Housing yearbook 1942

HOUSING YEARBOOK
1942

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
of HOUSING OFFICIALS

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Hfc

HOUSING YEARBOOK
1942

HOUSING YEARBOOK
1942

Editors

COLEMAN WOODBURY
EDMOND H. HOBEN

Publication No. N159
Price $3.00

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
HOUSING OFFICIALS

CHICAGO

7123

COPYRIGHT 1942, BY
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOUSING OFFICIALS

PUBLISHED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SERVICE

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Foreword

THIS volume is frankly an economy Yearboo^. Unfortunately the
only effective way to reduce costs in a publication of this kind is
to cut things out; so we have left out this year the long section on
state and local housing activity, the shorter account of NAHO's
doings, and the editors' annual summary.

Our regret about the state and local section is lightened somewhat
by our tentative plan to include it, possibly in revised form, every other
year or so. Yearbook readers will thus be able to keep in direct touch
with developing local programs, and the repetition that has crept
unavoidably into this section in past Yearbooks will be less. This year
seemed to be a good one to start skipping the section, both because
many local authorities simply have been finishing up work under way
and also because war housing problems are dealt with in considerable
detail in other parts of the Yearboo^. The story of NAHO's principal
activities has been running serially in NAHO NEWS and is also sum-
marized at the Annual Meetings. The editors' summary of the year
would have been necessarily and to a very considerable extent a repe-
tition of other parts of the Yearboo^.

While the 1942 Yearboo^ was still in the early stages of preparation,
the President reorganized the federal housing agencies. This act
affected the volume in three ways. We included a brief statement on
the reorganization and the texts of the Executive Orders that brought
it about. Further, we asked the writers of articles on federal housing
programs during 1941 to extend their accounts to the time of the reor-
ganization, February 24, 1942. Finally, we gave up plans for an inclu-
sive directory of housing projects because the reorganized agencies
could not be expected to undertake the considerable work that the
directory would have entailed for them.

The chief innovation of this Yearboo^ is the sizable article "Activi-
ties of National Unofficial Housing Agencies and Committees for
1941." Although we have included short statements on a few of these
organizations in the past, this is the first time that they have been
given much space. In one sense this record balances last year's sum-
mary of the organization and activities of citizen housing associations
and councils. Should the Yearboo^ be continued, we hope to stress
different types of housing agencies and programs each year, perhaps
alternating articles on citizens' efforts with the reports on official state
and local programs mentioned above. In many respects this plan seems

vi FOREWORD

to us to represent a more effective use of our resources than does a
table of contents that is identical every year.

Again we are grateful to a long list of housing officials and repre-
sentatives of associations and agencies for preparing articles and for-
warding information for the directories. Many of them are working
under extra pressure because of war duties and uncertainties. This
fact increases our debt to them.

Again we ask for comments, criticisms, and suggestions, both on
the makeup and contents of this Yearbook and on the tentative plans
outlined in the Foreword.

COLEMAN WOODBURY

EDMOND H. HOBEN
Editors
April, 1942

Contents

PAGE

FOREWORD ...'.. v

THE REORGANIZATION OF FEDERAL HOUSING AGENCIES ....

The Editors i

PUBLIC HOUSING IN 1941 Herbert Emmerich 10

MORTGAGE INSURANCE; A STIMULANT TO WAR HOUSING, HOME

OWNERSHIP, AND HOUSING STANDARDS . Abner H. Ferguson 20

FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION'S SEVENTH YEAR IN RURAL

HOUSING , . C. B. Baldwin 27

THE FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK BOARD — 1941 . John H. Fahey 38

DIVISION OF DEFENSE HOUSING COORDINATION ACTIVITIES IN 1941

Charles H. Palmer 47

DEFENSE HOUSING UNDER THE LANHAM ACT: Housing Activities

of the Federal Works Agency . Brig. Gen. Philip B. Fleming 56

NAVY HOUSING: Official Statement of the Bureau of Yards and

Docks, Navy Department . . . . ... Y~ . . . . 64

THE WHY AND How IN HOUSING PRIORITIES . Sullivan W. Jones 67

RENT CONTROL ACTIVITIES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT — 1941

Karl Borders 75

CENTRAL HOUSING COMMITTEE SWAN SONG . Horace W. Peaslee 81

ACTIVITIES OF NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES AND

COMMITTEES FOR 1941 .-" . . ... 85

DIRECTORY OF HOUSING AGENCIES 128

Official Administrative Housing Agencies . . . . - , . . 129

National Agencies . . . . . . . ~. v . . . . 130

State and Regional Agencies . . ..... . . . 130

Municipal and Metropolitan Agencies . .: . . . . . 137

Official Advisory Housing Agencies .182

viil HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

PAGE

Unofficial Housing Agencies . . ..,.,. 183

National Agencies 183

State and Regional Agencies . .... . . . . . 184

Municipal and Metropolitan Agencies . . . .... 186

INDEX 191

HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

The Reorganization of Federal Housing Agencies

EIGHT of the ten federal agencies described in the following articles
were directly affected by Executive Order No. 9070, of Febru-
ary 24, 1942, which established the National Housing Agency and
consolidated under it most of the housing activities of the federal
government. It seemed appropriate, therefore, to introduce this series
of articles by the following comments on the reorganization.

THE CROWING NEED FOR REORGANIZATION

A number of conditions contributed to the need for reorganizing
federal housing agencies. The pre-reorganization pattern of the federal
government's housing activity was largely a result of the government's
assuming various housing functions over a period of fifteen or twenty
years and under widely varying circumstances. The objectives of some
of the programs varied as widely as did the major forces responsible
for their growth.

Starting with the early fact-finding and reporting activities, such as
were carried on by units of the Department of Commerce and the
Department of Labor, the federal government proceeded to: (i) con-
duct research in housing construction materials; (2) conduct and aid
various types of housing surveys; (3) arrange rescue financing for
distressed home owners; (4) lend federal funds to private corporations
for the development of large-scale rental housing; (5) extend federal
credit to home-financing institutions; (6) insure investments by indi-
viduals in home-financing institutions; (7) construct and operate
large-scale low-rent projects; (8) grant loans and subsidies to local
public housing agencies for the development and operation of low-rent
public housing; (9) insure mortgage loans made by private financial
institutions for the refinancing, construction, or repair of housing;
(10) conduct research in low-cost construction materials and methods
for housing; (n) construct and operate Greenbelt towns, rural reset-
tlement communities, permanent and mobile camps for migratory
agricultural workers, and make loans to tenant farmers for the pur-
chase of land and farm homes; (12) grant disaster loans that included
the repair and reconstruction of housing; (13) construct and operate

HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

housing for defense purposes; and (14) grant priority ratings to enable
both public and private agencies to secure critical construction mate-
rials needed in defense housing.

The national defense and war periods required emphasis on all fed-
eral housing activities that would facilitate the provision of adequate
housing accommodations in critical defense or war production areas.
In addition, renewed emphasis on the rehabilitation of blighted urban
areas and the possibility of new or at least modified forms of federal
action to meet this problem, raised doubt about the adequacy of the
existing pattern for federal housing activity.

The administrators and staffs of the federal housing agencies, other
executives in the national administration, and members of Congress
became acutely aware of the confusion caused by the lack of a coor-
dinated housing policy and of administrative control, and the conse-
quent loss in efficiency and effectiveness of each federal agency. The
greatest harm was probably done in local communities, however,
where officials and citizens who should have been active in the devel-
opment of comprehensive housing plans for their localities were either
estranged from each other by participating in the squabbles among
federal housing agencies or were so confused by the chaos that they
assumed an apathetic or cynical attitude. It must be admitted, how-
ever, that the reorganization finally came about at least as much
because of concern at the top as from any widespread or well-organized
demand from the bottom.

MOVES TOWARD COORDINATION

In August, 1935, the President authorized the establishment of the
Central Housing Committee to facilitate the interchange of informa-
tion among the executives and staffs of federal agencies engaged in
housing. The Committee had no actual control over the policies and
practices of any of its members. Those who participated in the work
of its various subcommittees acted more as technicians with common
interests than as official representatives of the various federal units.
The work of the Committee, nevertheless, resulted in the elimination
of some variations and duplications in the work of the participating
agencies.

On July 1 8, 1940, the Advisory Commission to the Council of Na-
tional Defense announced the appointment of a Coordinator of
Defense Housing. The Coordinator's function and the later assignment
of his office to the Office for Emergency Management are described in
the following article on the Division of Defense Housing Coordina-
tion. From the outset the Coordinator had to deal with federal agen-

REORGANIZATION OF FEDERAL HOUSING AGENCIES 3

cies, some of the functions of which were either overlapping or
contradictory. The pressure for speed naturally not only revealed the
serious absence of any basic plan for federal activity in housing, but
contributed to intra-agency, inter-agency, and Congressional-agency
conflicts. It was always difficult for the Coordinator to delimit his func-
tions so that they would not intrude upon the administrative functions
of the various housing agencies that were entrusted with producing the
housing he found to be necessary.

In the fall of 1941 it became known that Judge Samuel I. Rosenman,
who had advised the President extensively on studies preceding the
organization of the Supply Priorities and Allocations Board, had been
asked to make investigations and recommendations on the reorganiza-
tion of federal housing agencies.

It should be kept in mind that the extensive reorganization recom-
mended could not have been carried out without Congressional
authorization until the declaration of war by the United States made
it possible for the President to exercise reorganization powers vested
in him by Title One of the First War Powers Act, 1941. It should be
kept in mind also that prior to the Executive Order various organiza-
tions and individuals favoring reorganization of federal housing activ-
ities differed considerably on the basic form for reorganization. There
was difference of opinion, for instance, on whether there should be
two major independent agencies, one to deal with public housing and
one to deal with private housing; whether these functions should be
represented by separate divisions under a single administrator; or
whether they should be dealt with by agencies having separate adminis-
trators, but subordinate to an over-all housing administrator with his
own agency and staff.

NAHO was prominent among the many agencies and officials con-
sulted by Judge Rosenman from the very beginning of his study. At
last NAHO's President, Mr. Edward Weinfeld, forwarded to Presi-
dent Roosevelt on February n the recommendation of the Associa-
tion's Board of Governors, which was reached only after several
governors had been consulted individually, a committee had made
detailed suggestions, and the Board had considered the whole subject
thoroughly at two meetings. The Board recommended a single admin-
istrator, of cabinet rank heading up an over-all housing agency with
public and private housing divisions or sections. The Board's statement
made it clear that a complete reorganization and not a mere reshuffling
of existing agencies was deemed imperative. The recommendation was
limited to these two basic principles and did not include any more
specific suggestions or names of any existing agencies.

HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

PRESIDENTIAL ACTION

Reprinted below are the two Executive Orders of February 24 that
reorganized all major federal housing activity for the duration of the
war.

EXECUTIVE ORDER

CONSOLIDATING THE HOUSING AGENCIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERN-
MENT INTO THE NATIONAL HOUSING AGENCY

By virtue of the authority vested in me by Title I of the First War
Powers Act, 1941, approved December 18, 1941 (Public Law 354, 77th
Congress), and as President of the United States, it is hereby ordered as
follows:

i. The following agencies, functions, duties, and powers are consolidated
into a National Housing Agency and shall be administered as hereinafter
provided under the direction and supervision of a National Housing
Administrator:

(a) The Federal Housing Administration and its functions, powers,
and duties, including those of the Administrator thereof.

(b) All functions, powers, and duties of the Federal Home Loan
Bank Board and of its members.

(c) The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and the functions,
powers, and duties of its Board of Directors.

(d) The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation and the
functions, powers, and duties of its Board of Trustees.

(e) The United States Housing Authority and its functions, powers,
and duties, including those of the Administrator thereof.

(f) All functions, powers, and duties relating to defense housing
of (i) the Federal Works Administrator under the act of October 14,
1940, entitled "An Act to expedite the provision of housing in con-
nection with national defense, and for other purposes," as amended,
and under acts making appropriations to carry out the purposes of
said act, (2) the War Department and the Navy Department with
respect to housing units for persons (with families) engaged in na-
tional defense activities (except housing units located on military or
naval reservations, posts, or bases) under Tide IV of the Naval Appro-
priation Act for the fiscal year 1941, and (3) any agencies heretofore
designated (including the Federal Works Agency and the Farm Secur-
ity Administration) to provide temporary shelter in defense areas
under the Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act, 1941, and the Addi-
tional Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act, 1941, and the Third
Supplemental National Defense Appropriation Act, 1942.

(g) All functions, powers, and duties of the Farm Security Admin-
istration relating to such housing projects as such Administration de-
termines are for families not deriving their principal income from
operating or working upon a farm.

(h) The Defense Homes Corporation and its functions, powers,
and duties, including those of its officers and Board of Directors.

REORGANIZATION OF FEDERAL HOUSING AGENCIES 5

(i) All functions, powers, and duties of the Federal Loan Adminis-
trator, the Federal Works Administrator, and the head of any depart-
ment or other agency relating to the administration or supervision of
the agencies, functions, powers, and duties transferred hereunder.

(j) All functions, powers, and duties of the Division of Defense
Housing Coordination established by Executive Order No. 8632 of
January u, 1941, and of the Coordinator of Defense Housing: Pro-
vided, That such Division and such Coordinator shall continue to exer-
cise such functions, powers, and duties until the appointment or
designation of the National Housing Administrator.

(k) All powers, rights, privileges, duties, and functions transferred
to the Federal Works Administrator by Executive Order No. 8186 of
June 29, 1939:

Provided, That with respect to any functions, powers, and duties enumer-
ated in sub-paragraphs (f) and (g) above, any agency now engaged in
the construction or management of any project shall continue such activities
on behalf of the National Housing Agency until such time as the National
Housing Administrator shall determine that it is expedient for the Federal
Public Housing Authority, herein provided for, to discharge such functions,
powers, and duties with respect to such project through its own facilities.

2. The National Housing Administrator shall be appointed by the Presi-
dent, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall receive
a salary of $12,000 a year unless the Congress shall otherwise provide.
Pending such appointment, an existing officer of the Government desig-
nated by the President shall act as National Housing Administrator.

3. There shall be three main constituent units in the National Housing
Agency. Each such unit shall be administered by a commissioner acting
under the direction and supervision of the National Housing Administrator.
The unit administering the Federal Housing Administration and its func-
tions, powers, and duties shall be known as the Federal Housing Adminis-
tration, and the Federal Housing Administrator shall serve as Federal
Housing Commissioner. The unit administering the functions, powers, and
duties of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board and its members shall be
known as the Federal Home Loan Bank Administration, and the Chair-
man of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board shall serve as Federal Home
Loan Bank Commissioner. The United States Housing Authority and its
functions, powers, and duties shall be administered as the Federal Public
Housing Authority, one of the main constituent units, and the Adminis-
trator of the United States Housing Authority shall serve as Federal Public
Housing Commissioner. The agencies, functions, powers, and duties enu-
merated in sub-paragraphs (c), (d), and (k) of paragraph i shall be
administered in the Federal Home Loan Bank Administration, and those
enumerated in sub-paragraphs (f) and (g) shall be administered in the
Federal Public Housing Authority. The agency, functions, powers, and
duties enumerated in sub-paragraph (h) of paragraph i shall also be ad-
ministered by the Federal Public Housing Commissioner. The Adminis-
trator of the National Housing Agency may centralize in the office of the
National Housing Administrator such budget, personnel, legal, procure-
ment, research, planning, or other administrative services or functions
common to the said constituent units as he may determine.

HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

4. The capital stock of the Defense Homes Corporation shall be trans-
ferred from the Federal Loan Administrator to the National Housing
Administrator, and the Federal Loan Administrator and the Defense
Homes Corporation shall take all necessary action to effectuate such transfer
and carry out the purposes hereof.

5. The Central Housing Committee is hereby abolished, and all of its
assets, contracts, property (including office equipment and records), and
unexpended balances of funds available for its use are hereby transferred
to the National Housing Agency.

6. All assets, contracts, and property (including office equipment and
records) of any agency hereby consolidated, and all assets, contracts, and
property (including office equipment and records) which other agencies,
including departments, have been using primarily in the administration of
any function, power, or duty hereby consolidated or transferred, are hereby
transferred, respectively, with such agency, function, power or duty.

7. Except as provided in paragraph 8, hereof, (i) all personnel of any
agency hereby consolidated, and (2) all personnel of other agencies, includ-
ing departments, who have been engaged primarily in the administration
of any function, power, or duty hereby consolidated or transferred and
who within thirty days after the appointment or designation of the National
Housing Administrator are jointly certified for transfer by said Adminis-
trator and the head of the department or agency to which such personnel
is attached, shall be transferred, respectively, with such agency, functions,
power or duty; but any personnel transferred with functions, powers, or
duties pursuant to this paragraph who are found by the National Housing
Administrator to be in excess of the personnel necessary for the administra-
tion of such functions, powers, and duties shall be re-transferred under
existing law to other positions in the Government or separated from the
service.

8. The following personnel are not transferred hereunder: (i) The Di-
rectors and Officers of the Defense Homes Corporation, (2) the members
of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board other than the Chairman, (3) the
Directors of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, and (4) the Trustees
of the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. The offices of the
foregoing personnel excepted from transfer by this paragraph (except in
the case of the Defense Homes Corporation) are hereby vacated for the
duration of this order: Provided, That the offices of the members of the
Federal Home Loan Bank Board shall not be vacated until sixty days from
the date of this order. The personnel of the Division of Defense Housing
Coordination and of the Central Housing Committee are not transferred
hereunder, except that the National Housing Administrator, within 60 days
after his appointment or designation, may take over such of this personnel
as are needed. During such period, all personnel of such Division and of
such Committee may be retained by them in connection with the winding
up of their affairs.

9. So much of the unexpended balances of appropriations, authoriza-
tions, allocations, or other funds (not otherwise transferred hereunder)
available for the use of any agency in the exercise of any function, power,
or duty consolidated by this order, or for the use of the head of any
department or agency in the exercise of any such function, power, or duty,

REORGANIZATION OF FEDERAL HOUSING AGENCIES 7

as the Director of the Bureau of the Budget shall determine (with the
approval of the President), shall be transferred, respectively, to the National
Housing Agency or the main constituent unit therein concerned, for its use
in connection with the exercise of the functions, powers, or duties, respec-
tively, to be administered by it hereunder. In determining the amount to
be transferred, the Director of the Bureau of the Budget may include an
amount to provide for the liquidation of obligations incurred against such
appropriations, authorizations, allocations, or other funds prior to transfer.

10. All housing now owned by the United States and located on a mili-
tary or naval reservation, post, or base is hereby transferred to the juris-
diction of the War or Navy Department, respectively, having jurisdiction
of such reservation, post or base: Provided, That with respect to all housing
developed by the War or Navy Department under Title II of Public 671,
approved June 28, 1940, the Federal Public Housing Authority shall take
all necessary steps to transfer such jurisdiction and carry out the purpose
hereof, including the transfer of title to the United States and including
repayment (out of any funds available therefor) of the cost of such housing
for reimbursement of the Bond Account from which funds were transferred
to pay such costs.

11. The Director of the Bureau of the Budget shall allocate to the
National Housing Agency, from appropriations, authorizations, allocations,
or other funds available for the administrative expenses of the Federal Loan
Agency and the Federal Works Agency (relating to the administration of
the agencies and functions transferred therefrom hereunder) and of the
agencies and functions, powers, and duties consolidated hereunder, such
sums, and in such proportions, as he may find necessary for the adminis-
trative expenses of the National Housing Agency. None of the agencies
established or consolidated hereunder shall incur any obligations for ad-
ministrative expenses except pursuant to appropriations, allocations, or other
authorizations of funds specifically available now or hereafter for adminis-
trative expenses.

12. The National Housing Administrator may appoint necessary person-
nel and make necessary expenditures to carry out the functions, powers,
and duties of the National Housing Agency. The Administrator and the
Commissioners hereunder may delegate their respective functions, powers,
and duties to such agencies, officials, or personnel as they may designate,
respectively. Until the appointment or designation of a National Housing
Administrator, the Commissioners respectively shall exercise such of the
functions, powers, and duties of the National Housing Administrator as
relate to the agencies, functions, powers, and duties to be administered by
such Commissioners respectively.

13. Nothing herein shall impair or afreet any outstanding obligations or
contracts of any agency consolidated hereunder or of the United States of
America (including its pledge of faith to the payment of all annual con-
tributions now or hereafter contracted for pursuant to the United States
Housing Act, as amended), or of any Insurance Funds created under the
National Housing Act.

14. All orders, rules, regulations, permits, or other privileges made,
issued or granted by or in respect of any agency, function, power, or duty
consolidated hereunder shall continue in effect to the same extent as if

8 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

such consolidation had not occurred until modified, superseded, or repealed,
except that the regulations of January n, 1941, relating to defense housing
coordination shall hereby be revoked upon the appointment or designation
of the National Housing Administrator.

15. All unexpended balances of appropriations, authorizations, alloca-
tions, or other funds transferred under this order shall be used only for the
respective purposes and in the administration of the respective functions
for which such funds were made available.

1 6. Transfers of available funds under this order shall include funds
available for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1943.

17. This order shall become effective as of the date hereof and shall be
in force and effect so long as Title I of the First War Powers Act, 1941,
remains in force.

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
The White House,
February 24, 1942.

EXECUTIVE ORDER

TRANSFERRING FUNCTIONS OF THE FEDERAL LOAN AGENCY TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Whereas by an Executive order issued this date under Title I of the
First War Powers Act several agencies were transferred from the Federal
Loan Agency to the National Housing Agency established by such order,
and it is deemed advisable that the remaining functions of the Federal
Loan Agency be administered in the Department of Commerce;

Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me by Title I of the
First War Powers Act, 1941, approved December 18, 1941, it is hereby
ordered as follows:

Sec. i. Transfer of Functions. All functions, powers, and duties of the
Federal Loan Agency and of the Federal Loan Administrator which relate
to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Electric Home and Farm Au-
thority, RFC Mortgage Company, Federal National Mortgage Association,
Disaster Loan Corporation, Export-Import Bank of Washington, Defense
Plant Corporation, Rubber Reserve Company, Metals Reserve Company,
Defense Supplies Corporation, and War Insurance Corporation, together
with all other functions, powers, and duties not transferred by the Execu-
tive order establishing the National Housing Agency, are transferred to
the Department of Commerce and shall be administered under the direction
and supervision of the Secretary of Commerce.

Sec. 2. Transfer of Records, Property, and Personnel. All records and
property (including office equipment) and all personnel of the Federal
Loan Agency used in the administration of the functions transferred by this
order are transferred to the Department of Commerce for use in the admin-
istration of the functions transferred by this order.

Sec. 3. Transfer of Funds. So much of the unexpended balances of the
appropriations, allocations, or other funds available or to be made available
for the use of the Federal Loan Agency in the exercise of any function
transferred by this order, as the Director of the Bureau of the Budget with
the approval of the President shall determine, shall be transferred to the

REORGANIZATION OF FEDERAL HOUSING AGENCIES 9

Department of Commerce for use in connection with the exercise of the
functions so transferred. In determining the amount to be transferred
the Director of the Bureau of the Budget may include an amount to provide
for the liquidation of obligations incurred against such appropriations, allo-
cations, or other funds prior to the transfer.

Sec. 4. Effective and Termination Dates. This order shall become effec-
tive as of the date hereof and shall continue in force and effect until the
termination of Title I of the First War Powers Act, 1941.

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
The White House,

February 24, 1942.

RESULTS AND FORECASTS

As the Yearboo^ goes to press no definite information is at hand
on the exact form of administrative reorganization that will be worked
out under the National Housing Agency. It is reasonable to believe
that two of the three agencies under NHA, the Federal Housing
Administration, and the Federal Home Loan Bank Administration,
will undergo no drastic organizational changes in the immediate fu-
ture. On the other hand, the National Housing Agency itself will
have to be built more or less from the ground up and the Federal
Public Housing Authority also will face a considerable period of
organization and reorganization.

The hazards of self-satisfaction over the recent reorganization must
not be overlooked in dealing either with the immediately pressing
problems of wartime housing or with a long-range program. These
hazards are pointed out in the following quotations from the associa-
tion's newsletter, NAHO NEWS, of March 14, 1942:

One serious danger, however, necessarily accompanies a move of this
kind. Under the feeling of relief and gratitude for a needed step taken
under difficulties, it is very easy to fall into the error of thinking and acting
as if underlying, substantive housing problems had been solved.

This simply is not true. Reorganization has solved no housing problems;
it has simply provided better tools for working on them. The real tasks of
fashioning a well-knit war housing program properly tied in with post-
war needs and of putting this program into effective action still remain to
be done. We simply have better governmental machinery in Washington
and a new leader for these crucial undertakings.

Furthermore, no one should forget that executive reorganization
does not alter the powers, limitations, or appropriations voted by Con-
gress in the acts under which the various reorganized agencies for-
merly functioned or were financed. In other words, administrative
reorganization does not constitute a carte blanche to rewrite either
wartime or peacetime housing policy.

THE EDITORS

Public Housing in 1941

HERBERT EMMERICH

Commissioner,1 Federal Public Housing Authority

ON February 24, 1942, the powers, functions, and duties of the
United States Housing Authority were transferred, by Executive
Order of the President, to the newly-created Federal Public Housing
Authority.

Transferred to FPHA also were the Division of Defense Housing
and the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal
Works Agency, the Defense Homes Corporation of the Federal Loan
Agency, the housing functions of the Public Buildings Adminis-
tration, of the War and Navy Departments (with the exception of
houses on military and naval reservations), and the non-farm housing
functions of the Farm Security Administration.

WAR HOUSING

Each month in 1941, more and more homes under the USHA local
authority program were turned over for occupancy by war workers
as soon as construction was completed. By end of the year, public
housing was on a 100 per cent war footing. New urban building was
for war housing alone. After the completion of projects under construc-
tion, the slum-clearance program for the duration will consist only
in the management of homes for low-income families.

Approximately 65,000 slum-clearance and low-rent homes in defense
housing critical areas, which by the end of the year were under con-
struction or ready for occupancy, were converted to war housing.
Work on approximately 12,000 low-rent homes planned for non-
defense areas was ordered halted for the duration of the war to con-
serve building materials needed for war production.

By the end of 1941 the 6,344 war homes had been constructed in
accordance with Public Law 671, authorizing USHA to use its funds
for defense housing; of these 5,714 were opened for occupancy
or occupied by war workers. This was the first defense housing
program of World War II. Started in June, 1940, less than 30

1 Mr. Emmerich was appointed by the President on March 17, 1942. During the
period for which its activities are reported in this article the United States Housing
Authority was headed by Nathan Straus and later Leon H. Keyserling. Mr. Straus
resigned as Administrator, January 5, 1942, at which time Mr. Keyserling assumed the
title of Acting Administrator that he retained until February 24, 1942, when his tide
became Acting Commissioner of the Federal Public Housing Authority. This report was
prepared prior to Mr. Emmerich's appointment.

i 10

PUBLIC HOUSING IN 1941 11

days after the formation of the National Defense Advisory Commis-
sion, this defense program consisted of 20 projects constructed by local
housing authorities with USHA funds, in much the same way as
low-rent homes were being developed. These projects have been
planned and located so that they may become a part of the slum-
clearance program for the housing of low-income families after the
war. In November, 1941, the first projects, in Montgomery, Alabama,
and Pensacola, Florida, celebrated their first complete year of oc-
cupancy.

In addition to war housing constructed with its own funds, USHA
had been assigned up to December 31, 1941, an additional 113
war housing projects providing 29,392 family dwelling units to be
developed with Lanham Act funds. Of this number, 25 projects
representing 6,021 homes were in the planning stage, 34 projects pro-
viding 8,793 units were under construction, and 14,578 units were in
54 completely or partially occupied projects. Construction costs of
dwellings on Lanham Act projects were held down to an average
of $2,851 per home, well below the Lanham Act limit of $3,500.
Construction schedules of from 90 to 120 days for a project were
met.

Even before the USHA program was completely converted to war
housing, homes in many low-rent projects were opened to war workers
or they were given preference for occupancy. During the year many
critical housing shortages developed in defense areas where low-rent
homes under the USHA local authority program were about to be
occupied by low-income families. Whole blocks of these projects were
turned over to industrial war workers and their families or to soldiers
and sailors and their families. In Pittsburgh, for instance, 450 homes
in Terrace Village were thrown open to the hundreds of families
whose former houses were demolished to make way for industrial
plant expansion in the Pittsburgh area. Likewise in Columbia, South
Carolina, 100 homes were made available to the enlisted personnel
coming into nearby Camp Jackson, where housing facilities were not
available. In Savannah, Georgia, 150 units in the Garden Homes low-
rent project were occupied by families of noncommissioned officers
transferred to the newly created air base. Similar action was taken
throughout the country to ease critical housing shortages.

Aside from its program for the actual construction and management
of war housing, USHA in 1941 contributed to the defense and war
programs in other ways. Local housing authorities throughout the
United States were asked to cooperate fully in the "War Against
Waste" campaign because of its peculiar significance to low-income

12 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

families. These families, it was pointed out, would be more affected
by rising prices than any other income group.

Small manufacturers were favored in the purchase of building
materials used in public housing projects. This action was designed
to enable small but important plants to continue operations and to
keep workmen employed. Also, it was hoped that this policy would
speed construction of homes by getting earlier deliveries from small
manufacturers than would be possible from large plants already
swamped with war contracts.

Standards of designs and specifications for materials and equipment
were revised to eliminate or minimize the use of critical war materials.

LOW-RENT HOUSING

The slum-clearance low-rent housing program of USHA moved
forward impressively during 1941. At the end of the year 349 projects,
providing 121,965 homes, were completely or partially occupied. Of
this number, 295 projects and 99,370 units were USHA aided urban;
and 1,150 homes were in rural areas. The total also includes 21,445
dwellings in 49 projects built under the old PWA housing program.
Projects to the number of 277, representing 40,352 homes, had reached
the planning stage, and 142 projects, providing 35,402 homes, were
under construction. Together these make a grand total of 197,719
rural and urban low-rent homes in 768 projects at the end of 1941.
These totals include the war housing financed with USHA funds.
At the end of the year, almost 420,000 persons were living in PWA
and USHA homes. Of these 165,000 were young people less than 16
years old, and 86,000 were children under six.

The USHA program accounted for approximately 10 per cent of
all urban residential construction in the United States during 1941.

Despite this new construction, the need for decent housing remained
acute in many areas, even without the added burdens imposed by
migrations of defense workers. During 1941, there was made available
a compilation of official real property surveys conducted in 419 dif-
ferent localities during the past seven years by actual inspection of 10
million dwellings. It showed that 29 per cent of the urban homes
were substandard. Surveys covering 7 million dwellings disclosed that
one in six needed major repairs or were unfit for use; 16 per cent had
no toilet; 22 per cent lacked bathing facilities.

Similar figures came out in the early tabulations of the First Federal
Housing Census (1940) which began to appear in 1941. Paired with
the fact that only 6 per cent of the new homes were priced at rents
within the range of the 33 per cent of the population earning less

PUBLIC HOUSING IN 1941 13

than $1,200 a year, this statistical proof of the housing need led to the
following statement in the final report of the executive secretary of
the Temporary National Economic Committee, which appeared in
October, 1941:

The potential field for USHA activities is enormous. There is a genuine
social need for more than 3,000,000 new units suitable for occupancy by
families with incomes under $1,000. Since private building for (these)
families is virtually nonexistent, an important source of new houses for this
group is the USHA program.

However, the magnitude of the housing problem for this income class is
so great that the present USHA program is not sufficient for its solution.
If it is assumed that these new units should be provided over a period of
20 years, the USHA program would have to be stepped up to 150,000 new
units per annum.

Although this housing program cannot be carried forward now,
it was made the nucleus for post-war planning activities during 1941.
Local housing authorities cooperated fully with the Public Works
Reserve in establishing a shelf of housing projects to be undertaken
immediately after the war. The value of an expanded public housing
program to take up the slack in employment after armament produc-
tion stops was brought to the attention of a Congressional committee
considering whether to establish a post-emergency economic advisory
commission. Under the direction of the USHA Regional Director,
housing authorities in the western states considered a long-range pro-
gram for planning now for housing in the post-war period.

HOUSING ANNIVERSARIES

Public housing passed many milestones in 1941. The first slum-
clearance project, Tech wood Homes, in Atlanta, Georgia, observed
its fifth anniversary in September, and two months later the first two
defense housing projects in the United States completed their first year
of service. USHA marked four years of achievement in November,
1941; during the year construction was started on its 450th housing
project, and loan contracts had been authorized for more than 700
projects. Louisiana became the first state completely organized to
build homes under the USHA program for farm families; regional
and parish authorities were established to serve every parish.

One additional state, New Hampshire, passed housing enabling
legislation during 1941, thus bringing the total number of states legally
authorized to build homes under the USHA program to 39. Twenty-
four states broadened their laws to permit additional cities or rural
areas to participate in public housing, or clarified their authority to
house families of defense and war workers. The enactment of such

14 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

a supplemental law in Missouri was closely followed by the creation of
a housing authority in Kansas City, leaving only 5 of the nation's 30
largest cities without local housing authorities.

Approval of the state housing law by the highest court in Idaho
brought to 28 the number of states in which housing has passed the
legal test. It has failed in none. The South Carolina Supreme Court
sustained its housing law in the first legal test of the rural housing
program.

The number of local housing authorities increased from 507 to 622
between November, 1940, and November, 1941. Many local housing
authorities were formed by communities such as East Hartford, Con-
necticut, which wanted to build their defense homes through the
USHA-local partnership so they would have a voice in their locating,
planning, design, and management; others were regional rural author-
ities— economical administrative units combining several counties and
enabling each to build cheaper and better. The increase in the number
of local housing authorities and of the states with housing enabling
legislation is shown in the following table:

States

29
33
38
38
39

On December 31, 1941, 360 of these local authorities had USHA
loan contracts, as compared with 213 at the end of 1940.

Many of the new authorities were in smaller cities and rural areas,
giving the USHA program an even broader national base, and prov-
ing that slums are not a problem peculiar only to the great metropolis.
At the end of 1941, 259 of the 622 local authorities had been created to
develop USHA farmhouses, in contrast to the one rural authority
among the 46 authorities existing when USHA was organized.

The following table shows the distribution of the USHA-aided low-
rent housing projects by size of communities as of November 30, 1941 :

Size of Communities USHA Projects

Per Cent

Under 25,000 26

25,000 to 100,000 29

100,000 to 250,000 13

250,000 to 500,000 11

500,000 to 1,000,000 7

1,000,000 and over 5

A new plan developed in 1941 by six Arizona cities may make
public housing feasible for even the smallest American urban com-
munity. The experienced Phoenix Housing Authority joined in a co-

November 1

1937

Local Authorities

46

November 1

1938

214

November 1

1939

.. 266

November 1

1940

507

November 1

1941 . .

. 622

PUBLIC HOUSING IN 1941 15

operative agreement with five nearby authorities representing Buckeye,
Glendale, Flagstaff, Holbrook, and Mesa, each with population of less
than 7,000 persons. A single executive director and one central office
stafl handling all administrative matters will operate the programs
of all the smaller authorities, which are building from 28 to 56 homes
apiece.

RENTS AND RENT PLANS

During the year, rents in USHA-aio\ed projects continued to be
very low, which is the best answer to the criticism that the pro-
gram was not reaching those for whom it was intended. As of De-
cember 31, 1941, shelter rents averaged $12.64 a month in the 270
USHA slum-clearance projects in continental United States for which
rent scheduals had been adopted. Those in the South— and there were
165 of them— have monthly rents averaging $10.51 a home, excluding
utilities. In the North, where incomes and building costs are higher,
monthly rents averaged $14.47, excluding utilities. The nationwide
average for shelter rent plus payments for utilities furnished was $17.82
a month.

Figures are now available showing rents paid by families before and
after moving into USHA-aided projects. A typical example is Brent-
wood Park in Jacksonville, Florida. The 232 families living there pay
an average monthly rent of $10.14 t°r decent homes. Before they
moved into the project they paid $14.65 for unhealthy slum shacks.
In the slum areas of Bridgeport, Connecticut, project families formerly
paid an average monthly rent, including all utilities, of $21.96 a dwell-
ing. At Yellow Mill Village their average rent, including payments
for heat, hot and cold water, gas for cooking, electric light, and electric
refrigeration, is $20.72.

Average family income for residents in USHA slum-clearance
homes was $837 a year as of December 31, 1941. The following table
shows the percentage of project families in the various income groups:

Per Cent

Under $400 2.7

$400-500 4.9

$500-600 9.4

$600-700 15.7

$700-800 152

$800-900 127

$900-1000 121

$1000-1100 10.9

$1100-1200 7.1

$1200-1300 5.5

Over $1300 3.8

16 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

During 1941 graded rents steadily gained in popularity. In the
middle of 1940 only 6 per cent of the developments with approved
rent schedules had more than one rent and income grade. By January,
1941, no less than 40 per cent of all the developments for which rent
schedules had been approved had graded rents. Six months later, by
the end of June, 1941, the figure had risen to 62 per cent, and the
increase continued through the end of the year.

Graded rents proved the salvation of many housing managers who,
because of the increased employment in defense work, were faced
with rising incomes among the great majority of project families.
Small increases in incomes were matched with proportionate increases
in rent by moving families into higher rent grades. Larger income
increases forced many projects to establish an extra rent grade for
the families whose incomes went beyond the limits of the previous
top grade. This extra grade is not to be used as an entrance grade,
and new families entering the projects must have incomes below the
fixed maximum limits. Thus the low-rent, low-income character of the
projects is preserved.

CONSTRUCTION COSTS

Although 1941 witnessed a rising price level as well as growing
shortages in building materials, it is significant that low construction
costs continued to prevail under the USHA program. On the 406
projects which had been placed under construction up to December
31, 1941, in cities under 500,000 population the dwelling facilities cost
(excluding land, site improvements, and non-dwelling facilities)
has averaged about $3,192 a home — a little over $800 less than the
$4,000 maximum set by the Housing Act. The 56 projects placed under
construction in cities over 500,000 population showed an average cost
of only $3,708 a home for dwelling facilities, or about $1,300 lower
than the amount allowed in the Act.

The cost comparisons reveal that net construction costs of dwellings
on all USHA-aided developments under way by the end of the year
averaged about 24 per cent less per family unit than the comparable
costs of private residential construction in the same localities. In cities
where projects under the USHA local authority program have been
started, the average construction cost for homes built by private oper-
ators is about $3,600 a home. The comparable cost of USHA-aided
projects under construction or occupied in the same cities average
about $2,726 a home. The USHA figure applies to homes that in every
case are constructed by labor paid the prevailing wages and that in
every case are built strongly enough to last for at least 60 years.

PUBLIC HOUSING IN 1941 17

These low costs have been made possible by the cooperation of
union labor in settling disputes without strikes, by the use of advanced
building techniques, by large-scale production, and by the familiarity
of the local authorities with local building conditions and procedures.
Awarding construction contracts after public advertisement to the
lowest responsible bidders has been another major factor in keeping
costs down. Financing costs have been minimized through the exten-
sion of local borrowing from private investors.

FINANCING

The year 1941 also witnessed further extension of the practice of
local borrowing at low rates of interest from sources other than
USHA. Under arrangements worked out by USHA, local authori-
ties have been particularly successful in obtaining private capital on
short-term loans for financing their projects during the development
period. Instead of borrowing money from USHA at the rate of
interest USHA is required by law to charge, local authorities have
been able to enlist private capital at much lower interest rates not
only during the actual construction period but also to a considerable
extent in their final financial structure.

During 1941, local authorities sold a total of 124 issues of short-
term notes amounting to $392,135,000. Interest rates on these issues
averaged only 39/100 of i per cent. Many of the issues sold at even
lower rates. In Providence, Rhode Island, for example, short-term
notes were sold at the rate of 28/100 of i per cent. On December 31,
1941, a total of $201,830,000 in short-term loans was unmatured and
outstanding.

Banks and syndicates of banks have been the largest purchasers of
local authorities' short-term obligations, although investment dealers
have also purchased many of the issues. These notes have been espe-
cially attractive to private investors because they are noncancelable
and of short duration, their terms ranging from 3 to 12 months.

Since the rate of interest USHA is obliged by law to charge would,
on the average, have amounted to more than six times as much as
the average rate obtained from private investors, the savings that
have been effected in development cost are considerable. Local author-
ities selling short-term notes have saved an average of about il/2 per
cent of the development cost of their projects. Thus it is conserva-
tively estimated that development-cost savings ranging up to $20,-
000,000 over original estimates will be made by local authorities as
the result of short-term financing.

Similarly, the experience of local authorities in selling their long-

18 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

term bonds has been gratifying. This permanent financing takes
place when projects are approximately 75 per cent to 90 per cent
complete. Local housing authority long-term bonds represented, when
first issued, an altogether new type of security containing many fea-
tures to which the bond market was not accustomed. Nonetheless
an excellent market has been developed for such bonds; investment
bankers throughout the country have bid for and purchased these
bonds at prices comparable to high grade general obligation munici-
pal credits.

As a result, a large number of local authorities have sold to private
investors bonds representing substantially more than the 10 per cent
of development cost which by law must be obtained from sources
other than USHA. In the majority of cases during 1941, local authori-
ties sold 20 maturities of their total bond issues to private capital
instead of the 16 or 17 maturities which constitute 10 per cent of the
issue. In Utica, New York, for instance, 25 per cent of the local
authority's bonds were taken by private investors; in Syracuse, New
York, and Allentown, Pennsylvania, it was 21 per cent.

Moreover, these bonds were sold to private investors at consistently
lower rates than USHA itself must charge the local authority. The
last group offering during 1941 sold to private investors at an average
interest rate of 2.1475 Per cent* For bonds taken up by USHA with
respect to the same projects, the average interest rate was 2.5 per cent.

During the calendar year 1941, 76 local authorities in 20 states and
the Territory of Hawaii sold an aggregate of $22,701,000 of their
bonds to other agencies than USHA to finance the development of
155 low-rent projects. The cumulative total for local capital participa-
tion, as of the end of the year for 115 local authorities in 25 states and
Hawaii, was $42,507,000 for 227 low-rent projects. The estimated
development cost of these projects aggregates $308,385,000.

PROJECT RESIDENTS

The daily activities of the thousands of families now living in
USHA-aided developments proved that public housing is more than
merely the provision of shelter. The variety and scope of these
activities indicate that with the attainment of adequate homes new
energies are released. Soon after occupancy begins the organization
of social clubs, recreation programs, consumers cooperatives, credit
unions, tenant newspapers, tenant associations, formal or informal
nursery schools, health services, libraries, home-making programs,
forums, and other community activities are undertaken.

In 1941 the trend of tenant activities veered sharply toward volun-

PUBLIC HOUSING IN 1941 19

tary participation in the national defense and war effort. A survey
made of defense activities in 76 housing projects covering 51 cities
and 20 states, revealed that:

1. Of the 76 projects 67 reported active cooperation with local de-
fense councils in preparing for civilian protection against air attack.
Their programs included training of auxiliary police, rescue squads,
blackout and air raid wardens, volunteer firemen, demolition clear-
ance, repair, and bomb squads.

2. The Red Cross programs for first aid, nurses' aides, knitting,
sewing, and bandage-making were represented in almost all projects.-
Classes in first aid were being conducted in 37 projects, and in some
cases instructors were secured from among the tenants.

3. In 27 projects conservation programs were launched to save
scrap metal, paper, furniture, clothing, and other types of materials.

4. Programs for the purchase of defense bonds and stamps were
set up in 24 housing projects.

5. Consumer study groups, nutrition classes, carefully planned
garden activities, and instruction in the care and conservation of
household equipment and clothing were among tenant-consumer
protection activities.

6. Child care, recreation programs, physical activity and health
programs, all invaluable to a nation engaged in war, were inaugurated
in many of the projects.

Many individual projects reported unusual programs. *In Miami,
Florida, the tenants of Edison Courts took the initiative in providing
mobile fire fighting apparatus. In Hartford, Connecticut, a tenant
with college training in dramatics and a former school teacher started
a dramatic club for training and production. At Liberty Square, also
in Miami, a blood-donors association was formed.

These defense activities in public housing projects do not constitute
a complete summary, but they do indicate the type of contribution
public housing residents are making to the nation's war effort.

Mortgage Insurance; A Stimulant to War Housing,
Home Ownership, and Housing Standards

ABNER H. FERGUSON

Commissioner, Federal Housing Administration

THE Federal Housing Administration is an officially designated de-
fense agency. For the duration of the war, it is devoting its facilities
and energies to the war effort. As a member of the newly created
National Housing Agency, it is functioning with even greater effective-
ness than before. It is one of the few self-supporting agencies of the
federal government.

One of the major long-range objectives of FHA is to enable any
family with a reasonably steady income to own a home of its own,
with monthly payments like rent over a period of 20 to 25 years. For
the duration of the war, however, its immediate objective is to encourage
and help private industry and capital build houses for war workers,
chiefly for rent. Rental housing is one of the most urgent and imme-
diate needs on the home front. Provision of adequate shelter for war
industry workers is regarded by FHA as much a part of the war effort
as provision of barracks for the armed fighting forces.

In areas where the housing demand probably will vanish after the
war, the government itself is providing the necessary housing for war
industry workers through other members of the National Housing
Agency. In areas where a continued housing demand after the war is
reasonably certain, private industry can supply a major part of the
needed housing through the medium of Title VI, "Defense Housing
Insurance," of the National Housing Act.

Entirely aside from its functions under the National Housing Act,
FHA acts as agent of the War Production Board in processing appli-
cations for priority assistance or the allocation of critical materials in
the construction of defense housing.

EMPHASIS NOW ON TITLE VI

FHA began the year 1942 with a conference of its field organization
at which its facilities were streamlined to give more effective aid to
war production, particularly under Title VI.

This Title was established by Congress in March, 1941. It provides
for long-term insured mortgage loans up to 90 per cent of the value
of the completed property to be made by private financial institu-
tions (FHA itself lends no money) to operative builders, subdivision

20

MORTGAGE INSURANCE 21

developers, and others concerned with new dwellings in officially desig-
nated defense housing areas. The mortgage insurance rate was estab-
lished at three-fourths of i per cent on decreasing balances until the
mortgages were taken over by individual owner-occupants, after which
the rate dropped to one-half of I per cent.

The maximum mortgage loan permitted under Title VI is $4,000 on
a single-house, $6,000 on a two-family house, $8,000 on a three-family
house, and $10,500 on a four-family house. Under Section 203 of Title
II, 90 per cent mortgages are eligible for insurance only for new
single-family houses occupied by the owners, with a maximum
amount of $5,400 and a maximum term of 25 years.

In streamlining Title VI, monthly payments were reduced for the
first five-year period by about n per cent through the elimination of
the accelerated amortization provision. Effective January 15, 1942,
the sum of principal and interest payments on new loans became sub-
stantially the same throughout the life of the loan. Defense housing
loans insurable under Title VI are eligible for insurance only under
that Title, and Title VI commitments cannot be converted to Title II
commitments as had been possible previous to this date.

COST ESTIMATES ADJUSTED

At the same time it was announced that adjustments were being
made in FHA construction cost estimates in local areas, in relation
to actual building costs, where increases in costs were stabilized and
adjustments justified. FHA appraisal of the value of the property
when completed determines the amount of mortgage insurable under
the National Housing Act.

FHA field offices were instructed to regard certain other adminis-
trative and technical policies under Title VI as liberally as possible,
in view of the need for more private building to house war industry
workers and to conserve materials needed for armaments. They were
requested to review their minimum construction requirements to
determine if additional modifications were necessary in order to per-
mit the use of alternate materials, and to encourage local authorities
to review building codes as a further means of conserving critical
materials and stimulating building of low-cost homes.

The City of Chicago was the first to respond to the plea for building
code revision. For the duration of the war, the Chicago City Coun-
cil has embodied FHA minimum construction requirements as its
War Building Code for certain designated areas suitable for war
housing.

Gratifying response to the streamlining of Title VI was evidenced

22 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

immediately in FHA records. In the week ending January 17, 1942,
mortgage insurance applications under Title VI numbered 1,675. The
next week they jumped to 2,797, an<^ ^or tne week ending March 14
they totaled 6,600.

MORE THAN SEVEN YEARS OF GROWTH

The Federal Housing Administration was established under the
National Housing Act in June, 1934, "to encourage improvement in
housing standards and conditions, to provide a system of mutual
mortgage insurance, and for other purposes." Each year since its
establishment has meant for FHA vigorous growth and increased
importance in the field of home-building and home-financing.

FHA has led the fight against jerry building, especially through
the establishment of nationally recognized property standards and
minimum construction requirements. It has helped bring livable,
attractive, soundly constructed homes, located in well designed and
protected neighborhoods, within the reach of almost any family with
a steady income — even if it is as low as $1,500 a year. It has stimu-
lated the establishment of planning commissions and building codes
where there had been none, and the revision of building codes and
zoning laws where they had become obsolete or ineffective. It has sta-
bilized home mortgage lending throughout the United States, and has
made the FHA-insured mortgage standard in value.

For the past two years, about half of all the new non-farm single-
family homes built in the United States by private funds have been
constructed and financed under the FHA program.

As an indication of its importance in the home financing field, the
cumulative volume of loans insured by FHA through December 31,
1941, amounted to $5,262,117,975 and numbered 4,534,005, the bulk of
which were for the construction or improvement of single-family
homes. The gross volume of business totaled $8,018,146,573. From
its inception to the end of 1941 the Administration has either insured
mortgages or definitely agreed to insure mortgages on 709,092 new
dwelling units.

1941 A RECORD YEAR

Insurance written during 1941 by the Federal Housing Administra-
tion under all titles of the National Housing Act amounted to a new
record total of $1,185,852,709, compared with the previous record total
of $1,026,049,609 written in 1940.

New dwelling units started under FHA inspection numbered over
215,000, of which about 170,000 were located in defense areas, compared

MORTGAGE INSURANCE 23

with 185,000 started in 1940. Most of these units were single-family
homes valued at less than $6,000 each.

Income for 1941 from fees, premiums, and reinvestment of funds
was $27,134,023, of which $13,874,919 went for operating expenses and
the remainder to the various insurance funds. Such income in 1940
was $21,241,076, of which $13,258,734 went for operating expenses.
Current income for the last quarter of 1941 was at the rate of $2,565,-
600 a month.

The actual volume of business transacted in 1941 was much larger
than the insurance written, as shown in the more detailed accounts
which follow.

SMALL-HOME MORTGAGES UNDER TITLE II

Although Title VI is forging ahead in the early weeks of 1942, the
principal FHA activity during 1941 continued to be the insurance of
small-home mortgages under Section 203, Title II, covering single-
family homes almost exclusively. During the year, 291,199 mortgages
for $1,358,312,975 were selected for appraisal, 210,237 f°r $93^384,425
accepted for insurance, and 198,799 for $876,707,384 insured. The 1940
record was 282,880 mortgages for $1,271,983,776 selected, 202,281 for
$876,431,018 accepted, and 168,293 f°r $73^49°>344 insured.

The ratio of new-home mortgages accepted under Section 203 for
1941 was 82 per cent of the total accepted, as it was for 1940. All loans
under Title VI are for new construction.

As of December 31, all mortgages insured under Section 203 totaled
832,822 for $3,583,060,123; outstanding commitments, 75,733 for $351,-
568,850; mortgages in process, 63,689 for $293,346,670; expired com-
mitments, rejections withdrawals, and adjustments, 411,946 for
$1,935,062,286. This makes a grand total of 1,384,190 mortgages for
$6,163,037,929 which have been processed by FHA underwriting staffs
in seven years.

Mortgages insured under Section 203 are protected by the Mutual
Mortgage Insurance Fund. As of December 31, gross assets of this
fund totaled $49,715,137 and liabilities $11,098,316, leaving net assets
of $38,616,821.

A total of 3,355 of the 832,822 premium-paying mortgages insured
under Section 203 through December 31 had been foreclosed by mort-
gagee institutions and the properties turned over to the Administrator
in exchange for government-guaranteed debentures bearing 2% or
3 per cent interest. The administrator had resold 2,959 °^ tne properties
at prices which left a net charge against the fund of $1,749,767. The
remaining 396 properties were held awaiting sale.

24 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

As of December 31, certificates of claim paid or to be paid under
Section 203 totaled $189,993, and certificates canceled or to be canceled
totaled $989,342.

It may be recalled here that certificates of claim, representing certain
expenses of the mortgagee institution not covered by the debentures,
are paid by FHA provided the sale of the property brings in sufficient
funds. Money that remains, after all expenses and the certificates of
claim are met, is returned to the mortgagor instead of to the Mutual
Mortgage Insurance Fund.

LARGE-SCALE HOUSING ACTIVITIES

Activities under the restricted Section 207 and repealed Section 210
of Title II were in decreased volume in 1941. Under these sections
mortgages amounting to $12,997,841 on 27 projects containing 3,001
dwelling units were insured; this figure is compared with mortgages
totaling $13,017,900 on 48 projects with more than 4,100 dwelling units
insured in 1940.

As of December 31, insured rental and group housing mortgages
numbered 344 and amounted to $139,950,516, and firm commitments
were outstanding to insure 15 other mortgages for $9,369,000. The
number of dwelling units provided by the 359 projects totaled about
39,000.

The Housing Insurance Fund protecting these mortgages as of
December 31 had gross assets of $14,518,633 and liabilities of $13,162,-
069, leaving net assets of $1,356,564.

Fourteen of the 344 insured mortgages had been foreclosed as of
December 31, and one mortgage note assigned to the administrator.
Four acquired properties had been sold with a resultant net charge
against the fund of $6,966. The other n projects were operating under
FHA supervision. Certificates of claim to be paid totaled $10,141, and
certificates to be canceled totaled $82,268.

ACTIVITIES UNDER TITLE VI

Title VI went into operation in April, 1941, with an initial au-
thorization of $100,000,000 of insured mortgages; this sum was
later increased to $300,000,000 with a Defense Housing Insurance
Fund of $10,000,000 allocated from the Reconstruction Finance Cor-
poration.

From April through December, 48,617 Title VI mortgages amount-
ing to $180,113,632 had been selected for appraisal, 40,793 for $146,413,-
340 had been accepted for insurance, and 3,778 for $13,431,250 had
been insured. As stated before, there has been great acceleration in

MORTGAGE INSURANCE 25

Title VI activities since the streamlining of FHA facilities for the war
effort, January 15, 1942.

Gross assets of the Defense Housing Insurance Fund as of Decem-
ber 31 totaled $10,295,702; its liabilities totaled $5,000,000 and consists
of unallocated funds from the RFC. Net assets of $5,295,702 remain.

THE RECORD UNDER TITLE I

The insurance of property improvement loans under Title I, due
to end on June 30, 1941, was extended for two years. New records
were established last year with 687,837 loans for $282,716,234 reported
for insurance. This compares with the previous record of 662,948 loans
for $276,541,365 reported in 1940.

As of December 31, a grand total of 3,697,061 loans for $1,525,675,-
496 had been reported for insurance under Title I.

Since June, 1939, a premium charge of three-fourths of i per cent
has been charged by FHA on Title I loans. As of December 31, the
Title I revolving fund amounted to $4,581,537.83, against which
$9,071.23 in unliquidated obligations was outstanding, leaving net
assets of $4,572,466.60.

FUNDS OF MORE THAN 8,000 INSTITUTIONS INSURED

As stated before, FHA itself lends no money. It insures funds
advanced under the various titles of the National Housing Act by
private financial institutions approved by it for these purposes. Par-
ticipation has been increasingly widespread. Many institutions new
to mortgage lending entered this field because the insurance of a
mortgage by FHA assured its standard value and made it an easily
negotiable instrument.

A total of 8,072 institutions located in every section of the country
has handled the volume of Title II small-home mortgages insured in
the past seven years. Of this gross total, 2,455 national banks handled
26.7 per cent, 2,967 state banks and trust companies 22.8 per cent,
savings and loan associations 10.7 per cent, mortgage companies
20.3 per cent, insurance companies 10.8 per cent, savings banks 3.6 per
cent, and all others 5.1 per cent (including 0.03 per cent by federal
agencies).

Institutions holding FHA-insured mortgages numbered even more
than those originating the loans, as some large banks and life insur-
ance companies engage mortgage companies and smaller banks as
correspondents. As of December 31, a total of 8,761 institutions held
FHA-insured mortgages in their portfolios.

Sales and transfers of FHA-insured mortgages in 1941 totaled $483,-

26 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

921,332. The grand total of transfers from 1935 through 1941 was
$1,572,771,238.

RESEARCH AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Several research studies were undertaken last year, and one of the
most important resulted in the publication of a Handbook on Urban
Redevelopment for Cities in the United States. The Technical Divi-
sion continued its studies of new building methods and materials, and
of new uses for accepted materials particularly as substitutes for critical
materials needed in the war effort. This Division also sponsored a
movement to have various cities in defense areas modify their building
codes in order to facilitate defense housing construction.

The Land Planning Division continued its cooperation with land
planning and zoning boards throughout the country, and with sub-
division developers and operative builders, in the planning of livable,
attractive, and stabilized neighborhoods. An increasingly large per-
centage of homes covered by FHA-insured mortgages are located in
communities planned with the cooperation of FHA, and an increas-
ingly large percentage of these planned communities are designed for
low-cost homes.

The Underwriting Division continued its educational and super-
visory work in maintaining high standards for the underwriting staffs
throughout the country. The Underwriting Manual remains an
authoritative work on appraisal methods.

Farm Security Administration's Seventh Year
in Rural Housing

C. B. BALDWIN

Administrator, Farm Security Administration

EXPANSION of the migratory labor camp program to help alleviate
farm labor shortages has been one of the Farm Security Adminis-
tration's major contributions to housing during the past year. Pre-
fabricated temporary houses also have been built for several hundred
farm families displaced by government purchases of farm land for
Army purposes. In addition, during the past year and a half FSA
has provided trailers, dormitories, and demountable houses for war
workers in designated areas, and has continued construction activities
in connection with the tenant purchase program.

An Executive Order signed by the President February 24, 1942,
merged the housing activities of a number of federal agencies into
the National Housing Agency. As a result, it is presumed that all
non-farm housing activities of FSA will eventually be transferred to
the new agency. This will include defense housing, Greenbelt towns,
and some of the resettlement projects where farming is not the major
source of income for the residents.

MIGRATORY CAMPS

Shelter for agricultural laborers has become increasingly important
with the advent of war. "Okies" and "Arkies" were considered a
social problem back in the days of John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath,
but most people thought the problem was confined to the West Coast.
Subsequent studies by Congressional committees investigating migra-
tion have revealed that such migration extends to many sections of
the country.

Now an all-out farm production campaign is under way. The
United States must produce nourishing food for its Army, for its
allies, and for its own civilian population. Continued production of
millions of dollars' worth of food on the big, commercial farms of
the country is vitally important to the nation's war effort. On these
farms, transient agricultural labor is necessary to plant, cultivate, and
harvest the crops. Now, as the Army and war industries draw men
into their ranks and the number of agricultural laborers decreases, the
mobile camp program of FSA is becoming an increasingly effective
method of directing labor into areas where it is most needed.

27

HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Instead of following rumors of labor needs, migrant farm families
now follow the camps. As mobile camps are moved from one crop
area to another as the growing season advances, farm workers move
there too, and are thus shifted from places where they are not needed
to areas where the expansion of war industries threatens to cause farm
labor shortages at peak seasons. In 1941, mobile camps operated by
FSA were instrumental in preventing the development of acute local
shortages of farm labor in a number of areas. This year the need for
such camps will be even greater.

At the end of 1941, FSA had completed 58 camps which would
accommodate 13,674 families at one time. Each shelter is used by
different families an average of four times a year, so that temporary
quarters were actually furnished for more than 54,000 families. Most
of the camps were located in the West — California, Oregon, Washing-
ton, Arizona, and Idaho; others were stationed in Florida, Missouri,
and Texas.

There are two types of camps, permanent and mobile. The typical
permanent camp consists of a group of community buildings around
which are grouped the shelters, small structures built of wood or steel,
in which the families live. At practically all permanent camps a num-
ber of small inexpensive cottages, known as labor homes, are provided
for families who have year-round employment. The permanent camps
are located where the demand for migrant farm laborers exists most
of the year.

Mobile camps, on the other hand, are designed for use in areas
where workers are needed for only a few weeks at a time. These
camps can be moved from place to place by truck. Both workers'
families and such community facilities as laundries and showers are
housed in tents. Large trailers house other basic necessities such as a
power plant and a first-aid station.

At the end of 1941 there were 35 standard camps and 23 mobile
camps including 6,792 permanent shelters, 4,906 tent shelters, and 1,976
labor homes.

ADDITIONAL MIGRATORY CAMPS

Forty-three additional camps, with accommodations for 6,993 ^am"
ilies at one time, were under construction at the close of the year.
Sixteen of these camps are standard and 27 are mobile. They include
1,594 permanent shelters, 5,133 tent shelters, and 266 labor homes.
Twenty-five of the camps under construction are to be located in
Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Michigan, New Mex-
ico, Oregon, Texas, and Washington. In addition, 18 mobile camps,

FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION'S SEVENTH YEAR 29

providing shelter for 2,700 families, will move up and down the East
Coast states of Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North
Carolina, and Virginia. Forty camp sites of 20 acres each are being
selected by FSA officials in harvest areas along the Atlantic coast, and
the movement of the 18 camps from one site to another will be deter-
mined by local farm labor needs as they develop during the growing
and harvesting seasons. FSA representatives will cooperate with farm
placement officials of the United States Employment Service in rout-
ing agricultural workers to camps in crop areas where laborers are
most needed.

The 43 camps under construction, including the program for the
eastern seaboard, bring to 101 the number of labor camps already oper-
ated or under construction by FSA in various parts of the country.
This expansion of the camp program will make it possible to provide
shelter for as many of 75,000 migrant families in a 1 2-month period.
Accommodations will be available for 20,667 families at any one time.

Basic shelter in the new mobile camps will consist of 150 Army-type
tents with sidewalls or platforms. Each tent will be furnished with
a portable stove and one double and two single, or four single, beds.
Each camp will have a community tent and a placement-office tent.
Electric power for lighting and other purposes will be provided by
connections to existing lines. Other facilities will include a water
system and pumphouse, a water heater, laundry equipment, and
showers. Camps will be moved from one site to another on trucks
and trailers. Medical care will be provided by a panel of physicians
drawn from cities and towns adjacent to the 40 camp sites. The
physicians will supervise FSA nurses in providing clinical services and
preventive medical care.

Migrant camps have received a great deal of attention from archi-
tects and engineers because of the development of a variety of building
and community plans. This variety exists because FSA engineers were
not bound by stylistic conventions but worked out structures that
best suited the community and the needs, because all types of building
materials have been used, and because in addition to furnishing shelter
the camps provided a new pattern of community life. Moreover, the
villages had to be built on inexpensive land with the most economical
materials.

COMMUNITY PLANS AND FACILITIES

Community plans vary with the existing camp site, in order to
minimize the amount of road building, and to provide the greatest
possible amount of space for allotment gardens and recreation facili-

30 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

ties. Temporary shelters are usually placed in hexagons or double
hexagons surrounding the community buildings. In some cases they
are closely spaced around cul-de-sacs with road space enough to take
care of the family car. In other places row-shelters border parking
courts.

Semipermanent shelters are either small single or double houses, or
two-story row houses, usually for six families each. They are generally
arranged in parallel rows, often at an angle to shut out the wind or
let in the sun. Double and single houses are frequently built around
cul-de-sacs.

A typical camp with both temporary and permanent facilities con-
sists of a hexagon of shelters and several rows of labor homes. In
these camps, the community buildings are placed in an area accessible
to both, but generally closer to the transients. Rural hospitals and
health or isolation wards are usually at some distance on an outlying
border of the property and serve as rural health centers not only for
the camps but also for the neighboring districts. Community centers
also serve residents in areas outside the camp as well as the camp
residents. Fan-shaped and rectangular developments have been used
where the terrain and trees made these plans feasible.

Community buildings vary from a simple single hall to larger
buildings with separate rooms for library, clubs, and classes. At
Westley, California, for instance, there is a large hall that can be used
for meetings, classes, or for a living room. It is flanked on each side
by smaller spaces for toilets and kitchens and in front by a raised
porch that can serve as a stage for outdoor meetings. Other com-
munity buildings are L-shaped, containing a meeting hall in one wing
and laundry facilities or a store in the other. These buildings have
been constructed of wood in some localities, and of adobe in regions
like Chandler, Arizona. Sliding doors often permit the classroom
areas in the community buildings to be added to the assembly area.
Some buildings provide special play terrace spaces off the nursery
schoolrooms, where a broad projecting roof gives shelter from rain
and sun. Community buildings are adjustable to almost any use —
nursery schools, adult and child education, and recreation and social
gatherings.

Laundry areas are usually open to the air on at least one side.
Shower rooms flank both sides and a boiler and water heater is placed
in a central position on one side of the laundry so that plumbing is
reduced to a minimum.

In permanent shelters, an effort has been made to provide the
greatest flexibility of use and the greatest privacy with the least pos-

FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION'S SEVENTH YEAR 31

sible building o£ partitions and special finish. For instance, at Arvin,
California, they consist of but one room with a sleeping porch in
the rear.

TEMPORARY HOUSES FOR DISPLACED FARMERS

The war has created an emergency situation in many areas where
it is necessary to provide temporary housing for families. In these
areas — called "defense relocation areas" — the government has pur-
chased huge blocks of land for maneuver grounds, air fields, war
plants, Army posts, etc. Farm owners or tenants who have had to
move out have been helped by FSA to find new homes in nearby
counties. In cases where no farms were available for the displaced
families, FSA built demountable homes at the edge of the evacuation
area to provide temporary housing. As families settle on other farms,
the temporary houses are taken to another evacuation area or trans-
ferred to some farm and converted into a permanent farm home.

Houses erected for temporary use have two bedrooms, but when
they are made into permanent homes a third bedroom is added. A
typical house will have three bedrooms, each with a closet; a kitchen
and dining bay, a living room, a small entrance porch on the front
and a screened work porch at the back. In the kitchen is a sink and
drain, with connections for running water. In some of the houses
there is a small room which can be converted into a bathroom, if
utilities are available.

Walls, built of prefabricated wood, are constructed in sections at a
mill and shipped by train or truck to the building site, where they
are set on concrete pillar foundations and painted with a spray gun.
The houses were designed by FSA engineers and built by private
contractors. Extremely rapid construction has been possible because
of the prefabricated construction.

HOUSING FOR WAR WORKERS

Because of its experience in the construction of more than 20,000
low-cost homes under its resettlement and tenant-purchase programs,
FSA became one of the construction agencies for permanent defense
housing provided for in the Lanham Act of October 14, 1940. From
the appropriation, FSA was allocated $5,710,878 to provide permanent
homes at four projects: 200 family units in one locality and 150 units
in another in Virginia; 1,000 in Maryland; and 72 in California.

At the end of December the two undertakings in Virginia were
practically complete, construction work was well under way in Cali-
fornia, and 152 units were ready for occupancy at the Maryland proj-

32 HOUSING YEARBOOK. 1942

ect, with 144 units nearing completion and 704 under construction.
Permanent houses are single-type dwellings with the exception of
those at Greenbelt, Maryland, which are multiple-type similar in
design to homes already there.

The major part of FSA's war housing program consisted in provid-
ing temporary facilities. These are of three types— trailers, dormitories,
and demountable houses. By the end of 1941, the President, upon the
recommendation of the Coordinator of Defense Housing, had approved
allocations to FSA for 16,500 units, 6,500 of which were then available
for occupancy. Nearly half the facilities were trailers or houses for
family occupancy and half were dormitory accommodations. Since
the beginning of the year additional projects have been approved
which will bring the total number of facilities to 28,763. This work
will be part of the "non-farm housing projects" turned over to the
National Housing Agency in accordance with the President's recent
Executive Order.

The trailer program was devised to fill the time lag which occurs
between the period when housing is needed for workers in war indus-
tries and the time when the more permanent units are ready for
occupancy. In many instances trailers are used in areas where no long-
term demand for housing is expected but where there is an acute
short-term need for dwellings — usually for construction workers.

Trailer camps are usually ready for use within 60 days after an
allocation is made. There are two types of trailers — standard and
expansible. The former house four persons; expansibles accommodate
six and comprise about 20 per cent of each trailer camp.

Standard trailers are 8 by 22 feet and are set on a lot 25 by 40 feet,
which provides a parking space for an automobile. Each unit is
equipped with a gasoline stove, refrigerator, lo-gallon water tank,
wardrobe lockers, and two studio couches which can be opened to
make double beds. The trailers, made of plywood and pressed board,
with painted canvas roofs and one inch of insulation, cost approxi-
mately $945, and rent from $6 to $7 a week.

Expansible trailers provide 2,569 cubic feet of living space, as much
as a small house. They are made of masonite and are insulated. The
trailers have two wings which unfold from the central segment and
furnish additional rooms. The average cost of expansible trailers is
$1,600.

Each trailer camp has utility buildings or utility trailers providing
toilets, showers, lavatories, and laundry tubs. If the utilities are housed
in buildings, the structures are demountable so they can be moved
when the camp is no longer needed.

FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION'S SEVENTH YEAR 33

Portable houses are of two kinds — single and duplex. Both are pre-
fabricated, with floors, sides, and roofs made in panels and bolted
together. Built on wooden piers, the houses are made of plywood or
wood siding with %-inch of insulation board. Pitched roofs are
covered with 90-pound mineral-surfaced roofing paper, which will
last ii years.

Each unit in a duplex has a living room 12 by 14 feet, a bedroom
8!/2 by 12 feet, a bathroom, clothes closet, and a sink and tray cabinet.
Plenty of light is afforded by three casement windows in the living
room, cross ventilation in the bedroom and one window in the bath-
room. Duplex houses, furnishing accommodations for two families,
cost $2,860. They are convertible, so that when the emergency is over
the duplexes can be made into single houses with more rooms. Usually
only about 60 days elapse from the time the contract is let to a private
bidder until the houses are on the site. Four men can put up a house
in three days. Single houses are quite similar in design but have the
advantage of an additional bedroom. The cost of furniture for one
of the duplex units, including stove, refrigerator, oil space heater,
double bed, dresser, two straight chairs for the bedroom, davenport,
four straight chairs and table for the living room, and window shades,
averages $217.

The dormitory program is designed to provide temporary shelter
units for defense workers without families. Each dormitory houses
62 persons and contains double and single rooms, a heating plant,
toilet and bathing facilities, and a lounge room. The average cost of
a dormitory is $20,000.

Dormitories are operated with usual hotel services. Bed linen is
changed twice a week, and clean towels are furnished every day.
Rooms are furnished simply, with wooden equipment, and the aver-
age cost of furniture is $58 per person. Rentals range from $3.50 to
$5.00 a week per person for double, and $5 to $7 a week for single
rooms. The buildings are T-shape in design, and a limited number
of parking lots are provided for the residents.

THE TENANT PURCHASE PROGRAM

Under the authority of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, FSA
each year lends a limited number of tenant farmers the funds they
need to buy a farm of their own. When necessary, these loans include
funds to repair the existing house, or to construct a new dwelling. A
somewhat larger percentage of the funds approved for borrowers this
fiscal year is being used for property improvements on the farms
acquired. Something more than $5,600,000 was set up for this purpose

34 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

from July i through December and about 37 per cent of the amount
was for new dwellings.

During the 1941 calendar year, 5,759 new dwellings were built on
tenant purchase farms, bringing the total number of new farm homes
built under this program to 11,162. The average estimated cost of the
new dwellings for this year's 'borrowers was $1,537, as compared with
an average of about $1,400 since the inception of the program. In
addition, 1941 saw the repair of 4,500 farm dwellings so they would
be suitable for the families buying the farms. This brings the number
of repaired tenant purchase homes to 11,832 at an average cost of $435.
From the beginning of the tenant purchase program through Decem-
ber, 22,868 buildings other than dwellings had been constructed or
repaired.

FSA HOUSING TOTALS

FSA had built nearly 48,000 housing facilities and had approxi-
mately 23,500 more either under construction or allocated for imme-
diate construction by December 31, 1941. These include homes built
on projects, homes built under the tenant purchase program, migra-
tory shelters and platforms, defense trailers and houses, and dormitory
units for war workers. In addition, more than 12,000 homes had been
repaired or remodeled, and community buildings, utility buildings,
roads and streets, and other essential facilities had been constructed.

RURAL HOUSING NEEDS

The Interbureau Coordinating Committee on Post Defense Pro-
grams of the Department of Agriculture issued a statement in October,
1941, which shows the increased need for rural housing.

According to the report, the first figures from the 1940 Census indi-
cate that the value of farm dwellings is declining. The value of all
farm buildings, including dwellings, fell from $12,950,000,000 in 1930
to $10,405,000,000 in 1940, a decrease of 19.7 per cent. In these 10 years,
the combined value of land and buildings decreased 29.7 per cent.
This decline in the value of all farm property is in part a result of
the general depression; whereas the decline in the value of farm
dwellings shows also the results of 10 years of additional use without
adequate repairs.

In 1930 the total value of all farm dwellings (without the other
farm buildings) was $7,083,600,000, with an average value of $1,126
per farm house. Farm houses of very low value are general through-
out the South. In Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and
Georgia, the average value of farm dwellings was less than $500.

FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION'S SEVENTH YEAR 35

A comparison of the value of owned and rented farm homes also
is interesting. The median values of the tenant homes in the North
are considerably higher than those of the owned homes in the South
and West. In one Western and four Southern states, even the owned
farm homes have a median value below $500.

The minimum requirements for a farm dwelling recommended by
the United States Department of Agriculture call for at least five
rooms or the equivalent for a typical farm family, including both boys
and girls. This minimum dwelling should have three bedrooms, and
either a kitchen and a living room, with dining space included in one
or the other; or one very large room for cooking, eating, and living
space. The Census and other studies show that many farm families
are living in crowded quarters. For example 17.7 per cent of the farm
families in Colorado, Montana, and South Dakota occupy houses with
three rooms or less. In the Southeast, 42.6 per cent of the Negro share-
croppers live in houses of three rooms or less.

In all states, farm homes lag far behind town and city homes in
sanitary equipment and conveniences. The first 1940 Census reports
indicate that, in spite of Rural Electrification Administration, FSA,
and other government programs, there are still very serious short-
comings in the equipment and conveniences of the average farm
home. Even with the advances made in rural electrification in North
Dakota, for example, 64,920 of 76,864 farm homes reported no electric
lights, and 73,319, or nearly all, lacked indoor toilets, and 71,015 had
no running water.

A survey recently made by an agency of the Department of Agri-
culture covered approximately 50 families in each of nine counties
located in Georgia, Kentucky, Virginia, Missouri, New Mexico, Wash-
ington, and Minnesota. Preliminary reports show that in these rural
slum communities, where the usual source of water was a spring or
well, only 6 per cent reported a well or spring properly covered. Only
2 per cent had kitchen sinks and less than i per cent had pumps in
the kitchen. Four of the counties reported that from one-fourth
to more than one-half the families had no toilets at all, either in-
doors or outdoors. Some houses had no glass in the window open-
ings, and in six of the counties up to 90 per cent had no screens
whatever.

The 1940 Census tabulations indicate that the majority of American
farm homes are in a poor state of repair. In North Dakota, the com-
plete tabulations show that 32,816 of 70,950 occupied farm homes
reported a need for major repairs, in contrast with only 4,723 of 34,069
urban homes. In Mississippi, the figures for farm homes were 119,825

36 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

in bad repair of 318,676, as compared with 27,168 of 120,360 urban
homes.

The amounts which farm people of different incomes spend for
house repairs, based on the Consumer Purchases Study of 1935-36,
show that those with a net income ranging from $250 to $500 (includ-
ing both cash and living obtained on the farm) spent an average of
only $4 a year for repairs. Those with incomes from f 1,000 to $1,250
spent an average of $8, while only those in the upper bracket, from
$2,000 to $2,500 averaged as much as $28 a year for home repairs.
Granting that farmers can make many repairs themselves without
spending money for hired labor, these amounts were obviously too
little to keep up the property. The poorest houses, of course, received
the least attention. There is also a need for new and repaired barns,
cribs, silos, sheds, and other service buildings.

Using the minimum requirements for a farm dwelling outlined by
the Department of Agriculture, and including the needs of migrants,
at least from two to three million new farm homes are urgently
needed, according to the Post Defense Committee. These require-
ments, and this estimate, are based on rock-bottom considerations of
health and decency.

Many reasons for the poor condition of American farm buildings
could be set down by anyone who has studied economic trends in the
United States, and the uses which the American people have made
of their natural resources. It could be shown, for example, that where
the soil has been neglected the houses have also depreciated; or that
where crop surpluses have piled up, the condition of the farm homes
has generally declined. There is an obvious relation between rural
poverty and poor housing. The migratory labor situation is also closely
related to the rural housing problem. Finally, rural unemployment
is most serious in the regions where the need is greatest for improved
rural housing.

The need for rural housing will be even more acute after the war,
because building priority restrictions will prevent the erection of
many new structures during the emergency. In addition, men who
are now serving in the armed forces and in war industries will return
to the land when the struggle is over, and there will be a need for new
and enlarged buildings when they return.

Decent farm housing would reduce the restless shifting from place
to place, which is characteristic of modern American agriculture and
which clearly contributes to soil erosion. It would lessen the hardships
of migratory farm workers. It would be of enormous help to land-
lords and managers as well as tenants and laborers. Improved rural

FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION'S SEVENTH YEAR 37

housing would relieve the pressure which creates suburban slums
around cities. It would help restore the American ideal of opportunity,
security, and independence for those who wish to live on the land.
Just how the needed improvement in rural housing can be achieved
has not been determined, but such improvement is of great importance
to the welfare of the country.

The Federal Home Loan Bank Board— 1941

JOHN H. FAHEY

Chairman, Federal Home Loan Bank Board

THE activities of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board and the
agencies under its supervision during 1941 were necessarily affected
by general conditions in the real estate market and the home financing
industry. New residential construction in non-farm areas during the
entire year was estimated by the Department of Labor at 685,000 new
units — an increase of approximately 14 per cent over 1940 and twice
the volume of similar construction in 1937. During the second half
of the year, residential construction declined as shortages of critical
building materials became more and more acute, and all evidence
pointed toward a continued decline in 1942.

Lending activity for the full year was stimulated by increased con-
struction and the general improvement in economic conditions. As
evidence of the increased lending volume, mortgage recordings of
$20,000 and less for all types of institutions and individuals aggre-
gated $4,732,000,000 — an increase of 17 per cent over 1940. In the
savings and loan industry, which in recent years has supplied approxi-
mately one-third of total home-mortgage credit, new construction loans
declined during the second half of the year in line with the course
followed by residential building activity. For the year as a whole,
refinancing, reconditioning, and "other" loans of savings and loan
associations also lost somewhat in relative importance. The $155,000,-
ooo increase in the volume of home-purchase loans was almost solely
responsible for the gain in total lending volume over 1940. Significantly
the shift from construction to home-purchase loans became more
pronounced as the year advanced.

The problem of "surplus" funds, which during the past few years
caused some home-financing institutions to seek new devices to curtail
the flow of money which could not be invested profitably, well-nigh
disappeared. Contrary to many expectations, the rise in national
income and wages did not result in an extraordinary increase in sav-
ings. The gain in savings deposits held by insured commercial banks
during the first six months of 1941 was substantially less than during
the same period of 1940, and deposits in mutual savings banks actually

1 Under the terms of Executive Order Number 9070, dated February 24, 1942, the
Federal Home Loan Bank Board is known as the Federal Home Loan Bank Admin-
istration. The Chairman of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board was designated to
serve as the Federal Home Loan Bank Commissioner.

38

FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK BOARD — 1941 39

declined for the first time in several years. Private repurchasable cap-
ital in insured savings and loan associations rose from $2,202,135,000
in 1940 to an estimated $2,597,373,000 at the end of 1941. However,
this dollar increase was no greater than that which had occurred dur-
ing 1940, and the rate of growth was therefore slower. The sluggish
flow of money into financial institutions was probably due in large
part to heavier purchases of consumers goods occasioned by fear of
anticipated shortages and higher prices, greater emphasis on short-
term savings in anticipation of higher income taxes, and higher living
costs. The return on savings showed no signs of increase and in several
sections of the country there was a continuation of the downward
trend in dividend rates paid by savings and loan associations.

The downward trend of foreclosures noted in 1940 continued; total
foreclosure proceedings initiated were 23 per cent below the level of
1940 and 14 per cent below the level of 1926. A favorable real estate
market enabled many financial institutions to dispose of owned prop-
erties, and it has been estimated that the net reduction in real estate
overhang during 1941 probably exceeded the 1940 record decline of
$500,000,000.

THE BOARD AND DEFENSE HOUSING

The task of providing adequate housing for defense workers was,
of course, a problem of common concern to all housing agencies dur-
ing 1941. The Board and the presidents of the 12 Federal Home Loan
Banks, acting through the Office of the Governor of the Federal Home
Loan Bank System, continually advised the Division of Defense Hous-
ing Coordination and other agencies of expected needs, the amount
of housing private enterprise could be expected to provide on an eco-
nomically sound basis, and the amount and type of housing that
should be constructed with public funds. A special defense housing
field force was created to gather information and to encourage and
assist home financing institutions to make sound loans for defense
housing construction and purchase. To facilitate increased lending, the
Board advised federal savings and loan associations of its willingness
to approve applications for sale of mortgages to provide additional
funds for reinvestment in areas of concentrated defense activity. In
its capacity as Board of Trustees of the Federal Savings and Loan
Insurance Corporation, the Board also amended the rules and regu-
lations of the Insurance Corporation to permit unlimited sale of mort-
gages made in the financing of permanent-use housing in defense
localities. The Board also made moderate investments of Home
Owners' Loan Corporation funds in savings and loan associations in

40 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

defense areas which needed additional loanable capital and approved
applications of associations already in receipt of investments for waiver
of retirements currently coming due.

In cooperation with the Defense Housing Coordinator, the Board
inaugurated an extensive program to maximize the use of existing
dwellings and to provide additional housing units with minimum use
of critical building materials. Savings and loan associations were
encouraged to cooperate with local Homes Registration Offices in
making existing vacant dwellings and room accommodations available
for occupancy by defense workers. With $100,000 allotted from the
President's Emergency Funds, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation
offered the services of its technicians to home owners contemplating
the conversion and rehabilitation of existing dwelling units into
habitable, multiple-family structures. Conversion not only provides
additional dwelling units, but, in many cases, eliminates the need for
additional construction which might deflate the real estate market in
years to come. The conversion program did not get under way until
October, but during the remaining months of 1941, HOLC technicians
processed 1,460 applications for technical assistance. The number of
applications is steadily increasing; in January alone, 344 requests for
services were received.

Although 73,000 defense housing units were constructed in 1941
with public funds, a 207 per cent increase over similar construction
during 1940, private enterprise continued to supply the bulk of new
residential construction in defense areas. Preliminary estimates made
by the Division of Defense Housing Coordination indicate that private
enterprise financed construction of approximately 400,000 dwelling
units in such areas. Member savings and loan associations of the Fed-
eral Home Loan Bank System advanced almost $700,000,000 in loans
for new construction and home purchase in defense areas.

FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK SYSTEM

The Federal Home Loan Bank Board was created in 1932 to estab-
lish and supervise the administration of the 12 regional Federal Home
Loan Banks which provide a credit reservoir for savings and loan
associations, homestead associations, cooperative banks, insurance conv
panics, and savings banks. These Banks extend credit to home-
financing institutions when demand for funds exceeds the local supply.
The usefulness of the Federal Home Loan Bank System must be
measured not only by its ability to extend needed credit, but also by
the stabilizing and progressive influence it exerts upon the entire
home financing industry.

FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK BOARD — 1941 41

At the end of the calendar year 1941, there were 3,783 federal and
state-chartered savings and loan associations, 15 mutual savings banks,
and 26 insurance companies with membership in the Bank System.
Although the total number of members was 40 less than in 1940, the
combined assets of all member institutions at the end of 1941 were
$5,470,560,000 — an increase of almost 8 per cent over 1940. This is
further evidence of the trend toward fewer but stronger home-
financing institutions.

The Banks also showed substantial gains. Aggregate resources of
the Banks at the close of 1941 were $308,306,000, an increase of $8,583,-
ooo over 1940. While net income for the 12 Banks during 1940 had
declined by $600,000 from the previous year, net income for 1941 was
higher by almost $360,000. This rise was due to an increase in gross
operating income of $127,000, an increase in nonoperating income of
almost $74,000, a decline in operating charges of $249,000, and a rise
in nonoperating charges of $90,000. Of the 1941 total net income of
$3,779,000, the amount of $1,384,000 was allocated to reserves, $391,000
to undivided profits, and $2,004,000 was disbursed in dividends.

Dividend payments for the year were $166,091 in excess of payments
for the previous year. Since October, 1932, the Banks have paid divi-
dends totaling $17,409,490 — of which $13,481,182 was paid on stock
subscribed by the government and $3,928,308 on stock owned by mem-
ber institutions. Bank capital also increased during 1941, and, con-
tinuing the previous trend, the proportion of stock held by members
to stock owned by the government increased considerably. Government-
owned stock remained constant at $124,741,000, but member-owned
stock increased by more than $4,000,000 to an all-time high of $48,815,-
225, or 28.1 per cent of the total paid-in capital stock.

Bank advances during 1941 reached a new peak of $157,600,000.
Advances outstanding declined until April and then steadily increased,
reaching the unprecedented total of $219,446,050 at the close of the
year — $17,954,086 above the figure for 1940. The Federal Home Loan
Bank of Chicago reported the largest amount of advances outstanding,
followed by the Winston-Salem and New York Banks. Cumulative
advances during the period from 1932 to the end of 1941 totaled $873,-
735,000 and total repayments have amounted to $654,289,000. Con-
tinuation of a demand for short-term advances was evident during the
year. The ratio of short-term to total advances outstanding was 48 per
cent at the close of 1941 as compared with 36 per cent a year ago.
Continuing a previous trend, the proportion of unsecured advances
to advances outstanding rose from 29 to 34 per cent. Although prior
years witnessed a downward revision of interest rates on Bank

42 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

advances, the past year showed no appreciable change. The range of
interest rates was the same as in 1940, from 1% to 3 per cent on short-
term and from 2% to 3 per cent on long-term advances.

FEDERAL SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS

When Congress passed the Home Owners' Loan Act of 1933
authorizing the Federal Home Loan Bank Board to charter federal
savings and loan associations, it contemplated that these institutions
would provide sound thrift and home financing facilities in com-
munities previously lacking adequate savings and home-mortgage
lending resources. The Act required federals to operate on a uniform
basis and under regulations designed to assure efficient and modern
business operations. It was the intent of Congress that these associa-
tions would constitute a group of home financing institutions operat-
ing under the best standards and practices which had been developed
by the savings and loan industry. Although federals have been in
existence but a short time, they have already set standards for the
entire industry and their influence has been responsible in no small
degree for recent widespread improvements in the operating practices
of thrift and home-financing institutions.

The progress of federal associations during the past few years has
exceeded original expectations. On December 31, 1941, there were
1,462 federals with assets aggregating $2,174,000,000 and investors num-
bering 1,898,000. After the consideration of mergers and consolidations,
the number of institutions with federal charters rose from 1,441 at
the beginning of 1941 to 1,462 at the end of December. Total assets
of all federals increased from $1,873,000,000 on December 31, 1940, to
$2,174,000,000 at the close of 1941. The relatively small gain in number
accompanied by a rapid increase in assets resulted in a corresponding
growth in the average size of federal associations. At the close of 1941,
the average federal had assets of approximately $1,500,000, or almost
$200,000 higher than the previous year. The estimated volume of new
loans made by federals increased from $400,337,000 in 1939 to $509,-
713,000 in 1940, and to $584,220,000 during 1941. On December 31,
1941, total mortgages held by federals amounted to $1,824,868,000.

The steady inflow of private capital during the past two years has
made it possible for federals to reduce government capital investment
at a faster rate than was originally contemplated. During 1941, invest-
ments held by the United States Treasury and the HOLC in federal
associations declined from $181,430,900 to $160,060,050. On the funds
invested in federals during the year, the government received divi-
dends amounting to $5,111,392.

FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK BOARD — 1941 43

FEDERAL SAVINGS AND LOAN INSURANCE CORPORATION

The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation was created
by Congress in 1934 to protect the small investor and revive the flow
of money into savings and loan associations by restoring public con-
fidence in thrift and home-financing institutions. These immediate
objectives have now been met in large measure, and continued prog-
ress of the insurance function is vitally important as an integral part
of the general program of strengthening the nation's home-financing
industry to meet expected post-war economic readjustments.

The extension of insurance protection and the growth of insured
associations during 1941 are, therefore, particularly significant. During
the past year, the number of insured associations rose from 2,276 to
2,343 and tne number of private investors, whose accounts are insured
up to $5,000, increased by 337,500 to a total of 3,110,000. Total assets
of all insured associations during the past year grew by $430,000,000
to an all-time peak of $3,362,000,000. Such assets now comprise approx-
imately 70 per cent of the combined assets of all savings and loan
associations in the Federal Home Loan Bank System. During 1941,
insured associations made mortgage loans totaling $882,938,000, of
which more than $500,000,000 was invested in new construction and
home-purchase loans in defense areas.

The balance sheet of the Corporation during 1941 continued to show
improvement. Gross assets at the end of 1941 totaled $133,069,394 as
compared with $128,014,723 in December, 1940. Gross income in 1941
was $6,920,301, while operating expenses were only $301,846, approxi-
mately 4.4 per cent of the gross income. Greater income and low
operating costs enabled the Corporation to allocate $6,605,790 to
reserves and surplus for future losses. Since its establishment, the
Corporation's administrative and nonadministrative expenses have
been less than earnings on invested reserves, enabling the Corporation
to transfer all premiums, admission fees, and earnings on capital to
reserves. As of December 31, 1941, a total of $31,310,327 had been
allocated to reserves and surplus, which is invested in government
obligations and securities wholly guaranteed by the government.

Losses incurred during the past year were the ordinary losses which
must be expected to arise out of insurance operations. During 1941,
the Corporation acted to prevent default in nine insured associations
with total assets of $30,350,000 and 23,300 investors. Cash disburse-
ments by the Corporation in these cases aggregated $1,946,225. Four
insured associations with assets of $8,111,000 were also placed in liqui-
dation. In the seven and one-half years of operation, the Insurance
Corporation has rehabilitated a total of 19 associations. Up to the end

44 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

of 1941, 6,403 insured shareholders in seven insured associations placed
in default and liquidation had been issued new share accounts in other
insured institutions in the amount of $4,352,529. In some cases, where
management has encountered difficulties not necessitating liquidation
or financial assistance, the Corporation has advised steps which could
be taken to strengthen an association's financial condition. Whenever
an insured association has been liquidated, the Corporation has made
available to the investors the optional methods of settlement as
required in the National Housing Act which created the Insurance
Corporation. The great majority of insured investors in liquidated
associations have accepted insured accounts in other insured associa-
tions, in preference to a settlement of 10 per cent in cash immediately
and 90 per cent in negotiable non-interest-bearing debentures of the
Corporation.

Although losses have been incurred, the loss ratio of the Insurance
Corporation at the present time is relatively low. This has resulted
largely from the initial adoption of an evaluated risk selection policy.
Insurance of accounts has not been granted indiscriminately to all
savings and loan associations. Instead, approval is granted to those
associations which careful tests and available information show to be
in sound financial condition and with prospects of further community
service. For this reason the major causes of difficulty have been prob-
lems of management and local economic conditions. To assist man-
agement to cope with future financial problems, the Insurance
Corporation has encouraged the sale of owned real estate, advocated
lower dividends and higher reserve allocations, and stressed the need
for more intensive study of community business and economic trends.

HOME OWNERS' LOAN CORPORATION

Congress created the HOLC in 1933 to aid distressed home owners.
During its three-year lending period, the Corporation granted loans
to more than a million borrowers faced with the immediate loss of
their homes. The average borrower was two years delinquent in prin-
cipal and interest payments on the former obligation and was between
two and three years behind in his taxes. Loans were not made unless
the applicants could prove that mortgagees were no longer willing or
able to continue the original loan and that reasonable efforts had been
made without avail to refinance the loans through private home-
financing channels.

Notwithstanding the emergency character of the Corporation's
lending program, repayments on these loans have been surprisingly
favorable. During its lending period, the Corporation granted loans

FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK BOARD — 1941 45

aggregating approximately $3,093,000,000, and subsequent advances
and other additions have increased this figure to $3,468,853,773. By
the end of 1941, $1,403,680,109, or 40.4 per cent of this amount had
been liquidated. As of December 31, more than 125,000 original loans
had been paid in full, approximately 40,000 in 1941 alone; about 93 per
cent of all remaining loans were current or less than three months
in arrears.

The Corporation has extended every servicing consideration possible
to those of its borrowers who found themselves in difficulty. As a
result, thousands once in trouble were able to solve their financial
problems and retain their homes. Nonetheless, it was inevitable, of
course, that the Corporation should have found it necessary to fore-
close certain of the loans originally granted. By the end of 1941,
185,833 properties had been taken over. During 1941, only 10,506 such
properties were acquired as compared with 18,442 properties taken
over in 1940, and 50,919 in the peak year of 1938. Under the authority
of the Mead-Barry Act of 1939, the Corporation, in 245,392 cases, has
extended the amortization schedule from 15 years to periods ranging
up to 25 years. Although such extensions included the most serious
problem cases, only 9,317 of these loans have been foreclosed.

The increased demand for housing during 1941 enabled the Cor-
poration to dispose of a large number of the properties it had acquired
through foreclosure. Sales numbered 24,123, leaving 38,957 properties
on hand at the close of the year. In many areas rising real estate prices
have tended to reduce losses on sale of foreclosed properties and there
is ample evidence to indicate that the Corporation is securing as favor-
able recapture on the sale of its properties as are other owners of
foreclosed properties.

To strengthen the nation's home-financing institutions and provide
additional capital for mortgage lending purposes, Congress appro-
priated $50,000,000 to the United States Treasury for investment in
the shares of federal savings and loan associations. Later legislation
authorized the HOLC to invest up to $300,000,000 in the snares of
member, insured, and federal associations as well as in securities of
the Federal Home Loan Banks. During the past two years the funds
thus invested have assisted savings and loan associations in vital
defense areas in the financing of needed defense housing. At the end
of 1941 government investments of this type still outstanding totaled
$196,450,860.

REORGANIZATION OF HOUSING AGENCIES

Recently, new federal agencies have been established and existing
agencies reorganized to further the national defense program. The

46 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

outbreak of hostilities intensified the need for additional changes. The
first major reorganization since December 7 was the consolidation of
the 1 6 different governmental agencies concerned with housing under
the National Housing Agency, which is charged with the immediate
responsibility of stimulating the construction of defense housing. One
of the three component units of this new agency is the group consist-
ing of the Federal Home Loan Bank Administration, the Federal
Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, the Home Owners' Loan
Corporation, and the United States Housing Corporation (set up
during World War I).

That changes in administrative organization will occur is inevitable;
wars create new problems which demand new solutions. In many
cases existing institutions and existing policies adequately meet these
new conditions, but in other cases fundamental changes are necessary.
Very often new methods and policies require new sacrifices and dis-
comforts. These, too, are inevitable. But whatever these changes are,
and whatever hardships they may bring, they are well worth the price
we must pay for final victory.

Division of Defense Housing Coordination Activities

in 19411

CHARLES H. PALMER

Coordinator of Defense Housing

THE ACCELERATED tempo of the defense program had so increased the
size and complexity of the housing problem by January, 1941, that
it became imperative to define more clearly the coordinating function.
Accordingly, the Division of Defense Housing Coordination was estab-
lished by executive order on January n, 1941, to replace the Office of
the Coordinator of Defense Housing in the National Defense Advis-
ory Commission and enlarge its activities to accommodate the broad
scope of the housing problem.

During 1941 DDHC was responsible for anticipating the amount
and type of housing needed in defense areas, and planning the best
way of satisfying the needs in the light of local construction resources.
The rate of providing housing had to keep pace with the rate of ex-
pansion of the defense program. More than 200 defense areas in 42
states were covered by defense housing programs during the year.
Approximately 100,000 family units were programmed for public con-
struction, or more than twice as many as in 1940. In addition, more
than 9,000 dormitory units and a like number of trailers and trailer-
size portable units were provided. With the active encouragement of
DDHC field representatives and, toward the end of the year, by
means of priority assistance made available through DDHC in coop-
eration with the Office of Production Management, private construc-
tion of residences in defense areas at a price level suitable for defense
workers amounted to about 240,000 units, or more than two-fifths of
the total private construction in the United States during the year.

Legislative measures providing for publicly financed construction
and stimulating low-cost private construction in defense areas were
an important part of the year's achievements. Also of significance was
the establishment of priority procedures when shortages developed
in critical materials. And, finally, the efforts of the Homes Registra-
tion Offices sponsored by DDHC made possible the use of the exist-
ing housing supply for the placement of more than 40,000 families
and about 30,000 single workers.

1 The Division of Defense Housing Coordination was abolished by executive order of
the President on February 24, 1942, and its functions were transferred to the newly
created National Housing Agency. The position of Coordinator of Defense Housing,
held by Charles H. Palmer since July, 1940, was also abolished by the executive order.

47

48 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

POWERS AND LIMITATIONS OF DDHC

In order to evaluate the activities of DDHC, some understanding
of the mandate and regulations under which it operated is necessary.
As an emergency defense agency in the Office for Emergency Man-
agement of the Executive Office of the President, DDHC became
responsible to the President for the integration of defense housing
activities carried on by public agencies directly or by virtue of their
relations to private builders.2 The executive order included in the
scope and activities of the coordinating function, the responsibility
for anticipating housing needs and for formulating and expediting
programs to satisfy them. The accompanying regulations provided
that the Coordinator review and make recommendation on all defense
housing programs requiring Presidential action; the same was true of
housing standards. All federal housing agencies were directed to sub-
mit to the Coordinator their plans and programs and the information
necessary for evaluating these plans. In effect, the order defined the
functions of housing coordination with clear vision of the scope of
the defense housing problem; the regulations represented the limita-
tions imposed by the existing division of labor.

Throughout 1941 the activities of DDHC were subject on the one
hand to the limitations implicit in the executive order and regulations,
and on the other hand to the demands evoked by the critical course
of events. The problem of providing sufficient housing for the one-
half million or more defense workers was not susceptible of solution
by random efforts on the part of private or public agencies whose
segmental spheres of activity could not take into account the impera-
tive need for the most efficient division of labor and a concerted
mobilization of effort. The organization of DDHC which developed
during the year represented the adaptation of means to ends. The
task of DDHC was, roughly, three-fold: (a) planning and implemen-
tation of the national defense housing program as a whole; (b)
programming of new housing for individual defense localities; and
(c) providing for the utilization of existing housing resources.

PLANNING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE HOUSING PROGRAM

With the changing and urgent nature of defense housing needs,
the nationwide planning function of DDHC became in 1941 pri-
marily a process of recurrent estimating of the amount and perma-
nence of defense needs in the country as a whole, and of setting up
a program for meeting those needs.

2 See Defense Housing Digest, NAHO, pp. H2-H4.

Cf MY

DIVISION OF DEFENSE HOUSING COORDINATION 49

To make certain that the needs would be met, it was necessary to
advance legislation providing for the use of private and public con-
struction resources, and to prepare procedures and standards for the
development and operation of defense housing projects. Upon the
recommendation of DDHC, legislation was enacted providing funds
amounting to 320 million dollars for temporary shelter, providing
liberalized Federal Housing Administration insurance for 300 million
dollars worth of mortgages on private defense construction, and in-
creasing the appropriation for public defense housing under the
Lanham Act to 300 million dollars. The following calendar presents
a summary of this program.

DEFENSE HOUSING LEGISLATION, 1941

Public Construction
Temporary Housing

March 1 Public Law No. 9 $5,000,000 appropriated for tempo-

rary shelter.

May 24 Public Law No. 73 An additional $15,000,000 appropri-

ated.

December 17 Public Law No. 353 An additional $300,000,000 appro-
priated, making a total of $320,-
000,000.
Permanent Housing

April 29 Public Law No. 42 Lanham Act increased by additional

$150,000,000, bringing total to $300,-
000,000.3

Private Construction

March 28 Public Law No. 24 Title VI Amendment to National

Housing Act provided FHA insur-
ance for builders' mortgages on
homes to be sold or rented to de-
fense workers; $10,000,000 trans-
ferred from RFC to Defense Housing
Insurance Fund to cover mortgages
totaling $100,000,000.

September 2 Public Law No. 248 FHA Title VI insurance authoriza-
tion increased by $200,000,000, bring-
ing total mortgage coverage to
$300,000,000.

Another phase of the nationwide planning activities of DDHC was
concerned with the establishment of procedures for providing assist-

* A previous sum of $150 million had been authorized in October, 1940, half of
which was appropriated at that time and the remainder on April i, 1941. In addition
to the $300 million total authorized and appropriated by the end of 1941, a like sum
was appropriated late in December, 1941, but not authorized until January, 1942.
Including the latter amount, a total of $600 million had been authorized and appro-
priated under the Lanham Act by the end of January, 1942.

1 V o 1 J

50 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

ance in the matter o£ priorities on building materials, which were
invoked toward the latter part of the year. Between June and Sep-
tember, 1941, when the first defense housing priority areas were
approved by the Office of Production Management, procedures were
worked out by DDHC, OPM,4 and FHA, whereby priority ratings
for critical materials were made available to builders in defense local-
ities. The task of DDHC, in this connection, was that of (a) deter-
mining localities, for approval by OPM, where defense housing needs
were critical, (b) of setting up tentative quotas for the number of
privately constructed houses needing priorities, and (c) of reviewing
priority applications transmitted by FHA and making recommenda-
tion for action by OPM. Priority applications were submitted by
builders to FHA which reviewed them with respect to their suit-
ability for defense occupancy, the proposed sales price or rents, their
location, and their use of materials. FHA then submitted the applica-
tions to DDHC which reviewed the recommendations of FHA and
the builders' capacity to construct the houses covered by the applica-
tion. Action on the applications was then recommended to OPM.
The status of activities in this connection is presented below in the
section that has been devoted to private defense housing con-
struction.

Another planning activity of DDHC is concerned with the problem
of setting up and maintaining housing standards in defense housing
projects. In January, 1941, A Summary of Standards for Defense
Housing was published. The book contained minimum criteria for
the construction, operation, and management of public projects.
Recommendations for critical and substitute construction materials
and a simplified plumbing code for defense municipalities were also
developed during the year.5 In addition, a survey of the productive
capacity of house prefabricates was made and issued to other housing
agencies.

PROGRAMMING FOR DEFENSE LOCALITIES

Equally important, but distinct from the over-all planning activities
of DDHC, were the operations concerned with needs in specific
defense localities. Of the two phases of these operations, namely, pro-
gramming new construction for defense workers and making use of
existing housing through registration and conversion, the first phase
required relatively greater coordinating effort. Existing federal housing
agencies were primarily concerned with new construction; develop-

4 Now the War Production Board.

5 Published respectively in January and February, 1942.

DIVISION OF DEFENSE HOUSING COORDINATION 51

ments in making use of existing housing took place, consequently,
at the initiative of DDHC and at the instigation of local organi-
zations.

The programming of new housing involved the coordinated effort
of field investigators and research analysts. The Coordinator care-
fully analyzed (a) the existing local housing supply, (b) the antici-
pated need due to expected in-migration of defense workers or enlisted
men with families, (c) the temporary or permanent character of the
need, and (d) the capacity of local builders to satisfy the anticipated
need. If the existing supply of vacant rooms and dwellings was too
small in relation to the expected amount of in-migration, new con-
struction had to be planned to meet the expected demand. If the
industrial expansion was of a temporary nature and the amount of
housing needed was greater than could normally be absorbed by the
local real estate market, demountable6 housing was indicated. Where
there was evidence of a permanent need, private construction was
encouraged to meet the need in so far as possible. If local builders
were unable or unwilling (because of the speculative aspects or
because much of the housing was needed by workers with relatively
small rent-paying or purchasing ability) to venture into the construc-
tion of permanent dwellings, housing had to be provided from public
funds. In any specific defense locality, the amount and type of housing
programmed depended on a careful weighing of all factors in the
local situation and the resulting program called for both private and
public, and for permanent and demountable construction in the
proportions that seemed to be justified by the analysis that was
made.

PUBLIC HOUSING

Publicly financed defense housing undertaken in 1941 amounted
to approximately 73,000 units and comprised three-fourths of the
year's public housing for the country as a whole. By the end of 1941,
more than 130,000 family units, in regular family-type housing, and
more than 7,000 units in trailers had been programmed in the 208
defense localities for which programs were written. Over 80 per cent
of the programmed family units had been placed under construction
contract and approximately one-half of them were available for
occupancy.

6 The term "demountable" refers to that type of construction which permits the
moving of the structure from one location to another with relative ease and with the
loss of land improvements only. Some type of panel or sectional construction is therefore
required.

52

HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

TABLE I. SUMMARY OF PUBLIC DEFENSE HOUSING BY TYPE
(Cumulative from date funds became available to December 27, 1941)

Type

No. of No. of units placed No. of units

units pro- under construction available for

grammed contract occupancy

107,612 63,684

4,884 2,434

9,090 6,894

Family Dwelling Units 130,354

Trailers8 7,545

Units for Single Persons 1 1,051

a Includes a small number of trailer-size portable houses.

In addition to family units, dormitory units were programmed for
more than 11,000 workers. By the end of the year, over 60 per cent
of these rooms were available for occupancy and 22 per cent more
were under construction contract.

Programming public housing involved considerations not only of
permanence and type of construction, but also of the future disposi-
tion of the property and the agency best equipped for the construction
responsibilities. For example, where there appeared to be a perma-
nent demand for housing in a locality which could pay for new
housing, but where private enterprise did not build in sufficient vol-
ume to meet the need, the Defense Homes Corporation was desig-
nated as the construction agency. Because of its experience in the field,
the Farm Security Administration was given major responsibility for
trailers and portable housing. The following table indicates the funds
allocated to the various public housing agencies by the end of 1941
and the amount of housing programmed for each agency.

TABLE II. PUBLIC DEFENSE HOUSING: NUMBER OF UNITS PROGRAMMED

FOR CONSTRUCTING AGENCIES, AND ESTIMATED COST
(Cumulative from date funds became available to December 27, 1941)

Units Programmed

Constructing
Agency

Army

Family
Units

. . 1 370

Trailers and
Portables

Dormitory

Units

295

Estimated
Cost

$ 5 480 000

19784

1 400

79 136 000

Defense Homes Corporation

3730

14 920 000

USHAa

35576

142 304 000

Local Housing Authorities

. . 1 200

4 800 000

FWA

65319

850

261 276 000

Public Bldg. Adm

35577

850

142 308 000

Mutual Ownership Housing
Division

. . 6 550

26 200 000

Division of Defense Housing. . .

.. 23,192

92 768 000

Farm Security Adm

2685

7545

8506

10 740 000

TVA

690

2 760 000

TOTAL 130,354 7,545 11,051 $521,416,000

"Includes projects constructed under the provisions of Public No. 671, 76th Congress,
and projects constructed under the Lanham Act (Public No. 849, 76th Congress).

DIVISION OF DEFENSE HOUSING COORDINATION 53

The estimated total cost of all units programmed for construction
by public agencies amounted to 521 million dollars, or approximately
two-thirds of the total of 757 million dollars available for public
defense housing by December 27, 1941.

PRIVATE HOUSING

Until the establishment of priority procedures, DDHC's early rela-
tion to private construction was indirect. Activities in this connection
consisted primarily in working with builders and mortgage money-
lenders in an effort to secure their cooperation in providing in critical
areas the desired amount of private housing suitable for defense
workers. After the housing priority system was established in Sep-
tember, the designation of priority areas and their quotas and the
processing of priority certificates became an important part of the
work of the Division. At the year's end, FHA had received applica-
tion for priority assistance on projects covering 170,900 dwelling units.
Of this number 164,600 had been processed and forwarded to DDHC
for further action. As of December 31, the Coordinator's office had
recommended 114,900 units to OPM for approval. This latter agency
in turn had actually issued preference rating orders covering 114,600
units as may be seen in Table III.

TABLE III. STATUS OF PRIORITY ASSISTANCE APPLICATIONS AT END OF 1941

Number of Homes

Total Received by FHA 170,900

FHA Action

Not approved11 17,300

Approved 147,300

Total processed by FHA

and forwarded to DDHC 164,600

DDHC Action

Not approveda 34,800b

Approved 1 14,900

Total processed by DDHC

and forwarded to OPM 149,700

Total approved by OPM 114,600

a Includes both disapprovals and withdrawals.

b Includes units in applications disapproved by FHA as well as units in application
approved by FHA not disapproved by WPB.

UTILIZATION OF EXISTING HOUSING SUPPLY

The efforts of DDHC, in cooperation with local agencies, toward
setting up Homes Registration Offices where all available vacant

54 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

rooms and dwellings would be listed, resulted, by the end of the year,
in the establishment of such offices in 167 defense localities. (By
March 20, 1942, there were 290 Registration Offices.) The offices are
operated under local auspices, under procedures set up by the Homes
Registration Division of DDHC. In April, 1941, the President ap-
proved a WPA project of $1,688,848 to assist the local Homes Regis-
tration Offices, most of which have relied on volunteer assistance for
canvassing and inspecting units. The following table shows the
progress in this phase of the program since the earliest date of
operation.

TABLE IV. PLACEMENTS MADE BY LOCAL HOMES REGISTRATION OFFICES,

1941

No. of Applicants

Placed in Dwelling No. of Applicants No. of HRO's
Units Placed in Kooms Reporting

March and April 280 215 10

May 1,405 1,424 30

June 2,029 1,828 41

July 2,894 2,295 65

August 4,402 3,598 96

September 5,991 3,215 117

October 7,053 5,126 142

November 8,166 5,984 164

December 9,032 6,218 167

TOTAL 41,252 29,903

More recent data indicate that the Homes Registration Offices are
currently effecting placements at an approximate annual rate of
150,000 families and 110,000 single persons. It should be noted, how-
ever, that thus far the services of these offices have not been restricted
to defense workers.

In addition to placement work, HRO's have also been instrumental
in bringing into the housing supply rooms and units not normally
available. By extensive canvassing and encouragement of local prop-
erty-owners, conversions and the renting of extra rooms has also been
stimulated.

SUMMARY

During 1941 the Office of the Coordinator of Defense Housing
expanded from a unit of the National Defense Advisory Commission,
with a staff of less than 80 persons, to a defense agency staffed by
almost 300 persons, 75 of them in field offices. As a visible sign of the
rate of growth of defense housing activities these facts are an under-
statement. Several times as much housing was programmed in 1941
as in 1940; the coordinating activities became highly diversified, cover-

DIVISION OF DEFENSE HOUSING COORDINATION 55

ing private construction, programming, and the utilization of existing
housing, in addition to public defense housing.

Some of the problems and issues arising in the course of the per-
formance of duties and responsibilities imposed by the executive order
and regulations have in part, it is believed, found their solution in
the recent reorganization of federal housing agencies. Effective coor-
dination of activities requires coordinated functions. The issue of the
roles of private and public construction in the defense housing pro-
gram may be minimized if the often conflicting interests and policies
of the various subagencies of the new National Housing Agency
become unified under a single policy.

Other problems, such as the difficult one of predicting exact needs
and dates of need, can perhaps be helped toward solution by more
reliable and current information on local employment and housing
conditions. But even with better information, the variables in the
problem are so many and their relationships so complex that absolutely
accurate programming remains a very difficult goal to achieve. An
unexpected contract creates an unpredicted demand; or, on the other
hand, shortages of materials necessary for an expected plant expansion
delay the peak employment for a few months so that defense housing
provided to meet the expected need remains unoccupied for a like
period. Defense housing programming thus necessarily depends upon
the nature and accuracy of the planning for new production facilities
and upon the execution of those plans.

The final evaluation of defense housing activities cannot be made
at this time. All that can be determined now is whether or not defense
needs are being reasonably well satisfied. The effect of the program
on the total housing situation will be seen best, of course, in retro-
spect.

Defense Housing Under the Lanham Act

Housing Activities of the Federal Works Agency
BRIG. GEN. PHILIP B. FLEMING

Administrator, Federal Works Agency

THE Administrator of the Federal Works Agency was responsible
I for defense housing construction and management under the Lan-
ham Act (Public Act 849, 76th Cong., 3d sess.) from its signature
on October 14, 1940, until February 24, 1942. On the latter date, the
President, by Executive Order 9070, consolidated all government
housing activities in the new National Housing Agency.

Up to December 31, 1941, FWA, and other government agencies
and local authorities whose facilities the Administrator was authorized
to use by common consent, completed under the Lanham Act 41,005
dwelling units constituting all or part of 188 separate projects. Con-
tracts had been let for 300 projects comprising 79,795 dwelling units,
and projects that had been assigned to constructing agencies totaled
381 comprising 101,182 dwelling units.

The original Lanham Act of 1940 authorized funds for housing
three groups of persons and their families: (a) enlisted men of the
Army and Navy; (b) civilian employees of the War and Navy De-
partments assigned to duty at military or naval reservations, posts or
bases; and (c) workers engaged in industries connected with and
essential to national defense. The Act confined projects to areas in
which the President finds that an acute housing shortage exists or
impends, that this shortage would impede defense activities, and that
private capital would not provide additional housing by the time it
will be needed.

The Act in its original form authorized $140,000,000 to carry out its
purposes. An amendment increased this authorization by $150,000,000.
A second amendment added Title II to the Act which provided for
a $150,000,000 program for necessary defense public works in com-
munities that were being overcrowded by war workers. On January
21, 1942, the total housing authorization of the Lanham Act available
to FWA was increased to $590,000,000. All these funds were in addi-
tion to the amount transferred from the War Department which was
referred to in the 1941 Housing

USE OF OTHER PUBLIC AGENCIES BY FWA

The Lanham Act provided that, in carrying out its provisions,

56

DEFENSE HOUSING UNDER THE LANHAMACT 57

"the Administrator is authorized to utilize and act through the
Federal Works Agency and other Federal agencies and any local
public agency, with the consent of such agency, and any funds appro-
priated pursuant to this Act shall be available for transfer to any such
agency in reimbursement therefor." Agencies called upon, besides
the constituent agencies of FWA, include the Army (one project),
the Navy Department, which for obvious reasons chose to handle
construction on Naval reservations, the Farm Security Administration
of the Department of Agriculture for the construction of 1,423 defense
homes in rural areas, the Alley Dwelling Authority of the District of
Columbia for 550 defense homes within the District, and the Ten-
nessee Valley Authority for 690 units in its area.

By the end of December, 1941, 94 per cent of all Lanham Act
housing had been assigned to units within FWA. The Public Build-
ings Administration was assigned to build 35,237 units and the United
States Housing Authority 29,232 in localities where established public
housing authorities were equipped to handle emergency housing.
Special assignments of 7,550 units were made within the Office of the
Administrator for the construction of defense housing projects to be
operated under a mutual ownership plan.

More than 7,500 homes have been constructed by the Mutual Own-
ership Defense Housing Division of the Office of the Administrator.
The original plan provided for the establishment of a mutual owner-
ship corporation to take over title to the units — members of the cor-
poration to be defense workers and become occupants of the homes.
Monthly payments were to be equivalent to an average low-cost rental
and to include charges for amortization, interest, insurance, taxes,
maintenance and repair, vacancy and depreciation reserve, and other
minor items.

The mutual ownership plan predicated the complete liquidation
of the government's investment less any extraordinary charges occa-
sioned by abnormal construction costs. The government was to retain
management control until amortization payments were sufficiently
large to provide adequate protection of the government's investment.

The limitation of occupancy to defense (war) workers was to apply
only during the period of the declared national emergency. Within
this period both membership interest and occupancy might be trans-
ferred subject to the limitation that the transferee must be a defense
(war) worker. Its proponents say that at all times a common interest
was created between the occupant of the dwelling unit and the cor-
poration serving as his landlord, which included many of the ad-
vantages of home ownership combined with those of renting. Thus,

58 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

it is argued, instead of facing the risk of home ownership alone, the
individual family joined forces with all other families in the com-
munity in minimizing and spreading their ownership risks.

Before the end of 1941 the Federal Works Administrator ceased to
assign projects for construction to the Mutual Ownership Defense
Housing Division. Although completion of projects already under
construction was authorized, the questions of managerial policy and
continuance of the plan whereby residents could build up an equity
in the owning corporation were left open for further consideration.
Emphasis was placed on speedy construction rather than on mana-
gerial policy and ultimate disposition. In February, 1942, all govern-
ment housing activities were combined in the new National Housing
Agency, on which rests the decision as to the course to be followed.

A Division of Defense Housing, under the direct supervision of
the Administrator, was organized, first to arrange for the management
of completed projects and later to deal with the specialized problems
of prefabricated demountable housing and also to supervise the con-
struction of certain large concentrations. To this agency 23,242 units
were assigned.

PROCEDURES TO SPEED HOUSE PRODUCTION

A significant phase of the FWA program has been large-scale use
of prefabricated demountable units. FWA did not originate prefabri-
cated housing; it had been used to a limited extent during World
War I. Later, TVA made considerable use of such housing for
workers employed in the construction of its dams. But never before
in this country had prefabricated dwelling units been used on so
great a scale as by FWA during 1941 and the first two months of
1942.

The widespread use of demountable units springs from the fact
that some defense housing needs are considered to be temporary.
After the war, many believed, permanent houses in certain localities
would be vacant and so would tend to depress property values in their
locality. But demountable houses, when no longer needed in their
original location, can be taken apart, transported to communities
where additional housing is needed, and there re-erected. Thus many
of the wastes and hazards inherent in permanent houses for tempo-
rary use are avoided. In an effort to avoid the creation of "ghost
towns" at the sites of powder factories and other defense plants that
are likely to suspend operations after the war, as well as to meet
increasing demands for speed, FWA arranged to buy virtually the
entire output of the prefabricated housing industry.

DEFENSE HOUSING UNDER THE LANHAMACT 59

As the national defense program gathered headway, the need for
speed in the provision of housing for defense workers increased.
After Pearl Harbor, the importance of speed became immeasurably
greater. Hence, FWA made every effort to shorten the period between
the determination that need for Lanham Act housing existed and the
meeting of that need.

Sites for projects were acquired by condemnation proceedings filed
by the Department of Justice at the request of the Administrator,
after he had determined the fair value of the needed lands on the
basis of appraisals obtained from two recognized local independent
appraisers. This procedure made it possible to obtain title and pos-
session with a minimum of delay and to dispose promptly of title
defects. Efforts were made to obtain options in amounts not exceeding
the lower appraisal. The amount deposited in court was equal to the
accepted offer or to the lower appraisal. In all cases, evidence of title,
in the form of either abstracts or certificates, was obtained and sub-
mitted to the Department of Justice. Upon the establishment of clear
title, the former owner was paid for his land, on order of the court,
if his offer had been accepted or if the amount deposited was accept-
able to him. In cases in which FWA had not been able to obtain an
acceptable offer from the former owner, the Department of Justice
sometimes recommended compromise settlements. In all other cases,
the matter was tried before the appropriate federal court.

Meanwhile, plans and specifications had to be completed, and
terms and conditions arranged with construction contractors by
bidding or negotiation. Countless separate operations were involved
in this pre-construction activity. These were synchronized and co-
ordinated. By scheduling each operation, the elapsed time required
for pre-construction work was shortened as the program advanced.
A 59-working-day pre-construction schedule was applied as a standard
of performance — and was met with growing frequency.

RECORDS OF PROGRESS

Four months after the Act was signed, 141 projects had been
assigned for construction. Sites were available for 58 of these, plans
and specifications were completed for 49, construction had begun on
46, and one project already had homes available for occupancy. On
December 31, 1941, 381 projects had been assigned. Of these, 318 had
sites, 321 had completed plans, construction had begun on 296, and
1 88 had 41,006 dwelling units completed and ready for occupancy.

By the end of the summer of 1941 virtually all appropriated funds
had been allotted. Additional projects were being assigned for pre-

60 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

construction work in anticipation of further Congressional authoriza-
tion, which had been recommended by the President in his message
of June 26, 1941. As of December 31, 1941, appropriated funds pro-
vided for 82,454 dwellings. Of these, 96 per cent were invested in
projects on which construction had begun. One hundred and twenty-
two projects with 24,959 dwellings were entirely completed, while
another 79 projects with 24,907 dwelling units were more than 90
per cent complete.

The value of construction work in place rose steadily from the
first week of November, 1940. The lo-million-dollar mark was passed
during the week of March 21, 1941, and five months later, in August,
the cumulative total was $100,000,000. At the end of December the
total was $242,800,000 and was increasing at the rate of between
$6,000,000 and $7,000,000 a week.

FORM OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

Builders of defense homes, with two exceptions, have been private
contractors. Contractors with headquarters in the same state as the
housing site were awarded 61 per cent of the contracts. Small con-
tractors frequently pooled their resources in order to compete with
large concerns for some of the larger jobs.

In the early stages of the program, the cost-plus-a-fixed-fee form
of contract was widely used to speed up the start of construction.
This form of contract is not to be confused with the much-abused
cost-plus-a-percentage-of-cost form, which the Lanham Act expressly
prohibits. The fixed-fee contract permits work to begin as soon as
the government and the contractor can agree on the amount of the
fee. Of 315 contracts let for dwelling units up to December 31, 1941,
133, or about 42 per cent, were of the fixed-fee type. The ratio was
about the same on a dollar-volume basis. Of $255,858,000 in contracts
for dwelling units, $106,647,000, or 42 per cent, was in fixed-fee con-
tracts.

As the program advanced and technical problems of planning and
design were solved, it became apparent that less and less time would
be lost by following the usual procedure for obtaining satisfactory
contracts and use of the fixed-fee form declined sharply. During the
first six months of operations, 130 contracts were let, and 98 of them,
or 75 per cent, were of the fixed-fee type. During the subsequent
eight months only 35 of 185 contracts, less than 20 per cent, were
of the fixed-fee type.

The law fixes 6 per cent of the estimated cost of the contract,
exclusive of the fee, as the maximum permissible fixed fee. The actual

DEFENSE HOUSING UNDER THE LANHAM ACT 61

average fixed fee for dwelling-unit contracts was 4.2 per cent of the
estimated cost. Fees varied inversely with the dollar value of the
contracts, ranging from an average of 5.9 per cent for those valued
at less than $100,000 to an average of 3.1 per cent for those in excess
of $2,000,000.

When the lump-sum form of contract was used, the construction
agency advertised for sealed bids. The contract was awarded to the
lowest responsible bidder. This system depended for its success upon
competition among bidders. An average of 5.5 bidders competed for
each contract. At only two openings were there single bidders and,
at the other extreme, there were as many as 14 bidders at a single
opening.

The Lanham Act limits the cost of dwelling units in two ways,
by placing a ceiling over the average cost of all units, and a ceiling
over the cost of any individual unit. The average shelter-cost per
dwelling unit, that is, the cost exclusive of land, utilities, community
facilities, and administrative expenses, may not exceed $3,500 ($3,000
prior to April 29, 1941) in continental United States or $4,000 else-
where. No individual family dwelling unit may cost more than
$3,950 in continental United States or $4,750 outside continental
United States.

FIGURES ON COSTS

Final cost figures are available for only a few projects. However,
since 300 projects, comprising 79,795 family dwelling units, had been
placed under construction contract by the end of December, 1941,
reliable estimates are available for more than 90 per cent of the
units to be built under the first and second authorizations.

These 300 projects are estimated to cost $319,767,000. For the 290
projects within continental United States, comprising 76,809 units,
the estimated average unit cost for shelter (including equipment and
all expenditures for plans and specifications and for field supervision)
was $3,029, or $471 below the $3,500 limit. This difference allows
something of a cushion for adjustments and additions that may be
required.

These results were achieved without violation of either the letter
or the spirit of the wage and hour provision of the Lanham Act,
Section 12, which read:

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the wages of every laborer
and mechanic employed on any construction, repair or demolition work
authorized by this Act shall be computed on a basic day rate of eight hours
per day and work in excess of eight hours per day shall be permitted upon
compensation for all hours worked in excess of eight hours per day at not

62 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

less than one and one-half times the basic rate of pay. Not less than the
prevailing wages shall be paid in the construction of defense housing
authorized herein.

Data available indicate not only that no construction project has
exceeded the maximum of $3,950 per unit, but also that only 27 have
exceeded an average of $3,500. The average for a single project repre-
sents costs of one-, two-, and three-bedroom units. Even so, averages
were kept sufficiently below the maximum to indicate full compliance
with the law. Only detailed cost accounting will finally reveal the
exact relationship between actual costs and the statutory maximum.

The upward revision of the cost limitation in the first amendment
to the Lanham Act was based upon a recognition of rising prices and
a desire to promote a greater use of clay products. It took effect April
29, 1941. Before that date, 77 per cent of the units contracted for were
designed for wood construction and only 20 per cent for masonry
or wood and masonry. The remaining 3 per cent were for metal,
asbestos shingle, or "fabcrete" material. Since then, 50 per cent have
been wood and 50 per cent masonry or wood and masonry.

Besides the cost ceilings already mentioned, Title I of the Lanham
Act prescribed that the aggregate cost of community facilities shall
not exceed 3 per cent of the total cost of all projects. As of December
31, 1941, allotments for community facilities totaled $5,395,654, or 1.69
per cent of the total estimated cost. Title II of the Act authorizes funds
for defense community facilities. Such facilities beneficial to defense
housing projects are, of course, eligible for these funds. In the interest
of keeping down costs, the Lanham Act prohibited the installation
of movable equipment, except in those instances in which the Admin-
istrator should find it necessary in the public interest. In some in-
stances, it has been found in the public interest to provide such essen-
tials as cookstoves and refrigerators. Mass purchasing was used to
advantage in obtaining much of this equipment.

TENANTS AND MANAGEMENT

By December 31, 104,000 men, women, and children were living
in Lanham- Act houses in 188 projects that had been opened for
occupancy. They had gone to crowded defense areas from all parts
of the nation. They were the families of men in aircraft factories,
arsenals, at flying fields and naval bases, in powder plants and ship-
yards. By providing decent quarters for these war workers and their
families, it is certain that the government has strengthened the morale
of its people, increased production, and minimized discontent and
costly labor turnover.

DEFENSE HOUSING UNDER THE LANHAMACT 63

Three-quarters of the dwelling units available at the end of Decem-
ber— 30,718 of 41,005 — were already occupied. The occupancy ratio
had been rising steadily since early June, when it was less than 50
per cent. The lag between completion and occupancy is accentuated
in a fast-moving program in which projects are rushed to completion,
frequently ahead of their scheduled opening dates. Some tenants had
to obtain releases from previous landlords, others had to accumulate
furnishings, still others had to move their families from far-off places.

Tenants of the projects pay rents which are, in the words of the
Lanham Act, "within the financial reach of persons engaged in
national defense." On projects for industrial workers, shelter rents
have averaged around $30 per month. For Army and Navy enlisted
men receiving an allowance for quarters, and civilian employees at
Army and Navy establishments, the scale ranged from $21 to $26.
Enlisted men not receiving such allowances paid from $11 to $15.

In arranging for the management of completed projects, FWA
recognized the local character of all housing. In general, where local
housing authorities with management experience were available, they
were asked to act as agents of the Federal Works Administrator.
Similar arrangements were made with the Tennessee Valley Authority
and with the Farm Security Administration. Where there were no
local housing authorities, management organizations were set up
directly.

Because Lanham-Act houses are government property, they are
exempt from local taxation. However, it was recognized that tax
revenues are the source of funds for providing public services and
facilities which all residents of the community enjoy, and the Act
provides that the "Administrator may enter into any agreements to
pay sums in lieu of taxes to any State or political subdivision thereof,
with respect to any real property acquired and held by him under
this Act, including improvements thereon. The amount so paid upon
any such property shall not exceed the taxes that would be paid if
the property were not tax-exempt." Generally such agreements have
provided payments of between 14 and 15 per cent of the shelter rentals
collected where the local government has agreed to furnish the usual
municipal services and facilities, including fire, police, and health
protection; street lighting; schools; fire hydrant service; sewer service;
garbage, trash, and ash removal; and street maintenance. Where less
than the usual services are provided, the agreement generally provides
for payment of a proportionately smaller sum.

Navy Housing1

Official Statement of the Bureau of Yards and Docks,
Navy Department

To MEET the demands of the expansion of the Navy in the national
emergency, it became necessary in the early stages of the program
to consider the provision of housing facilities. Surveys of the initial
requirements were started in April, 1940. On June 26, 1940, a Low-
Cost Defense Housing Section was created in the Bureau of Yards and
Docks. A month later, after a limited staff of engineers and architects
had been assembled, the actual preparation of plans and specifications,
and standards was started.

The first housing funds became available to the Navy on August
12, 1940, and the first contract for housing was awarded October 2,
1940. By the close of the year 1940 the Navy had been granted a total
of $56,822,500 for the construction of defense housing. By January
i, 1941, 95 per cent of all naval housing for which funds were available
was under contract and construction started. During the first half of
1941 another $4,774,000 was made available. By the end of June, 1941,
approximately 75 per cent of the projects were physically complete,
and by August 31, 1941, 95 per cent of all projects under construction
had occupants. In the latter half of the calendar year 1941, the Navy
received $5,118,336 from the Federal Works Agency, under which
six additional contracts were awarded and work started for low-cost
defense houses.

The total of all funds made available to the Navy for defense
housing at the close of the calendar year 1941 amounted to $66,959,836.
A total of 18,895 family units, and cantonment accommodations for
2,000 men were completed or under construction. Of these, 1,400
family units were constructed under Public No. 671 (76th Congress),
15,183 under Public No. 781, and 2,312 under Public No. 849, as
amended. Approximately 15,600 family units, or 82 per cent of all fam-
ily units constructed by the Navy, were available for occupancy and/or
occupied by January i, 1942. About 59 separate projects were under-
taken at 51 different locations, ranging from Alaska to the Canal
Zone, from Puerto Rico to the Territory of Hawaii, and throughout
the continental United States.

1By terms of the Presidential Executive Order of February 24, 1942, all defense
housing activity of the Navy Department for persons with families (except housing
located on naval reservations, posts, or bases), under Title IV of the Naval Appropriation
Act for the fiscal year of 1941, was transferred to the Federal Public Housing Authority.

64

NAVY HOUSING 65

Approximately 75 per cent of the naval housing program is being
accomplished with funds made available under the Second Supple-
mental National Defense Appropriation Act, and allocated direct
to the Navy by the President (Public No. 781). These projects were
constructed within an average cost of $3,500 per unit, including all
costs of land, roads, walks, utilities, and the dwelling units complete
with the necessary heating, plumbing, electrical, and kitchen equip-
ment.

Plans and specifications for all of the emergency defense housing
projects (with one or two exceptions) were prepared by the Bureau
of Yards and Docks. It was possible to undertake immediate con-
struction work through the utilization of standard plans and the
standardization of construction materials, and the economies result-
ing from this policy permitted an additional 550 housing units to be
built with savings made on other contracts. The housing program
followed the same general principles being successfully followed in
the construction of the larger projects of the Navy expansion program
— that of decentralization of responsibility and of placing the respon-
sibility for the successful culmination of construction on the Officer-
in-Charge at the actual site of construction.

Of major importance in the naval housing program was the devel-
opment of basic plans that could be adapted to a wide variation of
climatic conditions and still meet the needs of Navy personnel. Speed
and economy also demanded that the plans should permit the use of
suitable materials available in the various locations in which con-
struction was undertaken.

The preparation of these plans was expedited by frequent contacts
with and authority granted to the OfHcer-in-Charge of Construction in
the field to make adaptations in design and in material. This ability to
make quick changes and to use various types of materials has speeded
up construction considerably. Wood frame, prefabricated wood types,
cold form steel (prefabricated and partially prefabricated), and
masonry construction may all be used with various types of exterior
covering.

In planning the site layout, the Bureau has endeavored to follow
the best practices to obtain a utilitarian and compact plan for each of
the projects. This object has been made possible through data and
studies submitted by the OfHcer-in-Charge of Construction at the site,
followed by final studies at the Bureau to fit the type of units to be
constructed to any particular area.

The Bureau of Yards and Docks of the Navy Department devel-
oped standard floor plans for single-family, two-family and multiple-

66 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

family units. By minor changes in partition arrangements the two-
family units can give combinations of one bedroom, two bedrooms, or
three bedrooms, which meet the requirements of most families. The
single and duplex type dwellings give each family a little plot of
ground. They may build their own garage and develop a more normal
mode of life than is possible by use of the more compact apartment
type building. The houses are standardized as to floor plan, equip-
ment, and accessories. In general, contracts required construction of
the projects complete with all roads, walks, and accessories, including
cooking ranges, refrigerators, kitchen cabinets, hot water heaters, and
forced draft hot air heating units with duct distribution systems.

MANAGEMENT POLICIES

The management of houses coming under Navy jurisdiction is
generally under the supervision and cognizance of the Commandant
of the district or station in which they are located. He establishes an
organization to supervise the management and operation. The Bureau
of Yards and Docks, Navy Department, Washington, D. C., is pri-
marily responsible for planning and coordinating all defense housing
activities of the Navy Department.

Effective September i, 1941, all low-cost housing developments
under the Navy were placed on a uniform rental policy, whereby a
fixed shelter rental rate was established for the different sizes of units.
All utilities were an extra cost. In order to simplify and expedite
the work in the Department and at the various projects, the reports
in connection with the management and operation of the projects
were revised in December, 1940, to permit complete decentralization
of management and operating records. Fiscal and policy control is
now maintained on the basis of two simple monthly reports and a
quarterly statement of budgetary and actual expenses.

In conclusion it may be said that the Navy has now essentially
completed its procedure and organization for the construction and
administration of defense housing and is prepared to proceed with
a minimum of expense and effort.

The Why and How in Housing Priorities

SULLIVAN W. JONES

Chief, Housing Priorities Branch
War Production Board

IT is hardly necessary to elaborate upon the importance of housing in
the present national emergency or to emphasize the need o£ provid-
ing it quickly. Before a wheel can turn in a plant manufacturing war
equipment, there must be housing for both man and machine. If the
all-out war effort is to succeed, if maximum production is to be ob-
tained from each worker in the war industries, if labor turnover is
to be reduced to a minimum, if not entirely eliminated, decent living
accommodations must be provided for the workers and their families.
Suitable housing is indispensable to the preservation of their health
and the creation of esprit de corps.

Since the primary objective of the War Production Board is the
uninterrupted and ever-increasing output of tanks and ships and
planes and all other forms of war material, it is understandable that
housing should have become one of the important concerns of this
federal war agency.

The Housing Priorities Branch was organized under the Office
of Production Management, now the War Production Board. Prior to
September 22, 1941, when the Defense Housing Order became effec-
tive, eight housing projects comprising 2,183 family units had received
priority assistance as construction projects. These eight projects ac-
counted for 1,601 units in the Washington Defense Area; the remain-
ing units were in Tampa, Florida, Baltimore, Maryland, and Omaha,
Nebraska. A large number of projects had received partial and infor-
mal assistance through letters certifying their defense character issued
by the Defense Housing Coordinator. These letters had no official
sanction or legal standing and became less and less effective in secur-
ing scarce materials as priority controls were tightened. They finally
became totally ineffective.

On September 22, when the Defense Housing Order was put into
operation, something like seven hundred and fifty million dollars of
housing, both defense and non-defense, had either been stalled or was
in process of stalling, because the builders could not get metallic
products essential to construction — everything from nails to materials
for electric wiring. The housing projects were like flood waters
backed up by a log jam. When the log jam was removed by the

67

68 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Housing Order, the stalled projects surged forward for preference
ratings.

The ratings issued during the first two weeks after the Defense
Housing Order became effective covered projects which averaged 82
units per project. Since that initial rush, the number of units per order
issued has dropped consistently. The average now is approximately
8 units per order.

ROLE OF THE DEFENSE HOUSING COORDINATOR

The Defense Housing Coordinator was charged by President Roose-
velt with the responsibility of formulating a coordinated program of
defense housing, financed both privately and publicly. The Coordi-
nator was to designate the places where defense housing was or
would be needed, and how many units were or would be required
in each designated area. The alteration and rehabilitation of existing
residential structures that would result in additional living accom-
modations as well as new structures were included under the term
"defense housing." It was felt that through this type of construction
living accommodations in the defense areas might be most quickly
and economically provided.

SOME HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

During the latter part of June, 1941, the Defense Housing Coordina-
tor presented a program for defense housing to the Office of Produc-
tion Management. This program provided for the construction of
525,000 single family units before July i, 1942. Of this number, the
Coordinator recommended that 125,000 units be publicly financed and
400,000 units be produced by private enterprise. The Housing Order
issued by the Director of Priorities authorized 100,000 publicly-financed
units and 200,000 privately-financed units. No date for the termination
of this curtailed program was set; the understanding was that, if the
program did not miscarry and more housing were needed after the
300,000 units had been absorbed, more housing would be authorized.

PRIORITIES BEGIN TO FUNCTION

In view of the growing scarcity of certain materials indispensable
to the construction of housing and to defense production, it became
necessary for the Director of Priorities to make the extension of
priority assistance depend upon compliance by the builder or the
owner with requirements insuring that the housing would be occu-
pied by defense workers for whom it was built.

THE WHYAND HOW IN HOUSING PRIORITIES 69

The following requirements were made the basis for favorable
action :

1. That the housing under construction or to be constructed be in
a defense area so designated by the Defense Housing Coordinator;

2. That housing for sale be sold for $6,000 or less, and that the
monthly shelter rentals do not exceed $50;

3. That every reasonable opportunity be given the defense work-
ers to buy or rent the houses; and

4. That priority assistance under the order be extended for the
purchase of only those materials included in the Defense Housing
Critical List, and in the quantities that the list permits.

The inclusion of standards establishing minimum room size, win-
dow areas, etc., was considered, but this action was postponed until
experience might contribute further knowledge of this highly technical
subject. It was felt that normal competition would serve as an effective
stimulus for the builder to produce the best housing procurable at
the price.

The understanding from the beginning has been that in each de-
fense housing area a survey would be made to determine the general
income level of the defense workers in that area, and that the selling
price and monthly shelter rent ceilings would be adjusted downward
on a five-to-one ratio, so that the housing offered would be within
the economic reach of the war workers.

The maximum selling price of $6,000 and a maximum monthly
shelter rent of $50 were fixed so that they would be within the reach
of the majority of war workers; if the workers could not afford to
live in the houses provided, the purpose of the program would be
defeated.

In making this decision cognizance was taken of the following
official figures pertaining to the incomes of such workers:

20 per cent have a family income of less than $1,500 a year,

25 per cent have a family income of $1,500 to $1,750 a year,

25 per cent have a family income of $1,750 to $2,000 a year,

30 per cent have a family income of more than $2,000 a year.

When the program was launched, there was some apprehension
that it would produce no housing for sale or rent at less than the
maxima established. As a matter of fact, the averages for the entire
country thus far are considerably below the ceilings. As an illustration :
of the 69,470 privately-financed dwelling units on which priority
assistance was received, and which were completed by December 31,
1941, a total of 53,324 were built to be sold at an average sales price

70 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

of $4,654. The remaining 16,146 units were to be rented at an average
monthly rental of $42.78.

HOW WE OPERATE

To facilitate the procurement of materials needed to carry out the
housing program, two preference rating orders are used: P-i9-d, the
order issued to the builder of a project financed wholly or in part with
public funds; and P-55, the order issued to the builder for privately-
financed projects.

While the routine may be somewhat different, the public agency
responsible for the construction of a defense housing project must
comply with the provisions of the Defense Housing Critical List. To
qualify for a priority rating, the public agency must satisfy the Hous-
ing Priorities Branch of the War Production Board as to the follow-
ing provisions:

1. That the project will be located in a Defense Housing Critical
Area;

2. That it will be suitable for workers in war production activities
within the area, and shall include the customary equipment and ap-
purtenances necessary to occupancy, and facilities necessary to com-
munity life not otherwise available;

3. That it will be available at rentals that war workers can pay for
the duration of the emergency; and

4. That the materials requested in the application are absolutely
necessary and will be employed solely in the construction of the proj-
ect, that no practical substitute or alternate source of supply is available.

In the matter of conforming to regulations, there is no discrimina-
tion between publicly- and privately-financed building projects. Both
types receive the same ratings.

The procedure followed to secure a preference rating for a privately-
financed project is outlined below.

1. An application (Form PD-I05) is made by the builder to the
nearest office of the Federal Housing Administration. The applicant
must qualify as to his financial and other ability to complete the
project for which he asks priority assistance. The project must qualify
as to (a) location; (b) sales price or rental; and (c) use of materials.

2. If all conditions are met satisfactorily, the FHA office submits
its findings to the local representative of the Coordinator of Defense
Housing. As in the case of the publicly-financed housing, the Coor-
dinator must be fully satisfied that the proposed project will contribute
to satisfying the housing needs of the war industries in a given locality.

3. After it is passed by the Coordinator's office, the application is

THE WHY AND HOW IN HOUSING PRIORITIES 71

submitted to the nearest field office of the War Production Board for
checking and issuance of the certificate.

In the case of privately-financed defense housing, the Washington
office must of necessity retain control as the final judge in cases of
appeal. But it would have been impossible to make rapid headway in
solving the defense housing problem were all applications cleared
through that office. A bottleneck would have been created which
would have retarded construction.

During the first world war it was possible to supply about two-thirds
of all housing requirements in war areas by making the fullest use of
existing housing facilities. That source, at present also, is not being
overlooked. The P-55 Order is used for the remodeling and rehabili-
tating of existing structures to produce additional living quarters.

The preference rating orders issued are extendable to suppliers, to
secure the delivery of purchased materials included in the Defense
Housing Critical List. At first the extension privilege was left in the
hands of the builders. The results were not entirely satisfactory.
Ratings were extended at times for noncritical materials and im-
properly extended for critical materials the use of which is not per-
mitted, and, in some instances, for quantities in excess of the amount
needed to complete the work. This, of course, could not be permitted
to continue. The builder and his subcontractors are now required to
have their extensions authenticated by the FHA office with which the
original application was filed.

Up to February, 1942, the Housing Order did not produce rental
housing in quantities necessary to meet the in-migrant worker de-
mand. It is expected that remodeling and rehabilitation will produce
rental accommodations in substantial quantities.

In this brief article it has not seemed appropriate to give extensive
statistical data. A few items, however, might illustrate both the results
achieved and the task that lies ahead.

PUBLICLY-FINANCED HOUSING

Publicly-financed home building witnessed a considerable spurt
during 1941. By January i, 1942, we had completed and available for
occupancy 64,442 of 108,196 dwelling units under construction and
133,465 programmed. On that date, the construction of 99,754 dwell-
ing units, divided as follows, required priority assistance:

Under the Lanham Act 47,301 units

Defense Homes Corporation 1,219 units

United States Housing Authority (slum clearance) 29,850 units

All other agencies: Farm Security Administration; Defense
Homes Corporation; Federal Works Agency; and Puerto Rico. . .21,384 units

72 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

By February i, the picture had changed to 71,960 dwelling units
completed o£ a total of 107,736 units under construction and a pro-
grammed total of 183,396 units.

Until permanent homes were completed the government found it
necessary to provide trailers and portable houses for temporary shelter,
and during the same period 2,434 trailers and portable houses were
completed, out of 6,084 under construction and 8,745 urnts pro-
grammed. There were also completed 6,894 dwelling units for single
persons in dormitories, of 9,090 units that had been started and 11,051
programmed.

In dollars and cents, the government-financed program amounted to
about $792,789,000 for war housing as of January i, 1942. The value
of work in place (completed and under construction) amounted to
about $336,000,000, considerably below 50 per cent.

Under Title VI of FHA it had been hoped to produce during the
year 1941 a total of war housing amounting to $300,000,000. The value
of work actually completed amounted to about $72,269,000.

Thus, instead of war housing (government-financed, plus that under
FHA, Title VI, and excluding USHA construction) valued at about
$1,092,789,000, which we had hoped would be completed by the end of
1941, we actually received about $408,269,000 worth.

PRIVATELY-FINANCED HOUSING

From October i, 1940, to September 30, 1941, approximately 585,000
single family dwelling units were started. During the last quarter of
1941, it is estimated that about 120,000 privately-financed units were
started, of which about 70,000 units received priority ratings. Of these
totals, about 425,000 dwelling units were in defense areas and about
159,000 in non-defense areas.

Of the 425,000 dwelling units started in the defense areas, about
241,000, or 55 per cent, were priced at $6,000 or less. Thus, 184,000
might be classed as defense housing ineligible for priority assistance
on account of price alone.

While 343,000 dwelling units, or 59 per cent of the total, privately-
financed during the year 1941, may be considered as non-defense,
judged by priority standards (159,000 located in non-defense areas and
184,000 priced above $6,000 situated in the defense areas), the propor-
tion decreased substantially by the end of the year, when 75 per cent
of all units could be classed as defense units.

FHA helped to provide a total of 221,000 dwelling units under
Title I, Class III, Title II, and Title VI. Of those, more than 170,000
units, or 76 per cent, were built in defense areas.

THEWHYAND HOW IN HOUSING PRIORITIES 73

RESULTS OF A SURVEY

A survey of the results under P-55 Priority Orders was recently
completed. It embraced projects calling for the construction of 121,302
dwelling units and covered the period from September, 1941, to
January 31, 1942. The results as of January 31, 1942, were as fol-
lows:

Stage of Construction Dwelling Units Per Cent

Completed construction 22,538 18.6

Construction begun 42,095 34.7

Construction not started 56,669 46.7

Construction not to be undertaken at all... 6,192 5.1

As one of the primary objects in granting priority orders is to assist
in making available rental dwelling units for war workers, the follow-
ing facts revealed by the survey are significant:

1. The total number of units rented was 4,882, or 21.7 per cent.

2. The number of units sold was 12,605, or 55.9 per cent.

3. The number of units vacant was 4,523, or 20.1 per cent. In this
instance it is impossible to say how many would be sold or rented.

4. The number of units built for owner's use was 528, or only 2.3
per cent of the total granted.

These figures inspire certain conclusions: first, the home building
industry has not responded fully to the nation's emergency needs to
provide rental housing for war workers, that it is still building pri-
marily for sale; second, the construction industry is not mobilized to
do a war job, as the exigencies of the moment require.

Both these deficiencies will have to be corrected speedily. Not only
must the industry meet the program that a nation at war imposes
upon it, but it will have to do better than the program calls for. It
will have to become more social-minded; it will have to place its accu-
mulated experience, its ingenuity both with regard to speed and con-
servation of critical materials, and its indomitable will at the service of
the nation in this critical hour by producing the factories and the war
housing so sorely needed.

FINANCING INSTITUTIONS' RESPONSE

The war has placed a great responsibility upon the private financing
institutions. Home financing executives have an obligation to the peo-
ple of America in times of peace, but in times of war their responsibil-
ity is even greater. They must take chances; they must ascertain and
anticipate the needs of the day and do their utmost to meet them.

The Housing Priorities Branch has not been content with mere
issuance of priorities. From many sources word had reached us that

74 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

bankers and home financing institutions were delaying granting of
loans or withholding loans granted until the builders had bought and
secured delivery of construction materials. The contention of some of
those skeptical financiers was that the mere holding of a priority
rating did not insure securing of building materials.

From the very inception our office has tried to be of service to home
builders by helping to find the needed materials for distressed projects.
In my letter of February 13, 1942, circulated throughout the country
by the Federal Housing Administrator and the leading associations of
home financing institutions, I made it abundantly clear that we are
fully alive to our duties and responsibilities. I said:

"Our aim is not only to assist legitimate defense housing projects by
granting priorities to them but also to do everything possible to insure
a steady flow of the necessary materials to complete the jobs. . . ."

At this writing it is still too early to predict the results of our cam-
paign. From the replies thus far received, however, it would seem safe
to assume that an improvement may be looked for from those quarters.

The year 1942 is a crucial one. The speed with which homes are
made available for war workers will in a great measure determine the
rate at which the much-needed tanks, ships, planes, and other war
material will begin to flow from our factories to the battlefields. Dur-
ing 1942 the construction industry in general and the building industry
in particular is to be tested as never before; it is hoped that it will
come through the severe test with colors flying, that it will make a
notable contribution toward winning the war against our implacable
foes.

Rent Control Activities of the
Federal Government — 1941

KARL BORDERS

Director, Rent Division, Office of Price Administrator

NEXT TO food, shelter is the most important item in the American
family budget. Furthermore, it is a comparatively inflexible item.
Thus, what happens to rents becomes an important part of worker-
morale in every defense area of the country. If a man feels that he is
being charged a profiteering rent, he hates his landlord; he hates the
town in which he lives; and, if the opportunity arises, he is ready to
move on to some place he thinks is better. A high labor turnover in
defense industry leads to dangerous inefficiency. Badly needed work-
ers hesitate to go into certain areas of the country today because of the
generally reported high cost of living and particularly the high rents
in those areas. Yet industries are calling for workers. A thousand
families from all over the country come to town. They too must have
some place to live. Old houses are refurbished and put on the rental
market. Big houses are converted into a number of small dwelling
units. But there are still two or three renters begging for every vacant
house.

This is the condition, varying in intensity and extent, found in
hundreds of defense areas throughout the country. As might be ex-
pected, rents in these areas have skyrocketed. An unusual monopoly
condition in an essential of life — and one which cannot be quickly
and easily supplied — was created in large part by the federal govern-
ment when it chose these areas for rapidly expanding defense activi-
ties. Many landlords in all these areas took advantage of this artificial
boom and have increased rents to the highest point the traffic will bear.

FEDERAL ORGANIZATION FOR CONTROL

The Consumer Division of the Council of National Defense, soon
after its organization, realized that these conditions would inevitably
result. A committee worked out a suggested bill for state legislation
to control rents. The press and radio were used to warn against critical
rent situations and to appeal to the fairness and patriotism of land-
lords. Plans for and work on defense housing went forward imme-
diately after the passage of the first Lanham-Act appropriations for
defense housing. However, not a single state legislature passed a rent
control bill. Defense housing proceeded, but not in sufficient quantity

75

76 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

and not fast enough to keep up with new demands. Rents continued
to increase.

The Office of Price Administration was established by executive
order of the President on April n, 1941. In June the problem of rent
stabilization, which was specifically mentioned in the order, was dele-
gated to the Rent Section in the Price Division. This Section at once be-
gan planning for the establishment of voluntary Fair Rent Committees.

From the beginning, the plan was confined to setting up programs
in defense areas. It was recognized that in those areas in or near
which munitions plants, army camps, aircraft factories and shipbuild-
ing enterprises were located, rapid and often enormous increases in
population would take place. This was likewise true, of course, of
important areas of varied industrial activity to which huge defense
contracts were awarded for machines, tools, trucks, and tanks. The
Rent Section, therefore, turned its attention to keeping tab on these
areas. By keeping abreast of plans for the assignment of defense con-
tracts and the establishment of camps, the Rent Section was able to
anticipate probable rent difficulties.

The Section was divided into two units, Research and Analysis, and
Field Operations. The former maintained constant touch with all
available sources of information concerning the actual or anticipated
plans for extension of defense activities, the migration of workers, and
vacancy and rental data by areas. When it appeared that rent increases
had occurred or were likely to occur in a given community, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics or the Work Projects Administration were requested
by the Rent Section to make a rental change survey of the area
concerned.

Upon the basis of these data, frequently supplemented by requests
from the mayor or reliable organized bodies of the community, the
Field Operations Unit developed the field program of the Section. A
staff of 15 representatives was sent into the field to counsel with
municipal officials and local defense councils in the formation of Fair
Rent Committees and to suggest the basic principles which should
guide Committees in the efficient fulfillment of their objectives. In
addition, the field representatives aided the local Committees in the
arrangement of organizational details and advised with members of
the Committee as often as was feasible.

FAIR RENT DATE AS CRITERION

Past experience with rent control and adjustment under both volun-
tary and statutory systems had evolved a great variety of principles
for the determination of fair rents. After a thorough examination of all

RENT CONTROL 77

techniques used and consultation with competent authorities, it was
concluded that the setting of a "fair rent date" as a basis for rent
stabilization would be the most feasible method for handling the
problem. This principle was recommended for use by the voluntary
Fair Rent Committees established in cooperation with the Office of
Price Administration.

The Rent Section suggested that the fair rent date for a given com-
munity should be, as the phrase implies, a date at which rental rates
would be judged by the community as having been generally fair and
equitable. In selecting this date it was suggested that consideration
should be given to such factors as the influx of new defense workers,
the shortage of rental housing accommodations, and the appearance of
sharp increases in rents. However, it was pointed out that if a Com-
mittee was to function efficiently, it would be inadvisable to establish
this date any further back than April i, 1940, or any nearer than six
months prior to the organization of the Committee. The April, 1940,
limitation was set because, by this date, activities in certain defense
areas had already begun to expand leading to housing shortages, and
because pushing the fair rent date back beyond April i, 1940, would
in many areas involve too severe a revision of existing rents to be
practicable.

In order that all Committees might be guided by the same basic
principles, the following criteria were suggested:

Increases in rent above the fair-rent-date level should be allowed
only when one or more of the following five conditions are proved by
the landlord.

1. That the landlord has made significant changes in structure and
facilities since the fair rent date. When this has occurred, the cost of
these changes should be inquired into, and the Committee should
allow an increase proportionate to the cost of the improvement liqui-
dated over a reasonable length of time.

2. That there has been a rise in the cost of maintenance and service
provided on the fair rent date. Wage increases to service employees
for example fall into this category. Actual increased costs should be
prorated throughout the year among all tenants making use of the
services involved.

3. That there has been a rise in the cost of fuel and utilities. The
actual increase should be prorated throughout the year among all
tenants in the building using the same heating facilities.

4. That there has been a rise in local taxes. Such increase should
be prorated throughout the year among all tenants occupying the
building on which the taxes are levied.

78 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

5. That on the fair rent date the landlord was granting the tenant
an extraordinary concession in rent for personal reasons. In this case
the Committee will have to determine what a comparable dwelling in
the same community rented for on the fair rent date and set that
amount as the fair rent. The same type of appraisal will have to be
undertaken: (a) for new construction; (b) for units which have
recently come into the market as a result of conversion; (c) for units
which were not rented on the fair rent date.

, , ^-

FORMATION OF FAIR RENT COMMITTEES

During the period between July, 1941, and January 30, 1942, the
date when the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942 was approved,
21 o Fair Rent Committees were organized in communities in 34
states. About 1,800 citizens served as members of local Fair Rent Com-
mittees. Committees were composed of persons chosen by mayors or
defense councils for their fairmindedness and representative place in
the community. Both landlord and tenant interests were represented
on Committees by labor leaders, social workers, ministers, business-
men, lawyers, municipal welfare officials, and representatives of hous-
ing, real estate board, and other property owner groups. Committees
varied in size from three members in smaller communities to thirty
or more in large cities. In the larger communities Committees met
often in panels of three or more to hear complaints. Some Committees
met weekly, others semimonthly or monthly, and still others met "on
call" as the need arose. Thousands of complaints were received and
mediated throughout the country.

As had been fully anticipated, the effectiveness of the program de-
pended upon the character of the Committees, the initiative of ag-
grieved tenants in filing complaints, and upon the support given the
Committees' decisions by landlords and the public. Although the Rent
Section urged their local appointment as quasi-official bodies, Fair Rent
Committees had no statutory authority, could not set a rent ceiling nor
deal with offenders who violated it. They could not issue a subpoena
and force anybody to testify. Many Committees, instead of using the
fair rent date as a basis for arriving at decisions on complaints, con-
sidered questions of property value, construction costs, testimony on
the issue of "fair return" and "value of services," and most difficult
and time consuming of all, the problem of what was the ideal profit
margin in the particular case involved.

As would be expected, these Committees met with varying success.
Some of them have done excellent jobs within the limits of their
power. Some have done a fair job. Some have been almost complete

RENTCONTROL 79

failures. Others have recently been organized and there has been no
opportunity to appraise their work. In a number of defense-rental areas
the program reached the area too late for voluntary action. Rents had
already reached a generally exorbitant and profiteering level in those
areas, which no voluntary Fair Rent Committee could hope to turn
back.

The knottiest problem the Committees encountered was the fear of
evictions. In many cases Committees had to deal with actual notices
to vacate or eviction proceedings against tenants who appealed to them.
A wave of evictions of tenants who thus complained spread across the
country. It was clear that where there were practically no vacancies
available and landlords were able to get away with this kind of action,
the entire effectiveness of the Committee was nullified. Some Com-
mittees raised the question as to whether they were not doing more
harm than good. A number of Committees courageously, and with
some good results, dealt with such landlords. But, in spite of all efforts,
many landlords continued to thumb their noses at the entire policy
and plan of voluntary rent stabilization.

FEDERAL LEGISLATION ADOPTED

For- these among other reasons, the Office of Price Administration
went forward with recommendations for legislation which would give
ample power to cope with those rental situations in which the Fair
Rent Committees found themselves powerless, or in which they for
any reason proved ineffective in stabilizing or reducing rents in de-
fense areas.

The Emergency Price Control Act of 1942 became law on January
30, 1942. The statutory authority for the control of rents which is
included in this Act has made necessary certain changes in the type of
rent control program which had previously been carried on by the
Office of Price Administration.

Under this Act the Administrator is authorized to designate certain
areas as defense-rental areas, and to recommend action toward the
stabilization or reduction of rents within the area. If in his judgment
rents have not been stabilized or reduced within 60 days in accordance
with those recommendations, the Administrator may establish maxi-
mum rents and set up the administrative structure necessary to make
the maximum rentals effective.

This new responsibility requires that a very clear distinction be
made in the public mind between the type of voluntary control under-
taken by Fair Rent Committees and the statutory control which is
now available under the Price Control Act.

80 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

This does not mean, however, that the Office of Price Administra-
tion has lost interest in the operations of local voluntary Fair Rent
Committees. Committees continue to act as agencies of their commu-
nities to stabilize or reduce rents. In so far as these activities are effec-
tive, to that degree will it be unnecessary to impose statutory rent
controls. Some Fair Rent Committees may accomplish such effective
rent stabilization in their localities that statutory action may not be
necessary.

Central Housing Committee Swan Song

HORACE W. PEASLEE

Ex-Secretary, Central Housing Committee

THIS Committee, which was never established officially, has finally
achieved recognition in a special clause — abolishing it! The Execu-
tive Order which created the long-awaited National Housing
Agency has terminated the need for stop-gap service and the Com-
mittee's assets and its good will have been transferred to the new
agency.

As in previous years, the undertakings and accomplishments of the
various committees and subcommittees are briefly summarized. Some
of the accomplishments are notable; others warrant no headlines; but
throughout the final reports of all groups runs a note of regret that
the termination of the committee setup stops the main vehicle which
brought together the technical men of many government agencies as
technical men of common interests, rather than as agency representa-
tives. Many narrow channels of contact have been widened; many an
old-line government man has been stimulated by contacts recently
brought from private practice; and many a New Deal houser has been
helped over the hard places by an old campaigner. In the final review
of activities, it has been surprising to find how many housing studies
have been made for the housing groups by representatives of old-line
non-housing agencies.

The contacts established may continue informally in some cases,
under new auspices in others. They will help to bridge some of the
hard places of reorganization and decentralization, and the sharp divi-
sions now established between: (i) NHA housing and other housing
interests, such as farm housing and TVA housing; (2) housing and
non-housing construction groups; (3) the New Deal and old-line
agencies; and (4) between technical men in Washington and those
relocated elsewhere. These regroupings and separations may justify
the continuance of some medium of exchange like the experimental
Technical Bulletin, whose publication has now ceased.

It is hoped that some of the projects which various committees have
started and carried on laboriously, in addition to their individual
routine work, may be taken over and developed as agency staff assign-
ments, while some might well rest in the province of NAHO. The
reports of committee and subcommittee work follow:

Accounting submits, with recommendations for adoption, a uniform

81

82 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

classification of accounts, drafted to reconcile variations in accounting
systems and to permit operating cost comparisons.

Appraisal and Mortgage Analysis submits its program of university
training and government apprenticeship designed to raise the stand-
ards of appraisal service with recommendations for continuance. The
program was initiated by the Federal Home Loan Bank, financed by
Federal Housing, Farm Credit, and Farm Security, and is of special
concern to national housing administrations.

Economics and Statistics recommends that arrangements be made
for the continuance of its Housing Index-Digest, or some equivalent
medium of information, and recommends that economic and statistical
research for the housing agencies be organized under administrative
control.

Land Use and Site Planning reports on common interests in rehabili-
tation including a specific program, CHC-assisted, under way in
Cleveland.

Law and Legislation reports on its joint studies of uniform acts, par-
ticularly on studies in progress for uniform tax collection and me-
chanics' lien acts, and its annual survey of housing legislation.

Public Relations reports certain definite accomplishments in the
direction of related expositions of the government's diverse interests
in the housing field, including exhibitions and publications, and recom-
mends arrangements to continue exhibitions now in circulation. Its
Subcommittee on Definitions has to offer a nearly-complete glossary
of housing terms which compares, in the dictionary manner, variations
in interpretation as expressed in legislation and agency usage.

Research, Design, and Construction transmits, with comments, the
reports of its 13 subcommittees which have much to contribute: Build-
ing Codes offers its new Regulations for Emergency Construction. It
recommends a continuing arrangement for keeping such codes up to
date. The report will be published by the National Bureau of Stand-
ards as a BMS Bulletin. Design Standards submits its Studies on
Minimum Standards for dwellings, ceiling heights, window areas,
exits, closet spaces. Fire Resistance offers the fruit of 70 meetings — a
monumental study of fire resistance classifications which bear on all
governmental construction. Its job is done, except for supplementary
surveys which might be supervised by an interdepartmental committee.
The report will be published by the National Bureau of Standards as
a BMS Bulletin. Heating and Ventilating reports on its work with the
Bureau of Standards promoting codes and standards, simplifying heat-
ing methods, establishing uniform bases for ratings and specifications,
devising cheaper chimney construction, etc. Landscape has a check

CENTRAL HOUSING COMMITTEE SWAN SONG 83

list for landscape construction and agreements on terminology for
specifications, etc. It leaves unfinished a handbook for landscape archi-
tects. Lighting, a relatively new committee, was starting to develop
bases for house and office lighting standards, the latter a much needed
job for conservation of personnel under pressure of war work. Main-
tenance has in process a manual on the care of structures. Its major
undertaking (never financed) was to examine a group of projects
periodically from the standpoint of maintenance and to bring its find-
ings to the attention of designers and builders so as to prevent recur-
rence of error. The report will be published by the National Bureau
of Standards as a BMS Bulletin. Plumbing has laid the ground work
for a new code, recently issued as BMS Bulletin 66 by the National
Bureau of Standards. It recommends periodic check-ups. Prejabrication
submits the need of a centralized technical service in this field and an
evaluation of wartime construction for the safeguarding of the post-
war building industry. Specifications offers a new streamlined short-
cut system halving word and paper wastage, with recommendations
for general government adoption. The report will be published by the
National Bureau of Standards as a BMS Bulletin. Structure has pro-
duced a check list for the use of construction inspectors to^be published
by the National Bureau of Standards as a BMS Bulletin, and will
report on its plan to eliminate divergent structural practices in govern-
ment agencies. Technical Research reports on its guidance of the
$150,000 Bureau of Standards research fund sponsored by the three
housing administrations, and on its technical reporting service. Rural
Housing has an undertaking with an industrial group, the National
Homes Foundation, involving a program on which 400,000 pieces of
literature have been circulated. It is concerned especially with the rela-
tionship of farm and village housing, now separated by the reorganiza-
tion of federal agencies.

In reporting this last testament and testimonial, the ex-secretary can-
not forbear following the precedent set in a similar affair in which,
during a lull, a mourner arose to say: "If no one else has anything
more to say about the deceased, I would like to say a few words about
California."

In this instance, he would like to include a personal bequest. Once
upon a time, he proposed himself as a designer of parts; but, as fate
sometimes disposes, he found that his job at the time was to write
specifications. His experiences in this pastime -were illuminating — par-
ticularly in the discovery that every sentence had to be, per se, in the
nature of a legal contract. So, as lazy men do, he devised a short cut
by the simple expedient of lumping all mandatory provisions in a

84 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

single, hard-and-fast governing clause, followed by a mere outline, in
lieu of sentences.

The general idea was cleared with a committee of government attor-
neys, who gave it a bill of health, subject to technical review. This
review was extended over a two-year period by the Central Housing
Subcommittee on Specifications, as noted in the foregoing summary.

There are no complications, and the details of application may be
arranged as preferred by the individual. The advantages of the system
lie in its complete separation of construction techniques from legal
quirks, the simplification of effort and the saving of time and paper
(the reduction in number of pages runs from 50 to 75 per cent).

The ex-secretary has presented this system to government agencies.
In the interest of streamlining a tedious, time-consuming operation, he
offers it, through NAHO, to housers in general.

Activities of National Unofficial Housing Agencies
and Committees for 1941

A GREAT many more agencies are included in this section of the 1942
Housing YearbooJ^ than in any previous year. An attempt has
been made to secure firsthand information from all unofficial national
housing agencies and from unofficial national agencies whose major
field of interest is other than housing but who in 1941 and early 1942
dealt directly with some aspects of housing for persons of low and
moderate income.

It is obvious that the activities reported vary widely. This variation
indicates the extent to which housing is related to other activities deal-
ing with the well-being of families. It emphasizes the extent to which
the development and operation of homogeneous neighborhoods with
good housing may help to create and preserve a productive commu-
nity life and thus advance the efforts of organizations interested in
particular aspects of improved family life. The information is presented
in substantially the same form in which it was submitted by the vari-
ous organizations. The reports have come from the national headquar-
ters office of each agency; therefore, the complete extent of the housing
efforts of organizations whose major work is done by regional, state,
or local divisions will not be fully portrayed.

During 1941 no new national unofficial housing agencies were estab-
lished and none that functioned in 1940 was disbanded.

The reports are presented in alphabetical order by name of organi-
zation.

American Association of University Women

The housing problem has been a subject of study in scattered
branches of the American Association of University Women over a
period of years but has become a major national emphasis in the
social studies field only during the past year.

Each of the principal subjects heretofore emphasized in the social
studies program — consumer problems, social welfare, migration, labor
standards, and the general relationship of government and business —
has at some time and in many branches led to the study of housing;
it was inevitable that interest in housing should be greatly enhanced
when national defense focused attention here. A few local branches of
the Association have assisted in securing public housing projects in
their communities, have been active on Fair Rent Committees, with

85

\
86 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

room registry and homes registration bureaus, and in forums and
radio programs dealing with local housing needs.

The January, 1942, issue of the social studies monthly series (Con-
temporary America) is entitled "Housing in War and Peace" and is
the first study outline issued by the Association in this field.

An unusual contribution to materials on this subject is being made by
the Kansas State Division which is preparing its own outline on hous-
ing problems in Kansas communities for use in study groups in 1942.

American Bar Association

The Committee on the Law of Housing from the Point of View
of the Investor was a special committee of the American Bar Asso-
ciation's Municipal Law Section. Until late in 1941, when the Munic-
ipal Law Section created a Committee on Housing under the
chairmanship of Mr. Leon H. Keyserling, Deputy Administrator and
General Counsel of the United States Housing Authority, the housing
activities of the Municipal Law Section were more topical than gen-
eral. Thus the early Committee on Legal Problems of Municipal
Housing and City Planning was followed in the succeeding year by
a Committee on Legal Problems of Urban Housing.

When it became apparent that one of the most pressing issues
was related to the legal aspects of financing the public housing
program, the Committee on the Law of Housing from the Point
of View of the Investor was established. This Committee was under
the chairmanship of Morris Miller, of Dempsey and Koplovitz,
Washington, D. C., and included Ernest Bohn, Director of the Cleve-
land Metropolitan Housing Authority, Arnold Frye, of Hawkins,
Delafield, and Longfellow, of New York City, Philip H. Hill, City
Solicitor of Charleston, West Virginia, and Executive Director of
the Housing Authority of the City of Charleston, and Milton Mallin
of the United States Housing Authority's legal staff.

In the fall of 1941, the Committee issued its report which was
printed by the American Bar Association. This report included a
summary of the federal government's activities in the housing field
leading to the adoption of the United States Housing Act. After a
brief discussion of the Act and of the place of the local authority as
an instrumentality for undertaking and financing low-rent housing,
the report contained a detailed analysis of the legality and security
behind the local authority bonds. The annotations to the report include
citations of all state enabling housing legislation as well as citations
to all cases decided by the state courts affecting the validity of such
legislation.

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 87

American Federation of Labor, Housing Committee

War housing was the primary concern of the American Federation
of Labor's Housing Committee throughout 1941. Acute shortages
of housing facilities for workers concentrated in war production
areas, and an inadequate supply of new housing by private enterprise
and the public housing agencies in these areas became extremely
serious during the year. In many war production centers alleged
shortages of labor needed by war industries were the direct result
of housing shortages. The reluctance on the part of workers to bring
their families to congested towns lacking housing and sanitary facili-
ties, and to subject them to the risk of disease was rapidly becoming
a threat to the labor supply needed for war output.

The AF of L Housing Committee was a leading force in bringing
all these phases of the defense housing problem to public notice.
Its first intensive study of defense housing was made in September,
1939. This study served as a basis for the public declaration of housing
policy issued by the Executive Council of AF of L on May 20, 1940.
This declaration foresaw the mass syphoning of wage earners into
communities dominated by specialized production, and urged that
emergency housing situations be remedied in advance. It emphasized
the desirability of using the available machinery of local housing
authorities. The declaration called for a program to meet the imme-
diate need and one designed to provide defense housing convertible
to the most economic post-war use.

During 1941 the AF of L Housing Committee kept in close touch
with its local labor housing committees and was able to bring
together vital facts reflecting the housing needs and special problems
of communities most affected by defense. In June, 1941, the Com-
mittee made a nationwide survey of housing and health conditions
in defense production centers. The results of this survey were pre-
sented to the Tolan Committee on Defense Migration, in July, 1941.

In a report prepared by the Housing Committee and submitted to
the Executive Council of the AF of L in August, 1941, unification
of defense housing agencies, designed to integrate and eliminate
conflicting and overlapping jurisdictions, was strongly urged. This
report, which was adopted by the Seattle Convention of the AF of L
in October, stressed that the most essential and urgent need for shelter
in defense areas should be promptly met through a unified program
of public defense housing.

The work of the Housing Committee was carried on through its
local labor housing committees, of which more than 400 were active
during the year. A number of studies and reports covering each

88 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

community and the surrounding area were made available by the
local housing committees, bringing together current and vital infor-
mation on vacancies, the relation of the available housing to places
of employment, the extent and cost of commutation, as well as the
changes in rents.

Rent control was given special attention by the Housing Committee
and an advisory service with regard to rent regulation was furnished
to local labor housing committees during the year. The Committee
was able to furnish much valuable information to the Office of Pro-
duction Management and to the War Production Board on the rela-
tion of new plant allocation to local housing situations and other
community problems relating to housing.

A basic study of post-war housing was undertaken by the
Committee designed to provide a basis for a long-range housing

policy.

»

American Home Economics Association

Home economists were increasingly active in the housing field dur-
ing 1941 and the early months of 1942, as individuals, as teachers
commissioned by state and local departments of home economics
education, and as members of the American Home Economics Asso-
ciation.

Both in slum clearance and in defense housing projects, home
economists have had an increasingly important role. New Jersey has
been outstanding in securing the services of home economists for
families living in housing projects. Local boards of education have
hired home economics teacher-consultants to live in the Atlantic City,
Elizabeth, and Perth Amboy projects, pay rent for their apartments,
and operate a 12-month program, which includes teaching classes for
all age groups. Most popular are the classes in food preparation,
canning, nutrition, clothing, home furnishing, and child care. The
state supervisor of home economics education acts as advisor to these
teacher-consultants.

The Tasker Homes project of Philadelphia is an example of home
economics leadership in demonstrating attractive, low-cost furnishings.
Here the work was done through a committee with representatives
from the home economics departments of the public schools, Temple
University, Drexel Institute, and the Moore Institute of Arts and
Science. From the Salvation Army storehouses furniture such as
incoming tenants would be likely to have was obtained. Home
economists then supervised students of classes in upholstery, interior
decoration, and woodworking as they reconditioned the furniture

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 89

which was to serve as an exhibit for Tasker Homes tenants. Other
students made curtains for these homes.

In two Texas housing projects, San Antonio and Corpus Christi,
home economists have conducted demonstration projects concerned
with food preservation, mass emergency feeding, nutrition, wise
buying, conservation of food and other consumer goods. The Texas
State Vocational Training Office agreed to furnish 22 home economists
and nursery school teachers for housing projects in the state.

First aid, home nursing, and nutrition classes have been held by
Denver home economists for families in the Lincoln Park housing
project. The Indiana State Department of Home Economics Educa-
tion has sponsored a demonstration project in the Lincoln Gardens
(Evansville) project, in which home economists have given training
for domestic service as well as for furnishing, interior decoration,
and home management.

The Pittsburgh public school classes 4 in home economics have
shared in making furnishings for home demonstration projects in
both slum clearance and defense housing projects.

In Omaha, Nebraska, the supervisor of vocational homemaking
has worked with tenants of housing projects through home visits,
classes, and clinics.

Other cities where home economists have actively shared in the
educational work in housing projects include: Los Angeles and San
Francisco, California; Hartford, Connecticut; Jacksonville, Florida;
Atlanta, Georgia; Louisville, Kentucky; Buffalo, New York; Raleigh,
North Carolina; Knoxville, Tennessee; and Norfolk, Virginia.

Home economists in the Extension Service of the United States
Department of Agriculture have continued to make an important
contribution to improvement of rural housing.

The Association works with agencies concerned with the design,
financing, construction, management, and social aspects of housing.
It shares with these allied agencies its experiences in working with
families in different communities. If it discovers, for instance, that
outlets for utilities in certain housing projects are so placed as to
make efficiency in food preparation or laundering impossible it directs
attention to this condition. It endeavors to implement and coordinate
the work of home economists in all fields of home economics —
from child development and family relationships to family finance
and home management.

The 1941 Journal of Home Economics published abstracts of hous-
ing material at regular intervals, and also contained articles on such
subjects as consumer education in furnishings for a public housing

90 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

project, helping the farm family solve its housing problems, Farm
Security Administration housing projects, improving rural housing,
and the work of a local public housing authority. The May, 1942,
issue of the Journal carries three articles on housing.

One of the five major divisions" of the American Home Economics
Association is that on housing. Earl C. McCracken of Columbia
University is its chairman, Mary L. Matthews, Purdue University, is
its chairman-elect. Twenty-one state home economics associations
and the Puerto Rico organization have housing chairmen. In the sum-
mer of 1941 the housing division promoted the holding of rural
housing conferences for in-service workers at the University of
Arkansas and at Colorado State College, the latter attracting repre-
sentatives from a dozen states. Tennessee and Georgia have had
housing schools as regular features of the college home economics
program.

The housing division's 1941-42 program, as set up in June, 1941,
provided for the continuation of work previously undertaken and
added the following projects:

1. Setting up standards for housing the aged.

2. Making surveys of values derived by families from living in new
homes.

3. Determining the needs of low-income families through a study
of housing projects.

4. Planning a service for urban families similar to the extension
service for rural families.

5. Setting up standards for use of investigators in studying local
housing conditions so as to make possible regional summaries.

6. Making a survey of the research under way in agricultural engi-
neering which is of concern to home economists.

7. Planning trips to see public housing projects at the June, 1942,
convention.

American Institute of Architects, Committee on Urban Land Use

For the Institute's year, ending at the annual convention in May,
1941, the Committee on Urban Land Use consisted of Arthur C.
Holden, New York, Charles Dana Loomis, Baltimore, Horace W.
Peaslee, Washington, Walter H. Thomas, Philadelphia, E. J. Russell,
St. Louis, and Frederick Bigger, Pittsburgh, chairman. The report
of the Committee was accepted but not endorsed by the Board of
Directors, being referred to the convention. In the December, 1941,
issue of the Institute's periodical The Octagon the report was printed
in full. The gist of it is a recommendation to architects to study and

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 91

equip themselves to collaborate with others in local planning activity
and in urban redevelopment programs. There was presented for the
readers' study a long-term integrated study and planning and redevel-
opment program which, in its broad outlines, is similar to the program
suggested in the Federal Housing Administration's Handboo^ on
Urban Redevelopment for Cities in the United States.

For the current year the Committee on Urban Land Use is con-
tinued, under the chairmanship of Walter R. MacCornack.

American Institute of Planners, Committee on Urban Land Policies

The report of the Committee on Urban Land Policies,1 prepared
in the closing weeks of 1941 for the January, 1942, meeting of the
American Institute of Planners, was a symposium on the ques-
tion, How Far Must the Federal Government Go in Post- War
Urban Redevelopment? Three proposals were the bases of the dis-
cussion :

1. A suggestion, originally made by Mr. Frederic A. Delano in
The American City for January, 1937, that a fiscal invasion be made
by the federal government into the slums and blighted areas of
American cities. Mr. Delano pointed out that federal action could
be most effective by enlisting the cooperation of private enterprise
and local governments, and cited the traditional method of govern-
mental assistance termed grants-in-aid. He said further:

The federal government might properly offer to pay a certain percentage
of the cost of acquisition of land by municipalities, on condition that the
municipality, in using such land, should take suitable precautions to insure
the sound development of the neighborhood. The federal government
should be careful not to subsidize the development of neighborhoods of
jerry-built houses, or of surplus residential sections, or of poorly planned
communities. It should offer financial assistance only when municipalities
follow a proper and well-considered housing and land-use policy.

2. A program of the National Association of Real Estate Boards,

1 The work of this Committee dates back to 1934 when a Committee on Research in
Urban Land Policies was appointed under the old American City Planning Institute.
The continuing efforts of this committee are recorded in several significant publications:
"Possible Modifications of Urban Land Policies in America," published in the Journal
of Land and Public Utility Economics, May, 1935; "Absurd Land-Overcrowding Allowed
by Many Zoning Ordinances," American City, June, 1936; a 1 2-page mimeographed
report, "Increased Public Ownership of Urban and Suburban Land," upon which was
based a statement of policy published in the Planner's Journal, July-August, 1937.

In 1938, 1939, and 1940 some of the committee members collaborated in the studies
of the National Resources Planning Board that were pertinent to the field of urban land
policies.

From 1936 to 1941, inclusive, the members of the Committee were: Frederick L.
Ackerman, Tracy B. Augur, Jacob Crane, Myron D. Downs, John Ihlder, Ladislas Segoe,
and Harold S. Buttenheim, chairman.

92 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

issued in May, 1941, supplemented by a memorandum of its Urban
Land Institute dated December 17, 1941? It was proposed:

(a) that there should be established in each urban community a land
commission or a land planning commission, by appropriate state legislative
action, to plan and to prescribe land uses in the entire metropolitan area
of the city, such commission to have the power to purchase land and to
exercise the power of eminent domain when it becomes necessary to re-
assemble land in the blighted areas for the purpose of replanning and
rebuilding; (b) that there should be created a federal urban land com-
mission to be supplied with funds by Congress with which to make grants
and long-term loans at low rates of interest to local land commissions, if
and when a practicable city plan for the entire metropolitan area is being
developed and if the rebuilding of the blighted districts can be assured
through private enterprise; and (c) that having received the federal loan,
the local land commission should assemble all the land of the specific
blighted district under its ownership, and should proceed to clear it, and
install or reconstruct the neighborhood streets, sewers, parks, school sites,
and other public facilities. The city would take title to all areas and im-
provements for public facilities so installed or reconstructed. The remainder
of the land — the building sites — would be leased to approved private rede-
velopment companies or individual builders for long period of years, pos-
sibly under a lease purchase agreement, with land rentals set at 10 per cent
of the gross receipts of the company, to be allocated first to interest and
secondly to apply on the agreed purchase price.

3. A proposal by Mr. Alvin H. Hansen, professor at Harvard
University, and Mr. Guy Greer, an economist of the Federal Reserve
System, to the effect that the federal government set up a central
urban redevelopment agency; that the several states be induced to
adopt revised and simplified condemnation laws; that each city or
group of contiguous cities can produce at least a satisfactory over-all
outline of a master plan for the entire metropolitan area, with assur-
ances that it will be carried out; that, as the first step in replanning
and rebuilding, the federal government be asked to advance funds
over a period of years wherewith all the real property in the clearly
defined slum and blighted areas shall be acquired by the municipal
government or governments. The federal government would be re-
paid, in so far as possible, by having the cities turn over to it for
about 50 years approximately two-thirds of their subsequent proceeds
from leasing whatever land is not used for public purposes. Moreover,
the federal government would exact assurances that the use of the
acquired land would be such as would never again result in blighted
areas and slums.

To secure expressions of opinion from members of the AIP Com-

2 See also the report of NAREB, pages 104-07.

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 93

mittee on Urban Land Policies for the report, here abstracted, the
chairman sent to each member a copy of the National Association
of Real Estate Boards and Hansen-Greer proposals, with request for
comments, and asked specifically the following questions:

1. If you believe that substantial federal aid to municipalities in
the redevelopment of their slums and blighted areas would be in the
public interest, do you favor perpetual public ownership of land
acquired for that purpose?

2. How far, if at all, ought the federal government go in deter-
mining the site planning and uses of such land, density of population,
etc.?

The replies are quoted at length in the mimeographed report of
the Committee. The space limits of this abstract allow for only a few
significant excerpts:

Frederic^ L. Ac\erman: Urban living in the U. S. A., if it is to be made
tolerable through the years, is now a problem which must be approached
from a wholly different point of view than that of appeasing the holders
of fictional items of capitalization of the decayed and utterly obsolete. The
days when that process seemed to work have gone with the wind.

Jacob Crane: Once blighted areas have been reacquired under public
ownership I think that they should be retained under public ownership
and leased to public and private agencies with adequate control on land
use, density, site planning, etc.

Myron D. Downs: The continuation of the policy of having federal land
purchases occur in the heart of the city can only lead to the eventual multi-
plication of conflict of authority in the government and taxation of the
cities. ... I believe that the most desirable solution of redeveloping our
blighted areas is for the municipality to undertake, with its existing author-
ity under the law, the reassembling of real estate, its replanning and rede-
velopment. In Ohio, at least, there do not appear to be any legal obstacles
to such operations by the city councils.

John Ihlder: The NAREB report carefully limits operations to areas
from which all profits have already been squeezed, leaving out those from
which private exploiters may still squeeze something, no matter how badly
those areas are planned, no matter how inevitable it may be that they are
on their way to becoming slums. Not until they have lost all of their
financial attraction are they to be available to the land commission which
will then buy them with public money and having bought them, must sell
or rent them to private companies at a rate based on the profits those
companies may make.

Ladislas Segoe: Considering the very vital public interest in the solution
of the problem, I believe that reasonable public subsidy would be warranted,
provided that this were to be applied primarily to the furtherance of such
public interest — including the bettering of the living conditions of the un-
derprivileged segment of our urban population, improvement in conditions

94 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

of health, safety, etc., in our cities. But I do not believe in continuing sub-
sidies to the owners of tenements and other rental properties in the slums,
real estate speculators, redevelopment corporations, and the like. One of the
dangers, as I see it, of the proposal in the NAREB memorandum is that
the major part of the public subsidy would go to these latter groups.

The need for public subsidy in most any program of slum eradication
and redevelopment is due to the differences between the cost of land in
such areas and what such land can earn when redeveloped. The excessive
cost of land in these areas is probably the only serious obstacle in the solu-
tion of the problem. While it is true that in many cases valuations for tax
purposes are still supporting these excessive prices not warranted by earn-
ings, in many others such prices are fully justified by earnings, and assessed
valuations would be still higher if, as suggested in the NAREB memo-
randum, these were determined on "a more realistic basis giving primary
emphasis to income." For, unfortunately, rental properties in the slums
are in many places among the most profitable real estate investments. . . .

As regards the specific questions posed to the members of the AIP Com-
mittee on Urban Land Policies:

(a) Yes, I am in favor of perpetual public ownership of land and long-
term leases. I know all about the objections raised against such arrangement,
among these that it would discourage private enterprise. The latter I always
held to be but a convenient hypothesis. My most recent proof is the sale
within a year of all of the 120 homes on individual lots in an experimental
low-cost housing project with certain cooperative features. We have not
lost a single would-be purchaser because we offered pp-year renewable
leases instead of fee simple titles.

(b) I am in favor of having the federal government lay down appropriate
minimum standards of site planning, occupancy, etc., as well as limitations
on return or profits — all in accord with the general principle of conditioned
grants-in-aid. However, within the limitations set by such standards and
conditions, control over matters such as location, extent, design, construc-
tion, management should be left to local legislative, planning, and housing
authorities.

In conclusion the AIP report, here abstracted, quoted two recom-
mendations from a report of the American Institute of Architects'
Committee on Urban Land Use, as published in The Octagon for
December, 1941 :3

i. The federal government, through an appropriate agency — possibly a
consolidated type of agency — may make a long-term, very low interest rate
loan to the city, to cover the excess cost of site acquisition. Its loan contract
might require assurances (a) that the city will retain title to the land,

(b) that the city will control this and other enterprises, and its own finan-
cial affairs in such fashion as to conserve the newly redeveloped area, with-
out jeopardizing other areas which need similar treatment, and without
demoralizing or hastening the depreciation of districts which now are good,

(c) that the community will put in order its physical plan, its retrograde
areas, its community services, and its financial affairs.

3 See the report of the AIA Committee on Urban Land Use, pages 90-91.

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 95

2. The federal government, in addition, may render financial assistance
to redevelopment corporations, having in mind the safeguards to the public
interest previously outlined in this report, particularly in item i above.
This assistance may be in the form of insurance of money loaned by others
to the redevelopment corporation, and insurance to that corporation which
will cover the risks of operation during an initial period of reasonable
duration.

American Public Health Association,
Committee on the Hygiene of Housing

The American Public Health Association's Committee on the
Hygiene of Housing conducts research in fields of housing which
relate to physical and mental health, formulates standards for housing
practice in the light of this research, and advises with official agencies
on the problems of housing administration concerned with public
health. Its seventeen members represent a background of research,
education, or administration in public health, housing, architecture,
city planning, engineering, law, sociology, and home economics.

The Committee's chief publication in 1941 was a volume of selected
subcommittee reports and proceedings of its semiannual meetings,
issued under the title Housing for Health. Other publications during
the year included a popular bulletin on prevention of accidents in
the home, prepared by the Subcommittee on Home Safety, and a
report dealing with the water-supply and sewage-disposal require-
ments of outlying residential developments, prepared by the Sub-
committee on Home Sanitation.

During 1941 the Committee cooperated with the Management
Division of NAHO, in the preparation of a "Tenants' Homemaking
Library," a collection of pamphlets distributed to members of the
NAHO Management Division for educational use with tenants.
The Committee also cooperated with the John B. Pierce Foundation
in two special studies. One, conducted by the Subcommittee on Ther-
mal Studies, was an investigation of comfort conditions in prefabri-
cated houses built experimentally by the Foundation; the other was
a six-month exploratory study of the functions and living habits of
typical urban families. This study was undertaken in the hope of
disclosing some of the factors hitherto ignored that are essential to
consider in the rational design of low-cost dwellings, and with the
purpose also of testing the efficiency of the research techniques de-
veloped for use in a possible large-scale study in this field.

The current activities of the Committee center around the work
of two subcommittees: that on the Appraisal of Residential Areas,
and that on Housing Legislation and Administration. The housing

96 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

survey and inspection technique developed by the former subcom-
mittee, designed for use in urban areas by local health departments
and other cooperating agencies, has been used in test surveys in three
Connecticut cities; the test findings are being published, with the basic
field schedules, in Public Health Reports during March and April,
1942. Further demonstrations of the technique are being planned for
the coming year in cooperation with state and local health depart-
ments, housing authorities, and planning bodies. The Subcommittee
on Housing Legislation and Administration is giving intensive study
to the general problem of state and local housing regulation, with a
view to preparing a statement on the principles and policies necessary
for adequate housing control. Through its consulting service to the
Connecticut Department of Health, the Committee is cooperating in
a critical analysis of state and local housing laws of Connecticut.

In addition to the reports of the survey and legislative subcommit-
tees, two completed studies of the Committee are being prepared for
publication in 1942: a report of the Committee's three-year field
investigation of heating, lighting, and noise conditions in occupied
dwellings, to be issued through the United States Public Health
Service; and a document of the Subcommittee on Standards of Occu-
pancy, setting forth the principles essential in the planning of space
for livability in dwelling units.

Functioning as a modest clearing agency for housing information
related to health, the Committee maintains a technical reference
collection, and offers limited bibliographic service.

American Society of Planning Officials,
Committee on Urban Redevelopment

The American Society of Planning Officials has a Committee on
Urban Redevelopment consisting of Alfred Bettman, chairman, Fred-
erick Bigger, Andre M. Faure, Frank H- Mally, and Ira S. Robbins.
This Committee, which is concerned chiefly with the comprehensive
planning aspects of the problem of urban redevelopment, presented
its first report to the annual meeting of the Society held in Philadel-
phia in May, 1941. That report is summarized as follows:

The first step which any city should take is that of preparing a
long-term program for making and carrying out a plan for the
rehabilitation and redevelopment of blighted areas. The problem of
the blighted area is worthy of very thorough research and planning.
The removal or reduction of large urban blighted areas will require
a long time, and action should only follow after thorough research
and planning. The problem of the redevelopment of a blighted area

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 97

is a city planning problem. Without that type of research, analysis,
interpretation, and recommendation which we know as city planning
or comprehensive planning or master planning, our rehabilitation
and redevelopment will inevitably tend to be guesswork, unstable,
and costly in material and social ways. There must be sufficient
master, area, and neighborhood general planning to furnish the sup-
porting bases for the more particularized planning of construction
and rebuilding.

Although blighted areas are predominantly occupied for habitation,
and the usual redevelopment plan would continue this predomi-
nance of use, industrial and some types of commercial uses share
in the blight and should share in the redevelopment planning. In
most cities the blighting of the predominantly habitation areas is
very intimately related to the decline in the central business district.

Neighborhood redevelopment legislation has been adopted by sev-
eral states and is being considered by many more. This legislation
is in an experimental stage and it would be well if further variations
in the lines of neighborhood redevelopment legislation would be
attempted. The legislative proposals tend to underemphasize the
necessity for city planning as the basis for the more detailed plan-
ning and construction of parts of the blighted area, such as neighbor-
hoods and blocks. None of the legislative measures enacted or
introduced in several states enables rehabilitation or redevelopment
through public agencies directly. Complete enabling legislation would
include both private and public powers of redevelopment.

There are a large number of problems and issues involved in leg-
islation on neighborhood redevelopment such as that of tax exemption,
minimum extent of a unit chosen by a redevelopment corporation,
direct control of rentals, limitation of private profits, and the im-
portant problem of providing for the rehousing of those who lived
in the redeveloped area.

It is intended to follow up this report with an outline of a complete
long-term program for urban rehabilitation and redevelopment from
the beginning of the necessary city planning to the completion and
operation of an actual piece of redevelopment.

American Sociological Society

Students of society have been traditionally concerned with problems
of the family. Since housing constitutes an integral part of the pattern
of family living, sociological studies of the family frequently deal
with the physical aspects of the home in relation to other social and
cultural factors. In the past, however, the interest of sociologists and

98 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

social anthropologists was rather theoretical in character. The genetics
of shelter in some primitive tribes was given greater attention than
the housing needs of present-day American communities. The defini-
tion of slums seemed to be of greater interest than their elimination.

As a result of the Housing Act of 1937 and the housing program
of the United States Housing Authority, now part of the National
Housing Agency, a number of sociologists have become actively
interested in housing education and housing research. Universities
located in communities having housing projects have shown particular
interest in the problems of slum clearance and the rehousing of low
income families.

At the 1940 meeting of the American Sociological Society in
Chicago the first round table on housing was held. After a brief
statement of the scope of the USHA program and its provision for
slum clearance and the rehousing of about 193,000 families, the dis-
cussion centered about the opportunities for significant social research
in housing and securing the cooperation of universities.

At the 1941 meeting of American Sociological Society in New York
City, the second round table conference on housing took place and the
following papers were presented:

"The Value of Census Data for Housing Research," by Philip M.
Hauser and E. P. Staudt, Bureau of the Census.

"Housing and Urban Redevelopment," by Homer Hoyt, Director
of Research, Chicago Plan Commission.

"National Aspects of Housing and Planning," by David L. Wick-
ens, research consultant.

"The Role of Housing in the Post- War Reconstruction Program,"
by Benjamin H. Higgins, Federal Works Agency.

The papers were discussed by Louis Wirth of the University of
Chicago and Jay Warren Vinton of USHA. About 40 persons, repre-
senting universities and housing agencies participated in the confer-
ence, including Abraham Goldfeld of the Lavanburg Foundation,
Stuart A. Queen of Washington University, Gladys Walker of the
Pittsburgh Housing Authority, Walter W. Pettit of the New York
School of Social Work, and others. Jerome Seidman of Brooklyn
College reported briefly on a study of attitudes of the tenants of Red
Hook Houses, a public project in Brooklyn.

The 1942 president of the American Sociological Society, Dr.
Dwight Sanderson, appointed the following Committee on the Social
Aspects of Housing: J. B. Mailer, National Housing Agency, chair-
man; P. G. Beck, Director of Region III, Farm Security Adminis-
tration, Indianapolis, Indiana; Howard G. Brunsman, Bureau of

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 99

the Census, Washington, D. C; Dr. F. Stuart Chapin, Department
of Sociology, University o£ Minnesota; Dr. Dorothy Dickins, Mis-
sissippi State College; and Gladys R. Walker, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-
vania.

The Committee is planning a social-economic study of a number
of low-rent housing projects with special reference to the planning
of housing for the post-war era.

Camp Fire Girls of America

The Camp Fire Girls' program was first formulated by a group of
educators in 1910 and 1911 to meet the need for a program of con-
structive leisure-time activities for girls. Since then, more than two
million girls of three age-groups have enjoyed the experience of work
and fun in a group of girls their own age. Younger girls, from eight
to ten years old, form Blue Bird groups and follow a program of
creative activity. The program of the Horizon Clubs, made up of
senior high school and junior college girls is designed to aid per-
sonality development and progress in citizenship.

Since this program is designed for girls of varied social and eco-
nomic status and for all races and creeds, it is ideally suited to girls
in families of restricted incomes. Therefore, many girls living in
housing projects today participate in the Camp Fire program under
leaders who are both resident and nonresident in the projects. Special
training in Camp Fire work is given these leaders by local Camp
Fire executives. This leadership training and program supervision is
a boon to the project management staff whose time and community
activities budget is limited.

Among the many Camp Fire cooperative efforts pertinent to the
housing field is one which took place in a defense housing project
in Vallejo, California, where the local Camp Fire Girls noticed the
lack of landscaping in the project. Wishing to welcome the newcomers
to Vallejo and to do a community service in beautifying the grounds,
they gave a "seed and slip" party for the girls and women who were
to live in the new homes. Flowers and shrubbery were planted and
friendships were made. The result is that the housing project now
has its own Camp Fire groups whose members feel themselves a
part of the larger and new community in which they have come to
live. In Elizabeth, New Jersey, Camp Fire activities stand out in the
housing developments. Through the efforts of the local groups, the
residents of Pioneer Homes and Mravlag Manor have been stimulated
to take a more active part in such defense activities as the salvage
program, nutrition, and aid to Britain.

100 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Two special projects which Camp Fire Girls are engaged in are
of particular value to residents of housing developments. One is
called "Fortifying the Family" and is a nutrition program whose
purpose is to teach methods of cooking healthful, well-balanced
meals at the lowest cost possible, wise marketing, and baby care —
all designed to interest girls in improving the standards of living of
their own families and in helping their busy mothers, some of whom
may be employed in defense industries. The other project, called
"Skillful Living," emphasizes safety in the home.

Camp Fire offers many interesting activities and provides a con-
structive leisure-time program for older and younger girls, as many
managers and residents of housing developments already know. It
is the hope of Camp Fire Girls, Inc., that housing managers will
look increasingly to local Camp Fire executives and the Camp Fire
traveling field staff as a source for enriching their program of activities
for girls of all ages.

Congress of Industrial Organizations, Committee on Housing

The impact of the war on the living conditions of industrial workers
was felt with increasing intensity in the field of housing during the
closing months of 1941 and the first months of 1942. The experiment
which had been commenced at Camden, New Jersey, with the Audu-
bon Mutual Homes Project, constructed under the auspices of the
Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works
Agency, had stimulated keen interest among union members all over
the country. Applications had been made and funds allocated for
such projects in a number of communities. When a disposition began
to be felt upon the part of federal authorities to restrict the number
of such projects and to convert allocatipns to different purposes, CIO
organizations undertook to clarify their position in regard to housing
of this kind and to formulate more precisely their immediate and
long-term proposals in regard to housing generally, with a view to
the application of more effective pressure.

Accordingly, the CIO Committee on Housing, of which R. J.
Thomas, CIO Vice-President, and President of the United Automobile
Workers is jchairman, announced early in January the following prin-
ciples governing its position in regard to the Mutual Home Owner-
ship Plan.4

i. The Audubon Agreement should be reduced to written contract form
and signed by the government as soon as possible.

4 See a description of the fundamental plan in "Defense Housing Under the Lanham
Act," pages 56-63.

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 101

2. There must be adequate safeguards in the Mutual Home Ownership
Plan to make certain that the occupants of the projects will be able to re-
main in the projects during the post-war depression, without need to bar-
gain with a possibly reactionary post-war administration. This policy is in
accordance with the language of the original Lanham Act, which provided
that payments should be within the financial reach of the occupants.

3. There should be provision in the contracts for a basic revaluation of
the projects, and concomitant reduction of purchase price, after the war.

4. There should be provision for the crediting of interest payments
against capital value during the war, or

5. There should be, in the alternative, a provision for the reduction of
the value of the projects, with concomitant reduction of purchase price,
when the average income of the occupants falls by a specified amount, such
as 20 per cent.

6. The first year's payments on principal and interest should be allowed
to remain in the hands of the corporation as working capital. This was an
element of the original proposal as advanced by the Mutual Home Owner-
ship Division [later the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division].

7. The planning, construction, and management of each project should
be carried out in consultation with the chosen representatives of the pros-
pective or actual occupants.

8. Lengthening of the amortization period will not be sufficient to meet
the requirements of successful operation and will serve only to impose an
unwarranted interest burden.

The CIO Committee formulated certain additional principles early
in January which will constitute guiding lines of action for CIO
organizations in the field of housing. These principles are as follows:

I. Mutual Ownership: Mutual Home Ownership Division to be utilized
and expanded. Program to be perfected on the basis of the separate recom-
mendations stated above.

II. United States Housing Authority: USHA and structure of local hous-
ing authorities to be utilized. Permanent defense housing to be emphasized
during war. Slum clearance and subsidized housing program to be ana-
lyzed and clarified. Policies favoring vested interests to be opposed and
eliminated. Policies preventing the housing of workers in income groups
represented in CIO Unions to be opposed and eliminated.

III. Prejabrication: Utilization of sound techniques of prefabrication to
be supported and promoted. Archaic restrictions in building codes which
have no relation to the health and safety of tenants to be eliminated.

IV. Competitive Bidding: Competitive bidding methods of awarding
contracts to be re-established in defense housing procedures. No discrim-
ination among bidders because of union affiliations of their employees.

V. Coordination: Activities of the various housing agencies to be co-
ordinated through one office. Division of Defense Housing Coordination
to be eliminated. Representation to be afforded organized labor in the
declaration of housing needs and the designation of temporary as against
permanent housing.

VI. Cheap Credit: Exploration of possibilities of financing at 2 per cent

102 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

and less through the RFC or private sources; question as to necessity of
legislation.

VII. Community Planning: Emphasis throughout on necessity of the
construction of integrated communities as against haphazard construction
of isolated individual shelter. Development of cooperative Union projects
with social, educational, and consumer facilities.

VIII. Industrial Planning: Integration of industrial planning techniques
with the housing program. Long-range program of decentralization of both
industrial plants and residential sections.

At a December meeting of the National Executive Board of the CIO,
the CIO went on record in support of USHA and the Mutual Own-
ership Defense Housing Division of FWA. Legislation then pending
in Congress proposed to channel all defense housing funds through
the Public Buildings Administration, and placed serious restrictions
on the use of such funds generally. Representatives of the CIO
appeared before the Senate Committee on Education and Labor,
urging the elimination of these restrictions and utilization of USHA
and the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division. The legisla-
tion in question, as reported by the Senate Committee and as ulti-
mately agreed on by conferees from both houses, conformed to the
essential recommendations of organized labor in most respects.

The CIO has also supported the reorganization of the housing
activities of the federal government favoring the adoption, as promptly
as possible, of a comprehensive plan integrating those activities under
competent direction by persons with a progressive social outlook. It
has urged a return to the policy -of building well-planned communi-
ties with adequate community facilities. It has insisted upon the
right of labor organizations representing the interests of labor as
tenants and consumers to be consulted by federal agencies which are
making decisions as to the existence of housing needs in given com-
munities and as to the relative desirability of permanent or temporary
shelter. It has supported for 1942 further legislation based on the gen-
eral principles of the Lanham Act, but incorporating, by statements
of policy and otherwise, the general principles of CIO policy as out-
lined above.

One of the important projects in which the CIO has been inter-
ested has been that of Defense City, west of Detroit. The CIO has
been assured of the construction of this vast community for workers
engaged in the production of military aircraft. The United Automo-
bile Workers, the CIO union most directly interested, has been
insistent that this project be constructed and operated on the principles
of the Mutual Home Ownership Plan. In another instance, involving
the Sojourner Truth Project, in which Negro occupancy had been

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 103

assured at the beginning, the CIO strongly supported the demands of
Negroes in the Detroit area for the operation of this project on the
basis of Negro tenancy.

National Association of Community Managers

The first full year of organization of the National Association of
Community Managers ended in January, 1942. During this period the
Association published two issues of its official newsletter, Rural Com-
munity Notes, and circulated to its members other material useful
in the organization and administration of rural communities.

The formulation of plans for further activities was rendered ex-
tremely difficult by the inability of the Board of Directors of the
Association to hold a meeting. The Board of Directors lost one
member by death, and two members by transfer to fields of activity
other than rural community management.

NAHO continued to act as the secretariat for NACM.

At the time of writing it is not definitely known what effect the
reorganization of federal housing agencies will have upon the mem-
bership of the Association. When the Association was founded, the
members had a common bond in their affiliation with the rural
community program of the Farm Security Administration. Should
some of the communities represented in the membership be trans-
ferred to the jurisdiction of the Federal Public Housing Authority,
new problems of organization will face NACM.

National Association for Nursery Education

The National Association for Nursery Education has been interested
in housing projects which included a space for nursery schools and
has continuously planned with local groups who were responsible
for securing space.

During the past year NANE has collected material regarding such
units, offered advice on necessary equipment, and on minimum essen-
tials for buildings which were meant to house young children. The
Association has begun to collect an assortment of floor plans of such
housing projects as included preschools. In connection with the New
York Housing Authority an exhibit was prepared to show, in graphic
form, the general lay-out of a preschool with typical playground
space and essential equipment.

An important bulletin was issued which contained material on
the value of preschools in housing, the way in which these could be
planned and staffed and other information about this work. This
bulletin can be secured for ten cents by writing to the distribution

104 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

center o£ the NANE, at West 514 East Hall, University of Iowa,
Iowa City, Iowa.

National Association of Real Estate Boards

The millions living in the blighted areas of American cities are the
"have nots" in housing. These deteriorated districts are spreading.
They now make up approximately one-fourth of our urban areas.
Obviously, how to provide adequate and wholesome housing, if it is
to be provided for families numbering millions, is inseparable from
the question of how to stop blight and rebuild under modern plans
the great decayed regions of our cities.

At the core of the rebuilding and rehousing problem is the difficulty
of obtaining action simultaneously over urban areas large enough
to achieve the wanted neighborhood character and make sure it will
last. This conclusion is shared by all interested groups. To facilitate
the rebuilding of blighted areas there must first be some fundamental
replanning for cities, and there must be vested in some agency the
power of eminent domain to assist in reassembling the land for the
operation.

To open the way for this large-scale urban rebuilding, which un-
questionably should be one of the principal industries of the post-
war period, the National Association of Real Estate Boards, through
its Committee on Housing and Blighted Areas, proposed in Septem-
ber, 1941, a plan of action based on conferences that took place during
about two and a half years. The plan, which in general parallels
that proposed by the Urban Land Institute, after recent intensive
study of typical individual cities, would, we believe, give the machin-
ery for effective teamwork between private initiative and public agen-
cies in the rejuvenation of American cities.

NAREB proposes:

1. The creation of local land commissions for metropolitan areas,
authorized under state law to acquire, by use of the power of emi-
nent domain if necessary, land in blighted areas for redevelopment
by private enterprise.

2. The establishment of a federal urban land commission as a
part of the National Housing Agency, to be provided with the funds
and powers to extend grants to local planning agencies for the pur-
pose of preparing plans for the redevelopment of blighted areas in
conformity with master plans for metropolitan districts, and to extend
credits to local land commissions for the purpose of acquiring land
in blighted areas for redevelopment by private enterprise.

3. The redevelopment of land so acquired by private building

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 105

companies and individual builders, under regulations by the local
land commissions and the National Housing Agency.

4. The local taxation of redeveloped areas based upon an assessed
value directly related to income-producing power or utility of the
property.

5. The establishment of a national laboratory to conduct housing
research for the development of new building materials, housing
design, construction methods, housing standards, the marketing and
financing of dwellings, and building regulations to reduce the cost
of dwelling construction. This national laboratory should be a part
or a subsidiary of the National Housing Agency.

It is the judgment of the Committee that private effort alone cannot
attack and cure slums and urban blight. And obviously govern-
ment action alone, for the millions of families now living under
substandard conditions, would be inconceivably costly. The plan here
proposed is a workable partnership between private and public effort.
It provides for large-scale rebuilding by private initiative and private
capital which is given the needed aid in land-assembly and carried
out under the proper public controls. It might well be that this needed
rebuilding will mean a post-war industry involving ultimately 80 or 90
billions of dollars in work and materials.

Replanning is the first and indispensable requisite of the program.
The very technological advances that have revolutionized industry
and transportation are the forces that have made blight. The land
patterns of our cities need radical readjustment to fit the conditions
of modern living. For effective rebuilding we need, therefore, a
replanning of land-use not within a narrow district alone but on a
scale that would include the entire metropolitan area of a city.

In most cities at present city planning commissions are only advisory
bodies, and the power to determine land-use is scattered among many
agencies, the city council, the park board, and others. We propose
that there be established in each urban community, under state en-
abling legislation, some agency with the function of mapping out
land-uses in the entire metropolitan area and that this agency have
the power to purchase land and to exercise the power of eminent
domain when it becomes necessary to reassemble land in blighted
areas for the purpose of replanning and rebuilding those areas.

Such a land planning commission, whether it is formed by exten-
sion of some existing agency or formed de novo, should be set up so
as to be responsive to local public opinion. It should be segregated
from the influence of politics.

In wiping out the mistakes of the past in city building, it is expected

106 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

that the local urban land commissions will need help from the fed-
eral government much as farm problems have needed such help.
NAREB suggests that this assistance take' the form of grants or
loans at low rates of interest.

It is also suggested that private redevelopment companies, operating
under appropriate regulations, be given the task of rebuilding. They
might lease the reassembled land for a long period of years, or on
a lease-purchase agreement. We suggest that the redevelopment
projects be given their own Federal Housing Administration mort-
gage insurance. The companies will need adequate freedom of opera-
tion, so that the improvements may fit the real needs and likes of
the people of the city. Low-cost housing should be included in such
locations and amounts as meets the situation, but the land-use should
not be restricted to low-cost houses. The plans, of course, should con-
form to the general city plan, and should meet good standards with
respect to intensity of land-use and with respect to transportation.

It is proposed that the work of the redevelopment companies be only
an intermediate step. The companies should be free not only to
rent but also to sell; gradually the homes and other properties should
revert to the individual ownership which is a basis of sound com-
munity life.

It is not suggested that the properties created by the redevelopment
companies be tax-exempt, but it is essential that some agreement be
worked out to insure that the tax burden will not defeat the enter-
prise. This can be done within the framework of our present state
laws, which in most cases would permit assessment of the improve-
ments primarily upon their use value or annual rental value. The
local land commission should have a definite agreement with the
assessing authorities as to the valuation process to be used in taxing
private improvements in the redeveloped areas, so that the annual tax
burden will be limited to some reasonable percentage of the gross
income.

Official policies of the National Association of Real Estate Boards
on public construction and operation of housing, building codes, and
rent control are expressed in the following resolutions adopted at the
1941 annual meeting of the Association, November 7, 1941.

Resolved, That the National Association of Real Estate Boards does
condemn a further expansion of government ownership, operation and
management of real property in competition with private enterprise as
constituting a grave menace and a negative influence on the further prog-
ress of society; and be it further

Resolved, That the promotion and development of real property by a
tax-endowed agency, such as the United States Housing Authority or any

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 107

such agency of similar purpose, for the purpose of creating housing for one
class of citizens at the expense of another class of citizens, establishes a
breach in the proper functions of government and should be terminated;
and be it further

Resolved, That the National Association of Real Estate Boards shall act
in every way within its power to maintain the institution of free property
ownership and the equality of distribution of the burden of taxation; and
be it further

Resolved, That the National Association of Real Estate Boards, recog-
nizing its responsibility to the community and desirous of contributing to
the sound welfare of society, hereby instructs its officers and committees
to undertake an active educational campaign to further the purposes of this
resolution and pledges to use all of its influence in combating die tendency
of state and federal governments to usurp the field of real estate operation.

Building Codes. The Association urges that various government agencies
use their influence to obtain, during the emergency, the alteration of local
building codes in so far as these tend to establish artificially high cost levels
in the building field, and seek to curb monopolistic practices of trade
unions and material distributors.

Rent Control. The Association believes that the attempt to control some
prices without controlling wages and all other elements that enter into
prices is obviously unfair and unsound and cannot succeed. The Association
therefore holds that any attempt that might be made to control rents by
law must also control all factors contributing to the cost of ownership and
operation of property, especially wages and property taxes. Any attempt to
freeze rentals in various communities will inevitably result in the slowing
down of the home building process, thus creating a greater shortage and
postponing relief of crowded conditions.

The present policy of the federal government with respect to rents in
some crowded communities which is based on the creation of quasi-public
local fair rent committees which seek to arbitrate differences between land-
lords and tenants is proving eminently successful, and will, in our judg-
ment, be adequate to meet the problems that may arise in most instances.

The Association pledges its continued support to the creation and oper-
ation of fair rent committees wherever these may, in the judgment of OP A
[Office of Price Administration], be in the interest of the defense program
and in the public interest.

National Committee of Housing Associations

The National Committee of Housing Associations is a professional
committee of executives of citizens' housing associations located in
Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, Pitts-
burgh, and Washington, D. C. It was formed in 1940 after three

108 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

years of discussion among representatives of these associations in
order to provide a definite framework for interchange of experience
between them. The Committee has as its main purpose the strength-
ening of housing associations, mainly through its activities as a
standard-making organization. It facilitates cooperation between hous-
ing associations and aids in the development of promising associations
and in the creation of new associations in neighboring communities.
The Committee has defined a housing association or council as a
"citizens' agency equipped to promote a well-rounded program de-
signed to improve housing and neighborhood conditions in its com-
munity." The following rounded program has been adopted as a
standard for a citizens' housing association or council:

1. This implies active interest in all housing within the community
including that for the well-to-do and that for families of low income.
For it is recognized that dwellings built for the well-to-do may pre-
sent serious community problems and that they may, and often do,
become habitations of low-income families.

2. Effective expression of this interest requires action in the fields
of both private housing and public housing.

3. Effective action in these two fields requires that the association
be implemented to determine and interpret needs and methods, and
to reach valid conclusions and give advice on: (a) enactment of hous-
ing legislation; (b) enforcement of laws and regulations that affect
housing; (c) planning, construction, and financing of housing, both
private and public; and (d) administration of public housing and its
management.

In order to qualify as a citizens' housing association or council an
agency .should, therefore, present evidence that its program covers at
least the factors above listed, plus: a responsible board of directors;
an adequate budget; and a competent staff.

Foremost among the problems considered by the Committee during
the past year has been the question of leadership of the United States
Housing Authority caused by the resignation of Mr. Nathan Straus.
The Committee followed closely the reorganization of the housing
agencies and the setting up by executive order of the National Hous-
ing Agency.

The Committee collaborated with the Division of Defense Housing
Coordination and the National Association of Housing Officials in
preparing a survey of the normal, wartime, and post-war activities
of local citizens' housing associations so as to make this of the most
use to all concerned.

The Committee helped arrange the program and staffed the booth

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 109

for the 1941 Conference of Social Work in Atlantic City. At the
request of the Conference it assumed full responsibility for the housing
session at the National Conference of Social Work to be held in New
Orleans in May, 1942.

The Committee's main project during the past year has been to
develop an investigation of the relationship between public housing
authorities and local case work and group work agencies with respect
to community activities of housing projects. A statement covering
questions related to rent practices, recreation, schools, and health
agencies, as worked out between the Alley Dwelling Authority and
local case work and group work agencies of the District of Columbia,
has been prepared by Mr. John Ihlder. The Committee plans to send
his report to local housing managers through the cooperation of the
Management Division of NAHO, who will ask the local housing
managers to prepare a statement showing in what ways the relation-
ships they have worked out differ or are similar to the relationships
developed by the Alley Dwelling Authority.

Under this plan it is contemplated that the executive of the citizens'
housing association or, in communities where such an association does
not exist, the executive of the local council of social agencies will act
as a coordinator to bring together the local housing manager, the case
work executive, and the group work executive for a discussion of the
points brought out in the report. The Committee believes that
bringing these agencies together in this way will stimulate better
understanding and use of each by the others.

The Committee has, through correspondence, assisted various com-
munities located in the United States and one in South America, by
serving as a consultant on local housing problems. Several citizen
housing associations associated with the Committee have also given
generously of their time in helping new associations or councils in
neighboring communities.

National Committee on the Housing Emergency, Inc.

The National Committee on the Housing Emergency was estab-
lished in January, 1941, to stimulate and encourage the construction,
by public and private effort, of an adequate supply of housing in
defense centers so that the production of war material may not be
delayed by a shortage of workers, and the efficiency and morale of
these workers may not be impaired by the lack of adequate shelter
at rents which they can afford to pay. NCHE is equally concerned
about the integration of war housing with the pattern and life of the
community so that, in so far as possible, emergency expenditures for

110 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

housing may serve the post-war needs of the localities in which it is
built.

The Committee was incorporated in May, 1941. Its board of di-
rectors includes persons representing a wide range of business, pro-
fessional, and civic interests, and many sections of the country. State
divisions under the direction of a state chairman are in process of
organization. NCHE has enrolled more than eleven hundred persons
who have signified their interest in the housing problems created by
the emergency. Periodic bulletins and informational material has
been sent to this group.

The first major informational activity was a Housing Inventory
Conference held in Washington in June, 1941. Public officials and
private citizens participated in presenting an over-all picture of the
housing emergency. The conference was attended by more than 600
persons from 24 states and Puerto Rico. A series of recommendations
for dealing with the problems created by defense activities was
drafted for presentation to the conference. Amended in accordance
with suggestions offered from the floor and submitted in writing,
these recommendations were issued in pamphlet form under the title
A Program for Action on Housing for Defense Workers and Families
of Low Incomes. More than 3,500 copies have been distributed.
Among the major recommendations was that calling for a reorgan-
ization of the federal housing agencies. In July, NCHE addressed a
letter to President Roosevelt calling upon him to effectuate such a
reorganization so that the emergency program might be carried out
more efficiently and expeditiously.

To dramatize the close relationship between the production of war
materials and the housing of the workers, NCHE is collaborating
with the Museum of Modern Art in the presentation of an exhibit
or wartime housing to be shown at the Museum early in 1942. It is
hoped that this exhibit may also be shown in a number of defense
centers throughout the country.

The Committee has worked in close cooperation with the federal
and local housing agencies, and has served as organizational adviser
to the Division of Defense Housing Coordination.

In August, 1941, at the request of the Coordinator of Defense Hous-
ing, the chairman of NCHE undertook a study of the defense housing
situation in the Hampton Roads area. In cooperation with the Vir-
ginia State Planning Board and representatives of the various federal
agencies engaged in defense housing, a coordinated program for the
area was developed.

From the outset, NCHE has stressed the importance of decentral-

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 111

ized administration of the emergency housing program and the im-
portance of local participation. Other field studies undertaken by
board and staff members have resulted in closer coordination of effort
between federal officials and local officials and citizens.

At the request of the Federal Works Agency, NCHE analyzed the
Mutual Ownership Plan, and made suggestions for certain modifica-
tions in the plan which were subsequently adopted by FWA. Legisla-
tion relating to defense housing has been closely followed. The
Committee has appeared at House and Senate Committee hearings
on proposed legislation and has endeavored to secure public support
for adequate appropriations for defense housing under the Lanham
Act.

National Consumers League

The National Consumers League included among its 1940 resolu-
tions the following:

WHEREAS, The defense program has called attention to the long-standing
shortage of adequate, low-cost housing for workers and their families, and
has created an acute housing emergency in many communities; be it

Resolved, That the National Consumers League urges an extension of
the present low-cost public housing program with regard not only to the
emergency needs, but also to the continuing need for decent shelter for the
one-third of the nation now inadequately housed.

Immediately thereafter, however, the NCL was without a general
secretary, a condition which obtained throughout the year. The result
has been that no activity has been undertaken in connection with this
resolution. It is anticipated that the deferred 1941 annual meeting
will produce another resolution on housing which will be followed
with specific activities.

National Council of Jewish Women

The National Council of Jewish Women, with 60,000 members in
200 cities in the United States, first endorsed a resolution for slum
clearance and low-cost housing in 1911 when such a position was rare
among women's organizations. In the period of 1920-30, the Council
joined with other agencies to try to secure legislation for low-cost
housing, but was unsuccessful. Meanwhile, in the local communities
the Council members pressed for enforcement of the tenement laws.
The Council endorsed the Wagner-Steagall Housing Bill in 1937 and
secured the cooperation of its members throughout the country to
help in its passage. When the United States Housing Authority was
established, it offered its cooperation.

112 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

When the defense program swung into action, the Council turned
its attention to the housing problems o£ defense workers, and was
one of the organizations which attended the Housing Inventory Con-
ference, in Washington, D. C., June, 1941, which reviewed the housing
needs of defense workers and housing standards.

Education and action for low-cost housing in the Council is under
the direction of the National Committee on Social Legislation. This
Committee prepares materials for use in study groups throughout the
country. With the assistance of USHA and other government housing
agencies, the Council assembles material for the use of study group
leaders. The Committee also publishes a monthly bulletin, entitled
Legislation Highlights which frequently contains articles about the
problems and progress of low-cost housing.

Council members are aware of their responsibility for a public
housing program in their own communities. In some cities, they are
members of the local housing authority or are active in urging the
establishment of such authorities. In some communities, where hous-
ing projects have been erected, the Council members have worked
with other civic groups to establish recreational programs, such as
playgrounds for children.

At the present time, Council members are cooperating in the estab-
lishment of rent boards, which can hear complaints on unwarranted
rent rises.

The interest of the Council in public housing is part of a broad
program of social welfare, which aims at raising the standard of living
of the American people through the establishment of needed social
services in the community, and through the passage of needed social
legislation in the city, state, and federal governments.

National Education -Recreation Council

The National Education-Recreation Council is a conference body
of national agencies, associated for the purpose of exchanging in-
formation and studying common problems. One of the regular
monthly meetings of NERC in 1941 was devoted to the relation of the
member agencies of the NERC to the great housing programs now in
operation or in process. Housing problems were presented at this
meeting from the point of view of the United States Housing Author-
ity, from the point of view of community organizations and from the
point of view of a local housing project.

The purpose of the meeting was to find out what has been learned
in connection with education-recreation programs in the experience of
housing since two of the earliest projects, Sunny side and Radburn,

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 113

in the New York City vicinity, were developed by private corpora-
tions. The meeting also hoped to discover what is being done by the
national agencies in the education-recreation field as well as by hous-
ing authorities in connection with education-recreation programs, and
what further cooperation public and private agencies can give in meet-
ing the problems that arise. Other questions which were discussed
related to methods of ascertaining that the advice of recreation
authorities is taken into consideration before blueprints are made,
and the setting of standards of space, leadership, program and
facilities.

Since the Council is a discussion body, no formal action of any kind
was taken as a result of this meeting.

National Federation of Settlements, Housing Division

The Housing Division of the National Federation of Settlements
has taken action during the past year with a view to the following
purposes :

1. To secure an adequate defense housing appropriation while
opposing the provision of the Lanham Act prohibiting the local
housing authorities from taking over the housing projects after the
emergency ceases.

2. To obtain additional appropriations for low-rental housing.

3. To advocate housing for the next higher income group with
special recommendation for 100 per cent government loans to coopera-
tives (following the Dutch example).

4. To advocate that all housing including defense housing should
be planned in cooperation with local planning authorities.

The settlements of the country are active in every aspect of public
housing, both in management and in close association with the tenants
living in projects. They answer inquiries of neighbors in regard to
housing and participate in recreational programs in the projects.
Representatives of settlements have acted as counselors for field
workers from universities engaged in the operation of nursery schools
in the housing projects, and in holding housing institutes and dis-
seminating information in regard to public housing. They have spent
time in explaining reasons for rejection to applicants and have helped
applicants fill out applications. Staff members have spent time in
explaining housing policies to board members. The settlements have
also established shops for making home furniture for use in projects
and have opened house membership and camp facilities to project
residents.

Many settlements have also interested school groups in the work

114 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

of the housing authorities and have guided groups of mothers and
children to see for themselves the advantages of the housing projects.
They have emphasized the relationship of housing to city planning
and, where projects are not available, they have encouraged good
rebuilding of tenements in areas which should not be abandoned.
The settlements have also been active in exposing violations of housing
laws.

National Institute of Municipal Law Officers, Committee on Housing

The Committee on Housing of the National Institute of Municipal
Law Officers was created in 1938 with Philip H. Hill, city solicitor
of Charleston, West Virginia, as chairman. Since that time the Com-
mittee has served as a national clearinghouse for city attorneys on
municipal legal problems in connection with housing. Each year the
chairman of the Committee has presented a comprehensive report
surveying the legal problems of housing and the experience of city
attorneys in solving these problems to the annual meeting of the
National Institute (see Municipalities and the Law in Action, 1938 A,
pages 83-99; 1938 B, pages 93-101; 1939, pages 137-50; 1940, pages
221-42; and 1941, pages 531-51).

In 1941, the report of the Committee surveys the legal basis and
extent of the planned program for low-rent housing and slum clear-
ance. The report also discusses the progress of the program to date,
permanent financing, legislation, and litigation. In a separate section
the report collects and reports on the legal and practical phases of the
defense housing program. Legislation and all court decisions are
analyzed with respect to the problems they have created or solved
for cities.

The Committee in 1941 also considered the problems which have
arisen in connection with the equivalent elimination programs re-
quired by the United States Housing Act and which are just getting
under way in most cities. Dallas, Los Angeles, and Nashville are
among those cities that have revised their ordinances in order to carry
out the equivalent elimination program with a more workable legal
machinery to support city administrative officers. The State of Cali-
fornia adopted a comprehensive statute on this subject in 1941, which
could well serve as a model for legislation in other states. Louisiana
and Mississippi also have comprehensive statutes on this subject. The
Committee was advised that the cities of Philadelphia, Rochester, and
Memphis, among others, are now considering revision of their
ordinances on substandard buildings. In this connection the Commit-
tee has decided to revise the model ordinances set forth by the Na-

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 115

tional Institute in Report No. 37 "Demolition, Vacation, or Repair
of Substandard Buildings in Connection with Housing Programs"
(June, 1938), and Report No. 39 "Demolition, Vacation, or Repair
of Substandard Buildings in Connection with Housing Programs —
Summary of Latest Cases — Model Ordinance Annotated" (August,

Undoubtedly there will be a tremendous program to eliminate
substandard buildings and to comply with equivalent elimination con-
tracts immediately after the war, for the United States Housing
Authority has suspended the requirement of equivalent elimination
in some instances, and may have to do so in all instances because
of the shortage of building materials and shortage of housing. In 1941
the Committee also began the study of the possible drafting of a
comprehensive model state law to carry out the post-war recom-
mendations made by Guy Greer and Alvin Hansen in their pamphlet
Urban Real Estate Development and Housing.

In connection with defense housing problems, the Committee con-
sidered in 1941 the question of automobile trailers as necessary housing
for defense workers, and the Committee, in an advisory capacity,
assisted in the preparation of Report No. 75 of the National Institute
entitled, Automobile Trailer and Tourist Camps — Legal and Admin-
istrative Problems of Municipal Regulation with an Annotated Model
Ordinance, and concurred in the ideas expressed in the model ordi-
nance set forth in that report.

The problem of priority ratings for defense housing projects did
not raise many legal complications for the Committee until certain
materials used in defense housing, such as plumbing supplies, began
to appear on the critical list. Immediately there was presented to the
Committee the question of suspension of local building, plumbing,
and electrical codes in so far as they required materials which were
unavailable or for which workable substitutes could be obtained.
The Committee studied the legal problems involved in such
suspension and concurred in the report of the Committee on National
Defense of the National Institute to the effect that temporary
suspension of such codes would be possible so long as proper safe-
guards for the public safety, health, and general welfare were set up
in the provisions for such suspension and the use of substitute
materials.

The Committee continually receives requests for model building
codes to meet almost every problem confronting cities of every size
throughout the nation. It seems that the problems of adapting building
codes for large cities to the needs of small cities and the technical

116 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

legal requirements of publication in many jurisdictions prevent the
drafting of a model building code that can cover all situations.

The failure of the Federal Works Agency to comply with the pro-
visions of local ordinances was another problem which came before
the Committee a number of times in 1941. In Louisville, Kentucky,
and Baltimore, Maryland, the situations created by such failure were
particularly bad. FWA went ahead with plans which practically
ruined zoning and planning development in certain sections of these
cities. The Committee was forced to agree that, under the reported
court decisions, FWA could not be controlled in this matter, but
recommended that as a matter of policy and public welfare the posi-
tion of FWA was unsupportable. That the Committee was right in
its conclusion is shown by the action of Congress in amending the
Lanham Act in January, 1942 (see Public No. 409, 77th Congress),
so as to require that federal defense projects conform in location and
design to local planning and tradition in so far as possible. This same
amendment also helped the Committee with the problem of unequal
and inequitable federal agreements in lieu of taxes on housing
projects; every annual meeting of the National Institute seemed to
consider this matter of variance in the amounts agreed upon in dif-
ferent cities.

National Public Housing Conference

The year 1941 marked the tenth anniversary of the organization
of the National Public Housing Conference, an event which was
celebrated in January with a two-day conference in New York City.
Nearly all the states were represented at this conference, which was
devoted to a discussion of better homes for American workers.

In all activities of the year, as in previous years, the Conference
concentrated on promoting a wider understanding of the importance
of a well-planned program of public housing to meet the needs of
low-income families unable to pay commercial rents.

As a means of arousing interest in local housing problems, a series
of institutes was sponsored in the spring. These institutes were suc-
cessfully conducted in Philadelphia, Providence, and Detroit. Com-
petent analyses of local problems and their solutions were presented
by university professors, labor leaders, construction and management
officials, and housing leaders. A feature of the program at each of the
institutes was a tour of housing projects in the area. To keep alive
and active the interest evinced at these institutes, regional committees
were organized in the Eastern, New England, and Central states dur-
ing the summer months. Citizens of every walk of life indicated their

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 117

concern over the housing needs of their communities by joining these
committees.

The Conference has always taken the position that legislation af-
fecting housing should be carefully analyzed for the benefit of mem-
bers of the organization and that the advantages or defects of such
legislation should be publicized. When H.R. 6128, more popularly
known as the new Lanham Act, passed the House of Representatives
late in 1941 the Conference immediately called attention to its dan-
gerous features and made its opposition known to President Roose-
velt, and to senators and representatives. It also called a meeting in
New York City, to which national organizations were invited to send
delegates. This meeting went on record as opposed to certain features
of the bill and authorized Mrs. Mary K. Simkhovitch, the Conference
president, to ask for a public hearing on the bill before the Senate
acted on it. Such a hearing was subsequently held in Washington
before a subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Education and
Labor, and Mrs. Simkhovitch testified before it.

During the year, the Conference continued the publication of its
bulletin, Public Housing Progress. For financial and other reasons, the
size of the bulletin was reduced and it was issued in mimeograph
form during the latter half of the year, but it continued to carry the
highlights of current housing news. The executive committee, in
planning the 1942 program, has decided to enlarge the bulletin and
to issue it quarterly, devoting particular attention in each number
to a specific aspect of housing. The committee believes the Conference
can in this way make a valuable contribution to current housing
literature.

The 1942 program will emphasize the necessity of rallying imme-
diate support for a sound public housing program for industrial war
workers. A special pamphlet, published in 1942, presented the Con-
ference recommendations for an adequate public housing program for
industrial war workers. The recommendations were submitted
originally to President Roosevelt in reply to a message from him to
the eleventh annual meeting in Washington on February 6, 1942.
A conference on this subject was called in New York City in March;
it brought together a representative group from labor, civic, and social
welfare organizations to consider the problem with leaders in the
housing movement.

Following this meeting, the NPHC executive committee went on
record to ask the AF of L and the CIO to work out jointly a housing
program for workers in war industries. In taking this action, the
Conference pointed out that the success of the war effort demanded

118 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

that sufficient safe and sanitary housing be provided for war industry
workers. Representatives of the two groups of organized labor told
the Conference that the request met with their approval.

National Recreation Association

During 1941 the National Recreation Association continued to
maintain a lively interest in developments in the public housing field,
particularly as they relate to the provision of recreation facilities and
service. Many letters of inquiry were received by the Association
from individuals and agencies seeking information with reference
to recreation in housing projects. Many requests were received for
copies of the publication entitled Play Space in New Neighborhoods
which suggests standards for outdoor recreation areas and facilities
for housing developments. Three special ways in which the Asso-
ciation served the housing movement, however, will be mentioned
briefly.

As a part of the service rendered by its district field workers
throughout the country the Association has extended advice and
guidance to local recreation and housing authorities in many cities.
Its workers, as a part of their regular field assignment, have arranged
for consultation between local recreation and housing authorities for
the purpose of considering problems in which both have a concern.
A special effort has been made to secure consideration for the pro-
vision of adequate indoor and outdoor recreation facilities where new
housing projects were being contemplated. An effort has also been
made to work out cooperative relationships in the furnishing of
competent leadership for such facilities. Two or three specific in-
stances illustrate the nature of the service rendered by the Association.

In Syracuse, New York, the local housing authority called upon
the Association to make a study of the social and recreational needs
of a specific neighborhood in which a housing development was being
carried out. One of the major questions related to the adequacy of
the recreation building proposed for the project and also of the space
allotted for outdoor recreation. Following a study, recommendations
were submitted by a member of the Association's field staff In Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, an analysis of the provision for outdoor recreation areas
and for indoor recreation facilities for four local housing projects was
made by a field worker in consultation with the local housing author-
ity and the City Public Recreation Department. Consultation with
the local housing authority and with white and colored leaders in
Quincy, Illinois, with reference to the provision of recreation facilities
in a local housing project for colored people was typical of service

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 119

rendered in several cities by the director of the Association's Bureau
of Colored Work.

In New York City, where tentative plans for a large recreation
building in connection with a housing project had been criticized by
neighborhood agencies, the Association was called on for suggestions
with reference to the building plan. In consultation with a member
of the local housing authority staff and the project architect a number
of changes were worked out which resulted in a highly satisfactory
plan.

The Association provided throughout the year a number of op-
portunities for a consideration by both professional and lay leaders
of recreation problems as they relate to housing developments. At the
National Research Congress a special section meeting was devoted to
this subject and was participated in by professional workers in the
housing and recreation field as well as by lay persons interested in
housing problems. At each of the nine district conferences of public
recreation executives sponsored by the Association in 1941 and held
in cities throughout the United States, the program included a con-
sideration of specific problems facing local housing and recreation
administrators. At these small group conferences methods best suited
to insure adequate provision for both indoor and outdoor recreation
space in new housing projects were discussed. In several instances a
representative of the United States Housing Authority was present
to indicate the types of problems on which cooperation between local
recreation and housing authorities was desirable and in turn to answer
specific questions raised by local recreation executives.

Periodically throughout the year, as heretofore, a representative of
the Association has consulted with representatives of USHA concern-
ing specific problems that have been brought to the Association's
attention through its field staff. Such conferences have afforded a
means for joint consideration of methods whereby more adequate
provision of indoor and outdoor recreation space could be assured in
housing projects and whereby the service rendered by such facilities
could be most effective. Early in 1942 considerable time was given,
on request, to a representative of the Public Buildings Administration
to assist in working out a plan for acceptable standards for recreation
areas and facilities for defense housing projects being constructed by
that agency.

National Women's Trade Union League of America

The National Women's Trade Union League has placed on its
legislative program for 1942 a provision in support of housing legisla-

120 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

tion with emphasis on adequate defense housing. A statement was
recently sent to Congressman Tolan expressing the concern of the
League about the lack of decent housing facilities for defense
workers.

The Twentieth Century Fund, Housing Committee

Late in 1939 the Trustees of The Twentieth Century Fund author-
ized a research project in housing. At that time, special emphasis was
placed on the possibilities of increased activity in housing as a means
of reducing unemployment.

In accordance with their usual practice, the Trustees of the Fund
appointed a committee of distinguished citizens representing various
points of view and experience in housing to supervise the survey. The
chairman of the Committee is Dr. Henry E. Hoagland, ,Prof essor of
Business Finance, Ohio State University, and formerly member of the
Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Miles L. Colean resigned his posi-
tion as Assistant Administrator of the Federal Housing Administra-
tion early in 1940 to become research director of the survey. As in all
Fund surveys, the function of the reasearch staff is to find the facts,
organize them, and present them to the Committee. On the basis
of the factual data, the Committee makes recommendations for
action.

Soon after the research staff was assembled and began its work,
the country faced a defense crisis. Both the Housing Committee and
the Fund Trustees saw the need for a brief emergency survey of the
role of housing in the armament program. Accordingly, the research
staff temporarily turned aside from the more long-range study and
devoted itself during the summer and early fall of 1940 to an intensive
analysis of the housing needs created by the defense program. The
nature of the problem was analyzed; possible methods of dealing
with it were discussed; and definite recommendations were made by
the Housing Committee.

The findings were published in November, 1940, under the title
Housing for Defense. This survey reviewed the experience of the last
war in the light of defense needs, showing how the lack of housing
hampered the production of essential war materials in 1917-18 and
pointing out the lessons to be learned from the results of unsound,
delayed, or inadequate housing policies. The housing needs that com-
munities have to face when they undergo sudden and large expan-
sion of industrial activity were set forth in detail. On the basis of the
research findings the Committee offered a program for action in deal-
ing with the defense housing problem as it appeared at that time.

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 121

After the publication of this emergency survey, the research staff
resumed work on the main project. It became necessary, however, to
reexamine the original objectives in the light of the vastly increased
industrial activity resulting from the rearmament program— and later,
the war effort. For the duration of the war, unemployment is obviously
becoming less and less of a problem.

Housing, taken as a means for increasing employment [writes the Di-
rector of Research], for at least the near future, no longer has significance.
The need for housing, however, is not diminished, but is rather increased;
and the difficulties of providing housing have also increased. Afterwards
the problem may be one of maintaining the housing industry in another
period of readjustment, and perhaps of using it as a stabilizing force during
that period. The emphasis of the study, then, would seem to be shifted
from an expansion of employment to an improvement of efficiency and
economy both in the construction and use of housing. . . . The study be-
comes, if anything, more directly concerned with the housing problem in
itself than formerly.

In terms of content, it is planned that the survey be as comprehen-
sive as possible without digressing into related fields such as land
economics and urban planning. The material which is being collected
and analyzed falls into two parts:

1. The Production of Housing. In this section, housing will be
looked upon as a commodity. The nature of the housing industry
will be analyzed and fluctuations in building activity described. The
relationships between the various factors and groups entering into
the production processes will be discussed, and trends and changing
patterns of production examined.

2. The Marketing of Houses. Here will be found a description of
the nature and mechanism of the housing market. Problems of finance
and taxation will be scrutinized. The impact of law and governmental
policy will be indicated.

The publication of the findings of the housing survey and recom-
mendations is scheduled for late 1942.

United States Savings and Loan League, Committee on Housing

The United States Savings and Loan League, the national business
organization of savings, building and loan associations, has been
serving the business since its incorporation in 1892. Inasmuch as its
membership represents more than 80 per cent of the savings and loan
assets of this country, it is the voice of the thrift and home-financing
business.

The League's Committee on Housing, headed by Fred T. Greene
(President of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis), is com-

122 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

posed of forty outstanding leaders of the industry from all parts of the
nation. During 1941, this Committee engaged in numerous studies
and discussions of all phases of housing. Its recommendations formed
the basis of the League's policies in connection with housing legisla-
tion and planning, and also in connection with policy recommenda-
tions to the 3,600 member institutions on these matters.

The following is the portion of a resolution adopted by the League,
assembled in its forty-ninth annual convention, at Coral Gables,
Miami, Florida, in December, 1941, which deals specifically with
housing.

The United States Savings and Loan League recommends:

1. That the Home Owners' Loan Corporation should be promptly liqui-
dated by the sale or transfer of its assets to savings and loan associations
and other local financial institutions, all of which are willing to finish the
job begun by the Corporation. The Home Owners' Loan Corporation has
approximately $2,000,000,000 of mortgage loans outstanding, which, if sold,
would reduce by this amount the liability of the United States Treasury.
This step would not only reduce the obligation of the Government, but
would substantially reduce government personnel and expenses.

2. That the Federal Housing Administration should stop placing a gov-
ernment guarantee behind mortgages on existing properties, for continuing
which there is no justification as adequate mortgage money is now avail-
able, and which program is, nevertheless, being promoted vigorously by
the Federal Housing Administration today. The tapering off and eventual
stoppage of the insurance of loans for new home building, except under
Title I and Title VI of the National Housing Act, should be affected. The
insurance premiums charged on insured mortgage loans should be sufficient
to cover all expenses and an equivalent amount for reserves for losses, which
procedure is consistent with sound insurance practice.

Scrutiny of the cost of the Federal Housing Administration to the Ameri-
can taxpayer during the first five years of its operation shows that the in-
surance has been a cost to the Government of $58,000,000. In addition,
Congress has appropriated $10,000,000 for Tide II Mutual Mortgage Insur-
ance Fund and during last March appropriated another $10,000,000 for
Title VI Defense Housing Insurance Fund.

The Federal Housing Administration has already created a contingent
liability of over $3,000,000,000 to the Government, in that it has contracted
to take over all foreclosed real estate on which it has an insured mortgage
and to reimburse the lender with government-guaranteed debentures.
According to the report of the Federal Housing Administration up to June
30, 1941, there have been issued or contracted to be issued by the Admin-
istration approximately $20,000,000 of government-guaranteed debentures
as of June 30, 1941 (Insured Mortgage Portfolio, Third Quarter, 1941,
page 33). The experience of the Federal Housing Administration indicates
that there will be very considerable loss to the Government in connection
with this operation. There has been a rising real estate market since the crea-
tion of the FHA in 1934. Notwithstanding this increase in the value of the
real estate upon which FHA issued insured mortgages, the Administration

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 123

records show an average loss of $620 per property foreclosed and resold by
the Administration (Insured Mortgage Portfolio, Third Quarter, 1941,
page 33). The average loan of FHA as of June 30, 1941, equaled $4,280.
The 2,283 properties foreclosed and sold were sold on long terms at an
approximate average of $3,660, or a loss of $620 per property, or 14.5%
of the amount of the loan per property in an increasing real estate market
(Insured Mortgage Portfolio, Third Quarter, 1941, page 29). Assuming
that each of the loans foreclosed upon was made upon the basis of 90%
of loan to appraised value (which assumption for the purposes of this state-
ment is the most favorable to the FHA), then in the re-sale of the prop-
erties acquired by foreclosure there has been a shrinkage in the re-sale value
under the appraised value in a rising real estate market of 23%.

It is true that the number of foreclosures in this operation has been very
few but there has been no occasion for foreclosures on good, sound mort-
gages during the period in which this agency has been operating. That
foreclosures will increase very materially is indicated by changing eco-
nomic conditions and by the report of FHA, which shows, as of June 30,
1941, that it had an additional 1,979 insured mortgages reported as "seri-
ously delinquent" (Insured Mortgage Portfolio, Third Quarter, 1941, page
34). It is, therefore, impossible to estimate the actual losses which may be
sustained by the Government through this increasing contingent liability
in a period of real estate inflation when FHA will really be called upon to
do its major job of taking over and disposing of foreclosed real estate.

3. That federal subsidies for farm credit should be abolished which
President Roosevelt has characterized in two veto messages as "a gift to
individual borrowers from the Federal Treasury." The present 3%% sub-
sidy interest rate to federal farm borrowers is costing the Government over
$50,000,000 annually.

4. That the Government should cease subsidizing the building and oper-
ation of new housing projects to rent to American families. The past six
years have seen the building of more than $1,000,000,000 worth of expen-
sive housing units to be rented at subsidized rates. The solution of the
housing problem of the low-income family does not lie in providing new
housing. America cannot afford any more of it. The economy of discon-
tinuing public housing subsidies is further justified by the fact that the
program to date has not taken care of any of the people of lowest income
who need public charity and for whom there might be some justice in
providing public financial assistance.

5. That the Federal Government cease the building of permanent, ex-
pensive housing units for defense workers and their families. The construc-
tion of public defense housing should be limited strictly to minimum cost,
rapidly built, demountable units, providing only the necessities of com-
fortable and livable shelter. There is no justificaton for the Government's
building and paying for semi-luxurious housing units for civilians in a
period when the country's armed forces are receiving $21 a month, and in
many cases sleeping in tents. Therefore, the United States Savings and Loan
League asks the Joint Committee on Non-Defense Expenditures to recom-
mend an end to the appropriations for costly permanent housing for civil-
ians in defense areas, which are only incidentally connected with die defense
program, and to recommend that all public fluids used to prevent housing

124 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

shortages among defense workers be limited to the production of temporary
structures.

6. That the 12 Federal Home Loan Banks should pay an economic
return on their capital stock, $124,700,000 of which is held by the Recon-
struction Finance Corporation. The Corporation is entitled to receive a
return on this investment commensurate with its other investments.
Dividends can be paid on this stock at a higher rate than is prevalent
today by:

(a) Ceasing to make high and unnecessary allocations to the reserves of
the regional banks beyond the already excessive statutory minimum.

(b) Practicing rigid economy in the expenditures of the Federal Home
Loan Bank Board which are assessed to the regional banks.

(c) Requiring the non-banking activities of the Federal Home Loan
Bank Board, and of the regional banks, such as supervision, promotion of
federal charters and promotion of insurance of accounts, to be placed on a
self-sustaining basis. Greater income to the Reconstruction Finance Corpo-
ration on its Federal Home Loan Bank Stock will assist it in the financing
of defense activities and needs.

(d) Abolishing the Federal Home Building Service Plan, operated by
the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. The program is impractical, has been
used by only a handful of mortgage lending institutions, and has no place
in the Federal Government's program for broad home ownership objectives.
The Federal Home Building Service Plan had cost up until June 30, 1941,
$300,000.

7. That the Government and its agencies should stop buying mortgages,
except those resulting from new defense housing in defense areas.

The Committee found that during 1941 new home construction
loans aggregating $437,000,000 were made by member institutions.
Representing about 70 per cent of appraised values, these loans made
possible the acquisition of modern, new homes by 137,000 families
with very moderate incomes, who may expect to own them free of
debt by making monthly payments averaging $24.52 over periods
averaging 15 years. These homes had a total value of $624,300,000,
or an average value of $4,557. Loans averaged $3,100.

The Committee also learned that members made loans aggregating
$580,503,000 to finance the purchase of existing homes valued at $829,-
290,000 by 207,332 families of moderate income at an average cost
of $4,000. The loans made in these transactions averaged $2,800 and
may be extinguished in 15 years on an average by the payment of
$22.12 a month. In all, the activities of members brought home owner-
ship to 344,332 American families, mostly in the $1,000 — $1,800 annual
income group.

Loans for remodeling and reconditioning existing houses aggregated
$61,328,000, and it may be conservatively estimated that this activity
resulted in better living conditions for approximately 125,000 addi-
tional families with modest incomes.

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 125

The Committee recommended that member associations take all
steps necessary to provide necessary housing for workers in war in-
dustries, and in many communities savings and loan executives gave
much time and effort to the problem. On the whole, the homes
financed through savings and loan associations fell well below the
$6,000 cost limitation set for defense housing by the Office of Produc-
tion Management, then charged with responsibility for issuing defense
housing priorities.

The Committee recommended amendments to local building codes
to conserve critical materials and lower building costs during the
emergency. The Committee further recommended that savings and
loan associations assume an active part in the post-war housing pro-
gram, specifically favoring:

1. Constructive modernization and active enforcement of housing
codes and demolition ordinances.

2. Broad city planning and zoning.

3. Lowering the cost of residential construction.

4. Rehabilitation of blighted urban areas along sound economic
lines.

5. Thorough study of ways and means of providing safe, decent,
and sanitary housing for families in the lowest income group.

Young Men's Christian Associations, National Council

Since 1887 Young Men's Christian Associations have maintained
club residences for young men, and long before that time interested
themselves in helping to secure wholesome residence facilities for
young men swarming into the American city. In 1940, 642 local
YMCA's provided such facilities, including 62,964 beds. It had for
that year 85 per cent occupancy.

Bed-night occupancy for the year totaled 19,480,000. Of this oc-
cupancy, 80 per cent was on the basis of a minimum of two weeks
residence, and much of it on a more or less permanent basis; 20 per
cent was considered transient, that is, for less than a fortnight. Of
the latter, 390 Associations reported 118,800 "free" lodgings or 3.7 per
cent. These facilities were made available to young men in need,
recalling much more extensive use of such facilities for this purpose
during earlier depression years.

Many of these buildings serve specialized constituencies, such as
those for railroad men in 118 division points, terminals, etc., where
1,850,000 lodgings were provided in 1940; others were in or near Army
and Navy centers where 909,000 lodgings were provided in the same
year; 57 served Negro constituencies where 688,000 lodgings were

126 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

provided; and still others, like the William Sloane House, New York
City, the YMCA Hotel, Chicago, and Seamen's House, New York
City, were for merchant seamen, men in military service, or for gen-
eral transition service to young men.

Hundreds of YMCA's have undertaken special programs of citizen-
ship and public affairs education, including community problems and
housing improvement among other subjects. This specialized project
in educating for civic responsibility has brought forth a special manual
including a chapter on "Guiding Participation in Community Affairs"
for the use of local YMCA groups. In one community, a co-Y-ed
forum, including 30 young people, asked a member of a city council
to discuss local housing problems, following which additional in-
vestigations, presentations, and local organization resulted in increased
vigilance of the board of health in enforcing housing ordinances,
cooperation between colored and white representatives in determining
what is needed, and aroused community concern which reached city
officials and a probable public opinion leading to local campaign
issues and decisions.

In new industrial "impact" communities rising from the war emer-
gency, the YMCA, on its own behalf as well as in cooperation with
United Service Organizations, has been deeply concerned with housing
problems among other factors influencing environment and character
education of young people.

Young Women's Christian Associations, National Board

The Young Women's Christian Association has never considered
family housing as a part of its task. The housing of women and girls
away from home has, however, been one of its active concerns from
the earliest years of its history. Many local YWCA's have expressed
this concern by maintaining their own residences or by furnishing a
rooms registry service. In 1940, nearly 300,000 women and girls were
housed by YWCA's, an increase of 21.5 per cent over the previous
year. Figures for 1941 are not yet available. In addition, local YWCA's
handled more than 60,000 rooms registry applicants.

For many years the YWCA has been interested in the government's
program of low-cost housing and slum clearance, and in the main-
taining of proper housing standards. As the defense program de-
veloped in 1940 and 1941, the YWCA became concerned that, because
of the necessary speed with which new housing projects must be
developed, the standards worked out by the United States Housing
Authority might be set aside. This concern was expressed in letters
to both the President of the United States and to the Administrator

NATIONAL UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES 127

of USHA. To the Office of Emergency Management was expressed
also its concern over the lack of proper housing facilities for single
women engaged in war production industries.

As the year 1941 progressed and the housing shortage in defense
communities became more acute, the Association in those com-
munities found their resources taxed to the utmost. One city Associa-
tion reported 98.4 per cent occupancy for the year. Another turned
away one hundred applicants a week. With its years of experience
in housing women and girls it was only natural that requests for
help in providing housing facilities should be made to the YWCA.,
In most cases Associations have attempted to meet this problem
through their rooms registry service or through homes registration
bureaus rather than by increasing their own rooming facilities. In
some cases there has been a shift between the proportion of transient
and permanent rooms. A more common method of meeting the prob-
lem has been to set an age and wage limit in their own residences
so that more of the new, younger girls coming to the community
might be accommodated. In some places Associations are considering
the feasibility of cooperatively directed services in housing and feeding,
but to date only one has reported the actual adoption of such plans.

In the USO-YWCA centers there is provision for a small amount
of emergency housing of women and girls but no large scale projects
of this kind are provided.

Directory of Housing Agencies

THE DIRECTORY shows a small decrease in the number of housing
agencies in the United States — the total number listed falling from
623 in 1941 to 560 in 1942. Probably this decrease is due largely to the
failure of inactive agencies to return reports this year. Comparisons of
all groups listed in the 1941 and 1942 Yearbooks are as follows:

•-1941-* r-1942-^
Official Administrative :

National 5 5

State and regional 23 52

Municipal and metropolitan 521 444

549 ' 501
Unofficial :

National 9 9

State and regional 23 16

Municipal and metropolitan 42 34

_74 J9

GRAND TOTAL 623 560

Again it has been the policy of the editors to omit from the list
agencies that have been officially dissolved, those that have advised the
Association that local activity has been abandoned and that there is
no prospect for any activity in the future, and those that failed to reply
to the Association's request for information and about whom NAHO
has insufficient accurate information to constitute a useful listing. Be-
cause of this omission of the inactive and non-replying agencies, the
total count of agencies included in the directory may be somewhat
less than other published figures — especially those for local official
agencies.

During 1941 New Hampshire enacted legislation permitting the
establishment of local public housing agencies commonly known as
housing authorities. There still remain nine states (Iowa, Kansas,
Maine, Minnesota, Nevada, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming) in which housing authorities are not authorized.

The person designated as correspondent by each housing agency is
marked with an asterisk (*). The address given is the address of this
person. It will be noted that the housing agencies have observed no
uniform practice in designating their correspondents. In some cases
the correspondent is a member of the governing board of the agency
and in others an employee. It will be noted also that there is no uni-
formity in titles of the principal employees whose names are listed.
In a few cases, especially in local unofficial agencies, the principal staff

128

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 129

member or employee is also a member of the governing board o£ the
agency. In Kentucky the mayor is an ex-officio member of each local
authority.

OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE HOUSING AGENCIES

The Association continues to define an official administrative hous-
ing agency as one created under specific provisions of law, whose
purpose is to regulate and/or finance, construct, and manage housing.
Although under this definition there may be some difficulty in classify-
ing federal agencies, it has proved to be quite workable in its applica-
tion to state and local organizations. The name "housing authority"
is customarily applied to the local agencies in the official group even
though, by terms of the enabling legislation in Michigan and Ken-
tucky, they are officially designated as "housing commissions."

During 1941 the trend toward the combining of local agencies into
one organization or centralized administrative action by separate local
housing authorities continued. In the rural field there was greater use
of a regional administrative agency by a number of county housing
authorities and also greater use of regional or state authorities to
administer a housing program in areas having no county housing
authorities.

Housing authorities in small municipalities, as in Arizona, pooled
their resources and utilized the administrative staff of an established
active housing authority in a larger city (Phoenix).

For those local authorities that belong to a group for administrative
purposes, only the name of the local authority is listed and a reference
is given to the central agency to which they belong.

In the state classification of official agencies, the organizations
labeled "state boards" in Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida,
Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts, New Mexico, North Caro-
lina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia are regulatory
or research bodies only. They do not have the power to finance,
construct, or manage housing. Most of these agencies were established
between six and eight years ago when it appeared that there would
be need for state organizations to supervise limited dividend housing
developments. Those of the group that survived in more than name
have carried on such activities as research, surveys, education, and in
some cases they exercise supervision of the activities of local housing
authorities within the state.

Only in New York does the official state administrative agency
engage in finance of housing.

130 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

NATIONAL AGENCIES

Farm Security Administration
*C. B. Baldwin, Administrator
ADDRESS: Farm Security Administration, Washington, D. C.

Federal Home Loan Bank Administration
*John H. Fahey, Commissioner
ADDRESS: Federal Home Loan Bank Administration, Washington, D. C.

Federal Housing Administration

*Abner Ferguson, Commissioner

ADDRESS: Federal Housing Administration, Washington, D. C.

Federal Public Housing Authority

*Herbert Emmerich, Commissioner

ADDRESS: Federal Public Housing Authority, Washington, D. C.

National Housing Agency
*John Blandford, Administrator
ADDRESS: National Housing Agency, Washington, D. C.

STATE AND REGIONAL AGENCIES

Alabama Associated Housing Authorities, Central

MEMBERS: Executive Committee comprises Chairmen of the Authorities
for the counties of: Autauga, Chilton, Dallas, Elmore, Hale, Lowndes,
Marengo, Perry, and Wilcox.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. W. Wynn

ADDRESS: Selma, Alabama

Alabama Associated Housing Authorities, Southeastern

MEMBERS: G. C. Thompson, Chairman; Executive Committee compris-
ing Chairmen of the Authorities for the counties of: Barbour, Bullock,
Chambers, Coffee, Dale, Geneva, Henry, Houston, Lee, Macon, Mont-
gomery, Pike, Russell, and Tallapoosa.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *J. T. Martin
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 38, Tuskegee, Alabama

Alabama Associated Housing Authorities, Western

MEMBERS: Executive Committee comprises Chairmen of the Authorities

for the counties of: Choctaw, Fayette, Lamar, Marion, Pickins, Sumter,

Tuscaloosa, and Winston.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *M. Johnson
ADDRESS: Carrollton, Alabama

Arkansas Regional Housing Authority, East Central

MEMBERS: J. J. Screeton, Chairman; Joe P. Melton, Vice-Chairman; R. L.
Brooks, John F. Cole, Davis Fitzhugh, Joe S. Hall, C. A. Hughes,
Moody M. Irvin, Bryan Lancaster, G. W. Merrifield, James H. Moore,
Robert Stallings, H. H. Wilson, Harry Wood. (The Authority has

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 131

jurisdiction over the following counties: Cleburne, Con way, Faulkner,
Lee, Lonoke, Monroe, Perry, Phillips, Pope, Prairie, Stone, Van Buren,
White, and Woodruff.)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Sanford Wilbourn

ADDRESS: Lonoke, Arkansas

Arkansas Regional Housing Authority, Northeast

MEMBERS: J. P. Morrow, Chairman; Joe Clay Young, Vice-Chairman;
Kelley Bradham, G. T. Cunningham, M. C. Curlee, Shelby Ferguson,
Charles W. Light, J. P. Morrow, R. M. Perryman, R. S. Rainwater,
R. E. Sallee, H. D. Severs, Eugene Shaneyfelt, Lynn Sharp, C. T.
Stuart, J. F. Wheeler, Joe Clay Young. (The Authority has jurisdic-
tion over the following counties: Baxter, Clay, Craighead, Crittenden,
Cross, Fulton, Greene, Independence, Izard, Jackson, Lawrence, Mis-
sissippi, Poinsett, Randolph, and Sharp.)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Chester F. Williams

ADDRESS: Batesville, Arkansas

Arkansas Regional Housing Authority, Northwest

MEMBERS: Dr. Wiley Lin Hurie, Chairman; Ernest Bunch, Vice-Chair-
man; Lon W. Berry, John Ed. Chambers, L. E. Chiles, Eb Fergus,
W. L. Fulmer, J. E. Gregson, B. W. Johnson, A. J. Keeling, Eugene
Moore, H. O. Patton, H. L. Scott, N. K. Williams, Jr., Ross W, Willis.
(The Authority has jurisdiction over the following counties: Benton,
Boone, Carroll, Crawford, Franklin, Johnson, Logan, Madison, Marion,
Newton, Scott, Searcy, Sebastian, Washington, and Yell.)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *John N. Minden

ADDRESS: Ozark, Arkansas

Arkansas Regional Housing Authority, Southeast

MEMBERS: C. W. Daniel, Chairman; R. H. Peace, Vice-Chairman; H. C.
Adams, E. T. Attwood, J. P. Bachelor, Claude B. Crumpler, W. O.
Hazelbaker, F. M. Holt, A. R. Merritt, Ike Murray, Fay Nolley, Sam
Steel, L. B. White, J. T. Wimberly, D. A. Youree. (The Authority
has jurisdiction over the following counties: Arkansas, Ashley, Brad-
ley, Calhoun, Chicot, Cleveland, Dallas, Desha, Drew, Grant, Jefferson,
Lincoln, Ouachita, Saline, and Union.)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *D. E. McCloy

ADDRESS: Monticello, Arkansas

Arkansas Regional Housing Authority, Southwest

MEMBERS: H. A. Daugherty, Chairman; R. L. Fish, Vice-Chairman;
M. C. Barton, John Beavers, C. L. Briant, Jr., Tull Carroll, J. P.
Duffie, Paul N. Eddleman, C. C. Harvey, Henderson Jackson, H. W.
McMillan, M. E. Melton, C. L. Rodgers, C. F. Walters. (The Author-
ity has jurisdiction over the following counties: Clark, Garland,
Hempstead, Hot Spring, Howard, Lafayette, Little River, Miller, Mont-
gomery, Nevada, Pike, Polk, and Sevier.)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *J. H. Shaw

ADDRESS: Arkadelphia, Arkansas

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

132 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

(California) Division of Immigration and Housing
MEMBERS: J. Earl Cook, Dr. Omer Mills, Dr. Hubert Phillips, Leon H.

Washington, Jr., The Reverend Edgar E. Wilson
CHIEF: *Carey Me Williams
ADDRESS: 505 State Building, Los Angeles, California

Delaware State Board of Housing

MEMBERS: Samuel M. Dillon, President; Joseph S. Hamilton, Frederic

W. Kurtz, William Smith, Roscoe Cook Tindall
SECRETARY: *Lawrence V. Smith
ADDRESS: 1309 Woodlawn Avenue, Wilmington, Delaware

Florida Regional Housing Authority, Central

MEMBERS: E. L. Brewton, Chairman; Lewis Ambler, Harrison E. Bar-
ringer, H. D. Bassett, Mrs. M. R. Bovis, G. D. Bridges, Sr., Walter
Buckingham, L. E. Futch, Walter S. Hardin, Leslie Hord, H. F.
Isted, Paul L. Osteen, Charles L. Raulerson, J. E. Sims, Ernest C.
Smith, John E. Taylor, Arthur Wells. (The Authority has jurisdiction
over the following counties: Citrus, De Soto, Hardee, Highlands,
Indian River, Lake, Manatee, Marion, Martin, Okeechobee, Orange,
Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, St. Lucie, Sarasota, and Sumter.)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *George C. Shute

ADDRESS: Coker Building, Winter Haven, Florida

Florida Regional Housing Authority, Northwest

MEMBERS: H. B. Douglas, Chairman; Charles O. ReifT, Vice-Chairman;
O. M. Anderson, W. B. Bishop, R. F. Butler, L. B. Clark, W. Turner
Davis, J. M. Deas, H. B. Douglas, J. C. Gainer, O. S. Gatlin, F. L.
Herrin, L. H. Hughes, Mrs. Basil E. Kenney, Roscoe Luke, M. A.
Touart, Jr., W. H. Walker, W. H. Wilson, and O. A. Winburn. (The
Authority has jurisdiction over the following counties: Bay, Calhoun,
Dixie, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Hamilton, Holmes, Jackson,
Jefferson, Lafayette, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa,
Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington.)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Ammon McClellan

ADDRESS: P. O. Box 391, Marianna, Florida

(Georgia) State Housing Authority Board
MEMBERS: Sandy Beaver, M. D. Collins, Henry T. Mclntosh, Eugene

Talmadge, John B. Wilson
EXECUTIVE OFFICER: *Basil Stockbridge
ADDRESS: 407 State Highway Building, Adanta, Georgia

Georgia Rural Housing Authorities, Central

MEMBERS: J. T. Hollis, Chairman; O. H. Banks, Vice-Chairman; J. H.
Anderson, L. C. Cunnard, J. C. Fallin, N. L. Gallaway, C. G. Hardi-
gree, H. C. Hewell, C. O. Maddox, J. L. Rossee, J. H. Sibley, H. R.
Slaton, A. G. Swint, T. H. Taylor, C. W. Walker, Hugh S. Worssam.
(The Authority has jurisdiction over the following counties: Barrow,
Butts, Clayton, Fayette, Greene, Henry, Jasper, Jones, Monroe, Morgan,
Newton, Oconee, Putnam, Rockdale, Spalding, Upson, and Walton.)

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 133

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. C. Chalker
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 309, Monticello, Georgia

Georgia Rural Housing Authorities, Southeastern

MEMBERS: Walter Harrison, Chairman; Executive Committee compris-
ing Chairmen of the Authorities for the counties of: Appling, Ben Hill,
Dodge, Jefferson, Jenkins, Johnson, Laurens, Montgomery, Tattnall,
Toombs, Treutlen, and Wheeler.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *R. Smith Ward

ADDRESS: Soperton, Georgia

Georgia Rural Housing Authorities, Southwest

MEMBERS: Executive Committee comprises Chairmen of the Authorities
for the counties of: Baker, Brooks, Calhoun, Colquitt, Crisp, Decatur,
Grady, Lowndes, Mitchell, Thomas, and Worth.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *E. C. Mann

ADDRESS: Thomas ville, Georgia

Hawaii Housing Authority

MEMBERS: James Gibb, Chairman;, Charles S. Crane, Secretary; Charles

J. Pietsch (2 vacancies)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *A. S. Guild
ADDRESS: 239 Merchant Street, Honolulu, Hawaii

Illinois State Housing Board

MEMBERS: Oscar W. Rosenthal, Chairman; C. L. Rice, Vice-Chairman;
John E. Egan, Albert J. Horan, Rupert L. Mills, Mrs. Guy A. Tawney
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: * William E. Johnson
ADDRESS: 228 North LaSalle Street, Chicago Illinois

Kansas State Board of Housing

MEMBERS: Board established by state law, but since it is inoperative the
personnel is not given. The Board does not wish to receive communi-
cations.

Louisiana Department of Public Works, Housing Section
CHIEF: *Caye A. Nelson
ADDRESS: Department of Public Works, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Louisiana Regional Housing Authority No. I

MEMBERS: W. Prescott Foster, Chairman; Leo J. Bulliard, P. A. Juneau,
William Lourd, Fred T. Schlessinger. (The Authority has jurisdiction
over the following parishes: Iberia, Lafayette, St. Martin, St. Mary,
and Vermilion.)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Ray J. Cornay

ADDRESS: Lafayette, Louisiana

Louisiana Regional Housing Authority No. II

MEMBERS: Warren H. Smith, Chairman; Roland L. Riviere, M. G. Thig-

pen. (The Authority has jurisdiction over the following parishes: St.

Tammany, Tangipahoa, and Washington.)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * August W. Planche, Jr.
ADDRESS: Covington, Louisiana

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

134 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Louisiana Regional Housing Authority No. Ill

MEMBERS: Francis J. Whitehead, Chairman; C. H. Bergeron, Ovide B.
Lacour, Frank Noel, Sprague Pugh, Michel Schexnayder. (The Au-
thority has jurisdiction over the following parishes: Ascension, As-
sumption, Iberville, Pointe Coupee, St. James, and West Baton Rouge.)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Elmore Becnel

ADDRESS: Plaquemine, Louisiana

Louisiana Regional Housing Authorities (Inactive)

The following Louisiana Regional Housing Authorities embracing
the following parishes are inactive:

Region IV — Concordia, East Carroll, Franklin, Madison, Richland,
Tensas, West Carroll

Region V — Avoyelles, Rapides, Vernon

Region VI — Bienville, Bossier, Claiborne, Webster

Region VII— De Soto, Natchitoches, Red River, Sabine

Region VIII — Jackson, Lincoln, Morehouse, Union

Region IX — Caldwell, Ouachita

Region X — Catahoula, Grant, La Salle, Winn

Region XI — East Feliciana, Livingston, St. Helena, West Feliciana

Region XII — Lafourche, Terrebonne

Region XIII — Beauregard, Calcasieu, Cameron, Jefferson Davis

Region XIV — Acadia, Evangeline, St. Landry

Region XV — Jefferson, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. John

the Baptist

CORRESPONDENT: Caye A. Nelson
ADDRESS: Department of Public Works, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Massachusetts State Board of Housing

MEMBERS: Sidney T. Strickland, Chairman; Philip Nichols, Vice-Chair-
man; Joseph F. Higgins, Edward G. Lennon, John I. Robinson
DIRECTOR: *John B. Foley
ADDRESS: 20 Somerset Street, Boston, Massachusetts

Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities, East Central

MEMBERS: L. O. Todd, Chairman; D. W. Carr, R. M. Christian, S. C.
Ellis, C. C. Knight, Hugh S. Mason, T. A. Stennis, W. E. Walter. Ex-
ecutive Committee comprises Chairmen of the Authorities for the
counties of: Clarke, Kemper, Lauderdale, Leake, Neshoba, Newton,
Scott, and Smith.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. A. Bell
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 260, Newton, Mississippi

Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities, Northeast

MEMBERS: A. L. Rogers, Chairman;, Seth Pounds, Vice-Chairman; M. L.
Branch, Jack Dale, C. P. Fortner, Harris Gholson, Clarence Gray,
G. F. Hill, R. W. Reed, W. P. Sudduth, J. A. Thornton, D. M.
Turner, V. E. Ware, R. P. White. Executive Committee comprises
Chairmen of the Authorities for the counties of: Alcorn, Calhoun,
Lafayette, Lee, Marshall, Montgomery, Oktibbeha, Panola, Pontotoc,
Prentiss, Tate, Tishomingo, Union, Webster, and Yalobusha.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 135

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Guy Mitchell, Jr.
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 97, Tupelo, Mississippi

Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities, Southeast

MEMBERS: Thomas R. Ramsay, Chairman; J. W. Backstrom, Jr., Mrs.
Ruby M. Black, J. E. Campbell, T. V. Flynt, Hugh P. Garraway,
T. C. Hobby. Executive Committee comprises Chairmen of the Au-
thorities for the counties of: Covington, Forrest, George, Greene,
Jones, Lamar, and Perry.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Jack McDill
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 28, Laurel, Mississippi

Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities, Southwest

MEMBERS: F. A. Anderson, W. E. Bradford, George M. Decell, Jr., J. F.
Hollinger, Jr., R. L. Nolan, W. T. Reese, C. E. Westerfield, H. J.
Wilson, F. S. Wolcott. Executive Committee comprises Chairmen of
the Authorities for the counties of: Amite, Claibourne, Copiah, Frank-
lin, Hinds, Jefferson, Lincoln, Madison, and Simpson.
SECRETARY: *Miss Catherine Bass
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 191, Hazelhurst, Mississippi

New Jersey State Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Christian H. Ziegler, Chairman; Arthur A. Quinn, Vice-

Chairman; Dr. Eugene E. Agger, Mrs. Isora B. Somers, William T.

Vanderlipp

SECRETARY: *Harry I. Luftman
ADDRESS: 1060 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey

(New Mexico) State Housing Authority Board
MEMBERS: J. B. Jones, Chairman; Lyle Brush, Vice-Chairman; *W. C.

Kruger, Secretary; Samuel Klein, Milton R. Smith
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 308, Santa Fe, New Mexico

New York, Division of Housing, State of

STATE COMMISSIONER OF HOUSING: *Edward Weinfeld
ADDRESS: 80 Centre Street, New York City

North Carolina Regional Housing Authority, Eastern

MEMBERS: D. C. McCotter, Chairman; C. P. Banks, A. B. Butler, R. J.
Hester, B. J. Holleman, Garland P. King, I. E. Pittman, H. Paul
Strickland, J. T. Wells, A. F. Wood. (The Authority has jurisdiction
over the following counties: Bladen, Carteret, Craven, Duplin, Harnett,
Johnston, Jones, Onslow, Pamlico, Pender, and Sampson.)
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *H. Emmett Powell
ADDRESS: Clinton, North Carolina

Ohio State Board of Housing

MEMBERS: Martin E. Blum, Chairman;, *O. W. L. Coffin, Secretary;

C. R. Aldrich, Charles H. Jones, Lawrence H. Kyte, Frank L. Raschig,

Charles L. Sherwood
ADDRESS: 410 Wyandotte Building, Columbus, Ohio

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

136 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Pennsylvania State Board of Housing

MEMBERS: J. S. Burns1, George E. Evans, Arthur C. Kaufmann, Vance

McCormick

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Charles V. Doyle
ADDRESS: 212 Temporary Building No. i, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico Housing Authority

MEMBERS: F. L. Dorathy, Chairman; Enrique Calimano, Vice-Chairman;

Jose Benitez Gautier, Dr. A. Fernos Isern, Mariano Acosta Velarde
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Cesar Cordero Davila
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 397, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico

South Carolina State Housing Board

MEMBERS: Matthew A. Condon, Chairman; Jeff D. Hunt, Jr., Vice-
Chairman; Charles Mabry, B. F. Rice, F. C. Robinson
CORRESPONDENT: *J. Roy Jones
ADDRESS: Columbia, South Carolina

South Carolina Regional Housing Authority No. 1

MEMBERS: Charles F. Fleming, Chairman; G. Frank Vaughan, Vice-
Chairman; George M. Ansel, R. H. Brazeal, R. A. Cole, J. W. Gaston,
W. A. Gettys, Joe Griffith, F. E. Hope, C. W. Kinard, Ralph H. Mc-
Donald, A. M. McWhirter, T. Collier Neel, K. M. Richardson, E. L.
Smith, J. S. Strom, L. E. Stroud, P. M. Washington, J. S. Wilson.
(The Authority has jurisdiction over the following counties: Abbe-
ville, Anderson, Cherokee, Chester, Edgefield, Fairfield, Greenville,
Greenwood, Lancaster, Laurens, McCormick, Newberry, Oconee,
Pickens, Saluda, Spartanburg, Union, and York.)

SECRETARY-TREASURER: *S. M. Leaman

ADDRESS: Laurens, South Carolina

South Carolina Regional Housing Authority No. 2

MEMBERS: The Authority has jurisdiction over the following counties:
Chesterfield, Clarendon, Dillon, Florence, Georgetown, Horry, Ker-
shaw, Lee, Marion, Marlboro, Sumter, and Williamsburg.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *D. T. McKeithan

ADDRESS: Darlington, South Carolina

South Carolina Regional Housing Authority No. 3

MEMBERS: Marvin H. Dukes, Chairman; H. M. Kinsey, Vice-Chairman;
Clarence J. Asbil, D. C. Bryan, William P. Donelan, J. Wady Eu-
banks, D. S. Livingston, W. J. Miller, Norval N. Newell, B. C.
Pendarvais, W. C. Wilbur, Marshall B. Williams, Tom Williams,
J. Hey ward Young, N. B. Youngblood. (The Authority has jurisdic-
tion over the following counties: Aiken, Allendale, Bamberg, Barn^
well, Beaufort, Berkeley, Calhoun, Charleston, Colleton, Dorchester,
Hampton, Jasper, Lexington, Orangeburg, and Richland.)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Paul F. Warren

ADDRESS: Bamberg, South Carolina

1 Not confirmed by the state senate as of March 5, 1942.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 137

Virginia State Board of Housing

MEMBERS: Dr. I. C. Riggin, Chairman; John Hopkins Hall, Dr. W. H.

Stauffer

SECRETARY: *Hugh R. Pomeroy
ADDRESS: 301 State Finance Building, Richmond, Virginia

MUNICIPAL AND METROPOLITAN AGENCIES

ALABAMA

Anniston Housing Authority

MEMBERS: J. Ralph Hamilton, Chairman; J. R. Morgan, Vice-Chairman;

W. P. Acker, L. T. Smith, Howard Trammell
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Walter J. Merrill
ADDRESS: Commercial National Bank Building, Anniston, Alabama

Attalla, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *E. G. Pilcher, Chairman; Robert H. Forman, Vice-Chair-
man; G. R. Isbell, E. G. Norton, George P. Walker, Jr.
ADDRESS: Attalla, Alabama

Autauga, Housing Authority of the County of f
Barbour, Housing Authority of the County of $

Birmingham District, Housing Authority of the <

MEMBERS: Frank E. Spain, Chairman; George C. Leigh, Vice-Chairman;

Hugh Denman, Joseph H. Loveman, Charles P. Marks
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *J. C. de Holl
ADDRESS: 600 North 24th Street, Birmingham, Alabama

Bullock, Housing Authority of the County of $
Chambers, Housing Authority of the County of $
Chilton, Housing Authority of the County of f
Choctaw, Housing Authority of the County of §
Coffee, Housing Authority of the County of $
Dale, Housing Authority of the County of |
Dallas, Housing Authority of the County of f

Dothan, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: A. D. Ussery, Chairman; F. A. Flowers, Vice-Chairman;
Horace Hall, B. P. Poyner, Jr., E. M. Wells

t Member of Central Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

t Member of Southeastern Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

§ Member of Western Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

138 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *R. D. Crawford

ADDRESS: 500 South Lena Street, Dothan, Alabama

Elmore, Housing Authority of the County of f
Fairfield Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Charles A. Buck, Chairman; R. R. Thomas, Vice-Chairman;
C. J. Donald, J. C. McNamee, E. B. Pitts

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. R. Rainey

ADDRESS: P. O. Box 575, Fairfield, Alabama

Fayette, Housing Authority of the County of §

Fort Payne, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: W. W. Hill, Chairman; M. E. Malone, Vice-Chairman;

E. L. Hansard, W. V. Jacoway, J. T. N. Keels
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *M. E. Malone, Jr.
ADDRESS: Fort Payne, Alabama

Gadsden Housing Authority, Greater

MEMBERS: W. D. McNair, Chairman; J. B. Hollingsworth, Secretary;

John L. Ray, W. R. Scarbrough (i vacancy)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. B. Mills
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 430, Gadsden, Alabama

Geneva, Housing Authority of the County of |

Guntersville Housing Authority, The

MEMBERS: M. L. Moss, Chairman; A. W. Adams, Vice-Chairman; J. T.

Jordan, W. L. Segers, T. W. Throckmorton
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *Claud D. Scruggs
ADDRESS: Guntersville, Alabama

Hale, Housing Authority of the County of f
Henry, Housing Authority of the County of ^
Houston, Housing Authority of the County of $

Jasper, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: George H. Davis, Chairman; W. M. Gardner, Vice-Chair-
man; M. L. Mathews, Laudie Sumner, Elton Webb
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Paul S. Haley
ADDRESS: Jasper, Alabama

Lamar, Housing Authority of the County of §
Lee, Housing Authority of the County of $
Lowndes, Housing Authority of the County of f

f Member of Central Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

J Member of Southeastern Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

§ Member of Western Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES ' 139

Macon, Housing Authority of the County of $
Marengo, Housing Authority of the County of f
Marion, Housing Authority of the County of §

Mobile Housing Board

MEMBERS: Clyde W. Foreman, Chairman; James C. Van Antwerp, Vice-
Chairman; L. M. Cooper, Dr. L. W. Hollis, Clarence L. Hutchisson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *George Fearn, Jr.
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 481, Mobile, Alabama

Montgomery, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Howard E. Pill, Chairman; Paul B. Fuller, Vice-Chairman;

Thomas H. Edwards, Frank L. Seeger, Charles A. Stakely
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Charles P. Rogers
ADDRESS: 528 Bell Street, Montgomery, Alabama

Montgomery, Housing Authority of the County of $
Perry, Housing Authority of the County of f

Phenix City, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: H. L. Blake, Chairman;, E. K. Garrett, Vice-Chairman; Dr.

O. L. Edwards, A. A. Roberts, I. C. Wheelis
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Enoch Mathews
ADDRESS: Phenix City, Alabama

Pickins, Housing Authority of the County of §
Pike, Housing Authority of the County of $
Russell, Housing Authority of the County of :j:

Selma Housing Authority

MEMBERS: C. L. Cobb, Chairman; J. F. Miller, Jr., Vice-Chairman; E. B.

Kayser, W. E. Morrison, Sr., J. R. Twilley
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Eugene Rowan
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 708, Selma, Alabama

Sumter, Housing Authority of the County of §

Talladega, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *Turner J. Jones, Chairman
ADDRESS: Talladega, Alabama

Tallapoosa, Housing Authority of the County of ^

f Member of Central Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

J Member of Southeastern Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

§ Member of Western Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

140 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Tarrant Housing Authority

MEMBERS: L. Leon Hearn, Chairman; R. J. Johns, Vice-Chairman; R. C.

Barton, F. R. Daly (i vacancy)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Paschal P. Vacca
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 97, Tarrant, Alabama

Tuscaloosa, Housing Authority of the County of §
Wilcox, Housing Authority of the County of f
Winston, Housing Authority of the County of §

ARIZONA

Buckeye, Housing Authority of the Town of

MEMBERS: Ralph Watkins, Chairman; Joe Blazer, Vice-Chairman; D. F.

Johnson, Jr., W. A. Latham, H. M. Watson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William G. Elder
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 3527, Phoenix, Arizona

Flagstaff, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: J. T. Tormey, Chairman; N. V. Watson, Vice-Chairman;

Dr. E. A. Miller, V. M. Slipher, Leo Weaver
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William G. Elder
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 3527, Phoenix, Arizona

Glendale, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Mrs. J. M. Pearson, Chairman; Dr. R. K. Trueblood, Vice-

Chairman; J. S. Francis, Jr., Russell Jones, Dr. G. P. Van Marel
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William G. Elder
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 3527, Phoenix, Arizona

Holbrook, Housing Authority of the Town of

MEMBERS: J. R. McEvoy, Chairman; Berlyn Farris, M. D. Porter, The

Reverend E. Roure, Arthur Whiting
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William G. Elder
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 3527, Phoenix, Arizona

Mesa, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Rulon T. Sheperd, Chairman; Lewis Allison, Pete Guerrero,

Ray Killian, Iser Tibsherany
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William G. Elder
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 3527, Phoenix, Arizona

Phoenix, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: The Reverend Emmett McLoughlin, Chairman; Chris Totten,
Vice-Chairman; R. A. Becker, C. W. Bond, Joseph E. Refsnes

t Member of Central Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

§ Member of Western Alabama Associated Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 141

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William G. Elder
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 3527, Phoenix, Arizona

Tucson, Housing Authority of the City of

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: * Warren A. Grossetta
ADDRESS: 1645 Speedway, Tucson, Arizona

ARKANSAS

Blytheville, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: R. E. Blaylock, Chairman; G. G. Hubbard, A. R. Weten-

kamp, Floyd A. White (i vacancy)
SECRETARY: *J. M. Brooks
ADDRESS: Blytheville, Arkansas

Conway, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Frank Robins, Jr., Chairman; Ed Bauer, Vice-Chairman;

W. H. Brummett, Maurice Moix, Mrs. S. G. Smith
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *George Shaw
ADDRESS: Conway, Arkansas

Fort Smith, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: J. R. Woods, Chairman; Allen Henderson, Vice-Chairman;

C. C. Davis, Dr. Walter Eberle, R. J. Ross
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Mrs. Frances Buck

ADDRESS: 226 Merchants Bank Building, Fort Smith, Arkansas

Little Rock, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: R. Redding Stevenson, Chairman; Van E. Manning, Vice-
Chairman; Paul C. Robinson, Purcell Smith, Mrs. Gladys S. White
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Gus Allison
ADDRESS: Wallace Building, Little Rock, Arkansas

Malvern, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: W. W. Thompson, Chairman; R. E. Van Dusen, Vice-Chair-
man; *K. K. Kight, Secretary-Treasurer
ADDRESS: City Hall, Malvern, Arkansas

North Little Rock, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: H. J. Wilkins, Chairman; S. R. Garrett, Vice-Chairman; Troy

D. Churchman, W. E. McClure, William B. Randolph
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Laurence J. Berger

ADDRESS: Administration Building, Silver City Courts, North Little Rock,
Arkansas

CALIFORNIA

Alameda, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: James E. Hall, Chairman; A. Hubbard Moffitt, Jr., Vice-
Chairman; J. A. Cassidy, E. D. Garber, T. A. Greig

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

142 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

SECRETARY: *Curtis Anderson

ADDRESS: 1711 Second Street, Alameda, California

Contra Costa, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: Gerould L. Gill, Chairman;, Melvern S. Hogan, Vice-Chair-
man; Charles B. Weeks, George H. Weise, James C. Wood
SECRETARY-DIRECTOR: * Warren Harrold
ADDRESS: 825 Main Street, Martinez, California

Corona, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: A. L. Blakeley, Chairman; Joe Copley, Vice-Chairman; Dr.
" James Farrage, Frank J. Morrell, Lawrence G. Thome
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. O. Kershner
ADDRESS: City Hall, Corona, California

El Centre, Housing Authority of the City of
MEMBERS: *Gordon R. Scriven, Chairman
ADDRESS: City Hall, El Centro, California

Fresno, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Dr. Kenneth Potter, Chairman; John A. Christie, Vice-Chair-
man; Walter M. High, Mrs. Jean Manson, Wm. M. Russell
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Hugo F. Allardt
ADDRESS: 712 Mattei Building, Fresno, California

Kern, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: C. E. Bush, Chairman; C. C. Karnes, Vice-Chairman; T. J.

Foley, David L. Shifflet, D. S. Stricklen
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Stanley Abel
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 1478, Bakersfield, California

Los Angeles, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Nicola Giulii, Chairman;. Ralph A. McMullen, Vice-Chairman;

J. E. Fishburn, Jr., Maurice Saeta, Mrs. Jessie L. Terry
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Howard L. Holtzendorff
ADDRESS: 1031 South Broadway, Los Angeles, California

Los Angeles, The Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: Isidore B. Dockweiler, Chairman; William A. Simpson,

Vice-Chairman; Robert Wayne Burns, Mrs. Margarete L. Clark,

Joseph E. Schumacher
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Melville Dozier, Jr.
ADDRESS: 1031 South Broadway, Los Angeles, California

Monterey County, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: *Howard Veit, Chairman; William Hargis, William Pettit,

Paul Pioda, Harold Prince
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 176, Pebble Beach, California

Needles, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *Frank Gilman, Chairman
ADDRESS: Needles, California

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 143

Newman, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *John M. Brumm, Coordinator
ADDRESS: 8532 Terrace Drive, El Cerrito, California

Oakland, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: C. M. Walter, Chairman; Thomas M. Robinson, Jr., Vice-Chair-
man; J. P. Brennan, Stanley A. Burgraff, Hugh S. Rutledge
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Bernard J. Abrott
ADDRESS: 800 Willow Street, Oakland, California

Richmond, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: W. J. Richards, Jr., Chairman; E. M. Downer, Jr., C. C.

Kratzer, R. D. Lee, L. J. Thomas
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Harry A. Barbour
ADDRESS: 271 loth Street, Richmond, California

Riverbank, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: George H. MacDonald, Chairman; Eugene P. Bessac, Vice-
Chairman;. Mrs. Jewel Roscoe, Secretary; Fred W. Scheela (i vacancy)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Glenn C. Staley
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 358, Riverbank, California

Sacramento, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: A. H. Becker, Chairman; Mrs. Edith W. Cohn, Vice-Chair-

man; Albert A. Marty, Antone J. Marty, W. P. Wright
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Bardey W. Cavanaugh
ADDRESS: Room 115, City Hall, Sacramento, California

Sacramento, Housing Authority of the County of

Same commissioners and staff as Sacramento City Authority

San Bernardino, The Housing Authority of the County of

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Frank Gilman
ADDRESS: Needles, California

San Francisco, Housing Authority of the City and County of

MEMBERS: Marshall Dill, Chairman; E. N. Ayer, Miss Alice Griffith,

Timothy A. Reardon, Carleton H. Wall
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Albert J. Evers
ADDRESS: 525 Market Street, San Francisco, California

San Mateo, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: *Perry A. Bygdnes, Chairman; Gaston Periat, Vice-Chairman;

Ruth Bradley, Secretary; Ralph C. McArthur, The Reverend Charles E.

Ward
ADDRESS: 1301 Burlingame Avenue, Burlingame, California

Santa Barbara, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: W. F. Hobbs, Chairman; R. B. McClellan, Vice-Chairman;

Theo. B. Lundberg, George A. Miller, Howard J. Moore
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Fred Lawrence
ADDRESS: 114% North H Street, Lompoc, California

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

144 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Santa Cruz, Housing Authority of the County of

SECRETARY: *Stephen WyckofF

ADDRESS: 14 Cooper Street, Santa Cruz, California

Santa Monica, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Ralph Kiewit, Chairman; Jack Neagle, Vice-Chairman;

*William Thornbury, Secretary; Joseph G. Braun, John Daniell
ADDRESS: 164 Marine Street, Ocean Park, California

South San Francisco, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Joseph E. Riccomi, Chairman; G. Carl Weller, Vice-Chairman;

E. N. Fourcans, Treasurer; Fred J. Lautze, Silvio Nieri
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *P. R. Blythe

ADDRESS: 103 Bank Building, South San Francisco, California

«

Sunnyvale, Housing Authority of the City of
MEMBERS: * James J. Gorman, Chairman
ADDRESS: City Hall, Sunnyvale, California

Upland, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Paul F. Schowalter, Chairman; Everett W. Henry, Vice-
Chairman; Dr. Lilian F. Baxter, Alan C. Couch, W. C. Scheu
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *O. S. Roen
ADDRESS: City Hall, Upland, California

COLORADO

Denver, Housing Authority of the City and County of

MEMBERS: James Q. Newton, Chairman; James A. Brownlow, Vice-

Chairman; Miss Irma M. Greenawalt, Treasurer; Thomas A. Dines,

Monsignor John R. Mulroy
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Wendell T. Hedgcock
ADDRESS: 409 Municipal Building, Denver, Colorado

CONNECTICUT

Bridgeport, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: The Reverend Stephen J. Panik, Chairman; John E. Lyddy,
Vice-Chairman; John J. O'Brien, Treasurer;, Harold Barker, Anthony
D. Ciresi

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Harold C. Poole

ADDRESS: 252 Hallett Street, Bridgeport, Connecticut

Bristol, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *Fred Zurell, Chairman
ADDRESS: City Hall, Bristol, Connecticut

East Hartford, Housing Authority of the Town of

MEMBERS: Arthur W. Bergren, Chairman

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Fred G. Holland

ADDRESS: 1169 Main Street, East Hartford, Connecticut

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 145

Hartford, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Berkeley Cox, Chairman; William A. Scott, Vice-Chairman;

Bruce Caldwell, Treasurer; The Reverend William K. Hopes, M. Allyn

Wadhams

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Russel H. Allen
ADDRESS: 525 Main Street, Hartford, Connecticut

Middletown, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: William M. Citron, Chairman; Leo B. Santangelo, Vice-
Chairman; The Reverend John P. Byrne, R. Emmett Coughlin, Vin-
cent J. Scamporino

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Louis W. Johnson

ADDRESS: 164 Court Street, Middletown, Connecticut

New Britain, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Tigran S. Serguis, Chairman; Dr. William J. Watson, Vice-
Chairman; Thomas J. Doyle, Michael T. Haugh, The Reverend Dr.
John J. Pitrus

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William D. McCue
ADDRESS: 16 Armistice Street, New Britain, Connecticut

New Haven, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow, Chairman; George W. Crawford,

Vice-Chairman; Miss Elizabeth G. Fox, William M. Hotchkiss, Joseph

T. Rourke

DIRECTOR: *B. M. Pettit
ADDRESS: 109 Church Street, New Haven, Connecticut

Norwalk, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Samuel Roodner, Chairman; A. J. Collins, Vice-Chairman;

John H. Leonard, The Reverend Thomas Sullivan (i vacancy)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *S. C. Shaughnessy
ADDRESS: 708 Washington Village, South Norwalk, Connecticut

Stamford, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: George Stewart, Chairman; Ernest M. Lofgren, Vice-Chair-
man; Walter C. Allen, William H. Connelly, Eleanor Radley
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Robert S. Demms
ADDRESS: 56 Putnam Lane, Stamford, Connecticut

DELAWARE

Wilmington Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Stanley B. Hearn, Chairman; Thomas B. Donaldson, Vice-
Chairman; Dr. Wyly M. Billing, Matthew F. Judge, Frank J. Pappa,
Shermer H. Stradley

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Samuel C. Hanby

ADDRESS: 703 W. 32nd Street, Wilmington, Delaware

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

146 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Alley Dwelling Authority for the District of Columbia, The

MEMBERS: David Lynn, Chairman;, John Russell Young, Vice-Chairman;

John Nolen, Jr.

EXECUTIVE OFFICER: *John Ihlder
ADDRESS: Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington, D. C.

FLORIDA

Daytona Beach, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: J. L. Gresham, Chairman; Bryant S. Bond, Vice-Chairman;

Jerome A. Burgman, J. Frank Isaac, J. V. Roberts
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Arthur F. Beyerle
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 830, Daytona Beach, Florida

Fort Lauderdale, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Luther S. Remsberg, Chairman; Floyd L. Miller, Vice-Chair-
man; R. E. Dye, William G. Hardy, George E. Haskins
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *John E. Cory ell
ADDRESS: 88 Doctor Kennedy Homes, Fort Lauderdale, Florida

Jacksonville, The Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: James T. Daniels, Chairman; Stuart H. Richeson, Vice-Chair-
man; Joseph M. Erskine, George W. Simons, Jr., Robert M. Smith
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Ray O. Edwards
ADDRESS: 3550 Brentwood Avenue, Jacksonville, Florida

Key West, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: A. Maitland Adams, Chairman; J. J. Trevor, Vice-Chairman;

J. B. Parramore, Melvin E. Russell, Ralph R. Russell
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Wallace B. Kirke
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 9, Key West, Florida

Lakeland, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: John R. Wright, Chairman; Paul A. Colton, Vice-Chairman;

T. Bergman, P. D. Goodyear, H. M. Sanborn
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *R. E. Bates
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 1628, Lakeland, Florida

Miami, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: George C. Stembler, Chairman; Hugh P. Emerson, Fred W.

Fuzzard, Mark Max, Peter McCabe
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Harry W. Watts
ADDRESS: 327 N. W. 62nd Street, Miami, Florida

Orlando, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Melville E. Johnson, Chairman; C. William Hickey, Vice-
Chairman; J. N. Huttig, Walter C. Lee, Frank W. Tower
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Colin Murchison
ADDRESS: 300 North Bumby Street, Orlando, Florida

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 147

Pensacola, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Herman B. White, Chairman; Julius F. Wernicke, Vice-
Chairman; Walter F. Biggs, Preston W. Husted, Marion D. Lambert
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *R. P. White
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 1627, Pensacola, Florida

St. Petersburg, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Walter G. Ramseur, Chairman; W. K. Cleghon, Vice-Chair-

man; Morrison Pearce, H. R. Playford, A. M. Wing
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Emil A. Nordstrom
ADDRESS: 201 Chamber of Commerce Building, St. Petersburg, Florida

Sarasota, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Benton W. Powell, Chairman; Ben J. Drymon, Vice-Chair-
man; Karl A. Bickel, Walter C. Kennedy, Floyd L. Zeigler
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *George C. Shute
ADDRESS: Palmer National Bank Building, Sarasota, Florida

Tampa, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS • E. W. Spencer, Chairman; Frazier T. Blount, Vice-Chairman;

M. Henry Gold, Edward W. Haden, Lawrence Hernandez
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *M. J. Mackler
ADDRESS: 202 East Broad Street, Tampa, Florida

West Palm Beach, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: I. G. Atwell, Chairman; W. E. Poland, Jr., Vice-Chairman;

R. R. Brown, Edward Lang, W. B. Leak
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *L. Dale Zent
ADDRESS: 3801 Georgia Avenue, West Palm Beach, Florida

GEORGIA

Albany, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: I. B. Callaway, W. C. Holman, E. H. Kalmon, Ernest

Wetherbee, Jr., W. M. Wilder
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Hudson Malone
ADDRESS: 724 Society Avenue, Albany, Georgia

Appling, Housing Authority of the County of f

Athens, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: E. B. Bras well, Chairman; W. T. Forbes, Vice-Chairman;

Dr. J. Weyman Davis, Abit Nix, Lee O. Price
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Joel A. Wier
ADDRESS: Chamber of Commerce Building, Athens, Georgia

Atlanta, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: James D. Robinson, Jr., Chairman; Marion Smith, Vice-
Chairman; Edgar Chambers, Sr., Frank G. Etheridge, O. M. Harper

t Member of Southeastern Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

148 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * James H. Therrell

ADDRESS: 531 Trust Company of Georgia Bldg., Atlanta, Georgia

Augusta, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: E. P. Peabody, Chairman; Lee Blum, Vice-Chairman; Dr.

Phillip Mulherin, E. C. Peters, The Reverend W. A. Reiser
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Hal R. Powell
ADDRESS: 2100 Broad Street, Augusta, Georgia

Baker, Housing Authority of the County of $
Barrow, Housing Authority of the County of §
Ben Hill, Housing Authority of the County of f
Brooks, Housing Authority of the County of $

Brunswick, The Housing Authority, City of

MEMBERS: J. M. Armstrong, Chairman; J. E. Abbott, J. B. Avera, A. J.

Gordon, A. H. Perry
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *J. Hunter Hopkins
ADDRESS: 1507 Reynolds Street, Brunswick, Georgia

Butts, Housing Authority of the County of §
Calhbun, Housing Authority of the County of :j:

Cedartown, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Hamilton Grant, Chairman; Lee Parker, Vice-Chairman;

Roy N. Emmet, E. S. Randall, W. D. Trippe
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *M. I. Frost
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 804, Cedartown, Georgia

Clayton, Housing Authority of the County of §
Colquitt, Housing Authority of the County of $

Columbus, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Theo J. McGee, Chairman; E. J. Knight, Vice-Chairman;

A. H. Chapman, M. A. Goldstein, W. A. Richards
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Brown Nicholson
ADDRESS: noo 2yth Street, Columbus, Georgia

Crisp, Housing Authority of the County of $

Decatur, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: C. H. Blount, Chairman; W. S. Nelms, Vice-Chairman;
Murphey Candler, Jr., Secretary; Mrs. J. A. McCrary, Treasurer; A. R.
Almon

f Member of Southeastern Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

^Member of Southwest Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

§ Member of Central Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and regional
section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 149

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. F. Tabor

ADDRESS: 206 Watkins Building, Decatur, Georgia

Decatur, Housing Authority of the County of $
Dodge, Housing Authority of the County of f
Fayette, Housing Authority of the County of §

Fulton, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: *W. V. Crowley, Chairman; William L. McCalley, Jr., Vice-

Chairman; Ed. Chapman, Sr., H. L. Dickerson, Albert Gossett
ADDRESS: c/o Fulton National Bank, Atlanta, Georgia

Grady, Housing Authority of the County of $
Greene, Housing Authority of the County of §
Henry, Housing Authority of the County of §
Jasper, Housing Authority of the County of §
Jefferson, Housing Authority of the County of f
Jenkins, Housing Authority of the County of f
Johnson, Housing Authority of the County of f
Jones, Housing Authority of the County of §

La Grange, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: J. R. Newman, Chairman; W. F. Jarrell, G. H. Sargent, C. L.

Traylor, W. H. Turner, Jr.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. H. Milam
ADDRESS: La Grange, Georgia

Laurens, Housing Authority of the County of f
Lowndes, Housing Authority of the County of ^

Macon, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: J. Clay Murphey, Chairman; W. T. Anderson, Vice-Chair-
man; Ernest D. Black, J. K. Hogan, George Williams
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *G. E. Markwalter
ADDRESS: noo Oglethorpe Street, Macon, Georgia

Marietta Housing Authority

MEMBERS: T. C. Branson, Jr., Chairman;, M. C. Pittard, Vice-Chairman;
B. F. Boatner, Secretary; L. H. Atherton, Johnny Walker

f Member of Southeastern Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

$ Member of Southwest Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

§ Member of Central Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and regional
section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

150 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *P. A. Gregory
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 366, Marietta, Georgia

Milledgeville Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *L. S. Fowler, Chairman; Morgan Thompson, Vice-Chair-
man; Joe T. Andrews, O. M. Conn, Grover May
ADDRESS: Milledgeville, Georgia

Mitchell, Housing Authority of the County of $
Monroe, Housing Authority of the County of §
Montgomery, Housing Authority of the County of f
Morgan, Housing Authority of the County of §
Newton, Housing Authority of the County of §
Oconee, Housing Authority of the County of §
Putnam, Housing Authority of the County of §
Rockdale, Housing Authority of the County of §

Rome, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Wilson M. Hardy, Chairman; S. A. Marshall, Vice-Chairman;

Alfred Lee Barron, Wallace Grant, U. N. Howell
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *M. I. Frost
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 47, Rome, Georgia

Savannah, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: Fred Wessels, Chairman; Herbert L. Kay ton, Vice-Chairman;

James H. Byington, William J. Kehoe, William Hugh Stephens
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. H. Still well
ADDRESS: 220 Realty Building, Savannah, Georgia

Spalding, Housing Authority of the County of §

\
Tattnall, Housing Authority of the County of f

Thomas, Housing Authority of the County of $

Thomasville, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: W. E. Young, Chairman; Lee E. Kelly, Vice-Chairman;

Henry M. Moore, A. C. Tuck, W. Lewis Wilson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *S. D. Tittle
ADDRESS: Thomasville, Georgia

Toombs, Housing Authority of the County of f

f Member of Southeastern Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

t Member of Southwest Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

§ Member of Central Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and regional
section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 151

Treutlen, Housing Authority of the County of f
Upson, Housing Authority of the County of §

Valdosta Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *H. C. Eberhardt, Chairman; W. L. Goodloe, Secretary; C. R.

Griffin, J. C. Hunt, P. C. Pendleton
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 672, Valdosta, Georgia

Walton, Housing Authority of the County of §

Waycross, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Frank B. McDonald, Jr., Chairman; George M. Bazemore,
Vice-Chairman; J. D. Bledsoe, William H. Hopkins, J. C. McLendon
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *L. M. Lipsey
ADDRESS: c/o Ware Tire Company, Waycross, Georgia

Wheeler, Housing Authority of the County of f
Worth, Housing Authority of the County of $

IDAHO

Buhl Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Fred Harting, Chairman; O. L. Smith, Vice-Chairman;

*George L. Likeness, Secretary-Treasurer; Glen Buckendorf, Harry B.

McFarlin
ADDRESS: Buhl, Idaho

Burley Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *J. W. Brandt, Chairman
ADDRESS: Burley, Idaho

Kimberly Housing Authority

MEMBERS: O. J. Bell wood, Chairman; Carl J. Emerson, Vice-Chairman;

Clifford S. Fallis, Harry Hamilton, Deane S. Shipley
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *Mervin B. Gill
ADDRESS: P. O. Box S, Kimberly, Idaho

Nampa Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Forrest Sower, Chairman; Earl V. Hopkins, Vice-Chairman;

Henry M. Boston, Maude Smith, C. D. Witherspoon
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Jack Norton
ADDRESS: 819 yth Avenue South, Nampa, Idaho

Pocatello, Housing Authority of the City of
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *H. G. Barriman
ADDRESS: Municipal Building, Pocatello, Idaho

t Member of Southeastern Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

t Member of Southwest Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and
regional section.

§ Member of Central Georgia Rural Housing Authorities — see official state and regional
section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

152 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Twin Falls Housing Authority

MEMBERS: H. H. Hedstrom, Chairman; J. A. Cederquist, Mrs. Mary

Reber Knight, H. G. McCallister, U. N. Terry
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Dale J. Wakem
ADDRESS: Twin Falls, Idaho

ILLINOIS

Alexander, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: *Dr. James S. Johnson, Chairman; H. L. Yates, Vice-Chair-
man; John B. Greaney, G. W. Kirkbride, Dr. H. A. Moreland
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: F. D. Johnson
ADDRESS: 300-A Halliday Estate Building, Cairo, Illinois

Champaign County, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: Robert L. Gordon, Chairman; Maurice B. Skelton, Vice-

Chairman; A. J. Flynn, Frank Smith, Oscar Steer
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Harold R. Sloan
ADDRESS: 914 South Lynn Street, Champaign, 111.

Chicago Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Joseph W. McCarthy, Chairman; Robert R. Taylor, Vice-

Chairman; Edgar L. Schnadig, Treasurer; Walter V. Schaefer, Patrick

F. Sullivan

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Miss Elizabeth Wood
ADDRESS: 208 So. LaSalle Street, Chicago, 111.

Coles County, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: Virgil Sampson, Chairman; P. N. Kelly, Vice-Chairman; The

Reverend H. L. Hayes (2 vacancies)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. B. Foltz
ADDRESS: 1121 Jefferson Street, Charleston, Illinois

Danville, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Joseph S. Belton, Chairman; George F. Edmund, Vice-Chair-
man; C. R. Klayer, Secretary-Treasurer; Clarence Campbell, Joseph
Phalen

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Charles E. Leverenz, Sr.

ADDRESS: 206 Adams Building, Danville, Illinois

Decatur Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Alva R. Forbes, Chairman; W. S. Threlfall, Vice-Chairman;

Terry A. Bodine, J. C. Hosteder, L. W. Hurtt
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Brice Martin
ADDRESS: Administration Building, 401 Longview Place, Decatur, Illinois

Galesburg Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *Lyle C. Brown, Chairman;, John H. Cox, First Vice-Chair-
man; George V. Tobin, Second Vice-Chairman; Harlan W. Little,
Secretary; Ernest F. Cramer, Treasurer

ADDRESS: P. O. Box 602, Galesburg, Illinois

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 153

Gallatin County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *Max H. Gait, Chairman; W. H. Brinkley, R. N. Harmon,

H. F. Howell, Earl L. Rich
ADDRESS: Shawneetown, Illinois

Granite City Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Charles Habekost, Chairman; Roy Huff, Vice-Chairman;

Fred W. Albers, Herman F. Droege, Ralph V. Johnson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *T. J. Richards
ADDRESS: Ridgedale Homes, Granite City, Illinois

Henry County, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: Arthur Cook, Chairman; P. D. Adler, First Vice-Chairman;
Joseph Van Hyfte, Second Vice-Chairman; C. E. Humphrey, Secre-
tary; J. B. McHugh, Treasurer

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *E. A. Schneider

ADDRESS: 125 Y2 N. Tremont Street, Kewanee, Illinois

La Salle County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Phillip J. Mueller, Chairman; Stanley Clark, Vice-Chairman;

Nathan Fleming, Andrew O. Fox, Sam Myer
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Henry O. Denhardt
ADDRESS: La Salle County Court House, Ottawa, Illinois

Madison County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Joseph Grenzer, Chairman; Dute F. Braner, Vice-Chairman;

Clarence H. Hale, Herman Von Meyer, Alvin T. Scully
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Ralph M. Kearney
ADDRESS: 14 Bohm Building, Edwardsville, Illinois

Moline Housing Authority

MEMBERS: K. J. Nielsen, Chairman; Oscar Eckerman, Harry Good,

Oscar Moody, William F. Peters
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Warren C. Skinner
ADDRESS: 4ist & i2th Avenue, Moline, Illinois

Montgomery County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: The Reverend James E. Reynolds, Chairman; Dom. A. Ber-

tolino, James Davis, William Elledge, James Hilt
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *I. W. Brown
ADDRESS: 216 South Main Street, Hillsboro, Illinois

Morgan, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: George E. Deweese, Chairman;, Louis B. Turner, First Vice-
Chairman; Harold E. Gibson, Second Vice-Chairman; William H.
Self, Secretary; Frank B. Taylor, Treasurer

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *H. H. Vasconcellos

ADDRESS: Morgan County Court House, Jacksonville, Illinois

Peoria Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Emil Locher, Sr., Chairman; Michael B. Crowley, First Vice-

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

154 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Chairman; Jack Kinsella, Second Vice-Chairman;, Frank E. Mehrings,

Secretary; C. D. Henry, Treasurer
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Elmer Jolly
ADDRESS: 220 Warner Homes Court, Peoria, Illinois

Quincy Housing Authority

MEMBERS: H. Edgar Wisherd, Chairman; Elmer Lampe, Vice-Chairman;

Mrs. Ruth Schmeideskamp, Secretary; Roderick P. Miller, Otto

Schemming

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Kenneth A. Elmore
ADDRESS: Stern Building, Quincy, Illinois

Rock Island, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: George W. Arnett, Chairman; Frank Budelier, Vice-Chair-
man; Harry H. Cleveland, Jr., Ben Jacobsen, Sr.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Alan W. Duncan
ADDRESS: 1320 4th Street, Rock Island, Illinois

Rock Island County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: William L. Young, Chairman; Dr. W. R. Streed, Vice-Chair-
man; Roy E. Adleman, William F. Gerhardt, Carl L. Walker
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. Dale Chambers
ADDRESS: 2215 yth Avenue, East Moline, Illinois

St. Clair County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Emmett P. Griffin, Chairman; Paul A. Schlafly, Vice-Chair-
man; Fern R. Rauch, Secretary; George J. Weilmuenster, Treasurer;
The Reverend John De Schields
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *L. E. Davenport
ADDRESS: 32O-A Missouri Avenue, East St. Louis, Illinois

Springfield Housing Authority

MEMBERS: John E. Sankey, Chairman; James W. Dunigan, Vice-Chair-
man; J. D. Myers, Secretary; Robert A. Byrd, Treasurer; J. Earl
Welch

CORRESPONDENT: *Elmer A. Suckow (Housing Manager)
ADDRESS: 1320 East Reynolds Street, Springfield, Illinois

Tazewell County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: R. F. Whitfield, Chairman; Paul K. Lohmann, Vice-Chair-
man; G. R. Hackler, Albert La Frenz, J. B. Lewis, Jr.
CORRESPONDENT: *Louis P. Dunkelberg (Attorney)
ADDRESS: Zerwekh Building, Pekin, Illinois

Winnebago County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: T. W. Evans, Chairman; William G. Collins, First Vice-

Chairman; Gunnard Anderson, Second Vice-Chairman; Guy E.

Williams, Secretary; Al Hougan, Treasurer
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. W. Lobdell
ADDRESS: 404 Forest City National Bank Building, Rockford, Illinois

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 155

INDIANA

Delaware County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Hershel W. Life, Chairman; Merritt Heath, Vice-Chairman;

Mrs. Mina E. Beckett, Robert R. LaFollette, Russell G. Siferd
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *H. L. Carr
ADDRESS: Box 869, Muncie, Indiana

Fort Wayne, Housing Authority of the City of

. .MEMBERS: Albert H. Schaaf, Chairman; Hugh G. Keegan, Vice-Chair-

man; Walter S. Goll, Marie Kane, F. Arthur Schack
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *John Essig
ADDRESS: 1824 Morris Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana

Gary, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: H. L. Replogle, Chairman; Jack Lazerwitz, Vice-Chairman;

McM. Coffing, L. A. O'Donnell, John B. Radigan
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *K. A. Parmelee
ADDRESS: 3200 West nth Avenue, Gary, Indiana

Hammond of Lake County, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: William J. Harrigan, Chairman; Mrs. Lauretta Coleman, Vice-
Chairman;, Numo T. Bagaloff, Albert P. Guise, Matthias E. Hafner
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *P. V. Roche
ADDRESS: 7329 Columbia Circle West, Hammond, Indiana

Kokomo, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: Charles R. Love, Chairman; Willard Seagrave, Vice-Chairman;

Lloyd Beatty, H. Alva Edwards, Fred Jones
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *Dennis F. Taylor
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 605, Kokomo, Indiana

Muncie, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Charles V. Bender, Chairman; Clarence H. Krull, Vice-
Chairman; John C. Banta, Park Gillespie, Karl A. Oesterle
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Carl E. Ross
ADDRESS: 402 East Second Street, Muncie, Indiana

New Albany, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Mack H. Harp, Chairman; Russell G. Baker, Clifton C.

Massey, Herbert W. Miller, Frank Voit
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Frank E. Lorch, Jr.
ADDRESS: 517-521 Elsby Building, New Albany, Indiana

South Bend, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: William E. Voor, Chairman; Henry S. Lowenstine, Vice-
Chairman; Louis M. Hammerschmidt, Secretary-Treasurer; Oren A.
Fulkerson, Clarence E. Keller
ACTING DIRECTOR: *Clare E. Pittman
ADDRESS: 214 North Main Street, South Bend, Indiana

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

156 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Vigo, The Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: Clarence Curley, Chairman; Maurice Fox, Vice-Chairman;

Clyde Blocksom, C. W. Henry, Carl Miller
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *O. C. Pearce
ADDRESS: 116 South Sixth Street, Terre Haute, Indiana

Vincennes, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Norman F. Arterburn, Chairman; John E. Hartigan, Vice-

Chairman; Marion D. Gould, Chester H. Huston, Ralph A. Seal
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Miss Martha L. Bundy
ADDRESS: 401 Major Bowman Terrace, Vincennes, Indiana

KENTUCKY

Corbin Municipal Housing Commission, City of

MEMBERS: Bert Rowland, Chairman; Ed Peace, Vice-Chairman; J. H.

Meredith, O. B. Rowland (Mayor), Dr. F. S. Smith
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *H. E. Wentworth
ADDRESS: 416 East Main Street, Corbin, Kentucky

Covington Municipal Housing Commission, City of

MEMBERS: H. A. Knollmann, Chairman;, William F. Burke, Vice-Chair-
man; William Beuttel, Jr. (Mayor), Linus Hand, Charles B. Palmer
CORRESPONDENT: *F. J. Harvard (General Housing Manager)
ADDRESS: 2940 Madison Avenue, Covington, Kentucky

Frankfort Municipal Housing Commission, City of

MEMBERS: D. D. Smith, Chairman (Mayor); J. M. Perkins, Vice-Chair-
man; Dr. C. T. Coleman, Dr. L. T. Minish, Fred J. Sutterlin
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *A. C. Thompson
ADDRESS: 901 Leestown Road, Frankfort, Kentucky

Lexington Municipal Housing Commission, City of

MEMBERS: E. Reed Wilson, Chairman; H. E. Bullock, Vice-Chairman;

W. T. Fowler, T. Ward Havely (Mayor), G. Frank Vaughan
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. H. Berryman
ADDRESS: 600 Blue Grass Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky

Louisville Municipal Housing Commission, City of
MEMBERS: Harry W. Schacter, Vice-Chairman; J. Everett Harris, Mrs.

William E. Kirwan, Wilson W. Wyatt (Mayor) (i vacancy)
ADMINISTRATOR: *N. H. Dosker
ADDRESS: 419 West Jefferson Street, Louisville, Kentucky

Madisonville Municipal Housing Commission, City of

MEMBERS: Walton H. Cox, Chairman; Charles H. Dunville, Vice-Chair-
man; Robert H. Bowmer, Secretary-Treasurer; Dr. J. D. Sory (Mayor),
J. Henry Vannoy

ACTING EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Mrs. F. A. Herrington
ADDRESS: Madisonville, Kentucky

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 157

Owensboro Municipal Housing Commission, City of

MEMBERS: Beckham A. Robertson, Chairman; B. P. McCormick, Sec-
retary-Treasurer; W. R. Gillette, Gray Haynes, Fred Weir (Mayor)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * James F. Hard wick
ADDRESS: 218% West 3rd Street, Owensboro, Kentucky

Paducah Municipal Housing Commission, City of

MEMBERS: Dr. A. M. Parrish, Chairman; W. E. Buck, Vice-Chairman;

S. J. Snook, Second Vice-Chairman; Pierce E. Lackey (Mayor), J. L.

Munal, Jr.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *S. E. Mitchell, Sr.
ADDRESS: Thomas Jefferson Place, Paducah, Kentucky

LOUISIANA

Alexandria, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: M. W. Walker, Chairman; J. W. Beasley, James C. Bolton,

W. F. Cotton, Samuel Haas
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. W. Kellam
ADDRESS: City Hall, Alexandria, Louisiana

Baton Rouge, Housing Authority for the City of

MEMBERS: Charles P. Manship, Chairman; J. Andrew Bahlinger, Jr.,
Vice-Chairman;, Albert M. Cad well, Lewis Gottlieb, J. W. Thompson
TEMPORARY SECRETARY: *Miss Virginia S. LeBlanc
ADDRESS: City Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Caddo Parish Housing Authority

MEMBERS: L. E. Walker, Chairman; Bryan E. Bush, Vice-Chairman;

H. C. Dillard, J. K. Smith, Jr., J. C. Webb
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *J. F. Walters
ADDRESS: 410 Court House Building, Shreveport, Louisiana

East Baton Rouge, Housing Authority of the Parish of

MEMBERS: J. L. Mahoney, Chairman; L. P. Bahan, Vice-Chairman;

Marshall Bond, Henry Forbes (i vacancy)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *E. G. Boehringer
ADDRESS: Drawer Q, Istrouma Branch Post Office, Baton Rouge,

Louisiana

Lafayette, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: R. H. Martin, Chairman; Paul J. Blanchet, Vice-Chairman;

T. L. Evans, Daniel J. Olivier, E. E. Soulier
ACTING EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Mrs. Anna Nelson
ADDRESS: 3 Lafayette Building Association Building, Lafayette, Louisiana

Lake Charles, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Robert L. James, Chairman; H. D. Ponton, John G. Quinn,

Sam M. Richards, Olin Sheppard
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. E. Kingery
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 934, Lake Charles, Louisiana

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

158 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Monroe, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: B. A. Trousdale, Jr., Chairman; Ira Cagle, Vice-Chairman;

Dr. S. A. Collins, J. D. Petty, Samuel Rubin
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Joseph S. Guerriero
ADDRESS: 415 Bernhardt Building, Monroe, Louisiana

New Iberia Housing Authority, City of

MEMBERS: Leon Roy, Chairman; Leon J. Landry, Paul J. Hebert; Leon J.

Menville, Dr. J. W. Pharr
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. M. Compton
ADDRESS: New Iberia, Louisiana

New Orleans, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: James P. Brodtmann, Chairman; Marcel G. Montreuil, Vice-
Chairman; B. C. Casanas, J. Gordon Lee, Olin Linn
ACTING EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: ,*W. S. Lawrence
ADDRESS: 226 Carondelet Street, New Orleans, Louisiana

Shreveport, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: U. S. Goodman, Chairman; Dr. W. S. Kerlin, Vice-Chairman;

J. C. Atkins, L. W. Thornton, W. Scott Wilkinson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *F. D. Jackson
ADDRESS: 310 First National Bank Building, Shreveport, Louisiana

MARYLAND

Annapolis, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: William F. Stromeyer, Chairman; Morris D. Gilmore, James A.

Haley, Dr. Carl P. Russell (i vacancy)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Harry R. England
ADDRESS: 21 Bloomsbury Square, Annapolis, Maryland

Baltimore City, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: Cleveland R. Bealmear, Chairman; George M. Smith, Vice-
Chairman; George C. Mantz, Sr., Treasurer; Samuel H. Hoffberger,
George B. Murphy

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Y. W. Dillehunt
ADDRESS: 709-11 East Eager Street, Baltimore, Maryland

Frederick, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: W. Clinton McSherry, Chairman; Lewis R. Dertzbaugh,
Vice-Chairman; James H. Gambrill III, Charles McC. Mathias, G.
Raymond Shipley

SECRETARY-TREASURER: *John L. Shaw

ADDRESS: 4 East Church Street, Frederick, Maryland

MASSACHUSETTS

Boston Housing Authority

MEMBERS: John A. Breen, Chairman; The Reverend Thomas R. Rey-
nolds, Vice-Chairman;, John Carroll, Harold Field Kellogg (i vacancy)

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 159

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Francis X. Lane
ADDRESS: 18 Oliver Street, Boston, Massachusetts

Brockton Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *Charles E. Corcoran, President; Preston Howard, Vice-
President; Raymond F. Eldridge, Secretary; Joseph R. Noone, Treas-
urer; Arthur J. Stubbert, Jr.

ADDRESS: 86 Main Street, Brockton, Massachusetts

Cambridge Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Michael J. Sullivan, Chairman; John H. Corcoran, Treas-
urer; Leo V. Corrigan, Edward J. Donahue, Henry Wise

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Daniel F. Burns

ADDRESS: Administration Building, Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts

Chicopee Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Rheo Gagne, Chairman; Dr. Karol M. Smolczynski, Vice-
Chairman; Alfred J. Plante, Treasurer; Amico J. Barone, Paul W.
Geissler

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Nelson S. McCraw
ADDRESS: in Springfield Street, Chicopee, Massachusetts

Fall River Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Orient Laplante, Chairman; John B. Cummings, Vice-Chair-
man; Lincoln P. Holmes, Treasurer; Joseph Ainsworth, David Lash
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Adrien D. Picard
ADDRESS: 125 Barlow Street, Fall River, Massachusetts

Holyoke Housing Authority

MEMBERS: John F. Dowling, Chairman; Thomas K. O'Connor, Vice-
Chairman; J. Wilbur Murray, Treasurer; James E. Barry, Lawrence J.
Kennedy

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William P. Yoerg

ADDRESS: 9 Liberty Street, Holyoke, Massachusetts

Lawrence Housing Authority

MEMBERS: John J. Darcy, Chairman; Gaorge J. McCarthy, Vice-Chair-
man; Weston F. Eastman, Thomas M. Howard, Timothy H. O'Neil
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * James Houston
ADDRESS: 56 Melvin Street, Lawrence, Massachusetts

Lowell Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Homer W. Bourgeois, Chairman; John A. McGuire, Jr.,

Vice-Chairman; David F. Caddell, John H. Dwyer, Francis H.

McGurn

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *John J. McPadden
ADDRESS: 562 Market Street, Lowell, Massachusetts

New Bedford Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Antonio England, Chairman; Mrs. Josephine T. Avila, Vice-

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

160 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Chairman;, Francis O. Quinn, Treasurer; David S. Lowney, Dr.

Thomas E. Sheerin
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Philip F. Tripp
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 749, New Bedford, Massachusetts

Somerville Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *David F. Looney, Chairman and Executive Director; William

Egan, Vice-Chairman; Mrs. Mary Carr, Secretary (2 vacancies)
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 138, Somerville, Massachusetts

Worcester Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Lester B. Edwards, Chairman; James J. Hurley, Vice-Chair-
man; Samuel J. Donnelly, Maurice J. Wall
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. Vernon Inett
ADDRESS: Room 25 A, City Hall, Worcester, Massachusetts

MICHIGAN

Detroit Housing Commission

MEMBERS: Ethan W. Thompson, President; Edward E. Thai, Vice-
President; Mrs. Harriett D. Kelly, Henry U. Sabbe, The Reverend
Horace A. White

DIRECTOR-SECRETARY: *Charles F. Edgecomb

ADDRESS: 409 Griswold Building, Detroit, Michigan

Hamtramck Housing Commission
MEMBERS: Dr. Alexander S. Zbudowski, President; Alexander W.

Pancheshan, Vice-President; The Reverend Edward J. Kokowicz,

Mrs. Mary A. Mudry, Joseph L. Wisniewski
DIRECTOR-SECRETARY: *Stanley J. Wojcik
ADDRESS: 12025 Dequindre Avenue, Hamtramck, Michigan

MISSISSIPPI

.

Alcorn, Housing Authority of the County of $
Amite, Housing Authority of the County of ||

Biloxi, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: C. A. Delacruz, Chairman; M. H. Dees, Vice-Chairman;

C. N. Ellzey, W. B. Goodman, Victor B. Pringle
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Jules A. Schwan
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 86, Biloxi, Mississippi

Calhou n, Housing Authority of the County of $
Claibourne, Housing Authority of the County of ||

t Member of Northeast Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

|| Member of Southwest Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 161

Clarke, Housing Authority of the County of f

Clarksdale, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Max Friedman, Chairman; J. F. Brown, Vice-Chairman;

A. L. Block, F. E. Cocke, C. Willis Connell
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. A. McMinn
ADDRESS: Clarksdale, Mississippi

Copiah, Housing Authority of the County of ||
Covington, Housing Authority of the County of §
Forrest, Housing Authority of the County of §
Franklin, Housing Authority of the County of ||
George, Housing Authority of the County of §
Greene, Housing Authority of the County of §

Hattiesburg, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: J. Frank Brown, Chairman;, J. Pat Fowler, Vice-Chairman;

Lester Clark, J. C. Fields, J. C. Taylor
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *J. F. Borthwick
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 832, Hattiesburg, Mississippi

Hinds, Housing Authority of the County of ||
Jefferson, Housing Authority of the County of ||
Jones, Housing Authority of the County of §
Kemper, Housing Authority of the County of f
Lafayette, Housing Authority of the County of |
Lamar, Housing Authority of the County of §
Lauderdale, Housing Authority of the County of f

Laurel, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Will Lindsey, Chairman; J. D. Evans, Vice-Chairman; W. S.

Harper, C. D. Kelso, T. R. Ramsay
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *D. B. Cooley
ADDRESS: Box 396, Laurel, Mississippi

Leake, Housing Authority of the County of f
Lee, Housing Authority of the County of ^

t Member of East Central Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

{Member of Northeast Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

§ Member of Southeast Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

|| Member of Southwest Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

162 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Lincoln, Housing Authority of the County of ||
Madison, Housing Authority of the County of ||
Marshall, Housing Authority of the County of $

McComb Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *W. T. Denham, Chairman; W. L. Brock, T. Paul Haney, Jr.,

W. S. Johnson, E, G. Mixon
SECRETARY-TREASURER: W. M. Webb
ADDRESS: McComb, Mississippi

Meridian, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Albert Weems, Chairman; Clarke Pearce, Vice-Chairman;

Norman Cohen, A. W. Hulett, B. C. Wimberly
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. W. George
ADDRESS: 2305 "D" Street, Meridian, Mississippi

Montgomery, Housing Authority of the County of :j:
Neshoba, Housing Authority of the County of f
Newton, Housing Authority of the County of f
Oktibbeha, Housing Authority of the County of $
Panola, Housing Authority of the County of :j:
Perry, Housing Authority of the County of §
Pontotoc, Housing Authority of the County of $
Prentiss, Housing Authority of the County of $
Scott, Housing Authority of the County of f
Simpson, Housing Authority of the County of ||
Smith, Housing Authority of the County of f
Tate, Housing Authority of the County of ^
Tishomingo, Housing Authority of the County of ^

Tupelo Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *W. B. Fields, Chairman; F. N. Johnson, L. G. Milam, R. C.

Smith, V. S. Whitesides
ADDRESS: Tupelo, Mississippi

Union, Housing Authority of the County of $

f Member of East Central Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

t Member of Northeast Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

§ Member of Southeast Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

|| Member of Southwest Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 163

Webster, Housing Authority of the County of ^
Yalobusha, Housing Authority of the County of $

MISSOURI

Kansas City, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: E. B. Murray, Chairman; Mrs. Robert L. Dominick, John C.

Higdon, Per r in D. McElroy, Theron B. Watkins
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Forrest D. Byars
ADDRESS: 1433 Dierks Building, Kansas City, Missouri

St. Louis Housing Authority

MEMBERS: William C. Connett, Chairman;, Joseph J. Hauser,-Vice-Chair-

man; A. H. Handlan, Treasurer; Carl G. Stifel, Frank L. Williams
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Berry B. Craven
ADDRESS: Civil Courts Building, St. Louis, Missouri

MONTANA

Anaconda, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: E. A. Barnard, Chairman; A. C. Torgerson, Vice-Chairman;

E. A. Barnett, P. J. Hagan, J. B. Rankin
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *John J. Fitzpatrick
ADDRESS: 10 Main Street, Anaconda, Montana

Butte, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Fred I. Root, Chairman; Stanley D. Griffiths, Vice-Chairman;

John J. Donovan, William Honey, John S. Wulf
CORRESPONDENT: *Carl E. Warner (Manager)
ADDRESS: Administration Building, Silver Bow Homes, Butte, Montana

Great Falls Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Fred A. Fligman, Chairman; Fred J. Martin, Vice-Chairman;

J. George Graham, L. E. Taylor, Frank E. Wilcocks
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Harry H. Olson
ADDRESS: 1500 6th Avenue South, Great Falls, Montana

Helena Housing Authority

MEMBERS: M. E. Anderson, Chairman; A. G. Fitzpatrick, Vice-Chair-
man; John Carlson, Jr., E. M. Johnson, Mrs. Sylvia C. Loble
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *H. T. Buswell
ADDRESS: 27 South Benton, Helena, Montana

NEBRASKA

Omaha, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: John J. Larkin, Chairman; Grant A. Benson, Vice-Chairman;
Mace M. Brown, Treasurer; Miss Catharine Carrick, Samuel J. Howell

£ Member of Northeast Mississippi Associated Housing Authorities — see official state
and regional section.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

164 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

SECRETARY-COUNSEL: *Sam Beber

ADDRESS: 200 Service Life Building, Omaha, Nebraska

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Manchester, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *Eugene O. Manseau, Chairman

ADDRESS: 427 Elm Street, Manchester, New Hampshire

NEW JERSEY

Asbury Park, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Michael Weinstein, Chairman; James Sutherland, Vice-Chair-
man- Laurence C. Maher, Treasurer; Dr. E. A. Robinson, Louis I.
Tumen

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Charles G. Lumley

ADDRESS: Administration Building, Asbury Park Village, Asbury Park,
New Jersey

Atlantic City, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Walter J. Buzby, Chairman; Mrs. Isora B. Somers, Vice-
Chairman; Frank D. Fiore, Treasurer; George R. Swinton, Thomas K.
Wilson, Jr.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Robert A. Watson

ADDRESS: 2311 Fairmount Avenue, Atlantic City, New Jersey

Beverly, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Dr. J. B. Clement, Chairman; Harold G. Smith, Vice-Chair-
man; Edward S. Becker, James J. Carr, Addison Kingston
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Dr. L. G. Stratton
ADDRESS: 246 Warren Street, Beverly, New Jersey

Burlington, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Olin M. Slack, Chairman;, John F. McHugh, Vice-Chairman;

W. C. Jones, Carl L. Lang, Henry M. Lewis
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *John T. Severns
ADDRESS: 227 West Pearl Street, Burlington, New Jersey

Camden, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Bartholomew A. Sheehan, Chairman; Howard E. Primas,
Vice-Chairman; Wilbert F. Dobbins, Samuel D. Shields, Frank J.
Suttill

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Horace R. Dixon

ADDRESS: Ninth Floor City Hall, Camden, New Jersey

Elizabeth, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Otto G. Altenburg, Chairman; Miss Matilda C. Flynn, Vice-
Chairman; J. William Farley, J. Henry George, George J. Reiss
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *John A. Kervick
ADDRESS: 688 Maple Avenue, Elizabeth, New Jersey

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 165

Englewood, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: James S. Gilbert, Chairman; Robert H. Cory, Vice-Chairman;

*T. Floyd Lorentzen, Secretary-Treasurer; Charles Brucker, Sr., Frank

Growney
ADDRESS: 155 Walnut Street, Englewood, New Jersey

Harrison, Housing Authority of the Town of

MEMBERS: *George W. Breitenbucher, Chairman;, Robert J. Owens,
Vice-Chairman; Francis J. Foster, Secretary; Frederick C. Clifton,
Jr. (i vacancy)

ADDRESS: Harrison Gardens, Harrison, New Jersey

Jersey City, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: George J. Daly, Chairman; James F. Kennedy, Vice-Chairman;

James F. Kelly, Michael H. McClain, James McConnell
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William T. Thomas
ADDRESS: 921 Bergen Avenue, Jersey City, New Jersey

Long Branch, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: John W. Flock, Chairman; Forrest Green, Vice-Chairman;

Samuel M. Heimlich, Daniel J. Maher, Philip Shaheen
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *John E. Schulz
ADDRESS: 138 Garfield Court, Long Branch, New Jersey

Newark, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Dr. Carl A. Baccaro, Chairman; The Reverend William P.

Hayes, Vice-Chairman; George W. Campbell, Sargent Dumper,

Charles Schubert

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Neil J. Convery
ADDRESS: 57 Sussex Avenue, Newark, New Jersey

North Bergen, Housing Authority of the Township of

MEMBERS: John J. Roe, Chairman; Peter Musto, Vice-Chairman; Wilbur

L. Ross, Herbert L. Sachs, Arthur C. Spencer
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Gerald M. Murphy
ADDRESS: 5828 Meadowview Avenue, North Bergen, New Jersey

Paterson, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Frank R. Jackson, Chairman; S. James Cristiano, Vice-Chair-
man; George Baldanzi, George Brooks, Benton H. Dunbergh
SECRETARY: *John E. Quinn
ADDRESS: Room 16, City Hall, Paterson, New Jersey

Perth Amboy, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: John E. Sofield, Chairman; Frank Van Syckle, Vice-Chair-
man; M. Joseph Duffy, Wesley T. Hansen, Isadore Jacobson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Alexander O. Zambory
ADDRESS: William Dunlap Homes, Perth Amboy, New Jersey

Princeton, Housing Authority of the Borough of

MEMBERS: David S. Lloyd, President; Isaac A. Vogel, Vice-President;
Ralph E. Kimble, Secretary; Robert A. Benham, Edmund S. DeLong

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

166 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

CORRESPONDENT: *Foster D. Jemison (Agent)
ADDRESS: 90 Nassau Street, Princeton, New Jersey

Trenton, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: J. Conner French, Chairman; Peter A. Pulone, Vice-Chairman;

David L. Kelsey, Treasurer; Scott M. Fell, Fred L. Nitz
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Samuel Haverstick
ADDRESS: 875 N. Willow Street, Trenton, New Jersey

NEW MEXICO

Clovis Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Grady Head, Chairman; Claude Gamble, Vice-Chairman;

A. W. Anderson, Ray Harrison, J. F. Sellers
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William N. Nelson
ADDRESS: Hotel Clovis Building, Clovis, New Mexico

NEW YORK

Buffalo Municipal Housing Authority

MEMBERS: J. Eugene McMahon, Chairman; Mrs. Edmund B. McKenna,
Vice-Chairman; The Reverend Leo A. Geary, John J. McNamara (i
vacancy)

SECRETARY: *Howard A. Kelly

ADDRESS: 392 Perry St., Buffalo, New York

Lackawanna Municipal Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Edward J. Donowick, Chairman; Charles E. Clark, Jr., Vice-
Chairman; Stanley W. Doktor, Secretary-Treasurer; Roger Dough-
erty, Olyn Wilson

CORRESPONDENT: *Carl E. Bartholomy (Housing Manager)
ADDRESS: 1258 McKinley Parkway, Lackawanna, New York

New Rochelle Housing Authority

MEMBERS: The Reverend Robert R. Hartley, Chairman; Mrs. William
Wylie Troy, Vice-Chairman; Edward Davidson, Secretary-Treas-
urer;, Vincent Cittadino, The Reverend Redmond S. Oden

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Cyril J. Newman

ADDRESS: 271 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York

New York City Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Mrs. Mary K. Simkhovitch, Vice-Chairman; Monsignor E.

Roberts Moore, Hugh S. Robertson (2 vacancies)
SECRETARY: *Frank M. Didisheim
ADDRESS: 122 East 42nd Street, New York City

Schenectady, Municipal Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: The Reverend Karl W. Schleede, Chairman; Frank Stein,
Vice-Chairman; William H. Dunn, Second Vice-Chairman; R. J.
Carmichael, Treasurer; The Reverend Father William F. Boldt

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 167

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *John MacGathan

ADDRESS: 402 Millard Street, Schenectady, New York

Syracuse Housing Authority

MEMBERS: John A. Dittman, Chairman; The Reverend Calvin M.

Thompson, Jr., Vice-Chairman;, Lewis P. Andreas, Frederick A.

Kreuzer, Mrs. Harry C. Webb
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Sergei N. Grimm
ADDRESS: 301 East Washington Street, Syracuse, New York

Tuckahoe Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Joseph J. Creamer, Chairman; Dominick Luciano, Vice-

Chairman; Charles S. Hart, Frank Mallen, Floyd Sanford, Jr.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Alexander J. Brown
ADDRESS: in Lake Avenue, Tuckahoe, New York

Utica, The Municipal Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Glen H. Humphrey, Chairman; Irving L. Jones, Vice-Chair-
man; Mose B. Flemma, Mrs. John D. Lennon, Thomas A. Patterson
SECRETARY: *Harold E. Mullen
ADDRESS: 1736 Armory Drive, Utica, New York

Yonkers, The Municipal Housing Authority for the City of

MEMBERS: Thomas J. Quinlan, Chairman; Abraham Rosenblum, Vice-
Chairman; James W. Armstrong, Mrs. Howard F. Danihy, H. Lan-
sing Quick

SECRETARY: *Matthew F. Kelly

ADDRESS: 47 Loehr Place, Yonkers, New York

NORTH CAROLINA

Asheville, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Verne Rhoades, Chairman; John G. Deshler, Vice-Chairman;

Walter I. Abernethy, William P. Gearing, Arthur T. Rust
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. N. Walker
ADDRESS: Room 204, City Hall, Asheville, North Carolina

Charlotte, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Edwin L. Jones, Chairman; W. Frank Dowd, Jr., Vice-Chair-
man; George W. Dowdy, James J. Harris, John Tillett
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *H. J. Dillehay
ADDRESS: 831 Seigle Street, Charlotte, North Carolina

Concord, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: J. A. Cannon, Chairman; Boyd Biggers, Vice-Chairman;

E. B. Grady, Jr., C. A. Ridenhour, John H. Suther
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Walter L. Furr
ADDRESS: Concord, North Carolina

Fayetteville, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: T. T. Betts, Chairman; H. M. Pinkston, Vice-Chairman; J. W.
Hensdale, J. T. Maloney, W. T. Rainey

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

168 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Duncan J. De Vane
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 129, Fayetteville, North Carolina

Greensboro, Housing Authority of the City of

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Ray Warren

ADDRESS: 624-25 Jefferson Standard Building, Greensboro, North Carolina

High Point, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Capus M. Waynick, Chairman;, J. E. Millis, Vice-Chairman;

D. A. Dowdy, Dr. C. S. Grayson, The Reverend O. L. Ruth
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Joseph D. Cox
ADDRESS: High Point, North Carolina

Kinston, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: The Reverend Jack R. Rountree, Chairman; H. C. Wooten,
Vice-Chairman; J. C. Hood, J. F. Parrott, Jr., Dr. K. P. Turrentine
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *G. Paul LaRoque
ADDRESS: Kinston, North Carolina

New Bern, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: James M. West, Chairman; W. Floyd Gaskins, Vice-Chair-
man; Richard Forrester, Harry Lipman, Bynum Smith
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Wade Meadows
ADDRESS: New Bern, North Carolina

Raleigh, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: B. F. Brown, Chairman; Theodore S. Johnson, Vice-Chair-
man; R. C. Kirchofer, Robert I. Lee, H. A. Mooneyham
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *R. K. Creighton
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 1007, Raleigh, North Carolina

Wilmington, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Dr. W. Houston Moore, Chairman;, R. Stewart, Vice-Chair-
man; The Reverend Walter B. Freed, C. B. Kornegay, Harry M.
Solomon

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *H. R. Emory

ADDRESS: P. O. Box 1491, Wilmington, North Carolina

Winston-Salem, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: John C. Whitaker, Chairman; Stratton Coyner, Vice-Chair-
man; Jack Atkins, J. R. Fain, G. D. Sexton
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *G. E. Montague
ADDRESS: 413 Reynolds Building, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

OHIO

Akron Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Paul E. Belcher, Chairman; A. W. Dickson, Vice-Chairman;

J. R. Barr, A. J. Frecka, Ray W. Heslop
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *M. P. Lauer
ADDRESS: 31 North Summit Street, Akron, Ohio

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 169

Cincinnati Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Stanley M. Rowe, Chairman; John B. Spilker, Vice-Chairman;

Fred Hock, Mrs. Simon Kuhn, Joseph Sagmeister
DIRECTOR: *George Garties
ADDRESS: 1001 Neave Building, Cincinnati, Ohio

Cleveland Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Marc J. Grossman, Chairman;, John C. McHannan, Vice-

Chairman; Max S. Hayes, John C. Kline, Charles W. White
DIRECTOR: *Ernest J. Bohn
ADDRESS: Housing Center, West Mall Drive, Cleveland, Ohio

Columbus Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Charles St. John Chubb, Chairman; Charles L. Dolle, Jr.,

Vice-Chairman; Edward F. Ferguson, Charles F. Jenkins, Henry J.

Linton

EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS: *Orlando A. Corzilius
ADDRESS: Room 407, City Hall, Columbus, Ohio

Dayton Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Andrew S. Iddings, Chairman; W. S. Robinson, Vice-Chair-
man; Mrs. Kathryn E. Bailey, S. G. Carr, Harry C. Schommer
DIRECTOR: *Charlton D. Putnam
ADDRESS: 701-702 Harries Building, Dayton, Ohio

Hamilton Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Edwin B. Pierce, Chairman; H. H. Beneke, Vice-Chairman;

Frank Vidourek, Secretary; Arthur Frechtling, A. K. Lewis
DIRECTOR: *Robert F. Bevis
ADDRESS: Ross, Ohio

Lorain Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: H. E. Bracken, Chairman; E. J. Burger, Vice-Chairman; R. E.

Bryan, The Reverend H. Linville, Charles Sidney Smith
DIRECTOR: *Willard T. Francis
ADDRESS: 383 Broadway, Lorain, Ohio

Portsmouth Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Elmer G. Brown, Chairman; The Reverend William F. Con-
nolly, Vice-Chairman; Frank N. Bihlman, Dr. Noble E. Lett, Dr.
S. D. Ruggles

DIRECTOR: *Frank E. Sheehan

ADDRESS: 1908 Wayne Avenue, Portsmouth, Ohio

Steubenville Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: C. H. McFarland, Chairman; J. J. Dyer, Vice-Chairman;

T. P. Caniff, Fred Fultz, H. E. McFadden
CORRESPONDENT: *A. G. Whitehouse (Architect)
ADDRESS: 207 Exchange Realty Building, Steubenville, Ohio

Toledo Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: A. G. Spieker, Chairman; William P. Clarke, Vice-Chairman;
Otto H. Hohly, Edward Kirschner, Robert F. Pulley

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

170 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

DIRECTOR: *Donald Robinson

ADDRESS: 392 Nebraska Avenue, Toledo, Ohio

Warren Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Jean Blair, Chairman; Dana M. Bailey, Jr., Vice-Chairman;

C. J. Bland, G. C. Bolz, Thorn Pendleton
DIRECTOR: *C. L. Feederle
ADDRESS: 1970 Hazel wood Avenue, S. E., Warren, Ohio

Youngstown Metropolitan Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Frank W. Mouery, Chairman; Ray G. Hagstrom, Vice-

Chairman; Dahl B. Cooper, Laura M. Kistler, W. Edgar Leedy
DIRECTOR: *P. L. Strait
ADDRESS: 976 West Federal Street, Youngstown, Ohio

Zanesville Metropolitan Housing. Authority

MEMBERS: J. Lincoln Knapp, Chairman; William G. Watson, Vice-

Chairman; George M. Leasure (2 vacancies)
DIRECTOR: * James E. Goddard
ADDRESS: Coopermill Manor, Zanesville, Ohio

OREGON

Clackamas, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: W. F. Haberlach, Chairman; Earl S. Burdick, Vice-Chairman;

Paul Chambers, Thomas P. Long, Wallace R. Telford
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. J. Avison
ADDRESS: 400 Masonic Building, Oregon City, Oregon

Portland, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *C. M. Gartrell, Chairman; C. A. Moores, Vice-Chairman;

Herbert J. Dahlke, Mrs. C. S. Jackson, D. E. Nickerson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Harry D. Freeman
ADDRESS: 1008 Southwest Sixth Avenue, Portland, Oregon

PENNSYLVANIA

Allegheny County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Edward J. Leonard, Chairman; John J. Mullen, Vice-Chair-
man; Mrs. Adeline W. Barnes, Secretary; A. H. Burchfield, Jr.,
Treasurer; Joseph T. Quakers

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Frank L. Palmer

ADDRESS: 1515 South Negley Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Allentown, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Criarles W. Ettinger, Chairman; Lee R. Kahler, Vice-Chair-
man; Raymond J. Bader, Secretary; Harry K. Harley, Treasurer;
Robert E. Ochs

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Anthony E. Bickel

ADDRESS: Administration Building, Hanover Acres, Allentown, Penn-
sylvania

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 171

Beaver, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: A. C. Edgecombe, Chairman (Acting); Ralph C. Bennett,

William R. Moore, Milo G. Prosser, Clifford Shorts
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *Clemons M. Roark
ADDRESS: 199 Ninth Street, Monaca, Pennsylvania

Bethlehem Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *Robert Pfeifle, Chairman; W. R. Coyle, Weir Jepson,

Merritt S. Kreidler, A. Litzenberger
ADDRESS: 514 Bethlehem Trust Building, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

Bucks County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *Fred F. Martin, Chairman; Jesse G. Webster, Vice-Chair-
man; Clarence E. Benner, Secretary; W. Richardson Blair, John S.
Roberts, Jr.
ADDRESS: 14-15 Hart Building, Doylestown, Pennsylvania

Chester Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Edward D. McLaughlin, Chairman; Arthur R. Gearhart,
Vice-Chairman; Dr. S. P. Gray, Treasurer;, Dr. Joseph F. Dunn,
Charles S. Hoberger

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *George S. Mitchell, Jr.

ADDRESS: Community Building, Lamokin Village, Chester, Pennsylvania

Crawford County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Joseph M. Bloss, Chairman; John B. Chick, Russell J. Hopkins,

Edward J. McDonald, Charles J. Ward
ADDRESS: Titusville, Pennsylvania

Delaware County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *Edward D. McLaughlin, Chairman; William R. Argyle,

J. E. Grant, Raymond S. Munson, Thomas Weidemann
ADDRESS: 126 East i8th Street, Chester, Pennsylvania

Erie, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Melvin A. Zurn, Chairman; William H. Kneib, Vice-Chair-
man; H. Eugene Kelley, Treasurer; Michael J. Campbell, Neil A.
McLaughlin

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Joseph Anton Schmid

ADDRESS: 204 Hayes Building, Erie, Pennsylvania

Fayette, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: John W. Rankin, Chairman; Thomas V. Donegan, Arthur

Higginbotham, John Kikta, William Teggart, Jr.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Howard J. Mulligan
ADDRESS: Union Trust Building, Uniontown, Pennsylvania

Greene County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: James T. Sutton, Chairman;, L. J. Billingsley, Vice-Chairman;
Chauncey W. Parkinson, Secretary-Treasurer; Harry Cummings,
P. H. Meighen

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

172 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

CORRESPONDENT: *Kenneth H. Gordon (Survey Supervisor)
ADDRESS: 404 Peoples Bank Building, Waynesburg, Pennsylvania

Harrisburg Housing Authority

MEMBERS: T. E. Stephenson, Chairman; * Alton W. Lick, Vice-Chair-
man; B. C. Stewart, Vice-Chairman; C. Sylvester Jackson, Treasurer
(i vacancy)

ADDRESS: Room 303, City Hall, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

Johnstown Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Joseph Siciliano, Chairman; W. S. Gray, Vice-Chairman;

Patrick H. Farrell, Evan B. Lloyd, Jesse E. Wynn
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. H. Burkhard
ADDRESS: 406 U. S. Bank Building, Johnstown, Pennsylvania

McKeesport, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: W. D. Mansfield, Chairman; W. J. Yester, Vice-Chairman;

S. H. Hirshberg, Secretary-Treasurer; Arch McFarlane, Frank S.

Striffler

DIRECTOR: *J. Glenn Sinn
ADDRESS: E. R. Crawford Village, McKeesport, Pennsylvania

Mifflin County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *E. Dale Fisher, Chairman; Harold W. Houck, Donald C.

Kerstetter, John T. Rodgers, Baker Young
ADDRESS: Lewistown, Pennsylvania

Montgomery County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: R. F. Smale, Chairman; Felix Perry, Vice-Chairman; Dr.

Warren D. Phillips, Secretary; The Reverend Marshall W. Lee,

Treasurer (i vacancy)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * William Franklin Burk
ADDRESS: 35 East Penn Street, Norristown, Pennsylvania

Philadelphia Housing Authority, The

MEMBERS: Roland R. Randall, Chairman; James L. McDevitt, Vice-

Chairman;, Raymond Rosen, Second Vice-Chairman; J. Griffith

Boardman, Secretary; Dr. W. Harry Barnes
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * James B. Kelly
ADDRESS: 910 Administration Building, 2ist and Parkway, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania

Pittsburgh, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: George E. Evans, Chairman; Leo Lehman, Vice-Chairman;

George J. Walters, Secretary; Richard F. Jones, Treasurer; Clarence C.

Klein

ADMINISTRATOR: *Dr. B. J. Hovde
ADDRESS: Terrace Village Administration Building, Bentley Drive and

Kirkpatrick Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Reading Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Marion G. Hensler, Chairman; The Reverend Darlington R.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 173

Kulp, Vice-Chairman; Miss Edith N. Enck, Secretary-Treasurer;

George M. Rhodes, William Wetherhold
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *L. S. Bortz
ADDRESS: 1301 Schuylkill Avenue, Reading, Pennsylvania

Scranton Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *Felix P. Anuskiewicz, Chairman; Gordon Evans, Vice-
Chairman; Joseph V. Phillips, Secretary; Edward Boland, Treasurer;
John T. Durkan

ADDRESS: 607 Lincoln Trust Building, Scranton, Pennsylvania

Washington County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: R. W. Knox, Chairman; George Young, Vice-Chairman;

M. J. Sweeney, Secretary;, Joseph F. Antoon, James J. Clelland
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Lee M. Crowthers
ADDRESS: 19 East Wheeling Street, Washington, Pennsylvania

Westmoreland County Housing Authority

MEMBERS: W. S. MacDonald, Chairman; Michael Kuvinka, Vice-Chair-
man; Samuel J. Russell, Treasurer; William J. Hanka, O. F. Panna-
baker.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Joseph P. Sheridan
ADDRESS: 409 Coulter Building, Greensburg, Pennsylvania

PUERTO RICO

Arecibo Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Jose Garcia Abreu, President; Mrs. Laura P. de Munoz,

Treasurer; Francisco Morales, Virgilio Garcia Rigau, Vicente Gonzalez

Rodriguez

ACTING EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Rebecca Gonzalez Perez
ADDRESS: Santa Maria Street, Arecibo, Puerto Rico

Mayaguez, Municipal Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: Fernando R. Colon, Chairman; Dr. Edelmiro J. Caban, Vice-
Chairman; Dr. Nelson Perea, J. A. Zapata (i vacancy)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Victor E. Domenech
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 1109, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico

Ponce, Municipal Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: Fernando H. Usera, Chairman;, Andres Bello, Vice-Chairman;

L. Martiniano Garcia, Rafael Garcia de Quevedo, Esteban Rodriguez

Tizol

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Teodoro Moscoso, Jr.
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 149, Ponce, Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico, Municipal Housing Authority of the Capital of

MEMBERS: Manuel Font, Chairman; Manuel Martinez Casanova, Vice-
Chairman; Dr. Antonio Arbona, Francisco Serrano (i vacancy)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Gilberto M. Font
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 3672, San Juan, Puerto Rico

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

174 HOUSING YEARBOOK. 1942

RHODE ISLAND

Newport, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: W. S. H. Dawley, Chairman; J. Henry Cremin, Vice-Chairman;

J. C. Earle McLennan, Hugh S. O'Connell, Arthur J. Sullivan
SECRETARY: * William J. Donovan
ADDRESS: Park-Holm Number One, Newport, Rhode Island

Pawtucket, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: * William L. Connolly, Chairman; Frank Crook, Vice-Chair-
man; Joseph Charpentier, Edward J. Costello, Dr. Edmond C.
Laurelli

ADDRESS: City Hall, Pawtucket, Rhode Island

Providence, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: David J. Barry, Chairman; Joseph J. Bodell, Vice-Chairman;

Cornelius J. Mulcahy, The Reverend Paul C. Perrotta, Robert F.

Shepard

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * James E. McDonald
ADDRESS: 4 Weybosset Street, Providence, Rhode Island

Woonsocket Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Wilfred M. Gauvreau, Chairman; William H. Genereux,
Vice-Chairman; Henri E. Gauthier, Jean N. Guerin, Roy T. Sherwood
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Oscar J. V. Gurteau
ADDRESS: 285 Main Street, Woonsocket, Rhode Island

SOUTH CAROLINA

Aiken, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *H. E. Blake, Chairman; Herman Hahn, Leonard Holley,

B. J. King, Jacob Wolf
ADDRESS: Aiken, South Carolina

Charleston Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Dr. Josiah E. Smith, Chairman; W. D. Schwartz, Jr., Vice-
Chairman; James Coles, Howard M. Harley, Mrs. Minnie L. Lunz,
Mrs. C. L. McGowan, H. A. Molony, Sr.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Edward D. Clement
ADDRESS: 20 Franklin Street, Charleston, South Carolina

Columbia, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: W. Smede Hendley, Chairman; Samuel L. Latimer, Vice-
Chairman; Dr. Edward C. Coker, Geddings H. Crawford, L. Cooper
Smith

CORRESPONDENT: * William R. Geddings (Supervising Manager)
ADDRESS: 1505 Garden Plaza, Columbia, South Carolina

Darlington, The Housing Authority of the County of Darlington
MEMBERS: C. T. Jordan, Chairman; H. L. Sisk, Vice-Chairman; J. Wesley
Beasley, George B. Hendrickson, W. Archie Teal

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 175

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * James W. Cothran

ADDRESS: City Hall Building, Darlington, South Carolina

Greenville, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Dr. Curran B. Earle, Chairman; Richard W. Arrington, Vice-
Chairman; V. M. Manning, E. E. Scott, W. N. Watson, Jr.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *R. O. Tuten
ADDRESS: City Hall Building, Greenville, S. C.

Spartanburg, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Wallace D. DuPre, Chairman; Dr. E. M. Gwaltney, Vice-

Chairman; Jackson S. Burnett, Dr. A. A. Wilkinson, L. C. Wilson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *George B. Dean
ADDRESS: Hub City Courts, Spartanburg, South Carolina

TENNESSEE

Chattanooga Housing Authority

MEMBERS: M. C. Poss, Chairman;, S. J. McCallie, Vice-Chairman; Thomas

M. Devine, A. T. Johnson, Mrs. Sue Mills Loop
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *T. A. Whitener
ADDRESS: 2600 Fourth Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee

Clarksville Housing Authority, The

MEMBER: J. B. Miller, Chairman
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *B. L. Hassell
ADDRESS: Clarksville, Tennessee

Jackson Housing Authority

MEMBERS: R. M. Wisdom, Chairman; J. R. Thompson, Jr., Vice-Chair-
man; F. M. Frankland, R. J. Holt, W. H. Parham
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Hunter Taylor
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 895, Jackson, Tennessee

Kingsport Housing Authority

MEMBERS: George E. Stone, Chairman; C. C. Hamlett, Vice-Chairman;

W. R. Gilmer, S. G. Milhorn, Walter F. Smith
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *R. S. Key
ADDRESS: 671 Dale Street, Kingsport, Tennessee

Knoxville Housing Authority, Inc.

MEMBERS: George E. Oldham, Chairman; A. Y. Russell, Vice-Chairman;

G. L. Kelly, Secretary;, Frank Maloney, Treasurer; Ralph A.

Davidson

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *L. W. Frierson
ADDRESS: 1701 Jourolmon Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee

Memphis Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Edward F. Barry, Chairman; Dr. H. P. Hurt, Vice-Chairman;

Ike Gronauer, Secretary; Dr. L. M. Graves, Edward M. Knoff
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *J. A. Fowler
ADDRESS: 264 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, Tennessee

An asterisk (?) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

176 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Nashville Housing Authority, The

MEMBERS: Tony Sudekum, Chairman; J. L. Byrne, Vice-Chairman;

C. L. Ennis, Sam Levy, J. O. Tankard
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Gerald Gimre
ADDRESS: 212 Warner Building, Nashville, Tennessee

Paris Housing Authority

MEMBERS: M. E. Warren, Chairman; Herbert Sullivan, Vice-Chairman;

Chesley Alexander, Dr. George D. Boone, Richard Shoffner
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *M. H. Brisendine
ADDRESS: 101 West Wood Street, Paris, Tennessee

Union City Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *B. C. Cox, Chairman; C. P. Merryman, Vice-Chairman;
J. Milton Andrews, Secretary; Howell Bransford, Charles W. Reynolds
ADDRESS: Union City, Tennessee

TEXAS

Austin Housing Authority

MEMBERS: E. H. Perry, Sr., Chairman; A. J. Wirtz, Vice-Chairman;

Hubert B. Jones, Second Vice-Chairman; Miss Louise Haynie, J. H.

Pittsford
CORRESPONDENT: *D. B. Johnson (Assistant Director and Housing

Manager)
ADDRESS: 302 Chalmers Avenue, Austin, Texas

Brownsville, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: The Very Reverend Esteban de Anta, Chairman; B. L.

Kowalski, Vice-Chairman;, J. T. Pipkin, Treasurer; J. T. Canales,

Rene D. Sauber

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *George Mansur
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 327, Brownsville, Texas

Brownwood, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: David H. Henley, Chairman; Rufus F. Stanley, Vice-Chair-
man; Fred S. Abney, Douglas Coalson, Gene Mattox
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *H. A. Newby
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 143, Brownwood, Texas

Bryan, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *S. B. Zisman, Chairman; A. S. Ware, Vice-Chairman;

C. Edgar Jones, Don W. Rucker, James Whaley
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: James W. James, Jr.
ADDRESS: Municipal Building, Bryan, Texas

Corpus Christi, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Henry Coutret, Chairman; The Reverend R. O. Cawker,

Vice-Chairman; Cecil E. Burney, G. O. Garrett, John T. Wright
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Finley Vinson
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 2430, Corpus Christi, Texas

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 177

Dallas, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: J. George Loving, Chairman; Huber Boedeker, Vice-Chair-
man; W. R. Burns, Dr. H. Raphael Gold, B. H. Majors
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * James L. Stephenson
ADDRESS: 2525 Lucas Drive, Dallas, Texas

Del Rio, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: O. R. Weinert, Chairman;, John Rowland, Vice-Chairman;

F. Cantu, Dr. S. W. Crossley, R. H. Word
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *V. D. Curry
ADDRESS: Ross Building, Del Rio, Texas

Denison, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: H. G. Webster, Chairman; W. L. Peterson, Vice-Chairman;

W. L. Ashburn, Jr., P. W. Burtis, Jr., Fred Harvey
CORRESPONDENT: *Dr. T. J. Long (Mayor)
ADDRESS: Municipal Building, Denison, Texas

Eagle Pass, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: R. B. Thomson, Chairman; J. P. Delaney, Vice-Chairman;

M. Grossenbacher, McFarland Van Haile, J. D. Plumb
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *J. M. Mabe
ADDRESS: Eagle Pass, Texas

El Paso, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Frank B. Fletcher, Chairman; Modesto A. Gomez, Vice-
Chairman- Miss Catherine Gorbutt, Charles E. Graham, R. E.
Sherman

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. W. Harper

ADDRESS: 508 S. Virginia Street, El Paso, Texas

Fort Worth, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Dr. Charles H. McCollum, Jr., Chairman; B. C. Reich, Jr.,
Vice-Chairman; Mrs. Mabel G. Bennett, Grover C. Cole, R. J. Newton
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Robert Lealand Hunter
ADDRESS: 500 West Balknap Street, Fort Worth, Texas

Galveston, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Fred E. Fischer, Chairman; H. Renfert, Vice-Chairman;

Robert I. Cohen, Jr., The Reverend E. H. Gibson, B. A. Gritta
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *L. Walter Henslee
ADDRESS: Trust Building, Galveston, Texas

Harlingen Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *L. R. Baker, Chairman; Dr. J. W. Kirby, Menton Murrey,

Larry Powers, Mrs. W. L. Trammel
ADDRESS: Harlingen, Texas

Houston, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: William H. Fabian, Chairman; J. P. Hamblen, Vice-Chair-
man; A. S. McBride, Edward J. Mosher, J. K. Stirton

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

178 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *E. W. Blum
ADDRESS: Republic Building, Houston, Texas

Laredo, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Matias de Llano, Chairman;, Ed S. Russell, Vice-Chairman;
Woodie Y. Bunn, Jr., The Reverend Dan A. Laning, Carlos Richter
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Francisco Cardenas
ADDRESS: 2000 San Francisco Avenue, Laredo, Texas

Lubbock, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: H. C. Fender, Chairman; J. Ray Dickey, Vice-Chairman;

Dr. D. D. Cross, Samuel Rosenthal, Charles Whitacre
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *W. L. Bradshaw
ADDRESS: 204-5 Palace Theater Building, Lubbock, Texas

Marshall, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: E. B. Hayes, Chairman; S. E. Wood, Jr., Vice-Chairman;

*Martin Hirsch, Secretary; C. M. Beckett, George A. Walker
ADDRESS: 209- A East Houston Street, Marshall, Texas

Mineral Wells, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: H. E. Dennis, Chairman; Vernon Moore, Vice-Chairman
TEMPORARY SECRETARY: *O. H. Grantham
ADDRESS: City Hall, Mineral Wells, Texas

Mission, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: George Boyle, Chairman; H. R. Melch, Vice-Chairman
TEMPORARY SECRETARY: *Jack H. Drake
ADDRESS: City Hall, Mission, Texas

Orange, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: C. C. Leedy, Chairman; Hal G. Carter, Vice-Chairman; B. F.

Brown, Howard S. Peterson, Charles Steele
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *George Masterson
ADDRESS: Orange, Texas

Pelly Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Victor Lannou, Chairman; Zack Nelson, Vice-Chairman;

E. E. Slagle, J. I. F. Tharpe, Kent A. Woods
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Shannon L. Morris
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 181, Pelly, Texas

San Antonio, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: H. W. Graff, Chairman; Louis W. Schlesinger, Vice-Chair-
man; Robert D. Barclay, Artie B. Compton, Youngs C. Crook
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *James A. Harley
ADDRESS: 400 Labor Street, San Antonio, Texas

Texarkana, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Dr. Frank L. King, Chairman; John D. Raffaelli, Vice-
Chairman; Henry Brooks, Walter Hussman, Arthur E. Kackley, Sr.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *G. H. Brooks
ADDRESS: 2011 W. i2th Street, Texarkana, Texas

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 179

Texas City, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: Dan Turney, Chairman; Joe Francis, A. C. Hunter, E. A.

Johnson, Dr. G. R. Manske
TEMPORARY SECRETARY: * William B. Dazey
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 1570, Texas City, Texas

Waco, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: E. A. Flowers, Chairman;, William J. Boswell, Vice-Chairman;

Dr. K. H. Aynesworth, R. E. Fellow, J. E. Porter
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Dowell Naylor
ADDRESS: Administration Building, Kate Ross Homes, Waco, Texas

Waxahachie, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: C. C. Randle, Chairman; *Lynn B. Griffith, Secretary; J. G.

Cheatham, Arthur Curry, John McElroy
ADDRESS: Waxahachie, Texas

VIRGINIA

Alexandria, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: John Barton Phillips, Chairman; Edmund F. Ticer, Vice-Chair-
man; V. Ward Boswell, Charles T. Nicholson, Glenn U. Richard
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *R. S. Marshall, Jr.
ADDRESS: 600 North West Street, Alexandria, Virginia

Bristol Housing Authority

MEMBERS: C. P. Daniel, Chairman; W. H. Blakley, Vice-Chairman;

H. H. Harkrader, C. A. Jones, R. H. McClure
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *J. F. McCrary
ADDRESS: Oakview and Mary Streets, Bristol, Virginia

Danville, Housing Authority of the City of
MEMBERS: Dr. E. Howe Miller, Chairman; William H. Dodson, Jr.,

Vice-Chairman; Brantley F. Barr, John H. Schoolfield, Jr., Jesse W.

Yarbrough

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *John M. Weber
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 257, Danville, Virginia

Hopewell, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Forrest Evans, Chairman; T. E. Barnett, Vice-Chairman;

J. J. Cook, F. B. Heller, J. C. Marks
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *C. E. Sampson
ADDRESS: 550 Terminal Street, Hopewell, Virginia

Martinsville Housing Authority

MEMBERS: *H. L. Byrd, Chairman; B. L. Fisher, O. V. Huskey, P. R.

Stone, A. W. Swinler
ADDRESS: Martinsville, Virginia

Newport News, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Thomas J. Hundley, Chairman; Sam A. Hickey, Vice-
Chairman; David Dick, Mrs. J. E. Kritzer, LeRoy F. Ridley

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

180 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *H. W. Blandford
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 77, Newport News, Virginia

Norfolk, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: L. H. Windholz, Chairman; Charles L. Kaufman, Vice-

Chairman;, J. E. Etheridge, C. W. Grandy, David Fender
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: ^Lawrence M. Cox
ADDRESS: 500 Dickson Building, Norfolk, Virginia

Portsmouth, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: George T. McLean, Chairman; George O. Diggs, Vice-Chair-
man; E. C. Allen, Norman R. Hamilton, M. L. McCarty
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Orin M. Bullock, Jr.
ADDRESS: 1746 South Street, Portsmouth, Virginia

Richmond, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: William Shands Meacham, Chairman; Mrs. W. E. Lee Purcell,
Vice-Chairman; Dr. Henry McGuinn, Arthur P. Reynolds, W. Harry
Schwarzschild

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *T. L. Cockrell

ADDRESS: 409 Atlantic Life Building, Richmond, Virginia

WASHINGTON

Bremerton, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: R. A. McNeal, Chairman; J. C. Baer, Vice-Chairman; Lester

Galyan, Mrs. Lulu D. Haddon, Harold T. Lebo
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *E. C. Searle
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 631, Bremerton, Washington

Clallam County, Housing Authority of

MEMBERS: R. E. Goss, Chairman; Hayes Evans, Vice-Chairman; A. A.

Fletcher, James Kinney, Al Lamoureux
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *A. M. Devine
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 310, Port Angeles, Washington

Cowlitz, Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: *Edward E. Henry, Chairman; Abe Moawad, Vice-Chairman;

Eugene Crumb, Secretary; A. M. Shepard, R. E. Shinn
ADDRESS: 114 Henry Building, Longview, Washington

King, The Housing Authority of the County of

MEMBERS: Clarence B. Lafromboise, Chairman; John L. Fournier, Vice-
Chairman; Dr. Cecil V. Englund, John M. Fox, Mark M. Litchman
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Gerald V. Balthaser
ADDRESS: 107 County-City Building, Seattle, Washington

Marcus, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *J. T. Peterson, Chairman
ADDRESS: Marcus, Washington

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 181

Olympia, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: *Elbert M. Chandler, Chairman;, Russell Bordeaux, Vice-
Chairman; Charles Bowen, Secretary; Boyd Andreus, Arno Glidden
ADDRESS: 301 Security Building, Olympia, Washington

Poulsbo, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Selmer H. T. Myreboe, Chairman; Victor I. Card, Vice-
Chairman; *Nels C. Gregerson, Secretary-Executive Director; Edgar B.
Rustad, Homer H. Whitford

ADDRESS: Poulsbo, Washington

Renton, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Hayden Williams, Chairman; Jack Lamch, Vice-Chairman;

*Paul W. Houser, Jr., Executive Secretary;, E. K. Arnold, Tom

Dobson, Jr.
ADDRESS: 4 Wood Building, Renton, Washington

Seattle, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: G. W. Coplen, Chairman; Kenneth J. Morford, Vice-Chair-
man; Charles W. Doyle, Nat S. Rogers (i vacancy)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Jesse Epstein
ADDRESS: 919 Spruce Street, Seattle, Washington

Tacoma, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Fred Shoemaker, Chairman; M. S. Erdahl, Wallace Morris-

sette, G. A. Reeves, J. A. Thompson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *John Schlarb, Jr.
ADDRESS: 419 Provident Building, Tacoma, Washington

Vancouver, The Housing Authority of the City of

ADDRESS: 613% Main Street, Vancouver, Washington

WEST VIRGINIA

Charleston, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Leroy Allebach, Chairman; George W. King, Vice-Chairman;

Thomas Cairns, R. J. Carroll, Mrs. Rheta G. Edwards
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Philip H. Hill
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 344, Charleston, West Virginia

Huntington Housing Authority, The

MEMBERS: Abe Forsythe, Chairman; Harry Wright, Vice-Chairman; Dr.

Edward E. Rose, Treasurer;, Roy Carson, Wilbur Perry
CORRESPONDENT: *George E. Arrington (Housing Manager)
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 2183, Huntington, West Virginia

Martinsburg, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: H. P. Thorn, Chairman; W. H. Thomas, Vice-Chairman;

B. H. Keyton, C. G. Lloyd, E. C. Trout
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *E. L. Henshaw
ADDRESS: 7 Post Office Building, Martinsburg, West Virginia

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

182 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Mount Hope, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: J. E. Howard, Chairman; *P. M. Snyder, Jr., Vice-Chairman

and Executive Director; J. E. Bing, Secretary-Treasurer; W. C. Carter,

J. M. Clark, Jr.
ADDRESS: Lock Drawer Number 31, Mount Hope, West Virginia

Point Pleasant, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Ross N. Filson, Chairman; Cecil G. Bauerle, Robert H. Fergu-
son, Harold E. Somerville (i vacancy)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Philip H. Hill
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 344, Charleston, West Virginia

Wheeling Housing Authority

MEMBERS: Harry C. Miller, Chairman; J. A. Bloch, Vice-Chairman;

John M. Cunningham, Andrew C. M. Hess, Archibald L. Klieves
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *J. W. Pratt
ADDRESS: Grand view Street, Wheeling, West Virginia

Williamson, Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: E. F. Randolph, Chairman;. R. M. Rowland, Vice-Chairman;

Wade H. Bronson, C. C. Scott, E. R. Ward
SECRETARY-TREASURER: *S. P. Goodman
ADDRESS: Williamson, West Virginia

WISCONSIN

Superior, The Housing Authority of the City of

MEMBERS: Martin M. Krieps, Chairman; Michael Howe, Vice-Chair-
man; Felix Idziorek, Secretary; Olaf Johnson, William C. Wendland
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * James J. Conroy
ADDRESS: 209 Board of Trade Building, Superior, Wisconsin

OFFICIAL ADVISORY HOUSING AGENCIES

The Association defines this type of agency as "agencies appointed
by public officials or public bodies but having only investigational or
advisory powers."

Returns from NAHO's annual solicitation of information for the
Directory indicated such a severe falling off among organizations
properly classed as official advisory that it was deemed unwise to
continue listing this class. It is well known that many state and
local defense councils have housing committees or divisions that
might properly be called official advisory housing agencies. The rate
of increase and change among such groups is so great, however, and
there are so many cases in which it is not clear that they are official
agencies that no attempt has been made to include them in the
Directory.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: UNOFFICIAL AGENCIES 183

Homes Registration Offices constitute another group o£ organiza-
tions that might be called official advisory. These Offices operate under
the supervision of the National Housing Agency. Information about
them may be secured from that organization.

UNOFFICIAL HOUSING AGENCIES

The Association defines an official housing agency as "any private
agency whose major interest and activity is the improvement of hous-
ing for low- and moderate-income groups." The definition is intended
to include two groups of organizations: first, housing agencies as such;
second, committees or other subdivisions of non-housing agencies that
deal specifically with housing. The number of organizations in the
second group is legion and they vary widely in form, permanence, and
type and degree of housing activity. For the purpose of selecting
agencies from this group for inclusion in the Directory, NAHO has
limited its choice to those that it believes employ at least one full-time
staff member.

NATIONAL AGENCIES

American Federation of Labor, Housing Committee
CHAIRMAN: Harry C. Bates
SECRETARY: *Boris Shishkin

ADDRESS: Room 106, 901 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W., Washington,
D. C.

CIO Committee on Housing

OFFICERS: R. J. Thomas, Chairman; Thomas Kennedy, Secretary

SECRETARY: * Anthony Wayne Smith

ADDRESS: 1106 Connecticut Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C.

Committee on the Hygiene of Housing of the American Public Health

Association

OFFICERS: C.-E. A. Winslow, Chairman; Rollo H. Britten, Secretary
TECHNICAL SECRETARY: * Allan A. Twichell
ADDRESS: 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut

Committee on Housing and Blighted Areas of the National Associa-
tion of Real Estate Boards
OFFICERS: Arthur W. Binns, Chairman; John W. Galbreath, Vice-Chair-

man

SECRETARY: *Charles T. Stewart
ADDRESS: 1737 K Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.

National Association of Community Managers

OFFICERS: W. L. Me Arthur, President; James Muster, Vice-President;
Miss Marion Neprud, Secretary-Treasurer

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

184 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

CORRESPONDENT: ^National Association of Housing Officials, 1313 East
6oth Street, Chicago, Illinois

National Committee of Housing Associations

OFFICERS: *Sydney Maslen, Chairman; Mrs. Lillian Dunlop, Secretary
ADDRESS: 105 East 22nd Street, New York City

National Committee on the Housing Emergency, Inc.

OFFICERS: Mrs. Samuel I. Rosenman, Chairman; Joseph D. Leland, First

Vice-Chairman; Lisle Baker, Jr., Second Vice-Chairman;, Harold S.

Buttenheim, Third Vice-Chairman; John E. Sloane, Secretary
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Miss Gladys A. La Fetra
ADDRESS: 512 Fifth Avenue, New York City

National Public Housing Conference

OFFICERS: Mrs. Mary K. Simkhovitch, President; Catherine Bauer, Vice-
President;, Jonathan Daniels, Vice-President; John Green, Vice-Presi-
dent; Louis H. Pink, Chairman of Board; Miss Helen Alfred,
Treasurer

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: * Alexander L. Crosby

ADDRESS: 122 East 22nd Street, New York City

The Twentieth Century Fund, Housing Committee of

MEMBERS: Henry E. Hoagland, Chairman; Lillian M. Gilbreth, Frank P.

Graham, Henry I. Harriman, Arthur C. Holden, John A. Lapp,

William I. Myers, Coleman Woodbury
CORRESPONDENT: *Miles L. Colean, Research Director
ADDRESS: 522 Transportation Building, Washington, D. C.

STATE AND REGIONAL AGENCIES

California Association of Housing Authorities

OFFICERS: Ralph A. McMullen, President; Marshall Dill, First Vice-
President; Dr. Kenneth Potter, Second Vice-President; Isidore B.
Dockweiler, Third Vice-President;, Mrs. Esther Black, Fourth Vice-
President; *Gerould L. Gill, Secretary

ADDRESS: 825 Main Street, Martinez, California

California Housing and Planning Association

OFFICERS: Howard Moise, President; Catherine Bauer, Vice-President;
The Right Reverend T. J. O'Dwyer, Vice-President; John F. Shelley,
Vice-President; *Edward Howden, Secretary-Treasurer and Director

ADDRESS: 948 Market Street, San Francisco, California

Florida Association of Housing Authorities

OFFICERS: James T. Daniels, President; Julius L. Graham, First Vice-
President;, Melville E. Johnson, Second Vice-President; George C.
Stembler, Third Vice-President; Morrison Pearce, Fourth Vice-Presi-
dent; L. Dale Zent, Secretary-Treasurer

ADDRESS: 3801 Georgia Avenue, West Palm Beach, Florida

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: UNOFFICIAL AGENCIES 185

Georgia Association of Housing Officials

OFFICERS: J. H. Therrell, President; Hal R. Powell, Vice-President;

*M. I. Frost, Secretary-Treasurer
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 47, Rome, Georgia

Indiana Council of Housing Authorities

OFFICERS: Kenneth A. Parmelee, President; Dennis F. Taylor, Vice-
President; *P. V. Roche, Secretary-Treasurer
ADDRESS: 7329 Columbia Circle West, Hammond, Indiana

Maryland Association of Housing Authorities

OFFICERS: Y. W. Dillehunt, President;, Paul H. Kea, Acting First Vice-
President; James A. Haley, Second Vice-President; Lewis R. Dertz-
baugh, Third Vice-President; Alfred T. Truitt, Fourth Vice-President;
*Harry R. England, Secretary-Treasurer

ADDRESS: 211 Prince George Street, Annapolis, Maryland

Minnesota Better Housing Association

OFFICERS: Dr. Donald J. Cowling, Chairman; *Robert T, Jones, Execu-
tive Vice-Chairman; George W. Lawson, First Vice-Chairman; Mrs.
Charles T. Burnley, Second Vice-Chairwoman;, Frank M. Rarig, Jr.,
Treasurer; Paul M. Segner, Secretary

ADDRESS: School of Architecture, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota

Mississippi Association of Housing Officials

OFFICERS: W. T. Denman, President; R. W. Reed, Vice-President; J. F.
Borthwick, Vice-President; F. A. Anderson, Vice-President; *Owen
Cooper, Secretary
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 1972, Jackson, Mississippi

Montana Association of Housing Officials

OFFICERS: Harry H. Olson, President; *Howard T. Buswell, Secretary
ADDRESS: Samuel V. Stewart Homes, Helena, Montana

Ohio Housing Authorities Conference

OFFICERS: *Ernest J. Bohn, Chairman; Chairmen of Committees: Stanley
M. Rowe, Construction; G. F. Hammond, Legal; P. L. Strait, Manage-
ment
ADDRESS: Housing Center, West Mall Drive, Cleveland, Ohio

Pennsylvania Association of Housing Authorities
OFFICERS: B. J. Hovde, President; Mrs. Adaline Barnes, Vice-President;
Miss Dorothy Schoell, Secretary; C. Sylvester Jackson, Treasurer;
*Clemons M. Roark, Executive Secretary
ADDRESS: 199 Ninth Street, Monaca, Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico Housing Authorities Association

OFFICERS: Teodoro Moscoso, Jr., President;, Victor E. Domenech, Vice-
President; *Gilberto M. Font, Secretary-Treasurer
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 3672, San Juan, Puerto Rico

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

186 HO US ING YEARBOOK, 1942

Tennessee Association of Housing Authorities

OFFICERS: E. F. Barry, President; Bert Cox, Vice-President; John L.
Byrne, Second Vice-President; Frank Maloney, Third Vice-President;
*Gera!d Gimre, Secretary
ADDRESS: 212 Warner Building, Nashville, Tennessee

Texas Housing Officials, Association of

CORRESPONDENT: Robert Leland Hunter (President)
ADDRESS: 500 West Belknap, Fort Worth, Texas

Virginia Housing Authorities, Association of
OFFICERS: *T. L. Cockrell, President; Laurence M. Cox, Vice-President;

Orin M. Bullock, Jr., Secretary
ADDRESS: 409 Atlantic Life Building, Richmond, Virginia

Western States Housing Authorities Association

OFFICERS: The Reverend Emmett McLoughlin, President; *Miss Alice
Griffith, Secretary-Treasurer; Chairmen of Committees: Albert J.
Evers, Priorities; Gerould L. Gill, Public Relations
ADDRESS: 525 Market Street, San Francisco, California

MUNICIPAL AND METROPOLITAN AGENCIES

California

FRESNO HOUSING COUNCIL

OFFICERS: Hubert Phillips, President; Mrs. R. James Dowling, Vice-
President; William A. Bigby, Treasurer; *Jared A. Purcell, Secretary
ADDRESS: 1035 Broadway, Fresno, California

CITIZENS' HOUSING COUNCIL OF Los ANGELES

OFFICERS: The Right Reverend Monsignor Thomas J. O'Dwyer,
President; Shelden D. Elliot, First Vice-President; Anne M. Mum-
ford, Second Vice-President; *Frank Wilkinson, Executive Secretary;
Eugene Weston, Jr., Treasurer

ADDRESS: 333 West Second Street, Los Angeles, California

RESIDENTIAL RESEARCH COMMITTEE

OFFICERS: George A. Reimers, Chairman; *E. O. Morgan, Secretary-
Treasurer; Elden Smith, Chairman of Survey Subcommittee
ADDRESS: 431 West Fifth Street, Los Angeles, California

SACRAMENTO HOUSING AND PLANNING COUNCIL

OFFICERS: J. W. Butler, President; *Charles O. Busick, Jr., Vice-
President; C. Olin Edwards, Secretary-Treasurer
ADDRESS: 1120 Fifth Street, Sacramento, California

SAN FRANCISCO HOUSING AND PLANNING ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS: Charles Page, President; Morse Erskine, Vice-President;

John H. Smith, Vice-President; John Rolls, Treasurer
ADDRESS: 447 Sutter Street, San Francisco, California

Connecticut

CITY-WIDE COUNCIL FOR BETTER HOUSING (New Haven)

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: UNOFFICIAL AGENCIES 187

OFFICERS: Louis Feinmark, President; Allan A. Twichell, Vice-Presi-
dent; Philip Nelbach, Vice-President; *Frances Feldman, Secretary;
Lydia Wentworth, Treasurer

ADDRESS: 25 High Street, New Haven, Connecticut

District of Columbia f

WASHINGTON HOUSING ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS: J. Bernard Wyckoff, President; Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt,
Honorary President;, Mrs. William Kittle, First Vice-President;
James A. Cobb, Second Vice-President; *Mrs. Helen Duey Hoffman,
Executive Director; Dr. L. F. Schmeckebier, Treasurer
ADDRESS: 902 Barr Building, Washington, D. C.

Illinois

METROPOLITAN HOUSING COUNCIL (Chicago)

OFFICERS: John R. Fugard, President; Joel D. Hunter, Vice-President;

Mrs. Walker McLaury, Secretary; Oliver Turner, Treasurer
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Mrs. Hilda Gitlin
ADDRESS: 228 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois

EVANSTON HOUSING ASSOCIATION
DIRECTOR: *Marvin R. Katz
ADDRESS: 520 Stratford Place, Chicago, Illinois

QUINCY HOUSING AND PLANNING COUNCIL
OFFICERS: *Julia Turner, President; Neal Myers, First Vice-President;

E. V. Moorman, Second Vice-President; Ruth Tenk, Secretary;

V. G. Musselman, Treasurer
ADDRESS: 1128 Maine Street, Quincy, Illinois

Indiana

SOUTH BEND Civic HOUSING COUNCIL

OFFICERS: John J. Cronin, Chairman; Z. Dekelboum, Vice-Chairman;

*Oliver Switzer, Secretary-Treasurer
ADDRESS: 410 Lafayette Building, South Bend, Indiana

Maryland

CITIZENS' PLANNING AND HOUSING ASSOCIATION OF BALTIMORE

OFFICERS: John H. Scarf?, President; *Miss Frances H. Morton,
Executive Secretary; Walter H. Kidd, Treasurer; H. Warren Buck-
ler, Jr., Counsel
ADDRESS: i St. Martins Road, Baltimore, Maryland

Massachusetts

HOUSING ASSOCIATION OF METROPOLITAN BOSTON

OFFICERS: J. Leonard Johnson, Chairman;, Daniel L. Brown, Vice-
Chairman; George L. Batchelder, Jr., Treasurer
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Calvin H. Yuill
ADDRESS: 7 Water Street, Boston, Massachusetts

t This unofficial agency is official advisory agency to the Alley Dwelling Authority for
the District of Columbia as well.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

188 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

Michigan

CITIZENS' HOUSING AND PLANNING COUNCIL OF DETROIT

OFFICERS: Dr. Robert W. Kelso, President;, Dr. Warren E. Bow, First
Vice-President; Mrs. Willard Pope, Second Vice-President; The
Reverend William H. Peck, Third Vice-President; *Alex. Linn
Trout, Executive Secretary; Milton C. Selander, Secretary; Julius H.
Moeller, Treasurer
ADDRESS: 1664 Penobscot Building, Detroit, Michigan

Minnesota

MINNEAPOLIS CITIZENS' HOUSING COMMITTEE
CORRESPONDENT: *Robert T. Jones (Chairman)

ADDRESS: School of Architecture, University of Minnesota, Minne-
apolis, Minnesota

New Jersey

JERSEY CITY HOUSING LEAGUE

OFFICERS: *Herman C. Silverstein, President; Frank Kierce, First
Vice-President; John Burgess, Second Vice-President; Helen Lyman
Manning, Secretary; Mae Fenton Fonnelly, Corresponding Secretary;
Walton Van Natta, Treasurer

ADDRESS: 591 Summit Avenue, Jersey City, New Jersey

CITIZENS' HOUSING COUNCIL OF NEWARK
OFFICERS: Dr. William A. Ward, Chairman; *Miss Christine Hamilton,

Secretary; Albert Neuscheler, Treasurer
ADDRESS: 237 Washington Street, Newark, New Jersey

New York

HOUSING COMMITTEE OF THE BROOKLYN BUREAU OF CHARITIES
CHAIRMAN: William T. McCarthy
SECRETARY: * Joseph H. Fink
ADDRESS: 285 Schermerhorn Street, Brooklyn, New York

BROOKLYN COMMITTEE FOR BETTER HOUSING

OFFICERS: The Reverend John Howard Melish, Chairman; *Mrs.

Margaret Swertz, Secretary; Howard L. Carey, Treasurer
ADDRESS: 157 Montague Street, Brooklyn, New York

SOUTH JAMAICA HOUSING COMMISSION

OFFICERS: * Joseph Rothman, President; Dr. John A. Singleton, First
Vice-President; Nicholas M. Pitte, Second Vice-President; Frank
Louci, Secretary; Dr. Bernard M. Lissey, Treasurer

ADDRESS: 160-16 Jamaica Avenue, Jamaica, New York

CITIZENS' HOUSING COUNCIL OF NEW YORK, INC.

OFFICERS: Harold S. Buttenheim, President; Miss Loula D. Lasker,

First Vice-President; Peter Grimm, Second Vice-President; Henry M.

Propper, Secretary; Delos Walker, Treasurer
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: *Mrs. David B. Dunlop
ADDRESS: 470 Fourth Avenue, New York City

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

DIRECTORY: UNOFFICIAL AGENCIES 189

UNITED TENANTS LEAGUE OF GREATER NEW YoRKf

OFFICERS: *Mrs. Grace Aviles, President; Mrs. Justine Williams, Vice-

President and Treasurer; Miss Rose-Marie Schmitt, Administrative

Secretary
ADDRESS: 30 East 2oth Street, New York City

COMMITTEE ON HOUSING, COMMUNITY SERVICE SOCIETY OF NEW YORK
OFFICERS: Henry G. Hotchkiss, Chairman; *Sydney Maslen, Secretary
ADDRESS: 105 East 22nd Street, New York City

POUGHKEEPSIE BETTER HOUSING LEAGUE

OFFICERS: Ganis Bolin, President; David ErTron, Director; *Mrs.

Bessie L. Rosen, Executive Secretary
ADDRESS: 211 Mansion Street, Poughkeepsie, New York

CITIZENS' CITY PLANNING AND HOUSING COUNCIL OF ROCHESTER

OFFICERS: Rabbi Philip S. Bernstein, President;, Mrs. Alan Valentine,

Vice-President; Mrs. Leonard W. Jones, Executive Vice-President;

Grander Neville, Secretary; Arthur J. Callahan, Treasurer
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Miss Dorothy W. Schroeder
ADDRESS: Gannett House, Temple and Cortland Streets, Rochester,

New York

Ohio

BETTER HOUSING LEAGUE OF CINCINNATI AND HAMILTON COUNTY, INC.
OFFICERS: Standish Meacham, President; Nathaniel R. Whitney, First

Vice-President; Mrs. Simon Kuhn, Second Vice-President; Mrs.

Richard S. Austin, Secretary; Thomas M. Keoghegan, Treasurer
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: *Bleecker Marquette
ADDRESS: 312 West Ninth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio

CITIZENS' COMMITTEE ON SLUM CLEARANCE AND LOW-RENT HOUSING

(Cincinnati)
OFFICERS: Bart J. Shine, Chairman; Dr. Richard S. Austin, Vice-

Chairman; *Mrs. Carey P. McCord, Secretary-Treasurer
ADDRESS: Fountain and Myrtle Avenues, Glendale, Ohio

REGIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CLEVELAND

OFFICERS: Abram Garfield, President; Ley ton E. Carter, Vice-Presi-
dent; Stanley M. Buckingham, Treasurer; Ernest J. Bonn, Director
ADDRESS: Housing Center, West Mall Drive, Cleveland, Ohio

Oregon

PORTLAND HOUSING AND PLANNING ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS: John P. O'Hara, President; Mrs. Sadie O. Dunbar, Vice-
President; Rabbi Philip Kleinman, Secretary; *Jessie M. Short,
Executive Secretary; O. V. Badley, Treasurer

ADDRESS: 2745 Northeast 26th Avenue, Portland, Oregon

Pennsylvania

HOUSING ASSOCIATION OF HARRISBURG

t Formerly City-Wide Tenants Council.

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

190 HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

OFFICERS: Mitchell Shape, President; W. C. Rich, Vice-President;

*Mary S. Frecon, Secretary; Paul H. Rhoades, Treasurer
ADDRESS: 235 Briggs Street, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

PEOPLE'S HOUSING COUNCIL OF BEAVER COUNTY
CORRESPONDENT: *Clemens M. Roark (President)
ADDRESS: 199 Ninth Avenue, Monaca, Pennsylvania

OCTAVIA HILL ASSOCIATION, INC.
OFFICERS: *Kenneth Day, President; L. C. Herkness, Vice-President;

H. Justice Williams, Secretary; Henry R. Pemberton, Treasurer
ADDRESS: 613 Lombard Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

THE PHILADELPHIA HOUSING ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS: Dr. J. A. MacCallum, President; Ellwood B. Chapman,

Vice-President; A. Robert Bast, Treasurer; Leigh ton P. Stradley,

Counsel

MANAGING DIRECTOR: *Edmund N. Bacon
ADDRESS: 1717 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

PITTSBURGH HOUSING ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS: Edwin C. May, President; Sara M. Soffel, First Vice-
President; Mrs. Willard E. Hotchkiss, Second Vice-President;
*Wilson S. Borland, Secretary and Acting Executive Director;
Joseph A. Beck, Treasurer

ADDRESS: 519 Smithfield Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

An asterisk (*) before a name indicates the corresponding agent, and the address is his.

Index

American Association of University
Women, 85-86

American Bar Association, 86

American Federation of Labor. Housing
Committee, 87-88

American Home Economics Association,
88-90

American Institute of Architects. Com-
mittee on Urban Land Use, 90-91

American Institute of Planners. Commit-
tee on Urban Land Policies, 91-95

American Public Health Association. Com-
mittee on the Hygiene of Housing, 95-
96

American Sociological Society, 98-99

Building codes, 21, 115-116

Camp Fire Girls of America, 99-100
Central Housing Committee, 2, 6, 81-83
City Planning, see Urban redevelopment
Community facilities, costs, 62; migratory

labor camps, 29-31

Congress of Industrial Organizations. Com-
mittee on Housing, 100-103
Construction, FHA standards, 21-22; vol-
ume, 12, 22-23, 38? 51-52, 59-60, 72-

73
Construction costs, 16-17, 61-62; form

of contract, 60-61; war housing, 52-53
Critical List, see Priorities

Defense Homes Corporation, 4, 6, 10

Defense housing, see War housing

Demolition, 114-115

Demountable housing, 31, 58

Division of Defense Housing. Federal

Works Agency, 10
Division of Defense Housing Coordination,

5~7, 47-55

Equivalent elimination, see Demolition

Farm housing, see Rural housing
Farm Security Administration, 27-37; non-
farm activities transferred to NHA, 4,
27

Farm tenancy, 33-34
Federal Home Building Service Plan, 124
Federal Home Loan Bank Administration,

Federal Home Loan Bank Board, 4-6,
38-46, 124

Federal Housing Administration, 4-5, 20-
26, 122-123

Federal Loan Agency, 5, 7; executive or-
der transferring to Department of Com-
merce, 8-9

191

Federal Public Housing Authority, 5, 7,
10-19

Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Cor-
poration, 4, 6, 43-44

Federal Works Agency, 4-5, 7, 56-63

Finance, local authorities, 17-18; research
on legal aspects, 86; see also Home
ownership, mortgages

Health and housing, 95-96

Home economics, 88-90

Home Owners' Loan Corporation, 4, 6,
40, 44-45, 122

Home ownership, finance, 23-24, 38, 44-
45, 124

Homes registration, 47, 53-54

Housing agencies, Administrative, defini-
tion, 129; federal reorganization, 1-9;
joint operation, n}-i5, 129; local, 14-
15; municipal and metropolitan, direc-
tory of, 137; national, directory of, 130;
number of, 128; number of states with-
out enabling legislation, 128; state and
regional, directory of, 130

Housing agencies, Official advisory, 182

Housing agencies, Unofficial, 85-127; def-
inition, 183; municipal and metropoli-
tan, directory of, 1 86; national, directory
of, 183; number of, 128; state and re-
gional, directory of, 184

Income, war workers, 69-70

Interest rates, FHA war housing mort-
gages, 21 ; on local authority loans, 17-
18

Labor and housing, 87-88, 100-103

Land acquisition, war housing, 59

Lanham act amendments, 49

Legislation, federal war housing, 49; state
enabling, 13-14, 128, 129

Low-rent housing, 12-15; enabling legis-
lation, 13-14; need estimates, 12-13;
projects, 12

Management, war housing, 63, 66

Migratory labor camps, 27-31

Mobile housing, 28-29, 32-33

Mortgages, 38; foreclosures, 45; insurance,
20-26; large-scale housing, 24; property
improvement, 25; small homes, 23; war
housing, 24-25

Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Di-
vision, 10, 57-58, 100-103

National Association for Nursery Educa-
tion, 103-104

National Association of Community Mana-
gers, 103

192

HOUSING YEARBOOK, 1942

National Association of Real Estate Boards,
104-107

National Committee of Housing Associa-
tions, 107-109

National Committee on the Housing Emer-
gency, Inc., 109-111

National Consumers League, in

National Council of Jewish Women, m-
112

National Education-Recreation Council,
112-113

National Federation of Settlements. Hous-
ing Division, 113—114

National Housing Agency, executive order
establishing, 4-8

National Institute of Municipal Law Of-
ficers. Committee on Housing, 114-115

National Public Housing Conference, 116-
118

National Recreation Association, 118-119

National Women's Trade Union League of
America, 119-120

Navy Department. Bureau of Yards and
Docks, 64-66

Nursery schools, 103-104

Office of Price Administration. Rent Di-
vision, 75-80

Payments in lieu of taxes, see Service

charges
Prefabricated housing, see Demountable

housing
Priorities, building materials, 49-50, 53,

67-74, "5
Private housing, construction mortgages,

38; for war workers, 40, 47, 53, 72
Projects, FHA large-scale rental, 24; tenant

activities, 18-19, 99-100
Public Buildings Administration, 10, 57

Real property surveys, 12

Recreation and housing, 118-119

Rent, graded rents, 16; US HA averages,

15; war housing, 33, 63
Rent control, 75-80; criteria for increases,

77-78; fair rent committees, 78-79
Reorganization of federal agencies, 1-9;

NAHO board recommendations, 3; texts

of executive orders, 4-9

Repair and remodeling, FHA mortgage
insurance, 25; HOLC conversion pro-
gram, 40; rural housing, 36

Research, by American Bar Association, 86;
by American Public Health Association,
95-96; by Central Housing Committee,
81-83; by FHA, 26; by National Insti-
tute of Municipal Law Officers, 114-
115; by Twentieth Century Fund, 120-

121

Residential construction, see Construction
Rural housing, FSA activities, 27-37; mi"
gratory labor camps, 27-31; need esti-
mates, 34-37; sanitation, 35; temporary
for displaced farmers, 31; temporary
for war workers, 32-33; tenant pur-
chase program, 33-34

Savings and loan associations, 38-39, 41-

42
Service charges, 63

Tenants, 18-19
Trailers, see Mobile housing
Twentieth Century Fund. Housing Com-
mittee, I 20-1 2 I

United States Housing Authority, 4-5, 10-

19

United States Savings and Loan League.

Committee on Housing, 121-125
Urban redevelopment, 90-97, 104-107

War housing, by Navy, 64-66; by FSA,
31-32; by private enterprise, 40, 53;
by USHA, n; construction contract,
60-6 1 ; Division of Defense Housing
Coordination, 47-55; Federal Home
Loan Bank Board activities, 39-40;
Lanham act funds, n, 31-32, 56-63;
legislation, 49; mortgage insurance, 20-
21, 24-25; standards, 50; unofficial
agency, 109-111; see also Homes regis-
tration, Priorities

War Production Board. Priorities Branch,
67-74

Young Men's Christian Associations. Na-
tional Council, 125-126

Young Women's Christian Associations.
National Board, 126-127

A M n TV o

OF -A 37

Released from the
Cranbrook Academy ot Art Library