ing: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, sheathing at base,
parallel-veined: fls. white, fragrant, in clusters
in terminal panicles. — Makes a good basket-
plant. Sometimes cult, as Tradescantia dracx-
noides.
SPLEENWORT: Asplenium.
SP6NDIAS. Anacardiacede,. Trees grown for
the edible fr., and sometimes for ornament, with
compound Ivs., small polygamous fls. borne in
racemes or panicles, 8-10 stamens, 4r-5-celled
ovary, and fleshy drupaceous fr. ; about 12 species
distributed in the tropics.
In regions free from frost almost any soil is suitable,
although good loams give best results. Propagated by
cuttings and S. cytherea by shield-budding.
axillaris: S. Mombin.
cytherea (S. dulcis). VI-APPLB. OTAHEITE-APPLE.
AMBARELLA. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. of 11-23 oval to oblong
entire or slightly toothed Ifts. to 3^ in. long: fls. whitish,
in large terminal panicles: fr. orange-yellow, oval or obovoid,
with large seed. Society Isls.
dulcis: S. cytherea.
lutea: S. Mombin.
M6mbin (S. lutea. S. axillaris). YELLOW MOMBIN.
Hoo- PLUM. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. of 7-17 ovate-lanceolate
nearly entire Ifts. to 4 in. long: fls. vellowish-white, in large
terminal panicles, fr. yellow, ovoia, with large seed. Cos-
mopolitan in tropics.
purpurea. PXJRPLE or RED MOMBIN. SPANISH-PLUM.
Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. of 7-23 oblong entire or slightly toothed
702 Siachys
SPRAGUEA. P&rtulacacex. Per. herbs of W.
N. Amer., with mostly basal fleshy Ivs. and fls.
in umbels composed of scorpioid spikes borne on
scape-like peduncles; suitable for the rock-garden.
multiceps. PUSSY-PAWS. Similar to S. umbellata but
smaller, to 6 in. high, the rose-purple fls. in dense heads
Wash, to Wyo.
umbellata (Calyptridium umbellatum) . To 1 ft.: Ivs.
spatulate: fls. white or pinkish. Mts., B. C. to Calif.
Ifts. to 1^4 in. long: fls. purple or greenish, in small axillary
panicles fr. y
Trop. Amer.
anicles fr. yellow to deep red, obovoid, with large stone.
SPREADING: standing outward, or horizontally away
from the axis.
SPREKfeLIA. Amaryllidacex. Mexican bulbous
herb grown in the greenhouse and out-of-doors in
warm climates; it is half-hardy. S, formosissima
(Amaryllis formosiKsinui). JACOBEAN- or ST.-
JAMES-LILY. To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, with fls.: fls.
bright crimson, to 4 in. long, the 3 upper segms.
erect and narrow, the 3 lower ones rolled into
horizontal cylinder for part of their length;
spring and summer. For cult, see Amaryllis.
SPRING BEAUTY: Claytonia. Gold: Lomatium utri-
culatum.
SPRUCE: Picea. Bigcone-: Pseudotsuga macrocarpa.
Hemlock-: Tsuga.
SPUR: a tubular or sac-like projection from a flower, as
of a petal or sepal; it usually secretes nectar.
SPURGE: Euphorbia, Pachysandra.
SPURRY: Spergula sativa.
SPYRfDIUM. Rhamnacese. Australian shrubs
with alternate simple Ivs. and fls. mostly in small
sessile heads surrounded by imbricated dry
brown bracts; intro. in Calif.
globulosum. Tall shrub: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 1^ in.
long, leathery, wlntc-tomentose beneath: heads almost
globular, many in dense corymbs.
SQUASH. Word of American Indian origin,
applied popularly to various kinds of edible
fruits of the genus Cucurbita (which see). In
the interest of clarity its application is some-
times limited to Cucurbita maxima, comprising
the autumn and winter squashes such as Hub-
bard, Bay State, Mammoth or Chile, Warren,
Essex, and the true turbans, although not so
restricted by the aborigines. See Pumpkin; also
Eggplant for Guinea squash.
SQUAW-BERRY: Mitchella repena. -Root: Carum Qaird-
nen.
SQUILL: Scilla.
SQUIRREL-CORN: Dicentra canadensis.
STACHYS. BETONY. WOUND WORT. Labiatae.
Widely distributed herbs or rarely shrubs with
purplish, scarlet, pale yellow or white, 2-lipped
fls. arranged in 2-many-fld. whorls, either axillary
or in terminal spikes. A few species are grown
for ornament in borders and one (S. Sieboldii)
has been cult, somewhat for the edible subter-
ranean tubers.
Solandri: Pleiogynium Solandri.
SPORANGIUM: a spore-case; a sac bearing spores.
SPORE: a simple reproductive body, usually composed
of a single detached cell, and containing no embryo; term
employed particularly (in systematic botany) in the
pteridophytes and lower orders.
Alopecuros (Betonica Alopecuros). To 1H ft-. ascending,
villous throughout: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, blade to
3^ in. long, petiole 1-8 in. long, margins crenate-serrate:
fls. yellow, in dense whorls of 20-30 forming spikes to 4 in.
long and 1 in. diam. Mts. of E. France, Italy and S. Cent.
Eu.
alpina. Per. to 3)^ ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate: fls. dark
purple-red. S. Eu.
dnnua. Branching ann. 1 ft. or less high: Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to 1^ in. long: fls. white, with yellowish under
lip and throat spotted purple, about M m. long. Eu.
Bet6nica: S. officinnlia.
ciliata. Per. to 6 ft., slightly hairy: Ivs. ovate to oblong,
to 6 in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. red-purple, to 1 in. long.
in spikes to 8 in. long. B. C. to Ore.
cocclnea. Per. to 2 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
to 2 in. long: fls. acarlet, I in. long. Tex., Ariz.
Stachys
703
Stapelia
c6rsica. Procumbent aim., pubescent: lys. ovate, H in-
long, very obtuse: fls. pinkish- white, to Y± in. long. Medit.
region.
floridana. Per. with tuberous slender rootstocks, to 18
in., slender: Ivs. oblong, to 1 in. or more, mostly cordate or
rounded at baae, crenate: fls. light lilac, in separated whorls.
Fla.
germanica. White- woolly per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceo-
late to lanceolate, to 5 in. long, cordate at base: fls. rose-
purple to white, small. Eu., Asia.
grandifl6ra (S. rosed. Betonica rosea, apicata and
grandijlom) . Hardy per. to 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. broad-
ovate, the lower very long-pet ioled: fls. violet, 1 in. or more
long. En., Asia Minor. Var. robusta, fls. rosy-pink, in
spikes 3 in. long. Var. sup£rba, fls. intense mauve or purple-
violet, or white in the form known as Bdomca superba alba.
Var. variegata is listed.
ibe'rica. Per. to 15 in., pilose: Ivs. oblong to oblong-
linear, obtusely serrate toward acute apex: fls. rose-pink to
purple, corolla longer than calyx, in whorls of 6-10. Asia
Minor.
lanata. LAMBS-EARS. Hardy per. to 1M ft., densely
soft-white- woolly: Ivs. oblong: fla. purple, small. Caucasus
to Persia. — Valuable as a bedding plant.
lavanduleefdlia. Dwarf subshrub with ascending or
procumbent branches: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, entire, gray-
pubescent: fls. rose-purple. Asia Minor.
officinalis (S. Betonica. Betonica officinnlis). Hardy
per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate: fls.
purple, J^ in. long, in dense whoils forming an oblong spike.
Eu., Asia Minor. — <S*. Betonica alba, albiflora and grandi-
flora are trade forms.
rdsea: S. grandiflora.
scardica. Sts. erect or ascending: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate:
fls. cream-colored suffused with rose, anthers purple,
scarcely longer than calyx. Greece.
sericea. Tall herbaceous per., silky-hairy: Ivs. ovate or
oblong, cordate, green above, white beneath: fls. pink
spotted with purple, about ^ in. long. Himalayas and N.
Asia.
Sieboldii (S. tuberifera) . CHOROGI. CHINESE or JAPA-
NESE ARTICHOKE. KNOTROOT. CKOBNES DU JAPAN. Erect,
hairy, to IJ-jj ft., with slender knotty white tubers produced
in great numbers just under the surface of the soil, edible:
Ivs ovate to ovate-lanceolate: fls. small, white or light red.
China, Japan — Once mtro to this country for its edible
tubers, but perhaps not now grown.
sylvatica. Per. to 2 ft.: IVH ovate-cordate, to 4 in. long:
fls. purple with lip white-spotted, ^2 m. long. Eu., N. Asia.
tmMea. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
to 3 in. long: fls. yellow. Mt. Tmolus region, Asia Minor,
tuberifera: S. Sieboldii.
STACHYTARPHfeTA. Verbenacex. Herbs or
shrubs of warm regions, with opposite or alter-
nate toothed Ivs. and white, blue, purple or red
fls. borne in spikes. The name btachytarpheta
is conserved by the International Rules as
against Valeria noides.
fndica: S. jamaicensis.
jamaicensis (S. indica). Ann. to 4 ft. or subshrubby:
Ivs. oblong or oval, to 3 in. long: fls blue, % in. across, in
spikes to \y^ ft. long. Widely dispersed in tropics.
STACHYURUS. The only genus of Slachy-
uracede. Asian shrubs or trees with alternate
toothed Ivs., yellowish fls. in drooping axillary
racemes in early spring before the Ivs., and
berry-like frs.
chinensis. Very similar to S. prxcox but with more
acuminate Ivs., spreading fls., longer style, and smaller frs.
China.
prabcpx. Shrub to 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
to 5^2 in- long: fls. bell-shaped, ^ in. long, in racemes to
3 in. long: fr. greenish-yellow, H m. across. Japan.
STAFF-TREE FAMILY: Celastracex.
STAGGER-BUSH: Ly&nia mariana.
STAGGERWEED: Delphinium tricorne.
STALK: the stem of any organ, as the petiole, peduncle,
pedicel, filament, stipe.
STAMEN: the pollen-bearing or male organ.
STAMINATE: having stamens and no good pistils; male.
STAMINODE, STAMINODIUM: a sterile stamen or a
structure resembling such and borne in the stamina! part
of the flower; in some flowers (as in Canna) staminodia are
pe.tal-like and showy.
STANDARD: the upper and broad more or less erect
petal of a papilionaceous or pea-like flower.
STANHOPEA. Orchidacex. Epiphytic orchids
native in trop. Amer., having pseudobulbs with
1 large plicate If. and large fragrant odd fls.
borne on 2-10-fld. lateral scapes which go
through the potting material and appear at
bottom of the orchid-basket; sepals and petals
reflexed; lip saccate at base, commonly with 2
lateral horns in center, the front lobe simple or
3-lobed at apex. For cult, see Orchids.
Amesiana: S. Lowii.
Bucephalus. Lvs. to about 20 in. long: fls. in 4-7-fld.
drooping racemes, tawny -orange spotted with crimson;
sepals and petals reflexed; lip with 2 curved horns. Aug.
Mex., Ecuador.
devoniensis. Lvs. to about 11 in. long and 3 in. wide:
infl. 2-3-fld.; fls. 4 in. across; sepals and petals pale yellow
spotted with brown-red; lip white spotted with purple,
dark purple at base. July- Aug. Mex.
ecornuta. Pseudobulbs ovoid, to 2 in. tall: If. elliptical,
to 20 in. long: infl. 2-3-fld., short; fls. about 3>2 m. across;
sepals and petals ivory-white; lip yellow deepening to orange
at base witmn. May- Sept., Dec.- Mar. Cent. Amer.
ins ignis. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate: scape commonly 2-fld..
to 8 in. long; fls. about 5 in. across, yellowish-white spotted
with purple. Oct., Jan. Brazil, Peru.
langleyensis: listed name.
L&wii (S. Amesiana). Sepals and petals creamy-bun",
latter thickly spotted with brown; lip ivory-white with
bunds of dull maroon. Colombia.
oculata. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 21 in. long: scape
4-8-fld., to 14 in. long; fla. about 5 m. across; sepals and
petals yellowish or whitish with numerous red-purple
oculate spots; hp orange at base with 2 lateral dark purple
spots, horns white, anterior part whitish often purple-
spotted. Apr.-Oct. Mex. to Honduras.
Reichenbachiana. Infl. 2-fld. sepals and petals white
turning to ochre-yellow; lip rosy at base. Colombia.
tigrina. Infl. 2-4-fld.; fls. to 7 in. across; sepals and petals
dark red blotched with yellow; hp with basal part oiange-
yellow blotched on sides with mai oon-pui pie, the middle
and anterior parts whitish spotted with purple. May-
July. Mex., Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela.
Wardii. Infl. robust, to about 15 in. long, to 7-fld.;
sepals and petals golden-yellow; hp with basal cavity
orange with 2 maroon-purple blotches or wholly maroon,
anterior part pale yellow spotted with red. Apr., Aug.-Jan.
Cent. Amer., Venezuela, Colombia. Var. a urea has deep
orange-yellow fls. with 2 puiple blotches on base of lip.
STANLEYA. Cruciferx. Glaucous and gla-
brous per. herbs of W. N. Amer., sometimes
grown for ornament in regions like those to which
they are native: Ivs. lobed, entire or divided:
fls. yellow, in terminal racemes, the petals and
sepals very narrow: fr. an elongated pod or
siliquc.
bipinnata. To 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. mostly pinnatifid,
segms. oblong to linear and sometimes lobed: fls. yellow,
to % in. across or less: pods to 2 in. long, strongly torulose
and tortuose. Kans. to Wyo. and Colo.
glauca. To 2 ft.: Ivs. glabrous, pinnatifid into linear-
lanceolate or oblong lobes, upper entire: fls. lemon-yellow,
petals % in. long: pods arcuate, not tortuose. N. D. to
Wyo. and Colo.
pinnata. To 5 ft.: Ivs. somewhat pubescent, pinnately
divided into oblong or lanceolate segms., upper ones entire:
fls. golden-yellow, to 1 in. across, in long terminal spike-
like racemes: pods arcuate, not tortuose. S. D. to New
Mex. and Calif.
STANLEYELLA: Thelypodium Wrightii.
STAPfeLIA. CARRION-FLOWER. Asclepiadaceae.
Leafless plants more or less cactus-like, with
thick fleshy 4-angled sts., large grotesque wheel-
or bell-shaped fls. barred with dull colors and
usually with offensive odor, and spindle-shaped
frs. ; African.
Stapelias are
sandy soil which
wn in greenhouses in open porous
drained. They should remain
Stapelia
704
Stapelia
dormant in winter. Propagated by cuttings. Many kinds
are known to collectors of succulents.
albo-castanea (>S. Caroh-Schmidtii). Tufted, sts. to
3 in.: fls. fleshy, nearly white, spotted purplish-brown,
1^2 i". across, several at bane of hts.
anguinea: 8. vanegata var. picta.
Arnotii. Sts. to 8 in.: fls. bright put pie, lower part of
corolla coveied with pale purple hairs, upper with long
white hairs, 4 in. across, 2-3 near base of sts.
Asterias. S.TAHKISH- FLOWER. Sts. to 10 in.: fls. dark
purple-brown with transverse yellow lines, lobes star-like
and spreading, margins with purple hairs, to 4 in. across,
1-5 near base of sts.
atropurpurea: S. variegata var.
Bay fie Id ii. Sts. to 8 in.: fla. pin pie-red, marked with yel-
low lines at base, to 2% in. across, 3-5 near base of sts.
bella. Elect to 7 in., sts. branching, to % in. square,
minute teeth on angles: fin. deep puiplush-ied becoming
browniMh toward tips, to 2 in. across, not glossy. Believed
to be a garden hybrid of S. revoluta arid S. deflexa.
bfcolor. (Jarden form with fls. 2^2 m- across, dark brown
with few yellow bpots, cihate with brown hana: sts. as in
8. vanegata.
Bufdnis: S. variegata var. clypeala.
cantabrig£nsis. Hjbiid resembling S. grandijlora, but
diOcnug m sts. lews compressed, coi olla-lobes with much
shorter pubescence, and outer corona-lobes linear and awn-
tipped, shortei than mnei ones.
Caroli-Schmidtii: 6'. albo-castanea.
ciliata: Diplocyatha ciliata.
clavicor5na. To 1 ft.' fls. midway \rp st., light yellowish
with transverse purple lines, becoming greenish, 2*^ in.
across, corona-lobes dark purple, the inner ones 2-horned
and club-shaped.
compar£bilis. Sts. to 8 in., about ^2 in- square, angles
not prominent, toothed: fls. dull puiple sometimes with
yellowish narrow transverse lines, to 5 in. across, pubescent.
1'iobubly of hybrid origin.
conspurcata: S. variegata var.
Codperi: Stultitia Coopeii.
Corderfiyi: Duvalia C order oyi.
deflexa. Sts. to 7 in.' fls. purple-red, often with trans-
verse greenish or yellowish lines, to 3 '2 in. across, corolla-
lobes strongly leflexed, 3-0 near base of sts.
depressa: S. hirsuta var.
Desmetiana. Sts. to 1 ft.: fls. purple with darker tips and
yellowish transverse lines near base, covered with pale
puiple hairs, to 6)2 m. across, 3-10 together on short stalk
near base of sts.
Dmteri. Sts. to 5 in.: fls. greenish-yellow densely red-
rown spotted, corolla margined reddish-brown, to 1^ in.
discolor. Fls. dark purple-brown, 2)^ in. across. Hybrid,
of which one parent is S. vanegata.
divergens. Hybrid, one parent being S. variegata: corolla
2 in. across, pale vellow or yellowish-green, lower 2<j's of
lubes lined with brownish-crimson, spotted toward tips,
cihate.
Englerlana. Sts. decumbent to ascending, to 1 ft. long:
fls. to 1% in. across, dark purple-brown, sometimes with
yellow lines, base of tube whitibh and spotted, lobes strongly
recurved.
flavir6stris. Sts. to 7 in.: fls. dark purple-brown marked
at base with transverse yellow or pale purple lines, to
0)2 ln« across, usually solitary near base of sts.
flavopurpurea. Sts. to 4 in.: fls. dull yellow, to lj<j in.
across, margins of lobes much recurved, outer corona purple,
yellowish at base, inner corona whitish. Var. Fleckii (S.
Fleckii), fls. greenish-yellow to yellow or reddish-oiange.
F16ckii: S. flavopui purea var.
Gettleffii. Sts. to 10 in.: fls. gieenish -yellow with trans-
verse yellowish lines, disk covered with pale purple hairs,
margins cihate, (3)2 *»• across, 1-3 near base of sts.
gigantea. Sts. to 9 in. long: fls. brown-purple and hairy
with under color of buff and lines of brown-purple, 11 in.
across, 1-2 together at base or middle of bts., m summer.
Tiop. and S. Afr.
glabricaulis. Sts. to 8 in., loosely branched, angles com-
pressed: fls. pinkish to reddish-purple, to 3% in. across,
lobes long-eihate, not recurved; inner corona-lobes dark
brown. — Sometimes confused with S. tsomoensis which
differs in slightly smaller fls. and sts. minutely pubescent.
glabrifldra. Sts. to 9 in.: fls. reddish-purple with darker
tips, rnaiked transversely with yellowish-white lines,
glabrous, to 4}£ in. across, corolla-lobes lecurved, 1-2 at
middle or lower part of sts.
grand ifldra. Ste. to 1 ft.: fls. dark purple-brown, with-
out markings, with purple or whitish hairs, to 6 in. across,
1-3 at base of ste.
grand is: listed name.
Hanburyana. Sts. to 6 in.: fls. pale greenish-yellow
marked arid edged with purple-brown, to 2^ in. across.
Hybiid.
hirsuta. Sts. to 1 ft.: fls. dark purple-brown with trans-
verse lines of cream or purple, cihato with pale purple or
whitish hans, to 5 in. across, corolla-lobes recurved, 1-3
near base of sts. Var. depressa (S. depressa), fl.-buds with
5 depressions at tip.
hfspida: a f 01 m of S. variegata with few rather large spots.
incompar£bilis. Sts. erect to G in.: fls. purple to purple-
red, to 3^ in. across, occasionally with yellow transverse
lines, long-cihate.
kwebensis. Sts. to 6 in. tall: fls. chocolate-colored to
dull yellow, to IK in. across, lobes transversely rugose,
acuminate. Vur. longipedicellata (S. longipedicellata) has
long pedicels lifting the fls. above the st. tops.
Leendertziae. Sts. decumbent to erect, to 4 in. tall: fla.
bell-shaped, brownish- to blackish-purple, tube to 3 in.
deep and 4 in. across, lobes about 2^j in- long, acuminate,
non-cihate.
longipedicellata: $. kwebensis var.
16ngipes. Sts. to 8 in., obscurely 4-angled, slightly
toothed: fls. white, outer half of corolla-lobes becoming
intense purple-black, to 8)2 in. across, cihate with magenta
hairs, pedicels to 8 in. long, decumbent.
lucilla: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
lunata. Hybrid, of which S. variegata is a parent: fls.
dark purplish-brown, apex of each lobe with yellow crescent-
shaped marking, somewhat yellow-spotted, minutely
cihate.
Maccabeana. Sts. to 1 ft., velvety-puberulous: fls. paio
green tinged purple, to 0 in. across, minutely cihate.
maculdsa. Sts. erect to 4 in., glabrous: fls. pale greenish-
yellow, to 4 in. across, annulus tinted purplish-red, densely
cihate, lobes recurved. Probably of hybrid origin.
maculosoides. Sts to 3 in.: fls. dark violet with paler
spots and transverse lines, to nearly 3 in. across, cihate.
Probably a feort. hybrid.
Margarita. Sts. to 2% in., soft-pubescent: fls. cream-
colored blending to pale purple, covered with cushion of
pink hairs extending half length of lobes, to 4^ in. across.
mermilis: listed name.
multiflora. A hort. hybrid, of which S. variegata is a
parent.
nobilis. Sts. to 5 in.: fls. with corolla-lobes to 4 in. long,
reflexed, reddish-purple on back, yellow on face, marked
wrth crimson lines and covered with purple hairs, 1-5 near
base or middle of sts.
Nopenackyi: listed name.
normalis: $. vanegata,
olivacea. Sts. to 6 in., obtusely angled: fls. olive-green
with brown transverse ridges to dull brownish-red, to 1 % m-
across, lobes recurved, cihate.
pachyrrhiza. Sts. to 3 in., with very thick roots: fls.
brownish-red outside, inside yellow finely spotted with red
or all dark red, to 3 in. across, clustered at oase of sts.
parvipunctata. Sts. to 5 in., obtusely angled: fls. cream-
colored to pule greenish-yellow, minutely dotted, purplish-
brown dots becoming larger toward lobe tips, to 1% in.
across, lobes ovate.
Peglerae. Sts. to G in.: fls. dark purple-brown, glabrous
except cihate margins, 2^ in. across, 3-4 together.
picta: S. variegata var.
Pfllansii. Sts. to 7 in. tall, soft-pubescent, obtusely
angled: fls. glossy purplish-brown, not marked, to G in.
across, lobes attenuate-acuminate, to nearly 2^ in. long,
cihate. Var. attenuata, fls. to 8 in. across, lobes long-attenu-
ate and somewhat twisted.
planifldra: S. variegata var.
pdrtae-taurinse. Sts. to 8 in., pubescent: fls. pale yellow
with brown warts and transverse ridges, to 1^4 in. across,
lobe margins recurved, riot ciliate.
pulchella. Sts. to 4 in : fls. sulfur-yellow dotted with
purple-brown, glabrous and not ciliate, to 2% in. across,
usually 3 at base of sts.
pulchra: S. verrucosa var.
pulvinita. Sts. erect, to 4 in., soft-pubescent: fls. dark
purple-brown with transverse yellow lines on lower %'s of
lobes, cushion of long soft purple hairs covering central
disk, lobes long-white-ciliate.
purpurea. Fls. dark violet-brown with yellow spots,
2^4 in. across. Hybrid, one parent being S. variegata.
rad&ta. Of hybrid origin, with light yellow fls. spotted
purple-brown; one parent is S. variegata.
Stapelia
recurvata: catalogue name.
ruf gscens of gardens is a form of S. hirauta.
rug&sa: S. variegata var.
Salmiana. Fls. light yellow spotted purple-brown, to
3J^ in. across. Hybrid; one parent is S. vanegata.
Schinzii. Sts. to 3 in.: fls. dark brown, glabrous except
the margins cihate with purple hairs, to 8 in. across, the
lobes very long-pointed, 1-2 at base of sts.
scutellata. Hybrid, one parent being S. vanegata: fls. to
3 in. across, light yellow with purplish-brown transverse
spots and wavy lines, somewhat connuent.
tomentdsa: S. taomoensia.
trisulca: S. variegata var.
tsomoensis (S. tomentosa). Sts. to 6 in.: fls. lilac-purple,
transverse ridges yellowish, to 3 in. across, disk and lobe
margins covered with appressed dark purple hairs, lobes
ovate-lanceolate, recurved.
uranus. Hybrid, one parent being S. mutabilia: fls. dark
purplish-brown with bright yellow annulus.
variabilis: hort. name.
variegata (S. norrnahs). Sts. to 6 in. long: fls. greenish-
yellow with dark purple-brown spots, 3 in. across, 1-5
together at base of sts. Var. atrata, fls. dull purplish-
brown with large darker spots and some yellow markings,
to 3)4 in. across. Var. atropurpurea (S. atropurpurea),
ground color blackish-purple. Var. bicolor of hort. is S.
bicolor. Var. clypeata (S. Bufonis), spotted and lined with
purple-brown. Var. conspurcata (S. conspurcata), fls. 2 in.
across, spots running together. Var. picta (S. picta, S.
anguinea), fls. 2 in. across, spotted crimson-brown on pale
yellow ground. Var. planifldra has corolla-disk flat on the
back when expanded. Var. rugdsa (S. rugosa), with small
spots and transverse lines of purple-brown. Var. trisulca
(S. tnsulca), fls. much spotted and lined at base, bud flat-
topped.
verrucdsa. Sts. to 3 in. long: fls. pale yellow spotted with
blood-red, inner face very rough with tubercles, to 2^ in.
across, 1-3 near base of sts Var. pulchra (S. pulchra), fls.
pale yellow spotted purple to purple-brown.
vetula. Sts. to 6 in , minutely pubescent: fls. purplish-
black without markings, to 2% in. across, lobes ovate-
acuminate, to 1J£ in. long, margins not ciliate, outer corona
reddish-yellow.
STAPHYLEA. BLADDER-NUT. Staphyleacese.
Ornamental shrubs or small trees bearing op-
posite compound Ivs., bisexual white fls. in
terminal panicles, and bladder-like frs.; grown
for ornament, the following species hardy in the
N. (unless noted) arid blooming in early summer.
Bladder-nuts prefer partial shade and moist rich soil.
Propagated by seeds sown when ripe or stratified till spring,
by suckers, layers arid cuttings; greenwood cuttings taken
from forced plants will root readily.
Bolanderi. Much like S. trifoha but Ifts. broader and
glabrous, fr. somewhat larger. Calif.
Buma'lda. To 8 ft.: Ifts. 3: fls. about % in. long, in erect
panicles to 3 in.: fr. to 1 in. long. Japan.
c61chica. To 12 ft.: Ifts. 5 or sometimes 3: fls. to % in.
long, in erect or nodding panicles to 3 in. long: fr. to 4 in.
long. Caucasus. Var. Coulombidri is more vigorous, with
larger Ivs. and fr.
emddi. Related to S. trifolia, not hardy N., with larger
finely serrulate Ifts. that are less pubescent underneath,
and larger fls. and frs. Himalayas.
holocarpa. To 25 ft. or more: Ifts. 3: fr. ellipsoid or pyri-
form, to 2 in. long. China, Var. rftsea has pink fls. and Ivs.
white-tomentose beneath when young.
pinnata. EUROPEAN B. To 15 ft.: Ifts. 5-7: fls. 1A in.
long, in nodding panicles to 5 in. long: fr. to 1 ^ in. long.
Eu., W. Asia.
trifdlia. AMERICAN B. To 15 ft.: Ifts. 3, pubescent under-
neath: fls. about K in. long, in nodding panicles to 2 in.
long: fr. to 3 in. long. E. U. S.
STAPHYLEACESE. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.
Five widely distributed genera of trees and shrubs
with compound Ivs., bisexual regular fls. having
5 sepals, petals arid stamens, usually 3-celled
ovary, and capsular fr. sometimes much inflated.
Stapnylea is much planted in N. Amer. for orna-
ment, and Euscaphis more rarely.
STAR-APPLE: Chryaophyllum Cainito. -Glory: Qua-
moclit. -Grass: Aletria, Hypoxia. Mexican: Milla biflora.
-of-Bethlehem: Omithogalum umbellatum.
705 Statice
STARFISH-FLOWER: Stapelia Aateriaa.
STARFLOWER: Trientalis. Spring: Brodixa uniflora.
STARWORT: Aster.
STATICE. Plumbaginaccae. A generic name
used originally for the thrifts (Armeria) and
later for the sea-lavenders (Limonium). Recent
legislation on the part of the Committee of the
International Botanical Congress ruled the name
Statice as a nomen ambiguum (i.e. of uncertain
and confusing application) and conserved for it
the two generic names given above. The synon-
ymy for the plants in cult, belonging to these
two genera follows:
alpina: Armeria maritima var.
arb&rea: Limonium fruticans.
arborgscens: L. arboreacens.
£rctica: see A. arctim.
Armeria: A. maritima var. elongata, but much material
so named in trade is var. purpurea.
auriculeef&lia: L. binervoaum.
bellidif6Ha: L. belhdifohum.
binerv&sa: L. binervoaum.
Bondu611ii: L. Bonduellii.
brassicaefdlia: L. brassicsefolium.
bupleuroides: A. plantaginea var.
caespitdsa: A. juniperi folia.
calif 6rnica: L. cahfornicum.
canescens: A. canescena.
caspia : Limonium bettidifolium.
cepha!6tes: A. pseud-armeria.
dianthoides: A. plantaginea var. leucantha.
Dicksonii: listed name, probably of form of L. ainuatum.
dumosa: a form of Limonium.
elegantissima: L. latifohum var.
elongata: A. maritima var.
eximia: L. eximium.
fasciculata: A. pungena.
filicaulis: A.filicauha.
formdsa: see A. formoaa*
fnlticans: L. fruticans.
globulariaef61ia: L. globularisefolium.
Gmelinii: L. Gmelimi.
Gougetiana: L. Gougetianum.
H&lleri: A. nuiritima.
imbricata: L. imbricatum.
incana: L. tatancum var. angustifolium.
juncea: A. juncea.
latifdlia: L. latifolium or A. pseud-armeria.
Laucheana: color form of typical A. maritima.
leucocephala: A. leucocephala.
Limdnium: L. vulgar e.
macroph^lla: probably L. macrophyllum, but possibly
A. macrophylla.
macr6ptera: L. macropterum.
majell^nsis: A. canescena var. brachyphylla.
maritima: A. maritima.
mauri tunica: see A. mauritanica.
minima: listed name of form of Limonium.
montana: A. maritima var. alpina.
Perezii: L. Perezii.
perfoliata: L. perfoliatum.
plantaginea: A. plantaginea.
Preauxii: L. Preauxii.
pseud-armeria: A. pseud-armeria.
pungens: A. pungena.
purpurea: A. maritima var.
reticulata: L. reticulatum.
rupfcola: L. rupicolum.
sareptana: L. tomentellum.
setacea: A. juncea.
sibirica: A. maritima vax.
sin^nsis: L. sinense.
sinuata: L. ainuatum.
Statice
spathulata: L. Sieberi.
spicata: L. spicatum.
spl£ndens: sec A. splendent.
stenophjrlla: A. plantaginca var. longibracteata.
superba: L. supeibum.
Suworowii: L. tiuworowu.
tartarica: //. tdtarnum.
tomentSlla: L. tomentdbim.
unduiata: A cancM'ens var. Irucantha,
virgata: L. oleifoltum.
vulgaris: probably A. nuiritirna var. purpurea, but
pOHHibly L, vulyaie.
Welwitschii: A. Weluntschii.
STAUNTONIA. LardizabaUicex. Evergreen
woody climbers native in China and Japan, with
digitately compound Ivs., unisexual fls. in axillary
racemes, and fr. a berry.
They thrive in moist shady locations in soil rich in
humus, and haidy in southern United States. Propagated
by cuttings of half-iipened wood under glass.
coriacea: a listed name.
hexaphylla. To 40 ft.: Ivs. of 3-7 ovate Ifts. to 4 in. long:
fia. white tinged violet, fragrant, about % in. long. Japan.
STEEPLEBUSH: Spiraa tomcntosa.
STEIRON^MA. LOOSESTRIFE. Primulacese.
Per. herbs with yellow fls. borne singly or in
axillary clusters, the corolla wheel-shaped. Cult.
as for
ciliatum (Lyxnnachia ciliata). To 4 ft.: IVB. opposite,
ovate-lanceolate, to 0 in. long: fls. to 1 in. across. U. S.;
nat. in Ku.
lanceolatum. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oval to spatulate, upper Ivs.
linear, to 4 m long: fls. about j^ in. across. Orit. to Mo.,
south to (Ja and Miss.
pumilum (*S. tilmtum var. occidental?). To 1J2 ft.: Ivs.
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long. fls. bright yellow,
1 in. across. Wash., Ore. to Minn.
STELLARIA. Caryophyllaccx. Annuals and
perennials usually diffuse and tufted, with simple
opposite Ivs. and white fls. in terminal leafy or
naked cymes, rarely axillary or solitary; scattered
over the world but mostly in temp, regions.
alpestris of hort. is Silenc alpestris.
graminea (Alsine yraminea). Per. to 2 ft., from creeping
lootstoeks. Ivs. lanceolate, to 1 in. long' fls. J4 1J1- across.
Eu., Asia; nat. in E. U. S. Vai. aurea, lower with pale
yellow Ivs.
Hoi 6s tea (Alsine Holostca). EAHTER BELLS. Per., erect
fioni a deeping lootstock, to 2 ft. high, glabrous or some-
what downy. Ivs. lanceolate, to 3 in. long, cilia te on mid-
vein and maigms. fls. to % m. acioss. May-June. Eu.,
N. Asia; escaped m E. U. S.
lefeta: S. longipes.
longipes (S. l;rta). Ann., erect or ascending, tufted: Ivs.
lanceolate to linear, to 1^2 m. long, somewhat stiff, ascend-
ing. fls. to *2 in. acioss, usually solitary or few, on erect
pedicles. Lab. to Que., west to Alaska, Colo, and Calif.
media. COMMON CHICKWEED. Ann. to 12 in., ste. weak,
decumbent or ascending: Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 2}2 in. long:
fls. to j^ in. across, in terminal leafy cymes. Eu.; nat. in
all temp, legions as a common weed.
pinifdlia: probably Aienario, pinifolia.
pubera (Alsine pubera). To 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate or elliptic,
to 5 in. long. fls. H in. long. N. J. to Fla. and Ala.
STEM: the main axis of a plant; leaf-hearing and flower-
bearing as distinguished from the root-bearing axis.
STEMMADfeNIA. Apocynacex. New World
shrubs or trees planted for ornament in trop. and
subtrop. regions, having opposite non-glandular
Ivs. and showy salverform or infundibuliform
fls. in cymes; fr. a several-seeded leathery fol-
licle. Differing from Tabernacmontana in the
calvx-iobes and bracts large and conspicuously
fohaceous or petaloid.
b611a: 8. Galeottiana.
Galeottiana (S. bella). Shrub to 10 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate
706 Stenocactus
to obovate-elliptic, to 6 in. long, glabrous: fls. cream-
colored, corolla infundibuliform, the throat tubular, to 2 in.
long, the tube broader and about ^ in. long, lobes obovate,
to 1 in. long, strongly imbricated and spreading: fr. about
1 in. long. Cent. Amer.
STEMMODONTIA: Wedelia Irilobata.
STENACTIS: Erweron speciosua.
STENANDRIUM. Acanthacese. Herbs native
of trop. Amer. and grown as foliage plants in the
greenhouse: Ivs. basal, entire: fls. small, in spikes:
fr. a caps.
Lmdenii. Lvs. broad-elliptic, dark green above veined
with white or yellow, purplish beneath: fls. yellow, in
spikes to 3 in. long. Peru.
STENANTHIUM. IMiacex. Tall herbs with
a somewhat bulbous base and long linear Ivs.
borne mostly at base of st., small polygamous
greenish or purplish fls. in terminal diffuse
racemes or panicles, the perianth-segms. united
at base; occasionally planted in the border or
wild-garden.
angustifdlium: S. gramineum.
grammeum (S. anyustifolium). To 4 ft.: Ivs. grass-like,
to 1 ft. long and % in. wide: fls. whitish, to ^2 m. acioss, in
panicles to 2 ft. long. S. U. S.
occidentale. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long, linear-lanceolate:
fls. biowriLsh-pinplp, to % in. long, on slender pedicels of
himple or blanched laceme. Rocky banks, Ore. to Ida.
and B. C.
robustum. FEATHER-FLEECE. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long
and % in. wide. fls. greenish or white, to ?|j in. across, in
ubually compound panicles to 2 ft. and more long. Pa. to
S. C. and Mo.
STENOCACTUS (Eckinofossulocactus). Cac-
tacese. A genus of Mexican cacti differing from
.Echinocactus in having the axils of the scales of
ovary and fr. naked and not woolly nor hairy:
the fr. dehisces by a lateral split and not by
means of a terminal pore. Cult, as for Echino-
cactus.
acroacanthus. Solitary, subglobose; ribs 27, areoles
white- woolly, becoming naked; spines 7, to 1|£ in. long, the
4 lower ones to ^2 i". long. Mex.
albatus (Echinocactus albatus). Solitary or rarely cespi-
tose, depiessed-globose to cylindrical, to 5 m. diain., spiny
and white- woolly on top; ribs veiy numerous, nairow,
acute, undulate; radials about 10, to }$ in. long, bnstly;
ceritiaLs 4, to 1^ in. long, btoutei : fls. white, to % in. long.
Mex.
anfractubsus (Echinocactus anfractuoaus) . Simple, 4-5 in.
tall and half as thick, dull green; nbs many; radial spines 7
and central solitary, curved: fls. puiple, segrns. white-
margined. Mex.
drrigens (Echinocactus arrigens, sphxrocephalus, xipha-
canthus and en*>ifer). Solitary, globose, blue-green; ribs
30-40 or moie, acute, undulate; spines alike, usually 5-7,
to % in. long, yellowihh, cuived fls. white, inner segms. with
red midrib, to 1 in. aciot>s. Mex.
bicolor: possibly Thelocactus bicolor.
c&rneus: listed name.
coptonogonus (Echinocactus coptonogonus) . Perhaps
cespitose, globular or somewhat depressed, to 4 in. high;
nbs 10-14; spines 3-5 and stout: fls. about 1 in. long and
bioader when open, puiple, begms. white-margined. Mex.
crispatus (Echinocactus crispatus). Obovoid and some-
what depiessed at apex, 5 in. or more high; ribs about 25;
spines 10 or 11 and rigid: fls. rather small, purple or white
with purple stripes. Mex.
densispinus: listed name.
durangensis: see Echinomastus durangensia.
esperanzensis: listed name.
fiavispinus: probably synonymous with Ferococtus
latispinus.
fleadspinus: see S. crispatus.
Gasseri: see -S. Lloydii.
gladiatus (Echinocactus qladiatus). Ovoid or oblong, to
5 in. high and 4 in. across; ribs 14-22 and prominent; spines
10 and to 2 in. long. Mex.
grandic6rnis. Solitary, ovoid, to 5 in. high, spiny on
top; ribs about 35, blue-green, undulate, acute; spines
yellowish to gray, radials 8, lower ones to ^ in. long, others
Stenocactus
707
Stephanandra
shorter, centrals 3, to 2 in. long, very stout, upper one
straight, others curved: fls. white within, inner segms. with
brown midrib, to 1 M in. long. Mex.
grisac&nthus: listed name.
hastatus. Solitary, depressed-globose; ribs about 35,
acute, wavy, areoles white- woolly ; spines yellowish, radials
5-6, stout, central 1, to \% in. long: fls. yellow. Mex.
heterac&nthus (Echinocactus heteracanthus. 13. tetrcuci-
phus). Globose or short-cyhndnc, light green, closely
covered with spines; ribs 30-34; radials 11-13; centrals 4.
fls. greenish-yellow. Mex.
lamelldsus. Sohtaiy, globose to cylindrical, to 5 in. tall
and 3J4 in. diam., blue-gieen; ribs about 35, acute, wavy;
spines white, tipped brown, radials 5, to M in. long, flat,
central 1, to 1% in. long: fls. carmine-red within, to 1% in.
long. Mex.
lancifer. More or less ovoid, flattened on top; ribs 25-55,
very thin, wavy; spines 8, white, often tipped brown: fls.
rose-pink, large. Mex.
latispinus: see Ferocactus latispinus.
Lldydii. Solitary, globose, to 6" in. diam., spiny on sides
and top; ribs 25-55, compressed, wavy; radials 10-15, to
% in. long, white: centrals 3, curved upwards with upper-
most one to nearly 4 in. long, tan-colored : fls. pale rose-
pink, small. Mex.
longispinus: listed name of no botanical standing.
multicostatus (Echmocactua multicontntua). Simple,
mostly globose and sometimes depressed, 2-4 in. diam.; ribs
100 or more; spines usually 6-9: fls. 1 in. long, white with
broad purple stnpe Mex.
obvallatus. Similar to *S. arrigens, differing in spines
7-9, red becoming brown: fls. pale pink with purplish-red
stripe and more widely expanded, stamens white not pink
and stigmas 9-lobed not 0-7. Mex.
Ochoterenaus. Usually solitary, globose, to 3 in. high
and 4 in. diam.; ribs about 30, thin, wavy; radial spines
usually 22-30, about }% in. long, radiating, recurved, white;
centrals 4, flat, uppermost one to 23-2 in- long, tan-colored:
fls. white to very pale rose-pink. Mex.
pen tacan thus. Solitary, deprewHod-globose, to 3 in. diam.;
ribs 30-40, thin, dose together, wavy; spines 5, to 2 in. long,
ringed, the lower two only to }% m. long: fls pale yellow,
to $4 in. long, inner segms. striped pmphsh. Mex.
phyllacanthus (Echmocactua phyllncMnthus). Depressed-
globose, to 4 in. diam., dark Kieen; nbs 30-45, compressed,
undulate; spines usually 7-10, upper ones to 3 in. long,
erect, flattened, often ringed, lower ones shorter, spreading,
slanderer: fls. white to pale yellow, to % in. long, inner
segms. with narrow red stupe. Alex.
polyldphus: listed name.
rectispinus: see Ferocactus rectispinus.
robustus: see Ferocactus robustus.
sphacelatus: listed name, possibly Afammillaria sphace-
lata.
tricuspidatus. Globose to subcylindrical, to 3 J£ in. diam.;
ribs 30-55; radial spines 4, gray to brown with black tip,
flattened; central 1, to 1% m. long: fls. yello\vish-green,
to % in long. Mex.
Vaupelianus (Echinocactus Vaupelianus'). Solitary, de-
pressecf- globose to hemispherical, to 2% in. high and 3Jjj m-
diam., woolly and spiny on top; ribs 30-40, to % in. high,
much compressed, wavy; radial spines 12-25, to ^g m. long,
spreading, white; centrals 1-2, to 2}| in. long, brownish-red
to nearly black: fls. pale yellow, to % in. long. Mex.
violacifldrus (Echinocactus violaciflorus). Solitary, glo-
bose to aubcylmdrical, to 4 in diam. arid 5 in. high; nba
about 35, compressed, wavv; spines 7, upper one to \Y% in.
long and flattened to ^ in wide, ringed: fls. white, to 1 in.
long, inner segms. with violet stripe. Mex.
._
60, compressed, wavy; radial spii__.. ._,..,_
white; centrals 3, to 1 % in- long, flattened, one erect: fls.
pink, to 1 M in. long. Mex.
STENOCARPUS. Proteaceae. Trees with alter-
nate or scattered Ivs., bisexual red or yellow fls.
in umbels, and fr. a leathery follicle; native in
Australia and New Caledonia. Grown out-of-
doors in S. Calif.
Cunninghamii. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long:
fls. yellowish, differing from S. aahgnua only in the glabrous
ovary. N. Australia. — The plant grown in S. Calif, and
figured in Bot. Mag. as S. Cunninghamii is S. sinuatus.
salignus. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. yellow-
ish, \i in. long, in 10-30-fld. umbels. Queensland, New S.
Wales.
sinuatus. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate or pinnately cut into
1-4 pairs of oblong lobes, to 1 ft. long: fls. bright red, 1 in.
long, in 12-20-fld. umbels. Queensland, New S. Wales.
STENOCHL&NA. Polypodiacex. Trop. climb-
ing epiphytic ferns with 1-pinnate fronds, the
fertile with contracted pinna; covered with son
beneath; sometimes grown in greenhouses on
tree-fern sts. and other supports. See Ferns.
palustris. Fronds leathery, shining, to 4 ft. long, segms.
of sterile fronds to 10 in. long and 1^ in. wide, toothed
toward tip. India, S. China, Australia.
STENODRABA. Cruciferse. A S. American
genus of less than 10 species, differing from
Draba chiefly in the larger and nearly linear frs.
andina: S. colchaguensis.
colchaguensis (S. andina. Draba andina). Tufted per.
to 3 in. high, sts. short, ascending and numerous: basal Ivs.
in rosette, oblong-elliptic to obovate, to % in long, apex
obtuse and usually 1-3- toothed, fleshy, remotely oihate;
st -Ivs. narrower, entire, to H m long: fls. white, often
obscurely blue-spot ted, in compact racemes: pods to H in.
long, usually without persistent style. Chile.
STENOGL<5TTIS. Orchidacese. Terrestrial or-
chids of Afr. with basal Ivs. and small fls. in
racemes, the petals smaller than the sepals, lip
3- or more-cleft. Grown in temperate green-
house; see Orchids for cult.
longif&lia. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, to 7 J£ in. long: infl. to
24 in. high, racemes many-fld.; fls. light purple, lip 5-7-
cleft. Late summer and autumn.
STENOLOBIUM. Bignoniaccx. Erect shrubs
Fla. to Mex. and S. Amer., with opposite simple
or compound Ivs., prominent showy fls. in ra-
cemes or panicles, corolla bell-shaped or funnel-
form and tube contracted at base and hairy in-
side toward bottom, stamens curved in two
pairs, fr. a long narrow pod-like caps, bearing
thin-winged seeds. One species is abundantly
planted Fla. to 8. Calif, and in tropics; cult, as
for Tecoma and similar plants.
stans (Biffnonia and Tecoma stana). YELLOW-BELLS.
To 20 ft. or more, sometimes tree-like: Ivs pinnate, of
5-13 lanceolate to oval Ifts. that are to 4 in. long, acute or
acuminate, serrate, glabrous: fls. bright yellow, to 2 in.
long: fr. to 8 in long. Fla. to S. Amer. Var. angustata, Ifta.
narrow and cut-toothed. Var. sambucifdlia is hated aa
having elder-like Ivs. Var. velutina (Tecoma velutina, T.
molhs), Ifts. pubescent underneath.
STENOSPERMATION. Aracex. Shrubs
climbing by roots from the nodes, native in the
Andes of S. Amer.: Ivs. with long-sheathed
petioles: spathes boat-shaped, white, soon decid-
uous; spaclix white; fls. bisexual. One species
sometimes grown in greenhouses.
popayanense. Sts. to 3 ft. long: Ivs. oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, to 1 ft. long and 2^ in. wide, leathery: spathe
4 in. long; spadix 2J^ in. long. Colombia, Ecuador.
STENOTAPHRUM. Graminex. Per. creeping
grasses, one of which is used for lawns in the S. :
Ivs. narrow: spikelets sunken in the flattened
rachis of the spike; native in tropics and sub-
tropics. See Grasses, Lawns.
americanum: S. aecundatum.
secundatum (S. americanum). ST.-AuousTiNE-GRASS.
Stolomferous, sts. to 1 ft. high, with flattened sts.: Iva. to
6 in. long and ^ in. wide: spikes stiff, to 5 in. long. S. C. to
Tex., trop. Amer. Var. vanegatum has white striped Ivs.
STEPHANANDRA. Rosacex. Deciduous
shrubs of Asia with alternate toothed or lobed
Ivs., small white or greenish fls. in terminal
panicles or corymbs, and fr. only partly dehiscent.
The following are hardy in the North although requiring
protection in severe winters. Propagated by seeds, by
cuttings of green wood under glass, oy division, and some-
times by root-cuttings.
chingnsis. Sts. flexuous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 2H i&*
Siephanandra
708
Stewartia
long, acute doubly-serrate, remotely or not at all incired:
fls. white, in compound racemes. E. China.
flexu&sa: 8. incisa.
incisa (8. flexuoaa). To 8 ft., wUh long drooping branches:
Ivs. to 2^ in. long, deeply lobed sometimes half way to
midrib: stamens 10. Japan, Korea.
Tanikse. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, shallowly 3-lobed:
stamens 15-20. Japan. — Lvs. becoming bright yellow to
scarlet in autumn.
STEPHANOCEREUS: Cepkalocereus leucostele.
STEPHANOM£RIA. Composite. Ann. and
per. chicory-like herbs of W. N. Amer. with Ivs.
reduced on the flowering branches and rose or
pink heads of ligulate fls. borne in panicles and
opening only in early morning; pappus of plumose
bristles. One species occasionally transferred to
the garden.
cichoriacea. Per. to 5 ft., with woody root: Ivs. oblong
to lanceolate, to 8 in. long: heads % in. across, sessile on the
naked branches. Calif.
STEPHANOPHYSUM: Ruellia.
STEPHANOTIS. Asclepiadaceae. Woody vines
of Madagascar and Malaya, with opposite
leathery Ivs., large funnel- or salver-shaped fls.
in axillary clusters, and thick milkweed-like
frs.; grown under glass or out-of-doors in the 8.,
in loamy soil in a temperature of about 65°.
Propagated by cuttings of half-matured wood
over bottom heat.
floribunda. MADAGASCAR-JASMINE. To 15 ft. and more,
twining: Ivs. elliptic, thick, to 4 in. long, with abrupt short
apex and broad or subcordate base: fls. white, waxy, fra-
grant, 1-2 in. long. Madagascar.
STERCULIA. StercuMoceae. Trees of warm
countries with alternate entire or palmately
lobed and divided Ivs., unisexual or polygamous
fls. without petals usually in axillary panicles,
and fr. of 5 woody carpels; planted for shade
and ornament in trop. climates. Propagated by
seeds and cuttings of ripened wood.
acerifdlia: Brachychiton acerifohum.
alata: Pterygota alata.
ap6tala (8. carthaginensis) . To 45 ft.: Ivs. thick, 5-lobed,
to 1 ft. brond, pubescent or tomentose underneath: fls.
yellow spotted with pink or purple, rusty- tomentose: fr. to
4 m. long. Trop. Amer.
Bfdwilli: Brachychiton Bidwilh.
carthagin£nsis: S. apetala.
coccfnea: a confused name, the plant in the trade may be
Pterygota alata.
discolor: Brachychiton discolor.
diversif61ia: Brachychiton populneum.
fdetida. To 60 ft.: Ivs. divided into 5-9 lanceolate Ifte.
to 6 in. long: fls. red or purplish, with offensive odor: fr.
red, to 4 in. long. Tropics of Old World.
Gregori: Brachychiton popidneum var. occidentalis.
lurida: Brachychiton luridum.
occidentalis: Brachychiton popidneum var.
platanifdlia: Firmiana simplex.
rupestris: Brachychiton rupestria.
STERCULlACE^E. STERCULIA FAMILY. Herbs,
shrubs and trees, mainly trop., on both sides of
the world, differing from Malvaceae in technical
characters: genera about 50, furnishing orna-
mental subjects and the cocoa, chocolate and
cola-nut of commerce. The family is character-
ized by alternate Ivs., regular mostly bisexual
fls. having 5 sepals and petals or petals lacking,
5 or more stamens, superior 2-5-celled ovary,
and fr. a caps, or follicle which sometimes sepa-
rates into leaf-like carpels. The genera herein
treated are: Brachycniton, Cola, Dombeya,
Firmiana, Fremontia, Mahernia, Pterospermum,
Pterygota, Sterculia, Theobroma. Thomasia,
Waltheria.
STERNBfiRGIA. AmarylUdaceee. Small bul-
bous herbs with narrow basal Ivs. and bright
yellow funnel-shaped fls., solitary or 2 terminat-
ing the short scape.
The following species is hardy and succeeds in a dry
sunny position in rather heavy soil. Bulbs should be
planted about 6 inches deep.
lutea (Amaryllis luted). Lvs. to 1 ft. long and % in.
wide: fls. 1H in- long, the tube very short, in autumn.
S. Eu., Asia Minor. Var. major, fls. much larger than type.
STETSONIA. Cactacese. Tall much branched
cactus native in the deserts of Argentina. S.
Cor^ne (Cereus Coryne). To 25 ft. with short
trunk to 16 in. diam.; ribs 8-9; spines 7-9 and to
2 in. long: fls. solitary in upper areoles, funnel-
form, white, to 6 in. long.
STEVENSONIA. Palmacex. Monoecious some-
what armed tree from the Seychelles Isls., with
pinnate-ribbed Ivs. not parted or cut to the rachis
or midrib : related to Verschaff eltia but differs in
absence of brace roots, Ivs. with long sharp teeth
or secondary segms., smaller drupe-like fr., seed
not grooved, 2 spathes, and technical characters:
spadices in axils of lower Ivs., much branched,
drooping; spathes 2, the outer one bristly; fls.
in 3Js, spiral on the branches, middle one pistil-
late; stamens 15-20, joined at base: fr. flattened
on one side, about y$ in. long; albumen strongly
ruminate. Probably tender in the U. S. S.
Borsigiana (S. grandifolia. Phoenicophorium
sechellarum). To 40 or 50 ft., st. spiny in young
plants but becoming spineless, the If.-sneaths
and petioles spiny when young: Ivs. obovate or
oblong, cuneate at base, blade several ft. long,
shallowly bifid at apex, deeply cut along the sides
mostly one-third or less to rachis, the parts or
segms. cut, strongly ribbed, more deeply cut on
old trees: fls. golden-yellow.
STEVTA. Composite. Herbs, sometimes woody
at base, Tex. to Ariz, and to S. Amer., with
mostly opposite Ivs. and small narrow often
brightly colored few-fld. heads, purple to white,
in terminal clusters. Little grown for ornament.
Eupatdria. Per : Ivs. lanceolate-oblong, to % in. long,
entire to finely serrulate, punctate, acute: fls. white inside,
purplish on reverse, about ^ in. across, many in fastigiate
corymbs. Mex.
ivaef61ia. Per. with stout roote and somewhat woody
base, to 18 in. or more, erect: lower Ivs. broad-spatulate,
about 1 in. long, finely serrate; upper Ivs. narrow-oblong
to linear: fls. dark rose. Mex. south. — Probably a form of
S. serrata which is not in cult., the Stevia serrata of florists
being Pifluma trinervia.
purpurea. Lvs. very narrow, the lower ones hardly
spa tula te. fls. purple. Mex.
serrata: see under S. ivxfolia.
STEWARTIA (sometimes but not by LinnsBUS
spelled Stuartia). Theacex or Ternstroemiacese.
Asian and N. American trees and shrubs with
alternate simple toothed Ivs., showy white fls.
solitary in the axils, and capsular fr.
Stewartias are planted for ornament and are fairly hardy
North. A mixture of peat and loam soil is best. Propagated
by seeds, layers, and cuttings under glass in late summer.
koreana. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. elliptical, to 4 in. long,
usually pubescent beneath, margins somewhat serrulate:
fls. terminal or nearly so. Korea.
Malacodgndron (S. mrginica). Shrub to 12 ft.: fls. to 4
in. across, with purple stamens; styles united. Va. to Fla.
and La. ; not hardy in northern states.
monadelpha. Tree to 80 ft.: fls. \1A in. across, with
violet anthers; bracts beneath calyx large and leaf-like;
styles united. Japan.
ovata (Malachodcndron pentagynum. 8. pentagyna).
Shrub to 15 ft.: fls. to 3 in. across, having white stamens
Stewartia
709
Stokesia
with orange anthers; styles distinct. Ky. to Ga. Var.
grandifldra has fls. to 4 in. across with purple stamens.
pentagyna: S. ovata.
Pseudo-Camellia (S. japonica var. grandiflora). Shrub
or tree to 50 ft., branchlets glabrous: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
acuminate, entire, glabrous beneath: fls. to 2^ in. across,
having white stamens with orange anthers; bracts small;
styles united. Japan.
serrata. Shrub or tree to 40 ft., differing from S. Pseudo-
Camellia in its pilose branchlets, somewhat longer serrulate
Ivs., and slightly smaller fls. Cent. China.
sin£nsis. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.: fls. 2 in. across, with
whitish stamens; bracts longer than calyx; styles united.
China.
virginica: S. Malacodendron.
STICK-TIGHTS: Bidens.
STIGMA: the part of the pistil that receives the pollen,
commonly at the tip of the style and variously enlarged.
STIGMAPHtLLON (Stigmatophyllon) . Mal-
pighiacex. Usually twining woody vines from
trop. Amer., with opposite simple Ivs., yellow
fls. in umbel-like corymbs, and fr. of 1-3 samaras;
grown out-of-doors in warm regions, also some-
times in the greenhouse where they are propa-
gated by cuttings in heat.
ciliatum. Slender twiner: Ivs. glabrous, the margins
ciliate: clusters with 3-6 showy fls. St. Thomas (W. Indies),
S. Amer.
littorale. Robust, with tuberous roots: Ivs. glabrous
above, pubescent beneath: clusters many-fld. Brazil.
STILBOCARPA. Araliacese. Large herbs of
New Zeal, and adjacent isls., sometimes grown
under glass or in the open in warm climates : Ivs.
large, simple: fls. unisexual, in compound umbels
forming large globose heads.
LVallii. To 4 ft.: Ivs. orbicular-reniform, lobed and
toothed, to 1H ft- across, glabrous above, bristly-hairy
beneath: fls. reddish-purple, in heads to 1 ft. across: fr.
black and shining.
polaris. Differs from S. Lyallii in Ivs. bristly on both
surfaces, yellowish fls. with purplish center, and fr. hollowed
at apex.
STILLfNGIA. Euphorbiacese. Shrubs or herbs
with alternate simple Ivs., monoecious fls. with-
out petals borne in terminal spikes, and capsular
frs.; the following is grown for medicinal pur-
sebifera: Sapium sebiferum.
sylvatica. QUKENS DKLIGHT. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. lanceo-
late to oblong, to 4 in long, toothed: fls. yellow, the spikes
to 3 in. long. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
STINK BELLS: Fritillaria ayreatia.
STlP A (Lasiagrostis). SPEAR-GRASS. FEATHER-
GRASS. Graminese. Per. grasses with mostly
convolute Ivs. and small awned spikelets borne
in panicles; widely distributed and grown for
ornament and S. tenacissima for fiber. See
Grasses.
argentea. To l}4 ft.: panicles to 4 in. long, with plumose
silvery awns to 2 in. long. Argentina.
bulbdsa: listed name.
elegantissima. To 3 ft.: panicles to 8 in. long, open, with
awns to 1 M in. long and plumose pedicels. Australia.
pennata. Tufted, to 3 ft.: panicles dense, with plumose
awns to 1 ft. long. Eu., Asia.
splendens. To 6 ft.: panicles to 1 ft. long, with awns to
}4 in. long, the glumes pearly and shining. W. Asia.
tenacissima. ESPARTO-GRASS. To 3 ft.: panicles short,
with plumose awns to 2 in. long. Spain, N. Afr.
STIPE: the stalk of a pistil or other small organ; also
the petiole of a fern leaf.
STIPULE: a basal appendage of a leaf, usually on the
petiole or at its insertion; the three parts of a complete
leaf are blade, petiole, stipules (usually 2). Stipel is the
stipule of a leaflet.
STIZOLOBIUM. VELVET BEAN. Leguminosae.
Extensive twiners with Ivs. of 3 large Ifts., pa-
pilionaceous fls. in long racemes, and mostly
thick hairy or velvety pods ; grown for forage far
S. and also for ornament; ann. or grown as such.
Some authors prefer to place the species in
Mucuna.
Velvet beans are adapted only to warm region*? and will
not stand frost. They should be planted with some sup-
porting crop, such as corn. Propagated by seeds.
Deeringianum (Mucuna Deeringiana). FLORIDA VELVET
B. Fls. dark purple: pods to 3 in. long, covered with dense
black pubescence: seeds nearly globular, whitish spotted
with brown and black. Probably S. Asia or Malaya.
Has si oo. YOKOHAMA BEAN. Fls. dark purple: pods to
4^ in. long, with white pubescence; seeds somewhat flat-
tened, ash-colored. Probably Japan.
nfveum. LYON BEAN. Fls. white: pods to 5 in. long, with
white pubescence; seeds flattish, ash-colored. Probably
S. Asia and Philippines.
pruritum. Co WAGE. Co WITCH. Fls. dark brownish-
purple: pods to 4 in. long, bristly-hairy; seeds oblong,
spotted. Tropics.
STOCK (Mathiola and Malcomia). Three
unlike plants comprise the stocks of gardeners.
The evening stock, grown for its very fragrant
lilac or light purple small flowers that open to-
ward night, is a straggling branchy annual with
very narrow leaves, native in southeastern
Europe, named Mathiola bicornis from the two
conspicuous horns on the end of the mature pods;
flowers sessile. The Virginian stock, annual,
grown for its abundant small not fragrant flowers
in lilac, red and white, is Malcomia matilima
which see; pod not horned; flowers short-stalked.
The third kind is the common or Brampton
stock of the florists and flower-gardens; it is
biennial or perennial, Mathiola incana, with an
annual race known as ten weeks stock, var.
annua; there are intermediate races; it is native
in southern Europe. It is a sturdy erect felty
plant, \-2l/2 feet nigh, with colors in cultivation
running from white to pink, red, purple, terra-
cotta, yellowish, very fragrant, usually double.
There are dwarf compact races. It is grown for
summer and autumn bloom in the open, and also
under glass; a standard garden flower for beds,
borders, bouquets and floral decorations.
The annual or ten weeks stock is grown for
summer and autumn flowers from seeds started
in late winter or very early spring or sometimes
later for autumn use. Transplant as needed to
maintain continuous growth and to produce
stocky plants, letting them stand 8-10 inches
apart. They make good house subjects in pots,
from seeds sown in summer. Usually handled as
a half-hardy subject.
The intermediate stock requires a longer season ;
sown at the same time as the ten weeks, it suc-
ceeds that kind in bloom. The intermediate kinds
are hardier and may be expected to bloom up to
cold weather. For spring bloom, the hardy bien-
nial strains are employed, the seeds being sown
the spring or summer before and the plants
carried over winter in a cool house or frame; or
they may be lifted in autumn and potted for
winter bloorn. Special colors are sometimes per-
petuated by cutting propagation. Stocks are
often grown by florists in beds under glass, for
spring sale. For this purpose, seeds may be
started in late autumn and early winter. See
Mathiola. '
STOKfcSIA. STOKES ASTER. Composite. Per.
herb native from S. C. to La. and planted in the
garden. It thrives in well-drained sandy loam,
but requires protection N. Propagated by seeds
and division. S. lafevis (S. cyanea). Sts. woolly
Siokesia
710
Strawberry
or floccose above: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 8 in.
long, spiny-toothed toward base: heads to 4 in.
across, blue or purplLsh-blue, the marginal fls.
enlarged; pappus of scales. July-Oct. Vars. Slba,
white, cserdlea, blue, elegans, lilacina, lilac,
lutea, creamy-yellow, and rdsea, pink, are listed.
STOLON: a shoot that bends to the ground and takes
root; more commonly, a horizontal stem at or below surface
of the ground that gives rise to a new plant at its tip.
STOMATIUM. Aizoacex. Stemless succulents:
Ivs. united at base, with teeth on edges: fls.
sessile or short-stalked: petals linear; stigmas
5-0. A large group split off from Mesembry-
anthernum. •
agninum: Agninctus agninus.
albordseum. Branches with 4-6 spatulate Ivs. to 1 in.
long and Y^ in. wide, punctate: fls. white or rose, % in.
across, fragrant.
diff6rme. Densely tufted: Ivs. of two kinds, to 1 in. long
and *3 in. wide, white-punctate: fls. yellow tipped with
red, fragrant.
t)uthiese. Tufted: Ivs. unequal, % in- long and ^ in-
wide, glaucous suffused with rose, with prominent tubercles:
fls. yellow.
Fulleri. Plant about 1 in. high, branches crowded: Ivs.
to *'\ in. long and 3-2 in- wide, punctate.
GSoffreyi. Brunches with 6-8 crowded Ivs. to % in. long
and )3 in. wide: fls. reddish or yellowish.
Jamesii. Branches to 5 in. long, sometimes rooting:
Ivs orbicular or .spatulate, to l/% in. long, glaucous, punctate:
tts. yellow, fragrant
Meyeri. Densely tufted: Ivs. 1 in. long , and % in. wide,
punctate: fls. white, rose outside, fragrant.
murlnum (Af. murtnum). Much branched: Ivs. to 1 in.
long and \i in. wide, with white pellucid dots: fls. solitary,
yellow, fragrant, I in. across.
mustelllnum (M muatellinum). Much branched with
prostrate branches: Ivs, rhomboid, to 1 in. long and % in.
wide, with largo pellucid dots: fls. solitary, yellow, fragrant.
nfveum. Lvs. to I in. long and \^-lA in. wide, glaucous
with prominent white spots: fls. snow-white, very fragrant.
Rdnaldii. Lvs. erect or incurved, to ^ in. long and
H in. wide, punctate: fls. with hair-like petals about M in.
long.
suav&olens (M. suaveolcns), Lvs. very fleshy, % in. long
and )£ in. wide, somewhat recurved, spotted: fls. yellow.
suricatinum. Branches with 4-6 truncate Ivs. 1 in. long
and Y\ in. wide, slightly punctate: fls. lemon-yellow, slightly
reddish outside.
STOMOISIA: see Utricularia.
STONECROP: Sedum.
STONEFACE: Ltthops.
STONE-FRUITS: Prunus.
STONE-ROOT: Collmsonia.
STORAX: Sty rax.
STORKSBILL: Pelargonium.
STRANVAfiSIA. Rosacex. Evergreen trees
and shrubs of Asia with alternate simple Ivs.,
white 11s. in terminal clusters, and fr. a small red
or orange pome; grown in S. U. S. Propagated
by seeds or cuttings of half ripe wood under glass.
Davidiana. To 20 ft. or more: Ivs. oblong, to 4 in. long,
entire: fls. H in. across, the corymbs to 4 in. wide. China.
Var. salicifdlia (8. sahcifoha) has narrow lanceolate Ivs.
Var. undulata (S. undulata) has Ivs. wavy at margins. —
Stands in D. C.
glauce'scens: & Nussia
Nussia (S. glaucescens) . Small tree: lys. obovate, to 5 in.
long, finely toothed: fls. ^ in. across, in corymbs to 5 in.
wide. Himalayas.
salicifdlia: S. Davidiana var.
undulata: S. Davidiana var.
STRATIOTES. WATER-SOLDIER. Hydrochar-
itacez*. European per. aquatic herb, sometimes
planted in ponds. S. aloides. Sts. very short:
Ivs. submerged, linear-lanceolate, fleshy, edged
with pointed spiny teeth; fls. unisexual, white,
on peduncles rising above water. — Propagated
by side shoots from base of Ivs.
STRAWBERRY (Fragaria, probably mostly
derived from F. chilocnsis). Perennial herbs,
grown for the large red fruit, which is structurally
an enlarged fleshy receptacle with many seeds
imbedded in it: these "seeds," however, are the
true fruits in a botanical sense, or achenes, the
seed being inside the thin dry ovary wall. See
Fragaria.
In some varieties the stamens are not suffi-
ciently developed to insure pollination; they are
often listed as "pistillate" or imperfect although
the denomination is not strictly correct. Varie-
ties with such imperfect flowers should be planted
not more than two rows together, the rows next
them being strong pollen-bearers. Although
perennial, strawberries do not bear good crops
indefinitely. Usually they may be fruited two or
three times, but on fertile land and with extra
good care the first crop (the year after setting)
may be very heavy arid the patch may then be
plowed or spaded up. To maintain a continuous
good supply a new patch should be set not less
than every other year.
In some of its varieties the strawberry can be
grown throughout the United States, in most
parts of Canada and in parts of Alaska. It thus
nas a wider distribution than any other temper-
ate-zone fruit. Most varieties reach their best
development on sandy soils, although some, such
as Aroma and Gandy, are best suited to the
heavier silt and clay loams. A good humus
supply is of advantage, and good drainage is
essential.
Propagation is by new plants formed on run-
ners which, with most varieties, are produced
abundantly in the growing season. In the nur-
sery, plantations are set for the production of
plants alone, the blossoms being removed. In
the home garden, new plantings can be set with
young plants from the old bed. Commercial
growers usually set nursery-grown plants. The
time of setting strawberry plants varies in differ-
ent climates. In the northern states early spring
is the usual time. In the South, fall planting is
of advantage, being governed by the time of the
desired fruiting season. The plants are set so
that the crowns are just level with the surface
of the ground, and the soil is well firmed about
the roots.
As to the methods of culture, so much depends
on the size of the plot, the purpose for which the
fruit is wanted, and the amount of care one is
willing to give, that no set rule can be stated.
In most commercial plantings the matted row
system of culture is used. The plants are set
15-30 inches apart in rows spaced at 3j^-5-foot
intervals. All the runner plants are allowed to
grow but are confined in a strip 15-24 inches
wide. With some varieties, e.g. the Dorsett, and
when fancy fruit is desired, some type of spaced
row is used. Here the new runner plants, before
rooting, are placed in a definite pattern, either
in a single row with plants spaced 7-10 inches
apart, or in three rows, one on either side of the
row of plants originally set. When all spaces are
filled, the other runner plants are destroyed. In
home plantings where fancy berries are wanted,
and particularly with everbearing varieties,
strawberries may be grown in hills spaced 12-18
inches apart in rows 2-3 feet apart. In this
Strawberry
711
Streptosolen
system of culture all runner plants are removed.
When so treated the crowns branch, producing
very large plants which bear abundant fancy
fruit.
Clean culture is necessary from the time the
plants are set until they are mulched in autumn.
The needed organic matter can be best supplied
by heavy applications of manure with the crop,
whatever it may be, the year preceding the set-
ting of strawberries, or by turning under clover
sod the previous year. On poorer lands a com-
plete fertilizer with high nitrogen content ap-
plied when the plants are set may be profitable.
In the northern states the winter treatment of
a strawberry bed should consist in covering the
plants, in late autumn before hard freezes, with
straw or hay. Salt marsh hay, if obtainable, is
excellent, as few weed seeds are introduced.
Cover the ground and the plants to the depth of
2 or 3 inches when straw has settled. As soon as
growth begins in spring, rake the mulch off,
allowing it to lie between the rows and lightly
around the base of the plants to keep the berries
clean.
Strawberries for shipment are picked with the
stems attached, when well colored but still firm.
The usual practice is to pick directly into the
quart or pint berry boxes that will be used for
shipment. For local or home use the berries are
allowed to ripen on the plants. Berries should
be cooled to 50° F. as soon as possible after pick-
ing and shipped in iced cars. Yields vary with
variety and care. Throe thousand quarts to the
acre is a good average, although twice or three
times that yield is possible.
Varieties should be chosen with reference to
soil and climate. Varieties are named in order of
ripening.
Hardy varieties for planting in cold regions:
Howard 17, Dunlap, Pocomoke, Crescent,
Dakota.
Varieties for the northern states and Atlantic
coast: Howard 17, Clermont, Dorsett, Fairfax,
Catskill, Glen Mary, Big Joe, Chesapeake,
Gandy, Late Stevens.
Varieties for Florida and the Gulf states:
Klondike, Missionary, Aroma, Blakcmore, South-
land.
Varieties grown on the Pacific coast: Clark,
Dollar, Magoori, Marshall, Oregon, Wilson,
Nick Ohmcr.
Everbearing varieties: Progressive, Gem, Green
Mountain, Mastodon.
The hautbois, alpine, and perpetual straw-
berries are forms or Fragaria moscfuita and F.
vesca of Europe and are seldom grown in North
America, being sometimes seen in gardens of
amateurs.
Although many pests and diseases may cause
serious damage, it is usually possible to grow
strawberries for home use without spraying,
particularly if the rotation is short. The com-
mercial grower should spray to meet his special
problems. It is important from the standpoint
of disease and pest control to keep the plants
vigorous by good cultural practice. Leaf-spot is
generally the most troublesome disease. It is
kept in check fry bordeaux or other fungicides ap-
plied before blossoming and twice after harvest.
STRAWBERRY, BARREN-: Waldateinia fragarioidea.
•Bush: Euonymus americanus and obovatus. Indian-:
Duchesnca. Mock-: Duchesnea. Tree: Arbutus Unedo.
STRAWFLOWER: Hdichrysum bracteatum.
STRELfTZIA. BIRD-OF-PARADISE FLOWER.
Musacete. Per. herbs of S. Afr. sometimes with
woody trunks, banana-like Ivs. and irregular
bisexual fls. borne in rigid boat-like bracts, 2 of
the 3 petals united to form an arrow-shaped
body or "tongue."
Several species are suitable for warm climates or under
glass m tubs with a night temperature of 50°; plants make
clumps. Propagated by suckeis and division.
augusta. To 18 ft., with tiunk: Ivs. to 4 ft. long and
2 ft. wide, with deeply wing-channelled petiole: fls. white,
the purphsh bracts to 15 in. long.
Nfcolai Resembling S. augusta but much larger and
tree-like and fls. with blue tongue.
parvif61ia. Trunkless: Ivs. to 9 in. long and 3 in. wide:
fls. bright orange with blue tongue, bracts green edged with
red, to 6 in. long.
. Reginas. To 3 ft., trunkless: Ivs. to 1 1A ft. long and 6 in.
wide: fls. yellow with dark blue tongue, the purphsh bracts
to 8 in. long.
STREPTANTH&RA. Iridacex. S. African
cormous herbs of the Ixia relationship, with Ivs.
in fan-shaped basal rosettes and 2-3 fls. in a
spike, perianth wheel-shaped with short tube.
cuprea. Lvs. to 4 in. long and Ja in. acioss- fls. copper-
yellow with purple throat edged black and yellow spot m
center, 1 in. long, on peduncles shoiter than Ivs.
STREPTANTHUS: Caulanthus in flatus.
STREPTOCARPUS. CAPE-PHI MROSE. Gcxner-
iace<T. Low herbs native in 8. Afr. and Mada-
gascar, with basal Ivs., purple or blue scapose
fls. with long tube and 2-lipped corolla-limb,
and capsular frs.
Cape-pi imroses thrive in a cool greenhouse and are of
easy cultivation. Seeds sown in Februaiy-Mjuch should
produce blooming plants the following autumn or winter.
Piopagated also by leaf-cuttings and division.
achimeniflorus. Lvs. elliptic, to 8 in. long, several,
bright green and fleshy, fls. blight blue to pink or white,
about 2 in. across, usually solitary, lobes deeply cleft and
toothed. — A garden hybrid, one parent behoved to be S.
polyanthus.
Dunnii. Lvs. solitary, to 3 ft. long, soft-pubescent,
margins 11 regularly and coarsely toothed, bullate above:
fls. rose or i eddish, 1 j^ m. long, in great abundance on
scapes 1 ft. or moie high.
hybridus. Under this name may be represented any of a
dozen Latin-named and innumerable vernacular-named
hybucls of the species.
kewe"nsis. Hybrid between S. Rexii and S. Dunnii: Ivs.
2-3, oblong, large, dark green: fls. mauve-purplo with
striped throat, 2 in. long and 1^2 m. wide.
Rexii. Lvs. several, to 8 in. long: fls. blue or mauve,
1^2 in. long, usually only 1-2 on scapes to 1 ft. high.
WSndlandii. Lvs. solitary, 2 ft. and moie long, purple
beneath: fls. violet-blue, 1 in. long and \\% in. across, on
scapes to 2^2 ft. high.
STREPTOPUS. TWISTED-STALK. Liliacex.
Per. herbs with creeping rootstocks, alternate
sessile or clasping Ivs., and small rose or whitish
nodding axillary fls., the perianth-segms. distinct;
of easy cult, in the wild-garden.
amplexicaulis: S. amplexifolius.
amplexif&lius. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long and 2 in. wide,
'laucous beneath, clasping at base: fls. greenish- white,
£ m. long, 2 together: berries red, ellipsoid, to 5s in. long.
. Amer.
curvipes. To 1 ft. : Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, to 3 K in. long,
sessile: fls. rose-pink, campanulate, to 3 2 in. long, lobes
mottled within, not recurved: berries red, globose, nearly
J-6 in. diam. W. Canada.
rdseus. To 2^ ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long and 1H in. wide,
sessile, not clasping: fls. purple or rose, 3 2 m. long, usually
solitary, lobes recurved: berries red. E. U. S.
streptopoides. To 11A ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, broadly
obtuse at base, sessile: fls. deep red, solitary, pendent,
axillary, corolla rotate, lobes yellowish-green toward tip:
berries bright red, globose. Var. atrocarpus has black berries.
Japan.
STREPTOS6LEN. Solanncex. Rough-pubes-
cent evergreen shrub to 6 ft. high, native in
Streptosolen
712
Stylophyllum
Colombia and Ecuador. S. Jamesonii (Browattia
Jamesonii). Lvs. oval, to 1}^ in. long, entire:
as. orange-red, with tube to 1J^ in. long, and
spreading 5-lobed limb, borne in clusters at the
end of flexuose branches: fr. a leathery caps. — A
popular greenhouse plant and gp-own out-of-doors
in S. U. S. Propagated by cuttings.
STRICT: straight and upright, little if any branched,
often rigid.
STRINGYBARK: Eucalyptus.
STROBILANTHES. Acanthacese. Herbs or
shrubs from trop. Asia: Ivs. opposite: fls. tubular,
constricted at base and swollen above, unequally
5-lobcd, in spikes or panicles or solitary. Grown
for fls. and foliage.
The following are grown under glass and require high
temperatures and abundant moisture. Care must be taken
or the plants may become weedy. Propagated by cuttings.
anisophyllus. Differs from S. isophyllua chiefly in the
broader Ivs. and those of each pair being unequal in size.
India.
Dyerianus. Shrub: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 8 in. long,
toothed, purple beneath, iridescent above: fls. violet, 1^3 in.
long, in spikes. Burma.
isophyltus. Shrub to 3 ft.: Ivs. willow-like, to 4 in. long,
toothed: fls. pinkish or blue and white, 1 in. long, in axillary
clusters. India. — See Ruellia malacosperma.
STROBUS: Pinua Strobus.
STROMANTHE. Marantacex. Per. herbs of
8. Amer. with thick rootstocks, leafy sts. and fls.
with colored bracts in racemes or panicles; foliage
plants adapted to a warm greenhouse. For cult,
see Calathea.
Porteana. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 6 in. broad,
bright green above transversely barred with silvery-white,
purple beneath: fls. blood-red. Brazil.
STROMBOCACTUS. Cactacese. Small low de-
pressed nearly spineless cacti differing from
Echinocactus in short imbricated scale-like
tubercles which are riot arranged on ribs; scales
on fl.-tube with papery margins. See Cacti.
discif6rmis (Echinocactua diaciformia and turbiniformia.
Mammillana disciformis) . Top-shaped or somewhat globose,
to about 2 in. across; young tubercles with 1-4 white needle-
like spines to % in. long, but old one nude: fls. from center
of plant, white, red outside, about % in. long. Cent. Mex.
macrochele. Solitary, depressed-globose, to 1 ^ in. diam.,
pi ay-green, somewhat subterranean with flattened top
nearly level with ground; ribs tubercled; spines 3-5, to 1^
in. long, hooked, yellowish to gray: fls. white, to % in.
across. Mex.
pseudomacrochele: a little-known Mexican cactus.
Schmiedeckianus. Solitary to cespitose, depressed-
globose; ribs 10-12, spiral, tubercles 4-angled; spines 1-4,
to 1 in. long, stout, white to gray with black tip, those on
top of plant curved conspicuously inward: fls. pale rose-
pink, midrib of segms. violet. Mex.
STROMBOCARPA: Prosopis.
STROPHANTHUS. Apocynacex. Shrubs
somewhat allied to Nerium (oleander), often
climbing, native in Afr. and trop. Asia? one
somewhat planted in S. Calif.: Ivs. opposite or
whorled: fls. usually showy, in terminal corymbs.
Bpeci6sus. Branches trailing or clambering: Ivs. in
whorls of 3-4, oblong-lanceolate, to 3^ in. long, leathery:
fla. cream, yellow or orange spotted with red, having linear
tails to 1 ft in. long. S. Afr.
STROPHOLHUON CALIFORNICUM: Brodtea volvr
Mis.
STROPHOSTtLES. Leguminosx. Herbaceous
vines allied to Phaseolus and Vigna, with lys. of
3 Ifts. and pinkish or white fls. in heads at tips of
long axillary peduncles.
umbellata. Per. with trailing ste. to 5 ft. Iqnj&c Ifte. ovate
to lanceolate, usually entire: fls. pink fading yellowish,
^ in. long: pods linear, to 2 in. long. L. I. to Fla. and Tex.
STRUTHIOPTERIS: see Blechnum and Pteretis.
STRYCHNINE: Strychnoa Nux-vomica.
STRf CHNOS. Loganiacese. Shrubs and trees
of trop. regions, with opposite Ivs., white to yel-
lowish small fls. in cymes, the corolla 4r-5-cleft,
stamens 5, and fr. somewhat berry-like but
perhaps with a hard shell; grown as drug plants
and one for curiosity and the edible fr.
N6x-v6mica. STRYCHNINE. Tree to 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
3^ in. long: fls. in terminal cymes 2 in. across: berry 1 % in.
across, with many seeds yielding the poison strychnia.
India.
spindsa. NATAL-ORANGE. Shrub to 10 ft., with spines
^ in. or more long: Ivs. nearly orbicular to obpvate, to
2 in. long, 5-nerved from near the base: fls. in terminal com-
pound cymes: berry 4 in. across, becoming yellow, the seeds
embedded in sweet edible pulp. Trop. and S. Afr.
STUARTIA: Stewartia.
STULTfTIA. Asdepiadacex. A small genus of
S. African succulents closely allied to Stapelia
and Caralluma, having the habit of the former
and the corona of the latter but differing from
both in the corolla with a broad cushioned
annul us.
Codperi (Stapelia Cooperi). Sts. erect or ascending to 2 ^
in., with spreading acute teeth to % in. long and having
minute tooth on each side at middle, angles obtuse: fls.
purplish with yellow rugosities to dull yellow with purple-
brown lines, the annulus purplish-pink, corolla to lj^ in.
across, flat with spreading or recurving lobes: fr. fusiform,
to 3^ in. long.
STYLE: more or less elongated and often slender part
of the pistil between the ovary and stigma.
STYLIDlACE^E. STYLIDIUM FAMILY. Six
genera of herbs or rarely small shrubs of the
southern hemisphere, with simple Ivs., bisexual
or unisexual fls. having 3-7-lobed calyx, 5-10-
lobed or -parted corolla, 2-3 stamens, inferior
2-3-celled ovary, and fr. a 1-3-celled caps.
Fostera and Stylidium are treated here.
STYLfDIUM. Stylidiacese. Herbs or subshrubs
with basal or tufted Ivs. and irregular fls. in
racemes, panicles or cymes; rarely grown in
Calif.; mostly Australian.
graminifdlium. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. all basal, linear, to 10
in. long, acute: fls. yellowish, glandular-pilose outside: caps,
ovoid-oblong.
reduplicatum. Scapes 1-1 H ft. high: Ivs. radical, linear,
to 1 ft. long: fls. yellowish-white or pale pink, in a short
loose raceme.
STYLOMA: Eupritchardia.
STYLOMfeCON. Papaveracex. One ann. herb
native in W. N. Amer. S. heteroph^lla (Meco-
nopsis heterophylla) . FLAMING-POPPY. WIND-
POPPY. Sts. erect, leafy, to 2 ft., glabrous or only
sparsely pubescent: Ivs. irregularly pinnately
myided, rarely sessile, somewhat fleshy: fls.
brick-red with purple center, to 2 in. across,
solitary on slender peduncles, ovary somewhat
flattened at apex: fr. an obovate caps, which
dehisces bv means of 8 operculate lids. — Re-
quires shade and good drainage.
STSTL6PHORUM. Papaveracex. Per. herb
with yellow juice, pinnately cut Ivs. and yellow
or red fls. solitary or clustered; sometimes trans-
planted from the wild and of easy cult, in rich
soil in partial shade.
diphfllum. CBLANDIIS'E-POPPT. To 1J4 ft.: fls. deep
yellow, to 2 in. across, in 2-4-fld. clusters, Mar.-May:
caps, to 1 in. long. Pa. to Wis. and Mo.
STYLOPHYLLUM: see Echeveria.
Stypandra
713
Succulents
STYPANDRA. Miacese. Per. herbs of the
asphodel tribe, native in Australia, with fibrous
roots and blue fls. in loose terminal cymes, of 6
spreading perianth-segms.
glauca (&. grandiflora) . To 3 ft., with leafy stg.: IVB.
linear or lanceolate, to 4 in. or more long: fls. ^ in. long.
grandifldra: «S. glauca.
STYRACACE^. STORAX FAMILY. Trees and
shrubs of wide distribution in Old and New
World, containing 6 genera : lys. alternate, simple :
fls. regular and bisexual, having 4-5-lobed calyx,
4-8 petals united at base, 4-16 stamens, superior
or partly inferior ovary: fr. a drupe or dry arid
dehiscent, sometimes winged. Genera grown for
ornament are Alniphyllum, Halesia, Pterostyrax,
Rehderodendron, Styrax.
STtRAX. STORAX. Styracacex. Woody plants
with showy white fls. in racemes followed by
small drupaceous but sometimes dry frs. Many
species in trop. and warm temp, parts of world.
Storaxes succeed in light porous soil. Few of the species
are hardy North without winter protection. Propatfatcd
by seeds, layers, with difficulty by cuttings, and by graft-
ing on other species or on Halesia Carolina,
americana. To 10 ft.: Ivs oval or oblong, to 3 in. long,
pubescent: racemes few-fld.: fr. H in- long. Va. to Fla. and
La.; stands in N. Y.
calif ornica (*S7. officinalis var. calif ornica) . To 8 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, to 2^2 *n long, pubescent beneath: fls. to 1 in. long,
in few-fld. racemes. Calif., where it is sometimes planted.
calvescens. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. oblong to obovate,
to 3}4 in. long, densely tomentose when young: fls. about
Min. long, in about 10-fld. racemes, calyx gray-tomentose.
apeh, China
grandifldra: S. grandifolia.
grandifdlia (,S. yrandiflora') . To 12 ft.: Ivs. oval or obovate,
to 7 in. long, gray-pubescent beneath: fls. fragrant, in
rnany-fld racemes to 5 in. long: fr. ^2 in« across. Va. to
Fla.; not hardy N.
japonica. To 30 ft.: Ivs. oval or obovate, to 3 in. long,
becoming glabrous: fls. fragrant, drooping, long-stalked,
in few-fld. racemes: fr. % in. long. Japan, China; hardy N.
Obassia. To 30 ft.: Ivs. nearly orbicular to oval, to 10
in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. fragrant, in many-fld.
racemes to 8 in. long: fr. % in. Japan; hardy N.
officinalis. To 20 ft.: Ivs. oval or ovate, to 2H in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. 54 in. long, in few-fld. racemes.
Eu , Asia Minor; not hardy N. Var. calif 6rnica is #. cahfor-
philadelpholdes. To 7 ft.: Ivs. narrowly oblong, to 3^
in. long, sparsely hairy when young: fls. to % in. long, in
4-G-fld. racemes, calyx covered with yellow hairs. E. China.
platanifolia. To 12 ft.: Ivs. nearly orbicular, with wavy
or slightly lobed margins, to 4 in. across, glabrous: fr. ^ in.
long. Tex.
Wilsonii. To 10 ft., much branched: Ivs. rhombic-ovate
or oval, to 1 in. long, pubescent beneath: racemes few-fld.:
fr. H in. long. China; not hardy N.
SUBTEND: to stand below and close to, as a bract
underneath a flower, particularly when the bract is promi-
nent or persistent; the flower is in the axil of the bract.
SUCClSA. Dipsacese. Herbs very similar to
Cephalaria and Scabiosa and differing chiefly in
having the scales of the receptacle about as long
as fls.; native in S. Eu. and sometimes grown in
the flower-garden.
australis (Scabiosa australis). Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblanceo-
late to lanceolate, to 1 ft. long: fls. pale blue, in hemispheri-
cal heads to % in. across. Eu.; nat. in N. E. U. S.
pratensis (Scabiosa Succisa). Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
entire: fls. violet-blue, rarely white, in long-stalked heads
to 1M in. across. Eu.
SUCCORY: Cichorium Intybus.
SUCCULENTS. A succulent plant, or a suc-
culent, is strictly one that is full of sap (Latin
succw, juice, sap); but in horticultural usage it
is a thick fleshy plant, and such plants are com-
monly juicy or sappy.
What particular plants are to be included in
the succulents is determined only by custom.
For the most part, succulent plants are native in
regions that are arid or semi-arid for at least part
of the year, and the succulence has relation to
water storage. It is in the study of habitats.
therefore, that the gardener obtains the initial
clue to the cultivation and handling of succulents.
The succulents are of many genera in many
natural families. The regions they inhabit have
widely different temperature characteristics.
Some of the succulents, as a few sedums, are
indigenous in regions of severe winter cold, with
temperatures far below zero F. Mostly, however,
they are natives in mild temperate and in
tropical climates. They abound in the genus
Mesembryanthemum (which see for culture)
and segregates, in Crassulaceae, African members
of Euphorbia, in many asclepiads as Stapelia and
its relatives, Liliaceso, Amaryllidacese, Kleinia
arid a few other composites, Bromeliaceae,
Portulacacese. In a broader sense, cacti may be
included although specialists do not so classify
them. In the following remarks both succulents
and cacti are in mind.
Succulents and associates are prized for oddity.
They are given to condensed and often to
grotesque forms. Many of them have a slow-
growing more or less durable body, changing
little from year to year. Often the flowers are
brilliant and large. All these characteristics
make them interesting to fanciers. Succulents,
as a class, are special horticultural subjects,
prized by collectors and enthusiasts; they are
therefore notable and worth the particular care
they may require.
As a class these plants are not difficult to grow.
Most of them need a full sun exposure; also a
porous gritty soil that relieves itself 01 super-
fluous water and yet sufficiently compact and
retentive to hold the moisture the plant requires.
Good drainage is essential. Much fresh organic
material is to be avoided in the soil, band,
pulverized brick or rock may be added to soil to
give it the proper porosity and warmth. The
trouble in growing succulents is mostly in trying
to raise them in moist cloudy climates to which
the major part of them are not adapted; it is
then that particular attention is required to
make sure tnat they do not rot at the root from
soggy and sour soil. These succulents may
thrive with a minimum of attention in a region
naturally adapted to them, as in central and
southern California. Yet many kinds are
naturally at home in humid climates, as some
of the sedums, kalanchocs, rochea and other
Crassulacese. In their growing season the suc-
culents require plenty or moisture, as is the case
where most of them grow naturally; usually
there is a semi-dormant period corresponding
to the dry or the cold season of their native
places, and at this time they may easily be
injured by thoughtless soaking. On the other
hand, it is a mistake to suppose that succulents,
more than other plants, can withstand desicca-
tion of the roots for any length of time. In North
America the leading succulents will always be
cacti : one has but to observe the conditions under
which they grow to apprehend the proper treat-
ment. See Cacti.
The softer non-woody kinds (to which the
term succulents is sometimes restricted), as
cotyledons, gasterias, and stapelias, are readily
Succulents
grown in pots in a sunny greenhouse or conserva-
tory, the essentials being the gritty or porous
soil that disposes of excess moisture, care in
watering to suit the needs of the plant, and
patience to allow them to come slowly and
naturally to their full stature. The gardener soon
learns when to keep them "slow" and when to
repot and stimulate new growth. All succulents
in pots make interesting subjects in the open in
summer; they are not turned out of the pots but
are plunged to the rims. Sometimes the roots of
succulents are mined by nematodes which are
nearly or quite microscopic worms. The preven-
tive is sterilized soil. In cold countries soil may
be thoroughly frozen before employed in potting.
As succulents do not belong to one class or
type of plant, so there is -no single method of
propagating them. Many of them make natural
offsets, and multiplication is then very simple.
Seeds commonly grow readily; care must be
taken to prevent damping-off of the seedlings,
from too wet soil; sterilized earth or clean sand
or other sterile medium is advisable. In the cacti,
one kind may be grafted on another with ease.
Because succulents are such striking subjects,
there is the temptation to make either perman-
ent or summer plantings where they are quite
out of harmony. A miscellaneous mess of succu-
lents in the front yard may be anything but
desirable or attractive; and yet the same plants
placed at one side or in the rear with relationship
to banks, boundaries and buildings, and properly
harmonized among themselves, may be worthy
of all admiration. Some of the low and tufted
kinds lend themselves well to rock-gardening.
The imitation of an arid or desert landscape is
worth while in a dry or desert country when
area is sufficient and surroundings are in keeping:
this kind of landscaping is capable of distinct
artistic development.
The kinds of plants known as succulents are
so many and so peculiar, and the records of them
have been so imperfect in herbaria, that the
amateur finds a special satisfaction in making
living collections and in trying to understand
them. In regions like California and the South-
west succulent gardening is likely to become an
important enterprise, and it will add many
plants to the North American cultivated flora.
Some of them now grown by fanciers are yet
unknown to general horticultural literature.
The interest in succulents is represented by the
Cactus and Succulent Society or America, which
publishes a journal in Los Angeles.
SUFFRUTICOSE: pertaining to a low and somewhat
woody plant; diminutively shrubby or fruticose; woody at
base.
SUGAR-APPLE: Annona squamosa. -Bush: Rhuaovata.
-Cane: Saccharum officinarum.
SUGARBERRY: Celtis Isevigata.
SUKSD6RFIA. Saxifragacex. Glandular-
pubescent saxifrage-like herb, the rootstock bear-
ing bulbels. S.^viol&cea. To 1 ft.: basal Ivs.
kidney-shaped, 5-7-lobcd. to 1 in. across: fls.
pink, J4 in. long, in few-fld. panicles. Wet rocks,
Mont, to Wash, and Ore. S. ranunculijolia is
Hemieva.
SULCATE: grooved or furrowed lengthwise.
SULPHUR PLANT: Eriogonum subalpinum.
SUMAC: Rhua.
SUMMER SWEET: Clethra olnifolia.
SUNBERRY: Solanum niffrum.
714 Sweet Herbs
SUNDEW: Drosera.
SUNDROP: (Enothera.
SUNFLOWER: Helianthus. Desert: Geraea canescena.
SUPPLE-JACK: Berchemia scandens.
SURINAM-CHERRY: Eugenia unijlora.
SUTERA: Chxnostoma.
SUTHERLANDIA. Leguminosse. S. African
shrub grown in the greenhouse and out-of-doors
in the S. S. frutescens. To 3 ft., grayish-pubes-
cent: Ivs. pinnate, the Ifts. numerous and small:
fls. scarlet, to 1 in. long, in short axillary racemes:
pods bladder-like, to 2 in. long. — Propagated by
seeds and cuttings.
SUTTONIA. Myrsinacese. Shrubs or small
trees with alternate entire Ivs., small bisexual or
dkccious fls., and fr. a small 1-seeded berry; the
genus is separated from Myrsine chiefly because
the petals are distinct or nearly so. Somewhat
planted in Calif.
australis (Myrsine Urvillei). Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
to 2 in. long, wavy-margined: fls. whitish, unisexual,
clustered on the branches: fr. black. New Zeal.
salicina (Myrsine salicma). Tree to 30 ft.: Ivs. linear-
oblong, to 7 in. long: fls. bisexual, clustered on the branches:
fr. red. New Zeal.
SUTURE: a line or mark of splitting open; a groove
marking a natural division or union; the groove lengthwise
a plum or similar fruit.
SVTDA: Cornua.
SWAINSONA. Leguminosae. Herbs or sub-
shrubs of Australia, with pinnate Ivs., papilion-
aceous fls. in axillary long-stalked racemes, and
swollen pods; an old greenhouse plant, and
planted out-of-doors in warm regions. Propa-
gated by cuttings when seeds are not available.
alba: S. galcgifolia var. albiflora.
coronillaefdlia: regarded as a violet-fld. form of 8.
galegifoha.
galegifdlia. Shrub to 4 ft.: fls. deep red, not fragrant:
pods to 2 in. long. Var. albifldra (var. alba) has white fls.,
var. rosea pink fls., and var. violacea rose-violet fls.
grandifldra: *SY. Greyana.
Greyana (S. grandiflora) . Subshrub to 3 ft., fls. pink,
pods to 2 in. long.
SWALLOW-WORT, BLACK: Cyrumchum mgrum.
SWARTZIA: Solandra.
SWEERTIA: Swertia.
SWEETBELLS: LeucothoS racemosa.
SWEETBRIER: Rosa Eglanteria.
SWEET CICELY: Myrrhis odorata. -Potato Vine,
Wild: Ipomaea pandurata. -scented Shrub: Calycanthus.
-Shrub: Calycanthus, Spire: Itea virgimca. Sultan: Cen-
taurea moschata. William: Dianthus barbatus. William,
Wild: Phlox divaricata.
SWEET HERBS are plants of fragrant mem-
ories. They are mostly aromatic and sweet-
smelling subjects, variously employed in flavor-
ing and seasoning and as domestic remedies.
They are prevailingly of the mint and parsley
families (Labiatse, UmbcllifenE). Of the mints,
the herbage is mostly the desired product; in
the umbellifers, the seeds arc wanted.
The sweet herbs do not constitute a single
cultural group, except that they are usually only
incidents to the kitchen-garden and an area 2 or
4 feet square generally yields a sufficient supply
for the family. Three classes may be specified.
(1) Some of them are annual and are therefore
grown each year from seeds sown usually directly
in the garden, as anise, coriander, saffron, sum-
mer savory, sweet basil. (2) Others are biennials
and only short-lived perennials, as caraway,
Sweet Herbs
715
Smetenia
clary, dill, fennel, sweet marjoram. (3) The
larger number are perennial, persisting for many
years; they are grown from seeds or division:
balm, catnip, costinary, horehound, hyssop,
lavender, lovage, marjoram, pennyroyal, pepper-
mint, rosemary, sage, tansy, tarragon, thyme,
winter savory, wormwood.
SWEETLEAF: Symplocos.
SWEET PEA (Lalhyrus odoratus). One hardy
tendril-climbing annual, much prized for its
delightfully fragrant pea-like flowers, now avail-
able in many colors and shapes of flower and in
different stature of plant. Trie plant is grown in
the open garden for summer bloom, and also
under glass for winter bloom from seeds sown in
September and later.
Sweet peas require deep mellow soil, early
planting, heavy mulching or other means of
maintaining moisture. Sow the seeds as soon as
the ground is fit to work in the spring, making a
drill 5 or 6 inches deep. Sow thickly and cover
with 1 or 2 inches of soil. When the plants have
made 2 or 3 inches' growth above the soil, fill the
drill nearly full, leaving a slight depression in
which water may be caught. To have the ground
ready in early spring, it is a good plan to trench
it in the fall. The top then dries out quickly in
spring and is left in good physical condition. In
the middle and southern states, the seed may be
planted in autumn, particularly in lighter soils.
It is easy to get soils too rich in nitrogen for
sweet poas; in such case, they run to vine at the
expense of bloom.
If the finest flowers are wanted, do not let the
plants stand less than 8-12 inches apart; provide
ample support. Do not plant on the hot side of a
wall or building. A succession of sowings may be
made at intervals through May and June, and a
fair fall crop obtained if care is taken to water
and mulch; but the best results will be secured
with the very early planting. After the ground is
well soaked, a good mulch will hold the moisture.
Do not water frequently, but thoroughly when
needed. Frequent syringing with clear water will
keep off the red-spider that often destroys the
foliage, and attention to picking the seed-pods
will lengthen the season of bloom. Provide
running room, as a wire-mesh fence, and plant
away from trees and bushes that have first call
on moisture and fertility.
Under glass the sweet pea thrives in a cool or
intermediate temperature, without particular
requirements. Bloom should be obtained in
winter in three months or less from the seed,
depending somewhat on the proportion of sun-
light and cloudiness. The seeds may be sown in
rows across the bench or bed, and the vines pro-
vided with perpendicular cords or wires on which
to climb.
SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea Batatas). A root
tuber much grown in North America for food.
It requires warm "quick" light but fertile land of
good tilth. As a commercial crop it is largely
grown in New Jersey and southward, but a home
supply can be raised much farther north on warm
sandy lands.
The sweet potato is grown from sprouts
planted in rows, sometimes on ridges or hills,
not by planting the tubers, as with the common
or Irish potato. One method of obtaining these
sprouts is as follows: In early spring, tubers are
planted in a partially spent hotbed by using the
whole tuber (or if a large one, by cutting it in
two through the long way), covering the tubers
with 2 inches of sand or light soil. The sash
should be put on the frames and only enough
ventilation given to keep the potatoes from de-
caying. In ten or twelve days the young sprouts
bogin to appear, and the bed should be watered
if dry. The sprouts when pulled from the tuber
will be found to have rootlets at the lower end
and along the stems. These sprouts should be
about 6 to 10 inches long by the time the ground
is warm enough to plant them out. If two or
three crops are taken, one bushel of tubers should
yield 3,000 to 4,000 sprouts. The ridges, if cm-
ployed, should be prepared by turning two fur-
rows together and leveling off the top about G
inches above the level. On this ridge the plants
are set, placing them well into the leaves, and
about 12 to 18 inches apart in the rows, the rows
being 4 to 6 feet apart.
Subsequent cultivation of sweet potatoes con-
sists in tilling the soil between the rows until the
vines interfere with further cultivation. When
the tips of the vines have been touched by frost
the crop may be harvested, the tubers left to dry
a few hours, and then stored in a dry warm place.
To keep sweet potatoes, store in layers in barrels
or boxes in dry sand, and keep them in a dry
room. For commercial purposes, specially con-
structed storage houses are built. See that all
bruised or chilled potatoes are thrown out. About
100 bushels to an acre is an average yield of sweet
potatoes, but three or four times this quantity is
possible. Certain kinds of sweet potatoes are
known as yarns, but the true yam is quite a
different tuber, produced by plants of the genus
Dioscorea.
There are serious diseases and insects of sweet
potatoes, most of which are best controlled by
careful seed selection, rotation of crops, sanitary
methods of propagation whereby the plants do
not become infected, and the roguing of fields
for diseased plants.
SWEETSOP; Annona squamosa.
SWfiRTIA (also spelled Siveertia). Gentian-
acex. Mostly S. Asian herbs, closely allied to the
N. American genus Frasera, distinguished by the
style short or almost seemingly absent. Hardy
members may be grown in the border or rockery
while others are kept under glass.
albicaulis: Frasera nitida var.
multicaulis. Per. to 8 in., much branched: Ivs. narrowly
spatuiate-oblong, to 2 in. long: corolla 5-parted, lobes to
*<j in. long with glandular pit at base whose margin is
minutely fimbriated. Himalayas.
Parryi: Fraaera Parryi.
per&uiis. Hardy per. to 1 ft.: basal Ivs. oblong-elliptio,
long-petioled, st.-lvs. ovate-oblong: corolla usually 5-parted,
blue to white, lobes with 2 basal pits. Alpine regions of Eu.,
Asia, and Utah, Colo, northward.
radiata: Frasera speciosa.
specidsa. To 5 ft.: basal Ivs. long-petioled, st.-lvs.
elliptic, acuminate, about 5 in. long: corolla-lobes about
% in. long, fls. white with dark blue irregular blotches, in
cymes forming a narrow panicle. W. Himalayas.
SWEETfeNIA. MAHOGANY. Mdiacex. Ever-
green trees of trop. Amer. with dark red wood
which furnishes the mahogany of commerce,
opposite or alternate pinnate Ivs., small fls. in
panicles, and fr. a very large woody caps, that
splits from the base into usually 5 parts, the
seeds winged at apex.
Swietenia
716
Symphytum
Mahdgani. Evergreen, to 75 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long, of
4-10 entire Ifts.: fls. white, frs. to 4 in. long, the winged
seeds 2 in. and more long. S. Fla. and W. Indies. — Some-
times planted for a shade and street tree.
SWINGLfeA (Chxtospermum). TABOG. Rut-
acex. Small spine-bearing tree in Luzon, Philip-
pines, grown as a possible stock for citrus fruits
and for general interest: Ivs. evergreen, 3-foliolatc:
stamens 10: seeds hairy. C. glutindsa, with a
large oval terminal 1ft. and 2 smaller lateral ones:
fls. solitary or in clusters, on slender pedicels:
fr. oblong, 2-3 in. long, thick-rinded and ribbed.
SYAGRUS. Palmacese. Mostly tree-like monoe-
cious feather-palms of S. Ainer., unarmed except
perhaps on the edges of petiole, most of them in
Brazil, formerly included in Cocos, distinguished
from that genus and other segregates chiefly by
technical characters of the fr. and seed. It agrees
with Arecastrum in having the spathe deeply
plicate-sulcate or grooved on the outside and in
the non-rumiriate albumen of the seed, but some
of the species of it are small or dwarf palms much
more delicate in foliage and infl. and the nutlet
is prominently 3-striped, sterile cell a membra-
nous vestige rather than a narrow area in the
bony endocarp. It differs from Butia in the
spathe, nutlet 1 -seeded, and in the mostly naked
trunk (at least below) and softer greener foliage.
Except S. Wedddliana little known in our terri-
tory. See Palm for cult.
amara: Rhyticocos arnara.
insignia (Cocoa insignia. Glaziova insignis). Slender,
tree-like, trunk 3-8 ft., foliage spreading-recurved: Ivs. to
6 ft.; petiole and sheath unarmed but bearing dark brown
wool or scurf; pinna? not aggregate, central larger ones
broad-lanceolate, narrowed at base and apex, green and
Home what paler underneath: fr. about % in. long, greenish
with pink at apex and abiupt short point; fruiting perianth
short cup-like. Hio de Janeiro.
macroc&rpa (Cocoa macrocarpa. C. Procopiana). Trunk
to 15 ft. or more, ringed and cleft: Ivs. 6-10 ft., petiole white-
tomentose arid not spiny; pinruo green, in clusters of 4: fr.
oblonp and 1-sceded, large, 3^2 in. long and 1% in. thick,
greenish-yellow, with fibrous exterior; fruiting perianth
somewhat cup-like with long points. Brazil.
petraba (Cocos pelnra. C. rupestns). Small stemless palm,
the caudex mostly subterranean, in several varieties: Ivs.
erect-spreading; petiole unarmed, white- or rusty -tomentose;
pmme linear (very narrow, but in var. platyphylla somewhat
broader), opposite and alternate and the lower ones 2 or
3 together: fr. oblong, about % in. long, with a short point,
brown, 5 or 6 or less on the spadix; fiuiting perianth cup-
like with sharp points. Biazil.
Weddelliana (Cocos Weddelliana. Qlaziova Martiana).
Tree-like with slender trunk to 0 or 7 ft. and foliage nearlv
or quite reaching the ground: Ivs. slender and graceful;
pinna) linear, singly placed, long-pointed, green, paler
underneath: fr. globose-oblong, about /•£— 2^ m. long, with
abrupt short point; fruiting perianth small, not cup-like.
Rio de Janeiro. — Much used in the juvenile state as a pot-
plant, the pinnro then 3-6 in. long and M in. or less broad;
foliage gracefully drooping.
SYCAMORE: Ficus Sycamorus: see also Platanus.
SYMMETRICAL: said of a flower that has the same
number of parts in each series or circle, as 5 stamens, 5
petals.
SYMPHORICARPOS. Capnfoliacese. Decidu-
ous shrubs with opposite simple Ivs., white or
pink bell-shaped or tubular fls. usually borne in
clusters or spikes, and fr. a 2-seeded white or
colored berry; grown for the ornamental frs. as
well as the foliage and attractive habit.
These shrubs are variously hardy in the North with the
exception of S. microphyUus, and are not particular as to
soil. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, suckers and division.
acfttus: S, moUis var.
albus (S, rac«mosu«). SNOWBERRY. WAXBERRY. To
3 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 2 in. long, pubescent beneath, sometimes
lobed on young shoots: fls. pinkish, bell-shaped, % in. long,
June-Sept.: fr. snow-white. N. Amer. Var. laevigatus,
to 6 ft., Ivs. to 3 in. long, glabrous. Var. ovatus (S. ovatus)
has Ivs. broadly ovate, bluish-green, base nearly truncate.
Var. paucifldrus, low, Ivs. gray-pubescent beneath, fls. few.
Chenaultii. Hybrid between S. microphyllus and S.
orbtculatus: Ivs. pubescent beneath: fr. red spotted whitish.
conglomerates: S. orbiculatus.
fruticdsus: listed name,
glomeratus: S. orbiculatua.
microphyllus (S. montanua). To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
2Ji in. long, bluish and pubescent beneath: fls. pinkish,
tubular, % m. long, Aug.-Sept.: fr. pink. Mex.
m611is. Procumbent or diffuse: Ivs. nearly orbicular to
oval, to 2)3 in. long, pubescent on both sides: fls. pinkish or
white, bell-shaped, % in. long, June-July: fr. white. B. C.
to Calif. Var. acutus (S. acutus) is less pubescent. Var.
fructu-r&seus is listed with pink fr.
montanus: S. microphyllus.
occidentalis. WOLFBERRY. To 5 ft.: Ivs. oval or ovate, to
3 in. long, grayish and pubescent beneath: fls. pinkish,
bell-shaped, % «i. long, stamens and style exserted, June-
July: fr. white. Mich, to Kans. and B. C. Var. Heyeri has
Ivs. thinner, more obscurely veined and shorter stamens.
Colo.
orbiculatus (S. vulgaris. S. parvijlorua. S. conglomeratus.
S. glomeratus). INDIAN CURRANT. CORAL-BERRY. To 7 ft.:
Ivs. oval or ovate, to 2^ in. long, glaucous and usually
yubescent beneath: fls. white, bell-shaped, % in. long,
une: fr. purplish-red. N. J. to Ga. and Tex. Var. variega-
tus has Ivs. vai legated with yellow. A white-fruited form
is var. leucocarpus.
ore6philus. To 5 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 3 in. long, gray-
pubescent beneath or becoming glabrous: fls. pinkish, tu-
bular, y% in. long, June-July: fr. white or pinkish. Ore. to
Ariz.
ovatus: S. dibits var.
parvifl&rus: S. orbiculatus.
racem&sus: S. albua.
rotundif&lius. To 3J^ ft.: Ivs. suborbicular to ovate, to
1 in. long, pubescent, grayish beneath: fls. pink, tubular-
funnelform, to 1A in. long, in dense clusters: fr. white,
ellipsoidal, about yfr in. long. Wash, to New Mex. — Perhaps
not hardy N.
sin&nsis. To 4}£ ft.: Ivs. elliptic to obtusely rhombic, to
1 in. long, cuneate, glaucesceiit beneath: fis. pinkish, soli-
tary, carnpanulate, to >£ m. long: fr. bluish-black, ovoid, to
^ in. long. Cent. China.
utah£nsis. To 3 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 1% in. long: fls.
pink, oblong-campanula te, % in. long: fr. white. Utah to
Colo.
vaccinioJdes. Low, much branched: Ivs. oval, to M jn.
long, glaucous beneath: fls. pinkish, carnpanulate, ^ in«
long: fr. white. Wash, to Wyo. Var. decumbens is de-
cumbent.
vulgaris: S. orbiculatua.
SYMPHYANDRA. Campanulacex. A few
species in S. E. Eu. and W. Asia of bien. and per.
herbs resembling Campanula but differing in
having the anthers united into a tube around the
style; stigmas 3: caps. 3-celled, dehiscing by
lateral or basal pores: fls. white or violet, usually
nodding or hanging, more or less bell-shaped.
Cult, as for Campanula.
armena. Per., 1 ft. or less tall, erect or lopping: Ivs.
cordate-ovate and long-petioled, dentate, the upper ones
minute and nearly sessile: fls. nodding, narrowly bell-
shaped, about % in. long, pubescent, blue or violet. Cau-
casus.
H6fmannii. To 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. obovate, to 7 in. long,
toothed: fls. white, to \}<^ in. long and broad, drooping, in
leafy terminal panicles, calyx without appendages. Bosnia.
pe'ndula. To 1 ft., hairy: Ivs. cordate-ovate to oblong,
coarsely toothed, the lower long-stalked: fls. yellowish-
white, 1 l/i in. long, in racemes, the calyx with short ap-
pendages. Caucasus.
Wanneri. To 6 in., hairy: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, sharp-
toothed or somewhat cut: fls. blue- violet, 1 % in. long, nod-
ding, in a branched thyrse, calyx without appendages.
S. E. Eu.
S'^MPHYTUM. COMFREY. Bwaginacex.
Coarse per. herbs of the Old World, with alter-
nate or subopposite and large basal simple Ivs.
and blue, purplish or yellowish fls. in coiled ra-
Symphytum
717
Synthyris
cemes or forked cymes ; corolla tubular, expanded
above, the throat crested.
Comfreys are sometimes planted in the border. Of easy
cultivation. Propagated by seeds, division and root-cuttings.
asp£rrimiun: S. asperum.
asperum (S. asperrimum). PRICKLY C. Per. to 5 ft.:
Ivs. ovate, pe doled, covered with prickly hairs: fls. rose
changing to blue, about }£ in. long. ^Russia to Persia. —
Sometimes used as forage. Vais. varieg&tum and aureo-
variegatum have Ivs. variegated and margined with yellow.
officinale. COMMON C. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate
to oblong-lanceolate, decurrent at base, covered with
prickly hairs: fls. yellowish, purple, rose or white, about H
in. long. Eu., Asia; escaped in N. Amer. Var. variegatum
has Ivs. margined with white; ornamental.
tauricum. Per. to 2^ ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. pure
white, to % in. long, calyx very small. Cent, and S. E. Eu.
SYMPLOCACE^E. SYMPLOCOS or SWEETLEAF
FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, sometimes evergreen,
with alternate simple Ivs., mostly bisexual regular
fls. having 5-lobed calyx, 5-10-lobed corolla, 15
or many stamens, inferior ovary, and drupaceous
fr. Allied to Ebenacese and Styracaceso. There is
only one genus, Symplocos.
SYMPLOCARPUS (Spathyema). Aracese. One
strong-smelling per. herb native in swamps and
wet soil in 1C. N. Amer., and sometimes trans-
planted from the wild for the great If .-clumps;
spathes appearing before the Ivs. and also orna-
mental but the odor disagreeable. S. fdetidus.
SKUNK-CABBAGE. Lvs. to 3 ft. long and 1 ft.
wide, entire, the petioles 1 ft. or more long.
SYMPLOCOS. SWEETLEAF. Symplpcacese.
Characters as for the family: of wide distribu-
tion, a few grown for ornament.
Only S. paniculata is hardy North. Propagated by seeds
which are slow to germinate, by layers, and by cuttings of
young wood under glass.
crataegoides: S. paniculata.
paniculata (S. crattegoides). To 40 ft., deciduous: Ivs.
obqvate, to 3 in. long, finely toothed: fls. white, fragrant,
\i in. across, in panicles to 3 in. long: fr. blue. Himalayan
region, China, Japan.
tinctdria. To 30 ft., partially evergreen: Ivs. oval, to 6 in.
long, scarcely toothed, fls. yellowish, fragrant, % in. across,
in dense clusteis: fr. orange or brown. Del. to Fla. and La.
SYNADfeNIUM. EuphorUacese. African shrubs
with thick fleshy branches, milky juice, alternate
simple Ivs., fls. in cyathia (see Euphorbiaces?) ,
and capsular frs.; sometimes planted for orna-
ment in the tropics and warm regions. For cult,
see Succulents.
Grantii. AFRICAN MILK-BUSH. To 12 ft.: Ivs. narrow-
obovate, to 4 in. long, fleshy: fls. red. Trop. Air.
SYNCARPIA. Myrtacese. Evergreen trees in
Australia, with opposite simple Ivs., white fls.
in globose heads and capsular frs. inclosed in the
calyx; grown in S. II. S. for a shade tree and the
wood is used for building purposes.
glomulffera (S. laurifolia). TURPENTINE TREE. To
200 ft. : Ivs. broadly ovate, to 3 in. long, very thick and to-
mentose beneath.
laurifdlia: S. olomulifera.
SYNDESMON: Anemonella.
SYNECHANTHUS. Palmacese. Palms differ-
ing from Chamaedorea in being monoecious in
each spadix and the fls. not spirally arranged,
spadices always among the Ivs., stamens either
3 or 6, and in technical characters of fls.: low
unarmed gregarious feather-palms, 3 or 4 species
in Cent. Amer. and Colombia; suitable for grow-
ing under glass, and also under lath or in pro-
tected woods in S. Fla. For cult, see Palm.
fibr6sa. St. to 4 ft., strongly ringed: Ivs. pinnate, to 4
ft. long, ascending and spreading; pinnce 30-40, more or
less pendulous, 1-1^ ft. long, pointed: fr. oblong, orange-
red. Cent. Amer.
SYNG6NIUM. Aracese. Trop. American
climbing or creeping vines having milky juice;
Ivs. long-petioled, sagittate or becoming palmate-
ly lobed; spathe pale green to yellowish and
longer than spadix. Propagated by cuttings.
Not hardy to frosts.
podophfllum. Creeping: Ivs. becoming 5-6-palmately
lobed, to 0 in. long, on petioles to 20 in. long: spathe white
within and greenish outside, to 1H in. long. Mex. More
commonly cult, is var. albolineatum having Ivs. with
whitish primary midribs and lateral veins.
SYNNOTIA. Iridacex. A small genus of S.
African cormous herbs allied to Gladiolus and
Sparaxis, differing from the former in the mem-
branous and lacerated spathe-valves and from
the latter in the irregular corolla. Propagated by
seed or by cormlet offsets and cult, as for Gladi-
olus, succeeding best in a light sandy soil.
bfcolor. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. usually 6, ensiform, in basal
rosette, to 6 in. long: fls. yellow tinged violet, tube to % m»
long, segms. about 1 in. long, the upper one erect and
broadly oblong with others reflexed and much narrower,
spike lax, simple or branched, 2-6-fld.
Metelerkampiae. To 10 in.: Ivs. broadly linear, in basal
rosette, to 4 in. long, acute or obtuse: fls. deep violet, tube
filiform, to 1^2 in. long, segms. about % in. long, spike lax,
• branched, 9-12-fld.
SYNTHERISMA: Digitaria.
SlTNTHYRIS. Scrophulariaceae. Per. herbs
native in N. Amer. and Eu., with basal long-
stalked Ivs. and small oblong to wheel-shaped
4-lobed fls. in close racemes or spikes; sometimes
grown in the border.
alpina (Besseya alpina). To 6 in.: Ivs. ovate or elliptic,
to 2 in. long, wavy-toothed, glabrous: fls. purplish-blue, >£
in. long. Mts., Colo., Wyo.
Canbyi. To 8 in.: Ivs. deeply pinna tely 7-cleft, to 1 in.
long, glabrous, blade cordate-ovate, scarcely longer than
wide, ii regularly dentate: fls. bhie-violet, to H in. long, in
dense spike-like racemes to 2}$ in. long: caps. >£ in. long,
finely pubescent. June-July. Mont.
cordata: a form of S. remformis having more strongly
heart-shaped Ivs. and by most authors not considered
distinct from that species.
cymopteroJdes. Erect to 6 in., white-tomentose usually
becoming glabratp: Ivs. finely bipmnatifid, to 2 in. long and
*•' -' ' li: mte segms. linear-attenuate: fls. violet/-
: caps, to % in. long, becoming glabrous.
Vlont.
cent foliage are known.
dissecta. To 8 in.: Ivs. oval, 2-3-pinnatifid, to 4 in. long,
petioled, quite hairy: fls. blue or purple, fading with age,
to Y% ii1- long, on villous scape. Mts., Mont, to Wyo.
empetrif 61ia: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
H6ndersonii. To 3 in., white-tomentose becoming gla-
brate: Ivs. coarsely bipmnatifid, to 2 in. long and % in. wide,
ultimate segms. ovate-acuminate: fls. sky-blue, lo ^ in.
long. July. Ida.
Ianugin6sa: S. pinnatiflda var.
major (S. reniformis var. major). To 8 in,: Ivs. reniform,
to 3 in. across, lobed, glabrous, shining: fls. purple, J£ in*
long. Wash., Ore., Ida.
petiolata: listed name.
pinnatmda. To 6 in. : Ivs. to 4 in. long, 2-3-pinnate into
linear segms., pubescent: fls. whitish or pink, ^ in. long.
Mts., Utah, Ida. Var. lanugin&sa, Ivs. white-tomentose,
palmately 3-7-parted. Olympic Mts., Wash.
plantagmea (Besseya plantaginea). To 1 ft.: lys. oblong,
to 6 in. long, toothed, pubescent: fls. purple or pink. Wyo.
to New Mex.
renif6rmis. To 9 in.: Ivs. orbicular-reniform, to 2 in.
across, deeply toothed, glabrous: fls. blue or purple, \i in.
long. Wash, to Calif. Var. major is 8. major.
\*A in. wide, ultimate segms. linear-attenuate: fls. violet/-
blue, to % in. long: caps, to ^ in. long, becoming glabrous.
May-July. S. W. Mont, to Cent. Ida. — Forms with pubes-
Synthyris
718
Syringa
Ritteriana (Besseya Ritteriana). To 1 ft.: Ivs. elliptic or
oblong, to 4 in. long, toothed, pubescent: fls. white or
yellowish, Y\ in. long. Mts., Colo.
rotundifdlia. To 5 in.: Ivs. ovate-cordate, to 2 in. long,
toothed, rough: fls. white, K in. long. Ore. to Calif. Var.
Sweetseri, taller with long more deeply cut Ivs. and bluer
fls.
rubra. To 8 in., white- woolly and tinged reddish: basal
Ivs. orbicular to lanceolate, blade to 2 in. long, cauline Ivs.
lanceolate, to 1 in. long: corolla absent. B. C. to E. Ore. and
Neb.
schizantha. To 1 ft.: Ivs. reniform-orbicular, cut-toothed:
fls. blue, sepals and petals cut into narrow lobes. Mts.,
Wash.
stellata, stellulata: listed names.
Sweetseri: 8. rotundifolia var.
SYRINGA. LILAC. Okacese. Deciduous shrubs
or small trees of Eu. and Asia, with opposite
mostly simple Ivs., small white, lilac or purple
tubular fls. in showy panicles or thyrses in spring
and early summer, often very fragrant, and fr.
a leathery caps. As a vernacular name, Syringa
is sometimes applied to the mock-orange or
Philadelphus.
Lilacs aro amongst the most popular ornamental shrubs
and most of them are hardy North. They thrive in fertile
rather moist soil, although growing readily on most lands.
Transplanting is easily effected in fall or spring. Propagated
by seeds stratified and sown in spring, by cuttings of green
wood, ripe wood and roots, by layers and suckers, and
varieties by grafting or budding on other lilacs or on privet.
Lilacs may also Be forced for winter bloom under glass.
Plants should be potted in early spring and plunged out-
doois in summer, giving ample water. Three to five weeks
are required to bring the plants into bloom, under a tem-
perature from 00-80°. For white blossoms the plants must
be forced in darkened rooms.
Adamiana: S. tomentella,
affinis: S. oblata var. alba.
amcena: S. mtlgana var.
amurensis (S. sibinca). To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in.
long, glabrous: fls. yellowish-white, in loose panicles to 6 in.
long, with veiy short corolla-tube and exserted stamens.
Manchuria, China. Var. jap6nica (S. japonica) grows to
30 ft., with Ivs. broad-ovate to ovate-oblong ana pubescent
beneath, the fls. in panicles to 12 in. long. Japan.
Bretschnelderi: S. villosa.
chinensis (S. rothomagensis. S. varina). Hybrid between
S. persica ana S. vulgans: to 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to
3 in. long, glabrous: fls. lilac or purple. Var. alba has white
fls.; duplex, double purplish-lilac; metensis, rosy-lilac;
Saugeana (var. rubra), lilac-red.
dilatata: S. oblata var.
emddi. HIMALAYAN L. To 15 ft.: IVB. oval or oblong, to
8 in. long, glabrous, glaucous beneath: fls. lilac or whitish,
in dense terminal panicles to 6 in. long, with corolla-tube
H in. long. W. Asia; not hardy far N.
exfmia: S. Josiksca var.
formosissima: S. Wolfii.
Giraldii: S. oblata var.
H6nryi. Hybrid between S. villosa and 8. Josikxa: Ivs.
pubescent on midrib beneath: fls. pale violet-purple, in
panicles to 10 in. long. Var. exfmia is *S. Josikxa var.
hyacinthifldra. Hybrid between S. oblata and S. vulgaris:
Ivs. broad-ovate. Var. plena with double fls. is the form cult.
jap6nica: S. amurensis var.
Josik&a. HUNGARIAN L. To 12 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 5 in.
long, shining ab9ve, glaucous and nearly glabrous beneath:
fls. hlac, in terminal panicles to 7 in. long, with corolla-tube
H in. long. Hungary. Var. exbnia, large panicles of rose-
red fls.
JulUntt. To 6 ft.? Ivs. ovate, to 2^ in. lon£, pubescent
on both sides: fls. lilac, fragrant, in lateral panicles to 4 in.
long, with corolla-tube }$ in. long, anthers purple or bluish.
China.
Koehneana: S. velutina.
KomarowH (S. Sargentiana). To 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in. long, pubescent beneath: fls.
lilac, in nodding terminal panicles to 6 in. long. China.
lavellie'nsis: a listed name of no botanical standing; the
plant under this name in the trade is probably the garden
form of S. mdgaris known as DeLouvain.
Lem6inei: hort. name applied indiscriminately to a
group of vernacular-named garden hybrids and color forms.
macrostachya: S. vulgaris var.
marleyensis is 8. vulgaris var. purpurea.
Maximowfczii. Garden hybrid, having blue-purple fls.
Meyeri. Small shrub: Ivs. oval, to 1 % in. long, pubescent
on veins beneath: fls. purple-lilac, in dense lateral panicles
to 3 in. long, with corolla-tube ^2 m« long. China.
micrantha: S. velutina.
microphylla. Small shrub: Ivs. ovate, to 1M in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. hlac, in lateral panicles to 3 in. long,
with corolla-tube ^ in. long. China.
nfgricans: hort. form of S. vulgaris.
oblata. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate or reniform, cordate at base,
to 4 in. long, glabrous: fls. lilac, in dense lateral panicles to
5 in. long, with corolla-tube l/i in. long. China. Var. alba
(var. ajffmis, S. affinis) has smaller Ivs. arid white fls. Var.
dilatata (S. dilatata) has long-acuminate Ivs. Var. Giraldii
(S. Giraldii) has Ivs. often pubescent beneath and panicles
0 in. long.
Palibiniana: -S. velutina.
pekine'nsis (S. amurensis var. pekinensis). To 15 ft.:
Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, glabrous: fls.
yellowish-white, in panicles to 6 in. long, with short corolla-
tube. China. Var. pendula has drooping branches.
persica. PERSIAN L. To 6 ft. : Ivs. lanceolate, to 2 y% in.
long, glabrous: fls. hlac or whitish, fragrant, in loose lateral
panicles to 3 in. long, with corolla-tube 1A in. long. Persia
to China. Var. alba has white fls. Var. laciniata has pin-
nately lobed or cut Ivs. Var. rubra, fls. red.
pinetdrum. Differs from S. Juliana in Ivs. not exceeding
1% in. long and pilose beneath only on veins; anthers
yellow. S. W. China.
pinnatifolia. To 10 ft.: Ivs. of 7-11 ovate or ovate-
lanceolate Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. white or pale lilac, in lateral
panicles to 3 in. long, with corolla-tube ^ in. long. China.
Pr^stonise. Hybrids, S. reflexa X S. villosa: Ivs. re-
sembling those of 8. villosa: fls. pale pink to pinkish-lilac.
Very hardy. Produced in Canada.
pube'scens. To 6 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 3 in. long,
pubescent beneath: fls. pale lilac, fragrant, in dense lateral
panicles to 5 in. long, with corolla-tube % in. long. China.
refl6xa. To 12 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 6 in. long, pubescent
beneath: fls. pinkish, white inside, in terminal drooping
panicles to 7 in. long, with corolla-tube ^3 in. long. China.
rothomage'nsis: S. chinensis.
Sargentiana: S. Komarowii.
Saugeana: S. chinensis var.
sibfrica: S. amurensis.
Sweginz6wii. To 10 ft.: Ivs. oblong or ovate, to 4 in.
long, pubescent on veins beneath: fls. lilac, fragrant, in
teiminal panicles to 8 in. long, with corolla-tube ^ in. long.
China. Var. sup£rba is similar.
Thunbergii: hort. name.
tomentella (S. Adamiana. S. Wilsonii). To 10 ft.: Ivs.
oval to oblong-lanceolate, to 4 in. long, pubescent beneath:
fls. lilac or whitish, in loose terminal panicles to 7 in. long,
with corolla-tube ^3 in., long. China.
varina: S. chinensis.
velutina (S. Koehneana. S. micrantha. S. Palibiniana).
To 10 ft.: Ivs. oval or ovate-oblong, to 4 in. long, pubes-
cent both sides: fls. hlac, in pubescent panicles to 5 in. long,
with corolla-tube H in. long. China, Korea.
viildsa (S. Bretschneideri). To 10 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong,
to 7 in. long, pubescent on veins beneath: fls. lilac or pinkish-
white, in terminal panicles to 1 ft. long, with corolla-tube
l/i in. long. China.
vulgaris. CpMMON L. To 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long,
glabrous: fls. lilac or white, fragrant, in lateral panicles to
10 in. long, with corolla-tube >| in. long. S. E. Eu. Latin-
named forms of S. vulgaris in the trade are: alba, fls. white;
am&na, large clusters of fls, pink outside and violet within;
caerulea, blue; gigantea, large spikes of dark bluish-purple
fls.; Lem6inei, fls. double; macrostachya, fls. pale pink, in
long pyramidal clusters; marleyensis, the same as var.
purpurea; nlgricans, foliage and fls. dark; plena, double
blue; purpurea, purplish-red ; r6sea grandiflora, fls. rosy-
lilac, double, early; spectabilis, clusters large, lilac; violacea,
violet-lilac; virginalis or alba virginalis, fls. white.
Wflsonii: S. tomentella.
W61fli (8. formosissima). To 20 ft.: Ivs. oval-oblong, to
6 in. long, pubescent on veins beneath: fls. lilac, fragrant,
in terminal panicles to 1 ft. long, with corolla-tube H in.
long. Manchuria, Korea. Var. hirsuta is more densely
pilose on twigs, Ivs. and infl.
yunnane'nsis. To 10 ft.: Ivs. oval to oval-lanceolate, to
3 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls. pink, hi terminal panicles
to 6 in. long, with corolla-tube H in. long. China. Var.
rdsea is listed as having slightly darker fls. than type.
Syrmatium
719
Syzygium
SYRMATIUM: Lotus eriophoru*.
SYZf GIUM. Myrtace*. Old World trop. trees
and shrubs, differing from Eugenia in the united
petals, usually truncate calyx and no staminal
disk: fls. small: frs. small 1-seeded berries. For
cult, see Eugenia.
Cuminii (Eugenia Cuminii and Jambolana. 8. Jambo-
lana). JAMBOLAN-PLUM. Tree to 80 ft.: Ivs. oblong to oval,
to 8 in. long, acuminate and sometimes emargmate on same
tree with others: fls. white, about \§ in. across, in branching
cymes: fr. purplish-red, to 2 in. diam., edible. E. Indies,
Burma.
Jambolana: S. Cuminii.
oblanceolatum. Tree to 35 ft., twigs 4-angled and often
narrowly winged : Ivs. oblanceolate to obovate, to 1 ft. long,
acuminate, leathery, lateral veins usually 16-25: fls. in
terminal or upper axillary cymose panicles to 3 in. long.
Philippines. — Some of the material in the trade is <S.
polycephaloides, distinguished in part by its shorter abruptly
acuminate Ivs. with fewer lateral veins and fls. on branches
below the Ivs.
operculfttum (Eugenia operculata). Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs.
elliptic to broadly ovate, to 8 in. long: fls. small, white,
3 together: fr. purplish-black, edible. Himalayas. — Some
of the material cult, under this name is S. Cuminii.
polycephaloides. Tree to 70 ft., twigs 4-angled or slightly
winged1 Ivs. oblanceolate to elliptic, to 8 in. long, very
abruptly acuminate, lateral veins 14-18: fls. in cymes to
4m. long, on branches below the Ivs., usually in 3's. Philip-
pines.
TABEBUIA. Bignoniacex. Evergreen trees or
shrubs of trop. Arner., with simple or digitately
compound Ivs., funnclforrn 5-lobcd fls. in showy
terminal racemes or panicles, and linear capsular
frs.; 1 or 2 species sometimes grown in S. U. S.
where they thrive in rich soil. Propagated by
cuttings and air-layers, as well as by seeds.
arg£ntea (Tecoma argentea). To 25 ft.1 Ivs. of 5-7
oblong Ifts. to 0 in. long, densely silveiy-sealy on both
sides: fls. yellow, 2^ in. long. frs. gray lined with black, to
4 in. long. Paraguay.
pallida (T. pentaphylla). To 50 ft. or more, somewhat
scaly: Ifts. mostly 3-5, elliptic to nanow-obovate, to 6 in.
long, entire: fin. white with colored veins, or pink or rose,
nearly 3 in. long, with or preceding the Ivs. W. Indies.
Cent, and N. S. Amer. — Sometimes called "white-cedar;'
planted in S. Ma.
pentaphflla: T. pallida.
serratifftlia (Dignonia and Tecoma serratifolia) . Tree to
30 ft. or more: Iva. of 4-5 oblong-ovate Ifts. to 5 in. long,
toothed at tips: fls. yellow, 2J-£ in. long. W. Indies.
TABERNJEMONTANA. Apocynacex. Trees
and shrubs of trop. regions planted for ornament:
Ivs. opposite: fls. salver-shaped^ in terminal
cymes, white or yellow: fr. of 2 follicles or berries.
Propagated by cuttings.
citrifdlia. To 0 ft.: Iva. oblong, to 5 in. long: fls. white,
to 1 in. across, fragrant. W. Indies, Mex.
coronaria: Ervatamia coronaria.
grandiflftra. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 5 in. long:
fls. yellow, 1 )4 m- across, fragrant. Venezuela, Gmana.
grandifdiia: apparently a form of Ervatamia coronaria.
TABOG: Swinglea.
TACAMAHAC: Populus Tacamahaca.
TACCA. Taccacese. Odd por. herbs of warm
countries, with large basal Ivs. and brown or
greenish fls. in dense umbels terminating the
scape, subtended by leaf-like or colored bracts,
bearing conspicuous long thread-like sterile
pedicels mixed with the fls.
Taccas are suitable for greenhouse cultivation. They
require rich open well-drained soil and should be rested in
winter. Propagated by division of the loots.
Chantridri. DEVIL-FLOWER. Lvs. oval, 1 J£ ft. long and
10 in. wide, shining, the petioles reddish-brown and 2^ ft.
long: fls. brownish-puiple, 1 ?4 in. across. Malaya.
cristata. Lvs. oblong, to 2 ft. long and 0 in. wide, dark
purplish-green, shining above, fla. biownish-purple, 1% in.
across. Malaya.
pinnatffida. Tubers 1 in. through, often grown in the
tropics for arrowroot: Ivs. to 4 ft. across, 3-parted and the
Begins, pinnatifid: fls. gieenish and purplish, % in. across.
Trop. Asia, Afr., Australia.
TACCACEJE. TACCA FAMILY. Two trop.
monocotyledonous herbaceous genera, mostly of
the eastern hemisphere, with characters of Tacca
which see. Allied to Dioscoreacese.
TACSONIA: Paasijlora.
Tfl£NlDIA. UmbellifersB. Per. herb native from
Que. to Miss., sometimes transferred from the
wild. T. integerrima. To ,3 ft.: Ivs. 2-3-ternately
compound into ovate to lanceolate entire segms.
to 1 in. long: fls. yellow, in compound umbels:
frs. oval, K in- long.
TAG£TES. MARIGOLD. Composite. Strong-
scented mostly ann. herbs with usually opposite
Ivs. finely dissected, and solitary or clustered
heads of vellow, orange or red ray- and disk-fls.;
pappus of scales or bristles; native from New Mex.
to Argentina. The name Tagetes is pronounced
in three syllables. Races without strong foliage
odor have been developed.
Marigolds are popular as cut-flowers and are of simple
cultivation. Propagated by seeds sown where plants are to
stand or started early in the house.
ere~cta. Bid or AZTEC M. AFBICAN M. (once supposed
to be native in Afr.). Stout ann., erect, to 3 ft. : Ivs. pinnate:
heads solitary, to 4 in. across, yellow to orange, the rays
numerous and long-clawed, sometimes 2-lipped or quilled.
Mex.
lucida. SWEET-SCENTED M. Per., cult, as ann., to \l/i
ft.: Ivs. simple, oblong-lanceolate, finely toothed but not
divided: heads ^ in. across, 2-3-rayedt golden or orange-
yellow, in dense terminal clusters. Mex. — Not common in
cult.
patula. FRENCH M. Ann., much branched from base,
to 1^2 ft.: Ivs. pinnate: heads solitary, to 1 ^ in. across,
rays numerous, yellow with red markings. Mex.
signata: T. tenuifolia.
tenuifdlia (T. signata). Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. finely cut:
heads solitary, about 1 in. across, rays few, yellow. Mex.
Var. pumila is dwarf, 1 ft. or less high.
TAINIA: Ascotainia vindifusca.
TAIWANIA. Taxodiacese. Tall evergreen tree
from Formosa (Taiwan) and W. China, allied to
Cryptomeria, suitable for cult, in Calif, and Fla.
T. cryptomerioides. Young Ivs. linear, J^ in.
long, adult Ivs. scale-like, imbricated, to y^ in.
long: cones l/2 in. long, with leathery scales. — It
is a new plant to cult., the genus having been
founded by Hayata as late as 1906. For cult, see
Conifers.
TALAUMA. Magnoliaccse. Tender evergreen
broad-lvd. trees from E. Asia and S. Amer.,
closely allied to Magnolia, differing in having
indehiscent and deciduous carpels. Propagated
by seeds or cuttings, but seeds shipped from
Orient often lose viability before arrival here.
Hodgsonii. To 60 ft. : Ivs. obovate-oblorig, to 20 in. long
and 9 in. wide, glabrous, leathery, petals usually 6, ivory-
white and fleshy, sepals 3, purplish-blue, fls. terminal, to
G in. across and 4 in. deep, cup-shaped vith spice-like odor:
fr. to 0 in. long.
TALINUM. FAME-FLOWER. Portulacaccse. Per.
more or less fleshy small herbs sometimes woody
at base, with alternate or nearly opposite Ivs..
small ephemeral fls. mostly in erect terminal
cymes or panicles, and capsular frs. Useful in
borders and rock-gardens, and sometimes as
tub plants for the foliage. Native in both
hemispheres.
calycinum. To 8 in.: Ivs. to 2 in. long: fls. pink, 1 in. or
moie across. Ark. to Mex.
Menziesii. Similar to T. teretifolium, differing in its
somewhat larger habit and fls. to 1 in. across with 40 or
more stamens which are much exceeded by the style.
Tenn. to Ga. and Ala.
qkanoganense. Low cespitose per. to 1 in. high: Ivs.
deciduous, fleshy, somewhat cylindrical, to % in. long,
grayish-green: fls. white, usually solitary, saucer-shaped,
to M in. across, on short peduncles to 1 >£ in. long, stamens
yellow. Wash. — Fls. short-lived but produced in succession
for several weeks. Requnes drainage and withstands
drought conditions.
paniculatum. To 2 ft. or more: Ivs. elliptic or obovate,
to 3 m. long. fls. red to yellowish, in a panicle to 10 in. long.
S. U. S. and south. — A form with white-edged Ivs. is a tub
or pot-plant.
parvifldrum. To 8 in.: Ivs. to 2 in. long: fls. pink, about
H MI. across. Minn, to Tex.
parvifdlium: listed name.
patens. Plant erect, woody at base, to 2 ft. : Ivs. opposite,
ovate with cuneate base. fls. carmine, small, in cymes. W.
Indies and E. S. Amer. Var. variegatum has foliage and
sts. marked with white or pink. — A pot-plant surviving
much heat and drought. For foliage purposes flowering
branches should be cut off as soon as they appear.
720
Talinum
721
Taraktogenos
rugospe'rmum. To 10 in.: Ivs. basal, linear, cylindrical,
to 2 in. long: fls. pink, H in. across. Ind. to Minn, and Wis.
spine'scens. Sis. covered with small spines: Ivs. cylindri-
cal, l/i in. long: fls. rose. Mts., Wash.
teretifdlium. To 1 ft.: Ivs. linear, cylindrical, to 2 in.
long: fls. pink, 1A in. across, stamens 20 or less, equalling or
exceeding the style. Pa. to Ga. and Tex.
triangulate. Stout and fleshy, to 1 1A or 2 ft.: Ivs. obovate
or narrower, about 3 in. long: fls. red to whitish or yellowish,
in racemes. Trop. Amer., and widely spread as an orna-
mental and pot-herb.
Wayse: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
TALLOW-TREE, CHINESE: Sapium sebiferum. Vege-
table-: Sapium sebiferum. -Wood: Ximenia americana.
TAMALA: Persea.
TAMARACK: Larix laricina.
TAMARICACE^. TAMAKISK FAMILY. Four
genera of shrubs or trees from the Meclit. region
to Japan, having alternate mostly small and
scale-like Ivs., regular bisexual fls. with 4-5
sepals and petals, 8-10 stamens, superior 1-
celled ovary and capsular fr. Myricaria and
Tamarix are planted for ornament.
TAMARIND: Tamarindus. Manila: Pithecellobium dulce.
TAMARfNDUS. Legwninosse. Evergreen tree
widely grown in the tropics for ornament and
for the frs. which are eaten in various forms,
made into drinks, and also have medicinal prop-
erties. Tamarinds thrive on deep soil with
abundant rainfall or irrigation. Propagated by
seeds and by shield-budding. T. indica. TAM-
ARIND. TAMARINDO. To 80 ft., making a massive
picturesque tree: Ivs. pinnate, the Ifts. to % in.
long: fls. pale yellow, 1 in. across, in few-fid,
racemes: pods to 8 in. long, cinnamon-brown.
Probably trop. Afr. and S. Asia.
TAMARISK: Tamarix. False: Myricaria.
TAMARIX. TAMARISK. Tamaricacex. Decid-
uous or evergrowing trees or shrubs, Eu. and
Asia, the graceful slender branches bearing small
heath-like Ivs. and pink or white fls. with the
parts in 5's or in 4's, in prominent racemes or
panicles.
Tamarisks are grown for ornament, as windbreaks and
along the coast as they withstand salt spray. Propagated
by seeds, hardwood cuttings, or greenwood cuttings under
gtoss.
eestivalis: T. pentandra.
africana. To 10 ft. : fls. pinkish, nearly sessile, in racemes
to 3 in. long which are lateral on last year's branches, in
spring. Medit. region; hardy only far S. — The plant cult,
under this name is usually T. parviflora.
algerica: probably T. gallica.
amure*nsis: T. pentandra.
&nglica. To 10 ft.: fls. white or pinkish, in terminal
panicles in early summer, petals falling from the frs. W. Eu.;
for central or southern states.
aphylla (T. articulata). ATHEL T. To 30 ft., with jointed
branchlets and minute sheathing Ivs. like a Casuarina:
fls. pink, sessile, in terminal panicles. W. Asia. — Intro, as
windbreak in desert regions of S. Calif.; the naked green
twigs make it "evergreen."
articulata: T. aphylla.
chin£nsis. CHINESE T. To 15 ft., with fine often droop-
ing spray: fls. pink, in loose terminal panicles in summer,
petals persistent on frs. China; only far S.
gallica. FRENCH T. To 30 ft.: fls. white or pinkish, in
pamcled racemes in early summer, petals deciduous from
the frs. W. Eu. to Himalayas; probably hardy in central
states. Var. indica has longer and slenderer racemes.
germ&nica: Myricaria germanica.
hispid a. KABHGAR T. To 4 ft., branchlets and Ivs.
pubescent: fls. pink, in dense panicled racemes in late sum-
mer. Caspian region; hardy in central or southern states.
Var. eestivalis is T. pentandra. Var. Coolidgei is a compact
form of T. pentandra. Var. plumdsa is listed.
Indica: T. gallica var.
japonica: T. juniperina.
juniperlna (T. japonica. T. plumosa). To 15 ft.: fls.
pinkish, in lateral racemes in spring, parts of the fl. in 5's,
petals remaining on fr. China, Japan; probably not hardy N.
odessana. To 6 ft. : fls. pink, in slender panicled racemes
in summer, petals persistent on frs., bracts awl-shaped.
Caspian region; hardy in New England.
parvifldra (T. tetrandra var. purpurea). To 15 ft.: fls.
pink, in short lateral racemes in spring, parts of the fl. in
4's, the petals persistent on frs. S. Eu.; hardy in S. New
England.
pent&ndra (T. hispida sestivalis. T. amurensis). To 15
ft.: branchlets and Ivs. glabrous: fls. pink, in dense racemes
forming large panicles, in late summer, petals persistent
on frs., bracts bioadly lanceolate. Eu., Abia; hardy in S.
New England.
plumdsa: T. juniperina.
tetrandra. To 12 ft.: fls. pale pink or white, in lateral
racemes in spring, petals deciduous from fr. Eu., Asia.
Var. purpurea of the trade is T. parviflora.
TAMUS (Tamnus). Dioscoreacex. Twining
tuberous-rooted dioecious perennials, one some-
times planted for ornament, with the look of
Dioscorca but differing in bearing a few-seeded
berry. T. commuuis, BLACK BUYONY, of Great
Britain and distributed on the Continent, has
slender angular sts. many ft. long, long-pctioled
and more or less obscurely lobed pointed Ivs. and
fls. mostly in axillary racemes or fascicles: berry
small, red.
TANACfiTUM. TANSY. Composite. Ann. and
per. strong-scented herbs with alternate pin-
nately cut Ivs. and small yellow clustered heads
of disk-fls.; pappus none or a crown; native in
northern hemisphere.
Tansy is grown in the garden for ornament and medicinal
purposes. It thrives in all common situations and in soils
not too wet. Propagated usually by dividing the old clumps;
also by seed.
Bals&mita: Chrysanthemum Balsamita.
boreale. Per. to 3 ft., closely allied to T. vulgare from
which it differs in acheno without pappus. Caucasus. — •
Some of the plants so named in cult, are believed to be T.
huronense.
capitatum. Per. to 5 in., cespitosc, woody at ba&o: Ivs.
spatula te to oblanceolate, 3-5- parted 01 palmately lobed,
upper ones linear and entire: heads small in spherical
corymbose infl. Rocky Mts.
hurone"nse. HUUON T. Per. to 3 ft., pubescent: Ivs. 2-
pinnate: heads to % in. across, usually few. Alaska to Ore.
and Me.
macrophyllum: Chrysanthemum macrophyllum.
vulgare (Chrysanthemum vulgare'). COMMON T. Per. to
3 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. pinnate: heads to l/% in. across,
yellow, numerous, in flat-topped cymes; achene with short
5-lobed pappus. Eu.; escaped in U. S. Var. crispum has
finer more crisped foliage.
TANAK52A. Saxifragacex. Mono ty pic genus
from Japan, T. radicans. Dioecious or momrcious
stoloniferous hardy per. with scapes to 8 in.
high: Ivs. basal, oblong- to ovate-lancoolate, to
8 in. long, long-petioled, acute, doubly-serrate,
base rounded to cordate: fls. minute, greenish-
white and petal-less, solitary in axils of bracts,
sepals 5, stamens 10.
TANGERINE: see Citrus nobilis var.
TANIER: Xanthosoma.
TANSY: Tanacetum.
TANYOSHO: Pinus densiflora var. umbraculiferai
TAPE-GRASS: Vallisneria.
TAPIOCA-PLANT: Manihot esculenta.
TARA: Cxaalpinia spinoaa. -Vine: Actinidia arguta.
TARAJO: Ilex latifolia.
TARAKTOGfeNOS. Flacourtiacex. Malayan
trees one of which yields chaulmoogra oil: Ivs.
alternate, entire: fls. bisexual or unisexual, in
Taraktogenos 722 Taxus
axillary few-fid, cymes, the stamens numerous: fls. in catkins, and_glpbose cones with woody
frs. globular or ovoid, hard. One species has scales; 3 specie
been intro. into S. Calif, and Fla. cult, see Conift
Kurzii. To 50 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 10 in. long, shining:
Htaminate fls. 3 in. across, with 4 sepals arid 8 petals: IT.
brownish-yellow, tomentose, size of orange. Burma.
TARATA: Pittosporum eugenioides.
TARAXACUM. DANDELION. Composite. Per.
stemless herbs with irregularly cut Ivs. in a basal
rosette and heads terminating hollow sts., of
yellow ligulate fls.; pappus of bristles; mostly of
the northern hemisphere. Sec Dandelion.
Dens-lednis: T. officinale.
officinal e (T. Denx-honis. Leontodon Taraxacum).
COMMON I). Lvs. to 10 in. long, pinnntely cut or toothed:
heads golden-yellow, 2 in. across. Eu., a weed in most parta
of the world, but grown for "greens."
TARAXIA: (JJnothera subacaulis.
TARE: Vicia saliva.
TAR-FLOWER: Befana racemosa.
TARO: Colocasia esculenta.
TARRAGON: Aitemmia Dracunculus.
TARTOGO: Jatropha podagnca.
TAR WEED: Madia, Cuphea petiolata.
TASAJO: HCJO Opuntia.
TASSEL-FLOWER: Amaranthus candatus, Brickellia
grandijlora, Emilia sagittata.
TAVARfeSIA. Asclepiadacew. Stapclia-likc leaf-
leas plants with angled sts. bearing bristles on
the tubercles: fls. funnel-shaped, large, borne at
base of young sts.
Baiklyi. Sts. to 4 in. tall and % in. thick, 10-12-angled,
dark green or purplish, angles tubrrcled, each tubercle with
3 white bristles: fls. pule yellow, spotted puiplish-red,
densely papillate, to 4 in. aeioss; corolla-tube to 2 in. deep
and 1 in. wide, purplish-ied. Trop. and S. Afr.
grandifldra. His. to 8 in. tall and M in. thick, usually
14- angled, central bristle of tubeiclc longer than 2 laterals:
fls. an in T. Barklyi, but corolla-t ube to 4 in. deep arid 1 % in.
across; corolla about 4^2 in. across. S. W. Afr.
TAWHIWHI: Pittosporum tenuifolium.
TAXACEvE. YEW FAMILY. Two genera. Taxus
and Torroya. of evergreen trees and shrubs with
needle-like (vs.: pbuits usually dioecious, the
starninate fls. cone-like, the pistillate of a 1—2-
ovuled carpel: fr. berry- or drupe-like, consist-
ing of a seed with a bony shell surrounded by a
fleshy aril. The family was established by
Lindlcy in 1836, but for many years was included
in the Conifenc. Until recently it has been
thought to include about a dozen genera, most
of which are now placed in the Podocarpacese or
the Cephttlotjixaccfio.
TAXODlACE^E. TAXODIUM FAMILY. About a
dozen genera of resinous, coniferous, evergreen
or deciduous trees having linear neeale-like Ivs.,
fls. in cones, and fr. a hard globose or subglobose
woody cone. The family has, until recently,
been treated as a subfamily of the Pinacese, but
several fundamental differences warrant its
recognition as a separate family. Taxodiaceie is
technically distinguished by the cones which
differ from those'of the Pinacese in scales without
distinct bracts and with 2-9 seeds: Ivs. arranged
in spirals, solitary not fascicled. The family
contains many valuable timber trees and orna-
mental subjects as Athrotaxis, Cryptomeria,
Cunninghamia, Glyptostrobus, Sciadopitys, Se-
quoia, Sequoiadendron, Taiwania, Taxodium.
TAXODIUM. Taxodiacese. Trees with short
linear deciduous or evergreen Ivs., staminate
scales; 3 species in E. N. Amer. and Mex. For
"ers.
ascend ens (T. distichum var. imbricarium) . POND
CYPRESS. Lvs. deciduous, awl-shaped, about ft in. long,
appressed: cones 1 in. across. Va. to Fla. and Ala. Var.
nutans (var. pendulum) has drooping branchlets.
distichum. BALD CYPRESS. Lvs. deciduous, linear, to
% in. long, spreading, light green: cones 1 in. across. Del.
to Fla. and La.; haidy in northern states but remains small.
Var. fastigiatum, slender erect form; var. nanum, dwarf
and shrubby; var. pendens (var. pendulum), branchlets
drooping, cones to 1)^ in. long; var. pyramidalis, nairow
pyramidal form. — It is not' certain whether these hoit.
forms belong here or with T. asccndens.
mucronatum. MONTEZUMA CYPRESS. Differs from T.
distichum in the persistent shoiter Ivs. and larger cones.
Mex.; planted in Calif.; said to become deciduous when
planted too far N.
TAXUS. YEW. Taxaccx. Evergreen trees and
shrubs with linear dark green Ivs. paler or yel-
lowish beneath, inconspicuous dia»cious fls., and
berry-like red frs. ; native in the northern hemis-
phere. See Conifers for cult.
baccata. ENGLISH Y. Tree to 60 ft.: Ivs. to 1 K in. long,
gradually acuminate, pale beneath, fr. brown, in Sept.-Oct.
Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia; hardy m N. Y. and parts of New
England, but some of (he vars. stand better than the species
itself in the colder climates. There are numerous named
forms, such as the following vars.: adpr6ssa (T. brevifolia,
T. tardiva)^K\unb or low tree with Ivs. to ^2 m. long and
itc forms aurea with yellow Ivs. and strlcta and erScta of
columnar habit; arg£ntea is var. vanegata; aurea, Ivs.
yellow; Barronii, shoots orange changing to copper; chestunt-
ensis, branches ascending, Ivs. blui.sh-gieen below; com-
pacta, compact, foliage shining dark green; d€nsa, habit
dense, Ivs. short, dark gieen; Dovastdnii, branchlets pendu-
lous, and its form aureo-variegata with Ivs. vai legated
yellow; elegantissima, compact form with young Ivs.
striped pale yellow; epacrioides. rather dwaif with light
green IVH.; er6cta (var. pijtamidahs), upright bushy var.
arid its forms aurea and Crowded; ericoides (T. Michdn,
T. microphylla) , dwaif, with veiy nairow IVH. ; exp&nsa,
low bush with pendulous branches; fastigiata LS var. stncta;
glaiica, Ivs. blui«h-green below; gracilis pendula ia var.
pendula; hibernica is var. stncta; horizontalis, branches
spreading horizontally; imperialis, perhaps synonymous
with T. baccata; Jacksonii, spreading branches pendulous
at tips; lutea (var. luteo-baccata), fr. yellow; nana, of dwarf
dense habit; neidpathensis, unidentified hoit. name; pen-
dula (var. gracihs pendula), spreading with slender pendu-
lous branches; procumbens, prostrate much branched shrub,
material offered may be var. erpansa; pyramidalis is var.
erecta; recurvata, spreading recurved blanches; repandens,
neaily prostrate with bluish-green Ivs.; semperaurea, low
habit, Ivs. keeping yellow color the second year; stricta
(vars. fastigiata and hibermca), IRISH Y., columnar with
very dark green Ivs., and its forms aurea and variegata;
tar diva is var. adpressa; variegata (vai. argentea), Ivs.
variegated with white or whitish; Washingtonii, wide-
spreading with golden-yellow Ivs. Other listed names are:
Limngstonii, major, Overeindu, polycarpa.
brevifdlia (T. Lindleyana). WESTERN Y. Tree to 45 ft.
or more: Ivs. 1 in. or less long, abruptly pointed, dark
yello wish-green : fr. Aug.-Sept. Mont, to B. C. and Calif.
Var. NiittallU is listed as having more drooping branches.
A var. nana is listed. — The rnateiial commonly cult, under
this name is T. baccata var. adpressa or T. cusjndata var.
nana.
caoadensis. GROUND-HEMLOCK. Straggling shrub some-
times 6 ft. high: Ivs. 1 in. long, abruptly pointed, dark
yellowish-green above: fr. in Aug. E. N. Amer., as far north
as Newf. Var. aurea, foliage slightly variegated yellow.
Var. str'cta is dwarf.
chinensis. CHINESE Y. Tre. to 50 ft.: Ivs. to 1% in.
'ong, abruptly pointed, grayish-green below: fr. Sept.-Oct.
China; hardy N.
cuspidata (T. Sieboldn). JAPANESE Y. Tree to 50 ft.:
Ivs. to 1 in. long, abiuptly pointed, with 2 yellow bands
below: fr. Oct-Nov. Japan, Korea Manchuria; hardy N.
and popular. Hort. forms are: Ande sonii, probably T.
media var.; aurea, foliage slightly variegated yellow; aur6s-
cens, low form with young Ivs. deep yellow, requiring
UaUllf, UCUCKlp i(JW UCHO - *JU0<-1, ClC^ltt JO UOlAJUi ic*0"6.»*«w*,
dwarf columnar plant, Ivs. yellowish; Hicksii is T. media
var.; minima, very dwarf with shining Ivs.; nana (var.
brevifolia, var. compacta), shrubby form; nigra, very dark
green foliage; ovata is listed as having wider Ivs. than type;
pyramidalis, of pyramidal habit; tardiva ifi T. baccata
Taxus
var. adpressa; Thiyerae, wide-spreading, with horizontal or
slightly ascending plumose branches.
Dutuile'rdii: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
hibe'rnica: T. baccata var. stncta.
Hlcksii: T. media var.
Hunnewelliana. Hybrid between T. cuspidate, and T.
baccata.
intermedia: listed name for a "hybrid yew."
jap6nica: catalogue name, perhaps for T. cuspidata.
Lindleyana: T. brevifolia.
media. Hybrid between T. cuspidata and T. baccata.
Vars. are: Andersonii, erect, free-branching; Brownii, an
erect conical form to 8 ft. with dense shoit Ivs.; H&tfieldii
is similar but Ivs. more strongly 2-ranked in appearance;
Hfcksii, erect with ascending blanches, bright dark green
Ivs.; KSlseyi, upright, dense, listed as fruiting heavily;
pyramidalis, erect loose branching, to 15 ft.; Thayeree is T.
cuspidata var.; W&rdii, eiect, compact, to 8 ft., Ivs. dark
green; WSllesleyi, broad erect shrub.
Michelii: T. baccata var. ericoides.
microphylla: T. baccata var. ericoides.
p£ndula: T. baccata var. Dovastomi and pendula.
Sidboldii: T. cuspidata.
tardiva: T. bacca a var. adpressa.
TEA: Then. Crystal-: Ledum palustre. Jersey-: Cea-
nothus amencanus. Labrador-: Ledum groenlandicum.
Mexican-: Ephedra, Chenopodium ambrosioides. Oswego-:
Monarda didyma. Philippine-: Khretia microphylla. -Tree,
Austialian: Leptospermum l&vigalum.
TEABERRY: Gaultheria procumbens.
TEAK: Tectona grandis.
TEASEL: Dipsacus.
TECOMA. Bignoniaccx. Shrubs with mostly
pinnate Ivs. and toothed Ifts.,' fragrant yellow or
orange and tinted funnel form fls. in terminal
racemes or panicles, and linear leathery capsular
frs.; native from 8. U. 8. to Argentina.
Tecomas are grown in southern United States and will
stand only a few degiees of frost. Propagated by seeds and
by cuttings of gieen wood undci glass.
argentea: Tabebuia argentea.
australis: Pandorea pandorana.
capensis: Tecomaria capensis.
capreolata: see Bignoma capreolata.
Garr6cha. Shrub to f> ft. or more: Ivs. of 7-11 oblong-
ovate acuminate Ifts. to 2 in. long, glabrous: fls. yellow or
salmon with scarlet tube, 2 in long and 1 in. across, grad-
ually narrowed to base. fr. to 4 in. long. Argentina.
grandifldra: Campsis grandi flora.
jasminoides: Pandorea jasminoides.
Mackenii: Podranea Ricasohana.
mollis: Stenolobium stans var. velutina.
pentaphylla: see Tabebuia palhda.
Princei: Campsis Taghabuana.
radicans: Campsis radicans.
Reglnae-Sabae: Podranea Brycei.
Ricasoliana: Podranea Ricasoliana.
sambucifolia: the plant cult, under this name is Stenolo-
bium stans vai . anyustata.
serratifdlia: Tabebuia serratifoha.
Smithii. Erect shrub: supposed hybrid between Stenolo-
bium stans var. velutina and Tecomaria capensis: Ivs. of
11-17 oblong or aeutish Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls. yellow tinged
orange, to 2 in. long, gradually narrowed toward base.
Raised in A us ti alia.
st&ns: Stenolobium stans.
Tweediana: Doxantha Unguis-caii.
velutina: Stenolobium stans var.
TECOMARIA. Bignoniacex. Evergreen shrubs
in Amer. and S. Afr., partially climbing, with
pinnate Ivs., funnelform curved yellow to scarlet
fls. in dense terminal racemes or panicles, the
stamens exserted, and linear flattened frs.; one
species is grown in the S. as a hedge and division
plant and sometimes under glass. Propagated
by seeds and cuttings under glass.
capensis (Tecoma capensis). CAPE-HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs.
of 7-9 ovate toothed Ifte. to 2 in. long: fls. orange-red or
scarlet, 2 in. long: fr. to 2 in. long. S. Air.
723 Templelonia
TECOMfiLLA. Bignoniacex. One shrub or
bush-like small tree, T. undulata, planted in S.
Fla., native Arabia to W. India: branches gray,
spreading: Ivs. thickish, glaucous, oblong, entire,
nearly or quite obtuse: fls. large and open, red-
orange, 2 in. or more long, deeply lobed.
TECOPHDL&A. Hxinodoraccx. Two species
of small tender cormous plants from Andes Mts.
in Chile, one of which is cult.: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, few inclosed in scarious sheath : scape arising
from sheath at base of Ivs., with usually solitary
blue fls. having a regular campanulatc perianth
with 3 perfect stamens and 3 staminodes, ovary
inferior and 3-ceiled: fr. a conical caps. Propa-
gated by seeds and cormlet offsets.
cyanocr&cus. To 6 in.: Ivs. 2-3, somewhat undulate, to
5 in. long, blight green, glabrous: fls. deep blue veined or
suffused white in throat, Begins, to 1 j-2 in. long, lateial ones
sometimes white-margined, pedicels about % in. long a.nd
often weakly arching. — Not hardy N. but peihaps may be
grown in open from N. C. southward in situations where
soil will be moist during blossoming in rajly spring, but dry
throughout remainder of season.
TfiCTONA. Verbenacex. Trees, one of which
furnishes the teak-wood of commerce, with
large opposite or whorled simple Ivs. and small
white or bluish fls. in terminal panicles.
gr&ndis. TEAK. To 150 ft.: IVH. ovate, to 1 ft. and more
long, tomentose beneath fr. globular, 1 in. across. India,
Malaya. — Sometimes planted far S. and in the tropics for
ornament and mt rest.
TEFF: Eragrostis abyssimca.
TELANTHERA: Alternanthera.
TELEGRAPH-PLANT: Desmodium motorium.
TELEKIA: Buphthalmum.
TELfePHIUM. OHPINE. Caryophyllacw. Much
branched herbs from the Medit. region, with
alternate Ivs. and white fls. in terminal clusters;
rarely cult, in the rock-garden.
Imperati. Per., with piostrate leafy sts. to 1 ft. long: Ivs.
oblong, thick, to ?2 in. long: fl«. July-Aug. Eu.
TELESONIX: Boykinia Jamesii.
TELLiMA. Saxifragaccae. Per. hairy herbs from
W. N. Amer. similar to Mitella but differing in the
2-beaked caps.; suitable for the wild-garden.
affinis: Lithofragma ajfmis.
grandifldra. To 2 ft : Ivs. cordate-ovate, lobed, to 4 in.
across: fls. greenish turning pink or led, the petals pinnately
cut. Alaska to Calif.
odorata. To 2 ft., plant coarsely pilose below and glandu-
lar-pubescent above: Iva. bioadly ovate, to 3 in. long, acute,
base heart-shaped, cienately toothed and sometimes lobed:
fls. red, fragrant, petals pnmately cut. Wash, to S. Ore.
parvifldra: Lithofragma parvi flora.
TELOPEA. Proteaccx. Shrubs in Australia
with alternate leathery Ivs., red fls. in dense
terminal head-like racemes surrounded by an
involucre of colored bracts, and fr. a leathery
follicle; intro in Calif.
speciosissima. WARATAH. To 8 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 10 in.
long, toothed in upper part fls. 1 in. long, in globular heads
to 3 in. across, bracts to 3 in. long.
truncata. To 8 ft., branchlets reddish-pubescent or
villous: Ivs. obovate, oblong-cuneate to linear, to 4 in. long,
glabrous, margins mostly entire arid often recurved: fls.
in short dense racemes to 2>2 m. diam.: follicles about 2 in.
long. Tasmania.
TEMPLET6NIA. Leguminosx.^ Shrubs with
simple Ivs., papilionaceous fls. solitary or few in
the axils, and flattened pods; Australian; grown
under glass or out-of-doors in the S. Propagated
by cuttings.
retusa. CORAL-BUSH. Lvs. leathery, 1 in. or less long,
notched or mucronate at tip: fls. red, to \l/i in. long: pod
to 2 in. long.
Tendergreen 724
TENDERGREEN: Brasaica pmriridia.
TENDRIL: a rotating or twisting thread-like process or
exteiiHion by which a plant grasps an object and clings to it
for /support; moiphologically it may be stem or leaf or
Tetrapatficea
extension of inflorescence.
TEOSINTE: EuchUna.
TEPHROCACTUS: Opuntia.
TEPHROSIA (Cracca). Leguminosx. Herbs or
shrubs with pinnate Ivs., red, purple or white
papilionaceous fls. in racemes, and flat pods; the
first species grown as a low windbreak in tropics.
Candida. Shrub to 10 ft.: Ifts. 2 in. long, silky-pubescent
beneath: fls. white, 1 in. long: pods to 4 in. long. India;
nut. in W. Indies.
grandifldra. Hhiub to 2 ft.: Ifts. cuneate-oblong, usually
10-14: fls. ied, in fascicled corymbs. S. Afr.
piscatdria: T. purpurea.
purpurea (T. piscatona). Per. to 2 ft.: Ifte. oblanceolate,
to 1 in. long, usually 13-17: fls. reddish-purple, usually
6-20 in terminal and lateral racemes: pods narrow, to 2 in.
long. Trop. Afr.
virginiana. Per. to 2 ft.: Ifts. to 1 in. long, silky-pubes-
cent, fls. yellowish-purple, to % in. long: pods to 2 in. long.
Me. to Fla. and N. Mex.
TERETE: circular in transverse section; imperfectly
cylindrical because the object may taper both ways.
TERMINALIA. Combretacege. Large trees,
mostly in trop. Asia, with simple Ivs. usually
crowded toward ends of brancnlets, small bi-
sexual or polygamo-dioDcious fls. in spikes or
racemes, and fr. an angled or winged 1-seeded
drupe or drupe-like; planted for ornament in
trop. climates and edible fr.; bark sometimes
yields dyes and tannin. Propagated by seed.
Arjuna. To 80 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 6 in. long: fls. green or
white, in short spikes or panicles: fr. dark brown, 5-winged,
to 2 in. long. India. — Planted in S. Fla. for interest.
australis. Small glabrous tree to 10 ft.: Ivs. lance-ovate
to ovate, to 2 in. or more long, entire, pointed, petioles very
short, fls. few and small, in peduncleci axillary slender
spikes that about equal the Ivs., greenish. S. Brazil. —
Piobably planted in our temtory.
Catappa. TROPICAL- or INDIAN-ALMOND. MVROBALAN.
To 80 ft., deciduous, with hoiizontal branches: Ivs. oboyate,
to 1 ft. long, becoming ncli red before they fall twice a
year: fls. greenish-white, the spikes to 6 in. long: fr. greenish
or reddish, flattened, the 2 angles winged, to 2 in. long,
with edible oil-bearing seed. Malaya. — Widely planted in
trop. countries, and in S. Fla. as a street tree.
Muelleri. Small tree: Ivs. rather narrowly obovate, to
4 in. long, obtuse or abruptly pointed, leathery, sparsely
short-hairy underneath: fls. small, in axillary spikes: fr.
to y± in. long, bluish. Queensland; planted in S. Fla.
myriocarpa. To 100 ft., the young parts rusty-tomentose:
Ivs. oblong, tapormg-acute, to 8 in. long, short-stalked, the
many parallel veins at first rusty, margins serrate: fls. pink
to white, changeable, in panicles: fr. about Y% in. long, with
broader wings, yellow. India, Burma.
Saffordii. Tree: Ivs. very broadly obovate and thick, to
5 in. long and nearly as broad, obtuse to emarginate, nearly
glabrous underneath, glossy above: fls. in simple racemes:
fr. oblong, about % in. long. Guam; planted in S. Fla.
tomentdsa. To 100 ft.: Ivs. nearly opposite, elliptic, to
8 in. long, variable, mostly thin-tomentose underneath: fls.
in spikes: fr. to 2 in. long, with 5 broad wings. India.
XERNATE: in threes;
TERNSTRCfeMIA. Theacede. Warm-temp, and
trop. evergreen trees and shrubs of Asia, Indian
Archipelago and Amer., with alternate simple
Ivs., solitary or clustered fls. and indehiscent
berry-like frs. ; grown under glass or in S. U. S.
gymnanthera: listed name.
fndica: listed name.
jap6nica. Tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 3 in. long, entire:
fls. palo yellow, % in. across: fr. to % in. Japan to India.
TERNSTRCEMUCEJE: Theacess.
TERRARIUM. A small unheated greenhouse
in which plants are kept or grown in the living
room, laboratory or school. Ordinarily it is
made four-sided with panes of glass about 8 X 10
inches fastened together at the corners with
strong adhesive tape, a similar pane for cover,
and the box set on a board or in a flat oven pan.
The bottom is covered about an inch deep with
coarse gravel, over which is placed an inch or
two of soil; or sods from the woods containing
the desired plants may be cut to size and placed
in the bottom but with care for drainage. Many
kinds of plants can be grown in a terrarium, the
box being kept closed to control moisture. It
may be set in or near a window but not directly
exposed to hot sun. The box will need little
watering. A terrarium is essentially a small
Wardian case for more or less temporary use.
TESSARANTHIUM: Frasera apeciosa.
T ESTUDINARIA. Dioscoreacese. Twining vines
with tuberous rootstocks above ground and
herbaceous sts., alternate Ivs., small dioecious
fls. borne in axillary racemes, and capsular frs.;
grown as a curiosity in cool greenhouse.
elephantipes. HOTTENTOTS-BREAD. ELEPHANTS-FOOT.
Sts. to 10 ft. : root to 3 ft. diam., half above ground, eaton by
natives when cooked: Ivs. orbicular: fls. greenish-yellow or
whitish. S. Afr.
T ETRACENTON. Magnoliacese. One deciduous
Chinese tree, hardy N. T. sinense. To 100 ft.:
Ivs. alternate, ovate, to 5 in. long, toothed: fls.
very small, yellowish, in drooping racemes to 6
in. long: fr. brown, }/§ in. long.
TETRACLlNIS. Cupressacex. Evergreen tree
to 20 ft. tall, native in N. Afr. T. articulata
(Callitris quadrivalvis) . ARAR-TREE. Lvs. scale-
like, minute: cones 4-sided, % in. across, of 4
scales. — Adapted only to the warmer parts of
the country; by some authorities it is retained
in the genus Callitris. For cult, see Conifers.
TETRAGONIA. Aizoacex. Herbs or subshrubs,
one grown as a pot-herb, having alternate Ivs.
and small fls. without petals solitary or few in
the axils. For cult, see Spinach.
crystallina. Glaucous herb: Ivs. ovate, sessile: fr. without
horns and with 4 seeds. Peru.
expansa. NEW ZEALAND SPINACH. Prostrate somewhat
succulent ann. : Ivs. ovate or triangular-ovate, to 5 in. long,
petioled : fls. yellowish-green : f r. with 4 horns and 6-8 seeds.
Japan, Australia, New Zeal., S. Amer.
TETRAGONOLOBUS: Lotus.
TETRAMICRA: Leptotea bicolor.
TETRANEMA: Allophyton mexicanunz
TETRANEURIS: Actinea.
TETRAPANAX. Araliacex. Shrub or small
tree native in Formosa, grown out-of-doors in
warm regions, and in the Orient used for the
making of rice-paper. T. papyrlferum (Aralia
papyri/era. Fatsia papyrifera). Lvs. ovate, to 1
ft. across, with 5-7 toothed lobes to about middle,
heart-shaped at base, densely white-tomentose
beneath: fls. in round umbels forming a panicle,
tomentose. For propagation see Fatsia.
TETRAPATEUfeA. Passifloraceae. Woody climb-
er native in New Zeal. T. tetrandra (Passiflora
tetrandra). Lvs. alternate, oblong- or ovate-
lanceolate, entire, shining: fls. unisexual, green-
ish with a crown of yellowish filaments, in
axillary cymes or solitary: fr. orange, to 1^4 in.
across.
Tetrastigma 725
TETRASTfGMA. Vitacex. Climbing shrubs
from warm parts of Asia, with alternate palm-
ately compound Ivs., dioecious fls. in axillary
cymes or umbels, and fr. a 2-4-seeded berry.
The following is grown in S. Fla., making a
dense attractive canopy or cover.
Harmandii. Ayo. High climbing by twining tendrils:
Ifte. 3-5 or sometimes 7, narrow-lanceolate, to 3 in. long,
toothed: fls. in short-stalked cymes: fr. edible. Philippines.
TETRATHfeCA. Tremandraccae. Heath-like
shrubs of Australia, with fls. solitary in the axils
and capsular frs. ; sepals and petals 4; grown under
glass or in the open in warm regions. A soil of
fibrous peat and silver sand is desirable.
ericifolia. To 1 ft.: Ivs. mostly whorled, linear: fls. pink,
to H in. long. New S. Wales.
TEUCRIUM. GERMANDER. Labiate. Various
herbs, subshrubs or shrubs, some kinds grown
in the greenhouse or in the open in the extreme
S., others adapted to the rock- or wild-garden
in the N.: fls. rather showy, solitary in leafy
axils or in 2-many-fld. whorls in raceme-like
spikes or heads. Grown from seed and by divi-
sion of the plants or the slender rhizomes.
argenteum: hort. name for T. fruticans.
Arduinii. Per. with erect or ascending sts.: Ivs. ovate,
coarsely toothed, gi ay-pubescent beneath, rounded at base:
fls. whitish, in dense ovate or oblong racemes, stamens long-
exserted, calyx bilabiate. S. E. Eu.
aureum. Per. to 1 ft., yellow- or gray- woolly: Ivs. 9val-
oblong, wavy-toothed: fls. yellowish or whitish, in ovoid or
globose heads. S. Eu.
campanulatum. Per., sts. prostrate or slightly ascending,
glabrous: Ivs. ovate to rhomboid, mcised-toothed to pin-
natifid, segms. entire: fls. blue, calyx much shorter than
corolla. S. Eu.
canad6nse. AMERICAN G. Per. to 3 ft.: Iva. ovate-
lanceolate to lanceolate, to 5 in. long, sharply serrulate to
serrate, pubescent beneath: fls. purple to cream-color, % in.
long, in dense spikes 6 in. or more long. N. Amer.
Chamafedrys (T. pseudo-Chamxdrys). Procumbent shrub,
the sts. ascending to 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate, ^ in. long, toothed,
pubescent: fls. red-purple or bright rose with red and white
spots, M m- longt lri few-fld. whorls in loose spikes. Eu.
Var. prostratum is listed as dwaifer than type. — Sometimes
appearing incorrectly in the trade as T. canadense.
flavum. Per. to 2 ft., woody at base: Ivs. ovate, thick,
pubescent, crenate- toothed, pale beneath: fls. yellow, in
long interrupted leafy spikes. Medit. region.
fruticans. Shrub to 4 ft., white- or yellowish- woolly : Ivs.
ovate, to 1 K m. long, entire and revolute: fls. blue,M m.
long, solitary, long-pedicclled, iri terminal racemes. Eu.
hircanicum. Per. to 2 ft., erect, pubescent: Ivs. ovate-
cordate, to 3 in. long, obtuse, margins crenate. fls. purple or
led, in dense spikes 3-8 in. long, corolla villous outside,
calyx bilabiate. Caucabxis, Persia.
incanum. Subshrub to 2 ft., gray-tomentose, sts. slender,
erect or ascending. Ivs. obovate-oblong, to ^ in. long,
somewhat thickened, apex rounded, base wedge-shaped,
distal margin crenate. fls. dull white, to % in. long, corolla
nearly twice as long as pilose and somewhat inflated calyx.
Afghanistan.
Marum. Small much branched shrub, white-tomentose:
Ivs. ovate, ^ in. long, entire, margins revolute: fls. purplish,
3^ in. long, in lacernes to 2 in. long. Medit. region. Var.
rdseum has paler fls.
massili£nse. Per. to 1 ft., gray-pubescent: Ivs. ovate,
about y* in. long, wavy-toothed: fls. rose, in terminal and
axillary leafy spikes, calyx bilabiate. S. Eu.
montanum. Prostrate subshrub, the sts. ascending to
1 ft.: Ivs. oblong to linear-lanceolate, to % in. long, entire
and revolute, tomentose beneath: fls. white becoming
yellow, 1A in. long, in hemispherical terminal heads. S. Eu.,
Orient.
orientale. Per. to 1 ft., sts. erect, softly hispid ulous: Ivs.
to 2 in. long, pinnately divided into linear entire or cut
segms. : fls. violet or blue. W. Asia.
pseudo-Cham&drys: T. Chamxdrys.
pyrenaicum. Per. to 10 in., hairy: lys. suborbicular,
coarsely toothed, VA in. across: fla. yellow, in small terminal
heads. Mte., Spain. Var. filifdrmis is listed.
Scorodonia. Per. to 2 ft., stoloniferous, pubescent: Ivs.
ovate, to 2 H in. long, toothed, cordate or truncate at base:
Thalictrum
fls. yellow, H in. long, in racemes to 5 in. long, calyx bila-
biate. Eu.; escaped in E. N. Amer.
THALIA. Marantacese. Tall aquatic or marsh
herbs with basal long-petioled Ivs. and fls. borne
in bracts on spikes or panicles.
Plants should be grown in wet soil or shallow water.
Propagated by division of the root.
dealbata. Plant covered with white powder, scape to
10 ft. or more: Ivs. to 20 in. long and 10 m. wide: fls. dull
violet, small. S. C. to Fla. and Tex. — Sometimes grown
about ponds.
divaricate. Scape to 10 ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long and 8 in.
wide. fla. violet. Fla.
THALfCTRUM. MEADOW-RUE. Ramtncu-
lacese. Per. herbs, with ternatcly compound or
decompound Ivs. and small unisexual or bisexual
fls. borne in panicles or racemes, without petals
and with numerous stamens; native mostly in
the north temp. zone.
Thalictrums are of easy culture in well-drained loamy
soil. Propagated by division of roots in early spring, and
also by seeds. In most species the flowers are riot striking
except for the hanging stamens, but the large open panicles
make an atti active mass effect. In some species, as T.
dipterocarpum, the sepals are large arid showy, and in othois,
as T. aquilegi folium, the stamens are enhugod: many of
them display good violet and purple shades. The native
American species are excellent in the wild-garden; the big
ones frequent low ground.
adiantifdlium: this name many apply either to T. minus
or T. majus.
akanense. To 2>£ ft., glabrous: Ivs. loug-petiolcd,
biternatc, segms. all petiolate, suborbicular to obovato,
3-lobed: fls. in terminal panicles, styles distinctly hooked.
Japan.
alpinum. To 1 ft., sts. simple and scape-like: Ivs. basal,
biternate, segms. obovate or orbicular, 3-5-lobed at tips,
margins revolute: fls. perfect, with yellow stamens about
length of greenish sepals: fr. sessile. Arctic Amer., Eu., Asia.
anemonoides: Anemonclla thalictroides.
angustifdhum: T. lucidum.
aquilegifdlium. To 3 ft., mostly dioecious: Ivs. decom-
pound, segms. orbicular or oblong with few broad teeth at
apex: staminate fls. with erect purple or pink stamens much
longer than white sepals: fr. 3- winged, stalked and hanging.
Eu , Asia. Color forms are album, atropurpureura, aurantia-
cum, rdseum.
baica!6nse. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. decompound, segms. nearly
orbicular, toothed at apex: fls. few, erect, with long stamens:
fr. striate, flattened, very short-stalked. Siberia.
Ch61idonii. Dwarf, much branched: segms. orbicular,
more or less cordate, glaucous underneath: fls. large and
sho\vy, lilac or purple. Himalayas; not hardy N.
clavatum. To 2 ft., glabrous, branched: Ivs. all biternato,
segms. ovate to obovate, 3-5-lobed: fls. perfect, with petul-
hke filaments: fr stalked. Va. to Ga. and Ala.
Cornutii: T. polygamum.
corynellum: T. polygamum.
dasycarpum. To 7 ft., dioecious or polygamous: Ivs.
decompound, segms. oblong or obovate, 3-lobed at tips: fls.
with stamens longer than purplish sepals: fr. 3-8-winged,
short-stalked. N. J. to Sask. and Ariz.
Delavayi. To 3 ft., dioecious: Ivs. decompound, segms.
3-5-lobed, long-stalked: staminate fls. with purple or lilac
sepals about length of stamens: fr. 3-winged, stalked. E.
China.
dioicum. To 2 ft., dioecious: Ivs. decompound, segms.
orbicular, 5-9-lobed: staminate fls. with stamens much
longer than greenish sepals: fr. strongly ribbed, sessile.
Me. to Mo.
dipterocarpum. To 2 ft. or more: Ivs. decompound, segms.
nearly orbicular, notched toward top, glaucous beneath:
panicles narrow-pyramidal; fls. nodding, polygamous, with
rose or lilac sepals about length of stamens: fr. 2-winged,
unequal-sided, short-stalked. W. China. Vars. album,
magnLQcum and minus are listed.
elegans. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. 2-3 in. long, glaucous beneath,
decompound, Ifts. suborbicular, 3-fid, segins. obovate: fls.
greenish-purple, very small, in sparsely branched panicles:
achenes long-stalked. Subalpine Himalayas.
F6ndleri. To 3 ft., dioecious: Ivs. decompound, segms.
roundish, toothed or lobed: stammate fls. with wmtish
sepals shorter than the stamens: fr. 3-nbbed, obliquely
obovate, sessile. Colo, to Calif.
flavum. To 4 ft.: Ivs. decompound, segms. obovate
Thalictrum
726
Thelocactus
and 3-lobed: fls. bisexual, the pale yellow sepals shorter
than the bright yellow stamens: fr. 8-nbbed, sessile. Eu.
flexudsum: T. minus.
fdetidum. To 3 ft , glandular-pubescent, strong-smell ing:
IVH. decompound, segms. roundish, small, notched at apex:
fls nodding, greenish-red, the sepals shorter than yellow
stamens: fr many-nf>bed, sessile. Mts of Ku.
folidsum: listed name.
glaucum. To 4 ft , glaucous: Ivs. decompound, segms.
ovate, 3-lobed and toot lied: fls bisexual, in dense clusters
in the panicle, yellow, the sepals shorter than stamens:
fr stnate, sessile S Ku.
intermedium: hort name for a form with pale yellow fls.
japonicum: Coptis brachypetabi.
kem£nse: T. minus.
kiusianum. To 3 in , stoloniferous: Ivs. 1-2-temate into
broad-ovate toothed Ifts purplish above: sepals purple,
shorter than stamens: fr. ribbed, stalked. Japan.
lucidum (T angusti folium). To 4 ft.: Ivs. decompound
into linear or lanceolate shining segms , entire or 2- 3-lobed
at apex: fls. fragrant, the yellowish-white sepals shorter
than stamens, in upright panicles: fr. striate, sessile. Ku.
ma jus. Very similar to T. minus but much larger, to
4 ft., with sts. leafy to base, and branches of panicle spread-
ing or drooping. Ku., Asia.
minus (T. flrxuosum. T. kemenxe. T. saxatilc. T. ru-
thrnicum. T. purpureum T. persicum). To 1 ^ ft : Ivs. de-
compound, sogrns. roundish, small, 3-lobed: fls bisexual,
greenish-yellow: fr. 8-nbbed, spindle-shaped, sessile. Ku ,
N. Afr , Asia.
occidentale. To 3J3 ft., dioecious: Ivs. 3-4 times ternate
into orbicular 3-lobed toothed very thin sp-gins.: fr flattened,
2-edRed, sessile Fi. C to Calif, and Utah.
orientate. To fi in : Ivs. tnternate, ovate, 3-lobed, pale
beneath: fls perfect, white, to ?4 in across, few in panicles:
fr. linear-oblong, to }£ in long, ht-ssile. Greece, Asia Minor.
paniculatum: a hort. name of uncertain application.
p£rsicum: T. minus.
petaloideum. To 1^ ft : Ivs. decompound, segms. ovate,
entire or 3-lobed: fls bisexual, in corymbs, with white
sepals, pink filaments and yellow anthers: fr. striate,
sessile. N. Asia.
polycarpum. To 3 ft. and more, rlirt'cious: Ivs. decom-
pound, seftms ovate, toothed or lobed: fls whitish or
greenish, with long stamens: fr in dense heads, slightly in-
flated, slioi t-stalked. Calif, to Ore.
potygamum (T. Cornutu. T con/nellum). To S ft. and
more: Ivs decompound, sogms. oblong to orbicular, 3-lobod:
fls polygamous, the white sepals about length of stamens:
fr. with (3-8 wmjiS or ribs, short-stalked. K. N. Amer.
purpurascens: the plant grown under this name is
T. dasycm pum.
purpureum: T. minus.
Rochebrunianum. lilaucescent per.: Ivs bipinnato to
ternate, Ifts. entire or terminal one sometimes 3-lobed,
ovate, obtuse, petiolules filiform: fls. in panicles. Japan.
rugdsum: a confused name.
ruth£nicum: T. minus.
saxatile: T. minus.
simplex. Glabrous, strict, 2-3^ ft., sts. angled: upper
Ivs. with very long narrow divisions: infl. very narrow, little
branched; lls. small: fr. striate, sessile. Ku., Asia.
squarrdsum. Lvs. decompound, the Ifts. ovate, 3-parted
or entire: fls. white or yellow, drooping. Siberia.
sulphureum: listed name.
tsukushin£nse: listed name of plant said to come from
Japan, growing to 4 in. high with rose-colored fls.
venuldsum. To \\% ft., dioecious: Ivs 3-4 times ternate
into 3-5-lobed toothed strongly veined segms.. bluish-
green: fls. small, in narrow dense panicles: fr. thick- walled,
nearly sessile. Man. to Utah.
THAMNOCALAMUS. Graminex. Bamboos
often considered a section of Arundinaria, differ-
ing in the Ivs. not conspicuously tessellate and in
technical floral characters; native in the mts. of
Asia. See Bamboo.
aristatus (Arundmaria aristata). To 12 ft., with yellow
sts.: Ivs to 4 in. long and J2 m. wide, glabrous, rugose,
rough on edges, the sheaths with a stiff point. Himalayas.
Falconeri (Aruruhnaiia Falconeri. A. nobihs). To 60
ft.: Ivs. to 4 in long and \i in. wide, glabrous, finely toothed,
the sheaths truncate at tip. Himalayas.
Hlndsii: Pleioblastu* Hindsii.
THAMNOS6MA. Rutacex. Low much
branched strong-scented shrubs from W. Amer.,
having small simple early-deciduous alternate
Ivs. and fls. in racemose cymes, with 4-lobed
persistent calyx, 8 stamens and 2-celled ovary : f r.
a leathery 2-lobed caps.
montana. TURPENTINE BROOM. To 2 ft , sts. yellowish-
green, glandular, broorn-like: Ivs. narrowly oblanceolate-
liuear, obtuse, to ^8 in. long: fls. purplish, petals H m. long.
Dry slopes and deserts, Colo., Utah, New Mex. to Calif.
TH^A. Theaceie ( Ternstroemiaccx) . Asian ever-
green shrubs and trees with alternate simple
toothed Ivs., showy white or pink nodding fls.
which are usually solitary, and capsular f r. ;
distinguished from Camellia (with which the
genus is sometimes united) chiefly by the pedi-
cclled nodding fls. and persistent sepals. From the
Ivs. of T. sinensis is made the tea of commerce;
also grown for ornament. For cult, see Camellia.
ass&mica: T. sinensis var.
Bohea: T. sinensis var.
cuspidata (Camellia citspidatn). Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. to
Sin. long: fls. white, l^in. across. China.
japdnica: Camellia japomca.
ole6sa. referred by most authors to T. sinensis, of which
it is probably a form.
Sasanqua: Camellia Sasanqua.
sinensis (Camellm Then) TKA. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.:
Ivs to 5 in long: fls white, fragrant, to 1^2 in- acroas.
China, India; can be grown in southern states Var.
assamica (T. assamica) has fls. 1-4 together; in var. Bohea
(T. Bohea.) the Ivs. are dark green and fls usually solitary;
var cantonie'nsis has solitary terminal fls.; the Ivs. of var.
vfridis (T. vindis) are light green and fls. 1-4 together.
viridis: T. sinensis var.
THEACE^E or TERNSTRCEMIACEJE. TEA
FAMILY. About 16 genera of trees and shrubs,
sometimes evergreen, native in warm regions,
with commonly alternate simple Ivs., regular
bisexual fls. having mostly 5 sepals and petals,
numerous stamens, superior 2-10-celled ovary,
and fr. a caps, or drupe. The family furnishes
the tea-leaf of commerce and the following
genera of ornamentals: Camellia, Eurya, Gor-
donia, Schima, Stewartia, Ternstrcemia, Thea.
THELESPfiRMA. Composite. Herbs or sub-
shrubs, ann. or per., of about 10 species in W. N.
Arner. arid S. S. Amer., one of them grown in the
flower-garden; differs from Coreopsis in technical
characters, as the inner involucral bracts united
to the middle or above.
ambiguum. Per. to 1^ ft.: heads with broad yellow rays
^ in. long and purple disk turning brown. Colo.
Burridgeanum (T. hybridum. Cosmidium Durndgeanum) .
Ann. to 13^ ft., branching: Ivs. divided into thread-like
lobes: heads long-peduncled, to 1 Ji in. across, the rays
rod-brown or deep orange with yellow margin. Tex —
Formerly erroneously considered to be a hybrid between
a Thelesperma and Coreopsis. Of easy cult, as a garden ann.
in an open exposure, as for Coreopsis.
hybridum: T. Burridgeanum.
THELOCACTUS. Cactacex. Mexican or Texan
globular or somewhat depressed spiny cacti of
medium size, of which all the older species have
been named in Echinocactus: ribs low or often
indefinite (or apparently absent) and few in
number and divided into large prominent tuber-
cles: fls. from near center of plant, bell-shaped,
diurnal. See Cacti.
bicplor (Echinocactus bicolor). Simple, globose to conic,
to 4 in. diam., glaucous, very spiny; ribs commonly 8;
spines colored, the radials 9-18 and centrals mostly 4: fls.
purplish-pink, 2 in or more long. S. Tex., Mex. Var.
bolansis (T. bolansis) has stouter white spines. Var.
tricolor usually has red and white to all red spines which
are closer together than in type.
Thelocactus
727
Thermopsis
bolansis: T. bicolor var.
Buekii. Differs from T. tulensis in its smaller habit, its
more angular tubercles and its reddish somewhat arching
and spreading spines Mex.
conothelos (Echinocactus conothdos). Solitary, ovoid to
subcylindric, to 4 in. high and 3 in. diam.; ribs slightly
spiralled, notched toward base; radials 14 to 16, to H m.
long, white; centrals 2-4, often to 1 in. long or more. Mex.
£hrenbergii (Echinocactus Ehrenhtrgn). Globose to
short-cylindric, to 6 in. high arid 3 in. diam , gray-green;
ribs 8-13, spiralled, tubercles l/i in. high; radial spines
usually 6, to M m. long; central 1, stouter: fls. rose, to 1^4
in. long. Mex.
fossulatus. Solitary, usually depressed-globose, to 6 in.
diam.; ribs about 13, somewhat glaucous, tubercles very
conspicuous, soft, compact; radials 4-5, to 1*2 in. long,
unequal, brown; central 1, to 1% in. long, stout, ringed: fls.
white or tinged pink. Mex.
Gielsdorfianus (Echinocactus Gielsdorfianus) . Solitary or
occasionally cespitose, globose to subcylindric, blue-green
to gray-green, to 3*4 m diam ; ribs about % in high; spines
all radial, usually 6-7, to % in. long, dark at tip: fls. <jrt»am-
white, to 1 in long. Mex
hastifer. Solitary, cylindrical to club-shaped, to 6 in.
tall and 2}£ in di.im ; ribs IS- 20, tubercled, to Ys in. high;
radials 20-25, to % in. long, recurved, white; centrals
usually 4, lower onos to 1M in. long, curved: fls. violet-pink
within, to 2^ m. long. Mex.
heterochrdmus: T. Pottsii.
hexaedr6phorus (Echinocactus hexxdrophorus). Globose
or somewhat flattened or hollowed on top, glaucous, not
ribbed but strongly tubercled; radials O-'J; central 1 and
stouter: fls. purplish, about 2 in. long. Cent. Mex.
Knuthianus (Echinocactus Knuth ianus) . Solitary or
cespitose, globose, to 2}a in. diam.; ribs 13-21, tubercled;
radials 18-20, about % m long, white; central 1, stouter
than radials: fls. pale pink, to 1 in. long. Mex.
leucacanthus (Echinocactus leucacanthus). Densely
cespitose, individuals shoit-cylmdric to 6 in. long; nbs
8-13; rudials 7-20 and at first yellow; central 1, to 2 in.
long* fls. yellow, tinged rose-pink, 2 in. long. Mex.
longispinus: hort. name.
lophothele (Echinocactus lophothrle). Cespitose in the
wild, individuals globose, depressed or short-cyhndnc to
10 in. high, glaucous; ribs indefinite, tubercles flattened;
radials 3-5, central 1 or none: fls salmon or yellow, about
2 m. across. Mex
Mandragora (Echinocactus Mandragora). Root f uniform,
st. globose, to 2^2 m. diam., completely covered with spines;
tubercles compact, 4-sided; radials 12, awl-shaped, incurved,
white; centrals usually 2, to ?4' in. long, erect, white: fls.
white within, striped rose-pink, to 1 in. across. Mex.
megalothelos: Gymnocalycium megalothclos.
nidulans (Echinocactus nidulans). Depressed-globose,
to 4 in high and 8 in diam , usually glaucous; nbs 20-25;
spines about 15 and to 2^2 m. long: fls. yellowish-white,
1 Yi. in long. Mex.
pectinatus: probably Echinocereus pectinatus.
phymatothele (Echinocactus phymatothele) . Depressed-
gloDOHe, to 2 in. tall and \ in. diam., woolly on top; ribs 13,
about Yi in high, tubercled, spiralled; spines similar,
usually 3-4, to ?4 in long, ascending, often deciduous: fls.
pink, segms. margined yellow, to 2 in. long. Mex.
porrectus (Echinocactus porrectus). By some considered
a variety of T. leucacanthus, from which it differs in its
shorter radial spines, m having 4 centrals and fls. clear
yellow. Mex.
P6ttsii (Echinocactus Pottsii and heterochromus) . Glob-
ular or depressed, to 6 in. diam., yellowish; ribs 8 or 9;
radials 7-10; centrals several: fls. light purple, about 2 in.
long. Mex.
rinconensis (Echinocactus rinconensis) . Globose, to
3 in. high and 5 in diam.; ribs strongly tubercled; spines
3 and Yz in. long: fls. white, 1^ in. long. Mex.
Roseanus (Echinocactus Roseanus). Solitary or cespitose,
ovoid, to 2 in. tall and \% in. diam.; ribs 8-13, tubercles
low and broad; radials about 15, to % in. long, needle-like,
yellowish; centrals 4-6, to M in. long, stouter: fls. pale pink.
Mex.
top; ribs 13, tubercles 6-sided; radials 14-18, mostly % in.
long with 3-4 to Y% in. long, white; centrals 1-2, blackish
tipped: fls. white with rose-pink throat, to 1 in long-. Mex.
Saussi&ri (Echinocactus Saussieri). Depressed-globose,
to 8 in. across; ribs strongly tubercled; radial spines 9 and
grayish- white; central spines 4 and to 1>$ in. long: fls.
purplish, 1J4 in. across. Mex.
tulSnsis (Echinocactus tulensis). Often cespitose, globu-
lar or short-cylindric, to 10 in. high; ribs 8-13 and strongly
tubercled; radial spines 6-8 and Yi in- long; central 1-2:
fls. rose, 1 m. long. Mex.
Valdezianus (Echinocactus Valdezianus. Pelcyphora
Valdeziana). Usually solitary, globose to subcylmdncal,
to 1 m. diam.; tubercles angular, blue-green, glossy; spines
all radial, 25-35, very short and bristly-pectinate: fls.
violet-pink, to ?4 in. long. Mex.
Wagneri&nus (Echinocactus Wagnaianus) Solitary or
cespitose, sts. usually cylindrical, to 8 in. tall and 2J£ in.
diam ; ribs 13, tubercled; radials about 20, usually pectinate,
reddish-yellow; centrals 1-4, to ^4 in. long, base bulbous.
Mex.
THELYPODIUM. Crucifcrx. Ann., bien. and
per. erect herbs of N. Amer., glabrous or nearly
so, one sometimes transferred to grounds: Ivs.
simple, entire or toothed, sometimes pinnatifid:
fls. white or purplish, in racemes: fr. a linear pod
or silique.
Wrightii (Stanley clla Wrightii). Slender branched ann.
or bien. to 2*4 ft : Ivs. lanceolate to linear, toothed to
pinnatifid, the upper ones sometimes entire: fls. white.
Colo, and Utah south.
THELYPTERIS: Dryopteris.
THENARDIA. Apocynacese. Mexican woody
climbers with opposite stalked Ivs. and umbel-
like clusters of pedicellate fls. that bear a wide
open or nearly rotate corolla with twisted lobes
and exserted stamens: fr. a pair of long follicles.
T. floribunda is grown in Calif, for its fragrance;
it is a slender-branched strong vine: fls. whitish
tinged purple, about 1 in. long.
THEOBROMA. Sterculiaces .^ Trop. American
trees with alternate simple entire Ivs., small fls.
in axillary (dusters or borne on the branches and
trunk, and large woody frs. from the seeds of
which are obtained commercial cocoa and
chocolate.
Cacao requires tropical temperatures and trees are
El anted in groves 10-15 feet apart each way. Propagated
y seeds, the seedlings set permanently when 1-2 feet high.
Trees will bear in about four years.
Cacao. CAOA.O. To 25 ft , evergreen: Ivs leathery, to 1
ft. long: fls yellowish: fr. red to bro\vn, ribbed, to 1 ft. long,
the seeds to 1 in. across. Cent, and S. Amer.
THEOPHRASTACE^;. TIIEOPHHASTA FAM-
ILY. Five trop. genera of evergreen trees or
shrubs: Ivs. simple: fls. bisexual or unisexual,
gamopetalous, with 5-lobed calyx and corolla,
5 or rarely 4 stamens, 5 staminodia, and superior
1-celled ovary: fr. indehiscent, leathery or fleshy.
Clavija may be planted in 8. U. 8.
THERM6PSIS. Leguminous. Per. herbs with
Ivs. of 3 digitate Ifts., leaf-like stipules, papil-
ionaceous fls. in racemes, and flattened or in-
flated pods; native in N. Amer. and N. and E.
Asia.
They are suited to deep well-drained soil; planted for
ornament. Propagated by seeds sown in fall or spring over
heat; also by division.
carol iniana. To 5 ft.: fls. yellow, in erect terminal
racemes: pods flat, 2 in. long, tomentose. N. C. to Ga.
fabacea. To 3 ft.: fls. yellow, in erect axillary racemes:
pods flat, to 3 in. ami more long Siberia
fraxinifdlia. To 3 ft.: fls. yellow, in loose racemes: pods
linear, to 4 in. long, glabrous. N. C. to Ga.
lanceolata. To 1 ft.: Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, to \Yi in>
long, base narrowly cuneate: fls yellow, in compact racemes:
pods to 2 in. long, strongly recurved. Siberia and Alaska.
macrophylla. To 2 ft.: Ifts. obovate, to 4 in. long, silky
becoming glabrate: fls. yellow, in dense racemes to 6 in.
long: pods straight, silky. Calif.
m6His. To 3 ft.: fls. yellow, the racemes mostly terminal:
pods flat, slightly curved, to 4 in. long, glabrous. S. Va. to Ga.
montana. To 2 ft.: fls. yellow, in terminal racemes: pods
linear, 2 in. or more long, pubescent. Mont, to Wash.
pinet&rum. To 1>£ ft.: Ifts. oblong to ovate, to \% in.
Thermopsis
728
Thrinax
long, glabrous: fls. yellow, few in short racemes to 2 in.
long pods linear, straight, sparingly pubescent. Utah,
Colo., N. Mex.
rhombif61ia. To 1 ft : Ifta ovate-rhombic, to 1 in. long,
base broadly cuneate: fls. yellow, in terminal or axillary
racemes: pods to 2^ in. long, recurved, pubescent. Sask.
to Colo.
THEROFON: Boykinia.
THERORHODION: Rhododendron camiachaticum.
THESPfeSIA. Malvaceie. Trees and shrubs or
tall herbs in trop. Afr., Asia and Pacific Isls.,
with alternate mostly entire or angle-lobed Ivs.
and large nhowy yellow or red fls. with 3-5 small
or deciduous bractlets; fr. a woody mostly inde-
hiscent caps.; one is planted for ornament in
the tropics and 8. Fla. The wood is also used for
making furniture. Propagated by seeds.
grandifl&ra: Montezuma speciosissima.
t>opulnea. POHTIA-TRKK. To 60 ft., more or less finely
scaly: Ivs. cordate-ovate and acuminate, somewhat poplar-
like, to 5 in. long: fls. yellow changing to purple, to 3 in.
across. Tropics of Old World.
THEVfeTIA. Apocynaccx. Shrubs and trees in
trop. Amer., with alternate Ivs., large funnelform
fls. in terminal cymes, and fr. a fleshy drupe.
One is grown under glass, and out-of-doors in the South.
It thrives in rich sandy soil and can stand a few degrees of
frost if banked with dry sand. Propagated by cuttings.
nereifdlia (Cerbera Ttovetia). YELLOW OLEANDER. To
30 ft , evergreen: Ivs. to 0 in. long and K in. wide: fls.
yellow, fragrant, 2-3 in. long: fr. black, 1 in. across, hard
and angled.
THIMBLEBERRY: Rubus occidentalis.
THISTLE, BLESSED: Cnicus, Silybum Marianum.
Bull: CM sium lanceolatum. Fishbone: Cirsium Diacantha.
Globe: Echmops. Golden: ticolymua hispanicus. Holy:
Stlyburn Marianum. Milk: tiilybum Marianum. Plumed:
Cirsium. Plumeless: Carduus Russian: Salsola pestifer.
St. Marys: Silybum Marianum. Scotch: Onopordum
Acantfuum. Swamp: Cirsiurn muticum.
THLADlANTHA. CucurMtacese. Per. tuberous-
rooted tendril-climbing dioecious herbs of Cent,
and E. Asia and Philippines, distinguished from
related genera by seeds horizontal in the fr.
rather than pendulous: fls. yellow, bell-shaped;
staminates mostly clustered, pistillates often
solitary: fr. and seeds small.
dubia. Tall climber, pubescent: Ivs. cordate-ovate, not
lobed, toothed: fls. 1 in. or less across: fr. oblong, 10-ribbed,
mostly loss than 1 in. long. N. China; little planted in our
territory, but tending to be spontaneous in some parts.
THLASPI. PENNY-CRESS. Cruci/erde. Ann.
and per. herbs of temp, and cold regions, for the
most part glabrous and glaucous, erect: Ivs.
oblong to broad-ovate, entire or toothed, basal
ones forming rosette, on st. auriculate: fls.
white, rose or purplish, in racemes: fr. mostly a
flat short winged silicic or pod.
A few species are grown in the rock-garden and others
for the large flat ornamental pods often useful in dry
bouquets. The cultivation is simple from seed, and some
of the perennials by division.
alp6stre. Glabrous per. to 12 in. in fr., in tufts: basal
Ivs. obovate and stalked: fls. white, mostly reddish tinged,
in rather open infl High into , Eu. — The llocky Mt. plant
formerly refened here is T. colorad£nse, to 6 in.: fls. white,
in dense head.
alpinum. Per. to 6 in., glabrous: basal Ivs. spatulate,
entire or dentate, st.-lvs. ovate-cordate: fls. white, petals
twice as long as sepals: pods oblong-obovate, style filiform
and exceeding lobes. Mts , Cent. Eu.
arv£nse. Rather weedy ann. to 18 in., strong plants
branching above: st.-lvs. oblong to lanceolate, dentate, only
the upper ones clasping: interesting for its flat nearly orbicu-
lar pons to y^ in. across. Eu., also nat.
bellidifdlium. Tufted per. allied to T. rotundifotium, but
has oblonp-spatulate Ivs and violet fls.; differs from T.
slylositni in pod apex retuse. Macedonia.
bellidioides: catalogue name.
bulbdsum. Bien. to 4 in.: basal Ivs. ovate-orbicular and
stalked: fls. deep violet, in fr. the racemes to 4 in. long.
Greece.
cepeeifdlium: T. rotundifohum var.
cilicicum (Carpoceras cilicicum} Per , dwarf: lower Ivs.
ovate, entire, upper claspinp : pods linear. Asia Minor.
coloradense: see T. alpestre.
he'sperum: Hated name.
Ja"nkiae: T. prsecox.
Iimosellif61ium: T. rotundifolium.
montanum. Per. to 8 in., with stolons at base: Ivs. entire
or dentate, basal ones obovate, others oblong: fls. white.
Mts., Cent, and S. Eu.
pr&cox (T. Jankise). Per. to 1 ft.: basal Ivs in rosettea,
oblong or orbicular, stalked, entire or nearly so, often
purplish beneath: fls. white, the calyx purplish edged with
white. S. Eu.
rotundifdlium (T. limosellifolium) . Per., cespitose, with
stolons, to 8 in.: Ivs. thick, entire or dentate, basal ones
roundish to obovate, others oval. fb*. lilac. Mts., S. Eu.
Var. cepaeifdhum (T. cep^ifohum) has smaller notched
basal Ivs. and more numerous st.-lvs.
styl&sum. Little alpine per.: Ivs. tufted, spatulate, % in.
/ong, entire: fls. rose, in dense racemes 1 in. or so high.
Italy.
viol&scens. Bien. to 0 in., glaucous: basal Ivs. ovate-
oblong, st.-lvs. oblong, entire, clasping: fls. violet with
violet anthers. Asia Minor.
THOMASIA. StercuHaoede. Shrubs of Australia
with alternate entire or lobed Ivs., purple or
white fls. without petals borne in racemes, arid
capsular frs.; the first species grown as a ground-
cover in S. Calif.
purpurea. Small subshrub: Ivs. oblong or linear, to 1 in.
long, stolla te-hairy particularly beneath: fls. small, in
racemes longer than Ivs.
rug&sa. I, vs. cordate-ovate, lobed, to 3 in. long, wrinkled
and stellate-hairy above, densely tomentose beneath: fls.
rather laige.
THOMSONIA. Aracex. Trop. Himalayan
genus differing from Amorphnphallus in top of
spadix covered with conical tubercles. One
species, T. nepalensis, may be cult. To 2 ft. or
more high, with subterranean basal tuber 4-5
in. diam.: If. pinnatisect, to 20 in. or more long,
Ifts. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 5 in. long,
long-acuminate: spathe green, to 18 in. long;
spadix to 10 in. long, stout.
THORNAPPLE: Cratsegus.
THORN, BOX-: Lycium. Camel-: Acacia Giraffse.
Christ-: Paliurus Spina-Chnsti. Cockspur: Cratxgus Crus-
galhi. Hed^e-: Carissa Arduina. Jerusalem-: Paliurus
JSpina-Christi, Parkinsonia aculeata. Kangaroo-: Acacia
armata. Karroo-: Acacia horrida. Lily-: Catesb^a spinosa.
Mysore: Csesalpinia sepiaria. Washington: Cratsegus Phse-
nopyrum.
THOROUGH-WAX: Bupleurum.
THOROUGHWORT: Eupatorium.
THRIFT: Armeria. Prickly-: Acantholimon.
THRINAX. PEABERRY PALMS. Palmacex.
About 10 small or slender unarmed hermaphro-
dite fan-palms native in S. Fla., W. Indies,
Yucatan and British Honduras, with infl. among
the nearly or quite orbicular Ivs., the solitary
trunk naked or clothed with old If .-stalks : spadix
longer than petiole and sometimes surpassing
the blade, bearing many rather short side
branches on a long continuing axis; stamens
mostly 6: fr. globose, pea-like, white or light
colored, flesh white, often on slender pedicels
that remain when the drupe falls; albumen
homogeneous and the small seed smooth and
even, but a central cavity (centralium) extending
partially or wholly through it. For cult, se e Palm.
altfssima: probably Coccothrinax alta.
argentea: Coccothrinax argentea.
barbad£nsis: indefinite name.
Thrinax
729
Thuja
elegans, degantfjsima: unidentified names.
mctlsa. Stout tree to 20 ft. or perhaps more, with Ivs.
whitish or glaucous underneath: fr. H in. diam., pedicellate,
fleshy when fresh and mature, yellowish to white, flattened
endwise; central cavity extending length of seed. Jamaica.
— Apparently one of the species confused in cult.
floridana: T. parviflora.
key£nsis: T. microcarpa.
microcarpa (T. keyenaia. Simpaonia microcarpa). To
30 ft. or more: Ivs. about 2 ft. across, silvery- white under-
neath and tomentose when young, pale green above;
petioles slender: spathelets pubescent or lanate; fls. on very
short thick disk-like pedicels: fr. about y$ in. diam., sessile,
with thin flesh; central cavity extending only part way
through seed. S. Fla., Bahamas, W. Indies.
Mdrrisii. Low, 3-4 ft., making a mound-like specimen,
the trunk sometimes elongating: Ivs. nearly orbicular, to
3^ in. across, glaucescent but not silvery-white under-
neath, deeply cleft into about 30 segms. : spathelets glabrous
or nearly so; fls. on very short pedicels or sessile: fr. spheri-
cal, about iV in. diam., sessile; central cavity only part
way through seed. Anguilla and Anegada Isls.
parvifldra (T. floridana. T. Wendlandiana). Slender,
to 25 ft. : Ivs. light green, not white or glaucous-white under-
neath, segms. 50 or more and about 1 in. broad : f r. globular,
about % in. diam., drying to a thin brittle shell, pedicellate;
seed with central cavity extending through it. Fla. keys.
Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti; reported in Yucatan and
British Honduras.
radiata: dubious name.
Wendlandiana: T. parviflora.
THRINCOMA: Coccothrinax alta.
THRINGIS: Coccothrinax alta.
THRIXSPERMUM. Orchidaceae. Epiphytes in
the Old World with leafy sts. and fls. in racemes,
usually one opening at a time; sepals and petals
nearly equal; lip 3- or more-lobed, saccate at
base, distinguished from Sarcochilus by the lip
being rigidly attached to the column. See
Orchids for cult.
Calceolus (Sarcochilua Calceolus). Sts. to 12 ft. long: Ivs.
numerous, distichous, to over 4 in. long: infl. racemose,
few-fld.; fls. about 2 in. across, snow-white with orange-
yellow on the 3-lobed lip. Malaya, Sumatra.
THROAT: the opening or orifice into a gamopetalous
corolla or perianth; the place where the limb joins the tube.
THROATWORT: Trachelium.
THRYALLIS. Malpighiacex. Shrubs or some-
what tree-like, in trop. Amer., with opposite
simple Ivs., yellow or reddish fls. in panicles, and
fr. a caps, separating into 3 parts; grown under
glass (propagated by cuttings in heat) or out-of-
doors in tne S.
braBili6nsis: see T. glauca.
glauca (T. gracilia. Qalphimia glauca). Neat floriferous
glaucous bush to 5 ft.: Ivs, oblong, to 2 in. long: fls. yellow,
5£ in. across, in many-fld. panicles. Mex. to Panama, and
nat. elsewhere. — Sometimes grown as T. braailienaia, but
that species is smaller-fid, and probably not in cult.
gracilis: T. glauca.
THtlJA. ARBOR-VIT.E. Pinacese. Evergreen
trees of N. Amer. and E. Asia, having frond-like
branchlets, scale-like Ivs. or when young neecUe-
shaped, and erect ovoid-oblong small cones with
few scales. For cult, see Conifers. Although the
thujas may make tall trees in nature, in planta-
tions they are usually prized for their slow com-
pact growth, and the dwarf garden forms are
very many.
beverleyensis: T. orientalis var.
Bidta: T. orientate.
bonita: T. orientalia var.
caucasica: T. occidentalia var. robuata.
dolabrata: Thujopaia dolobrata.
elegant fssima: plants so listed may be a var. of T.
occidentalia or of T. orientalia.
gigantea: T. plicata.
jap6nica: T. Standiahii.
koraiensis. Spreading shrub or rarely tree to 25 ft.: ITS.
glaucous beneath, glandular: cones H in. long. Korea.
Lobbii: T. phcata.
obtusa: Chamsecyparia obtuaa.
occidentalis. AMERICAN A. To 60 ft.: Ivs. yellowish-
green beneath, glandular: cones H in. long. N. S. to N. C.
and 111. There are many hort. vara., as: alba, QUEEN
VICTORIA A., tips of young branchlets white; arge'ntea is
var. variegata; aurea, of bushy habit, Ivs. deep yellow;
aureo-variegata, Ivs. variegated with golden-yellow;
Batemannii is listed; Bfidmeri, monstrous form with thick
clumpy growth; Bodthii, low and compact \vith rather
large Ivs.; Buchananii, narrow-pyramidal grayish-green
form; Burrowii, Ivs. yellow; caucasica is var. robunta;
Columbia, Ivs. variegated with silver; columnaris is var.
fastiqiata; compacta, of dense habit; c6nica, cone-shaped ;
cristata, dwarf with stout crowded branchleta; densif6rma.
very dense; Douglasii aurea. Ivs. bronzy-yellow; Douglasii
pyramidalis, dense pyramidal form with fern-like branches,
perhaps not distinct from var. fihformia; dumdsa, dwarf
dense form; elegantissima is var. lutca; Ellwangeriana, low
form with both adult and Juvenile Ivs. and in aurea Ivs.
yellow; ericoides, dwarf or pushy form with needle-shaped
Ivs.: fastigiata (var. pyramidaha, var. atncto, var. column-
aria), columnar, branches short; filicoides, of narrow-
pyramidal habit and pinnately arranged branchlets;
nlif6rmis, bushy form with long slender branchlets; Frde-
belii is var. ghboan; globdsa (var. Froebeht, var. Spihl-
mannii. var. Tom Thumb), dwarf globose form, Ivs. bright
green; Hindi, hort. name; H611andii, a semi-globose form
with green foliage; Hodpesii, broad-pyramidal or dome-
shaped form; Hdveyi, of dwarf globose habit and bright
green foliage; intermedia, dwarf and compact; lutea (var.
elegantiasima) , GEORGE PEABODY A., of pyramidal habit,
with bright yellow Ivs.; lutescens, yellow-lvd. form of var,
robuata; Mastersii (var. plicata), pyramidal form with much
flattened branchlets; nana, dwarf and compact; nigra
differs from tvpe in darker green color and more compact
habit; Ohlendorfii (var. Spaethii).ot bushy habit, with two
kinds of Ivs.; pe'ndula, branches bending downward;
plicata. see Maateraii; pumila (var. Little Gem), dwarf and
dense, Ivs. dark green; pygm&a, dwarf; recurva nana, dwarf
with recurved branchlets; Rdidii, dwarf broad form;
Riversii, of compact pyramidal habit, Ivs. yellowish-green;
robusta (var. Warcana, var. sibinca), lower and denser
than the type; R&senthalii, columnar, Ivs. glossy dark
green; semperaurea, Ivs. golden-yellow; Smithiana, low
and compact, foliage nearly purple in autumn; Spaethii is
var. Ohlendorffii ; Spfhlmannii is var. (jlobosa; spir&lis,
branchlets appearing as if spirally arranged; Standishii is
T. Standiahii; theodon6nsis, branchlets thick and broad;
umbraculifera, dwarf with umbrella-like top; variegata
(var. argentea). branchlets variegated white; Vervaeneana,
smaller and denser with bronzy branchlets in winter;
viridis, of narrow-pyramidal habit and glossy dark green
Ivs.; Wagneriana, globose dark green; Wareana is var.
robuata; Wo6dwardii, dense and globose, Ivs. deep green.
Other listed names are Brinkerhoflii, galhca, monumentaha,
Reeveaii.
orientalis (Biota orientalia). ORIENTAL A. To 60 ft.: Ivs.
bright green, glandular: cones to 1 in. long. China, Korea;
less hardy than the American arbor-vitce. Some of the
garden vars. are: arge"nteo-variegata (B. orientaha var.
argentea), tips of young shoots creamy-white; aurea, golden-
Sellow in spring; azurea, foliage glaucous blue-green;
akeri, foliage pale green, adapted to hot dry locations;
beverleyensis, of pyramidal nabit, Ivs. golden-yellow;
bonita, cone-shaped, Ivs. tipped golden-yellow; c&sia,
foliage said to be blue-gray; chin6nsis, of variable habit
from dwarf globose to pyramidal and with variable foliage
forms, possibly of hybrid origin; columnaris, of narrow-
columnar habit, Ivs. green; compacta is Sieboldii; conspicua
(var. aurea conapicua), compact golden-yellow suffused
with green; cupressifdlia. of pyramidal habit, thread-like
bluish-green foliage, listed as a hybrid between a Charnffl-
cyparis and this species; decussata, dwarf juvenile form
with acute bluish-green Ivs.; elegantfssima, compact,
bright yellow in spring; excelsa, dwarf compact pvrarnidal
form with bright green Ivs.; fiiii6rmis is var. flagelliformia;
flagellif6rmis ^var. pendula, B. orientalia var. fihformi*),
branches drooping and thread-like; Fruitlandii is listed as a
dwarf globose form with dark green foliape; funicul&ta,
branchlets drooping, Ivs. of two kinds; glauca, pyramidal
habit with blue-green foliage; globdsa, dwarf globose
habit; gracilis, slender pyramidal form; graculimus,
narrow globose form with compact dark green Ivs.; Ho^r-
ardii is listed as a pyramidal form to 10 ft.; intermedia,
branchlets drooping, Ivs. of two kinds; Maurieana, very
slender columnar form, green Ivs.; Mayhewiana, compact
pyramidal habit, branchlets tipped yellow; meld£nsis,
narrow-pyramidal form with bluish-green needle-like Ivs.;
nana is var. Sieboldii; nana compacta, dwarf columnar or
conical habit; newarkgnsis, listed name: pendula is var.
flagelliformia; pygm&a, said to be dwarf form; pyramidalis
is var. stricta; semperaur6scens, dwarf, Ivs. golden-yellow;
Sieboldii (var. nana, var. compacta), low and globose:
stricta (B. orientalia var. pyramidaha), of dense pyramidal
Thuja
730
Thymus
habit; tata"rica, branchlets yellow tipped; texana glauca,
pyramidal imbit, blue-green foliage. Other listed forms are:
Herckrrmnmaiui, Hudginsh, liamscyi and Sike&u.
pachyphylloides: listed name.
plicata (T. owantea. T. Lobbn). GIANT A. To 200 ft.:
Ivs. with whitish marks below, usually not glandular:
cones y-i in. long Alaska to Calif.; in the N should not be
exposed to stronp winter winds. Var. atr6virens has dark
green Ivs , var. aurea yellowish Ivs , var. elegantissima is
listed, var. fastigiata columnar habit, and var. pendula
drooping branches.
pyramidalis: form of T. occidentalia or T. orientate.
sibirica: T occidentnlis var. robusta.
St&ndishii (T. japontca). JAPANESE A. To 50 ft : Ivs.
with triangular white marks below, not glandular: cones to
% in. long. Japan.
THUj6PSIS. Pindccse. Evergreen pyramidal
tree to 50 ft., allied to Thuja, native in Japan.
T. dolabr&ta (Thuja Mabrata). HIBA ARBOR-
Vnvra. FALSE AitHoK-Vnvau. Branchlets flattened
and frond-like: Ivs. appressed, glossy above,
with broad white band beneath: cones ovoid,
about \^ in. long, with flat woody scales. Var.
H6ndai is taller with smaller Ivs. Var. nana,
dwarf, Ivs. lighter green. Var. variegata, tips
of branchlets creamy-white. Hardy in central
states, and in S. New England can be grown in
sheltered situations near the coast. T. borealis
is (Jhamsi'cypans nootkatcnsis. For cult, see
Conifers.
THUNBfiRGIA. CLOCK-VINE. Acantfiacese.
Herbs or shrubs of warm countries, often climb-
ing, with opposite Ivs. and funnclform 5-lobod
fls. subtended by 2 large bracts, in shades of
blue, purple, yellow or white, and blooming
mostly in late summer and autumn.
Thunbergias are popular in southern United States for
cover ing porches, trellises and arbois, and aie also grown in
the Noith under glass. Piopagated by seeds, cuttings of
young growth, arid by layers in summer.
alata. BLACK-EYED HUMAN. Twining per. herb sometimes
grown as an anri. from seeds: Iv.s. triangular-ovate, to 3 in.
long, toothed, with winged petiole: fls. cieamy with dark
purple throat, 1 \% in. long, sohtaiy on long peduncles.
Trop. Afi.; widely nat. in t topics. Var. Slba, fls. white with
dark center. Var. aurantiaca, fls. orange-yellow with dark
center. Var. Bakeri, fls. pure white.
coccmea. Woody twiner: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long, thick,
3-5-neived ftom base, toothed fls. seal let with yellow
throat, 1 in. long, in drooping racemes. India.
ere"cta (Mayenia erccta). Elect hhrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate,
to 3 in. long, nearly entire: fls. blue-purple with yellowish-
white tube, to 2% in. long, solitaiy. Tiop. Afr. Var. 61ba
has white fls.
fragrans. Woody twiner: Ivs. lanceolate to triangular-
ovate, to 3 in. long, nearly entue: fls. white, fragrant, 1% in.
long and 2 in. acioss, solitary. India.
Gfbsonii. Twining per. heib: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long,
toothed, with winged petioles: fls. oiange, 1% in. long and
broad, solitary on long hairy peduncles. Trop. Afr. —
Readily giown as an ami. from seeds.
grandifldra. Woody twiner: Ivs. ovate, to 8 in. long,
3-nerved from base, veiy rough, angle-toothed: fls. blue
(or white), somewhat 2-hpped, to 3 in. long and broad,
usually in d looping racemes. India; nat. in tropics, and
common in cult, for arbois and porches. Var. filba, fls. white.
Harrisii: T. lauiifoha.
laurifdlia (T. 7/arrtatt). Woody twiner: Ivs. lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, coiiaceous, to 5 in. long, nearly entire,
3-neived from base. fls. light blue with white or yellowish
throat, 3 in. across, in racemes. India.
THtJNIA. Orchidacesp. Epiphytic orchids na-
tive of Asia, with tufted sts. which are distich-
ously leafy above and terminate in drooping
3-12-fld. racemes; sepals and petals similar,
elliptic-oblong; lip suotrilobed, with the lower
part surrounding the column, shortly spurred
and crested. See Orchid* for cult.
filba. To 3}$ ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to about 1 ft.
long: fls. white, up to 2% in. long; lip marked with yellow
or purplish fringed keels. May-Aug. India, Burma, China.
Var. Marshalliana (T. Marshalliana), fls. white, lip yellow
in the upper part marked with fringed orange keels. June-
July.
B£nsonifie. Habit similar to T. alba: fls. 3 in. long; sepals
and petals reddish-purple shading to white at base; lip
purple shading to white below, with conspicuous yellow
crests. July. Burma. — Often treated as a var. of T. alba.
Marshalliana: T. alba var.
THURBfeRIA. Malvacex. Herbs or subshrubs
of the warmer regions of W. N. Amer., differing
from Gossyniurn in the caps, of 3 rather than 5
cells and the Ivs. usually more deeply lobed.
Probably only 1 species, occasionally grown for
ornament in S. W. U. S.
thespesioides. ARIZONA WILD COTTON. To 10 ft., usually
glabrous. Ivs. mostly 3-5-palmately lobed, segms. often
extending nearly to base, lanceolate, entire, to 3 in. long,
glandular-dotted: fls. white turning purplish, to 2 in. across,
axillary or m corymbs: caps, to & in. long, seeds woolly.
S. Ariz, to Mex.
THYME: Thymus. Spanish: Coleus amboinicus.
MEZEREUM FAMILY.
Nearly 40 widely distributed genera of trees and
shrubs or rarely herbs, temp, and trop. in both
hemispheres, with simple Ivs., regular bisexual
or dioecious fls. having 4-5-lobed petaloid calyx
like a corolla, no petals, 2-many stamens, and
superior 1-2-celled ovary. Some genera have
medicinal and economic uses and Dais, Daphne,
Dirca, Edgeworthia, and Pimelea are planted for
ornament.
THYMOPHlTLLA. Composite. Low ann. or
per. herbs or subshrubs from 8. U. S. and Cent.
Amer., usually pleasantly scented, with alternate
or opposite Ivs. and radiate heads of yellow fls.
having a cup-shaped involucre: achenes mostly
terete, striate and with a scaly pappus.
tenufloba ( Hymenatherum tenmloburri). DAHLBERQ
DAISY. GOLDEN-FLEKOE. Ann., perhaps sometimes per.,
to 1 ft., diffusely branched' Ivs. to % in. long, pmnately
parted into 7-11 subulately-fihforrn bustle-tipped segms.:
heads to }% in. across, usually borne in profusion, involucres
about 12-lobcd: pappus of about 10 scales. Tex. and Mex. —
An excellent bedder, having a flowering period of several
months in the S., blossoming from seed in four months,
preferring a well-drained sandy soil in full sun and best
adapted to use in warm regions.
THtMUS. THYME. Labiatse. Aromatic little
herb-like shrubs or subshrubs, evergreen or
partially so, classed with sweet herbs, with small
entire Ivs., and somewhat 2-lipped fls. in few-fld.
whorls which are axillary or in terminal clusters;
used in borders, rock-gardens and as a seasoning.
Propagated by division or seeds.
Adamovfcii. Prostrate, sts. many, unbranched, fl.-sts.
terminal, erect, densely leafy, all very densely velutinous:
Ivs. elliptic, red-glandular on both sui faces, veins not prom-
inent nor anastomosing, fls. rose, in small compact heads,
corolla minutely red-hairy-glandular. Serbia.
&IDUS: T. Serpyllum var.
alsinoides. Tufted suffrutescent per. to 2% in., puberu-
lous to velutinous: Ivs. linear to linear-lanceolate, rarely
to l/i in. long, sometimes canaliculate, obtuse: fls. rose-pink,
in dense globose to oblong heads. Gahcia.
angustif dlius: T. Serpyllum var.
arg£nteus: T. Serpyllum var.
aureus: 7\ Serpyllum var.
azdricus: T. Serpyllum.
balticus: listed name for a woolly plant.
Brousson&tii. Tufted, suffruticose, erect or ascending,
to 6 in., sts. puberulous: Ivs. to V£ in. long, ovate-lanceolate,
upper ones narrower, all glabrous, sparsely glandular-
punctate: fls. rose, glandular-liairy, in dense ovate-cylindri-
cal heads. Morocco.
carndsus. Subshrub to 9 in., white-pubescent: Ivs. oblong,
nearly cylindrical, minute, revolute, fleshy, floral Ivs.
ovate: fls. white, in dense heads. Portugal.
Chameedrys: T. glab&r.
Thymus
731
cimfcinus. Sts. woody, much branched, procumbent:
Ivs. oblong, obtuse, glaucous when young, base cuneate,
cihate: fls. pink to purplish, usually axillary, calyx-teeth
ovate-lanceolate, those in front the longest. S. Russia.
citrinum: hort. name, perhaps for T. Serpyllum var.
vulgaris.
citrioddrus. This name correctly belongs to a hybrid
between T. pulegioides and T. vulgaris and may not be in
cult. See T. Serpyllum var. vulgans.
croaticus: see Micromeria croatica.
er£ctus: hort. name.
ericaefdlius: listed name.
firicksonii: listed name.
fragrantfssimus: hort. name, possibly /or T. Serpyllum
var. vulgaris.
glaber (T. Chamsedrys). Plants with sterile axillary
runners which are terminated by an mfl. the succeeding
season: Ivs. oblong, to M in. long and half as wide, glabrous:
fla. rose-purple, infl. subgloboae and elongating in fr. Eu. —
Differs from T. Serpyllum in its thin Ivs. and peculiar
method of branching.
glabr6scens. Low, mat-forming: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
H~ % in- long, usually obtuse, glabrous, margins cihate at
base: fls. purple, in elongated spikes or condensed heads.
Cent, and E Eu. Var. Loveyanus (T. Loveyanus}. Lower
sts. retrorse-hairy: Ivs. narrowly linear to oblong or spatu-
late, sparsely puberulent beneath, to y% in. long: mfl. usually
an elongated head. S. E. Eu.
H6rba-bardna. Procumbent subshrub, the floral
branches to 5 in.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, sticky: fls.
purplish, the calyx white-hairy, in heads. Corsica.
hirsutus. Per , cespitose or procumbent: Ivs. linear-
subulate, obtuse, hoary-tomentose, cihate: fls. rose, in
oblong heads, on ascending tomentose sts. S. E. Eu.
hyemalis. Erect shrub to 1 ft., branchleta gray-hairy:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, to Y§ in. long, margins ciliate and
strongly revolute: fls. deep rose, in dense suborbicular head,
calyx sparsely villous, glandular-punctate. W. Spain.
lanicaulis. To 4 in., hairs of pubescence as long or longer
than st. diam.: basal Iva. linear, to >£ in. long, st.-lva.
elliptic, to nearly \$ in. long, glabrous above, ciliate on
basal half or more: lls. rose-pink, in globose head-like infl.,
calyx K in- long, villous. Balkans.
lanugindsus: T. Serpyllum var.
Loveyanus: T. glabrescens var.
maculatus: listed name.
Marschallianus: a name of uncertain application.
maximus: hort. name.
membranaceus. Cespitose plant having small lanceolate
glaucous Ivs. and white fls. subtended by large paper-white
bracts. Spam.
micans: T. Serpyllum.
montanus: a form of T. Serpyllum with larger Ivs. and
more erect sts.
nitidus. Shrub: Ivs. ovate or oval-oblong, shining
above: calyx purple at tips. Sicily.
nummularius: T. Serpyllum.
odoratissimus: T. pectina-tus.
pectinatus (T. odoratissimus). Very fragrant per.: Ivs.
linear-subulate, punctate: fls. pale purple, in heads. S.
Russia, Asia Minor.
Przewdlskii. Allied to T. Serpyllum, differing only in
stout woody sts., glabrous Ivs., and larger fls. Japan. —
Probably not distinct from T. Serpyllum var. vulyaris.
Serpyllum (T. micans. T. azoricus. T. nummularius).
MOTHEB-OF-THYME. CHEEPING T. Prostrate subshrub, the
sts. rooting: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to ^ in. long, short-
petioled: fls. purplish, % in. long, June- Sept. Eu , Asia,
N. Air • nat. in N. Amer. There are many hort. vars. as:
albus, fls. white; angustif61ius (T. angustifohus) has nar-
rower linear-oblong Ivs ; argenteus, Ivs vanegated with sil-
ver; aureus, Ivs. variegated with yellow; cinereus, fls. lilac;
coccineus, to 3 ft , fls. crimson; dalmiticus is listed as a
dwarf form of var. vulyans; lanugindsus, Ivs. and infl. gray-
pubescent; pulchellus, upper part of calyx purple; rdseus,
fls rose; spl£ndens, fls red; var ie gat us, Ivs. variegated with
white; vulgiris (T, citnodorus) , LEMON T., Ivs. small and
lemon-scented. Other vars. listed include carmineus,
carneus, minus, odoratus, ovatus, Purdyi, purpureus and
rubrum.
vulgaris. COMMON T. Erect subshrub to 8 in,, the
branches usually white-pubescent: Ivs. ovate to linear, to
% in. long, nearly sessile, revolute: fls. lilac or purplish,
% in long. May- June. S. Eu. Vars. argenteus, fragran-
tfssimus and rdseus are listed.
Zygis. Per. to 4 in.: Ivs. linear: fls. whitish, large, in
distant clusters. Spain. Var. gracilis is offered.
THYRSACANTHUS: Odontonema.
Tigridia
THYRSE: compact and more or less compound panicle;
more correctly a panicle-like cluster with mam axis in-
determinate and other parts determinate.
THYSANOL&NA. Graminex. One grass to
12 ft. high, native in trop. Asia. T. m&xima.
Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 4 in. wide, leathery: spike-
lets pale yellow, borne on thread-like branches
in panicles to 2 ft. long. — Intro, in 8. Calif.
THYSANOTUS. Liliacese. Australian peren-
nials with fibrous or tuberous roots, grass-like
basal Ivs. and fls. usually in umbels, the perianth-
segms. distinct, the 3 inner fringed on edges.
Propagated by offsets.
dich6tomus. To 2 ft., rarely somewhat twining: Ivs.
short, soon withering: fls. purple, ^ in. long, in 1-3-fld.
terminal umbels. — Intro, in Calif.
TIARELLA. FALSE MITREWORT. Raxifragacex.
Erect mostly small hardy herbaceous woods per-
ennials for colonizing, for the wild or rock-garden
or any shady situation, especially attractive in
the autumn for the brilliant color of the foliage:
Ivs. radical, simple or 3-foliolate: fls. reddish or
whitish, in simple or compound racemes; stamens
10: N. Amer. and Asia. Propagated by division
and by seed when obtainable.
cordifdlia. FOAM-FLOWER. To 1 ft , txiftcd: Ivs. broadly
cordate, to 4 in. across, lobed and toothed: racemes simple.
N. S to Ga. and Ala. Var purpurea (T. purpurea), fls.
purple and ita variations major, salmon-rose or wine-red,
marmorata, very attractive bronze foliage passing to
blackish-green, marbled with purple, fls. numerous, maroon.
laciniata: T. tnfohata.
polyphylla. To 1% ft.: Ivs cordate-ovate, to 3 in. across,
wavy-toothed: fls. in racemea. Himalayas.
purpurea: T. cordifoha var.
trifoliata (T. laciniata). Stemless: Ivs. of 3 Ifts., the
middle one rhombic, 3-lobed and toothed, to 3 in. long,
lateral Ifts. 2-cleft: fls. white, in narrow panicles. Alaska
to Ore , E. Asia.
unifoliata. To 2 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, to 4 in. across,
3-5-lobed: fls. in panicles. Alaska to Calif.
TIBOUCHjNA (Lasiandra) . G LoiiY-Busn.
Melastomacex. Tree-like shrubs or rarely herbs of
trop. Arner., with simple 3-5-nervcd Ivs., large
fls. in terminal panicles or solitary, and capsular
frs.: grown under glass or out-of-doors in the S.
where they will stand a few degrees of frost.
Propagated by cuttings under glass.
elegans (Pleroma eleaans). To fi ft.: Ivs. oblong: fls.
purple, 1 1A in. acrosa, calyx bristly. Brazil.
laxa. Bushy and climbing branches hairy: Ivs. ovate
and somewhat cordate: fls. few in a cluster, violet-purple.
Ecuador, Peiu; planted in Calif.
r6sea: listed as a form with large rosy-pink fls.
semidecandra (Pleroma macranthum and splendens).
To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, to 4 in. long, densely
hairy on both sides and pale beneath: fla. purple, to 5 in.
across. Brazd. Var. grandifl6ra is listed.
TICANTO: Cseaalpinia Cn&ta.
TICKSEED: Bidens, Coreopsis.
TIDY TIPS: Layia elegans.
TI-ES: Lucuma nervosa.
TIGER-FLOWER: Tigridia.
TIGRlDIA. TIGER-FLOWER. Iridacex. Bulbous
herbs native from Mex. to Chile having narrow
st.-lvs. and leaf-like spathes bearing 1 or more
erect fls. without perianth-tube, the segms.
forming a broad cup at base.
Bulbs should be planted 2-3 inches deep in late spring
and will bloom in July or August. They should be lifted
before frost and stored in a dry place over winter. Propa-
gated by offsets and seeds.
conchifl6ra: T. Pavonia var.
Pavdnia. To 2H ft.: fls. red oddly spotted with yellow
and purple, to 6 in. across, showy, lasting a day and suo-
Tigridia
732
Tipuana
cee<led by others. Mex., Guatemala. Varieties are: Alba,
fls. white, spotted with red m throat: aurea, see littea;
canariensis, fls. pale yellow; carminea, fls. salmon-red with
darker spots; conchifl6ra, fls. bright golden-yellow; grandi-
fldra has larger van-colored fls.; lutea immaculata, fls. pure
yellow; rdsea, fls. rose with yellow variegated center;
speci6sa, fls deeper red; Watkins6nii, a hort. hybrid be-
tween T. Pavonw and var. conchiflora having deep orange-
yellow fls. often streaked and spotted scarlet.
Watkinsdnii: T. Pavonia var.
TfLIA. LINDEN. LIME. BASSWOOD. Tiliace&.
Many trees with alternate usually heart-shaped
toothed Ivs., small, fragrant, white or yellowish
fls. in drooping clusters, and nut-like frs. whose
peduncles are partially united to a broad mern-
branaceous bract; good ornamental subjects,
also furnishing valuable timber and fiber from
the inner bark. The species are confused.
The lindens are not particular as to soil but do not with-
stand drought. Propagated by seed m autumn or stratified
and sown in spring, by layers, mound-layering, and cuttings.
The named kinds are commonly grafted in spring or budded
in summer on available common stocks.
Alba: a name of inexact application.
americana (T. glabra). AMERICAN L. To 120 ft.: Ivs.
broad-ovate, to 6 in. or more long, abruptly acuminate,
teeth long-pointed, glabrous beneath except in vein-axils,
turning yellow in autumn. N. B. to Mo. Var. dentata
(T. longifolia dentata), Ivs. coarsely irregularly toothed.
Var. macrophylla (var. mississippiensis, T. laxiflora) has
larger Ivs.
argentea: T. tomentosa.
cordata (T. ulmifolia. T. parvifolia). SMALL-LEAVED L.
To 100 ft.: Ivs. to 2JA in. long, glaucous beneath and also
glabrous except in axils of veins. Eu.
dasystyla. Lvs. broad-ovate, aristate-toothed, to 6 in.
long, shining above, hairy in axils beneath. W. Asia. —
Most of the material cult, under this name is T. euchlora.
euchldra. CRIMEAN L. Hybrid between T. cordata and
T. dasystyla, with dark green glosHy Ivs. paler beneath and
glabrous underneath except for axillary tufts.
europeea (T. vulgaris. T. intermedia) . Hybrid between
T. platyphylloa and T. cordata- Ivs. to 4 in. long, glabrous
and bright gieen beneath except for axillary tufte, dull
green above. — Excellent street tree.
flavescens. Hybrid between T. cordata and T. glabra:
Ivs. 3 in. long, glabrous beneath.
floribunda: a form of T. flavescens.
glabra: T. americana.
Henryana. Tree to 50 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 4% in. long,
briefly acuminate, denticulate, pubescent beneath, petiole
to 1>£ in. long: fls. whitish-green, in pendulous cymes.
Cent. China.
heterophylla. To 60 ft.: Ivs. ovate, gradually tapering,
aristate-seirate, shining above at maturity, to 7 in. long,
white-tomentose 01 pubescent underneath. Ind. to Fla. —
Perhaps it would bo better treated as- T. americana var.
heterophylla.
intermedia: T. europsea.
japdnica. JAPANESE L. To 00 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long,
closely sharp-serrate, not lobed, glabrous beneath at
maturity but bluish-green and pubescent on veins when
young. Japan.
laxifldra: T. americana var. macrophylla.
longifdlia dentata: T. americana var. dentata.
macrophylla: T. americana var.
mandshurica. To 60 ft. : Ivs. round-ovate, short-acumi-
nate, teeth with long points, to 6 in. long, gray- or white-
tomentose beneath and little pubescent above. N. E. Asia.
mississippi^nsis: T. americana var. macrophylla.
M61tkei (T. apectabilis) . Hybrid between T. glabra
and T. petiolaris: Ivs. round-ovate, to 7 in. long, gray-
tomentose beneath.
mong61ica. MONGOLIAN L. To 30 ft.: Ivs. to 2^$ in.
long, coarsely seriate and mostly 3-lobed, shining above,
glabrous beneath except in axils of veins, somewhat glaucous.
Mongolia, N. China.
negllcta. Tree to 100 ft., young ate. glabrous, red: Ivs.
ovate, to 8 in. long, acuminate, serrate, smooth above,
pubescent beneath: fls. in loose cymes. Canada to N. C.
west to Minn.
6liveri. Tree to 50 ft. : Ivs. nearly orbicular-ovate, to 4
in. long, dentate, glabrous above, white-pubescent beneath:
fls. small. Cent. China.
parvif olia: T. cordata.
petiolaris. WEEPING WHITE L. To 80 ft., the brancheo
pendulous: Ivs. round-ovate, sharp-serrate, to 4 % in. long,
white-tomentose beneath and slightly pubescent above,
petiole longer than half the blade. Probably S. Eu., W. Asia.
plfltyphyllos. LARGE-LEAVED L. To 120 ft. : Ivs. to 4 in.
long, light green and lightly pubescent beneath at least on
veins. Eu. Var. aurea has golden-yellow branchleta
when young and var. rubra (var. corallina) red. In var.
laciniata (var. asplenifolia) the Ivs. are deeply cut. Var.
pyramidalis is of pyramidal habit. Var. vitifdlia has slightly
3-lobed Ivs.
Spadthii. Hybrid of T. cordata with larger Ivs.
spectabilis: T. Moltkei.
tomentdsa (T. argentea). WHITE or SILVER L. To 100 ft.:
Ivs. very broad-ovate, sharp-serrate, to 5 in. long, white-
tomentose beneath and slightly pubescent above when
young, petiole short. E. Eu., Asia Minor. Var. pendula is
listed.
ulmifdlia: T. cordata.
vulgaris: T. europxa.
LINDEN or BASSWOOD FAMILY.
More than 30 widely distributed genera of trees,
shrubs or rarely herbs, with usually alternate
simple Ivs., regular fls. haying commonly 5 sepals
and petals, or petals lacking, numerous stamens,
superior 2-10-celled ovary, and fr. a drupe, caps.
or berry. The following genera are cult, for
ornament, fiber and timber: Corchoropsis,
Corchorus, Entelea, Grewia, Spannannia, Tiiia.
TILLANDSIA. Bromeliacex. Mostly epiphytic
American herbs with entire basal Ivs. crowded
or in rosettes, and blue, purple, red, orange or
white fls. in spikes, heads or panicles; grown in
the greenhouse and the Spanish-moss common
on trees in the southern states where it is also
used as a packing material and in manufacture.
Cult, as for Bromeliawar, some species are large
and stiffly erect and others drooping or hanging.
acaulis: Cryptanthus acaulis.
Duvaliana: Vriesia Duvahana.
fasciculata. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, to ll/$ ft. long,
grayish-green: fls. blue, in many-fld. spikes to 6 in. long.
on branched scapes to 2 ft. high, the bracts greenish tinged
with red. W. Indies, Cent. Amer.
juncea: T. setacea.
Linden! ana. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and % in. wide: fls.
bluish-purple, in large spikes, the bracts carmine. Ecuador,
Peru.
nigre*scens. Lvs. lanceolate: fls. white, the bracts
bordered and tipped with red. Colombia.
setacea (T. juncea). Lvs. to 1 ft. long, erect, rigid, some-
what subulate: fls. in dense spikes, floral bracts yellow
edged red, closely imbricated and abruptly mucronate,
corolla white with purple areas on uppermost portion.
Jamaica.
usneoides (Dendropogon usneoides). SPANISH-MOSS.
Ste. slender and hanging, often 20 ft. and more long,
hoary-gray, festooned over the trees: Ivs. scattered, to 3 in.
long and very narrow: fls. yellow, small, solitary or 2 in
axils of Ivs. Fla. to Tex. and trop. Amer.
utriculata. To 3 ft. : Ivs. broad at base, forming pockets
that hold water, subulate at tips: fls. cream or ivory-white,
1% in. long, far apart on the branched infl. S. Ga. to S.
Amer., on trees, perishing after fruiting.
TIMOTHY: Phleum pratense.
TINANTIA. Commelinacex. Erect herbs na-
tive in trop. Amer., with alternate Ivs. and fls.
in terminal cymes; occasionally grown under
glass or planted out in summer; has something
of the habit of a tradescantia.
an6mala: Commelinantia anomala.
fugax. To 1H ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, to 4 in. long:
fls. blue, about H in. long. July-Aug. Mex., S. Amer.
TIPUANA. TIPU-TREE. Leguminosse. Trees
of S. Amer.j with pinnate Ivs., showy papilio-
naceous fls. in terminal panicles, and samara-like
1-3-seeded winged pods; planted for ornament
in trop. regions and also a source of rosewood.
Tipuana
733
Tomato
specidsa: T. Tipu.
T!pu (T. speciosa. Machserium Tipu). To 30 ft. and
more: Ifta. oblong, 1% in. long: fls. yellow: pods to 2^ in-
long.
TIPULARIA. Orchidacex. Terrestrial orchids
with solid bulbs, a solitary basal If. appearing
in autumn, and terminal racemes of small fls.;
sepals and petals similar; lip 3-lobed, long-
spurred; akin to Aplectrum.
discolor (T. unifolia). CBANE-FLY ORCHIS. To 26 in.
high: If. cordate to ovate-elliptic, slender-petioled, to
almost 4^ in. long: raceme loose, many-fld., to about 11 in.
long; fls. greenish, yellow or purplish, about H *n. long.
July- Aug. Mass, to Fla., Ind. and Tex.
unifMia: T. discolor.
TODDALIA: Vepria lanceolala.
TODEA: see Leptopteris.
TIPU-TREE:
TISSA: Spergularia.
TITAN6PSIS. Aizoacex. Segregate from Mes-
embryanthemum : like Nananthus but lys. more
erect, spatulate and very obtuse, the apical part
covered with crowded white tubercles: calyx
sub-equally 6-lobed; stigmas, valves and cells
of fr. 6, the cells roofed with membranous wings,
ovary inferior.
Astridiee: T. Hugo-Schlechteri.
calcarea (M. calcareum). Lys. resembling stones, to
1 y± in. long and M in. wide, grayish-green: fls. light yellow,
to 1 in. across.
Hugo-Schl6chteri (M. Hugo-Schlechteri. M. Astridix).
Differs from T. Schwantesii in having fewer tubercles on
Ivs. which are grayish-green or brownish.
Schwantesii (M. and Verrucifera Schwant esn) . Rosettes
to 1 H m- across: Ivs. to % in. long, % in. wide, % in. thick
and warty at tip, rounded on back1 fls. yellow, % in. across.
setffera. Lvs. erect or sometimes spreading, spatulate,
about 1 in. long and wide and H in. thick, with hair-like
or bristle-like papillae: fls. orange-pink, yellow inside,
1H in. across.
Tri&bneri: listed name.
TITHONIA. Composite. Large herbs or shrubs
with alternate Ivs. and large yellow sunflower-like
heads on thickened stalks, of ray- and disk-fls.;
pappus of scales or none; native in Mex., Cent.
Amer. and W. Indies and grown under glass or
out-of-doors in the S.
arbdrea: listed name.
diversifdlia (Mirasolia diver sifolia] >. Per. or shrub to
30 ft.: Ivs. ovate or triangular, to 8 in. long, usually 3-5-
lobed: heads to 6 in. across, orange-yellow. Mex., Cent.
Amer.
rotundif&lia (T. speciosa). Shrub to 6 ft.: Ivs. broad-
ovate, to 6 in. or more long, mostly crenate, sometimes
3-lobed: heads 3 in. across, orange-yellow. Mex., Cent.
Amer. Var. grandifldra is an improved form.
gpeci&sa: T. rotundifolia.
tagetifftlia. Coarse herb to 8 ft. or more: Ivs. to 15 in.
long, all but upper ones usually 3-lobed: fls. deep orange to
orange-yellow, to 4 in. across, on stout naked peduncles
to 1 ft. long. Mex.
TITHYMALOPSIS: Euphorbia.
TITHYMALUS: Euphorbia.
TITI: Chftonia monophylla.
TITOKI: Alectryon excelsum.
TIUM: Astragalus.
TOADFLAX: Linaria.
TOBACCO: Nicotiana. Indian: Lobelia inflata.
TOCOCA. Melastomacex. Shrubs of S. Amer.,
with large simple 5-neryed Ivs., showy white or
rose fls. in terminal panicles, and fr. a berry.
Grown in a warm greenhouse in a moist shaded position.
Leaf-mold mixed with fibrous loam is a good soil. Propa-
gated by single-eye cuttings in January struck in sand and
covered with glass; also by cuttings from the base of the
shoot with a piece of stem attached.
platyphylla (Sphserogyne latifolia). Ste. bristly: Ivs.
broadly ovate, to 1 ft. long: fls. rose or red. N. S. Amer.,
Costa Rica.
TOFlfeLDIA. Liliacex. Per. herbs with fibrous
roots, linear basal Ivs. and small fls. in terminal
racemes, on the Zigadcnus order; sometimes
transplanted to the garden.
glabra. WHITB-FBATHERLINQ. To 2 ft.: basal Ivs.
linear: fls. white, in racemes to 4 in. long, petals acute, caps,
about 1^6 in. long. N. C. to Ga.
intermedia. To 1 ft., st. sticky-hairy Ivs. to 8 in. long
and K in. wide: fls. yellow, in dense racemes to % in. long.
Alaska to Calif.
occidentalis. To 20 in., st. sticky-pubescent: Ivs. linear,
to 8 in. long and M in. wide, acute: fls. yellow, sepals and
petals narrower than in T. intermedia, raceme 1-2 m. long:
caps. M in. long. B. C. to Ida. and Calif.
racem6sa (Triantha racemosa). To 2 ft., st. pubescent
and minutely glandular: Ivs. linear, to 1 ft. long: fls. whitish,
in panicles, petals to H in. long: seed with white appendage.
N. J. to Fla. west to Ala.
TOLMlfeA. Saxifragacese. Per. herb grown in
the rock-garden; much like Tiarella but stamens
only 2 or 3. Propagated by adventitious buds
which are produced at tips of petioles. T.
Menziesii. To 2 ft.: Ivs. mostly basal, cordate-
ovate, to 3^2 in- across, lobed and toothed: fls.
green, J/£ in. long, nodding, in long racemes.
Alaska to Calif.
TOLPIS. Composite. Herbs of the Mcdit.
region with mostly radical Ivs. and yellow heads
of ligulate fls.; pappus of bristles; one species
sometimes grown for ornament. Propagated by
seed.
barbata (Crepis barbata). Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate,
toothed: heads about % in. long, the outer mvolucral
bracts thread-like and similar bracts on the st. near the
head. S. Eu. — The plant has been sold as "Golden Yellow
Hawk weed."
TOLUIFERA: Myroxylon.
TOMATILLO: Physalis ixocarpa.
TOMATO (Ly coper sicon esculentum and L.
pirnpinellifolium). Tender herbs grown as an-
nuals for the much-prized fruits, both out-of-
doors and under glass. The husk-tomato and
strawberry-tomato are Physalis and the tree-
tomato Cyphomandra belacea. The tomato is
closely allied to potato, and it is possible to
graft one on the other: see Potomato.
Tomatoes are started under glass or in pro-
tected seed-beds for the purpose both of produc-
ing early fruit and prolonging the bearing season.
Seeds are sown in light fertile soil in pots, pans,
or shallow boxes four to six or eight weeks before
time for planting in the field. If started too early
and not shifted the plants become pot-bound or
else too long and weak from overcrowding.
When plants nave reached the height of 2 or 3
inches in the bed or seed-box they should be
transplanted into 3-inch pots, old berry-boxes or
other receptacles, and allowed to grow slowly
and firmly until time to set them out, which is
when all danger of frost is past. The young
plants should not be allowed to become stunted.
They should be in a vigorous growing condition
when set out. full green and stocky, not slender
and yellowed and with a blossom at the top.
One ounce of seed should produce 1,500-2.000
good plants. The soil for tomatoes should be
quicK," — one in which the fertility is at once
available.
Tomato plants may be set in rows 4 or 5 feet
apart, the plants being 3-4 feet apart in the rows.
Tomatoes are grown on many kinds of soils from
the sandy loams to silt and clay loams; for an
Tomato
734
Torreya
early crop and in regions having a short growing
season, a light soil is desirable. The soil should
be well fertilized and maintained in good physical
condition by the use of manure or soil-improving
crops. In home gardens and in commercial
plantings in some regions tomato plants are
pruned and tied to stakes or wire trellises. A
showy method is that of a frame made like an
inverted V, which allows the fruits to hang free.
This support is made by leaning together two
lath frames. When tomatoes are tied or trained
they may be set 18-24 inches apart in the row.
The late fruits may be picked green and ripened
on a shelf in the dark or in diffused light. If the
family is fond of tomatoes, two or three sowings
may be made in succession. The first sowings
may be of the earliest varieties.
A good range of varieties is always available
from seedsmen, and it is interesting to provide
the home garden with yellow as well as the usual
red kinds, also the small plum and cherry kinds
for conserves. The currant tomato (Lycopersicon
pirn irindlifolium) is grown more for curiosity
and ornament than for service because the many
fruits are so small.
In field operations tomatoes are spaced for
horse or power tillage, commonly about 4 feet
apart in either direction, and are allowed to take
their natural course without tying or training.
Of canning tomatoes in field culture 5-8 tons to
the acre is a good crop, but 12 or more tons are
possible. The fruits are picked into crates, and
for the green-grocery market they are sold in
baskets or lug boxes, the better trade requiring
the product to be graded. The tomato is now a
staple product in North America, being grown in
great quantities under general field conditions
both for direct table use and for canning, the
making of catsup and soups. Latterly the little
cherry and plum tomatoes have been much
grown for the fancy fruit and table trade.
Under glass the tomato is an important crop
for late autumn, winter and spring trade. Seeds
may be sown in June for the fall crop and in
December to February for spring. Two to three
shifts from seed-bed to permanent planting
should provide vigorous unchecked stocky plants.
From 4-inch pots the plants may go into the bed,
which is usually solid. How tomatoes are to be
handled under glass depends greatly on the pre-
vious and subsequent crops to which the house is
devoted. The soil should be fertile, and the es-
sential plant-food quickly available. The rows
under glass may be 30-136 inches apart, and the
plants 12-18 inches in the row. The plants are
ordinarily grown to single stems, supported on
perpendicular wires or strings. The night temp-
erature may be 65°F., but not below 60°. Over-
watering is a common fault under glass, particu-
larly in dull weather. When the plants are dry
and the house is sunny, pollination may be in-
sured by jarring the plants once or twice a day
to discharge and scatter the pollen; some growers
distribute the pollen with a camel-hair brush.
Four to six pounds of fruit is a good winter crop
from each plant; the spring crop may go higher.
There are varieties particularly adapted to
forcing.
Diseases of tomatoes may be controlled to
considerable extent by employing clean seed,
by burning all the crop refuse and thoroughly
cleaning the area in autumn and by choosing
resistant varieties or races. Leaf-spot and similar
infections are treated by bordeaux and resin
fish-oil applied with spray under pressure.
TOMENTOSE: with tomentum; densely woolly or
pubescent; with matted soft wool-like hairiness.
TONfiLLA. Scrophulariacese. A small genus of
annuals differing from Collinsia in the corolla-
lobes not strongly bilabiate but rotately spread-
ing and some of the cauline Ivs. ternately divided
or parted. One species, T. tenella (T. collinsi-
oides)j is cult. To 6 in.: lowest Ivs. orbicular to
ovate, entire or apically notched, to % in. long,
upper Ivs. 3-parted or divided into oblong
segms. : fls. white or very pale blue, petals
scarcely exceeding calyx and sometrmes purple-
dotted on lobes. — Some of the material listed as
Collinsia parviflora may belong here.
TONESTUS: Haplopappus Lyallii.
TONTANEA: Coccocypselum.
TOOART-TREE: Eucalyptus gomphocephala.
TOOG: Bischofia javamca.
TOONA: Cedrela.
TOOTHACHE-TREE: Zanthoxylum Clava- Herculis.
TOOTHWORT: Dentaria.
TOPATO: Potomato.
TORfeNIA. Scrophuhiriaccap. Small herbaceous
annuals and perennials usually somewhat de-
cumbent and freely branching, with short few-
fld. racemes, the fls. tubular, 2-lipped, produced
freely from spring to frost; native in trop. Asia
and Afr., a few grown in greenhouses for winter
bloom but usually in the garden as annuals; in
Fla. they are successfully used as a substitute for
pansies.
Torenias require no special culture but prefer some
shade and plenty of moisture. They are easily propagated
by seed sown either inside or in the open early in the spring,
or from cuttings.
asiatica. Ann.: fls. to 1^2 in. long, coiolla-tube dark
purple, limb pale purple with a dark blotch on 3 of the
4 lobes. India.
Baillonii: T. flava.
flava ( T. Baillonii). Ann. or grown as such: fls. to 1 M in.
long, corolla-tube yellow, red-purple above, limb yellow
with purple eye. India, E. A.sm.
Fournieri. Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. toothed, to 2 in. long:
corolla-tube pale violet, yellow on the back, upper hp
Eale blue, lower lip with 3 purplish-blue lobes, yellow
lotch at base of central one. Cochm-China. Var. alba has
white corolla with yellow blotch at base of central lobe
of lower lip. Var. compacta is listed as of a dense habit.
Var. grandifldra has larger fls. Var. specidsa is a showy
hort. foim.
pedimcularis. Ann. : fls. % in. long, pale blue. Malaya.
TORNILLO: Prosopis pubescens.
TORRfeYA (Tumion). Taxacex. Evergreen
trees native in N. Amer. and Asia having narrow
yew-like Ivs. with 2 narrow glaucous bands
beneath, dio?cious fls. and drupe-like frs. For
cult, see Conifers. Hardy in central and southern
states and T. nucifera farther north. Distin-
guished from Taxus by the glaucous lines on
under surface of Ivs. and the drupe-like fr., as
well as characters of anthers.
calif 6rnlca. CALIFOBNIA-NUTMEG. To 70 ft. and more:
Ivs. linear, to 2^ in. long, glossy dark green above: fr.
green streaked purple. Calif; can be grown N. E. in shel-
tered places but may become deciduous.
Fargesii. Differs from T. grandis in the darker green
Ivs. more gradually pointed. China.
grandis. To 75 ft.: Ivs. linear, to 1 in. long, yellow-green
above: fr. brownish. China.
nucffera. To 75 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to 1M in. long,
glossy dark green above: fr. green tinged purple. Japan;
Hardy in sheltered places N. E.
tazifdlia. STINKING-CEDAR. To 40 ft.: Ivs. linear, to
Torreya
735
Trachycarpus
1H in. long, glossy dark green above, of fetid odor when
bruised: fr. purple. Fla.
TORULOSE: cylindric with swollen portions at close
intervals, as in some capsules or leguminous fruits when
swelling is due to seeds within.
TORUS: receptacle.
TOTAI: Acrocomia Totai.
TOUCH-ME-NOT: Impatiena.
TOtfMEYA. Cactaceae. A monotypic genus
allied to Pediocactus from which it primarily
differs in its flattened and papery spines. T.
papyracantha. St. ovoid to subcylindrical, about
2 in. tall and l.H> in. diam., usually solitary, but
occasionally cespitose; ribs 8-13, spiralled, with
Mamrnillaria-like tubercles; spines flat, flexuous,
papery, and white, radials usually 7-9, to y$ in.
long, centrals 3-4, to % in. long, curved: fls.
white, to % in. long. N. Mex.
TOURRfeTIA. Bignoniacex. A monotypic
genus of the Andes Mts. in Peru. T. volfrbilis
(T. lappacea). Subshrub or climbing herb to
6 ft. : Ivs. opposite, di- or trichotompusly divided,
serrate, membranous: fls. purple-violet with un-
equally bilabiate limb, in long terminal spicate
racemes. — Best treated as an ann., starting
early in spring from seed and planting outside
over a trellis after the last frost.
TOUS-LES-MOIS: Canna edulia.
TOVARA. Polygonacex. Herbaceous species
separated from Polygonum on technical charac-
ters of fls. and inn. T. virginiana (Polygonum
virginianum). Per. to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 6 in.
long, slightly glaucous beneath: fls. greenish or
rose-colored, in clusters on an infl. to 1 ft. long.
E. N. Amer., E. Asia. Var. filif6rmis (Polygonum
niiforme) differs in obovate Ivs. and fls. dark
red at maturity.
TOWNSENDIA. Composite. Per. or bien.
herbs of W. N. Amer. with alternate entire Ivs.
and many-fid, usually solitary heads of white,
pink or purple ray-fls. and disk-fls.; pappus of
bristles. A few species may be transferred to the
wild-garden.
exscapa (T. aericea. T. Wilcoxiana). Stemless: Ivs.
linear-spatulate, to 2 in. long: heads to 2 in. across. Alta.
to Ariz.
Confer. Bien., st. to 4 in. high, strigose: Ivs. linear to
oblanceolate. heads to 1H m. across, ray-fls. pink to rose-
colored. N. W. U. S.
grandifidra. To 8 in. with st.: Ivs. linear, to 2 in. long:
heads to 2 in. across. S. D. to New Mex.
sericea: T. exscapa.
Wilcoxiana: T. exscapa.
TOXICODENDRON: Rhus radicana.
TOXICOPHLGEA: Acokanthera.
TOXICOSCORDION: Zigadenu*.
TOXYLON: Madura.
TOYON: Heteromeles arbutifolia.
TRACHELIUM, THROATWORT. Campanula-
cese. Per. herbs or small shrubs of the Medit.
region, having purplish or blue small fls. in dense
terminal heads and not campanulate, alternate
simple Ivs., and capsular frs. Propagated by
seeds or cuttings.
casruleum. To 3 ft., with the look of a valerian: Ivs.
ovate, to 3 in. long, toothed : fls. deep blue varying to white,
%-l/% i«- long, slender, in large terminal corymbs, the
styles long-exserted. S. Eu. — {irown under glass or in the
open far S.
rumeli&num (Diosphsera dubia). To 6 in., pubescent:
Ivs. elliptic, sessile, sharp-toothed: fls. blue, K in. long, hi
dense head-like corymbs, styles exserted. Greece.
TRACHELOSPfiRMUM. Apocytutcex. Twin-
ing or clambering woody evergreen vines with
opposite Ivs., salver-shaped rather small fls. in
terminal or axillary cymes, and fr. of 2 long
follicles; native from E. India to Japan, one
grown under glass and in the open 8. Propa-
gated by cuttings in spring.
asiaticum ( T. divancatum) . Differs from T. jasminoides
in broader Ivs., yellowish-white fls. and slightly exserted
stamens. Japan, Korea.
divaricatum: T. asiaticum.
fragrans. Tall climber: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 5 in.
long: fls. white, to M m. long: pods to 9 in. long. India.
jasminoides (Rhynchospcrmum jasminoides), STAR- or
CONFEDERATE-JASMINE. Evergreen. Ivs. oval to ovate-
lanceolate, to 3 iri. long: fls. white, fragrant, to 1 in. across.
China. Var. variegatum has green and white IVN. often
tinged rod, said to bo hardier. — A light yellow-fld. form has
been listed as Rhynchospermum Mandaianum.
TRACHYCARPUS. Pulmaeex. Several monoe-
cious (or polygamous) Asian fan-palms of small
or intermediate stature, comprising some of the
hardiest kinds planted in the U. S., unarmed
except perhaps on the petioles, with shaggy often
fiber-bearing trunks: spadices several or many,
shortly branched, among the Ivs. and shorter
than them; fls. solitary or in 2's: fr. of 3 more or
less united dry small angled carpels, but some-
times 1 or 2 of the carpels fail to mature. These
palms are still often called Chairurrops, a practice
that should be discontinued; from ChamaTops
the genus Trachycarpus is distinguished by
valvatc rather than imbricate perianth-lobes,
the small dry 3-parted or 2-purted or at least
carpel-like fr., and homogeneous rather than
ruminate albumen of the seed, the small callous
points or teeth on the petioles rather than long
sharp spines. For cult, see Palm.
caespitdsus. Differs from other species in the few or
several trunks arising from the same base, the ti links to 15
ft. and leafy throughout or beaiing remains of old Ivs. and
also much fibious material. Ivs. l}i~2l/'2 ft. across, cleft
% or ncaily to the base into narrow stiffish segms.; petiole
slender, equalling or exceeding the blade, finely irregularly
sharp-serrate on the edges particularly neai the base: fls.
very small and in technical structure differing from other
species: fr. almost as in T. Fortunei, and slightly hairy
under a lens. First described from plants growing in S.
Calif.; supposed to be native in Japan.
excelsus of hort. : T. Foi tunei.
F6rtunei (T. excdsus, hort. Chamserops excelsa).
WINDMILL PALM. Tiunk solitary and slender, to 10-30
or 40 ft., conspicuously covered with dark hair -like fiber,
the old Ivs. persistent and eventually hanging and some-
times developing a "petticoat" or shag like a Wanhmgtonia:
lys. nearly or quite orbicular, 2-4 ft. across, dull arid .some-
times lightly glaucous, vaiiously divided to middle or al-
most to base into stiffish horizontal or drooping segms. ;
petiole long, with irregular fine haid ser ratines or callous
points: fr. globose-reniform, 3-lobed, or irregular from the
abortion of 1 or more of the 3 carpels, bluish, size of pea or
bean; seed urnbiheute. Cent, arid E. China, perhaps also
Japan. — The commonly planted Trachycarpus of this
country, standing as far north as N." C., and on west coast
to Ore.
khasianus: T. Marlianus.
Martianus (T. khasianus). Trunk slender, mostly naked
and ringed with scars, bearing a hemispherical head, the
old lys. shedding: Ivs. nearly orbicular and regularly circu-
lar with many segms. extending uniformly to the middle:
fr. olive-form, % m or less long; seed deeply bulcate or fur-
rowed. Cent, and E. Himalayas, Assam, N. Burma.
nepalensis: T. Wagnerianus.
Takil. Robust, trunk ascending from an inclined or
oblique base, clothed with If. -sheaths but lacking hair-like
fiber, the old Ivs. shrivelling- persistent: Ivs. nearly orbicular,
irregularly parted (to different depths) into about 50 short-
bifid segms.: fr. remform, H in. or less long; seed umbilicate.
W. Himalayas (Mt. Takil, etc.).
Wagnerianus (7". nepalensis). Mostly low, with erect
solitary trunk covered with rough fibers: Ivs. orbicular-
ovate, irregularly parted to half or nearly to the base into
many very stiff outstanding segms. that are entire or
shortly bifid at apex; petiole very slender, with many
Trachycarpus
736
Trapa
irregular callous teeth toward base: fr. much as in T.
excdsus. Species founded on cult, plants; probably Japa-
nese.
TRACK fMENE. Umbettiferx. Herbs with
mostly terriately compound Ivs., white or blue
fls. in simple umbels, and compressed frs.
A few kinds are grown for ornament. For summer
bloom seeds should be sown in spring where plants are to
stand. Seeds may be sown in autumn under glass for spring
bloom.
caerulea (Diducus caerulea). BLUE LACK-FLOWER. Arm.
to 2 ft.: Ivs. 1-2-ternately compound into narrow lobes:
fls. blue, the long-stalked umbels to 3 in. across. Australia.
pi!6sa. Ann. to 0 in.: Ivs. divided into linear lobes: fls.
in small short-stalked umbels. Australia.
TRACHYSTfeMON (Pstlotitemon) . Boragi-
naceae. Per. herbs of the Medit. region of which
one is rarely cult, for ornament. T. orientale
(li&rago orientalis). Hairy: basal Ivs. cordate,
long-stalked, st.-lvs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. bluish-
purple, with tube and 5 revolute lobes, borne in
many-fld. panicles, the stamens long-exserted. —
Propagated by seeds and division.
TRACYANTHUS: Zigadenus angustifoliu*.
TRADESCANTIA. SPIDEBWORT. Commelin-
acex. Per. herbs in western hemisphere with blue,
rose-purple or white fis. in umbels or rarely soli-
tary.
Spiderworta are grown under glass, in baskets, and in
the open. Of easy culture. Propagated by cuttings of the
growing shoots, seeds and division.
albifldra: T. flurmnensis.
an6mala: Commehnantia anomala.
aureo-striata: hort. name for a plant with yellow-striped
IVB.
bengalensis: hort. name for a plant with red fleshy Ivs.
and blue fls.
b (color: T. gracilis.
bracteata. To 1 ft. : Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, to 8
in. long: fls. blue or reddish, with 2 involucral bracts
broader than Ivs., sepals densely sticky-hairy. Minn, to
Mo. and Tex. Var. rosea, fls. rose-pink.
brevicaulis. An old name of somewhat ambiguous ap-
plication applied to plants which are now considered to be
diminutive forms of T. mrgimana having hairy sta. to 4 in.
high and linear-lanceolate Ivs. to 1 ft. long.
canaliculata (T. reflexa). To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
to I,1 £ ft. long, glaucous, blade narrower than unfolded
sheath: fls. blue, rose or white, sepals glabrous or tipped
with tuft of hairs. Ohio to Fla. and Tex.; cult, m the open.
Var. alba, fls. white with blue stamens.
discolor: Rhoeo discolor.
draceenoides. To 2 ft., the roots tuberous: Ivs. to 6 in.
long and \M in. wide, ciliate: fls. rose. Mex. — Some of the
mateiial cult, under this name is Spironema fragrans.
draceti8ef61ia: listed name of plant said to have deep
green dracena-like Ivs. maiked with chocolate-brown.
flumine'nsis (T. albiflora. T. striata. T. tricolor. T
vine/in). WANDKKINO JEW. Prostrate, sts. rooting: Ivs.
ovate, to 2!/2 in- long, (tlabrous beneath, sheaths glabrous
outside and often with upper margin dilute: fls. white.
S. Amer.; nat. in S U. S. — Common under benches in
greenhouses. Sometimes confused with Zcbrina pendula
which has Ivs. dark red beneath with If.-sheaths villous
without and rose-pink fls. on short stout pedicels. Lvs.
normally lively green but they are striped with yellow and
white in var. variegata; also yellow- and white-Ivd. sports
as in albo-vittata and aurea.
fuscata. Stemless: Ivs. to 8 in. long and 2 in. wide,
brown-tomentose^ fls. blue or bluish -purple. S. Amer.
geniculata (T. hypophaea). Sts. procumbent, zig-zag at
the joints: Ivs lanceolate, to 5 in. long and 2 in. wide,
villous beneath and sheaths densely villous outside: fls.
white, on capillary peduncles and pedicels. Trop. Amer. —
Material so listed may be T. fluminensia.
gracilis (T. bicolor). Sts. green, procumbent, glabrous:
Ivs. ovate, to *£ in. long, glaucous blue-green beneath, acute,
usually glabrous, ciliate, sheath ciliate, to ^ in. long,
inflated: fls. white, 4-7 in terminal umbels having pubescent
peduncles, leafy bracts subtending calyx small, purplish.
Chile.
hirsuta. Per. to 1H ft., ascending, st. somewhat pubea-
Pj
lo
cent, at least about the nodes: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
acuminate and usually undulate, margin ciliate on lower
third: fls. bright purple, on short peduncles. S. Amer. Var.
brachyphylla is listed.
humilis. To 1 ft., rough-pubescent: Ivs. oblong-linear,
short: fls pale blue or pmk. E. Tex.
hypoph&a: T. geniculata.
laekene'nsis: hort. name for a plant with pink and green
Ivs.
lanceolata: hort. name for a plant with large downy Ivs.
micrantha. Small creeper, or prostrate, with narrow
Ivs. l^a in- °r less long, and many small rose-purple fls.
Tex. and adjacent Mex., sometimes in greenhouses and
gardens in the region.
montana: T. subaspera var.
multicolor: Zebrina pendula var. quadricolor.
multiflora. Lvs ovate, to 2 in. long: fls. white, small, in
clustered umbels Jamaica, N. S. Amer.
occidentals. To 2H ft i s<- glabrous, branching, bright
green: Ivs linear, to 1 ft. long, involute: fls. blue or reddish,
H in. long, sepals glandular-pubescent. la. to Tex. Var.
rubra has red fls.
pildsa: T. subaspera.
quadricolor: Zebrina pendula var.
refle"xa: T. canaliculata.
Reglne. Lvs. lanceolate, to 6 in. long, purplish-crimson
in center, silvery toward edge, purple beneath. Peru.
somaliene'nsis: listed name . of unknown botanical
standing.
striata: T. fluminensis.
subaspera (T. pilosa). To 3 ft r st. zig-zag and shaggy-
>ilose to glabrnte: Ivs linear to elliptic-lanceolate, to 15 in.
long and 2 in. wide, dark green, not glaucous: fls. light to
deep blue, rarely white, about 1 in. across, sepals hairy
ana often glandular. S. Pa to Fla. and Mo. Var. montana
(T. montana) has sts. straight and uppermost cymes
pedunculate, not sessile. S. W. Va. to N. Fla. and Ala. —
The older name of T. aubaspera, has only recently been
recognized as representing the same plant heretofore known
as T. pilosa.
sup£rba. Lvs. sessile, oblong-acuminate, dark metallic-
green above with white line on each side of midrib and
purple beneath. Peru.
thuringia: hort. name for a plant with green and white
Ivs.
tricolor: T. fluminensia.
versicolor: lihceo discolor.
virginiana. COMMON S. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 15 in long and
1 in. wide: fls. violet-purple. N. Y. to S. D. and Ark.; an
outdoor garden plant. Hort. varieties are: alba, fls. white;
caerulea. fls bright blue; carnea, fls. pinkish; coccinea,
fls. bright red; Hutchinsonii, fls. pale blue; lilacina, fls pale
lilac; major, fls. double; nana, dwarf form; r&sea, fls. rose-
pink; rubra, fls. purplish-red.
viridis: T. fluminensia.
vittata: hort. name, probably for a form of T. flumi-
nenaia.
zebrma: Zebrina pendula.
TRAGOPOGON. GOATS-BEARD. Composite.
Erect biennials and perennials with a tap-root,
narrow grass-like Ivs., and large yellow or purple
heads of ligulate fls. ; seed or fr. Jong and stick-
like; pappus of plumose bristles; native in S. Eu.,
N. Afr. and Asia.
The first species is cultivated for the edible root. The
seeds are sown in spring where plants are to stand They
should be thinned to 3-6 inches apart in the row. The
roots may remain in the ground all winter. The plant
blooms and seeds the following year.
porrifolius. SALSIFY. VEGETABLE-OYSTER. OYSTER-
PLANT. Hardy bien. to 4 ft., with roots to 1 ft. long: heads
purple, to 4 in. across, exceeded by involucral bracts,
opening in morning, closing by noon. S. Eu.; nat. in N.
Arner.
pratensis. Hardy bien. to 3 ft.: heads yellow, to 2^ in.
across, rays longer than involucral bracts. Eu.; nat. in
N. Amer. — Seldom grown for ornament.
TRA JANS-COLUMN: Pachycereus Columna-Trajanii.
TRAPA. WATER-CHESTNUT. Onagracese (or
Trapacese). Floating herbs with the submerged
Ivs. opposite and pinnatifid and the floating rvs.
clustered, rhombic-orbicular and toothed, the
Trapa
737
Trichocereus
petioles inflated, small white fls. borne among the
Ivs., and leathery or bony indehiscent nut-like
frs. with prominent horns; grown in ponds and
aquaria and also yielding edible frs. Propagated
by seeds which must be kept moist.
bispindsa. SINOHABA-NUT. Petioles and under sides of
Ivs. hairy: fr.-body *A in. across, with usually 2 horns.
Ceylon.
natans. Petioles and Ivs. glabrous except veins beneath :
fr. to 2 in. across, 4-horned. Eu., Asia; nat. in E. U. S.
TRAUTVETT&RIA. Ranunculicese . Per. herbs
with broad palmately lobed Ivs. and small white
fls. in panicles, having 3-5 caducous sepals, no
petals and numerous stamens; native in N. Amer.
and Asia, the species variously interpreted. Prop-
agated by division of roots; wild border.
caroline'nsis (T. palmata). To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. across,
with 5-11 toothed lobes: fls. about K in. across. Pa. to
Fla. and Mo.
grandis. Differs from T. carolinensis in the more deeply
lobed Ivs. and longer somewhat curled styles. B. C. to
Mont, and Calif.
palmata: T. carolinensis.
TRAVELERS- JOY: Clematis Vitalba. -Tree: Ravenala
madagaacanensis.
TREAD-SOFTLY: Cmdoscolus.
TREE: a woody plant that produces one main trunk and
a more or less distinct and elevated head. -of-Heaven:
Ailanthua altia^ima. -of-Sadness: Nyctanthes Arbor-tnstis.
TREFOIL: Lotus. Tick: Desmodium. Yellow: Medi-
cago lupulina.
TREMA. Ulmacex. Trees and shrubs bearing
alternate toothed Ivs. 3-nerved from base, small
unisexual fls. in axillary clusters, and drupaceous
frs.; native in trop. and warm regions of both
hemispheres.
bracteolata. To 20 ft.: Ivs. to 5 in. long1 and 2 in. wide,
pubescent or becoming glabrous: fr. black, about tV in.
across. Afr., Arabia. — -Grown in S. Calif.
TREMANDRACE.32. TKEMANDRA FAMILY.
Three genera of heath-like shrubs with small Ivs.,
red or purple fls. solitary in the axils, having
usually 4-5 sepals and petals, 8-10 stamens,
superior 2-celled ovary, and fr. a caps. Tetra-
theca is occasionally cult.
TREMASTELMA PALJESTINTJM: Scdbioaa brachiata.
TREVfiSIA. Araliacex. Shrubs or small trees
in trop. Asia, with compound or lobed Ivs. and
fls. in panicled umbels; grown in the greenhouse
with a moist atmosphere.
palmata (Gastonia palmata). To 20 ft.: Ivs. palmately
5-9-lobed, to 1U ft. across, on petioles 1 ft. or more long:
fls. yellowish-white, 1 in. across. Himalayas.
Sanderi. Lvs. to 2 ft. across, digitately compound.
Cochin-China.
TREV&A. Rhamnacese. Small much branched
spiny trees native in S. Amer., with opposite
3-nerved Ivs., fls. in axillary clusters, and small
drupaceous frs.; one species cult, in S. Calif, for
ornament.
trine'rvis. Spinea about *4 in. long: Ivs. to 1 in. long,
toothed. Chile.
TRIADENUM: Hypericum virgimcum.
TRIANTHA: Tofi-eldia racemosa.
TRfBULUS. Zygophyllacese. Ascending or pros-
trate herbs of the subtropics and tropics, having
abruptly pinnate opposite lys. in unequal pairs
and solitary fls., usually white or yellow. Prop-
agated by seeds or cuttings.
terr6stris. PUNCTURE VINE. Prostrate or decumbent
ann. or per., sts. to 3 ft. long, hairy: larger If. of each pair to
2^ in. long, Ifte. of 5-8 pairs, oblong to linear-oblong, to
nearly % in. long, acutish, sessile, villous beneath: fls.
usually yellow, axillary, petals to K m. long: fr. to % in.
across, separating into 5 woody carpels each armed with 2
sharp and stout divergent spines to l/i in. long and several
smaller ones. Old World tropics and nat. in warmer regions
of the world, becoming a roadside weed in S. W. U. S. and
Mex. extending north to Mo.
TRICALf SIA. RuUacese. Shrubs in Afr. with
opposite Ivs., small axillary fls. having funnel-
form 4-8-lobed corolla, and fr. leathery and
berry-like: one species sometimes cult, in S.
Calif., with the look of Pentas.
floribunda: T. Kraussiana.
Kraussiana (T. floribunda. Kraussia flortbunda). Lys.
ovate-oblong or lanceolate, to 3 in. long: fls. white, y\ in.
long: fr. % in. across. Natal.
TRICHfLIA. Meliacex. Trees and shrubs of
trop. Amer. and Afr.: Ivs. ternate or odd-pin-
nate, alternate: fls. not showy, in panicles, the
calyx 4-5-lobed and petals 4—5: fr. a dry mostly
leathery caps, of 2 or 3 cells, opening and exposing
the seeds.
spondioides. To 20 ft.: Ivs. pinnate; Ifts. 6-20, opposite,
ovate-oblong and pointed, entire, 1J^ in. or more long: fr.
more or loss rugose, about % in. diam., seeds yellowish.
Trop. Amer. — Planted in S. Fla. for ornament.
TRICHfNIUM. Amaranthacex. Herbs or sub-
shrubs of Australia, grown out-of-doors in warm
regions or under glass in the N.: Ivs. alternate,
entire, narrow: fls. in globose to oblong heads or
in dense spikes, white, straw-colored to rose-
pirik, perfect, stamens 5, perianth 5-parted.
spathulatum. Per., sts. prostrate, spreading, to 8 in.
long, glabrous: basal Ivs. spatulate to ovate, to 1 in. long,
obtuse, dccurrent; st.-lvs. narrower, more acute: fls. yel-
lowish, to Yi in. long, in cylindrical spikes to 4 in. long,
segms. plumose.
TRICHOCAULON. Asdepiadacex. Succu-
lent leafless African perennials with thick cylin-
drical sts. covered with tubercles and rather small
fls. having 5-lobcd corolla and double crown; of
the Stapelia tribe.
Delaetianum. Sts. to 8 in., with purplish-brown bristles:
fls. broad-bell-shaped, }$ in. across, red-brown outside,
brownish-yellow inside.
Dinteri. Sts. 1-6, to 2}4 m. tall and 1H in. thick,
covered with blunt tubercles: fls. bell-shaped, to K "*•
across, buff with reddish-brown dote. — A closely related
form, T. Marlothii, has a flattened saucer-shaped corolla.
Engleri. Sts. to 7 in. tall and 3^ in. thick, club-shaped,
spineless, fls. broadly bell-shaped, to % in. across, yellowish-
green to cream-colored with blackish- or reddish-brown dots.
karasmontanum. Sts. shortly cylindrical, 16-20 rows
of spiny tubercles: fls. inconspicuous, not well known.
keetmanshoope'nse. Sts. to 6 in. tall and 1 1£ in. thick,
tubercles rounded, grayish-violet to yellowish-brown: fls.
rotate-campanulate, to Y* in. across, whitish-green to
greenish-yellow, spotted reddish-brown.
melof6rme. Sts. to 3 in., spineless: fls. at top of sts., J4
in. across, dark red outside, maroon inside with yellow base
spotted maroon.
piliferum. Sts. to 8 in. or more tall and 2 in. thick, about
25 rows of spiny tubercles: fls. to % in. across, purplish-
brown.
TRICHOCfeREUS. Cactacex. More or less
branched columnar S. American cacti, erect or
procumbent, with ribs few to many and com-
monly very spiny: fls. nocturnal, funnelform.
Plants formerly named in Cereus. See Cacti.
Bertramianus. Solitary or cespitose, cylindrical, to
about 5K ft. tall and 1 ft. diam.; ribs 20, to ^ in. high,
pale green; spines pale yellow, radials 12, spreading later-
ally and basally, to 1 in. long, unequal, centrals 4, one to 3
in. long: fls. yellowish- white, to % in. long. N. Bolivia.
Brfdgesii (Cereus Bridgesii). To 15 ft., more or less
branching, somewhat glaucous; ribs 4-8 and obtuse; spines
yellowish and 2-4 in. long: fls. 2 in. and more loug, prob-
ably white or whitish. Bolivia.
candican* (Cereus candicana and gladiatus). Making
Trichocereus
738
Trichopilia
large flumps to 10 ft. across, joints erect or spreading to 2
ft.; ribs 9-U; spines awl-like, the radials 10 or more,
centrals several and to 4 in. long: fls. white, fragrant, to 6
in. long. Argentina.
cephalomacrostibas (Cereus cephalomacrostibas). To 7
ft. tall, clump-forming; ribs 7-^8, broad, areoles close to-
gether, radials 0-8, about \1A in. long; centrals usually 3,
to 5 in. long, pungent: fls. white, to 5 m. long, their areoles
very woolly. S. Peru.
cephalopasacana. Similar to T. pasacana from which it
differs in it« smaller and more profusely branched habit and
with tops of the fl.-sts. densely woolly. N. Argentina.
chilo£nsis (Cereus chiloensis and Funkii). Commonly
with erect right-angled branches, to 25 ft., columnar; ribs
16 or 17 and divided into tubercles; radials 8-12; central 1:
fls. white, tinged red outside, 5 in. or more long. Chile.'
coquimbanus (Cereus coquimbanus) . To 3 ft. or some-
times prostiate, branches 3 in. diam.; ribs 12-13; spines 20
and to 3 in. long, central spines several: fls. white, 4 in. long.
Chile.
cuzcoensis (Cereus cuzcoensis). To 18 ft., much branched;
ribs 7-8; spines numerous and stiff and to 2% in. long: fls.
white, flagrant, 5 in. long. Peru.
fascicularis (Cereus fascicularia and Weberbaueri) .
Forming large clusters to 12 ft. high; ribs 16; spines numer-
ous and to 2J£ in. long: fls. greenish or brownish, pinkish
out-side, 4 in. long. Peru, Chile.
hua'scha (Cereus huascha). Erect or ascending, branch-
ing from bnse, to 3 ft. tall and 4 in. diam.; ribs 12-18, about
^ in. high, obtuse, areoles very close together; spines
numerous, radials to £g in. long, the 4-6 centrals to 2^j in.
long: fls. red to yellow, to 4 in. long. N. Argentina.
Kuuthianus: listed name.
lamprochlorus (Cereus lamprochlorus) . Columnar, single,
or branched at base, to 6 ft. high and 3 in. thick; ribs 10-17;
radials 11-14; centrals 4: fls. white, red outside, 8 in. or
more long. Argentina.
litoralis (Cereus htoralis). Differs from T. chiloensis in
the prostrate habit of the sts. which form large clumps,
short spines, and tube of fl. covered with long dark hairs.
Chile.
macrogdnus (Cereus macrogonus). Tall, bluish-green,
rather slender; ribs commonly 7; spines needle-like and
brown and several from an areole: fls. white. S. Amer.
Pachandi. To 18 ft, branches upright; ribs 6-8; spines
few or none and J^ in. long: fls. white, reddish-brown out-
side, to 10 in. long, very fragrant and night-blooming.
Kcuador.
pasacana (Cereus and Cephalocereus pasacana). To 30 ft.
and more, columnar, simple or sparingly branched; ribs
20-38 arid low; spines yellow, to 5 or 6 in. long: fls. 4 in.
long, white. Bolivia, Argentina. Vars. albicephala and
senilis are listed.
peruvianus. To 12 ft., with branches 8 in. diam.; ribs
6-8; spines 10 and to 1 >S in. long and stiff: fls. white, large.
Peru.
poco. Similar to T. pasacana, differing in its smaller
habit and spines, and in having red fls. Bolivia and Argen-
tina.
Schlckendantzii (Echinopsia Schickendantzii). To 10 in.
high and 2}^ in. diarn., often cespitose; ribs 14-18; radial
spines 9 or more and to H in- long; centrals 2-8: fls. white,
8 in. long. Argentina.
Shaferi. Cespitose, to 20 in. tall and 5 in. diam.; ribs
about 14, to % in. high, light green; spines usually 10, to
% in. long, slender, light yellow: fls. white, to 7 in. long.
Argentina.
Spachianus (Cereua Spachianus). Upright, eventually
branching at base, branches parallel with main st., to 3 ft.
high; ribs 10-15; radials 8-10; central 1: fls. white, about
8 in. long. W. Argentina.
strigftsus (Cereus strigosus). Forming clumps to 3 ft.
across, branches 2 in. diarn. and very spiny; ribs 15-18;
spines numerous and to 2 in. long: fls. white, 8 in. long.
Argentina. Var. longispinus has very long spines, red when
young.
tareje'nsis: listed name.
tephracanthus ^(Cereus, Eriocereua and Roseocereua
tephracanthus). Erect, to 5 ft. tall and 2H in. diam.,
branching at base; ribs 8, obtuse, wide; radials about 7, to
% in. long, stout, whitish; central 1, to % in. long: fls.
greenish-white, to 7 in. long. Bolivia. — Slow growing.
Tersch6ckii (Cereua Terscheckn) . To 40 ft., with woody
trunk and many blanches to 8 in. diam.; ribs 8-14; spines
8-15 and to 3 in. long: fls. white, 8 in. long. Argentina.
Var. montanus is listed.
thelegonoides (Cereus thelegonoidea) . Trunk to 18 ft.
high and 7 in. diam., branches curved and 3 in. diam.; ribs
15; spines 8-10 and bristle-like: fls. white, greenish outside,
to 10 in. long. Argentina.
thelegdnus (Cereus thelegonus). Procumbent or with
erect branches, ste. to 3 ^j ft. long and cylindric and to 3 in.
diam.; ribs 12 or 13, divided into 6-sided tubercles; radials
6-8; central 1: fls. white, about 8 in. long.
uyupampensis. Cylindrical, usually branching, to 7 ft.
long and 1^ in. diam.; ribs 9, flat; radial spines 8-10, ir-
regularly arranged, somewhat swollen at base; centrals
usually 2, to ^ in. long: fls. white inside, reddish outside.
8. Peru.
yollianus. Erect, to 4 in. diam.; ribs 13, obtuse, about
% in. high, bright green, areoles about 1 in. apart; radial
spines 8-11, to H in. long, slender, pungent; central 1, to 1
in. long, yellowish: fls. white, to H m. long. Bolivia*
Werdermannianus. Sts. to 2 ft. diam., branches to 6 in.
thick; ribs about 13, areoles white-felted; radial spines 8;
central 1: fls. white. S. Bolivia.
TRICHODIADfeMA. Aizoacess. Formerly in-
cluded in Mesembryanthemum (which see): S.
Afr.: shrub-like small plants, with somewhat
cylindric Ivs. that are barbed at end with surface
cells slightly prominent and elongated: fls. soli-
tary, short-stalked, medium size or small; stig-
mas 5-8.
barbatum (M. barbatum). To 4 in. high, branches to 1%
ft. long, decumbent and tortuous: Ivs. scattered, % in. long:
fls. reddish, 1 in. across, axillary and terminal, petals much
exceeding calyx.
bulbdsum (M. bulbosurri). To 8 in., forming thick clumps
with prostrate branches. Ivs. to H in. long and ^ in. thick,
papillose, crowned with white hairs: fls. led, % in. across.
d6nsum (M. densum). To 3 in.: Ivs. to % in. long and
K in. thick, crowned with long radiating white hairs: fls.
violet-red, 2 in. across.
int6nsum (M. intonaum). Lvs. to ^ in. long and ^ in.
thick, papillose, edges cihate, with brown bristles at tip:
fls. pink or whitish, % in. acioss.
mirabile (M. mirabile). To 3 in., sts. white-bristly: Ivs.
to 1 in. long and ^ m. thick, with dark brown bristles: fla.
white, petals % in. long.
setuliferum (M. setuliferum). Branches prostrate, 1 ft.
long: Ivs. to 1}4 in. long and K in. thick, papillose, with
tuft of white hairs at apex: fls. violet-red.
stellatum (M. stellatum). To 4 in.: Ivs. % in. long and
Vg in. wide, papillose, with stiff white bristles at apex: fls.
bright violet-red, 1 in. across.
stelligerum (M. stelhgerum) . Shrubby, much branched:
Ivs. to *A in. long and ^ m. thick, shining, papillose, with
white or brownish bristles at tip. fls. purple-red.
vittatum: perhaps Nananthus vittatus.
TRICHOL^SNA. Graminex. Mostly per.
grasses with silky-hairy spikelets on slender
stalks forming panicles; native in warm parts of
Old World and one grown in the S. for forage and
ornament and nat. See Grasses.
atropurpurea: T. roaea var.
rdsea (T. violacea. Panicum tonauni), NATAL-GRASS.
RUBY-GRABS. To 4 ft., grown as aim.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and
% in. wide: panicles to 10 m. long, open, pink or reddish-
brown, attractive, shining. S. Afr. Var. atropurpurea
(T. atropurpurea) has purplish-red panicles.
violacea: T. roaea.
TRICHOPETALUM GRACILE: Bottionea thyaanoloide*.
TRICHOPfLIA. Orchidacedt. Epiphytes of
trop. Amer., with 1-1 vd. pseudobulbs and fls. on
lateral nodding or erect scapes, the sepals and
petals similar, the lip entire or 3-lobed, rolled
around the column. Grown in a temperate
greenhouse; see Orchids.
coccinea: T. marginata.
erf spa. Lvs. to 8 in. long: infl. usually 2-fld.; fls. nearly
5 in. across when expanded; sepals and petals similar,
linear-lanceolate, wavy but not twisted, red, often with a
yellowish-white border; lip purple-crimson in throat and
lighter above. Apr .-June. Cent. Amer.
fragrans. Pseudobulbs slender, to 6 in. high: If. oblong-
elliptic or oblong, acute, to 11 in. long: infl. erect or pendent,
to 1 ft. long, usually 2-5-fld.; sepals and petals white or
greenish-white; lip pure white with an orange-yellow blotch
at base, fragrant. Dec.- Jan., May-July. W. Indies,
Colombia, Venezuela.
Galeottiana. Lvs. to about 7 in. long: infl. 1-2-fld.;
sepals and petals similar, flat, pale yellowish-green; lip
Trichopilia
739
Trifolium
fight yellow with a darker yellow throat often dotted with
reddish spots. July-Sept. Mex.
gigantea: listed name.
marginata (T. coccinea). Lvs. elliptic-oblong, to about
12 in. long: inn. 1-3-fld.; sepals and petals similar, more or
less twisted, pale brown or reddish, maigined with green or
white; lip whitish on outer surface, crimson within. Costa
Rica, Panama.
suavis. Lvs. elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, to 16 in.
long and 4 in. wide: infl. 1-5-fld.; sepals and petals similar,
cream-white sometimes spotted with pale rose, more or less
wavy on margin; lip white spotted with lilac, throat spotted
with orange-yellow., Dec.-May, Oct. Cent. Amer.
t6rtilis. Lvs. to 8H in. long and about \% in. wide: infl.
1-2-fld.; sepals and petals similar, much twisted, purplish-
brown or dull rose with greenish-yellow border; lip white
with central part yellowish and spotted with purplish-
brown. Feb.-June, Sept.-Dec. Cent. Amer.
TRICHOSANTHES. Cuturbitacex. Tendril-
bearing aim. and per. monoecious or dioecious
herbs of trop. Asia and Australia and Polynesia,
one much grown in some countries: fls. white,
pistillate usually solitary and staminate usually
racemose: fr. fleshy, mdehiscent, of various
shapes.
Anguina (T. colubrina). SERPENT, SNAKE or CLUB
GOURD. Climbing or long-running monoecious ann.: Ivs.
broad-ovate to triangular-ovate, to 9 in. long, sometimes
shaltowly 3-lobed: fls. deeply and finely lacmiate, the
staminate long-stalked: fr. 1-6 ft. long and very slender,
mostly curved or coiled unless hanging from a support.
India, and there grown for the edible fr., with us as a curi-
osity.
colubrina: T. Anguina.
cucumeroldes. Dioecious: sta. 10-15 ft. long from a
tuberous root: Ivs. ovate, 3-5-1 obed or sometimes nearly
entire, villous at least underneath, margins undulate or
crenulate. staminate fls. in racemes; pistillate on very short
slender peduncles: fr. ovoid, 2-3 in. long, cinnabar-red.
Japan.
jap6nica. Sts. slender, long, branching, plant glabrous:
Ivs. ovate, shallowly 3-5-lobecl, margins entue or dentic-
ulate: staininate fls. few in a laceme; pistillate on peduncles
1-2 in. long. fr. ovoid but tapering either way, about 3 in.
long, yellowihh-green. Japan.
TRICHOSMA SUAVIS: Eria coronaria.
TRICHOSPORUM (jEschynanthus) . Gesneri-
aceze. Woody climbers with mostly opposite
Ivs., 2-lipped tubular fls. solitary or in clusters,
and linear capsular frs. ; native in trop. Asia.
These plants should be grown in pans or baskets hung
to the rafters of a warm greenhouse. They require loose
open soil with fibrous material. Propagated by stem-cuttings
about 2 inches long having two leaves and another joint.
Boschianum. Lvs. ovate or oval, entire: fls. scarlet, 2 in.
long, pubescent, twice as long as calyx. Sumatra.
Lobbianum. Lvs. ovate, nearly entire: fls. scarlet with
yellow throat, pubescent, twice as long as purple calyx.
Java.
marmoratum (/£". zebrina). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate to
ovate, to 3H in. long, reddish-purple beneath: fls. green
spotted with brown, ciliate. Habitat unknown.
pulchrum. Lvs. broad-ovate, toothed: fls. scarlet with
yellow throat, glabrous, three times as long as calyx. Java.
TRICHOSTEMA. BLUE-CURLS. Labiate.
Herbs in N. Amer. with entire Ivs. and blue or
purple fls. in axillary cymes or racemes; some-
times planted in the wild- or rock-garden.
dichdtomum. Ann. to 2 ft., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 3 in. long, base cuneate: fls. blue, pink or
white, to % in. long, not densely woolly, paniculate. Me.
to Fla., Mo. and Tex.
lanatum. Per. to 4 ft., shrubby at base: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, to 2 in. long, revolute, tomentose beneath: fls.
% in. long, densely covered with blue or purple wool. S.
Calif.
TRICUSPIDARIA: Crinodendron.
TRICtRTIS (Compsoa). TOAD-LILY. Liliacese.
E. Asian per. herbs with short or sometimes
creeping rootstocks, alternate sessile or clasping
Ivs. and bell-shaped spotted fls., the perianth-
segms. distinct ; grown in pots or partially hardy
out-of-doors in the N. Propagated by division.
afflnis. Erect, 1-4 ft., hirsute: Ivs. oblong to ovate-
oblorig, nearly or quite sessile, ciliate and pubescent, fls.
white with purple spots or only rarely without spots, % in.
or leas long. Japan.
flava. Dwarf, slightly hairy: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: fls.
yellow, not spotted, in racemes. Japan.
hirta (T. japomca). To 3 ft., hauy all over: Ivs. ovate, to
6 in. long: fls. whitish spotted inside with purple and black,
1 in. long, several together in axils. Japan.
japdnica: T. hirta.
macr6poda. To 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong, to 5 in. long, slightly
pubescent beneath: fls. pale purple minutely spotted with
purple, ^ in. long, in terminal corymbs. China, Japan.
Var. striata has Ivs. striped green and white,
stolonffera. To 2 ft., stoloniferous, st. hairy becoming
glabrous: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, cihate, ends
tapering, glabrous except on nerves beneath: fls. puiple
with cream-colored blotches within, 1 in. long, in lax
terminal corymbs. Japan.
TRtDAX. Composite. Small herbs of trop.
Amer., with opposite Ivs. arid long-stalked heads
of white, pink or yellow ray-fls. and yellow disk-
fls.; pappus of scales or awns. Occasionally
grown in the flower-garden.
trilobata. Ann. to 1 ft.: Ivs. 3-lobed or toothed: heads
yellow, about 1 in. across. Mex.
TRIENTALIS. STAKFLOWER. Primulacex.
Small per. herbs of the northern hemisphere,
sometimes grown in the wild-garden: Ivs. mostly
clustered at top of st.: fls. white or pink, wh'eel-
shaped, 1-3 on slender pedicels.
americana: T. boreahs.
a re tic a: T. europsea var.
borealis (T. americana). To 9 in.: Ivs. in a whorl of
5-10, lanceolate, to 4 in. long: fls. % in. across, on stalks to
2 in. long. Lab. to Vu. and III.
europaea. To 8 in.: Ivs. scattered, obovate, to 2}$ in.
long: Qs. to ^4 in. across. Ku., Asia. Var. drctica (T.
arctica), low form with smaller Ivs. and white fls. Var.
latifdlia (T. latifoha), Ivs. in clusters of 4-7, fls. white to
rose- red.
latifdlia: T. europaea var.
TRIFOLIUM. CLOVER. Leguminosse. Ann.,
bien. and per. herbs with mostly digitate Ivs. of
3 Ifts., small papilionaceous fls. in dense heads or
spikes, and small pods usually inclosed by the
calyx; fls. red, purple, pink, yellow, white.
The genus furnishes valuable forage and cover-crop
plants in the species T. alexandnnum, hybridum, incarnatum,
medium, pratense, repens, some kinds may be grown for
ornament. Propagated by seed sown broadcast, m early
spring. See Clooer. Alyce clover is Alysicarpus.
agr&rium. Ann. to 1M ft.: Ifts. obovate or oblong: fls.
yellow, in oblong heads. Eu.; nat. in E. U. S.
alexandrinum. BKRBEKM. EGYPTIAN C. Ann. to 2 ft.:
Ifts. oblong: fls. white or yellowish- white, in globular heads.
Egypt, Syria.
aloe's tre. To 1 ft. or more: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: fls.
purple, in globular heads. Eu., W. Asia.
alpinum. Per. to 4 in.: Ifts. lanceolate: fls. rod, rarely
yellowish-white, in loose heads. Mts. of Eu.
arv£nse. Ann. to \Y^ ft.: Ifts. linear or oblanoeolate:
fls. whitish, in oblong heads. Eu., N. Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
atropurpureum: T. repens var.
dasyphyllum. Tufted per. to 4 in.: Ifts. linear-oblong:
fls. with pale yellow standards and dark purple wings and
keel, in globose heads. Mts., Colo.
filif6rme. Diffuse ann. about 6 in. high: Ifts. obovate:
fls. yellow, in few-fld. heads. Eu.
hybridum. ALSIKE C. Per., with erect or lopping sts. to
2 ft. high: Ifts. ovate: fls. pink, in globular heads. Eu.;
nat. in U. S.
incarnatum. CRIMSON C. Ann. to 3 ft.: Ifts. broadly
obovate: fls. crimson, in oblong spike-like heads. Eu.;
nat. in U. S.
medium. ZIGZAG C. Per. to 1 ft., with creeping rootstock,
the sts. zigzag: Ifts. elliptic to oblong; stipules narrow at
base and pointed: fls. deep purple, in globular heads; calyx
glabrous outside. Eu.
Trifolium
740
Triphasia
minus: a form of T. repena.
montanum. Per. to 1H ft.: Mte. linear-lanceolate: fls.
white. Eu.
nanum. Tufted per. to 3 in.: Ifts. Imear-oblanceolate, to
•3-8 in. long, usually 3, minutely denticulate: fls. rose to
reddish -purple, usually 1 3 in head, peduncles to 1% in.
lontJf. Mont., Colo and Utah.
Parryi. Low tufted per.: Ifts. oval, sharply denticulate,
to 1% in. long: fls. purple, with conspicuous bracts, pe-
duncle 2-0 in. long. Wyo., Colo, and Utah.
pratSnse. RED C. Per. to 2 ft. without rootstock: Ifts.
oval to obovate; stipules broad at base and awned: fls.
rose-purple or rarely white, in globular heads; calyx hairy
outside. Eu.; nat. in U. 8. Var. foli6sum, OREL C., is a
very leafy race. Var. per£nne, a more or less indefinite
name for forms of T. pintense. Var. serdtinum, MAMMOTH
HED C., late-flowering robust race.
repens. WHITE C. Per., sts. creeping to 1 ft.: Ifts.
obcordate: fls. white, in globular heads. Eu.; nat. in U. 8.
Var. atropurpureum (T. atropurpureum), Ifts. deep bronzy
red with green margin. Var. purpureum, Ifts. bronzy-purple.
resupinatum (7'. suareolens) . Ann., trailing or diffuse:
Ifts obovate: fls. purple, in globular heads. Greece to
Persia.
rubens. Per. lo 2 ft.: Ifts. narrowly oblong: fls. purplish-
red, in spike-like usually twin heads. Eu.
suaveolens: '/'. resupinatum.
unifldrum. Tufted creeping per.: Ifts. ovate: fls. with
blue standard and purple wings and keel, solitary. S. E. Eu.
TRIGONlSLLA. Lcguminosse. Herbs occasion-
ally grown for forage or ornament, with trif olio-
late Ivs., papilionaceous fls., and beaked pods.
Propagated by seeds.
caerulea (Mehlotua c&rulea), Ann. to 2 ft.: fls. blue and
white, in long-stalked heads: pods short with long beak. Eu.
Fdfenum-Grflfecum. FENUOHEEK. Ann. to 2 ft : fls. whit-
ish, 1 or 2 together: pods long and slender with long beak,
the seeds having medicinal value: employed in Medit.
region for forage. S. Eu., Asia.
TRIGONIDIUM: Lselia monophylla.
TRlLISA. Composite. Erect per. alternate-lvd.
herbs of K. N. Ainer., sometimes transferred to
grounds, separated from Liatris largely on the
character of involucre and the corymbose or
paniculate infl.
odoratissima (Liatris odoratissirna). CAROLINA VANILLA.
To 3 ft , with fibrous root: Ivs oblong to spatulate, entire
or toothed, to 10 in. long: heads rose-purple, without rays,
in autumn. N. C. to Fla. ami La. — Herbage vamlla-scentecl
when bruised.
paniculata (Liatris paniculata). Differing from the
above chiefly in the sticky-pubescent sts.: fls. purple or
white. Va. to Fla.
TRfLLIUM. Liliacey. Attractive low per.
herbs of woods, with short thick rootstocks and
simple sts. bearing at the top 3 broad whorled
Ivs. and a solitary white, pink or purplish fl., the
perianth-scgms. distinct, the 3 outer green and
persistent; planted in the wild-garden or border
tor the early spring bloom. Odd forms occur in
nature.
Trilliums require fertile moist soil in partial shade.
Roots may bo transplanted from the wild, preferably after
flowering. Propagated also by seeds.
Catesbeei. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. elliptic or oval: fls. pink or
rose, on nodding pedicels to 2 in. long. N. C. to Ga. and
Ala. — T. dechnatum of Fla. to Ala. is closely allied to this
species, has more oblong Ivs. and is not known to be cult.
ce'rnuum. To \Yi ft.: Ivs. broadly rhombic-ovate, to
5 in. long, sessile: fls. white, 1 in. long, drooping on peduncles
to 1M in. long. Newf. to Ga. and Mo.
chlorop6talum (T. sessile var. calif ornicum) . To 1H ft.:
Ivs. round-ovate, to 6 in. long, mottled: fls. maroon to
greenish-yellow or white, to 4 in. long, sessile. Wash, to
Calif.
dec Una turn: the material in cult, under this name is
T. Gleasonii; see also T. Catesbaei.
discolor. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oval, mottled: fls. greenish, the
petals broad-apatulate, sessile. N. C. to Ga.
er£ctum. To 1 ft. or more: Ivs. broadly rhombic-ovate,
to 7 in. long: fls. brown- or greenish-purple, 1 in. long,
nearly erect on peduncles to 4 in. long. N. S. to N. C. and
Tenu. Var. Album has white fls.
erythrocarpum: T. undulatum.
Gleasonii (T. declinatum of authors). To 15 in.: Ivs.
broad-rhombic, to 5 in. long: fls. white, to 2 in. long, on
declined or spreading pedicels to 2% in. long. N. Y. to
Minn, and Mo.
grandifldrum. To \^A ft.: Ivs. broadly rhombic-ovate,
to 6 in. long: fls. white fading to rosy -pink, to 3 in. long,
erect on peduncles to 3 in. long. Quo. to N. C. and Mo. —
Double- fid. forms are known.
Hugeri. To 10 in.: Ivs. orbicular or ovate, mottled: fls.
dark maroon or brown, sessile. N. C. to Fla. and Miss.
luteum. A form of T. sessile with greenish-yellow petals.
N. C., Tenn.
nivale. To 6 in.: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long: fls. white,
1 in. long, erect or drooping on peduncles to 1 in. long.
Pa. to Ky. and Neb.
ovatum. To 1H ft.: Ivs. rhombic-ovate, to 6 in. long:
fls. white fading to rose, 2 in. long, erect on peduncles to
3 in. long. B. C. to Calif.
petiolatum. To 0 in., the st. scarcely rising above the
ground: fls. purple, to 2 in. long, sessile. Ida.., Ore.
pusillum. To 8 in.: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate: fls. pink,
1 in. long, erect on peduncles H in- long. N. C., S. C.
recurvatum. To \1A ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong: fls. brown-
purple, 1 in. long, erect, sessile. Ohio to Miss, and Ark.
rivale. To 8 in.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fla white marked
with purple, to 1 in. long, erect on peduncles to 1 H m. long.
Ore., Calif.
rubrum: hort. name, probably for T. sessile var.
sessile. To 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate: fls. purple or green, 2 in.
long, erect, sessile. Pa. to Fla and Mias. Var. album, with
white fls , is listed. Var. calif6rnicum is T. chloropetalum.
Var. rubrum has red-purple fls.
simile. To 2 ft.: Ivs. oval: fls. cream or white, to 2 in.
long, on erect pedicels to 2}2 m long. N. C., Ga.
styldsum. To 1 H ft.: Ivs oval: fls. pink or rose, to 2% in.
long, drooping on pedicels to 2 in. long. N. C. to Ga. and
Ala.
undulatum (T. erythrocarpum). To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate: fls.
white veined purple, 1 \% in. long, erect or somewhat droop-
ing on peduncles to 2% in. long. N. S. to Ga. and Mo.
Vfcseyi. SWEET T. To 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-acuminate: fls.
reddish-purple, to 6 in. across, petals to 2 in. wide, filaments
to % in. long. Tenn. to 8. C --A white-fld. form is known.
viride. To 15 in.: Ivs. oblong or ovate, to 4 in. long,
often mottled: fls. pale or purplish-green, 2 in. long, sessile.
Tenn., Miss, to Kans.
TRIMfiZA (Trimezia). Iridaceae. Bulbous
herbs of trop. Arner., one intro. in S. Calif.:
perianth-segms. distinct, the 3 inner much
smaller than the 3 outer.
martinice'nsis (Cipura martinicensis) . To 2 ft.: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate: fls. in terminal clusters, yellow with
brown at base, % in. long. W. Indies, S. Amer.
TRIOSTEUM. HORSE GENTIAN. FEVERWORT.
Caprifoliaceds. Per. herbs of weedy habit some-
times transferred to grounds: Ivs. opposite,
entire, sessile: fls. yellowish or purplish, gamo-
petalous, solitary or clustered in the axils, not
showy : f r. a leathery drupe.
aurantlacum. To 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
to 10 in. long: fls. dull red, % in. long: fr. orange-red. N. B.
to N. C. and Mo.
perfoliatum. To 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oval, to 9 in. long,
often connate at base: fls. purplish, % in. long: fr. orange-
yellow. Mass, to Ky. and Kans.
TRIPETALftlA. Ericaceae. Japanese deciduous
shrubs, differing from Elliottia in fls. with 3
separate petals and 6 stamens; fr. a caps.; 2
species are known.
paniculata. To 7 ft.: Ivs. alternate, rhombic to rhombic-
ovate, to 2l/i in. long, tapering toward base, margins entire:
fls. white tinged pink, to % in. across, in terminal panicles
to 4 in. long.
TRIPHASIA. Rutaceae. Spiny evergreen shrub
or small tree grown far S. for ornament and
hedges. T. trifdlia (T. aurantiola). LIME-BERRY.
To 15 ft.: Ivs. nearly sessile, 3-foliolate, the
Triphasia 741
lateral Ifts. small, the terminal to 1J^ in. long,
all blunt or emarginate and more or less finely
crenate: fls. white, fragrant, solitary in axils;
stamens 6, not united: fr. a dull red berry ]/2 in.
diam. Origin unknown; probably Malayan. —
Propagated by seeds. T. monophylla is Severinia.
TRfPLARIS. Polygonacese. Trees or large
shrubs, native in trop. Amer., dioecious: Ivs.
large, alternate, simple, on the ovate, oblong,
lanceolate order: fls. relatively small, sessile or
nearly so between bracts in a spicate or racemose
infl.: fr. a 3-arigled nut.
americana. Tree to 30 ft. or more, with hollow branches:
Ivs. oblong to elliptic, to 15 in. long, acuminate: fls. in great
panicles, the pistillate ones red and showy: fr. falling with
a spinning motion. Cent. Amer. — Known as hormigo and
volador. Planted in S. Fla.
TRlPTERIS. Composite. Herbs or small
shrubs, mostly from 8. Afr., having glandular-
sticky and strong-scented herbage, heads of
both ray- and disk-fls., the achene without a
pappus but produced into a beak and broadly
3-winged.
hyoseroides. Probably ann., to \1A f t , somewhat
branched toward ton: lower Ivs. elliptic-oblong, to 5 in.
long, obtuse, obtusely sinuate, cuneate, st.-lvs. alternate,
oblong-linear, subentire, acute, finely pubescent: ray-fls.
2-3 times as long as involucre. S. Afr.
Vaillantii. Subshrub to 11A ft., glandular-hairy: st.-lvs.
oblong-lanceolate, toothed, half-clasping: heads yellow,
small. Arabia to Palestine.
TRIPTERtGIUM. Celastraccx. E. Asian de-
ciduous shrubs with large alternate petioled Ivs.,
polygamous small white fls. in terminal panicles,
and fr. a 1-seeded 3-winged samara.
Re'gelii. To 6 ft. or more, the branches long and lithe:
Ivs. celastrus-hke, wide-elliptic to ovate, blunt-serrate, to
6 in long: panicles to 10 in. long: fr. nearly orbicular in
outline and % in. or more across. Manchuria to Japan;
hardy N.
TRIS&TUM. FALSE OAT. Graminese. Per.
tufted grasses resembling oats and one species
sometimes planted for ornament: Ivs. flat:
spikelets borne in panicles, the florets awned:
widely distributed in temp, regions. See Grasses.
flavSscens (Arena flavcscens). To 2^ ft,: Ivs. to 5 in.
long and }<£ in wide: panicles to 5 in. long, yellow turning
brown, florets with long twisted awns. Eu., Asia; nat. in
Mo. and Kans.
spicatum. To 2 ft : differs from above in panicles dense
and usually spicate and pale to dark purple in color.
Arctic Amer. south to Pa., Minn., mta. of New Mex., and
Calif.; also alpine regions of Old World and S. Amer.
TRISTANIA. Myrtacex. Trees and shrubs
native in Malaya and Australia with simple Ivs.
alternate or whorled at ends of branchlcts, small
yellow or white fls. in axillary cymes, and capsu-
lar fr.; grown out-of-doors in warm regions.
Propagated by seeds or half-ripened cuttings
uncfer glass.
confe*rta. BRISBANE Box. To 150 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceo-
late, to 6 in. long: fls. white, % in. across: fr. % in. across.
Australia.
laurina. Small tree or shrub: Ivs. lanceolate or elliptic,
to 4 in. long: fls. yellow, }/$ in. long: fr. ^ in. across. Aus-
tralia.
TRITELEIA: Brodisea.
TRITERNATE: three times three; the leaflets or seg-
ments of a twice ternate leaf again divided in three parts.
TRITHRlNAX. Palmacex. A few species of
low or middle-sized hermaphrodite fan-palms of
trop. and S. Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina,
often cespitose, characterized by very strong
long spines terminating the stiff network of the
Tritonia
old If .-sheaths on the trunk: Ivs. more or less
orbicular in outline, firm, cut into many deep
segms.; the petiole unarmed, except perhaps a
few hard fibers at the base: spadix among the
Ivs., branched, the fls. solitary and sessile; sta-
mens 6: fr. globose, 1 in. or less diam., the perianth
somewhat enlarged but not prominent; seed 1.
The Trithrinaxes are somewhat planted in the
open in S. Calif, and probably elsewhere as
single specimens, interesting for their good habit
and vicious spines. See Palm.
acanthocoma. Trunk single and several ft. high, densely
clothed with deflexed slender but stiff spines 3-6 in. long
from the network base: Ivs. to 3 ft. across, green both sides
but lighter underneath, deeply cleft into some 40 finely
striate scgms. which are bifid for an in. or two at apex and
which droop on the lower Ivs.: fr. about */\ in, thick, with
short stigmatic point not centered. S. Brazil.
bras i lie1 ns is. Trunk single, to 12 ft. or more, clothed
with spines much as in the above species: Ivs. to 3 ft , stiff,
divided to about the middle, and the 30 or so segms. not
or scarcely drooping, green above and glaucescent under-
neath, the finely striate segms. bifid at the end 5-8 in. deep.
S Brazil to Paraguay.
campgstris. Trunk to 10 or 12 ft. but in cult, often long
remaining a mass of sword-like points with st. covered in
foliage, the sharp spines very stiff and strong and often
above G in. long: Ivs. 2-3 ft. across, gray-green, divided
nearly to base into 20 or more rigid spine-tipped segms that
are bifid 5-8 in.: fr. nearly 1 in. across, with a flexible ex-
terior. Argentina.
TRfTICUM. Graminex. Tall ann. or bien.
grasses with flat Ivs. and spikelets borne in
terminal close spikes; native in Medit. region
and W. Asia, and grown for the grain which is
the principal source of bread flour. By some
authors the species treated below are considered
to be varieties of T. sestivum. See Grasses.
sestlvum. WHEAT. Ann. to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 15 in. long and
1A in. wide: spikes to 4 in. long, awned or awnless: grains
J4 in. long, grooved. Cultigen; winter and spring wheat.
dicoccum. EMMEK. Differs from T. aestuum in having
dense awned or bearded spikes and each floret permanently
inclosing the grain.
monococcum. EINKORN. Spikelets long-awned and
flattened in slender spikes.
poldnicum. POLISH WHKAT. Glumes papery, as long aa
epiKelets.
Spelta. SPKLT. Spikes awned, slender, more or less
4-sided.
TRITOMA: Kniyhofui.
TRITONIA (Montbrctia). Iridacess. Cormous
herbs of S. Afr. having narrow Ivs. toward base
of st. and yellow, orange, red or white fls. in
simple or panicled spikes on sts. to 3 ft. high,
the perwntn with long or short tube.
Culture as for gladiolus; hardy in the North, and may be
left permanently or replanted each year from corms well
ripened and stored after the blooming period; plant 3 or 4
inches deep and 3-C inches or more apart.
crocata. Fls. tawny-yellow or orange-rod, 2 in. across.
Var. miniata, fls. bright red or scarlet; in Calif, gardens.
crocosmflefl6ra. Fls. orange-crimson, to 2 in. across, with
tube shorter or longer than segms. Hybrid of T. Pottsii
and Crocosmia aurea. Var. aurantiaca has deep orange fls.
detista. Differs from T. crocata in having a purple-black
blotch on claw of outer segnis.
hyalina. Differs from T. crocata in perianth-segma.
nan owed below into claw with in flexed hyaline margin.
lineata. Fls. white or pale pink, 1% in. long, anthers
protruding.
P6ttsii. Fls. bright yellow-red, 1 in. long, the tube twice
longer than segrns.
rosea. Fls. bright red spotted yellow at base, 1 in. long,
the tube as long as segms.
securigera. Pis. bright red, lower perianth-Begins, with
large callus at throat, 1 y% in. long.
squ&lida. Fls. white or pinkish with yellow blotch at
base of perianth-Begins.
undulata. To 1 ft.: Ivs. to 4 in. long, linear, glabroua,
margins strongly undulated: fls. pink, in lax spikes.
Trochodendracece
TROCHODENDRACE^E. TROCHODENDKON
FAMILY. Two genera from E. Asia, trees or
shrubs with alternate toothed Ivs. without
stipules, bisexual fls. without perianth, carpels
5 or more, and fr. a samara or follicle. The
family is closely associated with Cercidiphyl-
lacese, and once included in the Magnoliaceac.
Euptelea and Trochodendron are grown for
ornament.
TROCHODfiNDRON. Trochodendracese. Jap-
anese and Korean evergreen tree sometimes
planted in S. U. S. T. aralioides. To 60 ft.: Ivs.
obovate to lanceolate, to 6 in. long, wavy-toothed,
long-stalked, shining above: fls. bright green,
l/2 Jn- across, in racemes to 3 in. long: fr. brown,
3^ in. across.
TR6LLIUS. Ranuncvlacex. Per. herbs native
in the north temp, zone mostly in swampy or
low places, with thick fibrous roots, palmately
lobed or divided Ivs., usually solitary terminal
fls. in spring and early summer, having 5-15
petal-like sepals, 5 or more small petals, and
many stamens; spring.
Trollius requires moist soil. The species make attractive
spring-flowering chimps, in yellow and orange; useful for
borders. Propagated by seeds or division.
acaulis. To 6 in.: fls. lemon-yellow, 2 in. across, with 6-8
spreading sepals, the 12-16 petals shorter than stamens.
Himalayas.
albifl6ru8. To 1 ft.: fls. white, to 1 H in. across, with 5-7
spreading sepals, the petals shorter than sepals and stamens.
13. C. to Colo.
asiaticus (T. giganteus). To 2 ft. or more: fls. orange,
with 10 spreading sepals, the petals longer than stamens
but shorter than sepals. Siberia.
caucaslcus. To 3 ft.: fls. yellow, with 5-8 spreading
sepals, the 10 petals about length of stamens and shorter
than sepals. W. Asia.
chine'nsiB (T. sinensis). Tall: fls. yellow, with 12-13
spreading sepals, the 20 petals longer than stamens and
sepals. N. China.
dschungaVicus. Differs from T. europxus in the sepals
spreading, incuived and mucronate, also m fls. reddish
outside and golden-yellow within, and from T. asiaticua it
is distinguished by petals riot longer than stamens. Turke-
stan.
europ&us. GLOBE-FLOWKR, To 2 ft.: fls. lemon-yellow,
.to 2 in. across, globular, with 10-15 incurved obtuse sepals,
the petals about length of stamens and shorter than sepals.
Eu. Var. Ldddigesii has deep yellow fls. Var. napelltf6rmis
(T. napelliformis) has many-fld. sts. and deeply divided Ivs.
Improved forms are listed as grand ifldr us arid superbus.
F6rtunei: listed name, probably T. japonicus.
genuinus: a hort. varietal name under T. patulus but
including several other species.
giganteus: T. asiaticus.
hybridus: hort. name for improved strains of garden
hybrids.
jap6nicus. To 8 in. : fls. yellow, with 5-6 spreading sepals,
the petals longer than stamens. Japan. Var. fldre-pleno
has double fls.
laxus. To 2 ft., the sts. weak: fls. yellowish-green, to 2
in. across, with 5-7 spreading sepals, the 15-25 petals much
shorter than stamens. E. U. S., in bogs and swamps.
L6debouri. To 2 ft.: fls. yellow, with 5 spreading sepals,
the 10-12 petals longer than stamens but shorter than
sepals. Siberia.
napellif6rmia: T. europxus var.
patulus. To 1 ft. : fls. golden-yellow, with 5-7 spreading
sepals, the 1-5 petals about length of stamens and shorter
than sepals. W. Asia.
pumilus. To 1 ft.: fls. yellow, 1 in. across, with 5-6
spreading sepals, the 10-12 petals about length of stamens
but shorter than sepals. Himalayas. Var. yunnan6nsis is
taller, with 6-8 sepala and petals shorter than stamens.
W. China.
sine'nsis: T. chinensis.
yunnanSnsls: T. pumilua var.
TROP^OLUM. NASTURTIUM. The only genus
of Tropseolacex. Quick-growing soft herbs, often
742 Tsuga
climbing by means of coiling petioles, sometimes
with tuberous roots, having alternate Ivs.,
showy mostly yellow, orange or red irregular
fls. solitary on long axillary sts., one sepal pro-
duced into a slender nectar-spur, and fr. of 3
1-seeded carpels; native Mex. to Chile.
Nasturtiums are grown as annuals in warm sunny
situations. Seed may be sown where plants are to stand or
in early spring in boxes and pots and transplanted in May.
They are useful for cut-flowers arid the abundant foliage
covers rocks and brushy places acceptably. The plants are
frost-tender. The flower-buds and young seeds are some-
times picked and used as seasoning, under the name Indian
cress.
B6dgeri: hort. name for double-fid, race of T. majus.
canariense: T. peregrinum.
coccfneum: plants in trade under this name are prob-
ably T. majus var., although it is also a botanical synonym
for T. tricolor.
Lobbianum: T. peltophorum.
ma jus. GARDEN N. Climbing: Ivs. round or somewhat
kidney-shaped, peltate, on long petioles: fls. to 2% in.
across, of various colors, usually with a yellow or orange
background striped and spotted with red arid brown. S.
Amer. Var. Burpeei. GOLDEN GLEAM N. A patented race
of double-fld. plants. Var. nanum. TOM THUMB N. A
dwarf strain. Some of the named color forms are: atro-
purpureum, dark red; coccmeum, scarlet; Heinemannii,
chocolate; hemisphe'ricum, light yellow; luteum, yellow;
Regelianum, purple-violet; Scheuerianum, straw-colored.
minus. Dwarf, not climbing but more or less scrambling,
smaller than T. majus: fls. 1 % in. or less across. S. Amer.
nanum: T. majus var.
peltdphorum (T. Lobbianum). Climbing, hairy: Ivs.
round, peltate: fls. 1 in. long, orange-red. S. Arner.
pentaphyllum. Climbing, with tuberous root: Ivs.
divided into 5 Ifts.: fls. 1^ in. long, with largo red spur.
Argentina.
peregrinum (T. canariense). CANARY-BIRD-FLOWER.
Climbing: Ivs. deeply 5-lobed, peltate: fls. to 1 in. across,
canary-yellow with green curved spur. Probably Peru and
Ecuador.
poly phy Hum. Per., prostrate or climbing: Ivs. peltate,
orbicular, deeply divided into 7-9 narrow segms.: fls.
yellow streaked with red, smaller than T. majus. Chile.
Var. Leichtlinii is listed with longer more trailing sts. and
orange fls.
specidsum. Per., climbing: Ivs. divided into 6 Ifts.: fls.
to 1 H m. long, vermiliori-red. Chile.
tricolor. Per., climbing, with fleshy root: Ivs. divided
into 6 Ifts.: fls. 1 in. long, with vermilion spur, purplish
lobes and yellow petals. Chile.
tuberdsum. Climbing, with large underground tubers:
Ivs. 5-lobed, peltate: fls. to % in. long, with long red spur
and yellow petals. W. S. Amer., where the tubers are
prepared for eating.
TRUMPET-CREEPER: Campsis. -Flower: Bignonia
capreolata. -Vine: Campsis radicans.
TRUNCATE: appearing as if cut off at the end; the
base or apex nearly or quite straight across.
TStTGA. HEMLOCK. HEMLOCK-SPRUCE. Pin-
acese. Evergreen trees with slender horizontal
branches, linear usually flattened Ivs. with 2
white bands beneath, and small cones having
woody persistent scales; native in N. Amer. and
Asia. Numbers of variations are perpetuated by
asexual propagation and under names, not all
of which may be in commerce.
Hemlocks are valuable lawn trees, particularly as young
specimens; they are best when not too much exposed to
winter winds and winter sun. T. canadensis is the hardiest,
but most of the others stand in climates like that of central
New England. For cultivation see Conifers.
canadensis (Abies canadensis). Lvs. finely toothed,
obtuse or acutish: conea to % in. long, stalked. N. S. to
Ala. Hort. yars. are: albo-splca, tips of young branchlets
white; atr6virens, very dark green foliage; aurea, foliage
tinged yellow; compa'cta, dwarf conical form; Dawsoniana,
slow-growing and compact, foliage dark green; fastigi&ta,
narrow or columnar; Fre'mdii, pyramidal arid slow-growing,
foliage dark green; globosa, rounded and compact; gracilis,
branches drooping at ends, Ivs. very small; Hfissii, very
dwarf with short twiggy branches; Tenkinsii, narrow-
pyramidal with graceful declined branches and short Ivs.;
macropbjlla, Ivs. larger; micro phy lla, Ivs. % in. or leas long;
Tsuga 743
nana, dwarf form to 7 ft. high, branch spread greater than
height; parvif&lia, densely bushy, top of many ascending
eta. and open central crown, Ivs. small; pSndula (var.
Sargentii pendula), branches drooping, forming a dense
broad bush ; several named forms are offered.
caroliniana (Abies carohniana) . Lvs. entire, obtuse or
slightly notched at apex, glossy dark green above: cones to
1H in. long. Mts. of Va. to Ga. Var. compact a is a denser
round-topped form.
chine'nsis. Lvs. entire, notched at apex, glossy dark
green above, the bands beneath inconspicuous: cones to
1 in. long. W. China.
diversif61ia. JAPANESE H. Branches reddish-brown: Ivs.
entire, obtuse or notched: cones to % in. long. Japan.
dumdsa. Lvs. finely toothed, acute: cones 1 in. long.
Himalayas. — To be planted far S.
heterophylla. WESTERN H. Lvs. finely toothed, obtuse
or acutish: cones to 1 in. long. Alaska to Calif.
Hussii: T. canadensis var.
Jeffrey i. Hybrid between T. Mertensiana and T.
heterophylla.
macrophylla: T. canadensis var.
Mertensiana. MOUNTAIN H. Lvs. rounded or keeled,
bluish-green, acutish: cones to 3 in. long. Alaska to Calif.
Var. arg£ntea has bluish-white Ivs.
microphylla: T. canadensis var.
Sargentii: a weeping form, T. canadensis var. pendula.
Sieboldii. Branchlets glabrous: Ivs. entire, notched at
apex: cones to 134 in- long. Japan.
yunnan6nsis. Twigs densely pubescent: Ivs. entire,
obtuse: cones to 1 in. long. W. China.
TSUSIOPH^LLUM. Ericacex. A monotypic
half-evergreen genus distinguished from Rhodo-
dendron by the regular tubular corolla with
stamens not exserted. T. Tanakae. Prostrate
shrub to 20 in., branchlcts setose: Ivs. obovate-
elliptic, to J/2 in- long* apiculate, setose above,
glabrous and glaucous beneath except on mid-
rib: fls. white to pale pink, nearly % in. long,
corolla pubescent, with short spreading lobes.
Cent. Japan.
TUBEFLOWER: Clerodendrum Siphonanthus.
TUBER: a short congested part; usually denned as
subterranean (as of a rootstock), although this is not
essential.
TUBERCLE: a small tuber, or rounded protruding body.
TUBEROSE: Pohanthes tuberosa.
TULBAGHIA. Liliaceae. Per., sometimes cor-
mous, herbs of trop. and S. Afr. naving numerous
fls. in a terminal umbel, differing from Agapan-
thus in the fls. urn-shaped or salverform with
perianth-tube much longer and often cylindrical
with a corona present which may be ring-like or
formed of 6 distinct scales, the fr. a loculicidally
dehiscent caps.
Propagated by seeds and offsets, adapted to pot culture
in the North or may be grown in open in South in a light
sandy soil.
cepacea. To 1^ ft.: Ivs. linear, to 8 in. long and H in.
wide, usually only 4-6: fls. bright lilac, to H in. long, on
slightly shorter pedicels and in umbels of 6-12. S. Afr.
violacea. To 2K ft.: Ivs. erect, linear, to 1 ft. long,
acute, canaliculate at base, usually only 4-8: fls. bright
lilac, about % in. long, in umbels of 8-16, pedicels violet,
to IH m- l°n^L scgms. lanceolate with deeper colored
medium stripe. S. Afr.
Tulipa
TULIP: Tulipa. Globe-: Calochvrtus. Star-: Calo-
chortus monophyllu*. -Tree: Liriodendron.
TtlLIPA. TULIP. Liliaceas. Hardy spring-
blooming bulbs planted out-of-doors and forced
in the greenhouse, having basal and st.-lvs. and
bell-shaped or saucer-shaped mostly erect fls.
which are commonly solitary but sometimes 2-5
at top of st., the perianth-segms. distinct.
Common garden tulips are supposed to be of the species
Tulipa Gesneriana, native in Russia and Asia. Th« very
early tulips of the Due Van Thol kind are T. suaveolens,
of southwestern Asia and the Caspian region. The dragon
or parrot tulips are fringed and crisped forms of the common
tulip, T. Gesneriana var. Dracantia. The Darwin tulips are
a tall late-flowering robust race with clear colors, T. Ges-
neriana var. Darwinia. The Rembrandts are a sub-class of
Darwin tulips with variegated or particolored flowers. The
cottage tulips are an early or midseason class, in many
colors; the term is usually applied to the common tulips
that do not fall into other classes. The "breeder" tulips
are strains with self or unbroken colors although the base
of the segments may be vari-colored ; "broken" tulips have
parti-colored segments throughout; "bybloems" have white
under-color with markings of rose, lilac or purple; "bizarres"
have yellow under-color and red or brownish or purplish
over-colors. Tulips have wide range of color in all except
true blues, as also of shape of blossom, of stature, and of
season, allowing a wide choice to the planter. The bottom
of the flower-cup inside is likely to have darker blotches,
forming an "eye" when the flower is widely expanded.
Special bulb catalogues are useful in making selections.
Other species than T. Gesneriana and T. suaveolens are
more or less grown in borders or as curiosities, and they are
likely to be catalogued as "botanical tulips." They are
native from Europe to north Africa and Japan. Among
them are choice and interesting ornamental subjects, some
of them adapted to rock-gardens.
Tulips are planted in autumn as are other Holland
bulbs, usually in October in the North. The soil should be
deep, fertile and well drained. The bulbs may sit 4 to 6
inches below the surface (depending somewhat on size and
soil) and 4 to G or 8 inches apart (conditioned on the size
and variety). For uniform results in height and blooming
season, see that the bulbs ore graded to one size and are
set in one kind of soil at the same depth ; in making pattern
beds, is is well to remove the earth, firm the unaer-soil,
place the bulbs carefully, then cover with earth without
disturbing them. Mulch freely for winter. After two or
three years the tulip plot becomes crowded and it is well
to take up the bulbs after the leaves have ripened and
replace the best ones. For pattern beds, the bulbs are set
each year. Tulips open fully in sunshine, but as the outside
of the flower is colored and the cup is attractive in shape at
any stage, the plants are serviceable at all hours.
Tulips force readily. Strong bulbs are placed in pots or
boxes in autumn, set in a frame or other outdoor area and
covered a few inches with mulch of leaves, litter or even
light earth until the pots are well filled with roots which
will be in four to six weeks. Five or six bulbs of the usual
single forcing kinds may be placed in a 6-inch pot or pan,
ana six to eight in a 7-inch pot; the bulbs are covered to the
tip. When well rooted, pots may be brought to a fairly
warm building until growth is well started, when they may
be placed in the conservatory or living-room; it is well to
have a sufficient supply so that pots may be brought in
every ten days or two weeks for succession. The best
season for bloom is after the holidays till spring. Early
tulips are sometimes bloomed in water glasses, for which see
hyacinth, although they are not so popular as that flower for
this method of culture. After blooming in the house, the
bulbs are discarded, although they are sometimes trans-
ferred to the border and may recover after a year or two.
Propagation of tulips is usually effected by the natural
increase of the bulbs by means of offsets or young bulbs;
these planted by themselves produce a blooming bulb in
one or two years. Expert propagators stimulate the for-
mation of offsets by cutting the bulb. Seeds may be em-
ployed, if one desires to produce new kinds; two or three
years are required.
acuminata (T. cornuta. T. stenopetala). TURKISH T.
Medium height, 12-18 in.: Ivs. rather narrow, undulate:
fl. expanded, light yellow with red lines, segms. very long
narrow-pointed. Probably Turkey. — Perhaps a form of
the T. Gesneriana group. Midseason.
australis {T. Celsiana). Medium: Ivs. channelled: fl.
yellow, reddish outside, nodding in bud, segms. acute.
France tc Algeria. — Mulseason.
Batalinii. Low, 5 or 6 in.: Ivs. very narrow: fl. pale
yellow, segms. obtuse or nearly so and sometimes cut near
apex: Ivs. very narrow. Bokhara. — Early.
bifldra. Small plant with 2 or 3 very narrow Ivs.: fls.
2, small, pale yellow or whitish inside tinged reddish or
purplish outside, segms. acute. Asia. — Early to midseason.
Var. turkestanica. Larger, Ivs. broader: fls. often 4 or 6 to
stem. Var. major is listed.
Billiettiana. Robust with broad Ivs.: fl. bright yellow,
flushed, segms. sharp. Italy. — Late.
Boissieri: T. montana.
Borszcz&wii: probably T. Kolpakowskiana.
carinata. Fl. dark red with lighter base, segms. scute:
Ivs. about as long as scape and somewhat undulate. Prob-
ably of hort. origin. — Midseason.
Celsiana: T. australis.
chrysantha. To 6 in.: Ivs. glaucous and recurved, the
upper ones very narrow: fl. medium, bright yellow, the
outer segms. acuminate. Persia. — The name is also likely
to be applied to a golden-fld. garden tulip.
Tulipa
Clusiana. Medium: bulb small and hairy: Ivs. narrow:
fl. small, white or yellowish with purple base, fragrant,
segms. more or less acute. Portugal to Persia. — Midseason.
cornuta: T. acuminata.
dasystemon. Small and small-fld., 3-^i in. high: fls.
usually seveial, yellow, segms. edged white and greenish
on back, narrow: Ivs. glaucous. Turkestan.
Didieri. Medium: Ivs. undulate: fl. large, bright crimson
with blotch m bottom, outer segms. reflexed. S. Eu. — Runs
into several forms. Var. Mauriana has narrower and slightly
undulate Ivs. : fls. brilliant red with yellow blotch.
Eichleri. Low, 6-10 or 12 in. with broa4 long-pointed
Ivs.: fl. large, deep scarlet with blue-black bottom, segms.
obtuse but mucronate. S. W. Asia.
elegans. To 18 in., st. pubescent: Ivs. lorate-lanceolate,
arising from lower half of st. : fl. scarlet with yellow base,
to 3^ in. long, uniform segms. gradually narrowed to acute
point. A garden plant not known from the wild and re-
ported to be a hybrid between T. acuminata and T. suaveo-
lens. Var. alba is listed as a white-fld. form.
flava: hort. tulip said to be very robust with yellow fls.
florentina: T. syhestns.
formdsa: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
f Fosteriana. Robust: Ivs. very broad: fl. very large,
intense crimson and darker in bottom. Turkestan.
fulgens: T. Gesneriana.
galatica. To 8 in., tunic of bulb silvery -hairy inside:
Ivs. 4, linear-lanceolate, to 8 in. long, acuminate: fl. pale
yellow, campanulate, inner segms. rounded, spatulate,
outer ones elliptic to oblong-elliptic, anthers golden-yellow.
Asia Minor.
Gesneriana (T. fulgens). COMMON T. Stout plant, to
18 or 24 in., and mostly bioad ample Ivs.: fl. white, red,
yellow, often variously marked, segms. broad and obtuse
but often with a mucro. Armenia, Persia. Var. ixioides
is listed as having fls. of soft canary-yellow with black
center. Var. lutea, fl. yellow. Var. rdsea, fl. rose. Var.
gpathulata, fl. larger, brilliant red with purple blotch at
base of segms.
Greigii. Low, 12 in. or less, with broad dark colored
undulate Ivs. : fl. orange-scarlet with dark yellow-margined
blotch in bottom, the segms. broad, often cuspidate.
Turkestan. — Eai ly .
Grullemannii. A strain resulting in a cross between a
Darwin tulip and T. Kaufmanniana.
Hageri. Low, about 6 in., with narrow acute Ivs.: fls.
1 or 2, usually led with darker bottom, segms. narrow and
acute. Greece. — Early.
humilis. To 5 in. or less: Ivs. 2 or 3, linear: fl. small,
pale purple inside but yellowish in bottom, outside reddish-
green, segrns. narrow and acute. Persia.
fngens. Low, 12 in. or less, with broad hairy Ivs.: fl.
very Targe, vermilion with dark bottom, segms. obtuse but
mucronate. Bokhara. — Early.
Kaufmanniana. Beautiful tulip usually 5-10 in. high
with very broad short acuminate Ivs.' fl. large and open,
creamy-white or light yellow with yellow center and car-
mine marks, segms. obtuse. Turkestan. Var. a urea, fl.
golden-yellow, banded crimson, segms. long-acuminate. —
Early.
Kolpakowskiana. Low, with narrow pointed Ivs.: fl.
yellow, often reddish or purple outside, segms. narrow and
mostly acute. Tuikestan. — Early. T. Borszczowii probably
belongs here.
kuschke"nsis. To 14 in.: fl. vermilion-red with large
black blotches. Turkestan.
lanata. Dwarf: fl. goblet-shaped, rich vermilion with
large black spot at base of segms. Bokhara.
linif&lia. Low, 10 in. or less, with very narrow grass-like
Ivs.: fl. medium size, crimson with bluish bottom, segms.
short, acute. Bokhara. — Early.
lutea. To 1 ft. or more: Ivs. somewhat falcate, to 14 in.
long, erect, pale green, margins undulate and somewhat
ciliate: fl. yellow, campanulate, perianth erect, segms.
oblong-ovate, on slender glabrous scape. Galatia. Var.
major is offered.
Marjotettii. Slender, 18-24 in., with narrow and acumi-
nate Ivs.* fl. yellowish with broad purple-margined short-
acute segms. Savoy. — Midseason.
Mauriana: T. Didieri var.
Micheliana. To 1 ft., with wayv very glaucous Ivs. often
striped brown: fl. large, vermilion-scarlet tinged outside
with lilac, black spots at base of segms. S. W. Asia.
montina (T. Roissien). To 8 in.: Ivs. long-pointed,
glaucous: fl. deep crimson with paler outside, 2 in. across,
outer aegms. acute. Persia, Afghanistan.
Oculug-s&lis. Tall, with rather broad acute Ivs.: fl.
large, bright red with large black yellow-margined bottom,
Begins, acute. S. Eu. — Early.
744
Tunica
Orphanfdea. Low, slender, 12 in., the long narrow Ivs.
equalling or exceeding scape: fl. yellow and tinted, with
narrow very acute segms. Greece. — Early.
patens (T. persica). Low, mostly 9 in., or less, with
narrow often curved Ivs.: fls. 1-3, whitish or yellowish with
yellow bottom, fragrant, segms. narrow and obtuse or
nearly so. Siberia. — Midseason.
persica: T. patens.
polychr6ma. Dwarf, with narrow acute Ivs. exceeding
the very short scape: fl. vari-colored, yellowish and purplish,
segms. very acute. Persia. — Early.
prafecox. Leafy, Ivs. broad at base and long-pointed, st.
12-18 in.: fl. red or scarlet with purplish bottom, segms.
acute or cuspidate. S. Eu. to Asia. — Early.
prsestans. Medium, 12-18 in., with broad short-pointed
Ivs.: fl. light red, segms. nearly or quite obtuse but cuspi-
date. Bokhara. Var. Tubergenii has sts. of 2-5 fls. each. —
Early.
primulina. Low, 12 in. or less: Ivs. very narrow: fl. pale
primrose, fragrant, segms. narrow and acute. Algeria.
pulchella. Very low, 6 in. or less: Ivs. riairow, next the
ground: fl. mauve-red, yellow in bottom, seems, acute.
S. W. Asia.
retrofl£xa. Supposed to be a hybrid between T. Gesner-
iana and T. acuminata: fl. yellow, darker at base.
rubra mdxima: T. Gesneriana form.
saxatilis. Medium, 12-18 in.: Ivs. narrow: fls. usually 2,
mauve with yellow bottom, fragrant, Begins, acute. Crete.
sharonensis. Stemless, or st. subterranean, to 3 in.: Ivs.
narrowly linear to lanceolate, often overtopping the fl.,
margins wavy and ciliate, circulate at tip: fl. solitary,
crimson with black spot at base of each segm., campanulate,
segms. cuspidate, to 1 in. long. Coastal plains of Persia to
Syria.— ^Often confused with T. montana from which it
differs in its narrower and somewhat ciicmate Ivs.
SprSngeri. Medium, 8-18 in., with long nairow acute
Ivs.: fl. orange-scarlet with darker bottom, segms. cuspidate.
Armenia. — Very late.
stenopetala: T. acuminata.
Stella ta. Medium: Ivs. long and narrow: fl. white or
yellow without darker bottom, segms. short-acute. Him-
alaya, Afghanistan. — Midseason.
strangulata. Like T. suaveolens but taller, mostly red-fld.
with black blotch but running to yellows. Italy.
suaveolens. DucVANTnoLT. Low, 4-8 in., broad-lvd.:
fl. bright yellow, very fragrant, segms. acute. S. Eu. — Very
early.
sylve'stris (T. florcnlma). Medium, 0-18 in.: Ivs. narrow:
fl. (sometimes 2) bright yellow, fragrant, segms. narrow
and acute. Eu. — Midseason to late.
Tubergeniana. Lvs. long-acuminate- fl. large, bright
crimson with dark -margined blotch, segms. long-pointed.
Bokhara.
turkestanica: T. biflora var.
violacea. To 1 ft.: fl. bell-shaped, fragrant, 2 in. across,
mauve-red or rosy-crimson flushed with purple, with dark
blotch at base of secerns. Persia. Listed foims are pallida,
fl. white tinged pink with dark blue base, and r6sea, fl.
pink with blue base.
viridiflora. Tall, to 2 ft., with large broad Ivs : fl. large,
light soft green with yellowish or whitish edges, segms.
abruptly acute or cusipidate. Cultigen. — Midseason to
late. Var. preecox is an early large pale green kind.
Wfllmottiae. Tall. 18 in, or more, with broad long-acute
Ivs.: fl. large, clear yellow, slightly fragrant. Asia Minor. —
Late.
Wilsoniana. To 8 in.: fl. vermilion-scarlet margined
with red, with bluish-black blotch at base of segms. Mts.,
S. W. Asia.
TUMION: Torreya.
TUNA: Opuntia.
TUNG-OIL-TREE: Aleurites Fordii.
TlfNTCA. Caryophyllacex. Herbaceous wiry-
stemmed annuals and perennials with small
narrow Ivs. and fl. -heads similar to Dianthus but
smaller; native in the Medit. region. Grown as
edging plants in the border or rock-garden.
Propagated by seed and division.
grammea. Tufted per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. setaceous: fls. rose,
to yi in. across. Greece.
prolffera: Dianthus prolifer.
Saxifraga (Petrorhagia Saxifraqa). TUNIC- FLO WEB.
COAT- FLOWER. Hardy per to 10 m., tufted, spreading:
Ivs. narrow, linear, to H in. long: fls. pink or pale purple,
Tunica
745
Typha
]A in. across, summer. Eu.; aciventive in E. U. S. Var.
alba has white fls., carn6sa flesh-colored, re-sea rose-pink,
and fl6re-pldno double fls. to H in. across. Var. nana is
listed. Var. s pi end ens is an improved form.
velutina. Perhaps better kept in Dianthus; allied to
D. prohfer from which it differs in being pubescent and
having 2-parted petals. S. Eu. — Hardly a hort. subject.
TUNIC-FLOWER: Tunica Saxifraga.
TUNKA: Benincasa hispida.
TUPELO: Nyssa.
TUPIpANTHUS. Araliacex. Indian small
tree which eventually becomes a tall climber,
suitable for cult, in warm climates and some-
times raised under glass for its abundant glossy-
green foliage. T. calyptratus. Lvs. palmately
divided into 7-9 entire drooping Ifts. to 7 in.
long: fls. green, borne in compound umbels.
TURGID: swollen from fullness.
TURKEY-BEARD: Xerophyllum.
TURKS-TURBAN: Clerodendrum Siphonanthw.
TURMERIC: see Curcuma longa.
TURNIP. Underground tubers of Brassica
Rapa. Seed is produced from tubers planted out
after the winter or that may be left in the ground
in very mild climates; the early varieties often
run to seed the first year if sown very early and
not gathered at the maturity of the tuber.
Turnips are hardy cool-season plants, of un-
known nativity, but they will not withstand as
much frost as rutabagas.
The true turnips are mostly "flat," that is,
not bearing a long neck and the tuber broad
rather than long although there are exceptions
in the shape ; most of them grown in this country
are white- or light-fleshed; the substance is less
firm and durable than in the rutabaga. All the
usual turnips are short-season plants; the supply
for late autumn and winter use in the northern
states is grown from seeds sown in July — "on
the twenty-fifth of July sow your turnips wet or
dry" is an old saw. The seeds are broadcast or
sown in drills that are 10-20 inches apart; it is
necessary to thin the plants well if the best
tubers are desired. For drill culture, 1 to 2 pounds
of seed are required to the acre. For late spring
or summer use, seeds are sown, of early varieties,
as soon as the ground is fit. Tne commonest pest
of turnips is aphis, which is controlled (as on
cabbage) by thorough spraying or dusting with
nicotine preparations.
The Seven-top turnip is Brassica septiceps.
TURNIP, INDIAN: Anssema triphyllum.
TURPENTINE TREE: Syncarpia glomulifera.
TURR&A. MeliacesB. Trees or shrubs of Asia
and Afr., with alternate simple Ivs., white fls.
and capsular frs.; grown out-of-doors in S. Calif,
and sometimes under glass.
obtusifdlia. Broad attractive shrub to 3 ft. or more: Ivs.
pbovate, to 2 in. long, sometimes 3-lobed near tip: fls. l^i
in. long, many and giving the bush a pleasing effect; petals
very narrow, 1 in. or more long. S. Afr.
TURTLE-HEAD: Chelone.
TUSSACIA. Gesneriacese. Herbs of trop. Amer.
with creeping rhizomes, opposite Ivs., and tubu-
lar fls. in axillary clusters, the calyx colored;
one species intro. in S. Calit.
pulch<§lla. To 1 1A ft.: Ivs. to 10 in. long and 4 in. across,
toothed, pale beneath: fls. orange-yellow marked with red,
% in. across; calyx salmon-colored, \^ in. long. \V. Indies.
TUSSELAGO. Composite. Stemless per. herb
native in Eu., India and Asia and nat. in N.
Amer.. sometimes grown as a ground-cover and
to hold banks. Propagated by root-buttings.
T. Ffirfara. COLTSFOOT. Lvs. cordate-orbicular,
to 7 in. across, lobed and toothed, white-tornen-
tose beneath: heads solitary, on scaly scapes to
1J/2 ft- high in very early spring before the Ivs.,
the ray-fls. bright yellow; pappus of white
bristles, prominent in the dandelion-like head.
TUTSAN: Hypericum Androsxmum.
TWAYBLADE: Liparis, Listera.
TWEEDIA: Oxypetalum.
TWIN-BERRY: MitcheUa repens. -Leaf: Jefferaonia
diphylla.
TWINFLOWER: Linnsea borealis.
TWINSPUR: Diascia.
TWISTED STALK: Streptopus.
TYD^EA: Isoloma.
TtPHA. CAT-TAIL. The only genus of Ty-
phacex. Per. herbs in swamps, having creeping
rpotstocks, tall erect unbranched sts., lon^,
linear, flat, erect, parallel-veined Ivs., and uni-
sexual fls. in dense terminal spikes of which the
staminate is uppermost; species few, widely
distributed in temp, and trop. regions.
Cat-tails are sometimes employed in bog-gardening and
on the margins of pools for permanent stately effect. The
leaves are used in basketry and for bottoming chairs. Prop-
agated usually by division; sometimes by seeds planted in
pots in water.
angustifdlia. To 10 ft.: lys. to H in. across: spikes light
brown, the staminate and pistillate parts separated. Amer.,
Eu., Asia.
latifdlia. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to 1 in. across: spikes dark brown
to black, the staminate and pistillate parts contiguous.
N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
u
UDO: Aralia cordata.
tJLEX. FURZE. CORSE. WHIN. Leguminosx.
Very spiny shrubs with very small spine-tipped
Ivs. which are often scale-like, yellow papilio-
naceous fls., and small ovoid pods; grown for
ornament and cover on poor and sandy soils.
Seeds should be sown where the plants are to stand or
singly in pots, for they do not bear transplanting well.
Propagated also by cuttings or grafting on U. europxus.
Require winter protection in the North.
europcbus. To 4 ft.: fls. fragrant, % in. long, in spring
or in warm climates flowering all the year. Eu. Var. nanus
is U. nanus. Var. pl&nus has double fls.
lusitanicus. Shrub with densely pubescent spiny sts.:
IVB. triangular-acuminate, spine-tipped: fls. bright yellow:
pods broadly obovate, hirsute. Portugal.
nan us. Dwarf, to 2 ft.: fls. about % in. long, in autumn.
W- Eu.
tJLLUCUS. Basellacex. Decumbent or climb-
ing per. native in Peru, Bolivia and Chile,
grown there for the edible tuberous roots and
sometimes planted in our territory for interest.
U. tuberdsus. ULLUCO. Lvs. alternate, fleshy,
ovate: fls. small, golden-yellow; in large axillary
racemes. — Propagated by division of tubers.
ELM FAMILY. Trees and shrubs
of about 15 genera widely distributed, having
alternate simple Ivs., small bisexual or unisexual
fls. without petals, with 3-9-parted calyx and as
many or twice as many stamens, superior 1-
celled ovary, and fr. a samara, nut or drupe.
Several genera are grown for ornament, as Celtis,
Hemiptelea, Holoptelea, Planera, Trema, Ulmus
and Zelkova.
ULMARIA: Filipendula.
tJXMUS. ELM. Ulmaccse. Deciduous trees of
the north temp, zone, with alternate toothed
short-stalked Ivs., inconspicuous fls. in clusters
or racemes usually before the Ivs., and fr. a flat
nutlet surrounded by a wing, making a samara.
Elms are favorite shade and avenue trees and of easy
cultivation. Practically all the species here listed are hardy
in the North, some of them being among the hardiest lawn
and street trees. However, they are attacked by several
insects and in such case should be sprayed every year for
best results. They will bear transplanting well. Propagated
by seeds sown as soon as ripe, by layers in autumn and
some species by greenwood cuttings under glass. Varieties
may be grafted on common stocks.
alata. WAHOO E. To 50 ft., the branchlets with 2 broad
corky wings: Ivs. small, to 2^4 in. long, oblong: fr. about
% in. long, with incurved beaTcs, covered with long white
hairs. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
americftna. AMERICAN, WHITE, or WATER E. To 120 ft.:
Ivs. to 6 in. long: fls. on slender drooping stalks: fr. with
densely ciliate margins and deeply notched wings. Newf . to
Fla. and Rocky Mts. — Very commonly planted. Var. aurea,
Ivs. yellow. Var. columnar is, of columnar form. Var.
plndula, branches long and drooping. The varietal names
Littlefordii, moline'nsis, pyramidalis and tfrnii are in the
trade, representing variations in character of branching.
asplenifdlia: U. glabra var. crispa.
bllgica: U. hollandica var.
Berardii: U. procera var.
betulifdlia: U. procera var. nigrescens.
camplstris: U. procera.
carpinifdlia (U. foliacea. U. mtens). SMOOTHLEAF E.
Pyramidal or upright tree, often with corky branches,
commonly suckering; young branches mostly glabrous: Ivs.
not large, 2-4 in. long, glossy and nearly or quite smooth
above and nearly or quite glabrous underneath, obliquely
ovate to obovate, double-serrate: fr. obovate, with seed
close to upper notch. N. Afr., Eu. and W. Asia. Var.
cornubi6nsis (var. stricta. U.atricta). CORNISH E. Branches
erect and top narrow: Ivs. 2-3 in. long, oval or broadly
obovate, more or less tufted-pubescent underneath. Var.
Dampieri. Narrow-topped tree with broad very deeply
toothed Ivs. crowded on short branches. Var. Kodpmannii.
Head close, oval: Ivs. small, grayish-puberulent beneath
and branches often corky. Var p6ndula. Branches very
slender and drooping. Var. prope'ndens. Branches stiff but
drooping: Ivs. rather small, and branches corky. Var.
sarme'nsis (var. Wheatleyi. U. campestris var. monumen-
tal). GUERNSEY or JERSEY E. More stiff and erect than
the true Cornish elm, Ivs. broader and less tufted under-
neath. Var. strfcta is var. cornubiensis. Var. suberdsa.
Small tree, branches corky: Ivs. small and roughish above,
elliptic to obovate. Var. umbraculifera. GLOBE E. Head
dense and broad: Ivs. 2-3 in. long, elliptic to broad-ovate,
somewhat rough above. Var. Webbiana. Head narrow: Ivs.
2-3 in. long, ovate to obovate, roughish above, folded
lengthwise. Var. Whdatleyi is var. sarnieneis. Var. Wrddei.
Narrow-topped with crowded yellowish deeply toothed
broad Ivs.
chinSnsis: U. parmfolia.
Cle"mmeri: U. hollandica var. Klemmeri.
crassifdlia. CEDAR E. Medium-sized tree with stiff
corky or scaly branches: Ivs. stiffish, 1 or 2 in long, oblong
to ovate-oblong, obtune or nearly so, closely serrate, rough
above and somewhat pubescent underneath. Misa. to Tex.
and N. Mex.; sometimes planted in ita region. Blooms in
autumn.
Dampi&ri: U. carpmifolia var.
Dauv&ssei: U. hollandica var.
Dippe liana: U. hollandica.
effusa: U. Isevis.
exoni£nsis: U. glabra var.
foliacea: U. carpinifolia.
f61va (U. Hcyderi. U. rubra\. SLIPPERY E. Small or
medium-sized open-headed tree with pubescent branchlets:
Ivs. large, to 6 or 8 in. long, obovate or broadly oblong,
acuminate, coarsely serrate, very rough above and pubes-
cent beneath. Canada to Fla.
glabra (U. scabra, U. montana). WYCH E. SCOTCH E.
Wide-spreading large tree not suckering: Ivs. large, dull
green, 4-8 in. long, mostly obovate, coarsely double-serrate,
rough above and pubescent beneath: young parts pubescent:
fr. large and abundantly produced, with seed m center.
Great Britain to Siberia. — Much planted in N. Amer., in
several forms. Var. atropurpurea. Lvs. purple. Var.
Camperdownii. CAMPERDOWN E. Blanches gracefully
drooping forming a globose head; grown as a top- worked
head on a straight elm stock. Var. cor nut a (U. tndens and
triserrata). HORNED E., from the two long projections or
lobes on the shoulders or apex of the larger Ivs. Var. crisoa
(U, asplenifolia, incisa and urticxfolia) . FERNLEAP E.
Lvs. thick and narrow (1-2 in. broad), heavily veined and
the margins crispate-serratoj sometimes pendulous; slow-
growing tree. Var. exoniensis (var. fastigiata. U. exonien-
sis). EXETER E. Branches erect, forming a narrow-headed
tree. Var. fastigiata is var. exoniensis. Var lutescens.
Lvs. yellow. Var. nana. BUSH E. Bush-like, 4-6 ft., small-
Ivd. Var. p6ndula. TABLETOP E. Branches stiffly droop-
ing and more or less elbowed, making a spreading top;
worked on erect stocks. Var. pyramidalis is var. exoniensis.
Var. variegata. Lvs. variegated.
Heyderi: U.fulva.
hollandica (U. Dippeliana and U. major). HOLLAND or
DUTCH E. A group of forms supposed to be hybrid de-
rivatives of u. glabra and U. carpinifolia, with mostly
large and rather prominently stalked ovate or broadly
elliptic Ivs. that are nearly smooth and usually glossy above
ana little pubescent underneath and with unequal base,
the veins 14 pairs or less: young parts glabrous or nearly so:
seed near the notch of the fr.: large broad trees, often with
drooping branches, suckering from the trunk. Var. be*lgica
( U. latifolid) . BELGIAN E. Young shoots becoming smooth :
Ivs. 4-5 or 6 in. long, most y rather narrowly obovate,
soft-pubescent beneath and veins 14-18 pairs. Var. Dau-
v6ssei. Tree with broad pyramidal head and hairy branch-
lets: Ivs. soft-pubescent beneath, very unequal at base,
to 4 or 5 in. long; perhaps to be associated with U. glabra.
Var. Dumontii. Similar to var. belgica but with narrow
head. Var. Kleinmeri. Tree with narrow pyramidal head,
and young branches more or less short-hairy: Ivs. 3-4 in.
long, ovate, roughish above and slightly pubescent beneath.
Var. pgndula. DOWN-TON E. Branchlets S9mewhat pubes-
cent when young, drooping: Ivs. about 3-4 in. long, elliptic,
rather thick, smooth above and slightly pubescent under-
neath. Var. Pitteursii. Strong-growing: Ivs. large, to 5 in.
long, broadly ovate to obovate, more or less rough and
pubescent; perhaps nearer to U. glabra. Var. supe'rba (U.
suverba). Narrow-pyramidal: Ivs. to 5 in. long, very
oblique at base, glabrous except axillary tufts beneath.
Var. v6geta (£/. Huntingdonii). HUNTINGDON E. Vigorous
746
Ulmus
747
Umbilicus
large tree, with ascending branches: Ivs. elliptic, to 5 or 6 in.
long, mostly smooth above and pubescent beneath only in
the axils, veins 14-18 pairs.
Huntingdonii: U. hollandica var. vegeta.
indsa: U. glabra var. crispa.
jap6nica. Large broad-topped tree with pubescent
young branches which are often somewhat drooping: Ivs.
3-5 in. long, obovate or oblong, acuminate, veins 12-16
pairs, roughish above and pubescent underneath: seed near
apex of fr. Farther Asia.
Klehmii, Klgmmeri: U. hollandica var. Klemmeri.
l&vis (U. effuaa and U. pedunculata) . EUROPEAN WHITE
E. Tall open-headed tree with branchlets at first pubescent:
Ivs. to 4 or 5 in. long, oblong or obovate, usually broadest
above middle, acuminate, unequal at base, mostly glabrous
and smooth above, pubescent underneath. Cent. Eu. and
Asia.
latifdlia: 17. hollandica var. belgica.
Littlefordii: hort. name for habit form of 17. americana.
major: U. hollandica.
montana: U. glabra.
nfgricans: U. procera var. nigrescens.
nit ens: U. carpinifolia.
parvifdlia (U. chinensis). CHINESE E. Open-headed
tree, partially evergreen in mild climates, blooming in late
summer or autumn: Ivs. small and firm or thick, 1-2 or 3 in.
long, elliptic to ovate, shining and mostly smooth above,
becoming nearly or uuite smooth underneath: fr. about ]^
in. long: branchlets thinly pubescent. China, Japan; hardy
N. Var. semp£rvirens is listed and may not be distinct
from typical form.
pedunculata: U. tens.
Pitteursii: U. hollandica var.
procera (U. campestris. U. saliva). ENGLISH E. Very
tall tree, to 150 ft. (whence the name procera, very tall),
with more or less pubescent young shoots, usually suckenng:
Ivs. 2-4 in. long, mostly relatively small, broadly oval or
ovate, oblique at base, acuminate, roughish above and
pubescent beneath: seed above the middle in the notched
fr. W. and S. Eu.; in Britain supposed to be native only in
8. England. — Popular tree in northeastern states; rarely
produces seeds and is propagated by suckers. The conti-
nental form is var. australis, with thicker firm sharper-
pointed Ivs Var. argSnteo-yariegata (var. vaneyata), Ivs.
marked white. Var. Berardii, small buahy tree with small
rather narrow Ivs. 1-2 in. long, coarsely notched. Var.
Dampieri is U. carpimfolia var. Var. monumentalis is U.
carpinifolia var. sarmensis. Var. nigr£scens (U. nigri-
cans, U. betuhfolia) , Ivs. elliptic or ovate, doubly serrate,
dark colored. Var. pendula has drooping branches. Var.
purpurascens, Ivs. small, usually 1 in. or less long, purplish.
Var. purpurea, Ivs. dark purple, of ordinary size. Var.
supe'rba is U. hollandica var. Var. umbraculifera is U.
carpinifolia var. Var. Vanhouttei, Ivs. ovate, coarsely ser-
rate, yellowish. Var. v6geta is V. hollandica var. Var.
Whdatleyi is U. carpinifolia var. sarnienaia.
pumila. DWARF E. Small tree, sometimes shrub-like,
witn slender often drooping branches: ivs. 2-3 in. long,
elliptic to oblong, long- or short-pointed, not deeply serrate,
smooth above, mostly glabrous underneath or with axillary
tufts: fr. about ^ in long, from early spring fls.: branchlets
glabrous or pubescent only when young: foliage riot lustrous
nor coriaceous. Turkestan to N. China; hardy N. Var.
arborea (U. turkeatanicd) . A tall tree with narrowly ovate
or ovate-lanceolate Ivs. shining above.
racemdsa: U. Thomasii.
rubra: U.fulva.
sativa: U. procera.
scabra: U. glabra.
sempSrvirens: see U. parvifolia.
ser6tina. SEPTEMBER E. Medium-sized tree with some-
what pendulous often corky branches, blooming in autumn:
Ivs. small, 2-3 in. long, oblong or somewhat obovate,
acuminate, veins about 20 pairs, smooth and shining above,
pubescent on veins underneath. Ky. south and west,
planted in its region. — Sometimes called Red E., a name
also used for U. fulva.
sibirica: U.fulva.
stricta: U. carpinifolia var. comubiensis.
sup6rba: U. hollandica var.
Thdmasii (U. racemosa of cult.). ROCK E. Large tree,
with very corky branches and pubescent buds: Ivs. large,
to 4 or 6 in. long, elliptic to oblong-obovate, rather short-
pointed, glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent underneath,
coarsely serrate: fr. ^ in. or more long, notched, pubescent.
Que. to Term, and Neb.
tridens: U. glabra var. cornuta.
triserrata: U. glabra var. cornuta.
turkestanica: U. pumila var. arborea.
urticaefdlia: U. glabra var. crispa.
vfigeta: U. hollandica var.
vaseyi, the "vase elm," probably a form of U. americana.
viminalis. WILLOW E. Slender tree with drooping spray
and narrow oval or oblanceolate incised Ivs., sometimes
variegated: fr. not known. Eu , of doubtful origin, probably
a form of ir. procera. — Plants of another species have been
grown in the U. S. under this name.
Webblana: U. carpinifolia var.
WhSatleyi: U. carpinifolia var. sarnicnsis.
Wrddei: U. carpinifolia var.
UMBEL: corymbose or indeterminate cluster with
branches or rays arising from a common point and about
equal in length, resembling framework of umbrella; umbels ,
are characteristic of the UmbelliferiE.
UMBELLfFER^E. PARSLEY or CAKROT FAM-
ILY. A large and widely distributed family,
mostly in temp, and boreal regions, of about 250
genera, furnishing many plants grown for food,
flavoring, medicinal products, and some for orna-
ment. Commonly herbs, rarely somewhat
shrubby, with alternate mostly compound Ivs.,
small unshowy bisexual fls. in simple or com-
pound umbels or sometimes heads, having 5-
lobed calyx, 5 petals and stamens, inferior 2-
celled ovary, and dry fr. of 2 ribbed carpels
mostly bearing oil-tubes and splitting apart.
They are mostly plants of strong or pungent
odor, many of them with poisonous qualities,
some of them yielding spices. The genera chiefly
known to cult, are: Aciphylla, Actinotus, ^Ego-
podium, Ammi, Anethum, Angelica, Anisotome,
Anthriscus, Apium, Arracacia, Astrantia,
Athamanta, Bupleurum, Carum, Chserophyllum,
Cicuta, Conium, Coriandrum, Crithmurn, Cum-
inurn, Daucus, Erigenia, Eryngium, Ferula,
Fceniculum, Hacquetia; Harbouria, Heracleum,
Hydrocotyle, Laserpitium? Leptotamia, Levis-
ticum, Ligusticum, Lomatmm, Meum, Molopo-
spermum, Musineon, Myrrhis, Oreoxis, Osmor-
hiza, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Peucedanum,
Phellopterus, Pimpinella, Pseudocymopteris, Se-
lirium, Sium, Smyrnium, Taenidia, Trachymene,
Zizia.
UMBELLULARIA. Lauraceae. Evergreen tree
to 80 ft. high, native in Calif, and Ore. U.
calif6rnica. CALIFOHNIA-LAUREL. Lys. ovate-
oblong to lanceolate, to 5 in. long, shining above:
fls. yellowish-green, in many-fld. umbels: fr. a
greenish or purplish drupe to 1 in. long. — It
thrives in fairly moist soils. Propagated by
seeds.
UMBfLICUS. Cmssulacex. Per. succulents
with Ivs. alternate, fleshy, peltate or cordate or
orbicular, depressed in tne center: sts. mostly
simple, terminating in a raceme or panicle; fls.
5-parted, yellowish or greenish, with petals fused
into a long cylindrical or campanulate tube.
About 16 species in the Old World, in N. Afr.,
S. Eu., W. Asia. Cult, as for Sedum and Semper-
vivum; see Succulents.
chrys&nthus: Sedum chrysanthum.
horizontalis. Basal Ivs. peltate, upper Ivs. lanceolate to
subulate, entire: floral bracts subulate; fls. standing out at
right angles from axis of raceme, with cylindrical corolla,
to l/i in. long. Medit. region.
pendulmus (Cotyledon Umbilicus). NAVEL WORT. PENNY-
WORT. To 1 ft.: ivs. orbicular, peltate, coarsely toothed:
fls. yellowish-green, drooping. W. Eu. to W. Asia and
trop. Afr.
pgrsicus: species of doubtful status, possibly a var. of
Sedum sempervivoides.
Plstalozza: possibly to be referred to Sedum aempar-
tivoides.
Umbilicus 748
platyphyllus: Sedum sempervivoidea,
spinosus: Sedum spinosum.
Winkleri: Sedum Winkleri.
UMBRELLA-LEAF: Diphylleia cymosa. -Plant: Cy-
perus alter nifoltus, Fdtiphyllum peltatum. -Tree: Magnolia
tripctala. -Tree, Texas: Melia Azedarach var. umbraculi-
formts. -Wort: Alhonia.
UMKOKOLO: Dovyalis caffra.
UNAMIA ALBA: Aster ptarmicoides.
UNGNADIA. Sairindaceae. Shrub or tree to
30 ft., native from Tex. to Mex. and occasionally
planted in the S. U. specidsa. TEXAN, MEXICAN
or SPANISH BUCKEYE. Lvs. alternate, of 5-9
ovate-lanceolate shining Ifts. to 5 in. long, wavy-
toothed: fls. rose, 1 in. across, in clusters in
Apr.-May before the Ivs. : fr. a leathery 3-valved
caps. 2 in. across, with large black seeds. Not
hardy in northern states.
UNICORN-PLANT: Proboscidea.
UNIFOLIUM: Maianthemum.
UNlOLA. Graminese. N. American per. grasses
with prominent flat 2-edged spikelets borne in
panicles; one species grown for ornament. See
Grasses.
latifdlia. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to 9 in. long and 1 in. wide, rough
on margins, spikelets to 1H in. long, on slender hanging
stalks, the panicles to 10 in. long and drooping. Pa. to
Fla. and Tex.
UNISEXUAL: of one sex; staminate only or pistillate
only.
UPAS-TREE: Antiaris toxicaria.
URBINIA: Echeveria.
URD: Phaseolus Mungo.
tTRERA. Urticacex. Trop. shrubs or trees
often armed with stinging hairs, having alternate
simple Ivs. and unisexual fls. in panicles; one
species sometimes planted in S. Fla. and south-
ward.
caracasana. Shrub to 20 ft. : Ivs. ovate, cordate at base,
the largest to 1 ft. long and 10 in. wide: fls. in clusters from
the branches: fr. vermilion-colored, very small. Trop.
Amor. — See B&hmeria Urera.
URGfNEA. Liliacex. Bulbous herbs with basal
Ivs. and whitish, yellowish or rose fls. in racemes
terminating the scapes, the perianth-segms.
distinct; the bulbs are collected in the wild for
their medicinal properties; also occasionally
grown for ornament but only partially hardy.
marftima (U. Scilla). SEA-ONION. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1^
ft. long and 4 in. wide: fls. whitish, ^ in. long, on racemes
to 1 2-a ft. long. Canaries to Syria, S. Afr.
Scflla: U. maritima.
UROPAPPUS. Composite. Low ann. herbs of
W. N. Amer. with basal Ivs. and solitary heads
of yellow ligulate fls.; pappus of scales or awns.
Sometimes seen in the flower-garden.
linearifdlius (Microseris linearifolia). To 1J4 ft.: Ivs.
linear, to 6 in. long, entire, toothed or lobed: heads to 1% in.
across, with white or brown pappus. Wash, to Calif, and
New Mex.
UROSPfiRMUM. Composite. A small genus
of usually ann. or bien. herbs from the Medit.
region, having toothed or lyrately pinnatifid
Ivs. and long-peduncled yellow heads of both
ray- and disk-fls., the former truncately 5-
toothed at apex. Propagated by seed and may
be grown in the border or for cutting.
Dalechampii. Bien. or sometimes per. to 1 ^ ft.: lower
Ivs. runcinate, pinnatifid, pubescent, upper ones ovate to
lanceolate, often entire: heads solitary, to 2 in. across,
sulfur-yellow, involucre obconical, soft-pubescent.
Utricularia
UROSTIGMA: Ficua microphylla.
URSfNIA. Composite. S. African ann. or per.
herbs or subshrubs, strongly scented, the Ivs.
alternate and pinna tely cut; heads daisy-like,
solitary or loosely clustered; pappus of scales
and bristles.
The annual flower-garden ursinias are grown from seed
planted indoors or directly in the open.
anetholdes (Sphenogyne anethoides). Shrubby per. to
2 ft., often wehhy-pubescent: Ivs. pinnatisect, to 1^ in.
long, Begins. semi:terete: fls. bught golden-yellow, in
solitary heads to 1 in. across, on peduncles to S in. long. —
Confused with U. anthemoides from which it differs in its
semi-terete If.-segms. and uniformly colored ray-fls. Per-
haps best treated as an ann.
anthemoides (Sphenogyne anthemoides) . Ann. to 1 ft.:
Ivs. pinnate into flat linear acute lobes: heads solitary, on
long drooping sts., lays yellow, purplish on the outside.
— In the N. the plant does well in the cool greenhouse.
foeniculacea (Sphenogyne foeniculacea). Ann. to 1 ft.:
Ivs. bipinnate into linear acute lobes: heads solitary on
elongate naked peduncles, rays yellow on each side.
pulchra (Sphenogyne spectosa). Ann., branching, to
2 ft.: Ivs. 2-pinnate into linear lobes: heads yellow or
orange, 2 in. across, solitary, rays spotted brown-purple at
the base.
URTlCA. NETTLE. Urticacese. Herbs with
stinging hairs, opposite toothed or cut Ivs. and
very small unisexual fls. in axillary clusters or
panicles; one species sometimes grown for
medicinal properties and another for ornament.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
didica. STINGING N. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in.
long and 3 in. wide, pubescent beneath: fls. in clusters in
branched panicles. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
pilulifera. ROMAN N. Ann. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate or heart-
shaped, to 3 in. long: staminate fls. in clusters, pistillate in
globular heads. S. Eu. — Sometimes grown under glass N.
utilis: Bcehmeria nivea.
URTICACESE. NETTLE FAMILY. More than
40 widely distributed genera of herbs, shrubs or
trees with simple Ivs., small mostly unisexual
fls. having 3-5-parted calyx, 3-5 stamens,
superior 1-celled ovary and fr. an achene. Some
of the kinds bear sharp stinging hairs. The plants
are of minor importance horticulturally. A few
genera are grown for ornament, for fiber, or as
drug plants, as Bcehmeria, Debregeasia, Gesnou-
inia; Helxine, Parietaria, Pellionia, Pilea, Urera,
Urtica.
UTRICLE: a small bladder; a bladdery 1 -seeded fruit.
UTRICULARIA. BLADDERWORT, Lentibulari-
acese. Aquatic herbs or terrestrial epiphytes of
wide distribution, of minor importance in hort.
although several names persist in the literature.
The group has been divided into several smaller
genera; under such treatment Utricularia vul-
garis, of Eurasia (with a thick blunt spur), re-
mains in the genus, and there are similar North
American plants that may be employed in
aquaria, as U. macrorhiza (or C7. vulgaris var.
americana) with an awl-like spur on the fl., and
U. minor a much smaller plant with sts. not
free-floating but creeping on the bottom in
shallow water. The other species most fre-
quently mentioned in hort. literature pass into
other genera although for the present purposes
of the horticulturist they may well be retained
in Utricularia: U. bifida and U. prehensilis are
species of Stomoisia under recent treatment; U.
alpina ( U. montana), U. Endresii which is very
much like U. alpina except in the smaller and
thinner Ivs. and lilac fls. with yellow palate, U.
janthina and U. reniformis, are species of
Utricidaria
749
Uvularia
Orchyllium; U. longifolia is Calpidisca. Two
plants have been described as U. longifolia; both
are species of Calpidisca. The U. longifolia of
Gardner, 1843, is from Brazil; U. longifolia of
Sander, 1893, is from Mt. Roraima, S. Amer.
and U. Forgetiana may be the same.
alpina (U. montana of old literature but now Orchyllium
alpinum) is a trop. American plant with clusters of hollow
tuber-like bladders on the roots at base of st.: lys. elliptic-
lanceolate, to 6 in. long: fls. orchid-like, 1^ in. across,
white with yellow palate, 1-4 on a scape. — This plant is
apparently in cult.
UVA-URSI: Arctostaphylos.
UVULARIA. BELLWORT. Liliacese. Per. herbs
from rootstocks, having alternate sessile or
perfoliate Ivs. and yellow bell-shaped drooping
fls. mostly solitary at ends of branches.
Bell worts are sometimes grown in the wild-garden.
Of easy cultivation in rich soil and shady locations. Propa-
gated by division.
flava: U. perfohata var.
grandiflora. To 1 H ft. : Ivs. oblong to ovate, to 5 in. long,
perfoliate, pubescent beneath: fls. lemon-yellow, to 1^ m-
long. Que. to Ga. and Kans.
perfoliata. TolT " "
glabrous, perfoliato
Fla. and Miss. Va
puberula (Oakesia and Oakesiella puberida). Differs
from U. sessdtfolia in its stiff er Ivs. whose margins are
rougher, and ovary and caps, not stipitate. N. B. to Ga.
west to Minn, and Ark.
sessilif&lia (Oakesw and Oakesiella sesstli folia). To I ft.:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 3 in. long, sessile: fls. greeniah-
). to via. ami jvtuig.
,ta. To 1 ^ f t. : Ivs. oblong to ovate, to 5 in. long,
perfoliate: fls. pale yellow, 1 1A in. long. Que. to
iiss. Var. flava has deeper yellow fls.
yellow,
, .
ru long. N. B. to Ga. and Ark.
VACCARIA: Saponaria Vaccaria.
VACCfNIUM. BLUEBERRY. CRANBERRY. Eri-
caceae; by some authors placed in Vacdniacese.
Shrubs with alternate deciduous or evergreen
simple Ivs. which often turn brilliant colors in
autumn, cylindrical to wheel-shaped fls., and fr.
a berry capped by the persistent calyx; native
in the nortnern hemisphere and mts. of tropics.
Some authors divide the group into several
genera.
Some of the vacciniums are grown for ornament in
borders or colonized in wild areas. Others are grown for
the edible fruits. Most of them require peaty or sandy soils
and do not thrive in limy lands. For culture see Blueberry
and Cranberry.
angUBtifdlium (V. pensyhanicum var. anguatifolium) .
Deciduous, to 1 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to % in. long, serrulate,
with bristle-tipped teeth, glabrous or nearly bo: fls. green-
ish-white, to *A in. long, in small clusters, Apr. -May: fr.
bluish-black, bloomy, rarely white or reddish, to 1A in.
across. Arctic Amer. south to mts. of N. II. and N. Y.
Var. laevif&lium (7. ^pensylvamcum). LOWBUSH B. To 2
ft. : Ivs. narrowly elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, to 1 % in.
long. Newf. to Wis. and Va. — Grown for its fr. and now
greatly improved with named hort. vars. available.
arbdreum (Batodendron arboreum). FARKLEBERRY.
SPARKLEBERRY. To 30 ft., evergreen in the S. but deciduous
northward: Ivs. to 2 in. long, shining above: fls. white, l/L in.
long, in racemes to 2% in. long, July-Aug.: fr. black, 24 in.
across. Va. to Fla. and Tex.; not hardy N.
atroc6ccum: V. corymbosum var.
buxifdlium. Erect shrub l%-4 ft. high, glabrous: Ivs.
oblong, to % in. long, obtuse, black dotted beneath, very
thick and leathery: fls. white, about Ys in. long, in dense
racemes. Borneo.
c&spitdaum. DWARF BILBERRY. Tufted deciduous
shrub to 1 ft. : Ivs. to 1 \^ in. long, obovate, crenato-serrulate,
shining above: fls. white or pink, 3- 5 in. long, solitary, May:
fr. black, bloomy, l/i in. across. N. Arner.
canadense. Deciduous, twiggy, 1-2 ft., making colonies:
Ivs. narrow, 1 in. or more long, soft-pubescent both sides:
fls. greenish- white to reddish, about Y*. in. long: fr. blue,
more or less glaucous. Lab. to Man. and Va.
corymbosum. HIOHBUSH or SWAMP B. or WHORTLE-
BERRY. Deciduous, to 15 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long, ovate-
lanceolate, glabrous to pubescent: fls. white or pinkish, to
^ in. long, in clusters in May: fr. blue-blark, bloomy, % in.
across. Me. to Fla. and La. Var. atroc6ccum (V. atrococ-
cum), Ivs. and twigs densely pubescent. Intergradmg foims
between this and the type are known. Var. glabrum (var.
pallidum), Ivs. pale beneath.
crassifolium (Herpothamnua crassifohus) , Sts. trailing
to 3 ft. : Ivs. persistent, broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, to
% in. long, minutely and distantly serrulate, fla. pink, % in.
long, in small axillary clusters, in spring: fr. black, }/% in.
across. N. C. to Ga.
Dunalianum. Large shrub: Ivs. to 4 in. long, leathery:
fls. H in. long, in racemes to 3 in. long: fr. \'§ in. across.
Himalayas.
erythrocfirpum (Oxycoccus erythrocarpus) . Deciduous,
to 6 ft.: Ivs. to 3 in. long: fls. pink, \i in. long, 4-parted,
solitary, nodding, May: fr. red tuimng purplish, ^ in.
across. Va. to Ga.
hirsutum. HATRY HUCKLEBERRY. Deciduous, to 3 ft.:
Ivs. to 2^4 in. long, pubescent: fls. white or pinkish, to \^ in.
across, in short dense racemes, May- June: fr, purplish-
black, \i in. across. N. C. to Ga.
h^bridum: listed name.
jap6nlcum. To 3^ ft., twigs glabrous: Ivs. ovate to
oblong, to 2H in. long, acute, base rounded, bright green
above, glaucescent beneath, glabrous, margins bristly-
serrulate: fls. pink, io 1$ in. long: fr. scarlet, pendulous.
Japan.
macroc&rpon (Oxycoccus macrocarpus) . LARGE or
AMERICAN C. Evergreen, ste. creeping, to 3 ft. long: Ivs.
to Ji in. long, whitish beneath: fls. pink, 4-parted, H in.
long, in lateral clusters, June-Aug. : fr. red, to % in. across.
Newf. to N. C. and Minn.
membranaceum. To 4 Yi ft. : Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong,
to 3 in. long, thin, glabious, serrulate: fls. solitary on droop-
ing pedicels to % in. long, becoming erect: fr. black. Mien,
to B. C. and Ore.
microphyllum: V. acoparium.
Myrsinites (V. nitidum. Cyanococcua Myrainitca).
Evergreen, to 2 ft.: Ivs. to f^ in. long, with bristly teeth,
minutely hispid beneath: fls. white or pink, Yi in. long, in
umbel-like clusters: fr. black or glaucous, to H in. across.
N. C. to Fla. and La.
Myrtfllus. WHORTLEBERRY. Deciduous, to 2 ft.: Ivs.
to 1^ in. long: fls. pinkish, \i in. long, solitary, May: fr.
black, bloomy, l/i in. across. Eu., N. Asia.
nitidum: V. Myrsinuea.
ova turn. To 12 ft., evergreen: Ivs. to 1 \i in. long, sharply
and finely serrate, glaucous, hispid beneath: fls. white or
pink, J4 in. long, in short racemes, July-Aug.: fr. black,
% in. across. B. C. to Calif. — Sold for winter green.
Oiyc6ccus. SMALL or EUROPEAN C. Evergreen, ste.
creeping, to 1 ft. long: Ivs. to \i in. long, ovate, acute,
glaucous beneath: fls. pink, 4-parted, % in. long, 1-4 in
terminal clusters, May-July: fr. red, \i in. across. N. Eu.,
N. Asia, E. N. Amer. Var. intermedium has Ivs. to % in.
long, longer rachis with 2-10 fls., slightly larger fr.
pallidum (V. vanillin*). DRYLAND B. Deciduous shrub
to 3 ft., with green white-speckled and glabrous branchlets:
Ivs. oval to obovate, to 2 in. long, glaucous underneath: fls.
white or tinged red, ^ in. or more long, in dense clusters:
fr. blue and glaucous. Me. to Ga. and Mo.
parvifdlium. Deciduous, to 10 ft., branchlets and twigs
with decurrent ridges: Ivs. to % in. long: fls. pinkish- white:
fr. red, Yt in. across. Alaska to Calif.
pensylvanicum: V. an gusti folium var. Ixvifolium.
scoparium (V. microphyllum) . Shrub to 8 in.: Ivs. ovate
to elliptic-ovate, to nearly Yi in. long, seirulate: fls. white,
to Y% in. long, urn-shaped: fr. rod, about l/£ in. diam.
Alta. to B. C. south to Colo, and Calif.
stammeum (Polycodium atammeum). DEERBERRY.
Deciduous, to 3 ft., branchh-ts hairy and not white-speckled:
Ivs. to 4 in. long, glaucous beneath: fls. white or purplish,
Yi in. long, in racemes to 2^ in. long, May-June; stamens
exserted: fr. greenish, H in. across. Mass, to Fla. and La.
uligindsum. Boa BILBERRY. Erect deciduous shiub to
nearly 2 ft. with branchlets shredding Ivs. oval to obovate,
to 1 in. long, glaucous, bright green and remotely pubescent
beneath, margins entire: fls. pink or white: fr. blue-black
and glaucous. N. Eu., N. Asia, N. Amer.
vacfllans: V. pallidum.
virgatum. RABBITEYE B. Deciduous, to 12 ft.: Ivs. to 2
in. long, pale beneath: fls. white or pink, % in. long, in
short racemes, Apr.-May: fr. black, % in. across. Va. to
Fla and La.
Vitis-id&a. COWBERRY. To 8 in , creeping, evergreen:
Ivs. to 1 }4 in. long, obovate, minutely hispid beneath,
margins entiie, shining above: fls. white or pink, l/i in.
long, in short nodding racemes, May-June. Eu., N. Asia.
Var. majus has larger Ivs. and fr. Var. minus. MOUNTAIN
C. Dwarf forming mats: Ivs. to % in. long: fls. pink or red.
Alaska to Mass.
VACHELLIA: Acacia Farnesiana.
VAGNERA: Smilacina.
VALERIAN: Valeriana. African: Fedia Cornucopias.
Greek: Polemonium cxruleum. Red: Centranthua ruber.
VALERlANA. VALERIAN. Valerianacese. Per.
herbs or shrubs of various habit in the north
temp. zone, with strong-smelling roots, simple
or pinnate Ivs., small white or rose fls. in cymes
or spikes, stamens mostly 3, calyx pappus-like,
and fr. a flattened achene.
Valerians are of easy culture in the flower-garden or
border. Propagated by seeds or division.
acutfloba. To 1H ft., dioacious: basal Ivs. obovate,
entire; st.-lvs. pinnately divided into lanceolate to linear
entire segms. Wyo. to New Mex.
ilba: sometimes means Centranthua ruber var. alba.
alliariifdlia. Tall: Ivs. cordate-ovate, toothed or wavy:
fls. pink. E. Eu., W. Asia.
aiiztinica. To 6 in., with creeping rootstocks: basal Ivs.
ovate, entire; st.-lva. 3-5-parted: fls. bisexual, whitish or
pinkish, YL in. long. Ariz.
coccmea: Centranthua ruber.
columbiana. To 10 in.: basal Ivs. ovate, entire; st.-lys.
3-parted, the terminal segm. 3-lobed: fls. whitish, ^3 in.
long. Wash.
didica (V. valuatria. V. aylvaticd). To 1 ft.r usually
dioecious: Ivs. broad-ovate, lower st.-lvs. lyrate-pinnatifid,
upper divided into linear Ifts. Eu.
echinata: Valerianella echinata.
750
Valeriana
751
Vanda
edWia. To 4 ft., with edible thick roots: basal Iva.
thick, oblanceolate; st.-lvs. divided into linear segms.: fla.
dio3cious, yellowish-white. N. Amer.
exce*lsa. Bearing runners ending in rosettes: Ivs. pin-
nately divided into 3-5 pairs of toothed Ifte.: fls. bisexual,
reddish or white. Eu.
micr£ntha. To 3 ft., with creeping rootstocks: basal
Ivs. entire or with 1-2 pairs of Ifts.; st.-lvs. 5-7-parted: fls.
unisexual, white, H in. long. Mte., Mont, to Utah.
montana. To 1 ft., dioecious: Ivs. ovate or the upper
linear-lanceolate, entire or toothed: fls. bright rose. Eu.,
W. Asia.
officinalis. COMMON V. GARDEN-HELIOTROPE. To 5 ft.:
Ivs. pinnately divided into 7-10 pairs of ovate-oblong to
lanceolate segms., entire or toothed: fls. bisexual, whitish,
pinkish or lavender, very fragrant. Eu., N. Asia; nat. in
N. Amer. Var. alba has white fls. and rubra red.
palustris: V. dioica.
Phu. To 3 ft. : basal Ivs. ovate-oblong, entire or toothed
at base; st.-lvs. pinnately divided into 3^4 pairs of oblong
entire segms.: fls. bisexual, whitish or pinkish. Caucasus.
Var. aurea, young shoots golden-yellow.
pyrenaica. To 4 ft.: basal Ivs. cordate-ovate, coarsely
toothed; st.-lvs. 3-parted into toothed segms., the terminal
largest: fls. bisexual, pale rose. Pyrenees.
rdsea: Centranthus ruber var.
rubra: Centranthus ruber.
sitchensis. To 2 ft.: basal Ivs. 9vate or oblong, entire or
lobed; st.-lvs. 3-5-parted: fls. bisexual, white, fragrant,
\i in. long. Alaska to Ida.
suplna. To 6 in.: Ivs. obovate or the upper lanceolate,
entire or slightly toothed, ciliate on edges: fls. pink. Austria.
sylvatica: V. dioica.
uligindsa. To 2^ ft.: basal Ivs. oblong, nearly entire:
st.-lvs. pinnately divided into 3-15 Ifts.: fls. pink to white.
Que. to N. Y. and Mich.
VALERIANACE^. VALERIAN FAMILY. Widely
distributed herbs or shrubs of about 9 genera:
Ivs. opposite, simple or pinnate: fls. small, bi-
sexual or unisexual, with gamopetalous 5-lobed
corolla, usually 1-3 stamens, and inferior 1-3-
celled ovary: fr. an achene. Centranthus, Fedia,
Patrinia, Plectritis, Valeriana and Valerianella
are grown as flower- or vegetable-garden sub-
jects.
VALERIANfiLLA. Vakrianacex. Small arm.
herbs mostly native in the Medit. region, with
entire basal Ivs., entire or toothed st.-lvs., small
whitish, bluish or rose fls. in cymes, stamens
usually 3, ovary 3-carpelled, and fr. with 2
empty cells and 1 fertile cell; two are grown as
' pot-herb or salad plants and others for ornament
or interest.
Corn-salad is of easy cultivation in spring and fall.
Successioned sowings may be made and it takes six to
eight weeks for maturity. Plants should be thinned or
transplanted to stand about 6 inches apart in the row.
cong£sta: Plectritis congesta.
echinata (Valeriana echinata). To 1 ft.: st.-lvs. wavy-
toothed or cut: fls. pink: fr. linear, 3-angled, with 3 reflexed
teeth. S. Eu.
eriocarpa. ITALIAN CORN-SALAD. Very similar to V.
olitona but with Ivs. to 5 in. long, and flattened frs. sur-
mounted by truncate calyx-limb. 8. Eu.
olitftria (V. Locusta var. olitoria). CORN-SALAD. To 1 ft.:
st.-lys. spatula te or oblong, to 3 in. long, toothed or entire:
fls. light blue: fr. nearly spherical with 2-pointed beak. Eu.
VALERIANOIDES: Stachytarpheta.
VALLARIS. ApocynacedB. Woody twining or
clambering vines with milky iuice, opposite Ivs.,
and salver-shaped fls. in axillary clusters; trop.
Asia and Malaya, one grown in S. Fla. as a tall
veranda and arbor cover.
dich6toma: V. Heynei.
Heynei (V. dichotoma). Tall climbing: lys. oval to linear-
oblong, to 4 in. long, strongly pinnately veined: fls. creamy-
white or greenish-white, fragrant, % in. across, the tube
shorter than lobes. Dec.-Apr. India.
VALLISNfeRIA, EEL-GRASS. TAPE-GRASS. Hy-
drocharitoceae. Submerged grass-like aquatic per.
herbs with linear Ivs., staminate fls. on a short
stalk or practically sessile near base of plant and
pistillate on long spirally coiled scapes and com-
ing to surface; occasionally grown in aquaria.
Propagated by cuttings.
americana. Formerly included in V. spiralis and differ-
ing chiefly in the longer and more slender scape of the
staminate fl. and the smaller spathe. Me. to Fla. and Miss.
spiralis. Lvs. from 6 in. to 6 ft. long and jy-lA m. wide:
staminate fls. on short club-shaped scapes; pistillate fls.
white. S. Eu., W. Asia. — The plant known to the trade as
"Italian type" is probably V. spiralis, and is said to grow
all winter while V. amencana does not: the former is not
hardy.
VALLOTA. Amaryllidacese. S. African bulb
grown in the greenhouse. V. specidsa (V. and
Amaryllis purpurea). SCARBOROUGH-LILY. Lvs.
to 2 ft. long and 1 in. wide, with fls.: fls. scarlet,
funnelform, to 3 in. across, in umbels terminating
a hollow scape to 3 ft. high; summer and autumn.
Var. dlba has white fls. — The bulbs should be
kept somewhat moist even during the resting
period. The roots should be interfered with as
little as possible and plants may be kept in the
same pots several years if liquid manure is
applied. Repotting should be done after flowering
is over.
VALVE: a separable part of a pod; the units or pieces
into which a capsule splits or divides in dehiscing.
VANCOUVfiRIA. Berberidaceae. Per. herbs of
W. N. Amer., having creeping rootstocks,
ternately compound Ivs. and small drooping fls.
in panicles on leafless scapes; grown in the border
in rich soil.
chrysantha. To 1 ft., evergreen: Ifts. slightly 3-lobed,
rather thick: fls. golden-yellow, larger than in V. hexandra.
Ore.
hexandra. To 1^ ft.: Ifts. ovate, to l\i in. long, thin:
fls. white, J4 in. long. Wash, to Calif., in forests.
parvifldra. INSIDE-OUT FLOWER. To 20 in., evergreen:
lft«. oval, slightly 3-lobed, to 1 ^ in. long, with cartilaginous
margins: fls. white or lavender, ^ in. long, in panicles to
7 in. long. Ore., Calif.
VANDA. Orchidacex. Old World epiphytic
orchids with leafy sts. and fls. in axillary racemes
or panicles, the sepals and petals similar and
spreading, the lip 3-lobed, spurred or saccate,
united with foot of column. Seo Orchids for cult.
Amesiana. Sts. short: Ivs. linear or almost cylindrical,
to 12 in. long: infl. usually racemose, exceeding Ivs., to
about 20-fld.: fls. 1^ in. across; sepals and petals white;
lip amethyst-purple and white. Dec.-Apr. Burma, Indo-
China.
Batemanii: Vandopsis lissochiloides.
B6schii. Hybrid between V. tricolor and V. luzonica.
Boxallii: V. lamellata var.
caerulea. To about 3 ft. high: Ivs. to 8 in. long and 1 in.
wide: racemes longer than Ivs., loosely about 3-11-fld.:
fls. to 4 in. across; sepals light blue reticulated with azure;
lip dark blue. July-Jan. Himalayas, Burma.
caerule*acens. Sts. to 2 ft. long: Ivs. to 8 in. long: infl.
about 14 in. long, racemose, 9- many-fld.: fls. to 1^ in.
across; sepals and petals similar, pale lilac-blue; lip dark
blue. Mar.-July. Burma.
cristata. Lvs. to 7 in. long and % in. wide: infl. short,
few-fld.; sepals and petals yellow-green; lip yellow streaked
with dark purple and purple side lobes. Mar.-July. Hima-
layas, Burma.
Denisoniana. Lvs. to 12 in. long and % in. wide: infl. to
5 in. long, 5-6-fld.: fls. to 2H in. across, white or creamy-
white with orange spot at base of lip. Apr.-July. Burma.
denaifldra: Anota densi flora.
Faustii. Hybrid between V. Phallax and Gil Triboulet.
gigantea: Vandopsis gigantca.
Kimballiana. Sts. short, to 6 in. long: Ivs. subcylindric.
to 12 in. long: infl. to about 15 in. long, racemose, 4-12-fld..
Vanda
752
Vegetable-Gardening
fls. about 2 J4 in- across; sepals and petals white; lip with
side lobes yellow spotted with red and mid-lobe violet-
purple. Aug.-Nov. Burma, China.
lamellate. Sts. stout, to over 1 ft. high: Ivs. ligulate,
imbricating, to 16 in. long, conduphcate: infl. longer than
Ivs., 4-many-fld.: fls. to 2 in. across; sepals and petals
yellow blotched with chestnut-brown; lip lilac with white
keels. Aug.-Apr. Philippines. Var. Bdxallii (V. Boxalhi)
has longer Ivs. and racemes and inoie brightly colored fls.
Ldwii: Arachms Lown,
luzdnica. Fls. with white sepals and petals marked with
purple, rose-purple lip and white t>pur. Philippines.
P£rishii (Vandopsis Pariahn). Sts. 7-9 in. long: Ivs. to
10 in. long and 4 in. wide1 infl. to about 15 in. long, laoemose,
up to 12-fld.: fls. about 2 in. acioss; sepals and petals
greenish-yellow spotted with brown; lip violet-mauve
edged with white. Hpiing and summer. Burma, Indo-
China. Var. Marriottiana has fewer-fld. racemes, sepals
and petals lose tinged with brown.
R6xburghii: V. tesselata.
Sanderiana (Esmeralda and Euan the Sanderiana).
Sts. relatively short, thickly coveied with distichous Ivs.
to about 10 in. long and 1 in. wide1 racemes 5-10-fld.,
generally shoiter than Ivs.: fls. 3-4 in. across; dorsal sepal
and petals pale rose or lilac; lateral sepals larger, greenish
or brown ish-yellow with purple-red yeming; lip with basal
concave half tawny-yellow and anterior half reddish-brown.
July -Dec., May. Philippines.
spathulata. Sts. to 2 ft. high: Ivs. to 4 in. long, shortly
2-lobed. peduncle to \l/i fhtall, raceme few-fld.: fls. golden-
yellow, 1 K in. across. India, Ceylon.
suavis: V. tricolor var.
tdres. Sts. several ft. long: Ivs. to 8 in. long: infl. race-
mose, few-fld., to 12 in. long: fls. to 4 in. across; sepals and
petals pale rose-puiple; lip with tawny-yellow side lobes
with bands of red spots and mid-lobe yellow below and
rose-purple near apex. May-Aug. Himalayas, Burma.
Var. Andersonii has luiger brighter colored fls.
tesselata (V. Roxburahn). Sts. to 2 ft. high: Ivs. con-
duphcate, to 8 in. long. infl. to 8 in. long, to 10-fld.: fls. 2 in.
across; sepals and petals greenish or bluish reticulated with
blown; lip with white side lobes and violet-pui pie mid-lobe.
Nov.-Aug. India, Ceylon, Burma, China.
tricolor. Sts. to 3 ft. long: Ivs. to about 18 in. long and
\% in. wide, imbricating below infl. racemose, shoiter than
Ivs., 7 many-fid.: fls. fleshy, very fragiant, to 3 in. across;
sepals and petals white to yellow spotted with brown; lip
with whitish side lobes and magenta mid-lobe. Feb.- July.
Java. Var Pfitersonii has cream-white fls. densely spotted
with chocolate-brown and lip blight magenta. Var. plani-
I6bris has larger brighter colored fls. with citron-yellow
sepals and petals spotted with brown and rose lip margined
with purple. Var. suavis has longer racemes, sepals and
petals white with fewer red-purple spots.
violacea: Anota violacea.
VAND6PSIS. Qrchidaccx. Orchids allied to
Vanda and with similar habit but differing in the
lip being without a spur and laterally compressed
in front.
gigantea (Vanda gigantca). Sts. stout, 20 in. high or
more: Ivs. to 28 in. long and 3 in. wide: infl. laxly racemose,
to 14-fld.: fls. fleshy, to almost 3 in. across; sepals and
petals yellow with hi own ocellate spots inside and purplish
outside; lip white and yellowish. Feb.-Apr. Burma, China.
lissochiloldes ( Vanda Batemami). Sts. stout, to 6 ft.
high: Ivs. to 24 in. long and 2 \^ in. wide. infl. laxly racemose,
much exceeding Ivs., to 26-fld. fls. fleshy, 2-3 in. across;
sepals and petals inside golden-yellow spotted with crimson,
outside violet-rose; lip with small yellowish side lobes and
purplish mid-lobe. Apr.-Oct. Philippines, Malaya.
Ldwii: Arachms Louni.
PaYishii: Vanda Panshii.
VANGUfeRIA. Rubiacex. Trop. and subtrop.
trees or shrubs with usually opposite Ivs., small
white or greenish fls. in axillary clusters, and
drupaceous fr. said to be edible; one species is
planted in 8. Fla.
infausta. Shrub to 10 ft. or small tree, rusty- tomentose :
Ivs. ovate or nearly orbicular, 2-0 in. long* fls. greenish,
% in. long: fr. globose, to 1 in. across, glabrous. Trop. Afr.
VANHEfiRDIA. Aiznacear. Dwarf succulents
of the Mesembryanthemum group, with keeled
Ivs. united Y^ or more their length, edges finely
toothed, and 1-3 stalked orange or yellow fls.;
stigmas 10. S. Afr.
Roddise (Rimaria Roodiee). Plant-body ovoid, to 1
ross, producing second pair of Ivs. in fissure, fls. 1
in.
across, pr
across.
VANIERIA: Cudrania.
VANfLLA. Orchidacede. Leafy or leafless climb-
ing orchids of both hemispheres, with commonly
large fls. in short axillary racemes or spikes:
sepals and petals similar; lip with lower part
more or less united to column. Grown for orna-
ment and chiefly for the elongated seed-pods
which, in some species, yield the vanilla extract
of commerce.
Vanilla vines are grown commercially in semi-tropical
regions where temperature and humidity are high, the soil
rich in organic matter and with constant shade. The vines
are supported on poles or trunks of the shade trees. In-
creased primarily by root^cuttings, but propagation by seed
in nutrient culture has been developed recently. See
Orchids.
aroma" tica: a name of uncertain botanical application,
probably referable to V. fragrans.
fragrans (V. plani folia) . COMMON VANILLA Lvs. to 9
in. long and 3 in. wide: fls greenish to yellowish, to about
2H m. long, in short many-fld. racemes, Dec.-Jurur pods
3-angled, 6-9 in. long. Trop. Amer.; intro. elsewhere. Var.
variegata (V. plamfoha var. vanegata) has Ivs. variegated
with white.
planifdlia: V. fragrans.
VANILLA, CAROLINA: Trilisa odoratissima.
VARIETY. A group or class of plants subordi-
nate to a species. Thus, Lycopersicon esculentum,
tomato, is a species in nature; a race or form is
described as var. (variety) cerasiforme. It is
essential to clearness in speaking or writing
about plants to keep these categories distinct,
yet they are commonly not carefully recognized
and here arises one of the causes of confusion in
nomenclature. To speak of all kinds of plants
as different varieties, which is a prevailing popu-
lar practice, is failure to understand the subject.
There are two classes or ranges of varieties —
those displaying rather marked differences in
nature, and those presenting only small more or
less temporary or artificial differences useful to
the gardener. The former class is entitled to
Latin botanical names, as Rosa Carolina var.
glandulosa, whereas the horticultural varieties
of roses mostly (and properly) receive vernacu-
lar names. What constitutes a variety is a
question of personal opinion or judgment; but
to name such a variation as if it were a species
(as Salvia compacta rather than S. splendens var.
compacta) is to introduce confusion in the identi-
ties of plants; and clear identification is an es-
sential to the best horticulture.
VARNERIA AUGUSTA: Gardenia jasminoides.
VARNISH-TREE: Aleurites moluccana, Rhus vernici-
flua.
VEGETABLE-GARDENING is that branch or
department of horticulture that is concerned
with the growing of oleraeeous or esculent herbs,
or of the class of cultivated plants known by
custom and tradition as "vegetables." Its formal
or Latin equivalent is the term olericulture.
The terms are impossible of close definition be-
cause the plants that fall within their scope are so
various. The best definition is an enumeration
of the plants. These plants are prevailingly
annual, the marked exceptions being asparagus
and rhubarb and also some of the sweet herbs.
There are several kinds of vegetable-gardening,
as home- or kitchen-gardening, market-garden-
ing, truck-gardening. See Market-Gardening.
Vegetable Marrow
753
Verbascum
VEGETABLE MARROW: a form of Cucurbita Pepo;
see Pumpkin. -Oyster: Tragopogon porrifolius. -Sponge:
see Luff a.
VEITCHIA. Palmacese. Monoecious unarmed
feather-palms from Fiji and the New Hebrides,
one of which is sometimes grown under glass
and may be possible in S. Ma.: trunk closely
ringed: spadices at apex of trunk or base of long
If.-column, short and branched, the lower fls.
pistillate; stamens 6: fr. large, ellipsoid or ovoid,
with terminal stigmatic point, the exterior
fibrous. For cult, see Palm.
Toannis (Kentia Joannis). Tall tree with single trunk
and crown suggesting Dictyosperma: Ivs. arching, several
ft. long; pinnce 80-100, close together ami drooping, 2J4 in-
or less broad, strongly many-nerved, oblique or truncate
and somewhat toothed at apex: fr. long-cartndge-shaped
and narrowed at apex, 2 in. long. Fiji.
VELTHElMIA. Liliacese. S. African bulbous
herbs with basal Ivs. and tubular drooping fls. in
dense terminal racemes; rarely grown but of
easy cult. ; spring and summer.
glauca. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 1 ^ in. across, oblanceolate,
acute, glaucous: fls. various, white dotted red or reddish-
purple dotted yellow.
viridifdlia. Lvs. to 1 ft. long and 3 in. wide: fls. yellow
or tinged with red, 1^2 in. long, in racemes to 6 in. long on
stalks \Y2 ft. high.
VELVET-PLANT: Gynura aurantiaca.
VENATION: veining; arrangement or disposition of
veins.
VENIDIUM. Composite. Herbaceous annuals
or perennials of S. Afr. with solitary heads of
ray- and disk-fls.; pappus none or of scales.
Venidiums are usually treated as annuals, but sometimes
grown as perennials under glass. Propagated by seeds
sown under glass and transplanted.
calendulaceum: V. decurrens.
dectirrens (V. calendulaceum). Spreading tomentose
per with sts. to 2 ft. long: Ivs. mostly lyrate, the terminal
lobe to 1% in. long: heads golden-yellow with dark center,
to 2^2 in- across.
fastu6sum. Ann. to 1^ ft. or more, cobwebby when
young, ivs. irregularly lobed or nearly lyrate, to 3^ in-
long: fls. bright orange with dark purple-brown base, to 4
in. across.
VENTRAL: front; relating to the anterior or inner face
or part of an organ; opposite the back or dorsal part.
VENUS FLY-TRAP: Dionaea muscipula. -Hair: Adi-
anturn Capillus-Veneris. Looking-Glass: Specularia Specu-
lum- Venens.
VfiPRIS. Rutacede. Trees or shrubs native in
Mauritius, Bourbon and S. Afr., with alternate
Ivs. of 3 Ifts., small unisexual fls. in terminal
panicles, and drupaceous fr.; grown out-of-doors
in warm regions and under glass in the N. Propa-
gated by cuttings over heat, and by seeds when
available.
lanceolata (Toddalia lanceolata. Boscia undulata).
Shrub or small tree: Ifta. oblong-lanceolate, to 2^ in. long
and narrow, wavy margined: fls. white: fr. size of pea.
VERATRUM. FALSE HELLEBORE. Liliaceae.
Stout per. herbs with thick rootstocks, broad
clasping Ivs. and polygamous whitish, greenish
or purplish fls. in terminal panicles; sometimes
planted in the border or wild-garden. Of easy
cult, and hardy. Propagated by division and
seeds. The species yield poisonous principles.
album. EUROPEAN WHITE H. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long
and 6 in. wide: fls. greenish outside, whitish inside, wavy-
toothed, m panicles to 2 ft. long. Eu., N. Asia.
calif 6rnicum. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 20 in. long and 8 in. wide,
narrower toward top of plant: fla. white marked with green,
to % in. long, in panicles to 1 % ft. long. Wash, to Lower
Calif.
nigrum. To 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 8 in. wide: fls.
blackish-purple, in narrow panicles. Eu., Asia.
sped 6s urn. To 6 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 8 in. wide,
soft-pubescent beneath: fls. yellowish- white, H m- long.
Wash, to Mont, and Calif.
tenuipetalum. To 9 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 8 in. wide:
fls. yellowish-white. Colo.
viride. AMERICAN WHITE H. To 8 ft.: Ivs to 1 ft. long
and 6 in. wide, narrower toward top: fls. yellowish-green,
to 1 in. across, in panicles 2 ft. long. N. B. to Minn., south
to Ga.
VERBASCUM. MULLEIN. Scroph ulariacese.
Commonly tall and erect hardy mostly bien.
herbs, with alternate simple but sometimes pin-
natifid Ivs., yellow, tawny, red or purple, rarely
white fls. in terminal racemes or spikes; native
in Eu. and Asia, several nat. or escaped in N.
Amer.
Several kinds are grown in the border where their
columnar habit arid gray-green foliage give a pleasing con-
trast. There are named garden kinds, said to be hybrids.
Verbascum also hybridizes with CeLsia. The species listed
here are biennial, or so treated. Mulleins grow well in any
soil except a cold wet one. Propagated by cuttings, division
or by seed; they often self-sow freely, blooming the following
year.
abietmum (V. vernale). Differs from V. niyrum in sta.
sparsely Ivd., pamculately branched with branches sub-
erect or ascending. Balkan region.
Baldaccii. Bien. to 7 ft. or more, green and sticky-
glandular throughout: Ivs. of basal rosette obovate to
oblong-elliptic, st.-lvs. ovate-oblong to ovate, sessile, base
truncate to cordate, margins toothed: fl». yellow, 1J4~2 in.
across, petals tomentose outmde. Greece, Yugoslavia. —
A parent of both wild and hort. hybrids.
Blattaria. MOTH M. To 6 ft., glabrous: Ivs. to 2^ in-
long, toothed or cut: fls. yellow \\ith lilac throat, 1 in.
across, the stamens lilac-pubesreut, on solitary pedicels.
Eu , Asia; nat. in N. Amer. Var. albifldrum (var. album)
has white fls.
Boerhavii. Bien. to 3 ft., robust, densely white-tomen-
tose: Ivs oval to elliptical, margins wavy or toothed: fls.
yellow with violet throat, to \\± in. across, nearly sessile.
Medit. region.
Chaixii. To 3 ft., white-tomentosc: Ivs to (i in. long,
coarsely toothed: fls. yellow with purple-woolly stamens,
pedi celled, the racemes puhicled. S. Eu. Var. album has
white fls.
crassif&lium: V. lusitamcum.
densifldrum: V. thapsiforme.
flocc6sum: V. puherulentum.
giganteum: V. simplex.
hybridum: botanically a hybrid between V. puherulen-
tum and V. sinualum, but material m tiadu may not be of
this parentage.
lanatum. Bien. to 4 ft.' Ivs. broadly ovate to elliptical,
densely white- woolly beneath and less so above, fls. dull
yellow, to % in. across, stamens purple- woolly. Cent. Eu.
leianthum. To 14 ft., densely white-tomentose • basal
Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 2 ft. across, st.-lvs. .smaller, coarsely
toothed: fls. bright yellow, % in. across, clustered in
panicled racemes to 7 ft. long, the stamens woolly. Asia
Minor.
libani: a hort. form to 5 ft. high, with laige yellow fls.
longifdlium. To 4 ft., white- or yellowibh-tomentose:
lower Ivs. to 2 ft. long, wavy: fls. golden-yellow, 1 in. across,
pedicelled, in densely fld. racemes 1 ft. long, longer stamens
glabrous. S. Eu. Var. panndsum (V. pannosum) is more
woolly and the fls. usually larger.
lusitanicum (V. crassifohum) . To 4 ft., yellow-tomen-
tose: Ivs. to 8 in. long, toothed: fls. yellow, the stamens
glabrous, in clusters in the raceme. Portugal.
Lychnitis. Bien. to 3 ft. : Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, margins
entile, pubescent: fls. bright yellow, about ^ in. across,
stamens white-woolly. Cent, and W. Eu.
maced6nicum. Bien. to 5 ft., densely white-tomentose
to white- woolly throughout. Ivs. broadly elliptic- to obo-
vate-oblong and suborbictilar at top of at., to 10 in. long,
st.-lvs. strongly decurrent: fls. yellow, to 1 m. across,
densely pellucid-punctate and corolla white-hairy on out-
side, stamens versatile. Yugoslavia.
nlgrum. To 3 ft., sts. erect, unbranched, very leafy: lys.
green above, tomentose beneath: fls. small, yellow with
purple throat, clustered in the raceme, the stamens violet-
woolly. Eii., Asia. Var. album has white fls. — Sometimes
confused with V. abietinum which see.
olympicum. To 5 ft., densely white-tomentose: Ive.
entire, to 0 in. long: fls. 1 in. across, bright yellow, clustered
Verbascum
in very long many-fld. racemes, stamens white-woolly.
Greece.
panndsum: F. longifohum var.
phoeniceum. PURPLE M. To 5 ft.: Ivs. glabrous above,
pubescent beneath, toothed, fls. purple or red, in a simple
slender raceme, nearly glabrous, stamens purple-woolly.
S. E. Eu., Asia.
plicatum: F. undulatum.
pulverule'ntum (F. floccoaum). To 9 ft., loosely white-
tomentose: Ivs. mostly entire: fls. yellow, small, in clusters
in panicled racemes, stamens white-woolly. Eu.
pyramidale. Hybrid between F. apecioaum and F.
Chaixii: to 4 ft., white-pilose: Ivs. wrinkled, coarsely
toothed: fls. small, yellow, in clusters, stamens white- or
purple-woolly. Austria.
simplex (F. giganteum). A species of 8. W. Eu. allied to
F. Thapaua and F. luaitanicum, but differing in the much
slenderer style whose stigma is small and depressed-
hemispherical, not large arid reniform-hemispherical.
sinuatum. To 3 ft., yellow- or gray- torn en tose: lower Ivs.
deeply cut, upper Ivs. entire: fls. yellow or rarely white,
small, in nearly sessile clusters in panicied racemes, the
stamens purple-woolly. Medit. region.
thapsif6rme (F. densiflorum) . To 5 ft., densely yellow-
ish-tomentose: Ivs. toothed: fls. yellow, in sessile clusters
in a long spike. Eu.
Thapsus. COMMON M. To 6 ft., yellowish-tomentose:
Ivs. to 1 ft. long, toothed, soft: fls. yellow, 1 in. across, in
sessile clusters in dense erect spikes, 2 lower stamens
glabrous, all basifixed. Eu., Asia; extensively nat. in N.
Amer. in old dry fields.
undulatum (F. plicatum). Plant white- or yellow-to-
mentose: Ivs. wavy-plicate, pinnatifid into round lobes:
fls. sessile, m clusters on long interrupted racemes, stamens
yellow-pubescent. Greece.
vernale: V. abietinum.
virgatum. To 4 ft. : Ivs. to 3 in. long or the lower to 1 ft.,
toothed or lobed, pubescent and green: fls. yellow or white,
1 in. across, in short-stalked clusters, the stamens purple-
woolly. Eu.; nat. in W. N. Amer.
Wiedemannianum. To 3 ft., woolly: Ivs. to 5 in. long,
toothed : fls. blue or purplish-lilac, to 1 K in. across, the
pedicels solitary, stamens purple- woolly. Caucasus.
Willmottiae: hort. name.
Wflsonii: listed name.
VERBfeNA. Verbenacese. Mostly per. herbs,
some of them prized in the flower-garden for
their profuse continuous bloom, and other species
somewhat shrubby and some ann.. not in cult.,
most of them native in Amer. The Ivs. in the
garden kinds are opposite, toothed, lobed or
divided: fls. pink, red, lilac, white, in mostly
rather broad corymb-like clusters that soon
elongate into spikes, corolla tubular and salver-
form.
The plants of garden verbenas are treated as annuals in
the North, the seeds being started under glass in the win-
dow and planted out to 1 foot or so apart; or they may
be propagated by cuttings from over-wintered plants. The
garden kinds are hardy in the open in the southernmost
states and give early and brilliant bloom in spring. Ver-
benas need open sunny exposure. The named verbenas of
Teas are reputed hybrids between the common garden
verbena ( F. teucrioides) and the moss verbena ( F. pulchella).
There are wild native verbenas in many parts of the
United States and Canada but they are rarely known as
cultivated subjects, except forms of F. canadenais. Many
of them are erect weedy plants with small not showy flowers
in close mostly long spikes. They are known as vervains.
alpina of hort. is F. pulcheUa var. Maonettii.
Aubletia: F. canadenaia.
bipinnatffida. More or less prostrate per. with ascending
sts.: Ivs. divided into narrow or linear parts: fls. lilac-purple,
H in. or less acrossrin head-like clusters that soon elongate,
the bracts as long as calyx. S. D. to Mex. and Ariz. — A
showy plant, sometimes transplanted.
bonari^nsls. One of the 8. American ann. or per. ver-
vains that is sometimes known as a cult, plant and has also
run wild in the S.: to 4 ft., erect, branched, et. square: lys.
long and narrow, toothed: fls. lilac, in dense spikes 1H in.
or less long in clusters.
bracteata (F. bracteosa). Per., prostrate or ascending,
hairy: Ivs. irregularly cut-toothed or pinnatifid: fls. small,
purplish, obscured by large bracts in terminal spikes. Cent,
and S. U. S.
bractedsa: F. bracteata.
754 Verbena
canadgnais (F. Aubletia. V. Drummondii. V. montana).
CLUMP V. Ascending and branching per. to 18 in.: Ivs.
1-4 in. long, ovate-oblong, truncate or broadly cuneate at
base, toothed and cut: fls. reddish-purple, lilac, rose, white,
to % in. across, in an elongating head or spike, bracts
shorter than calyx. Va. south and west. Var. comp&cta
is offered as of more dense and lower habit. — Somewhat
grown in gardens, in the N. as an ann.
candidiasima: garden name for white-fid, form.
chamcedryf dlia : V. peruviana.
ciliata. Per. or ann., depressed or low, to 10 in., pubes-
cent: Ivs. about 1 in. long, cut-lobed and cleft, petiole
margined: fls. purple or bluish, H in. or less across, in
lengthening clusters. W. Tex. to Colo, and Ariz., Mex.
citrioddra: Lippia citriodora.
coccmea: garden name for hort. form.
co!6ssea: garden name.
compacta: F. canadenaia var.
corymbdaa. Per. to 3 ft., spreading by subterranean
rhizomes: Ivs. ovate, to 1M in. long, coarsely serrate or
sometimes pinnately lobed, hispidulous on both surfaces:
fls. reddish-purple to lavender, about y± in. across, in
dense imbricate spikes to M H*« ^°118. collected into a ter-
minal corymbose panicle. Chile. — Distinguished from F.
rigida by its larger size and by the Ivs. having 2 small
toothed or entire lobes toward the base. Does best in
moist sunny location.
dissecta: see F. pulchella.
Drummondii: F. canadenaia.
er£cta compacta: garden name.
erinoides: F. lociniata; see also F. pulchella.
gigantea: garden name.
grandifldra: hort. name.
hastata. Erect vervain, per., st. 4-sided, to 4-6 ft. or
more: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate or
dentate, to 6 in. long: fls. small, blue, in narrow spikes.
Weedy plant, N. S. across the continent and to Fla.
hfspida. Per. vervain with erect or ascending rigid
hispid st.: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, sessile,
sharp-serrate, sometimes 3-lobed or cut: fls. small, in long
dense terminal spikes. Peru, Bolivia, Chile.
hortensis (F. hybrida). GARDEN V. Soft decumbent
plant, more or less rooting, per. but mostly grown as ann.:
Ivs. soft to the hand, oblong to ovate-oblong, 2-4 in. long,
broadened and truncate or truncate-cuneate at base,
obtusely dentate, with short margined petiole: fls. in a
broad corymb that lengthens in fr. to 2 or 3 in., pink, red,
yellowish, white. Cultigen; commonly pronounced a
multiple hybrid but this origin is undetermined; nearly
allied to F. teucrioides.
hybrida: F. hortensia.
incisa. Erect, to 3 ft., pubescent, but weak: Ivs. oblong
with rather broad base, deeply lobed and cut with rather
broad sinuses and lobes nearly obtuse: head or corymb
remaining short, or not elongated, rose-crimson and mostly
with an eye. S. Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina. — Perhaps
sometimes cult.
laciniata (F. erinoidea). Grown as an ann. but per. in
mild climates, the branches decumbent and rooting, more
or less hairy: Ivs. ovate in general outline, deeply 3-parted
and the divisions pinnatifid into narrow somewhat revolute
lobes: fls. lilac, in short close often somewhat clover-like
heads, the corolla bearded inside. Argentina, Chile. — See
F. pulchella.
lumlndaa: garden name.
Mahon6ttii, Maone~ttii: a form of F. pulchella.
montana: F. canadenaia.
omcinalis. Erect per. vervain, to 2 ft., rather stiff,
wiry-branched above: Ivs. oblong, pinnatifid or 3-parted
or sometimes only coarsely toothed: fls. small, lilac, in a
slender elongating spike. Eu., Asia, escaped in this country
and weedy.— -Sometimes cult, and once an object of super-
stition.
peruviana (F. chamsedry folia)'. Grown as an ann., more
or less prostrate and rooting: Ivs. 1-2 in. long, oblong or
lance-oblong and pointed, rather sharply serrate or dentate
and tapering at base, very scabrous: spike remaining rather
short, on slender peduncle, fls. scarlet or crimson. S. Brazil,
Uruguay, Peru. — Sometimes seen in botanic gardens.
phlogifldra. Prostrate, with ascending ends: Ivs. short,
ovate-lanceolate, notched and toothed: fls. rosy or purple,
in dense umbel-like clusters that do not elongate. S.
Brazil, Uruguay. — Probably not in cult, with us.
pulchella. Per., somewhat woody at base, but grown
often as ann. from seed, decumbent, rooting, somewhat
hairy to nearly smooth, sts. to 20 in. long: Ivs. dissected
into linear acute lobes: fls. blue or lilac, in terminal rather
dense heads that elongate in fr. S. 3. Amer., and now
Verbena
755
Veronica
widely nat. — This is apparently the plant commonly
known as V. erinoides and sometimes as V. dissecta and K.
tenera. Var. Maonettii, fls. rose-pink to carmine with white-
margined corolla-lobes. Italy.
radicans. Sts. procumbent, rooting at nodes: Ivs. divided,
segms. almost filiform, glabrous: fls. lilac, in compressed
head-like spikes, fragrant. Andes Mts., 8. Amer.
rigida (V. venosa. V. bonariensis var. rigida). Erect
stiff per. vervain, 1-2 ft., simple or branched, st. 4-angled,
making rhizomes: Ivs. narrow-oblong and pointed, 2-3 in.
long, sharply toothed, base wedge-shaped: fls. purplish,
in dense spikes 1-3 in. long. S. Brazil, Argentina, sometimes
spontaneous in warm regions. Var. Alba, fls. white. Var.
lilacina, fls. lilac. — Blooms first year from seed.
rdsea stellata: garden name.
strfcta. Per. soft-pubescent vervain, strict and leafy, to
30 in. high: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 4 in. long, nearly sessile,
sharp-serrate or cut: fls. purple, in long close spikes. Ont.
to New Mex.
tenera. Somewhat shrubby at base and cespitose, sts.
decumbent and rooting: Ivs. laciniate-pinnatifid, more or
less hairy: fls. purplish, in an elongating spike. S. Brazil
and south. — Doubtfully in cult, with us; see V. pulchella.
teucrioides. Per., rooting at base but sts. ascending,
hairy: Ivs. ovate to oblong with triangular base, nearly or
quite sessile, obtusely serrate, margins more or less reyofute,
common garden verbenas,
vendsa: V. rigida.
violacea stellata: garden name.
VERBENACE-®. VERVAIN FAMILY. About
70 genera of herbs, shrubs or trees in the tropics,
subtropics and temperate zones, characterized
by irregular bisexual fls. having 4-5-lobed calyx
and corolla, 4 (rarely 2 or 5) stamens, superior
2-8-celled ovary, and fr. a drupe or berry or nut-
lets. The family furnishes many showy garden
and greenhouse subjects, and Tectona yields
the teak-wood of commerce : Amasonia, Baillonia,
Callicarpa, Caryopteris, Citharexylum, Clero-
dendrum, Congea, Duranta, Gmelina, Holm-
skioldia, Lantana, Lippia, Oxera, Petrea, Premna,
Rhaphithamnus, Stachytarpheta, Tectona, Ver-
bena, Vitex.
VERBENA, LEMON-: Lippia citriodora. Sand-:
Abroma.
VERBESlNA. Composite. American herbs and
shrubs with opposite or alternate Ivs. and yellow,
orange or white solitary or panicled heads, with
or without ray-fls.; pappus of awns. Sometimes
grown for ornament.
crocata. Shrub to 15 ft., the sts. 4- winged: Ivs. opposite,
ovate, to 9 m. long, the lower deeply pinnatifid: heads
orange-red, about 1 in. across, without lays. Mex.
encelioldes (Ximenesia encelioides) . Ann to 3 ft.: Ivs.
alternate, triangular-ovate, to 4 in. long, toothed, pale
beneath: heads to 2 in. across, with golden-yellow rays.
Fla. to Mex.
virgmica (Phsethusa virginica). Per. to 6 ft., sts. densely
puberulent: Ivs. alternate, elliptic-lanceolate to ovate,
to 10 in. long, usually distantly serrate, petiole winged:
heads about 1 in. across, in corymbose panicles, ray-fls.
white, usually 3-5. Va. to Fla. west to 111. and Tex.
VERN6NIA. IRON WEED. Composite. Her-
baceous perennials or in the tropics shrubs and
trees, with alternate Ivs. and showy purple, pink
or white heads of disk-fls. usually borne in
terminal clusters in late summer and autumn;
pappus of scales and bristles.
Vernoniaa are sometimes grown in the border or wild-
garden. They are easily cultivated in any good rich soil.
Increased usually by division; also by seeds and cuttings.
altfssima (V. maxima). To 10 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, to
1 ft. long, finely toothed: heads purple, ^ in- across. N. Y.
to Fla. and La.
arkans&na: V. crinita.
B&dwinii. To 7 ft., tomentose: Ivs. oblong to ovate-
lanceolate, to 8 in. long, toothed: heads purple, H in. across.
Mo. to Tex.
crinita (V. arkansana). To 12 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate*
to 1 ft. long, finely toothed: heads purple, 1 in. across,
pappus purplish. Mo. to Tex.
fasciculate. To 6 ft.: Ivs. linear to lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, toothed: heads crowded, purple, about % in. across
Ohio to Tex.
interior. To 8 in.: Ivs. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, to
8 in. long, toothed, tomentose beneath: heads purple,
la. to Tex.
marginata. To 2H ^.: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate,
to 6 in. long, entire or slightly toothed, punctate: heads
purple. Neb. to Tex.
m&xima: V. altiasima,
noveborac6nsis. To 9 ft.: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, to
10 in. long, finely toothed: heads deep purple, \^ in. across,
pappus purplish. Mass, to N. C. and Miss.
VER6NICA. SPEEDWELL. Scrophulariacex.
Many ann. and per. herbs of wide distribution,
with at least lower Ivs. opposite or seldom
whorled, small white or blue fls. in axillary or ter-
minal racemes or sometimes solitary, and capsular
frs. The New Zeal, shrubby evergreen kinds, much
planted on the Pacific coast, are now referred to
the genus Hebe and they should not be called
Veronicas.
Speedwells are grown in the flower-garden and border
and the low or dwarf kinds in the rock-garden. They are of
easy cultuie in good soil. Propagated by seeds and division.
£lbicans: Hebe albicans.
Allionii (V. pyrenaica). Per. with prostrate sta. . Ivs.
oblong, fine-toothed: fls. violet, in spike-like racemes. S. Eu.
alp£stris: V. serpylhfoha.
alpma. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. oblong, to 1 in. long, entire or
toothed: fls. blue or violet, in dense racemes. Eu., Asia,
N. N. Amer.
amabilis: Hebe amabilia.
ameth^stina: V. spuna.
amplexicaulis: Hebe amplexicaulis.
Andersonii: Hebe Anderaomi.
angustif61ia: Hebe angustifolia.
anitida: listed name.
an6mala: Hebe anomala.
aph^lla. Per. to 4 in.: IVH. obovate to suborbicular, in
loose rosette, to % in. long, denticulate to entire- flu. blue
or pink, usually 2-5 in terminal cluster, small. Cent. Eu.
arguta. Per. with creeping root«tocks: Ivs. ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, to 9£ in. long, toothed: fls. small, in few-
fld. racemes. Atistralia.
armena. Per. to 4 in., tufted: Ivs. pinnate into linear
segms. Y± in. long: fls. deep blue, in few-fld. racemes.
Armenia.
australis: V. spicata.
austrlaca (V. prenja). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. pinnately cut
into oblong or linear segms.: fls. blue, large, in long racemes.
S. E. Eu., Asia Minor.
Bachofdnii. White-pubescent per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong,
to 2 in. long, cordate at base, coarsely toothed: fls. blue, in
long racemes. Hungary.
Baileyana: listed as a shrubby plant with largo blue fls.
Balfouriana: Hebe Balfouriana.
Barker!: Hebe Barkeri.
Beccabunga. EUROPEAN BROOKLIMB. Per. with prostrate
sts.: Ivs. oval, toothed: fls. deep blue, rarely pink, small.
Eu., N. Afr.
bellidioides (V. Townsendii). Hairy per. to 6 in.: Ivs.
obovate, slightly toothed: fls. bluish, in short few-fld.
racemes. S. Eu.
Bfdwillii. Per. to 9 in., with prostrate rooting sts.: Ivs.
leathery, oblong or ovate, \i in. long, entire or with few
notches: fls. white, H in. across. New Zeal.
B611onaii: Hebe Bollonsii.
Bonardta. Per. to 6 in.: Ivs. orbicular, to 1 in. long, or
upper ones lanceolate, toothed or cut: fls. blue, % in. across,
in spikes to 2 in. long. S. Eu.
Buchananii: Hebe Buchananii.
buxifdlia: Hebe buxifolia.
caespit&sa. Tufted per. to 3 in.: Ivs. linear-spatulate,
\i in. long, entire, margins revolute: fls. rose, in few-fld.
racemes. Greece, Asia Minor.
Candida: V. incana.
canescens. Per. with creeping matted sts. to 4 in. long:
Veronica
756
Veronica
Ivs. to Vio in. long, entire: fls. solitary, pale blue, H in.
across. New Zeal.
c&rnea: Hebe cornea.
carn6sula: Hebe carnoaula.
catarractae. Per. to 2 ft. or sometimes prostrate: Ivs.
lanceolate to 4 in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. white or
pink, in racemes to 9 in. long. New Zeal.
caucasica. Per. to G in., pubescent: Ivs. 1-2-pinnatelv
cut into oblong or linear segms.: fls. white veined with
violet, in loose racemes. Causasus.
Cham&drys (V. pulchella). GERMANDER S. Per. to 1H
ft.. Ivs. broad-ovate, to 1 1A m. long, toothed: fls. blue, M in.
across, in lacemes to 6 in. long. Eu., Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
chathamica: Hebe chathamica.
cinerea. Tufted per. to 4 in., gray-pubescent, with
prostrate rooting sts.: Ivs. oblong or oblong-linear, toothed:
fls. pink, in axillary racemes. Asia Minor.
circaeoides: confused name.
coelestis: listed name.
Colensdi: Hebe Colenaoi.
corymbdsa: F. apicata var.
crassifdlia: V. apicata.
crixif61ia: hort. name for Hebe buxifolia.
cupressoldes: Hebe cupreaaoidea.
Cusickii. Per. to 9 in.: Ivs. nearly orbicular to oblong,
to ^ in. long, entire: fls. blue or violet, H m. across, in
few-nd. racemes. Ore., Calif.
Darwiniana: Hebe Darwiniana.
decumbens: Hebe decumbena.
decussata: Hebe elhptica.
Dieffenbachii: Hebe Dieffenbachii.
diosmcefdlia: Hebe dioamsefolia.
Dorrien-Smfthii: Hebe Dorrien-Smithii.
elatior: K. lahfolia.
61egans: V. apuria var.
elegantfssima: hort. name of uncertain application.
ellfptica: Hebe elhptica.
epacridea: Hebe epacndea.
Erica: F. apicata var.
exaltata. Per. to 4 ft.: Ivs. toothed: fls. blue, in long
spikes. Siberia.
excelsa: F. maritima.
fasciculata: listed name.
filicaulis: catalogue name for F. filiformis.
filifdlia. Per. to 1 ft., pubescent: Ivs. 2-pinnate into
nearly filifoim segms.: fls. white veined with blue. Caucasus.
filif6rmis. Ann. or per., with prostrate rooting sts.: Ivs.
ovate, small: fls. bluo, on thread-like stalks. Asia Minor.
flexudsa nana: listed name.
form6sa: Hebe foi mosa.
fruticans (F. aaiatiha). Shrubby per. to 6 in., much
branched: Ivs. oblong, to % in. long, nearly entire: fls. blue,
in short racemes. Eu.
fruticuldsa. Differs from F. fruticosa in larger crenulate
Ivs. and pink fls. S. Eu. Vars. alba and rdsea aie listed.
gentianoides (F. glabra). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, to 3 in. and moie long, entire or slightly toothed:
fls. pale blue veined with darker, in long loose racemes.
S. E. Eu. Vnis. angustifdlia and stenophylla have narrower
Ivs. Var. pallida (F. pallida), fls. pale porcelain-blue. Var.
variegata is listed.
Gfbbsii: Hebe Oibbaii.
gigantea: Hebe gigantea.
glabra: F. gentianoidea.
glauca. Nearly erect ann.: Ivs. broadly ovate, to ^ in.
long, wavy-toothed, pubescent: fls. bright blue with white
throat, to ^ in. across. Greece. — Plants under this name
may also be glaucous-foliaged forms of F. incana or F.
latifolw, or even of Hebe glaucophylla.
glaucophylla: Hebe glaucophylla.
glomerata: hort. name for Hebe buxifolia*
Gdldenli: listed name.
gractllima: Hebe gracillima.
gr&ndis (F. Koenitzeri). Per. to 2 ft. or moro, pubescent:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to oblong, to 3 in. long, petioled,
subcordate, ineised-dentate to serrate, with lower Ivs. some-
times pirinatind: fls. white, in terminal racemes .to 6 in.
long. Siberia.
Grifcvel: a form of F. fruticans usually known to the
trade as F. aaxatilia Orievei.
Guthrieana. Garden hybrid to 9 in. with blue fls.
H6ctorfc Hebe Hectori.
hirnalensis. Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 2 in. long,
coarsely toothed: fls. blue, to 1 in. across, in racemes to 5
in. long. Asia.
Hookeriana (F. nivalia). Prostrate per. with ste. to 10
in. long: Ivs. ovate, to ^ in. long, coarsely toothed, leathery
and stiff: fls. purplish or white, in corymbose racemes.
New Zeal.
Hulkeana: Hebe Hulkeana.
hybrida: F. apicata.
imperialis: a garden name for Hebe specioaa.
incana (F. Candida). White-pubescent per. to 2 ft.:
Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, to 3 in. long, toothed: fls. blue,
in racemes to 6 in. long. N. Asia, Russia. Var. glauca,
foliage glaucous-blue, fls. purple. Var. nana is listed. Var.
rdsea is listed with rose-pink fls.
Koenitzeri: F. grandis.
l&vis: Hebe Isevia.
latifdlia (F. elatior. V. Teucrium). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
ovate, cordate at base, toothed: fls. blue or reddish, in
pamcled racemes. Eu. Listed vars. include dubia, prostrata,
rdsea.
latisepala: Hebe macrocarpa var. latisepala.
leioph^lla: Hebe leiophylla.
L&wisii: Hebe Lewisii.
linifdlia. Procumbent per., sts. to 9 in. long, ascending
at tips, glabrous: Ivs. linear, to 1 in. long, obtuse, entire,
petiole ciliate. fls. white to pale rose, to l/4 in. across, in
racemes. New Zeal.
lobelioides: advertised as a low small-lvd. plant with
small spikes of bright blue fls. ; probably a Hebe.
Ldbicee rdsea: listed name.
loganioides: Hebe loganioidea.
longifdlia: F. maritima.
LVallii. Per. with prostrate rooting sts. to 1H ft. long:
Ivs. broad-ovate, to l/% in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. white
veined with pink, y& in. across, in racemes to 6 in. long.
New Zeal.
macrantha: Hebe macrantha.
macrocarpa: Hebe macrocarpa.
macrostachya (F. pohfoha). Tufted per. to 4 in.: Ivs.
oblong to hnear-spatulate, small, obtusely pectmate-
crenate, revolute: fls. pink, in short dense racemes: caps,
minute and woolly. Syria.
macroura: Hebe macroura.
maritima (F. longifolia. V. excelsa). Per. to 2 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate or oblong, to 4 in. long, toothed: fls. lilac, in
dense racemes. Eu., Asia, nat. in E. N. Amcr. Var. alba,
fls. white. Var. Hendersonii nana is semi-dwarf with dark
blue fls. Var. rdsea, fls. pink. Var. subsessilis (F. aub-
aeasihs) has larger deep blue fls. and nearly-sesbile Ivs.
Michauxii. Per. to 5 ft., pubescent: Ivs. ovate, toothed:
fls. pale blue, in dense racemes. Persia.
multffida. Per. with decumbent sts.: Ivs. pinnately cut
into linear segms. : fls. pale pink or blue. Asia.
nivalis: F. Hookeriana.
Nummularia. Per. with creeping sts. : Ivs. ovate-orbicular,
^ in. long, entire, rather thick, the lowest scale-like: fls.
blue or pink. Pyrenees.
obovata: a name of uncertain application, perhaps a
hybrid ; properly belonging to genus Hebe.
obtusata: Hebe obtuaata.
officinalis. Per. with prostrate or ascending sts. to 1 H it--
long: Ivs. oblong, to 2 in. long, toothed: fls. pale blue, to
^ in. across, in racemes much longer than Ivs. Eu., Asia,
N. Amer.
6lsenii. Prostrate per. : Ivs. ovate or orbicular, to ^ in.
long, coarsely toothed, thick and leathery: fls. white veined
with pink, in many-fld. racemes. New Zeal.
orchfdea. Per. to 1 U ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong, toothed,
shining above: fls. pale blue or pinkish. S. E. Eu. — Probably
only a variant of F. apicata, differing in the Ivs. glabrescent
above and corolla revolute in bud.
orientalis. Per. with decumbent or prostrate sts.: Ivs.
cuneate-oblong or lanceolate, toothed: fls. pink or pale
blue, in one-sided racemes. Asia Minor. Var. tenuifdlia
(F. taurica), Ivs. narrowly linear, margins often revolute
and sometimes remotely toothed. S. Armenia and Persia.
pallida: F. gentianoides var.
paniculata: F. apuria.
parvifldra: Hebe parviflora.
pectinata. White-pubescent prostrate per. : Ivs. obovate,
U in. long, toothed or sometimes cut: fls. deep blue with
wnite center, in many-fld. racemes. Asia Minor. Var.
alba, fls. white. Var. rdsea, fls. rose.
Veronica
757
Vetiveria
peduncularis. Per. with prostrate or ascending sts. : lys.
ovate or oblong, coarsely toothed or cut: fls. white veined
with pink. Asia Minor.
persica: V. Tournefortii.
pimeleoides: Hebe pimelcoides.
pinguifdlia: Hebe pingmfolia.
pinnata. Per. to 3 ft.: Ivs. pinnate, shining, rather thick:
fls. blue, in many-fld. racemes. Russia.
polifdlia: V. macrostachya.
polita. Ann. with weak sts. to 10 in. long: Ivs. oval,
deeply toothed: fls. blue, % in. across, solitary. Eu., N.
Afr.; nat. in N. Amcr.
pr6nja: F. austriaca.
procumbens: a name without botanical standing.
prostrate: V. latifoha var.
pulche'lla: F. Chamsedrys.
pumila. Low ann., sticky-pubescent: Ivs. ovate or
rhomboid, deeply lobed: fls. H in. across. S. E. Eu.
pyrenaica: F. Allionii.
Quateriana: listed as a fine blue-fld. form.
rakaiensis: Hebe rakaiensis.
Reevesii: advertised as having lavender-pink fls.
repens. Creeping moss-like per.: Ivs. ovate, to H. in-
long, shining: fls. rose or bluish, in few-fld. racemes. Corsica.
Var. alba, fls. white. Var. rdsea, fls. rose.
rotundata: Hebe rotundata.
rubra: listed name, possibly a var. of Hebe speciosa or
of F. spicata.
rupestris: hort. name, probably for a dwarf variant of
F. latifolia which is usually densely tuftod and has Ivs.
narrowly lanceolate, entire or remotely toothed.
rupicola: Hebe rupicola.
salicif61ia: Hebe sahcifoha.
saturejoides. Creeping per. to 3 in.: Ivs. oblong, H in.
long. fls. blue, in short dense racemes. Dalmatia.
saxatilis: V.fruticans.
scutellata. Prostrate glabrous per., st. tips ascending:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, remotely denticulate or entire: fls.
white, bluish or pinkish, in lax racemes. S. Balkan region.
senanensis. Suffrutescent, pilose at base' Ivs. ovate to
lanceolate, to 1 in. long, petioled, base wedge-shaped,
sharply toothed: fls. lilac, to % in. dmm., calyx pilose,
segms. oblong and acute, caps, narrow, obcoidate. Japan.
serpyllif&lia (F. alpestns). Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
oblong, to J-i in. long, toothed or entire: fls. pale blue with
darker stripes, % in. across, in few-fld. racemes. Eu., Asia,
N. and S. Arner.
specidsa: Hebe speciosa.
spicata (F. austrahs. V. crassifolia. V. hybrida). To
1 J^ ft. . Ivs. lanceolate, to 2 in. long, toothed . fls. blue or
pink, in long dense racemes. N. Eu., Asia. Var. alba, fls.
white. Var. corymb6sa, to 1 ft., fls. pule blue. Var. Erica,
heather-like, fla. pmk. Var. nana, to 9 in., fls. blue. Var.
rdsea, fls. purplish-pink. Var. rubra, fls. purplish-red.
Spuria (F. amethystina. F. pamculata) . Per. to 2 ft.,
densely pubescent. Ivs. linear, 1 in. long, toothed above:
fls. blue, in paraded racemes. S. E. Eu., S. Asia. Var.
elegans ( F. elegans) is more branched and pubescent.
stenophylla: F. gentianoides var.
subsessilis: F. mantima var.
surculdsa. Per., sts. mostly prostrate or somewhat
ascending, sticky -hairy : Ivs. oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
to y& in. long, usxially with 2-3 rounded teeth: fls. pale
blue, in terminal and axillary racemes, peduncles densely
glandular-hispid. E. Eu.
taurica: F. orientalis var. tenuifolia*
tenuif&lia: F. orientalis var.
Teucrium: F. latifolia.
Tournefdrtii (F. persica). Prostrate ann.: Ivs. ovate,
Min. long, coarsely toothed: fls. blue, in axillary racemes.
i.f Asia; nat. in N. Amer.
Tdwnsendii: F. bellidioides.
Tdwnsonii: Hebe Townaonii.
Traversii: Hebe Traversii.
Trehanii: one of the many forms of the plant passing
as F. rupestris.
triphyllos. Ann., often prostrate, pubescent: Ivs. pal-
mately cut into 3-5 oblong segms. : fls. blue, in loose racemes.
S. Eu., N. Afr.
veraicdsa: Hebe vernicosa,
versf color: a listed name, perhaps a hybrid.
virgtoica: Veronicastrum viroinicum.
Waldsteinii: hort. form with blue fls. in very late
summer.
wardi£nsis: listed as an evergreen shrub to 1 ft. with
gray-green Ivs. and blue fls.
Wormskj61dii. Per. to 1 ft.: Ivs. ovate or elliptic, to
1 in. long, entire or slightly toothed: fls. dark blue, >£ in.
across, in terminal racemes. Mts., N. Amer.
VERONICASTRUM. Scrophulariacese. Vari-
able per. herb native from Vt. to Tex. V. vir-
ginicum (Veronica virginica. Lcptandra virgin-
ica). CULVEKS-ROOT. To 7 ft.: Ivs. mostly
whorled, lanceolate, to 6 in. long and 1 in. across,
toothed: fls. white or pale blue, Y§ in. long, in
racemes to 9 in. long. Var. album is listed. —
Sometimes transplanted from the wild.
VERRUCIFERA: Titanopsis.
VERSCHAFFfiLTIA. Palrnacese. One monoe-
cious more or less armed tree with brace roots at
base of trunk and large pinnate-ribbed Ivs. not
parted to rachis, native in the Seychelles in the
Indian Ocean: spadix among lower Ivs., drooping,
spathes 3; fls. in 3's, spirally disposed on slender
side branches, the middle one pistillate; stamens
6, on very short filaments: fr. globular, with
hard shell, nearly or quite 1 in. diam.; seed
grooved; albumen strongly ruminate.
splendida. To 80 ft., slender, when young the st., lf.-
sheatlis and petioles spiny but losing the spines with age:
Ivs. oval or obovato, cuneate at base, blade several ft. long,
deeply bifid at apex and the sides cut deeply or nearly to
midrib at base, strongly ribbed. Sometimes seen under
glass and in test in the open far S.
VERTICILLATE: whorled; arranged in a circle about
the stem, as leaves, bracts, flowers.
VERTICORDIA. Myrtaccx. Australian usually
heath-like shrubs with mostly small opposite
entire Ivs. and fls. in corymbs, spikes or racemes,
the calyx-lobes plumose and radiating; one species
intro. in Calif.
densifldra. To 3 ft.: Ivs. linear, to H in. long, cylindiical
or 3-angled : fls. white or pink, to ^ in. long, petals fringed,
in dense terminal corymbs.
VERVAIN: Verbena.
VESICARIA. BLADDER-POD. Crucifcrde. Per.
herbs of Cent. Eu. and Medit. region, V. utricu-
lata grown for the large inflated pods or silicles
as well as for the yellow fls. Distinguished from
Lunaria and Alyssum by the fr. inflated and
sac-like, not flattened and compressed; the fls.
differ from the latter genus in their larger size
and in having unequal sepals with the lateral
ones saccate at the base.
grseca. Differs from F. utriculata in basal Iva. stellate-
hairy, st.-lvs. glabrescent and entire, petals more orbiculate
and orange-yellow, longer fr.-pediccls and narrower seeds.
E. Italy and Greece.
sinuata: Alyssum sinuatum.
utriculata. To 1^ ft. high, somewhat woody at base:
Ivs. many and entire, the lowest obovate and crowded,
upper lanceolate: pods subglobose, to about \^ in. diam.,
the thin dissepiment persistent.
VETCH: Vicia. Crown: Coromlla varw. Kidney:
Anthyllis Vidneraria. Ladys-Finger: Anthyllis Webbiana.
Milk: Astragalus.
VETCHLING: Lathyrus.
VETIVfeRIA. Graminese. Per. grasses with
aromatic roots from which perfumery and
medicines are made, narrow Ivs. and spikelets
borne in narrow terminal panicles. See Grasses.
zizanioides (Anatherum zizanioides) . VBTIVER. KHUS-
KHUS. To 8 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and H in. wide, rough on
nicies to 1 ft. long, the branches ascending. Asia,
edg
E. Indies; escaped in La.— Sometimes planted far S. along
divisions between areas.
Viburnum
758
Viburnum
VEBtJRNUM. Caprifoliacex. Many shrubs
and small trees with opposite simple deciduous
or persistent Ivs., small white or pinkish fls. in
showy terminal panicles or umbel-like cymes,
and fr. a 1-seeded drupe which of ten persists
into winter; native in Amer., Eu,, and Asia.
Some of the viburnums are known as haws.
Viburnums are amongst the most popular ornamental
shrubs, and many of them assume attractive autumn colors;
they make good bird refuges because of their autumn and
winter fruits. They are deciduous unless otherwise stated.
Most of the deciduous species are hardy as far north as New
England. They aie not particular as to soil. Propagated
by stratified seeds, by hardwood cuttings or cuttings of
green wood under glass, by layers and grafting. A few of
the snowballs are forced in the greenhouse for early bloom.
acerifdlium. DOCKMACKIB. To 6 ft.: Ivs. 3-lobed, maple-
like, coarsely toothed, to 5 in. long: fls. white, in long-
stalked cymes to 3 in. across, May-June: fr. purple-black.
N. B. to N. C. arid Minn.
affine: V. Rafinesquianum var.
alnifolium (V. lantanoides). HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN
WAYFARING-TUBE. To 10 ft.: Ivs. nearly orbicular, to 8 in.
long, cordate at base, irregularly toothed: fls. white, m
siessile cymes 5 in. across, the marginal fls. sterile and 1 in.
across, May-Juno: fr. red, becoming purple-black. N. B.
to N. C. and Mich. Var. pr&cox flowers earlier.
americanum: V. tnlobum.
betulifdlium. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, toothed:
fls. in short-stalked cymes 4 in. across, June-July: fr. red.
China
bitchiue'nse. Similar to V. Carlesii but more straggling,
with smaller Ivs. and cymes. Japan.
bracteatum. To 10 ft.: Ivs. orbicular, to 5 in. long,
wavy-toothed, cordate at base: fls. in cymes to 3 in. across,
conspicuously brae ted: fr. bluish-black. Ga.
buddleifblium. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, to 6 in.
long, slightly toothed, gray-tornentose beneath: fls. in
dense cymes 3 in. across: fr. black. China.
burejaeticum. To 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oval, to 4 in. long,
wavy-tootked: fls. white, in dense cymes 2 in. across, May:
fr. bluish-black. Manchuria, China.
Burkwoodii. Hybrid between V. Carlesii and V. utUe:
partially evergreen: Ivs. shining: fls. white, fragrant.
Canbyi: V. pubescens var.
Carlesii. To 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oval, to 4 in. long,
toothed, pubescent on both sides: fls. white, fragrant, in
dense cymes to 3 in. across, Apr.-May: fr. blue-black.
Korea.
cassinoides. WITHE-ROD. To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oval,
to 4 in. long, finely toothed: fls. white, in short-stalked
cymes to 5 in. across, June-July: fr. blue-black. Newf. to
N. C. and Minn.
cinnamomifdlium. To 20 ft., evergreen: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong, to 5 in. long, nearly entire: cymes to 7 in. across: fr.
blue-black. China.
corylifdlium. Similar to V. dilatatum but distinguished
by the long pubescence of petioles, infl. and young branch-
lets. China.
cylfadricum. To 40 ft., evergreen: Ivs. elliptic or oblong,
to 7 in. long, entire or slightly toothed, waxy above: fls.
white, in stalked cymes to 4^ in. across, July-Sept.: fr.
black. China, Himalayas.
Davidii. To 3 ft., evergreen: Ivs. elliptic, to 5 M in. long,
slightly toothed, pale beneath: fls. white, in dense stalked
cymes to 3 in. across, June: fr. blue. China.
dentatum. ARROW-WOOD. To 15 ft.: Ivs. orbicular or
ovate, to 3 in. long, coarsely toothed: fls. white, in long-
stalked cymes 3 in. across, May-June: fr. blue-black. N. B.
to Ga. and Minn.
dilatatum. To 10 ft.: lys. orbicular or ovate, to 5 in.
long, coarsely toothed, hairy on both sides: fls. white, in
stalked cymes to 5 in. across, May-June: fr. scarlet. Japan.
ellfpticum. To 8 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 3 in. long, coarsely
toothed above middle: fls. in long-stalked cymes 2 in. across:
fr. black. Wash, to Calif.
erdsum. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, sharply
toothed: fls. in loose cymes to 3 in. across, May-June: fr.
red. Japan.
icfetidum. To 10 ft., semi-evergreen: Ivs. pbovate or
oval, to 2)4 in. long, toothed above middle: fls. in cymes to
3 in. across, June: fr. scarlet. Himalayas, China. Var.
rectingulum (V. rectangulum) is taller with branches often
drooping.
fragrans. To 10 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 3 in. long, toothed,
slightly pubescent: fls. white or pinkish, fragrant, in panicles
2 in. long, Apr.-May: fr. black or purple. China.
furcatum. Very similar to V. alnifolium but of more
upright habit: Ivs. narrower, finely serrate. Japan.
grandiflorum. To 6 ft.: Ivs. oval-oblong, to 4 in. long: fls.
in snort dense panicle**: fr. blue-black or purple. Himalayas.
Hairyanum. To 10 ft., evergreen: Ivs. orbicular-ovate
or obovate, to 1 in. long, nearly entire: cymes to \\i in.
across: fr. black. China.
Henryi. To 10 ft., evergreen: Ivs. oblong, to 5 in. long,
toothed, shining above: fls. in broad panicles to 4 in. long,
Aug.: fr. red turning black. China.
hupehense. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to 3 in. long, coarsely
toothed, pubescent on both sides: fls. in cymes 2 in. across,
June: fr. red. China.
ichangense. To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to
2)4 in. long, pubescent beneath: fls. in cymes to 1J^ in.
across: fr. red. Cent, and W. China. — Similar to V. erosum.
jap6nicum (V. macrophyllum). To 6 ft., evergreen: Iva.
ovate, to 6 in. long, slightly toothed above middle, shining
above: fls. white, fragrant, in short-stalked cymes to 4 in.
across, June: fr. red. Japan.
Keteledri: V. macrocephalum var.
taevigatum: V. obovatum.
Lant&na. WAYFARING-TREE. To 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate, to
6 in. long, finely toothed, pubescent on both sides: fls. white,
in cymes to 4 in. across, May-June: fr. red tuiniug black.
Eu., W. Asia. Var. rugdsum has more wrinkled Ivs.
lantanoides: V. alnifolium.
latifdlium: V. ngidum.
Lentago. SHEEP-BERRY NANNY-BERRY. To 30 ft.: lys.
ovate, to 4 in. long, finely toothed: fls. white, in sessile
cymes to 5 in. across, May-June: fr. blue-black, pruinose.
Hudson Bay to Ga. and Miss.
loboph^llum. To 15 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate or obovate,
to 4>£ m. long, toothed, pubescent only on veins: fls. in
long-stalked cymes to 4 in. across, June- July: fr. bright
red. China.
lucidum: V. Tinus var.
macrocephalum. To 12 ft., semi-evergreen: Ivs. ovate or
oval, to 4 in. long, finely toothed, pubescent on both sides:
fls. white, in stalked cymes to 5 in. across, the marginal
ones sterile and 1 in. across. May- June. China. Var.
Keteledri, the wild form, haying only the maigmal fls.
sterile and enlarged. Var. sterile, CHINESE SNOWBALL, has
all fls. sterile, forming a globose ball to 8 in. across.
macrophyllum: V. japonicum.
m611e. To 12 ft.: Ivs. nearly orbicular, to 5 in. long,
cordate at base, coarsely toothed, pale and pubescent
beneath: fls. white, in long-stalked cymes to 3 in. across,
June: fr. blue-black. la. to Ky. and Mo.
mong61icum. To 7 ft., twigs stellate-pubescent: Ivs.
broadly ovate to elliptic, to 2^ in. long, usually obtuse,
somewhat hairy, subdentate, base rounded: fls. m flat
umbel-like cymes: fr. black. N. E. Asia.
nftidum: V. nudum var. angu&tifolium.
nudum. SMOOTH WITHE-ROD. To 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate to
oval-lanceolate, to 5 in. long, nearly entire, pubescent
beneath: fls. white or yellowish, in long-stalked cymes to
5 in. across, June- July: fr. blue-black. L. I. to Fla. and La.
Var. angustif dlium (V. nitidum), vs. smaller and more
glossy, usually narrower.
obovatum (V. Isevigatum). To 8 ft., semi-evergreen: Ivs.
obovate, to 1H in- long, nearly entire, shining and leathery:
fls. white, in sessile cymes 2 in. across, Apr.-June: fr. black.
Va. to Fla.
odoratfssimum. To 10 ft., evergreen: Ivs. oval, to 6 in.
long, nearly entire, shining above: fls. white, fragrant,
in panicles 4 in. high, May- June: fr. red turning black.
India to Japan. Var. nanum, a dwarf form, and var.
variegatum with variegated foliage, are listed.
6pulus. EUROPEAN CRANBERRY-BUSH. To 12 ft.: Ivs.
3-5-lobed, maple-like, to 4 in. long, pubescent beneath:
fls. white, in stalked cymes to 4 in. across, the marginal
fls. sterile and % in. across, May- June: fr. scarlet. Eu., N.
Afr., N. Asia. Var. nanum is a very dwarf form with small
Ivs. Var. rdseum (var. sterile'), SNOWBALL, GUELDER-ROSE,
has all fls. sterile and forming a round rose-like head. Var.
xanthocarpum has yellow fr. — See V. tnlobum.
ovatif dlium. Shrub • Ivs. ovate or oblong^ovate, to 3 in.
long, toothed: fls. in cymes 3 in. across. China.
Oxyc6ccus: V. tnlobum.
paucifldrum. To 5 ft. : Ivs. nearly orbicular, to 3 in. long,
3-lobed at apex, toothed: fls. in heads 1 in. across, May:
fr. red. N. N. Amer., N. E. Asia.
plicatum: V, tomentosum var. sterile.
propfaquum. Evergreen, with shining red-brown branch-
lets: Ivs. elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, to~3H in. long, slightly
toothed, shining above: fls. greenish- white, in stalked cymes
to 2 % in. across: fr. black. China.
Viburnum
759
Victoria
prunifdlium. BLACK-HAW. To 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
broad-oval, to 3 in. long, finely toothed: fls. white, in sessile
cymes to 4 in. across, Apr .-May: fr. blue-black, pruinoee.
Conn, to Fla. and Tex.
pub6scens (V. venosum). To 10 ft.: Ivs. ovate to nearly
orbicular, to 4 in. long, coarsely toothed, pubescent beneath :
fls. white, in long-stalked cymes to 4 in. across, June- July:
fr. blue-black. Mass, to Va. Var. Canbyi has larger wider
Ivs, Var. Iongif61ium (V. dentatum var. longifolium) has
longer narrower Ivs. — Recent studies indicate that V.
pubescens and its variants represent forms of V. dentatum
differing primarily in degree of hairiness.
Rafinesquianum (V. a fine var. hypomalacum). To 6 ft.:
Ivs. to 3 in. long, coarsely toothed, densely pubescent be-
neath: fls. white, in dense short-stalked cymes to 3 in.
across, May-June: fr. bluish-black. Mo. Var. affine
( V. affine) has Ivs. glabrous beneath or nearly so. Que. to
Ga. and 111.
rectangulum: V. fatidum var.
rhvtidoph^llum. To 10 ft., evergreen: Ivs. ovate-oblong,
to 7 in. long, nearly entire, shining and deeply wrinkled
above, gray- or yellow- tomentose beneath: fls. yellowish-
white, in cymes to 8 in. across, May-June: fr. red turning
black. China.
rfgidum (V. latifolium). To 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-
oblong, to 6 in. long, wrinkled above, pubescent beneath:
fls. white, in cymes 4 in. across, May-July: fr. bluish-black.
Canary Isls.
robustum: listed name.
rotundif ilium: confused name; the material so listed
may be V. tomentosum var.
ruffdulum ( V. rufotomentoaum). SOUTHERN BLACK-HAW.
To 30 ft.: Ivs. oval, to 4 in. long, finely toothed, shining
above, rusty-tomentose beneath: fls. white, in cymes 5 in.
across, May-June: fr. dark blue, pruinose. Va. to Fla. and
Tex.
rufotomentdsum: V. rufidulum.
Sargentii. To 12 ft.: Ivs. 3-lobed or sometimes oblong-
lanceolate and unlobed, 4 in. or more long: fls. in long-
stalked cymes to 4 in. across, the marginal fls. sterile and
1 in. across, May-June: fr. scarlet. N. E. Asia. Var.
flavurn, Ivs. hairy on veins beneath, anthers and fr. yellow.
Var. xanthocarpum is listed with yellow fr. and may not be
distinct from preceding form.
scabrellum. To 6 ft. : lys. ovate to oblong, to 4 in. long,
smooth above, hairy on veins beneath, remotely or shallowly
toothed: fls. in stellate-pubescent cymes to 3 in. across:
fr. blue-black. 8. E. U. S.
setigerum (V. theiferum). To 12 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong,
to 5 in. long, slightly toothed, dark green above: fls. in
stalked cymes 2 in. across, May-June: fr. red. China.
Sieboldii. To 10 ft. : Ivs. oval or obovate, to 6 in. long,
coarsely toothed, shining above, paler and pubescent be-
neath: fls. creamy- white, in panicles 4 in. long, May-June:
fr. pink turning blue-black. Japan.
suspe'nsum. To 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. oval, to 4 in. long,
toothed toward apex, shining above, paler beneath: fls.
pinkish, in dense panicles 1% in. across, June-July: fr.
red. Liu-Kiu Isl.
thelferum: V. setigerum.
Tlnus. LAURESTINUS. To 10 ft., evergreen: Ivs. ovate-
oblong or oblong, to 3 in. long, entire, dark green above:
fls. white or pinkish, in cymes 3 in. across, in summer, often
flowered in greenhouse: fr. black. Medit. region. A few of
the hort. vars. are hirtum with Ivs. pubescent beneath,
lucidum (V. lucidum) with larger Ivs., strictum of more
upright habit, and variegatum with variegated Ivs.
toment&sum. To 10 ft. : lys. ovate, to 4 in. long, toothed,
pubescent beneath: fls. white, in long-stalked cymes to
4 in. across, the marginal fls. sterile and 1 in. or more across,
May-June: fr. red turning blue-black. Japan, China. Var.
lanceatum has narrower Ivs., var. Mariesii larger sterile
fls. and cymes, var, parvif&lium Ivs. to 2 in. long, and var.
rotundifolium broader Ivs. and blooms earlier. Var. sterile
(var. plenum, var. plicatum), JAPANESE SNOWBALL, has all
sterile fls. in round heads.
trflobum (V. americanum. V. Oxycoccus). CRANBERRY-
BUSH. To 12 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 5 in. long, 3-lobed and
coarsely toothed: fls. white, in short-stalked cymes to 4 in.
across, the marginal fls. sterile, May- June: fr. scarlet.
N. N. Amer. — The American representative of V. Opulus,
and formerly not distinguished from it.
urceolatum. Rather straggling shrub to 3 ft., sts. pro-
cumbent and rooting: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to
6 in. long, acuminate, glabrous above, veins scurfy beneath,
crenate-serrate: fls. in flat umbel-like cymes to 2^ in.
across: fr. black. Japan.
utile. To 6 ft., evergreen: Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 3 in.
long, entire, shining above, whitish-tomentoee beneath:
fls. white, in dense cymes to 3 in. across, May: fr. bluish-
black. China.
Veitchii. To 6 ft: Ivs. ovate, to 5 in. long, slightly
toothed, densely pubescent beneath: fls. white, in dense
cymes to 5 in. across, May-June: fr. red turning black.
China.
ven&sum: V. pubescena.
ventricdsum: listed as a loose spreading shrub to 8 ft.
with glossy dark Ivs. and white fls. in small clusters.
WrJghtii. To 10 ft.: Ivs. broad-ovate, to 6 in. long,
coarsely toothed: fls. white, in short-stalked cymes 4 in.
across, May-June: fr. red. Japan.
VfCIA. VETCH. Leguminosx. Mostly tendril-
climbing herbaceous vines with pinnate Ivs.,
papilionaceous fls., and flat pods; several species
are grown for food, forage and green-manure
crops and a few for ornament.
Seeds of vetches used for cover-crops (as V. aativa and
V. villosa) are sown broadcast; those of V. Faba in drills
21 to 35 inches apart. Vetches are not particular as to soil.
americana. Per., with trailing or climbing sts. to 3 ft.
long: Ifts. elliptic or oblong: fls. purplish, in few-fld. racemes:
pods to 1 K in. long. N. Amer.
angustifdlia. Ann. or bien.: Ifts. linear-oblong: fls.
purplish, usually 2 in the axils: pods black, to 3 in. long. Eu.
atropurpurea. PURPLE V. Ann., white-hairy: Ifts.
linear-oblong: fls. purple, white at base, in racemes: pods
to 1 H in. long, pubescent. 8. Eu.
calcarata. Ann.: Ifts. linear-lanceolate: fls. purplish,
solitary: pods 1% in. long. Medit. region.
Cracca. Cow V. Per.: Ifts. linear to oblong: fls. purplish,
varying to white, in one-sided many-fld. racemes: pods to
1 in. long. Eu., Asia, N. Amer. Var. Ger&rdii is more
pubescent, has more Ifts. and violet fls.
Ervflia. ERVIL. BITTER V. Ann., erect, 2 ft. or more,
without tendrils: Ifts. linear: fls. rose-colored, 2-4 in the
axils: pods to 1 in. long. S. Eu.
Faba. BROAD BEAN. HORSE BEAN. Ann., erect, to
6 ft., without tendrils: Ifts. oval to oblong: fls. white with
purple blotch, solitary or several in the axils: pods some-
times to 1 ft. long. N. Afr., S. W. Asia. — Grown for forage,
also for human food; bean of history.
: V. Cracca var.
ntda. Per., climbing to several ft.: Ifts. narrow-
oblong: fls. reddish-purple, in racemes: pods 1)4 in. long.
Calif, to Alaska.
hirsdta. Ann., sts. to 3 ft., hairy: Ifts. ovate to lanceolate:
fls. white or pale blue, in 1-6-fld. clusters: pods \i in. long.
Eu., N. Afr., Asia.
tybrida. Ann.: Ifts. obovate: fls. pale yellow striped with
violet, solitary. Medit. region. — Probably some of the
material cult, under this name belongs to other species.
narbone'nsis. NARBONNB V. Ann.: Ifts. oval to oblong:
fls. purplish, solitary or few in the axils: pods to 2 in. long.
S. Eu.
onobrychioldes. Ann.: Ifts. linear: fls. purplish turning to
yellow, several in loose clusters: pods 1 in. or more long.
S. Eu.
oroboides (Orobus lathyroides). Per. to 2 ft., without
tendrils: Ifte. ovate to oblong: fls. whitish or yellow, 3-7 in
the axils: pods to 1H in. long. S. Eu.
Pseudo-cra'cca. Ann. : fls. purplish with yellowish wings*
in short racemes: pods to l^i in. long. S. Eu.
pvrenaica. Prostrate or ascending per.{ sts. to 1 ft. long,
angular: Ifts. 2-12: fls. purple- violet, solitary, large: poas
glabrous. S. W. France.
r6aea: probably Lathyrua roaeua.
sativa. COMMON or SPRING V. TARE. Ann. or bien.:
Ifts. oblong: fls. purplish, usually 2 in the axils: pods to 3 in.
long. Eu.; nat. in N. Amer. Var. Alba has white fls., var.
fulgens scarlet fls. and var. macrocarpa large fls. and seeds.
semicfacta. Per., sts. to 4 ft.: Ifts. linear: fls. blue-purple,
in dense racemes: pods M in. long. Calif., S. Ore.
v6rna: probably Lathyrua vernua.
villdsa. HAIRY or WINTER V. Ann. or bien.: Ifts. linear-
oblong: fls. violet-blue, in long one-sided racemes: pods to
1 in. long. Eu., Asia.
VICTdRIA. Nymphxaceae. Very large per.
aquatics with erect rhizomes, prickly: lys. large,
circular, with great bars and cross ribs filled
with air spaces, the margins turned up straight
3-8 in.: fls. fragrant, floating, 6-18 m. across
when spread, opening late in the afternoon and
remaining till the second day, changing from
white to pink and even red: fr. a large more or
Victoria
760
Viola
less berry-like body: probably 3 species in S.
Amer., sometimes grown in large aquaria.
Under cultivation in temperate regions victorias are
treated as annuals, and require the same treatment as
tender nympheas. They are raised from seeds, those of V.
regia requiring a water temperature of 85-90° for germina-
tion, and V. Cruziana 65-70°. They are sown in February
or March in pots or seed-pans that are set in shallow water.
The young seedlings are transferred to small pots and kept
growing continuously until transferred to their permanent
quarters in tanks. If grown outside in the summer, steam
pipes through the water keep this at the correct temperature
till the season is warm enough.
Cruziana (V. Tricken). SANTA CRUZ WATER-LILY. Lvs.
densely soft-hairy beneath, the upturned margins green,
6-8 in. high: fls. turning deep red-pink second day; sepals
prickly only at base. Paraguay. — This is the species usually
grown in this country.
regia. ROYAL WATER-LILY. Lvs. 3-6 ft. across, in the
larger forms turned up 2-4 in. at the edges, reddish be-
neath: fls. turning dull crimson second day; sepals prickly.
British Guiana arid Amazon. Var. R&ndii, the usual form
in cult., has If .-rim 5-6 in. and under side deeper red, fls.
turning deep crimson.
Trfckeri: V. Cruziana.
VIGNA. Leguminosx. Vine-like herbs with 3-
foliolate Ivs., yellowish-white or purplish papil-
ionaceous fls. usually in pairs at the ends of long
peduncles, and long slender cylindrical pods.
Several species are grown for food, forage and as green-
manure and cover-crops, V. sinensis being one of the staple
crops of the South. Adapted only to mild climates, as
southern United States and susceptible to frost. Grown as
annuals from seed planted as soon as land is warm in spring.
C&tjang. CATJANQ. Pods short, 3-5 in. long, erect or
spreading. Probably Asia.
lutea: V. marina.
marina (V. lutea). Pods 2 in. long, reflexed. Trop.
seashores.
sesquipedalis (Dolichos sesquipedalis). ASPARAGUS
BEAN. YARD-LONG BEAN. Pods 1-3 ft. long, hanging,
flabby or somewhat inflated when green. Probably Asia.
sin6nsis. COWPEA. Pods 8-12 in. long, hanging. Prob-
ably Asia. — Grown for forage, green-manure, the beans
also for human food.
VILLADIA (Altamiranoa) . Crassidacese. Per.
herbs resembling Sedum but with petals united
below into a tube; native in Mex., Cent, and S.
Amer.
elongata. Pubescent, branches becoming prostrate,
rooting at joints. Ivs. closely set, linear-ovate, ^ in. long,
acute: fls. white or pinkish, >£ in. long, in panicles. Mex. —
Plants listed as Lenophyllum elongatum probably are to be
referred here.
VELLARfeSIA. Icatinacex. Evergreen trees
and shrubs native in the southern hemisphere,
having alternate Ivs., white fls. in small head-
like cymes, and fr. a drupe; one species is cult,
in Calif. Propagated by cuttings.
mucronata. Tree to 40 ft. or more: Ivs. ovate to oblong,
to 3 in. long, entire, shining above, pale beneath: fls. yel-
lowish-white, % in. long, in cymes to 2 in. long: fr. about
% in. long. Ch'le.
VILLARSIA: Fauria.
VILLOUS: provided with long and soft, not matted,
hairs; soft-shaggy.
VfNCA. PERIWINKLE. Apocynacex. Herbs
erect or trailing, sometimes shrubby and ever-
green, with opposite firm Ivs., solitary axillary
salverform fls., and fr. of 2 spreading follicles;
native in the Old World, several planted for
ornament and ground-cover; useful for vases and
baskets.
The common periwinkle thrives in moist shady locations.
It and V. major are propagated by division and cuttings.
V. rosea is grown from seeds as an annual, or propagated
by cuttings from carried-over plants.
alpina: form of V. minor; rose or purplish, often double.
delicata: a form of V. rosea.
Harrison!!: a listed name for a plant of the V. major
kind.
herbacea. Trailing: Ivs. elliptic or lanceolate: fls.
purpliah-blue, 1 in. across. E. Eu., Asia Minor.
xnadagascarie'ngis: listed name for V. rosea.
major. Trailing, evergreen: Ivs. ovate, truncate or
heart-shaped at base: fls. blue, 1-2 in. across. Eu. Var.
variegata has Ivs. variegated.
minor. COMMON P. RUNNING-MYRTLE. Trailing,
evergreen: Ivs. oblong to ovate, narrowed at base: fls.
lilac-blue, varying to white and purple as indicated by the
names alba, atropurpurea, caerulea, purpdrea, r&sea, rftbra,
to % in. across. Eu.; run wild in E. U. S. There are varie-
gated (var. variegata and aureo- variegata) and double-fld.
forms (vars. multiplex, pldna in different colors.) Var.
Bdwlesii has darker blue fls. and said to be more flonferous.
rdsea (Ammocallis and Lochnera rosea). MADAGASCAR
P. Per. but commonly grown as an aim. in the N., to 2 ft.,
erect: Ivs. oblong, fls. rosy-purple or white (var. ilba), to
1 y^ in. across, showy, everblooming. Tropics. — Useful as a
flower-garden ann. in the N.
VINCET6XICUM. Asclepiadacese. Herbaceous
American twining vines with opposite heart-
shaped Ivs., small wheel-shaped deeply-parted
fls. in axillary clusters, the crown joined to
corolla, and thick milkweed-like smooth or
warty frs.; rarely transplanted from the wild.
The plants referred to Vincetoxicum in the Old
World are regarded as better treated under Cyn-
anchum, which differs from the above in having
a scale or ligule on the inside of each of the 5 parts
of the crown.
acuminatum: Cynanchum acuminatifolium.
fuscatum: Cynanchum fuscatum.
hirsutum. Hairy or downy: Ivs. ovate-acuminate, to 7
in. long and 5 in. broad: fls. crimson-purple, about H in.
long: fr. warty. Md. to Fla.
jap6nicum: Cynanchum acuminatifohum.
nlgrum: Cynanchum nigrum.
officinale: Cynanchum Vincetoxicum.
suberdsum. Plant glabrous or pubescent: Ivs. oval or
ovate and acute or abruptly pointed, to 5 in. long and 3 in.
wide: fls. brown-purple, % in. long, May-July: fr. not
warty. Va. to Fla.
VINE: Vitis.
VlOLA. VIOLET. Violacex. Many attractive
herbaceous perennials, rarely subshrubs, stem-
less or with leafy sts., a very few ann.: stipules
persistent and often leafy: fls., in many species,
of two kinds, those in early spring showy ana
non-fertile, those in summer cleistogamous,
apetalous and producing numerous seeds; showy
fls. nodding, trie lower petal spurred while the
other 4 are in two unlike pairs: caps, dehiscing
into 3 boat-shaped and keeled valves: native in
north and south temp, zones, many species
suitable for the rock- and wild-garden and as
edging plants in semi-shady positions in the
border.
Nearly all violas thrive best in partial shade and fairly
rich soil. They require plenty of moisture and a winter
covering of leaves or evergreen boughs. The violets may be
grown from seeds sown in autumn in boxes and exposed to
freezing, germination then taking place in spring. A quicker
method of propagation is by division or by runners when
such are produced. The florists' violet is usually increased
by offsets in late winter or early spring, rooting these in
sand. Sometimes the old plants are divided when they are
lifted in spring but care must be exercised not to save hard
or weak material.
Pansy is a viola. In this country the pansy is usually
propagated by seed which should be sown from the middle
of July to the middle of August for the next spring bloom.
The plants may be wintered over in coldframes or in milder
sections they may be planted in permanent quarters if
covered with a mulch preferably of leaves; tne crowns
should not be covered too thickly or the plants smother.
If desired, the seed may be sown indoors in late winter.
In the case of named varieties or special colors cuttings
should be used or layers, as the seed is too hybrid in char-
acter. Pansies are normally perennial but some races are
essentially annual as to horticultural treatment or at least
Viola
biennial inasmuch as they are supposed to give their best
bloom when relatively young; they are sometimes classed
with biennials, although the plants may persist and with
good care bloom for a number of years. It is well to have a
new stock coming on each year from seed; and if one wants
choice flowers careful attention must be given to the se-
curing of well-bred strains and the seeds of such kinds are
necessarily expensive. Pansies thrive in a cool rather moist
soil, and although they may benefit by some protection
from the noonday sun they should not be planted in shade.
As the ground becomes warm a mulch of feafmold or other
light material may be spread over the bed to retain moisture
and exclude heat. Spring and fall give the best bloom, but
with attention to these details and to watering and not
allowing seeds to form or long weak growths to choke the
bed, good pansies may be had all summer; by pruning and
otherwise the plants should be kept stocky and compact;
do not grow too thickly, — say 8 inches apart each way.
Seeds sown in boxes in January or February make blooming
plants by April, taking the place of those blooming earlier
from over-wintered stock.
ad tinea (V. canina var. adunca). Sts. to 4 in. long: Ivs.
round-ovate, slightly toothed: fls. violet turning red-
purple. Alaska to Calif.
set61ica. To 8 in. or less, sts. numerous, elongate, de-
cumbent: Ivs. ovate-oblong, obtuse, broadly and obtusely
crenate: fls. yellow, petals nearly twice as long and spur
1 ^2 times as long as calyx. Greece.
affinis. Lvs. cordate-ovate, wavy -toothed, long-petioled:
fls. violet with white base. Vt. to Ga. and Ala.
alba (V. violacea). To 5 in.: Ivs. cordate-acuminate to
ovate, blade to 4 in. long, entire, ciliate, pubescent beneath,
lying close to ground : fls. white with violet center arid veins
to violet, to 1 in. across, on erect peduncles. Cent. Eu. and
Medit. region.
alpestris: V. saxatilis.
alpina. To 2 in.: Ivs. round, wavy-toothed, long-petioled:
fls. bright violet, rarely white. Eu.
altaica. Differs from V. calcarata in its smaller broader
Ivs. and much shorter spur. Asia Minor, Siberia.
amabile: hort. name of no botanical standing; listed as
with lavender fls.
arenaria. To 3 in.: Ivs. ovate, small, puberulent on both
sides: fls. pale violet or white. Que. to Mass, west to Alaska.
Eu. Var. rdsea is listed. — Most European authors consider
this a pubescent var. of V. rupestns.
Arkwrightii: hort. name of a form of V. cornuta.
atropurpurea: an unidentified name for a purple-fld.
violet.
Battandieri. Per. to 6 in.: fls. cream-wh'te to lilac and
blue-gray, to 1 in. across. N. Afr. — Perhaps only a valiant
of V. Munbyana.
Be"ckwithii. To 4 in.: Ivs. palmately 3 times 3-parted
into linear segms.: fls. with 2 upper petals purple and 3
lower pale violet. Ore. to Calif, and Nev.
bellidifdlia. Dwarf, matted: Ivs. broad-ovate, obtuse,
glabrous: fls. violet or purple. Mont, to Ida.
Bertol6nii: V. Corsica.
betonicif dlia. Stemless per. to 9 in. : Ivs. ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, to 2 in. long, with large stipules attached to
petiole: fls. purple or violet with white tips, spur short,
petals about ^ in. long, the lateral ones bearded within.
Australia to Himalayas.
bifldra. Lvs. reniform, toothed, glabrous: fls. small,
yellow, lip streaked with blackish-purple, spur very short.
Eu., Siberia.
blanda. SWEET WHITE V. Lvs. ovate, acute, somewhat
hairy on the upper surface: fls. white with narrow strongly
reflexed petals. Que. to Ga. and La.
bosnlaca: V. elegantula.
Brittoniana. To 8 in. : Ivs. reniform, each of the 3 lobes
of 2-4 somewhat linear segms. remotely serrulate, middle
lobe widest, glabrous beneath: fls. dark violet with white
throat, large. Me. to Va.
Brodksii (V. lobata var. integrifolia) . To 8 in., minutely
pubescent, sts. usually naked at base and few-lvd. above:
Ivs. deltoid to rhombic-ovate, sometimes acuminate
crenate-serrate, to 3 in. wide: fls. yellow, to H in. long.
S. W. Ore. to Calif.
calcarata. To 4 in., with creeping rootetocks: Ivs. ovate
to lanceolate, wavy-toothed: fls. violet, the spur as long as
corolla. Eu.
canadensis. To 1 ft. or more: Ivs. broad-ovate, cordate,
acute, toothed: fls. white inside with yellow base, outside
often tinged violet. N. B. to Ala. and Ariz.
canina. Doo V. Lvs. ovate-cordate, toothed : fls. bluish-
purple with yellow spur. Eu.
cArnea: hort. name for pale lavender form.
cenfcua. Lvs. ovate, entire: fls. violet. Alps of Eu.
761 Viola
cluerophylloides: a confused name; perhaps a form of
F. pinnata.
chinensis: V. Patrinii.
chrysantha: V. Douglasii.
confederata: V. Pnceana.
conspe*rsa. To 6 in. : lower Ivs. cordate-orbicular, toothed:
fls. many, pale violet varying to white, spur short. Que. to
Minn, and Qa. Var. sylvestris is listed.
cordata: name of uncertain application.
cornuta. HORNED V. Per. more or less tufted: Ivs. ovate,
wavy- toothed, stipules large, triangular, coarsely toothed:
fls. violet, spur slender, as long as calyx. Spain and Pyre-
nees.— The Tufted or Bedding pansies are probably an
offshoot of this species, with snorter spurs. Garden vars.
are admirfibilis, possibly a hybrid form; alba, fls. white;
atropurpurea, dark purple with small yellow center; aurea,
fls. golden-yellow; grandifldra, a garden form; lutea spl£n-
dens, fls. golden-yellow; Papflio, fls. very large, violet with
purple center; Picardii is listed; purpurea, fls. purple.
c6rsica (V. Bertolomi). Glabrous per., sts. leafy, ascend-
ing: basal Ivs. ovate-orbicular, st.-lvs. oblong to lanceolate,
entire or nearly so, stipules entire, the lower ones with 2
linear lateral lobes: fls. violet-blue, acute, spur twice as long
as the lanceolate sepals. Corsica, Sardinia.
cucullata. Lvs. broad-ovate, acute, wavy-toothed, fls.
violet with darker throat, sometimes white. Que. to Ga.
Var. alba has fls. white. Var. bfcolor has white fls, with
small violet center and veins. Var. variegata is listed.
cuneata. Sts. to 7 in. long: Ivs. ovate, toothed: fls. with
2 upper petals purple, lower violet or whitish veined or
spotted with purple, spur yellowish. Oie., Calif.
cuspidata: listed name of no known botanical standing.
dactyloldes. Lvs. palmatety 5-lobed, segms. oblong-
cuneate, somewhat serrate-incised, villous beneath: fls.
violet, sepals oblong, obtuse, spur short. Siberia.
declinata. Similar to V. lutea, differing in spur and petals
twice as long as calyx. Balkans.
decllvis: listed name.
delphinifaiia: V. pedatifida.
DouglasH (V. chrysantha), To 5 in.: Ivs. bipinnate into
linear or oblong segms.. fls. orange-yellow veined with
purple, the 2 upper brownish-purple outside. Calif.
Dubyana: listed name.
eizan6nse is listed as with large white fragrant fls. and
originating from Japan; the name is not known botanically.
elatior. Strong erect per. to 20 in.: Ivs. not in basal
rosette, blade lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, to 3 in. long,
glabrous: fls. bright blue with darker veins. Cent, and E.
Eu.
elegantula (V. bosniaca). Per. but better treated as
bien., to 6 in., becoming straggling: Ivs. ovate, wavy-
toothed, fls. rose-purple with yellow striped spot at base
of low«r petal, long-spurred. S. W. Eu.
emarginata. Plant glabrous, to 6 in.: Ivs. ovate to tri-
angular, to 4 in. long, petiole much longer than blade,
glabrous, margins usually coarsely toothed along middle:
fls. violet-blue, peduncles shorter than Ivs., erect. N. Y.
to Ga., west to Okla.
eriocarpa (V. scabriuscula) . To 4 in.: basal Ivs. ovate to
reniform, st.-lvs. on upper part of st. : fls. yellow: caps,
woolly. N. S. to Man., Ga. and Tex. Var. leiocarpa has
glabrous caps. — The typical form with woolly fis. is more
rare in the wild arid in cult, than is the var. leiocarpa.
escul&nta. Plant glabrous, with usually branched as-
cending rpotstocks, to 6 in.: Ivs. 3-5-lobed, to 0 in. long:
fls. pale violet to white, on long peduncles. Wet land along
coastal plain, S. C. to Fla.
filicaulis. Sts. creeping, slender: Ivs. ovate-orbicular, to
26 in. across, cordate, obtusely crenate, stipules broad and
laciniate: fls. to Y% in. across, pedicels to 4 in. long, spur
short. New Zeal
fimbri&tula. To 4 in.: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, pubes-
cent beneath, serrulate: fls. violet-purple. N. S. to Wis.
south to N. Ga.
Flettii. To 6 in., glabrous: Ivs. icniform, toothed: fls.
violet with yellow base. Mts., Wash.
florarie'nsis. Recorded as a hybrid with V. rothomagen-
8is and V. cornuta: fls. purple, the lower petal yellow at
base striped purple, short-spurred.
floridana. To 4 in. : Ivs. cordate, serrulate, ciliate, often
puberulent above: fls. pale violet to nearly white, on pedun-
cles longer than Ivs. Fla.
glabella. To 1 ft.: Ivs. cordate: fls. bright yellow veined
witn purple, short-spurred. Alaska to Calif.
gr&cilis. To 1 ft., hairy: Ivs. oblong to broad -ovate,
somewhat toothed, stipules pinnately parted: fls. violet,
spur longer than sepals. Macedonia to Asia Minor. Var.
alba, fls. white. Var. lutea, fls. yellow.
Viola
762
Viola
grandifldra: a confused name used in the trade for hort
forma.
grypocdraa: V. sylvestris.
Hallii. To 4 in.: Ivs. palmately 2-parted into narrow
Begins.: fls. with 2 upper petals dark violet and 3 lower
yellow or white. Ore., Calif.
hastata. To 10 in.: Ivs. halberd-shaped, toothed: fls.
yellow tinged violet outside. Pa. to Fla.
hederacea (Erpetion reni/orme). AUSTRALIAN V. Tufted,
cieeping by stolons: Ivs. reniform to spatulate, entire or
toothed: fls. blue varying to white, scarcely spurred.
Australia.
heterophylla: name of uncertain application.
hirsutula. SOUTHERN WOOD V. To 3 in.: Ivs. orbicular-
reniform, to 2 in. across, usually flat on ground or nearly
so, silvery-pubescent and purple-veined above, purplish-
gieen and glabrous beneath, fls. reddish-purple, spur very
blunt and about % in. long. S. N. Y. to Ala. and Ga.
hfrta. Similar to V. odorata, hairy, 6 in.: Ivs. narrower
and more triangular: fls. inodorous or faintly scented, spur
long and hooked. Eu.
Hdwellii. To 1 ft., erect or spreading: Ivs. ovate-cordate
or round-reniform, toothed and ciliate: fls. pale blue or
violet, large, spur straight, about half length of sepals. Ore.
h^brida. Botanically the name is a synonym of V.
uhginosa, a plant not known to be in cult. ; it is used in the
trade for various hort. forms of uncertain lineage.
incognita. WHITE V. To 3 in. : Ivs. orbicular- reniform,
pubescent beneath and on petioles, glabrous above, apex
very abruptly acuminate, margins serrulate: fls. white.
Que. to Wis. south to Mass, and Tenn. Var. Forbesii has
Ivs. pubescent above but glabrous beneath and on petioles;
in cult, it is not usually distinguished from the typical form.
inominata: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
Jo6i. Per. to 3^ in., rootstock slender: Ivs. ovate to
oblong, to 1 M in. wide, base subtruncate to cordate, crenu-
late, glabrous: fls. pinkish-violet, to % in. across, lateral
petals bearded below, sepals oblong-lanceolate. 8. E. Eu. —
Sometimes distributed as V. missouriensia.
Kitaibeliana. Ann. to 8 in., glabrous: Ivs. nearly orbicular
to obovate, upper ones spatulate to linear-oblong, to 1 in.
long, toothed: fls. cream-colored. Iberian Peninsula. Var.
Rafin6squii ( V. Rafinesquii) differ in its ciliate sepals, Ivs.
often entire or only sligntly toothed, fls. lilac or lavender-
tinged and larger. Probably S. Eu.; nat. N. Y. to Ga.
and Tex.
Iabrad6rica. To 3 in., with few short slender ascending
sts.: Ivs. orbicular, to j^ in. across, glabrous: fls. deep
violet. Greenland and Lab. south to mts. of N. H., Me.
and N. Y.
lanceolate. To 4 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, tapering into
margined petioles, slightly toothed: fls. white. Moist soil,
N. S. to Fla. and Tex.
Langloisii. To 4 in.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, glabrous: fls.
violet, to 1 in. across, on peduncles longer than Ivs. Moist
shade, N. C. to Fla. and Tex.
Langsdorffii. To 8 in.: Ivs. ovate-cordate, wavy-toothed:
fls. blue or violet varying to white, spur broad. N. W. Amer.,
Siberia.
latiuscula. To 6 in., Ivs. reaching 1 ft. after flowering:
Ivs. triangular-cordate, immature olades tinged purple
beneath, serrate: fls. deep violet, large. Vt. to N. J. and
N. W. Pa.
linearifdlia: lonidium linearifolium.
lobata. To 1 ft.: Ivs. palmately 3-7-parted into nearly
entire lobes: fls. yellow veined at base, purple outside.
Ore., Calif.
Lovelliana. To 6 in.: Ivs. ovate-cordate, blades to 2 in.
long, remotely pubescent, often 3-lobed with lobes 2-3-cleft:
fls. violet-purple, the 3 lower petals bearded and with
darker lines. N. C. to Fla. west to Okla.
lutea. To 10 in., with creeping underground sts.: Ivs.
ovate to lanceolate, wavy-toothed, stipules pinnatifid: fls.
yellow, sometimes upper petals or fls. purple, spur as long
as calyx. Eu. Vars. grandifldra and splendens are in the
trade.
maced6nica. To 10 in., sts. numerous and decumbent:
lower Ivs. ovate-sub cordate, others oblong-lanceolate, acute,
all crenulate: fls. bluish-violet, spur rounded, twice as long
as calyx. Greece.
Macl6ftkeyi. To 6 in. or less: Ivs. cordate to orbicular,
remotely crenulate, in tufts at ends of leafy stolons: fls.
white. Alta., B. C. to Calif.
macrocdras. To 6 in. or more, glabrous, sta. not leafy,
rootstock stout: Ivs. oblong-cordate, obtuse, crenate-
serrate, petiole to 4 in. long: fls. violet, fragrant, throat
bearded, spur incurved and about as long as petals or
longer, stigma somewhat hooked, sepals ovate, obtuse.
Russia.
mirabilig. To 1 ft.: Ivs. oval, cordate, wavy-toothed: fls.
pale blue, fragrant. Eu.
mi8sourie~nsis. Tufted, to 6 in.: Ivs. ovate-cordate,
toothed: fls. pale violet marked with purple, white center.
Mo. to Tex.— See V. Jooi.
Munbyana. To 1 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, toothed,
glabrous, stipules pinnately cut: fls. large, 1-3 from the
lower axils, violet or yellow, spur straight, about twice
length of sepals. Algeria.
nana: listed name.
nephrophylla. Lvs. cordate-ovate or reniform, wavy-
toothed: fls. deep violet, large. Cold bogs, N. N. Amer.
nigra: advertised as having black velvety fls.
nipponica: V. phalacrocarpoides.
nummularifdlia. Tufted alpine: Ivs. broad-ovate, entire:
fls. blue with darker lines, short-spurred. S. Eu.
Nuttallii. To 10 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, tapering into mar-
gined petioles, entire or nearly so: fls. yellow. Man. to
Ariz. Var. praemdrsa (V. prxmorsa) is brown-pubescent,
Ivs. orbicular to very broadly lanceolate, margins irregularly
wavy-toothed. B. C. and Wash.
obtu80ft£gitta. Stemless: Ivs. sagittate to oblong-ovate,
auriculate at base, to 2 in. long, glabrous, petiole to 3^ in.
long: fls. pale violet, hairy within, spur saccate and almost
as long as lanceolate sepals. Japan.
occidentalis. To 6 in., glabrous, rootstock not creeping
but producing long filiform runners: Ivs. ovate to spatula te-
oblong, obscurely crenate, longer than scapes: fls. white, the
lower petals veined purple. Marshes, Ore. and Calif.
ocellata. To 1 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, wa vy- toothed : fls.
with 2 upper petals white, violet on outside, the 3 lower
white or yellow spotted or veined with purple. Ore., Calif.
odorata. SWEET, GARDEN or FLORISTS V. Tufted, stem-
less, making long runners: Ivs. cordate-ovate to reniform,
toothed: fls. deep violet, rarely rose or white, fragrant,
spur short, nearly straight. Eu., Afr., Asia. — Many forms
varying in stature, size and color of fls., also vars. with
double fls. Named forms are alba, nana, rosina, semper-
fldrens, splendens, sulfurea.
orbiculata. Stolons to 4 in. long: Ivs. orbicular, wavy-
toothed: fls. yellow. B. C. to Wash, and Ida.
pallens. Lvs. cordate-ovate or cordate-orbicular, gla-
brous, toothed: fls. white, slightly fragrant. Lab. to S. C.
and west to N. D.
palmata. Lvs. palmately 5-11-lobed or -parted, middle
segms. largest, toothed or cut: fls. violet-purple. Mass, to
Minn, and Fla.
palustris. Lvs. cordate-ovate or reniform, wavy-toothed:
fls. pale lilac with darker veins, varying to nearly white,
short-spurred. Moist soil, N. N. Amer., Eu., Asia.
Papilio: V. cornuta var.
papilionacea. Robust, to 6 in.: Ivs. deltoid-ovate to
cordate-ovate, toothed: fls. normally deep violet with
whitish or greenish-yellow center; cleistogamous fls. usu-
ally underground. Mass, to Ga. and Okla. Var. alba has
white fls.
Patrlnii (V. chinensis). Stemless and non-stoloniferous
per. to 5 in.: Ivs. triangular-ovate to linear, to 4 in. long,
base hastate, heart-shaped to wedge-shaped, margins
crenate or serrate: fls. lilac, to % in. across, stigma 3-lobed.
Cent. Russia east to Japan.
parvifldra: confused name, material so listed may be
referable to V. tricolor.
pedata (V. pedata var. tricolor). BIRDS-FOOT V. Stemless:
Ivs. 3-5-divided, segms. 2-4-cleft or toothed near apex: fls.
with 2 upper petals dark violet, 3 lower pale lilac. Mass,
and Minn, to FJa. Var. alba has white fls. Var. grandifldra
is listed. Var. linearfloba has all petals lilac-purple.
pedatffida (V. delphinifolia) . Lvs. palmately many-
parted, the ultimate segms. linear: fls. violet, on scapes
longer than Ivs. Ohio to Ariz.
pedunculata. Sts. ascending, often 2 ft. long: Ivs. round-
ovate, coarsely toothed: fls. orange-yellow veined purple
on the inside. Calif.
phalacrocarpoides (V. nipponica). Stemless, rhizome
short, thick and erect: Ivs. ovate, y$-\ ^ in. wide, obtuse,
crenate, glabrous, usually erect: fls. violet- purple, to & in.
across, on peduncles often exceeding Ivs., lateral petals
white-bearded, spur to ^ in. long: caps, glabrous. Japan. —
Thought to be a hybrid between V. japonica and V.
phalacrocarpa.
pinnata. Stemless, to 3 in.: Ivs. palmately many-parted:
fls. violet, paler at base. Eu.
pr»m6rsa: V. Nuttallii var.
Priceana (V. confederate). CONFEDERATE V. Lvs.
cordate-ovate, glabrous: fls. whitish heavily veined with
violet-blue. Ky. to Ga. and Ark. — This plant has been
considered by some authors as an albino form of V. paptf-
Viola
ionacea, but no seedling reversions to forms resembling V.
papilionacea are known.
primulffdlia. To 10 in.: Ivs. oblong to ovate, somewhat
toothed: fls. white with purplish veins. N. B. to Fla. and La.
pubescens. To 1 ft., soft-pubescent: lys. broad-ovate to
reniform, toothed, stipules large: fls. bright yellow, spurs
short. N. S. to Va. and Mo.
Rafln£gquii: V. Kitaibeliana var.
renifftlia. To 4 in.: Ivs. reniform, pubescent, remotely
crenate-serrate, apex rarely acute: fls. white, lower 3 petals
with brown veins, all glabrous. Swamps of Newf. south to
Pa., Mich, and Minn., also in Rocky Mts. to Colo.
retusa. To 4 in.: Ivs. cordate-acuminate to ovate, gla-
brous, crenate-serrate: fls. violet. Kans. to Colo.
Riviniana. To 6 in. : Ivs. cordate-ovate, stipules lanceo-
late : fls. pale blue with short yellowish- white spur. Eu.
R6bertii. Hort. hybrid of which one parent is said to be
V. affinis.
rostrata. To 8 in. : Ivs. cordate-ovate or orbicular, toothed:
fls. lilac with darker spots, spur to % in. long. Que. to
Mich, and Ga.
rothomaggnsis: a form of V. tricolor.
rotundifdlia. To 4 in.: Ivs. oval, obtuse, thick and pros-
trate, round-toothed: fls. bright yellow, with brown lines
on 3 lower petals. Mts., Me. to Ga.
rugulosa. To 2 ft., with branching stolons: Ivs. cordate-
reniform, hairy below: fls. white inside with yellow base,
often tinged violet. Alaska to la.
rupe'stris. To 4 in.: Ivs. cordate to orbicular, blade to
1 H m. long, pale green above and often purplish beneath,
rather thick: fls. blue- violet. Eu.
sagittata. Lvs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sagit-
tately toothed at base: fls. violet-purple. Mass, to Ga. and
La.
Sarsea: hort. name for pure white-fld. form.
sarmentdsa: V. sempervirena.
saxatilis (V. alpestria). Ann. to 6 in.; sts. slender,
prostrate or sometimes creeping: Ivs. ovate, crenate,
stipules broad: fls. yellow, or the upper petals violet or the
corolla entirely violet, about % in. across. Cent. Eu.
scabriuscula: V. eriocarpa.
* sempervirens (V. sarmentosa). Sts. decumbent: Ivs.
round-cordate, toothed, dark-spotted: fls. yellow, short-
spurred. B. C. to Calif.
septentrionalis. To 5 in. : Ivs. ovate to reniform, toothed
and ciliate: fls. large, violet-purple, rarely white. Newf. to
B.C.
Sheltonii. To 6 in.: Ivs. palmately 3-parted into cut
lobes: fls. pale yellow. Wash, to Calif.
Si£boldii. Similar to V. Selkirki^ from which it differs
in its obtuse Ivs., small white fls. and in the jointed rhizome.
Japan.
silvatica: V. sylvestris.
sordria. To 6 in.: Ivs. ovate, orbicular or reniform, usu-
ally pubescent beneath and on petioles, crenate-serrate:
fls. violet to lavender, rarely white, peduncles often pubes-
cent. Que. to Minn, south to N. C. and Okla. — It is some-
times not possible to distinguish this from forms of V.
papilionacea.
spl£ndida. Per. to 20 in., ascending: lys. ovate, to 6 in.
long, obtuse, crenate, petiole narrowly ^winged : fls. yellow,
solitary, to 1 ^ in. across, spur long as petals or longer,
ovary glabrous, sepals broadly lanceolate, subpilose,
margins denticulate. Italy.
striata. Tufted, to 2 ft.: Ivs. ovate to orbicular, wavy-
toothed: fls. white or cream. N. Y. to Ga. and Mo.
8up£rba: hort. name given to forms of several species.
sylv6stris (V. silvatica. V. grypoceras). Sts. reclining
and ascending, to 8 in. Ivs. deeply cordate or nearly reni-
form, stipules narrow, f ringed-toothed: fls. bluish-purple
or lilac, spur short. Eu. Var. rdsea is listed.
tricolor var. horte*nsis. PANSY. HEARTSEASE. Ann. or
short-lived per., sts. becoming long and much branched:
basal Ivs. round-cordate, st.-lvs. ovate-oblong or lanceolate,
toothed, large stipules pinnately parted near base: fls.
large, usually in 3 colors, blue, whitish and yellow, spur
short. The garden pansy is considered an offshoot of V.
tricolor, probably with other species involved in its parent-
age; it varies greatly in size, shape and coloring of fls. See
cult, at head of this article.
trinervata. Lvs. dissected into thick lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate strongly 3-nerved segms.: fls. with upper petals
dark blue and lower pale blue or white with yellow base.
Wash.
vagtnata. Related to V. cucullata but differs in If. petioles
somewhat sheathing the more slender st., stipules whitish,
and short-spurred paler fls. Japan.
vallfcola. Plants stemmed: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, ob-
tuse, nearly entire, basal ones narrowly ovate: fls. yellow,
763 Vitex
upper 2 petals tinged purple. Moist rich soil, Sask. to B. C.
south to Colo, and Wash.
Varenaria: catalogue name.
vendsa. To 5 in.: basal Ivs. round, 5-7-lobed or toothed:
fls. yellow. Mont, to Calif
viarum. To 5 in.: Ivs. simple or 3-7-lobed, glabrous,
incised or serrate: fls. deep violet. Mo. to Kans.
yill6sa. Lvs. ovate to orbicular, slightly toothed, long-
petioled: fls. violet. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
Vilmoriniana: hort. name.
violacea: V. alba.
vittata. To 1 ft.: Ivs. glabrous, usually 6 in. high at time
of flowering, becoming larger with age, blade lanceolate
becoming linear, to H in. wide, villous beneath: fls. white.
N. C. to Fla., west to Tex.
Walter!. Lvs. orbicular or ovate, mottled with dark
green: fls. violet-blue. S. C. to Fla. and Tex.
Wellsiana: listed name.
W6ckei: hort. name of hort. or hybrid form.
VIOLACEiE. VIOLET FAMILY. Widely distri-
buted temp, and trop. herbs or shrubs, and some-
times trees, of 15 genera, having simple or deeply
cut Ivs., mostly bisexual irregular or regular fls.
with 5 sepals and petals, the lower petal often
spurred or saccate, 5 stamens, superior 1-celled
ovary, and fr. a caps, or berry. Known to cult.
with us in the genera Hymenanthera, lonidium,
Melicytus and Viola.
VIOLET: Viola. African-: Saintpaulia ionantha. Dames-:
Hesperis matronahs. Dogs-tooth-: Erythronium dens-cania.
Usambara-: Saintpaulia ionantha.
VIORNA: Clematis.
VIRGfLIA. Leguminosse. S. African tree, intro.
in S. Calif. V. cape'nsis. Lvs. with 6-10 pairs of
linear-oblong leathery Ifts. to 1 in. long, pale and
tomentose beneath: fls. papilionaceous, rosy-
purple, l/2 in. long, in terminal racemes: pods
linear, flattened, leathery. For V. lutea see
Cladraslis.
VIRGINIA CREEPER: Parthenocissus quinquefolia*
VIRGINS-BOWER: Clematis.
VISCARIA: Lychnis.
VISCUM: see Lorantkacex.
GRAPE or VINE FAMILY. Mostly
woody vines climbing by tendrils, of 10 or more
widely distributed genera, having alternate
simple or compound Ivs., small bisexual or uni-
sexual fls. with 4-5 sepals, petals and stamens,
superior 2-6-celled ovary, and fr. a berry.
Several genera are grown for ornament and
screens and covering arbors and walls, as Ampel-
opsis, Cissus, Leea, Parthenocissus, Tetrastigma,
Vitis; and Vitis is grown also for the edible fr.
The plants are of easy cult., and many of them
are hardy in the northern states.
VjTEX. Verbenaceae. Trees and shrubs with
opposite digitately compound Ivs. and white,
blue, yellowish or red fls. in terminal spikes or
panicles in late summer and autumn.
Vitex does well in any good soil. Propagated by seeds in
spring, layers and greenwood cuttings under glass. V.
Negundo is usually root-hardy in some of the northern
parts of the country, but V. Agnus-castus is more tender;
when the roots survive, the young shoots produce flowers.
Agnus-castus. CHASTE-TREE. HEMP-TBEB. MONKS
PBPPBB-TREE. To 10 ft.: Ivs. of 5-7 lanceolate nearly
entire Ifts. to 4 in. long, grayish- tomentose beneath and
very dark green above: fls. lilac or lavender (varying to
whitish), % in. long, in rather dense spikes to 7 in. long.
8. Eu. Var. alba has white fls. Var. latifdlia (V. latifolw)
has shorter broader Ivs. Var. variegata has variegated
foliage.
divaricata. To 60 ft. : Ivs. of 1 or 3 elliptic to ovate entire
Ifte. to 6 in. long: fls. violet or blue, to ki in. across, in
panicles: fr. black, H in. long. W. Indies, Guiana.
incisa: V. Neyundo var.
Vitex 764
laciniata: V. Negundo var. incisa.
latifdlia: V. Agnus-castua var.
lucens. To 60 ft. : Ivs. of 3-5 obovate If is. to 6 in. long,
glabrous and shining: fls. dark red, 1 in. long, in panicles:
Fr. bright red, % in. across. New Zeal.
macroc6phala: listed name of unknown botanical
standing.
macrophylla of hort. may be a broad-lvd. form of V.
Agnus-castus, or V. Negundo var.
Negundo. To 15 ft.: Ivs. of 3-5 ovate to lanceolate
toothed or entire Ifts. to 4 in. long, grayish-tomentose
beneath and dark green above: fls. lilac or lavender, l/i in.
long, on slender branches of loose panicles to 8 in. long.
China, India. Var. incisa ( V. laciniata) has deeply toothed
or cut Ivs. Var. macrophylla is a broad-lvd. form.
Vitis
ViTIS. THE VINE. GRAPE. Vitacese. Tendril-
climbing woody deciduous vines of the northern
hemisphere (sometimes nearly erect shrubs in
arid regions), grown for the fr. and also for screen
cover, trellises and ornament: fls. (often uni-
sexual) with a disk separate from the ovary;
petals 5, coherent at tne apex and falling to-
gether: fr. a more or less globular berry with
seeds contained in the soft pulp. Most of the
cult, species are hardy in the middle or northern
states; propagated readily by means of seeds,
also by cuttings of ripe dormant wood, and rare
kinds by soft cuttings in frames. See Grape.
£cida: Cissus acida.
aestivalis. SUMMER G. Very tall vigorous climber: Ivs.
rusty-tomentose or cobwebby on under side of the large
soft lobed Ivs.: fr. l/i in. or less diam., glaucous-black. New
England to Fla. and Kans. — Norton Virginia grape is
supposed to be a derivative.
amure'nsis. Strong vino with the look of V. cordifolia
but Ivs. more or less 3-lobed and the basal sinus very broad
and shallow: fr. about 1A in. across, black. Manchuria. —
Grown for ornament, the Ivs. highly colored in autumn.
antarctica: Cissus antarctica.
argentifdlia ( V. bicolor of many authors. V. Leconteana).
BLUE G. Mucn like V. xstivalis, differing particularly in
Ivs. more or less glaucous underneath and glabrous and
absence of rusty wool on young growths, and frs. not usually
as large. New England to Out. and Mich, and south.
ariz6nica. CANYON G. Low, scarcely climbing, the ten-
drils mostly perishing if not attached to support, the inter-
nodes short: Ivs. rather small, broad-ovate with wide open
sinus, usually only indistinctly lobed if at all, cobwebby
when young: fr. about H in. across, black. W. Tex. to
Calif, and Mex.
austrina: V. Simpsonii.
Baileyana. POSSUM G. Slender high climber, densely
foliaged1 Ivs. broad-ovate and cordate, mostly 3-lobed
near apex, dull, at maturity pubescent on veins underneath:
fr. % m. or less diam., shining black. W. Va. to Ga.
Baudiniana is Cissus antarctica.
Berlandieri. SPANISH G. Stocky, moderately climbing:
Ivs. cordate, often as broad as long, angled or 3-lobed to-
ward apex, shining above and at maturity pubescent on
veins underneath: fr. ^ in. or less diam., purple. S. W.
Tex. and Mex.
betulifdlia. BIRCH G. Good climber: Ivs. mostly rather
small, ovate, shallow-cordate to almost truncate at base,
mostly not lobed or only angled, pubescent underneath:
fr. small, blue-black. China.
bfcolor: inapplicable name; see V. argentifolia.
bi pinna ta: Ampelopsis arbor ea.
Bourqufnia ( V. xstivalis var. Bourquiniana V. Bourquin-
iana). SOUTHERN SUMMER G. Young growth only moderate-
ly rusty as well as under surface of Ivs., the covering mostly
gray: fr. to % in. across and in large clusters. Cultigen;
Herbemont, Lenoir and other vineyard vars. belong here.
calif6rnica. Tall climber: Ivs. roundish or reniform, cor-
date, pubescent or floccose underneath, some of them 3-5-
lobed but commonly not so: fls. very fragrant: fr. about
M in. diam., purple and very glaucous. Calif.
c&ndicans. MUSTANG G. High strong climber, the young
parts white-tomentose and Ivs. (which are broad-ovate and
lobed only on verdurous shoots) remaining so underneath
and dull above: fr. to % in. across, purplish, pungent in
flavor. Ark., Okla., Tex.
cape"nsis: Cissus capensis.
caribtfea* Strong high vine: Ivs. orbicular-ovate, cordate
or truncate at base, apex short, not lobed, becoming dull
above, rusty-tomentose underneath: fr. very small. Trop.
Amer., doubtfully in U. S.
Champinii. Robust climber: Ivs. reniform to vary broad-
ovate, cobwebby or pubescent when young but becoming
dark glossy green above, lower surface pale and at first
tomentose: fr. about % in. diam., black. Tex.
cinerea. SWEET WINTER G. Very high climber: Ivs.
large, broad-ovate, more or less 3-angled or -lobed, dull
and dark green above at maturity, under surface cobwebby-
pubescent: fr. H in. or less diam., black or purple without
appreciable bloom. N. Fla. to Tex., north to 111. and Kans.
Ciot£t: see V. vinifera.
Coign6tiae (V. Kaempferi of some). Very strong heavy-
foliaged vine, brightly coloring in autumn: Ivs. large (sonvv
times 1 ft. across), cordate-orbicular, sinus narrow, often
shouldered or shallowly lobed, dull above and gray- or
rusty-tomentose underneath: fr. about H in. diam., black
with bloom. Japan.
cordifdlia: V. vulpina.
coriacea: V. Skuttleworthii.
Davidii (Spinovitis Davidii). Vigorous prickly climber:
Ivs. large and rugose, broad-ovate, more or less angled or
obscurely lobed toward apex, dull green above and glaucous
underneath: fr. about l/2 in. across, black. China.
Doaniana. Vigorous climber: Ivs. medium size, very
broad-ovate and cordate, sometimes shouldered, floccose
above but becoming glabrous, tomentose underneath: fr.
^ in. or more diam., black with bloom. Okla. to N. Mex. —
Promising as parent of vineyard vars.; hardy in northern
states.
flexudsa. Slender graceful climber: Ivs. rather small,
broad-ovate with broad sinus or nearly truncate, shouldered
or 3-lobed, shining above and pubescent on veins under
neath. fr. about H in. across, black. Japan, China. — An
Ampelopsis is sometimes grown under this name.
Girdiana. High climber: differs from V. calif ornica in
having young parts densely white- tomentose, Ivs. cordate-
ovate and pointed and more tomentose or arachnoid under-
neath, large forked fl.-cluster, fr. smaller arid scarcely, if at
all, glaucous. S. Calif., often near the sea.
gongy!6des: Cissus gongylodes.
heterophylla: Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. Maxi-
mowiczn.
himalayana: Parthenocissus himalayana.
humulifdlia: Ampelopsis humuhfolia.
hypoglauca: Cissus hypoglauca.
incisa: Cissus incisa.
indivisa: Ampelopsis cor data.
Kae'mpferi: V. Coignetite.
Labrusca. Fox G. Strong climber with intermittent
tendrils: Ivs. larpe and thick, broadly cordate-ovate and
often obscurely 3-lobed toward apex, upper surface dull,
under surface dull whitish or rusty-tomentose: frs. few in a
cluster, % in. or less diam., purple-black with strong foxy
flavor. New England and N. Y. to Ga.; also in botanic
gardens.
Labruscana. LABRUSCAN GRAPES. Vineyard vars. (as
Concord) showing strong Labrusca likeness and derivatives
or hybrids from it: Ivs. mostly thinner, less rusty-tomentose:
frs. in heavy pointed or shouldered clusters, larger and
ameliorated in flavoj . Cultigen.
laciniftsa: V. vinifera var. apiifolia.
Leconteana: V. argentifolia.
Lmcecumii. POST-OAK G. Much like V. sestivalis but a
more stocky grower, Ivs. larger and densely tomentose
underneath and frequently not rusty: fr. larger, sometimes
1 in. diam., black or dark purple and with thin bloom.
S. W. Mo. to La. and Tex. — Promising as parent of vine-
yard grapes.
L6ngii (V. Solonis). BUSH G. Stocky, more or less bushy
and erect, young parts floccose: Ivs. broad-cordate to nearly
orbicular, very coarsely dentate, becoming glossy above at
maturity, under surface pale and pubescent on nerves: fr.
}4 in. or less diam., black and glaucous. Okla., N. Tex. and
N. Mex., S. Colo.
megalophylla: Ampelopsis megalophylla.
mlcans: Ampelopsis Bodinieri.
montfcola. SWEET MOUNTAIN G. Slender climber: Ivs.
rather small, nearly orbicular or reniform, the sinus open or
shallow, sometimes somewhat 3-lobed, shining light green
above and below: fr. ^ in. or less diam., black with little
or no bloom. Tex.
Munsoniana. BIRD G. A muscadine grape, differing
from V. rotundifolia in being a more slender grower, con-
tinuously flowering or fruiting, Ivs. less pointed, fr. smaller
with thinner skin and tender pulp and lacking the strong
flavor. S. Fla. ; likely to be planted or utilized in its region.
ndvce-anglUB. Strong vine native Me. to Vt. and
Vitis
765
Vriesia
Conn., probably not cult, outside botanical collections but
which is to be distinguished from V. ripana: Ivs. round or
reniform-ovate, only obscurely or shallowly lobed, the
teeth less prolonged, more pubescent underneath: fr. nearly
% in. or less diam., black-purple and glaucous.
oblonga: Cutsua oblonga.
orientalis: Ampelopsis orientalis.
Pagnuccii: V. Piasezkii var.
palmate (V. rubra). RED or CATBIRD G. Tall glabrous
climber, the branchlets and petiole red: Ivs. rather small,
ovate and long-pointed. 3-lobed: fr. about H m« across,
black. 111. to Tex.; hardy N.
pentag6na. Climber, with young branches tomentose: Ivs.
ovate, nearly or quite truncate at base, obscurely angled,
gray- or reddish- tomentose underneath: fr. about ^ in.
diam., in a long cluster. China; hardy in S. New England.
Piasezkii. Climber with young sts. sometimes glandular:
Ivs. tomentose underneath, mostly deeply lobed or pal-
mately compound with 3-5 narrow or lance-ovate Ifts. with
the lateral ones smaller: fr. about H in. diam., black with
bloom. Var. Pagnuccii (V. Pagnuccii) has young branches
and under surfaces of Ivs. glabrous or nearly so. China;
hardy in northern states.
pterdphora: Ciaaua gongylodea. ^
pulchra. Strong handsome climber with reddish some-
what floccose young growth: Ivs. large, becoming bronzy
and glabrous above and purplish tomentose underneath to
green, scarcely if at all lobed. Origin unknown; perhaps a
hybrid. Hardy in S. New England.
quadrangularis: Cissus quadrangularis.
reticulate: V. Wilsonise.
rhombifdlia: Cissua rhombi folia.
riparia (V. vulpina of some). RIVERBANK G. Vigorous
climber, fragrant in bloom, glabrous except perhaps on
veins on under surface of the broad-ovate rather thin large-
toothed commonly 3-lobed pointed Ivs.: fr. l/i in. or less
diam., black and glaucous. N. S. to Man. and Tenn. and Tex.
Romanetii. Stout climber with shoots pubescent and
glandular-hairy: Ivs. large arid thick, orbicular-ovate and
indistinctly 3-lobed or shouldered, glabrous or nearly so
above, tomentose underneath: fr. about ^ in. across, black.
China; hardy in northern states.
rotundif6lia (Muscadima rotundifoha) . MUSCADINE.
BULLACE G. Very strong climber with bark not shredding
and tendrils simple: Ivs. nearly orbicular to very broad-
ovate, short-pointed, shining above, glabrous or essentially
so underneath, fr. in small clusters, early deciduous, 1 in.
or less dmm., dull purple, skin thick and pulp strong-
flavored. Del. to Fla., Kans. and Mex. — There are a number
of vineyard vais., the Scuppernong having amber-green fr.
rubra: V. palmata,
rufotomentdsa. REDSHANK G. Allied to V. seshvalis:
outline of representative mature Ivs. very broad or even
circular with triangular apex short, red-woolly or floccose
underneath and on stout petioles, margins coarsely toothed or
notched: fr. black, less than }4. in. diam. Fla., probably Ga.
rupestris. SAND G. Bushy, sometimes somewhat climb-
ing, glabrous, tendrils often absent: Ivs. rather small,
nearly or quite reniform, conduphcate, only slightly, if at
all, lobed: fr. ^ in. or less diam., purple-black and lightly
glaucous. S. Pa. and Mo. to Tenn. and Tex., and hardy
when planted farther N.
8emp£rvirens: see Cisaus striata.
Shuttle worthii (V. coriacea Amer. auth.). CALLOOBA G.
Vigorous vine with rusty young growth: Ivs. nearly reni-
form to broad-ovate, stoutly stalked, coarsely toothed and
perhaps shallowly lobed, upper surface shining and lower
surface densely felted: fr. few, about H in. thick, pleasantly
flavored. S. Fla.
Sfmpsonii (V. cinerea var. floridana. V. auatrina). CUR-
RANT G. Allied to V. sestivalia but Ivs. grav-webby and
pubescent rather than rusty, with only shoulder-points
rather than lobes, teeth very small: fr. currant-like, in long
loose clusters. Fla., Ga.
Smalliana. FIGLEAF G. The grape commonly but er-
roneously known as V. Simpsonii: mature Ivs. mostly
deeply 3-5-lobed and with rounded sinuses: fr. large, usually
more than H in. diam., in dense mostly broad clusters. Fla.
sdla. CURTISS G. The Fla. plant heretofore known as
V. caribsea: Ivs. cordate, margins sinuate with point ter-
minating each vein: fr. black, about }-i in. diam.
Soldnis: V. Longii.
Th6msonii: Parihenocissus Thomsonii.
titanea: recent name in U. S., perhaps an Ampelopsis.
Thunbergii. Slender climber, young parts and under
surface of Ivs. rusty-toraentose: tvs. cordate-ovate, deeply
3-5-lobed mostly with rounded sinuses: fr. \$ in. or so diam.,
black and glaucous. China; hardy N.
vintfera. WINE G. The cult, grape of Eu. and of history
and also of Calif., in many forms, moderately climbing: Ivs.
broadly cordate-ovate or nearly orbicular, rather thin, with
deep narrow sinus, coarsely toothed, 3-5-lobed with narrow
obtuse sinuses, glabrous both surfaces or sometimes tomen-
tose underneath: fr. variable in size, form and color, the
skin adhering to the pulp. Probably of the Caucasian
region. Var. apiif&iia (V. lacinioaa) is a cut-lvd. form.—
V. Ciotat is a cut-lvd. or compound-lvd. sport of the vine-
yard variety Chasselas Dore (of V. vinifera), but it has been
confused apparently with Ampelopsis acomtifolia.
Voinieriana. Somewhat fleshy very strong vine with
tree-like stock and young shoots and under leaf surfaces
rusty and usually tomentose: Ivs. digitate with 3 or 5 large
toothed stalked Ifte.: tendrils very long, simple: fls. in
cymes: fr. large, acid. E. Asia. — Planted for ornament in
S. Fla. and S. Calif.
vulpina (V. cordifolia). FROST G. Very large high
climber: Ivs. broad-ovate, the cordate sinus narrow, mostly
not lobed, shining above, paler underneath but becoming
glabrous except perhaps on veins: fr. ^ in. or less diam.,
dull black. Pa. to Fla., Kans. and Tex.— See also V.
riparia.
Wflsomee (V. reticulata). High climber with young parts
tomentose: Ivs. broad-ovate, at first reddish, not lobed, be-
coming glabrous above, cobwebby on veins underneath and
reticulate: fr. about H in. across, glaucous. China.
VITTADlNIA. Composite. Herbaceous peren-
nials with thick rootstocks, alternate Ivs., and
heads in corymbs or solitary, of blue or white
ray-fls. and yellow disk-fls.; pappus of bristles:
distributed in Australia, New Zeal., S. Amer. and
Hawaiian Isls. Closely related to Erigeron,
differing in the slender-pointed rather than
blunt or broad style-branches.
australis (V. tnloba). Per. to 1 ft., woody at base, de-
cumbent or nearly erect, not trailing, mostly pubescent:
lys. to \^ in. long or longer if very narrow, spatulate or
linear, lobed or toothed at tip: heads solitary and terminal,
with white rays. Australia, New Zeal. — Probably not in
cult., the plant grown under this name being Erigeron
Karvinskianua.
trfloba: V. auatralia.
VOLADOR: Triplaria americana.
VOLKAMERIA: Clerodendrum.
VOLUTARELLA: Amberboa.
VOLUTARIA: Amberboa.
VOUACAPOUA AMERICANA: Andira inermis.
VRlfiSIA. Bromeliacex. Mostly epiphytic
herbs native in trop. Amer., having stiff Ivs. in
dense rosettes and yellow, green, white or rose
fls. covered with conspicuous bracts and borne
in flattened spikes; grown also for the foliage
which is often barred or variegated. For cult,
see Bromeliacex.
bromelioides: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
Cappei. Hybrid of uncertain parentage.
DuchartreL Hybrid, parentage unknown.
Duvaliana (Tillandaia Duvaliana). To 1 ft.: lys. tinged
with red beneath: fls. yellow tipped with green, with scarlet
and green bracts. Brazil.
create. Hybrid between V. Poelmanii and V. Rex.
fenestralis. To 1H ft.: Ivs. to 2 ft. long, dark-veined
and tipped with brown: fls. pale yellow, bracts spotted green.
Brazil.
hieroglyphics. Lvs. banded and irregularly marked with
dark green above and brown-purple beneath: fls. yellowish.
Brazil.
Magnisiana. Hybrid between V. Barilletii and V.
fenestralia, having green Ivs. with dark zigzag lines, to
16 in. long and 4 in. wide: fls. yellow, the bracts nerved with
red, the infl. to 2 H ft. high.
nigre*gcens: perhaps the same as TUlandsia nigrescens.
pfcta: V. spedoaa.
Poelmanii. Hybrid of uncertain origin.
RjSx. Hybrid between V. Morreni- Barilletii and V.
cardinalis, with carmine-red bracts.
Saundersii (Encholirion Saunderait). To 1H ft.: Ivs.
linear, grayish above dotted with white, spotted with red-
brown beneath: fls. yellow. Brazil.
specidsa (V. splendens. V.zebrina. V. picta). To 3 ft.:
Ivs. to 1 ft. long and 3 in. wide, banded transversely with
dark brown: fls. yellowish- white, the bracts bright red.
Guiana. Var. major is a robust form.
splendens: V. specioaa.
zebrina: V. specioaa.
w
WACHEND<5RFIA. Hxmodoracese. S. African
herbs with tuberous roots, plicate Ivs., and
funnel-shaped usually bright yellow ns. in
panicles; related to Lachnanthes.
thyrsiflftra. To 2 ft.: Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 3 in. wide:
fls. % in. long, in dense cylindrical panicles 1 ft. long.
WAHLENBfiRGIA. Campanulace*. Many
arm. and per. herbs, largely in Eu. and Afr.,
differing from Edraianthus (which see) in the
loculicidal caps, as well as in more open upright
habit and solitary rather than aggregate fls.,
although some of them, as W. hederacea, are
slender trailers: Ivs. simple, cauline or in basal
rosettes, linear to pblanceolate or spatulate, often
crenate, or in trailing species much broader: fls.
bell-shaped or tubular, often nodding, violet or
blue. Ihe small per. species are useful in the
rock-garden; propagated by seeds; cult, as for
Campanula. The species are much confused.
Many species have been described in recent
time from Afr.
filbo-marginata. Low per. 3-8 in. high making a clump
of basal rosulate Ivs. above which are slender sts. each bear-
ing an erect bell-shaped blue or white fl. 1 in. more or less
across: Ivs. lanceolate to elliptic and spatulate, nearly or
quite obtuse, to 1 m. long, often margmate. New Zeal.
annularis. Per. with fleshy roots, a few in. high: Ivs.
mostly basal and crowded, linear-lanceolate, denticulate,
pubescent, st.-lvs. bract-like: fl.-sts. often forked: fls. pale
blue, bell-shaped, about 1>£ in. across. S. W. Afr. — Has
been grown as W. robusta.
Berter&i: the plant so listed is a Campanula.
bosniaca: probably an Edraianthus.
cape'nsis. Ann., 1-2 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, 1 in.
long more or less, dentate: peduncles long and naked, single-
fid.: fls. short and nearly rotate, large, dark blue. S. Afr.
caudata: Edraianthus dalmaticus.
conggsta. Per. with creeping sts.: Ivs. orbicular or ob-
long, to 1 in. long, toothed: fls. pale blue, \i in. across.
New Zeal.
dalmdtica: Edraianthus dalmaticus.
dinarica: Edraianthus dinar icus.
gracilis. Ann., 10-18 in., very leafy on lower half, glab-
rous above: Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, to
1^3 in. long, with scattered hairs, margins undulate and
thickened: fls. 2-4 in a raceme, corolla very small and little
exceeding calyx, color not recorded. Australia, New Zeal.,
New Caledonia. — Apparently not in cult., probably all the
material under this name being W. nncx/lora, a per. species.
graminifdlia: Edraianthus graminifolius.
grandifl&ra: Platycodon grandiflorum.
Grumphii: listed name.
hederacea. Creeping very slender glabrous ann. with
much the look of Cymbalaria muralia: Ivs. round-cordate,
angled and shallowly lobed, thin: fls. small, pale lilac,
narrowly bell-shaped, about ^ in. long. Eu.
Kitaibelii: Edraianthus Kitaibdii.
lobelioides: W. pendula.
paniculata. Variable ann., 3-12 in. high, branched at
base: Ivs. linear-lanceolate or lance-acuminate, margins
thickened, entire or nearly so: fls. funnelfonn, violet or blue,
•orolla twice longer than calyx. S. Afr.
p£ndula (W. lobelioides). Ann.: Ivs. obovate to linear-
lanceolate, toothed: fls. rosy-blue, small, scarcely exceeding
the calyx, solitary on long stalks. Madeira, Canary Isls.
Pumflio: Edraianthus Pumilio.
robusta: see under W. annularis.
saxfcola. Small per., 1-4 in. high: Ivs. all basal, lanceo-
late to oblanceolate or narrow-oboyate, 1 in. or less long
and Y± in. or les» broad, nearly entire to slightly toothed:
peduncle single in each separate rosette: fls. bell-shaped, less
than \b in. broad, bright light blue. Tasmania.
scrpyllifdlia: Edraianthus serpyllifolius.
tasm&nica: perhaps W. saxicola.
tenuif61ia: Edraianthus tenuifolius.
vincsefldra. Per. to 1 H ft., leafy on lower half: Ivs. reach-
ing 2H in. long but mostly less, linear to oblong or spatu-
late, glabrous, often undulate: fls. bell-shaped, 1 in. or
more across, blue or white. Australia, New Zeal. — See
W. gracilis.
WAHOO: Euonymus atropurpureus.
WALDSTEINIA. Rosacese. Per. strawberry-
like creeping herbs of north temp, zone with
mostly basal long-stalked 3-5-lobed or -divided
Ivs. and yellow fls. in corymbs borne on bracted
scapes; sometimes planted in the rock-garden
and of easy cult.
fragarioides. BARREN-STRAWBERRY. Lvs. of 3 wedge-
shaped Ifta. to 2 in. long, coarsely toothed at tips: fls.
about >s in. wide. Woods, N. B. to Ga. and Minn.
siblrica (W. trifohata). Lvs. with 3 entire Ifts.: scapea
axillary, 3-5-fld., white. Siberia.
trifoliate: W. sibirica.
WALLFLOWER: Cheiranthus Cheiri, which see for
cult. Beach: Erysimum suffrutescens. Coast: Erysimum
capitatum.
WALLf CHIA. Palmacede. Feather-palms, most-
ly soboliferous, unarmed, monoecious or polyg-
amous, the pinnse short and cuneate and vari-
ously toothed at the oblique or irregular apex;
species about 4 in the Indo-Malayan region;
they thrive in protected situations in S. Fla.:
stemless or with short trunk ; spadices among the
Ivs., much branched; stamens 6, borne on the
corolla tube: fr. ovoid-oblong, 1-3-seeded, J^-l
in. long, red or purple. Monocarpic (dying after
fruiting). See Palm.
caryotoldes. Clustered palm, with sts. short or not
evident. Ivs. to 8 or 9 ft., curved or arching; pinnse a dozen
or more, oblong or narrow-oblong, white underneath,
irregularly cut and toothed; petiole long and nearly cylindri-
cal: fr. about 1 in. long. Bengal, Burma.
disticha. Trunk solitary or very few, 10-15 ft., coarsely
ringed, the Ivs. distichous (on two opposite sides) and 8-10
ft. long; pmnce 1-2 ft. long and 2-3 in. broad, stiff and
ribbed, somewhat glaucous underneath, narrow at base and
truncate, obtuse or irregular at apex and toothed, with a
jagged tooth or little lobe on either side about the middle;
petiole short, obscurely angled: fr. oblong. Himalayas.
WALNUT (species of Juglans). The native
black walnut of the eastern United States and
Canada is J. nigra, often gathered from fields
and roadsides for home use and market and to
some extent planted for the nuts, as is also the
butternut, J. cinerea.
Nearly one hundred horticultural varieties of
black walnut have been selected from the wild
and named and some of these have been propa-
gated for the nursery trade. Among these the
Thomas is of outstanding merit. The Snyder,
Wiard, Tasterite and Kettler are superior
cracking varieties of northern origin. The
Stambaugh, Ohio, Stabler and Ronwer are
adapted to the latitude of Pennsylvania and
southward.
Farther west and in California are other
native species of Juglans. Good edible nuts are
produced by East Asian species. The walnut
of history (the English or Persian walnut) is
Juglans regia, in several marked forms, and this
species is under discussion in the remainder of
this article.
Various races of cultivated walnut thrive over
a wide territory in North America. They have
been grown somewhat in western New York but
in most localities have been severely damaged or
killed outright by occasional cold winters with
temperatures ranging down to -20° to -30° F.
A recently introduced strain from the Carpathian
Mountains has withstood temperatures as low
766
Walnut
767
Watermelon
as -40° F. and is promising for trial in the
eastern United States, The commercial acreage,
however, is in southern California, where adapt-
able varieties have been produced. Commercial
production is also found in parts of Oregon and
Washington.
Fertile, deep and well-drained loams are de-
sired, with dependable irrigation water. Trees
may be set as close as 40 by 50 feet, but this is
too near together for trees at maturity, 60 or 65
feet being preferable. Clean tillage is given from
the first, with good cover-crop for winter or
following fruiting; this crop is plowed under in
spring. The trees are strong free growers on good
land. The young tree may be pruned to the
desired height for a trunk, but thereafter little
regular pruning is undertaken except to thin out
the poor, weak and crowding branches.
The crop may run as high as one ton of nuts
to the acre, but much less than this quantity is
the usual yield. The nuts are shaken off by
means of long poles with hooks, but many of
them fall naturally. They are washed, dried and
sacked, and then taken to the central packing
house to be bleached and graded for market.
They are now marketed in small cartons for
retail trade, under label or trade-mark, and each
nut may also be stamped.
Formerly trees were grown directly from seed,
but with the coming of improved named varie-
ties grafting must be employed. The desired
variety may be worked on common seedling
stocks, or on seedlings of the wild California
walnut or of the black walnut. The year-old
seedling is grafted at the crown in the nursery
in spring, the whip-graft method being usual,
the parts being covered with wax. At one year
from the graft the tree should be 6 feet or more
tall, if the soil is good and it has been staked to
prevent injury. This one-year-old tree (two-
year root) is set in the orchard or grove. The
tree is cut back to 5 or 6 feet, to form the head;
or if it is not strong or shapely enough it may be
headed back to within a foot or two of the ground
and a new sprout (which should be staked) is
developed for the future bole. The walnut tree
is long lived.
Insects and diseases are usually not particularly
damaging; but the grower should be informed by
the latest bulletins and reports.
WALTHfeRIA. Sterculiacex. Herbs, shrubs or
trees native mostly in trop. Amer., with alter-
nate toothed Ivs. and small fls. in axillary clusters
or cymes; one species sometimes grown in Fla.
americana. To 4 ft. : Ivs. ovate to oblong, to 2 in. long:
fls. yellow, about ^ in. long, in dense clusters. Fla., W.
Indies, S. Amer.
WAMPI: Clauaena punctate.
WANDERING JEW: Tradeacantia fluminenaia, Zebrina
pendula.
WAND-FLOWER: Sparaxia.
WARATAH: Telopea apecioaiaaima.
WARNERIA AUGUSTA: Gardenia jaaminoides.
WARSCEWICZfiLLA. Orchidacese. Epiphytes
of trop. Amer. without pseudobulbs, clustered
distichous Ivs. and large solitary fls.; sepals and
petals similar; lip 2- or more-lobed, movably
joined to the column-foot. Grown in a warm
greenhouse; see Orchids.
arom&tica. Fls. fragrant, 3-4 in. across, white with an
azure lip. Panama, Costa Rica.
discolor. Lvs. to 17 in. long: scapes much shorter than
Ivs.; fls. about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, greenish
or yellowish, the latter sometimes tinged with purple; lip
purple shading to white on margins, with a yellow or
whitish plicate crest at base. Feb.-July, Sept.-Oct. Cent.
Amer., Cuba.
Wendlandii. Lvs. to 13 H in. long: peduncles to 4 in.
long; fls. large, to over 4 in. across; sepals and petals white
to yellow-green; lip violet through the center with white
margins. July-Sept. Costa Rica.
WARSZEWfCZIA. Rubiacex. Trop. American
trees or shrubs with large opposite Ivs. and small
fls. in cymes borne in terminal panicles; one
species intro. in S. Calif.
coccinea. To 20 ft.: Ivs. obovate, to 2 ft. or more long
and 1 ft. across: fls. yellow or orange, *4 in. long, the infl.
1 ft. and more long. Trinidad, Cent. Amer. to Brazil.
WASHINGT6NIA (Neowashingtonia). Pal-
maceze. Two species of massive hermaphrodite
fan-palms, native in Sonora and Lower Calif.,
Mex., and in the interior of S. Calif., and in S.
W. Ariz., unarmed except for the spiny margins
of petioles, the chaffy fls. solitary and nearly
sessile on the branchlets of long and slender
axillary spadices that exceed the foliage, the
clusters of sprays looking not unlike corn-tassels :
Ivs. large and heavy: stamens 6, with narrow
filaments: fr. a little 1 -seeded thin-fleshed
ellipsoid or globose drupe about l/i in. long.
The Washingtonias are extensively planted in
Cent, and S. Calif., and are common along the
Gulf Coast, in Fla., as well as in other parts of
the world. They are still sometimes listed as
Brahea, a practice that should now be discon-
tinued. For cult, see Palm.
fllamentdsa: W. fill/era.
filifera (Brahea filifera and filamentosa. W. filamentoaa).
Ponderous tree to more than 80 ft. with gray-green foliage,
blade lacking a tawny patch underneath about the has-
tula; trunk clothed in nature with a dense evenly thatched
"petticoat" or shag of hanging old Ivs. that usually tapera
inward somewhat at the base when the lower trunk is
bare and does not show any outstanding old fl.-stalks;
lower Ivs. hanging prone, displaying the long flat mostly
green (except at base) spined petioles: Ivs. very long -stalked
and standing well separated so that the crown is open and
very broad, the long limp narrowly-attenuate scgnis. of the
very filiferous blades gracefully hanging. Native about
streams and springs on borders of Colorado Desert, Calif,
and in S. W. Anz. — Not so well adapted as the next species
for planting near the coast.
gracilis: W. robuata.
robusta (W. gracilis . W. Sonorse). A taller and more
slender tree than W. filifera, or more rapid-growing, with
brilliant green foliage and a large tawny patch about
hastula on under side of blade, clothed in nature with a
long cylindrical uneven or ragged shag, and the old fl.-
stalks standing out sauarely through it, the rich brown and
heavily spined petioles not prominent: crown relatively
narrow: Ivs. stiner and mostly less deeply cut and less
slender-pointed, bearing few or no fibers except on very
young trees; segms. very variable as to their drooping habit
and the number of filaments. Mex. — The shag or thatch
sometimes falls from the upper part of the trunk of tall
trees, leaving the st. bare.
Son6rae: W. robuata.
WASHINGTON PLANT: Cabomba caroliniana.
WATER-FEATHER: Myriophyllum proaerpinacoide*.
-Hawthorn: Aponogeton diatachyua. -Hemlock: Cicuta.
acinth: Eichhornia craaaipea. -Leaf: Hydrophyllum.
Nymphaea, Victoria. -Lettuce: Pistia Stratiotea.
)il: Myriophyllum. -Plantain: Alisma. -Poppy: Hy-
drocleya nymphoidea. -Shield: Braaema, Cabomba. -Snow-
flake: Nymphoidea indicum. -Soldier: Stratiotea. -Weed:
Anochana canadenaia. -Weed, Yellow: Juaaisea californica.
-Willow: Decodon verticillatua.
WATERMELON (Citrullus vulgaris). The
watermelon is of simple requirements, yet good
commercial results are obtained only on quickly
fertile land that has not raised the crop for three
or four years or more. In the home gardens long
rotation cannot often b* practiced, but extra
Watermelon
768
Weigela
attention to fertility and to combatting of pests
may overcome the deficiency. Good early varie-
ties of excellent quality are available for home
planting, and thev should be more largely grown
even in the nortnern states; these varieties are
commonly less long-running than the commer-
cial field varieties, and 8 feet apart each way is
sufficient space to allow.
For general field culture the vine should have a
running space of 10 feet between the hills. The
crop requires a long warm season. Drainage
should be good. Land is often plowed in autumn,
to expose it to the comminuting action of frost.
Well-rotted manure may be worked into the hill
and soft earth placed on top in which the seeds
are planted. Two or three plants may be left
to the hill or stand. Horse cultivation should
cease when the plants begin to run, so that the
vines will not be disturbed. About twelve tons
of merchantable melons to the acre is a good
crop. Watermelon wilt is one of the troublesome
diseases, for which rotation and care not to use
contaminated manure, and planting resistant
varieties are preventives.
When a watermelon is ripe it gives a flat dead
sound when thumped; the white under side turns
yellowish and becomes rather hard and rough
or pimply; the fruit has a yielding or "givey"
feeling wnen pressed by the palm or the hand as
it lies on the ground, but this test is likely to
injure the melon for shipping.
The hard white-fleshed citron-melon, used for
preserving, is grown the same as other forms of
watermelon. See Citrullus.
WATERMELON, CHINESE: Benincasa hispida.
WATS6NIA (Meriana). Iridacese. Summer-
blooming bulbs from S. Afr., the sts. bearing
sword-shaped Ivs. and red or white fls. in ter-
minal or lateral racemes, with curved perianth-
tube and equal segms. Cult, as for Gladiolus,
to which they are related but differ, among other
things, in the character of the style. Popular
in Calif, for summer bloom.
alba: W. iridifolia var. O'Brienii.
angusta. To 4 ft. : fls. scarlet, the segms. to 1 in. long and
acuminate.
Ardernei: W. iridifolia var. O'Brienii.
Beatricis. St. to 3 ft.: Ivs. few, linear: fls. rich apricot-red,
corolla 2 in. or more long, limb wide open.
brevifdlia. To 1H ft.: fls. bright rose-red, the curved
tube 1 in. long and segms. H in. long.
bulbillffera. Similar to W. Meriana but taller and more
robust, Ivs. broader, infl. looser, and upper Ivs. and bracts
bearing bulbels.
cocctnea. To 1 ft. : fls. scarlet, the tube to 2 in. long and
exceeding the spreading segms.
densifldra. To 3 ft.: fls. bright rose-red, the curved tube
1 H in. long, twice length of segms., in dense spikes 1 ft. long.
iridif61ia. To 4 ft.: fls. pink, to 3 in. long, the tube much
longer than segms. Var. O'Brienii (W. Ardernei, W.
O'Brienii, W. alba) has pure white fls.
longifdlia. To 5 ft. or more: fls. from white or pale pink
to deep rose, the curved tube to 2 in. long, twice length of
eegms., densely distichous, in many-fld. spikes.
marginata. To 5 ft«j fls. rose-red, fragrant, differing from
W. rosea in the funnel-shaped upper part of the tube being
very small.
Meriana. To 4 ft.: fls. bright rose, the curved tube to
2 in. long, segms. % in. long, in 12-20-fld. spikes.
O'Brienii: W. iridifolia var.
Pfllanaii. To 6 ft.: fls. brick-red, the tube 2 in. long,
segms. 1 in. long, in dense simple spikes to 1 ft. long.
rdsea. To 6 ft.: fls. rose-red, the tube broadened under
segms. and of same length.
Vlrsfeldii. Similar to W. rosea but with much larger
fls. having longer, narrower eegms.
Wflmaniae. To 5 ft.: basal Ivs. narrowly sword-shaped,
to 20 in. long, midrib green, margins pale yellow: fls. pur-
plish-rose, to 1 % in. long, horizontal, tube sharply curved,
segms. oblong.
Wordsworthiana. To 5 ft.: basal Ivs. glaucous, to 2 ft.
long: fls. purplish-lilac, about 3 % in. long, ascending, segms.
half as long as tube, obovate, spreading.
WATTLE: see Acacia.
WAXBERRY: Symphoricarpos albus, Gaultheria hispida.
WAX-PLANT: Hoya carnosa. -Tree: Rhus succedanea.
-Weed: Cuphea petiolata.
WAXWORK: Cdastrua scandena.
WAYFARING-TREE: Viburnum alnifolium and Lan-
tana.
WEATHER-GLASS, GOLDEN: Hypoxia hygrometrica.
WEBEROCfeREUS. Cactacex. A small genus
of Cent. American epiphytic cacti allied to
Selenicereus, having slender trailing sts., noc-
turnal fls., ovary warty, and bristly and scaly on
upper half, the fr. spineless but somewhat pubes-
cent on the areoles.
Bi611eyi (Cereus Biolleyi). Sts. long, to H in. diam., ir-
regularly 3-5-angled or cylindrical, areoles 1-3-spined or
spineless: fls. pale pink within, darker outside, to £ in. long.
Costa Rica.
panam6nsis. Sts. 3-angled or flat, margins acute, areoles
1-3-spined or spineless: fls. wl '
outside, to 3 in. long. Panama.
1-3-spined or spineless: fls. white within, yellowish-green
..lo
Composite. Ann. and per. herbs
in the warm parts of the world, erect to creeping,
sometimes more or less woody: Ivs. opposite,
entire to lobed: heads mostly yellow-rayed and
solitary or few together; pappus a crown.
trilobata (Stemmodontia trilobata). Trailing and rooting:
Ivs. elliptic, 2-4 in. long, more or less notched and shallowly
lobed: Heads yellow, erect on solitary pedicels. S. Fla. and
trop. Amer. — Sometimes employed as ground-cover.
WEED: a plant not wanted and therefore to
be destroyed. A plant desired under one circum-
stance, as horse-radish or vegetable-garden
dandelion, may be a weed under other circum-
stances. Datura back of the barn is jimson-weed;
in the drug-garden it is stramonium. Some plants
are naturally weedy, by which it is meant that
thev invade habitable and cultivated grounds
and make trouble: they are not wanted. Plants
that do not make trouble excite no opposition
and are not weeds even though they may have
no "uses" in cookery, commerce, ornament or
medicine.
The primary remedy for weeds is to grow the
plants that one wants: the better they are
grown the less will be the opportunity for in-
vaders; and if naturally weedy places are kept
clean, most of the breeding grounds will be elim-
inated; and clean seed may be sown. Aside from
this, special practices may be necessary to cir-
cumvent and control some kinds of weeds under
given conditions. The gardener and farmer will
find these means by consulting current books
and bulletins and by inquiring of well-informed
persons.
WEIGfeLA. Caprifoliaceae. P9pular brilliantly-
flowered upright shrubs, in white, pink and red
in spring and early summer, the plants not
stoloniferous or colonizing: Ivs. opposite: fls.
about \l/i in. long, borne on short leafy shoots
of the season often in more or less compound
clusters: fr. long and narrow, woody, dehiscing
by 2 valves from the top. Species about 10, in
E. Asia. Formerly included in the American
genus Diervilla, but really distinct. The kinds
are much confused by variation, probably by
Weigela
769
Wh&rl
hybridization, so that some of the hort. names
cannot be referred exactly to botanical species.
The weigelas are hardy bushes adapted to any good
garden land if it is not droughty, although they profit by
winter protection of the ground. They require no special
attention. The bloom arises from twigs of preceding year
and therefore should not be trimmed before flowering.
Propagated by greenwood cuttings in frames in summer.
amabilis: W. florida, sometimes W. corseensis.
arbdrea: sometimes means W. corseensis, and sometimes
a form of W. florida.
arg£nteo-marginata: hort. name.
bif drmis: W. florida associate.
Candida: white-fld. W. florida (as var. oZ6a);
candidissima: hort. name.
coraeensis. Large stout shrub to 15 ft., distinguished by
its glabrous branches and Ivs. except that latter may be
somewhat pubescent .on veins underneath, broad Ivs.,
narrow calyx-lobes separate to base, pale rose to carmine
corolla (whitish in var. Alba) that is suddenly narrowed
below the middle. Japan.
decora. Related to W. japonica but Ivs. somewhat vil-
lous underneath and fls. very short-stalked, changeable in
color. Japan.
D6sboisii: hort. name, supposed to be hybrid between
W. hortensis and W. floribunda.
floribunda. To 10 ft.: known by the narrowly funnel-
form dark crimson fls. crowded on short lateral branchlets
and the projecting style and sometimes short-exserted
anthers; corolla pubescent outside; calyx-lobes narrow,
separate to base: Ivs. somewhat pubescent above, more so
underneath. Japan. Var. grandifldra, fls. large, brownish.
florida ( W. rosea). DifTuse nearly glabrous shrub to 8 and
10 ft., with elliptic or obovate short-petioled acuminate Ivs.
to 4 in. long mat are pubescent on veins underneath: fls
broadly funnelform, rose-colored (a white var., alba), with
blunt spreading lobes; calyx-lobes broad and united at or
toward base. N. China, Korea. Var. variegata, Ivs. mar-
gined with yellowish- white. — The commonest weigela in
old yards and m many forms of which some depart con-
siderably from the type; some of the named kinds more or
less associated with W. florida are Biformis, Intermedia,
Glorieux, Gustave Mallet, Madame Tellier, Vanhouttei,
Venosa, Verschaffeltu, and some of the plants known as
Versicolor.
grandifldra: W. floribunda var. or W. corseensis.
gratissima: hort. name, perhaps hybrid between W.
hortensis arid W. florida.
Groenewggenii: W. florida or hybrid from it.
Hendersonii: hort. name, thought to be hybrid between
W. floribunda and W. florida.
hortensis (W. japonica var. hortensis). To 10 ft.: young
branches hairy and under surface of ovate or oblong acumi-
nate Ivs. densely tomentose, upper surface pubescent when
young, length 3-4 in.: fls. 3 together on slender peduncle,
narrow bell-shaped, carmine (varying to white in var.
nivea), style sometimes slightly exserted; calyx-lobes nar-
row and separate to bottom. Japan.
hybrida: indefinite name for hort. vars. of uncertain
origin.
jap6nica. To 10 ft., branchlets glabrous or nearly so:
Ivs. elliptic to long-obovate, to 4 in. long, acuminate, densely
pubescent underneath particularly on veins: fla. mostly in
3s on short shoots, rather narrowly bell-shaped, whitish
changing to carmine; calyx-lobes very narrow and distinct.
Japan. Var. sinica from China has Ivs. soft-pubescent
underneath, pale rose-colored corolla abruptly narrowed
toward base.
Kosteriana variegata: hort. name.
lutea: hort. name.
nana variegata: hort. name.
pr&cox. To 6 ft. : of the W. florida relationship, separated
as the earliest flowering: Ivs. soft-pubescent underneath:
fls. on very short lateral branchlets, calyx-lobes broad and
joined below, corolla narrowly bell-shaped and much nar-
rowed below the middle, pubescent outside, rose-colored or
pink with yellow in throat. Korea. — Vars. of this species,
or to be associated with it, are Avalanche, Bouquet Rose,
Conque'rant, Daubenton, Esperance, Floreal, Giromiin,
Gracieux, LePrintemps, Seduction, Vestale.
purpurata, purpurda: trade names.
rdsea: W. florida.
sessilifdlia: probably Dienitta sesmlifolia.
Sifcboldii: hort. name.
St&tzneri: probably hybrid between W. hortensis and
W. florida.
styrfcca: probably hybrid between W. floribunda and
W. coraeensis.
Vanhouttei: probably hybrid between W. hortensis and
W. florida.
Vanicdkifc hort. name.
venosa: supposed to be hybrid between W. corxensis
and W. florida.
venusta (W. florida var. venusta). Handsome, hardy and
graceful species, to 5 or 6 ft., with glabrous branchlets and
nearly or quite glabrous rather small Ivs., distinguished
particularly from W. florida by its rich rose-purple corolla
which is gradually contracted into a slender tube and has
short lobes, calyx small and 2-lipped. Korea.
VerschaffSltii: see W. florida.
versf color: probably W. floribunda; sometimes applied
to an associate of W. florida.
WEINMANNIA. Cunoniacex. Shrubs or trees
mostly of the southern hemisphere, two intro.
into (Jalif.: Ivs. opposite, simple or pinnate: fls.
in terminal or axillary racemes: fr. a leathery
caps.
racemdsa. Tree to 80 ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to ovate,
to 4 in. long, pinnately 3-5-parted when young, very
leathery, coarsely toothed: fls. white or pink, small, in
racemes to 4 in. long. New Zeal.
sylvicola. To 50 ft.: Ivs. of 3 Ifts. or pinnate in young
trees, Ifts. oblong to lanceolate, to 2 in. .long, leathery,
coarsely toothed: fls. white or pink, small, in racemes to 4
in. long. New Zeal.
WELLINGTONIA: Sequoiadendron giganteum.
WfiRCKLEA. Malvaceae. One tree native in
Costa liica and planted in S. Calif. W. insfgnis.
To 30 ft.: Ivs. alternate, orbicular or kidney-
shaped, to 16 in. across, bright green, palmately
veined: fls. rose-lilac with yellow base, 5 in.
across, solitary, on stalks to 6 in. long: fr. a
bristly caps. 2 in. long.
WESTRfNGIA. Labiate. Australian shrubs
with entire Ivs. in whorls and 2-lipped fls. axillary
or in terminal leafy heads; one species some-
times grown in S. Calif.
rosmarinif6rmis. To 3 ft. or more: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
to linear, to 1 in. long, shining above, silvery-pubescent
beneath: fls. white, ^ in. or less long, axillary.
WHEAT: Triticum sestivum. -India: Fagopyrum tatari-
cum.
WHIN: Ulex.
WHIPPLEA. Saxifragacex. Deciduous shrub
from Calif., of little ornamental value but adapted
to rock-gardens. W. modesta. Branches trail-
ing or arching, \Y^ ft. long: Ivs. opposite, ovate
or elliptic, to'l}^ in. long: fls. white, small, in
dense cymes % in. across: fr. a leathery caps. 1
in. across. Related to Jamesia and Carpenteria.
WHISPERING BELLS: Emmenanthe penduliflora.
WHITE-CUP: Nierembergia rivularis.
WHITEWEED: Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum.
WHITEWOOD: see Liriodendron Tulipifera.
WHITFlfeLDIA. Acanthacex. Trop. African
shrubs differing from Strobilanthes in the bright-
ly colored broadly lanceolate calyx-segms. and
campanulate corolla, all subtended by rather
large greenish bracts. Grown in greenhouses
or out-of-doors in extreme S.; propagated by
cuttings or seed.
lateritia. Low shrub: Ivs. oblong-ovate, to 2 H in. long,
opposite, entire, persistent: fls. orange- to brick-red, to 1 >4
in long, 2-lipped, in terminal racemes.
WHITLAVIA: Phacelia Whitlavia.
WHITLOW-GRASS: Draba verna.
WHITLOW-WORT: Paronychia.
WHORL: three or more leaves or flowers at one node,
in a circle. -Flower: Marina longifolia.
Whortleberry
770
Wolfsbane
WHORTLEBERRY: Vaccinium.
WTDDRINGTONIA. Cupressacese. Evergreen
trees with scale-like or linear Ivs. and cones com-
posed of 4 scales; native in Afr. and Madagascar,
suitable for warm countries. Allied to Callitris
with which some authorities unite it. For cult,
see Conifers.
cupressoides. Shrub or small tree to 12 ft.: Ivs. scale-
like, imbricated: cones % in. or less across, about 3 together.
8. Afr.
Juniper old es (Callitris arborea). Tree to 60 .ft.: Ivs.
e-like, imbricated: cones % in. across, solitary or
several together. 8. Afr.
Schw&rzii. Similar to W. juniperoides but with smaller
thicker Ivs. and smaller cones. S. Afr.
Whytei (Calhtris Whytei). Tree to 140 ft.: Ivs. imbri-
cated, scale-like, on young plants linear: conea % in,
across, 4-6 together. E. Afr.
WIGANDIA. Hydrophyllacese. Large stout
per. herbs, subshrubs or tree-like, with large
simple toothed Ivs. covered with glistening
stinging hairs, and bell-shaped fls. in terminal
scorpioid cymes; several species in trop. Amer.
Wigandias are grown as foliage planta in subtropical
bedding. Propagated by seeds sown under glass in winter
or by cuttings of the roots in spring.
caracasana. To 10 ft. or more, sometimes making a
large very woody shrub or small tree: Ivs. to 1% ft. long,
heart-shaped at base: fls. blue or violet with white tube;
filaments hairy below. S. Mex. to Venezuela and Colombia.
Var. macrophylla has larger Ivs. — Cult in S. Calif, in several
forms.
imperialis: a robust form, probably a var. of W. car-
acasana.
macrophylla: W. caracasana var.
urens. To 12 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long, hearinshaped at base:
fls. violet. Peru.
Vigieri: of silvery appearance, perhaps a var. of W.
car acasana.
WILC6XIA. Cactacex. Low spiny cacti with
dahlia-like roots, 5 species in Tex. and Mex.:
branched, often as slender as a lead-pencil, ribs
few and low: fls. diurnal, short-tubed, 1 from
an areole. See Cacti.
australis: listed name.
Pose'lgeri (Cereus and Echinocereus Poselgeri and tuber-
osus). Sis. to 2 ft. high and less than l/$ in. thick; ribs 8-10
and inconspicuous and almost hidden by appressed spines;
radials 9-12; central 1: fls. purple or pink, 2 in. long. S.
Tex., Mex.
Schm611ii (W. aenilis). Tubers to 10 in. long and % in.
diam.; sts. cylindrical, to 3 in. tall and % in. diam. with
9-12 low tubercled ribs; spines about 35, soft and hair-like,
blackish: fls. rose-purple, to 1% in. long. Mex.
senllis: W. Schmollii.
striata (Cereus stnatus). Prostrate, to 3 ft. long and
about H in. diarn., blue-green when young; ribs 8-9, very
low, straight; spines 9-10, short, black to brown: fls. pur-
plish-red, to 4 in. long. Lower Calif.
tamaulipensis. Much branched, joints cylindrical, 4-10
in. long; ribs about 10, low; radial spines usually 16-20,
spreading, to H in. long, whitish, straight; central 1, shorter:
fls. pale rose, to 2 in. long, tube short, segms. linear-lanceo-
late. Mex.
yiperina. Sts. branching, velvety-pubescent, less than
H in. diam., becoming spineless; ribs about 8 and incon-
spicuous; spines 8 and short: fls. red, 1 in. long. Mex.
WILLEMETIA: Noltea africana.
WILLOW: Salix. Desert-: Chilopsis linearis. Flower-
ing-: Chilopsis linear is. -Herb: Epilobium. Primrose-:
Jussixa. Virginia-: Itea virginica. Water-: Decodon verti-
cillatus.
WTLMATTEA. Cactaceae. A climbing mono-
typic genus of Honduras and Guatemala, differ-
ing from Hylocereus in much smaller fls. whose
perianth-tube is scarcely discernible and st.-
axils woolly and bristly. W. minutifldra. Slender
high-climbing vine with dark green acutely 3-
angled joints; areoles about l%in. apart; spines
1-3, brownish: fls. white within, to 1 H in. long. —
Young plants often have st.-angles with thin
wings to J^ in. wide or terminal shoots may be
subterete.
WINDFLOWER: Anemone.
WINDOW-GARDENING: see House Planta.
WINEBERRY: Rubus phcenicolasius. New Zealand:
Aristotelia racemosa.
WINE-PLANT: Rheum Rhaponticum.
WING: a thin, dry or membranaceous expansion or
flat extension or appendage of an organ; also the lateral
petals of a papilionaceous flower. -Nut: Pterocarya.
WINTERBERRY: Ilex glabra, laevigata, verticillata.
WINTER FAT: Eurotia lanata. -Savory: Satureja mon-
fana. -Sweet: Acokanthera spectabilis.
WINTERGREEN: Oaultheria, Pyrola. Flowering: Poly-
gala paucifolia.
WIRE-PLANTS: Muehlenbeckia. -Vine: Muehlenbeckia
complexa.
WISTfeRIA (Kraunhia). Leguminosse. Woody
twining vines with pinnate Ivs., showy papiliona-
ceous ns. in drooping terminal racemes in spring,
and elongated pods contracted at intervals;
popular ornamental subjects. W. floribunda and
W. sinensis are the commonly planted species
and are hardy N.
Wisterias thrive in deep rich soil. They do not trans-
plant readily. Propagated by seeds, division, layering,
cuttings of ripened wood under glass, root-cuttings over
bottom heat, and horticultural forms by grafting.
brach^botrys: W. floribunda.
chinensis: W. sinensis.
floribunda (Glycine floribunda. W. brachybotrys) . JAPAN-
ESE W. Lfts. 15-19, ovate-elliptic: fls. violet or violet-
blue, to % in. long, in racemes to 1 1A ft. long: pods velvety.
Japan. Vars. are. &lba, fls. white; carnea, fls. flesh-colored;
longissima, racemes to 4 ft. long, may not be distinct from
var. macrobotrys; macr6botrys (W. macrobotrys, W. multi-
juga), racemes to 3 ft. long; prefecox, early-fld.; rdsea, rose-
colored or pale pink fls.; riibra, deep pink to reddish fls.;
variegata, Ivs. variegated; violaceo-pl^na, double fls.
frut^scens (W. speciosd). Lfts. 9-15, ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, fls. lilac-purple, l/4 in. long, in racemes to 4 in.
long: pods glabrous. Va. to Fla. and Tex.' hardy N. Var.
nivea( var. alba), fls. white. Var. magnifica is W. macrostachya.
jap6nica (Millettia japonica). Lfts. 9-13, ovate-lanceo-
late: fls. white, ^ in. long, in racemes to 1 ft. long: pods
glabrous. Japan, Korea; not reliable N.
macr6botrys: W. floribunda var.
macrostachya (W. frutescens var. magnifica). Lfts.
usually 9, ovate: fls. lilac-purple or light blue, in racemes
to 12 in. long: pods glabrous. Swamps, 111. to Ark.; nearly
or quite hardy N.
magnifica: W. macrostachya.
megasperma (Millettia megaspermd). EVERGREEN W.
Lfts. 7-13, obovate, evergreen: fls. purple, in racemes to
6 in. long, pods velvety. Australia; to be grown in Calif.
multljuga: W. floribunda var. macrobotrys.
reticulata: Millettia reticulata.
sinensis (W. chinensis. Glycine sinensis). CHINESE W.
Lfts. usually 11, ovate to ovate-lanceolate: fls. bluish-
violet, 1 in. long, in racemes to 1 ft. long: pods velvety.
China. Var. filba has white fls. Var. carulea is listed.
Var. purpurea is said to have purplish-violet fls.
specidsa: W. frutescena.
venusta. SILKY W. Lfts. 9-13, oblong-lanceolate or
broader, velvety-pubescent on both sides: fls. white, 1 in,
long, in racemes to 6 in. long: pods velvety. China; hardy
N. Var. alba is listed, but may not differ from type.
WITCH-HAZEL: Hamamelis.
WITCHS-TEETH: Lotus formosissimus.
WITHANIA ORIGANIFOLIA: see Salpichroa rbotn-
boidea.
WITHE-ROD: Viburnum cassinoidea and nudum.
WTTLOOF; see Chicory.
WOAD: Isaiis.
WOLFBERRY: Symphoricarpos occidentalia.
WOLFSBANE: Aconitum lycoctonum.
Womans-Tongue-Tree
771
Wyefhia
WOMANS-TONGUE-TREE: Albizzia Leffiek.
WONDERBERRY: Solanum nigrum.
WONGA-WONGA VINE: Pandorea pandorana.
WOODBINE: Lonicera Periclymenum, Parthenodssus
guinquefolia.
WOOD-GOSSIP: Csesalpinia Crista. -Oil-Tree: Aleuritea.
WOODLAND STAR: Lithofrogma afrnia.
WOODRUFF: Asperula.
WOODSIA. Polypodiacex. Small rock-loving
ferns with tufted rootstocks and pinnately
divided fronds; sori on veins beneath the indusia,
splitting into star-like lobes; native in temp, and
cold countries. They are sometimes planted in
rock-gardens and similar places. See Ferns.
alplna. Fronds to 5 in. long, narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
smooth above, sparingly hirsute beneath; pinnae ovate,
obtuse, pinnately lobed. Eu., Asia, N. N. Amer.
Cathcartiana. Fronds to 1 ft. long and 2 in. wide,
lanceolate, bipmnatifid ; pinnae oblong, with the segms.
separated by wide sinuses, oblong and denticulate. W.
N. Y. and N. Mich, to N. Minn.
glab£lla. Fronds to 6 in. long, pinnate into triangular
or ovate crenately lobed pinna:, the straw-colored stipes
articulate near base. N. N. Amer., Eu.
ilvensis. RUSTY W. Fronds to 10 in. long and 1H in.
wide, 2-pinnatifid into oblong wavy-toothed pinna* clothed
underneath with rusty chaff. Eu., Asia, N. N. Amer.
mexicana. Fronds to 1 ft. long, glandular-pubescent,
2-pinnatifid into finely toothed segms. with semi-trans-
parent tips. Tex. to Mex.
obtusa. BLDNT-LOBED W. COMMON W. Fronds to 15 in.
long and 4 in. wide, 2-pinnate into toothed or cut segms.
N. Amer.
oregana. Fronds narrowly lance-oblong, to 8 in. long
and 1 in. wide, bright green, glabrous, bipinnatifid; plume
oblong-ovate, crenate-serrulate. Que. to B. C., south to
N. Mex. and Lower Calif.
scopulina. ROCKY MT. W. Fronds to 10 in. long and
2 in. wide, 1-2-pinnate into toothed segms., under surface
covered with fine white hairs. Mts. of N. Amer.
WOODWARDIA. CHAIN-FERN. Polypodiacex.
Large ferns with pinnately divided fronds and
sori in rows parallel to the midrib; native Eu.,
Asia, N. Amer. Strong plants for outdoor cult,
requiring mostly moist places, and a few of
them under glass. They present no particular
difficulties. See Ferns.
angustifftlia: W. areolata.
areolata (W. angustifclia. Lorinseria areolata). Fronds
of two forms, to 15 in. long, 1-pinnate, sterile pinnte lanceo-
late and toothed, fertile linear and entire. Me. to Fla. and
La.
Chamiss&i (W. radicans var. americana). Fronds to 9
ft. long and 1 H ft. wide, 2-pmnate into toothed or lobed
segms. B. C. to Calif.
radicans. Differs from the American species in having
large buds on the main rachia which root to form new
plants. Eu., Asia.
spinul&sa. Differs from W. Chamissoi in the lower
surface having fibrillose scales and the glands stalked. Mex.,
Guatemala.
virgmica (Anchistea virginica). Roots tock long and
creeping, fronds to 2 ft. long and 9 in. wide, 2-pinnatifid
into oblong or ovate fine-toothed segms. N. S. to Fla. and
La., Bermuda.
WOOLLY: provided with long, soft and more or less
matted hairs; like wool; lanate.
WOOLLYBUTT: Eucalyptus longi/olia.
WORMS: Scorpiurus.
WORMSEED, AMERICAN: Chenopodium ambrvsi-
oides.
WORMWOOD: Artemisia. Roman: Corydalis semper-
virens.
WOUND WORT: Anthyllis Vulneraria, Stachys.
WULFfeNIA. Scrophulariacex. Hardy low
herbaceous perennials suitable for the rock-
garden or the border, with mostly basal toothed
Ivs. and raceme-like clusters of blue tubular 4-
lobed fls.; native Eu. and Asia. Wulferiias need
rich moist soil but protection from excessive
moisture in winter, as they easily decay. Propa-
gated by seeds or division.
carinthiaca. Lvs. oblong, to 8 in. long: fls. about l/i in.
long, in dense racemes on scapes to 2 ft. high. Mts. of
Carinthiaca.
WYfiTHIA. Composite. Per. herbs of W. N.
Amer. with alternate mostly entire and elongated
Ivs. and solitary or few heads of yellow ray- and
disk-fls.; pappus a crown. Sometimes trans-
ferred to the garden.
amplexicaulis. To 2 ft., glabrous: Ivs. oblong to lanceo-
late, to 1 ft. long, glossy, the upper sessile or clamping: heads
bright yellow, the rays 1 H in. long. B. C. to Colo.
angustil61ia. To 2 ft., hairy: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong-
ovate, to 1 ft. or more long, the upper sessile or short-
petioled: rays to 2 in. long. Calif.
X
XANTHfSMA. Composite. Ann. or bien. herbs
native in Tex., with alternate entire Ivs. and
solitary heads of yellow ray-fls. blooming in
summer; pappus of bristles. Of easy cult, in the
border.
texanum (Centauridium Drummondii). To 4 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate to linear, to 2^ in. long, tne lower toothed:
heads 2 in. across.
XANTH<5CERAS. Sapindacese. Deciduous
shrub from China, planted for ornament. X.
sorbifdlia. To 15 ft. : Ivs. of &-17 narrow sharply
toothed Ifts. to 2 in. long, dark green above and
paler beneath: fls. polygamous, white with yel-
low or red blotch at base of petals, nearly 1 in.
across, in racemes in May: fr. green, hard and
thick-walled, to 2% in. long, something like a
horse-chestnut. — It thrives in any good soil and
is hardy N. Propagated by seeds stratified and
sown in spring or by root-cuttings over heat.
XANTHORHiZA (Zanthorhiza). Ranuncu-
lacex. One deciduous shrub to 2 ft. with bitter
yellow roots, native in E. N. Amer. X. simplicis-
sima (Z. apiifolia). SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. Lvs.
1-2-pinnate, with usually 5 toothed or lobed Ifts.:
Us. Brownish-purple, polygamous, about K in.
across, in drooping racemes to 4 in. long, with
5 petal-like sepals and 5 small petals. The name
sirnplicissima was bestowed by Marshall, 1785,
because the sts. are "generally simple or without
branches." The generic name Xanthorhiza
originated with Marshall, who spelled it as here
printed; the spelling Zanthorhiza and the name
apiifolia date from I/ He* ri tier 1788. — It thrives
in shady damp positions, and is a little bush of
much interest. Propagated by division of roots
and by seeds.
XANTHORRH(EA. Liliacese. Australian per-
ennials with thick woody often palm-like sts.,
linear Ivs. in a tuft at top of trunk, and fls. in
dense spikes at end of terminal scape, the peri-
anth-segrns. distinct; suited to dry climates;
propagated by offsets.
Preissii. To 15 ft.: Ivs. to 4 ft. long and % in. wide,
stiff: spikes 1 in. diam., on scapes to 6 ft long; stamens
to H in. long.
XANTHOSOMA. MALANGA. TANIER. YAUTIA.
Aracese. Large herbs of trop. Amer., with thick
often tuberous rhizomes, thick arrow-shaped Ivs.
or sometimes pedately parted, with long petioles,
and unisexual fls. borne on densely-fld. spadices
which are shorter than the spathes. Grown in
the tropics for the edible roots and sometimes
also as greenhouse foliage plants.
atr6virens. Lvs. to 3 ft. long and 2 ft. wide, dark green
above and gray-green below, glaucous, the petioles to 2 ft.
long: spathes about 1 ft. long. S. Amer.
batavi£nse: a name of no botanical standing, applied
to a plant with purple sts. and dark green Ivs.
Lfndenii (Phyllotsenium Lindenii). Lvs. to 1 ft. long,
bright green with white veins and midrib, the petioles to
1 ft. long: spathes white, about 5H in. long. Colombia,
Var. magnfficum is ah improved form.
Marshallii is a trade name for a form with green Ivs.
and dark petioles but is not known botamcally.
sagittaefdlium. St. to 3 ft. and more high: Ivs. to 3 ft.
long and nearly as wide, green, the petiolea to 3 ft. long:
spathes to 9 in. long, greenish- white. W. Indies, S. Amer.
trflobum: hort. name.
violaceum. Lvs. to 2 ft. long and 1^ ft. wide, green
with usually purplish nerves, paler beneath, glaucous, the
purplish petioles to 2 £5 ft. long: spathes to 1 ft. long, yel-
lowish-white. W. Indies, S. Amer.
XANTHOXALIS: Oxalis.
XANTHOXYLUM: variant but not original spelling of
Zanthoxylum.
XERANTHEMUM. Composite. Annuals
of the Medit. region, with entire Ivs. and solitary
long-stalked heads of disk-fls., the involucral
bracts papery and petal-like, in lilac, rose and
purple. One of the oldest and most satisfactory
of the immortelles or "everlastings." Propa-
gated by seeds.
annuum. COMMON IMMORTELLE. To 3 ft., white-tomen-
tose: Ivs. oblong or oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in. long: heads
to 1 ^ in. across, white, purple, violet, rose. Var. ligulosum
(X. imperiale) is double or semi-double. Var. perligulosum
(X. 8uperbi88imum) is very double.
cylindraceum. Gray-pubescent: heads oblong-cylindri-
cal, 12-15-fld.
imperiale: X. annuum var. ligulosum.
super bfssimum: X. annuum var. perligulosum.
XEROPHYLLUM. TURKEY-BEARD. Liliacex.
Per. with woody rootstocks, linear mostly basal
Ivs. and white fls. in dense terminal racemes,
the perianth-segms. distinct; sometimes trans-
planted to the wild-garden.
asphodeloides. To 5 ft.: Ivs. to IK ft. long and tV in.
wide: racemes to 6 in. long. N. J. to Fla. and Tenn.
tenax. To 5 ft. : Ivs. to 2 ft. long and H in. wide: racemes
to 2 ft. long. B. C. to Calif.
XIMENESIA: Verbesina encelioides.
XIM^NIA. Olacacese. A few species of un-
armed shrubs and trees of the western hemisphere
and Afr.: Ivs. alternate or fascicled, simple and
entire: fls. small, white or yellowish, hermaphro-
dite, mostly in short-peduncled axillary cymes
but less frequently solitary, sepals and petals 4
or 5, corolla Dcarded inside; stamens 8-10; ovary
4-celled at base but fr. a small 1-celled drupe with
a single seed.
americana. TALLOW- WOOD. Tree to 30 ft. but sometimes
only a shrub on steiile lands' Ivs. oblong or elliptic, 2-3 in.
long and about 1 in broad, obtuse, shining above: fr. ovoid
to nearly globose, %-% in. long, yellow. Fla. and tropics. —
Sometimes planted in Fla. for the edible fr.
' XOLISMA: Lyonia.
XYLOBIUM. Orchidacese. Epiphytic orchids
native in trop. Amer., having 1-2-lvd. pseudo-
bulbs, plicate Ivs., and fls. in lateral racemes;
sepals and petals nearly similar; lip commonly
3-iobed. For cult, see Orchids.
C611eyi (Maxillaria Colleyi). Pseudobulbs ovoid, to 1%
in. long, commonly 2-lvd.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 28 in.
long and 6 in. wide, leathery, strongly 3-nerved: mfl. a
short 3-5-fld. raceme; sepals and petals reddish-brown
covered with small purplish spots; lip fleshy, dark puiple,
paler on margin. W. Indies, British Guiana.
hyaclnthinum (Maxillaria hyacinthina). Pseudobulbs
oblong-cylindric, 2-lvd.: Ivs. oblong: raceme to 20-fld.; fls.
white to yellow with a rosy lip, with odor of hyacinths.
Venezuela.
Ieontogl6ssum. Pseudobulbs with 1 If. to about 1 ft.
long and 3 in. wide: fls. yellow spotted with red, in many-
fid, racemes to 1 ft. high. Mar.-Apr. Peru, Colombia,
Ecuador.
squalens. Pseudobulbs ovoid or ovoid-oblong, to nearly
3 in. tall, 2-lvd.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, to 26 in. long: inn.
to 8 in. high, densely many-fld.; sepals and petals about
$4 in. long, yellowish- white suffused with flesh color; lip
with dark brownish-purple in front. May-June, Sept.-Dec.
Costa Rica, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru.
XYLOCOCCUS: Arctoataphylos bicolor.
XYLOPHACOS: Astragalus.
772
Xylophylla
773
Xyris
XYLOPHftJLA. Euphorbiacex. Trop. Ameri-
can shrubs with flattened leaf-like branches, the
monoecious apetalous fls. borne in clusters on
the edges of the branches, and capsular frs.
Often grown as specimen plants under glass for
the odd appearance. Propagated by greenwood
cuttings.
angustifdlia (Phyllanthus anffustifolius). Shrub to 10 ft.:
branches or phyllodia to 4 in. long and ^ in. wide; fls.
reddish. Jamaica.
specidsa (Phyllanthua speciosus. P. latifolius). Shrub
or tree to 20 ft. : branches or phyllodia to 3 in. long and 1 in.
wide: fls. whitish. Jamaica.
XYL<5SMA, Flacourtiacese. Evergreen trees or
shrubs of trop. and semitrop. regions of the
world, except Afr., having alternate simple Ivs.,
small apetalous usually unisexual fls. in axillary
racemes, the 4-5 sepals mostly fused at base and
the many stamens surrounded by a disk. The
name Xylosma has been conserved by botanists
over the older name Myroxylon, the latter being
the legitimate name of a small genus of legumi-
nous plants.
senticftsa (Myroxylon senticoaitm). Low shrub, twigs
brown- torn en lose, axillary spines slender and sharp: Iva,
ovate, to % in. long, acute, revolute and obtusely glandular-
serrate: fls. unisexual, in racemes of 5-7, sepals ciliate.
S. E. China.
XYLOSTEON: Lonicera cserulea and utahensis.
Rush-like or grass-like herbs of
2 genera and perhaps 50 species in the western
hemisphere and Australia, of which only Xyris
is listed. They have inconspicuous fls. in close
terminal heads. Of small hort. interest except
in wild-gardening.
X'^RIS. YELLOW-EYED-GRASS. Xyridacex.
Tufted herbs with narrow basal Ivs. and yellow
fls. borne in axils of leathery imbricated scales,
forming heads at tips of leafless scapes.
C6ngdonii. To 2^ ft., without bulbous base: Ivs. to
15 in. long, concave: heads ovate, to $4 in. long, not plumose.
Mass, to N. J. — Of less ornamental value than the following
species.
flcxudsa. To 1H ft., with bulbous base: Ivs. to 6 in.
long: heads globose, H in- high, fls. ^ in. across, July-
Sept. Me. to Ga. and Tex.
YAM: Dioacorea; less correctly, forms of sweet potato.
Cockscomb: Rajama plevoneura.
YAMPEE: Dioacorea trifida.
YANGTAO: Actinidia chmenaia.
YARROW: Achillea. Golden: Eriophyllum conferti-
norum.
YATE, FLAT-TOPPED: Eucalyptus occidentals). -Tree:
Eucalyptus cornuta.
YAUPON: Ilex vomitoria.
YAUTIA: Xanthoaoma.
YELLOW-BELLS: Emmenanthe penduliflora, Stenolo-
bium atana. -Root, Shrub: Xanthorhiza aimpliciaaima.
-Tuft: Alyaaum argenteum. -Wood: Cladraatia.
YERBA BUENA: Micromeria Chamiaaonia. Mansa:
Anemopaia calif ornica. Santa: Eriodictyon californicum.
YEW: Taxua. Plum-: Cephalotaxua.
YLANG-YLANG: Cananga odorata. Climbing: Artdbo-
trya odoratiaaimua.
YOUTH-AND-OLD-AGE: Zinnia elegana.
YtJCCA. Liliacese. Bold plants of the western
hemisphere, stemless (caudex not above ground)
or with woody trunks, having stiff sword-shaped
Ivs. and white or violet cup- or saucer-shaped
drooping fls. borne in mostly erect panicles,
opening and fragrant at night, the perianth-
segins. distinct or slightly united.
Yuccas are suitable for bold effects in the garden, or the
tender kinds under glass in the North; sometimes grown as
tub specimens and massed for summer effects. Yuccas
require good drainage and prefer sandy loam soil and open
exposure. Propagated by seeds, offsets, stem- or root-
cuttings. Y. jilamentoaa is the species commonly planted
North; Y. glauca is also very hardy.
agrifdlia: listed name.
aloifdlia. SPANISH BAYONET. To 25 ft., trunk simple or
branched : Ivs. to 2 1A ft. long and 2 y% in. wide, very sharp-
pointed: fls. white, often tinged with purple, to 4 in. across,
in panicles to 2 ft. long. S. U. S., W. Indies, Mex. — A form
with Ivs. yellow or white in center is known as tricolor and
Ivs. yellow margined as marginata. Var. dracdnis has
trunk branched above, Ivs. to 2 in. across which are more
flexible, recurved and not rigid. Var. quadrfcolor is prob-
ably not distinct from var. tricolor and var. variegata ia
listed.
angustifdlia: Y. glauca.
angustfssima. To 6 ft., stemless: Ivs. to 16 in. long and
H in. wide, margined with white and with many threads.
Utah, Nov., Ariz.
arbor£scens: Y. brevifolia.
arkansana. Similar to Y. tenuiatyla but with racemose
rather than paniculate irifl. Ark. to Tex.
australis. Large tree: Ivs to 18 in. long and 2 in. across,
thick and stiff, spreading rigidly, sharp-pointed, coarsely
fihferous: fls. creamy- white, small, style constricted and
short, infl. a narrow pendent panicle: fr. indehiscent,
pendent, light colored. Mex.
baccata. To 3 ft., nearly stemless: Ivs. 2 ft, long and 2
in. wide, with coarse threads on margins: fls. to 3 in. long.
Colo, to Tex.
brevif61ia (Y. arboreacena). JOSHUA-TREE. To 30 ft.,
with trunk to 15 ft.: Ivs. to 9 in. long, toothed: fls. greenish-
white, to 2 in. long, in heavy panicles 1 ft. or more long.
Calif, to Utah. — A striking grotesque tree in many shapes.
Coldma: Y. neomexicana.
concava: Y. filamentoaa var.
constrfcta. To 6 ft., st. to 18 in. crowned with rosette ot
Ivs. to 15 in. long and % in. wide: scape many-fld., fls.
white, long-peduncled: caps, to 23i in. long, constricted in
middle. W. Tex.
drac6nis: Y. aloifolia var.
elata (Y. radioad). To 20 ft., with simple or branched
trunk: Ivs. to ^j in. wide, white-margined: fls. white. W.
Tex., Ariz., Mex.
elephantipes (Y. guatemalenaia. Y. gigantea). To 30
ft., branched above: Ivs. to 4 ft. long and 3 in. wide, rough
on margins: fls. white or creamy- white. Mex.
filamentdsa. ADAMS-NEEDLE. To 12 ft., nearly stemless:
Ivs. to 2% ft. long and 1 in. wide, with long curly threads
on margins: fls. nearly white, to 2 in. long. N. u. to Fla.
and Miss. Var. bracteola (var. maxima), very large with
leafy bracts on scape. Var. concava, Ivs. not recurved, very
broadly spatulate, to 4 in. wide. Md. to S. C. Var. rosea,
fls. tinged pink outside. Var. variegata has variegated Ivs.
flficcida. Often grown as Y. filamentoaa but differing in
the less i igid habit and the marginal threads being straight.
N. C. to Ala.
gigantea: Y. elephantipes.
glauca (Y. anguatifolia). To 6 ft., the short trunk pros-
trate: Ivs. t9 3 ft. long and ^ in. wide, margined with
white and with fine threads: fls. greenish- white, 2 in. long.
S. D. to New Mex. Var. rdsea, fls. tinted rose outside.
gloridsa. SPANISH DAGGER. To 8 ft.,' with short trunk:
Ivs. to 2}4 ft. long and 2 in. across, with stiff point: fls.
greenish-white to reddish, 4 in. across. N. C. to Fla.
grandifldra: listed name, probably of hort. form.
guatemalensis: Y. elephantipea.
HSrrimaniae. To 2 ft., stemless: Ivs. linear to spatulate,
to l^i m. wide, with narrow brown margins and white
fibers: fls. greenish. Utah to New Mex.
h^strix: Agave atncta.
latifdlia: listed name.
louisiane*nsis. Stemless or nearly so: Ivs. to 11A ft. long,
rarely more, and to % in. wide, flexuous and grass-like,
white-margined, fls. greenish-white, style green and swollen,
in a paniculate infl.: fr. dehiscent, erect. La. to Tex. and
Okla.
macroc&rpa. To 20 ft.: Ivs. stiff, rough, yellowish-green
with white inside, threads grayish: fr. to 4 in. long. W. Tex.
to Ariz.
neomexicana ( Y. Coloma). To 3 ft., stemless, cespitose:
Ivs. to 1 ft. long and about H in* wide, with white threads
on margins . fls. white, l^j in. long. New Mex.
n6bilis: a glaucous form of Y. glorioaa.
p£ndula: Y. recurvifolia.
pericu!6sa. To 20 ft., with few branches: Ivs. to \1A ft.
long and 1 ^ in. wide, with many brown threads: fls.
creamy-white, in tomentose panicles 3 ft. long. Mex.
radidsa: Y. elata.
recurvifolia (Y. pendula). To 6 ft., the trunk branching:
Ivs. 2 in. wide, recurving. Ga. to Miss. Var. variegata
has a central yellow band down Ivs.
rupfcola. Stemless: Ivs. to 1^ ft. long and l^f in. wide,
glaucous, with yellow or brown margin: fls. white or green-
ish. Tex.
tenuistyla. To 3 ft., stemless: Ivs. to 20 in. long and ^
in. wide, with white margin, mostly recurved. Tex.
Treculeana. To 25 ft., the trunk simple or branched:
Ivs. to 3 ft. long and 2 in. wide, concave, brown margined:
fls. white, to 2H in. long. S. Tex., Mex.
Whlpplei: Heaperoyucca Whipplei.
YUCCA, DATE: Samuela.
774
ZALUZlANSKYA (Nycterinia). Scrophulari-
acese. Ann. or per. herbs or subshrubs in S. Afr.,
with the lower Ivs. opposite and the upper alter-
nate: fls. long-tubular, the limb 5-lobed, in
terminal spikes, especially fragrant toward eve-
ning.
Zaluzianskyas are grown for ornament and fragrance,
usually from seed sown indoors in earlv spring or in the
autumn and the plants wintered in a coldframe. Those in
cultivation are known as flower-garden annuals.
capensis. NIGHT-PHLOX. Ann. to 1 H ft. : Ivs. linear, to
2 in. long: fls. white inside, purple-black outside and pubes-
cent, to 1% in. long.
selaginoides: Z. villosa.
villdsa (Z. aelaginoides) . Ann. to 1 ft., pubescent: Ivs.
obovate, to 1 in. long: fls. white or lilac inside, purple out-
side and nearly glabrous, to 1 in. long.
ZAMAN: Samanea Saman.
ZAMIA. Cycadacex. Somewhat palm-like most-
ly low plants with short or underground tuber-
like trunks, pinnate evergreen Ivs. and fls. borne
in cones and heads, about 40 species in trop. and
subtrop. Arner., sometimes planted in the open
in warm countries. The width and size of pinnae
(which are without midrib) varies with age and
growing conditions, and specific lines are not well
understood. For cult, see Cycas.
Altensteinii: Encephalartos Altensleinii.
florid ilna. COONTIE. Trunk low or underground, tuber-
like. Ifts. revolute at edges, to 6 in. long and % in. wide.
S. Fla.
glaftca: Encephalartos Lehmanmi.
integrifftlia. Trunk to 1M ft. high: Ifts. entire or only
slightly toothed toward tip. W. Indies.
Lehmannii: Encephalartos Lehmannii.
Loddigesii (Z. terrestris). Lfta. finely spiny-toothed
from middle to tip. Mex., Guatemala.
pumila: see Z. umbrosa.
Skinneri: Encephalartos Lehmannii.
terr6stris: Z. Loddigesii.
umbr&sa. Similar to Z. flondana but Ifts. to 4 in. long
and 1A m. broad. Fla. — The plant cult, as Z. pumila be-
longs here.
villdsa: Encephalartos mllosus.
ZANTEDfiSCHIA (Calla of gardeners. Rich-
ardia). CALLA. Aracex. S. African herbs with
thick rhizomes, simple basal Ivs. with long
petioles, and unisexual fls. borne on spadices
which are shorter than the white, yellow or pink
showy spathes; popular greenhouse plants and
also grown out-of-doors in warm regions. The
true calla is a small herb of northern regions
(Calla palustris) sometimes grown in the wild-
garden.
For indoor growing, callas do beat if they are rested
throughout the summer. Bulbs should be planted in rich
fibrous soil in 6-inch pots and kept fairly cool until the roots
have formed. They may then be given heat, light and
plenty of water. After the flowers appear applications of
liquid manure may be beneficial. Propagated by offsets
from the bulbs. The golden calla may also be propagated
by seeds.
aethidpica (Richardia sethiopica and africana). COMMON
C. To 2H ft.: Ivs. heart- or arrow-shaped, to \1A ft. long
and 10 in. wide, shining green: spathes to 10 in. long, white,
the limb flaring outward. Var. devonie'nsis is a dwarf form.
Var. Godefreyftna ia listed as being smaller and a more
profuse bloomer than the type. Var. minor grows to 1M
ft. tali and has spathes to 4 in. long.
albo-maculata. SPOTTED C. Lvs. arrow-shaped, to 1)4
ft. long, spotted with white: spathes to 5 in. long, creamy-
white, purplish in throat, trumpet-shaped.
devoniensis: Z. sethiopica var.
Elliottiana. GOLDEN C. Lvs. ovate-cordate, to 10 in.
long and 6 in. wide, bright green with white or translucent
spots: spathes to 6 in. long, rich yellow.
melanoleuca. BLACK-THROATED C. Lvs. triangular or
arrow-shaped, to 1 ft. long and 6 in. across, spotted with
white: spathea to 3 m. long, pale or greenish-yellow with
black-purple spot at base inside, the limb flaring. Natal.
Rehmannii. RED or PINK C. Dwarf: Ivs. long-lanceo-
late, to 1 ft. long and 1 }4 in. wide, bright green with white
or translucent spote: spathes to 5 in. long, rose or red or
sometimes nearly white with a rose margin. — For another
plant sometimes known as red calla, see Sauromatum.
ZANTHORHIZA: Xanthorhiza.
ZANTH6XYLUM (Xanthoxylum) . Rutacex.
Prickly shrubs or trees, often aromatic, with
alternate pinnate Ivs., small dioecious or poly-
gamous fls, in cymes or panicles, and fr. of 1-5
carpels; sometimes planted for ornament, some
of them bearing the small fls. in advance of the
Ivs.
The first species (Z. americanum) is very hardy and most
of the others should thrive in the middle latitudes. Several
species have medicinal properties. Propagated by seeds,
suckers, and root-cuttings.
americanum. PRICKLY- ASH. Prickly shrub or tree to
25 ft.: Ivs. of 5-11 ovate Ifta. to 2H in. long: fls. greenish,
in axillary cymes, before the Ivs. Que. to Va. and Neb.
Bungei: Z. simulans.
Clava-Herculis (Fagara Clava-Hercuhs). HERCULES-
CLUB. TOOTHACHE-TREE. Tree to 30 or even 50 ft., with
prickly trunk and branches, sometimes bush-like: Ifta.
3-9 pairs, closely serrate, petiole and rachis often prickly:
fls. in terminal panicles; seeds black and shining. S. Va. to
S. Fla., to Tex.
oxyphfllum. Shrub: Ivs. of 7-21 ovate-lanceolate or
oblong Ifta. to 4 in. long: fls. M m. across, in many-fld.
cymes. Himalayas; to be grown far S.
Piasezkii. Shrub to 10 ft.- Ivs, of 7-15 ovate or oblong
Ifts. to 1 in. long: fls. in small cymes. China.
piperitum. Shrub or tree to 20 ft.: Ivs. of 7-11 ovate
Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls. in cymes 2 in. across. China.
schinif&lium (Fagara schim folia) . Shrub or small tree:
Ivs. of 13-21 lanceolate Ifts. to \}>% in. long: fls. greenish,
in cymes 4 in. across. Japan, Korea.
simulans (Z. Bungei). Prickly shrub or tree to 25 ft.:
Ivs. shining, of 7-11 ovate Ifts. to 2 in. long: fls. in cymes
2M m. across. China.
stenophyllum (Fagara stenophylla). Shrub climbing to
10 ft.- Ivs. of 7-13 ovate to lanceolate Ifte. to 3 in. long: fla.
in cymes 3^ m. across. China.
ZAUSCHNfiRIA. Onagracex. Per. herbs with
alternate Ivs. or the lower Ivs. opposite, scarlet
fuchsia-like fls. in racemes, and capsular frs.;
useful as a wall cover, in rockeries or the flower-
garden. Propagated by division, cuttings or
seeds.
ariz6nica. To 2 ft , vi'lous, sta. decumbent, branching
from the base: Ivs. mostly ovate-oblong, sessile, to 1 M in.
long, shallowly and coarsely dentate: fls. acailet, to 1H in.
long, style and stamens long-exserted. Ariz.
calif6rnica. CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA. Decumbent or
nearly erect, to2}4 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong, to 1^ in.
long, hairy, glandular: fls. to 2 in. long. Calif. Var. micro-
ph^lla is Z. cana.
cana (Z. californica var. microphylla. Z. microphylla) .
Differs from Z. californica in its much fascicled linear Ivs.
which are les& glandular and tomentose-canescent. Calif.
latifdlia. To 2 ft.: Ivs. elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, to
1% in. long, villous, denticulate, lateral veins more con-
spicuous than in Z. californica: fls. to 2 in. long. Calif.
Var. fitteri, foliage silvery-white.
macrophylla: listed name, perhaps intended for Z.
microphylla.
microphylla: Z. cana.
. Graminese. One large ann. grass com-
prising many races or strains, supposedly trop.
American but of undetermined origin, widely
grown for forage, grain and human food. See
Corn. Z. Mays. MAIZE. INDIAN CORN. To 12
ft. or more, suckering at base: Ivs. to 3 ft. long
775
Zea
776
Zexmenia
and 4 in. wide, curving: staminate spikelets in
terminal panicles ; pistillate in several rows on a
thick rachis or cob, inclosed in large leafy bracts
or husks, with long styles or "silk": grains
flattened, white, yellow or black. Var. Cur&gua
is a robust green-lvd. form grown for ornament.
Var. ev4rta, POP CORN, has small ears with
mostly pointed grains that explode when heated.
Var. gracfllima is dwarf with narrow Ivs. Var.
indentata, DENT CORN, is tall with yellow or
white grains indented at top. Var. indurata,
FLINT or YANKEE CORN, is of medium size with
brown-yellow hard smooth grains. Var. jap6nica
has foliage longitudinally striped with yellow,
white or pink and planted for ornament. Var.
quadrfcolor is a form of japonica. Var. rugdsa
(var. saccharata), SWEET or SUGAR CORN, is
rather small with wrinkled sweet grains. Var.
tunicata, POD CORN, has each kernel inclosed in
a husk. Var. variegata is a form of japonica.
ZEBRA PLANT: Calathea zebrina.
ZEBRlNA. Commelinacese. Small genus of
trailing plants differing from Tradescantia in
technical characters. Z. pgndula (Tradescantia
zebrina). WANDERING JEW. Decumbent per.
rooting at joints: Ivs. ovate-oblong, striped with
white above, purple beneath: fls. red-purple, in
clusters between 2 boat-shaped bracts of unequal
size. Mex. Var. quadrfcolor (Tradescantia
quadricolor and multicolor) has metallic-green
Ivs. striped with green, red and white. Z. Pur-
pusii is a trade name, without adequate descrip-
tion.— Propagated by cuttings pi the st. It
creeps and propagates itself and is useful under
benches and as a basket plant.
ZEHNTNER£LLA. Cactacex. A monotypic
Brazilian genus similar to Cleistocactus from
which it differs in its very short perianth-tube
and stamens not exserted. Z. squamuldsa.
Shrub or tree-like to 25 ft. tall, branches usually
arising at or near the base, about 2J^ in. diam.,
spine-covered; ribs 17-20, compact and low;
spines 10-15, to IJ^ in. long, brown, needle-like:
fls. white, to 1% in. long: fr. about % in. diam.
ZELKOVA. Ulmaccx. Deciduous elm-like
trees or shrubs in Asia, with alternate toothed
Ivs., unisexual or bisexual fls., and fr. an oblique
drupe. Hardy as far north as New England and
of easy cult. Propagated by seeds, layers and
grafting on the elms.
acuminata: Z. serrata.
calif6rnica: material under this name appears to be
Z. carpintfolia.
carpinifdlia (Z. and Planera crenata. Z. ulmoidcs.
Planera Richardii). To 80 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to oblong, to 2
in. long, acute, wavy-toothed, pubescent on veins beneath.
Caucasus.
crenata: Z. carpinifolia.
cuspidata: Z. serrata.
Davidii: Hemiptelea Davidii.
Keakii: Z. serrata.
serrata (Z. acuminata. Z. cuspidata. Z. Keakii. Planera
japonica). To 100 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-5 in.
long, acuminate, sharply toothed, glabrous beneath. Japan.
sfnica. To 60 ft. : Ivs. ovate-oblong, to 2 in long, wavy-
toothed. China.
ulmoldes: Z. carpinifolia.
ZEN6BIA. Ericacex. Deciduous or serni-
evergreen shrub to 6 ft., native from N. C. to Fla.
Z. pulverulSnta (Z. speciosa. Andromeda pul-
verulenta and A. speciosa). Lvs. alternate, oval
to oblong, to 3 in. long, covered with glaucous
bloom: fls. white, bell-snaped, to J^ in. across,
in clusters forming terminal racemes, May-June :
fr. a caps. % in- across. Var. nftda (Z. and
Andromeda cassinifolia) has Ivs. without bloom
and smaller fls. — It does best in sandy or peaty
soil and is also adapted for forcing in the green-
house. Propagated by seeds, by layers, by cut-
tings of hali-ripened wood or of green wood from
forced plants.
ZEPHYRANTHES (Atamosco). ZEPHYR-LILY.
Amaryllidaceae. Small bulbous herbs with grass-
like basal Ivs. and funnelform white, yellow,
pink or red fls. solitary at end of hollow scape,
the perianth-segms. united into short or long
tube; stigrna in ours mostly 3-branched. Fairly
hardy out-of-doors with winter protection, but
in regions of heavy frosts the bulbs should be
stored in winter.
Ajax. Hort. hybrid: Ivs. linear, to 8 in. long: scape 6-8
in.; fls. 1% in. diam., light yellow.
filba: uncertain name, possibly Z. Candida.
Andersonii: Habranthus Andersonii.
Atamdsco (Amaryllis Atamasco). ATAMASCO-LILY. To
1 ft.: Ivs. narrowly linear, to 1 ft. long: fls. white sometimes
tinged with purple, to 3 in. long, in spring. S. E. Va. to Fla.
and Ala.
aurea: Pyrolirion aureum.
bifolia. Lvs. linear, broader than in most species: scape
6-8 in. ; fls. large, decimate, cardinal. Haiti, Santo Domingo.
Candida. Lvs. linear, thick with obtuse edges, stiff, to 1
ft. long: fls. white sometimes tinged with rose outside, 2 m.
long, in summer and autumn; stigmas not markedly cleft.
La Plata region, S. Amer. — Sometimes planted as Atamasco.
carinata: Z. grandiflora.
citrina. To 10 in.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and % in. wide,
channelled: fls. bright yellow, 2 in. long, the tube very
short or wanting. S. Amer.
grandifldra (Z. carinata). Lvs. linear, to 1 ft. long, flat:
fls. rose or pink, to 4 in diam., in spring and summer. S.
Mex. to Guatemala. — Widely known in cult.
insularum. Lvs. linear, suberect to 10 in.: scapes 8-10
in.; fls. white faintly pink tinted outside, sepals and petals
unequal, eaily summer. Described from cult, plants in
Fla. and Cuba.
longifdlia. To 6 in.: Ivs. narrowly linear, to 9 in. long:
fls. bright yellow, coppery outside, to 1 in. long, tube short.
W. Tex. to Mex.
mesochl&a. Lvs. linear, to 10 in. long: scapes 6-8 in.;
fls. erect, 1% in., riot opening widely, white above, green in
lower portion, red tinted. Argentina.
pulche'lla. Lys. linear, at first erect, twisted, later
declinate, to 10 in. long: fls. 1 in. diam., buttercup-yellow.
S. E. Tex.
robusta: Habranthua robustus.
rdsea. Lvs. flat, spreading, very obtuse at apex: fls.
rose-red, about 1 in. long, in autumn. Cuba. — Plants grown
under this name are likely to be Z. grandifiora.
Sfmpsonii. Differs from Z. Atamasco in narrower peri-
anth-tube with erect or ascending rather than spreading
lobes. Fla.
texana: Habranthus texanus.
Treatise. Distinguished from Z. Atamasco by Ivs. nearly
cylindrical with rounded margins and mostly obtuse. Fla.,
S. E. Ga.
tubispatha. Lvs. narrow-linear, exceeding slender scapes:
fls. white, 2 in. or less long, spring and summer, the spathe
sheathing. W. Indies.
verecunda. To 8 in.: Ivs. narrow-linear, to 1 ft. long,
becoming recurved-spreadmg: fls. white tinged pink out-
side, 2-3 in. long, the tube to H in. long. Mex.
ZEXMfeNIA. Composite. Per. herbs with
mostly opposite Ivs. and solitary yellow heads of
ray- and disk-fls.; pappus of awns or scales;
allied to Verbesina.
hfspida. To 2 ft., rough-hairy: Ivs. lanceolate, irregularly
toothed, sometimes lobed near base: rays orange-yellow,
Yi in. long. Tex.
Zigadenus
777
Zizyphu*
ZIGADENUS (Zygadenus is a later spelling).
Liliacex. Per. herbs with or without bulbs, hav-
ing linear Ivs. and greenish-white fls. in terminal
panicles or racemes, the perianth-segms. often
united at base. Occasionally grown in the wild-
garden. Propagated by division or seeds.
angustifdlius (Amianthium angustifolium. Tracyanthua
angustrfoliua). To 3 ft.: Ivs. to IK ft. long: racemes to 4 in.
long. N. C. to Fla.
bracteatus: Z. elegans.
chloranthus: Z. glaucus.
elegans (Z. bracteatus. Antidea elegant). To 3 ft.: Ivs.
to 1 ft. long, glaucous, sharp-p9inted: fls. white to straw-
colored, bracts of infl. scarious, infl. a raceme to 1 ft. long:
caps, twice as long as perianth. Alaska to N. Mex. east to
Minn, and Mo.
Fremontii. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 H ft. long and K in. across:
racemes simple or compound, to 1 ft. long. Calif. Var.
minor is smaller with few-fld. raceme.
glabe'rrimus. To 4 ft., ste. from creeping rootstocks: Ivs.
linear-acuminate: fls. greenish- white, sepals ovate with
short claw: caps, shorter than perianth. Va. to Ala.
glaucus (Z. chloranthus. Antidea cklorantha). To 3 ft.:
Ivs. to 1 ft. long, usually blunt: fls. greenish, suffused on
back with purple, bracts of infl. herbaceous, infl. a panicle
to 1 ft. long: caps, as long as perianth. Minn, to Ind. east
to N. B. and N. Y.
gramfneus (Toxicoscordion gramineum). To 14 in.: Ive.
to o in. long: fls. in short racemes. Sask. to Colo.
intermedius: listed name of unknown botanical standing.
leimanthoides (Oceanorus leimanthoides) . To 4 ft.: Ivs.
to 1 ft. long: panicles to 1 ft. long. N. Y. to Ga. and Tenn.
mu8C£t6xicu8: Amianthium muscxtoxicum.
Nuttaliii (Toxicoscordion Nuttalhi). To 2 ft.: Ivs. to
1H ft. long and M in. across: fls. % in. across, in simple or
branched racemes. Tenn. to Tex.
paniculatus (Toxicoscordion paniculatum). To 2 ft.: Ivs.
to 16 in. long and M in. across, striate: fls. yellow, in panicles.
Mont, to New Mex. and Calif.
venen&sus (Toxicoscordion venenosum). To 2 ft.: Ivs.
to 1 ft. long and K m. across, striate: racemes simple, to
10 in. long. Mont, to Calif.
ZfNGIBER. GINGER. Zingiberacese. Trop.
herbs bearing tuberous aromatic rootstocks
which are the source of commercial ginger, leafy
sts. and fls. borne under bracts in terminal or
lateral spikes, having 1 petal-like staminode or
lip.
Ginger should have fertile soil and partial shade and
requires tropical temperatures. Of easy cultivation in the
greenhouse but should be rested in winter. Propagated by
division of the roots in spring. See Zingiberacese.
Darceyi. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 8 in. long and 21A in. wide,
bright green with creamy-white or pink margins and
oblique stripes: fls. deep red. Of hort. origin.
officinale. COMMON G. To 3 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. long and
% in. wide: fls. yellow-green, the lip purple spotted with
yellow, in dense spikes to 3 in. long. Pacific Isls.
Zerumbet. To 1H ft.: Ivs. to 6 in. long and 3 in. wide:
fls. white, the lip pale yellow tinted with orange, in dense
spikes to 3 M in. long. India, Malaya.
ZINGIBERACESE. GINGER FAMILY. Trop. per.
rhizomatous herbs of about 40 genera, character-
ized by erect cane-like sts. in clumps with elon-
gated entire Ivs. and commonly sheatning petioles,
irregular bisexual fls. borne under bracts in
spikes, heads or panicles, with tubular 3-lobed
calyx and corolla, 1 fertile stamen and 1 or more
petal-like staminodia, inferior 1-celled ovary,
and capsular fr. Species of several genera are
grown for the ornamental foliage and others
furnish dyes, perfumes, spices, condiments, and
medicinal products. Those herein treated are
Alpinia, Amomum, Costus, Curcuma, Elettaria,
Hedychium, Roscoea, Zingiber.
The culture is simple in the open in tropical
and semi-tropical regions; they commonly thrive
on lowish ground. Under glass they are mostly
planted in the ground or grown in tubs or very
large pots. Propagation is by division of the
thick rootstocks or subterranean tubers.
ZfNNIA (Crassina). Composite. Herbs or sub-
shrubs with opposite and usually sessile Ivs. and
showy solitary terminal heads, the rays bright
colored, the disk in cult, forms nearly or wholly
lacking; native in N. and S. Amer., chiefly Mex.
Z. elegans is a common large garden annual.
Zinnias are popular in the flower-garden and as cut-
flowers. The usual garden soil is satisfactory and full sun
or even a semi-shady situation. Propagated by seed sown
indoors or outdoors in the spring when the ground is warm
enough.
angustifdlia (Z. mexicand). Differs from Z. elegans in the
smaller stature, oblong to ovate-lanceolate sessile Ivs. and
orange heads 1 H in. across. Mex.
elegans. YOUTH-AND-OLD-AQB. Ann., erect, to 3 ft.,
hairy: Ivs. ovate or oval, clasping: heads to 4^j in. across,
rays broad and showy, originally purple or lilac but now of
nearly every color except blue and green; disk yellow or
orange when present. Mex.
gracfllima: hort. name.
grandifldra. Per. to 8 in., hairy: Ivs. linear, 1 in. long:
heads with yellow rays turning white and brick-red disks.
Colo, to Tex. and Ariz. — The grandiflora of hort. may be
only a form of Z. elegans.
Haageana: a broad-lvd. form of Z. angustifolia.
linearis. Ann. to 1 ft., branching: Ivs. linear-lanceolate:
heads clear golden-yellow, to 2 in. across, each ray-fl.
margined with bright orange. Mex.
mexicana: Z. angustifolia.
multiflora (Z. tfnui flora). Ann., erect: Ivs. ovate or
ovate-oblong: heads 1 in. across, rays red or purple, linear.
Mex., S. Amer.
paucifldra. Ann., erect: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-ovate:
heads 1 in. across, yellow, sometimes with purple or yellow
rays in cult. Mex., S. Amer.
pumila: hort. name for a dwarf form of Z. elegans.
tenuifldra: Z. multiflora.
verticillata. Robust form of Z. multiflora with verticillate
Ivs. and double series of rays.
ZIT-KWA: Benincasa hispida.
ZIZANIA, WILD RICE. Graminex. Tall ann.
and per. grasses inhabiting marshes in N. Amer.
and Asia, monoecious, the pistillate spikelets
borne in upper part of panicle, the stammate in
lower; one species planted along borders of
ponds and in pools. See Grasses.
aquatica. Ann. to 10 ft: Ivs. to 1 ft. or more long and 2
in. wide: panicles to 2 ft. long, awns to 3 in. long; pistillate
lemmas thin and papery. Me. to Fla. and La. Var. angusti-
fdlia (Z. palustris) has Ivs. to H m« across and tough pistil-
late lemmas. N. B. to N. Y. and Ind.
palustris: Z. aquatica var. angustifolia.
ZfZIA. Umbdliferae. Per. herbs with ternate
Ivs. and small yellow fls. in compound umbels;
sometimes transplanted into gardens.
aurea. To 2|^ ft.: Ivs. ternate, lower ones 2-3-compound
into ovate or ovate-lanceolate toothed segms. to 2 in. long:
fls. Apr.- June. N. B. to Fla. and Tex.
ZfZYPHUS. Rhamnacex. Shrubs and trees,
deciduous or evergreen, mostly with stipular
spines, alternate simple Ivs. strongly mostly
3-nerved from the base, some 40 species in warm
and trop. regions of eastern and western hemis-
pheres, a few of them in the Tex.-Mex.-Calif.
region: fls. small, greenish, whitish or yellow,
in axillary clusters: fr. a fleshy drupe, sometimes
edible.
The species are" known in horticulture mostly from the
fleshy fruite of the jujube, which are preserved, dried, sweet-
pickled, stewed, and employed in confections, represented
in Z. Jujuba and Z. mauritiana. The former (as now defined)
is a deciduous small tree or large bush with small green ser-
rate leaves, standing as far north as western New York in
protected places, and the principal source of jujubes; the
latter, from India, is a small tree with nearly or quite entire
broad thick more or less persistent leaves that are white- or
Zizyphus
778
Zygophyllacece
rusty-felted underneath, hardy only in Florida, southern
California and similar climates. There is unfortunate con-
fusion in the names of these two species. The former was
known to Linnams (1753) as Rhammis Zizyphus. Philip
Miller in 1768 established the genus, spelling it Ziziphua,
and named the plant Z. Jujuba. In 1789 Lamarck applied
the name Z. Jujuba to the other or tomentose evergreen
species, the one for which the name Z. mauritiana is now
held, calling the green-leaved Millerian species Z. vulgaris;
it is the Jujuba plant of Lamarck that has become current
in literature, but the Jujuba of Miller (representing the
Chinese jujube) is an older designation and must stand
although it has been generally recognized only recently.
The cultivation of these plants applies primarily to the
green-leaved or common Chinese jujube. This tree thrives
in hot and dry regions and in lands strong in alkali. It
blooms late and thereby usually escapes late spring frosts.
It promises well as a fruit-tree in the southwestern United
States. Irrigation contributes to the production of abun-
dant large fruita. In orchard plantations trees may be set
20 to 25 feet apart either way. Thus far the jujube is very
free in this country from diseases and insects. Propagation
is simple by means of cleaned and stratified seeds, but the
seedlings are utilized only as stocks if the best fruit is de-
sired. The jujube may also be propagated by means of root-
cuttings. Improved vaneties'are whip-grafted on seedlings,
dormant cions being usually employed.
Jujuba (Z. vulgans. Z. saliva). COMMON or CHINESE
JUJTJBB. Deciduous tree to 40 ft., sometimes a large bush:
Ivs. green both sides, ovate to oblong-oval or nearly lanceo-
late, 1-2 in. long, obtusely serrate; spines usually 2, slender,
one of them mostly recurved: fr. oblong to ovoid to sub-
globose, 1 ^ in. or less long. S. E. Eu. to China. — There
are many pomological vars., particularly in the Orient.
mauritiana (Z. Jujuba of Lamarck). INDIAN or COTTONY
JUJUBE. Shrub or small tree, commonly evergreen: Ivs.
broad-oval, rounded, to 2 ^ in. long, the under surface and
twigs white- or rusty-tornentose; spines stout: fr. globose
or short-oblong, 1 in. or less diam., acid. India; now widely
spread in warm countries. — Less developed pomologically
than the preceding.
Mfstol. To 30 ft., spiny: Ivs. oval, 1 in. long, minutely
toothed: fr. black, \$ in. across. Argentina.
obtusif61ia. Much branched spiny stiff shrub: Ivs. ovate
or rarely oblong, to 1 ^ in. long, entire or slightly toothed,
glabrous: fr. black, ^ in. long. Tex. to Ariz.
sativa: Z. Jujuba.
vulgaris: Z. Jujuba.
Z6MBIA. ZOMBI PALM. Palmacese. One sobolif-
erous or cespitose fan-palm in Haiti, somewhat
intro. into b. Fla., unarmed except that fibers
of the cylindrical If.-sheath are produced into
long stiff spreading or reflexea prongs: fls.
hermaphrodite, in short axillary spadices: fr.
drupe-like.
antillanim (Chamxrops antillarum. Coccothrinax anom-
ala). Trunks 8-10 ft. tall from a clump of bamboo-like
shoots: Ivs. soon shedding and the trunks breaking over as
the basal shoots grow, silvery underneath, cut nearly to
base into narrow segms.: fr. white, about % in. diam.
ZO^SIA (Osterdamia). Graminex. Per. creep-
ing grasses with fine close foliage useful for
lawns and golf-courses in the S. : Ivs. subulate:
spikelets borne in spikes. See Grasses.
iap6nica. KOREAN LAWN-GRASS. Differs from Z. Mat-
rella in being coarser and Ivs. ^ in. wide. Japan, China.
Matr£lla (Z. pungent). MANILA-GRASS. Flowering sta.
to 1H ft. high: Ivs. to 3 in. long and A in. wide, sharp-
pointed: spikes to 2 in. long. S. Asia, E. Indies.
pungens: Z. Matrella.
tenuifdlia. MASCARENE-GRASB. Similar to Z. Matrella
but with finer thread-like Ivs. Mascarene Isls.
ZYGADENUS: Zigadenu9.
ZYGIA: Ebenopsis flexicaulis.
ZYGOCACTUS. Cactacese. One epiphytic
species in S. Brazil, much cult, as a window and
conservatory plant under the name Epiphyllum
truncatum, known by its regularly forking growth
and irregular fls. For other binomials see Epi-
phyllum and Nopalxochia.
truncates. CRAB and CHRISTMAS CACTUS. Bushy, much
branched, often hanging, glossy joints about 1-2 in. long,
flat and sharp-serrate and 2 teeth at apex: fls. horizontal
from ends of joints, red. — Much grown under various names
and in many colors and forms, most of which are hybrids
with other cacti. Among the trade names which belong
here as varieties or hybrids are bf color, delicfltus, Hftrrisonii,
magnificus, rdseus, salmoneus, spectabilis and violaceus.
They propagate readily from cuttings and bloom freely in
winter. Standards and bizarre forms are produced by
!afting on species of Acanthocereus, Pereskia, Harrisia,
ylocereus, Selenicereus and on Opuntia Ficus-indica.
gn
H:
ZYGOCOLAX. Orchidacese. Bigeneric hybrids
between Zygopetalum and Colax, intermediate
between the two in habit and floral characters.
Cult, as for Zygopetalum.
Charlesworthii (Z. Perrenoudii X C. jugosus).
ZYGOP^TALUM. Orchidacex. Epiphytes of
trop. Amer. with 2-3-1 vd. pseudobulbs or with-
out pseudobulbs, and rather large fls. which are
solitary or in lax racemes; sepals and petals
similar; lip simple or 3-lobed with broad spread-
ing mid-lobe. Grown in a warm greenhouse; for
cult, see Orchids.
Burkei. Pseudobulbs with 2-3 Ivs. to 1 ft. long: infl. to
16 in. high, racemose, about 3-5-fld.; fls. 2% in. across;
sepals and petals green with chocolate stripes; lip white with
a callus of violet radiating stripes. Sept.-Jan. British
Guiana, Venezuela.
Burtii: Huntleya Burtii.
cceleste (Bollea ccelestis). Without pseudobulbs: Ivs. to
21 H in. long and 2 in. wide: fls. solitary, to 4 in. across,
blue-violet with large yellow semicircular callus on lip.
May-July. Colombia.
crinitum: Z. Mackayi var.
Garriinum. Without pseudobulbs: fls. solitary, large;
sepals and petals deep violet shading to blackish-pui pie
above; hp purplish-mauve bearing a 15-17-ndged callus
which is sometimes orange with purple ridges. Ecuador.
Gautidri: Z. maxillare var.
intermedium. Pseudobulbs with 3-5 Ivs. to 20 in. long:
infl. to 5-fld., racemes longer than lys.; fls. to 2^ in. across;
sepals and petals green spotted with reddish or purplish;
lip white covered with radiating purple lines. Brazil.
Lalfndei (Bollea Lalindei). Without pseudobulbs: lys.
to about 12 in. long and 1% in. wide: fls. solitary, to 3 in.
across; sepals and petals rose, darker above; lip and ridged
callus yellow to orange. Aug. Colombia.
Mackayi. Pseudobulbs with 2-3 Ivs. to 20 in. long: infl.
to 30 in. long, loose, to 7-fld.; fls. to about 3 in. across;
sepals and petals yellow-green spotted with brown-purple;
lip white striped with rays of purple, large, spreading.
Nov.- June. Brazil. Var. crinitum (Z. crinitum) differs in
having petals equally long with the dorsal sepal and the lip
densely velvety or long-hairy. Var. ma jus is listed.
maxillare. Pseudobulbs with 2-3 Ivs. to 16 in. long:
scapes to 1 ft. long, loose, to 8-fld.; fls. to almost 2 in.
across; sepals and petals green barred with brown; lip
violet-blue with paler margins and purple crest. Brazil.
Var. Gautieri (Z. Gautien) is more robust with larger fls.
ZYGOPHYLLACE^E. CALTROP FAMILY. Over
20 genera of trees, shrubs and herbs, with mostly
pinnate Ivs., bisexual fls. with 4-5 sepals and
petals, 8-10 stamens, 2-5-celled ovary and
united style, and fr. a caps., often winged. Of
little hort. importance in this country, but
Guaiacum furnishes the lignum-vitae of com-
merce and the trees are interesting and orna-
mental, and Larrea and Tribulus may be planted.
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