NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES
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HOW TO KNOW
PERIOD STYLES
IN FURNITURE
A Brief History of Furniture
from the Days of Ancient
Egypt to the Present Time,
Illustrated with over 300
Typical Examples and a Brief
Description of Each Period
< ♦ •
I^y.V/;-!;. K.iMERLY
1913
GRAND RAPIDS FURNITURE RECORD CO.
Grand Rapids, Michigan
PUBLIC LisrtAnY
AS-On. LENOX AND
TIlDv.N founoaiions.
isio L
R
.'Copyright 19l(5, "•'
By W. L. Kimcrly. Grasd; Rapi/i3> Mich.
CopyJ-ifiht,';!?!';-, ;'■;
By The Grand R^p'icfe • 1 ur'rrituW Record Co.,
Grj^!? .R;3pi?)s, •Mii'.fi.i
THE OBJECT OF THIS BOOK
Most books published on furniture are
too voluminous for any one except the
professional designer. Many of them are
in a foreign language and they are invari-
ably high in price.
It is the obie\:t of thiG b6olc to arrange
in a clear, practical way. a brief history
of furniture, illustiating same with typical
• ' • » . •
examples of :each perioiJ and a brief
description of each, so as to produce a
handy reference for all who may wish to
understand "Period Styles in Furniture."
W. L. KIMERLY.
March 1, 1912.
PREFACE
A knowledge of period styles in furniture is as necessary
to those who would properly furnish a home as a knowledge
of grammar is to those who would speak correctly. All
period styles have a history and an exceedingly interesting
one. The historical styles in furniture are those that have
stood the test of time; they were not created in a day, but
were gradually developed to fit the needs of civilization and
society; a change in government or religion has always been
reflected in the character of the furniture. No new style has
ever been created without a knowledge of some older one and
probably never will be. The student of furniture may delve
into the mysteries of design as deeply as he may desire and
always find something interesting and instructive, but the
busy man or woman, the clerk in the furniture store or the
salesman on the road must have the information necessary
for them to understand the general arrangement and char-
acteristics of period styles placed before them in as brief and
compact a manner as possible. It is believed that the follow-
ing pages will accomplish this purpose in a better manner
than any other book now published.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Historical 9
Chronological Table 12
Egyptian 13
Babylonian-Assyrian-Indian 15
Grecian i?
Roman 21
Byzantine 23
Islam or Moorish 25
Gothic 27
Renaissance in Italy 33
Renaissance in France 39
Louis Quartorze (XIV) 45
Louis Quinze (XV) 5i
Louis Seize (XVI) 55
Empire 59
Early English Renaissance (Tudor) 65
"Elizabethan "9
Jacobean 73
William and Mary 79
Queen Anne • °3
The Georgian Period 89
Chippendale 9^
Heppelwhite 99
The Adam Style io3
Sheraton ^°7
» Victorian Era ^ ^3
Renaissance Styles in Other European Countries 114
German ^^5
Flemish "7
Holland "9
Spain ^21
L' Art Nouveau '^3
Furniture in the United States 125
Colonial Furniture ^^7
Colonial Style of Today ^^7
Mission ^^^
a
m
t-
O
z
>-
r
I
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 11
showing the order of their development in these and adjoining
countries.
All illustrations shown in this book are reproduced from
pieces actually made or designed during the time the particular
period they represent ivas in vog%i^.
Italiaa Rcuai&saace
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
Showing the Order of Period Styles from the Beginning of the Renaissance
to the 19th Century.
ENGLAND
FRANCE
SOVEREIGN
STYIF
REMARKS
STYLE
SOVEREIGN
e
Henry VUI
1509-1547
Tudor
o
s
ou
i
en
<
z.
u
i
About the duration
of the Renaissance
Period in other
countries.
CO
Q
O
i
GU
Id
U
CO
CO
X
u
Francis
Premier
Francis I
1515-1547
o
8
e
a
Elizabeth
155&-1603
Elizabethan
Henri-Deux
Henry II
1547-1559
Italy.
1443-1564
James I
1603-1625
Jacobean
J
«
Francis II
Chaile* I
1625-1649
Germany,
1525-1620
1559-1560
1/3
Charles IX
Commonweakh
1649-1660
Flemish 6c Dutch,
1520-1634
1560-1574
/
1
Charle. 11
1660-1685
Henry III
J
1*
Spain and Portugal,
1500-1620
15^7^1589
James II
Henri Henry IV
•^ IW5)-lt>«J
1
Other European
Countries
1500-1630
Quatre 1589-1610
ii
WiUum&Maiy
1688-1702
William &
Mary
Louis XIII
Louis Tnze ,6|0-|643
1
Anne i Queen
1 702-1 714 Anne
Barocco Styles.
Beginning of the Rococo.
Louis
Quatorze
Louis XIV
1643-1715
George 1
1714-1727
Chippendale,
-- ' Oiippend»le'» book,
Q "The Gentleman'* and
O Cabinetnoalter'tDireclot,"
2 published 1754 and a
ri later edilioa 1762.
o
«.>
o
u
o
Louis Quinze
Louis XV
1715-1747
Georg* II
1727-1760
Heppelwh,.e, ^ 'i^i.tit: b''u;"lS'
. , 5 rterer". Guide." 1789.
Adam < —
3 R.&J.Ad.m. 1750-90
:3
C_l
Louis Seize
Louis XVI
1747-1793
George III
1/60-1820
K
O
U
1
Sheralon'i book, " The
Cabinetmaker and Uphol-
■lerrr'i Drawing Book,"
waipubliUvrd 1791. A
later edition in 1812.
1/3
:5
CJ
Empire
Napoleon
1793-1814
12
EGYPTIAN
Stone was the principal building material of the Egyptians
but wood and metal were used for the lighter articles. All
three materials were employed .in making furniture.
The principal woods were the sycamore, cedar and some
varieties of palm.
Carving and inlaying were used, but painting was the
predominating method of decoration. The motifs used i;i
decorations were the lily, lotus flower, date palm and reed.
The following illustrations show the character of their
furniture and ornamentation.
Egyptian Sphinx in the \atican Museum.
Egyptian Mouldings.
13
14 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Ancient Egyptian Throne.
Kgyptian Stool.
Egyptian Chair.
Egyptian Upholstered Chair in
liritish Museum.
I.gyptian Stool Covered in Leather
in liritish Museum.
Egyptian Chair.
BABYLONIAN— ASSYRIAN— INDIAN
The furniture and ornamental work of these countries
was very similar to that of Egypt, but each country had
certain characteristics of its own.
A few illustrations of their work are interesting and form
a necessary link in our history.
Footstool.
Washstand.
Bronze Tripod, in the
Louvre, Paris.
Assyrian Throne from a
Monument.
Assyrian Bronze Throne, in
British Museum.
IS
PUBLIC lib:-.;
GRECIAN
Grecian art reached the height of its glory from three
to four centuries B. C. Their work constitutes what is known
today as Classic Art.
The characteristics of their art were very different from
those of Egypt and other oriental countries. They established
the three orders of columns, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
and showed great taste and refinement in ornament and pro-
portion.
Their most famous work was on their temples and build-
ings, but they designed a great variety of furniture which
was made of bronze, wood, and stone.
Characteristic detail : The Anthemion. Antefix, frets,
egg and dart and dentil mouldings.
^ilHE2ra!:
Different Types of the Ante-fix.
Anthemion.
Egg and Dart Moulding.
iiii
V
> <
A
' 1
i -p Ijlf
MhM'h I
wm
'^jm,
; 3-^-^-|^-
Greek Freta.
17
18 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Greek Throne from a Relief ir>
British Museum, London.
Greek Chair Upholstered with
Draped Skin.
Greek Lady's Chair, from an Antique
Vase I'ainting.
TTTTTT
Greek Chair.
Greek Marble Chair.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 19
Greek Couch and
Footstool.
Greek
Settee.
n
7'uscdn
y
ZID
I
JJoric
Grecian Order of Columns.
Vv\
^'iJBLJC L[BRARY
■ '- ■''^■"' • "•■• vn ,T-..
I
J
ROMAN
The Roman National Art was developed largely under
the guidance of Greek teachers and, consequently, has many
similar features, but their work in the Classic Art was much
more highly ornamented than the Greek style
They established the round arch and brought architec-
ture to a high state of development. They adopted the Greek
orders, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, and added one of their
own, called Composite.
Many specimens of Roman Classic Art were found when
the buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum Avere discovered
in 1748.
Ancient Roman Bronze
Stand, in the British
Museum, London.
Bronze Couch Frame found at Pompeii,
now in Naples Museum.
lironze Seat found at Pompeii, now m
Naples Museum.
lironzt Stand found at Hi-rculaiicum,
in Naples Museum.
21
V
22 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Marble Table found at I'oinpeii.
Roman Arm Chair, with
Sphinx Ornaments.
Roman Column.
1 ^^v. y^ ( V,/^
Frasments of
Komati 1 riczc,
ShowiiiK Cliar.ncter
>winK
of C
arving.
i
BYZANTINE
During most of the early periods, religion was one of the
chief motives for a change in style, and when Christianity
became predominant during the Byzantine Empire, ancient
classic art was put aside. The old heathen temple and its
decorations did not satisfy these early Christians, so they
developed a style which is known as Byzantine. One of its
chief characteristics was the ornamentation. The pecu-
liar sharp pointed acanthus leaf being used extensively,
mosiacs and rich decorative effects were also prominent feat-
ures. Very little furniture was produced. Probably the most
interesting piece left is the chair of "St. Peter" in Rome.
It was inlaid wath ivory and gold, and is one of the oldest
pieces of wooden furniture in existence.
Byzantine Baptistry, from a Palace
in Venice.
23
Baptismal Font, from a Church
in Venice.
ISLAM OR MOORISH
When the Moslem power spread abroad, a new style
followed, known as Islam or Moorish. The Moslem religion
prohibited the use of human or animal forms in paintings or
decorations, so their art was confined to geometric and vege-
table ornament. They were very skillful in artistic interlacing
and interweaving of arabesque and geometrical ornament and
the use of rich and vivid coloring. Their use of the horse-
shoe and ogee arch was another characteristic feature of the
period. Their work was confined chiefly to mosques and
buildings, and not much furniture was produced.
Moorish Arch.
Horseshoe Arch.
Minaret of a Musquc.
Ogee Arch.
25
i r^U^UC Lis
ASTOn,
PI, L«^fox J
GOTHIC
Gothic first put in an appearance about the year 1200,
and quickly spread all over Europe. It was chiefly an archi-
tectural style, but its influence is clearly seen in the furniture,
which at this period was closely allied to architecture.
The high pointed arch and geometrical forms were
characteristic of the style. The trefoil and quatrefoil were
the chief motifs used in carving.
Cupboards, chests, tables, beds, and cabinets were the
principal pieces of furniture made during this period. The
chairs, with the exception of folding stools, were massive and
uncomfortable.
Gothic was predominant for several centuries.
Trefoil.
Quartrefoil.
Gothic Arm Chair, Nurnberg.
Knglish Cornation Chair in Cothic Style.
Westminster Abbey.
27
t»
28
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Gothic Credence Cupboard, 15th Century.
Gothic Stall in the Cluny
Museum, Paris.
Gothic Window.
Gothic Table, 15th Century.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 29
Gothic Credence Cupboard, 15th Century,
Gothic Windows.
PUBLIC LIBRARY
RENAISSANCE
STYLES
RENAISSANCE IN ITALY
The Renaissance style originated in Italy about 1443 to
1564 and reached a degree of excellence that has never been
equalled elsewhere. It was a revolt from the stiff, formal
arrangement of the Gothic and the return of classic principles.
Great artists worked during the Renaissance period in
Italy; such men as Titan, Raphael, Palladio and Michael
Angelo being identified with the movement. Workman from
Italy went to France, England and other countries, and the
style spread all over Europe with such changes as the con-
ditions in different countries naturally brought about.
Italian Renaissance was a rich, elegant style, principally
for the palace. Very few pieces of middle class furniture
have come down to us.
Carving was the principal ornamentation used on furni-
ture and was applied with lavish expense, as was the use of
stamped leather and rich velvets.
Characteristic features are the acanthus leaf, arabesque
scroll, ribbons and flowers, swags of fruit, grotesque human
and animal forms.
Italian Renaissance Carved Seat, 15tli Century.
33
34 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Italian Renaissance Carved Chest, 16th Century.
Italian Renaissance Table, 15th Century.
Italian Renaissance Tabic, 16th Century.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 3S
Italian Renaissance Folding Chair,
in South Kensington Museum,
London.
Italian Renaissance Hall
Chair, in South Kens-
ington Museum,
London.
''^^m
Old Italian Renaissance Chair.
a8iiiii'i|n#iW
Italian Upholstered Chair, in South
Kensington Musonin, London.
36 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Italian Renaissance Seat, from the De Medici Family.
Italian Renaissance Bench.
\
lulian Rtnaissarec Stall, 15th Century.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 37
Italian Renaissance Mantels, 15th Century.
38 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
L
tz
Acanthus Scroll.
Dolphins.
d5>W^
Arabesque.
Dolpliin.
Different Types o{ Italian Renaissance Ornament.
RENAISSANCE IN FRANCE
The French Renaissance period began during- the reign
of Frances I. and ran about one hundred years, ending
with the formal work of Louis XIV. It followed along lines
of the Italian Renaissance but was coarser and heavier in
ornamental detail. Much of the work was done by Italian
designers, but still it became imbued with the French spirit
and developed strong characteristics of its own. By this time
the Renaissance movement had developed furniture to where
special study was given this branch of designing. The early
French Renaissance shows considerable intermingling with
the Gothic which was more firmly rooted than in Italy.
Characteristic features are the aral>esque, shields, scrolls,
half figures, animal forms, cartouch, shell curved pediments,
and twisted columns.
French Renaissance Mant<
39
I
40 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
rr^?
K%'s ^
French Renaissance Cabinet, 16th Centurv.
French Renaissance Chair,
17th Century.
French Renaissance Chai.-,
liith Century.
French Renaissance Chest, 10th Century.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 41
French Renaissance Chair,
late 16th Century.
French Renaissance Bed, 16th Century,
Cluny Museum, Paris.
l-'rench Renaissance Tahle,
16th Century.
French Renaissance Henry III. Cabinet,
in South Kensington Museum, London.
42 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Fine Old Frtnch Renaissance Mantel.
LOUIS
PERIOD STYLES
IN
FRANCE
r
LOUIS QUATORZE (XIV.)
The Louis XIV. marked the end of the Renaissance
period in France and the beginning of a series of distinct
period furniture styles.
The Renaissance style had gradually undergone changes
until under the patronage of Louis XIV. it developed into what
was probably the most magnificent of the French period styles.
It was an age of courtly splendor and grandeur; of rich,
massive furniture, well suited to the palace and salon and
where it is used today for large, richly furnished rooms.
One of the notable features was the work of Andre
Charles Boule. He was the King's cabinet-maker and was one
of the greatest of the ebinestes (workers in ebony), inlaying
this wood with tortoise shell, brass and other metals until the
whole resembled a brilliant mosaic. He further decorated his
work with chiseled mounts of ormolu and bronze, carved and
gilt ornaments.
Marble and granite were used for table and console tops,
and fine tapestries for upholstering; all combining to create
a style in perfect harmony with the j)omp and glittering
splendor of the age.
Characteristic features of the style : Well-balanced
barocco ornament, cupids, shell, mask, satire, ramshead and
the acanthus leaf.
Louis XI \'. Chair Upholstered
in Tapestry.
45
/"
46 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Louis XIV. Arm Chairs Upholstered in Tapestries,
I-rotn an old design of a Louis XI\'. Table.
Av
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 47
Louis XIV. Table, from an Early 18th Century Design.
48 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Louis XIV. Boule Cabinet.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 49
Louis XIV. Marriafje Coffer and Cabinet, by
Andre Charles Houlc.
Louis XI\'. Commode.
50 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
ITt
Design of I.nuis \I\'. Mantel and
Wall Decorations.
LOUIS QUINZE (XV.)
Louis XV. was distinctly a rococo style — straight lines
were avoided whenever possible. The barocco type of orna-
ment of the Louis XIV. style was a heavier and well-
balanced type, while the rococo ran in all directions, regard-
less of structural features. It was a succession of broken
curves, shell ornament, wreaths, flowers, etc., etc., designed
for an age of frivolousness, licentiousness and excessive luxury.
Ornamentation was carried to the extreme in fantastic com-
binations— a style principally suited to the boudoir or parlor.
An important feature of the period was the use of lacquer,
known as Vernis Martin, the name of the inventor. Gilt carv-
"ings, marquetrie, painting and ormolu mounts covered every-
thing— plain surfaces were avoided whenever possible. From
the point of fine workmanship, furniture of this period has
never been surpassed.
Characteristic features are : The cabriole leg, extreme
rococo, curled endive leaf, shell and twisted scroll ornament.
Louis X\'. Bureau.
51
52 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
~TTnniW-"'^7r<'^t''-ii''iii^tii^rit;ri'ii("''^^'**'^**'^^iP^*** ' '^'
Louis XV. Table.
Desk owiiLii by the French . King, Louis XV.
Elaborately Decorated with Marquetrie and Chased Ormolu Mounts.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 53
^rrr'c) ^zr -r
m\, m
Louis XV. Settee.
Louis XV. Chair.
Louis XV. Commode, decorated in Vernii
Martin and with Ormolu Mounts.
54 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Interior Showing Elaborate Rococo Ornamentation of the
Louis X\'. Period.
LOUIS SEIZE (XVI.)
The Louis XVI. style was a return to classical principles.
While Louis XV. was all curves, Louis XVI. was character-
ized by straight lines and simplicity in construction and is
easily distinguished from the former for that reason.
To the refined taste of Queen Marie Antoinette is given
a great deal of credit for the existence of this style. It was
also greatly influenced by the discoveries of antique classic
ornament at Herculaneum and Pompeii. The straight leg was
nearly always used — turned, tapered, fluted or twisted. Gild-
ing, carving, marquetrie, Vernis Martin, ormolu mounts were
all used in decorations, but in a refined artistic manner.
Characteristic features are : The fluted column, oak and
laurel leaf, wreaths, the Greek band and other classical emblems.
Louis XVI. Table.
55
56 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
N
Louis XVI. Tapestry back Settees, from 18th Century Lxample
\
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 57
^0/k_,
Louis X\l. Bed.
Louis X\'L Sofa.
58 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Winged Arm Chair, Louis X\'I.
ldll||i|||||||"llll' ifli'
mil
Louis XVL Arm Chairs,
EMPIRE
This style was developed during the reign of Napoleon,
and the letter N was found everywhere in the decoration of
the period. The style was a revival of Greek, Roman and
Eg}-ptian motifs. Marquetrie and carving were discarded and
plain surfaces were decorated with brass and ormolu mounts
of antique emblems.
Mahogany was the principal wood employed and con-
siderable veneering was used.
Characteristic features : The wreath, torch, Sphinx,
Greek band, honeysuckle, Roman eagle, columns and s^oU
supports.
Napoleon's Bed at the Grand
Trianon, N'ersailks.
59
60 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IX FURNITURE.
Empire Table.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 61
Kmpire Table
Empire Chair.
Large Empire Tabic
Empire Chair.
Empire Wreathes.
62 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Empire lied designed for a famous Parisian Lady.
ENGLISH
STYLES
EARLY ENGLISH RENAISSANCE (Tudor)
The early Renaissance in England was a mixture of
classic and Gothic detail crudely drawn and developed into
what is known as the Tudor style under the first four
Sovereigns of the House of Tudor, but more especially
Henry VHL He gave encouragement to the revival and
brought Italian artists and artisans to England, who left work
that had its influence on the English designer. As in the
Gothic days, furniture still closely followed architecture and
was still heavy, cumbersome and uncomfortable. The fire-
place was the most elaborate piece of work in the house during
all of the early English Renaissance periods.
Characteristics are: A mingling of Italian and Gothic
detail, heavy turnings, the Tudor rose and other types of round
carved panels.
Tudor Oak Game Table, about 1535.
65
66
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
about 1540.
Tudor Oak Stool,
Remains of one of the oUlest pieces of Tudm
Knglish Upholstered Furniture known,
about l.')30.
,^ , - , , . „ , r- 1 Tudor Oak Oliair in Winchester Cathedral
Tudor Stool. showniK, Round Carved ,jg^j ^„ ^^^^ occasion of the marriage
I'aneU of the I'crjod, about 16.10. „f .^jg^y Tudor with Philip.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IX FURNITURE. 67
Tudor Table, Henry XIII., known as the
Melon Bulb Table.
Tudor Chair, about 1535.
Carved Panel Showing
Tudor Rose.
0^^
»C>'
/
ELIZABETHAN
Queen Elizabeth was the hist sovereign of the House of
Tudor and the architecture and furniture made during her
reign is known as EHzabethan. The Renaissance movement
was gradually making a change in the furniture of England.
The workmen brought over from Italy, where the new
style had made its greatest progress, were imitated by the
native artisans, but not with the skill and delicacy of ornament
that characterized the Italian w^ork. However, they developed
a sturdy, substantial style that Avas particularly suited to oak.
The furniture was of a heavy, massive construction with showy
facades, fluted and carved columns, on which a crude Ionic
cap was often used. Carving was coarse and flat, a character-
istic feature being the interwoven strap work; some inlaying
was also done.
The furniture of the period consisted mainly of chests,
cabinets, cupboards, massive canopy beds and chairs of a stiff
and cumbersome nature with w^ood or cane seats. Upholster-
ing had not yet come into vogue to any great extent, loose
cushions being used instead.
Rooms were usually furnished with paneled wains-
coting, beamed or moulded ceilings.
Characteristics of the style : Heavy bulbous legs, turned
or square, interwoven strap w^ork, heavy mouldings and carved
panels of a coarse Renaissance style.
Late Elizabethan Draw Table.
69
70 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Klizabethan Bed of Oliver Cromwell.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 71
r.lizabethan Wood Seat Chair,
inlaid and Carved, 16th Tentury
Klizabefhan Mantel.
72 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Elizabethan Mautel, ICtli Century.
JACOBEAN
There is no distinct line of demarcation between the late
EHzabethan and early Jacobean. The same style of ornamenta-
tion was used for some time, but there was a gradual change
from the heavy and somewhat over-ornamented Elizabethan
to severer forms and less ornament. Some of the later w^ork
became quite plain — rectangular, square, diamond and L-
shaped moulded panels were much used. Turned legs and sup-
ports became popular. Most of the carving was cut into the
solid wood instead of the raised or applied kind. Inlaying was
also used in a limited way.
Chairs with cane backs and seats were popular and of a
much lighter design than the Elizabethan. Upholstering was
used on some of the plainer styles of chairs and settees.
The Jacobean was contemporaneous with the Flemish
style and was considerably influenced by it.
Elizabethan, Jacobean and Flemish styles can be used
together in perfect harmony in furnishing a room. Oak was
the wood of the period. By referring to the chronological
table, it will be seen that the Jacobean period covered the
reign of several monarchs and certain types of the period are
sometimes referred to as James I., Charles II., etc., accord-
ing to whose reign they were designed under.
Characteristics of the styles: Panelling, moulding,
turned and spiral legs, flat or cut-in carving and a straight
line style of construction.
Early Type of Jacobean Sideboard, South
Kensington Museum, London.
73
74 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Jacobean, an early example of the Court Cupboard, dated 1C06.
An Kxamplc of I-afe Jacobean Work.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 75
Old Jacobean Sideboard.
Jacobean Table, about 1660.
/
76 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Jacobean Stool, 1640.
Jacobean, late 17th Century.
South Kensington Museum.
Jacobean Wood Seat Chair,
about 1065.
Jacobean Upholstered Chair,
lV>ut 16U.
/
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 77
Jacobean Cabinet, about 1630.
Old Jacobean Carved Chest.
/
78 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Jacobean Upholstered Chairs o£ the Cromwellian Period.
Jacobean Chair with Inlaid
Back.
Taccibean Carved Chair,
Dated 160iy
?
WILLIAM AND MARY
With the ascension of Mary and her Dutch husband,
William of Orange, to the Enghsh throne, Dutch influences
prevailed. IMany of the court attaches were Dutch and brought
much of their furniture with them. English workmen copied
these patterns with such changes as their taste suggested and a
new style was gradually developed which became known as
William and Mary.
General simplicity of ornament prevailed, veneering came
into style and Dutch inlaying was popular.
The William and Mary type was really the beginning of
Queen Anne style but had some distinct features which entitled
it to a place of its own. Oak and walnut were the principal
woods used.
Characteristic features of the style are: Turned legs,
curved under-framing and arched tops to cabinets and frames.
William and Mary Dressing Table, showing Typical
Turned Legs and Curved Underframing.
79
/
80 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
William and Mary Carved
Back Chair.
William and Mary Upholstered
Chair.
William and Mary Chair,
about 1090.
William and Mary Cane
Back Chaii>
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 81
William and Mary Arched Top Writing
Cabinet, about 1690.
]
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QUEEN ANNE
In the Queen Anne style we have a type that is a complete
change from the early English Renaissance. Furniture under
the reign of William and Mary formed a connecting link
between the Jacobean and Queen Anne styles, but under Dutch
influences the old rectangular forms gave way to curved lines
and more graceful proportions. Chairs which had previously
been stiff and uncomfortable were now shaped to fit the
anatomy of the human form. Upholstering came into general
use and all kinds of "overstuffed" chairs and settees were
graceful and comfortable. The slip seat came into style about
this time.
The curved splat-backed chair is another type of the
period. The cabriole leg was introduced and is a distinct fea-
ture of the style. It was first made plain, but later carving
was added, generally in the form of a shell-like ornament at
the knee. The hoof or spoon, and ball and claw-foot were also
used. The cabriole leg was first introduced by the Dutch
traders from China, where it had been used for hundreds of
years and probably originated from animal forms. The ball
and claw-foot also came from China, where it represented the
foot of the dragon holding the mystic jewel. The cabriole leg
was adapted to various uses. It was low and sturdy under
heavy cabinets and tall and slender for tables and chairs.
Veneering was extensively used and Dutch marquetrie
was popular. Walnut was the princii>al wood but some mahog-
any was used during the latter days. Queen Anne style pre-
dominated from the reign of William and Mary until the end
of the reign of George II.
Characteristic features of the style: The cabriole leg,
under-framing, splat-back chairs with curved seat frames,
arch top cabinets, etc.
83
I
\
84
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Queen Anne Marquetrie Settee with Slip Seat and Cabriole Legs,
with Ball Claw-foot and Shell Carving at Knee, about 1710.
Queen .\nnc Carv<td Chair, in South
Kensington Museum, London.
Queen .\nne Ma-<iuctrie Chair, with
Curved Under framing.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 85
Queen Anne Upholstered Settee, with Plain Cabriole Leg and
Hoof or Spoon Foot.
en Anne Carved Chair, with
Turned Underframing.
Queen Anne Upholstered Chair,
about 1710.
86 now TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Queen Anne Upholstered Chair, with
Loose Cushion, 1705.
Removable Toilet, used on
Tabic Below.
Queen Anne Hoof Foot
Chair
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 87
Queen Anne Bed at Hampton Court Palace.
88
MOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IX FURNITURE.
Queen Anne Highboy
or Chest of Draweis.
Inlaid Band Around
Drawers.
Queen y\nne
Carved Table,
about 171U.
'II
THE GEORGIAN PERIOD
The Georgian period is known as the Golden Age of
EngHsh furniture. Chipi)endale, Heppehvhite, Adam Brothers
and Sheraton were the dominating figures of the period and
each left a style to bear their name. They did not design all
the furniture named after them, as many other designers
worked in the same styles.
Other 18th century designers who published books of
designs are :
Thomas Johnson 1758-1761
Ince & Mayhew 1762
J. Crunden 1765-1796
Robert Manwaring 1765-1766
Thomas Shearer 1793
Thomas Hope 1807
89
>■
, III
CHIPPENDALE
Thomas Chippendale was the first designer to so impress
his personahty on his work that the particular style that he
helped develop has borne his name ever since. He was a
carver by trade, but later started in business in St. Martins
Lane, London. His book, the "Gentlemen's and Cabinet-
makers' Directory." was published in 1754 and a later edition
in 1762.
Chippendale chairs are probably better known than any
of his other work. They are noted for their beautiful propor-
tions and delicate carvings. His designs were largely a com-
bination of Gothic, rococo and Chinese detail, all of which he
combined with rare skill. His Chinese frets were exceptionally
fine. One class of his designs was very similar to the Louis
XV. style, so popular in France at that time. The cabriole leg,
ball and claw-foot, were both used by him as also were a
variety of straight, square legs, plain or with the Chinese fret
work laid on or cut through. The slip seat was a character-
istic feature of his chairs.
Chippendale's book shows designs for a great variety of
all kinds of furniture. Mahogany was the principal wood used.
Carving was the method of ornamentation. Chippendale never
used inlay and very little turning.
Characteristic features of the style are: Latticed and
ribbon-backed chairs, bands of fret work and rococo carvings. J-^
Chippendale Settee at South Kensington Muaeuni.
91
92 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Chippendale Arm Chair, Middle of 18th Ribbon Back Chair, from Chippen-
Century. South Kensington Museum. dale's Book.
Chippendale, about 1740
'-^m
Fine Carved Chippendale Cha'r,
about 1740.
\
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 93
Chinese Chair, from Chippendale's Book.
Gothic Chair, Chippendale's Book.
Chinese Chair, from Chippendale's Book. Gothic Chair, from Chippendale's Book.
94 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
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Bookcase, from Chippendale's Book.
Chippendale Desk, made about 1750.
Chippendale Chair. South Kensington
Museum.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 95
Chippendale Toilet Table, made
about 1730.
% HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IX FURNITURE.
Chippendale State Red, from an 18th
Century Design.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 97
Secretary, from Chippendale's Book.
V-
98 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Chinese Chippendale Chair from
Chippendale's book.
HEPPELWHITE
Heppelwhite was the style to follow Chippendale. George
Heppehvhite died in 1780 and the furniture business he had
established was carried on by his widow, Alice, under the
name of A. Heppelwhite & Co.
The first edition of his book, "The Cabinet-maker and
Upholsterers' Guide," did not appear until two years after his
death.
Heppelwhite's designs were of a severe straight line style
based on classic principles. His shield-backed chairs are his
best known type. The square, tapering leg with a spade foot
is most used, although turning is sometimes employed but
never the cabriole leg so popular with Chippendale. A dis-
tinguishing feature of Heppelwhite chair backs was the use of
the Prince of Wales plume. Sheraton never used this in his
chair designs and it is a feature that often settles the author-
ship of certain patterns that otherwise are very similar.
Another distinguishing feature is that Heppelwhite's shield back
chairs usually have a plain, curved top rail, while Sheraton's
are broken or with a small rectangular panel in the center.
Upholstering and cane were both used on chairs and
settees. Carvings were very delicate and refined. Veneering,
marquetrie and painting were all used. Mahogany was the
ix)pular wood.
Characteristic features of the style are : Honeysuckle,
wheat ear and water leaf ornament; shield back chairs and
straight legs.
/
upholstered Settee, from Heppelwhite's Book.
99
Gc^sj>o^
100 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Heppelwhite Shield Back Chair, showing Ileppelwhite Shield Back Chair, from
Prince of Wales Plume. South his book.
Kensington Museum, London.
Chair from Hcppcl white's Book, showing Upholstered Wing Chair, from lieppel-
Prince of Wales Plume. white's Book.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 101
Sideboard from Ileppelwhite's Book, showing Concave Corners, Square
Leg and Spade Foot.
Bed from nfeppelwhite's Book.
s
Ileppelwhite Chest of Drawers willi
Removable Toilet.
102 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Ileppelwhitc Bed, from his book.
t,
r
THE ADAM STYLE
R. and J. Adam were architects, and the furniture de-
signed for their houses, while very similar to Heppelwhite
and Sheraton, was more a classic style based on a study of
antique detail found in the buried cities of Pompeii and Her-
culaneum.
They introduced a kind of composition ornament that was
applied to the wood. Most of their decorations were in low
relief, either composition or carved. They also used inlay,
painting and guilding. Legs of chairs, tables, etc., were
usually square, fluted and tapering. Chimney pieces show some
of their finest work. Some of the Adam designs were taken
to America during the Colonial days and form the basis of
what is now known as Adam Colonial.
Characteristic details of the style are : Ram's-heads, urns,
rosettes, festoons, classical moulding and delicate fluting.
tlabora.'e Sideboard with Knife Vases on Pedestals. A typical
example of the Adam Style.
I
103
104 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
TffffminfrfiifffrmftTffirfMffHJfm
[ttngflfiT
Adam Sideboard and Cellarette.
Adam Pedestals and Knife Vases.
Knife Vase, showing
method of openir^
I
\
r
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 105
Adam Window Seat
Adam Settee.
Adam Chai
Adam Mantel.
106 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Adam Mantel.
I
SHERATON
Thomas Sheraton has been called the master of cabinet
making and inlay. He used very little carving and what he
did was very dainty and strictly conventional. Like the Hep-
pehvhite, Adam and Louis XVL styles, Sheraton followed
straight classic lines. His best work was severe and simple
and on some of his furniture he did not use a single moulding
but depended entirely upon inlay for ornamentation. He was
the first designer to use satinwood to any great extent and
was famous for his veneered work and mechanical contrivances.
The majority of his chair backs were rectangular in form
with slightly curved and broken top rails. He used a variety
of straight legs, square, turned, tapered and fluted, but never
the cabriole leg. He favored all-over stuffed seats except where
cane was used, and seldom used under-framing. His book.
"The Cabinet-maker and Upholsterer's Drawing Book," was
published in 1791. and shows a great variety of all kinds of
furniture. The sideboards and side-tables in his l30ok always
show the convex corners, while Heppelwhite's show the con-
cave. He was also the first to design a kidney-shaped table.
He was not a manufacturer, as was Chippendale and Heppel-
white, but sold his designs to whom he could. He was the last
of the 18th century designers to leave a style bearing his name,
and is considered by many to have been the greatest of them
all. Mahogany was the principal wood used.
Characteristics of the style are : Rectangular chair back,
straight fluted legs, square or turned ; satinwood inlay and
classic detail.
<
I
Kidney-shaped Writincr Table, from Sheraton's
Book of Designs.
107
108 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Sideboard, from Sheraton's Book, showing Convex Corners, Brass
Candlestick and Hailing.
Sheraton Writing Desk, made in
Kngland, 17fto.
Sheraton Cane .Se» lir.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 109
Secretary, from Sheraton's Book.
Sheraton Shield-back Chair. Note broken
top rail, which distinguishes it from
Heppelwhite's chairs.
£:^.
Sheraton Chair, in South Kensington
Museum, London.
110 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Bookcase and Writing Desk, from Sheraton's IJook.
Couch, from Sheraton's liook.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. HI
(^^';
- --'Q.^
Bed, from Sheraton's Book.
112 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Ann Chairs ami Cliafr Backs, from Sheraton's Book.
VICTORIAN ERA
During the early years of the 19th century, an unsuccess-
ful attempt was made to copy the Empire style, but after the
brilliant work of the 18th century, English furniture design-
ing sank to a low ebb. All sorts of cheap, flimsy orna-
ments were used and it was not until the middle of the century
that styles began to improve.
In 1868, Mr. Charles Eastlake, an architect, published
"Hints on Household Taste," which was responsible for what
is known as the Eastlake style.
William Morris was a designer and decorator of excep-
tional ability and by his lectures and work (18G0-189G) did
much to improve public taste. His work was along simple
lines similar to the Arts and Crafts style in England today
and the Mission in the United States.
Tabic and Chairs fr^/f E^-dake's Book, "HinU on
HousehoTa Taste," 1868.
IIJ
THE RENAISSANCE STYLE IN OTHER
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
By referring to the chronological table, it will be seen
that the Renaissance style spread to all of the European coun-
tries, but it did not develop into a series of distinct period styles
as in France and England. The furniture designed in these
various countries usually followed, more or less, the changes
in fashion that were designated as period styles in France
and England, but their work is known by the name of the
country, as German Renaissance, Spanish Renaissance, etc.,
and not by period names, as Louis Seize, Empire, Chippendale
and other French and English styles.
114
1
GERMAN
In Germany the early Renaissance designers closely fol-
lowed the work of Italy and France and later they did consid-
erable work in the rococo style. They were also influenced by
the classic revival that did so much for the furniture of France
and England during the latter part of the 18th century.
In Museum, Uresdcn.
17tli Ccnlury.
lis
116 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
German Rococo Chair.
\
FLEMISH
The early Flemish style in Belgium closely followed the
Italian and French work, but their later designs were made
much plainer and they developed a type that had strong char-
acteristics of its own. It was a style very suitable for oak, the
principal wood used. The Flemish style, which gets its name
from that part of Belgium called Flanders, was very similar
to the Elizabethan and Jacobean in England, and no doubt the
latter named styles were considerably influenced by it.
Carved Flemish Cabinet
117
118 now TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Flemish Carved Chair Rack.
Flemish Chair, about 1678.
■tafl^ —
I'lcinish Oak Clicst, ITtli Century.
Corner of Flemish Bed, from the
Plantin Museum, Antwerp.
I
HOLLAND
The Dutch Renaissance of Holland and the Netherlands
was, of course, greatly intluenced by the Flemish and French
work, but the tendency of their designers was towards plainer
surfaces and less ornament.
The early Dutch were great traders with the east and
they brought back many rare colored woods which were used
on their furniture in the form of veneers and inlays develop-
ing into what is known as Dutch marquetrie.
Dutch Renaissance Chair, from a book
publislied in 1042.
Cabinet Inlaid with Dutch Marquetcric.
119
Dutch Splat Back Chair.
TH»i NoW i\.:,->f:
PUaiiC UBKARY
SPAIN
The furniture and ornament of Spain and Portugal was
strongly influenced by the Moorish style owing to their close
proximity to Morocco. They were never great furniture
builders, and old Spanish furniture is very scarce. During
their conquest of Belgium and the Netherlands, some of their
characteristics found their way into those countries and what
is known as the Spanish foot is often seen on Flemisli and
Dutch furniture.
Spanish Cabinets.
Spanish Chest
Spanish Chair.
122 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Spanish Renaissance Cliair, showing
Spanish Foot.
L'ART NOUVEAU
This style was brought prominently before the public at
the Paris Exposition in 1900. The style is based on natural-
istic principles. Motifs are the root of the tree, trunk, branches,
leaves and vines twisted into all manner of shapes. It had its
greatest run in Austria and France, but has not proved ver\-
satisfactory for furniture and is probably better adapted to
metal work or wall and cloth designs.
Cabinet Shown at Paris Exposition, 1900.
123
124 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Art Nouvcau Upholstered Ann Chair,
shown at the Paris Exposition, 1900.
Art Nouveau Chair, with Inlaid
Back and Upholstered Seat,
shown at Paris Exposition.
COLONIAL FURNITURE
The name of this style is derived from the Colonial days
of the United States and was the outgrowth of the furniture
brought over from the mother country of the various colonies.
The New England and Virginia settlements were made
by the English, and their furniture was mostly of the Georgian
period, Chippendale, Sheraton, Adam, etc. New Orleans was
settled by the French and here we find furniture of the Louis
and Empire periods. To New York came the Dutch with
their Dutch and Flemish furniture, so we have three distinct
types of Colonial furniture — LXitch, English and French. The
Colonial style was developed from these by making them
plainer, leaving off ornament and simplifying them in every
way possible, but retaining the original outlines and propor-
tions. It must be borne in mind that Colonial furniture and
Colonial styles are two separate things. Many of the pieces
which have come down to us from the Colonial days are pure
Chippendale, Sheraton or other styles and are recognized as
such nowadays, so we find the Colonial style of today is the
result of the gradual development of ideas derived from this
old furniture just as in the past, new styles were the outgrowth
of the older ones.
Strictly speaking, the name Colonial would only apply to
furniture in this country before the Declaration of Independ-
ence. If this classification was observed, it would disqualify
half of the furniture now owned by antiquarian and historical
societies. So it has become customary to classify as Colonial,
furniture made for some years after ITTfi. This old furniture
has been gradually gathered in museums and private collec-
tions, and there are a number of books devoted entirely to
Colonial furniture, so it is the purpose of this book to only
show a few of the more interesting examples.
127
128 now TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Windsor Chair, from Washington's
Presidential Mansion,
Philadelphia.
18tli Century Windsor Chair.
Early 18th Century .Splint Bottom Chair
belonged to William Penn.
Rush Bottom Chair
in Boston.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IX I'URNITURE. 129
Louis X\I. Style. Sheraton Style.
Chairs Owned by George Washington.
\
Empire Chair, made in Paris, brought Kmpirc Chair from fhr lihrnry of Napoleon
to the United .States, and owned I. Afterwards owned in New
by President Monroe. Orle«n», L«.
130 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Cane Chair with Spanish Foot. Owned Cane Chair, 17th Centurj; English
by Connecticut Historical Society, Style. Owned by the Connec-
Hartford, Conn. ticut Historical Society,
Hartford, Conn.
Dutch Chairs
Owned by the American Antiqua vian Society, Worcester. Mass.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 131
Sofa of the Early 19th Century Type, Owned by Worcester Society of
Antiquity, Worcester, Mass.
Table in Salem, Mass.,
Jacobean style, known as
"(jate" or "thousand leg"
table. '1 lie \eni swini; back
allowing the kavcs to drop
>wn at sides.
Sofa in the Sheraton Style. Owned by the .American
Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass.
132 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Secretary eivcn to Stoplieii Girard by
Joseph Bonaparte.
Thomas Jeflferson's Desk.
HOW TO KXOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURF.. 133
Console Table in
the Empire Style.
Bombe-shapcd Chest of V ""^ ; ;
Drawers, in Salem, Mass. •/^ • i'
134 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Tables and Sideboard, now owned in Baltimore.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 13S
George WashjnRton's Desk, owned by Historical
Society of Pennsylvania.
TH''^ Nb'W YCl\f^
p;iBLlC LIBRARY
i
COLONIAL STYLE OF TODAY
Probably the most popular type of nuxlern Colonial
today, is the one derived from the Empire style. The brass
and ormolu mounts of the Empire have been discarded and the
classical features retained and from this has come a distinct
American period style.
Jvlahogany, with fine figured veneer, is the wood most
used, but other kinds are employed, the wood having nothing
to do with the style.
Characteristics: The classical column, carved or plain;
the S-shaped scroll, lion's paw foot, and scroll foot.
China Cabinet. Coloni.nl Style. Scroll Support
and Lion's-paw FeeL
137
138 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Modern Colonial Sideboard with Crotch Mahogany \'eneer Scroll
Supports and I'eet.
Crotch Mahogany Colonial Sidcboani with Carved Columns and
Lion's-paw Tcct.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 139
Modern Colonial Sideboard with Plain Columns and Ball Claw Feet.
Modern Colonial Sideboard with Scroll SupporU and Feet.
140 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Modern Colonial Library Tables.
HOW TO KXOW PERIOD STYLES IX FURNITURE. 141
Plain Four-post Bed, Colonial Style.
Scroll Bed, Colonial Style.
Colonial Dcslc with Scroll l^gi and I'rcl.
k s.
142 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
I'our-post Bed, Pineapple Carvings, Colonial Style.
Colonial Style .\nn Chair.
^
MISSION
During the past few years a style lias developed in the
United States called Mission, suggested by work found in the
old Spanish Missions in California and the southwest. It runs
almost entirely to straight lines. At first it was extremely
heavy and clumsy, but recently has been lightened and greatly
improved upon. It is a simple straightforward style easily
recognized and is very popular at the present time.
Oak is the principal wood used, and fuming or dark stains
the finish most suitable. Similar work is l)eing pro<luced in
England. Austria and Germany under the names of Xew Art,
Craftsman and Arts and Crafts.
WIU
Library Tabic.
143
144 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Morris Mission Chair.
Mission Davenport with Loose Cushions.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE 14S
Mission Settee with Loose Cushions.
Mission Upholstered Chair.
Mission Hockcr uiih I,oo*e Cu»hion«.
146 HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE.
Mission Library Tables.
HOW TO KNOW PERIOD STYLES IN FURNITURE. 147
Missiun Desk.
Micvion Sidrlioaril.
T/LZJZN vrt} NDATIOhH
THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY
REFERENCE DEPARTMENT
This book is under no circumstances to be
taken from the Building
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