Iberus : revista de la Sociedad Española de Malacología

Iberus

Vol. 20 (2)

REVISTA DE LA.
SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA
DE MALACOLOGIA

| Oviedo, diciembre 2002 HS

Iberus
Revista de la
SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE MALACOLOGÍA

ComiTÉ DE REDACCIÓN (BOARD OF EDITORS)
EDITOR DE PUBLICACIONES (EDITOR=IN=-CHIEF)
Gonzalo Rodríguez Casero Apdo. 156, Mieres del Camino, Asturias, España

EDITORA EJECUTIVA (MANAGING EDITOR)
Eugenia M' Martínez Cueto-Felgueroso Apdo. 156, Mieres del Camino, Asturias, España

EDITORES ADJUNTOS (ASSOCIATE EDITORS)

Benjamín Gómez Moliner Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, España

Angel Antonio Luque del Villar Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España

Emilio Rolón Mosquera Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, España

José Templado González Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, ÉSIC, Madrid, España
Jesús S. Troncoso Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, España

ComiTÉ EDITORIAL (BOARD OF REVIEWERS)

Kepa Altonaga Sustacha Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, España

Eduardo Angulo Pinedo Universidad del Poís Vasco, Bilbao, España

Rofael Araujo Armero Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, España

Thierry Backeljau Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruselas, Bélgica
Rúdiger Bieler The Field Museum, Chicago, Estados Unidos

Sigurd v. Boletzky Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls-sur-Mer, Francia

Jose Castillejo Murillo Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
Karl Edlinger Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Viena, Austria

Antonio M. de Frias Martins Universidade dos Acores, Acores, Portugal

José Carlos García Gómez Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España

Gonzalo Giribet de Sebastián Harvard University, EE.UU.

Edmund Gittenberger National Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Holanda

Serge Gofas Universidad de Málaga, España

Angel Guerra Sierra Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, España

Gerhard Haszprunar Zoologische Staatssammlung Múnchen, Múnchen, Alemania

Yuri 1. Kontor AN. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscú, Rusia
María Yolanda Manga González Estación Agrícola Experimental, CSIC, León, España

Jordi Martinell Callico Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España

Ron K. 0'Dor Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada

Tokashi Okutani Nihon University, Fujisawa City, Japón

Marco Oliverio Universitá di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia

Pablo E. Penchaszadeh Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Winston E. Ponder Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia

Carlos Enrique Prieto Sierra Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, España

Me de los Ángeles Ramos Sánchez Museo Nacional de Ciencias Noturales, CSIC, Madrid, España
Francisco Javier Rocha Valdés Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, España

Paul 6. Rodhouse British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, Reino Unido

Joandoménec Ros ¡ Aragones Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España

María Carmen Salas Casanovas Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España

Gerhard Steiner Institut fúr Zoologie der Universitát Wien, Viena, Austria

Victoriano Urgorri Carrasco Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
Anders Warén Swedish Museum of Natural History, Estocolmo, Suecia

PORTADA DE Jberus
Iberus gualterianus (Linnaeus, 1758), una especie emblemática de la península Ibérica, que da
nombre a la revista. Dibujo realizado por José Luis González Rebollar “Toza”.

Iberus o

FEB 2 7 2003

HARVARD
UNIVERSITY

REVISTA DE LA
SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA
DE MALACOLOGÍA

Vol. 20 (2) Oviedo, diciembre 2002

Iberus

Revista de la
SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGÍA

Iberus publica trabajos que traten sobre cualquier aspecto relacionado con la Malacología. Se
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Los resumenes de los artículos editados en esta revista se publican en Aquatic Science

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Contents list published in Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts and Zoological Records,
BIOSIS.

Dep. Leg. B-43072-81
ISSN 0212-3010
Diseño y maquetación: Gonzalo Rodríguez

Impresión: LOREDO, S. L. - Gijón

Entidades Colaboradoras

1 Congreso Internacional de las Sociedades Malaculógicas Enropeas

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Cal Xa n OV a SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGIA
Se CONSORCIO
SY ZONA FRANCA
Universidade E DE VIGO Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología

de Vigo Dirección General de Investigación
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ed ES UNIVERSIDADE DE UNTA
AE SANTIAGU DE COMPOSTELA Es
PROVIGO

MUStU Lu MAR DE GALICIA

LDIPutación de
Pontevedra

Este número contiene algunos trabajos presentados en el
Il CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE LAS SOCIEDADES MALACOLÓGICAS EUROPEAS,
celebrado en Vigo, del 9 al 13 de Septiembre de 2002,

habiendo sido parcialmente subvencionado por las ayudas a dicho Congreso

O Sociedad Española de Malacología

Iberus, 20 (2): 1-9, 2002

Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwartbhia) disparata
Westerlund, 1892 (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae)

Taxonomical revision of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata
Westerlund, 1892 (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae)

Alberto MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ*

Recibido el 9-XI-2001. Aceptado el 14-1-2002

RESUMEN

Se realiza un estudio conquiológico y anatómico de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata
Westerlund, 1892, tras la revisión de material museístico y la recolección de ejemplares
vivos en la localidad típica. Se compara con Hohenwartiana eucharista [Bourguignat,
1864) y se concluye que Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 debe con-
silerarse un sinónimo posterior de dicha especie. Se estudian las series tipo de Cionella
disparata y Ferussacia terveri Bourguignat, 1856 y se da a conocer la distribución geo-
gráfica de H. eucharista en la Península Ibérica.

ABSTRACT

After the revision of museum material and the collection of live samples from the type loca-
lity, a conchological and anatomical study of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Wester-
lund, 1892, has been made. lt has been compared to Hohenwartiana eucharista [Bour-
guignat, 1864) and the conclusion that Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund,
1892 must be considered as a junior synonym of the aforementioned species, has been
drawn. The type series of Cionella disparata and Ferussacia terveri Bourguignat, 1856,
have been studied and the current geographical distribution of H. eucharista in Iberian

Peninsula has been made known.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Ferussaciidae, Ferussacia disparata, Ferussacia terveri, Hohenwartiana eucharista, taxono-

mia, sinonimia, España.

KEY WORDS: Ferussaciidae, Ferussacia disparata, Ferussacia terveri, Hohenwartiana eucharista, taxonomy,

synonymy, Spain.

INTRODUCCIÓN

Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata es
un ferussácido descrito por WESTER-
LUND (1892a), como similar a Cionella
hohenwarthi Rossmássler, 1839, en Cata-
luña con localidad típica “Spanien, bei
Barcelona” (España, en Barcelona), y
conocido actualmente como Ferussacia

disparata (Haas, 1929; BecH, 1990;
ALTABA Y BALLESTEROS, 1991). También
ha sido citado en otras localidades de
las provincias de Girona, Barcelona y
Tarragona. Todas estas determinaciones
fueron realizadas teniendo en cuenta la
morfología de la concha y la mayoría de

* Museu Valencia d'História Natural. Passeig de la Petxina, 15. E-46008 Valencia (España). E-mail: alber-

to.martinezOuv.es

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

las citas han sido recopiladas y transcri-
tas de unos autores a otros.

Dada la confusión taxonómica
existente en torno a esta especie, el autor
ha muestreado en los últimos años
intensamente los alrededores de Barce-
lona, con el fin de recolectar ejemplares
vivos que contribuyan a esclarecer su
estatus taxonómico y su posición gené-
rica. Tanto la concha como el aparato
reproductor de los ejemplares recolecta-
dos en la localidad típica de F. disparata,
como las muestras museísticas que han
podido ser localizadas, se han compa-
rado con ejemplares de Hohenwartiana
eucharista (Bourguignat, 1864), ferussá-
cido sólo citado por CHÍA (1916) en
Cataluña con este nombre, y que está
presente y bien caracterizado en la
Comunidad Valenciana (GASULL, 1975,
1981; MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, ROBLES, MARTÍ-
NEZ-LÓPEZ Y RODRÍGUEZ, 1991; MARTÍ-
NEZ-ORTÍ, 1999). Además se han estu-
diado las series tipo de Cionella disparata
y de Ferussacia terveri, para una mayor
clarificación del estatus taxonómico de
la primera y para intentar establecer su
relación con la segunda, seleccionán-
dose además el lectotipo de ambas espe-
cies. Se da a conocer la rádula de F.
terveri tras el hallazgo de su bulbo bucal
en el interior de uno de los sintipos.
Finalmente se da a conocer la distribu-
ción geográfica actualizada de H. eucha-
rista en la Península Ibérica.

MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS

En los últimos años se han realizado
muestreos continuados en el área alrede-
dor de Barcelona y se han recolectado 13
ejemplares en “El Prat de Lloblegat, la
Camparra” (31TDF2574) (MVHN, N?*
700), muy cerca de Barcelona, que corres-
ponde a la localidad típica de F. disparata.
El material de H. eucharista utilizado
para su comparación procede de
“Alberic, río Xúquer” (Valencia, YJ1330)
(col. Martínez-Ortí, N* 361= N* 701,
MVHN) (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ ET AL., 1991)

Se han revisado y comparado mues-
tras conquiológicas determinadas como
Ferussacia disparata, E. terveri y H. eucha-

rista, depositadas en el Museu de Zoolo-
gla de Barcelona (MZB, colecciones
Aguilar Amat, Bofill, Chía, Gasull y
Rosals), Museu Valencia d'Historia
Natural de Valencia (MVHNV, muestras
procedentes de las colecciones Altimira,
Chía y Vilella, depositadas en la col. Siro
de Fez y col. Martínez-Ortí), Swedish
Museum of Natural History de Esto-
colmo (SMNES, col. Westerlund) y en el
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de
Ginebra (MHNG, col. Bourguignat).

El estudio de la rádula de F. terveri,
hallada en uno de los sintipos, se ha rea-
lizado tras eliminar la materia orgánica
del bulbo bucal, por ebullición en solu-
ción acuosa con sosa. Posteriormente se
ha fotografiado en el microscopio elec-
trónico de barrido, HITACHI S-4100, del
Servicio de Microscopía de la Universi-
tat de Valencia.

RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN

La determinación de las especies de
los géneros Ferussacia y Hohenwartiana
(Familia Ferussaciidae) presentan gran
dificultad (Altonaga, Gómez, Martín,
Prieto, Puente y Rallo, 1994). Por ello
consideramos de gran interés el estudio
del aparato reproductor de los ejempla-
res recolectados en la localidad típica de
F. disparata, así como el estudio conquio-
lógico de las muestras museísticas, en
las que se incluye las series tipo de los
táxones objeto de estudio.

Recopilación bibliográfica: WESTER-
LUND (1892b) cita esta especie con la
combinación Hohenwarthia disparata.
SALVANÁ (1884) cita Ferussacia hohenwar-
tii en “Vallvidrera” (Barcelona, DF2586),
“Girona” (DG8547) y “S'Agaró”
(EG0427, Girona) mientras que BOFILL Y
Haas (1920) la reasignan a Ferussacia
terveri (Bourguignat, 1856). Otros
autores, como CHÍA (1887), SALVAÑAÁ
(1887) y BoFILL (1915) citan F. terveri en
“los alrededores del cementerio del
Sudeste, Parque en Barcelona” (DF2978),
Bofill (1890) en la “Ciutadella” (Barce-
lona, DF3283) y en el “Parque de Mont-
juich (DF3079) y cerca del cementerio

MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ: Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata

Figuras 1-4. Hohenwartiana eucharista. 1: “Alberic, río Xúquer (Valencia, YJ1330)” (col. Martínez-
Ortí, Ne701 MVNH; 6,7 mm H; 2,25 mm 0); 2: “Barcelona” (col. Chía, No 568 MVHN; 6,55
mm H; 2,2 mm 0); 3: “Cantunis” (col. Vilella, Ne 569 MVHN; 6,1 mm H; 2,1 mm 09); 4: “La
Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat” (col. Martínez-Ortí, N* 700 MVHN; 7,2 mm H; 2,3 mm 49).
Figura 5. Lectotipo de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (col. Westerlund, No
5303 SMNEHS, 6,5 mm H; 2,2 mm 49). Figura 6. Ferussacia (Pegea) terveri Bourguignat, 1856
(col. Bourguignat, N* 10179 MHNG). 6a: Lectotipo (7,45 mm H; 2,4 mm 0); 6b: paralectotipo
(6,4 mm H; 2,1 mm 09); 6c: detalle de la abertura del paralectotipo.

Figures 1-4. Hohenwartiana eucharista. 1: “Alberic, río Xúquer (Valencia, Y]1330)” (Martínez-Ortí
coll., Ne 701 MVHN; 6.7 mm H; 2:25 mm 0D); 2: “Barcelona” (Chía coll., Ne 568 MVHN, 6.55
mm H; 2.2 mm 0D); 3: “Cantunis” (Vilella coll., No 569 MVHN; 6.1 mm H; 2.1 mm 0); 4: “La
Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat” (Martínez-Ortí coll., Ne 700 MVHN; 7.2 mm H; 2.5 mm 0).
Figure 5. Lectotype of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (Westerlund coll., N
5303 SMNHS; 6.5 mm H; 2.2 mm 0). Figure 6. Ferussacia (Pegea) terveri Bourguignat, 1856
(Bourguignat coll., N* 10179 MHNG). 6a: Lectotype (7.45 mm H; 2.4 mm D); 6b: paralectotype
(6.4 mm H; 2.1 mm 0D); 6c: detail of the paralectotypes' aperture.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

nuevo” (Barcelona), SAINT SIMON (1891)
en “Barcelona” y ZULUETA (1904) en
“Aluvions de la vora dreta del Llobre-
gat, prop de sa desembocadura”. Estas
asignaciones a F. terveri se fundamentan
en la determinación que Bourguignat
realizó de ocho ejemplares de Barcelona
enviados por Salvañá (SALVAÑÁ, 1887).
Tras la revisión de estos ejemplares,
depositados en el MHNG (N? 9947), se
ha comprobado que realmente corres-
ponden a H. eucharista. Pilsbry (1908)
recopila la cita de Westerlund, de “cerca
de Barcelona”. CHÍA (1916) cita Hohen-
warthia eucharista en “S' Agaró, riera d'en
Xuncla”. HAAs (1929) cita F. disparata de
“Barcelona”, “Valle del Llobregat”,
“Girona”, “S'Agaró” y “aluviones del
Ebro” (Tarragona), y más recientemente,
ALTIMIRA (1969) de “Arana” (Prat de
Llobregat, DF2773), Casa Antúnez (Can-
tunis, Barcelona) (DF2978) y Farola (Far)
del Llobregat (DF2975)”. Actualmente
Ferussacia disparata continúa formando
parte del elenco de especies de la mala-
cofauna catalana (BECH, 1990; ALTABA Y
BALLESTEROS, 1991).

Estudio de la serie tipo de Cionella
(Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund,
1892: Se ha examinado un sintipo perte-
neciente a la serie tipo de C. disparata
con localidad tipo “en Barcelona” (N*
5303, col. Westerlund, SMNHS) (Fig. 5).
Se ha seleccionado este ejemplar como
lectotipo de Cionella disparata. Sus
dimensiones son 6,5 mm de altura y 2,2
mm de diámetro. Otros cinco sintipos,
no revisados, de C. disparata (K. Sinder-
man, com. per), que se encuentran
depositados en el Natural History
Museum de Gotemburgo (Suecia), se
consideran paralectotipos.

Estudio de la serie tipo de Ferussa-
cia terveri Bourguignat, 1856: BOUR-
GUIGNAT (1856) no indica una localidad
exacta sino que señala como localidad
típica los alrededores de Argel y de
Orán. Posteriormente, BOURGUIGNAT
(1864) detalla con mayor precisión la
procedencia de las muestras de este
taxon, dando a conocer un total de seis
localidades. Bourguignat selecciona

como serie tipo de F. terveri la muestra
N? 10179 (MHNG), con localidad “Mus-
tapha, a la Maison-Carrée”, en los alre-
dedores de Argel, ya que manuscribe en
la etiqueta la palabra “type”. Esta locali-
dad debe considerarse como localidad
típica restringida. Está compuesta por
ocho sintipos cuyas dimensiones
máximas son: 7,6 mm de altura y 2,65
mm de diámetro.

En su descripción original BOUR-
GUIGNAT (1856) no advierte la presencia
de la lamela parietal, presente en todos
los sintipos, ni figura la especie. Sin
embargo, en 1864 (Lám. 5, Figs. 1-3),
completa la descripción y publica una
figura que no ha podido ser asociada a
ninguno de los sintipos revisados. Por
ello se ha seleccionado como lectotipo
de Ferussacia terveri el ejemplar que pre-
sentaba en su interior el bulbo bucal
(Fig. 6a), ya que ha permitido descubrir
la rádula de la especie. Sus dimensiones
son 7,45 mm de altura y 2,4 mm de diá-
metro. Los otros 7 sintipos correspon-
den a paralectotipos de esta especie.
Solamente en dos de los sintipos se
observa la lamela parietal frontalmente,
uno de los cuales corresponde al lecto-
tipo, mientras que en los otros debe rea-
lizarse un leve giro en la concha para
observarla (Figs. 6b-c). Además todos
los sintipos presentan dos pliegues colu-
melares (Fig. 6c), excepto uno de ellos
que presenta sólo uno. La presencia de
estas características morfológicas de la
concha, la lamela parietal y los pliegues
columelares, nos permite asignar Ferus-
sacia terveri al subgénero Pegea (Risso,
1826) (ZIiLCH, 1958-60).

La rádula del lectotipo de F. (Pegea)
terveri presenta 37 dientes por hemirá-
dula (Figs. 7-10), con una morfología si-
milar a la que presentan Ferussacia (Ferus-
sacia) folliculus (Gmelin, 1791) y H. eucha-
rista, no apreciándose diferencias
significativas con las de éstas (MARTÍNEZ-
ORTÍ ET AL., 1991). Se ha observado que
algunos dientes marginales contiguos
presentan sus cúspides fusionadas (Fig.
10). La mandíbula presenta las mismas
características morfológicas que otros fe-
russácidos (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ ET AL., 1991;
GiusTI, MANGANELLI Y SCHEMBRI, 1995).

MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ: Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata

bo

Figuras 7-10. Rádula del lectotipo de Ferussacia terveri (col. Bourguignat, N* 10179 MHNG)

(M.E.B.). 7: Vista general; 8: diente central y primeros laterales; 9: detalle del diente central; 10:
dientes marginales. Escalas, 7: 25 pm; 8: 10 qm; 9: 2,5 pm; 10: 5 pm.

Figures 7-10. Radula of the lectotype of Ferussacia terveri (Bourguignat coll., N* 10179 MHNG)
(S.E.M.). 7: General view; 8: central and first lateral teeth; 9: detail of the central tooth; 10: marginal
teeth. Scale bars, 7: 25 qm; 8: 10 um; 9: 2,5 pm; 10: S um.

Revisión de muestras del MZB: Se
han estudiado siete muestras que se rea-
signan a Hohenwartiana eucharista, todas
ellas procedentes de la localidad típica:
N* 79-8184: 36 conchas, col. Chía, “Can-
tunis” (Barcelona); N* 79-8218: 47
conchas, F. terveri, col. Bofill, “Cantu-
nis”; N* 79-8219: 2 conchas, F. terveri,
col. Rosals, “Barcelona”; N* 79-8220: 4
conchas, F. terveri, “Barcelona”; N* 79-
8221: 2 conchas, F. terveri, col. Aguilar-
Amat, “Cantunis (Barcelona); N2 79-
8222: 4 conchas, “aluvions esquerra del
Llobregat”; N* 79-8223: 18 conchas,

Ferussacia sp. ind., col. Chía, “Barce-
lona”; N* 79-8225: 2 conchas, col. Bofill,
“Barcelona, parque de la Ciutadella”.
Además se han revisado las muestras
publicadas por GASULL (1975, 1981),
confirmándose su asignación específica
a H. eucharista.

Revisión de muestras del MVHN:
Col Siro de Fez: N? 568: 11 conchas, F.
terveri, col. Chía, “Barcelona”, formaba
parte de la depositada en el MZB (N? 79-
8223); N* 569: 14 conchas, F. disparata,
col. Vilella, “Can Tunés” (Cantunis Bar-

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Figuras 11-13. Aparato reproductor de Hohenwartiana eucharista (Bourguignat, 1864), Col. Mar-
tínez-Ortí, N* 700 MVHN, “La Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona)”. 11: Esquema
general (escalas, 1 mm); 12: detalle del pene; 13: estructura interna del complejo penial. Abrevia-
turas: ag: atrio genital; bc: bursa copulatrix; cd: conducto deferente; dp: divertículo penial; dpi:
divertículo penial introflexionado; p: pene; pl: pliegue longitudinal; pr: pliegues radiales; pp: papila
penial; v: vagina.

Figures 11-13. Reproduction organs of Hohenwartiana eucharista (Bourguignat, 1864), Col. Martí-
nez-Ortí, Ne 700 MVHN, “La Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona)” (scale bars, 1 mm). 11:
General view; 12: detail of the penis; 13: internal structure of the penial complex. Abbreviations: ag:
atrium; bc: bursa copulatrix; cd: vas deferent; dp: diverticulum penial; dpi: diverticulum penial intro-

flected; p: penis; pl: longitudinal pleat; pr: radial pleats ; pp: penis papilla; v: vagina.

celona); N* 570: 11 conchas, E. disparata,
col. Altimira, “Barcelona, Prat de Llobre-
gat, en el antiguo campo de Polo del
final de la Diagonal”. Las tres muestras
corresponden a H. eucharista.

Col. Martínez-Ortí: véase MARTÍNEZ-
ORTÍ ET AL. (1991) y MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ
(1999).

Estudio de la genitalia: Se han
diseccionado cinco ejemplares proce-
dentes de “La Camparra, El Prat de Llo-
bregat (Barcelona)”, localidad típica de
F. disparata. Se han representado el
aparato reproductor completo de un
ejemplar, un pene de otro ejemplar y la
estructura interna del complejo penial

de otro (Figs. 11-13). Las características
morfológicas del aparato reproductor
coinciden con las que presentan los
ejemplares valencianos descritos por
Gittenberger (in GASULL, 1975), MARTÍ-
NEZ-ORTÍ ET AL. (1991) y MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ
(1999). Se ha observado una gran varia-
bilidad en la longitud del divertículo
penial, al igual que en los ejemplares
valencianos. Hay que indicar que, en
nuestra Opinión, no se existen diferen-
cias significativas, ni en la estructura
interna del complejo penial ni en el resto
del aparato reproductor, con las de
Hohenwartiana hohenwarti (Rossmássler,
1838) representadas por GIUSTI ET AL.
(1995).

MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ: Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata

Figura 14. Distribución geográfica de Hohenwartiana eucharista en la Península Ibérica.
Figure 14. Geographic distribution of Hohenwartiana eucharista ¿n Iberian Peninsula.

Distribución y hábitat: Hohenwar-
tiana eucharista se extiende, en la Penín-
sula Ibérica, por Cataluña, Comunidad
Valenciana (GASULL, 1975, 1981; MARTÍ-
NEZ-ORTÍ ET AL., 1991; ALTONAGA ET AL.,
1994; MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, 1999) y Andalu-
cía. Recientemente hemos estudiado
material de esta especie, recolectado por
J. S. Torres en la provincia de Málaga, de
El Tarajal (UF6562), Polígono industrial
Santa Bárbara (UF6961) y los Prados
(UF6862) (Fig. 14). Además, su distribu-
ción podría ampliarse con las citas de
HAas (1929), SERVAIN (1880), MEDINA
(1888, 1891) y ZULUETA (1904), todas
ellas procedentes de aluviones, aunque
sería necesario su revisión para conside-
rarlas válidas, dadas las dificultades de
determinación que hemos señalado.

Como se puede observar en la
Figura 14, la distribución de esta especie
presenta discontinuidades a lo largo de

la costa mediterránea, que probable-
mente están relacionadas con el mues-
treo insuficiente de algunas áreas.
Habita en ambientes de huerta, culti-
vos de cítricos, de ribera, márgenes de
acequias, etc., a baja altitud, no supe-
rando los 140 m en la Comunidad
Valenciana (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, 1999).

CONCLUSIONES

De acuerdo con las observaciones
realizadas sobre la concha y el aparato
reproductor de ejemplares vivos de la
localidad típica de Ferussacia disparata,
así como con el estudio de las series tipo
de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Wes-
terlund, 1892 y Ferussacia terveri Bour-
guignat, 1856 y su comparación con
abundante material de Hohenwartiana
eucharista de las colecciones Gasull y

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Martínez-Ortí, podemos concluir que
Cionella disparata Westerlund, 1892 debe
ser considerado un sinónimo posterior
de Hohenwartiana eucharista (Bourguig-
nat, 1864). Por otra parte, Ferussacia
terveri Bourguignat, 1856 se incluye, tras
la revisión del material tipo, en el
género Ferussacia (Pegea). Las citas de
esta especie en Cataluña corresponden,
en realidad, a H. eucharista.

Nota añadida durante la impresión:
Estando en prensa este trabajo Falkner,
Ripken y Falkner (2002, Col. Patrimoines
Naturels del M.N.H.N. París, 52: 116, nota
183) han revisado el tipo de Ferussacia
eucharista Bourguignat 1864 y han com-
probado que pertenece al género Ceci-
lioides A. Férussac 1814, dando a conocer
la nueva combinación Cecilioides eucha-
rista. Por ello, la especie tradicional-
mente determinada como Hohenwartiana
eucharista en la Península Ibérica debe
cambiar de nombre. Proponemos la
nueva combinación Hohenwartiana dispa-

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

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ya que es el nombre específico más
antiguo asignado a esta especie.

AGRADECIMIENTOS

A D*. Karin Kinderman ayudante
del conservador del Swedish Museum
of Natural History de Estocolmo
(Suecia), a D. Yves Finet conservador del
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de
Geneve (Suiza) y al Dr. Francesc Uribe,
conservador del Museu de Zoologia de
Barcelona, por la cesión de las muestras
y por la bibliografía que me proporcio-
naron para la realización de este trabajo.
También al Dr. José Ramón Arrébola por
la información proporcionada sobre la
presencia de esta especie en Andalucía y
a D. J. S. Torres por el envío de ejempla-
res de las localidades malagueñas. Asi-
mismo al Dr. Fernando Robles y al Dr.
Benjamín Gómez por la revisión crítica
de este manuscrito.

BOoriLL, A., Y HAas, F., 1920. Estudi sobre la
malacologia de les Valls Pirenaiques. V.
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BOURGUIGNAT, J.R., 1856. Aménités Malacologi-
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CHÍA, M., 1887. Moluscos terrestres y deagua dulce
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Chía, M., 1916. La fauna malacológica de la pro-
vincia de Gerona. Publicación del Colegio de
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GASULL, L., 1975. Fauna malacológica terrestre
del sudeste ibérico. Boletín de la Sociedad de His-
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GASULL, L., 1981. Fauna malacológica terrestre
y de agua dulce de la Provincia de Castellón
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Natural de Baleares, 25: 55-102.

Grusti, F., 1973. Notulae Malacologicae, XVII.
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Giusti, F., MANGANELLI, G., Y SCHEMBRI, P. J.,
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Haas, F., 1929. Fauna malacológica terrestre y
agua dulce de Cataluña. Trabajos del Museo
de Ciencias Naturales de Barcelona, 13: 1-491.

MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, A., ROBLES, F., MARTÍNEZ-LÓ-
PEZ, F., Y RODRÍGUEZ, C., 1991. Datos preli-
minares sobre la familia Ferussaciidae (Gas-
tropoda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) en
la Comunidad Valenciana. Iberus, 9 (1-2):
407-420.

MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, A., 1999. Moluscos terrestres
testáceos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Tesis
doctoral (inédita). Universitat de Valencia.
743 pp.

MEDINA, M., 1888. Excursiones al Guadalqui-
vir, Tomares, San Juan de Aznalfarache, Gel-
ves, Camas y alrededores de Sevilla, y Alcalá
de Guadaira. Actas de la Sociedad Española
Historia Natural, 17: 24-31.

MEDINA, M., 1891. Excursión a Tomares y San
Juan de Aznalfarache. Actas de la Sociedad Es-
pañola Historia Natural, 20: 104-106.

PiLsBRY, H. A., 1908. In: Tryon G.W. € Pilsbry
H.A., Manual of Conchology. Second series:
Pulmonata, 19 (76): 193-366.

SALVAÑÁ, J. M., 1884. Introducción a la fauna
malacológica de Vallvidrera y catálogo ra-
zonado de los moluscos testáceos, terrestres
y fluviátiles del territorio. Memorias de la Real
Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 2* ép.
I: 375-333

SALVAÑÁ, J. M., 1887. Moluscos nuevos de Es-
paña. Crónica Científica, 10: 137-142.

SAINT-SIMON, D'A., 1891. Catalogue d'une co-
llection provenant du cabinet de M. Saint-Si-
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SERVAIN, G., 1880. Étude sur les mollusques re-
cueillis en Espagne et Portugal. Saint Germain.
Paris. 172 pp.

WESTERLUND, C. A., 1892a. Spicilegium Mala-
cologicum. Neue Binnenconchylien in der
paláarktischen Region. Verhandlungen der Zo-
ologisch-Botanischen Gesells-chaft in Wien: 25-
48.

WESTERLUND, C. A., 1892b. Spicilegium Mala-
cologicum. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Ma-
lakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 24: 176-177.

ZILCH, A., 1959-1960. Gastropoda. Teil 2: Euthy-
neura. In Schindewolf, O. H. (Ed.): Handbuch
der Paliozoologie, 6 (2): 1-834.

ZULUETA, A., 1904. Excursió a la desembocadura
del Llobregat. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana
d' Historia Natural, 5: 75-77.

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O Sociedad Española de Malacología ——————— Iberus, 20 (2): 11-21, 2002

On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957
and Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 (Mollusca:
Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea)

Sobre la sinonimia entre Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 y Aplysia fas-
ciata Poiret, 1789 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea)

Eugenia MARTÍNEZ * and Jesús ORTEA**

Recibido el 14-11-2002. Aceptado el 5-IV-2002

ABSTRACT

The anatomy and geographical range of the opisthobranch mollusc Aplysia fasciata Poi-
ret, 1789, a species widely distributed in East Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, are
reviewed. A detailed anatomical description of this species is given, and radula, ¡aw ele-
ments and palatal teeth are illustrated using the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Examination of the type material of Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957, originally described from
Ghana, revealed that this species is a synonym of Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789. Literature
references to Aplysia brasiliana Rang, 1828 in the eastern Atlantic are missidentifications of
some specimens of Aplysia fasciata, deposited in the Natural History Museum of London.

RESUMEN

En este trabajo se revisan la anatomía y la distribución geográfica de Aplysia fasciata Poiret,
1789, una especie ampliamente distribuida en el Atlántico Este y en el Mediterráneo. Se da
una detallada descripción anatómica de esta especie, y se describen la rádula, armadura
labial y elementos palatales usando el microscopio electrónico de barrido.

El exámen del material tipo de Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957, descrita originalmente en
las costas de Ghana, nos lleva a proponer la sinonimia entre esta especie y Aplysia fas-
ciata Poiret, 1789. Por otra parte, las referencias en la literatura a la especie Aplysia bra-
siliana Rang, 1828, en aguas del Atlántico oriental son debidas a una incorrecta identifi-
cación de algunos ejemplares de A. fasciata depositados en las colecciones del Natural
History Museum de Londres.

KEY WORDS: Aplysia fasciata, Aplysia winneba, opisthobranchs, Anaspidea, East Atlantic, taxonomy.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Aplysia fasciata, Aplysia winneba, opistobranquios, Anaspidea, Atlántico este, taxonomía.

INTRODUCTION

Members of the opisthobranch developed and symmetrical parapodia
family Aplysiidae are characterised by that, in some cases, are joined poste-
having a globose body and two well riorly. A flat shell is always present, and

* Apartado 156 - 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain. emcf65Chotmail.com
** Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Zoología. C/ Catedrático Rodrigo Uría,
s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.

11

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

the body surface is smooth, without any
tubercles. A more complete description
can be found in EALES (1960) and
BEEMAN (1968). The family includes two
genera, Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767 and Syp-
honota Adams, 1854, the latter being a
circumtropical genus. Syphonota differs
from Aplysia by the position of the rhi-
nophores, close together and set back
almost between the parapodial flaps,
rather than in front of them (EALES,
1960).

Species of Aplysia has been usually
differentiated on the basis of external
characters, mainly the size and shape of
the parapodial lobes, the size of the
mantle foramen and the shape of the
shell, as well as the penial morphology
(EALES, 1960; THOMPSON, 1976). The
morphology of the hard parts of the
buccal mass, and mainly of the radular
teeth, has been also used, but radular
morphology has been not studied with
detail in all species belonging to this
genus.

The Aplysiidae of European and
West African shores and of the Macaro-
nesian Islands have been previously
studied in several papers: RIsBEC, 1931;
ODHNER, 1932; GGRIGG, 1949; PRUVOT-
FoL, 1953; GANTÉS, 1956; EALEs, 1957a,
1957b; BEBBINGTON AND THOMPSON,
1968; BEBBINGTON, 1970, 1975; BEBBING-
TON AND BROWN, 1975; THOMPSON,
1976; EDMUNDS, 1978; BEBBINGTON,
1982; BALLESTEROS AND TEMPLADO,
1987; ORTEA AND MARTÍNEZ, 1991;
MALAQUIAS AND CALADO, 1997; WIRTZ
AND MARTINS, 1993, among others. In
her world-wide revision of the genus
Aplysia EALES (1960) recorded 35
species, nine of which inhabit East
Atlantic waters: Aplysia parvula, A.

SYSTEMATICS

punctata, A. fasciata, A. dactylomela, A.
brasiliana, A. winneba, A. depilans, A.
juliana and A. dura.

Despite this proliferation of papers,
a review of some problematic species
seemed to be necessary to have a more
complete knowledge of the East Atlantic
Aplysiidae. Among them, the validity of
the species Aplysia winneba, originally
described from Ghana shores and, sub-
sequently, only recorded from Cape
Verde (EALES, 1957a) and from Senegal
(EDMUNDS, 1978; BEBBINGTON, 1982).
The main objective of the present paper
is to clarify the identity of Aplysia
winneba, on the basis of a re-examination
of the type material and additional spe-
cimens assigned to Aplysia fasciata.
Another question is the reference to
Aplysia brasiliana as an amphiatlantic
opisthobranch, after two records made
by EALES (1960) off Saint Helena and
Ghana shores. East Atlantic specimens
of A. brasiliana studied by Eales are also
re-examined, in orden to clarify the pos-
sible alleged amphiatlantic character of
this species.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The specimens studied in this paper
were collected by the authors, provided
by some colleagues or borrowed from
the following institutions: MNCN
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales,
Madrid; MNHN Muséum National d'
Histoire Naturelle, Paris; NHM Natural
History Museum, London.

Several specimens were dissected
and hard parts of the buccal bulb were
studied by scanning electron micros-
copy (SEM).

Family Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809
Genus Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767

Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789

Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789, Voy. Barbarie, 2: 2 [Type locality: shores of Barbarie (around El Kala,

East of Algeria)].

112

MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata

Tethys leporina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10: 563 (non Tethys leporina Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat.,
12: 1089 - Nudibranchia).

Aplysia alba Cuvier, 1803, Ann. Mus. d' Hist. Nat., 2: 295, PL. L fig. 6.

Aplysia camelus Cuvier, 1803, Ann. Mus. d' Hist. Nat., 2: 295, Pl. L, fig.1.

Aplysia napolitana delle Chiaje, 1823, Mem. sulla storia e notomia degli aním. s. vert. del Reg. di Napoli,
LOA IE

Aplysia vulgaris de Blainville, 1823, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. et des Arts, 96: 285, figs. 1-2.

Aplysia marmorata de Blainville, 1823, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. et des Arts, 96: 286, figs. 3-4.

Dolabella lepus Risso, 1826, Hist. Nat. de l' Europe mérid., 4: 44, PL L figs. 1-2.

Aplysia radiata Crouch, 1826, Illustr. Introd. Lam. Conch.: 44, Pl. XIV, figs. 10, 10a.

Aplysia lepus (Risso): Philippi, 1844, Enum. Moll. Sicil., 2: 99.

Aplysia cameliformis Locard, 1886, Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, 8: 66.

Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 32 (4): 180-183, figs. 1-6 (sin. nov.)

Aplysia gracilis Eales, 1960, Bull. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Zoology, 5: 320-321, fig. 26.

EALEs (1960: 315) included A. limacina de Blainville, 1823, among the synonyms of Aplysia
fasciata, although the specimen figured by de Blainville is clearly not an Aplysia, but rather a
Phyllaplysia. There are several subsequent references to A. fasciata as A. limacina (GRIGG, 1949;
IMPERATO, MINALE AND RICCIO, 1977).

Aplysia gracilis Eales, 1960 was originally described from the Suez Canal as a new species, but
some years latter the same author (EALES, 1979: 7) considered it as a juvenile stage of A.
fasciata.

Material examined

- Spain: Cabo Peñas, Asturias (NW Spain), one specimen, 124 mm preserved lenght (Martínez
coll., 1992); Eo estuary, Asturias, three specimens, more than 150 mm preserved lenght (Martínez
coll., 1992).

- Italy: Fusaro lake, Naples gulf, one specimen, 80 mm preserved lenght (Martínez coll., 1993).

- Cape Verde: Matiota, San Vicente island, one specimen, 70 mm preserved lenght (Rolán coll., 1985);
Tarrafal, Santiago Island, seven specimens more than 200 mm preserved lenght (Rolán coll., 1986).

- Mauritania: Nouackchot, ten specimens between 38-54 mm preserved lenght (MNHN, Gofas
coll., 1986).

- Ghana: Miemia, one specimen, 90 mm preserved lenght (MNCN, 15.05/21416, Templado coll.,
1993); Sekondi-Takoradi, one specimen, 40 mm preserved lenght; Pumpuni, one specimen, 37 mm
preserved lenght (MNCN, 15.05/21414, Templado coll., 1993); Bushua, one specimen, 28 mm pre-
served lenght (MNCN, 15.05/21415, Templado coll., 1993). Two specimens without specified loca-
lity, 86 and 32 mm preserved lenght (NHM, 1958.1.9.1-2, Irvine leg.), both labelled as Aplysia bra-
siliana. Paratypes of Aplysia winneba: 4 specimens from Christiansbourg, near Accra, Ghana, between
50 and 60 mm preserved lenght (NHM 1957.6.18.4-7, R. Bassindale coll.). One of them dissected for
anatomical study.

- Angola: Corimba and Cacuaco, Bengo province, six specimens between 70-103 mm preserved
lenght (MNHN, Gofas coll., 1981).

- Saint Helena: one specimen, 105 mm preserved lenght (NHM, 1968.4.8.1, Mellis coll.), labelled as
Aplysia brasiliana.

Original description of Aplysia
winneba: EALES (1957a: 183) originally
described A. winneba as follows: “Aply-
sias Of moderate size, purplish black in
colour, with vertical bands of dark and
light on the inner sides of the parapo-
dial edges. Highly mobile, with fimbria-
ted cephalic tentacles, parapodia and
anal siphon, moderately wide foot and
short tail. Penis long and filiform.
Mantle thin with a small tubular aper-

ture. Purple glands present. Opaline
gland compound, with a single conspi-
cuous aperture”.

Description of the A. winneba pa-
ratypes: According to the original des-
cription, the mantle has a small tubular
aperture, whereas in the examined speci-
mens of the paratypic series there is no
such an aperture, but a minute papilla.
In the dissected paratype, 60 mm long

LS)

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Y, y k ¿ $ y AE l ; | | " d a

Figures 1-8. Dissected paratype of Aplysia winneba (60 mm preserved lengh). 1: rachidian and first
lateral teeth; 2: lateral teeth from sixth to ninth; 3: outermost lateral and marginal teeth; 4: detail
of the rachidian tooth; 5: detail of the marginal teeth; 6: palatal teeth; 7: jaw elements; 8: jaw ele-
ments, near the masticatory edge. Scale bars, 1-6: 100 um; 7, 8: 10 pm.

Figuras 1-8. Paratipo disecado de Aplysia winneba (60 mm fijado). 1: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes
laterales; 2: dientes laterales desde el 62 al 9%; 3: últimos dientes laterales y dientes marginales; 4: detalle
del diente raquídeo; 5: detalle de los dientes marginales; 6: dientes palatales; 7: aspecto de los uncinos de la
armadura labial; 8: los mismos, cerca del borde masticador. Escalas, 1-6: 100 ym; 7, 8: 10 ym.

pa.

14

MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata

Figures 9-17. Aplysia fasciata. 9-14: Specimen from Ghana (40 mm preserved lenght). 9: detail of
the rachidian tooth; 10: inner lateral teeth; 11: outer lateral teeth; 12: jaw elements; 13: a detail of
jaw elements; 14: jaw elements, near the masticatory edge. 15-17: Specimen from Angola (70 mm
preserved lenght). 15: rachidian and innermost lateral teeth; 16: last lateral and marginal teeth; 17:
palatal teeth. Scale bars 9, 10, 11, 15-17: 100 pm; 12, 14: 10 qm; 13: 1 qm.

Figuras 9-17. Aplysia fasciata. 9-14: Ejemplar de Ghana (40 mm fijado). 9: detalle del diente raquídeo;
10: primeros dientes laterales; 11: últimos dientes laterales; 12: uncinos de la armadura labial; 13: detalle
de los anteriores; 14: aspecto de los uncinos del borde masticador de la armadura labial. 15-17: Ejemplar
de Angola (70 mm fijado). 15: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes laterales; 16: últimos dientes laterales
y dientes marginales; 17: dientes palatales. Escalas 9, 10, 11, 15-17: 100 um; 12, 14: 10 ym; 13: 1 qm.

IS

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table 1. Comparative table of radular formulae of Aplysia fasciata specimens from different locali-
ties. (*) data from the dissected paratype of Aplysia winneba Eales; (**) data from the original des-

cription of Aplysia winneba Eales.

Tabla 1. Tabla comparativa de las fórmulas radulares de ejemplares de Aplysia fasciata procedentes de
distintas localidades. (*) datos del paratipo disecado de Aplysia winneba Eales; (*%) datos de la descrip-

ción original de Aplysia winneba £ales.

Species Locality Formula Animal lenght Reference
A. fosciata Angola 38 x 3.25.1.25.3 70 mm this paper
A. fasciata Angola 39 x 3.24.1.24.3 103 mm this paper
A. fasciata Ghana 37 x 4.18.1.18.4 40 mm this paper
A. fosciata Ghana 29 x 4.12.1.12.4 28 mm this paper
A. winneba * Ghana 39 x 4.24.1.24.4 60 mm this paper
A. winneba ** Ghana 55 x 3.34.1.34.3 70 mm Eales, 1957
A. fasciata Mauritania 31 x3.21.1.21.3 54 mm this paper
A. fasciata Cope Verde 49 x 4.23.1.23.4 70 mm this paper
A. fasciata Asturias (NW Spain) 50 x 3.33.1.33.3 125 mm this paper

after fixation, the nervous system shows
the cerebral ganglia completely fused to-
gether. The opaline gland is compound,
resembling a bunch of grapes, well deve-
loped and with a single aperture.

The radular formula is 39 x
4.24.1.24.4, and the SEM study shows a
high rachidian tooth, with a denticula-
ted central cusp and two secondary and
smaller cusps on each side, the outer-
most less developed (Figs. 1, 4). The
inner lateral teeth have a main denticu-
lated cusp that becomes longer and
narrower along the half-row (Figs. 1-3);
near the base of this main cusp there are
two outer secondary cusps (the first one
well developed), and also an inner
secondary cusp. The four outermost
teeth are vestigial (Fig. 5).

The jaws are two simetrical plates
provided with numerous elements, each
one with 6-9 short conical extensions at
their free edges (Fig. 7). Near the masti-
catory edge, the jaw elements are long
and narrow, bent and eroded at the
edges (Fig. 8). The palatal teeth are
hook-shaped and laterally compressed,
long and wide at the base, becoming
narrower towards the free edge (Fig. 6).

In the genital tract there is a glandu-
lar area near the end of the distal her-
maphroditic duct, in front of and behind

16

the gametolitic gland stalk opening (Fig.
27). The penial sheath had two retractor
muscles, and some others that anchor it
to the body wall. The penis is filiform
(Fig. 28). On the inner side of the penial
sheath there is a small flap near the
fundus.

Description of the Aplysia fasciata
material: Among all the examined mate-
rial of A. fasciata only one specimen
from Ghana has a small hole in the
mantle, instead of a small papilla. The
small preserved specimens from Ghana
and Mauritania have the inner edge of
the parapodial lobes with vertical bands
of dark pigment, which are not visible
in larger animals from other localities.

In all the dissected specimens,
radular teeth show well developed and
sharpened cusps. The rachidian tooth is
wide at the base and it narrows towards
the upper end. It has a central, denticu-
lated cusp and two very small lateral
cusps on each side (Figs. 9, 18). In larger
specimens the rachidian tooth is higher
and narrower, and the central cusp is
longer (Figs. 15, 23, 25). Lateral teeth
bearing a main, denticulated cusp that
becomes longer along the half-row,
having two (sometimes three) secon-
dary cusps near the base, on the outer

MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata

a SS 2
Figures 18-26. Aplysia fasciata. 18-21: Specimen from Mauritania (45 mm preserved lenght). 18:
detail of the rachidian tooth; 19: inner lateral teeth; 20: jaw elements, near the masticatory edge;
21: palatal teeth. 22, 23: Specimen from Naples (80 mm preserved lenght). 22: lateral teeth from
5h t9 7%; 23: rachidian and innermost lateral teeth. 24-26: Specimen from NW Spain (more than
150 mm preserved lenght). 24: jaw elements. 25: rachidian and innermost lateral teeth; 26: lateral
teeth, from 8% to 10%. Scale bars 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26: 100 um; 20, 21, 24: 10 pm.

Figuras 18-26. Aplysia fasciata. 18-21: Ejemplar de Mauritania (45 mm fijado). 18: detalle del
diente raquídeo; 19: primeros dientes laterales; 20: uncinos del borde masticador de la armadura labial;
21: dientes palatales. 22, 23: Ejemplar de Nápoles (80 mm fijado). 22: dientes laterales, del 5% al 7%;
23: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes laterales. 24-26: Ejemplar del noroeste de España (más de 150
mm fijado). 24: uncinos de la base de la armadura labial. 25: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes late-
rales; 26: dientes laterales, del 8% al 10%. Escalas 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26: 100 ym; 20, 21, 24: 10 ym.

AS

z 1

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Figures 27, 28. Dissected paratype of Aplysia winneba (60 mm preserved lengh). 27: reproductive
system; 28: opened penial sheath, showing the long and filiform penis, and the flap on the inner
side of the penial sheath. Abbreviations. f: flap; fg: female glands; gg: gametolitic gland; hd: her-
maphroditic duct; p: penis; pg: prostatic gland; sr: seminal receptacle.

Figuras 27, 28. Paratipo disecado de Aplysia winneba (60 mm fijado). 27: aparato genital: 28: bolsa
del pene abierta, mostrando el pene, largo y filiforme, y el pliegue del interior de la bolsa. Abreviaturas.
f pliegue; fe: glándulas femeninas; gg: glándula gametolítica; hd: conducto hermafrodita; p: pene; pg:

glándula prostática; sr: receptáculo seminal.

side, the first one well developed (Figs.
10, 11, 19, 22, 26). There is also a small
secondary cusp on the inner side of the
main cusp. About the four outermost
teeth are vestigial (Fig. 16). Radular for-
mulae for specimens from various loca-
lities are recorded in Table I; it shows
that the number of teeth for each half-
row is always less than 40.

Jaw elements are long and narrow
(about 100 um in a 40 mm preserved
specimen) (Fig. 14). They have about 7-
10 short conical extensions at their free
edges (Figs. 12, 24) and, under high
magnification, show longitudinal striae

18

(Fig. 13). Towards the masticatory edge
of the jaw plates these elements are
eroded (Figs. 14, 20). Palatal teeth are
long and hook-shaped (Figs. 17, 21),
laterally compressed.

In the reproductive system there is a
glandular area well visible as a wide-
ning of the distal hermaproditic duct, at
the level of the gametolitic gland stalk
opening (Fig. 29); The penis is long and
filiform (Fig. 30). There is a small flap on
the inner side of the penial sheath, that
is always situated near the penial base,
although its position can show some
variation.

MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata

Figures 29, 30. Dissected specimen of Aplysia fasciata from Angola. 29: reproductive system; 30:
opened penial sheath, showing the long and filiform penis, and the flap on the inner side of the
penial sheath. Abbreviations as in Figures 27 and 28.

Figuras 29, 30. Ejemplar disecado de Aplysia fasciata de Angola. 29: aparato genital; 30: bolsa del
pene abierta, mostrando el pene, largo y filiforme y el pliegue del interior de la bolsa. Abreviaturas como

en las Figuras 27 y 28.

DISCUSSION

Aplysia fasciata is a well known
species, whose most remarkable external
features are the presence of two well
developed parapodial lobes, widely
separated anteriorly and posteriorly, and
a mantle having a small hole or showing
instead of this a minute papila; adults
usually are dark in colour (velvety
black), with red borders of the parapo-
dia, cephalic tentacles and rhinophores
(EALES, 1960; THOMPSON, 1976). Several
anatomical studies have been published
on this species. For instance RANG (1828:
55, pl. 6) described and figured very acu-
rately the external morphology and the
shell, and PiLsBRY (1895: 72, pl. 33)
figured the shell and the opaline gland
(as Tethys leporina). EALES (1960: 316) des-

cribed the radular morphology, and the
reproductive system and the penial
morphology have been described by
THOMPSON AND BEBBINGTON (1969: 349).

As it has been previously commen-
ted, when EALES (1957a) described
Aplysia winneba, she mentioned the
structural resemblance between this
species and A. fasciata; but in her
opinion both differed “in shape, pig-
mentation, mode of contraction; in the
width, toughness and frilled edges of
the foot; in the size, height and fimbria-
tion of the parapodia, and in the shell
and radula”. However, most of these
characters (as the shape, pigmentation,
size, width of the foot, etc.) are very
variable with the state of preservation,

19

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

thus they have no taxonomic value
when distinghishing between specimens
of the two species.

EALES (1957a) provided a description
of the colour based on some photo-
graphs of living animals as “purplish
black in colour, with browner shades on
the mantle”. Although the typical colora-
tion of A. fasciata is black with scarlet
rims on the parapodia and tentacles, this
pattern is normally present in the largest
specimens, whereas smaller ones usually
have a browner ground colour. The shell
described by EALES (1957a) lacks a calca-
reous layer, but it is due to fixation.

Eales' description of the radula of A.
winneba fits into the intraspecific varia-
bility of A. fasciata. Eales pointed out
that both the rachidian tooth and the
first lateral tooth have a rounded cusp;
but in the examined paratype the cusps
are more or less rounded only in the
anterior half of the radula, because they
are damaged by eating, which is very
common within the genus Aplysia.

Comparison of SEM photographs of
the radula and jaw elements of A. fas-
ciata specimens from different localities
and those of the paratype of A. winneba
reveals an identical morphology in both
groups of specimens.

According to THOMPSON AND BEB-
BINGTON (1969), the widening glandular
area that may be discerned in gross dis-
sections near the end of the distal her-
maphroditic duct is the prostatic gland.
In the penial sheath, the small flap is
typical of A. fasciata and may act as a
guide during mating, in THOMPSON” s
opinion (1976).

Examination of several anatomical
characters of the paratypes does not
support the maintenance of Aplysia
winneba Eales, 1957 as a different species
and indicates that it is a synonym of A.
fasciata Poiret, 1789. On the other hand a
review of specimens from Ghana and
Saint Helena that Eales identified as
Aplysia brasiliana indicates that it was a
missidentification, and that those speci-
mens belong to the species A. fasciata
(on the basis of their radular and penial
morphology). In Aplysia brasiliana the
penis is also long and filiform, but it

20

widens considerably near the base and
is flattened near the tip, and there is not
a flap on the inner side of the penial
sheath.

After this study, the known geograp-
hical range of Aplysia fasciata in the east
Atlantic extends from the south west of
England (GRIGG, 1949) and France (BEB-
BINGTON AND THOMPSON, 1968) to
Angola and Saint Helena. New records
in Mauritania and Saint Helena are
given here. This species is also common
in Mediterranean waters.

EALES (1979: 7) identified some speci-
mens from Elat (Gulf of Aqgaba, Red Sea)
as A. fasciata, concluding that “this Medi-
terranean and eastern Atlantic species has
extended its range southwards into the
Indo-Pacific zone, and is the only member
to the family to date to have done so”. So,
according to EALES (1979), A. fasciata is a
lessepsian emigrant. Other species of
Aplysia recorded at the Red Sea are A. cor-
nigera Sowerby, 1869, A. dactylomela Rang,
1828, A. oculifera Adams and Reeve, 1850
and A. parvula Guilding in Moórch, 1863
(EALES, 1979; BARASH AND ZENZIPER, 1994),
all them clearly different from A. fasciata.
Nevertheless, the reference to A. fasciata
in the Red Sea is doubtful, and the species
was not included by BARASH AND ZENZI-
PER (1994) in their checklist of Opistho-
branchs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are indebted to Dr. Reid (NHM,
London) for making the paratypes of A.
winneba available to us, and Dr. Gofas
(now at the Universidad de Málaga,
Spain) for the MNHN material and also
for his help and suggestions. Dr. Valdés
(NHM, Los Angeles) is also acknowled-
ged for his critical review of the manus-
cript. Thanks are given to Dr. Rolán and
Dr. Templado (MNCN, Madrid) for the
loan of Ghana and Cape Verde material.
Mr. A. Quintana (Scanning Microscope
Service, Medicine Faculty, Oviedo Uni-
versity) is acknowledged for his techni-
cal assintance. This work was supported
by the Spanish project “Fauna Ibérica
V” (SEUI-DGICYT, PB98-0532).

MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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sia parvula Guilding in March, 1863 en las cos-
tas de la Península Ibérica. Publicaciones del
Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Bar-
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BARASH, A. AND ZENZIPER, Z., 1994. Notes on
Opisthobranchia from the Red Sea. Part IL La
Conchiglia, 270: 7-9.

BEBBINGTON, A., 1970. Aplysiid species from
Malta with notes on the Mediterranean Aply-
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BEBBINGTON, A., 1975. On a collection of Aply-
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blicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 39:
121-128.

BEBBINGTON, A., 1982. Notes on a collection of
Aplysiomorpha in the Muséum National
d Histoire Naturelle de Paris, from around
the Senegalese coasts. Malacologia, 22 (1-2):
511-514.

BEBBINGTON, A. AND BROWN, G.H., 1975. Aply-
sia parvula Guilding in Mórch, an opistho-
branch new to the British fauna. Journal of
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BEBBINGTON, A. AND THOMPSON, T.E., 1968.
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BEEMAN, R.D., 1968. The order Anaspidea. The
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EALES, N. B., 1957a. Aplysiids from West Africa,
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winneba. Proceedings of the Malacological Society
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EaLes, N.B., 1957b. Revision of the species of
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RANG, S., 1828. Histoire naturelle des Aplysiens,
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des opisthobranches de la cóte atlantique du
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turelles du Maroc, 11 (4-6): 67-89.

THOMPSON, T. E., 1976. Biology of opisthobranch
molluscs. Vol. I. Ray Society, London. 207 pp.

THOMPSON, T. E. AND BEBBINGTON, A., 1969.
Structure and function of the reproductive or-
gans of three species of Aplysia (Gastropoda:
Opisthobranchia). Malacologia, 7 (2-3): 347-
380.

WIRTZ, P. AND MARTINS, H. R., 1993. Notes on
some rare and little known marine inverte-
brates from the Azores, with a discussion of
the zoogeography of the region. Arquipélago,
IASOS=63:

21

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Iberus, 20 (2): 23-30, 2002

Indo-Pacific dorid nudibranchs collected in Lebanon (eas-

tern Mediterranean)

Nudibranquios doridáceos indo-pacíficos recolectados en el Líbano

(Mediterráneo oriental)

Ángel VALDÉS* and José TEMPLADO**

Recibido el 8-111-2002. Aceptado el 10-V-2002

ABSTRACT

Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830, Hypselodoris infucata [Rippell and
Leuckart, 1830) and Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) are reported from Lebanon for the
first time. This is also the first confirmed report, based on anatomical examination, of these
three species in the eastern Mediterranean. All specimens examined were fully mature and
it is very likely that these three species have stable and reproductively active populations
in the Mediterranean.

RESUMEN

Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell y Leuckart, 1830, Hypselodoris infucata (Rúppell y Leuc-
kart, 1830) y Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) se citan en el Líbano por primera vez.
Además, estas son las primeras citas confirmadas con estudios anatómicos de estas tres
especies en el Mediterráneo oriental. Todos los ejemplares examinados eran completa-
mente maduros, por lo que es muy probable que estas tres especies tengan poblaciones

estables y reproductivamente activas en el Mediterráneo.

KEY WORDS: Lessepsian immigrants, Nudibranchia, Doridoidea, Plocamopherus ocellatus, Hypselodoris infu-

cata, Discodoris lilacina, Lebanon, eastern Mediterranean.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Inmigrantes Lessepsianos, Nudibranchia, Doridoidea, Plocamopherus ocellatus,
Hypselodoris infucata, Discodoris lilacina, Líbano, Mediterráneo oriental.

INTRODUCTION

Since the early eighties, a small but
steadily increasing number of Indo-
Pacific opisthobranch species have been
reported from the Mediterranean Sea.
These Lessepsian immigrants have been
mostly found in the coasts of Israel,
Turkey, and Lebanon, in the eastern

Mediterranean (BARASH AND DANIN,
1977; MIENIS AND GATr, 1981; GAT AND
MIENIS, 1981; BARASH AND DANIN, 1982;
1986; BOGI AND KHAIRALLAH, 1987;
AARTSEN, CARROZZA AND LINDNER,
1990; BOGI AND GIANNINI, 1990; Gar,
1993; CEVIK AND OZTURK, 2001). Some of

* Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007,

USA (avaldesf'nhm.org)

** Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain

(templado mncn.csic.es)

23

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

these records are unconfirmed due to
the absence of anatomical studies or
voucher specimens available in scienti-
fic institutions.

The present paper deals with a
small collection of opisthobranchs
collected in Lebanon by Ghazi Bitar and
Helmut Zibrowius, and constitutes the
first confirmed report of some Lessep-
sian immigrants. These opisthobranchs
were made available to us by the collec-
tors including brief descriptions of the

SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS

external color, but without photographs
or drawings of the living animals, so
identifications were based on these
notes and anatomical examination of
preserved specimens. Illustrations of
the external morphology of the preser-
ved specimens have not been included.
The material examined is deposited at
the Natural History Museum of Los
Angeles County (LACM) and the Mu-
seo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales,
Madrid (MNCN).

Family TRIOPHIDAE Odhner, 1941
Genus Plocamopherus Leuckart in Rúppell, 1828

Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúuppell and Leuckart, 1830 (Figs. 1-2A)

Material examined: Chak El Hatab, between Hannouch and Selaata, Lebanon, 5 m depth, 4 June
2000, 1 specimen 22 mm preserved length (LACM 152716). Raoucheh, Lebanon, 7 m depth, 19 Sep-
tember 2002, 2 specimens 31 mm and 20 mm preserved length (MNCN 15.05/46581).

Description: Body elongate, with the
foot extending far beyond the posterior
end of the notum. Dorsal surface of the
posterior end of the foot with a high irre-
gular fin-like protuberance. Velum with
17 ramified appendages. On each side of
the body there are two ramified lateral
papillae anterior to the gill and two clus-
ters of 2-3 knob-like organs posterior to
the gill. Gill composed of five tripinnate
branchial leaves. Rhinophores with 28
lamellae. Background color black with
several large, irregular reddish spots.

Radular formula 16 x 11.3.1.3.11.
There is a broad rachidian plate, which
is traversed by a strong furrow and
divided into several elongate tubercu-
late plates (Fig. 14). The 3 innermost
lateral teeth are hook shaped having a
secondary cusp, and are similar in
length (Fig. 1B). The 11 outermost lateral
teeth are rectangular and decrease in
size towards the margin of the radula.
Jaws composed of numerous simple ele-
ments (Fig. 1C).

Reproductive system triaulic.
Ampulla convoluted, branching into a
short oviduct and the prostate (Fig. 2A).
Oviduct entering the female gland mass

24

near its opening. Prostate large and flat;
connecting with the deferent duct, which
expands again into the ejaculatory
portion. Muscular deferent duct and
vagina opening into a common atrium.
Vagina long and straight. At its proximal
end the vagina joins the bursa copula-
trix. From the bursa copulatrix leads
another duct connecting with the uterine
duct and the seminal receptacle. Bursa
copulatrix oval in shape, about twenty
times as large as the seminal receptacle.

Remarks: Plocamopherus ocellatus is a
poorly known Red Sea species characte-
rized by its external dark coloration with
reddish or orange spots (ELIOT, 1908).
ELIOT's (1908) is the only record of this
species from the Red Sea after its original
description by RÚPPELL AND LEUCKART
(1828-30) [1830]. The features of our spe-
cimens agree with the original descrip-
tion and redescription, and there is no
doubt they belong to the same species.

This species was recorded from the
Mediterranean for the first time by
BARASH AND DANIN (1982) in Nizzanim,
Israel. The present study constitutes the
second Mediterranean record, based on
three specimens.

VALDÉS AND TEMPLADO: Indo-Pacific dorids in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean)

VEO

PRA A E
Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of the radula and jaws of Plocamopherus ocellatus Risppell
and Leuckart, 1830 (LACM 152716). A: general view of the radula; B: detail of a hal£row; C: jaw
elements. Scale bars, A: 1 mm; B, C: 200 pm.
Figura 1. Fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido de la rádula y mandibulas de Plocamophe-
rus ocellatus Rúppell y Leuckart, 1830 (LACM 152716). A: vista general de la rádula; B: detalle de
una semihilera; C: elementos de la mandíbula. Escalas, A: 1 mm; B, C: 200 pm.

Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891
Genus Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855

Hypselodoris infucata (Rúuppell and Leuckart, 1830) (Figs. 2B, 3)

Material examined (localities in South to North order): Beyrouth Harbor, Lebanon, 2 June 2000,
3-8 m, 36 specimens 13-24 mm preserved length (LACM 152756) and 27 specimens 11-31 mm pre-
served length (MNCN 15.05/45958). Jbail, Lebanon, 17 October 1999, harbour entrance, 2-3 m, 1
specimen (MNCN 15.05 /45959). Selaata, Lebanon, 2 May 2001, 1 specimen 8 mm preserved length
(LACM 152757). El Heri, Lebanon, 2-3 m depth, 3 June 2000, 2 specimens 7-10 mm preserved length
(LACM 152758). Ramkine Island, off Tripoli, Lebanon, 31 May 2000, 4 specimens 12-22 mm pre-
served length (LACM 152755).

Radular formula 54 x 62.0.62. Rachi-
dian teeth absent. Innermost lateral teeth
with two large cusps and a shorter denti-

Description: Body elongate and relati-
vely high in profile, with the foot exten-
ding far beyond the posterior end of the

notum. Dorsum smooth. Gill composed
of 11 unipinnate branchial leaves and
rhinophores with 15 lamellae in a 20
mm preserved length specimen (LACM
152756). Background colour blue or
greenish blue. There may be darker and
lighter areas irregularly distributed on
the dorsum. In some specimens the blue
color fades to paler blue in the middle of
the dorsum. Dark blue and yellow spots
scattered over the entire dorsum.

cle on the inner side of the cusp (Fig.
3A). Remaining lateral teeth hook-sha-
ped, with two cusps and lacking denti-
cles on both sides. Outer laterals are
short, having 1-8 denticles situated un-
der the second cusp (Fig. 3B). Jaws com-
posed of numerous, simple elements.
Reproductive system triaulic.
Ampulla elongated, branching into a
short oviduct and the prostate (Fig. 2B).
Oviduct entering the female gland mass

25

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Figure 2. Reproductive systems (scale bars, 1 mm). A, B: Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell and
Leuckart, 1830 (LACM 152716); C: Aypselodoris infucata (Riippell and Leuckart, 1830) (LACM
152755); D, E: Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (LACM 152717). Abbreviations, am: ampulla;
bc: bursa copulatrix; dd: deferent duct; fg: female glands; pr: prostate; sr: seminal receptacle; v:
vagina; vg: vestibular gland.

Figura 2. Aparatos reproductores (escalas, 1 mm). A, B: Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell y Leuckart,
1830 (LACM 152716); C: Hypselodoris infucata (Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830) (LACM 152755);
D, E: Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (LACM 152717). Abreviaturas, am: ampolla; bc: bolsa copu-
latriz; dd: conducto deferente; fe: glándulas femeninas; pr: próstata; sr: receptáculo seminal; v: vagina;
vg: glándula vestibular.

26

VALDÉS AND TEMPLADO: Indo-Pacific dorids in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean)

Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of the radula of Aypselodoris infucata (Riippell and Leuc-

kart, 1830). A: Inner lateral teeth; B: Outer lateral teeth. Scale bars, 20 um.
Figura 3. Fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido de la rádula de Hypselodoris infucata
(Riúppell and Leuckart, 1830). A: Dientes internos; B: Dientes externos. Escalas, 20 ym.

near the center of the mass. Prostate
long and tubular; connecting with a
thinner duct that expands again into the
ejaculatory portion of the deferent duct.
Muscular deferent duct and vagina
opening into a common atrium. Vagina
long and folded. At its proximal end the
vagina joins the bursa copulatrix. At
mid-length the uterine duct and the
seminal receptacle connect with the
vagina. Bursa copulatrix oval in shape,
about thirty times as large as the
seminal receptacle.

Remarks: The material here examined
is anatomically identical to Indo-Pacific
specimens of Hypselodoris infucata
recently re-described by JOHNSON AND
VALDÉS (2001).

Hypselodoris infucata is a well-known
Indo-Pacific immigrant in the Medite-
rranean. The first Mediterranean record

of this species was published by BARASH
AND DANIN (1974) under the name Glos-
sodoris runcinata. There are two subse-
quent records from Israel by GAT AND
MIENIS (1981) and MIENIS AND GAT
(1981). More recently CEVvIK AND
OZTURK (2001) reported H. infucata from
southern Turkey; according to these
authors H. infucata reached the coast of
Turkey following the northbound
current parallel to the coast of Palestine,
Israel, Lebanon and Syria.

All the specimens examined were
sexually mature and most likely repro-
ductively active. The large number of
specimens collected also indicates that
this species has stable populations in the
eastern Mediterranean, as suggested by
BARASH AND DANIN (1986). In Beyrouth
harbour the population is thriving in a
highly polluted environment.

27

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of the radula and jaws of Discodoris lilacina (Gould,
1852) (LACM 152717). A: general view of the radula; B: inner lateral teeth; C: jaw elements.
Scale bars, A: 500 um; B: 50 um; C: 10 um.

Figura 4. Fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido de la rádula y mandibulas de Discodoris
lilacina (Gould, 1852) (LACM 152717). A: vista general de la rádula; B: dientes internos; C: elemen-
tos de las mandíbulas. Escalas, A: 500 ym; B: 50 ym; C: 10 pm.

Family DISCODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891
Genus Discodoris Bergh, 1877

Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (Figs. 2C-D, 4)

Material examined: El Heri, Lebanon, 2-3 m depth, 3 June 2000, 1 specimen 23 mm preserved length

(LACM 152717).

Description: Body flat, oval, with the
posterior end of the foot covered by the
notum. Dorsum covered by numerous,
small conical tubercles, which are larger
near the central area. Gill composed of 9
tripinnate brachial leaves. Rhinophores
with 12 lamellae. The single specimen
was preserved so information on the
color of the living animal is not availa-
ble. The preserved specimen is brow-
nish with several rounded or oval dark
brown spots of different sizes, being

28

larger in the central region of the
dorsum. Along the innermost sides of
the mantle margin there are two lines of
large, oval, black spots. Ventrally, the
anterior border of the foot is grooved
and notched. The ventral side of the foot
and mantle margin are covered with
numerous brownish spots of various
Sizes.

Radular formula 20 x 22.0.22. Inner
and mid-lateral teeth hamate (Fig. 4A),
with a single cusp and no denticles (Fig.

VALDÉS AND TEMPLADO: Indo-Pacific dorids in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean)

4B). Outermost teeth with an elongate
cusp and also lacking denticles. Jaw
composed of several small, irregular ele-
ments (Fig. 4C).

Reproductive system triaulic.
Ampulla convoluted, branching into a
short oviduct and the prostate (Fig. 2D).
Oviduct entering the female gland mass
near its opening (Fig. 2C). Prostate large
and flat, with two distinct portions. The
prostate connects with a thin duct that
expands again into the ejaculatory
portion of the deferent duct. Muscular
deferent duct and vagina opening into a
common atrium. Vagina long and con-
voluted. At its proximal end the vagina
joins the bursa copulatrix. From the
bursa copulatrix leads another duct con-
necting with the uterine duct and the
seminal receptacle. Bursa copulatrix
oval in shape, about ten times as large
as the seminal receptacle.

Remarks: This is a widespread Indo-
Pacific species collected in several locali-
ties from the Red Sea to Hawaii (see
EDMUNDS, 1971), in most cases under
the name Discodoris fragilis (Alder and

CONCLUSIONS

Three other Lessepsian opisthobranchs
have been recorded from Lebanon by BOGI
AND KHAIRALLAH (1987) and BOGI AND
GIANNINI (1990), all of them belonging to
the Cephalaspidea: Pyrunculus fourieri
(Audouin, 1826) (as Retusa), Cylichnina
girardi (Audouin, 1826), and Acteocina
mucronata (Philippi, 1849).

This is the first confirmed record in
the Mediterranean of Plocamopherus oce-
llatus Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830, Hyp-
selodoris infucata (Rúppell and Leuckart,
1830) and Discodoris lilacina (Gould,
1852) based on anatomical examination.
It also constitutes the first anatomical
study of Plocamopherus ocellatus, which
was only known from external descrip-
tions (Rúppell and Leuckart, 1828-30;
Eliot, 1908). All specimens examined
were fully mature and it is very likely
that these three species have stable and
reproductively active populations in the
Mediterranean.

Hancock, 1864). Discodoris fragilis is
currently regarded as a syonym of D.
lilacina (RUDMAN, 1999). The reproduc-
tive anatomy and radula of the Indo-
Pacific specimens studied by EDMUNDS
(1971) and Kay AND YOUNG (1961), are
identical to those of our material, and
there is no doubt about the identity of
the Lebanese specimen.

BARASH AND DANIN (1977) cited Dis-
codoris lilacina from Israel for the first
time (as D. concinna). It is most likely
that the specimen studied by Barash
and Danin belongs to the same species
as our material from Lebanon, but their
record is unverifiable due to the absence
of anatomical studies. The present paper
is the first confirmed Mediterranean
record for D. lilacina.

Records of Discodoris fragilis from the
Canary Islands by ORTEA, BACALLADO
AND PÉREZ-SÁNCHEZ (1981) and
Madeira by WIRTZ (1995) belong to Dis-
codoris confusa Ballesteros, Llera and
Ortea, 1985, a species similar in external
morphology (see BALLESTEROS, LLERA
AND ORTEA, 1985 and WIRTZ, 1999).

The present paper is a contribution to
the atlas of exotic mollusks introduced in
the Mediterranean, which is now ready
for publication (ZENETOS, GOFAS, RUSSO
AND TEMPLADO, in press), and it will
include full color figures of the external
morphology of all species. An electronic
version of the atlas is currently available
in the web site of the CIESM (Internatio-
nal Commission for the Scientific Explo-
ration of the Mediterranean Sea):
http: / /www.ciesm.org/atlas.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The opisthobranchs examined were
collected in Lebanon by Ghazi Bitar and
Helmut Zibrowius, during a collabora-
tive French-Lebanese survey in the area
(CEDRE). Helmut Zibrowius and
Argyro Zenetos made constructive com-
ments on the manuscript. This paper

29

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

has been partially supported by the US
National Science Foundation PEET
grant DEB-9978155 “Phylogenetic syste-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BALLESTEROS, M., LLERA, E. M. AND ORTEA, J.
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llusca, Opisthobranchia) del Atlántico nor-
deste atribuibles al complejo maculosa-fragi-
lis. Bollettino Malacologico, 20: 227-257.

BARASH, A. AND DANIN, Z., 1977. Additions to
the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the
Mediterranean. Conchiglie, 13: 85-116.

BARASH, A. AND DANIN, Z., 1982. Mediterranean
Mollusca of Israel and Sinai: composition
and distribution. Israel Journal of Zoology, 31:
86-118.

BARASH, A. AND DANIN, Z., 1986. Further ad-
ditions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mo-
llusca in the Mediterranean Sea. Spixiana, 9:
117-141.

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Conchiglia, 22(256): 48-51

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bano). Contributo I. Notiziario del CISMA, 10:
54-60. f

CEVIK, C. AND OZTURK, B., 2001. A new les-
sepsian mollusc Hypselodoris infucata (Rup-
pell and Leuckart, 1828) (Gastropoda: Nu-
dibranchia) for the coasts of Turkey. Turkish
Journal of Zoology, 25: 27-30.

EDMUNDS, M., 1971. Opisthobranchiate Mo-
llusca from Tanzania (Suborder: Doridacea).
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339-396.

ELIOT, C., 1908. Reports on the marine biology
of the Sudanese Red Sea.- XI. Notes on a co-
lNection of nudibranchs from the Red Sea.
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GAr, G., 1993. Flabellina rubrolineata (O'Do-
noghue) and Phidiana indica (Bergh) (Nudi-
branchia, Aeolidoidea), two new Lessepsian
immigrants in the eastern Mediterranean.
Journal of Molluscan Studies, 59: 120.

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selodoris infucata, H. obscura, and H. saintvin-
centius species complex (Mollusca, Nudi-
branchia, Chromodorididae), with remarks
on the genus Brachychlanis Ehrenberg, 1831.
Journal of Natural History, 35: 1371-1398.

Kay, E. A. AND YOUNG, D. K., 1969. The Dori-
dacea (Opisthobranchia; Mollusca) of the
Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science, 23: 172-231.

MIENIS, H. K. AND Gar, G. 1981., On the pre-
sence of the Indo-Pacific nudibranch Hypse-
lodoris infucata along the Mediterranean co-
ast of Israel. Argamon, 7: 51-52.

ORTEA, J. A., BACALLADO, J. ]. AND PÉREZ-SÁN-
CHEZ, J. M., 1981. Sobre la presencia de Dis-
codoris fragilis Alder and Hancock (1864) (Mo-
llusca: Opistobranchia: Doridacea) en las Is-
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231-236.

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1852). Available via: http: / /www.seaslug-
forum.net/disclila.htm

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pls 1-12 in Atlas zu der Reise im nórdlichen
Afrika, vol. 9, E. Rúppell, ed. Bróner, Frank-
furt am Main. Dates of publication: pp. 1-21,
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vertebrate species new to the marine flora and
fauna of Madeira. Arquipélago, 13A: 119-123.

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the Madeira Archipelago. Vita Marina, 46: 1-
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O Sociedad Española de Malacología —____—_——T— lIberus, 20 (2): 31-44, 2002

Toxic effects of latex of Croton tiglium on Lymnaea acumi-
nata and Channa punctatus

Efectos tóxicos del latex de Croton tiglium sobre Lymnaea acuminata
y Channa punctatus

Ram P YADAV and Ajay SINGH*

Recibido el 28-11-2002. Aceptado el 13-V-2002

ABSTRACT

The aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium Linn. plant belonging to family Euphorbia-
ceae, was found to have strong molluscicidal activity against freshwater snail lymnaea
[Radix] acuminata Lamarck. Exposure of sub-lethal doses of latex extracts of this plant on
snail Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck over 24h or 96h caused significant change in
carbohydrates and nitrogenous metabolism in nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis tis-
sue.

Non-target fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) (Channidae [Ophicephalidae]) (which shares the
habitat with these snails) was also exposed to sub-lethal doses for 96h exposure periods
for measuring its potential, the environmental toxicity (if any). Sub-lethal exposure of fish
shows significant alteration in carbohydrate and nitrogenous metabolism in muscle, liver
and gonadal tissues. Withdrawal study also shows that there is a partial recovery in
snail's tissues but nearly complete recovery in fish tissues after 7'* day of the withdrawal of
treatment, which supports the view that plant products are safer in use as molluscicides
than synthetic pesticides.

RESUMEN

Los extractos acuosos del latex de Croton tiglium Linn., de la familia Euphorbiaceae, tie-
nen fuertes efectos molusquicidas sobre Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck. La exposi-
ción a dosis subletales de dicho latex durante 24 o 96 horas produjo un significativo cam-
bio en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos y del nitrógeno en el tejido nervioso,
hepatopáncreas y ovotestis.

El pez Channa punctatus (Bloch) (Channidae [Ophicephalidae]) (que comparte hábitat
con estos moluscos) también se expuso a dosis subletales durante el mismo periodo, con
el fin de comprobar el potencial tóxico del extracto. Dicha exposición mostró una altera-
ción significativa del metabolismo de carbohidratos y nitrógeno en los tejidos muscular,
hepático y gonadal. También se comprobo que existe una recuperación parcial en los teji-
dos del molusco y una casi total recuperación en los del pez tras el séptimo día después
de abandonado el tratamiento, lo que apoya la visión de que los productos procedentes
de plantas son más seguros como molusquicidas que los pesticidas sintéticos.

KEY WORDS: Channa punctatus, Croton tiglium, metabolism, Lymnaea acuminata.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Channa punctatus, Croton tiglium, metabolism, Lymnaea acuminata.

Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur- 273 009
(U.P.) INDIA *Corresponding Author Email: ajay_sCsancharnet.in/d_a_singhCrediffmail.com

Sl

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

INTRODUCTION

Snails of the genus Lymnaea (Radix)
and Indoplanorbis Deshayes are the hosts
in the life cycle of the liver fluke (genus
Fasciola Cobbold), which is responsible
for fascioliasis, a disease affecting cattle
and live stock population of Northern
part of India (SINGH AND AGARWAL,
1981). Control of harmful freshwater
snails through synthetic pesticides has
been reviewed in detail by various wor-
Kers (AGARWAL AND SINGH, 1988; SINGH
AND AGARWAL, 1990, 1993, 1995; SINGH,
SINGH, MISHRA AND AGARWAL, 1996).
With growing awareness of environ-
mental pollution caused by synthetic
molluscicides (RITCHIE, 1973; CHRISTIE,
PRENTICE, UPATHAM AND BANISH, 1978;
CARDARELLI, 1974; DUNCAN, 1974; SRI-
VASTAVA AND SINGH, 2001), efforts are
being made to find out molluscicides of
plant origin. Being the product of
biosynthesis, they are highly toxic and
easily biodegradable in environment
(MARSTON AND HOSTETIMAN, 1987;
SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1992, 1993; SINGH
ET AL., 1996). Earlier studies indicate
that the Euphorbiales have potent mo-
lluscicidal activity against the freshwa-
ter snails Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata La-
marck and Indoplanorbis exustus Desha-
yes (SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1988, 1990,
1992, 1995; YADAV AND SINGH, 2001). But
little work has been done on their mode
of action and their environmental im-
pact on non-target organism.

The aim of this study is to measure
the effects of sub-lethal exposure to
aqueous extracts of latex of Croton
Hglium Linn. on different biochemical
parameters of freshwater target snail
Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck and
non-target fish Channa punctatus (Bloch)
(Channidae [Ophicephalidae]). Channa
punctatus is a freshwater common fish of
Indian captured fishery and share the
habitat with the snail Lymnaea acuminata.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Latex of Croton tiglium Linn. (Family
Euphorbiaceae) plant was collected

32

from Botanical garden of D.D.U,
Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur India.
White latex produced by this plant was
drained in to glass beakers by cutting
the stem apices and lyophilised at 40%C
and the lyophilized dry powder was
used for further study. The wet weight
of 1 ml latex was 800 mg and dry weight
(Lyophilised at 40%C) was 300 mg.

Adult Lymnaea acuminata (2.6+0.3 cm
in Shell height) and freshwater fish
Channa punctatus (10.5+0.9 cm in length)
were collected from Ramgarh Lake of
Gorakhpur district, and mantained in
plastic tank for acclimatization to labora-
tory conditions. The acclimatized
animals were treated with latex of Croton
tiglitum Linn. according to the method of
SINGH AND AGARWAL (1988). The experi-
mental animals were treated with sub-
lethal doses (40% and 80% of LCso) of the
latices of Croton tiglium Linn. for 24h or
96h exposure periods. Six aquaria were
set up for each dose and each aquarium
contained either 30 snails or 10 fishes in
6L dechlorinated tap water.

The LCso of aqueous latex extracts
of Croton tiglium Linn. against snail
Eymnaea acuminata was 0.060 mg/L and
0.014 mg/L for 24h and 96h, respecti-
vely (YADAV AND SINGH, 2001).

After completion of treatment the test
animals were removed from the aquaria
and washed with water. The nervous,
hepatopancreas and ovotestis of Lymnaea
acuminata and muscle, liver and gonadal
tissue of Channa punctatus were excised
and used for biochemical analysis.
Control animals were held in similar con-
ditions without any treatment.

In order to see the effect of withdra-
wal from treatment, the snails were first
exposed to 80% of LC5o for 96h exposure
periods and fishes were treated with
80% of LCso (24h) for 96h exposure
periods, following which snails and
fishes were transfer to latex free water.
This water was changed every 24h for
the next seven days, after which bioche-
mical parameters were estimated in dif-
ferent tissues. Each experiment was
replicated at least six times and the
values have been expressed as mean
+SE of six replicates. Student's “t” test

YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Eymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus

and analysis of variance were applied to
locate significant changes (SOKAL AND
ROHEE, 1973).

BIOCHEMICAL ESTIMATIONS

Protein: Protein levels were estima-
ted according to the method of Lowky,
ROSENBROUGH, FARR AND RANDALL
(1951) using bovine serum albumin as
standard. Homogenates (5mg/ml, w/v)
were prepared in 10% TCA.

Total free amino acids: Estimation of
total free amino acid was made accor-
ding to the method of SPICES (1957).
Homogenates (10mg/ml, w/v) were
prepared in 95% ethanol, centrifuged at
6000 xg and used for amino acid estima-
tion.

Nucleic acids: Estimation of DNA and
RNA was performed, by methods of
SCHNEIDER (1957) using diphenylamine
and orcinol reagents, respectively.
Homogenates (1 mg/ml, w/v) were
prepared in 5% TCA at 90%C, centrifu-
ged at 5000 g for 20 min and superna-
tant was prepared used for estimation.
Both DNA and RNA have been expres-
sed as mg/my tissue.

Glycogen: Glycogen was estimated
by the Anthrone method of VAN DER
VIES (1954) as modified by MAHENDRU
AND AGARWAL (1982) for snails. In
present experiment 50 mg of tissue was
homogenised with 5ml of cold 5%TCA.
The homogenate were filtered and 1.0
ml of filtrate was used for assay.

Pyruvate: Pyruvate level was measu-
red according to FRIEDEMANN AND
HAUGEN (1943). Homogenate (50
mg/ml, w/v) was prepared in 10%
TCA. Sodium pyruvate was taken as
standard.

Lactate: Lactate was estimated accor-
ding to BARKER AND SUMMERSON (1941),
modified by HUCKABEE (1961). Homoge-
nate (50 mg/ml, w/v) was prepared in
10% cold TCA. Sodium lactate was
taken as standard.

Protease: Protease activity was esti-
_ mated by the method of MOORE AND
STEIN (1954). Homogenate (50 mg/ml,
w/v) was prepared in cold distilled

water. Optical density was measured at
570 nm. The enzyme activity was
expressed in mol of tyrosine equiva-
lent/mg protein/h.

Acid and alkaline phosphatase: Activi-
ties of acid and alkaline phosphatase
were measured by the method of BERG-
MEYER (1967) and modified by SINGH
AND AGARWAL, (1983). Tissue homoge-
nate (2% w/v) were prepared in ice cold
0.9% saline and centrifuged at 5000xg at
OC for 15 min. Optical density was
measured at 420 nm against a blank,
prepared simultaneously. The enzyme
activity has been expressed as amount
of p-nitrophenol formed/30min/mg
protein in supernatant.

Lactic dehydrogenase: Lactic dehydro-
genase (LDH) activity was measured
according to the method of ANONYMOUS
(1984). Homogenates (50 mg/ml, w/v)
were prepared in 1 ml of 0.1 M phosp-
hate buffer, pH 7.5 for 5 min in an ice
bath. Enzyme activity has been expres-

sed as nanomol of pyruvate
reduced /min/mg protein.
Succinic dehydrogenase: Succinic

dehydrogenase activity was measured
by the method of ARRIGONI AND SINGER
(1962). Homogenate (50 mg/ml, w/v)
was prepared in 1 ml of 0.5M potassium
phosphate buffer, pH 7.6 for 5 min in an
ice bath. Optical density was measured
at 600nm. Enzyme activity has been

expressed as pmol dye
reduced /min/mg protein.
Cytochrome oxidase: Cytochrome

oxidase activity was measured accor-
ding to the method of COOPERSTEIN AND
LAzAROwW (1951). Homogenates (50
mg/ml, w/v) were prepared in 1 ml of
0.33 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 5
min in ice bath. Enzyme activity has
been expressed in arbitrary
units /min/mg of proteins.
Acetylcholinesterase: Acetylcholineste-
rase was estimated by the method of
ELLMAN, COURTNEY, ANDRES AND FEAT-
HERSTONE., (1961) as adapted by SINGH
AND AGARWAL (1982) for snail tissue.
Homogenates (50 mg/ml, w/v) were
prepared in 0.1 M phosphate buffer in
ice bath. Optical density was measured
at 412 nm at 25%C. Enzyme activity

33

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

expressed in mol Slal
hydrolysed /min/mg protein.

RESULTS

Effect on freshwater target snail:
Data of sub-lethal (40% and 80% of
LC50) exposure of freshwater snail
Lymnaea acuminata against aqueous
extracts of latex of Croton tiglium are
given in Table I-IV. Exposure of snails to
40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous extracts
of latex of Croton tiglium for 24h or 96h
caused significant alterations in nitroge-
nous and carbohydrate metabolism in
different tissues of the freshwater snail
Lymnaea acuminata.

Effects on nitrogenous metabolism:
Total protein and nucleic acids (DNA
and RNA) levels were significantly
reduced, while free amino acid level
was significantly enhanced after the
exposure to sub-lethal doses in all the
body tissues. Acid and alkaline phosp-
hatase activities were significantly
reduced, while protease activity was
increased after the exposure.

Total protein levels were reduced to
39%, 45% and 36% of controls after
exposure to 80% of LCso (96h) of
aqueous latex extracts respectively in
the nervous, hepatopancreas and ovo-
testis tissue of Lymnaea acuminata, res-
pectively. DNA level was reduced to
36%, 45% and 28% of controls after tre-
atment with 80% of LCso (96h) of
aqueous latex extracts in nervous, hepa-
topancreas and ovotestis, respectively.
RNA level was reduced to 42%, 48% and
34% of controls after treatment with 80%
of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts
respectively in nervous, hepatopancreas
and ovotestis of snail. Total free amino
acid levels were induced to 167%, 140%
and 170% of controls after treatment
with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex
extracts respectively in nervous, hepato-
pancreas and ovotestis of snail (Table ID.

Activity of acid phosphatase was
inhibited to 38%, 67% and 58% of con-
trols after treatment with 80% of LCso
(96h) of aqueous latex extracts respecti-

34

vely in nervous, hepatopancreas and
ovotestis. Activity of alkaline phospha-
tase was reduced to 30%, 35% and 32% of
controls after treatment with 80% of LCso
(96h) of aqueous latex extracts respecti-
vely in nervous, hepatopancreas and
ovotestis. Protease activity was increased
to 136%, 130% and 132% of controls after
treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of
aqueous latex extracts respectively in the
nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis of
snail Lymnaea acuminata (Table ID.

Effects on carbohydrate metabo-
lism: Glycogen and pyruvate levels
were significantly reduced, while lactate
level was significantly enhanced after
the exposure to sub-lethal doses in all
the body tissues. Lactic dehydrogenase
(LDH), cytochrome oxidase and acetyl-
cholinesterase (ACHE) activities were
significantly reduced, while succinic
dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was
increased after the exposure.

Glycogen level was reduced to 27%,
40% and 26% of controls after treatment
with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex
extracts respectively in nervous, hepato-
pancreas and ovotestis. Pyruvate level
was reduced to 37%, 44% and 39% of
controls after treatment with 80% of
LC50 (96h) of aqueous latex extracts res-
pectively in nervous, hepatopancreas
and ovotestis tissue. Lactate level was
increased to 175%, 182% and 172% of
controls after treatment with 80% of
LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts res-
pectively in nervous, hepatopancreas
and ovotestis (Table IV).

LDH activity was reduced to 26%,
33% and 28% of controls after treatment
with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex
extracts respectively in nervous, hepato-
pancreas and ovotestis tissue. Activity
of cytochrome oxidase was reduced to
39%, 43% and 40% of controls after tre-
atment with 80% of LCso (96h) of
aqueous latex extracts respectively in
nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis.
ACHE activity was reduced to 26%, 22%
and 27% of controls after treatment with
80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex
extracts respectively in nervous, hepato-
pancreas and ovotestis of snail. SDH

YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Eymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus

Table I. Changes in total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (mg/mg)
level and activity of protease (umol of tyrosine equivalents/mg protein/h) and acid and alkaline
phosphatase (umol substrate hydrolysed/30 min/mg protein) in Nervous (NT), Hepatopancreas
(HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of Lymnaea acuminata after exposure to 40% and 80% of LCso of
aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium after 24h.

Tabla I. Cambios en los niveles de proteínas totales, aminoácidos libres, ácidos nucléicos (DNA y RNA)
(mglmg) y en la actividad proteasa (umol de equivalentes de tyrosinalmg de proteínalh) y fosfatasaa
ácida y alcalina (umol sustrato hidrolizado/30 min/mg proteína) en tejido nervioso (NT), hepatopán-
creas (HP) y ovotestís (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de extracto acuoso de latex
de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% después de 24 horas.

Tissues Conil 40% of LC5o (24h) 80% of LCso (24h)
(0.024mg,DW/L) (0.048mg,DW /L)
Protein NT 68.0+0.28 (100) 37.8+0.33* (55) 27.8+0.33* (40)
HP 70.10.52 (100) 47.8+0.33* (68) 37.140.33* (52)
OT 72.44+0.80 (100) 39.11+0.70* (54) 27.52+0.84* (38)
Amino acid NT 34.30.36 (100) 49.5+0.22* (129) 48.6+0.36* (141)
HP 28.8+0.33 (100) 36.6+0.92* (127) 39.1:+0.33* (135)
OT 36.4+0.46 (100) 48.05+0.58* (132) 52.78+0.65* (145)
DNA NT 72.44+0.80 (100) 57.95+0.80* (80) 50.70+0.70* (70)
HP 70.110.52 (100) 61.68+0.65* (88) 52.58+0.48* (75)
OT 75.66+0.80 (100) 56.33:0.40* (74) 51.0+0.37* (67)
RNA NT 62.01+0.28 (100) 52.08+0.35* (84) 40.30+0.40* (65)
HP 60.10+0.52 (100) 52.89+0.50* (88) 42.07+0.52* (70)
OT 65.33+0.88 (100) 53.83+0.44* (82) 46.66+0.46* (68)
Protease NT 0.321+0.056 (100) 0.375+0.057* (117) 0.417+0.048* (130)
HP 0.342+0.064 (100) 0.393+0.056* (115) 0.427+0.067* (125)
OT 0.345+0.058 (100) 0.407+0.056* (118) 0.448+0.047* (130)
Acid phosphatase NT 0.191+0.0004 (100) 0.158+0.0006* (83) 0.120+0.007* (63)
HP 0.185-+0.0006 (100) 0.160+0.0004* (87) 0.129+0.0006* (70)
OT 0.190+0.0008 (100) 0.161+0.0005* (85) 0.123+0.0004* (65)
Alkaline phosphatase NT 0.390+0.0004 (100) 0.327+0.0005* (84) 0.261+0.0008* (67)
HP 0.345+0.0006 (100) 0.303+0.0005* (88) 0.245+0.0006* (71)
OT 0.385+0.0004 (100) 0.2610.0007* (68)

0.327+0.0008* (85)

* Significant (P<0.05) Student's Y test was applied between control and treated groups. Values are mean +SE of six repli-
cotes. Values in parenthesis are percent change with control taken as 100%.

activity was increased to 175%, 168%
and 173% of controls after treatment
with 80% of LCs5o (96h) of aqueous latex
extracts respectively in nervous, hepato-
pancreas and ovotestis tissue (Table IV).

Effect on freshwater non-target
fish: Higher doses (LCoo of snails) have

no apparent toxic effect on freshwater
fish Channa punctatus after 24h expo-
sure. But exposure of fishes to sub-lethal
doses (i.e. 40% and 80% of 24h LCso of
snail) of aqueous extracts of latex of
Croton tiglium for 96h caused a signifi-
cant alteration in nitrogenous and car-
bohydrates metabolism in different

35

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table II. Changes in total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (mg/mg)
level and activity of protease (umol of tyrosine equivalents/mg protein/h) and acid and alkaline
phosphatase (umol substrate hydrolysed/30 min/mg protein) in Nervous (NT), Hepatopancreas
(HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata after 96h exposure to 40% and 80%
of LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium and 7% days after withdrawal.

Tabla II. Cambios en los niveles de proteínas totales, aminoácidos libres, ácidos nucléicos (DNA y RNA)
(mg/mg) y en la actividad proteasa (umol de equivalentes de tyrosina/mg de proteínalh) y fosfatasaa
ácida y alcalina (umol sustrato hidrolizado/30 min/mg proteína) en tejido nervioso (NT), hepatopán-
creas (HP) y ovotestis (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de extracto acuoso de latex

de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% después de 96 horas y 7 días después de la prueba.

A re 40% of LCso (96h) 80% of LCso (96h) 7" day after
(0.006mg,DW/L) (0.012mg,DW/L) withdrawal
Protein NT 68.00.28 (100) 36.8+0.33* (56) 26.6+0.36* (39) 61.8+0.24= (91)
HP. 70.1%0.52(100) — 38.1:0.33*(55) 31.0+0.49* (45) 67.9:0.02= (97)
0T 73.33:0.83(100) 38.1+0.33*(52) 26.9:0.34* (36) 69.6+0.41=(95)
Amino acid NT 34.3%0.36 (100) 54.3+0.36*(159) 57.6%0.36* (167) 37.0%0.04= (108)
HP 28.8x0.33(100) 38.5:0.24*(134) 40.5x0.24*(140) 29.9:0.22" (104)
OT 37.33:0.83(100) 60.4:0.25*(162) 63.4x0.25*(170) 40.6x0.34= (109)
DNA NT 72.66+0.83(100) 39.96+0.33*(55) 26.15+0.37*(36) 71.93%0.84 (99)
HP 72.83+1.11 (100) 47.33%0.16*(65) 32.77+0.38*(45) 71.38+1.12* (98)
0T 75.66+0.80 (100) 37.01+0.40*(49) 21.01%0.40*(28) 68.09+0.71=(90)
RNA NT 62.66+1.00(100) 36.34+0.23*(58) 26.31+0.37*(42) 60.78+0.98- (97)
HP 60.330.83/(100) 40.47+0.33*(67) 28.95+0.41*(48) 59.72%0.78= (99)
OT 65.33+0.88 (100) 32.66+0.54*(50) 22.16+1.11*(34) 60.10%0.81= (92)
Protease NT 0.344+0.06(100) 0.409+0.06*(119) 0.382*0.01*(136) 0.330+0.046= (96)
HP 0.365+0.03/(100) 0.423+0.03*(116) 0.474+0.03*(130) 0.346+0.062* (95)
OT 0.369+0.01 (100) — 0:435:0.01*(118) — 0.487:0.01*(132) — 0.361%0.028= (98)
Acid phosphatase NT 0.194+0.009(100) 0.0911+0.009* (47) 0.0737%0.007*(38) 0.177%0.0007= (91)
HP. 0.190+0.001 (100) 0.096+0.007*(51) 0.127+0.008* (67) 0.174+0.0009= (92)
0T 0.188+0.002 (100) 0.082+0.002* (44) 0.109+0.001*(58) 0.175+0.0005= (93)
Alkaline phosphatase NT 0.398+0.002 (100) 0.147+0.003* (37) 0.119+0.001*(30) 0.358+0.0018= (90)
HP. 0.361+0.003 (100) 0.151+0.002*(42) 0.126+0.006* (35) 0.336+0.0012= (93)
OT 0.392+0.002 (100) 0.152+0.001*(39) 0.125+0.002*(32) 0.372:0.0013= (95)

=, Significant (P<0.05) when student's 'Y' test was applied between 80% of LCso (96h) and withdrawal groups

Details are as given in Table 1.

body tissues of fish Channa punctatus
(Tables V and VD.

Effects on nitrogenous metabolism:
Total protein and nucleic acids (DNA and
RNA) levels were significantly reduced,
while free amino acid level was signifi-
cantly enhanced after the exposure to sub-

36

lethal doses in all the studied body tissues.
Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities
were significantly reduced, while protease
activity was increased after the exposure.

Total protein levels were reduced to
78%, 75% and 68% and DNA level was
reduced to 72%, 77% and 74% and RNA
level was reduced to 67%, 72% and 70%

YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus

Table MI. Changes in glycogen (mg/g), pyruvate (umol/g), lactate (mg/g) level and activity of
LDH (umol/mg protein/h), SDH (umol of dye reduced/min/mg protein), cytochrome oxidase
(arbitrary unit/min/mg protein) and ACHE (umol “SH” hydrolysed/min/mg protein) after 24h
exposure to 40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium in Nervous (NT),
Hepatopancreas (HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata.

Tabla 11. Cambios en los niveles de glucógeno (mg/g), piruvato (umol/e), lactato (mg/g), actividades de
LDH (umol/mg proteína/h), SDH (ymol de colorante reducido/min/mg proteína), citocromo oxidasa
(unidad arbitrarialmin/mg proteína) y ACHE (umol SH hidrolizado/min/mg proteína) en tejido ner-
vioso (NT), hepatopáncreas (HP) y ovotestis (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de
extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% durante 24 horas.

os A 40% of LC5o (24h) 80% of LC5o (24h)
(0.024mg,DW/L) (0.048mg,DW/L)
Glycogen NT 7.9+0.03 (100) 4.2+0.02* (53) 2.8+0.04* (35)
HP 7.3+0.01 (100) 4.5+0.03* (61) 3.240.06* (43)
OT 8.2+0.05 (100) 4.2+0.02* (52) 2.1+0.03* (34)
Pyruvate NT 0.698+0.03 (100) 0.391+0.24* (56) 0.276+0.23* (39)
HP 0.652+0.01 (100) 0.430+0.27* (66) 0.319+0.11* (49)
OT 0.686+0.04 (100) 0.370+0.18* (54) 0.253+0.27* (37)
Lactate NT 2.18+0.07 (100) 3.01+0.15* (138) 3.7240.19* (170)
HP 2.38+0.05 (100) 3.54+0.06* (149) 4.21%0.02* (177)
OT 2.14+0.07 (100) 2.19+0.08* (136) 3.57+0.06* (167)
LDH NT 0.073+0.006 (100) 0.047+0.006* (65) 0.029+0.002* (40)
HP 0.067+0.001 (100) 0.046+0.003* (69) 0.031+0.002* (47)
OT 0.072+0.001 (100) 0.048+0.004* (67) 0.027+0.001* (38)
SDH NT 43.15+0.30 (100) 53.50+0.25* (124) 69.90+0.31* (162)
HP 40.16+0.26 (100) 51.40+0.29* (128) 62.24+0.27* (155)
OT 46.11+0.33 (100) 56.25+0.30* (122) 73.31+0.34* (159)
Cytochrome oxidase NT 16.51+0.12 (100) 10.07+0.16* (61) 8.42+0.18* (51)
HP 14.59+0.14 (100) 9.48+0.21* (65) 8.46+0.31* (58)
OT 15.12+0.16 (100) 9.52+0.15* (63) 8.01+0.27* (53)
AChE NT 0.072+0.0008 (100) 0.048+0.0003* (67) 0.032+0.0003* (45)
HP 0.092+0.0002 (100) 0.065+0.0007* (71) 0.045+0.0002* (49)
OT 0.070%0.0002 (100) 0.047+0.0003* (68) 0.032+0.0004* (46)

Details are as given in Table |.

in muscle, liver and gonadal tissue of fresh-
water fish Channa punctatus. Total free
. amino acid levels were induced to 119%,
125% and 143% of controls after 96h tre-
atment with 80% of LCs5o of aqueous latex
extracts in muscle, liver and gonadal
tissues, respectively (Table V).

Activity of acid phosphatase was
inhibited to 30%, 37% and 32%. Activity
of alkaline phosphatase was reduced to

38%, 40% and 37% and Protease activity
was increased to 138%, 128% and 120%
of controls after 96h treatment with 80%
of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts in
muscle, liver and gonadal tissues, res-
pectively (Table V).

Effects on carbohydrate metabo-

lism: Glycogen and pyruvate levels
were significantly reduced, while lactate

SÍ

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table IV. Changes in glycogen (mg/g), pyruvate (umol/g), lactate (mg/g) level and activity of LDH
(umol/mg protein/h), SDH (umol of dye reduced/min/mg protein), cytochrome oxidase (arbitrary
unit/min/mg protein) and ACHE (umol “SH” hydrolysed/min/mg protein) after 96h exposure to
40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium in Nervous (NT), Hepatopan-
creas (HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata and 7% day after withdrawal.
Tabla IV. Cambios en los niveles de glucógeno (mg/e), piruvato (umolle), lactato (mg/g), actividades de
LDH (umol/mg proteína/h), SDH (umol de colorante reducidolmin/mg proteína), citocromo oxidasa
(unidad arbitrarial/min/mg proteína) y ACHE (umol SH hidrolizado/min/mg proteína) en tejido ner-
vioso (NT), hepatopáncreas (HP) y ovotestis (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de
extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% durante 96 horas y 7 días después de la
prueba.

ma 40% of LCso (96h) 80% of LCso (96h) 7" day after
(0.006mg,DW/L) (0.012mg,DW/L) withdrawal
Glycogen NT 7.9%0.03 (100) 3.6+0.17* (46) 2.1+0.06* (27) 7.340.037 (93)
HP. 7.3+0.01 (100) 4.140.12* (57) 2.9+0.04* (40) 6.8+0.02= (94)
0T 7.8*0.03(100) 3.5+0.17* (45) 2.02+0.06* (26) 7.3+0.04= (93)
Pyruvate NT 0.698+0.03 (100) 0.391%0.02*(56) 0.261+0.04*(37) 0.635+0.27- (91)
HP 0.657+0.02 (100) 0.407+0.08*(62) 0.289+0.07*(44) 0.592+0.08= (90)
OT 0.682+0.03(100) 0.395+0.02*(58) 0.265+0.13*(39) 0.628+0.03- (92)
Lactate NT 2,180.07 (100) 3.08:0.17*(131) 3.92%0.16*(175) 2.46x0.04=(113)
HP. 2,410.04 (100) 3.42*0.03*(142) 4.38+0.12*(182) 2.83%0.057 (118)
OT 2.17:0.07 (100) 2.79+0.08*(129) 3.73+0.03*(172) 2.46%0.03=(113)
LDH NT 0.073+0.006 (100) 0.032+0.003* (44) 0.019+0.002*(26) 0.065+0.003- (90)
HP 0.075+0.006 (100) 0.036+0.005*(48) 0.024+0.001*(33) 0.068+0.004= (91)
0T 0.076+0.003(100) 0.034+0.003*(46) 0.021+0.001*(26) 0.070%0.003= (90)
SDH NT 16.41+0.18(100) 23.63+0.17*(144) 28.7%0.07*(175) 18.38+0.84= (112)
HP 14.48+0.16(100) 21.43+0.19*(148) 24.32+0.06*(168) 15.63%0.18= (108)
OT 18.41*0.07 (100) 26.14+0.08*(112) 31.84%0.17* (173) 20.43+0.20= (111)
Cytochrome oxidase NT 18.13+0.06 (100) 9.24%0.03* (51) 7.07+0.12* (39) 16.68+0.04= (92)
HP 14.50+0.15(100) 7.97%0.12*(55) 6.23+0.03* (43) 13.05x0.12* (90)
OT 17.23+0.03(100) 8.95+0.03*(52) 6.89+0.05* (40) 16.18+0.02= (94)
AChE NT 0.072:0.008 (100) 0.028+0.003*(39) 0.019:<0.003*(26) 0.064:0.007- (90)
HP. 0.092+0.006 (100) 0.040+0.012*(44) 0.020+0.013*(22) 0.085+0.002* (93)
0T 0.071%0.008 (100) 0.028+0.012*(40) 0.019+0.008*(27) 0.063+0.007- (90)

=, Significant (P<0.05) when student's '1' test was applied between 80% of LCso (96h) and withdrawal groups
Details are as given in Table |.

level was significantly enhanced after
the exposure to sub-lethal doses in the
studied body tissues. Lactic dehydroge-
nase (LDH), cytochrome oxidase and
acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activities
were significantly reduced, while succi-

38

nic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was
increased after the exposure.

Glycogen level was reduced to 70%,
68% and 64%. Pyruvate level was
reduced to 33%, 38% and 31% in muscle,
liver and gonadal tissue of fish. Lactate

YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus

Table V. Changes in total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (mg/mg)
level and activity of protease (umol of tyrosine equivalents/mg protein/h) and acid and alkaline
phosphatase (umol substrate hydrolysed/30 min/mg protein) in different tissues of freshwater fish
Channa punctatus after exposure to 96h against 40% and 80% of LCso (24h) of aqueous latex ex-
tracts of Croton tiglium and 7% days after withdrawal.
Tabla V. Cambios en los niveles de proteínas totales, aminoácidos libres, ácidos nucléicos (DNA y RNA)
(mg/mg) y en la actividad proteasa (pmol de equivalentes de tyrosinalmg de proteínalh) y fosfatasaa
ácida y alcalina (umol sustrato hidrolizado/30 min/mg proteína) en distintos tejidos del pez Channa
punctatus tras exposición a LC5o (24h) de extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80%
después de 96 horas y 7 días después de la prueba.

Mises: Cal 40% of LCso (24h) 80% of LCso (24h) 7" day after
(0.024 mg,DW/L) (0.048 mg,DW/L) withdrawal
Protein Muscle 160.1%0.77 (100) 133.5+0.24*(83) 124.6+0.26*(78) 156.8+0.71= (98)
Liver 141.0+0.69 (100) — 119.8+0.24*(85) 105.7%0.24* (75) 136.7+1.00=(97)
Gonadal — 136.6+1.00(100) — 117.4*0.12*(86) 92.8+0.08* (68) 131.1%0.45 (96)
Amino acid Muscle 28.50.24 (100) 30.4+0.29 (107) 33.9:0.40* (119) — 29.3%0.237 (103)
Liver 22.60.40 (100) 24.8+0.47 (110) 28.2%0.40*(125) 23.7+0.38-(105)
Gonadal 20.60.78 (100) 28.2*0.02*(137) 29.4x0.02*(143) 21.4%0.10=(104)
DNA Muscle 142.44+0.75(100) 123.9+0.16* (87) 102.7+0.14* (72) — 136.7+0.69= (96)
Liver 140.01+0.71 (100) 133.0:0.07 (95) 107.8+0.14* (77) — 134.4+0.51= (96)
Gonadal — 145.00+0.75(100) 117.40+0.45*(81) — 107.30+0.26* (74) 137.7%0.34= (95)
RNA Muscle 103.00+0.28 (100) 84.41+0.03*(82) 69.01%0.04*(67) 99.9%0.28=(97)
Liver 100.0+0.29 (100) — 86.02+0.18*(86) 72.01%0.18*(72) 100.0+0.21=(96)
Gonadal — 106.60+0.61 (100) 85.20+0.43* (80) 74.60+0.28* (70) 98.5+0.17= (93)
Protease Muscle 0.592:0.011 (100) 0.752+0.147*(127) 0.817%0.018* (138) 0.639+0.061= (108)
Liver 0.608+0.016 (100) 0.681+0.018*(112) 0.778+0.015*(128) 0.571:0.012* (94)
Gonadal — 0.698+0.017 (100) 0.803+0.015*(115) 0.838+0.016* (120) 0.739+0.154= (106)
Acid phosphatase Muscle 0.283+0.013(100) 0.113:0.011*(40) 0.84+0.013*(30) 0.260+0.0123=(92)
Liver 0.297+0.017 (100) 0.130+0.011* (44) 0.109+0.009*(37) 0.276+0.013= (93)
Gonadal — 0.288+0.015 (100) 0.120+0.007* (42) 0.092*0.017*(32) 0.267:0.012* (93)
Alkaline phosphatase Muscle 0.434+0.012 (100) 0.177:+0.007*(41) 0.164+0.04* (38) 0.394+0.002- (91)
Liver 0.463+0.005 (100) — 0.199-+0.008*(43) 0.185%0.007* (40) 0.426+0.003= (92)
Gonadal — 0.438<0.012 (100) 0.175+0.007*(40) 0.162+0.004* (37) 0.403+0.004= (92)

=, Significant (P<0.05) when student's Y test was applied hetween 80% of LCso (24h) and withdrawal groups
Details are as given in Table |.

level was increased to 165%, 172% and
162% of controls after 96h treatment
with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex
extracts in muscle, liver and gonadal
tissues of fish, respectively (Table-VD.
LDH activity was reduced to 86%,
83% and 84% and activity of cytochrome
oxidase was reduced to 75%, 73% and

76%. ACHE activity was reduced to 32%,
36% and 32% in muscle, liver and
gonadal tissue of fish, respectively. SDH
activity was increased to 124%, 126%
and 122% of controls after 96h treatment
with 80% of LCso of aqueous latex
extracts in muscle, liver and gonadal
tissues of fish, respectively (Table VD.

3%

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table VI. Changes in glycogen (mg/g), pyruvate (umol/g), lactate (mg/g) level and activity of
LDH (umol/mg protein/h), SDH (umol of dye reduced/min/mg protein), cytochrome oxidase
(arbitrary unit/min/mg protein) and ACHE (umol “SH” hydrolysed/min/mg protein) in different
tissues of Channa punctatus after exposure to 96h against 40% and 80% of LCso (24h) of aqueous
latex extracts of Croton tiglium and 7'* days after withdrawal.

Tabla IV. Cambios en los niveles de glucógeno (mgle), piruvato (umollg), lactato (mg/g), actividades de
LDH (umol/mg proteínalh), SDH (umol de colorante reducido/min/mg proteína), citocromo oxidasa
(unidad arbitraria/lmin/mg proteína) y ACE (umol SH hidrolizado/min/mg proteína) en distintos
tejidos del pez Channa punctatus tras exposición a LC5o (24h) de extracto acuoso de latex de Croton

tiglium a/ 40 y al 80% después de 96 horas y 7 días después de la prueba.

a Control 40% of LC5o (24h) 80% of LCso (24h) 7' days after
(0.024 mg, DW/L) (0.048 mqDW/L) withdrawal
Glycogen Muscle 1.920.001 (100) 1.46+0.006* (76) 1.34+0.04* (70) 1.670.01= (87)
Liver 1.98+0.002 (100) — 1.44<0.003* (73) 1.34+0.04* (68) 1.690.03= (85)
Gonadal — 1.73+0.01 (100) 1.28+0.03* (74) 1.10+0.02* (64) 1.51+0.037 (87)
Pyruvate Musde 2.416+0.018(100) 1.232*0.016*(51) — 0.797+0.028*(33) 2.150+0.017=(89)
Liver 3.076+0.018 (100) 1.876+0.036* (61) 1.168+0.008*(38) 2.768+0.0357 (90)
Gonadal — 2.133+0.036 (100) — 1.045+0.017*(49) — 0.661%0.023*(31) 1.95%0.016=(91)
Lactate Muscle 2.816+0.018(100) 3.379%0.092*(120) 4.646+0.064* (165) 3.041+0.082" (108)
Liver 2.233+0.023 (100) 2.925+0.023* (131) — 3.840+0.076* (172) 2.500%0.069 (112)
Gonadal 3.816+0.083 (100) 4.502+0.088*(118) — 6.181+0.092*(162) 4.159:0.043" (109)
LDH Muscle 431.5+0.88 (100) 392.6x0.84(91) 371.0+0.85*(86) 392.7+0.837(91)
Liver 517.0+1.0(100) 475.6+0.81 (92) 429.10.88*(83) 465.3%0.787 (90)
Gonadal — 434.2+0.87 (100) 403.8+0.72(93) 364.2+0.85*(84) 395.1%0.81=(91)
SDH Muscle 49.4+0.21 (100) 56.3:0.21*(114) 61.20.27* (124) — 53.8+0.21= (109)
Liver 52.60.23 (100) 58.9:0.22*(112) 66.2*0.22*(126) 58.3:0.23=(111)
Gonadal — 54.4+0.26(100) 63.1*0.18*(116) 66.3%0.15*(122) -59.2+0.26=(107)
Cytochrome oxidase Muscle 25.92%0.21 (100) 22.03+0.23*(85) 19.44:+0.22*(75) 24.36%0.337 (94)
Liver 28.300.07 (100) — 23.77:0.21* (84) 20.65+0.22* (73) 20.65+0.022* (91)
Gonadal — 31.20%0.07 (100) 27.14:+0.13*(87) 23.71%0.16*(76) 25.75%0.19=(92)
AChE Muscle 0.093:0.0012 (100) 0:049+0.0006* (53) 0.029+0.0007* (32) — 0.0830.0002= (90)
liver 0.099:0.0011 (100) 0.054+0.0004* (55) 0.035+0.0003*(36) 0.092:+0.0001= (92)
Gonadal — 0.095+0.0025 (100) 0.049+0.0008*(52) 0.030+0.0006* (32) 0.087:0.0005 (91)

=, Significant (P<0.05) when student's '1' test was applied between 80% of LC5o (24h) and withdrawal groups
Details are as given in Table |.

DISCUSSION

It is evident from the results presen-
ted here that the aqueous extracts of the
latex of Croton tiglium besides being
potent molluscicides (YADAV AND
SINGH, 2001) are toxic to fish Channa
punctatus at higher concentrations and

40

longer exposure periods. The exposure
to 40% and 80% of snail LC5o for 24h did
not caused any significant changes in
the level of carbohydrate and nitroge-
nous metabolism of fish tissues, while
this treatment continued up to 96 hours
decreased the carbohydrate and nitroge-
nous metabolism levels significantly.

YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus

MOMMENSEN AND WALSH (1992)
reported that proteins are mainly invol-
ved in the architecture of the cell, which
is the chief source of nitrogenous meta-
bolism and during chronic period of
stress they are also a source of energy.
During stress condition, snails needed
more energy to detoxify the toxicants
and to overcome stress (ARUNACHALAM,
JAYALAKSHAMI AND ABOOKER, 1980). The
depletion of protein fraction in nervous,
hepatopancreas and ovotestis tissues
may have been due to their degradation
and possible utilization of degraded
products for metabolic purposes. Incre-
ment in free amino acids level was the
result of breakdown of protein for
energy requirement and impaired incor-
poration of amino acids in protein synt-
hesis, but it also could be attributed to
the lesser use of amino acids and their
involvement in the maintenance of an
acid-base balance. Stress conditions
induce the transamination pathway.
Inhibition of DNA synthesis might
affect both protein as well as amino acid
levels by decreasing the level of RNA in
protein synthesis machinery (NOR-
DENSKJOLD, SODERHALL AND MOLDEUS,
1979). Euphorbiales are a potential inhi-
bitor of DNA synthesis, which might
result in reduction of RNA level and
consequently affecting protein synthesis
and amino acid levels as showed are
results.

The enzyme protease functions in
hydrolysing proteins to free amino acids
and small peptides. The increase in the
protease activity corroborates with the
enhancement in the FAA (Free amino
acids) level of the three tissues, the for-
mation of which might be the result of
protein hydrolysis of the three tissues
suggesting stimulation during toxic
stress. Similar trend of results on prote-
ase activity was also reported by several
workers in different animals (Tilapia
mossambica (Peters), Pila globosa (Swaim-
son) including mammal (MILLWARD,
1970; SIva PRASADA RAO, 1980; SIVAIAH,
1980; KABEER, SAHIB, SIVA PRASAD, SAM-
BASIVA AND RAMANA RAO, 1984). SINGH
AND AGARWAL (1992) reported that the
latices of several euphorbious plants

significantly reduced the alkaline and
acid phosphatase activity in nervous
tissue of Lymnaea acuminata. So the
reduction in protein level may be due to
the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase
activity, as it plays an important role in
protein synthesis (PILO, ASNANI AND
SHAH, 1972) and other secretary activi-
ties (IBRAHIM, HIGAZI AND DEMIAN,
1974).

Carbohydrates are the primary and
immediate source of energy of the meta-
bolism. ARASTA, BAIS AND THAKUR,
(1996) suggested that in stress condition,
carbohydrates reserves depleted to meet
energy demand, thus depletion of glyco-
gen may be due to direct utilization for
energy generation, a demand caused by
active moiety-induced hypoxia. Euphor-
biales inhibit acetylcholinesterase acti-
vity, which results in an increase of
acetylcholine contents (SINGH AND
AGARWAL, 1984; SINGH AND AGARWAL,
1990, 1991; SINGH ET AL., 1996). Increase
level of acetylcholine has been shown to
enhance the secretion of catecholamine
(NILSSON, ABRAHAMSSON AND GROVE,
1976), which may bring about glycoge-
nolysis. Thus, glycogenolysis seems to
be the result of increased secretion of
catecholamine due to stress (SINGH AND
SRIVASTAVA, 1992; SINGH AND AGARWAL,
1993). Decrease in pyruvate level is due
to higher energy demand during expo-
sure, which is suggests the possibility of
a shift towards anaerobic dependence
due to a remarkable drop in aerobic
segment. The decrease in pyruvate
could be due to its conversion to lactate,
or due to its mobilization to form amino
acids, lipids, triglycerides and glycogen
synthesis in addition to its role as a
detoxification factor (SATHYA PRASAD,
1983). The increase in lactate also sug-
gests a shift towards anaerobiosis as a
consequence of hypoxia leading to res-
piratory distress (DOMSCHE, DOMSCHE
AND CLASSEN, 1971; SIvVAa PRASADA RAO,
1980). Development of such internal
hypoxic conditions may be ultimately
responsible for the shift to the less effi-
cient anaerobic metabolism, evidenced
by the change in lactate content obser-
ved during this study.

41

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) forms
the centre for a delicately balanced equi-
librium between catabolism and anabo-
lism of carbohydrates (EVERSE AND
KALPAN, 1973). Lactic dehydrogenase
(LDH) catalyze the inter-conversions of
lactic acid and pyruvic acid during ana-
erobic conditions. Inhibition of LDH
and cytochrome oxidase activity indica-
tes that latex extracts of Croton tiglium
significantly inhibits aerobic, as well as
anaerobic metabolism in exposed
animals. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH)
is one of the active regulatory enzymes
of the TCA cycle. The reasons for an
increase SDH level after exposure to
extracts of latex are not clear. A similar
situation was observed by GUPTA and
KAPOOR (1975), who reported a incre-
ase of SDH level in malathion exposed,
irradiated rats.

Cytochrome oxidase is a terminal
enzyme of the electron transport chain.
Inhibition in cytochrome oxidase acti-
vity by plant moieties supports that
Euphorbiales show a profound impact
on the oxidative metabolism, possibly
due to their influence on respiratory
process like electron transport system
(ETS). Decrease in cytochrome oxidase
might be either the result of reduced
availability of Oz, which in turns has
reduce the capacity of electron transport
system to produce ATP molecules or
should be due to the direct impact of the
active moiety. Anticholinesterase com-

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New data on the benthic Opisthobranch Molluscs from the
Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Brazil), with des-

cription of a new species of Aegires Lovén, 1844

Nuevos datos sobre los moluscos opistobranquios bentónicos del
Archipiélago de Fernando de Noronha, con descripción de una nueva
especie de Aegíres Lovén, 1844

Francisco J. GARCÍA!, Jesús S. TRONCOSO? and Marta DOMÍNGUEZ?

Recibido el 20-X1-2001. Aceptado el 22-V-2002

ABSTRACT

New data on the opisthobranch fauna from the Archipelago Fernando de Noronha are
presented in this paper, 111 specimens distributed among 12 species were studied and
11 of them are a new record for the archipelago. A new species of genus Aegires is des-
cribed. The external anatomy and radula of this specimen are compared with other spe-
cies of the genus.

RESUMEN

En este trabajo se presentan nuevos datos sobre la fauna de moluscos opistobranquios del
Archipiélago Fernando de Noronha, se estudian un total de 111 ejemplares repartidas en
12 especies, siendo que 11 de ellas son nuevas citas para el archipiélago. Se describe
una nueva especie de Nudibranchia perteneciente al género Aegires Lovén, 1844. Se
compara la anatomía externa y rádula de este especimen con otras especies del género.

KEY WORDS: Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Fernando de Noronha, Aegires, new species.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Fernando de Noronha, Aegires, nueva especie.

INTRODUCTION

The Archipelago Fernando de
Noronha (Brazil) lies off Cape Sáo Roque,
State of Rio Grande do Norte, about 195
nautical miles offshore (03% 51' S, 32? 25'
W). Besides the island of Fernando de
Noronha, several smaller islands, all of
volcanic origin, compose the Archipelago
of the same name. The archipelago lies in

the north branch of the South equatorial
Oceanic current, with high temperature,
salinity and transparency. The intertidal
bottoms are mostly of hard substrate
with a few sandy beaches, having a
dominant community of seaweeds (cal-
careous algae, Sargassum sp. and filamen-
tous green algae) and Vermetidae.

l Depto. Fisiología y Zoología; Facultad Biología; Universidad Sevilla; Avda. Reina Mercedes, 6; Apdo. 1095, -

41080 Sevilla, Spain. e-mail: fjgarciaOus.es

? Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal; Facultad Ciencias del Mar; Universidad Vigo; Campus Lagoas-
Marcosende; 36200 Vigo; Spain. e-mail: troncosoCuvigo.es

45

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table I. Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago recorded by MATTHEWS AND
KEMPEF (1970); RIOS AND BARCELLOS (1979) and present paper. 000: abundant (20 or more spe-

cimens); 00: moderate (20>n>2); 0: rare (n< 2).

Tabla I. Opistobranquios del Archipielado de Fernando de Noronha citados por MATTHEWS AND
KEMPF (1970); RIOS AND BARCELLOS (1979) y en el presente trabajo. 000: abundante (20 o más

ejemplares); 00: moderado (20>n>2); 0: raro (n< 2).

Species Matthews and Kempf (1970) Rios and Barcellos (1979) — Present paper
Cephalaspidea

Micromelo undata X 00

Hydatina vesicaria X

Átys sp. X

Atys mandrewii X

Retusa canaliculata X

Cylichna noronhensis X
Anaspidea

Aplysia sp. X

Stylocheilus longicauda 000
Ascoglossa

Caliphylla mediterranea 00

Elysia ornata 000

Elysia flava 0
Notaspidea

Pleurobranchus areolatus 0

Berthelinia caribbea X

Berthella stellata 0
Doridacea

Doris sp. X

Aegires absalaoi 0

Chromodoris neona 00

Platydoris angustipes 0

Dendrodoris senegalensis 00
Aeolidacea

Phidiana sp. 00

MATTHEWS AND KEMPF (1970) provi-
ded a checklist of the molluscan fauna
from the Archipelago of Fernando de
Noronha and Atol das Rocas. Although
more than 160 species of Molluscs were
listed, however only seven species of
opisthobranch gastropods were cited.
Besides four species were referred by
LOPES AND ALVARENGA (1957) this mate-
rial was not found by these authors, and
finally two species was referred by RIOS
AND BARCELLOS (1979) (Table D.

46

In this paper new species of opistho-
branchs found in the Archipelago of
Fernando de Noronha are cited, based
on material obtained by the authors
during two visits in 1999 and 2000.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The species studied in this paper
were collected by diving down to 20 m
along the littoral, during two trips to

GARCÍA ET AL.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegíires species

3
320 27'W

Brazil

F3051'S

Fernando de Noronha ls.

Figure 1. Sampling localities. 1 Praia do Cachorro, 2 Porto, 3 Praia da Conceicáo, 4 Air France ls.
Rasa, 5 Rasa Is., 6 Buraco do Inferno Rata Ís., 7 Lage Dois Irmáos between Rata and Meio Ís., 8

Ressurretta Rata ls.

Figura 1. Localidades de muestreo. 1 Praia do Cachorro, 2 Porto, 3 Praia da Conceigáo, 4 Air France
ls. Rasa, 5 Rasa ls., 6 Buraco do Inferno Rata ls., 7 Lage Dois Irmáos entre Rata y Meio ls., 8 Ressu-

rretta Rata ls.

Archipelago de Fernando de Noronha
in 1999 and 2000. The sampling stations
are represented in Figure 1. For each
species the dates and depth of collec-
tion, stations, and lengths of the speci-
mens alive are recorded. Besides this,
the distributions in Brazil and in other
geographical areas are included.

The specimens collected have been
deposited in the collections of the

RESULTS

Department of Physiology and Zoology
of the University of Seville and Depart-
ment of Ecology and Animal Biology of
the University of Vigo (Spain) and the
holotype of Aegires was deposited in the
Museu Oceanográfico “Prof. Eliézer de
Carvalho Rios” from the Foundation
University of Rio Grande, in Rio
Grande, Brazil, with code number
42.011.

Class GASTROPODA Cuvier, 1797
Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA Milne-Edwards, 1848
Order CEPHALASPIDEA Fischer, P. 1883
Family Hydatinidae Pilsbry, 1895
Genus Micromelo Pilsbry, 1895

Micromelo undata (Bruguiere, 1792) (Fig. 2A)

Material collected: 06/07/1999; station: Praia do Cachorro (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: inter-
tidal; 1 specimen, length: 17 mm. 08/07/1999; station: Praia do Cachorro (Fernando de Noronha

A7

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Is.); depth: intertidal; 1 specimen, length: 30 mm. 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha
Is.); depth: 1 m; 5 specimens; length in mm: 15.5 to 22 mm. 15/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando
de Noronha ls.); depth: 1 m; 1 specimen, length: 15 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de

Noronha ls.); depth: 1 m; 1 specimen, length: 17 mm.

Habitat: On rocks with algae and in
tidal pools with Cystoseira.

Brazilian distribution: NE Brazil, from
Pernambuco to Bahia (MARCUS AND
MARCUS, 1967; RIOS, 1994). Fernando de
Noronha Is. (MARCUS AND MARCUS,
1967; MATTHEWS AND KEMPE, 1970; RIOS,
1994).

Other geographical areas distribution: Cir-
cumtropical species, Caribbean Sea, Atlan-
tic Ocean, Macaronesia, Ascension Is, Sout-
hern Africa and Indo-Pacific Ocean (Gos-
LINER, 1987; MALAQUIAS, 2001; MARCUS
AND MARCUS, 1967; MARCUS, 1977; MIK-
KELSEN, 1995; ORTEA, MORO, BACALLADO
AND HERRERA, 2000; RIOS, 1994).

Order ANASPIDEA Fischer P., 1883
Family DOLABRIFERIDAE Pilsbry, 1895
Genus Stylocheilus Gould, 1852

Stylocheilus longicauda (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) (Fig. 2B)

Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: intertidal; 1 spe-
cimen;, length: 22 mm. 08/07/1999; station: Praia da Conceicáo (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth:
intertidal; 7 specimens; length: 15 to 33 mm. 10/07/1999; station: Air France (Rasa ls.); depth: inter-
tidal; 3 specimens; length: 18 to 20 mm. 16/06/2000; station: Rasa Is.; depth: intertidal; 17 speci-
mens; length: 12 to 36 mm. 17/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 12 m; 4 speci-
mens; length: 19 to 29 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata Is.); depth: 14 m; 6 speci-

mens; length: 6 to 28.

Habitat: On and under rocks, associa-
ted with masses of red algae.

Brazilian distribution: Pernambuco,
Recife (MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1970).

Other geographical areas distribution:
Circumtropical (FARMER, 1967; MARCUS,
1977; MARSHALL AND WILLAN, 1999;
Rios, 1994).

Order SACOGLOSSA Von Ihering, 1876
Family HERMAEIDAE Adams H. and A.
Genus Caliphylla Costa, A. 1869

Caliphylla mediterranea A. Costa, 1867 (Figs. 2C, D)

Material collected: 15/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 5 m; 1 specimen;
length: 16 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha lÍs.); depth: 5 m; 10 specimens;

length: 8 to 19 mm.

Habitat: Associated with filamentous
green algae.

Brazilian distribution: South Brazil in
Sáo Paulo State (Santos, Sáo Sebastiáo
Is., Cananeia) (MARCUS, 1977; Rios,
1994).

Other geographical areas distribution:
Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic Ocean from

48

Spain to Senegal, Canary Is. and Carib-
bean Sea (CERVERA, TEMPLADO, GARCÍA-
GÓMEZ, BALLESTEROS, ORTEA, GARCÍA,
ROS AND LUQUE, 1988; GASCOIGNE, 1979;
JENSEN AND CLARK, 1983; MARCUS AND
MARCUS, 1970; MARCUS, 1977; ORTEA ET
AL., 2000; PRUVOT-FOL, 1954; SCHMEKEL
AND PORTMANN, 1982).

GARCÍA ET 4£.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegires species

Figure 2. A: Micromelo undata; B: Stylocheilus longicauda; C, D: Caliphylla mediterranea; E, E:
Ebysia ornata; G: Elysia flava; H: Pleurobranchus areolatus; 1: Aegires absalaoí n. sp.; ]: Chromodoris
neona; K: Platydoris angustipes; L: Dendrodoris senegalensis, M: Phidiana sp.

Figura 2. A: Micromelo undata; Bb: Stylocheilus longicauda; C, D: Caliphylla mediterranea; E, F:
Elysia ornata; G: Elysia flava; H: Pleurobranchus areolatus; /: Aegires absalaoi 2. sp.; J: Chromodo-
ris neona; K: Platydoris angustipes; L: Dendrodoris senegalensis; M: Phidiana sp.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Family ELYSIDAE Forbes and Hanley, 1851
Genus Elysia Risso, 1818

Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840) (Figs. 2E, EF)

Material collected: 08/07/1999; station: Lage dois Irmáos, between Meio Is. and Rata Is. (Fernando
de Noronha ls.); depth: 18 m; 1 specimen;, length: 22 mm. 15/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de
Noronha ls.); depth: 5 m; 22 specimens; length: 22 to 36 mm. 17/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno
(Rata Is.); depth: 12 m; 1 specimen, length: 12.5 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de

Noronha ls.); depth: 5 m; 12 specimens; length: 15 to 36 mm.

Habitat: Associated with filamentous
green algae.

Brazilian distribution: Present paper,
first record to Brazilian coast.

Other geographical areas distribution: Cir-
cumtropical, Atlantic Ocean from Carib-

bean Sea to Canary Is. and Azores Archi-
pelago; Indo-Pacific Ocean in Hawaii,
Vietnam and Australia (MALAQUIAS, 2001;
MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1970; MARCUS,
1980; MARSHALL AND WILLAN, 1999;
ORTEA ET AL., 2000; THOMPSON, 1977).

Elysia flava Verrill, 1901 (Fig. 2G)

Material collected: 08/07/1999; station: Praia da Conceicáo (Fernando de Noronha lÍs.); depth:

intertidal; 1 specimen, length: 6 mm.

Habitat: Associated with filamentous
green algae.

Brazilian distribution: Present paper,
first record to Brazilian coast.

Other geographical areas distribution:
From Mediterranean Sea, Canary ls. and

Madeira Archipelago to Caribbean Sea
(CLARK, 1984; MALAQUIAS, CERVERA,
ABREU AND LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, 2001;
MARCUS, 1980; ORTEA, 1981; ORTEA ET
AL., 2000; THOMPSON, 1977, 1983;

THOMPSON AND JAKLIN, 1988)
te

Order NOTASPIDEA Fischer P. 1883
Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Férussac, 1822
Genus Pleurobranchus Cuvier, 1804

Pleurobranchus areolatus Mórch, 1863 (Fig. 2H)

Material collected: 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 14 m; 1 specimen;

length: 15 mm.

Habitat: Under rocks with ascidians,
sponges, and other invertebrates.

Brazilian distribution: Cabo Frio (Rio de
Janeiro State) (MARCUS, 1977; Rios, 1994).

Other geographical areas distribution:
East Pacific in Gulf of California,

Panama and Galapagos Islands.
Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Canary
Islands and Ghana (BERTSCH AND
SMITH, 1973; EDMUNDS 1968; MARCUS
AND MARCUS, 1967; ORTEA ET AL., 2000;
Rios, 1994).

Genus Berthella de Blainville, 1824
Berthella stellata (Risso, 1826)

Material collected: 10/07/1999; station: Air France (Rasa ls.); depth: intertidal; 1 specimen, length:

7 mm.

50

GARCÍA ET AL.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegires species

Figure 3. Aegires absalaoi n. sp., external morphology.

Figura 3. Aegires absalaoi n. sp., morfología externa.

Habitat: On rocks with ascidians,
sponges and briozoans.

Brazilian distribution: Cabo Frio (Rio
de Janeiro State), Ubatuba, Ilhabela
(Sáo Paulo State) (RI0s, 1994, cited as
B. tupala; MARCUS, 1957).

Other geographical areas distribu-
tion: B. stellata is a circumtropical

species, found from the Mediterra-
nean Sea and the Canary Islands to
the Atlantic coast of Panama. On the
Pacific coast, Gulf of California,
Bahia Tortugas, Baja California (CER-
VERA ET AL., 1988; GOSLINER AND
BERTSCH, 1988; ORTEA ET AL., 2000;
PRUVOT-FOL, 1954).

Order NUDIBRANCHIA de Blainville, 1814
Suborder DORIDINA Odhner, 1934
Family AEGIRETIDAE Fischer P., 1883
Genus Aegires Lovén, 1844

Aegires absalaoi n. sp. (Fig. 21 3, 4)

Material collected: 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata Is.); depth: 14 m; 1 specimen,
length: 5 mm. The holotype was deposited in the Museu Oceanográfico “Prof. Eliézer de Carvalho
Rios” from the Foundation University of Rio Grande, in Rio Grande, Brazil, with code number
42.011

Etymology: The species has been named Aegíres absalaoi in honour of Dr. Ricardo Silva Absaláo,
Brazilian malacologist and friend.

Habitat: Under stones with sponges,
and calcareous detritus.

Description: The unique specimen
has a firm limaciform body, with abun-

dant spicules in the tegument. Dorsum
with blunt tubercles, arranged in two
marginal and one medial longitudinal
rows in front of the gills, and one row

51

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

on the tail. There are two tubercles in
front the rhinophores and other two
mid-lateral tubercles between the margi-
nal and central rows. There are three
gills protected by three large anterior
tubercles. The rhinophores are smooth
and the rhinophoral sheaths have only a
prominent lobe on the external side
(Figure 3). A

The colour pattern alive is creamy
white with some brown spots on the
dorsum. At the apex of some tubercles
there is a minute brown spot (Figure
240),

The labial armature lacks differentia-
ted elements (Figure 4A). The radula
has a formula of 15 x 10-0-10. The teeth
are hook-shaped being the inner teeth
slightly smaller than the outer (Figure
4B). l
Discussion: Five species of the
genus Aegires are known in Atlantic
Ocean, A. punctilucens (Orbigny, 1837),
A. sublaevis Odhner, 1932, A. ortizi
Templado, Luque and Ortea, 1987, A.
gomezi Ortea, Luque and Templado
1990 and A. palensis Ortea, Luque and
Templado 1990. Externally, our
specimen differs from these species by

the presence of the rhinophoral sheath

with five lobes and iridiscent blue
spots scattered over the back of A.
punctilucens; the body of lemon-yellow
colour, and presence of two longitu-
dinal crest on the dorsum that join at
the level of the rhinophores of A. subla-

evis (TEMPLADO, LUQUE AND ORTEA,
1987); the presence of rhinophoral
sheaths having three large tubercles on
the side distal to the rhinophores and a
dark brown spot on the top of each
tubercle of A. ortizi (TEMPLADO ET AL.,
1987), the presence of prominent
oblique ridges of A. gomezi (ORTEA,
LUQUE AND TEMPLADO, 1990), and the
color pattern, the presence of four
series Of two tubercles each joined by
heavy ridges and rhinophoral sheath
with six lobes of A. palensis (ORTEA ET
AL., 1990).

Internally, our specimen differs of
the rest of species by the presence of
radular teeth with a denticle in their
inner middle part in the radula of A.
ortizi (TEMPLADO ET AL., 1987); labial
armature with rods in A. punctilucens
and A. gomezi (ORTEA ET AL., 1990).

Finally, our species is externally
quite similar to A. albopunctatus Mac-
Farland 1905, from the Pacific Ocean,
by the colour pattern, white with irre-
gularly scattered small dark-brown
spots and external anatomy, having the
dorsum with short blunt tubercles,
cylindrical or with slightly expanded
apices and tubercles, and tegument
with numerous spicules. However, both
species differ by the presence of rhinop-
horal sheaths with five or six high,
rounded tubercles in the Pacific species
(MACFARLAND, 1966) and only one in A.
absalaoi.

Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891
Genus Chromodoris Alder and Hancock, 1855

Chromodoris neona (Marcus, 1955) (Fig. 2J)

Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 10 m; 2 specimens;
length: 19, 21 mm. 09/07/1999; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata 1s.); depth: 7 m, 1 specimen, length:

23 mm.

Habitat: On big rocks with sponges,
ascidians, hydrozoans, briozoans and
other invertebrates.

Brazilian distribution: Sáo Paulo
(MARCUS, 1955); Cabo Frio (MARCUS
AND MARCUS, 1967); Cabo Frio (Rio de

52

Janeiro State), Ubatuba, Sáo Sebastiáo
(Sáo Paulo State) (RIOS, 1994).

Other geographical areas distribution:
Caribbean Sea in Florida, east of Pa-
nama, Colombia (MARCUS AND MARCUS,
1967; MARCUS, 1977; RiOs, 1994).

GARCÍA ET AL.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegíres species

Figure 4. Aegires absalaoí n. sp. A: Scanning electron micrographs of jaw; B: detail of the radular
teeth.

Figura 4. Aegires absalaoi n. sp. A: Fotos al microscopio electrónico de la mandíbula; B: detalle de los
dientes radulares.

Family PLATYDORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891
Genus Platydoris Bergh, 1877

Platydoris angustipes (Moórch, 1863) (Fig. 2K)

Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 1 m; 1 specimen,;
length: 72 mm. 17/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 12 m; 1 specimen, length:
20 mm.

Other geographical areas distribution:
Caribbean Sea in Florida, Dry Tortugas,
Jamaica, Virgin Islands (MARCUS AND
MARCUS, 1967).

Habitat: Under stones associated
with sponges and ascidians.

Brazilian distribution: Maranháo, Recife,
PE, off Alagoas and Bahia (Rios, 1994)

Family DENDRODORIDIDAE O Donoghue, 1924
Genus Dendrodoris Ehrenberg, 1831

Dendrodoris senegalensis Bouchet, 1975 (Fig. 2L)

Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha Is); depth: intertidal; 1 spe-
cimen, length: 21 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 14 m; 2 specimens;
length: 9, 20 mm.

Habitat: Under stones associated
with sponges and ascidians.

Brazilian distribution: Present paper.

Other geographical areas distribution:
Only known from Cabo Verde Is. and
Senegal.

Remarks: The dorsal surface and
notal margin are uniform red or red
brown with irregular areas; the rinopho-
res are red with the tip white; the gills

and anal papilla are both uniform white;
ventrally the notal margin and foot are
white with small red spots.

Internally, our specimens coincide
with the descriptions of D. senegalensis
by BOUCHET (1975) and VALDÉS, ORTEA,
ÁVILA AND BALLESTEROS (1996). A com-
plete description and distribution
remarks of this species are provide in
GARCÍA AND TRONCOSO (in press).

DS)

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Suborder AEOLIDIINA Odhner, 1934
Family FACELINIDAE Bergh in Carus, 1889
Genus Phidiana Gray, 1850

Phidiana sp. (Fig. 2M)

Material collected: 17/06/2000; station: Ressurretta (Rata Is.); depth: 14 m; 3 specimens; length: 11
to 17 mm. 18/06/2000; station: Ressurretta (Rata ls.); depth: 12 m; 2 specimens; length: 16-18 mm.

Habitat: On and under stones asso-
ciated with hydrozoans.

Remarks: The ground colour is reddish
with numerous white spots on the dorsal
and lateral surfaces of the body; the basal
third of the oral tentacles is reddish with
white spots, the middle third is orange

CONCLUSIONS

We found a total of 111 specimens of .

opisthobranchs belonging to 12 species,
1 Cephalaspidea, 1 Anaspidea, 3 Asco-
glossa, 2 Notaspidea, 4 Doridacea and 1
Aeolidacea. In Table I the species of
Opisthobranchia found up to date in the
Archipelago Fernando de Noronha are
listed.

Among them, only four species were
recorded by MATTHEWS AND KEMPF
(1970): Micromelo undata (Bruguiere,
1792), Hydatina vesicaria (Solander, 1786),
Retusa canaliculata (Say, 1827) and
Cylichna noronhensis Watson, 1883. Rios
AND BARCELLOS (1979) mentioned the
occurrence of Atys mandrewil and Berthe-
linia caribbea.

The occurrence of Elysia ornata, and
E. flava are the first records for Brazil.

The Archipelago de Fernando de
Noronha does not appear to be as rich in

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BERTSCH, H. AND SMITH, A. A., 1973. Observa-
tions on three opisthobranchs (Mollusca:
Gastropoda) of the La Paz area, Baja Cali-
fornia, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist, 18
(2): 165-176.

BOUCHET, PH., 1975. Nudibranches nouveaux
des cótes du Senegal. Vie Milieu, 25 (1 A): 119-
132.

54

and the apical third is hyaline white; the
foot is reddish; the rhinophores are orange
with white tip; the apical surface of cerata
are Orange, the subapical area are white
and the basal part are translucent. A com-
plete description of this species is provi-
ded in GARCÍA AND TRONCOSO (in press).

species of opisthobranchs as expected in
tropical areas. A big effort is necessary to
find species, they are mainly herbivorous
and are associated to seaweeds (Micro-
melo undata, Stylocheilus longicauda, Elysia
ornata, E. flava, Caliphylla mediterranea).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research has been included in
the project “Moluscos do Parque
Nacional Marinho de Fernando de
Noronha” with an official permission to
collect specimens in the National Park
Fernando de Noronha by IBAMA,
licence 070/99. This paper has been par-
tially supported by the project PHB2002-
0045-PC of the Dirección General de
Universidades del Ministerio de Educa-
ción, Cultura y Deportes of Spain.

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33

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

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oo)

O Sociedad Española de Malacología

Iberus, 20 (2): 57-60, 2002

A second species of the genus Plagyostila (Prosobranchia,
Rissooidea) in Senegal, West Africa

Una segunda especie del género Plagyostila (Prosobranchia,

Rissooidea) en Senegal, Africa Occidental

Ed

Emilio ROLÁN* and Jacques PELORCE**

Recibido el 10-IV-2002. Aceptado el 30-V-2002

ABSTRACT

The second species of the genus Plagyostila is described. lt was found in Dakar, Senegal.
Comparison of the shell characters of the new species with those of the type species P.

asturiana are made.

RESUMEN

Se describe la segunda especie del género Plagyostila descubierta en Dakar, Senegal y se com-
paran los caracteres de la concha de esta nueva especie con los de la especie tipo P. asturiana.

KEY WORDS: Rissooidea, Plagyostila, new species, West Africa.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Rissooidea, Plagyostila, new species, West Africa.

INTRODUCTION

Plagyostila asturiana Fischer in de
Folin and Périer, 1872 is the only species
known up to now for this genus. GOFAS
AND PONDER (1991) reviewed this
species, the habitat, the distribution
range and commented on some anatomi-
cal details, showing operculum, radula
and protoconch. Its range is known from
France (PONDER, 1988), northern Spain
(Gijón is the type locality) and north-west
Spain (Vigo, in ROLÁN, 1983) to west and

RESULTS

north of Morocco (GOFAS AND PONDER,
1991), and Mediterranean (PALLARY,
1920) with an isolated citation in the
Cape Verde Islands (BURNAY, 1989).

In the sediment material collected by
the junior author in Dakar, Senegal, several
shells with a profile similar of that of P.
asturiana were found, but being different
in many characters. These shells appear to
belong to an unknown species and is pre-
sented in this work and described as new.

Plagyostila senegalensis spec. nov. (Figs. 1-3)

Type material: Holotype (Fig. 1) in MNHN; one paratype (Figs. 2-3) from Gouye Teni M'Both, 25
m, Dakar, Senegal (MNHN); other paratype from Le Tacoma, 15 m, Dakar, Senegal (coll. J. Pelorce);

* Cánovas del Castillo, 22, 36202 Vigo, Spain.

** 289 Voie Les Magnolias, 30240 Le Grau du Roi, France.

Y

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

one paratype (juvenile) from Le Tacoma, 15 m (MNCN); one paratype from Madeleines, 6-14 m,

Dakar, Senegal (coll. E. Rolán).

Other material studied: Senegal: 1 juvenile, Le Tacoma, 15 m (CER).

Type locality: M'Bao, 8.5 m, Dakar, Senegal.

Etymology: The specific name is derived of the country where the species was found.

Description: Shell (Fig. 1) ovate-conic,
solid, cream in colour, with an irregular
surface, not shinning, somewhat flatte-
ned dorsoventrally. Protoconch (Figs. 2,
3) of 2 */4 whorls, which present a sculp-
ture of small tubercles on the apical part
of the whorls, while there are numerous
spiral irregular lines in the abapical part.
Teleoconch with about 2 */2 whorls, the
first one with four spiral cords crossed
by orthocline axial ribs, narrower than
the intervals, and in number of about 17;
in the last whorl, the axial ribs are ab-
sent, and the spiral cords are only evi-
dent in the subsutural area, almost des-
appeared in the convexity, and appear
again on the abapical area, in a total
number of about 12-13. Aperture piri-
form with a simple outer lip and a colu-
mella thickened by a callus.

Dimensions: The holotype and the
largest paratype are 2.0 mm high.

Distribution: The species was only
found in the Dakar area.

Discussion: The generic assignation
was based in the similarity of the
present species with the type species of
the genus, P. asturiana, in the outline,
protoconch, and aperture. The presence
of six shells with the same characters in
several different places of Dakar,
confirm us that this is a species with a

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors want to thank Jesús
Méndez of the CACTI, University of
Vigo, for the SEM photos; to Félix Azpi-
BIBLIOOGRAPHY

BURNAY, L. P. 1989. Plagyostila asturiana P. Fis-
cher, 1872 no Arquipelago de Cabo Verde.
Acoreana, 7(1): 73-75.

58

characteristic morphology. If the habitat
is similar to that known for P. asturiana
(under rocks buried in sand in about 30
cm), it is supposed that it will be very
difficult to find frequently material
living from sediments.

The species can be differentiated
from P. asturiana because this latter
species is larger (2.3 — 3.0 mm in most of
the material referred or examined), the
color is milk-white, the external surface
is smooth (Fig. 4) with only a subsutural
depression, the shell is glossy, the proto-
conch has a small nucleus (Fig. 5) and
the sculpture is reduce to some spiral

- lines in the lower middle of the whorl

(see GOFAS AND PONDER, 1991, fig. 5). In
opposition, P. senegalensis is cream in all
the shells studied, the larger shell is 2.0
mm, with axial ribs on the first whorl of
the teleoconch and few evident spiral
cords in subsutural area and on the
base. Furthermore, there are differences
in the sculpture of the protoconch,
numerous spiral lines in the lower part
of the whorls and tubercles on the
uppert part in P. senegalensis and the dia-
meter of its nucleus is larger.

The sculpture of first whorl of teleo-
conch is similar to some species of the
genus Alvanía, but no other character of
this genus is present.

licueta from San Sebastián for giving
material of P. asturiana for SEM photo-

graphs.

GOFAS, S. AND-PONDER, W. 1991. The habitat and
relationships of Plagyostila asturiana (Gas-
tropoda, Rissoidae). Bulletin Muséum national
d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4* serie, 1-2: 39-47.

ROLÁN AND PELORCE: A second species of the genus Plagyostila in Senegal, West Africa

100 um .

Figures 1-3. Plagyostila senegalensis spec. nov. 1: holotype, 2.0 mm, M'Bao, Dakar (MNHN); 2-3:
detail of the spire and protoconch, paratype, Gouye Teni M'Both, Dakar (MNHN). Figures 4-6.
Plagyostila asturiana. 4: shell from Vigo; 5: juvenile from San Sebastián, Spain; 6: protoconch, San
sebastián.

Figuras 1-3. Plagyostila senegalensis spec. nov. 1: holotipo, 2.0 mm, M'Bao, Dakar (MNHN); 2-3:
detalle de la espira y protoconcha, paratipo, Gouye Teni M'Both, Dakar (MNHN). Figuras 4-6. Plag-
yostila asturiana. 4: concha de Vigo; 5: juvenil de San Sebastián, España; 6: protoconcha, San Sebas-
tán.

59

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

PALLARY, P. 1900. Coquilles marines du littoral
du département d'Oran. Journal de Conchy-
liologie, 48: 211-422, pls 6-8.

PONDER, W. P. 1988. A review of the Genera of
the Rissoidae (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda:
Rissoacea). Records of the Australian Museum.,
suppl. 4: 1-221.

60

ROLÁN, E. 1983. Moluscos de la Ría de Vigo. 1.
Gasterópodos. Thalassas, 1(1) suplem.: 1-383.

O Sociedad Española de Malacología —____—_——T— lIberus, 20 (2): 61-72, 2002

La superfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda,
Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) en la provincia de Lugo
(noroeste de España)

The superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda,
Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) in province of Lugo (NW of Spain)

Rita PESQUEIRA, Paz ONDINA y Jesús HERMIDA*

Recibido el 18-11-2002. Aceptado el 21-VI-2002

RESUMEN

El presente trabajo consiste en un estudio faunístico de gasterópodos terrestres pertene-
cientes a la Superfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815, realizado en la provincia de Lugo
durante los años 1997-1999. El área de estudio se ha dividido en 130 cuadrículas
U.TM. 10x10 Km, habiéndose recolectado helicoideos en 97 localidades. Teniendo en
cuenta nuestros hallazgos y las citas bibliográficas se han elaborado los mapas de distri-
bución de las diferentes especies. Se han identificado un total de 1646 ejemplares corres-
pondientes a 19 especies, ampliándose notablemente el área de distribución conocida de
la mayoría de éstas, destacando: Prietocella barbara (Linneo, 1758), Ashfordia granulata
(Alder, 1830), Ponentina subvirescens (Bellamy, 1839) y Oestophora silvae Ortiz de
Zárate, 1962, de las que existían Únicamente citas puntuales. Se cita por primera vez
para la zona de estudio Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822).

ABSTRACT

A faunistic study of Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815, from province of Lugo
(Galicia, Spain) has been made during the years 1997-1999. For each species the pre-
vious records and the coordinates U.T.M. 10x10 Km of the localities where the species
have been found, are included. 19 species have been identificated and for the most of
them, principally Prietocella barbara (Linneo, 1758), Ashfordia granulata (Alder, 1830),
Ponentina subvirescens (Bellamy, 1839) and Oestophora silvae Ortiz de Zárate, 1962,
we have extended notably the distribution area known. Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck,
1822) is recorded for the first time in this area.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicoidea, distribución, Galicia, España.
KEY WORDS: Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicoidea, distribution, Galicia, España.

INTRODUCCIÓN

Aunque actualmente contamos con avance sustancial en su conocimiento, se
extensos trabajos sobre la fauna malaco- observan discontinuidades en los datos,
lógica gallega, que han permitido un tanto en su aspecto faunístico como en la

* Departamento de Bioloxía Animal. Facultade de Bioloxía. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. 15706
Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña. España.

61

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

distribución de las especies. Esto es debido
a que los trabajos previos han consistido
en estudios muy amplios, que abarcaban
un área muy grande de forma heterogé-
nea, (CASTILLEJO, 1986) o bien en estudios
puntuales, en zonas concretas (SACCHI Y
VIOLANI, 1977; OUTEIRO, 1988; RIBALLO,
DíAz-CoOsíN, Y CASTILLEJO, 1985). Cabe
mencionar que ONDINA, HERMIDA Y
OUTEIRO (1997) realizan un estudio en el
que se recogen muestras de forma homo-
génea en un cuadriculado U.T.M. de 10x10
Km, teniendo como objetivo únicamente
el occidente gallego, no incluyendo por lo
tanto el área tratada en el presente artículo.
En esta provincia, hemos de destacar la
existencia de dos trabajos realizados en
zonas muy concretas como son la Serra do
Courel (OUTEIRO, 1988) y el Bosque dos
Cabaniños (Serra dos Ancares) (RIBALLO
ET AL., 1985) dado que se trata de dos de
los escasos afloramientos calizos gallegos
y por ello particularmente interesantes.

Estas discontinuidades que se pre-
sentan en el conocimiento de la distribu-
ción de los gasterópodos terrestres son
aplicables por lo tanto a la Superfamilia
Helicoidea, aún existiendo trabajos espe-
cíficos sobre el grupo como los de Cas-
TILLEJO (1986) y ÓNDINA ET AL. (1997).

Con el presente estudio se pretende
cubrir algunas de las lagunas existentes
referidas al conocimiento de los helicoi-
deos gallegos en su zona más oriental, la
provincia de Lugo.

RESULTADOS

A partir de los muestreos realizados,
se han identificado un total de 1646
ejemplares pertenecientes a 19 especies.
Para cada especie se incluyen los
siguientes apartados: citas previas,
material examinado y un breve resumen

MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS

Durante el período 1997-1999 se ha
recolectado material malacológico en la
provincia de Lugo procedente de 97 lo-
calidades de las 130 cuadrículas U.T.M.
10 x 10 Km en las que se ha dividido di-
cha área. En cada una de ellas se realiza-
ron muestreos diurnos y nocturnos y se
examinaron los distintos hábitats donde
suelen resguardarse estas especies. Así
mismo se recogieron muestras de suelo
y hojarasca que posteriormente fueron
lavadas y tamizadas, para extraer las es-
pecies edáficas de menor tamaño. Todos
los ejemplares capturados se sometieron
al proceso de muerte por anoxia, sumer-
giéndolos en agua para facilitar su di-
sección, conservándose posteriormente
en alcohol al 70%.

A partir de los datos obtenidos, se
han elaborado mapas de distribución de
cada especie en cuadrículas UTM de
10x10 km (Figura 1 A-U). En dichos
mapas se indican las localidades aporta-
das en este trabajo (0); las procedentes
de la bibliografía (A), y aquellas locali-
dades en que ambas citas coinciden (4).

Para la clasificación de las especies
hemos seguido a NORDSIECK (1987,
1993) añadiendo algunas modificacio-
nes, como la de situar el grupo Trissexo-
dontinae Nordsieck, 1987 como una
subfamilia de Hygromiidae, de acuerdo
con PUENTE (1994).

sobre su distribución. El listado de las
localidades en las que se ha encontrado
algún ejemplar de esta superfamilia,
junto a su correspondiente coordenada
U.T.M. y fecha de muestreo, pueden ser
observadas en la Tabla 1.

Familia XANTHONYCHIDAE Strebel y Pfeiffer, 1880
Subfamilia ELONINAE Gittenberger, 1979

Elona quimperiana (Férussac, 1821) (Fig. 1A)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CasrTI-
LLEJO (1986); ALTONAGA, GÓMEZ, MAR-

62

Tín, PRIETO, PUENTE Y RALLO (1994);
PUENTE (1994).

PESQUEIRA £7 4Z.: La Superfamilia Helicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo

Material examinado: Localidades 5, 7,
SALON LS 14 445/1460: 04.7 01615167.
Número total de ejemplares: 27.

Distribución. Elona quimperiana ocupa
toda la cornisa cantábrica desde el País

Vasco hasta Asturias (PUENTE, 1994), con-
tinuándose esta distribución hacia Galicia,
donde es más frecuente en el norte
(CAZIOT, 1915; CASTILLEJO, 1986; OTERO Y
TRIGO, 1989; ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

Familia HYGROMIIDAE Tryon, 1866
Subfamilia MONACHINAE Wenz, 1930

Ashfordia granulata (Alder, 1830) (Fig. 1B)

Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986) como
Monacha (Ashfordia) granulata (Alder,
1830); ALTONAGA ET AL. (1994); PUENTE
(1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 4, 6,
ASAS A OO 18, 192829392,
46, 49, 52, 54, 57, 76. Número total de
ejemplares: 204.

Distribución. Citada únicamente en el
norte peninsular, desde el extremo occi-
dental de Vizcaya hasta Galicia (HERMIDA,
OUTEIRO Y RODRÍGUEZ, 1992; ALTONAGA ET
AL., 1994; PUENTE, 1994) donde, al igual que
la especie anterior, es más frecuente en la mi-
tad norte (MACHO VELADO, 1871; HIDALGO,
1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

Cochlicella acuta (Muller, 1774) (Fig. 1C)

Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986).

Material examinado: Localidades 12, 14,
16, 19. Número total de ejemplares: 18.

Distribución. Es una especie frecuente
en toda la costa peninsular, haciéndose sus
citas más escasas en el cuadrante noroeste

(PUENTE, 1994). Aunque penetra hacia zo-
nas del interior siguiendo las cuencas flu-
viales, como el valle del Ebro o el del Gua-
dalquivir, en Galicia se comporta como una
especie estrictamente litoral (HIDALGO, 1875;
CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

Prietocella barbara (Linneo, 1758) (Fig. 1D)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969), como
C. ventricosa (Draparnaud, 1801); CasTI-
LLEJO (1986), como C-. ventricosa.

Material examinado: Localidades 3, 4,
12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48,
AOL IS OL, II TIDO DIA 95.
Número total de ejemplares: 151.

Distribución. Esta especie presenta una
amplia distribución por toda la península
y aunque está citada en casi todos los estu-

dios malacológicos realizados a lo largo
del territorio, es más frecuente en la franja
litoral (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, MARTÍNEZ-LÓPEZ,
ROBLES CUENCA Y RODRÍGUEZ BABÍO, 1990;
HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE, 1994).
Aunque en el occidente gallego su com-
portamiento es igualmente costero (CAs-
TILLEJO, 1986; OTERO Y TRIGO, 1989;
ONDINA ET AL., 1997), en el área de estudio
se adentra claramente hacia el interior.

Subfamilia TRISSEXODONTINAE Nordsieck, 1987
Oestophora barbula (Rossmássler, 1838) (Fig. 1E)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969);
RIBALLO ET AL. (1985); CASTILLEJO (1986);
CASTILLEJO, RIBALLO Y DÍíAZ-COSÍN
(1987); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA ET AL.
(1994); PUENTE (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 3, 4, 7,
o 0 Tb 1 ES ALO, 1 1 15240241
23,24, 31, 32,33,36, 37,38, 39,41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,
56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 76, 77,

63

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

TASAS OZ SSL O SO OD ZADSS
94, 95. Número total de ejemplares: 300.
Distribución. Especie atlántica, muy fre-
cuente en todo el tercio occidental penin-

sular (NOBRE, 1941; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992;
PUENTE, 1994). Del mismo modo en Galicia
está ampliamente citada en todo el territo-
rio (CASTILLEJO, 1986; ÓONDINA, ET AL., 1997).

Oestophora silvae Ortiz de Zárate, 1962 (Fig. 1EF)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI-
LLEJO (1986); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA
ET AL. (1994);. PUENTE (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 1,
MOS TL E LS II MS DS ID
41, 42,43, 45, 47,51,52,59, 54,595,597, 58,
59, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85,
86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95. Número total de
ejemplares: 140.

Distribución. En la Península Ibérica
esta especie está citada únicamente en

la franja norte, desde el País Vasco
hasta Galicia (CASTILLEJO, 1986; PUENTE,
1994; ONDINA ET AL., 1997), descen-
diendo por el oeste de Portugal (HER-
MIDA Y RODRÍGUEZ, 1996). Hasta el mo-
mento en la provincia de Lugo estaba
citada únicamente en puntos aislados
del norte y en la sierra de O Courel
(OUTEIRO, 1988), confirmándose con
este trabajo su amplia distribución en
Galicia.

Oestophorella buvinieri (Michaud, 1841) (Fig. 1G)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); ALTO-
NAGA ET AL. (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 10,
18. Número total de ejemplares: 5.

Distribución. Oestophorella buvinieri
es un endemismo cantábrico que se

extiende desde el occidente del País
Vasco hasta Galicia (ALTONAGA ET AL.,
1994; PUENTE, 1994), alcanzándose en el
área de estudio su límite de distribución
oriental con las dos citas del presente
trabajo.

Subfamilia HYGROMIINAE Tryon, 1866
Candidula intersecta (Poiret, 1801) (Fig. 1H)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI-
LLEJO (1986).

Material examinado: Localidad 14.
Número total de ejemplares: 4.

Distribución. En la Península Ibérica
presenta una distribución particular, ya
que se encuentra citada en el tercio oc-
cidental y, alejada de este área de distri-

bución, en el País Vasco (PUENTE, 1994).
En Galicia es más característica en la
franja oeste y sus citas se van haciendo
más raras a medida que avanzamos ha-
cia el norte (ONDINA ET AL., 1997); en el
área de estudio ha aparecido únicamen-
te y hasta el momento en tres localida-
des.

Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822) (Fig. 1D

Material examinado: Localidad 13.
Número total de ejemplares: 2.

Distribución. Especie con una distri-
bución muy fragmentada, concentrándose
sus citas principalmente en el cuadrante
suroccidental de la península (NOBRE,
1941; PUENTE, 1994), en el litoral catalán

64

(BOFILL Y HAas, 1920a; BOFILL Y HAAS,
1920b) y en las islas Baleares (GASULL,
1965). En Galicia está escasamente repre-
sentada, con citas aisladas en el litoral
(SACCHI Y VIOLANI, 1977; CASTILLEJO, 1986;
ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Se trata de la primera
cita de esta especie para el área de estudio.

PESQUEIRA £7 42.: La Superfamilia Helicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo

Tabla I. Listado de las localidades, U.T.M. en 10x10 Km y fecha de recogida de las muestras.
Table I. List of the localities, U.T.M. 10 x10 Km and sampling date.

Localidad

1 Vilapedre

2 Moreda

3 Galgao

4 Riotorto

5 Maior

6 Requerez

7 Galdo

8 Xuances

9 Mor

10 Rúa (Oiras)
11 0 Marco

12 Teixeira

13 Alemparte
14 Moras

15 Masma

16 Reinante

17 As Anzas

18. Arante

19 Ribadeo

20 Bazar

21 Roca

22 Parga

23 Pigara

24 Vilalba

25 Cazás

26 Vilalba-Meira
27 Moncelos

28 Gruñedo

29 Outeiro-Quintela
30 Vian

31 Porto

32 Begonte

33 Outeiro de Rei
34 Orizón

35 Condes

36 Ferreira

37 Guntín

38 Lugo-Camoira
39 Cota

40 Gondar

41 Anseán

472 Outeiro

43 Gundín-Friol
44 Riveira de Piquín
45 Bogo

46 Mosteiro

47 Mendreiras
48 Sobrado

49 Castroverde

U.T.M.

291PJ00
29TPJ10
291PJ20
291PJ40
29TPJ30
291PJ12
291PJ13
291PJ14
291PJ22
291PJ21
29T1PJ23
291PJ32
29T1PJ33
291PJ24
291PJ31
291PJ42
291PJ51
29TPJ41
291PJ52
291PH28
29TNH98
291NH97
29TPHO8
29TPHO9
29T1NH99
291PH19
291PH29
29TPH38
291PH28
29TPH39
29TPH18
29TPHO7
291PH17
291PH27
29T1NH96
29TNH95
29TNH94
291PH16
29TPHO6
291PH26
291PH25
29TPH15
29TPHO5
29T1PH48
291PH59
291PH37
291PH47
29TPH35
29TPH36

Fecha

24/07/97
25/07/97
25/07/91
25/07/91
25/07/97
26/07/97
26/07/97
26/07/97
27/07/97
27/07/97
27/07/97
28/07/97
28/07/97
28/07/97
29/07/97
29/07/97
30/07/97
30/07/97
31/07/97
15/12/97
13/02/98
13/02/98
14/02/98
14/02/98
14/02/98
15/02/98
15/02/98
15/02/98
16/02/98
16/02/98
15/02/98
16/02/98
16/02/98
17/02/98
18/02/98
18/02/98
18/02/98
19/02/98
19/02/98
19/02/98
20/02/98
20/02/98
20/02/98
03/04/98
02/04/98
28/05/98
28/05/98
29/05/98
29/05/98

Localidad U.T.M. Fecha

50 Fonteo 29TPH46 29/05/98
51 Portomarín 29TPH14 30/05/98
52 Neira 29TPH24 30/05/98
53 Ferreira de Pallares 29T1PHO4 30/05/98
54 Vilarmide 29TPH49 31/05/98
55 Piñeira 291PH44 06/06/98
56 Farreiros 29T1PH45 06/06/98
57 Láncara 29TPH34 06/06/98
58 Suar 291PH13 07/06/98
59 Bagude 29TPHO3 07/06/98
60 A Pobra de Burón 291PH57 22/07/98
61 Trobo 29TPH58 22/07/98
62 Vilarmeán 29TPH68 22/07/98
63 Seir 291PH78 23/07/98
64 Negueira de Muñiz 29TPH77 23/07/98
65 Vilabol 291PH67 23/07/98
66 Castro (Moreira) 29TPH56 24/07/98
67 Queizán 29TPH66 24/07/98
68 Cabanas 291PH55 24/07/98
69 Navia-Moia 29TPH65 25/07/98
70 Rao-Faquis 291PH75 25/07/98
71 Suarbol, Piornedo 291PH74 25/07/98
72 Doiras, Cervantes 29TPH64 25/07/98
73 Becerreú 291PH54 25/07/98
74 Busnollán 29TPH53 26/07/98
75 Pedrofita- Doiras 29TPH63 26/07/98
76 Triacastela 291PH43 26/07/98
77 Foxos, Samos 291PH33 26/07/98
78 Biville 291PH23 27/07/98
79 Chantada- Mato 29TNH91 05/04/99
80 Sabadelle 29TPHO2 05/04/99
81 Chantada 29TPHO1 06/04/99
82 R. Portiño- Ousende 29TPH12 06/04/99
83 Tribas 29TPH11 06/04/99
84 Oleiros 29TPHOO. 07/04/99
85 Fonte A. (Pantón) 29TPH10. 07/04/99
86 Barantes 291PG19 07/04/99
87 Saa (Pobra Brollón) 29TPH31 08/04/99
88 Doade 291PG29 08/04/99
89 Marcelle 29TPH20 08/04/99
90 Goo (Río Mao) 291PH32 09/04/99
91 Barxa (Río Mao) 29TPH22 09/04/99
92 Ribas Pequenas 29TPH21 09/04/99
93 Poradapiñol 29TPH50 10/04/99
94 Quiroga 29TPH40 10/04/99
95 Augasmestas 29TPH30 10/04/99
96 Corbedo 29T1PH52 10/04/99
97 A Rogueira 291PH51 10/04/99

65

CUECA
OOO ARNONOEoa

aaa
EERHOn BEREHREnaE
G Oestophorella buvinieri

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

O Citas aportadas por este trabajo

A Citas previas
A Ambas citas coinciden

— | |lele [| |!

DOTA PUTO aAna
BUna MERO R aaa
cuan 1abbe=0a
Uan Arno ro a

aa
Suda Honda
UNA ME

13]
EEANaA PEE
H Candidula intersecta

l Xerotricha apicina

Figura 1. Mapas de distribución.
Figure 1. Distribution maps.

66

PESQUEIRA £7 42.: La Superfamilia Helicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo

L AY
daúNoDs210 a
asas aa

a
Heb k

7
META
DAA
DOMO
DON
maja
OB4u
DON
lalajsira
ajaja

S Theba pisana

EPT LY] |
BBRaEa

SONO
A+ 4

DOCE
Head An”
— BS
QQ Hpala [daxs

¡[TT ela pil]
arias
(105065 a Jos [o

—]
O

ernuella virgata

CT [48] Y
O O
4¡eaeje|

QIRaL PA LA
En COSO

[|

AHH As
OE DABEOOaN
AAA A

U Xerosecta cespitum

67

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Xerotricha conspurcata Draparnaud, 1801 (Fig. 1))

Citas previas: ÓNDINA, HERMIDA Y Ou-
TEIRO (1995).

Material examinado: Localidad 19.
Número total de ejemplares: 2.

Distribución. Esta especie se distribuye
por la mitad sur peninsular y el litoral
catalán (PUENTE, 1994). La localidad apor-
tada en este trabajo representa la única cita

de la mitad noroccidental de la Península,
donde fue encontrada por primera vez por
ONDINA ET AL. (1995). Se ha encontrado
una población con muy pocos individuos,
muy alejada de su área de distribución,
por lo que es posible, que de acuerdo con
los autores antes mencionados, se trate de
una introducción bastante reciente.

Helicella itala (Linneo, 1758) (Fig. 1K)

Citas previas: (CASTILLEJO (1986);
OUTEIRO (1988).

Material examinado: Localidades 16, 28,
46, 74. Número total de ejemplares: 13.

Distribución. Esta especie se extiende
por la mitad norte peninsular (MANGA,

1983; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; ALTONAGA
ET AL., 1994; PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia se
comporta principalmente como una
especie litoral, también confinada al
norte, provincias de A Coruña y Lugo
(CASTILLEJO, 1986, ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

Helicella zaratei Gittenberger et Manga, 1977 (Fig. 1L)

Citas previas: OUTEIRO (1988).

Material examinado: Localidades 9%6,
97. Número total de ejemplares: 2.

Distribución. Helicella zaratei es un
endemismo galaico-leonés, citada úni-

camente en algunos puntos de León
(MANGA, 1983). En Galicia parece es-
tar restringida a los afloramientos ca-
lizos de la Sierra do Courel (OUTEIRO,
1988).

Mengoana brigantina (da Silva Mengo, 1867) (Fig. 1M)

Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986) como
Eumphalia (Mengoana) brigantina (Ortiz
de Zárate, 1949) OUTEIRO (1988) como
Eumphalia (Mengoana) brigantina.

Material examinado: Localidad 74.
Número total de ejemplares: 10.

Distribución. Endemismo ibérico res-
tringido al noroeste de la Península
(HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986;

HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE Y PRIETO,
1992). En Galicia está citada en puntos
aislados del litoral occidental (ONDINA
ET AL., 1997), mientras que en el área de
estudio parece circunscribirse a la zona
de O Courel (CASTILLEJO, 1986; Ou-
TEIRO, 1988), caracterizada por ser uno
de los escasos afloramientos calizos ga-
llegos.

Zenobiella subrufescens (Miller, 1822) (Fig. 1N)

Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986);
ALTONAGA ET AL. (1994); PUENTE (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 5,
10, 12, 30, 32, 42, 43, 70. Número total de
ejemplares: 34.

Distribución. Esta especie está res-
tringida al norte peninsular, sin alejarse

68

de la franja litoral (ALTONAGA ET AL.,
1994; PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia sus citas
se concentran principalmente en la
mitad norte (CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA
ET AL., 1997). Las escasas citas previas de
esta especie en el área de estudio se
sitúan en la franja litoral.

PESQUEIRA £7 AZ.: La Superfamilia Aelicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo

Portugala inchoata (Morelet, 1845) (Fig. 10)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969) como
Z. inchoata (Morelet, 1845); CASTILLEJO
(1986); OUTEIRO (1988).

Material examinado: Localidades 4, 6,
ASIOAO SA 16, 1921722 523,24,
25, 26,27,28,29,30, 33, 37,39, 40, 41, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59,
61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 76, 80, 81, 82,
85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 95. Número total de
ejemplares: 144.

Distribución. Especie atlántica
ampliamente distribuida por toda la
franja occidental de la Península Ibérica
(NOBRE, 1941; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992;
PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia es una especie
muy abundante y citada en la mayoría
de los estudios sobre la malacofauna de
esta comunidad (MACHO VELADO, 1871;
HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986; OTERO
Y TRIGO, 1989; ONDINA ET AL.,1997).

Subfamilia PONENTININAE Schileyko, 1991

Ponentina subvirescens (Bellamy, 1839) (Fig. 1P)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969) como
Trichia occidentalis (Récluz); RIBALLO ET AL.
(1985) como Ponentina ponentina (Morelet,
1845); CASTILLEJO (1986) como P. ponen-
tina; OUTEIRO (1988) como P. ponentina.

Material examinado: Localidades 2, 3, 4,
22,24, 25, 29, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,51, 59,
63,65, 66, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87,89, 91, 93,
94, 95. Número total de ejemplares: 69.

Distribución. Está bien representada
en el occidente peninsular (NOBRE,
1941; MANGA, 1983; HERMIDA ET AL.,
1992; PUENTE Y PRIETO, 1992) así como
en Galicia (HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO,
1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Hasta el
presente estudio era una especie citada
de forma aislada en la provincia de
Lugo.

Familia HELICIDAE Rafinesque, 1815.
Subfamilia HELICINAE Rafinesque, 1815

Cepaea nemoralis (Linneo, 1758) (Fig. 10)

Citas previas: MACHO VELADO (1871)
como Helix nemoralis Linné; HIDALGO
(1875) como H. hortensis, O.F. Muller,
1774; ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTILLEJO
(1986); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA ET AL.
(1994); PUENTE (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 1, 2,
SAMOA AS, OM Z AS, 14,15, 16,17 18,
TORO SUEZ ZA ZO ZO 2 ALO 0 3 IZ,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,

59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
ALZAS TADO, LOTUS UDS ASUABZ,
83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95.
Número total de ejemplares: 275
Distribución. En la Península Ibérica
se extiende por la franja portuguesa
(HIDALGO, 1875; NOBRE, 1941) y toda la
mitad norte (ALTONAGA ET AL, 1994;
PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia es una especie
muy frecuente en toda la comunidad
(CASTILLEJO, 1986; ÓNDINA ET AL., 1997).

Helix aspersa (Muller, 1774) (Fig. 1R)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI-
LLEJO (1986); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA
ET AL. (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 3, 4,
Dl AO 1, TL AS O

ISO 2I22L 23 LAZO ZII ZO ZAS OAS LN,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72,
74, 75,76, 77,78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,

69

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95. Número
total de ejemplares: 194.

Distribución. Helix aspersa es una
especie muy frecuente en todo el terri-

torio peninsular (ALTONAGA ET AL.,
1994; PUENTE, 1994) así como en Galicia
(CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL.;
1997).

Theba pisana (Múller, 1774) (Fig. 15)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI-
LLEJO (1986).

Material examinado: Localidades 7, 8,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 34, 44, 94. Número
total de ejemplares: 52.

Distribución. Especie que se distribuye
por todo el litoral ibérico, mitad sur penin-

DISCUSIÓN

El hecho de que en la provincia de
Lugo se encuentren algunos de los aflo-
ramientos calizos más importantes de la
comunidad gallega, y de que se trataba
de un área poco estudiada, abría la posi-
bilidad de que presentase diferencias
sustanciales, en referencia a su fauna
malacológica, en comparación a otras
áreas de Galicia. En el número de espe-
cies encontradas no destaca respecto al
resto de Galicia, aunque sí existen
mayor número de endemismos. En este
sentido el número de especies de la
superfamilia Helicoidea no presenta
diferencias sustanciales con el resto de
la comunidad gallega, aunque habría
que mencionar que en esta provincia se
encuentra el límite de distribución occi-
dental de algunas especies.

Cabe destacar que se cita por
primera vez en el área de estudio X.
apicina, especie de muy reducida presen-
cia en Galicia. Así mismo se ha ampliado
el área de distribución conocida de un
número notable de especies, incluso de
aquellas más frecuentes en el área de
estudio, pero que por los motivos citados
estaban escasamente representadas,
como H. aspersa, C. nemoralis, O. barbula,
o P. inchoata. Entre las especies que pare-
cían estar restringidas a puntos aislados
del área de estudio y que han pasado a
ser frecuentes cabe destacar A. granulata,
P. subvirescens, O. silvae y P. barbara. En
referencia a esta última, que presenta un

70

sular y valle del Ebro (HIDALGO, 1875;
NOBRE, 1941; GASULL, 1965; PUENTE, 1994).
En Galicia se halla presente a lo largo de
toda la costa (MACHO VELADO, 1871;
HIDALGO, 1890; ALTIMIRA, 1969; SACCHI Y
VIOLANI, 1977; CASTILLEJO, 1986; OTERO Y
TRIGO, 1989; ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

comportamiento costero en el occidente
gallego (ONDINA ET AL, 1997), en este
trabajo se observa que penetra de forma
clara hacia el interior, continuándose su
distribución con las zonas colindantes de
Asturias y León (MANGA, 1983;
HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE, 1994).

En contraposición a los grupos ante-
riores existen otras especies que parecen
limitarse a zonas concretas. En este
sentido cabe mencionar que en lo que
respecta a O. buvinieri y H. zaratei, se
ratifica que el límite de distribución
occidental se encuentra en la provincia
de Lugo, en el noreste para la primera y
en el afloramiento calizo de O Courel
para la segunda. Observando la figura
1M vemos que algo similar ocurre con
M. brigantina, que únicamente se loca-
liza en O Courel, aunque existen citas
aisladas en el litoral occidental (ONDINA
ET AL., 1997). Esto probablemente es
debido a que su distribución, como la de
la mayoría de los helicoideos, se ve muy
influenciada por los requerimientos de
calcio, disponible en las zonas costeras
en forma de sales. Este mismo compor-
tamiento se puede observar claramente
en especies como H. itala o T. pisana,
estrictamente litorales en el resto de
Galicia (ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

En lo que respecta a C. intersecta, una
especie con escasa representación en el
área de estudio, y coincidiendo con lo
señalado por CASTILLEJO (1986), pre-

PESQUEIRA £7 4Z.: La Superfamilia Helicozdea en la Provincia de Lugo

senta variaciones de la parte masculina
del aparato genital. Concretamente, la
longitud del flagelo respecto al conjunto
pene-epifalo en los ejemplares encontra-
dos, es superior al descrito por otros
autores. Carecemos de material sufi-
ciente para realizar un estudio profundo
del tema, pero no podemos descartar la
existencia de una especie diferente,
hecho señalado por algunos autores
(ORTIZ DE ZÁRATE, 1991; PUENTE, 1994;
ALTABA, 1997).

Finalmente, creemos oportuno in-
cluir los mapas de distribución de dos

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

ALTABA, C.R., 1997. How many species of Can-
didula (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) in nort-
hern Portugal?. Iberus, 15 (1): 1-4.

ALTIMIRA, C., 1969. Notas Malacológicas. VIII
Moluscos del Delta del Llobregat. IX Nuevas
aportaciones y datos a la fauna malacoló-
gica catalana. XI Moluscos terrestres y de
agua dulce recogidos en la provincia de Lugo
y de Asturias. Publicaciones del Instituto de
Biología Aplicada, 46: 91-113.

ALTONAGA, K.; GÓMEZ, B.; MARTÍN, R.;
PRIETO, C.; PUENTE, A. Y RALLO, A., 1994.
Estudio faunístico y biogeográfico de los molus-
cos terrestres del norte de la Península Ibérica.
Ed. Eusko Legebiltzarra, Parlamento Vas-
co. 505 pp.

BOFILL, A. Y HAAS, F., 1920a. Estudi sobre la ma-
lacología de les Valls Pirenaiques. Vall del No-
guera Pallaresa. Treballs del Museu de Ciénces
Naturals. Barcelona, 3 (10): 100-220.

BOFILL, A. Y HAasS, F., 1920b. Estudi sobre la ma-
lacología de les Valls Pirenaiques. Vall del Se-
gre i Andorra. Treballs del Museu de Ciénces
Naturals. Barcelona, 3 (12): 225-375.

CASTILLEJO, J., 1986. Caracoles terrestres de Gali-
cia, Familia Helicidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata).
Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad
de Santiago, 122, 66pp.

CASTILLEJO, J.; RIBALLO, I. Y Díaz-COsÍN, D.,
1987. Estudio de las protoconchas de los mi-
crogasterópodos del bosque de los Cabani-
ños (Sierra de los Ancares, Lugo, España). Bo-
letín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Na-
tural (Biología), 83 (1-4): 57-66.

CAzior, E., 1915. La fauna terrestre Lusita-
nienne. Bulletin de la Societé Linnéenne de Lyon,
62: 43-65.

GASULL, L., 1965. Algunos moluscos terrestres
y de agua dulce de Baleares. Boletín Sociedad
Historia Natural. Baleares, 11 (1-4): 7-161.

especies que han sido citadas en el área
de estudio por otros autores y no fueron
encontradas en el presente trabajo
(Figuras 1T y 1U). Cernuella virgata (Da
Costa, 1778), común en la Península
Ibérica, se convierte en Galicia en una
especie rara, ya que se ha encontrado en
un único punto de la provincia de Lugo
(CASTILLEJO, 1986). Xerosecta cespitum
(Draparnaud, 1801) ha sido citada úni-
camente en dos localidades (PUENTE,
1994 y ONDINA ET AL., 1995) muy próxi-
mas a los límites occidentales de su
amplia área de distribución.

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O Sociedad Española de Malacología —_____—_——— Iberus, 20 (2): 73-79, 2002

The degradation of land snail shells during the annual dry

period in a Mediterranean climate

La degradación de las conchas de moluscos terrestres durante el
período seco anual en un clima mediterráneo

Alexander MENEZ'

Recibido el 4-11-2002. Aceptado el 23-VI11-2002

ABSTRACT

The shell degradation of eight common Mediterranean land mollusc species was experi-
mentally investigated during the annual dry period (June to September). The results sug-
gest that insolation was an important factor in degradation but that the background colora-
tion of the support on which the shells were attached was not a significant factor. Larger
species degraded less rapidly than smaller ones. Cantareus aspersus (Muller, 1774) took
the longest time to degrade, possibly because the periostracum protects the underlying
shell. A shell Condition Index is used that allows the scoring of shells and their inclusion or
not in species matrices.

RESUMEN

La degradación de las conchas de ocho especies de moluscos terrestres comunes en el
Mediterráneo fue investigada experimentalmente durante el período anual de sequía
(Junio a Septiembre). Los resultados sugieren que la insolación constituye un factor impor-
tante en la degradación, pero que el color de fondo del emplazamiento donde los molus-
cos estaban fijados no era un factor significativo. Las especies de mayor tamaño se
degradaron más lentamente que las pequeñas. Cantareus aspersus (Múller, 1774) fue la
más lenta en degradarse, posiblemente debido al periostraco que protege la concha. Un
Indice del estado de la concha se utiliza para calificar las conchas y su inclusión, o no, en
las matrices de especies.

KEY WORDS: Land snail shells, degradation, Mediterranean climate
PALABRAS CLAVE: Conchas de moluscos terrestres, degradación, clima Mediterráneo

INTRODUCTION

“How long has that shell been condition it may be added to the collec-
empty?" This is a question most collec- tion. For the ecologist, using standardi-
tors ask when picking up an empty snail zed data collection techniques (MENEZ,
shell. For a collector the answer may not 2001; 2002), the answer is much more
be critical: as long as the shell is in good pertinent. If the shell is very recent it

"The Gibraltar Museum, Bomb House Lane, Gibraltar and The University of Wales, Cardiff. E-mail: alexme-
nezOgibnynex.gi

IES)

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

indicates an individual that, until death,
utilized resources, interacted with biotic
and abiotic components, and formed
part of the molluscan biomass. These
facts are also true of an older shell but
the difference is in the time elapsed
from death to recording of the shell by
the investigator. In the former case, con-
temporary biotic and abiotic data may
apply to the specimen, in the latter it
may not because conditions may have
changed significantly from the time of
death of the specimen to the recording
of data. Dead shells are often included
in species matrices used in diversity
studies (NILSSON, BENGTSSON AND AS,
1988; WINTER, 1995; EMBERTON, 1997;
EMBERTON, PEARCE, KASIGWA, TATTERS-
FIELD AND HABIBU, 1997), but often with
no indication of shell condition. A
knowledge of the elapsed period since
death is crucial in the inclusion or not of
the specimen in the species matrix for
an area under ecological study.

Species matrices composed of abun-
dances are affected by the inclusion of
dead shells in a quantitative manner for
the species recorded. Species matrices
composed only of presence/absence
data may reflect lower species numbers
for an area if only species found as live
specimens are included. This is particu-
larly true if substratum samples are
analyzed for micro-species that often are
only found dead. Examples of these
species are Truncatellina cylindrica, Ceci-
lioides acicula and Acicula spp., the last of
which are mostly known only from
dead specimens.

Some of the factors that contribute to
shell degradation are known (e.g. pH,
humidity) and have been reported
(EVANS 1972; CLAASSEN, 1998) but there
is much scope for experimental, and
consequently objective, study of shell
degradation. In this paper I examine one
major factor in degradation that is parti-
cularly relevant in Mediterranean
regions: insolation. My fieldwork
during many years suggests that shells
on Open ground degrade rapidly during
the dry period of the year (unpublished
data). In the Mediterranean this period
is generally from June to September

74

(BLONDEL AND ARONSON, 1999) and
coincides with decreased, or cessation of
activity of most land molluscs.

Data collection for diversity and dis-
tributional studies are carried out
during the wet period (October to May)
when mollusc activity is pronounced.
Should empty shells found during this
period be included in the species matri-
ces? To help answer this l exposed the
shells of eight species to the sun during
the dry period and measured shell
degradation.

METHODS

Forty live adult specimens of each of
eight common land mollusc species
were collected from sites in south Iberia:
Ferussacia follicula (Gmelin, 1790) and
Otala lactea (Muller, 1774) from Westside
(Gibraltar); Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck,
1822), Cochlicella acuta (Múller, 1774) and
Caracollina lenticula (Michaud, 1831)
from Catalan Bay (Gibraltar); Rumina
decollata (Linnaeus, 1758) from Marbella
(Spain); Theba pisana (Muller, 1774) from
Casares (Spain) and Cantareus aspersus
(Muller, 1774) from both Marbella and
Casares (Spain). The experimental
layout consisted of two wooden boards
each divided equally in two. One half
was painted white and the other black,
to test effects of background coloration.
Ten shells of each species with the
animals removed were attached, aper-
ture downwards, to the two halves of
each of the two boards using Blu-Tack".
The adhesive was attached at the
midline of the shell leaving a space of
2mm between the shell and the board.
Both of the boards were placed on a roof
terrace, in Gibraltar, receiving sunlight
from sunrise until sunset. One was
exposed to the sun, the other was kept
in darkness as a control.

The condition of each shell was
scored using a simple index (SCI, see
Table 1) every three days. Scoring began
on 1 June 2000 and ended on 2 October
2000 (124 days), representing the dry
period (see Introduction). Temperature
(2C), total rainfall (mm) and total suns-

MENEZ: Degradation of land snail shells during dry period in a Mediterranean climate

Table I. Shell Condition Index (SCI) showing descriptions of shell condition for each score.
Tabla 1. Indice del estado de la concha (SCI) con descripción de estado para cada valor.

Score Description of shell condition

— O: Un E QQ NN —

As score 6 but shell brittle

hine (hours) data were provided cour-
tesy Of the Gibraltar Meteorological
Office. Values for these variables during
the experimental period were within the
ranges for the 30-year data set from 1968
to 1997 (Table ID.

Each of the species were assigned to
a geometric type and biometric data
measured (Table II. X. apicina and C.
lenticula were designated discoidal, F.
follicula and R. decollata cylindrical, C.
aspersus, O. lactea and T. pisana spherical,
and C. acuta conical. Shell height and
width, and apertural height and width
were measured with calipers to 0.01mm.
Shell volume and surface area were cal-

Perfect shell. No loss of gloss. Periostracum intact. No shell damage

<10% loss of gloss. <10% lifting of periostracum. <1% area of shell damaged

10-50% loss of gloss. 10-50% lifting of periostracum. 1-5% area of shell damaged
50-75% loss of gloss. 50-75% lifting of periostracum. >5% area of shell damaged
75-95% loss of gloss. 75-95% lifting, or loss, of periostracum. >5% area of shell damaged
Total loss of gloss. Total loss of periostracum. >5% area of shell damaged

culated using geometric formulae (VAN
STIGT, 1974).

RESULTS

The time, in days, that 50% and
100% of shells attained each of the SCI
scores is shown in Table IV. All shells
were scored SCI 2 at the beginning of
the experiment because perfect shells
were not obtained after killing and
removing the animals. There was no sig-
nificant difference between the white
and black sides of the board for any of
the species (paired samples t-tests: F.

Table II. Monthly mean temperature, total rain and total sunshine for the experimental period,
and ranges for the same months from a 30-year data set (1968-1997). Data courtesy of the Gibral-

tar Meteorological Office.

Tabla II. Medias mensuales de temperatura, lluvia total y horas de sol para el período de experimenta-
ción, y rangos para los mismos meses para un periodo de 30 años (1968-1997). Datos por cortesía del

Gibraltar Meteorological Office.

Month /year Mean temperature (*C)
June 2000 22.8
July 2000 23.4
August 2000 23.8
September 2000 22.

Ranges 1968-1997
June 17.4-25.0
July 19.7-27.7
August 20.4-28.3
September 19.2-26.0

Total rain (mm) Total sunshine (hours)

0 308

0 334

0 304

9 225
0-147 264-358
0-8 276-368
0-135 258-361
0-119 194-306

Y

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table II. Biometric data (mm) for all species (n= 40 for each species) showing mean, standard
deviation and range for each.
Tabla 111. Datos biométricos (mm) para todas especies (n= 40 para cada especie) con media, desviación

estándar y rango para cada una.

Species Height Width Volume Surface area Apertural area
E follicula 8.53+0.52 3.48-0.19 81.54+13.47 112.38+12.20 7.94+1.10
7.4-9.6 3.2-4.0 63.32-120.69 93.86-145.83 5.78-10.35
R. decollata — 23.56+3.05 9.71%0.73 1783.76+533.03 873.64+171.36 44.48+10.60
18.8-33.9 8.3-12.6 1055.49-4228.69 616.93-1591.92 26.13-91.02
X. apicina 3.99+0.60 6.14+1.16 127.74+65.35 134.48+50.12 9.19+2.43
2.4-5.2 4.2-8.9 26.49-304.96 23.47-261.53 5.25-15.21
C. acuta 12.69+0.92 — 5.07+0.36 86.22+15.77 118.04+15.49 10.57+2.12
10.8-14.7 4.3-5.7 54.76-116.46 85.05-147.36 7.14-17.94
(. aspersus 28.51:2.31 30.35:2.50 9221.84:234976 2113.28+348.30 362.99+65.11
25.2-34.9 26.4-38.1 5966.52-17325.61 1591.07-3238.43 255.78-540.54
0. lactea 21.18+1.26 28.993.005 6058.84+1039.02 T601.75+190.91 173.03+23.05
18.3-24.5 16.9-32.5 3004.23-7989.66 1007.00-1932.98 126.69-232.44
T. pisana 12.25+0.93 — 16.82+1.42 1743.18+586.05 677.28+92.25 70.27+11.01
10.1-14.7 12.8-20.3 1124.46-4663.89 523.00-940.63 55.38-104.00
C. lenticula 3.30+0.24 7.20+0.39 135.07221.17 156.36+16.35 5.58+0.81
2.7-3.7 6.3-8.0 101.86-186.06 115.83-193.60 4.56-8.06

follicula: p= 0.140; R. decollata: p= 0.353;
X. apicina: p= 0.203; C. acuta: p= 0.363;
C.aspersus: p= 0.391; O.lactea: p= 0.391;T.
pisana: p= 0.203; C. lenticula: p= 0.611).
There was no change from SCI 2 in any
of the shells of any species in the con-
trols during the experimental period.

The maximal scores attained for each
species, and the days elapsed for this to
occur (for both halves of the board) are
shown in Table V. This table also shows
the percentage of shells with the
maximal SCI score.

Table VI shows the mean surface
area and mean apertural area for each
species and the mean number of days
elapsed to attain each of the SCI scores.
The species with smaller surface areas
attained higher SCI scores in less time
than those with larger surface areas (y
test: p< 0.001). The species with smaller
apertural areas attained higher SCI
scores in less time than those with larger
apertural areas (y? test: p< 0.001).

76

The spherical species (O. lactea and
C. aspersus) degraded the least during
the experimental period (Table VD. This
may be a consequence of larger surface
area and apertural area, rather than geo-
metric shape. Support for this hypothe-
sis is provided by the degradation rates
for the two cylindrical species, E. follicula
and R. decollata, the former (with smaller
surface area and apertural area) degra-
ding faster than the latter. Apertural
area may be related to shell size and
surface area, with the larger species
(which have larger surface areas) having
larger apertural areas (Spearman's rho=
0.810, p= 0.015).

DISCUSSION

The larger species degraded less
rapidly than the smaller species. Of all
the species C. aspersus required the
longest time interval for attainment of

MENEZ: Degradation of land snail shells during dry period in a Mediterranean climate

Table IV. The time (in days) that 50 and 100% of shells attained each of the SCI scores. Colour
refers to the white and black halves of the board onto which the shells were attached. The table
shows results for the shells exposed to the sun; the shells on the control board, kept in darkness,
did not change from SCI 2 during the experimental period (see text for details).

Tabla IV. El período (en días) en que el 50 y 100% de las conchas alcanzaron cada uno de los valores
SCI. Colour se refiere a las mitades del tablero donde se fijaron las conchas. La tabla indica datos para
las conchas expuestas al sol: las conchas control, mantenidas en oscuridad, no cambiaron el valor SCT 2
durante el período de experimentación (ver texto para detalles).

Species Colour Shell condition index (SCI)
3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
% 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100
E follicula white 6 12 18 18 60 66 12 18
black 3 9 18 18 51 66 12 18
R. decollata white 12 18 51 60 84 84
black 12 18 51 60 84 84
X. apicina white 18 18 60 60 84 84
black 12 15 60 60 84 84
(. acuta white 12 12 18 18 72 72
black 12 12 18 18 12 72
(. aspersus white 51 51 84 9
black 51 51 84 9%
0. lactea white 3 3 84 84
black 3 3 84 9%
T. pisana white 6 6 48 48 84 9
black 6 6 48 48 12 84
C. lenticula white 15 15 42 42 60 69
black 18 18 33 42 60 66

Table V. The maximal Shell Condition Index (SCI) scores attained for each species, and the days
elapsed for this to occur for the white and black sides of the board. The table also shows the per-
centage of shells with the maximal SCI score.

Tabla V. Los valores máximos para el indice del estado de la concha (SCI) alcanzados para cada especie,
y los dias que transcurrieron para estas, en las mitades blanca y negra del tablero. La tabla también
indica el porcentaje de conchas con el SCI máximo.

Species Maximal SCI Days elapsed % Shells with maximal SCI
White Block White Block White Block

E follicula 6 6 18 18 100 100

R. decollata 5 5 84 84 100 100

X. apicina 5 5 84 84 100 100

C. acuta 5 5 72 12 100 100

(. aspersus 5 5 111 111 10 30

0. lactea 5 5 114 111 30 40

T. pisana 5 5 9% 84 100 100

C. lenticula 6 6 712 72 10 10

Z

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table VL The mean surface area (mm”) and mean apertural area (mm?) for each species and the
mean number of days elapsed to arrain each of the Shell Condition Index (SCI) scores.

Tabla VI Media de area de superficie (mm?) y media de area de abertura (mm?) para cada especie y
media de días transcurridos para alcanzar cada uno de los valores del indice del estado de la concha

] Mean number of days elapsed to SC] score

SCD.

Species Surface area Apertural area
E follicula 11238 7.94

R. decollata 873.64 44 43

X. apicina 134.48 9.19

C acuta 118.04 10.57

C aspersus 2113.28 362.99

0. lactea 1601.75 173.03

[ pisana 617.28 70.27

3 - 5 6
10.5 18 66 18

18 60 84

51 90

12 18 72

51 90

3 87

6 48 87
16.5 47 67.5

C lenticula 156.36 5.58

SCI 3 (51 days). Colour preservation
depends on the chemistry and stability
of pigments and on shell mineralogy
and exposure to sunlight fades pig-
ments (CLAASSsEn, 1998). The periostra-
cum in C. aspersus possibly protects the
underlying shell layer from pigment-
fading and shell degradation. O. lactea,
lackimg this protective feature, degraded
to SCI 3 in only 3 days, after which SCI
4 was attained in 84 days (the same as
for C. aspersus).

Geometric shape is possibly not as
important as surface area and apertural
area in degradation rate. Because aper-
tural area may be related to shell size
and surface area, it is not possible to
conclude that larger surface area and
apertural area result, in themselves, in
decreased degradation rates (rather than
large shell size per se).

The surface temperatures of the
boards were not measured but it may be
assumed that the black side absorbed
and retained more heat than the white.
This was not a significant factor in
degradation with no difference detected
between the two sides of the board. This
suggests that soil and rock coloration,
on which specimens in the field might
be collected, is not a significant factor in
shell degradation. There was no degra-
dation on the control board and the

78

assumption is that insolation (possibly
in conjunction with other, unmeasured,
factors) contributes to shell degradation.
The data provide an indication of
shells that may be included in a species
abundance matrix for ecological study.
All species attained a maximal SCI of at
least 5 (E follicula and C. lenticula attai-
ned SCI 6, see Table V). The inclusion of
shells found in the field with an SCI
score lower than 5 suggests that they
will have been present in a dead state
for a period less than the total duration
of the annual dry period. The degrada-
tion rate of each species collected would
need to be measured for a high level of
confidence for this decision but this
would be impractical. The data show
that it may be acceptable to accept an
SCI score of 4 for any species as a bench-
mark for inclusion in species matrices.
Further work would elucidate the
role of other factors in shell degradation
such as pH, moisture and the effects of
soil cover. The latter would be particu-
larly relevant for substratum samples.
The effects of presence or absence of the
dead animal inside the shell during
degradation could also be studied.
Additionally, species favouring loca-
tions under substratum (rocks, logs etc.)
require special caution when assigning
SCI values. These species dying in situ

MENEZ: Degradation of land snail shells during dry period in a Mediterranean climate

and remaining in their locations would
be protected from insolation effects.

The Index provides a guide for eco-
logical fiel dwork which is an improve-
ment over current subjective criteria
used for inclusion or exclusion of shells
from species matrices. It is recognized,
however, that there is much scope for its
refinement which would increase its
value in molluscan ecology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BLONDEL J. AND ARONSON, J., 1999. Biology and
Wildlife of the Mediterranean Region. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.

CLAASSEN, C., 1998. Shells. Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, Cambridge.

EMBERTON, K. C., 1997. Diversities and distri-
butions of 80 land-snail species in southeas-
tern-most Madagascan rainforests, with a
report that lowlands are richer than high-
lands in endemic and rare species. Biodiver-
sity and Conservation, 6: 1137-1154.

EMBERTON, K. C., PEARCE, T. A., KASIGWA, P. F.,
TATTERSFIELD, P. AND HABIBU, Z., 1997. High
diversity and regional endemism in land
snails of eastern Tanzania. Biodiversity and
Conservation, 6: 1123-1136.

EVANS, J., 1972. Land Snails in Archaeology. Aca-
demic Press, London .

MENEZ, A., 2001. Assessment of land snail sam-
pling efficacy in three Mediterranean habi-
tat types. Journal of Conchology, 37 (2): 171-175.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My seven year old son, Alex, enthu-
siastically helped collect the specimens
for this study. John Pitaluga translated
the abstract. Professor Finlayson and Dr
Fa (both Gibraltar Museum) and an
anonymous referee provided valuable
criticism and comments on the manus-
cript.

MENEZ, A., 2002. The standardization of abio-
tic variable data collection in land mollusc re-
search. Journal of Conchology, 37 (5): 581-583.

NILSSON, S. G., BENGTSSON, J. AND AS, S., 1988.
Habitat diversity or area per se? Species rich-
ness of woody plants, carabid beetles and
land snails on islands. Journal of Animal Eco-
logy, 57: 685-704.

VAN STIGT, 1974. Mathematics. John Murray,
Suffolk.

WINTER A. J. DE, 1995. Gastropod diversity in
a rain forest in Gabon, Western Africa. In
Bruggen, A. C. van, Wells S. M. and Kem-
perman, Th. Cm., (Eds.): Biodiversity and Con-
servation of the Mollusca. Backhuys, Leiden:
223-228.

79

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nografiadas, incluidas láminas, gráficos y tablas. Las notas son trabajos de menor extensión. Las monografías son tra-
bajos sobre un tema único, de extensión superior a las 50 páginas de la revista y que serán publicadas como un suple-
mento de /berus. Los autores interesados en publicar monografías deberán ponerse previamente en contacto con el
Editor de Publicaciones. Se entiende que el contenido de los manuscritos no ha sido publicado, ni se publicará en
otra parte ni en su totalidad ni resumido.

e Los manuscritos, así como toda la correspondencia relacionada con los mismos, deberán ser remitidos a: D. Gonzalo

Rodríguez Casero, Editor de Publicaciones, Apartado 156, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, España.
» El texto del trabajo podrá estar redactado en cualquier lengua culta moderna.
e En los trabajos que superen las 20 páginas, cada página de exceso será abonada por el(los) autor(es) a precio de coste.

e Los artículos, notas y monografías deberán presentarse mecanografiados sobre DIN A-4, por una sola cara a doble
espacio (incluyendo referencias, pies de figura y tablas), con al menos 3 centímetros de margen por cada lado. Los tra-
bajos se entregarán por triplicado (original y dos copias). En caso de autoría compartida, uno de los autores deberá
hacerse responsable de toda la correspondencia.

* Junto con el trabajo debe incluirse una lista de al menos 4 posibles revisores del mismo, sin perjuicio de los que el
propio Editor considere oportunos.

+ Los manuscritos se presentarán de acuerdo al siguiente esquema:
Primera página. Deberá incluir un título conciso, pero sugerente del contenido del trabajo, así como una traducción
al inglés del mismo (si el artículo no está escrito en inglés). Cuando sea preciso, deberá incluir referencia a familia o
táxones superiores. A continuación figurarán, por este orden, el nombre y apellidos completos del autor o autores,
las direcciones completas de los mismos, y un resumen del trabajo y su traducción al inglés. Dicho resumen deberá
sintetizar, en conjunción con el título, tanto los resultados como las conclusiones del artículo; se sugiere una exten-
sión de 100 a 200 palabras. El resumen deberá estar seguido de una lista de palabras clave, también con su versión
inglesa para su inclusión en los bancos de datos internacionales.
Páginas siguientes. Incluirán el resto del artículo, que debe dividirse en secciones precedidas por breves encabeza-
mientos. Siempre que sea posible, se recomienda seguir el siguiente esquema: Introducción, Material y métodos,
Resultados, Discusión, Conclusiones, Agradecimientos y Bibliografía. Si se emplean abreviaturas no habituales en
el texto, deberán indicarse tras el apartado de Material y Métodos.

e Las notas breves deberán presentarse de la misma forma, pero sin resumen.

* Deberán evitarse notas a pie de página y referencias cruzadas. Deberán respetarse estrictamente los Códigos
Internacionales de Nomenclatura Zoológica y Botánica (últimas ediciones). Cuando un táxon aparezca por primera
vez deberá citarse su autor y fecha de su descripción. En el caso de artículos sistemáticos, cuando se den las sinonimias
de los táxones, éstas deberán citarse COMPLETAS, incluyendo en forma abreviada la publicación donde fueron des-
critas, y la localidad tipo si es conocida entre corchetes, según el siguiente esquema (préstese especial cuidado a la pun-
tuación):

Dendrodoris limbata (Cuvier, 1804)

Sinonimias

Doris limbata Cuvier, 1804, Ann. Mus. H. N. Paris, 4 (24): 468-469 [Localidad tipo: Marsella].
Doris nigricans Otto, 1823, Nov. Act. Ac. Caes. Leop. Car., 10: 275.

Dichas referencias no deberán incluirse en la lista de Bibliografía si es la única vez que se nombran en el texto.
Si se incluyen una lista completa de referencias de un taxon inmediatamente tras éste, deberá seguirse el mismo esque-
ma (sin incluir en Bibliografía las referencias que no se mencionen en otro lugar del texto).

* Sólo los nombres en latín y los de táxones genéricos y específicos deberán llevar subrayado sencillo o preferentemente
ir en cursiva. En ningún caso deberá escribirse una palabra totalmente en letras mayúsculas, ni siquiera el Título. Las
unidades a utilizar deberán pertenecer al Sistema Métrico Decimal, junto con sus correctas abreviaturas. En artículos
escritos en castellano, en los números decimales sepárese la parte entera de la decimal por una coma inferior (,),
NUNCA por un punto (.) o coma superior (*).

e Las referencias bibliográficas irán en el texto con minúsculas o versalitas: Fretter y Graham (1962) o FRETTER Y
GRAHAM (1962). Si son más de dos autores se deberán citar todos la primera vez que aparecen en el texto [Smith,
Jones y Brown (1970)] empleándose et al. las siguientes veces [Smith et al. (1970)]. Si un autor ha publicado más de
un trabajo en un año se citarán con letras: (Davis, 1989a; Davis, 1989b). No deberá emplearse op. cit. La lista de
referencias deberá incluir todas las citas del texto y sólo éstas, ordenadas alfabéticamente. Se citarán los nombres de
todos los autores de cada referencia, sea cual sea su número. Los nombres de los autores deberán escribirse, en letras

minúsculas o VERSALITAS. No deberán incluirse referencias a autores cuando éstos aparezcan en el texto exclusiva-
mente como autoridades de un taxon. Los nombres de las publicaciones periódicas deberán aparecer COMPLETOS,
no abreviados. Cuando se citen libros, dése el título, editor, lugar de publicación, n* de edición si no es la primera y
número total de páginas. Deberán evitarse referencias a Tesis Doctorales u otros documentos inéditos de difícil con-
sulta. Síganse los siguientes ejemplos (préstese atención a la puntuación):

Fretter, V. y Graham, A., 1962. British Prosobranch Molluscs. Ray Society, London, 765 pp-

Ponder, W. F., 1988. The Truncatelloidean (= Rissoacean) radiation - a preliminary phylogeny. En Ponder, W/. EF.
(Ed.): Prosobranch Phylogeny, Malacological Review, suppl. 4: 129-166.

Ros, J., 1976. Catálogo provisional de los Opistobranquios (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) de las costas ibéricas.
Miscelánea Zoolgica, 3 (5): 21-51.

» Las gráficas e ilustraciones deberán ser originales y presentarse sobre papel vegetal o similar, con tinta china negra y
ajustadas al formato de caja de la revista o proporcional a éste. Este formato es de 57 mm (una columna) o 121 mm
(dos) de anchura y hasta 196 mm de altura, si bien se recomienda utilizar el formato a dos columnas. En caso de pre-
parar figuras para que ocupen el total de una página, se ruega ajustar su tamaño para que puedan caber los pies de
figura bajo ella. Si han de incluirse gráficas de ordenador, deberán imprimirse con impresora láser sobre papel de
buena calidad. Las fotografías, bien contrastadas y sin retocar, deberán ajustarse siempre a los tamaños mencionados.
Al componer fotografías sobre una hoja, procúrese que los espacios entre ellas sean regulares y que estén debidamente
alineadas. Téngase en cuenta que incluir fotografías de distinto contraste en una misma página conlleva una pobre
reproducción final. Las escalas de dibujos y fotografías deberán ser gráficas, y las unidades que se utilicen del sistema
métrico decimal. Considérese la reducción que será necesaria a la hora de decidir el tamaño de las escalas o letras en
las figuras, que no deberán bajar de los 2 mm. En figuras compuestas, cada parte deberá etiquetarse con letras mayús-
culas, el resto de las letras deberán ser minúsculas. No deberán hacerse referencias a los aumentos de una determi-
nada ilustración, ya que éstos cambian con la reducción, por lo que debe emplearse una escala gráfica. En su caso, se
recomienda la utilización de mapas con proyección UTM. Cada figura, gráfica o ilustración deberá presentarse en
hojas separadas y con numeración arábiga (1, 2, 3,...), sin separar “Figuras” y “Láminas”. Los pies de figura, en una
hoja aparte, deberán acompañarse de su traducción al inglés (o español si el inglés es la lengua del trabajo). Utilícese
el esquema siguiente:

Figura 1. Neodoris carvi. A: animal desplazándose; B: detalle de un rinóforo; C: branquia.
Las abreviaturas empleadas en las ilustraciones deberán incluirse en la hoja de pies de figura.

Los autores interesados en incluir láminas en color deberán abonarlas a precio de coste (30.000 ptas por página). Por
lo demás, deberán ajustarse a los mismos requisitos que los indicados para las figuras.

Si se pretende enviar gráficas o ilustraciones en formato digital es IMPRESCINDIBLE contactar previamente con el

Editor

e Las Tablas se presentarán en hojas separadas, siempre con numeración romana (1, II, ITIL...). Las leyendas se inclui-
rán en una hoja aparte acompañándose de una traducción al inglés. Deberán evitarse las tablas particularmente com-
plejas. Se recomienda reducir el número y extensión de ilustraciones, láminas o tablas al mínimo necesario.

e Los artículos que no se ajusten a las normas de publicación serán devueltos al autor con las indicaciones de los cam-
bios necesarios.

e El Comité Editorial comunicará al autor responsable del trabajo la fecha de recepción del trabajo y la fecha de envío
a revisión. Cada original recibido será sometido a revisión por al menos dos investigadores. El Comité Editorial, a la
vista de los informes de los revisores decidirá sobre la aceptación o no de cada manuscrito. El autor recibirá en cada
caso copia de los comentarios de los revisores sobre su artículo. En caso de aceptación, el mismo Comité Editorial, si
lo considera conveniente, podrá solicitar a los autores otras modificaciones que considere oportunas. Si el trabajo es
aceptado, el autor deberá enviar una copia impresa del mismo corregida, acompañada por una versión en disco flexi-
ble (diskette), utilizando procesadores de texto en sus versiones de DOS o Macintosh. La fecha de aceptación figura-
rá en el artículo publicado.

e Las pruebas de imprenta serán enviadas al autor responsable, EXCLUSIVAMENTE para la corrección de erratas, y
deberán ser devueltas en un plazo máximo de 15 días. Se recomienda prestar especial atención en la corrección de las
pruebas.

e De cada trabajo se entregarán gratuitamente 50 separatas. Aquellos autores que deseen un número mayor, deberán
hacerlo constar al devolver las pruebas de imprenta, y NUNCA POSTERIORMENTE. El coste de las separatas adi-

cionales será cargado al autor.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

e Iberus publishes research papers, notes and monographs devoted to the various aspects of Malacology. Papers are manus-
cripts of more than 5 typed pages, including figures and tables. Notes are shorter papers. Monographs should exceed
50 pages of the final periodical, and will be published as Supplements. Authors wishing to publish monographs should
contact the Editor. Manuscripts are considered on the understanding that their contents have not appeared or will not
appeared, elsewhere in substantially the same or any abbreviated form.

+ Manuscripts and correspondence regarding editorial matters must be sent to: D. Gonzalo Rodríguez Casero, Editor
de Publicaciones, Apartado 156, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain.

+ Manuscripts may be written in any modern language.
* When a paper exceeds 20 pages, extra pages will be charged to the author(s) at full cost.

+ Manuscripts must be typed double spaced (including the references, figure captions and tables) on one side on A-4
(297x210 mm) with margins of at least 3 cm. An original and two copies must be submitted. When a paper has joint
authorship, one author must accept responsability for all correspondence.

+ The authors must include a list of at least 4 possible referees; the Editor can choose any others if appropriate.

e Papers should conform the following layout:

First page. This must include a concise but informative title, with mention of family of higher taxon when appropriate,
and its Spanish translation. It will be followed by all authors” names and surnames, their full adress(es), an abstract (and
its Spanish translation) not exceeding 200 words which summarizes not only contents but results and conclusions, and:
a list of Key Words (and their Spanish translation) under which the article should be indexed.

Following pages. These should content the rest of the paper, divided into sections under short headings. Whenever pos-
sible the text should be arranged as follows: Introduction, Material and methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions,
Acknowledgements and References. Unusual abbreviations used in the text must be grouped in one alphabetic sequence
after the Material and methods section.

e Notes should follow the same layout, without the abstract.

e Footnotes and cross-references must be avoided. The International Codes of Zoological and Botanical Nomencla-
ture must be strictly followed. The first mention in the text of any taxon must be followed by its authority including
the year. In systematic papers, when synonyms of a taxon are given, they must be cited IN FULL, including the perio-
dical, in an abbreviate form, where they were described, and the type localities in square brackets when known. Follow
this example (please note the punctuation):

Dendrodoris limbata (Cuvier, 1804)

Synonyms :
Doris limbata Cuvier, 1804, Ann. Mus. H. N. Paris, 4 (24): 468-469 [Type locality: Marseille].
Doris nigricans Otto, 1823, Nov. Act. Ac. Caes. Leop. Car., 10: 275.

These references must not be included in the Bibliography list, except if referred to elsewhere in the text. I£a full list
of references of the taxon is to be given immediately below it, the same layout should be followed (also excluding those
nowhere else cited from the Bibliography list).

Only Latin words and names of genera and species should be underlined once or be given in ¿talics. No word must
be written in UPPER CASE LETTERS. SI units are to be used, together with their appropriate symbols. In Spanish

manuscripts, decimal numbers must be separated with a comma (,), NEVER with a point (.) or upper comma (/).

+ References in the text should be written in small letters or SMALL CAPITALs: Fretter and Graham (1962) or FRETTER
AND GRAHAM (1962). The first mention in the text of a paper with more than two authors must include all of them
[Smith, Jones 82 Brown (1970)], thereafter use et al. [Smith et al. (1970)]. Ifan author has published more than one
paper per year, refer to them with letters: (Davis, 1989a; Davis, 1989b). Avoid op. cit.

The references in the reference list should be in alphabetical order and include all the publications cited in the text but
only these. ALL the authors of a paper must be included. These should be written in small letters or SMALL CAPITALS.
The references need not be cited when the author and date are given only as authority for a taxonomic name. Titles of
periodicals must be given IN FULL, not abbreviated. For books, give the title, name of publisher, place of publication,
indication of edition if not the first and total number of pages. Keep references to doctoral theses or any other unpu-
blished documents to an absolute minimum. See the following examples (please note the punctuation):

Eretter, V. and Graham, A., 1962. British Prosobranch Molluscs. Ray Society, London, 765 pp.

Ponder, W. F., 1988. The Truncatelloidean (= Rissoacean) radiation - a preliminary phylogeny. In Ponder, W. F. (Ed.):
Prosobranch Phylogeny, Malacological Review, suppl. 4: 129-166.

Ros, J., 1976. Catálogo provisional de los Opistobranquios (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) de las costas ibéricas. Miscelá-
nea Zoológica, 3 (5): 21-51.

e Figures must be original, in Indian ink on draughtsman's tracing paper. Keep in mind page format and column size
when designing figures. These should be one column (57 mm) or two columns (121 mm) wide and up 196 mm high,
or be proportional to these sizes. Two columns format is recomended. It is desirable to print figures with their legend
below, so authors are asked to take this into account when preparing full page figures. If computer generated graphics
are to be included, they must be printed on high quality white paper with a laser printer. Photographs must be of good
contrast, and should be submitted in the final size. When mounting photographs in a block, ensure spacers are of uni-
form width. Remember that grouping photographs of varied contrast results in poor reproduction. Take account of
necessary reduction in lettering drawings; final lettering must be at least 2 mm high. In composite drawings, each figure
should be given a capital letter; additional lettering should be in lower-case letters. A scale line is recomended to indi-
cate size, magnification ratio must be avoided as it may be changed during printing. UTM maps are to be used if neces-
sary. Figures must be submitted on separate sheets, and numbered with consecutive Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3,...), without
separating Plates' and “Figures”. Legends for Figures must be typed in numerical order on a separate sheet, and an Spa-
nish translation must be included. Follow this example (please note the punctuation):

Figure 1. Veodoris carvi. A: animal crawling; B: rinophore; C: gills.
If abbreviations are to be used in illustrations, group them alphabetically after the Legends for Figures section.

Authors wishing to publish illustrations in colour will be charged with additional costs (30,000 ptas, 180 euros per
page). They should be submitted in the same way that black and white prints.

If the authors want to send Figures in digital format, CONTACT the Editor first.

e Tables must be numbered with Roman numbess (1, II, IIL,...) and each typed on a separate sheet. Headings should
be typed on a separate sheet, together with their English translation. Complex tables should be avoided. As a general
rule, keep the number and extension of illustrations and tables as reduced as possible.

+ Manuscripts that do not conform to these instructions will be returned for correction before reviewing.

* Authors submitting manuscripts will receive an acknowledgement of receipt, including receipt date, and the date the
manuscript was sent for reviewing. Each manuscript will be critically evaluated by at least two referees. Based of these
evaluations, the Editorial Board will decide on acceptance or rejection. Anyway, authors will receive a copy of the refe-
rees* comments. Ifa manuscript is accepted, the Editorial Board may indicate additional changes if desirable. Accep-
table manuscripts will be returned to the author for consideration of comments and criticism; a finalized manuscript
must then be returned to the Editor, together with a floppy disk containing the article written with a DOS or Macin-
tosh word processor. Dates of reception and acceptance of the manuscript will appear in all published articles.

e Proofs will be sent to the author for correcting errors. At this stage no stylistic changes will be accepted. Pay special
attention to references and their dates in the text and the Bibliography section, and also to numbers of Figures and
Tables appearing in the text.

e Fifty reprints per article will be supplied free of charge. Additional reprints must be ordered when the page proofs are
returned, and will be charged at cost. NO LATER orders will be accepted.

6000

LA SociebAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGÍA

Junta Directiva desde el 14 de noviembre de 2000

Presidente Emilio Rolán Mosquera
Vicepresidente Diego Moreno Lampreave
Secretario Luis Murillo Guillén
Tesorero Jorge J. Otero Schmitt

Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Campus Universitario, 15706 Santiago
de Compostela, España
Editor de Publicaciones Gonzalo Rodríguez Casero
Apartado 156, 33600, Mieres del Camino, Asturias, España
Bibliotecario Rafael Araujo Armero
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ José Gutierrez
Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, España
Vocales Ramon M. Álvarez Halcon
Benjamín Gómez Moliner
Eugenia María Martínez Cueto-Felgueroso
Jesús Souza Troncoso
José Templado González

La Sociedad Española de Malacología se fundó el 21 de agosto de 1980. La sociedad se registró como una aso-
ciación sin ánimo de lucro en Madrid (Registro N“ 4053) con unos estatutos que fueron aprobados el 12 de
diciembre de 1980. Esta sociedad se constituye con el fin de fomentar y difundir los estudios malacológicos
mediante reuniones y publicaciones. A esta sociedad puede pertenecer cualquier persona o institución interesada
en el estudio de los moluscos.

SEDE SOCIAL: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, c/ José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, España.

CUOTAS PARA 2002:

Socio numerario (en España): 33,06 euros
(en Europa) 36,06 euros
(fuera de Europa): 42,07 euros
Socio estudiante (en España): 18,03 euros
(en el extranjero): 24,04 euros
Socio Familiar: (sin recepcion de revista) 3 euros
Socio Protector: (mínimo) 42,07 euros
Socio Corporativo (en Europa): 42,07 euros
(fuera de Europa): 48,08 euros

INSCRIPCIÓN: 6,01 euros, además de la cuota correspondiente.

A los socios residentes en España se les aconseja domiciliar su cuota. Todos los abonos deberán enviarse al
Tesorero (dirección reseñada anteriormente) el 1 de enero de cada año. Los abonos se harán sin recargos para la
sociedad y en favor de la Sociedad Española de Malacología y no de ninguna persona de la junta directiva. Aque-
llos socios que no abonen su cuota anual dejarán de recibir las publicaciones de la Sociedad. Los bonos de ins-
cripción se enviarán junto con el abono de una cuota anual al Tesorero.

Membess living in foreink countries can deduce 6 euros if paid before 15 April.

Cada socio tiene derecho a recibir anualmente los números de /berus, Reseñas Malacológicas y Noticiarios que
se publiquen.

ÍNDICE
Iberus 20 (2) 2002

MARTINEZ-ORTÍ, A. Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892
(Gastropoda Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae)
Taxonomical revision of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (Gastropoda
Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae) AA seo 1)
MARTÍNEZ, E. AND ORTEA, J. On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 and Aplysia
fasciata Poiret, 1789 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea)
Sobre la sinonimia entre Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 y Aplysia fasciata Poíret, 1789

(Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea) 11-21 -
VALDÉS, A. AND TEMPLADO, J. Indo-Pacific dorid nudibranchs collected in Lebanon (eastern

Mediterranean)

Nudibranquios doridáceos indo-pacíficos recolectados en el Líbano (Mediterráneo orien-

tal) ' , . 23-30
YADAV, R. P. AND SINGH, A. Toxic effects of latex of Croton tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and

Channa punctatus

Efectos tóxicos del latex de Croton tiglium sobre Lymnaea acuminata y Channa puncta-

tus 31-44

GARCÍA, E J., TRONCOSO, J. S. AND DOMINGUEZ, M. New data on the benthic Opisthobranch
Molluscs from the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Brazil), with description of a
new species of Aegires Lovén, 1844
Nuevos datos sobre los moluscos opistobranquios bentónicos del Archipiélago de Fernando de
Noronha, con descripción de una nueva especie de Aegires Lovén, 1844 45-56
ROLAN, E. AND JACQUES PELORCE, J. A second species of the genus Plagyostila (Prosobranchia,
Rissooidea) in Senegal, West Africa
Una segunda especie del género Plagyostila (Prosobranchia, Rissooidea) en Senegal, Africa
Occidental Arde 57-60
PESQUEIRA, R., ONDINA, P. Y HERMIDA, J. La superfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastro-
poda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) en la provincia de Lugo (noroeste de España)
The superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) in

province of Lugo (NW of Spain) 61-72
MENEZ, A. The degradation of land snail shells during the annual dry period in a Mediterranean

climate

La degradación de las conchas de moluscos terrestres durante el período seco anual en un clima

mediterráneo Je | 73-79

ISSN 0212-3010

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