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RARY    OF 

AJNGIP  SAXON  POETRY 


VOL  .L  I- 


HARRISON  AND  SHARP 


GINN,  HEATH     Go. 


LIBRARY 


I.  BEOWULF: 

AN  ANGLO-SAXON  POEM. 

II.   THE    FIGHT  AT    FINNSBUEH: 

A   FRAGMENT. 

WITH-  TEXT  AND  GLOSSARY  ON  THE 
BASIS  OF  M.  HEYNE. 

EDITED,    CORRECTED,   AND   ENLARGED,    BY 

JAMES  A.  HARRISON, 

PROFESSOR  OF  ENGLISH  AND   MODERN  LANGUAGES,  WASHINGTON  AND 
LEE   UNIVERSITY, 

AND 

ROBERT   SHARP  (Pn.D.  LIPS.), 

PROFESSOR  OF  GREEK  AND  ENGLISH,   UNIVERSITY 
OF  LOUISIANA. 


BOSTON : 
PUBLISHED  BY  GINN,   HEATH,  &  CO. 

1883. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1883,  by 

JAMES  ALBERT  HARRISON  AND  ROBERT  SHARP, 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


J.  S.  GUSHING  &  Co.,  PRINTERS,  115  HIGH  STREET,  BOSTON. 


NOTE   I. 


E  present  work,  carefully  edited  from  Heyne's  fourth  edition, 
(Paderborn,  1879),  is  designed  primarily  for  college  classes  in 
Anglo-Saxon,  rather  than  for  independent  investigators  or  for 
seekers  after  a  restored  or  ideal  text.  The  need  of  an  American 
edition  of  "Beowulf"  has  long  been  felt,  as,  hitherto,  students 
have  had  either  to  send  to  Germany  for  a  text,  or  secure,  with 
great  trouble,  one  of  the  scarce  and  expensive  English  editions. 
Heyne's  first  edition  came  out  in  1863,  and  was  followed  in  1867 
and  1873  by  a  second  and  a  third  edition,  all  three  having  essen- 
tially the  same  text. 

So  many  important  contributions  to  the  "Beowulf"  literature 
were,  however,  made  between  1873  and  1879  that  Heyne  found  it 
necessary  to  put  forth  a  new  edition  (1879).  In  this  new,  last  edi- 
tion, the  text  was  subjected  to  a  careful  revision,  and  was  fortified 
by  the  views,  contributions,  and  criticisms  of  other  zealous  scholars. 
In  it  the  collation  of  the  unique  "Beowulf"  Ms.  (Vitellius  A.  15  : 
Cottonian  Mss.  of  the  British  Museum),  as  made  by  E.  Kolbing  in 
Herrig's  Archiv  (Bd.  56;  1876),  was  followed  wherever  the  present 
condition  of  the, Ms.  had  to  be  discussed;  and  the  researches  of 
Bugge,  Bieger,  and  others,  on  single  passages,  were  made  use  of. 
The  discussion  of  the  metrical  structure  of  the  poem,  as  occurring 
in  the  second  and  third  editions,  was  omitted  in  the  fourth,  owing 
to  the  many  controversies  in  which  the  subject  is  still  involved. 
The  present  editor  has  thought  it  best  to  do  the  same,  though, 
happily,  the  subject  of  Old  English  Melrik  is  undergoing  a  steady 
illumination  through  the  labors  of  Schipper  and  others. 


IV  NOTE  I. 

Some  errors  and  misplaced  accents  in  Ileyne's  text  have  been 
corrected  in  the  present  edition,  in  which,  as  in  the  general  revision 
of  the  text,  the  editor  has  been  most  kindly  aided  by  Prof.  J.  M. 
Garnett,  late  Principal  of  St.  John's  College,  Maryland. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  present  school  edition  it  has  been 
thought  best  to  omit  Heyne's  notes,  as  they  concern  themselves 
principally  with  conjectural  emendations,  substitutions  of  one  read- 
ing for  another,  and  discussions  of  the  condition  of  the  Ms.  Until 
Wiilcker's  text  and  the  photographic  fac-simile  of  the  original  Ms. 
are  in  the  hands  of  all  scholars,  it  will  be  better  not  to  introduce 
such  matters  in  the  school  room,  where  they  would  puzzle  without 
instructing. 

For  convenience  of  reference,  the  editor  has  added  a  head-line  to 
each  "fit"  of  the  poem,  with  a  view  to  facilitate  a  knowledge  of  its 

episodes. 

\ 

WASHINGTON  AND  LEE  UNIVERSITY, 
LEXINGTON,  VA.,  June,  1882. 


NOTE  II. 


THE  editors  now  have  the  pleasure  of  presenting  to  the  public  a 
complete  text  and  a  tolerably  complete  glossary  of  "  Beowulf." 
The  edition  is  the  first  published  in  America,  and  the  first  of  its 
special  kind  presented  to  the  English  public,  and  it  is  the  initial 
volume  of  a  "Library  of  Anglo-Saxon  Poetry,"  to  be  edited  under 
the  same  auspices  and  with  the  cooperation  of  distinguished  schol- 
ars in  this  country.  Among  these  scholars  may  be  mentioned 
Professors  F.  A.  March  of  Lafayette  College,  T.  R.  Price  of  Colum- 
bia College,  and  W.  M.  Baskervill  of  Vanderbilt  University. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  Glossary  the  editors  found  it  necessary 
to  abandon  a  literal  and  exact  translation  of  Heyne  for  several 
reasons,  and  among  others  from  the  fact  that  Heyne  seems  to  be 
wrong  in  the  translation  of  some  of  his  illustrative  quotations, 
and  even  translates  the  same  passage  in  two  or  three  different 
ways  under  different  headings.  The  orthography  of  his  glossary 
differs  considerably  from  the  orthography  of  his  text.  He  fails  to 
discriminate  with  due  nicety  the  meanings  of  many  of  the  words 
in  his  vocabulary,  while  criticism  more  recent  than  his  latest 
edition  (1879)  has  illustrated  or  overthrown  several  of  his  ren- 
derings. The  references  were  found  to  be  incorrect  in  innumerable 
instances,  and  had  to  be  verified  in  every  individual  case  so  far  as 
this  was  possible,  a  few  only,  which  resisted  all  efforts  at  verifica- 
tion, having  to  be  indicated  by  an  interrogation  point  (?).  The 
references  are  exceedingly  numerous,  and  the  labor  of  verifying 
them  was  naturally  great.  To  many  passages  in  the  Glossary, 
where  Heyne's  translation  could  not  be  trusted  with  entire  cer- 
tainty, the  editors  have  added  other  translations  of  phrases  and 
sentences  or  of  special  words ;  and  in  this  they  have  been  aided 
by  a  careful  study  of  the  text  and  a  comparison  and  utilization 
of  the  views  of  Kemble  and  Professor  J.  M.  Garnett  (who  takes 
Grein  for  his  foundation).  Many  new  references  have  been  added ; 


vi  NOTE  II. 

and  the  various  passages  in  which  Heyne  fails  to  indicate  whether 
a  given  verb  is  weak  or  strong,  or  fails  to  point  out  the  number, 
etc.,  of  the  illustrative  form,  have  been  corrected  and  made  to 
harmonize  with  the  general  plan  of  the  work.  "Numerous  misprints 
in  the  glossary  have  also  been  corrected,  and  a  brief  glossary  to 
the  Finnsburh-fragment,  prepared  by  Dr.  Wm.  Hand  Browne,  and 
supplemented  and  adapted  by  the  editor-in-chief,  has  been  added. 

The  editors  think  that  they  may  without  immodesty  put  forth 
for  themselves  something  more  than  the  claim  of  being  re- trans- 
lators of  a  translation  :  the  present  edition  is,  so  far  as  they  were 
able  to  make  it  so,  an  adaptation,  correction,  and  extension  of  the 
work  of  the  great  German  scholar  to  whose  loving  appreciation  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  epic  all  students  of  Old  English  owe  a  debt  of 
gratitude.  While  following  his  usually  sure  and  cautious  guidance, 
and  in  the  main  appropriating  his  results,  they  have  thought  it 
best  to  deviate- from  him  in  the  manner  above  indicated,  whenever 
it  seemed  that  he  was  wrong.  The  careful  reader  will  notice  at 
once  the  marks  of  interrogation  which  point  out  these  deviations, 
or  which  introduce  a  point  of  view  illustrative  of,  or  supplementary 
to,  the  one  given  by  the  German  editor.  No  doubt  the  editors  arc 
wrong  themselves  in  many  places,  —  "  Beowulf  "  is  a  most  difficult 
poem,  —  but  their  view  may  at  least  be  defended  by  a  reference  to 
the  original  text,  which  they  have  faithfully  and  constantly  con- 
sulted. 

A  good  many  cognate  Modern  English  words  have  been  intro- 
duced here  and  there  in  the  Glossary  with  a  view  to  illustration, 
and  other  addenda  will  be  found  between  brackets  and  parentheti- 
cal marks. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  present  edition  of  the  most  famous  of  Old 
English  poems  will  do  something  to  promote  a  valuable  and 
interesting  study. 

JAMES   A.   HARRISON, 

Washington  ami  Lee  University,  Lexington,  Va. 

ROBERT   SHARP, 

University  of  Louisiana,  Neio  Orleans. 
April,  1883. 


The  responsibility  of  the  editors  is  as  follows  :  H.  is  responsible  for 
the  Text,  and  for  the  Glossary  from  hrinaii  on;  S.  for  the  List  of 
Names,  and  for  the  Glossary  as  f r.r  as  hriaaa. 


DEDICATED 


PROFESSOR  F.  A.  MARCH, 

OF  LAFAYETTE   COLLEGE,  PA., 


FREDERICK  J.  FURNIVALL,  ESQ. 

FOUNDER  OF  THE   "NEW  SHAKSPERE   SOCIETY," 
THE   "CHAUCEB  SOCIETY,"  ETC.,  ETC. 


ARGUMENT. 


THE  only  national  [Anglo-Saxon]  epic  which  lias  been  preserved 
entire  is  Beowulf.  Its  argument  is  briefly  as  follows:  —  The  poem 
opens  with  a  few  verses  in  praise  of  the  Danish  Kings,  especially  Scild, 
the  son  of  Sceaf.  His  death  is  related,  and  his  descendants  briefly 
traced  down  to  Hroftgar.  Hroftgar,  elated  with  his  prosperity  and  suc- 
cess in  war,  builds  a  magnificent  hall,  which  he  calls  Heorot.  In  this 
hall  HroSgar  and  his  retainers  live  in  joy  and  festivity,  until  a  malig- 
nant fiend,  called  Grendel,  jealous  of  their  happiness,  carries  off  by 
night  thirty  of  Hroftgar's  men,  and  devours  them  in  his  moorland  re- 
treat. These  ravages  go  on  for  twelve  years.  Beowulf,  a  thane  of 
Hygelac,  King  of  the  Goths,  hearing  of  HroiSgar's  calamities,  sails  from 
Sweden  with  fourteen  warriors  to  help  him.  They  reach  the  Danish 
coast  in  safety ;  and,  after  an  animated  parley  with  Hroftgar's  coast- 
guard, who  at  first  takes  them  for  pirates,  they  are  allowed  to  proceed 
to  the  royal  hall,  where  they  are  well  received  by  Hroftgar.  A  banquet 
ensues,  during  which  Beowulf  is  taunted  by  the  envious  HunferhiS  about 
his  swimming-match  with  Breca,  King  of  the  Brondings.  Beo'wulf  gives 
the  true  account  of  the  contest,  and  silences  Hunferhft.  At  night-fall 
the  King  departs,  leaving  Beowulf  in  charge  of  the  hall.  Grendel  soon 
breaks  in,  seizes  and  devours  one  of  Beowulf's  companions  ;  is  attacked 
by  Beowulf,  and,  after  losing  an  arm,  which  is  torn  off  by  Beo'wulf, 
escapes  to  the  fens.  The  joy  of  Hroftgar  and  the  Danes,  and  their  fes- 
tivities, are  described,  various  episodes  are  introduced,  and  Beowulf 
and  his  companions  receive  splendid  gifts.  The  next  night  GrendePs 
mother  revenges  her  son  by  carrying  off  JEschere,  the  friend  and  coun- 
cillor of  HroSgar,  during  the  absence  of  Beowulf.  HroSgar  appeals  to 
Beowulf  for  vengeance,  and  describes  the  haunts  of  Grendel  and  his 
mother.  They  all  proceed  thither ;  the  scenery  of  the  lake,  and  the  mon- 
sters that  dwell  in  it,  are  described.  Beowulf  plunges  into  the  water, 
and  attacks  Grendel's  mother  in  her  dwelling  at  the  bottom  of  the  lake. 
He  at  length  overcomes  her,  and  cuts  off  her  head,  together  with  that 
of  Grendel,  and  brings  the  heads  to  Hroftgar.  He  then  takes  leave  of 
Hrotfgar,  sails  back  to  Sweden,  and  relates  his  adventures  to  Hygelac. 


X  ARGUMENT. 

Here  the  first  half  of  the  poem  ends.  The  second  begins  with  the 
accession  of  Beowulf  to  the  throne,  after  the  fall  of  Hygelac  and  his 
son  Heardred.  He  rules  prosperously  for  fifty  years,  till  a  dragon, 
brooding  over  a  hidden  treasure,  begins  to  ravage  the  country,  and  des- 
troys Beowulf's  palace  with  fire.  Beo'wulf  sets  out  in  quest  of  its  hiding- 
place,  with  twelve  men.  Having  a  presentiment  of  his  approaching  end, 
he  pauses  and  recals  to  mind  his  past  life  and  exploits.  He  then  takes 
leave  of  his  followers,  one  by  one,  and  advances  alone  to  attack  the 
dragon.  Unable,  from  the  heat,  to  enter  the  cavern,  he  shouts  aloud, 
and  the  dragon  comes  forth.  The  dragon's  scaly  hide  is  proof  against 
Beowulf's  sword,  and  he  is  reduced  to  great  straits.  Then  AViglaf,  one 
of  his  followers,  advances  to  help  him.  Wiglafs  shield  is  consumed  by 
the  dragon's  fiery  breath,  and  he  is  compelled  to  seek  shelter  under  Beo- 
wulf's shield  of  iron.  Beowulf's  sword  snaps  asunder,  and  he  is  seized 
by  the  dragon.  Wiglaf  stabs  the  dragon  from  underneath,  and  Beowulf 
cuts  it  in  two  with  his  dagger.  Feeling  that  his  end  is  near,  he  bids 
Wiglaf  bring  out  the  treasures  from  the  cavern,  that  he  may  see  them 
before  he  dies.  Wiglaf  enters  the  dragon's  den,  which  is  described, 
returns  to  Beo'wulf,  and  receives  his  last  commands.  Beo'wulf  dies,  and 
Wiglaf  bitterly  reproaches  his  companions  for  their  cowardice.  The 
disastrous  consequences  of  Beowulf's  death  are  then  foretold,  and  the 
poem  ends  with  his  funeral.  —  H.  Sweet,  in  Warton's  History  of  English 
Poetry,  Vol.  II.  (ed.  1871).  Cf.  also  Ten  Brink's  History  of  English 
Literature. 


iv* 


H 


BEOWULF. 


I.    THE  PASSING  OF  SOYLD. 

"WAT  !   we  Gar-Dena       in  gear-dagum 

peod-cyninga       prym  gefrunon, 
lift  pa  aSclingas       ellen  fremedon. 
O  <v.  S  - vi  -;! .  c<   :  :::jg        sceaoe  u? 
5  monegum  msegSum       meodo-setla 
Egsode  eorl,        syt>t>an  serest  wearS 
feii-sceaft  funden :       he  fas  frdfre  gebad, 
we6x  under  wolcnum,       weorS-mj'iidum  t>ah, 
6S  pat  him  seghwylc       para  ymb-sittendra 

10  ofer  hron-rade       hj'ran  scolde, 

gomban  gyldan:       pat  was  g6d  cyning! 
pam  eafera  was       after  cenned 
geong  in  geardum,       pone  god  sende 
folce  t6  frofre ;       fyren-pearfe  ongeat, 

15  pat  hie  aer  drugon       aldor-/ease 
lange  hwile.V     Him  pas  lif-frea, 
wuldres  wealdend,       worold-are  forgeaf ; 
Be6wulf  was  breme        (blaed  wide  sprang), 
Scyldes  eafera       Scede-landum  in. 

20  Swa  sceal  geong  guma,       g6de  gew^Tcean, 
fromum  feoh-giftum       on  fader  wme, 
pat  hine  on  ylde       eft  gewunigen 
wil-ges!6as,       ponne  wig  cume, 
Ie6de  gelsesten  :        lof-daedum  sceal 

25  in  maegSa  gehwsere       man  gepe6n. 
Him  pa  Scyld  gewdt       t6  gescap-hwlle 
fela-hror  feran        on  frean  ware  ; 
hi  hyne  ]a  atbaeron        16  briines  faro^e, 


>  BEOWULF.  [29-59. 

swsese  geslftas,       swa  he  selfa  bad, 
30  penden  wordum  we61d       wine  Scyldinga, 
Ie6f  land-fruma       lange  alite. 
paer  at  hy'Se  st6d       hringed-stefna, 
isig  and  utfus,        attelinges  far; 
a-lMon  pa       Ie6fne  pe6den, 
35  beaga  bryttan       on  bearm  scipes, 

maerne  be  maste.       pser  was  madma  fela, 
of  feor-wegum       fratwa  geleeded  : 
ne  h5'rde  ic  cymlicor       ce61  gegyrwan 
hiide-waepnum      rtnd  heaSo-wseCiuiii,  - 
40  billum  arc1  byrnum ;       him  on  bearme  lag 
ii/;Mria  manigo,        pa  him  mid  scoldon 
on  flddes  aeht       feor  gewitan. 
Nalas  hi  hine  lassan       lacnm  te6dan, 
J)e6d-gestre6num,       ponne  ]>a  dydon, 
45  J>e  hine  at  frumsceafte       for5  onsendon 
«  senne  ofer  yfte       umbor  wesende : 
fa  gyt  hie  him  asetton       segen  g?/Menne 
heah  ofer  heafod,       leton  holm  beran, 
geafon  on  gar-secg:       him  was  ge6mor  sefa, 
50  murnende  m6d.       Men  ne  cunnon 
secgan  t6  s65e       sele  raedenne, 
haleS  under  heofenum,       hwa  pam  hlaste  onfeng. 


II.    THE  HALL  HEOROT. 

PA  was  on  burgum       Be6wulf  Sc^'ldinga, 
Ie6f  Ie6d-cyning,        longe  ]>rage 
55  folcum  gefrsege        (fader  ellor  hwearf, 
aldor  of  earde),        66  fat  him  eft  onwdc 
heah  Healfdene ;       he61d  fenden  lifde, 
gamol  and  guS-re6w,        glade  Scyldingas. 
pam  fe6wcr  beam       forS-gerlmed 


60-94.]  BEOWULF.  3 

60  in  worold  w6cun,       weoroda  rseswan, 
Heorogar  and  Hr65gar       and  Halga  til; 
Iryrde  ic,  fat  Elan  cwen        Ongen^edwes  was 
Heattoscilfinges       heals-rgebedde. 
pa  was  Hr63gare       here-spM  gyfen, 

65  wiges  weorft-mynd,        fat  him  his  wine-magas 
georne  hyrdon,       68  fat  se6  geogo6  gewe6x, 
mago-driht  micel.        Him  on  m6d  beam, 
fat  heal-reced       hatan  wolde, 
medo-arn  micel       men  gewyrcean, 

70  fone  yldo  beam       sefre  gefrunon, 
and  }>8er  on  innan       call  gedselan 
geongum  and  ealdum,        swylc  him  god  sealde, 
buton  folc-scare       and  feorum  gumena. 
pa  ic  wide  gefragn       weorc  gebannan 

75  manigi-e  maegSe       geond  fisne  middan-geard, 
folc-stede  friitwan.        Him  on  fyrste  gelomp 
adre  mid  yldum,       fat  hit  wearS  eal  gearo, 
heal-arna  maest ;        sc6p  him  Heort  naman, 
se  fe  his  wordes  geweald       wide  hafde. 

80  He  be6t  ne  a!6h,       beagas  daelde,     . 
sine  at  symle.        Sele  hlifade 
hedh  and  horn-geap  :        hea^o-wylma  bdd, 
la^an  liges ;        ne  was  hit  lenge  fa  gen. 
fat  se  ecg-hete       atmm-swerian 

85  after  wiil-niSe       wacnan  scolde. 

^   pa  se  ellen-gtest       earfoSltce 

frage  gefolode,  se  fe  in  fj'strum  bM, 
fat  he  d6gora  gehwam  dredm  gehj'rde 
hludne  in  healle ;  f  aer  was  hearpan  sw£g, 

90  swutol  sang  sc6pes.        Sagde  se  fe  cfrSe 
frum-sceaft  fira       feorran  reccan, 
cwa5  fat  se  almihtiga       eorSan  worhte, 
wlite-beorhtne  wang,        swa  water  bebuge5, 
gesette  sige-hr^5ig       sunnan  and  m6nan 


4  BEOWULF.  [95-125. 

95  Ie6man  t6  leohte       land-buendum, 
and  gefratwade       foldan  sceatas 
leomum  and  leafum  ;       lif  eac  gesceop 
cynna  gehwylcum,       fara  fe  cwice  hwyrfaS. 
Swa  fa  driht-guman       dreamum  lifdon 

100  eadiglice,        66  fat  an  ongan 

fyrene  fremman,        fe6nd  on  helle : 
was  se  grimma  gast       Grendel  haten, 
maere  mearc-stapa,        se  fe  mdras  he61d, 
foil  and  fusion  ;        fifol-cynnos  card 

105  won-saelis  wer       weardode  hwlle, 

^ 

si55an  him  scyppend       forscrifen  hiifde. 
In  Caines  cynne       fone  cwealm  gewrac, 
^ce  drihten,       ]?as  ]?e  he  Abel  s!6g ; 
ne  gefeah  he  faere  fsehSe,        ac  he  hine  feor  forwrac, 
110  metod  for  Ipy  mane       man-cynne  fram. 
panon  unt3'dras       ealle  onw6con, 
eotenas  and  ylfe       and  orcne"as, 
swylce  gigantas,       fa  wi5  gode  wunnon 
lange  frage ;       he  him  fas  lean  forgeald. 


III.    GRENDEL'S  VISITS. 

115  GEWAT  fa  ne6sian,       syt5San  niht  becom, 
hean  huses,       hu  hit  Hring-Dene 
after  be6r-fege       gebun  hafdon. 
Fand  fa  fser  inne       a^elinga  gedriht 
swefan  after  symble ;       sorge  ne  cftSon, 

120  won-sceaft  wera.        Wiht  unhaelo 
grim  and  grsedig       gearo  s6na  was, 
re6c  and  r£5e,        and  on  riiste  genam 
f  ritig  f  egna  :       f  anon  eft  gewat 
hu5e  hr^mig       t6  ham  faran, 

125  mid  l^aere  wal-fylle       wica  ne6san. 


126-160.]  BEOWULF. 

pa  was  on  uhtan       mid  aer-dage 
Grendles  gfrS-craft       gumum  undyrne : 
pa  was  after  wiste       w6p  up  ahafen, 
micel  morgen-sw£g.       Msere  pe6den, 

130  aSeling  8er-g6d,       unbliSe  sat, 

polode  J^yS-swyft,       pegn-sorge  dreah, 
syftfiau  hie  pas  laftan       last  sceawedon, 
wergan  gastes ;       was  pat  gewin  t6  strang, 
laS  and  longsum.        Nas  hit  lengra  fyrst, 

135  ac  ywib  ane  niht       eft  gefremede 

morS-beala  mare       and  n6  mearn  fore 
faeh^e  and  fyrene;       was  t6  fast  on  fam. 
pa  was  ed^-fynde,       fe  him  elles  hwser 
gerumllcor       raste  sdhte, 

140  bed  after  burum,       fa  him  gebeacnod  was, 
gesagd  s6^1ice       sweotolan  tacne 
heal-fegnes  hete ;       he61d  hine  sj^^an 
fyr  and  fastor,       se  fam  fe6nde  atwand. 
Swa  rixode       and  wi^  rihte  wan 

145  ana  wi3  eallum,       66  pat  idel  st6d 
husa  selest.       Was  se6  hwil  micel: 
twelf  wintra  tld       torn  gepolode 
wine  Scyldinga,       weana  gehwelcne, 
sidra  sorga;       forjmin  syffian  weart5 

150  ylda  bearnum       und}Tne  cuS, 

gyddum  ge6more,        patte  Grendel  wan 
hwile  wiS  HrdtSgar; —       hete-ni6as  wag, 
fyrene  and  fsehfte       fela  missera, 
singale  sace,       sibbe  ne  wolde 

155  wiS  manna  hwone        magenes  Deniga 
feorh-bealo  feorran,       fe6  pingian, 
ne  pser  naenig  witena       wenan  porfte 
beorhtre  b6te       t6  banan  folmum; 
atol  aglaeca       ^htende  was, 

160  deorc  deaS-scua       dnguSe  and  geogofte, 


6  BE6WULF.  [161-192. 

seomade  and  syrede.       Sin-nihte  he61d 

mistige  m6ras ;       men  ne  cunnon, 

hwyder  hel-runan       hwyrftum  scriSaS. 

Swa  fela  fyrena       fe6nd  man-c}^nnes, 
165  atol  an-gengea,       oft  gefremede 

heardra  h5'n$a;       Heorot  eardode, 

sinc-fage  sel       sweartum  nihtum 

(n6  he  ]?one  gif-st61       gr£tan  mdste, 

maSSum  for  metode,       ne  his  myne  wisse) ; 
170  f>at  was  wrsec  micel       wine  Scyldinga, 

in6des  brecfta,       Monig-oft  gesat 

rice  t6  rune ;       rsed  eahtedon, 

hwat  swiS-ferh^um       shiest  waere 

wiS  faer-gryrum       t6  gefremmanne. 
175  Hwilum  hie  gehe"ton       at  harg-trafum 

wig-weorSunga,       wordum  baedon, 

fat  him  gast-bona       ge6ce  gefremede 

wit5  }>e6d-J>redum.       Swjic  was  fedw  hyra, 

haeftenra  h}'ht ;       helle  gemundon 
180  in  m6d-sefan,       metod  hie  ne  cuSon, 

daeda  d^mend,       ne  wiston  hie  drihten  god, 

ne  hie  hum  heofena  helm       herian  ne  cuSon, 

wuldres  waldend.        Wa  biS  f>am  fe  sceal 

furh  sltSne  ni5       sawle  bescufan 
185  in  fyres  faSm,       frdfre  ne  we1  nan, 

wihte  gewendan;       wel  biS  fam  fe  m6t 

after  ded^-dage       drihten  se'cean 

and  t6  fader  facSmum       freo^o  wilnian. 

IV.    HYGELAO'S  THANE. 

SWA  J>a  msel-ceare       maga  Healfdenes 
190  singala  seacS ;        ne  mihte  snotor  haleS 

wean  onwendan :        was  ])at  gewin  t6  swj'S, 
laS  and  longsum,        }>e  on  ]?d  Ie6de  becom, 


193-227.J  BEOWULF.  7 

n5Td-wracu  niS-grim,       niht-bealwa  maest. 

pat  fram  ham  gefragn       Higelaces  fegn, 
195  g6d  mid  Geatum,        Grendles  dseda: 

se  was  mon-cynnes       magenes  strengest 

on  fam  dage       fysses  lifes, 

aftele  and  eacen.        Het  him  yS-lidan 

g6dne  gegyrwan ;       cwa5  he  guS-cyning 
200  ofer  swan-rade       secean  wolde, 

maerne  fe6den,       fa  him  was  manna  J>earf. 

pone  siS-fat  him       snotere  ceorlas 

lyt-hwon  16gon,       )>eah  he  him  Ie6f  waere ; 

hwetton  higerdfne,        hsel  scedwedon. 
205  Hafde  se  g6da       Geata  Ie6da 

cempan  gecorone,       )?ara  )>e  he  c&noste 

findan  mihte  ;       fiftena  sum 

sund-wudu  s6hte ;       secg  wisade, 

lagu-craftig  mon,       land-gemyrcu. 
210  Fyrst  forS  gewat:        flota  was  on  ySum, 

bat  under  beorge.  |     Beornas  gearwe 

on  stefn  stigon ;        stredmas  wundon 

sund  wiS  sande ;        secgas  baeron 

on  bearm  nacan       beorhte  fratwe, 
215  gfrS-searo  geatolic ;       guman  ut  scufon, 

weras  on  wil-siS       wudu  bundenne. 

Gewat  )>a  ofer  waeg-holm       winde  gefysed 

flota  famig-heals       fugle  gelicost, 

6$  fat  ymb  an-tid       6Sres  d6gores 
220  wunden-stefna       gewaden  hafde, 

fat  fa  li^ende       land  gesawon, 

brim-clifu  bllcan,       beorgas  stedpe, 

side  sse-nassas :        fa  was  sund  liden, 

eoletes  at  ende.        panon  up  hrat5e 
225  Wedera  Ie6de       on  wang  stigon, 

sae-wudu  saeldon        (syrcan  hrysedon, 

gu5-gew3edo)  ;       gode  f  ancedon, 


8  BEOWULF.  [228-257. 

fa's  ])Q  him  y<$-l&de       eaSe  wurdon. 

pa  of  wealle  geseah       weard  Scildinga, 

230  se  J?e  holm-clifu       healdan  scolde, 
beran  ofer  bolcan       beorhte  randas, 
fyrd-searu  fuslicu ;       hine  fyrwyt  brilc 
m6d-gehygdum,       hwat  pa  men  wseron. 
Gewat  him  J>a  t6  waroSe       wicge  ridan 

235  pegn  HrdSgares,        prymmum  cwehte 

magen-wudu  mundum,        meftel-wordum  fragn: 
"Hwat  syndon  ge       searo-hiibbendra 
"byrnum  werede,        ]?e  ]ms  brontne  ce61 
"ofer  lagu-straete       laedan  cw6mon, 

240  "  hider  ofer  holmas       helmas  bceron? 
"Ic  was  ende-saeta,        seg-wearde  he61d, 
"  )>at  on  land  Dena       Ia5ra  nsenig 
"mid  scip-herge       sceSSan  ne  meahte. 
"  N6  her  cuSlicor       cuman  ongunnon 

245  "  lind-habbende  ;       ne  ge  leafnes-word 
"  guS-fremmendra       gearwe  ne  wisson, 
"  m^ga  gem^du.        Nsefre  ic  maran  geseah 
"  eorla  ofer  eor^an,        ponne  is  c6wer  sum, 
"  secg  on  searwum  ;        nis  )>at  seld-guma 

250  "  waepnum  geweorSad,        niifne  him  his  wlite  Ie6ge, 
u  senlic  an-syn.        Nu  ic  e6wer  sceal 
"  frum-c^'n  witan,        ser  ge  f}T  heonan 
' '  lease  sceaweras       on  land  Dena 
"furSur  f£ran.        Nu  ge  feor-buend 

255  "  mere-HSende       mimic  gehJTa'6 

"  an-fealdne  ge]6ht:       6fest  is  shiest 

"t6  gecy^anne,       hwanan  e6wre  cyme  syndon." 


258-289.]  BEOWULF. 


V.    THE  ERRAND. 

HIM  se  yldesta       andswarode, 
werodes  wisa       word-hord  onleac: 

260  "We  synt  gum-cynnes       Geata  Ie6de 
"  and  Higelaces       heorS-geneatas. 
"Was  min  fader       folcum  gecySed, 
"  aSele  ord-fruma       Ecgpe6w  haten ; 
"gebM  wintra  worn,        ser  he  on  weg  hwurfe, 

265  "  gamol  of  geardum ;        hine  gearwe  geman 
"witena  wel-hwylc       wide  geond  eorSan. — 
"  We  Jnirh  holdne  hige       hlaford  ]>inne, 
"sunn  Healfdenes,        s6cean  cw6mon, 
u  Ie6d-gebyrgean  :        wes  fu  us  larena  g6d! 

270  "  HabbaS  we  to  pam  maeran       micel  aerende 
' '  Deniga  frean  ;       ne  sceal  paer  d^Tne  sum 
"wesan,  fas  ic  w^ne.        pu  wast,  gif  hit  is, 
"  swd  we  s6Slice       secgan  hyrdon, 
"  ]?at  mid  Scj'ldingum       sceaSa  ic  nat  hwylc, 

275  "  de6gol  daed-hata,        deorcum  nihtum 
"  eaweS  ]>urh  egsan       uncuSne  niS, 
"hyntSu  and  hra-fyl.         Ic  fas  Hr65gar  mag 
"Jnirh  rumne  sefan       road  gelseran, 
uhu  he  fr6d  and  g6d       fe6nd  oferswy^e'S, 

28Q;  "  gyf  him  ed-wendan       sefre  scolde 
!  "bealuwa  bisigu,       b6t  eft  cuman 
\  i '  and  ]?a  cear-w}*lmas       cdlrau 
l"oSSe  4  syS^an       earfo5-]?rage, 
r'ffea-nj'd  folaS,        fenden  faer 

285  "on  heah-stede       husa  selest." 

Weard  ma^elode,        faer  on  wicge  sat 
ombeht  unforht :        ' '  ^EghwaSres  sceal 
"  scearp  sc}*ld-wiga       gescM  witan, 
"  worda  and  worca,        se  |>e  wel  |?ence5. 


10  BEOWULF.  [290-319. 

290  "  Ic  fat  gelrfre,       fat  fis  is  hold  weorod 
"  frean  Sc}Tldinga.        GewitaS  foi"S  beran 
"waepen  and  gewaedu,       ic  e6w  wisige: 
"  swylce  ic  magu-fegnas       mine  hate 
44  wiS  fe6nda  gehwone       flotan  e6werne, 

295  "  niw-tyrwedne       nacan  on  sande 
"  arum  healdan,        68  fat  eft  byreS 
"  ofer  lagu-streamas       Ie6fne  mannan 
"  wudu  wunden-hals       t6  Weder-mearce. 
"  GuS-fremmendra       swylcum  gifeSe  biS, 

300  "fat  pone  hilde-rses       hal  gedige^." 

Gewiton  him  fa  fdran        (flota  stille  bM, 
seomode  on  sale       sld-fa5med  scyp, 
on  ancre  fast)  ;        eofor-lic  sci6non 
ofer  hleor-beran       gehroden  golde 

305  fah  and  fyr-heard,        ferh  wearde  he61d. 
Gu5m6de  grummon,        guman  onetton, 
sigon  atsomne,        6t5  fat  hy  sal  timbred 
geatollc  and  gold-fah       ongytan  mihton  ; 
fat  was  fore-mserost       fold-buendnm 

310  receda  under  roderum,        on  fam  se  rica  bad; 
lixte  se  Ie6ma       ofer  landa  fela. 
Him  fa  hilde-de6r       hof  m6digra 
torht  getsehte,       fat  hie  him  t6  mihton 
gegnum  gangan  ;       gut5-beorna  sum 

315  wicg  gewende,       word  after  cwa^  : 

'  '  Mael  is  me  t6  fdran  ;       fader  alwalda 
mid  ar-stafum       e6wic  gehealde 
sitSa  gesunde!        ic  to  SJB  wille, 
wi$  wrat5  werod       wearde  healdan." 


" 


320-351.]  BEOWULF.  11 


VI.    BEOWULF'S  SPEECH. 

320  STREET  was  stan-fah,        stig  wisode 
gumum  atglidere.        Gfr5-byrne  scan 
heard  kond-loeen,        hring-iren  scir 
song  in  searwum,        fa  hie  16  sele  furSum 
in  hyra  giyre-geatwum       gangan  cw6mon. 

325  Setton  sae-me"t>e       side  sc3rldas, 

rondas  regn-hearde        wit>  fas  recedes  weal, 
bugon  ]>&  t6  bence ;       byrnan  hringdon, 
gutS-searo  gumena;        garas  stddon, 
sae-manna  searo,        samod  atgadere, 

330  asc-holt  ufan  graeg:        was  se  iren-freat 
waepnum  gewurSad.        pa  J>aar  wlonc  haleft 
oret-mecgas       after  aSelum  fragn  : 
"  Hwanon  ferigea^  ge       fatte  sc^idas, 
"graage  syrcan       and  grim-helmas, 

335  "  here-sceafta  heap? —       Ic  eom  Hr65gares 
"ar  and  ombiht.        Ne  seah  ic  el-]?e6dige 
u  fus  manige  men       mddiglicran. 
"  W^n'  ic  fat  ge  for  wlenco,      nalles  for  wraec-siSura, 
"ac  for  hige-]?rymmum        Hr65gar  sdhton." 

340  Him  fa  ellen-r6f       andswarode, 

wlanc  Wedera  Ie6d       word  after  sprue, 
heard  under  helme  :         "  We  synt  Higelaces 
' '  be6d-geneatas  ;        Be6wulf  is  min  nama. 
"Wille  ic  asecgan       sima  Healfdenes, 

345  "mserum  ]?e6dne       min  aerende, 

ualdre  finum,        gif  he  us  geunnan  wile, 
•     "J?at  we  hine  swd  gddne       gretan  m'6ton." 
Wulfgdr  maSelode        (fat  was  Wendla  Ie6d, 
was  his  mdd-sefa       manegum  gecySed, 

350  wig  and  wis-ddm) :        "  ic  fiis  wine  Deniga, 
"frean  Scildinga       frinan  wille, 


12  BEOWULF.  [352-382. 

"beaga  bryttan,       swa  ]m  b£na  eart, 

"  pe6den  moerne       ymb  ])inne  si5  ; 

"  and  pe  ]>&  andsware       adre  gecySan, 

355  "pe  me  se  g6da       agifan  penceft." 

Hwearf  pit  hriidlice,        paer  Hr68gdr  sat, 
eald  and  unhar       mid  his  eorla  gedribt ; 
eode  ellen-rof,        pat  he  for  eaxlum  gest6d 
Deniga  fredn,        cuSe  he  duguSe  ]?edw. 

360  Wulfgar  -ma^elode       t6  his  wine-drihtne : 
"Her  syndon  geferede       feorran  camene 
c'  ofer  geofenes  begang       Geata  Ie6de  : 
"  pone  yidestan       oret-mecgas 
"  Be6wulf  nernnaS.        Hy  benan  S3'iit, 

365  "]>at  hie,  pe6den  mln,        wi5  pe  mdton 

"  wordum  wrixlan  ;        n6  pu  him  wearne  gete6h, 
t4  pinra  gegn-cwida       gliidnian,  Hr66gar ! 
"  Hy  on  wig-geatwum        vvyr^ie  pinceatS 
"  eorla  gerehtlan  ;       hum  se  aldor  dedh, 

370  ' i  se  psem  heaSo-rincum       hider  wisade." 


VII.    HROTHGAK'S  WELCOME. 

HR6SGAR  ma^elode,        helm  Scyldinga: 
u  Ic  hine  cuSe       cniht-wesende. 
"Was  his  eald-fader    '  Ecgpe6  haten, 
"piim  to  ham  forgeaf       Hr65el  Geata 

375  "  Tmgan  dOhtor;        is  his  eafora  mi 

"heard  her  cumen,        s6hte  holdne  wine, 
"ponne  sagdon  pat       sse-liSende, 
"pa  pe  gif-sceattas       Geata  fjTedon 
"pyder  to  pance,        pat  he  prittiges 

380  ' '  manna  magen-craft        on  his  mund-gripe 
"heafio-r6f  habbe.         Hine  hdlig  god 
"for  ar-stafum       us  onsende, 


383-417.]  BEOWULF.  13 

"t6  West-Deuum,        fas  ic  w6n  habbe, 

"  wi5  Grendlcs  gryre :        ic  film  godan  sceal 

385  "for  his  m6d-frace        madmas  beodan. 
"Be6  fu  on  6feste,       hat  Mg  in  gan, 
"  se6n  sibbe-gedriht       samod  atgadere  ; 
"gesaga  him  eac  wordum,       fat  hie  sint  wil-cumau 
"Deniga  Ie6dum."       pd  wift  duru  healle 

390  Wulfgdr  eode,        word  inne  abead  : 
u  E6w  he't  secgan       sige-drihten  min, 
"aldor  East-Dena,        fat  he  e6wer  aSelu  can 
"  and  ge  him  syndon       ofer  sae-wylmas, 
"  heard-hicgende,        hider  wil-cumau. 

395  "Nu  ge  mdton  gangan        in  e6wmm  gu(5-geatawum, 
"under  here-grlman,        Hr65gar  gese6n  ; 
"  laetaS  hilde-bord       her  onbidian, 
"  wudu  wal-sceaftas,        worda  ge'pinges." 
Aras  f^,  se  rlca,        ymb  hine  rinc  manig, 

400  fry^lic  fegna  hedp ;        sume  fser  bidon, 

hea^o-redf  he61don,        swa  him  se  hcarda  bebedd. 

Sn}-redon  atsomne,        fa  secg  wisode 

under  Heorotes  hr6f ;       hyge-rof  eode, 

heard  under,  helme,        fat  he  on  .he6Se  gest6d. 

405  Be6wulf  maSelode        (on  him  bj'rne  scan, 
searo-net  se6vved        smiSes  or-fancum)  : 
' '  Wes  f  u  Hr65gar  hM  !        ic  com  Higelaces 
"  mseg  and  mago-f  egn  ;        habbe  ic  maBrSa  fela 
"  ongunnen  on  geogoSe.        Me  wcarS  Grendles  fing 

410  "on  minre  e5el-tyrf       und3'rne  cu5 : 

"•secgaS.  sae-li5end,        fat  fes  sole  stande, 
' '  reced  selesta,       rinca  gebwylcuai 
' '  Idel  and  unnyt,        siSSan  sefen-le6ht 
"under  heofenes  hador        beholen 

415  "pa  me  fiit  gelaerdon        Ie6de  mine, 
"fa  selcstan,        snotere  ceorlas, 
"fe6den  Hr66gar,       fiit  ic  fe  sdhte; 


14  BE6WULF.  [418-452. 


4 '  forpan  hie  magenes  craft       minne  cuSon  : 
"  selfe  ofersawon,       p&  ic  of  scanviim  cwom, 

420  "fan  from  fe6nclum,        paer  ic  fife  geband, 
"  y'Sde  eotena  cyn,        and  on  y5um  s!6g 
"  niceras  nihtes,        nearo-pearfe  dreah, 
"  wrac  Wedera  niS        (wedn  ahsodon) 
"  forgrand  gramum ;        and  nu  wi5  Grendel  sceal, 

425  "  wiS  pam  agloecan,        ana  gehegan 
"  "ping  wi5  pyrse.      ]  Ic  pe  nu  pa, 
"  brego  Beorht-Dena,        Mddan  wille, 
"  eodor  Scyldinga,        anre  b^ne  ; 
"pat  pu  me  ne  forwyrne,       wigendra  Iile6, 

430  "  fre6-wine  folca,        nu  ic  pus  feorran  com, 
' '  pat  ic  in6te  ana        and  minra  eorla  gedr^'ht, 
"  pes  hearda  heap,        Heorot  fselsian. 
"Habbe  ic  eac  geahsod,        pat  se  agl^eca 
"for  his  won-hydum       woepna  ne  rece'5 ; 

435  "ic  pat  ponne  forhicge,        swA  me  Higelac  sle, 
"  man  mon-drihten,        modes  bliSe, 
"pat  ic  sweord  bere       o58e  sidne  sc}"ld 
"  geolo-rand  t6  gu'Se ;        ac  ic  mid  grape  sceal 
"  f6n  wiS  fe6nde        and  tymb  feorh  sacan, 

440  "la$  wiS  laSum ;        pser  gelyfan  sceal 

"dryhtnes  d6me        se  pe  hine  deaS  nimc'S. 
"  W6n'  ic  pat  he  wille*,        gif  he  wealdan  m6t, 
' '  in  piim  gu5-sele        Geatena  Ic6de 
"  etan  unforhte,        swd  he  oft  d^yde 

445  "  magen  HreSmanna.        Na  pu  mimic  ]>earft 
"  hafalan  hydan,        ac  he  me  habban  wile 
"  drc6re  fahne,        gif  mec  dedS  nimeS, 
"  by  re  5  b!6dig  will,        b}Tgean  penccS, 
"ete5  an-genga       unmurnllce, 

450  ' '  mcarcaS  mor-h6pu  :        no  pu  ymb  mines  ne  pearft 
"lices  feorme       leng  sorgian. 
"  Onseud  Higelace,       gif  mec  hild  nime, 


453-483.]  BEOWULF.  15 


"  beadu-scruda  betst,        fat  mine  brc6st  wereS, 
"  hriigla  shiest;        fat  is  Hre'Slan  laf, 
455  "  Welandes  geweorc.       GseS  a  Wyrd  swa  hi  6  seel!" 


VIII.    HEOTHGAR  TELLS  OF  G-KENDEL. 


maftelode,        helm  Scjddinga: 
"for  were-fyhtum  fu,        wine  min  Be6wulf, 
"and  for  ar-stafum       usic  s6htest. 
"  Gesl6h  fin  fader       faeht5e  maeste, 

460  "wearS  he  HeaSolafe       td  hand-bonan 
;  '  mid  Wilfingum  ;        fa  hine  Wedera  cyn 
"for  here-brdgan       habban  rie  mihte. 
"'panon  he  gesdhte       Suc5-Dena  folc 
"  ofer  y<5a  gewealc,        Ar-Scyldinga  ; 

465  "fa  ic  furSum  we61d       folce  Deninga, 
"  and  on  geogo^e  he61d       gimme-rice 
"  hord-burh  hale^a  :       fa  was  Heregar  dead, 
'  '  min  yldra  mfieg       unlifigenda, 
"beam  Healfdenes.        Se  was  betera  fonne  ic  ! 

470  "SiSSan  fa  faehtSe        fe6  f  ingode  ; 

2  sende  ic  Wylfingum       ofer  wateres  hr}7cg 
"  ealde  madmas  :       he  me  aSas  sw6r.  • 
"  Sorh  is  me  t6  secganne       on  sefan  minum 
"  gumena  aengum,        hwat  me  Grendel  hafa'6 

475  "  hj-nSo  on  Heorote       mid  his  hete-fancum, 
"faer-nlSa  gefremed.         Is  min  flet-werod, 
'  '  wig-heap  gewanod  ;       hie  Wyrd  forswe6p 
"on  Grendles  gryre.        God  ea^e  mag 
"fone  dol-sca^an      'daBda  getwaefan! 

480  "Ful  oft  gebe6tedon       be6re  druncne 
"ofer  ealo-waege       oret-mecgas, 
"fat  hie  in  be6r-sele        bidan  woldon 
"Grendles  gufie        mid  grj'rum  ecga. 


16  BEOWULF.  [484-514. 

"ponne  was  pe6s  medo-hcal       on  morgen-tid, 

485  "  driht-scle  dreor-fah,        ponne  diig  lixte, 

"  cal  benc-pelu        bldde  bcstymed, 

"hcall  heoru-dre6re :        ahte  ic  holdra  py  las, 

"  de6rre  duguSe,        pe  pa  deaft  fornam. 

"Site  nu  t6  symle       and  onssel  mcoto, 
490  "  sige-hr&5  secgum,        swa  pin  sefa  hwette  ! " 

pa  was  Geat-macgum       geador  atsomne 

on  be6r-sele       benc  germed  ; 

pasr  swltS-ferhSe       sittan  eodon 

prj'Sum  dealle.        pegn  nytte  behe61d, 
495  se  pe  on  handa  bar       hrodcn  ealo-waege, 

scencte  scir  wered.        Scop  hwilum  sang 

hi\dor  on  Heorote ;        paer  was  hiileSa  dream, 

duguft  unlytel       Dena  and  Wedera. 


JX.    HUNFERTH  OBJECTS  TO  BEOWULF. 

HUNFERS  maftelode,        Ecglafes  beam, 

500  pe  at  fdtum  silt       frean  Scyldinga ; 

onband  beadu-rune        (wiis  him  Beowulfes  si5, 
mddges  mere-faran,        micel  af-])unca, 
forpon  }>e  he  ne  uSe,        )>at  aenig  6tScr  man 
aefre  mserSa  ]>on  mil       middan-geardes 

505  gehedde  under  heofennm        ponne  he  sylfa) : 

"  Eart  ]m  se  Be6wulf,        sc  pe  wi'8  Brecan  wunne, 

"on  sidne  SOB       ymb  sund  flite, 

' 4  |)aer  git  for  wlence       wada  cunnedon 

"  and  ror  dol-gilpe       on  de6p  water 

510  "  aldrnm  neSdon?        Ne  inc  renig  mon, 
"  ne  Ie6f  ne  Iat5,       belean  mihte 
"  sorh-ftillne  slS ;        ]>a  git  on  sund  re6n, 
"paer  git  eagor-strea'm       earmum  ]>ehton, 
"  mreton  mere-strseta,        mundum  brugdon, 


515-549.]  BEOWULF.  17 

515  " glidon  ofcr  gar-secg;       geofon  ySum  we61, 
"  wintres  w}*lme.        Git  on  wiiteres  sdht 
' '  seofon  niht  swuncon  ;        he  pe  at  sunde  oferflat, 
"hafde  mare  inagen.        pa  hine  on  morgen-tid 
"  on  HeaSo-raamas       holm  up  atbiir, 

520  "ponon  he  gesdhte       swaasne  eSel 
"  Ie6f  his  Ie6dum       lond  Brondinga, 
"  freoSo-burh  fiigere,        paar  he  folc  ahte, 
"burg  and  bedgas.        Be6t  eal  witJ  pe 
"  sunu  Beanstaiies       s65e  gelaaste. 

525  "  ponne  wdne  ic  t6  pe       wyrsan  gepinges, 
"  peah  pu  heaSo-raasa       gehwaar  dohte, 
"  grimre  gufte,        gif  pu  Grendles  dearst 
' '  niht-longne  fyrst       nedn  bidau  !  " 
Be6wulf  ma^elode,        beam  Ecgpeowes  : 

530  "Hwiit  pu  worn  fela,        wine  min  Hunferft, 
"  be6re  drunce*n       j'mb  Brccan  spraace, 
"  sagdest  from  his  siSe  !        S6(5  ic  talige, 
"  pat  ic  mere-strengo       maran  fihte, 
"  eafeSo  on  yS^im,        ponne  aanig  6t5er  man. 

535  ' '  Wit  pat  gecwaadon       cniht-wesende 

"and  gebe6tedon        (waeron  begen  pd,  git 
"on  geogo^-feore)        pat  wit  on  gar-secg  ut 
"  aldrum  netklon  ;        and  pat  geiifndon  swa. 
"  Hafdon  swurd  nacod,        pa  wit  on  sund  re6n, 

540  "heard  on  handa,        wit  unc  wi5  hron-fixas 
"  werian  pdhton.        N6  he  wiht  fram  me 
"  fl6d-5TSum  feor       fle6tan  meahte, 
"hrat5or  on  holme,        nd  ic  fram  him  wolde. 
' '  pa  wit  atsomne       on  saa  waaron 

545  "fif  nihta  fyrst,        66  pat  unc  fl6d  t6draf, 
"wado  weallende,        wedera  cealdost, 
"  nipende  niht        and  norftan  wind 
"hea6o-grim  andhwearf;        hre6  waaron 
' ; '  Wiis  mere-fixa       m6d  onhr^rcd  : 


18  BEOWULF.  [550-580. 

550  "  paer  me  wiS  laSum       lic-sjrcc  min, 
"heard  hond-locen,        lielpe  gefremede  ; 
"  beado-hriigl  broclen       on  bre6stum  lag, 
"  golde  gegyrwed.        Me  to  grunde  tedh 
"fah  fe6nd-sca3a,        faste  hiifcle 

555  "grim  on  grape :        hwiiSre  me  gyfeSe  wearS, 
"pat  ic  agloecan       orde  geraehtc, 
"  bilde-bille  ;       heat>o-raes  fornam 
"  mihtig  mere-de6r       purh  mine  hand. 


X.   BEOWULF'S  CONTEST  WITH  BKECA. — THE  FEAST. 

"  SWA  mec  ge!6me       Ia5-gete6nan 

560  "predtedon  ]>earle.       Ic  him  j^node 

"  de6ran  sweorde,        swa  hit  ged^fe  was; 
"nas  hie  ]?aere  fylle       gefedn  Imfdon, 
"  man-fordaedlan,        pat  hie  me  p£gon, 
"symbol  ymb-saeton       sae-gruncle  nedh, 

565  "  ac  on  mergenne       mficum  wunde 
"be  y5-lafe       uppe  laegon, 
"  sweordum  aswefede,       pat  sy55an  na 
"ymb  brontne  ford        brim-liSende 


570  "beorht  bedcen  godes ;       brimu  swa^redon, 

' '  pat  ic  sse-nassas       gese6n  mihte, 

"  windige  weallas.        Wyrd  oft  nereS 

"  unfsegne  eorl,        Sonne  his  ellen  deah ! 

"  HwaSere  me  gesaelde,        pat  ic  mid  sweorde  ofs!6h 
575  "  niceras  nigene.        N6  ic  on  niht  gefriign 

"under  heofones  liwealf       heardran  feohtan, 

"  ne  on  ^grstredmum       earmran  mannan  ; 

"  hwatJere  ic  fara  feng       feore  gedigde, 

"  siSes  wfirig.        pa  mec  SOB  65bar, 
580  "fl6d  after  faroSe,        on  Finna  land, 


581-615.]  BEOWULF.  19 

"  wadu  weallendu.        N6  ic  wiht  fram  fe 

4 '  swylcra  searo-nlSa        secgan  hyrde, 

"  billa  brogan  :       Breca  naafre  git 

"  at  hca5o-lace,       ue  gehwatter  incer 
585  "swa  de6rlice       daed  gefremede 

"fagum  sweordum          .   . 

" n6  ic  fas  gylpe  ; 

"  fedh  fu  finum  br68rum       t6  banan  wurde, 

' '  hedfod-maagum  ;        fas  f  u  in  helle  scealt 
590  "  werhSo  dre6gan,        fedh  fin  wit  duge» 

"  Secge  ic  fe  t6  s6Se,       sunn  Ecglafes, 

"fat  naefre  Grendel  swa  fela       gryra  gefremede, 

"  atol  aglaaca       ealdre  finum, 

"  hynt>o  on  Heorote,        gif  fin  hige  waare, 
595  "  sefa  swa  searo-grim,       swa  fu  self  talast. 

"Ac  he  hafaft  onfunden,       fat  he  fa  fsehSe  ne  fearf, 

"  atole  ecg-frace       e6wer  Ie6de 

"  sw!6e  onsittan,        Sige-Sc}-ldinga  ; 

"  nyme^  nyd-bade,        naanegum  ara5 
600  "  Ie6de  Deniga,        ac  he  on  lust  wlgeft, 

"  swefeS  ond  sendeft,        sacce  ne  w^neS 

"t6  Gar-Denum.        Ac  him  Geata  sceal 

"  eafo^  and  ellen       ungeara  nu 

"gu5e  gebe6dan.       GaeS  eft  se  fe  m6t 
605  ' '  t6  medo  m6dig,        si^San  morgen-le6ht 

"  ofer  jida  beam       6Sres  d6gores, 

"  sunne  swegl-wered       suSan  seined!" 

pa  was  on  salum       sinces  brytta 

gamol-feax  and  guS-r6f,       ge6ce  gelyfde 
610  brego  Beorht-Dena;       gehyrde  on  Be6wulfe 

folces  hyrde       fast-raadne  gef6ht. 

paar  was^hale^a  hleahtor;       hlyn  swynsode, 

word  waaron  wynsume.        Eode  Wcalhfe6w  forS, 

cw^n  Hr65gares,        C3'nna  gemyndig, 
615  gr6tte  gold-hroden        gumn.ii  on  hcallc, 


20  BE6WULP.  [616-050. 

and  fa  fre61ic  wif       All  gesealde 
serest  East-Dena        6Mcl-wearde, 
bad  hinc  blitfne       Jit  J>sere  be6r-fege, 
Ie6dum  Ie6fne ;       he  on  lust  gef eah 

620  symbel  and  sele-ful,        sige-r6f  kyning. 
Ymb-eode  fa       ides.Helminga 
duguSe  and  geogoSe       dael  seghwylcne ; 
sinc-fato  sealde,        65  pat  sael  alamp, 
fat  M6  Be6wulfe,       be&g-hroden  cw£n, 

625  m6de  gefungen,        medo-ful  atbar ; 
grette  Geata  Ie6d,        gode  fancode 
wis-fast  wordum,       fas  fe  hire  se  willa  gelamp, 
fat  heo  on  senigne       eorl  gelyfde 
fyrena  fr6fre.        He  fiit  Ail  gefeah, 

630  wal-re6w  wiga       at  Wealhfe6n, 
and  fa  g}Tddode       guSe  gefysed, 
Be6wulf  maSelode,       bearn  Ecgfe6wes  : 
"  Ic  fat  hogode,       fa  ic  on  holm  gestah, 
' '  sa3-bat  gesiit       mid  minra  secga  gedriht, 

635  "fat  ic  anunga       e6wra  leoda 

"willan  geworhte,        o$Se  on  wal  crunge, 
"  fe6nd-gnipum  fast.        Ic  gefremman  sceal 
"  eorlic  ellen,        oSSe  ende-dag 
"on  fisse  meodu-healle       minne  gebidan." 

640  pam  wife  fa  word       wel  licodon, 

gilp-cwide  Gedtes  ;        code  gold-hroden 
fre61icu  folc-cwen       t6  hire  fredn  sittan. 
pa  was  eft  swa  aer       inne  on  healle 
fiy8-word  sprecen,        fe6d  on  saelum, 

645  sige-folca  sweg,        6S  fiit  semninga 
sunn  Healfdenes       sficean  wolde 
aefcn-riistc ;        wiste  at  ]'am  ahlaecan 
t6  ])iim  heah-sele        hilde  gefinged, 
sifrSan  hie  sunnan  Ie6ht       gese6n  ne  meahton, 

650  o5(Se  nipendc        niht  ofer  calle, 


651-G81.]  BEOWULF.  21 

scadu-helma  gesceapu       scriSan  cw6man, 
wan  under  wolcnum.        "Werod  call  drds. 
GrStte  ]?d  giddum       guma  ofterne, 
Hr6Sgdr  Be6wtilf,        and  him  hsel  dbead, 

655  win-arnes  geweald       and  pat  word  acwaS : 
"Nsefre  ic  asnegtim  men       ser  dlyfde, 
"  sit5t$an  ic  hond  and  rond       hebban  mihte, 
"]?ryt>-arn  Dena       buton  pe  nu  pd. 
4 '  Hafa  -riu  and  geheald     .  husa  selest ; 

660  "  gemyne  mserlfo,        magen-ellen  cyS, 

"  waca  wi^  wrd^urn!       Ne  biS  ]?e  wilna  gdd, 
ugif  J>u  ]?at  ellen-weorc       aldre  gedigest." 


XI.    THE  WATCH  FOR  GRENDEL. 

PA  him  HrdtSgdr  gewdt       mid  his  halefta  gedryht, 
eodur  Scyldinga       ut  of  healle  ; 

665  wolde  wig-fruma       Wealhpe6  secan, 

cw^n  t6  gebeddan.        Hafde  kyninga  wuldor 
Grendle  t6-geanes,        swa  guman  gefrungon, 
sele-weard  dseted :        sundor-nj^tte  behe61d 
ymb  aldor  Dena,        eoton  weard  dbead ; 

670  nuru  Gedta  Ie6d       georne  truwode 
m6dgan  miignes,        metodes  Iryldo. 
pa  he  him  of  dyde       isern-byrnan, 
helm  of  hafelan,        scalde  his  h}Tsted  sweord, 
irena  cj'st        ombiht-]?egne,  .   ' 

675  and  gehealdan  h^t       hilde-geatwe. 

Gesprac  )>a  se  gdda       g}Tlp-worda  sum 
Be6wulf  Gedta,        a3r  he  on  bed  stige : 
"  N6  ic  me  an  here-wa3smum       hndgran  talige 
' '  gftS-geweorca,       ponne  Grendel  hinc  ; 

680  "  forpan  ic  hine  sweorde       swebban  nelle, 
"aldre  bencotan,        j?cAh  ic  eal  maege. 


22  BEO.WULF.  [G82-710. 

"Nat  he  para  g6da,        pat  he  me  on-gean  sled, 
"rand  geheawe,        pedh  pe  he  rof  sie 
' '  nlS-geweorca  ;        ac  wit  on  niht  sculon 

685  "  secge  ofersittan,       gif  he  gesScean  dear 
"wig  ofer  wsepen,        and  sifrSan  witig  god 
"  on  swd  hwaSere  bond       halig  dryhten 
"  mser5o  d6me,        swa  him  gemet  ]>ince." 
Hylde  bine  ]>a  heat5o-de6r,        hle6r-bolster  onfeng 

690  eorles  andwlitan ;        and  bine  }'mb  monig 
snellic  sse-rinc       sele-reste  gebeah. 
Nsenig  beora  ]?6hte       pat  he  panon  scolde 
eft  eard-lufan       aefre  ges^cean, 
Me  oSSe  fre6-burh,        pser  he  afeded  was, 

695  ac  hie  hafdon  gefrunen,       ]?at  hie  ser  t6  fela  mieles 
in  f»ilm  win-sele       wal-ded^  fornam, 
Denigea  Ie6de.        Ac  him  dryhten  forgeaf 
wig-sp6da  gewiofu,       Wedera  Ie6dtim 
frdfor  and  fultum,        pat  hie  fe6nd  heora 

700  Jmrh  anes  craft       ealle  oferc6mon, 
selfes  mibtum :        s68  is  gecySed, 
pat  mihtig  god       manna  cynnes 
^we61d  wlde-ferb'6.        Com  on  wanre  niht 
scri5aii  sceada-genga.        Sceotend  swaefon, 

705  pa  pat  horn-reced        bealdan  scoldon, 

ealle  buton  anum.        pat  was  yldum  c^S, 
pat  hie  ne  mdste,        pa  me  tod  nolde, 
se  sj'n-scaSa       under  sceadu  bregdan ; 
ac  he  waccende       wra^um  on  andan 

710  bad  bolgen-m6d       beadwa  gepinges. 


711-742.]  BEOWULF.  23 


XII.    GRENDEL'S  RAID. 

pi.  com  of  m6re       under  mist-hleo'Sum 

Grendel  gongan,       godes  yrre  biir. 

Mynte  sa  man-sca(5a       manna  cynnes 

siimnc  begyroan^in  sele  fam  hean; 
715  w6d  under  wolcnum,       t6  fas  fe  he  win-reced, 

gold-sele  gumena,        gearwost  wisse 

fattum  fahne.        Ne  was  fat  forma  s!5, 

fat  he  Hr6$gares       ham  ges6hte : 
.     nsefre  he  on  aldor-dagum       aer  ne  siftSan 
720  heardran  hale,        heal-fegnas  fand ! 

Com  J>a  t6  recede       rinc  slSian 

dreamum  bedseled.        Duru  s6na  onarn 

fyr-bendum  fast,        sytSSan  he  hine  folmum  hran ; 

onbrad  fd  bealo-hydig,       ]?a  he  abolgen  was, 
725  recedes  muSan.       RaSe  after  pon 

on  fagne  flor       fe6nd  treddode, 

eode  yrre-m6d ;       him  of  eagum  stdd 

lige  gellcost       Ie6ht  unfager. 

Geseah  he  in  recede       rinca  manige, 
730  swefan  sibbe-gedriht       samod  atgadere, 

mago-rinca  heap :        ])a  his  m6cl  ahldg, 

mynte  pat  he  gecfelde,        ser  fon  dag  cw6me, 

atol  aglseca,        anra  gehwylces 

lif  wi5  lice,        )>A,  him  alumpen  was  , 

735  wist-fylle  w^n.       Ne  was  ]?at  wyrd  ]>a  gen, 

fat  he  ma  m6ste       manna  cynnes 

ficgean  ofer  fd  niht".       pry^-swyS  behe61d 

mseg  Higelaces,       hu  se  man-scaSa 

under  fser-gripum       gefaran  wolde. 
740  Ne  fat  se  aglseca       yldan  fdhte, 

ac  he  gefeng  hra^e       forman  slSe 

slsependne  rinc,       slat  unwearnum, 


24  BEOWULF.  [743-777. 

bat  ban-locan,       b!6d  Mrum  dranc, 

syn-snsedum  swealh:        s6na  hafde 
745  unlyfigendes       eal  gefeormod 

fet  and  folma.        ForS  near  atst6p, 

nam  pa  mid  hancla       hige-pihtigne 

rinc  on  riiste  ;       raehte  ongedn 

fe6ud  mid  folme,       he  onfeng  hra^e 
750  inwit-pancum       and  wi5  earm  gesat. 

S6na  fat  onfunde       fyrena  hyrde, 

pat  lie  ne  m6tte       middan-geardes 

eorSan  sceata       on  elran  men 

mund-gripe  mdrau :       he  on  m6de  wearS 
755  forht  on  ferhSe,        116  ]>y  aer  frani  meahte  ; 

hyge  was  him  hin-fus,        wolde  on  heolster  fle6n, 

secan  de6fla  gedrag :        ne  was  his  drohtoS  ]?ter, 

swylce  he  on  ealder-dagum       oer  gemette. 

Gemunde  pa  se  g6da       maeg  Higelaces 
760  sefen-sprsece,        up-lang  astdd 

and  him  f  aste  wiSfeng.        Fingras  burston  ; 

eoten  was  ut-weard,        eorl  furSur  stdp. 

Mynte  se  msera,        paBr  he  meahte  swa, 

wldre  gewinclan        and  on  weg  panon 
765  fle6n  on  fen-li6pu ;        wiste  his  fingra  geweald 

on  grames  grapum.        pat  was  ge6cor  siS, 

pat  se  hearm-scaSa       t6  Heorute  ^iteah : 

dryht-sele  dynede,        Denum  eallum  wearc5, 

ceastcr-buendum,        cenra  geliw}icum, 
770  eorlum  eahi-scerwen.        Yrre  wseron  begen, 

re5e  ren-weardas.         Reced  hlynsode  ; 

pa"  was  wnndor  micel,        pat  se  win-sele 

wibhiifde  hea^o-deorum,       pat  he  on  hrusan  ne  fe61, 

fager  fold-bold;        ac  he  pas  fastc  was 
775  innan  and  utan        iren-bendum 

searo-poncum  besmiSod.        paer  fram  sylle  abedg 

meclu-benc  moiiig       mine  gefraBge, 


778-808.]  BEOWULF.  25 

golde  geregnad,        ]>oer  ];d  graman  wunnon:     Tlfif> 

]?iis  ne  wendon  aer       witan  Scyldinga, 
780  )>at  hit  a  mid  gemete        manna  aenig 

betlic  and  ban-fag        t6brecan  mealite, 

listum  tolucan,        nymSe  liges  fa5m 

swulge  on  swaSule.        Sw6g  up  astag 

niwe  geneahhe  ;        NorS-Denum  st6d 
785  atelic  egesa       anra  gehwylcum 

para  pe  of  wealle       w6p  gehyrdon, 

giyre-le65  galan    .    godes  andsacan, 

sige-ledsne  sang,        sar  wanigean 

helle  haftan.        He61d  hine  t6  faste 
790  se  ]>Q  manna  was       magene  strongest 

on  ]>am  dage       fysses  lifes. 


XIII.    BEOWULF  TEAES^OFF  GRENDEL'S  ARM. 

NOLDE  eorla  hle6       aenige  pinga 

]?one  cwealm-cuman       cwicne  forlsetan, 

ne  his  lif-dagas       Ie6da  asnigum 
795  nytte  tealde.        paer  genehost  bragd 

eorl  Be6wulfes       ealde  lafe, 

wolde  frcd-drihtnes       feorh  ealgian 

maeres  f e6dnes,        paer  hie  meahton  swa ; 

hie  }>at  ne  wiston,       ]>&  hie  gewin  drugon, 
800  heard-hicgende       hilde-mecgas, 

and  on  liealfa  gehwone       hedwan  ]?6hton, 

sawle  s^can,       pcit  ]?one  syn -scaSan 

oanig  ofer  eorSan       irenna  cyst, 

guS-billa  nan       grdtan  nolde  ; 
805  ac  he  sige-waepnum    .   forsworen  hafde, 

ecga  gehw3Tlcre.        Scolde  his  aldor-gedal 

on  }>am  dagc       ]>ysses  lifes 

earmlic  wurSan        and  se  cllor-gdst 


26  BEOWULF.  [809-837. 

% 

on  fc6ncla  geweald       feor  simian. 

810  p&  fat  onfunde       se  fe  fela  aeror 
m6des  myrSe        manna  cynne 
fyrene  gefremede        (he  was  fag  wift  god) 
fat  him  se  lic-homa       laestan  nolde, 
ac  bine  se  m6clega       maeg  Hy-geldces 

815  hafde  be  honda ;        wiis  gehwaSer  6<5rum 
lifigende  laS.         Llc-sar  gebad 
atol  agloeca,       him  on  eaxle  wearS 
syn-dolh  sweotol,        seonowe  onsprungon 
burston  ban-locan.        Be6wulfe  wearS 

820  gu5-hr&5  gyfe^e ;        scolde  Grendel  fonan 
feorh-se6c  fle6n       under  fen-hleoSu, 
sdcean  wyn-leds  wic ;       wiste  f6  geornor, 
fat  his  aldres  wiis       ende  gegongen, 
dogera  dag-rim.        Denum  eallnm  wearS 

825  after  fam  wiil-raese       willa  gelumpen. 

Hafde  f£  gefselsod,        se  fe  ser  feorran  com, 
snotor  and  swyS-ferhS       sele  Hro^gares, 
genered  wi5  nltSe.        Niht-weorce  gefeb, 
ellen-maerSum ;        hlifde  Edst-Denum 

830  Geat-mecga  Ie6d       gilp  gekested, 
sw3*lce  oncyt5'5e       ealle  gebette, 
inwid-sorge,        fe  hie  aer  drngon 
and  for  frea-n^dum       folian  scoldon, 
torn  uulytcl.        pat  was  tacen  sweotol, 

835  sy^San  hilde-deor       bond  alegde, 

earm  and  eaxle        (faer  wiis  eal  geador 
Grendles  grape)        under  gedpne  br(5/. 


838-869.]  BEOWULF.  27 


XIV.    THE  JOY  AT  HEOROT. 

PA  was  on  morgen       mine  gefrsege 
ymb  ]?a  gif-healle       guS-rinc  monig: 

840  ferdon  folc-togan        feorran  and  nedn 
geond  wid-wegas       wundor  scedwian, 
laSes  lastas.        N6  his  lif-gedal 
sarlic  puhte       secga  oenegum, 
para  ]>e  tir-ledses       trode  scedwode, 

845  hft  he  werig-m6d       on  weg  fanon, 
nl5a  ofercumen,        on  nicera  mere 
faege  and  geflymed       feorh-lastas  bar. 
pser  was  on  b!6de       brim  weallende, 
atol  y^a  geswing       eal  gemen^ed  i  (V^#^ 

850  hdtan  heolfre,       heoro-dre6re  w^olfy 
ded^-fege  de6g,        si"6San  dredma  leas 
in  fen-freoSo       feorh  alegde 
hae^ene  sawle,        fser  him  hel  onfdng. 
panon  eft  gewiton       eald-gesi5as, 

855  swylce  geong  manig       of  gomen-wa^e, 
fram  mere  m6dge,       mearum  ridan, 
beornas  on  blancum.        peer  was  Be6wulfes 
maai^o  moaned ;  !     monig  oft  gecwaS, 
fatte  sAS  ne  nor6       be  seem  tweonum 

860  ofer  eormen-grund       6$er  nasnig 
under  swegles  begong       selra  nsere 
rond-habbendra,        rices  wyrftra. 
Ne  hie  hum  wine-drihten       wiht  ne  16gon, 
gladne  Hr6'Sgar,        ac  ]>at  was  g6d  cyning. 

865  Hwilum  hea^o-r6fe       hledpan  l^ton, 
on  geflit  faran       fealwe  mearas, 
paer  him  fold-wegas       fagere  puhton, 
cystum  cutte ;        hwilum  cyninges  J?egn, 
guma  gilp-hladen       gidda 


28  BEOWULF.  [870-904. 

870  se  fe  eal-fela       eald-gesegena 

worn  gemunde,        word  65er  fand 

s68e  gebunden :        secg  eft  ongan 

siS  Be6wulfes       snyttrum  styrian 

and  on  sped  wrecan        spel  gerade, 
875  wordum  wrixlan,        wel-liwyle  gecwaS, 

fat  he  fram  Sigemunde       secgan  hyrde, 

ellen-dsedum,        uncuSes  fela, 

Walsinges  gewin,       wide  sltSas, 

fara  fe  gumeria  beam       gearwe  ne  wiston, 
880  faeh6e  and  fyrene,       baton  Fitela  mid  hine, 

fonne  he  swylces  hwat       secgan  wolde 

earn  his  nefan,        swa  hie  a  waeron 

at  ni5a  gehwam       nyd-gesteallan  : 

hafdon  eal-fela       eotena  cynnes 
885  sweordum  gesseged.    J  Sigemunde  gesprong 
•after  deat>-dage       d6m  unlytel, 

sySSan  wiges  heard       wyrm  a  ewe  aide, 

hordes  hyrde ;       he  under  harne  stan, 

aSelinges  beam,        ana  gen^Sde 
890  frScne  dsede ;       ne  was  him  Fitela  mid. 

HwaSre  him  gesselde,        fat  fat  sword  Jmrhwod 

wriitlicne  wyrm,        fat  hit  on  wealle  atst6d, 

diyhtlic  iren ;       draca  morSre  swealt. 

Hafde  aglseca    '   elne  gegongen, 
895  fat  he  beah-hordes       brucan  m6ste 

selfes  d6me  :        sse-bat  gehldd, 

btir  on  bearm  scipes       beorhte  fratwa, 

Walses  eafera ;        W3*rm  hat  gemealt. 

Se  wiis  wreccena       wide  maerost 
900  ofer  wer-fe6de,        wigcndra  hle6 

ellen-dsedum        (he  ])iis  a?r  onfall), 

siS(5an  Heremddes        hild  sweSrode 

eafofi  and  ellen.        He  mid  eotennm  wearS 

on  fe6nda  gcweald        for5  forlacen, 


905-934.]  BEOWULF.  29 

905  snude  forsended.       Hine  sorh-wylmas 

lemede  t6  lange,       he  his  Ie6dum  wearft, 

eallum  aSelingum       t6  aldor-ceare  ; 

swylce  oft  bemearn       serran  rnaelum 

swiS-ferhSes  sift       snotor  ceorl  monig, 
910  se  fe  him  bealwa  td       bdte  gelyfde, 

fat  fat  fe6dnes  beam       gefe6n  scolde, 

fader-aSelum  onf6n,        folc  gehealdan, 

hord  and  hle6-burh,       halefta  rice, 

e15el  Scyldinga.        He  pser  eallum  we^,t8, 
915  maeg  Higelaces       manna  cynne, 

fre6ndam  gef agra ;       hine  fyren  onw6d. 

Hwilum  flltende       fealwe  strsete 
mearum  mseton.        pa  was  morgen-le6ht 
scofen  and  scynded.        Eode  scealc  monig 

920  swift-hicgende       t6  sele  fam  hedn, 

searo-wundor  se6n,       sw}rlce  self  cyning, 
of  bryd-bure       beah-horda  weard, 
tryddode  tir-fast       getrume  micle, 
cystum  gecytSed,       and  his  cw£n  mid  him 

925  medo-stig  gemat       magSa  h6se. 


XV.    HEOTHGAE'S  GEATULATION. 

HR6SGAR  ma8elode        (he  t6  healle  ge6ng, 
st6d  on  stapole,       geseah  steapne  hr6f 
golde  fahne      ^ind  Grendles  hond): 
' '  pisse  ansyne       al-wealdan  fane 
930  "lungre  gelimpc !        Fela  ic  l&8es  gebad, 
' '  grynna  at  Grendle  :        a  mag  god  wyrcan 
"  wunder  after  wundre,        wuldres  hyrde  ! 
' '  pat  was  ungeara,       fat  ic  senigra  me 
' '  weana  ne  wdnde       t6  wldan  feore 


30  BEOWULF.  [935-9G9, 


935  "b6te  gebidan       ponne  bldde  fAh 
' '  husa  selest       heoro-dre6rig  st6d  ; 
"wed  wid-scofen       witena  gehwylcne 
"para  pe  ne  wendon,        pat  bie  wide-ferhS 
"  Ie6da  land-geweorc       laSum  beweredon 

940  "  scuccum  and  scmuum.        Nu  scealc  hafaS 
"  purh  dribtnes  mibt       da^d  gefremede, 
' '  pe  we  ealle       021-  ne  meabton 
"  snyttrum  bcsyrwan.         Hwiit !    pat  sccgan  mag 
"  efne  swa  hwylc  magSa,        swd  pone  niagaii  ccnde 

945  "after  gum-C3'nnum,        g3'f'be6  gyt  h'fa<5, 
' '  pat  byre  eald-metod       este  waere 
"  bearn-geb^Tdo.        Nu  ic  Beowulf 
"pec,  secg  betsta,        me  for  sunu  wylle 
"  fre6gan  on  ferhSe  ;       beald  forS  tela 

950  "  niwe  sibbe.        Ne  bi5  pe  naenigra  gad 
"  worolde  wilna,        pe  ic  geweald  habbe.  ' 
4 '  Ful-oft  ic  for  liissan       lean  teobhode 
"  hord-weorSunge        hnahran  rince, 
"  saemran  at  sacce.        pu  pe  self  hafast 

955  "  dsedum  gefremed,        pat  pin  dom  lyfaft 
"awA  to  aldre.        Alwalda  pec 
"  g6de  forgylde,        sw^,  he  nu  gyt  dyde!" 
Be6wulf  ma^elode,       beam  Ecgpe6wes  : 
"We  pat  ellen-weorc       ^stuin  miclum, 

960  "  feohtan  fremedon,        Mcne  gendSdou 
"  eafoS  uncuSes  ;        uSe  ic  swiSor, 
"  pat  }  u  bine  selfne        gese6n  mdste, 
"  fe6nd  on  friitewum       fyl-weri^ne  ! 
"  Ic  bine  hradlice       heardan  clammum 

965  "on  wiil-bcdde        wri]5an  pdbte, 

' '  pat  be  for  mund-gripe        minum  scolde 
' '  licgean  Iif-b3'sig,        butan  bis  lie  swice  ; 
"  ic  bine  ne  mihte,       pd  metod  nolde, 
gauges  getwtieman,        n6  ic  him  pas  georne  atfealh, 


u 


970-1000.]  BEOWULF.  81 

970  "  feorh-genlSlan  ;       was  t6  fore-mihtig 

"fe6nd  on  fe5e.        HwaSer.e  he  his  folme  forlet 

~"t6  lif-wrafte       last  weardian, 

"earai  and  caxle ;       n6  pser  lenige  swa  peah 

"  fea-sceaft  gnma       fr6fre  gebohte  : 
975  "116  py  leng  leofafi       Ia3-gete6na      . 

"  s}'nnum  geswenced,        ac  hyne  sar  hafatS 

"in  nyd-gripe       nearwe  befongen, 

' '  balwon  bendum  :        ]?oer  abidan  sceal 

"  maga  mane  fah       miclan  d6mes, 
980  "hu  him  scir  metod       scrifah  wille."- 

pa  was  swigra  secg,        sunu  Ecglafes, 

on  gylp-spra3ce       gu^-geweorca, 

siSSan  iiSelingas     .  eorles  crafte 

ofer  hedhne  hr6f       hand  sceawedon, 
985  fe6ndes  fingras,        foran  seghwylc ; 

was  stMe  nagla  gehwylc,        style  gellcost, 

hseSenes  hand-speru       hilcle-rinces 

egle  unhe6ru ;   .    seg-hwylc  gecwaS, 

]?at  him  heardra  nan       hrinan  wolde 
990  iren  ser-g6d,        ]?at  fas  ahlaecan 

b!6dge  beadu-folnie       onberan  wolde. 


XVI.    THE  BANQUET  AND  THE  GIFTS. 

pi  was  haten  hre^e       Heort  innan-weard 
folrnum  gefratwod :        fela  paera  was 
wera  and  wifa,        pe  fat  win-reced, 
995  gest-sele  gyredon.        Gold-fag  scinon 
web  after  wagum,        wundor-si6na  fela 
secga  gehwylcum        para  ]>e  on  sw}Tlc  starax. 
Was  pat  beorhte  bold       tdbrocen  swiSe 
eal  inne-weard       iren-bendum  fast, 
1000  hcorras  t6hlidene ;  /    hr6f  ana  geniis 


32  BEOWULF.  [1001-1035. 

ealles  ansund,        pa  se  aglseca, 

fjren-daedum  fag       on  fleam  gewand, 

aldres  or-wena.         N6  pat  y5e  by$ 

t6  befle6nne        (fremme  se  pe  wille !) 
1005  ac  gesacan  sceal        sawl-berendra 

nyde  genydde        niSSa  bearna 

grund-buendra       gearwe  st6we, 

paer  his  lic-lioma       leger-bedde  fast 

swefeS  after  symle.        pa  was  ssel  and  mael, 
1010  fat  t6  healle  gang       Healfdenes  sunu ; 

wolde  self  cyning  "     symbel  ]ncgan. 

Ne  gcfragen  ic  ]?a  msegSe       maran  weorode 

ymb  hyra  sinc-g3rfan       s61  gebaeran. 

Bugon  pa  t6  bence       blaed-agende, 
1015  fylle  geftegon.        Fagere  gepsegon 

medo-ful  manig       magas  t  I7^ra 

swl5-liicgende       on  sele  Jam  hean, 

Hr65gar  and  Hr6Sulf.        Heorot  innan  was 

fre6ndum  af3rlled  ;        nalles  faceivstafas 
1020  pe6d-Scyldingas      ]?enden  fremedon. 

Forgeaf  fa  Bc6wulfe       beam  Healfdenes 

segen  gyldenne       sigores  t6  leane, 

hroden  hilte-cumbor,        helm  and  byrnan ; 

nisere  ma^Snm-sweord       manige  gesawon 
1025  beforan  beorn  beran.        Be6wulf  ge])ah 

ful  on  flette ;       n6  he  fjere  feoh-gyfte 

for  sce6tendum       scamigan  porfte, 

ne  gefragn  ic  fre6ndlicor       fe6wer  madmas 

golde  gegyrede       gum-manna  fela 
1030  in  ealo-bence       6tSrum  gesellan. 

Ymb  pas  helmes  hr6f       heafod-beorge 

wtram  bewunden        walan  utan  he61d, 

pat  him  fSla  lafe        fr^cne  ne  meahton 

scur-heard  sceS^an,        ponne  scyld-freca 
1035  ongean  gram um       gangan  scolde. 


1036-1064.]  BEOWULF.  33 

H£ht  pa  eorla  hle6       eahta  mearas, 

fated-hleore,        on  flet  te6n 

in  under  eoderas ;       para  anum  st6d 

sadol  searwum  fall       since  gewtirSad, 
1040  piit  was  hilde-setl       heah-cyninges, 

ponne  sweorda  geldc       sunn  Healfdenes 

efnan  wolde ;        nsefre  on  6re  lag 

wid-cu5es  wig,        ponne  walu  fe611on. 

And  pa  Be6wulfe       bega  gehwaSres 
1045  eodor  Ingwina       onweald  geteah, 

wicga  and  wsepna ;       h£t  hine  wel  brucan. 

Sw&  manlice       maere  pe6den, 

hord-weard  haleSa       heaSo-rsesas  geald 

mearum  and  raadmum,        sw&  hy  nsefre  man 
1050  se  pe  secgan  wile       s6t>  after  rihte. 


XVII.    SONG  OF  HROTHGAR'S  POET  —  THE  LAY  OF 
HNAEF  AND  HENGEST. 

pi  gyt  seghwylcum       eorla  drihten 
para  pe  mid  Be6wulfe       brim-lMe  teah, 
on  paere  medu-bence       ma5t5um  gesealde, 
3*rfe-lafe,        and  pone  senne  heht 

1055  golde  forgyldan,        pone  pe  Grendel  aer 

mane  acwealde,        swa  he  hyra  ma  wolde, 
nefne  him  witig  god       wyrd  forstddc 
and  pas  'mannes  m6d :       metod  eallum  .we61d 
gumena  C}7nnes,        swa  he  mi  git  de<5 ; 

1060  forpan  biS  andgit       seghwaer  shiest, 

ferh^es  fore-]?anc !       fela  sceal  gebidan 
Ie6fes  and  lattes,       se  pe  longe  her 
on  pyssum.  win-dagum       worolde  bruceS. 
posr  was  sang  and  sweg       samod  atgiidere 


34  BEOWULF.  [1065-1099. 

1065  fore  Healfdenes       hilde-wisan, 

gomen-wudu  grated,       gid  oft  wrecen, 

fonne  heal-gamen       Hr65gares  sc6p 

after  medo-bence       msenan  scolde 

Finnes  eaferum,       f  d'  hie  se  fser  begeat : 
1070  "Hiile$  Healfdenes,        Hnaf  Scyldinga, 

"in  Fr  . .  es  wale       feallan  scolde. 

"Ne  huru  Hildeburh       hdrian  forfte 

' '  eotena  tre6we  :       unsynnum  wearS 

"beloren  Ie6fum       at  fam  lind-plegan 
1075  "bearnmn  and  brdSrum;       hie  on  gebyrd  hruron 

"gare  wunde ;       fat  was  gedmuru  ides. 

"NaUes  hAlinga       H6ces  d6htor 

u  meotod-sceaft  bemearn,       sySSan  morgen  com, 

u  }>d  he6  under  swegle       gese6n  meahte 
1080  "  mor^or-bealo  m^ga,       J>ser  he6  ser  maeste  he61d 

"  worolde  wynne:       wig  ealle  fornam 

"Finnes  pegnas,       nemne  feaum  anum, 

"]>at  he  ne  mehte       on  ]>am  me^el-stede 

"  wig  Hengeste       wiht  gefeohtan, 
1085  "  ne  )>^  wed-lafe       wige  forpringan 

U]?e6dnes  fegne;       ac  hig  him  gej>ingo  budon, 

"fat  hie  him  6Ser  flet       eal  gerymdon, 

"healle  and  hedh-setl,       fat  hie  healfre  geweald 

"wit5  eotena  beam       agan  m6ston, 
1090  "and  at  feoh-gyftum       Folcwaldan  sunu 

"  d6gra  gehwylce       Dene  weor^ode, 

"  Hengestes  heap       hringum  wenede, 

"efne  swa  swi^e       sinc-gestre6num 

"fattan  goldes,       sw^,  he  Fresena  cyn 
1095  "on  be6r-sele       byldan  wolde. 

1 '  pa  hie  getruwedon       on  twA  healfa 

"faste  frioSu-wsere  ;       Fin  Hengeste 

"elneunflitme       aftum  benemde, 

"fat  he  fa  wea-lafe       weotena  d6me 


1100-1130.]  BEOWULF.  35 

1100  "arum  heolde,       pat  paar  senig  mon 

"wordum  ne  worcum       waere  ne  brsece, 
"  ne  purh  inwit-searo       aefre  gemaenden, 
"  peah  hie  hira  beag-gyfan       banan  folgedon 
"  pe6den-lease,        pa  him  swa  gepearfod  was: 

1105  "gyf  ponne  Frysna  hwylc        frecnan  spraece 
'  up»as  mor6or-hetes       myndgiend  waere, 
uj)onne  hit  sweordes  ecg       sy55an  scolde. 
"At$  was  geafned       and  icge  gold 
"  ahafen  of  horde.        Here-Scyldinga 

1110  "betst  beado-rinca       was  on  bael  gearu; 
"  at  J>am  Me  was       ^^-ges)Arne 
"  swat-fMi  s}Tce,        swyn  eal-gylden, 
"  eofer  iren-heard,        aSeling  manig 
"wundum  awyrded ;        sume  on  wale  crungon. 

1115  uHet  pa  Hildeburh       at  Hnafes  ade 
"hire  selfre  sunu       sweoloSe  befiistan, 
"ban-fatu  banian       and  on  bsel  d6n. 
"  Earme  on  eaxle       ides  gnornode, 
"gedmrode  giddum  ;       guS-rinc  astah. 

1120  "Wand  to  wolcnum       wal-fyra  msest, 
"hlynode  for  hlawe ;       hafelan  m'ulton, 
"  ben-geato  burston,        ponne  b!6d  atspranc 
"laS-bite  lices.     Lig  ealle  forswealg, 
"gaesta  glfrost,       pdra  pe~  }>aer  guS  fornam 

1125  "bega  folces ;       was  hira  blsed  scacen. 


XVIII.    THE  GLEEMAN'S  TALE  is  ENDED. 

"  GEWITON  him  ]?a  wigend       wica  ne6sian, 
"fre6ndum  befeallen       Frysland  gese6n, 
"hamas  and  hea-burh.        Hengest  pa  gyt 
"  wal-fagne  winter       wunode  mid  Finne 
1130  "  ealles  unhlitme  ;       card  gemnnde, 


36  BEOWULF.  [1131-11G5. 

44peah  ]>e  he  ne  meahte        on  mere  drifan 
4  4  hringed-stefnan ;        holm  storme  we61, 
' '  won  wl5  winde  ;        winter  y5e  beleac 
44  is-gebinde       65  ]>lit  .OScr  com 

1135  "gear  in  geardas,        swa  nti  gyk  deS, 
44  ]>a  ]>e  syngalcs       sele  bewitia'S, 
4 '  wuldor-torhtan  weder.        pa  was  winter  scacen, 
"fager  foldan  bearm ;        fundode  wrecca, 
4 '  gist  of  geardum  ;        he  t6  gyrn-wrace 

1140  44swiSor  ]>6hte,       ponne  t6  sse-lade, 
44gif  he  torn-gem6t       Jmrhte6n  mihte, 
"  ])iit  he  eotena  beam       inne  gemunde. 
44  Swa  he  ne  forwjTnde       worold-r&denne, 
4'ponne  him  Hitnldfing       hilde-le6man, 

1145  44billa  selest,        on  bearm  dyde : 

44]>as  wseron  mid  eotenum       ecge  cufte, 
4  4  Swjdce  ferhS-frecan       Fin  eft  begeat 
44  sweord-bealo  sli6en       at  his  selfes  ham, 
"siSSan  grimne  gripe       GilSlfif  ond  Oslaf 

1150  4' after  S8e-si5e       sorge  maendon, 

4  4  iitwiton  wedna  dsel ;       ne  meahte  wafre  mdd 
4'forhabban  in  hre'Sre.        pa  was  heal  hroden 
4'fe6nda  feorum,        swilce  Fin  slagen, 
4'cyning  on  corSre,        and  se6  cw6n  ijumen. 

1155  44  Sce6tend  Sc3Tldinga      t6  scypum  feredon 
44eal  in-gesteald       eorS-cyninges, 
4 '  sw^'lce  hie  at  Finnes  hdm       findan  meahton 
44  sigla  searo-gimtna.        Hie  on  sae-lMe 
"drihtlicc  wif       t6  Denum  feredon, 

1160  "Iseddon  t6  Ie6dum."        Le65  was  asnngen, 
gie6-mannes  gyd.         Gamen  eft  astah, 
beorhtode  benc-sweg,       b}*relas  sealdon 
win  of  wunder-fatum.        pa  cwom  Wealh)7e6  for5 
gan  under  gyldnum  beage,        pser  fa  g6dan  twcgen 

1 1 05  s.neton  snhter-gefaderan  ;     ]?a  gy t  was  hicra  sib  iitgiidere 


1166-1192.]  BEOWULF.  37 

seghwylc  6Srum  try  we.        Swylce  paer  HunferS  pyle 
at  f6tum  sat  frean  Scyldinga  :    gehwylc  hiora  his  ferhSe 

tre6wde, 

pat  he  hafde  m6d  micel,      peah  pe  he  his  magum  naere 
arfiist  at  ecga  gelacum.        Spriic  pit  ides  Scyldinga : 

1170  "  Onf6h  pissum  fulle,        fre6-drihten  rain, 
"  sinces  b^tta  ;       pu  on  sselum  wes, 
"  gold- wine  gumena,        and  t6  Geatum  spree 
"  mildum  wordum  !        Swa^sceal  man  d6n. 
x'Be6  wi'S  Geatas  glad,        geofena  gemyndig; 

1175  "  nean  and  feorran       pu  nu  frffiu  hafast. 

"Me  man  sagde,        pat  pu  pe  for  sunu  wolde 
"  here-rinc  habban.        Heorot  is  gefaelsod, 
' '  beah-sele  beorhta  ;       bruc  penden  pu  m6te 
"  manigra  m6da       and  pinum  magum  Isef 

1180  "folc  and  rice,        ponne  pu  for5  sc}'le 
"  metod-sceaft  se6n.          Ic  minne  can 
' '  gladne  Hr65ulf,        pat  he  p&  geogo^e  wile 
"  arum  healdan,        gyf  pu  aer  ponne  he, 
"wine  Scildinga,        worold  oflaetest ; 

1185  "w^ne  ic,  pat  he  mid  g6de       gyldan  wille 
"  uncran  eaferan,        gif  he  pat  eal  gemon, 
"  hwat  wit  t6  willan       and  t6  worS-myndum 
"  umbor  wesendum  aer       arna  gefremedon." 
Hwearf  p4  bl  bence,       paer  hyre  byre  waeron, 

1190  HrelSrlc  and  Hr6t5mund,        and  haleSa  beam, 
giogoS  atgadere ;       paer  se  g6da  sat 
Be6wulf  Geata       be  paem  gebr6t5rum  twasm. 


38  BEOWULF.  [1193-1222. 

XIX. 

BE6wuLF's  JEWELLED  GOLLAE.    THE  HEKOES  EEST. 

HIM  was  ful  boren       and  freond-laSu 

wordum  bewagned       and  wunden  gold 
1195  estum  geeawed,        earm-hreade  twa, 

liriigl  and  hringas,    m   heals-beaga  msest 

J>ara  ]>Q  ic  on  folclan        gefriigen  habbe. 

Namigne  ic  under  swegle       selran  hyrde 

hord-ma5fium  haleSa,        sySSan  Hama  atwag 
1200  t6  ]?sere  byrhtan  byrig       Brosinga  mene, 

sigle  and  sine-fat,        searo-niSas  fealh 

Eormenrices,       geceds  6cnc  raed. 

pone  bring  hafde       Higelac  Geata, 

nefa  Swertinges,        nyhstan  si^e, 
1205  sifrSan  he  under  segne       sine  ealgode, 

wal-reaf  werede  ;       hyne  "VVyrd  fornam, 

sy5^an  he  for  wlenco       wean  ahsode, 

faeht^e  t6  Frysum ;     '  he  ]m  fratwe  wag, 

eorclan-stanas        ofer  y^a  M,    - 
1210  rice  })e6den,        he  under  rande  gecranc ; 

gehwearf  ]?a  in  Francna  faSrn       feorh  cyninges, 

bre6st-gewaedu       and  se  beah  somod : 

W3rrsan  wig-frecan        will  reafedon 

after  gu5-sceare,        Geata  Ie6de 
1215  hrea-wic  he61don.        Heal  sw6ge  onfeng. 

Wealh|7e6  ma^elode,        he6  fore  ]?am  werede  sprac : 

"Bruc  )nsses  beages,        Be6wulf,  Ie6fa 

"  h}'se,  mid  hsele,        and  jnsses  hragles  ne6t 

"  ]^e6d-gestre6na,        and  gepe6h  tela, 
1220  "  cen  fee  mid  crafte        and  fyssum  cnyhtum  wes 

"  Kira  Ii5e  !        ic  ]?e  ]>as  ledn  geman. 

"Hafast  ]m  gefered,       ]?at  ]>e  feor  and  neah 


1223-1251.]  BEOWULF.  39 

"  ealne  wide-ferhS       weras  elitigaS, 

"  efne  swa  side       swa  sse  bebugeft 
1225  "  windige  weallas.       Wes,  ]?enden  pu  lifige, 

' '  aSeling  eadig  !        ic  ]>e  an  tela 

"  sinc-gestre6na.        Be6  ]ni  suna  minum 

"daedum  ged6fe       dredm  healdende! 

u  Her  is  seghwylc  eorl       6Srum  getrywe, 
1230  "  mddes  milde,        man-drihtne  hold, 

u  fegnas  syndon  gefwaere,       pe6d  eal  gearo  : 

"druncne  dryht-guman,        d6S  swa  ic  bidde  !  " 

Eode  fa  t6  setle.        paer  was  s^^mbla  cyst, 

druncon  win  weras:        w}Trd  ne  cuSon, 
1235  ge6-sceaft  grimme,        swa  hit  agangen  wearS 

eorla  manegum,        sy^'San  asfen  cwom 

and  him  Hr6Sgar  gewat       t6  hofe  sinum, 

rice  t6  raste.        Reced  weardode 

unrim  eorla,        swa  hie  oft  ser  dydon : 
1240  benc-felu  beredon,       hit  geond-bnfeded  wearS 

beddum  and  bolstrum.        Be6r-scealca  sum 

fus  and  faege       flet-raste  gebedg. 

Setton  him  t6  heafdum       hilde-randas, 

bord-wudu  beorhtan ;       pser  on  bence  was 
1245  ofer  attelinge       yS-ges^ne 

heabo-steapa  helm,        hringed  byrne, 

]n*ec-wudu  ^mlic.        Was  p»eaw  hyra, 

J>at  hie  oft  waeron       an  wig  gearwe, 

ge  at  ham  ge  on  herge,        ge  gehwatfcr  }?dra 
1250  efne  swylce  msela,        swylce  hira  man-diyhtne 

pearf  gesaelde ;       was  se6  J>e6d  tilu. 


40  BEOWULF.  [1252-1282. 

XX. 

GBENDEL'S  MOTHEE  ATTACKS  THE  RING-DANES. 

SIGON  ]>&,  t6  slsepe.        Sum  sare  angeald 

sefen-raste,        swa  him  ful-offc  gelamp, 

siS(5an  gold-sele       Grendel  warode, 
1255  unriht  afnde,        6$  ]>at  ende  becwom, 

swylt  after  synnum.        pat  gesyne  wearS, 

wld-cu5  werum,       ]>atte  wrecend  pa  gyt 

lifde  after  l&Sum,        lange  prage 

after  guS-ceare  ;       Grendles  m6dor, 
1260  ides  aglsec-wlf       yrm'Se  gemunde, 

se  ]>e  water-egesan       wunian  scolde, 

cealde  streamas,        siSt^an  Cain  wearS 

t6  ecg-banan       angan  br65er, 

faderen-msege ;       he  )>a  fag  gewat, 
1265  morSre  gemearcod       man-dream  fle6n, 

westen  warode.        panon  w6c  fela 

ge6sceaft-gasta ;       was  J>sera  Grendel  sum, 

heoro-wearh  hetelic,        se  at  Heorote  fand 

waccendne  wer       wiges  bidan, 
1270  paer  him  agiaeca       at-grsepe  wearS  ; 

hwiiSre  he  gemunde       magenes  strenge, 

gim-faste  gife,       ]?e  him  god  sealde, 

and  him  t6  anwaldan        are  gelyfde, 

fr6fre  and  fultum :        ]?y  he  pone  fe6nd  ofercwom, 
1275  gehnsegde  helle  gast :       ]?a  he  hedn  gewat, 

dredme  bedaeled       dea'8-wic  se6n, 

man-cynnes  fe6nd.         And  his  mddor  ]?a  gyt 

gifre  and  galg-m6d       gegdn  wolde 

sorh-fulne  siS,        suna  dea5  wrecan. 
1280  Com  ]>a  t6  Heorote,        prer  Hring-Dene 

geoud  ]>iit  said  swaefun.        pa  ]>aer  s6na  wear5 

ed-hwyrft  eoiium,        siS'San  inne  fealh 


1283-1317.]  BEOWULF.  41 

Grendles  m6dor;       was  se  gryre  lassa 

efne  swa  micle,       swa  brS  magSa  craft, 
1285  wlg-gryre  wifes       be  wsepned-meu, 

ponne  heoru  bunden,       hamere  gepuren, 

sweord  swate  fah       swin  ofer  helme, 

ecgum  dyhtig       andweard  scireS. 

pa  was  on  healle       heard-ecg  togen, 
1290  sweord  ofer  setlum,        sld-rand  manig 

hafen  hauda  f  iist ;       helm  ne  geniunde, 

byrnan  side,        pe  hine  se  br6ga  angeat. 

He6  was  on  6fste,     .  wolde  ut  panon 

feore  beorgan,        pa  he6  orifunden  was ; 
1295  hrafte  he6  aSelinga       anne  hafde 

faste  befangen,        pa  he6  t6  fenne  gang; 

se  was  Hr6ftgare       hale'Sa  Ie6fost 

on  gestSes  hM       be  saem  tweonum, 

rice  rand-wiga,        J?one  fe  he6  on  raste  abreat, 
1300  blaBd-fastne  beorn.        Nas  Be6wulf  faer, 

ac  was  65er  in       ser  geteohhod 

after  ma^5om-gife       mtierum  Gedte. 

Hream  wearS  on  Heorote.       He6  under  heolfre  genam 

cut5e  folme ;  cearu  was  geniwod 
1305  geworden  in  wicum :        ne  was  }>at  gewrixle  til, 

pat  hie  on  b&  healfa       bicgan  scoldon 

fre6nda  feorum.        pa  was  frod  cyning, 

har  hilde-rinc,       on  hre6n  m6de, 

s}T6San  he  aldor-pegn       unlyfigendne, 
1310  pone  de6restan       deddne  wisse. 

HraSe  was  td  bure       Be6wulf  fetod, 

sigor-eadig  secg.        Samod  2er-dage 

eode  eorla  sum,        ii(5ele  cempa 

self  mid  gesiftum,        pa3r  se  snottra  bad, 
1315  hwaSre  him  al-walda       aefre  .wille 

after  wea-spelle       wyrpe  gefremman. 

Gang  ]>a  after  fldre       fyrd-wyrSe  man 


42  BEOWULF.  [1318-1348. 

mid  his  hand-scale        (heal-wudu.  dynede) 
]?at  he  ]>one  wisan       wordum  hnaegde 
1320  frean  Ingwina ;        fragn  gif  him  wsere 
after  ne6d-lat>u       niht  getaese. 


XXI.    SORROW-  AT  HEOEOT  :   ^SCHERE'S  DEATH. 

HR63GAR  maSelode,        helm  Scildinga  : 

"Ne  frin  pu  after  saelum  !        Sorh  is  geniwod 

"Denigea  Ie6dum.        Dead  is  Asc-here, 

1325  "Yrmenlafes       yldra  br6«or, 

"min  run-wita        and  min  raed-bora, 

"  eaxl-gestealla,        ponnc  we  on  orlege 

"  hafelan  weredon,        fonnc  hnitori  feSan, 

"  eoferas  cnysedan  ;        sw}Tlc  scolde  eorl  wesan 

1330  ll  afieling  aer-g6d,        sw}*lc  Asc-here  wiis. 
'  '  WearS  him  on  Heorote        t6  hand-banan 
'  '  wiil-gflest  wiifre  ;       ic  ne  wat  liwader 
4  '  atol  sese  wlanc       eft-si3as  teah,  , 
"fylle  gefraegnod.        He6  pa  faeh^e  wrac, 

1335  "  ]?e  )m  gystran  niht       Grendel  cwealdest 
"  ])urh  haestne  hM       heardum  clammum, 
"  forpan  he  t6  lange       Ie6de  mine 
u  wanode  and  wjrde.        He  at  wige  gecrang 
"ealdres  scyldig,        and  nu  65er  cwom 

1340  "mihtig  mdn-sca'5a,        wolde  hyre  maeg  wrecan, 
"  ge  feor  hafa'5       faehSe  gestasled, 
"fas  fe  pincean  mag       ])egne  monegum, 
"  se  ]?e  after  sinc-gyfan        on  sefan  gre6te'S, 
u  hre^er-bealo  hcarde;        nu  se6  hand 

1345  "  se  fe  e6w  wel-hw}"lcra       wilna  dohte. 
1  '  Ic  fat  lond-buend       Ie6de  mine 
sele-raadende       sccgan  hyrde, 
hie  gesawon       sw^'lce  twegen 


" 


1349-1383.]  BEOWULF.  43 

"micle  mearc-stapan       m6ras  healdan, 

1350  "  ellor-gaastas :       fsera  63er  was, 

"fas  fe  hie  gewislicost       gewitan  meahton 
"idese  onllcnes,        6<5er  earm-sceapen 
"  on  weres  wastmum       wrac-lastas  trad, 
' '  nafne  he  was  mara       fonne  senig  man  6<5er, 

1355  "  f  one  on  gear-dagum       Grendel  nemdon 
"fold-buende:        116  hie  fader  cunnon, 
"hwaSer  him  senig  wiis       oar  acenned 
"  dyrnra  gasta.        Hie  dygel  lond 
"warigeaS,  wulf-hleoSu,       windige  niissas, 

1360  "frecne  fen-gelad,       fser  fyrgen-stream 
"under  niissa  genipu       nifter  gewiteS, 
"  fl6d  under  foldan ;       nis  fat  feor  heonon 
"  mil-gemearces,       fat  se  mere  stan cleft, 
"  ofer  fain  hongiaft       hrinde  bearwas, 

1365  "  wudu  wyrtum  fast,       water  oferhelmaS. 

"  pser  mag  nihta  gehwam       ntS-wundor .  se6n, 
"fyr  on  fldde ;        n6  fas  fr6d  leofaS 
"gumena  bearna,        fat  fone  grund  wite ; 
"  f eah  fe  haeS-stapa       hundum  geswenced, 

1370  "  heorot  hornum  trum       holt-wudu  s^ce, 
"  feorran  geflymed,        ser  he  feorh  seleS, 
"  aldor  on  6fre,       ser  he  in  wille, 
"hafelan  liydan.        Nis  fat  he6ru  st6w: 
"fonon  yS-geblond       up  astige'5 

1375  "won  t6  wolcnum,       fonne  wind  styretS 
"  la^  gewidru,        68  fat  lyft  drysmat5, 
"  roderas  re6ta^.        Nu  is  rsed  gelang 
' '  eft  at  f  e  anum  !        Eard  git  ne  const, 
"  frecne  st6we,        fser  fu  findan  mint 

1380  "  sinriigne  secg :       s6c  gif  fu  dyrre! 
"  Ic  fe  f  &  faehfte       fe6  lednige, 
"  eald-gestre6num,        sw&  ic  aar  dyde, 
"  wundnum  golde,       gyf  fu  on  weg  cymest." 


44  BEOWULF.  [1384-1413. 

XXII. 

BEOWULF  SEEKS  THE  MONSTER  .IN  THE  HAUNTS  OF 

THE  NIXIES. 

BEOWULF  maSelode,       beam  Ecgpe6wes  : 
1385  "  Ne  sorga,  snotor  guma !        s61re  bi(5  seghwam, 

"  pat  he  his  freond  wrece,        ponne  he  fela'murne; 

"Are  aeghwylc  sceal       ende  gebidan 

u  worolde  llfes  ;        wyrce  se  pe  m6te 

"d6mes  aer  deaSe !       pat  br<5  driht-guman 
1390  "  unlifgendum       after  selest. 

"Aris,  rices  weard ;        uton  hraSe  fe"ran, 

"Grendles  m^gan       gang  sceawigan  ! 

"  Ic  hit  pe  gehate :       n6  he  on  helm  losaft, 

"  rie  on  foldan  fa5m,        ne  on  fyrgen-holt, 
1395  "  ne  on  gyfenes  grund,        ga  })ser  he  wille. 

"pys  d6gor  ]>u       gepyld  hafa 

"  weana  gehwj'lces,        sw^  ic  pe  wene  t6  !  " 

Ahle6p  ]?^  se.gomela,        gode  pancode, 

mihtigan  drihtne,       ']?as  se  man  gesprac. 
1400  pa  was  Hr65gare       hors  gebaeted, 

wicg  wunden-feax.        Wlsa  fengel 

geatolic  gengde  ;       gum-f^Sa  stop 

lind-habbendra.        Lastas  wseron 

after  wald-swaSmn       wide  gesyne, 
1405  gang  ofer  grundas ;       gegnum  f6r  \>d 

ofer  myrcan  m6r,        mago-pegna  bar 

pone  s&estan       sawol-leasne, 

para  pe  mid  Hr65gare       bam  eahtode. 

Ofer-eode  pa       aSelinga  beam 
1410  steap  stan-hliSo,        stige  ncarwe, 

enge  an-pa3as,       un-cu8  gelM, 

neowle  nassas,        nicor-husa  fela ; 

he  feara  sum       beforan '  gengde 


1414-1448.]  BEOWULF.  45 

wisra  monna,       wong  sceawian, 
1415  6$  ]>at  he  faeringa       fyrgen-beamas 

ofer  harne  stan       hleonian  funde, 

wyn-ledsne  wudu ;       water  under  st6d 

dre6rig  and  gedrefed.        Denum  eallum  was, 

winum  Scyldinga,       weorce  on  mdde, 
1420  t6  ge]?olianne       pegne  monegum, 

oncyft  eorla  gehwam,       sy<5t>an  Asc-heres 

on  ]?am  holm-clife       hafelan  metton. 

F16d  bldde  we61        (folc  t6  saegon) 

hatan  heolfre.        Horn  stundum  song 
1425  fuslic  fyrd-le6$.        F6«a  eal  gesat; 

gesawon  pa  after  watere       wyrm-cynnes  fela, 

sellice  sse-dracan       sund  cunnian, 

swjdce  on  nas-hleo^um       nicras  licgean, 

])a  on  undern-mael       oft  bewitigaS 
1430  sorh-fulne  slt5       on  segl-rade, 

wyrmas  and  wil-de6r ;        hie  on  weg  hruron 

bitere  and  gebolgne,        bearhtni  ongeaton, 

gut5-horn  galan.        Sumne  Gedta  Ie6d 

of  flan-bogan     'feores  getw£efde, 
1435  y^S-gewinnes,        ]?at  him  on  aldre  st6d 

here-stral  hearda ;       he  on  holme  was 

sundes  fe  saenra,       ]?e  hyne  swylt  fornam. 

HraSe  wearS  on  y5um       niid  eofer-spre6tnm 

heoro-hdcyhtum       hearde  genearwod, 
1440  ni^a  genaeged       and  on  nas  togen 

wundorllc  waag-bora  ;       weras  sceawedon 

grjTellcne  gist.        Gyrede  hine  Be6wulf 

eorl-gewaadum,        nalles  for  ealdre  inearn: 

scolde  here-byrne       hondum  gebroden, 
1445  sld  and  searo-fah,        sfind  cunnian, 

se6  pe  ban-c6fan       beorgan  cu^e, 

fat  him  hilde-grap       hreSre  ne  mihte, 

eorres  inwit-feng,        aldre  gescet55an;  * 


46  BEOWULF.  [1449-1479. 

ac  se  liwita  helm       hafelan  werede, 

1450  se  }>e  mere-grundas       mengan  scolde, 
s6can  sund-gebland       since  geweorSad, 
befongen  frea-wrasnnm,        swa  hine  fyrn-dagum 
worhte  waepna  smiS,        wundrum  tc6de, 
besette  swlu-licum,        fat  hine  syiSSan  no 

1455  brond  ne  beado-mecas       bitan  ne  meahton. 
Nas  fat  fonne  msetost       magen-fultuma, 
fat  him  on  fearfe  lah       fyle  Hr6Sgares ; 
was  fam  haft-mece       Hrnnting  nama, 
]?at  was  an  foran       eald-gestre6na ; 

1460  ecg  was  iren,        ater-tanum  fah, 

ahyrded  heat5o-swate ;        naefre  hit  at  hilde  ne  swac 
manna  sengum       ]>^ra  ]>e  hit  mid  mundum  bewand, 
se  fe  gryre-stftas       gegan  dorste, 
folc-stede  fara ;        nas  fat  forma  s!5, 

1465  fat  hit  ellen-weorc       afnan  scolde. 
Hftru  ne  gemunde        mago  Ecglafes 
eafoSes  criiftig,        fat  he  oer  gesprac 
wine  druncen,        fa  he  fas  waepnes  onlah 
selran  sweord-frecan :        selfa  ne  dorste 

1470  under  y5a  gewin        aldre  gen65an, 

driht-scype  dre6gan  ;        faer  he  d6me  forleds, 
ellen-maerSum.        Ne  was  film  65rum  swa, 
syt55an  he  hine  t6  gA^e       gegyred  hiifde. 


'  XXIII.    THE  BATTLE  WITH  THE  WATEE-DEAKE. 

BE6wuLF  maftelode,        beam  Ecgfe6wes  : 
1475  "  gefenc  nu,  se  msera       maga  Healfdenes, 
"  snottra  fengel,        mi  ic*  com  siSes  fus, 
"gold-wine  gumena,        hwat  wit  geo  sprsecon, 
"  gif  ic  at  fearfe       jnnre  scolde  • 
"aldre  linnan,        fjit  fu  me  a  wsere 


1480-1514.]  BEOWULF.  47 

1480  "  forS-gewitenum       on  fader  stale; 

"  wes  pu  mimd-bora  minum       mago-pegnum, 

"hond-gesellum,       gif  mec  hild  nime  : 

"  swylce  pu  pa  madmas,       pe  pu  me  sealdest, 

"Hr65gar  Ie6fa,       Higelace  onsend. 
1485  "Mag  ponne  on  pam  golde  ongitan       Geata  dryhten, 

"  gese6n  sunu  HreSles,       ponne  he  on  pat  sine  staraS, 

' '  pat  ic  gum-c3Tstum       g6dne  funde 

"beaga  bryttan,       bredc  ponne  m6ste. 

"And  pu  HunferS  Ia3t       ealde  lafe, 
1490  "wratlic  wseg-sweord       wld-cutme  man 

"heard-ecg  habban ;        ic  me  mid  Hruntinge 

"  d6m  gewyrce,       oftfte  mec  de'aS  ninaeS." 

After  paam  wordum       Weder-Geata  Ie6d 

£fste  mid  elne,       nalas  andsware 
1495  bidan  wolde  ;       brim-wylin  orifeng 

hilde-rince.        pa  was  hwil  dages, 

ear  he  pone  grand-wong       ongytan  mehte. 

S6na  pat  onfunde,        se  pe  fldda  begong 

heoro-gifre  behe61d       hund  missera, 
1500  grim  and  graedig,       pat  pser  gumena  sum 

al-wihta  eard       ufan  cunnode. 

Grap  pa  t6gednes,        guS-rinc  gef«&ng 

atolan  clommum ;       n6  py  sen:  in  gescdd 

halan  lice :        hring  utan  ymb-bearh, 
1505  pat  he6  pone  fyrd-hom       purh-f6n  ne  mihte, 

locene  leofto-syrcan       laSan  fingrum. 

Bar  pa  se6  brim-wylf,       pa  he6  t6  botme  com, 

hringa  pengel       t6  hofe  sinum, 

swa"  he  ne  mihte  n6        (he  pas  m6dig  was) 
1510  wsepna  gewealdan,        ac  hine  wundra  pas  fela 

swencte  on  sunde,        saa-deor  monig 

hilde-tuxum       here-syrcan  brae, 

^hton  agloecan.        pa  se  eorl  ongeat, 

pat  he  in  niS-sele       nat-hwylcum  was, 


48  BEOWULF.  [1515-1549. 

1515  faer  him  noanig  water       wihte  ne  sceSede, 

ne  him  for  hr6f-sele       hrinan  ne  mehte 

faer-gripe  fl6des  :        fyr-le6ht  geseah, 

blacne  Ie6man       beorhte  scinan. 

Ongeat  fa  se  g6da       grund-wyrgenne, 
1520  mere-wif  mihtig  ;       miigen-roas  forgeaf 

hilde-bille,        hond  swenge  ne.  ofteah, 

fat  hire,  on  hafelan       hring-msel  agdl 

grsedig  gu(5-le65.        pa  se  gist  onfand, 

fat  se  beado-leoma       bitan  nolde, 
1525  aldre  scefrSan,        ac  se6  ecg  geswac 

)>e6dne  at  fearfe:       folode  aer  fela 

hbnd-gem6ta,      •  helm  oft  gescar, 

faeges  fyrd-hragl :        fat  was  forma  siS 

dc6rum  mat5me,        fat  his  d6m  Mag. 
1530  Eft  was  an-raed,        nalas  elnes  lat, 

masrSa  gemyndig       maeg  Hygelaces  ; 

wearp.fa  wunden-ma?!       wrattmn  gebunden 

3Tre  oretta,        fat  hit  on  eorSan  liig, 

stlS  and  styl-ecg ;        strenge  getruwode, 
1535  mund-gripe  magenes.        Swa  sceal  man  d6n, 

fonne  he  tit  guSe       gegan  fenceS 

longsnmne  lof,        na  ymb  his  llf  ceara^. 

Gefeng  fa  be  eaxle        (nalas  for  fsehSe  mearn) 

GuS-Geata  Ie6d       Grendles  m6dor  ; 
1540  bragd  fd,  beadwe  heard,        fit  he  gebolgen  was, 

feorh-genlftlan,        fat  heo  on  flet  gebedh. 

He6  him  eft  hraSe       and-ledn  forgeald 

grimman  grtipum        and  him  tdgeanes  feng ; 

oferwearp  fa  werig-m6d       wigena  strongest, 
1545  f(§5e-cempa,        flit  he  on  f}'lle  wearS. 

Ofsiit  ]>a  fone  sele-gyst       and  II^TC  seaxe  getedh, 

brad  and  brmi-ecg       wolde  hire  beam  wrecan, 

angan  eaferan.        Him  on  eaxle  lag 

bre6st-net  broden  ;       f  at  gebearh  feore, 


1550-1579.]  BEOWULF.  49 

1550  wiS  ord  and  wr5  ecge       ingang  forst6d. 

Hiifde  ]:>&  forslSod       sunn  Ecg]?e6wes 

under  gynne  grand,        Geata  cempa, 

nemne  him  heafio-byrne       helpe  gefremede, 

here-net  hearde,        and  halig  god 
1555  geweold  wlg-sigor,        witig  drihten ; 

rodera  raedend       hit  on  ryht  gesce"d, 

ySelice       sySBan  he  eft  ast6d. 


XXIV.     BEOWULF  SLAYS  THE  SPKITJS. 

GESEAH  ]?&  on  searwum       sige-eadig  bil, 
eald  sweord  eotenisc       ecgum  ]?3rhtig, 

1560  wigena  weorS-mynd :  ptit  wcis  woepna  cyst, 
buton  hit  was  mare       J>onne  senig  mon  6t5er 
t6  beadu-lace       atberan  meahtc 
g6d  and  geatolic       giganta  geweorc. 
He  gef(gng  )?a  fetel-hilt,        freca  Scildinga, 

1565  hre6h  and  heoro-grim       hring-mael  gebragd, 
aldres  orw^na,        yrringa  sloh, 
j?at  hire  wiS  liaise        heard  grapode, 
ban-hringas  biiic,       bil  cal  ]mrh-w6d 
faegne  flsesc-homan,        he6  on  flet  gecrong ; 

1570  sweord  was  swatig,        secg  weorce  gefeh. 
Lixte  se  Ie6ma,       Ie6ht  inne  st6d, 
efne  swa  of  hefene       hMre  scineS 
rodores  candel.        He  after  recede  wlat, 
hwearf  pa  be  wealle,        waepen  hafenade 

1575  heard  be  hiltum       Higelaces  ^egn, 

3rrre  and  an-rsed.        Nas  se6  ecg  fracod 
hilde-rince,        ac  he  hraSe  wolde 
Grendle  forgyldan       gu^-rsesa  fela 
}>ara  fe  he  geworhte       t6  "West-Dcnum 


50  BEOWULF.  [1580-1014. 

1580  oftor  micle       fonne  on  aenne  si5, 

fonne  he  Hr6<5gares       heorS-genedtas 

sloh  on  sweofote,        slsepencle  frat 

folces  Denigca       fyf-tyne  men 
.  and  6<5er  swylc       ut  of-ferede, 
1585  laSlicu  lac.        He  him  fas  lean  forgeald, 

reSe  cempa,       t6  fas  fe  he  on  riiste  geseah 

guS-werigne        Grendel  licgan, 

aldor-ledsne,        sw&  him  aer  gesc6d 

hild  at  Heorote ;       lira  wide  sprong, 
1590  syStSan  he  after  deat>e       drepe  frowade, 

heoro-sweng  heardne,        and  hine  ]>Ci  heafde  becearf. 

S6na  fat  gesawon       snottre  ceorlas, 

J>t\  ]>G  mid  Hr65gare       on  holm  wliton, 

fat  was  5r^-geblond       eal  gemcnged, 
1595  brim  b!6de  fah :       blonden-feaxe 

gomele  ymb  godne       ongeador  sproacon, 

fat  hig  fas  aSelinges       eft  ne  wendon, 

fat  he  sige-hr^ig       s^cean  c6me 

maerne  fe6den  ;       f &  fas  monige  gewearS, 
1600  ])iit  hine  se6  brim- wy If       abroten  hiifde. 

p&  com  n6n  dages.        Nils  ofgeafon 

hwate  Scyldingas ;  gewat  him  ham  f  onon 

gold-wine  gnmena.        Gistas  setan, 

m6des  se6ce,       and  on  mere  staredou, 
1605  wiston  and  ne  w6ndon,        fat  hie  heora  wine-drihtei] 

selfne  gesawon.        p4  fat  sweord  ongan 

after  heaSo-swate       hilde-gicelum 

wig-bil  wanian ;       fat  was  wundra  sum, 

fat  hit  eal  gemealt       ise  gelicost, 
1610  fonne  forstes  bend       fader  onlaete^, 

onwinde<5  wal-rapas,     se  fe  ge weald  hafat) 

saela  and  msela ;       fat  is  s6S  metod. 

Ne  nom  he  in  foam  wTlcum,       Weder-Gcata  Ie6d, 

mdSm-sehta  ma,       f6h  he  faer  monige  geseah, 


IG15-1G49.]  BEOWULF.  51 

1615  buton  pone  hafelan        and  pa  hilt  somod, 

since  fage ;  sweord  ser  _gemealt, 

forbarn  broden  mael :       was  pat  b!6d  t6  pas  hat, 

settren  cllor-gaest,        se  poer  inne  swealt. 

S6na  wiis  on  sunde,      se  pe  ser  at  sacce  gebad 
1620  wig-hryre  wraSra,       water  tip  purh-deaf ; 

wieron  yfl-gebland       eal  gefoelsod, 

edcne  eardas,       pa  se  ellor-gast 

ofl6t  lif-dagas       and  pits  laenan  gesceaft. 

Com  pa  t6  lande       lid-manna  helm 
1625  swiS-m6d  sw^^mman,        sa3-lacc  gcfcah, 

magen-b3*r5enrie       ]?ara  pe  he  him  mid  hafde. 

Eodon  him  pa  t6gedues,        gode  pancodon, 

prySllc  pegna  heap,        pe6dnes  gefegon, 

piis  ]>e  hi  hyne  gesundne       gese6n  m6ston. 
1630  pa  was  of  pam  hr6ran       helm  and  byrne 

lungre  dlyscd  :       lagu  drusade, 

water  under  wolcnum,        wal-dre6re  fag. 

F6rdon  forS  ponon       feSe-lastum 

ferhSum  fiigne,        fold-weg  mreton, 
1635  cu6e  straete ;        cyning-balde  men 

from  piim  holm-clife       hafelan  baeron, 

earfo51icc        heora  seghwaSrum 

fela-m6digra :        fe6wer  scoldon 

on  tSam  wiil-stenge       weorcum  geferian 
1640  t6  pam  gold-sele       Grendles  hedfod, 

6S  pat  semninga       t6  sele  c6mon 

frome  fyrd-hwate       fe6wer-t}Tne 

Geata  gongan  ;        gum-dry hten  mid 

m6dig  on  gemonge       meodo-wongas  trad. 
1645  pa  com  in  gan        ealdor  pegna, 

daed-c6ne  mon       d6me  gewurSad, 

hiile  hilde-de6r,        HroSgar  gr^tan  : 

pa  was  be  feaxe       on  flet  boren 

Grendles  heafod,        ])«jr  guman  druncon, 


52  BEOWULF.  [1650-1680. 

1650  egesltc  for  eorlum       and  psere  idese  mid: 
wlite-s'e6n  wratlic       weras  onsawon. 


XXV.    HBOTHGAE'S  GEATITUDE  :  HE  DISCOURSES. 

BE6wuLF  maSelode,       beam  Ecgpe6wes: 

"Hwat!   we  pe  pas  sae-lac,       sunu  Healfdenes, 

"Ie6d  Scyldinga,      lustum  brdhton, 
1655  "tires  t6  tacne,        pe  pu  her  t6  16cast. 

' '  Ic  pat  uns6fte       ealdre  gedigde  : 

' '  wige  under  watere       weorc  genelSde 

"  earfoSlice,        at-rihte  was 

"  gfrS  getwsefed,       nyrn^e  mec  god  sc^'lde. 
1660  "Ne  meahte  ic  at  hilde       mid  Hrnntingc 

"wiht  gewyrean,        J»edh  pat  waepen  duge, 

"  ac  me  geuSe       ylda  waldend, 

' '  pat  IQ  on  wage  geseah       wlitig  hangian 

"  eald  sweord  eacen        (oftost  wisode 
1665  u  winigea  leasum)        pat  ic  py  wrepne  gebrtid. 

"Ofsl6h  pa  at  paere  sacce        (pa  me  ssel  ageald) 

"buses  h}'rdas.        pa  pat  hilde-bil 

"forbarn,  brogden  mael,        swa  pat  b!6d  gesprang, 

"hatost  hea'So-swata :       ic  fat  hilt  panan 
1670  "fe6ndum  atferede ;        fyren-daeda  wrac, 

"  deaS-cwealm  Denigea,        swa  hit  ged^fe  was. 

"  Ic  hit  pe  ponne  gehate,        pat  pu  on  Heorote  indst 

' '  sorh-leas  swefan       mid  pinra  secga  gedryht, 

"and  pegna  gehwylc       pinra  Ie6da, 
1675  "  dnguSe  and  iogotie,      pat  JnThim  ondra2dan  ne  pearft, 

"  pe6den  Scyldinga,      on  pa  healfe, 

"  aldor-bealu  eorlum,        swa  pu  ser  dydest." 

pa  was  g3*lden  hilt       gamelum  rince, 

hfirum  hild-fruman,        on  hand  gyfen, 
1680  enta  ser-geweorc,       hit  on  seht  gehwearf 


1G81-1714.]  BEOWULF.  53 

after  cle6fla  hryre       Denigea  frean, 

wundor-smitSa  geweorc,        and  ]>&  pas  worold  ofgeaf 

grom-heort  guma,        godes  andsaca, 

morSres  scyldig,        and  his  mddor  eac ; 
1685  on  geweald  geliwearf       worold-c^minga 

pam  selestan       be  ssem  twe6num 

para  pe  on  Sceden-igge       sceattas  daslde. 

HrdSgar  matSelode,       hylt  sceawode, 

ealde  lafe,       on  pam  was  6r  writen 
1690  fyrn-gewinnes :        sy'SSan  fl6d  ofs!6h,- 

gifen  ge6tende,       gigauta  cyn, 

Mcne  gef&rdon:  .    pat  was  fremde  pe6d 

6cean  dr}-htne,       him  J>iis  ende-ledn 

]mrh  wateres  w3Tlm       waldend  sealde. 
1695  Sw£  was  on  psem  ecennum       sciran  goldes 

purh  run-stafas       rihte  gemearcod, 

geseted  and  gessed,        hwam  pat  sweord  geworht, 

irena  cyst       merest  wsere, 

wreotJen-hilt  and  wyrm-fah.        pa  se  wisa  sprac 
1 700  sunu  Healfdenes        (swigedon  ealle)  : 

"pat  la  mag  secgan,        se  pe  s6t5  and  riht 

"  freme^  on  folce,        (feor  eal  gemon 

"eald  ^Sel-weard),       pat  pes  eorl  waere 

"  geboren  betera!        Blaed  is  arsered 
1705  "geond  wid-wegas,       wine  mln  Be6wulf, 

' ;  pin  ofer  pe6da  gehwylce.   Eal  pu  hit  gepyldum  healdest, 

' '  magen  mid  m6des  snj'ttrum.    Ic  pe  sceal  mine  gelsestan 

"  fre6de,  sw4  wit  furSum  sprsecon ;     pu  scealt  t6  fr6fre 

weorSan 

"  eal  lang-twidig       Ie6dum  pinum, 
1710  "haleftum  t6  helpe.        Ne  wearS  Herem6d  swa 

"eaforum  Ecgwelan,       Ar-Scyldingum ; 

"  ne  gewedx  he  him  t6  willan,        ac  t6  wal-fealle 

"  and  t6  dea5-cwalum       Deniga  Ie6duin; 

"  bredt  bolgen-m6d       be6d-geneatas, 


54  BEOWULF.  [1715-1745. 

1715  "  eaxl-gesteallan,        65  ]>at  he  dna  hwearf, 
"maere  ]?e6den,        mon-dreamum  from: 
"  ]?eah  ]?e  hine  mihtig  god       magenes  wynnum, 
"  eafeSum  ste"pte,        ofer  ealle  men 
"  forS  gefremede,        hwafSere  him  on  ferhSe  gre6w 

1720  "  breost-hord  bl6cl-re6w  :        nallas  beagas  geaf 
i '  Denum  after  d6me ;        dredm-leas  gebM, 
"fat  he  Jnis  gewinnes        weorc  ]>rowade, 
"Ie6d-bealo  longsum.        pu  ]>e  laer  be  pon, 
i '  gum-C3Ts-te  ongit !        ic  ]>is  gid  be  ]?e 

1725  "  awriic  wintrum  fr6d.        Wundor  is  t6  secganne, 
"  hu  mihtig  god       manna  c}'nne 
"  ]mrh  sidne  sefan       snyttru  bryttat$, 
"card  and  eorl-scipe,       he  ah  ealra  geweald. 
' '  Hwilum  he  on  lufan       LneteS  hworfan 

1730  "  monnes  m6d-ge]5onc       maeran  cynnes, 
"  sele^  htm  on  451e       eorSan  wynne, 
"  t6  healdanne        hle6-burh  wera, 
"  ged6t$  him  swa  gewealdene       worolde  dselas, 
"  side  rice,        ]?at  he  his  selfa  ne  mag 

1735  "for  his  un-sir^ttrum       ende  gefencean ; 

"  wuna'5  he  on  wiste,        116  hine  wilit  dwelet5, 
"Ml  ne  yldo,        ne  him  inwit-sorh 
"on  sefan  sweorcetS,        ne  gesacu  6hwaer, 
"  ecg-hete  e6we^,        ac  him  eal  worold 

1740  "  wended  on  willan ;        he  pat  wyrse  ne  con, 
' '  68  ]?at  him  on  innan       ofer-hygda  dael 
"weaxeS  and  wridatJ,        ]?onne  se  weard  swefe^, 
"sawele  hyrde :       bi5  se  sloep  t6  fast, 
"bisgum  gebunden,        bona  swifte  nedh, 

1745  "  se  pe  of  flan-bogan       fyrenum  sce6tet5. 


1746-1774.]  BEOWULF.  55 

XXVI. 

THE  DISCOURSE  is  ENDED.  —  BEOWULF  PREPARES 
TO  LEAVE. 


4 '  PONNE  bi5  on  hreSre       tinder  helm  drepen 
4 '  biteran  striile  :        him  bebeorgan  ne  con 
' 4  worn  wundor-bcbodum       wergan  gastes  ; 
"fincefi  him  t6  lytel,       fat  he  t6  lange  hc61d, 

1750  "  gytsa'5  grom-hydig,        nallas  on  g}ip  sele'S 
' 4  f  iitte  beagas       and  h"e  ]>&  forS-gesceaft 
"forgyteS  and  forgymeS,    •  fas  fe  him  aer  god  sealde, 
"wuldres  waldend,        weor^-mynda  dsel. 
"Hit  on  ende-staf       eft  gelimpet5, 

1755  "  J>at  se  lic-homa       laene  gedre6se8, 
"ftege  gefealle^;       f^hS  63er  t6, 
"  se  f>e  anmurnlice       madmas  daeleS, 
"  eorles  ser-gestre6n,        egesan  ne  gymeS. 
"  Bebeorh  ]>e  fone  bealo-nift,       Be6wulf  Ie6fa, 

1760  "secg  se  betsta,        and  J>e  pat  selre  gece6s, 
"ece  rsedas ;       oferhyda  ne  gym,  • 
"msere  cempa !        Nu  is  fines  magnes  blaBd 
"  ^ne  hwile  ;       eft  s6na  MS, 
"  ]>at  fee  Ml  o^e  ecg       eafoftes  getwsefeS, 

1765  "o^e  fyres  feng       o^e- fl6des  wylm, 
gripe  m^ces       o'SSe  gares  flint, 
atol  yldo,        O(5(5e  eagena  bearhtm 
"  forsite'S  and  forsworce'S       semninga  biS. 
ufat  fee,  dryht-guma,        dea'S  oferswySeS. 

1770  "  Sw^,  ic  Hring-Dena       hund  missera 

u  we61d  under  wolcnum,        and  hig  wige  beleac 
"manigum  inaegSa       geond  fysne  middan-geard, 
"  ascum  and  ecgum,       fat  ic  me  senigne 
"under  swegles  begong       gesacan  ne  tealde. 


56  BEOWULF.  [1775-1809. 

1775  "Hwat!    me  ]>as  on  6t51e        cdwonden  cwom, 

"gym  after  gomene,        seofrSan  Grendel  wearS, 

"  eald-gewinna,        in-genga  mln  : 

"  ic  paere  s6cne       singales  wag 

u  m6d-ceare  micle.        pas  sig  metocle  pane, 
1780  "  ecean  drihtne,        fas  ]?e  ic  on  aldre  gebad, 

"fat  ic  on  feme  liafelan       heoro-dreorigne 

1 '  ofer  eald  gewin       eagum  starige  ! 

"  Ga  nu  t6  setle,        symbol- wynne  dre6h 

' '  wig-gewfforSad  :        unc  sceal  worn  fela 
1785  "ma5nia  gemaenra,        si^an  morgen  biS." 

Geat  was  glad-m6d,        ge6ng  s6na  to, 

setles  ne6san,        swa-  se  snottra  hebt. 

pa  was  eft  swa  aer        ellen-r6fum, 

flet-sittendum       fagere  gereorded 
1790  ni6wan  stefne.        Niht-helm  geswearc 

deorc  ofer  drylit-gumum.         DugutS  eal  aras ; 

wolde  blonden-feax       beddes  ne6san, 

gamela  Scylding.       Geat  ungemetes  wel, 

r6fne  rand-wigan       restan  lyste  : 
1795  s6na  him  sele-]?egn        slSes  wergum, 

feorran-cundum        for5  wisade, 

se  for  andrysnum       ealle  beweotede 

]>egnes  fearfe,        swylce  ]>y  d6gore 

heaSo-liSende       habban  scoldon. 
1800  Reste  bine  fa  rum-beort;       reced  hlifade 

geap  and  gold-fab,        gast  inne  swiif, 

6S  fiit  brefn  blaca       heofones  wj'nne 

bliS-heort  bodode.         pa  com  beorht  sunne 

scacan  ofer  grundas;        scaSan  onetton, 
1805  waaron  a^elingas       eft  t6  Ic6dum 

fuse  t6  farenne,        wolde  fcor  ]>anon 

cuma  collen-ferhS        ceoles  ne6san. 

Hebt  ])a  se  bearda       Hrunting  beran, 

sunu  Ecglafes,        Ii6bt  bis  sweord  niman, 


1810-1840.]  BEOWULF.  .  57 

1810  Ie6flic  iren  ;        sagde  him  pas  leanes  pane, 

cwiiS  he  pone  guS-wine       g6dne  tealde, 

wig-craftigne,        nales  worduin  16g 

m£ces  ecge :        pat  was  m6dig  secg. 

And  pa  siS-frome       searwum  gearwe 
1815  wigend  waeron,        code  weorS  Denum 

aSeling  t6  yppan,        paer  se  6Ser  was 

hale  hilde-de6r,        Hr63gar  grette. 


XXVII.     THE  PARTING  WOEDS. 


maftelode,       bearn  Ecgpe6wes  : 
"  Nu  we  sae-liSend       secgan  w}41aS 

1820  "  feorran  cumene,        fat  we  fimdiaS 
u  Higelac  s^can.        Wseron  her  tela 
"willum  bewenede  ;        J>u  us  wel  dohtest. 
"  Gif  ic  ponne  on  eorSan       6wihte  mag 
u  plnre  m6d-lufan       maran  tilian, 

1825  "  gumena  drj'hten,        ponne  ic  gyt  dyde, 
'  '  gfrS-geweorca       ic  be6  gearo  s6na. 
"  Gif  ic  pat  gefricge       ofer  fldda  begang, 
"  pat  pec  3rmbe-sittend       egesan  pywaS, 
"  swa  pec  hetende       hwllum  d}'don, 

1830  u  ic  pe  pusenda       pegna  bringe, 

"  liaMa  t6  helpe.        Ic  on  Higelace  wat, 
"  Geata  dryhten,       pedh  pe  he  geong  sy, 
"folces  hyrde,       pat  he  mec  fremman  wile 
"  word  am  and  worcum,       pat  ic  pe  wel  herige, 

1835  u  and  pe  t6  geoce       gar-holt  bere 

u  magenes  fultum,        pser  pe  bi6  manna  pearf; 
ugif  him  ponne  Hr6Mc       t6  hofum  Geata 
"gepinge^,  pe6dnes  bearn,       he  mag  paer  fela 
"fre6nda  findan  :       feor  cy««e  be63 

18-10  "selran  ges6hte       piim  pe  him  selfa  cleah." 


58  BEOWULF.  [1341-1875. 

Hr65gar  maSelode        him  on  andsware : 
44  pe  pa  word-cwydas       wittig  drihtcn 
4 '  on  sefan  sende  !        no  hyrde  ic  snotorlicor 
"on  swa  gcongnm  feore        gumaii  pingian : 

1845  "pn  eart  magenes  strang        and  on  mode  frod, 
"  wis  \vord-cwida.        W6n  ic  talige, 
"  gif  pat  gegangeft,        pat  pe  gar  nymeft, 
"Mid  heorn-grimme       HreSles  eaferan, 
"Ml  o5Se  iren        ealdor  pinne, 

1850  "  folces  hyrde,        and  ]ni  pin  feorh  hafast, 
4 '  piit  pe  Sae-Geatas        sdlran  nabben 
"  t6  gece6senne       c3Tniiig  senigne, 
"  hord-weard  haleSa,        gif  pu  healdan  wj'lt 
"  maga  rice.    .    Me  pin  m6d-sefa 

1855  "lica«  leng  swA  wel,        leofa  Be6wulf: 

"hafast  pu  gefered,        piit  pam  folcum  sceal, 
"  Gedta  Ie6dum       and  Gar-Denum 
"sib  gemcennm        and  sacu  restan, 
"  inwit-niSas,        pe  hie  a3r  drugon  ; 

18GO  "  wesan,  penden  ic  wealde       \vidan  rices, 
"magmas  gemsene,        manig  65erne 
4  4  g6dum  gegretan       ofer  ganotes  baS  ; 
44  sceal  hring-naca       ofer  heaSu  bringan 
44  lac  and  luf-tacen.        Ic  pa  Ie6de  wat 

1865  44ge  wiS  fe6nd  ge  wi'S  frc6ud       faste  geworhte, 
44seghwas  untaele       ealde  wisan." 
pa  git  him  eorla  hleo       inne  gesealde, 
inago  Healfdenes       matSmas  twelfe, 
hdt  hine  mid  psem  lacum       Ie6de  swsese 

1870  secean  on  gesyntum,        snude  eft  cuman. 
•  Gec3'ste  pa        cj'ning  aftelum  g6d, 
pe6den  Scildinga       ]jcgen  bctstan 
and  be  healse  genam  ;        liruron  him  tearas, 
blonden-feaxum :        him  was  bega 

1875  caldum  infrddum,        6'Sres  s \vt5or, 


1876-1903.]  BEOWULF.  59 

]?at  hi  seo&San       gese6n  moston 

m6dige  on  meftle.        Was  him  se  man  t6  )>on  Ie6f, 

)>at  he  ]?one  bre6st-wylm       forberan  ne  mehte, 

ac  him  on  hreSre       hyge-bendum  fast 
1880  after  de6rum  men       dyrne  langaS 

bcorn  wi5  bldde.        Him  Be6wulf  ]>anan, 

gu5-rinc  gold-wlanc       griis-moldan  trtid, 

since  hrfimig:        sae-genga  bad 

agend-frean,        se  J>e  on  anere  rad. 
1885  pa  wiis  on  gange       gifu  Hr6t5gares 
•  oft  gesehted :        ]>at  wiis  an  cyning 

seghwils  orleahtre,        6S  }>at  hine  yldo  ben  am 

magenes  wynnum,        se  }?e  oft  manegum  sc6d. 


XXVIII. 

BEOWULF  RETUENS  TO  GEATLAKD. — THE  QUEENS 
HYGD  AND  THRYTHO. 

CWOM  )?a  t6  fl6de       fela-mddigra 
1890  hiig-stealdra  liedp;       hring-net  bieron, 

locene  Ieoc5o-syrcan.        Land-weard  oufand 

eft-siS  eorla,        swa  he  ser  dyde ; 

116  he  mid  hearme       of  hliSes  nosan 

giis^as  grdtte,        ac  him  tdgeanes  rad ; 
1895  cwa5  ]?at  wilcurnan       Wedera  Ie6dum 

scawan  sclr-hame       t6  scipe  f&ron. 

pa  was  on  sande       sse-geap  naca 

hladen  here-waedum,        hringed-stefna 

mearum  and  maSmum:       mast  hlifade 
1900  ofer  Hrd^gares       hord-gestre6num. 

He  ]>am  bat-wearde       bnnden  golde 

swurd  gesealde,        pat  he  sy^San  was 

on  meodu-bence       ma^me  ]>y  weorfira, 


60  BEOWULF.  [1904-1938. 

yrfe-lafe,        Gewat  him  on  $5-nacan, 
1905  dr6fan  de6p  witter,        Dena  land  ofgeaf. 

pa  was  be  miiste       mere  hriigla  sum, 

segl  sale  fast.        Sund-wudu  punede, 

nd  peer  w6g-flotan       wind  ofer  ytSum 

s!5es  getwaefde  ;        sse-genga  f6r, 
1910  neat  famig-heals       forS  ofer  £«e, 

bunden-stefna       ofer  brim-streamas, 

fat  hie  Geata  clifu       ongitan  meahton, 

cuSe  nassas.        Ce61  up  geprang, 

tyft-geswenced       on  lande  st6d. 
1915  HraSe  was  at  holme       hyS-weard  gearo, 

se  ]>e  ser  lange  tid,       Ie6fra  manna 

fus,  at  faro^e       feor  wlatode  ; 

sselde  t6  sande       sid-fa5me  scip 

oncer  bendum  fast,        ]>y  las  hym  yfia,  }>rym 
1920  wudu  w}rnsuman       forwrecan  meahte. 

Het  fa  up  beran       a^elinga  gestre6n, 

friitwe  and  fat-gold ;        nils  him  feor  ]>anon 

t6  gesecanne        sinces  biyttan  : 

Higelitc  Hre51ing       ]>ser  at  ham  wunat$, 
1925  selfa  mid  gesiSum       sse-w^ealle  neah ; 

bold  was  betlic,        brego-r6f  cyning, 

hea  o?i  healle,        H}Tgd  swiSe  geong, 

wis,  wel-fungen,        peah  fc  wintra  lyt 

under  burh-locan       gebiden  hiibbe 
1930  Hare'Ses  d6htor :        nas  M6  hnah  swa  ]?eah, 

ne  t6  gneaS  gifa       Gedta  Ie6clum, 

maSm-gestre6na.        M6d  pry^o  wag, 
•  fremu  folces  cw^n,        firen  ondiysne : 

naenig  pat  dorste       de6r  geneSan 
1935  swsesra  gesi<5a,        nefne  sin-frea, 

pat  hire  an  diiges        eagum  starede ; 

ac  him  wal-bende       weotode  tealde, 

hand-gewriSene  :        hra8e  seo55an  was 


1939-1968.]  BEOWULF.  61 

after  mund-gripe       mece  gefinged, 
1940  fat  hit  sceaSen-msel       scyran  mdste, 

cwealm-bealu  cyiSan,        Ne  bi5  swylc  cwenlic  feaw 

idese  t6  efnanne,        fedh  fe  hi6  senlicu  sy, 

fatte  freoSu-webbe       feores  onsiice 

after  lige-torne       Ie6fne  mannan. 
1945  Hum  fat  onhdhsnode-      Heminges  maeg; 

ealo  drincende       6^er  saedan, 

fat  hi6  Ie6d-bealewa       las  gefremede, 

inwit-niba,        sySt5an  aerest  wearS 

gyfen  gold-hroden       geongum  cempan, 
1950  aSelum  di6re,        syS6an   hi6  Offan  flet 

ofer  fealone  fl6d       be  fader  lare 

si5e  ges6hte,       ]>8er  hi6  sy'St5an  wel 

in  gum-st61e,       g6de  maere, 

lif-gesceafta       lifigende  bredc, 
1955  hi61d  hedh-lufan       wiS  hale'Sa  brego, 

ealles  mon-cynnes       mine  gefrsege 

fone  s^lestan       bl  saem  twe6num 

eormen-cynnes  ;        forf  am  Offa  was 

geofum  and  gfrSurn       gar-c^ne  man, 
1960  wide  geweorSod ;       wisd6me  he61d 

eSel  slnne,       ponon  E6maer  w6c 

halefium  t6  helpe,  '     Heminges  mseg, 

nefa  Garmundes,       n!6a  craftig. 


XXIX. •    His  AEEIVAL.     HYGELAO'S  RECEPTION. 

GEWAT  him  fa  se  hearda       mid  his  hond-scole 
1965  sylf  after  sande       sas-wong  tredan, 

wide  waroSas.         Woruld-candel  scan, 
sigel  suSan  fus :        hi  slt$  drugon, 
elne  geeodon,        t6  fiis  fe  eorla  hle6, 


62  BEOWULF.  [19G9-2003. 

bonan  Ongenpe6wes       burgum  on  innan, 
1970  gcongne  guS-c}Tmng       g6dnc  gefrunon 

hringas -dselan.        Higelace  wiis 

sift  Be6wulfes       snude  gecyfted, 

pat  pser  on  worftig       wigendra  hle6, 

lind-gestealla       lifigende  cworn, 
1975  heaSo-laces  hal       t6  hofe  gongan. 

Hrafte  was  gerymed,        swa  se  rlca  bebead, 

fe"fte-gestnm       flet  innan- weard. 

Gesat  pa  wi5  sylfne,        se  ]?a  sacce  genas, 

maeg  wift  maege,       sy'SSan  man-dryhton 
1980  purh  hle6(5or-cw3'de  holdne  gcgrette 

meaglum  wordum.        Meodu-scencum 

hwearf  geond  pat  reced       HUre'Ses  d6htor : 

lufode  pa  Ie6de,       lift-waege  bar 

hselum  t6  handa.        Higelac  ongan 
1985  sinne  geseldan       in  sele  pain  liean 

fagre  fricgean,       h}^ne  fyrwet  briic, 

hwylce  Sse-Geata       siSas  waeron  : 

"Hu  lomp  e6w  on  IMe,        leofa  Bi6wulf, 

' '  pa  pu  fseringa       feorr  gehogoclest, 
1990  "sacce  secean       ofer  sealt  witter, 

' '  hilde  t6  Hiorote  ?        Ac  pn  Hr6ftgare 

Uwid-cu8ne  wean       wilite  geb6ttest, 

"  maerum  pe6dne?        Ic  pas  m6d-ceare 

usorh-wylmum  seaS,       si5e  ne  truwode 
1995  "  Ie6fes  manncs  ;       ic  pe  lange  bad, 

upat  pu  pone  wal-gaest       wilite  ne  gr^tte, 

' '  16te  .  SuS-Dene       s}'lfe  geweorSan 

uguSe  wi5  Grendel.        Gode  ic  pane  secge, 

"pas  pe  ic  pe  gesundne       gese6n  m6ste." 
2000  Bi6wulf  maftelode,        beam  Ecg]>i6wes  : 

"pat  is.  undjTne,        dryhten  Higeldc, 

"  mcere  gemeting       monegum  fira, 

"  hwylc  orleg-livfil       uncer  Grendles 


2004-2032.]  BEOWULF.  63 

"wearS  on  pain  wange,       paer  he  worna  fela 
2005  "  Sige-Scildingum       sorgo  gefremede, 
yrmSe  t6  aldre ;       ic  pat  eal  gewrac, 
swa  ne  gylpan  pearf       Grendeles  niaga 
cenig  ofer  eorfian       uht-lilem  pone, 
se'  pe  lengest  leofa'5       lafian  cynnes, 
2010  "  fenne  bifongen.        Ic  pser  furtmm  cwom, 
' '  t6  pam  hring-sele       Hr6$gar  gretan  : 
"  sdna  me  se  maera       mago  Healfdenes, 
"sySSan  he  m6d-sefan       minne  cuSe, 
"wi^  his  sylfes  sunu       setl  getaehte. 

2015  "Weorod  was  on  wynne ;       ne  seah  ic   wldan   feorh 
"  under  heofenes  hwealf       heal-sittendra 
"  medu-dream  maran.        Hwilum  maeru  cw^n. 
"  M6u-sibb  folca       flet  call  geond-hwearf, 
•    ' '  bsBdde  byre  geonge  ;       oft  hi6  bedh-wriSan 
2020  "  secge  sealde,       oar  hi6  t6  setle  geong. 
Hwilum  for  dugufte       ddhtor  Hrd^gares 
eorlum  on  ende       ealu-waege  bar, 
]?a  ic  Freeware       flet-sittende 
nemnan  hyrde,        peer  hi6  nagled  sine 
2025  "  haletJnm  sealde  :        si6  gehaten  was, 

' '  geong  gold-hroden,        gladum'  suna  Fr6dan  ; 
' '  hafkS  ]>as  geworden       wine  Scyldinga 
"rices  Iryrde       and  ]?at  rasd  talaft, 
"pat  he  mid  ]>y  wife       wal-fseh3a  dael, 
2030  "  sacca  gesette.        Oft  no  seldan  hwaer 
"  after  Ie6d-hiyre       lytle  hwile 
"bon-gar  bugeS,       peah  se6  bryd  duge! 


64  BEOWULF.  [2083-2063. 


XXX.     BEOWULF'S  STOEY  OF  THE  SLAYINGS. 


pas  ponne  ofp3Tucan       pe6den  Hea'Sobeardna 
"and  pegna  gehwam        para  Ie6da, 

2035  "ponne  he  mid  faemnan       on  flett  gaeS, 
' '  dryht-bearn  Dena       dugutSa  biwenede  : 
' '  on  him  gladiaS        gomelra  lafe 
"heard  and  hring-mael,        HeaSobeardna  gestre6n, 
"  penclen  hie  pam  woapnum        wealdan  moston, 

2040  "68  pat  hie  forlaeddan       t6  pam  lind-plegan 
"swaese  gesiSas       ond  hyra  sylfra  feorh. 
"ponne  cwi8  at  be6re,        se  pe  bean .gesyhfi, 
"  eald  asc-wiga,    '    se  pe  eall  geman 
"gar-cwealm  gumena        (him  biS  grim  sefa), 

2045  ' '  onginneft  ge6mor-m6d       geongne  cempan 
"  purh  hreSra  geltygd       higes  cunnian, 
"  wig-be alu  weccean       and  pat  word  acw3T8  : 
•     "'Meant  pu,  min  wine,       m£ce  gecnawan, 
"  '  pone  pin  fader       t6  gefeohte  bar 

2050  "'under  here-griman       hindeman  si8e, 
"  '  d5rre  iren,       paer  li3Tne  Dene  s!6gon, 
"  '  we61don  wal-st6we        (s378San  wi8er-gyld  lag 
"'after  haleSa  hr3Te)        hwate  Sc3'ldungas? 
"  '  Nu  her  para  banena       b3Te  nat-hw3'lces, 

2055  "  '  fratwum  hremig       on  flet  gae8, 

"  '  morSres  g3Tlpeft       and  pone  maSSum  b\TeS, 
"'pone  pe  pu  mid  rihte       raedan  sccoldest!" 
' '  Mana8  swa  and  myndgaS       maela  gehw3Tlce 
"  sarum  wordum,        68  pat  sael  C3rme'8, 

2060  ' '  pat  se  faemnan  pegn       fore  fader  dsedmn 
"after  billes  bite       b!6d-frig  swefeS, 
' '  ealdres  sc3rldig  ;       him  se  6Ser  ponan 
Iosa8  ?ifigende,        con  him  land  geare. 


" 


2064-2098.]  BEOWULF.  65 

' '  ponne  bi6<5  brocene       on  ba  healfe 

20G5  "  aS-sweord  eorla;        s?/5San  Ingelde 

"  weallat)  wal-niSas       and  him  wif-lufan 
"after  cear-walmum       c61ran  weorSaS. 
"py  ic  HeaSobeardna       hyldo  ne  telge, 
"dryht-sibbe  dael       Denum  unfaecne, 

2070  "  fre6nd-scipe  fastne.        Ic  sceal  forS  sprecan 
"gen  ymbe  Grendel,       ]>at  ]>u  geare  cunne, 
"  sinces  brytta,        t6  hwan  sy&San  wearS 
"  hond-raes  halefta.        SySSan  heofones  gim 
"glad  ofer  grundas,        gast  yrre  cwom, 

2075  "  eatol  aefen-grdm,        user  ne6san, 
' '  paer  we  gesunde       sal  weardodon  ; 
"  faer  was  Hondsci6       hild  onsaege, 
"  feorh-bealu  faegum,        he  fyrmest  lag, 
"gyrded  cempa ;       him  Grendel  wearS, 

2080  "maeruni  magu-pegne       t6  mut>-bonan, 
"Ie6fes  mannes       lie  eall  forswealg. 
"  N6  J>y  aer  ut  J>a  gen       idel-hende 
"  bona  M6dig-t6<5       bealewa  gemj^ndig, 
"of  fam  gold-sele        gongan  wolde, 

2085  "  ac  he  magnes  r6f       min  costode, 

"  grapode  gearo-folm.        G16f  liangode 
"  sld  and  sylltc       searo-bendum  fast, 
"  si6  was  orponcum       eall  gegyrwed 
4 '  de6fles  craftum       and  dracan  fellum  : 

2090  "he  mec  J»aer  on  innan       uns3Tnnigne, 
"  di6r  daed-fruma,        ged6n  wolde, 
"manigra  sumne :        hyt  ne  mihte  swa, 
"  syt5t5an  ic  on  yrre       upp-riht  ast6d. 
"T6  lang  ys  t6  reccenne,       hu  ic  fam  Ie6d-sceaftan 

2095  "yfla  gehwylces       ond-ledn  forgeald ; 
"  J»aer  ic,  ]?e6den  min,       j>ine  Ie6de 
"weor^ode  weorcum.        He  on  weg  losade, 
"lytle  hwile       lif-wynna  breac  ; 


66  BEOWULF.  [2000-2133. 

' '  hwaSrc  him  si6  swiSre       swafte  weardade 
2100  "hand  on  Hiorte       and  he  hean  }>onan, 

"  m6des  gedmor       mere-grand  gefe611. 

"Me  ]?one  wal-rses       wine  Scildunga 

"  f  attan  golde       fela  leanode, 

"  manegum  maSmum,        sj^SSan  mergen  com 
2105  "  and  we  t6  symble       geseten  hafdon. 

"poer  was  gidd  and  gle6 ;       gomela  Scilding 

"fela  fricgende        feorran  relite  ; 

"  hwilum  hilde-de6r       hearpan  wj'mie, 

' '  gomen-wudu  grdtte  ;       hwilum  gyd  awriic 
2110  "s6S  and  sarlic ;        hwilum  syllic  spell 

"  rehte  after  rihte       rum-heort  cyning. 

"Hwilum  eft  ongan       eldo  gebunden, 

"gomel  guft-wiga       gioguSe  cwiSan 

"  hilde-strengo  ;        hrefter  inne  we611, 
2115  "  fonne  he  wTintrum  fr6d       worn  gemunde. 

"  Swa  we  Jiaer  inne        andlangne  dag 

"  ni6de  naman,        6t5  f»at  niht  becwom 

"  6^er  t6  yldum.        p^-  was  eft  hraSe^ 

"  gearo  gyrn-wrace       Grendeles  m6dor, 
2120  "  si^ode  sorh-full ;        sunu  de&8  fornam, 

"  wig-hete  Wedra.        Wifunhyre 

"hyre  beam  gewrac,'      beorn  acwealde 

"ellenlice;        J>aBr  was  Asc-here, 

"  fr6dan  fyrn-witan,        feorh  u^genge; 
2125  "  n6^er  hy  hine  ne  mdston,        syfrSan  mergen  cwom, 

"  deaS-werigne       Denia  Ie6de 

"  bronde  forbarnan,        ne  on  bael  hladan 

"  Ie6fne  mannan  :        hi6  ]mt  lie  atbar 

"  fe6ndes  fatSwwra        under  firgen-stredm. 
2130  "pat  was  Hr66gare        hre6wa  tornost 
]?ara  ]?e  Ie6d-fruman       lange  begeate ; 

se  )>e6den  mec       ])ine  lyfe 
healsode  hreoh-mod,        ]?iit  ic  on  holma  gearing 


'  ' 


" 


2184-2160.]  BEOWULF.  67 

"  eorl-scipe  efnde,        ealdre  geneSde, 
2135  "maerSo  fremede :       he  me  mede  gehei. 

"Ic  pa  pas  wiilmes,        pe  is  wide  cftt), 

"  grimne  gryrellcne       grund-hyrde  fond. 

4 '  paer  unc  hwlle  was       hand  gemaene  ; 

"  holm  heolfre  we611       and  ic  heafde  becearf    x 
2140  "in  pam  grund-se\Q       Grendeles  mddor 

"  eacnum  ecgum,        unsdfte  ponan 

' '  feorli  65ferede  ;        nas  ic  foege  fa  gyt, 

4 '  ac  me  eorla  hle6       eft  gesealde 

menigeo,       maga  Healfdenes. 


HE  GIVES  PEESENTS  TO  HYGELA.C.     HYGELAC 

REWAEDS  HIM.     HYGELAG'S  DEATH. 

BEOWULF  REIGNS. 

2145  "  SWA  se  _J>e6d-kyning       pedwum  lyfde  ; 
"  nealles  ic  ])dm  leanum.      forloren  hafde, 
"  magnes  mMe,     ac  he  me  mdSmas  geaf, 
"  sunu  Healfdenes,       on  sinne  sylfes  d6m  ; 
"]?a  ic  ]?e,  beorn-cyning,        bringan  wylle, 

2150  "  6stum  geywan.        Gen  is  call  tit  pe 
' '  lissa  gelong :        ic  lyt  hafo 
u  heafod-maga,        nefne  Hygelac  J?ec  !  " 
Het  pa  in  beran       eafor,-  hedfod-segn, 
heaSo-steapne  helm,        hare  byrnan, 

2155  guS-sweord  geatolic,        gyd  after  wrac  : 
"Me  pis  hilde-sceorp       Hr6(5gar  sealde, 
"  snotra  fengel,        same  worde  het, 
"pat  ic  his  serest       pe  eft  gesiigde, 
' '  cwaS  pat  hy t  hafde        Hiorogar  cyning, 

2160  "Ic6d  Scyldunga        lange  hwile  : 


68  BEOWULF.  [2101-2195. 

"  n6  py  aer  suna  slnum       syllaii  wolde, 

"  hwatum  Ilcoroweardc,        peuh  he  him  hold  waere, 

"bre6st-gewaedu.        Bruc  ealles  well!" 

Hyrde  ic  piit  pain  fratwum       fe6wer  mearas 
2165  lungre  gelice       last  wearclode, 

appel-fealuwe ;       he  him  est  getedh 

meara  and  maftma.        Swa  sceal  maeg  ddn, 

nealles  in  wit-net       65rum  bregdan, 

dyrnum  crafte       deaS  r&nicm 
2170  hond-gesteallan.        Hygelace  was, 

ni<5a  heardum,        uefa  swytSe  hold 

and  gehwatSer  66rum       hr6t$ra  gemyndig. 

Hyrde  ic  fat  he  ]?one  heals-beah       Hygde^gesealde, 

wratllcne  wundur-maSSum,     pone  p>e  him  Wealh]>e6  geaf, 
2175  fe6dnes  d6htor,        ]>ri6  wicg  somod 

swancor  and  sadol-beorht ;        hyre  S}-S^an  was 

after  beah-pege       bre6st  geweorSod. 

Swa  bealdode       beam  EcgJ?e6wes, 

guma  gfrSum  cu5,        g6dum  daedum, 
2180  dreah  after  d6me,        nealles  druncne  sldg 

heorS-genedtas ;        nas  him  hre6h  sefa, 

ac  he  man-cynnes       maeste  crafte 

gin-fastan  gife,        ]>e  him  god  sealde, 

heold  hilde-de6r.        Hean  was  lange, 
2185  swa  Irpie  Geata  beam       gddne  ne  tealdon, 

ne  hyne  on  meclo-bence       micles  wyrSne 

drihten  wereda       ged6n  wolde  ; 

swyt>e  oft  sa^don,        pat  lie  sleac  waere, 

aSeling  unfrom  :        edwenden  cwom 
2190  tir-eadignm  menu        torna  gehwylces. 

Hdt  pa  eorla  hle6        in  gefetian, 

hea^o-rof  cyning,        Higgles  lafe, 

golde  gegyrede ;       nils  mid  Geatum  ]>a 

sinc-ma5Sum  selra        on  sweordes  hdd ; 
2.195  pat  he  on  Bi6wulfes       bcann  Alegcle. 


2196-222G.]  BEOWULF.  .         69 

and  him  gesealde       seofan  ]>usendo, 

bold  and  brego-stol.         Him  wiis  bam  samod 

on  pain  Ie6d-scipe       lond  gecynde, 

eard  e'Sel-riht,        65rum  swiSor 
2200  side  rice,       J>am  J>aer  selra  was. 

Eft  ]>iit  geiode       ufaran  d6grum 

hilde-hlammum,        sySSan  Hygelac  lag 

and  HeardrMe       hilde-mdceas 

under  bord-hre63an       t6  bonan  wurdon, 
2205  ]>a  hyne  ges6htan       on  sige-]?e6de 

hearde  hilde-frecan,        HeaSo-Scilfingas, 

niSa  gensegdan       nefan  Hererices. 

SytStSan  Be6wulfe       brMe  rice 

on  hand  gehwearf :       he  gehe61d  tela 
2210  fiftig  wintru        (was  fa  frdd  cyning, 

eald  6$el-weard),       .6S  J»at  an  ongan 

deorcum  nihtum        draca  ricsian, 

se  ]>e  on  hedre  hce(5e       hord  beweotode, 

stan-beorh  steapne :        stig  under  lag, 
2215  eldum  uncu^.        prer  on  innan  gi6ng 
nat-hwylces       neodu  gef^ng 

horde       bond  .  d  .  .  gep  .  .  hwylc 

since  fahne,       he  ]>at  syfrSan 

...  ]>...!«.  ]?.'.  l.g 
2220  slfepende  be  fyre,        fyrena  hyrde 

]?e6fes  criifte,        ])iit  sie  .  .  .  .  'Sio^ 

.  idh  .  folc-beorn,       fat  he  gebolgen  was. 


XXXII.    THE  FIEE-DEAKE.     THE  HOARD. 

NEALLES  mid  geweoldum       w}'rm-horda  .  .  .  craft 
solite  sylfes  willum,        se  ]?e  him  sdre  gesce6d, 
2225  ac  for  pred-nedlan       ]>eo?y  nat-hwylces 
luileSa  bcarna        hcte-swengeas  fleah, 


70  BEOWULF.  [2227-22C1. 

for  o/er-fear/e       and  faer  inne  fealh 

secg  syn-bysig.         SOna  in  fa  tide 

fat fam  gyste        .  .  .  .  br  .  g  .  st6d, 

2230  hwaSre  earm-sceapen 

.  .  ft  .  . '.  sceapen  o  .  .  .  .  i  r  .  .  e  se  fees  begeat, 
sine-fat  geseah:       faer  was  swylcra  fela 
in  fam  eorft-scrcife       ser-gestre6na, 
sw&  hy  on  gear-dagum       gumena  nat-hwylc 

2235  eormen-lafe       aSelan  cj'nnes 
fanc-hycgende       faer  gehydde, 
de6re  magmas.        Ealle  hie  dedft  fornam 
aerran  maelum,        and  se  an  fa  gen 
leoda  duguSe,        se  faer  lengest  hwearf, 

2240  weard  wine-ge6mor       wiscte  fas  }idan, 
fat  he  lytel  fac       Iong-gestre6ua 
brucan  m6ste.        Beorh  eal  gearo 
wunode  on  wonge       water-ytmm  neah, 
niwe  be  nasse       nearo-craftum  fast : 

2245  faer  on  innaii  bar       eorl-gestre6na 
•  hringa  hyrde       hard-fyrdne  dael 
fattan  goldes,        fed  worda  cwivS  : 
•'Heald  fu  nu  hruse,        nu  hiileft  ne  m6ston, 
"  eorla  aehte.        Hwat !   hit  aer  on  fe 

2250  "gdde  begeaton ;       gut5-dedS  fornam, 
"  feorh-bealo  fr6cne       fyra  gehw3Tlcne, 
"Ie6da  minra,        fara  fe  fis  Vtf  ofgeaf, 
"  gesawon  sele-dredm.        Nah  hwa  sweord  wege 
' '  oftSe  fe^?'^e       fated  waege, 

2255  "drync-fat  deore :        dugw'S  ellor  sc6c. 
' '  Sceal  se  hearda  helm       hyrsted  golde 
"  f atum  befeallen  :        feormiend  swefaS, 
"  f  d  fe  beado-griman       by  wan  sceoldon, 
u  ge  swylce  se6  here-pM,        si6  iit  hilde  gebM 

2260  "  ofer  borda  gebrac  ^Jjiteirena, 

"  brosnaS  after  beoi^feiL^^>miig  byrnau  bring 

/0/      ^  ' 

LIBRARY  i  ] 

A 


\u 
r*v 


22G2-2296.]  BEOWULF.  71 


' '  after  wig-fruman       wide  feran 

"  haleSum  be  healfe  ;        nits  kearpan  w}*n, 

"  gomen  gle6-beames,        ne  g6d  hafoc 
2265-  "  geond  sal  swingeS,        ne  se  swifta  mearh 

"burh-stede  bedteS.        Bealo-cwealm  hafaS 

"fela  feorh-cynna       feorr  onsended  !  " 

Swa  gi6mor-m6d       giohSo  msende, 

an  after  eallum       unbliSe  hweop, 
2270  diiges  and  nihtesL,        65  ]?at  dea'Ses  wylm 

hran  at  heortanf       Hord-wynne  fond 

eald  nht-scea^a       opene  standan, 

se  ]?e  b3Tiiende       biorgas  s^ceS 

nacod  ni8-draca,       nihtes  fle6ge^ 
2275  fyre  befangen ;       hyne  fold-buend 

.ivide  gesdwon.        He  gewunian  sceall 

hlaw  under  hrusan,       fser  he  hasten  gold 

waraS  wintrum  fr6d ;        ne  byS  him  wihte  ]>&  sel. 

Swa  se  pe6d-scea$a       fre6  hund  wintra 
2280  he6ld  on  hrusan       hord-arna  sum 

eacen-criiftig,        65  ]^at  hyne  an  abealh 

mon  on  m6de :       man-dr}Thtne  bar 

fated  waege,       frio^o-wsere  bad 

hlaford  slnne.        pa  was  hord  rasod, 
2285  onboren  bedga  hord,       b^ne  geti^ad 

fea-sceaftum  men.        Frea  sceawode 

fira  fyrn-geweorc       forman  si5e. 

pa  se  wyrm  onw6c,        wr6ht  was  geniwad ; 

stone  ]>a  after  stane,        stearc-heort  oufand 
2290  fe6ndes  f6t-last;       he  t6  for5  gest6p, 

dyrnan  crafte,       dracan  heafde  neah. 

Swa  mag  unfaage       ed5e  gedigan 

wean  and  wrac-slS,        se  pe  waldendes 

hyldo  gehealde(5.        Hord-weard  s6hte 
2295  georne  after  grunde,        wolcle  guman  findan, 

pone  )>e  him  on  sweofote       sare  gete6de : 


72  BEOWULF.  [2297-232G. 

hat  and  hre6h-m6d       hlsew  oft  yrnbe  hwearf, 

ealne  utan-weardne  ;        ne  ]>aer  oenig  mon 

was  on  paere  westenne.        HwaSre  hilde  gcfeh, 
2300  beado-weorces :        hwllum  on  beorh  athwearf, 

sine-fat  s6hte ;        he  f>at  s6na  onfand, 

]>at  liiifde  gumcna  sum       goldes  gefandod 

heah-gestre6na.        Hord-weard  onbM 

earfo51ice,        65  ]>iit  aefen  cwom ; 
2305  was  ]>a  gebolgen       beorges  h}rrde, 

wolde  se  Ia8a       lige  forgyldan 

drinc-fat  dyre.        pa  was  diig  sceacen 

wyrme  on  willan,        no  on  wealle  leng 

btdan  wolde,        ac  mid  baele  f6r, 
2310  fyre  gefysed.        Was  se  fruma  egesllc 

Ie6dum  on  lande,        swa  hyt  lungre  wearS 

on  hyra  sinc-gifan       sare  geendod. 


XXXIII. 

BEOWULF  RESOLVES  TO  KILL  THE  FIRE-DKAKE. 

PA  se  giist  ongan       -glfidum  spiwan, 

beorht  hofu  biirnan ;       bi\yne-le6ma  st6d 
2315  eldum  on  anclan ;        116  ]>ser  alit  cwices 

IdS  lyft-floga       loefan  wolde. 

Was  ]?iis  wynnes  wig       wide  gesyne, 

nearo-fages  niS        nean  and  feorran, 

hu  se  guS-sceaSa      .  Geata  Ie6de 
2320  hatode  and  hjaide :        hord  eft  gesceat, 

dryht-sele  djTnne       aer  dtiges  hwile. 

Iliifde  land-wara        lige  befangen, 

baale  and  bronde ;       beorges  getruwode, 

wiges  and  wealles :        him  se6  wen  geleiih. 
2325  pa  wits  Bi6wulfe       br6ga  gecySed 

snude  t6  s65e,        ]>iit  his  s^^lfes  him 


2327-23G1.J  BEOWULF.  73 

bolda  selest       bryne-wylmum  mealt, 

gif-st61  Gedta.        pat  ]>am  g6dan  was 

hre6w  on  hreSre,       hyge-sorga  msest: 
2330  w6nde  se  wisa,        fat  he  wealdende, 

ofer  ealde  riht,        6cean  dryhtne 

bitre  gebulge  :       bre6st  innan  we611 

fe6strum  gefoncum,        sw&  him  gefywe  ne  was. 

Hafde  lig-draca       Ie6da  fasten, 
2335  ea-lond  utan,        eorS-weard  fone 

gledum  forgrundcn.        Him  fas  gfrS-cyning, 

"Wedera  jn6den,       wrace  leornode. 

Heht  him  ]>d,  gewyrcean       wigendra  hle6 
'  eall-irenne,        eorla  dryhten 
2340  wig-bord  wratlic ;       wisse  he  gearwe, 

piit  him  holt-wudu       helpan  ne  meahte, 

lind  wi5  lige.        Sceolde  laen-daga 

a^eling  ser-g6d       ende  gebidan 

worulde  lifes       and  se  wyrm  somod, 
2345  feah  fe  hord-welan       heolde  lange. 

Oferhogode  }>&       hringa  fengel, 

]>at  he  Jjone  wid-flogan       weorode  ges6hte, 

sidan  herge ;       n6  he  him  ]>&  sacce  ondrfid, 

ne  him  fas  wyrmes  wig       for  wiht  dyde, 
2350  eafo6  and  ellen ;       forfon  he  aer  fcla 

nearo  n^Sende        niSa  gedigde, 

hilde-hlemma,        syt55an  he  Hr6tSgares, 

sigor-eadig  seeg,       sele  faelsode 

and  at  gfrSe  forgrap       Grendeles  mnegum, 
2355  KiSan  cynnes.        N6  fat  lasest  was 

hond-gemota,      "faer  mon  Hj'gelac  sldh, 

syt5t5an  Geata  cyning       gu5e  rsesum, 

f red- wine  folces       Freslondnm  on, 

Hre61es  eafora       hioro-dryncum  swealt, 
2360  biile  gebedten ;        ]>onan  Bi6wnlf  com 

sylfes  criifte,       .sund-nytte  dredh  ; 


74  BEOWULF.  [2362-2391. 

f  hafde  him  on  earmc        .  .  .  XXX 

hilde-geatwa,      p&  he  t6  holme  s£ag. 

Nealles  Hetware        hremge  porfton 
23 Go  feSe-wiges,        pe  him  foran  ongedn 

linde  baeron :  lyt  eft  becwom 

fram  pam  hild-frecan        hames  ui6san. 

Oferswam  p;l  si61eSa  bigong       suna  Ecgpe6wes, 

earm  an-haga        eft  t6  Ic6dum, 
2370  paer  him  Hygd  gebead       Lord  and  rice, 

beagas  and  brego-stOl :        bearne  ne  truwode, 

pat  he  wifS  iil-f3Tlcum       6Sel-st61as 

healdan  cuSe,        pd  was  Hygelac  dead. 

N6  ]?y  ser  fea-sceafte       findan  meahton 
2375  at  fam  aSelinge       senige  pinga, 

pat  he  Hearclrede       hltiford  wsere, 

ofifte  pone  C3'ne-d6m       ci6san  wolde ; 

hwiiSre  he  him  on  folce       freond-larum  he61d, 

6stum  mid -are,        65  pat  he  yldra  wear5, 
2380  Weder-Gedtum  weold.        H}'ne  wriic-macgas 

ofer  sse  sohtan,        suna  Ohteres : 

hiifdon  hy  forhealden       helm  Scylfinga, 

pone  selestan        soa-cyninga, 

para  pe  in  Swio-rice       sine  brytnade, 
2385  mserne  pe6den.        Him  piit  t6  mearce  wearS ; 

he  pser  on  feorme       feorh-wunde  hledt 

sweordes  swengum,        sunu  H}Tgelaces  ; 

and  him  eft  gewat  '     Ongenpi6wes  beam 

hames  ni6san,        sy(55an  Heardred  lag ; 
2390  let  pone  brego-st61       Bi6wulf  healdan, 

Geatum  wealdan:       pat  was  god  cyning. 


2302-2421.]  BEOWULF.  75 

XXXIV. 

KETROSPECT  OF  BEOWULF.  —  STRIFE  BETWEEN 

SWEONAS   AND    GrEATAS. 

SE  pas  Ie6d-hryres       ledn  gemunde 

uferan  d6grum,        Eddgilse  wearft 

fea-sceaffcum  fe6nd.     Folce  gestepte 
2395  ofer  sae  side       sunu  Ohteres 

wigum  and  waepnum :        he  gewrac  sySSan 

cealdum  cear-slSum,        cyning  ealdre  bineat. 

Swa  he  nifta  gehwane       genesen  hiifde, 

sliSra  gesl}*hta,        sunu  Ecg|?i6wes, 
2400  ellen-weorca,        6$  ]?one  anne  dag, 

J?e  he  wi3  pam  wyrme       gewegan  sceolde. 

Gewat  pa  twelfa  sura       torne  gebolgen 

dryhten  Geata       dracan  sceawian  ; 

hiifde  pa  gefrunen,        hwanan  si6  faeh^  aras, 
2405  bealo-niS  biorna ;        him  td  bearme  cwom 

ma^^um-fat  maere       purh  pas  meldan  hond. 

Se  was  on  pam  predte       preotteoSa  secg, 

se  pas  orleges       6r  onstealde, 

haft  hyge-gi6mor,        sceolde  hean  ponon 
2410  wong  wisian :        he  ofer  willan  gi6ng 

t6  pas  pe  he  eor5-sele       anne  wisse, 

hloew  under  hrusan       holm-wylme  n^h, 

yS-gewinne,        se  was  innan  full 

wriitta  and  wira :        weard  unhi6re, 
2415  gearo  gu8-freca,        gold-ma5mas  he61d, 

cald  under  eorSan  ;        nils  fat  y^e  ccdp, 

t6  gegangenne        gumena  aanigum. 

Gesiit  ]>a  on  nasse       niS-heard  cyning, 

penden  liaelo  abedd       heor6-geneatum 
2420  gold-wine  Gedta :        him  wiis  ge6mor  sefa, 

wlifrc  and  wiil-fus,        Wyrd  ungcmete  ncdh, 


76  BEOWULF.  [2422-245G. 

se  pone  gomelan       gretan  sceolde, 

secean  sawle  hord,        sunclur  gedaelan 

lif  wi8  lice :        n6  pon  lange  was 
2425  feorh  aSelinges       flsesce  bewunden. 

Bi6wulf  maSelade,        beam  Ecgpe6wes  : 

"  Fela  ic  on  giogoSe       gu5-rsesa  genas, 

"  orleg-hwila  :        ic  fat  call  gcmon. 

4fc  Ic  was  S}Tfan-wintre,        pa  mec  sinca  baldor, 
2430  "frea-wine  folca        at  minum  fader  genam, 

44  he61d  mec  and  hafde       Hr£5el  cyning, 

"  gcaf  me  sine  and  s}'mbel,        sibbe  gemimde ; 

44  nas  ic  him  t6  life       laSra  dwihte 

"  beorn  in  burgum,        fonne  his  bearna  hwylc, 
2435  u  Herebeald  and  HoeScyn,       oSSe  Hygeldc  mm. 

4 '  Was  pain  yldestan       ungedefelice 

"  maeges  daednm       mor5or-lted  strM, 

41  sy66an  Ii3'ne  HseScj'n       of  horn-bogan, 

"his  frea-wine       flane  geswencte, 
2440  "  miste  mercelses       and  his  moeg  ofscet, 

"  brdSor  65erne,        b!6digan  gare  : 

u  pat  was  feoh-leas  gefeoht,        fyrenum  gesyngad, 

"  hre'Sre  hyge-me5e ;        sceolde  hwaSre  swa  peah 

"  aSeling  unwrecen       ealdres  linnan. 
2445  "  Swa  biS  gedmoiitc       gomelum  ceorle 

Ut6  gebidanne,        pat  his  byre  ride 

"  giong  on  galgan,        ponne  he  gyd  wrece, 

44  sarigne  sang,        ponne  his  snnu  hangaS 

44  hrefne  t6  hrdSre        and  he  him  helpan  ne  mag, 
2450  '4  eald  and  in-fr6d,        senige  gefremman. 

*4  Sj'mble  biS  gemyndgad       morna  gehw}'lce 

• 4  eaforan  ellor-si5  ;        6Sres  ne  gymeS 

4  4  to  gebidanne       burgum  on  innan 

••  yrfe-weardes,        ponne  se  an  hafaS 
24.");)  ;ipurli  (leases  nyd        daeda  gefondad. 

44  Gesyhtf  sorh-cearig       on  his  suna  bure 


9457-248*.]  BEOWULF.  77 


u  win-sele  wdstne,        wind-gereste, 
"  reotc  berofene  ;        ridend  swefaft, 
"  haletS  in  lioSman ;        iris  ]?aer  liearpan  sw£g, 
2460  "gomen  in  geardum,       swylce  ]>aer  iu  wseron. 


XXXV. 

MEMORIES  OF  PAST  TIME.  —  THE  FEUD  WITH 

THE    FlBE-DKAKE. 

"  GEWITES  ]>onne  on  sealman,       sorh-le6S  galeS 
"  an  after  anum  :        puhte  him  call  t6  rum, 


L  . 


wongas  and  wic-stede.        Swa  Wedra  helm 

"  after  Herebealde       heortan  sorge 
2465  u  weallende  wag,        wihte  ne  meahte 

'  '  on  ]>  am  feorh-bonan       faehSe  gebetan  : 

"  n6  ]>y  aer  he  ]^one  hea5o-riuc       hatian  ne  meahte 

"  la^um  daedum,        fedh  him  leof  ne  was. 

u  He  fa  mid  faere  sorge,        f>e  him  si6  sar  belamp, 
2470  "gum-dream  ofgeaf,        godes  Ie6ht  geceas  ; 

"  eaferum  loafde,        swa  deS  eadig  mon, 

'  '  lond  and  Ie6d-byrig,        ])a  he  of  life  gewat. 

4  '  pa  was  synn  and  sacu       Sweona  and  Geata, 

"  ofer  wid  water       wr6ht  gemaane, 
2475  "  here-niS  hearda,        sy55an  HreSel  swealt, 
o'SSe  him  Ongen]?e6wes       eaferan  waeran 
frome  fyrd-hwate,        fre6de  ne  woldon 
ofer  heafo  healdan,        ac  ymb  Hreosna-beorh 
eatolne  inwit-scear       oft  gefrernedon. 
2480  "  pat  maeg-wine       mine  gewraecan, 

"  faehSe  and  f3'rene,        swa  liyt  gefraege  was, 

"  feah  ])Q  6Ser  hit       ealdre  gcbohte, 
heardan  ceape  :        HaeScynne  wearS, 
Gedta  diyhtne,       gu5  onsaege. 


" 


78  BEOWULF.  [2185-2519. 

2485  u  pa  ic  on  morgue  gefriign       maeg  66erne 
"  billes  ecgum       on  bonan  staelari, 
' '  paer  Ongen]>e6w       Eofores  ni6sade  : 
"  guS-helm  16glad,        gomela  Scym'ng 
"  hreds  7<eo?*o-blac ;       bond  gemunde 

2490  "  faehSo  gen6ge,       feorh-sweng  ne  oftedh. 
"  Ic  him  pa  maSmas,     '   pe  he  me  sealde, 
"  geald  iit  gufie,        swa  me  gifeSe  was, 
' '  Ie6htan  sweorde  :        he  me  lond  forgeaf, 
''card  6'5el-w3'n.        Nas  bim'aenig  fearf, 

2495  "  ]>at  he  16  GifSnm       o68e  16  Gdr-Dennm 
"  o^(5e  in  Swi6-rlce       s^cean  jnirfe 
' '  w}*rsan  wlg-frecan,       weorSe  gec^^pau  ; 
"  symle  ic  him  on  feSan       beforan  wolde, 
"  dna  on  orde,        and  swd  16  aldre  sceall 

2500  "  siicce  fremman,        fenden  ]ns  sweord  pola^, 
"  pat  mec  aer  and  siS       oft  gelaeste, 
"  sySSan  ic  for  dugeSum       Daghrefne  weartS 
"16  hand-bonan,       Huga  cempan  : 
"  nalles  he  pa  fratwe       Fres-c}~mnge, 

2505  "  bre6st-weorSunge       bringan  m6ste, 

"  ac  in  campe  gecrong       cumbles  h}Tde, 
"  a^eling  on  elne.        Ne  was  ecg  bona, 
"•ac  him  hilde-grap       heortan  wylmas, 
' '  ban-hns  gebriic.        Nn  sceall  billes  ecg, 

2510  "hond  and  heard  sweord       ymb  hord  wigan." 
Be6wulf  maSelode,        be6t-wordum  sprac 
niehstan  si6e  :        "  Ic  gen65de  fela 
"  gut5a  on  geogoSe  ;       gyt  ic  w}'lle, 
"  fr6d  folces  weard,        faeh^e  secan, 

2515  "maerSum  fremman,        gif  mec  se  man-sceafta 
"  of  eorfi-sele       ut  geseceS  !  " 
Gegrette  ]'a       gumena  gehwylcne, 
hwate  lielm-l)erend        liindcman  siSe, 

gesiSas  :        "  Noldc  ic  sweord  beran, 


2520-2554.]  BEOWULF.  79 

2520  "  waepen  td  wymie,       gif  ic  wiste  hu 
"  wiS  pam  aglaecean       elles  mealite 
"gylpe  wiSgripan,   .    swa  ic  gi6  wi5  Grendle  dyde; 
"  ac  ic  paer  heaSu-fyres       hates  w£ne, 
"r&Ses  and-hattres :       forpon  ic  me  on  hafu 

2525  "  bord  and  byrnan.        Nelle  ic  beorges  weard 
"  oferfle6n  f6tes  trem,       fednd  unliyre, 
' '  ac  unc  sceal  weorSan  at  wealle,     swa  unc  Wyrd  gete65, 
"metod  manna  gekwas.        Ic  eom  on  m6de  from, 
"fat  ic  wiS  pone  guS-flogan       gylp  ofersitte. 

2530  "  Gebide  ge  on  beorge       byrnum  werede, 
"  secgas  on  searwum,       bwa^er  sel  maege 
"  after  wal-rsese       wunde  gedygan 
"  uncer  twega.        Nis  fat  e6wer  si5, 
"  ne  gemet  mannes,        nefne  min  dnes, 

2535  "  J?at  he  wi6  aglsecean       eofot5o  daele, 
"  eorl-scype  efne.        Ic  mid  elne  sceall 
"  gold  gegangan       oSSe  guft  nime'S, 
u  feorh-bealu  frdcne,       frean  e6werne  !  " 
Aras  fd  bl  ronde       r6f  oretta, 

2540  heard  under  helm,       hioro-sercean  bar 
under  stan-cleofu,        strengo  getruwode 
anes  mannes :        ne  biS  swylc  earges  si5. 
Geseah  fa  be  wealle,       se  fe  worna  fela, 
gum-cystum  g6d,        gu^a  gedigde, 

2545  hilde-hlemma,       ponne  hnitan  f&^an, 

(st6d  on  stan-bogan)        stredm  ut  ponan 
brecan  of  beorge ;       was  psere  burnan  walm 
hea^o-fyrum  hat:        ne  meahte  horde  neah 
unbyrnende       senige  hwile 

2550  de6p  gedygan       for  dracan  l^ge. 

L^t  ]>a  of  bre6stum,       pa  he  gebolgen  was, 
Weder-Geata  Ie6d       word  ut  faran, 
stearc-heort  styrmde ;        stefn  in  becom 
hea6o-torht  hlvnnan       under  harne  stdn. 


80  BEOWULF.  [2555-2589. 

2555  Hete  wiis  ouhrercd,        hord-weard  oncni6w 

mannes  reorde ;        nils  faer  mara  fyrst, 

fre6de  t6  friclan.        From  serest  cwom 

orirb  aglaecean     tit  of  stane, 

hat  hilde-swat;        hruse  dynede. 
25GO  Biorn  under  beorge       bord-rand  onswaf 

wiS  pam  gryre-gieste,        Geata  diyhten : 

p£  was  hring-bogan       heorte  gefysed 

sacce  t6  se"ceanne.        Sweord  aer  gebrad 

g6d  guS-cyning       gomele  lafe, 
2565  ecgum  ungleaw,        aeghwa'Srum  was 

bealo-hycgendra       br6ga  fram  6tSrum. 

StltS-m6d  gest6d       wiS  stedpne  rond 

winia  bealdor,        fa  se  wyrm  gebeah 

snMe  t6somne :        he  on  searwum  bM. 
2570  Gewat  pa  byrnende       gebogen  scri^an  t6, 

gescife  scyndan.        Scyld  wel  gebearg 

life  and  lice       lassan  hwile 

mserum  ]?e6dne,       ponne  his  myne  sdhte, 

pser  he  ]?y  fyrste       forman  d6gore 
2575  wealdan  m6ste,        swd  him  Wyrd  ne  gescraf 

hreS  at  hilde.        Hond  up  abrad 

Geata  dryhten,       gryre-fahne  s!6h 

incge  Idfe,       pat  si6  ecg  gew£c 

brun  on  bane,       bat  unswlSor, 
2580  ponne  his  pi6d-cyning       pearfe  hafde, 

bysigum  gebseded.        pd  was  beorges  weard 

after  heaSu-swenge       on  hre6um  m6de, 

wearp  wal-fyre,       wide  sprungon 

hilde-le6man  :       hreS-sigora  ne  gealp 
2585  gold-wine  Geata,        guS-bill  geswa"c 

nacod  at  niSe,        sw£  liyt  n6  sceolde, 

iren  aer-g6d.        Ne  was  pat  6Se  si5, 

pat  se  msera       maga  Ecgpe6wes 

grund-wong  pone       ofgyfan  wolde  ; 


2590-2620.]  BEOWULF.  81 

2590  sceolde  wyrmes  willan       wlc  eardian 

elles  hwergen,        sw£  sceal  seghwylc  mou 

alsetan  Isen-dagas.        Nas  }>&  long  t6  ]?on, 

pat  ]?d  agkecean       hy  eft  gemetton. 

Hyrte  Ii3'ne  hord-weard,        hrefter  seSme  we611, 
2595  niwan  stefne       nearo  frowode 

fyre  befongen       se  pe  ser  folce  we61d. 

Nealles  him  on  beape       baud-gesteallan, 

aSclinga  beam       ymbe  gestddon 

bildc-cystum,        ac  by  on  bolt  bugon, 
2000  ealdre  burgan.        Hiora  in  anum  we611 

sefa  wi^  sorgum :        sibb  sefre  ne  mag 

wiht  onwendan,        pam  ]?e  wel 


XXXVI.    WIGLAF  HELPS  BEOWULF  IN  THE  FEUD. 

WIGLAF  was  baten       Weoxstanes  sunn, 

Ie6flic  lind-wiga,        Ie6d  Sc3'lfinga, 
2605  mseg  Alf  heres  :        geseab  bis  mon-diybten 

under  bere-griman       bat  prowian. 

Gemunde  ])&  ]>4  are,        pe  be  him  ser  forgeaf 

wic-stede  weligne       Wsegmnndinga, 

folc-rihta  gehwjic,        swd  his  fader  ahte ; 
2610  ne  mihte  ]>^  forhabban,       bond  rond  gefeng, 

geolwe  lincle,        gomel  swyrd  geteah, 

fat  was  mid  eldum       Eanmundes  laf, 

suna  Ohteres,        fam  at  sacce  wearS 

wracu  wine-leasum       Weohstanes  bana 
2615  meces  ecgum,        and  his  -magum  atbar 

brun-fagne  helm,        bringde  byrnan, 

eald  sweord  eotonisc,       pat  him  Onela  forgeaf, 

his  gadelinges        gu5-gew£edu, 

fyrd-searo  fiislic :        116  ymbe  ];&  fehSe  sprac, 
2620  pe4h  pe  he  his  brdSor       beam  abredwade. 


82  BEOWULF.  [2621-2G55. 

He  fratwe  gehe61d       fela  missera, 
bill  and  byrnan,        66  fiit  his  b37re  mihte 
eorl-seipe  efnan,        swd  his  aar-fader; 
geaf  him  f  &  mid  Geatum       guS-gewaada 

2625  aaghwas  unrim  ;        f  &  he  of  ealdre  gewat, 
fr6d  on  forS-weg.        p&  was  forma  si$ 
geongan  cempan,       fat  he  gfrSe  raas 
mid  his  fre6-dryhtne       fremman  sceolde ; 
ne  gemealt  him  se  m6d-sefa,        ne  his  maages  laf 

2630  gewac  at  wige :        fat  se  wyrm  onfand, 
sy$$an  hie  t6gadre       gegan  hafdon. 
Wiglaf  maSelode       word-rihta  fela, 
sagde  gesiSum,       him  was  sefa  ge6mor: 
"  Ic  fat  maal  gernan,        faar  we  medu  fegun, 

2635  "fonne  we  geheton       ussum  hlaforde 
"in  bi6r-sele,        fe  us  fas  beagas  geaf, 
"fat  we  him  f£  gu5-geatwa      g3rldan  woldon, 
"  gif  him  f3Tslicu       fearf  gelumpe, 
' '  helmas  and  heard  sweord :     f  6  he  usic  on  herge  geceas 

2640  "td  fyssum  slS-fate       sylfes  willum, 

' '  onmunde  usic  maarSa       and  me  fas  maftmas  geaf, 
"  f  e  he  usic  gar-wigend       g6de  tealde, 
"  hwate  helm-berend,        fedh  fe  hlaford  us 
"  fis  ellen-weorc       ana  af6hte 

2645  "t6  gefremmanne,       folces  h3Trde, 

' '  forf  am  he  manna  maast       maarSa  gefremede, 
"  daada  dollicra.        Nu  is  se  dag  cumen, 
"fat  ure  man-dr3Thten       miigenes  beh6faS 
' '  g6dra  gAS-rinca  :        wutun  gangan  t6, 

2650  "helpan  hild-fruman,       fenden  hyt  sy, 
"  gled-egesa  grim!        God  wat  on  rnec, 
"  fat  me  is  micle  Ie6fre,        fiit  minne  lic-haman 
"  mid  minne  gold-g3*fan        gl^d  fa5mie. 
"  Ne  f3*nce^  me  ger3'sne,        fat  we  rondas  beren 

2G55  "eft  t6  earde,        nemne  we  aaror  maagen 


2656-2690.]  BEOWULF.  83 

u  fane  gefyllan,        feorh  ealgian 

"Wedra  fi6dnes.        Ic  wat  geare, 

"  pat  nseron  eald-gewyrht,       fat  he  ana  scyle 

u  Geata  dngufte       gnorn  frowian, 
2660  "  gesigaa  at  sacce  :       sceal  urum  fat  sweord  and  helm, 

"byrne  and  byrdu-scrad       bam  gemsene." 

W6d  fa  furh  fone  wal-r£c,       wig-heafolan  bar 

frean  on  fultum,       fed  worda  cwatS : 

"Le6fa  Bi6wulf,       last  call  tela, 
2665  "  swa  fu  on  geoguS-feore       geara  gecwsede, 

"fat  fu  ne  alsete       be  fe  lifigenduin 

Ud6m  gedre6san:       scealt  nu  daedum  r6f, 

"  at5eling  an-hydig,        ealle  magene 

u  feorh  ealgian;       ic  fe  fullsestu!" 
2670  After  fam  wordum       wyrm  yrre  cwom, 

atol  inwit-gast       65re  siSe, 

fyr-w3dmum  fall       fi6nda  ni6san, 

laSra  manna  ;       lig-ySum  forborn 

bord  wiS  ronde :       byrne  ne  meahte 
2675  geongum  gar-wigan       ge6ce  gefremman : 

ac  se  maga  geonga       under  his  maeges  scyld 

elne  geeode,       fa  his  agen  was 

gl^dum  forgrunden.        pa  gen  guS-cyning 

mcerfta  gemunde,       magen-strengo, 
2680  s!6h  hilde-bille,       fat  hyt  on  heafolan  st6d 

niSe  genycled:        Nagling  forbarst, 

geswac  at  siicce       sweord  Bi6wulfes 

gomol  and  grseg-mael.        Him  fat  gifet5e  ne  was, 

fat  him  irenna       ecge  mihton 
2685  helpan  at  hilde ;       was  si6  bond  t6  strong, 

se  fe  m6ca  gehwane       mine  gefrsege 

swenge  ofers6hte,        fonne  he  t6  sacce  bar 

waapen  wundrum  heard,       nas  him  wihte  f£  sM. 

pa  was  fe6d-sceat5a       friddan  siSe, 
2690  Mcne  fyr-draca       fffihfta  gernyndig, 


84  BEOWULF.  [2691-2721. 

raesde  on  pone  rofan,        \.ii  him  rum  ageald, 
hat  and  heafto-grim,        heals  ealuc  ymbefeng 
biteran  banum ;       be  geblddegod  wearS 
sawul-dri6re  ;        swat  ySum  we611. 


XXXVII.     BEOWULF  WOUNDED  TO  DEATH. 

2695  pi  ic  at  pearfe  gefrdgn      pe6d-C}'ninges 
and-longne  eoii       ellen  cySan, 
craft  and  c£nt>u,        swa  him  gecynde  was ; 
ne  hedde  he  pas  heafolan,        ac  si6  hand  gebarn 
m6diges  mannes,        }?ser  he  his  mseges  healp, 

2700  pat  he  pone  nift-gast       nio^or  hw^ne  s!6h, 
secg  on  searwum,        pat  pat  sweord  gedeaf 
fah  and  fated,        pat  pat  fyr  ongon 
swe'Srian  syfrSan.        p^  gen  s}'lf  cyning 
gewe61d  his  gewitte,       wiill-seaxe  gebrad, 

2705  biter  and  beada-scearp,        pat  he  on  b}Tnan  wag 
forwrdt  Wedra  helm       w}Trm  on  niiddan. 
Fe6nd  gefyldan        (ferh  ellen  wTiic), 
and  hi  hyne  pa  begen       abroten  hafdon, 
sib-a^elingas :        swylc  sceolde  seeg  wesan, 

2710  pegn  at  pearfe.        pat  pam  pe6dne  was 
siSast  sige-hwile       S3*lfes  daedum, 
worlde  geweorces.        p^  si6  wand  ongon, 
pe  him  se  eorS-draca       ser  geworhte, 
swelan  and  swellan.         He  pat  s6na  onfand, 

2715  pat  him  on  bre6stum       bealo-ni5  we611, 
attor  on  innan.        pa  se  aSeling  gi6ng, 
pat  he  bl  wealle,        wis-l^cgende, 
gesiit  on  sesse ;        seah  on  enta  geweorc, 
hft  pa  stan-bogan        stapulum  fiiste 

2720  6ce  eorS-reced       innan  he61don. 

Hyne  pa  mid  handa       heoro-dre6rigne 


2722-2752.]  BEOWULF.  85 

] ;c6clcn  interne      .  fegn  ungemete  till, 

wine-dryhten  his        watere  gclafede, 

hilde-sadne       and  his  helm  onspe6n. 
2725  Biowulf  maSelode,        he  ofer  benne  sprac, 

wunde  wiil-bleate        (wisse  he  gearwe, 

fat  he  dag-hwila        gedrogen  hafde 

corSan  wj'nne ;        f  &  was  eall  sceacen 

ddgor-gerfmes,        dea$  ungemete  neah)  : 
2730  "  Nu  ic  suna  mlnum       syllan  wolde 

"  guS-gewsedu,        f£er  me  gife^e  sw£ 

"  senig  yrfe-weard       after  wurde, 

"lice  gelenge.        Ic  fas  Ie6de  he61d 

"  f  if  tig  wintra  :        nas  se  folc-C3rning 
^735  "  ymbe-sittendra       senig  fara, 

"  pe  mec  gfttS-winum1       grdtan  dorste, 

"egesan  ]?e6n.        Ic  on  earde  bM 

"mael-gesceafta,        he<51d  min  tela, 

"  ne  s6hte  searo-niSas,        ne  me  sw6r  fela 
2740  "  a^a  on  unriht.        Ic  fas  ealles  miig, 

"  feorh-bennum.  se6c,        gefean  habban  : 

' '  forf am  me '  wttan  ne  fearf       waldend  fira 

"  morSor-bealo  m^ga,       fonne  min  sceaceS 

"  lif  of  lice.        Nu  fu  lungre 
2745  "geong,  hord  sceawian       under  harne  stdn, 

"  Wiglaf  Ie6fa,        nu  se  wyrm  ligetS, 

"swefetS  sare  wund,        since  bereafod. 

"  Bi6  nu  on  6foste,       fat  ic  ser-welan, 

"gold-aeht  ongite,        gearo  sceawige 
2750  "  swegle  searo-gimmas,        fat  ic  fy  s6ft  maege 

"iifter  ma^Sum-welan       min  alaetan 

"lif  and  Ie6d-scipe,        fone  ic  longe  he61d." 


86  BEOWULF.  [2753-2782. 

XXXVIII. 

THE  JEWEL-HOAKD.     THE  PASSING  OF  BEOWULF. 

pi  ic  snude  geftiign       sunu  Wihstanes 

after  word-cwydum       wundum  dryhtne 
2755  hyran  heaSo-si6cum,        hring-net  beran, 

brogdne  beadu-sercean       under  beorges  hr6f. 

Geseali  fa  sige-hre"(5ig,       fa  he  bl  sesse  ge6ng, 

mago-fegn  m6dig       ma$$um-sigla  fela, 

gold  glitinian       grunde  getenge, 
2760  wundur  on  wealle       and  fas  wyrmes  denn, 

ealdes  uht-flogan,       orcas  stondan, 

fyrn-manna  fatu       feormend-lease, 

hyrstum  behrorene  :       f  aer  was  helm  monig, 

eald  and  6mig,        earm-beaga  fela, 
2765  searwum  gesseled.        Sine  ea^e  mag, 

gold  on  grunde,        gumena  cynnes 

gehwone  ofer-higian,       hyde  se  fe  wylle ! 

Swylce  he  siomian  geseah       segn  eall-gylden 

heah  ofer  horde,        hond-wundra  maest, 
2770  gelocen  leoSo-craftum  :        of  f  am  Ie6ma  st6d, 

fat  he  fone  grund-wong       ongitan  meahte, 

wriite  giond-wlitan.        Nas  fas  wyrmes  faer 

onsyn  aenig,        ac  hyne  ecg  fornam. 

pa  ic  on  hlsewe       gefragn  hord  reafian, 
2775  eald  enta  geweorc       anne  mannan, 

him  on  bearm  hladan       bunan  and  discas 

sj'lfes  d6me,        segn  eac  genom, 

bedcna  beorhtost ;       bill  a3r-gesc6d 

(ecg  was  iren)        eald-hlafordes 
2780  fam  fara  maSma       mund-bora  was 

longe  hwile,       lig-egesan  wag 

hatne  for  horde,        hioro-weallende, 


2783-2817.]  BEOWULF.  87 

middel-nihtum,        65  fat  he  morftre  swealt. 

Ar  wiis  on  6foste       eft-sltSes  georn, 
2785  fratwum  gefyrSred:       hyiie  fyrwet  brae, 

hwaSer  collen-fer<5       cwicne  gemette 

in  fam  wong-stede       Wedra  fe6den, 

ellen-si6cne,        fser  he  hine  ser  forlet. 

He  fa  mid  fam  maftmum       mserne  fi6den, 
2790  diyhten  sinne       dri6rigne  fand 

ealdres  at  ende :       he  hine  eft  ongon 

watere  weorpan,        66  fat  wordes  ord 

bre6st-hord  furhbrac.        J3e6wulf  mafielode, 

gomel  on  giohSe        (gold  sceawode)  : 
2795  "Ic  fara  fratwa       frean  ealles  fane 

"  wuldur-cyninge       wordum  secge, 

"dcum  dryhtne,        fe  ic  her  on  starie, 

' '  fas  f e  ic  m6ste       minum  Ie6dum 

"  aer  swylt-dage       swylc  gestrynan. 
2800  u  Nu  ic  on  maSma  hord       mine  bebohte 

"  fr6de  feorh-lege,        fremmaS  ge  nu 

Ule6da  f  earfe  ;        ne  mag  ic  her  leng  wesan. 

"  HataS  hea^o-msere       hlaew  gewyrcean, 

u  beorhtne  after  basle       at  brimes  nosan  ; 
2805  "  se  seel  t6  gemyndum       minum  Ie6dum 

u  heah  hlifian       on  Hrones  nasse, 

"fat  hit  sae  littend       sytStSan  hatan 

"  Bi6wulfes  biorh,        fa  fe  brentingas 

"  ofer  fl6da  genipu       feorran  drifatS." 
2810  D}'de  him  of  healse       bring  gyldenne 

fi6den  frlst-hydig,       fegne  gesealde, 

geongum  gar-wigan,        gold-fahne  helm, 

beah  and  byrnan,        h^t  hyne  brucan  well: 

"  pu  eart  ende  laf       usses  cynnes, 
2815  "  Wa?gmundinga  ;        ealle  W37rd  forswe6f, 

"mine  magas       t6  metod-sceafte, 

u  eorlas  on  elne :        ic  him  lifter  sceal." 


88  BEOWULF.  [2818-2848. 

pat  was  pam  gomclan       gingeste  word 
bre6st-gehygdum,        aer  he  boal  cure, 
2820  bate  heaSo-wylmas :        him  of  hreSre  gewat 
sawol  sdcean,        s6S-fastra  d6m. 


XXXIX.     THE  COWAKD-THANES. 

PA  was  gegongen  guman  unfrddum 
earfoSlice,  pat  he  on  eorSan  geseah 
pone  Ie6festan  lifes  at  ende 

2825  bleate  gebseran.        Bona  swylce  lag, 
egeslic  eor$-draca,        ealdre  bereafod, 
bealwe  gebaeded  :       beah-hordum  leng 
w}Tm  woh-bogen       wealdan  ne  moste, 
ac  him  irenna       ecga  fornamon, 

2830  hearde  heaSo-scearpe       homera  lafe, 
pat  se  wid-floga       wundum  stille 
hreas  on  hrusan       hord-arne  neah, 
nalles  after  lyfte       lacende  hwearf 
middel-nihtum,       ma^m-sehta  wlonc 

2835  ans^'ii  ywde :        ac  he  eorSan  gefe611 
for  pas  hild-fruman       hond-geweorce. 
Hum  pat  on  lande       lyt  manna  pah 
magen-agendra       mine  gefrsege, 
peah  pe  he  daeda  gehwas       clyrstig  waare, 

2840  pat  he  wi(S  attor-sceaSan       ore^e  gersesde, 
o55e  hring-sele       hondum  styrede, 
gif  he  waccende       weard  on  fund  e 
buan  on  beorge.        Bi6wulfe  wearS 
dryht-maSma  dael       deaSe  forgolden  ; 

2845  hafde  seghwaSer       ende  gefered 

Isenan  llfes.         Niis  p&  lang  t6  pon, 
piit  pa  hild-latan        holt  ofgefan, 
tydre  tre6w-logan        tyne  atsomne, 


2849-2883.]  BEOWULF.  89 

pa  ne  dorstou  aer       daretmm  Mean 

2850  on  hyra  rnan-dryhtnes        miclan  pearfe ; 
ac  h}'  scamiende ...     scj'ldas  boeran, 
gA6-gewaedn,        poer  se  gomela  lag : 
wlitan  on  Wiglaf.        He  gew6rgad  sat, 
fefte-cempa       frean  eaxlum  neah, 

2855  wehte  hyne  wiitre ;       him  wiht  ne  spe6w ; 

ne  meahte  be  on  eorSan,        pedh  he  uSe  wel, 
on  pani  frum-gare        feorh  gehealdan, 
ne  pas  wealdendes  ivillan       wiht  oncirran ; 
wolde  d6m  godes       daedum  raadan 

2860  gnmena  gehwylcuni,        swa  he  nu  gen  det). 
pa  was  at  fam  geongum       grim  andswaru 
eS-begete  pam  ]?e  oer       his  cine  forleds. 
Wiglaf  maftelode,        Weohstdnes  sunu, 
secg  sdrig-ferS        seah  on  imle6fe : 

2865  "pat  la  mag  secgan,        se  ]?e  w}rle  s6^  sprecan, 
"  fiit  se  mon-dryhten,        se  e6w  pa  mdSmas  geaf, 
tc  e6red-geatwe,        pe  ge  paer  on  standaft, 
"ponne  he  on  ealu-bence       oft  gesealde 
"  heal-sittendum       helm  and  byrnan, 

2870  "  peoden  his  pegnum,        sw}*lce  he  piy^licost 
"  6hwser  feor  o^e  nedh       findan  meahte, 
"pat  he  genunga       gu^-gewaadu 
"wra^e  forwurpe.        pa  hyne  wig  beget, 
' '  nealles  folc-cj'ning       fj'rd-gesteallum 

2875  "  gylpan  porfte  ;        hwiifire  him  god  uSe, 

"  sigora  waldend,        piit  he  hyne  sylfne  gewrac 
"  dna  mid  ecge,       pa  him  was  elnes  pearf, 
' '  Ic  him  lif-wrat>e       lytle  meahte 
u  atgifan  lit  gn5e       and  ongan  swa  peah 

2880  "  ofer  min  gernet       maages  helpan  : 

"S3*mle  was  ]>y  saemra,        ponne  ic  sweorde  drep 

"  ferhS-genicSlan,        fyr  imswi6or 

"  we611  of  gewitte.         Wergendr?  t6  l}'t 


90  BEOWULF.  [2884-2;)  14. 

"prong  yrnbe  pe6den,        pa  hyne  si6  prag  becwom. 
2885  "  Nu  sceal  sinc-pego       and  swjTd-gifu 

"  eall  e"Sel-wyn       e6wrum  cynne, 

4 '  lufen  alicgean  :        lond-rihtes  m6t 

4 '  psere  mseg-burge       monna  seghwylc 

"  idel  hweorfan,        sy8$an  aSelingas 
2890  "  feorran  gefricgean       fleam  e6werne, 

"d6m-leasan  daed.     Deafi  bi'S  sella 

"  eorla  gehwylcum       ponne  edwit-lif!" 


XL.     THE  SOLDIER'S  DIRGE  AND  PROPHECY, 

HEHT  pa  pat  heafto-weorc       t6  hagan  bi6dan 
up  ofer  eg-clif,        poer  pat  eorl-weorod 

2895  morgen-longne  dag       m6d-gi6mor  sat, 
bord-hiibbende,       bega  on  w^num 
ende-d6gores       and  eft-cymes 
Ie6fes  monnes.        I/yt  swigode 
niwra  spella,        se  pe  nas  gerdd, 

2900  ac  he  s6$lice       sagde  ofer  ealle ; 
"  Nu  is  wil-geofa       "Wcdra  Ie6da, 
"  dr3^hten  Geata       deaft-bedde  fast, 
4 '  wunaS  wal-reste       wyrmes  daedum ; 
"him  on  efn  ligeft       ealdor-gewinna, 

2905  "  siex-bennnm  se6c :        sweorde  ne  meahte 
"  on  pam  aglaacean       aenige  pinga 
"  wunde  gewjTcean.        Wigltif  siteS 
"ofer  Bi6wnlfe,        byre  Wihstanes, 
"  eoii  ofer  65rum        nnlifigendum, 

2910  "healdetS  hige-m6€nm       heafod-wearde, 
"  Ie6fes  and  la^es.        Nu  ys  Ie6dum  w^n 
"  orleg-hwllc,        S3*S5an  underlie 
' '  Froncnm  and  Frysuin        f}'ll  cyninges 
"wide  weor^eS.        Wiis  sio  wr6ht  scepen 


2915-2946.]  BEOWULF.  91 

2915  "heard  wi'5  Hugas,        sySftan  Higelac  cwom 

"  faran  flot-herge       on  Fresna  land, 

' '  peer  hyne  Hetware       hilde '  gehnsegdon, 

"  elne  geeodon       mid  ofer-magene, 

"  ]?at  se  byrn-wiga       bugan  sceolde, 
2920  "fe611  on  fSSan :        nalles  fratwe  geaf 

' '  ealdor  dugofte  ;  us  was  a  sySSan 

"  Merewioinga       milts  ungyfeSe. 

"  Ne  ic  t6  Swe6-]?e6de       sibbe  o$8e  tre6we 

"wihte  ne 'w6ne  ;       ac  was  wide  cuS, 
2925  "  ]?atte  Ongenj?i6       ealdre  besnySede 

"Hae(5cyn  HreSling       wiS  Hrefna-wudu, 

uj>a  for  on-median       serest  gesdhton 

"Gedtale6de       Gu«-scilfingas. 

u  S6na  him  se  fr6da       fader  Ohtheres, 
2930  "  eald  and  cges-full       ond-styht  dgeaf, 

"  abre6t  brim-wisan,        bryd  ahe6rde, 

"gomela  io-meowlan       golde  berofene, 

"  Onelan  m6dor       and  Ohtheres, 

' '  and  ]?a  folgode        feorh-genlSlan 
2935  "  6t5  fat  hi  dSeodon       earfo^lice 

' '  in  Hrefnes-holt       hldford-lease . 

"  Besat  fa  sin-herge       sweorda  lafe 

"  wundum  w^rge,        wean  oft  gehe"t 

4 '  earmre  teohhe       andlonge  niht : 
2940  "  cwaS  he  on  mergenne       m^ces  ecgum 

"getan  wolde,        sume  on  galg-tre6wum 

"fitglum  t6  gamene.        Fr6for  eft  gelamp 

"  sarig-m6dum       somod  ser-dage, 

"  s3'tS 5 an  hie  Hygelaces       horn  and  byman 
2945  "gealdor  ongeaton.        pa  se  g6da  com 

' '  Ie6da  dugofte       on  Ittst  faran. 


92  BEOWULF.  [2947-2975. 


XLT.    HE  TELLS  OF  THE  SWEDES  AND  THE  GEATAS. 

"Wls  si6  swat-swaSu       Sweona  and  Geata, 

"  wal-roes  wera       wide  gesyne, 

"hu  fa  folc  mid  him        faehtSe  t6wehton. 

2950  "  Gewat  him  pa  se  g6da       mid  his  gadelingum, 
"  fr6d  fela  ge6mor        fiistcn  secean, 
' '  corl  Ongenf  16       ufor  oncirde  ; 
"hafde  Higeldces       hilde  gefruncn, 
"wlonces  wig-craft,        wiSres  ne  truwode, 

2955  "fat  he  sae-mannum       onsacan  mihte, 
"  hedSo-liSendum       hord  forstandan, 
' '  beam  and  biyde  ;       beah  eft  ]?onan 
"  eald  under  eorS-weall.        pa  wiis  seht  bodcn 
"  Sweona  Ie6dum,        segn  Iligelace. 

2960  "  Freo5o-wong  fone       forS  ofereodon, 

"  s^'SSan  Hre^lingas       t6  hagan  ]n*ungon. 
"  pser  wearS  Ongen]n6       ecgum  sweorda, 
"  blonden-fexa       on  bid  wrecen, 
"fat  se  fe6d-cyning       fafian  sceolde 

2965  "  Eoforcs  Anne  ddm  :        liyue  yrringa 
"  Wulf  Wonreding       weepne  geraehte, 
u  fat  him  for  swenge       swat  sedrum  sprong 
"  for5  under  fexe.        Nas  he  forht  swd  fell, 
"  gomela  Scilfing,        ac  forgeald  hra^e 

2970  "w3rrsan  wrixle       wal-hlem  fone, 

' '  s3"SSan  f e6d-cyning       f  yder  oncirde  : 
' '  ne  meahte  se  snella       sunu  Wonr^des 
"  ealdum  ceorle        ond-slyht  giofan, 
"  ac  he  him  on  heafde        helm  ffir  gescer, 

2975  "fiit  he  blode  fall       bugan  sceolde, 

"  fe611  on  foldan ;        nils  he  fsege  f&  git, 

"  ac  he  hync  gcwyrpte,        feah  fe  him  wund  hrine. 

' '  Let  se  hearda        Higelao-es  f  egn 


2979-3012.]  BEOWULF.  93 


i. . 


brMne  m6ce,       pa  his  br65or  lag, 
2980  "  eald  sweord  eotonisc,        entiscne  helm, 

' '  brecan  of er  bord-weal :        pa  gebeah  cyning, 

u  folces  hyrde,        was  in  feorh  dropen. 

"pa  waeron  monige,        pe  his  maeg  wrrSon, 

"  ricone  araerdon,        pa  him  gerymed  wearS, 
2985  "pat  hie  wiil-st6we       weald-an  mdston. 

"  penden  reafode       rinc  oSerne, 

"  nam  on  Ongenpi6       iren-byrnan, 

' '  heard  swyrd  hilted       and  his  helm  somod ; 

"hares  hyrste       Higelace  bar. 
2990  "He  ]>dm  friitwum  feng       and  him  fiigre  gehet 

' '  leana  fore  leodum       and  gelseste  swa  : 

"  geald  ]?one  guS-roes       Geata  dryhten, 

u  HreSles  eafora,        pa  he  16  ham  becom, 

"Jofore  and  Wulfe       mid  ofeixmaftmum, 
2995  "  sealde  hiora  gehwaSrum       bund  pusenda 

' '  landes  and  locenra  be^ga  ;        ne  porfte  him  fa  lean 

6<5witan 

"  mononmiddan-gearde,  sySSanhiepamserSagesldgon ; 

"and  pa  Jofore  forgeaf       angan  d6htor, 

"  ham-weor6unge,        h}'ldo  t6  wedde. 
3000  "pat  ys  si6  faehSo       and  se  fednd-scipe, 

"  wal-niS  wera,        ]>as  ]>Q  ic  wen  hafo, 

"]?e  us  seceaS  to       Sweona  Ie6de, 

' '  sy55au  hie  gefricgeaS       freau  userne 

"  ealdor-leasne,       pone  pe  ser  gehe61d 
3005  "  wi5  hettendum       hord  and  rice, 

"  after  haleSa  hryre        hwate  Sc3rlfingas, 

"  folc-rsed  fremede       o^'Se  furSur  gen 

"corl-scipe  efnde.        Nu  is  6fost  betost, 

"  piit  we  pe6d-cyning       paer  sceawian 
3010  "  and  pono  gebringan,        pe  us  beagas  geaf, 

"on  ad-ftire.         Ne  seel  anes  hwat 

"  meltan  mid  pam  mocligan,        ac  pser  is  miiSma  hord, 


i  i. 


94  BEOWULF.  [3013-3047. 

' '  gold  unrime       grimnie  gecedpod 

' '  and  nu  at  slSestan       sylfes  feore 
3015  "  beagas  geboliie\       pa  sceal  brond  fretan, 
aled  peccean,        nalles  eorl  wegan 
maSSum  t6  gemyndum,        ne  mag5  scyne 
habban  on  healse       hring-weorSunge, 
ac  sceall  ge6morrm6d       golde  bereafod 
3020  "  oft  nalles  aBne       el-land  tredan, 

"nu  se  here-wtsa       hleahtor  alegde, 

"gamen  and  gle6-dream.        Forpon  sceall  gar  wesan 

"monig  morgen-ceald       mundum  bewunden, 

"  hafen  on  handa,        nalles  hearpan  swe"g 
3025  "  wigend  weccean,       ac  se  wonna  hrefn 

"  fus  ofer  faBgum,       fela  reordian, 

' '  earne  secgan,       hu  him  at  aBte  spe6w, 

"  penden  he  wift  wulf       wal  redfode." 

Swa  se  secg  hwata       secgende  was 
3030  laSra  spella ;       he  ne  leag  fela 

wyrda  ne  wwda.        Weorod  call  aras, 

eodon  unbliSe       under  Earna  nas 

wollen-teare       wundur  sceawian. 

Fundon  pa  on  sande       sawul-leasne 
3035  hlim-bed  healdan,     pone  pe  him  hringas  geaf 

serran  maBlum:       p^,  was  ende-dag 

g6dum  gegongen,       fat  se  guS-cyning, 

Wedra  pe6den,       wundor-dea^e  swealt. 

-ZEr  h!  ges^gan       sylllcran  wiht, 
3040  wyrm  on  wonge       wrSer-rahtes  faBr 

la^ne  licgean :        wiis  se  leg-draca, 

grimllc  gryre-gast,       gledum  beswaBled  ; 

se  wiis  fiftiges       f6t-gemearces 

lang  on  legere,        lyft-wj'iine  he61d 
3045  nihtes  hwllum,        i^er  eft  gewat 

dennes  niosian ;        wiis  fa  dea^e  fast, 

hiifde  eor5-scrafa       ende  genyttod. 


3048-3075.]  BEOWULF.  95 

Him  big  st6dan       bunan  and  orcas, 

discas  lagon       and  dyre  swyrd, 
3050  6mige  furh-etone,        swa  hie  wift  eorSan  faSm 

f  usend  wintra       f  ser  eardodon  : 

fbnne  was  fat  yrfe       eacen-craffcig, 

iu-monna  gold       galdre  bewunden, 

fat  fam  hring-sele       minan  ne  m6ste 
3055  gumena  senig,        nefne  god  sylfa, 

sigora  s6S-cyning,        sealde   fam  f  e  he  wolde 

(he  is  rnanna  gehyld)        hord  openian, 

efne  sw£  hwylcum  manna,       sw£  him  gemet  puhte. 


XLII. 

WIGLAP  SPEAKS.     THE  BUILDING  OF  THE 
BALE-PIKE. 

PA  was  gesyne,       fat  se  si3  ne  pah 

3060  J>am  fe  unrihte       inne  gehydde 

wrate  under  wealle.     "Weard  ser  ofs!6h 
feara  sumne ;  ]?£  si6  fseh^  gewear^ 
gewrecen  wraSlice.        Wundur  hwar,  ponne 
eorl  ellen-r6f       ende  gefSre 

3065  lif-gesceafta,       fonne  leng  ne  mag 

mon  mid  his  radgum       medu-seld  buan? 

Sw£  was  Bi6wulfe,       f^,  he  biorges  weard 

sdhte,  searo-n!6as:       seolfa  ne  cufte, 

furh  hwat  his  worulde  gedal       weor^an  sceolde ; 

3070  sw£  hit  6t5  d6mes  dag       di6pe  benemdon 
pe6dnas  maere,       ]?d  fat  faer  dydon, 
fat  se  secg  waere       synnum  scildig, 
hergum  gehea^erod,       hell-bendum  fast, 
wommum  gewitnad,       se  fone  wong  strade. 

3075  Nits  he  gold-hwiit :       gearwor  hiifde 


96  BEOWULF.  [307G-3110. 

agendes  £st       ser  gesceawod. 
Wiglfif  ma'Sclode,       Wihsttines  sunu-: 
"Oft  sceall  eoii  monig       anes  willan 
"  wraec  adre6gan,       swa  us  geworden  is. 

3080  "  Ne  meahton  we  gelaeran       Ie6fne  feoden, 
"rices  hyrde       rsed  senigne, 
"fat  he  ne  grette       gold-weard  pone, 
"lete  hyne  licgean.        faer  he  longe  was, 
"  wicum  wunian.      '6t>  woruld-ende. 

3085  "  He61don  heah  gesceap :        hord  ys  gesceawod, 
"grimme  gegongen ;       was  fat  gife'Se  t6  sw!6, 
"fe  fone  feddew       fyder  ontyhte. 
"  Ic  was  fser  inne       and  fat  eall  geond-seh, 
"recedes  geatwa,       fa  me  gerymed  was, 

3090  "nealles  -swaeslice       stS  alyfed 

inn  under  eorS-weall.        Ic.on  6foste  gefeng 
micle  mid  mitndum       magen-b3-rSenne 
hord-gestreona,       hider  ut  atbar 
cyninge  mlnum :        cwico  was  fa  gena, 

3095  "wis  and  gewittig ;       worn  eall  gesprac 
"  gomol  on  geh^o       and  e6wic  gr^tan  het, 
"bad  fat  ge  geworhton      after  wines  dsedum 
"in  bael-stede       beorh  fone  hean 
"  micelne  and  mserne,        sw^.  he  manna  was 

3100  "  wigend  weorS-fullost       wide  geond  eor<5an, 
"fenden  he  burh-welan       brucan  mdste. 
"Uton  nu  Sfstan       6«re  sffie 
"  se6n  and  s6cean       searo-gefrac, 
"  wundur  under  wealle  !       ic  e6w  wisige, 

3105  "fat  ge  gen6ge       nean  sceawiaS 

"  be4gas  and  brM  gold.        Sie  si6  basr  gearo 
"  adre  geafned,       fonne  we  ut  cymen, 
"and  ponne  geferian       fredn  userne, 
"  Ie6fne  mannau,        paer  he  longe  sceal 

3110  "on  fas  waldendes       wsere  gefolian." 


3111-3137.]  BEOWULF.  97 

Het  pa  gebe6dan       byre  Wihstanes, 

hale  hilde-di6r,        hale'Sa  monegum 

bold-agendra,        pat  hie  bael-wudu 

feorran  feredon,        folc-agende 
3115  g6dum  t6ge~nes :        "  Nu.  sceal  gled  fretan 

"  (weaxan  wonna  leg)       wigena  strengel, 

"  pone  pe  oft  gebM       isern-scure, 

"ponne  stoela  storm,        strengum  gebaeded, 

"  sc6c  ofer  scild-weall,       sceft  mTtte  he61d, 
3120  "  fetSer-gearwum  Ms       flane  full-eode.^ 

HAru  se  snotra       sunu  Wihstanes 

acigde  of  corSre       c}'ninges  ]?egnas 

syfone  tdsomne.       )?a  selestan, 

eode  eahta  sum       under  inwit-hr6f; 
3125  hilde-rinc  sum       on  handa  bar 

aled-le6man,        se  ]>G  on  orde  ge6ng. 

Nas  fa  on  hlytme,        hwa  pat  hord  strude, 

sj^5t5an  or-wearde       senigne  da3l 

secgas  gesdgon       on  sele  wunian, 
3130  laene  licgan :        lyt  senig  mearn, 

pat  hi  6fostlice       ut  geferedon 

dyre  magmas ;        dracan  ec  scufun, 

wyrm  ofer  weall-clif,       leton  wseg  niman, 

fl6d  fa^mian       friitwa  l^rde. 
3135  paer  was  wunden  gold       on  wsen  hladen, 

aeghwas  unrlm,        a'tteling  boren, 

liar  hilde-rmc       td  Hrdnes  nasse. 


98  BEOWULF.  [J138-31G? 


XLIII.     BEOWULF'S  FUNERAL  PYRE. 

HIM  ]>£,  gegiredan       Geata  Ie6de 
M  on  eor<5an       un-wacllcne, 

3140  helmum  behongen,        hilde-bordum, 

beorhtum  byrnum,        sw&  he  bena  was  ; 
alegdon  ]>&  t6-middes       maerne  fe6den 
haleS  hi6fende,       klaford  Ie6fne. 
Ongunnon  fa  on  beorge       bael-fyra  maest 

3145  wigend  weccan  :        wudu-rec  astah 

sweart  ofer  swioSole,        sw6gende  l£g, 
w6pe  bewunden       (wind-blond  gelag) 
6t5  fat  he  ]>&  ban-hus       gebrocen  hafde, 
hiit  on  hre^re.        Higum  unr6te 

3150  m6d-ceare  masndon       mon-dryhtnes  cwealm  ; 
swylce  gi6mor-gyd       t  ^  •  con  nieowle 
.....       wunden  heorde  .  .  . 
serg  (?)  cearig  sselde       geneahhe 
fat  hio  Iryre  ....  gas  hearde 

3155  .....  ede       walfylla  wonn  .  . 
hildes  egesan       hySo 
haf  mid       heofon  r^ce  swealh  (?) 
Geworhton  fa       Wedra  Ie6de 
hlsew  on  hliSe,       se  was  hedh  and  brad, 

3160  wseg-liSenduin       wide  gesyne, 

and  betimbredon       on  tyn  dagum 
beadu-rofes  b^cn  :       bronda  hetost 
wealle  beworhton,       swa  hyt  weoriSlicost 
fore-snotre  men       findan  mihton. 

3165  HI  on  beorg  dydon       beg  and  siglu, 

call  swylce  hyrsta,        swylce  on  horde  ser 
nift-lrydige  men       genumen  hafdon  ; 
forleton  eorla  gestre6n       eorSan  healdan, 
gold  on  gre6te,        faer  hit  nu  gen  lifaS 


3170-3184.]  BEOWULF.  99 

3170  eldum  swa  unnyt,        swa  hit  ceror  was. 

pa  ymbe  hlsew  riodan       hilde-de6re, 

aSelinga  beam       ealra  twelfa, 

woldon  ceare  cwiSan,       kyning  maenan, 

word-gyd  wrecan       and  ymb  wer  sprecan, 
3175  eahtodan  eorl-scipe       and  his  ellen-weorc 

dugutmm  demdon,       swa  hit  ge-cZ^/e  biS, 

pat  mon  his  wine-dryhten       wordum  hdrge, 

ferh^um  fre6ge,       ponne  he  for^5  scile 

of  llc-haman'      Icene  weorSan. 
3180  Swa  begnornodon       Geata  Ie6de 

hlafordes  7m/re,       heorS-geneatas, 

cwsedon  pat  he  wsere       woruld-cyning 

mannum  mildust       and  mon-pwaerust, 

Ie6dum  liSost       and  lof-geornost. 


APPENDIX. 


THE  ATTACK  IN  FINNSBUKG.* 

" nils  byrnat)  naefre." 

Hleoftrode  J?a       hea'So-geong  cyning : 
"  Ne  ]>is  ne  dagaS  eastan,       ne  her  draca  ne  fle6ge'5, 
"ne  her  fisse  healle       hornas  ne  byrnaS, 
5  u  ac  f6r  for5  beraS,        fugelas  singaS, 
"gylleS  grseg-hama,        gfrS-wudu  hlynnetJ, 
u  scj'ld  scefte  oncwyS.        Nu  scyneS  ]?es  m6na 
"  waSol  under  wolcnum  ;        nu  arisat)  wea-daeda, 
"  ]?e  fisne  folces  nlS       fremman  willa^. 

10  "Ac  onwacnigeaS  nu,        wigend  mine, 
"  hebba<5  e6wre  handa,        hicgea'S  on  ellen, 
"  winna^  on  orde,        wesa^  on  m6de  !  " 
pa  aras  mouig  gold-hladen  fegn,         gyrde  hine  his 

swurde ; 
pa  t6  dura  eodon       drihtlice  cempan, 

15  SigeferS  and  Eaha,        hyra  sweord  getugon, 
and  at  65rum  durum       Ordltif  and  GiiSlaf, 
and  Hengest  sylf ;        hwearf  him  on  laste. 
pa  git  Garulf       Gu6ere  styrode, 
])tit  hie  swa  fre611c  feorh        forman  siSe 

20  t6  ]?sere  healle  durum       hyrsta  ne  bseran, 
nu  h}*t  nltSa  heard       anyman  wolde : 
ac  he  fragn  ofer  eal        undearninga, 
de6r-m6d  hiileS,        hwa  J;a   duru  he61de. 
"  SigeferS  is  min  nama  (cwaS  he),        ic  eom  Secgena 

Ie6d, 

*  See  v.  1069  seqq. 


$-48.]  BEOWULF.  101 

25  u  wrecca  wide  cft(5.        Fela  ic  weana  gebad, 

' '  heardra  hilda  ;       ]>Q  is  gy  t  her  witod, 

"  swaSer  ]>u  sylf  16  me       secean  wylle." 

pa  was  on  wealle       wiil-slihta  gehlyn, 

sceolde  celod  bord       cenum  on  handa 
30  ban-helm  berstan.        Buruh-pelu  dynede, 

6S  ]>at  iit  ];£ere  gu<5e       Garulf  gecrang, 

ealra  aerest       eorS-buendra, 

GuSlafes  sunn ;       ymbe  hine  gddra  fela 

hwearf  lacra  hrsew.        Hrafn  wandrode 
35  sweart  and  sealo-brun ;        swurd-le6ma  st6d 

swylce  eal  Finns-buruh       fyrenu  waere. 

Ne  gefragn  ic  naefre  wurSlicor       at  wera  hilde 

sixtig  sige-beorna       sel  gebaeran, 

ne  nsefre  swanas  swetne       medo  s61  forgyldan, 
40  J?onne  Hnafe  guidon       his  hag-stealdas. 

Hig  fuhton  fif  dagas,        swa  hyra  nan  ne  fe61 

driht-gesi6a,        ac  hig  ]^a  duru  he61don. 

pa  gewat  him  wnnd  hale^       on  wag  gangan, 

saede  fat  his  byrne       abrocen  wosre, 
45  here-sceorpum  hr6r,        and  eac  was  his  helm  fyrl. 

pa  hirie  sdna  frilgn       folces  hyrde, 

lift  ]>a  wigend       hyra  wunda  genaeson 

0(5Se  hwaSer  pasra  hyssa 


LIST  OF  NAMES 


AND 


GLOSSARY. 


as, 
te 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


masculine. 

feminine. 

neuter. 

nominative,  genitive,  etc. 

weak. 

weak  verb. 

strong. 

strong  verb. 

first,  second,  third  person. 

compound. 

imperative. 

with. 

instrumental. 

Gothic. 

Old  Norse. 

Old  Saxon. 

Old  High  German. 

Middle  High  German. 


m. 
f. 
n. 

nom.,  gen.,  etc. 

w. 

w.  v. 

St. 
St.  V. 

I.,  II.,  III. 

comp. 

imper. 

w. 

instr. 

G.  and  Goth. 
O.N. 
O.S. 
O.H.G. 
M.H.G. 
The  vowel 
The  diphthong 

The  names  Leo,  Bugge,  Rieger,  etc.,  refer  to  authors  of  emendations. 
Words  beginning  with  ge-  will  be  found  under  their  root-word. 
Oln'ious  abbreviations,  like  subj.,  etc.,  are  not  included  in  this  list. 


ii  =  a  in  glad  ) 

{•  approximately. 
»  =  a  in  hair  ) 


LIST   OF  NAMES. 


107 


brothers,  2386,2207.  The  murderer 
must  hive  beenEanmund,towhom, 
according  to  2613,  "in  battle  the 
revenge  of  Weohst&n  brings  death." 
Weohstan  takes  revenge  for  his 
murdered  king,  and  exercises  upon 
Eanmund's  body  the  booty-right, 
and  robs  it  of  helm,  breastplate,  and 
sword  (2616-17),  which  the  slain 
man  had  received  as  gifts  from  his 
uncle,  Onela,  2617-18.  But  Weoh- 
stan does  not  speak  willingly  of 
this  fight,  although  he  has  slain 
Onela's  brother's  son,  2619-20. — 
After  Heardred's  and  Eanmund's 
death,  the  descendant  of  Ongen- 
theow,  Eadgils,  returns  to  his  home, 
2388.  He  must  give  way  before 
Beowulf,  who  has,  since  Heardred's 
death,  ascended  the  throne  of  the 
Geatas,  2390.  But  Beowulf  remem- 
bers it  against  him  in  after  days, 
and  the  old  feud  breaks  out  anew, 
2392-94.  Eadgils  makes  an  inva- 
sion into  the  land  of  the  Geatas 
(2394-95),  during  which  he  falls  at 
the  hands  of  Beowulf,  2397.  The 
latter  must  have  then  obtained  the 
sovereignty  over  the  Sweonas  (3005- 
6,  where  only  the  version,  Scylfin- 
gas,  can  give  a  satisfactory  sense). 

Eofor  (gen.  Eofores,  2487,  2965; 
dat.  Jofore,  2994,  2998),  one  of 
the  Geatas,  son  of  Wonre"d  and 
brother  of  Wulf  (2965,  2979),  kills 
the  Swedish  king,  Ongen>eow 
(2487  ff.,  2978-82),  for  which  he 
receives  from  King  Hygelac,  along 
with  other  gifts,  his  only  daughter 
in  marriage,  2994-99. 

Eormen-ric  (gen.  Eormenrices, 
1202),  king  of  the  Goths  (cf.  about 
him,  W.  Grimm,  Deutsche  Helden- 
sage,  p.  2,  ff.).  Hama  has  wrested 
the  Brosinga  mene  from  him,  1202. 


Eomaer,  son  of  Offa  and  pry'So  (cf. 
pry  So),  1961. 

Finn  (gen.  Finnes,  1069,  etc. ;  dat. 
Finne,  1129),  son  of  Folcwalda 
(1090),  king  of  the  North  Frisians 
and  of  the  Eotenas,  husband  of 
Hildeburg,  a  daughter  of  Hoce, 
1072,  1077.  He  is  the  hero  of  the 
inserted  poem  on  the  Attack  in 
Finnsburg,  the  obscure  incidents 
of  which  are,  perhaps,  as  follows  : 
In  Finn's  castle,  Finnsburg,  situ- 
ated in  Jutland  (1126-28),  the 
Hoeing,  Hnaf,  a  relative  —  per- 
haps a  brother  —  of  Hildeburg  is 
spending  some  time  as  guest.  Hnaf, 
who  is  a  liegeman  of  the  Danish 
king,  Healfdene,  has  sixty  men 
with  him  (Finnsburg,  38).  These 
are  treacherously  attacked  one  night 
by  Finn's  men,  1073.  For  five 
days  they  hold  the  doors  of  their 
lodging-place  without  losing  one 
of  their  number  (Finnsburg,  41, 
42).  Then,  however,  Hnaf  is 
slain  (1071),  and  the  Dane,  Hen- 
gest,  who  was  among  Hnaf 's  fol- 
lowers, assumes  the  command  of 
the  beleaguered  band.  But  on  the 
attacking  side  the  fight  has 
brought  terrible  losses  to  Finn's 
men.  Their  numbers  are  dimin- 
ished (1081  f.),  and  Hildeburg  be- 
moans a  son  and  a  brother  among 
the  fallen  (1074  f.,  cf.  1116,1119). 
Therefore  the  Frisians  offer  the 
Danes  peace  (1086)  under  the 
conditions  mentioned  (1087-1095), 
and  it  is  confirmed  with  oaths 
(1097),  and  money  is  given  by 
Finn  in  propitiation  ( 1 108).  Now 
all  who  have  survived  the  battle 
go  together  to  Friesland,  the  home 
proper  of  Finn,  and  here  Hengest 
remains  during  the  winter,  pre- 


108 


LIST   OF   NAMES. 


vented  by  ice  and  storms  from  re- 
turning home  (Grein).  But  in 
spring  the  feud  breaks  out  anew. 
GuSlif  and  Osldf  avenge  Hnaf's 
fall,  probably  after  they  have 
brought  help  from  home  (1150). 
In  the  battle,  the  hall  is  filled  with 
the  corpses  of  the  enemy.  Finn 
himself  is  killed,  and  the  queen  is 
captured  and  carried  away,  along 
with  the  booty,  to  the  land  of  the 
Danes,  1147-1160. 

Finiia  land.  Beowulf  reaches  it  in 
his  swimming-race  with  Breca,  580. 

Fitela,  the  son  and  nephew  of  the 
Walsing,  Sigemund,  and  his  com- 
panion in  arms,  876—890.  (Sige- 
mund had  begotten  Fitela  by  his 
sister,  Signy.  Cf.  more  at  length 
Leo  on  Beowulf,  p.  38  ff.,  where  an 
extract  from  the  legend  of  the 
Walsungs  is  given.) 

Folc-walda  (gen.  Folc-waldan, 
1090),  Finn's  father,  1090. 

Francan  (gen.  Francna,  121 1 ;  dat. 
Froncum,  2913).  King  Hygeldc 
fell  on  an  expedition  against  the 
allied  Franks,  Frisians,  and  Hugas, 
1211,  2917. 

Fresan,  Frisan,  Frysan  (gen. 
Fresena,  1094,  Frysna,  1 105,  Fres- 
na,29i6;  dat.Frysum,  1208,  2913). 
To  be  distinguished,  are  :  i)  North 
Frisians,  whose  king  is  Finn, 
1069  ff. ;  2)  West  Frisians,  in  al- 
liance with  the  Franks  and  Hugas, 
in  the  war  against  whom  Hygeldc 
falls,  1208,  2916.  The  country  of 
the  former  is  called  Frysland,  1127; 
that  of  the  latter,  Fresna  land,  29 1 6. 

Fr  . .  es  wal  (in  Fr  . .  es  wale,  1071), 
mutilated  proper  name. 

Freeware,  daughter  of  the  Danish 
king,  HroSga'r;  given  in  marriage 
to  Ingeld,  -the  son  of  the  HeaSo- 


beard  king,  Froda,  in  order  to  end 
a  war  between  the  Danes  and  the 
Hea'Sobeardnas,  2023  ff.,  2065. 

Froda  (gen.  Frodan),  father  of  In- 
geld, the  husband  of  Freaware, 
2026. 

Garinund  (gen.  G&rmundes,  1963), 
father  of  Offa.  His  grandson  is 
Eomasr,  1961—63. 

Geatas  (gen.  Geata,  205,  etc. ;  dat. 
Geatum,  195,  etc.),  a  tribe  in  South- 
ern Scandinavia,  to  which  the  hero 
of  this  poem  belongs ;  also  called 
Wedergeatas,  1493,  2552;  or,  We- 
deras,  225,  423,  etc. ;  GuSgeatas, 
1539;  Soegeatas,  1851,  1987.  Their 
kings  named  in  this  poem  are : 
Hre"Sel;  Haeftcyn,  second  son  of 
Hr£5el;  Hygeldc,  the  brother  of 
HasScyn;  Heardrt-d,  son  of  Hyge- 
lac;  then  Beowulf. 

Gifffas  (dat.  G  if 'Sum,  2495),  Ge- 
pidae,  mentioned  in  connection  with 
Danes  and  Swedes,  2495. 

Grendel,  a  fen-spirit  (102-3)  °f 
Cain's  race,  107,  ill,  1262,  1267. 
He  breaks  every  night  into  HroS- 
gar's  hall  and  carries  off  thirty  war- 
riors, Ii5ff.,  1 583(7".  He  contin- 
ues this  for  twelve  years,  till  Beo- 
wulf fights  with  him  (147,  71 1  ff.), 
and  gives  him  a  mortal  wound,  in 
that  he  tears  out  one  of  his  arms 
(817),  which  is  hung  up  as  a  tro- 
phy in  the  roof  of  Heorot,  837. 
Grendel's  mother  wishes  to  avenge 
her  son,  and  the  following  night 
breaks  into 'the  hall  and  carries  off 
Aschere,  1295.  Beowulf  seeks  for 
and  finds  her  home  in  the  fen-lake 
(1493  ff.),  fights  with  her  (1498  ff.), 
and  kills  her  (1567)  ;  and  cuts  off 
the  head  of  Grendel,  who  lay  there 
dead  (1589), and  brings  it  to  Hro'S- 
g£r,  1648. 


LIST   OF   NAMES. 


109 


Guff-laf  and  Oslaf,  Danish  war- 
riors under  Hnaf,  whose  death  they 

•    avenge  on  Finn,  1149. 

Halga,  with  the  surname,  til,  the 
younger  brother  of  the  Danish 
king,  HroSgaT,  61.  His  son  is 
HroSulf,  1018,  1165,  1182. 

Hama  wrests  the  Brosinga  mene 
from  Eormenric,  1199. 

HareS1  (gen.  Hare'Ses,  1982),  father 
of  Hygd,  the  wife  of  Hygeljk,  1930, 
1982. 

Haeffcyn  (dat.  HaeScynne,  2483), 
second  son  of  Hreftel,  king  of 
the  Geatas,  2435.  Kills  his  oldest 
brother,  Herebeald,  accidentally, 
with  an  arrow,  2438  ff.  After  Hr£- 
ftel's  death,  he  obtains  the  king- 
dom, 2475,  2483.  He  falls  at  Ra- 
venswood,  in  the  battle  against  the 
Swedish  king,  OngenJ?eow,  2925. 
His  successor  is  his  younger  broth- 
er, Hygeldc,  2944  ff.,  2992. 

Helmingas  (gen.  Helminga,  621). 
From  them  comes  Wealhbeow, 
Hr65g&r's  wife,  621. 

Hemiug  (gen.  Heminges,  1945, 
1962).  Offa  is  called  Heminges 
mreg,  1945;  Eomeer,  1962.  Ac- 
cording to  Bachlechner  (Pfeiffer's 
Germania,  I.,  p.  458),  Heming  is 
the  son  of  the  sister  of  Girmund, 
Offa's  father. 

Hengest  (gen.  Hengestes,  1092; 
dat.  Hengeste,  1084)  :  about  him 
and  his  relations  to  Hnaf  and  Finn, 
see  Finn. 

Here-beald(dat;Herebealde,2464), 
the  oldest  son  of  Hreftel,  king  of 
the  Geatas  (2435),  accidentally 
killed  with  an  arrow  by  his  younger 
brother,  HaeiScyn,  2440. 

Here-mod  (gen.  Heremodes,  902), 
king  of  the  Danes,  not  belonging 
to  the  Scylding  dynasty,  but,  ac- 


cording to  Grein,  immediately  pre- 
ceding it;  is,  on  account  of  his 
unprecedented  cruelty,  driven  out, 
902  ff.,  1710. 

Here-ric  (gen.  Hererices,  2207). 
Heardred  is  called  Hererices  nefa, 
2207.  Nothing  further  is  known 
of  him. 

Het-ware  or  Franks,  in  alliance 
with  the  Frisians  and  the  Hugas, 
conquer  HygelSc,  king  of  the  Gea- 
tas, 2355,  2364  ff.,  2917. 

Healf-deue  (gen.  Healfdenes,  189, 
etc.),  son  of  Beowulf,  the  Scyl- 
ding (57)  ;  rules  the  Danes  long 
and  gloriously  (57  f.);  has  three 
sonSj  HeorogaT,  HroSgaT,  and 
Hdlga  (61),  and  a  daughter,  Elan, 
who,  according  to  the  renewed 
text  of  the  passage,  was  married 
to  the  Scylfing,  Ongenj^eow,  62,  63. 

Heard-red  (dat.  Heardr£de,  2203, 
2376),  son  of  Hygeldc,  king  of  the 
Geatas,  and  Hygd.  After  his  fath- 
er's death,  while  still  under  age, 
he  obtains  the  throne  (2371,  2376, 
2379)  ;  wherefore  Beowulf,  as 
nephew  of  HeardrSd's  father,  acts 
as  guardian  to  the  youth  till  he 
becomes  older,  2378.  He  is  slain 
by  Ohthere's  sons,  2386.  This 
murder  Beowulf  avenges  on  Ead- 
gils,  2396-97. 

Heaffo-beardnas  (gen.  -beardna, 
2033,  2038,  2068),  the  tribe  of  the 
Lombards.  Their  king,  Froda,  has 
fallen  in  a  war  with  the  Danes, 
2029,  2051.  In  order  to  end  the 
feud,  King  Hroftgar  has  given  his 
daughter,  Freaware,  as  wife  to  the 
young  Ingeld,  the  son  of  Froda,  a 
marriage  that  does  not  result  hap- 
pily; for  Ingeld,  though  he  long 
defers  it  on  account  of  his  love  for 
his  wife,  nevertheless  takes  revenge 


110 


LIST   OF   NAMES. 


for  his  father,  2021-2070  (Widsitf, 

45-49)- 

Heaffo-iaf  (dat.  HeaSo-lafe,  460), 
a  Wylfingish  warrior.  Ecg'peow, 
Beowulf's  father,  kills  him,  460. 

Heaffo-raemas  reaches  Breca  in  the 
swimming-race  with  Beowulf,  519. 

Heoro-gar  (nom.  61 ;  Heregar,  467  ; 
Hiorogar,  2159),  son  of  Healfdene, 
and  older  brother  of  HroSgSr,  61. 
His  death  is  mentioned,  467.  He 
has  a  son,  Heoroweard,  2162.  His 
coat  of  mail  Beowulf  has  received 
fromHrotSgaT  (2156),  and  presents 
it  to  Hygelslc,  2158. 

Hcoro-weard  (dat.  Heorowearde, 
2162),  HeorogSr's  son,  2161-62. 

Heort,  78.  Heorot,  166  (gen.  Heo- 
rotes,  403;  dat.  Heorote,  475,  He- 
orute,  767,  Hiorte,  2100).  Hro$- 
gar's  throne-room  and  banqueting 
hall  and  assembly-room  for  his 
liegemen,  built  by  him  with  un- 
usual splendor,  69,  78.  In  it  oc- 
curs Beowulf's  fight  with  Grendel, 
720  ff.  The  hall  receives  its  name 
from  the  stag's  antlers,  of  which 
the  one-half  crowns  the  eastern 
gable,  the  other  half  the  western. 

Hildeburli,  daughter  of  Hoce,  rela- 
tive of  the  Danish  leader,  Hnaf, 
consort  of  the  Frisian  king,  Finn. 
After  the  fall  of  the  latter,  she  be- 
comes a  captive  of  the  Danes,  1072, 
1077,1159.  See  also  under  Finn. 

Hnaf  (gen.  Hnafes,  1115),  a  Ho- 
eing (  WidsiiS,  29) ,  the  Danish  King 
Healfdene's  general,  1070  ff.  For 
his  fight  with  Finn,  his  death  and 
burial,  see  under  Finn. 

Hond-scio,  warrior  of  the  Geatas : 
dat.  2077. 

Hoce  (gen.  Hoces,  1077).,  father  of 
Hildeburh,  1077;  probably  also  of 
Hnaf  (WidsiiS,  29). 


Hreffel  (gen.  Hr&Sles,  1486),  son 
of  Swelling,  1204.  King  of  the 
Geatas,  374.  He  has,  besides,  a 
daughter,  who  is  married  to  Ecg- 
beow,  and  has  born  him  Beowulf, 
(374),  three  sons,  Herebeald,  IlaeS- 
cyn,  and  Hygelac,  2435.  The  eld- 
est of  these  is  accidentally  killed 
by  the  second,  2440.  On  account 
of  this  inexpiable  deed,  Hre'Sel  be- 
comes melancholy  (2443),  and  dies, 

2475- 

Hreffla  (gen.  HreSlan,  MS.  H  rad- 
ian, 454),  the  same  as  HrS'Sel  (cf. 
Mullenhoff  in  Haupts  Zeitschrift, 
12,  260),  the  former  owner  of 
Beowulf's  coat  of  mail,  454. 

Hre3'-nien(gen.  Hr£3-manna,445), 
the  Danes  are  so  called,  445. 

Hreft-ric,   son   of   HroSgar,    1190, 


Hrefna-wudu,  2926,  or  Hrefnes- 
halt,  2936,  the  thicket  near  which 
the  Swedish  king,  Ongenfceow, 
slew  Hce'Scyn,  king  of  the  Geatas, 
in  battle. 

Hreosiia-beorh,  promontory  in  the 
land  of  the  Geatas,  near  which  On- 
genj?e6w's  sons,  Ohthere  and  One- 
la,  had  made  repeated  robbing  in- 
cursions into  the  country  after 
HrSSel's  death.  These  were  the 
immediate  cause  of  the  war  in 
which  Hre"Sel's  son,  King  HaeScyn, 
fell,  2478  ff. 

r  (gen.  HroSgares,  235, 
etc.;  dat.  Hr65-gare,  64,  etc.),  of 
the  dynasty  of  the  Scyldings;  the 
second  of  the  three  sons  of  King 
Healfdene,  61.  After  the  death 
of  his  elder  brother,  Heorogar,  he 
assumes  the  government  of  the 
Danes,  465,  467  (yet  it  is  not  cer- 
tain whether  Heorogar  was  king 
of  the  Danes  before  HroSgar,  or 


LIST   OF  NAMES. 


Ill 


whether  his  death  occurred  while 
his  father,  Healfdene,  was  still 
alive).  His  consort  is  Wealhbeow 
(613),  of  the  stock  of  the  Hel- 
mings  (621),  who  has  born  him 
two  sons,  HreSdc  and  HroSmund 
(1190),  and  a  daughter,  Freaware 
(2023),  who  has  been  given  in 
marriage  to  the  king  of  the  Hea- 
V5obeardnas,  Ingeld.  His  throne- 
room  (78  ff.),  which  has  been  built 
at  great  cost  (  74  ff.),  is  visited  every 
night  by  Grendel  (102,  115),  who, 
along  with  his  mother,  is  slain  by 
Beowulf  (711  ff.,  1493  ff).  Hro'S- 
gar's  rich  gifts  to  Beowulf,  in  con- 
sequence, 1021, 1818;  he  is  praised 
as  being  generous,  7 1  ff.,  80, 1028  ff., 
1868  ff. ;  as  being  brave,  1041  ff., 
1771  ff.;  and  wise,  1699,  1725. — 
Other  information  about  Hro  SgaYs 
reign  for  the  most  part  only  sug- 
gested :  his  expiation  of  the  murder 
which  Ecgbeovv,  Beowulf's  father, 
committed  upon  HeaiSolif,  460, 
470;  his  war  with  the  HeacJobeard- 
nas  ;  his  adjustment  of  it  by  giving 
his  daughter,  Freaware,  in  mar- 
riage to  their  king,  Ingeld;  evil  re- 
sults of  this  marriage,  2021-2070. 
—  Treachery  of  his  brother's  son, 
HroSulf,  intimated,  1165-1166. 

HroU-mimd,  Hro?gaYs  son,  1190. 

HrOU-ulf,  probably  a  son  of  Halga, 
the  younger  brother  of  King  Hro  5- 
gdr,  1018,  1182.  Wealhbeow  ex- 
presses the  hope  (1182)  that,  in 
case  of  the  early  death  of  Hro  Sgdr, 
Hro  5-ulf  would  prove  a  good  guar- 
dian to  HroSgar's  young  son,  who 
would  succeed  to  the  government; 
a  hope  which  seems  not  to  have 
been  accomplished,  since  it  appears 
from  1165,  1 1 66  that  Hrofi-ulf  has 
abused  his  trust  towards  HroSg^r. 


Hrones-nas  (dat.  -nasse,  2806, 
3137),  a  promontory  on  the  coast 
of  the  country  of  the  Geatas,  vis- 
ible from  afar.  Here  is  Beowulf's 
grave-mound,  2806,  3137. 

Hrunting  (dat.  Hruntinge,  1660), 
HunferS's  sword,  is  so  called,  1458, 
1660. 

Hugas  (gen.  Huga,  2503),  Hygelac 
wars  against  them  allied  with  the 
Franks  and  Frisians,  and  falls, 
2195  ff.  One  of  their  heroes  is 
called  Daghrefn,  whom  Beowulf 
slays,  2503. 

Hun-ferS1,  the  son  of  Ecglaf,  byle  of 
King  HroiSg&r.  As  such,  he  has 
his  place  near  the  throne  of  the 
king,  499,  500,  1167.  He  lends 
his  sword,  Hrunting,  to  Beowulf  for 
his  battle  with  Grendel's  mother, 
1456  f.  According  to  588,  1168, 
he  slew  his  brothers.  Since  his 
name  is  always  alliterated  with 
vowels,  it  is  probable  that  the  origi- 
nal form  was,  as  Rieger  (Zachers 
Ztschr.,  3,414)  conjectures,  UnferS. 

Hun-lafing,  name  of  a  costly  sword, 
which  Finn  presents  to  Hengest, 
1144. 

Hygd  (dat.  Hygde,  2173),  daughter 
of  Hare'<$,  1930;  consort  of  Hyge- 
lac, king  of  the  Geatas,  1927;  her 
son,  Heardrtkl,  2203,  etc.  —  Her 
noble,  womanly  character  is  em- 
phasized, 1927  ff. 

Hyge-lac  (gen.  Hige-ldces,  194,  etc., 
HygelSces,  2387;  dat.  Higeldce, 
452,  Hygeldce,  2170),  king  of  the 
Geatas,  1203,  etc.  His  grandfather 
is  Swerting,  1204;  his  father,  Hre"- 
tSel,  1486, 1848;  his  older  brothers, 
Herebeald  and  Hoeftcyn,  2435  >  nis 
sister's  son,  Beowulf,  374, 375.  Af- 
ter his  brother,  Hoeftcyn,  is  killed 
by  Ongenbeow,  he  undertakes  the 


112 


LIST   OF   NAMES. 


government  (2992  in  connection 
with  the  preceding  from  2937  on)- 
To  Eofor  he  gives,  as  reward  for 
slaying  Ongenbeo  w,  his  only  daugh- 
ter in  marriage,  2998.  But  much 
later,  at  the  time  of  the  return  of 
Beowulf  from  his  expedition  to 
IlroSgar,  we  see  him  married  to 
the  very  young  Hygd,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Haere'S,  1930.  The  latter 
seems,  then,  to  have  been  his  sec- 
ond wife.  Their  son  is  Ileardred, 
2203,  2376,  2387.  —  Hygela'c  falls 
during  an  expedition  against  the 
Franks,  Frisians,  and  Ilugas,  1206, 
121 1,  2356-59,  2916-17. 

Ingeld  (dat.  Ingelde,  2065),  son  of 
Froda,  the  Heaftobeard  chief,  who 
fell  in  a  battle  with  the  Danes,  205 1 
ff.  In  order  to  end  the  war,  Ingeld  is 
married  to  Freaware,  daughter  of 
the  Danish  king,  HroSgaT,  2025- 
30.  Yet  his  love  for  his  young  wife 
can  make  him  forget  only  for  a 
short  while  his  desire  to  avenge  his 
father.  He  finally  carries  it  out, 
excited  thereto  by  the  repeated  ad- 
monitions of  an  old  warrior,  2042- 
70  (WidsiS,  45-59). 

Ing-wine  (gen.  Ingwina,  1045, 
1320),  friends  of  Ing,  the  first  king 
of  the  East  Danes.  The  Danes 
are  so  called,  1045,  1320. 

Mere-wioingas  (gen.  Mere-wioin- 
ga,  2922),  a  name  of  the  Franks, 
2922. 

Nagling,  the  name  of  Beowulf's 
sword,  2681. 

Oifa  (gen.  Ofian,  1950),  king  of  the 
Angles  (Widsift,  35),  the  son  of 
Gdrmund,  1963;  married  (1950) 
to  pry 5o  (1932),  a  beautiful  but 
cruel  woman,  of  unfeminine  spirit 
(1932  ff.),  by  whom  he  has  a  son, 
Eomrer,  1961. 


6ht-here  (gen.  Ohtheres,  2929, 
2933  ;  Ohteres,  2381,  2393,  2395, 
2613),  son  of  OngenJ?eow,  king  of 
the  Swedes,  2929.  His  sons  are 
Eanmund  (261 2)  and  Eadgils,  2393. 

Onela  (gen.  Onelan,  2933),  Oht- 
here's  brother,  2617,  2933. 

Ongen-J?eow  (nom.  -J?eow,  2487, 
-\)\6,  2952 ;  gen.  J^eowes,  2476, 
-j?iowes,  2388;  dat.  ->io,  2987),  of 
the  dynasty  of  the  Scylftngs;  king 
of  the  Swedes,  2384.  His  wife  is, 
perhaps,  Elan,  daughter  of  the 
Danish  king,  Healfdene  (62),  and 
mother  of  two  sons,  Onela  and 
Ohthere,  2933.  She  is  taken  pris- 
oner by  Hce'Scyn,  king"bf  the  Gea- 
tas,  on  an  expedition  into  Sweden, 
which  he  undertakes  on  account 
of  her  sons'  plundering  raids  into 
his  country,  2480  ff.  She  is  set  free 
by  Ongen^eow  (2931),  who  kills 
Haeftcyn,  2925,  and  encloses  the 
Geatas,  now  deprived  of  their  lead- 
er, in  the  Ravenswood  (2937  ff.)> 
till  they  are  freed  by  Hygela'c,  2944. 
A  battle  then  follows,  which  is  un- 
favorable to  Ongen]?e6w's  army. 
Ongenbeow  himself,  attacked  by 
the  brothers,  Wulf  and  Eofor,  is 

^  slain  by  the  latter,  2487  ff.,  2962  ff. 

Os-laf,  a  warrior  of  HnaPs,  who 
avenges  on  Finn  his  leader's  death, 
ii49f. 

Scede-land,  19-.  Sceden-ig  (dat. 
Sceden-igge,  1687),  O.N.,  Scan-ey, 
the  most  southern  portion  of  the 
Scandinavian  peninsula,  belonging 
to  the  Danish  kingdom,  and,  in  the 
above-mentioned  passages  of  our 
poem,  a  designation  of  the  whole 
Danish  kingdom. 

Sccf  or  Scedf,  the  father  of  Scyld,  4. 

Scyld  (gen.  Scyldes,  19),  a  SceTing, 
4.  His  son  is  Beowulf,  18,  53; 


LIST   OF  NAMES. 


113 


his  grandson,  Healfdene,  57;  his 
great-grandson,  HroSgar,  who  had 
two  brothers  and  a  sister,  59  ff.  — 
Scyld  dies,  26;  his  body,  upon  a 
decorated  ship,  is  given  over  to  the 
sea  (32  ff.),  just  as  he,  when  a  child, 
drifted  alone,  upon  a  ship,  to  the 
land  of  the  Danes,  43  ff.  After 
him  his  descendants  bear  his  name. 

Scyldingas  (Scyldungas,  2053 ;  gen. 
Scyldinga,53,etc.,Scyldunga,2i02, 
2160;  dat.  Scyldingum,  274,  etc.), 
a  name  which  is  extended  also  to 
the  Danes,  who  are  ruled  by  the 
Scyldings,  53,  etc.  They  are  also 
called  Ar-Scyldingas,  464;  Sige- 
Scyldingas,  598,  2005;  peod-Scyl- 
dingas,  1020 ;  Here-Scyldingas, 
1109. 

Scylfingas,  a  Swedish  royal  family, 
whose  relationship  seems  to  extend 
to  the  Geatas,  since  Wlglaf,  the 
son  of  Wihstan,  who  in  another 
place,  as  a  kinsman  of  Beowulf,  is 
called  a  Waegmunding  (2815),  is 
also  called  leod  Scylfinga,  2604. 
The  family  connections  are  per- 
haps as  follows :  — 

Scylf. 


Woegmund. 


Ecg}>e6w.  Weohstin.  Ongenj?eow. 


Beowulf.     Wlglaf.  Onela.  6hthere. 


Eanmund.  Eadgils. 

The  Scylfings  are  also  called  Heafto- 
Scilfingas,63,Gut$-Scylfingas,2928. 
Sige-mund  (dat.  -munde,  876,  885), 
the  son  of  Wals,  878,  898.  His 
(son  and)  nephew  is  Fitela,  880, 
882.  His  fight  with  the  drake, 
887  ff. 


Swerting  (gen.  Swertinges,  1204), 
Hygeiac's  grandfather,  and  HrS- 
"Sel's  father,  1204. 

Sweon  (gen,  Sweona,  2473,  2947, 
3002),  also  Sweo->eod,  2923.  The 
dynasty  of  the  Scylfings  rules  over 
them,  2382,  2925.  Their  realm  is 
called  Swiorice,  2384,  2496. 

^ryfro,  consort  of  the  Angle  king, 
Offa,  1932,  1950.  Mother  of  E6- 
mser,  1961,  notorious  on  account 
of  her  cruel,  unfeminine  character, 
1932  ff.  She  is  mentioned  as  the 
opposite  to  the  mild,  dignified 
Hygd,  the  queen  of  the  Geatas. 

Wals  (gen.  Walses,  898),  father  of 
Sigemund,  878,  898. 

Waeg-mundingas  (gen.  Wsegmun- 
dinga,  2608,  2815).  The  Wseg- 
mundings  are  on  one  side,  Wihsta'n 
and  his  son  Wigl&f;  on  the  other 
side,  Ecgbeow  and  his  son  Beowulf 
(2608,2815).  See  under  Scylfin- 
gas. 

Wederas  (gen.  Wedera,  225,  423, 
498,  etc.),  or  Weder-geatas.  See 
Geatas. 

Weland  (gen.  Welandes,  455),  the 
maker  of  Beowulf's  coat  of  mail, 

455- 

Wendlas  (gen.  Wendla,  348)  :  their 
chief  is  WulfgaY.  See  Wulfgar. 
The  Wendlas  are,  according  to 
Grundtvig  and  Bugge,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Vendill,  the  most  northern 
part  of  Jutland,  between  Limfjord 
and  the  sea. 

Wealh->eow  (613,  Wealh->eo,  665, 
1163),  the  consort  of  King  Hro'S- 
gaT,  of  the  stock  of  the  Helmings, 
621.  Her  sons  are  Hr£$ric  and 
Hroftmund,  1190;  her  daughter, 
Freaware,  2023. 

Weoh-stan  (gen.  Weox-stdnes,  2603, 
Weoh-stdnes,  2863,  Win-stones, 


114 


LIST   OF   NAMES. 


2753,  2908,  etc.),  a  Waegm uncling 
(2608),  father  of  Wiglaf,  2603.  In 
what  relationship  to  him  Alf  here, 
mentioned  2605,  stands,  is  not 
clear.  —  Weohstan  is  the  slayer  of 
Eanraund  (2612),  in  that,  as  it 
seems,  he  takes  revenge  for  his 
murdered  king,  HeardrSd.  See 
Eanmund. 

Wig-laf,  Weohstan's  son,  2603,  etc., 
a  Wsegmunding,  2815,  and  so  also 
a  Scylfing,  2604;  a  kinsman  of  Alf- 
here,  2605.  For  his  relationship  to 
Beowulf,  see  the  genealogical  table 
under  Scylfingas.  —  He  supports 
Beowulf  in  his  fight  with  the  drake, 
2605  ff.,  2662  ff.  The  hero  gives 
him,  before  his  death,  his  ring,  his 
helm,  and  his  coat  of  mail,  2810  ff. 

Won-red  (gen.  Wonr8des,   2972), 


father  of  Wulf  and  Eofor,  2966, 
2979. 

Wulf  (dat.  Wulfe,  2994),  one  of  the 
Geatas,  Wonrtid's  son.  He  rights 
in  the  battle  between  the  armies  of 
Hygelac  and  Ongen})e6w  with  On- 
gen^eow  himself,  and  gives  him  a 
wound  (2966),  whereupon  Ongen- 
J?eow,  by  a  stroke  of  his  sword,  dis- 
ables him,  2975.  Eofor  avenges 
his  brother's  fall  by  dealing  Ongen- 
beow  a  mortal  blow,  2978  ff. 

Wulf-gar,  chief  of  the  Wendlas, 
348,  lives  at  HroSgar's  court,  and 
is  his  "ir  and  ombiht,"  335. 

Wylfingas  (dat.  Wylfingum,  461). 
Ecgbeow  has  slain  Heaftolaf,  a  war- 
rior of  this  tribe,  460. 

Yrmen-laf,  younger  brother  of  Asc- 
here,  1325. 


GLOSSARY. 


ac,  conj.  denoting  contrariety :  hence' 
i)  but  (like  N.H.G.  sondern),  109, 
135,  339,  etc.  —  2)  but  (N.H.G. 
aber),  nevertheless,  602,  697,  etc. 

—  3)  in  direct  questions :  nonne, 
numquid,  1991. 

aglaeca,  ahlaeca,  aglaeca,  -cea, 
w.  m.  (Goth,  agio,  trouble ;  agl-s, 
Ags.  egle,  troublesome;  O.H.G. 
egileihhi,  trouble}  ;  original  mean- 
ing, bringer  of  troiible :  hence 
i)  evil  spirit,  demon,  a  demon-like 
being;  of  Grendel,  159,  433,  593, 
etc.;  of  the  drake,  2535,  2906,  etc. 

—  2)  great  Jiero,  -mighty  warrior ; 
of  Sigemund,   894  ;    of  Beowulf: 
gen.  sg.  aglaecan(?),  1513;  of  Beo- 
wulf and  the  drake :  nom.  pi.  }>& 
agloecean,  2593. 

aglaec-wif,  adj.,  demoniacal,  in  the 
form  of  a  woman;  of  Grendel's 
mother,  1260. 

aldor.     See  ealdor. 

al-wealda.    See  eal-w. 

am-biht  (from  and-b.,  Goth,  and- 
baht-s),  st.  m.,  servant,  man-ser- 
vant:  nom.  sg.  ombeht,  of  the 
coast-guard,  287;  ombiht,  of  Wulf- 
gar,  336- 

ambiht->egn  (from  ambiht  n.  offi- 
cium  and  J?egn,  which  see), servant, 
man-servant :  dat.  sg.  ombiht- 
J>egne,  of  Beowulf's  servant,  674. 


an,  prep,  with  the  dat.,  on,  in,  with 
respect  to,  678  ;  with,  among,  at, 
upon  (position  after  the  governed 
word),  1936;  with  the  ace.,  1248. 
Elsewhere  on,  which  see. 

ancor,  st.  m.,  anchor  :  dat.  sg.  ancre, 
303,  1884. 

ancor-bend,  m.  (?)  f.  (?),  anchor  - 
cable  :  dat.  pi.  oncer-bendum,  1919. 

and,  conj.  (the  form  ond  is  rare;  for 
example,  601,  1149,  2041),  and  33, 
39,  40,  etc. 

aiida,  w.  m.,  excitement,  vexation, 
horror:  dat.wra.3um  on  andan,  709, 

2315- 

and-git,  st.  n.,  insight,  ttnderstand- 
ing  :  nom.  sg.,  1060.  See  gitan. 

and-hator,  st.  m.  n.,  heat  coming 
against  one :  gen.  sg.  re"5es  and 
hattres,  2524. 

and-lang,  -long,  adj.,  very  long  : 
hence  i)  at  whole  length,  raised  up 
high :  ace.  andlongne  eorl,  2696 
(cf.  Bugge  upon  this  point,  Zach- 
ers  Ztschr.,  4, 21 7). —  2)  continual, 
entire;  andlangne  dag,  21 1 6,  the 
whole  day  ;  andlonge  niht,  2939. 

and-leam,  st.  n.,  rnvard, payment  in 
full:  ace.  sg.,  1542,  2095  (hand-, 
hond-lean,  MS.). 

and-risno,  f.  (von  rlsan  surgere, 
decere),  that  which  is  to  be  ob- 
served, tJiat  which  is  proper,  eti- 
qiiette  :  dat.  pi.  for  andrysnum,  ac- 
cording to  etiquette,  1797. 


116 


GLOSSARY. 


and-saca,  \v.  m.,  adversary :  godes 
andsaca  (Grenclel),  787,  1683. 

and-slyht,  st.  m.,  blow  in  return  : 
ace.  sg.,  2930,  2973  (MS.  both 
times  hond-slyht). 

and-s\varu,  f.,  act  of  accosting:  i) 
to  persons  coming  up,  an  address, 
2861.  —  2)  in  reply  to  something 
said,  an  answer,  354,  1494,  1841. 

and-weard,  adj.,  present,  existing: 
ace.  sg.  n.  swln  ofer  helme  and- 
weard  (jthe  image  of  the  boar,  which 
stands  on  his  helm},  1288. 

and-wlita,  m.,  countenance :  ace. 
sg.  -an,  690. 

an-sund,  adj.,  entirely  unharmed  : 
nom.  sg.  m.,  1001. 

an-syn,  f.,  the  state  of  being  seen  : 
hence  i)  the  exterior,  the  form, 
251 :  ansyn  ywde,  shoived  his  form, 
i.e.  appeared,  2835.  —  2)  aspect, 
appearance,  929;  on-syn,  2773. 

an -\valda,  m.,  He  who  rules  over  all, 
God,  1273. 

atol,  adj.  (also  eatol,  2075,  etc.),  hos- 
tile, frightful,  cruel :  of  Grendel, 
i59>  !65,  593.  2075,  etc.;  of  Gren- 
del's  mother's  hands  (dat.  pi.  ato- 
lan),  1503  ;  of  the  undulation  of 
the  waves,  849  ;  of  battle,  597, 
2479.  —  cf.  O.N.  atall,  fortis,  stre- 
nuus. 

atelic,  adj.,  terrible,  dreadful :  ate- 
lic  egesa,  785. 


a,  adv.  (Goth,  aiv,  ace.  from  aiv-s 
aevum),  ever,  always,  45 5.,  882, 931, 
1479  :  a  sytvSan,  ever  afterwards, 
ever,  ever  after,  283,  2921.  —  ever, 
780.  —  Comp.  na. 

ad,  m.,  funeral  pile :  ace.  sg.  id, 
3139;  dat.  sg.  ade,  mi,  1115. 


ad-faru,  f.,  way  to  the  funeral  pile  : 
dat.  sg.  on  ad-fare,  3011. 

adl,  f.,  sickness,  1737,  1764,  1849. 

aS1,  m.,  oath  in  general,  2740;  oath 
of  allegiance,  472  ( ?) ;  oath  of 
reconciliation  of  two  warring  peo- 
ples, 1098,  1108. 

aff-sweord,  n.,  the  solemn  taking  of 
an  oath,  the  swearing  of  an  oath  : 
nom.  pi.,  2065.  See  swcord. 

aUaiii-swcrian,  m.  pi.,  son-in-law 
and  father-in-law  :  dat.  pi.,  84. 

agan,  verb,  pret.  and  pres.,  to  have, 
to  possess,  w.  ace. :  III.  prs.  sg.  ah, 
1728  ;  inf.  Sgan,  1089  >  Prt-  ahte, 
487,  522,  533;  with  object,  ge- 
weald,  to  be  supplied,  31.  Form  con* 
tracted  with  the  negative :  prs.  sg. 
I.  nan  hwa  sweord  wege  {I  have 
no  one  to  wield  the  sword},  2253. 

agen,  adj.,  own,  peculiar,  2677. 

agend  (prs.  part,  of  agan),  possessor, 
owner,  lord :  gen.  sg.  dgendes,  of 
God,  3076.  —  Compounds  :  blaed-, 
bold-,  folc-,  magen-a'gend. 

agend-frea,  m.,  owner,  lord :  gen. 
sg.  dgend-frean,  1884. 

ahsjan,  ge-ahsjan,  w.  v. :  i)  to  ex- 
amine, to  find  out  by  inquiring: 
pret.  part.  ge-a~hsod,  433.  —  2)  to 
experience,  to  endure :  pret.  a"h- 
sode,  1207;  pi.  dhsodon,  423. 

aht,  n.  (contracted  from  a-wiht, 
which  see),  something,  anything : 
aht  cvvices,  2315. 

an,  num.  The  meaning  of  this  word 
betrays  its  original  demonstrative 
character:  i)  this,  that,  2411,  of 
the  hall  in  the  earth  mentioned 
before  ;  similarly,  100  (of  Grendel, 
already  mentioned),  cf.  also  2775. 
—  2)  one,  a  particular  one  among 
many,  a  single  one,  in  numerical 
sense :  ymb  a"ne  niht  (the  next 
night},  135;  Jnirh  a~nes  craft,  700; 


GLOSSAKY. 


117 


Jara  anum,  1038;  an  after  &num, 
one  for  the  other  (IlreSel  for 
Herebeald),  2462:  similarly,  in 
after  eallam,  2269;  a"nes  hwat,  some 
single  thing,  a  part,  3011;  se  dn 
leoda  duguiSe,//^  one  of tJie  heroes  of 
the  people,  2238;  anes  \\\\\&\\,for  the 
sake  of  a  single  one,  3078,  etc.  — 
Hence,  again,  3)  alone,  distin- 
guished, 1459,  1886.  —  4)  a,  in  the 
sense  of  an  indefinite  article :  Sn . . . 
feond,  100;  gen.sg.  &nre  bene  (or  to 
No.2[?]),428;  an...draca,22ii — 

5)  gen.  pi.  inra,  in  connection  with 
a  pronoun,  single ;  dnra  gehwilces, 
every  single  one,  733;   &nra  geh- 
wylcum,  785.   Similarly,  the  dat.  pi. 
in  this  sense :  nemne  feaum  a"num, 
except  a  few  single  ones,  1082.  — 

6)  solus,  alone  :  in  the  strong  form, 
1378,  2965;  in  the  weak  form,  145, 
425,  431,  889,  etc.;  with  the  gen., 
a"na  Geata  dugufte,    alone  of  the 
warriors  of  the  Gedtas,  2658.  —  7) 
solitarius,  alone,  lonely,  see  sen.  — 
Comp.  nan. 

an-feald,  adj.,  simple, plain,  without 
reserve  :  ace.  sg.  infealdne  gej?6ht, 
simple  opinion,  256. 

an-genga,  -gengea,  w.  m.,  he  who 
goes  alone,  of  Grendel,  165,  449. 

an-liaga,  w.  m.,  he  wlio  stands  alone, 
solitarius,  2369. 

an-hydig,  adj.  (like  the  O.N.  ein- 
rad-r,  of  one  resolve,  i.e.  of  firm  re- 
solve), of  one  opinion,  i.e.  firm, 
brave,  decided,  2668. 

anga,  adj.  (only  in  the  weak  form), 
single,  only  :  ace.  sg.  dngan  dohtor, 
375,  2998;  &ngan  eaferan,  1548; 
dat.  sg.  dngan  bre"3er,  1263. 

an-pa-31,  m.,  lonely  way,  path :  ace.  pi. 
^npa'Sas,  1411. 

an-raed,  adj.  (cf.  under  an-hydig), 


of  firm  resohition,  resolved,  1530, 


an-tid,  n.,  one  time,  i.e.  the  same 
time  :  ymb  an-tid  6'Sres  dogores, 
about  the  same  time  the  second  day 
(they  sailed  twenty-four  hours),  219. 
—  a~n  stands  as  in  an-mod,  O.H.G. 
ein-muati,  harmonious,  of  the  same 
disposition. 

ammga,  adv.,  throitghout,  entirely, 
wholly,  635. 

ar,  m.,  ambassador,  messenger,  336, 

^  2784. 

ar,  f.,  i)  honor,  dignity  :  drum  heal- 
dan,  to  hold  in  honor,  296;  similar- 
ly, 1  100,  1183.  —  2)  favor,  grace, 
sttpport  :  ace.  sg.  a"re,  1273,  2607; 
dat.  sg.  are,  2379;  gen.  pi.  hwat  .  .  . 
irna,  1188.  —  Comp.  worold-ar; 
also  written  ser. 

ar-fast,  adj.,  honorable,  -upright, 
1169;  of  Hunferft  (with  reference 
10588).  See  fast. 

arian,  w.v.,  (to  be  gracious),  to  spare: 
Hl.sg.  prs.  w.  dat.  nasnegum  ara$; 
of  Grendel,  599. 

ar-staf,  m.  (elementum  honoris), 
grace,  favor  :  dat.  pi.  mid  ^rstafum, 
317.  —  Help,  support:  dat.  pi.  for 
&r-stafum,  to  the  assistance,  382, 
458.  See  staf. 

ater-tan,  m.,  poisonous  branch:  dat. 
pi.  iren  iter-tanum  fah  (steel  which 
is  damaskeened  by  the  sap  of 
branches  used  in  sorcery),  1460. 

attor,  n.,  poison,  here  of  the*  poison 
of  the  dragon's  bite  :  nom.,  2716. 

attor-sceaflfa,  m.,  poisonous  enemy, 
of  the  poisonous  dragon  :  gen.  sg. 
-scea'San,  2840. 

a\va,  adv.  (certainly  not  the  dative, 
but  a  reduplicated  form  of  a",  which 
see),  ever  :  awa"  to  aldre,  for  ever 
and  ever,  956. 


118 


GLOSSARY. 


adre,  adv.,  hastily,  directly,  imme- 
diately, 77,  354,  3107. 

affele,  adj.,  noble  :  nom.  sg.,  of  Beo- 
wulf, 198,  1313;  of  Beowulf's  fath- 
er, 263,  where  it  can  be  understood 
as  well  in  a  moral  as  in  a  genealo- 
gical sense;  the  latter  prevails  de- 
cidedly in  the  gen,  sg.  itSelan  cyn- 
nes,  2235. 

aSdPeling,  st.  m.,  nobleman,  man  of 
noble  descent,  especially  the  appel- 
lation of  a  man  of  royal  birth  ;  so  of 
the  kings  of  the  Danes,  3;  of  Scyld, 
33;  of  HroSgir,  130;  of  Sigemund, 
889;  of  Beowulf,  1226,  1245,  1597, 
1816,  2189,  2343,  2375,  2425,  2716, 
3136;  perhaps  also  of  Daghrefn, 
2507;  — then,  in  a  broader  sense, 
also  denoting  other  noble-born 

.  men:  Aschere,  1295;  HroSgar's 
courtiers,  1 1 8,  983;  Heremod's 
courtiers,  907;  Hengest's  warriors, 
1113;  Beowulf's  retinue,  1805,1921, 
3172;  noble-born  in  general,  2889. 
—  Comp.  sib-ai$eling. 

aiSclu,  n.,  only  in  the  pi.,  noble  de- 
scent, nobility,  in  the  sense  of  noble 
lineage:  ace.  pi.  a'Selu,  392;  dat. 
pi.  cyning  a'Selum  god,  the  king, 
of  noble  birth,  1871  ;  a'Selum 
cliore,  worthy  on  account  of  no- 
ble lineage,  1950;  aSelum  (haele- 
Jmm,  MS.),  332. —  Comp.  fa'der- 
aSelu. 

afnaii,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  perform,  to 
carry  out,  to  accomplish  :  inf.  ellen- 
weorc  afnan,  to  do  a  heroic  deed, 
1465;  pret.  unriht  afnde,  perpe- 
trated wrong,  1255. 

ge-ufnan,  i)  to  carry  out,  to  do,  to 
accomplish  :  pret.  pi.  ]>at  geafndon 
swa,  so  carried  that  out,  538;  pret. 
part.  & 5  was  geafned,  the  oath  was 


sworn,  1 1 08.  —  2)  get  ready,  pre- 
pare :  pret.  part,  geafned,  3 107.  See 
efnaii. 

after  (comparative  of  af,  Ags.  of, 
which  see;  hence  it  expresses  the 
idea  of  forth,  away,  from,  back}, 
a")  adv.,  thereupon,  afterwards,  12, 
341,  1390,  2155. —  ic  him  after 
sceal,  I  shall  go  after  them,  2817;  in 
word  after  cwa'5,  315,  the  sense 
seems  to  be,  spoke  back,  having 
turned;  b)  prep.  w.  dat.,  i)  (tem- 
poral) after,  119,  128,  187,  825, 
1939,  etc.;  after  beorne,  after  the 
(death  of)  the  hero,  2261,  so  2262; 
after  maS'Sum-welan,  after  (obtain- 
ing) the  treasttre,  275 1 . — 2)  (causal) 
as  proceeding  from  something,  de- 
n'oting  result  and  purpose,  hence, 
in  consequence  of,  conformably  to  : 
after  rihte,  in  accordance  with  right, 
1050,  2111;  after  farofte,  with  the 
current,  580;  so  1321,  1721,  1944, 
2180,  etc.,  after  heafto-swate,  in 
consequence  of  the  blood  of  battle, 
1607;  after  walni'Se,  z';z  consequence 
of  mortal  enmity,  85 ;  in  accordance 
wilh,  on  account  of,  after,  about : 
after  a'Selum  (hcelej^um,  MS.)fragn, 
asked  about  the  descent,  332  ;  ne  frin 
Jni  after  scelum,  ask  not  after  my 
welfare,  1323;  after  sincgyfan  gree- 
ted, weeps  for  the  giver  of  trea- 
sure, 1343;  him  after  deorum  men 
dyrne  langatS,  longs  in  secret  for 
the  dear  man,  1880;  an  after  anum, 
one  for  the  other,  2462,  etc.  —  3) 
(local),  along:  after  gumcynnum, 
throughout  the  races  of  men,  a-mong 
men,  945 ;  sohte  bed  after  biirum, 
sought  a  bed  among  the  rooms  of 
the  castle  (the  castle  was  fortified, 
the  hall  was  not),  140;  after  recede 
wlat,  looked  along  the  hall,  1573; 
stone  after  stane,  smelt  along  the 


GLOSSARY. 


119 


rocks,  2289;  after  lyfte,  along  the 
air,  through  the  air,  2833;  simi- 
larly, 996,  1068,  1317,  etc. 

af-]mnca,  w.  m.,  anger,  chagrin, 
vexatious  affair  :  nom.,  502. 

aglaecea.     See  aglsecea. 

aled  (Old  Sax.  eld,  O.H.G.  eld-r), 
st.  m.,yfr<?,  3016. 

aled-leoma,  \v.  m.,  (fire-lighf), 
torch:  ace.  sg.  leoman,  3126.  See 
leoma. 

al-fylce  (from  al-,  Goth,  ali-s,  &\\os, 
and  fylce,  O.H.G.  fylki,  collective 
form  from  folc),  n.,  other  folk, 
hostile  army  :  dat.  pi.  wi"5  alfyl- 
cum,  2372. 

al-mihtig  (for  eal-m.),  adj.,  al- 
mighty :  nom.  sg.  m.,  of  the  weak 
form,  se  al-mihtiga,  92. 

al-wiht,  st.  m.,  being  of  another  spe- 
cies, monster :  gen.  pi.  al-wihta 
card,  of  the  dwelling-place  of  Gren- 
del's  kindred,  1501. 

tippel-fealu,  adj.,  dappled  sorrel, 
or  dappled  yellow  :  nom.  pi.  appel- 
fealuvve  mearas,  dappled  yellow 
steeds,  2 1 66. 

am,  st.  n.,  house,  in  the  compounds 
heal-,  hord-,  medo-,  J?ryv$-,  win-arn. 

iise,  st.  m.,  ash  (does  not  occur  in 
Beowulf  in  this  sense),  lanc-e, spear, 
because  the  shaft  consists  of  ash 
wood :  dat.  pi.  (qua  instr.)  ascutn 
and  ecgum,  with  spears  and  swords, 

1773- 

asc-holt,  st.  n.,  ash  wood,  ashen 
shaft :  nom.  pi.  asc-holt  ufan  groeg, 
the  ashen  shafts  gray  above  (spears 
with  iron  points),  330. 

ase-wiga,  w.  m.,  spear-fighter,  war- 
rior armed  with  the  spear  :  nom. 
sg.,  2043. 

at,  prep.  w.  dat.,  with  the  fundamen- 
tal meaning  of  nearness  to  some- 
thing, hence  i)  local,  a)  with,  near, 


at,  on,  in  (rest)  :  at  hy'Se,  in  ha*-- 
bor,  32;  at  symle,  at  the  meal,  81  ; 
at  dele,  on  the  funeral-pile,  I  ill, 
1115;  at  J^ednum,  with  thee  alone, 
1378;  atvrlge,  in  the  fight,  1338; 
at  hilde,  1660,  2682;  at  sete,  in  eat- 
ing, 3027,  etc.  b)  to,  towards,  at, 
on  (motion  to)  :  deaftes  wylm  hrdn 
at  heortan,  seized  upon  the  heart, 
2271;  geheton  at  hargtrafum, 
vowed  at  (or  to)  the  temples  of  the 
gods,  175.  c)  with  verbs  of  taking 
away,  away  from  (as  starting  from 
near  an  object)  :  gej^eah  J?at  ful  at 
Wealh}>e6n,  took  the  cup  from  W., 
630;  fela  ic  gebad  grynna  at  Gren- 
d\e,/r0vt  Grendel,  931  ;  at  minum 
fader  genam,  took  me  from  my  fath- 
er to  himself,  2430.  —  2)  temporal,  at, 
in,  at  the  time  of:  at  frumsceafte, 
in  the  beginning,  45  ;  at  ende,  at 
an  end,  224;  fand  sinne  dryhten 
ealdres  at  ende,  at  the  end  of  life, 
dying,  2791  ;  similarly,  2823;  at 
feohgyftum,  in  giving  gif  Is,  1090; 


at 


014. 


at-graepc,  adj.,  laying  hold  of,  pre- 

hendens,  1270. 
iit-rihte,  adv.,  almost,  1658. 


JE 

aedre,  edre,  st.  f.,  aqueduct,  canal 
(not  in  Beow.),  wm  (not  in  Beow.), 
stream,  violent  pouring  forth  :  dat. 
pi.  swat  sedrum  sprong,  the  blood 
sprang  in  streams,  2967 ;  blod 
edrum  dranc,  drank  the  blood  in 
streams  (1),  743. 

seS'm,  st.  m.,  breath,  gasp,  snort: 
instr.  sg.  hre^Ser  3ev5me  weoll,  the 
breast  (of  the  drake)  heaved  with 
snorting,  2594. 

aefeii,  st.  m.,  evening,  1236. 


120 


GLOSSARY. 


ajfen-gram,  adj.,  hostile  at  evening, 
night-enemy :  nom.  sg.  m.  oefen- 
grom,  of  Grendel,  2075. 

sefen-leoht,  st.  n.,  evening-light: 
nom.  sg.,  413. 

aefen-riist,  st.  f.,  evening-rest:  ace. 
sg.  -raste,  647,  1253. 

aefen-spracc,  st.  f.,  evening-talk  : 
ace.  sg.  gemunde  .  .  .  oefen-spraece, 
thought  about  what  he  had  spoken 
in  the  evening,  760. 

aefre,  adv.,  ever,  at  any  time,  70, 
280,  504,  693,  etc. :  in  negative 
sentences,  sefre  ne,  never,  2601. — 
Comp.  nsefre. 

aeg-hwa  (O.H.G.  eo-ga-hwer), 
pron.,  every,  each :  dat.  sg.  aeg- 
hwam,  1385.  The  gen.  sg.  in  adver- 
bial sense,  in  all,  throughout,  thor- 
oughly :  seghwas  untcele,  thoroughly 
blameless,  1 866;  oegh-was  unrim, 
entirely  innumerable  quantity,  i.e. 
an  enormous  multitude,  2625, 3136. 

seg-hwaffer  (O.H.G.  eo-ga-hwe- 
dar)  :  i)  each  (of  two)  :  nom.  sg. 
hafde  aeghwaSer  ende  gefered,  each 
of  the  two  (Beowulf  and  the  drake) 
had  reached  the  end,  2845;  dat.  sg. 
reghwaSrum  wasbroga  framoSrum, 
to  each  of  the  two  (Beowulf  and  the 
drake)  was  fear  of  the  other,  2565; 
gen.  sg.  seghwaSres  .  .  .  worda  and 
worca,  287. — 2)  each  (of  several)  : 
dat.  sg.  heora  seghwaSrum,  1637. 

seg-liwaer,  adv.,  everywhere,  1060. 

aeg-hwilc  (O.H.G.  e'o-gi-hwelih), 
pron.,  unusquisque,  every  (one)  : 
i)  used  as  an  adj.:  ace.  sg.  m.  dsel 
seghwylcne,  622.  —  2)  as  substan- 
tive, a)  with  the  partitive  genitive : 
nom.  sg.  seg-hwylc,  9,  2888;  dat. 
sg.  asghwylcum,  1051.  b)  without 
gen. :  nom.  sg.  aeghwylc,  985, 988; 
(was)  aeghwylc  oSrum  trywe,  each 
one  (of  two)  true  to  the  other,  1 166. 


aeg-weard,  st.  f.,  "Match  on  the  sea- 
shore  :  ace.  sg.  seg-wearde,  241. 

aeht  (abstract  form  from  cigan,  de- 
noting the  state  of  possessing),  st. 
f . :  i)  possession,  power:  ace.  sg. 
on  flodes  aeht,  42;  on  wateres  reht, 
into  the  power  of  the  water,  516; 
on  oeht  gehwearf  Denigea  frean, 
passed  over  into  the  possession  of  a 
Danish  master,  1680.  —  2)  prop- 
erty, possessions,  goods :  ace.  pi. 
sehte,  2249.  —  Comp.  ma 5m-,  gold- 
osht. 

aeht  (O.H.G.  dhta),  st.  L,  pursuit  : 
nom.  \&  was  geht  boden  Sweona 
leodum,  segn  Higeldce,  then  was 
pursuit  offered  to  the  people  of  the 
Sweonast  (their)  banner  to  Hy- 
geldc  (i.e.  the  banner  of  the  Swedes, 
taken  during  their  flight,  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Hygelac),  2958. 

ge- sell  tan,  w.  v.,  to  prize,  to  speak 
in  praise  of:  pret.  part,  gesehted, 
1886. 

ge-sehtla,  w.  m.,  or  ge-sehtle> 
w.  f.,  a  speaking  of  with  praise, 
high  esteem  :  gen.  sg.  hy  . .  .  wyrSe 
Jnncea'5  eorlageaehtlan,  seem  worthy 
of  the  high  esteem  of  the  noble-born, 

369- 

asn  (parallel  form  of  an),  num.,  one  : 
ace.  sg.  m.  ]?one  senne  pone  .  .  ., 
the  one  whom  . . .,  1054;  oftormicle 
]?onne  on  senne  si 5,  much  oflener 
than  one  time,  1580;  forS  onsen- 
don  oenne,  sent  him  forth  alone,  46. 

aene,  adv.,  once:  oft  nalles sene,  3020. 

aenig,  pron.,  one,  any  one,  474,  503, 
510,  534,  etc. :  instr.  sg.  nolde  .  .  . 
asnige  pinga,  would  in  no  way,  not 
at  all,  792;  lyt  senig  mearn,  little 
did  any  one  sorrow  (i.e.  no  one), 
3130.  —  With  the  article:  nas  se 
folccyning  .  .  .  asnig,  no  people's 
king,  2735.  —  Comp.  na?nig. 


GLOSSARY. 


121 


sen-lie,  adj.,  alone,  excellent,  distin- 
guished: senile  ansyn,  distinguished 
appearance,  251;  J>eah  J>e  hio  aen- 
licu  sy,  though  she  be  beautiful, 
1942.  • 

ser  (comparative  form,  from  £)  :   i) 
adv.,   sooner,    before,    beforehand, 
I5»  656,  695,  758,  901,  etc.,  for  a 
long  time,  2596 :  eft  swa"  asr,  again 
as  formerly,  643  ;  ser  ne  si'Sfian, 
neither  sooner  nor  later,  719  ;   ser 
and  sixS,  sooner and 'later -(all  times), 
2501 ;   no  )>£  ser  (;/0/  J0  much  the 
sooner},  yet  not,  755,  1503,  2082, 
2161,  2467.  —  2)  conjunct.,  before, 
ere :  a)  with  the  ind. :  asr  hio  to 
setle  geong,  2020.     b)  w.  subjunc. : 
ser  ge  fyr  feran,  before  you  travel 
farther,  252 ;  ser  he  on  weg  hwurfe, 
264,   so  677,  2819  ;    asr  J?on  dag 
cwomc,  ere  the  day  break,  732;  aer 
correlative  to  asr  adv. :  ser  he  feorh 
seleS,  aldor  an  ofre,  oer  he  wille 
.  .  .,  he  ivill  sooner  (rather)  leave 
his  life  upon  the  shore,  before  (than) 
he  will  .  .  .,   1372. —3)   prepos. 
with  dat.,  before  :  oer  deaSe,  before 
death,  1389  ;  ser  dages  hwile,  be- 
fore daybreak,    2321  ;    ser  swylt- 
dage,  before  the  day  of  death,  2799. 
seror,   comp.    adv.,    sooner,    before- 
hand, Sio;  formerly,  2655. 
aerra,  comp.  adj.,  earlier  :  instr.  pi 
aerran    mselum,    in  former  times, 
908,  2238,  3036. 
aerest,  superl. :  I )  adv.,  first  of  all, 
foremost,  6,  617,  1698,  etc.  —  2)  as 
subst.   n.,   relation    in    the  begin- 
ning:  ace.  bat  ic  his  aerest  J?e  eft 
gesagde  {told  thee,  in  what  rela- 
tion it  stood  at  first  to  the  coat  of 
mail  that  has    been    presented} 
2158. 

aer-dag,  in.  {before- day},  morning 
twilight,  gray  of  morning  :  dat.  sg 


mid  aerdage,  126;  samod  serdage, 
1312,  2943. 

aerende,  st.  n.,  errand,  trust :  ace. 
sg-,  270,  345. 

ser-ftider,  st.  m.,  late  father,  -de- 
ceased father :  nom.  sg.  swa"  his 
serfader,  2623. 

ser-gestreon,  st.  n.,  old  treasure, 
possessions  dating  from  old  times  : 
ace.  sg.,  1758;  gen.  sg.  swylcra 
fela  sergestreona,  much  of  such  old 
treasure,  2233.  See  gestreon. 

aer-geweorc,  st.  n.,  work  dating 
from  old  times  :  nom.  sg.  enta  aer- 
geweorc,  the  old  work  of  the  giants 
(of  the  golden  sword-hilt  from 
Grendel's  water-hall),  1680.  See 
geweorc. 

aer-gOd,  adj.,  good  since  old  times, 
long  invested  with  dignity  or  ad- 
vantages :  aSeling  asrgod,  130; 
(eorl)  sergod,  1330;  iren  sergod 
(excellent  sword},  990,  2587. 

aer-wela,  w.  m.,  old  possessions,  riches 
dating  from  old  times :  ace.  sg. 
serwelan,  2748.  See  wela. 

aes,  st.  n.,  carcass,  carrion :  dat. 
(instr.)  sg.  sese,  of  Aschere's  corpse, 

1333- 

aet,  st.  m.,  food,  meat :  dat.  sg.,  lift 
him  at  aete  speow,  hoiv  he  fared 
well  at  meat,  3027. 

aettren  (see  attor),  adj.,  poisonous  : 
was  ]?at  blod  to  )?as  h^t,  aettren 
ellorga'st,  se  j?oer  inne  swealt,  so 
hot  was  the  blood,  (and}  poisonous 
the  demon  (Grendel's  mother)  who 
died  therein,  1618 


bana,  bona,  st.  m.,  murderer,  158, 
588,  1103,  etc.:  ace.  sg.  bonan 
Ongenbe6wes,ofHygeldc,although 


122 


GLOSSARY. 


in  reality  his  men  slew  OngenJ^eow 
(2965  ff.),  1969.  Figuratively  of 
inanimate  objects :  ne  was  ecg 
bona,  2507;  wear 5  wracu  Weoh- 
st&nesbana,  2614.  —  Comp. :  ecg-, 
feorh-,  gast-,  hand-,  mfrS-bana. 

bon-gar,  st.  f.,  murdering  spear, 
2032. 

ge-bannan,  st.  v.  w.  ace.  of  the 
thing  and  dat.  of  the  person,  to 
command,  to  bid :  inf.,  74. 

bad,  f.,  pledge,  only  in  comp. :  nyd- 
ba-d. 

ban,  st.  n.,  bone  :  dat.  sg.  on  bane 
(on  the  bony  skin  of  the  drake) , 
2579;  dat.  pi.  heals  ealne  ymbe- 
feng  biteran  binum  (here  of  the 
teeth  of  the  drake),  2693. 

ban-c6fa,  w.  in.,  "  cubile  ossium" 
(Grimm)  of  the  body :  dat.  sg. 
-cofan,  1446. 

b  sin-fag,  adj.  (variegated  with 
bones),  either  with  ornaments  made 
of  bone-work,  or  adorned  with 
bone,  perhaps  deer-antlers;  of 
HroSgar's  hall,  781.  The  last 
meaning  seems  the  more  probable. 

ban-fat,  st.  n.,  bone-vessel,  i.e.  the 
body:  ace.  pi.  ban-fatu,  1117. 

biin-hring,  st.  m.,  the  bone-strtic- 
tnre,  joint,  bone-joint:  ace.  pi. 
hire  wi'S  halse  .  .  .  banhringas  brae 
(broke  her  neck- joint},  1568. 

bail-lifts,  st.  n.,  bone-house,  i.e.  the 
body :  ace.  sg.  banhus  gebrac, 
2509;  similarly,  3148. 

ban-loca,  w.  m.,  the  enclosure  of  the 
bones,  i.e.  the  body:  ace.  sg.  bat 
banlocan,  bit  tJie  body,  743;  nom. 
pi.  burston  b&nlocan,  the  body  burst 
(of  Grendel,  because  his  arm  was 
torn  out),  819. 

bat,  st.  m.,  boat,  craft,  ship,  211. — 
Comp.  sse-bdt. 

bat-weard,  st.  m.,  boat-watcher,  he 


who  keeps  walcJi  over  the  craft : 
dat.  sg.  -wearde,  1901. 

baft,  st.  n.,  bath  :  ace.  sg.  ofer  gano- 
tes  ba'S,  over  the  diver's  bath  (i.e. 
the  sea),  1862. 

barnan,  \v.  v.,  to  cause  to  burn,  to 
burn:  inf.  h£t  .  .  .  bdnfatu  bar- 
nan,  bade  that  the  bodies  be  burned, 
1117;  ongan  .  .  .  beorht  hofu  bar- 
nan,  began  to  consume  the  splendid 
country-seats  (the  dragon),  2314. 

for-barnan,  w.  v.,  consume  with 
fire  :  inf.  hy  hine  ne  moston  .  .  . 
brondefor-barnan,/'/><?j('(the  Danes) 
could  not  burn  him  (the  dead 
Aschere)  upon  the  funeral-pile, 
2127. 

bsedan  (Goth,  baidjan,  O.H.G.  bei- 
fta),  to  incite,  to  encourage:  pret. 
baedde  byre  geonge,  encouraged 
the  youths  (at  the  banquet),  2019. 

ge-baedan,  w.  v.,  to  press  hard:  pret. 
part,  bysigum  gebaeded,  distressed 
by  trouble,  difficulty,  danger  (of 
battle),  2581;  to  drive,  to  send 
forth :  straela  storm  strengum  ge- 
boeded,  the  storm  of  arrows  sent 
from  the  strings,  3118;  overcome : 
draca  .  .  .  bealwe  gebaeded,  the 
dragon  ,  .  .  overcome  by  the  ills  of 
battle,  2827. 

bsel  (O.H.G.  bal),  st.  n., fire, flames  : 
(\vyrm)  mid  bade  for,  passed 
(through  the  air)  wit Ji  fire,  2309; 
ha'fde  landwara  lige  befangan,  baele 
and'  bronde,  with  fire  and  burn- 
ing, 2323.  —  Especially,  the  fire  of 
the  funeral-pile,  the  funeral-pile, 
1110,1117,2127;  ser  he  bsel  cure, 
ere  he  sought  the  burning  (i.e. 
died),  2819;  hdta'5  .  .  .  hlaew  ge- 
Mryrcean  .  .  .  a'fte  baele,  after  I  am 
burned,  let  a  burial  mound  be 
thrown  up  (Beowulf's  words), 
2804. 


GLOSSARY. 


123 


bsel-fyr,  st.  n.,  bale-fire,  fire  of  the 
funeral- pile  :  gen.  pi.  baelfyra 
incest,  3144. 

bsel-stede,  st.  m.,  place  for  the  fu- 
neral-pile :  dat.  sg.  in  basl-stede, 
3098. 

bsel-wudu,  st.  m.,  wood  for  the  fu- 
neral-pile, 3113. 

baer,  st.  f.,  bier,  3106. 

g  e  -  baeran,  vv.v..  to  conduct  one's  self, 
behave  :  inf.  w.  adv.,  ne  gefragn  ic 
I'd  maegfte  .  .  .  sel  gebaeran,  /  did 
not  hear  that  a  troop  bore  itself 
better,  maintained  a  nobler  de- 
portment, 1013 ;  he  on  eortSan 
geseah  )?one  leofestan  lifes  at  ende 
bleate  gebseran,  saw  the  best-beloved 
upon  the  earth,  at  the  end  of  his 
life,  struggling  miserably  (i.e.  in  a 
helpless  situation),  2825. 

g  e  -  baetan  (denominative  from  baete, 
the  bit),  w.  v.,  to  place  the  bit  in 
the  mouth  of  an  animal,  to  bridle  : 
pret.  part.  M  was  HroSgare  hors 
gebreted,  1400. 

be,  prep.  w.  dat.  (with  the  funda- 
mental meaning  near,  "but  not  of 
one  direction,  as  at,  but  more  gen- 
eral "):  i)  local,  near  by,  near, 
at,  on  (rest)  :  be  ydlafe  uppe  ke- 
gon,  lay  above,  tipon  the  deposit  of 
the  waves  (upon  the  strand,  of 
the  slain  nixies),  566;  hafde  be 
honda,  held  by  the  hand  (Beowulf 
held  Grendel),  815 ;  be  saem  tweo- 
num,  in  the  circuit  of  both  the  seas, 
859,  1686  ;  be  maste,  on  the  mast, 
1906;  be  fyre,  by  the  fire,  2220; 
be  nasse,  at  the  promontory,  2244; 
sat  be  }?aem  gebroftrum  twsem,  sat 
by  the  two  brothers,  1192  ;  was  se 
gryre  lassa  efne  s\v&  micle  swa 
bi'5  magSa  craft  be  wsepnedmen, 
the  terror  rvas  just  so  much  less,  as 
is  the  strength  of  woman  to  the 


warrior  (i.e.  is  valued  by),  1285, 
etc.  —  2)  also  local,  but  of  motion 
from  the  subject  in  the  direction 
of  the  object,  on,  upon,  by  :  gefeng 
be  eaxle,  seized  by  the  shoulder, 
1538;  aledon  leofne  Redden  be 
maste,  laid  the  dear  lord  near  the 
mast,  36  ;  be  healse  genam,  took 
him  by  the  neck,  fell  tipon  his  neck, 
1873 ;  waepen  hafenade  be  hiltum, 
grasped  the  weapon  by  the  hilt, 
1575,  etc.  —  3)  with  this  is  con- 
nected the  causal  force,  on  accottnt 
of,  for,  according  to :  ic  )ns  gid 
be  J?e  Swrac,  /  spake  this  solemn 
speech  for  the  e,  for  thy  sake,  1724  ; 
J?fi  J?e  laer  be  J>on,  learn  according 
to  this,  from  this,  1723;  be  fader 
lare,  according  to  her  fathers  di- 
rection, 1951. —  4)  temporal,  while, 
during  :  be  J>e  lifigendum,  while 
thou  livest,  during  thy  life,  2666. 
See  bi. 

bed,  st.  n,,  bed,  couch  :  ace.  sg.  bed, 
140,  677;  gen.  sg.  beddes,  1792; 
dat.  pi.  beddum,  1241.  —  Comp. : 
deaiS-,  hlin-,  lager-,  morftor-,  wal- 
bed. 

g  e  -  bedde,  w.  f .,  bed-fellow  :  dat.  sg. 
wolde  secan  cwen  to  gebeddan, 
wished  to  seek  the  queen  as  bed-fel- 
low, to  go  to  bed  with  her,  666.  — - 
Comp.  heals-gebedde. 

begen,  fern.  ~b&,both  :  nom.  m.,  536, 
770,  2708;  ace.  fern,  on  bahealfa, 
on  two  sides  (i.e.  Grendel  and  his 
mother),  1306;  dat.  m.  barn,  2197; 
and  in  connection  with  the  posses- 
sive instead  of  the  personal  pro- 
noun, urum  bam,  2661;  gen.  n. 
bega,  1874,  2896  ;  bega  gehwaftres, 
each  one  of  the  tivo,  1044 ;  bega 
folces,  of  both  peoples,  1125. 

ge  •  belgan,  st.  v.  (properly,  to  cause 
to  swell,  to  swell},  to  irritate  :  w. 


124 


GLOSSARY. 


dat.  (pret.  subj.)  J>at  he  ecean 
dryhtne  bitre  gebulge,  that  he  had 
bitterly  angered  the  eternal  Lord, 
2332;  pret.  part,  gebolgen,  1540; 
(gebolge,MS.),2222;  pl.gebolgne, 
1432;  more  according  to  the  origi- 
nal meaning  in  torne  gebolgen, 
2402. 

a-belgan,  to  anger:  pret.  sg.  w. 
ace.  6'5  }>at  hyne  dn  dbealh  mon  on 
mode,  till  a  man  angered  him  in 
his  heart,  2281 ;  pret.  part,  abol- 
gen,  724. 

ben,  st.  f.,  wound :  ace.  sg.  benne, 
2725.  —  Comp. :  feorh-,  seax-ben. 

benc,  st.  f.,  bench  :  nom.  sg.  benc, 
492;  dat.  sg.  bence,  327,  1014, 
1 1 89, 1 244.  —  Comp. :  ealu-,  medu- 
benc. 

benc-sweg,  st.  m.,  (bench-rejoic- 
ing}, rejoicing  -which  resounds 
from  the  benches,  1162. 

benc-J>el,  st.  n.,  bench-board,  the 
wai nscotted space  inhere  the  benches 
stand:  nom.  pi.  benc-belu,  486; 
ace.  pi.  bencj^elu  beredon,  cleared 
the  bench-boards  (i.e.  by  taking 
away  the  benches,  so  as  to  prepare 
couches),  1240. 

bend,  st.  m.,  bond,  fetter  :  ace.  sg. 
forstes  bend,  frosfs  bond,  1610; 
dat.  pi.  bendum,  978.  —  Comp.: 
fyr-,  hell-,  hyge-,  iren-,  oncer-, 
searo-,  wal-bend. 

ben-geat,  st.  n.,  (wound  -  gate) , 
'^i>o^^nd-opening :  nom.  pi.  ben- 
geato,  1 1 22. 

bera  (O.N.  beri),  w.  m.,  bearer  :  in 
comp.  hleor-bera. 

beran,  st.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  carry :  III. 
sg.  pres.  byre'S,  296,  448;  >one 
ma'S'Sum  byre'5,  carries  the  treas- 
ure (upon  his  person),  2056;  pres. 
subj.  bere,  437;  pi.  beren,  2654; 
inf.  beran,  48,  231,  291,  etc.;  heht 


\>§.  se  hearda  Hrunting  beran,  to 
bring  Hr tinting,  1808;  up  beran, 
1921;  in  beran,  2153;  pret.  bar, 
495,  712,  847,  etc.;  mandryhtne 
bar  fated  wa.-ge,  brought  the  lord 
the  costly  vessel,  2282;  pi.  bseron, 
213,  1636,  etc.;  baeran,  2851;  pret. 
part,  boren,  1193,  1648,  3136. — 
The  following  expressions  are  po- 
etic paraphrases  of  the  forms  go, 
come :  )>a't  we  rondas  beren  eft  to 
earde,  2654;  gewitaft  for 5  beran 
wsepen  and  gewcedu,  291;  ic  ge- 
fragn  sunu  Wihstanes  hringnet  be- 
ran, 2755;  wigheafolan  bar,  2662; 
helmas  baron,  240  (conjecture); 
scyldas  baeran,  285 1  :  they  lay 
stress  upon  the  connection  of  the 
man  with  his  weapons. 

at-beran,  to  carry  to  :  inf.  to  bea- 
doldce  (battle}  atberan,  1562; 
pret.  }>£  hine  on  morgentld  on 
Heaftorsemas  holm  up  atbar,  the 
sea  bore  him  up  to  the  Ileaftorizmas, 
519;  hio  Beowulfe  medoful  atbar, 
brought  Bedwulf  the  mead-cup, 
625;  magenbyrSenne  .  .  .  hider  (it 
atbar  cyninge  minum,  bore  the  great 
burden  hither  to  my  king,  3093; 
pi.  lit  hyne  atboeron  to  brimes  fa- 
ro«e,  28. 

f  o  r  -  b  e  r  a  n,  to  hold,  to  suppress  :  inf. 
J?at  he  j?one  breostwylm  forberan 
ne  mehte,  that  he  could  not  suppress 
the  emotions  of  his  breast,  1 878. 

ge-beran,  to  bring  fortJi,  to  bear : 
pret.  part.  }>at  la  mag  secgan  se  J?e 
so'iS  and  riht  freme'5  on  folce  .  .  . 
>at  )?es  eorl  wcere  geboren  betera 
(that  may  every  just  man  of  the 
people  say,  that  this  nobleman  is 
better  born} ,  1 704. 

6'S-beran,  to  bring  hither:  pret. 
J?a  mec  sre  otfbar  on  Finna  land, 
579- 


GLOSSARY. 


125 


on-beran  (O.H.G.  in  beran,  intpe- 
ran,  but  in  the  sense  of  carere),  au- 
ferre,  to  carry  off,  to  take  away  : 
inf.  Iren  ccrgod  J-at  J:as  ahlaecan 
blodge  beadufolme  onberan  wolde, 
excellent  sivord  which  would  sweep 
off  the  bloody  hand  of  the  demon, 
991;  pret.  part,  (was)  onboren 
beaga  hord,  the  treasure  of  the 
rings^  had  been  carried  off,  2285. 
—  Compounds  with  the  pres.  part. : 
helm-,  sawl-berend. 

berian  (denominative  from  bar, 
naked},  w.  v.,  to  make  bare,  to 
clear :  pret.  pi.  bencj>elu  beredon, 
cleared  the  bench-place  (by  remov- 
ing the  benches),  1240. 

berstan,  st.  v.,  to  break,  to  burst:' 
pret.  pi.  burston  b&nlocan,  819; 
bengeato  burston,  1 122.  —  to  crack, 
to  make  the  noise  of  breaking  :  fin- 
gras  burston,  the  fingers  cracked 
(from  Beowulf's  gripe),  761. 

for-berstan,  break,  to  fly  asunder  : 
pret.  Nagling  forbarst,  Nagling 
(Beowulf's  sword)  broke  in  two, 
2681. 

betera,  adj.  (comp.),  better:  nom. 
sg.  m.  betera,  469,  1704. 

bet-He,  adj.,  excellent,  splendid: 
nom.  sg.  n.,  of  HroSgaVs  hall, 
781;  of  Hygeldc's  residence,  1926. 

betst,  betost  (superl.),  best,  the 
best :  nom.  sg.  m.  betst  beadurinca, 
mo;  neut.  nu  is  ofost  betost,  bat 
we  . .  .,  now  is  haste  the  best,  that 
we  .  .  .,  3008;  voc.  m.  secg  betsta, 
948;  neut.  ace.  beaduscrdda  betst, 
453;  ace.  sg.  m.  >egn  betstan, 
1872. 

been,  st.  n.,  {beacon},  token,  mark, 
sign  :  ace.  sg.  betimbredon  beado- 
rofes  been  (of  Beowulf's  grave- 
mound),  3162.  See  beacen. 

beg.     See  beag. 


ben,  st.  f.,  entreaty  :  gen.  sg.  bene, 
428,  2285. 

bena,  w.  m.,  suppliant,  supplex : 
nom.  sg.  swd  }m  bena  eart  (as  thou 
entreatest},  352;  swa"  he  bena  was 
(as  he  had  asked},  3141 ;  nom.  pi. 
hy  benan  synt,  364. 

ge-betan:  i)  to  make  good,  to  re- 
move: pret.  ac  ]?u  Hro'Sgdre  vvldcu'8- 
ne  wean  wihte  gebettest,  hast  thou 
in  anyway  relieved  Hro^gdr  of  the 
evil  known  afar,  1992;  pret.  part. 
ace.  sg.  swylce  oncySiSe  ealle  ge- 
bette,  removed  all  trouble,  831.  — 
2)  to  avenge  :  inf.  wihte  ne  meahte 
on  ^am  feorhbonan  feltSe  gebetan, 
cotild  in  no  way  avenge  the  death 
tipon  the  slayer,  2466. 

beadu,  st.  f.,  battle,  strife,  combat : 
dat.  sg.  (as  instr.)  bead  we,  in  com- 
bat, 1540;  gen.  sg.  bid  beadwa 
ge-Jnnges,  waited  for  the  combats 
(with  Grendel)  that  were  in  store 
for  him,  710. 

beadu-folm,  st.  f.,  battle-hand:  ace. 
sg.  -folme,  of  Grendel's  hand,  991. 

beado-grima,  w.  m.,  (l)attle-mask}, 
helmet :  ace.  pi.  -grtman,  2258. 

beado-hragl,  st.  n.,  (battle -gar- 
ment}, corselet,  shirt  of  mail,  552. 

beado-lac,  st.  n.,  (exercise  in  arms, 
tilting],  combat,  battle  :  dat.  sg.  to 
beado-lace,  1562. 

beado-leoma,  w.  m.,  (battle-light), 
sword :  nom.  sg.,  1524. 

beado-meee,  st.  m.,  battle-sword: 
nom.  pi.  beado-mecas,  1455. 

beado-rinc,  st.  m.,  battle-hero,  war~ 
rz£?r.-gen.pl.betstbeadorinca,ino. 

beadu-rof,  adj.,  strong  in  battle: 
gen.  sg.  -rofes,  of  Beowulf,  3162. 

beadu-run,  st.  f.,  mystery  of  battle  : 
ace.  sg.  onband  beadu-rune,  solved 
the  mystery  of  the  combat,  i.e.  gave 
battle,  commenced  the  fight,  501. 


126 


GLOSSARY. 


beadu-scearp,  adj.,  battle-sharp, 
sharp  for  the  battle,  2705. 

beadu-scrud,  st.  n.,  (battle-dress}, 
corselet,  shirt  of  mail :  gen.  pi. 
beaduscruda  betst,  453. 

beadu-serce,  w.  {.^battle-garment}, 
corselet,  shirt  of  mail :  ace.  sg. 
brogdne  beadu-sercean  (because  it 
consists  of  interlaced  metal  rings), 
2756. 

beado-weorc,  st.  n.,  (battle-work}, 
battle  :  gen.  sg.  gefeh  beado- 
weorces,  rejoiced  at  the  battle, 
2300. 

beald,  adj.,  bold,  brave :  in  comp. 
cyne-beald. 

bealdian,  \v.  v.,  to  s/ww  one^s  self 
brave  :  pret.  bealdode  godum  da> 
dum  (through  brave  deeds},  2178. 

bealdor,  st.  m.,  lord,  prince  :  nom. 
sg.  sinca  baldor,  2429;  winia  beal- 
dor, 2568. 

bealu,  st.  n.,  evil,  ruin,  destruction  : 
instr.  sg.  bealwe,  2827 ;  gen.  sg. 
bealuwa,  281  ;  bealewa,  2083  ; 
beahva,  910.  —  Comp.:  cwealm-, 
ealdor-,  hrefter-,  leod-,  morftor-, 
niht-,  sweord-,  wig-bealu. 

bealu,  adj.,  deadly,  dangerous,  bad : 
instr.  sg.  hyne  sir  hafa$  befongen 
bahvon  bendum,  pain  has  en- 
twiried  him  in  deadly  bands,  978. 

bealo-cwealm,  st.  m.,  violent  death, 
death  by  the  sword '(?),  2266. 

bealo-hycgeiidc,  pres.  part.,  think- 
ing of  death,  meditating  destrric- 
tion  :  gen.  pi.  aeghwaftrum  bealo- 
hycgendra,  2566. 

bealo-liydig,  adj.,  thinking  of  death, 
meditating  destruction  :  of  Gren- 
del,  724. 

bealo-nift1,  st.  m.,  (zeal  for  destruc- 
tion^), deadly  enmity:  nom.  sg., 
2405  ;  destructive  struggle  :  ace. 
sg.  bebeorh  J?e  J?one  bealonlS,  be- 


ware of  destructive  striving,  1 759; 
death-bringing  rage  :  nom.  sg.  him 
on  breostum  bealo-nlS  vveoll,  in 
his  breast  raged  deadly  fury  (of 
the  dragon's  poison),  2715. 

bearhtm  (see  beorht)  :  i)  st.  m., 
splendor,  brightness,  clearness : 
nom.  sg.  eagena  bearhtm,  1767. — 
2)  soztnd,  tone  :  ace.  sg.  bearhtm 
onge&ton,  gfrShorn  galan,  they 
heard  the  sound,  (heard"}  the  bat- 
tle-horn sound,  1432. 

bearm,  m.,  gremium,  sinus,  lap, 
bosom :  nom.  sg.  foldan  bearm, 
1 1 38 ;  ace.  sg.  on  bearm  scipes, 
35,  897;  on  bearm  nacan,  214; 
him  on  bearm  hladan  bunan  and 
discas,  2776.  —  2)  figuratively, pos- 
session, property,  because  things 
bestowed  were  placed  in  the  lap 
of  the  receiver  (so  40  and  2195, 
on  bearm  licgan,  alecgan);  dat. 
sg.  him  to  bearme  cwom  maSiSum- 
fat  msere,  came  into  his  posses- 
sion, 2405. 

beam,  n.:  i)  child,  son:  nom.  sg. 
beam  Healfdenes,  469,  etc. ;  Ecgld- 
fes beam, 499,  etc.;  dat. sg.  bearne, 
2371;  nom.  pi.  beam,  59;  dat,  pi. 
bearnum,  1075.  —  2)  in  a  broader 
sense,  scion,  offspring,  descendant : 
nom.  sg.  OngenJ>eow's  beam,  of 
his  grandson,  2388  ;  nom.  pi.  yldo 
beam,  70 ;  gumena  beam,  chil~ 
dren  of  men,  879  ;  hale'Sa  beam, 
1190  ;  aSelinga  beam,  3172  ;  ace. 
pi.  ofer  ylda  beam,  606 ;  dat.  pi. 
ylda  bearnum,  150  ;  gen.  pL  niScSa 
bearna,  1006.  —  Comp.:  broSor-, 
dryht-bearn. 

bearn-gebyrdu,  f.,  birth,  birth  of 
a  son :  gen.  sg.  )?at  hyre  eald- 
metod  este  wsere  bearn-gebyrdo, 
has  been  gracious  through  tJie  birth 
of  such  a  son  (i.e.  as  Beowulf),  947. 


GLOSSARY. 


127 


beam,  st.  m.,  (the  bearer,  hence 
properly  only  the  fruit-tree,  espe- 
cially the  oak  and  the  beech),  free, 
collectively  forest :  nom.  pi.  hrinde 
bearwas,  rustling  trees  (or  rustling 
forests),  1364. 

bedcen,  st.  n.,  sign,  banner,  vexil- 
lum  :  nom.  sg.  beorht  beacen 
godes,  of  the  sun,  570;  gen.pl. 
beacna  beorhtost,  2778.  See  been. 

ge-bedcnian,  w.  v.,  to  mark,  to  in- 
dicate :  pret.  part,  ge-beacnod,  140. 

bedg,  st.  m.,  ring,  ornament :  nom. 
sg.  beah  (iieck-ring),  1 212;  ace. 
sg.  beah  (the  collar  of  the  mur- 
dered king  of  the  Heaftobeardnas), 
2042 ;  beg  (collective  for  the  ace. 
pi.),  3165  ;  dat.  sg.  cwom  Wealh- 
J?e6  for  5  g&n  under  gyldnum  beage, 
she  walked  along  under  a  golden 
head-ring,  wore  a  golden  diadem, 
1164;  gen.  sg.  beages  (of  a  col- 
lar), 1217;  ace.  pi.  beagas  (rings 
in  general),  80,  523,  etc.;  gen.pl. 
beaga,  35,  352,  1488,  2285,  etc.— 
Comp. :  earm-,  heals-beag. 

bedg-gyfa,  w.  in.,  ring-giver,  des- 
ignation of  the  prince :  gen.  sg. 
-gyfan,  1103. 

bedg-hroden,  adj.,  adorned  -with 
rings,  ornamented  with  clasps : 
nom.  sg.  beaghroden,  cwen,  of 
Hro<$gaVs  consort,  perhaps  with 
reference  to  her  diadem  (cf.  1164), 
624. 

bedli-hord,  st.  n.,  ring-hoard,  treas- 
ure consisting  of  rings  :  gen.  sg. 
beah-hordes,  895  ;  dat.  pi.  beah- 
hordum,  2827 ;  gen.  pi.  beah-hor- 
da  weard,  of  King  HroSg&r,  922. 

bedh-sele,  st.  m.,  ring-hall,  hall  in 
which  the  rings  were  distributed : 
nom.  sg.,  of  Heorot,  1178. 

bedh-]>egu,  st.  f.,  the  receiving  of  the 
ring:  dat.  sg.  after  beah-}>ege.  21 77. 


bedh-wriffa,  w.,  ring-band,  ring 
with  prominence  given  to  its  having 
the  form  of  a  band :  ace.  sg.  beah- 
wri'San,  2019. 

bedm,  st  m.,  tree,  only  in  the  com- 
pounds fyrgen-,  gleo-beam. 

bedtan,  st.  v.,  thrust,  strike :  pres. 
sg.  mearh  burhstede  beateiS,  the 
steed  beats  the  castle-ground  (place 
where  the  castle  is  built),  i.e.  with 
his  hoofs,  2266 ;  pret.  part,  swealt 
bille  ge-beaten,  died,  struck  by  the 
battle-axe,  2360. 

beorh,  st.  m. :  i)  mountain,  rock: 
dat.  sg.  beorge,  21 1 ;  gen.  sg.  be- 
orges,  2525,  2756 ;  ace.  pi.  beorgas, 
222.  —  2)  grave-mound,  tomb-hill : 
ace.  sg.  biorh,  2808 ;  beorh,  3098, 
3165.  A  grave-mound  serves  the 
drake  as  a  retreat  (cf.  2277,  2412)  : 
nom.  sg.  beorh,  2242  ;  gen.  sg.  be- 
orges,  2323.  —  Comp.  stan-beorh. 

beorh,  st.  f.,  veil,  covering,  cap; 
only  in  the  comp.  heaford-beorh. 

beorgan,  st.  v.  (w.  dat.  of  the  in- 
terested person  or  thing),  to  save,  to 
shield :  inf.  wolde  feore  beorgan, 
place  her  life  in  safety,  1294;  here- 
byrne  .  .  .  seo  J>e  bancofan  beorgan 
cd$e,  which  could  protect  his  body, 
1446;  pret.  pi.  ealdre  burgan, 
2600. 

be-beorgan  (w.  dat.  refl.  of  pers. 
and  ace.  of  the  thing),  to  take  care, 
to  defend  one's  self  from  :  inf.  him 
be-beorgan  ne  con  worn,  cannot 
keep  himself  from  stain  (fault), 
1747;  imp.  bebeorh  he  hone  bea- 
lontS,  1759. 

ge-beorgan  (w.  dat.  of  person  or 
thing  to  be  saved),  to  save,  to  pro- 
tect:  pret.  sg.  bat  gebearh  feore, 
protected  the  life,  1549;  scyld  wel 
gebearg  life  and  lice,  2571. 

ymb-beorgan,  to  surround  pro- 


128 


GLOSSARY. 


feelingly  :  pret.  sg.  hring  titan  ymb- 
bearh,  1504. 

beorht,  byrht,  adj.:  i)  gleaming, 
shining,  radiant,  shimmering: 
nom.  sg.  beorht,  of  the  sun,  570, 
1803;  beorhta,  of  Heorot,  1178; 
J>at  beorhte  bold,  998;  ace.  sg. 
beorhtne,  of  Beowulf's  grave- 
mound,  2804;  dat.  sg.  to  J>oere 
byrhtan  (here-byrhtan,  MS.)  byrig, 
1200;  ace.  pi.  beorhte  fratvve,  214, 
897;  beorhte  randas,  231;  bord- 
wudu  beorhtan,  1244;  n.  beorht 
hofu,  2314.  Superl. :  beacna  beorh- 
tost,  2778.  —  2)  excellent,  remark- 
able :  gen.  sg.  beorhtre  bote,  158. 
—  Comp. :  sadol-,  wlite-beorht. 

beorhte,  adv.,  brilliantly,  brightly, 
radiantly,  1518. 

-beorhtian,  w.  v.,  to  sound  clearly : 
pret.  sg.  beorhtode  benc-sweg, 
1162. 

beorn,  st.  m.,  hero,  warrior,  noble 
man:  nom.  sg.  (HroSgdr),  1881, 
(Beowulf),  2434,  etc.  ;  ace.  sg. 
(Beow.),  1025,  (Aschere),  1300; 
dat.  sg.  beorne,  2261  ;  nom.  pi. 
beornas  (Beowulf  and  his  com- 
panions), 211,  (Hroftgar's  guests), 
857;  gen.  pi.  beorna  (Beowulf's 
liege-men),  2405.  —  Comp. :  folc-, 
gfrS-beorn. 

beornan,  st.  v.,  to  burn  :  pres.  part, 
byrnende  (of  the  drake),  2273.  — 
Comp.  un-byrnende. 

for-beornan,  to  be  consumed,  to 
burn:  pret.  sg.  for-barn,  1617, 
1668;  for-born,  2673. 

ge-beornan,  to  be  burned:  pret. 
gebarn,  2698. 

beorn-cyning,  st.  m.,  king  of  war- 
riors, king  of  heroes  :  nom.  sg.  (as 
voc.),  2149. 

beodaii,  st.  v. :  i)  to  announce,  to 
inform,  to  make  known  :  inf.  bio- 


dan,  2893.  —  2)  t°  Offcri  t°  proffer 
(as  the  notifying  of  a  transaction 
in  direct  reference  to  the  person 
concerned  in  it)  :  pret.  pi.  him 
geHngo  budon,  offered  them  an 
agreement,  1086 ;  pret.  part.  \>§. 
was  £eht  bod  en  Sweona  leodum, 
then  was  pursuit  offered  the  Szved- 
ish  people,  2958;  inf.  ic  bam  godan 
sceal  ma"$mas  beodan,  I  shall  offer 
the  excellent  man  treasures,  385. 

a"-beodan,  to  present,  to  announce  : 
pret.  word  inne  abead,  made  knoiun 
the  words  within,  390  ;  to  offer,  to 
tender,  to  wish  :  pret.  him  hsel 
abead,  wished  him  health  (greeted 
him),  654.  Similarly,  haelo  abead, 
2419  ;  eoton  weard  abead,  offered 
the  giant  a  watcher,  669. 

be-beodan,/0  command,  to  order  : 
pret.  swa"  him  se  hearda  behead,  as 
the  strong  man  commanded  them, 
401.  Similarly,  swa"  se  rica  be- 
bead,  1976. 

ge-beodan:  i)  to  command,  to 
order  :  inf.  het  )?&  gebeodan  byre 
Wihstanes  halefta  monegum,  bat 
hie  .  .  .,  the  son  oflVihstan  caused 
orders  to  be  given  to  many  of  the 
men  .  ,  .,  3111.  —  2)  to  offer  :  him 
Hygd  gebead  hord  and  rice,  of- 
fered him  the  treasure  and  the 
c/iief  power,  2370;  inf.  gu"5e  ge- 
beodan, to  offer  battle,  604. 

beod-genedt,  st.  m.,  table-compan- 
ion :  nom.  and  ace.  pi.  geneatas, 

343,  I7H- 

beon,  verb,  to  be,  generally  in  the 
future  sense,  will  be :  pres.  sg.  I. 
guSgeweorca  ic  beo  gearo  sona, 
/  shall  immediately  be  ready  for 
warlike  deeds,  1826;  sg.  III.  wa 
bift  J>am  \>e  sceal  .  .  .,  zw<?  to  him 
"tvho  .  .  . !  183  ;  so,  1 86  ;  gifeSe 
bitS  is  given,  299  ;  ne  bi3  j?e  wilna 


GLOSSARY. 


129 


g&d  {no  wish  will  be  denied  thce}, 
661;  j^ser  J>e  bi5  manna  hearf,  //" 
thou  shall  need  the  warriors,  1836 ; 
ne  biiS  svvylc  cwenlic  heaw,  z>  «fl/ 
becoming,  honorable  to  a  woman, 
1941  ;  eft  sona  bi5,  «/*'//  happen 
directly,  1763;  similarly,  1768,  etc.; 
pi.  honne  bi65  brocene,  then  are 
broken,  2064 ;  feor  cyftiSe  beo$ 
selran  gesohte  ham  he  . . .,  "  terrae 
longinquae  meliores  sunt  visitatu 
ei  qui .  . ."  (Grein),  1839;  imp.  beo 
(bio)  Jm  on  ofeste,  hasten  !  386, 
2748 ;  bed  wiS  Geatas  glad,  be 
gracious  to  the  Gedtas,  1 1 74. 

beor,  st.  n.,  beer  :  dat.  sg.  at  beore, 
at  beer-drinking,  2042  ;  instr.  sg. 
beore  druncen,  531;  beore  drunc- 
ne,  480. 

beor-scealc,  st.  m.,  keeper  of  the 
beer,  cup-bearer :  gen.  pi.  beor- 
scealca  sum  (one  of  Hroftgar's  fol- 
lowers, because  they  served  the 
Geatas  at  meals),  1241. 

be6r-sele,  st.  m.,  beer-hall,  hall  in 
which  beer  is  drunk :  dat.  sg.  in 
(on)  beorsele,  482,  492,  1095  ; 
biorsele,  2636. 

beor-J>e§;u,  st.  f.,  beer-drinking, 
beer-bariquet :  dat.  sg.  after  beor- 
hege,  117;  at  Jxere  beorhege,  618. 

be6t,  st.  n.,  promise,  binding  agree- 
ment to  something  that  is  to  be 
undertaken:  ace.  sg.  he  beot  ne 
aleh,  did  not  break  his  pledge,  80  ; 
beot  eal .  . .  gelaeste,  performed  all 
that  he  had  pledged  himself  to,  523. 

g  e  -  beotian,  w.  v.,  to  pledge  one's 
self  to  an  undertaking,  to  bind 
one's  self:  pret.  gebeotedon,  480, 
536. 

beot-word,  st.  n.,  same  as  beot : 
dat.  pi.  beot-wordum  sprac,  2511. 

blddan,  st.  v.,  to  beg,  to  ask,  to  pray: 
pres.  sg.  I.  do~5  swa  ic  bidde  !  1232; 


inf.  (w.  ace.  of  the  pers.  and  gen. 
of  the  thing  asked  for)  ic  he  bid- 
dan  wille  &nre  bene,  beg  thee  for 
one,  427;  pret.  swa  he  selfa  bad, 
as  he  himself  had  requested,  29  ; 
bad  hine  bli'Sne  (supply  wesan)  at 
hsere  beorhege,  begged  him  to  be 
cheerful  at  the  beer-banquet,  618  ; 
ic  \>e  lange  bad  hat  Jm  .  .  .,  begged 
you  a  long  time  that  you,  1995  ; 
frioSowaere  bad  hlaford  sinne, 
begged  his  lord  for  protection 
(ace.  of  pers.  and  gen.  of  thing), 
2283 ;  bad  hat  ge  geworhton, 
asked  that  you  .  .  .,  3097;  pi.  wor- 
dum  basdon  hat  .  .  .,  176. 
on-bidian,  w.  v.,  to  await:  inf. 
lcEta"8  hilde-bord  her  onbidian  .  .  . 
worda  gehinges,  let  the  shields 
await  here  the  result  of  the  con- 
ference (lay  the  shields  aside  here), 

397- 

bil,  ri.,  sword ':  nom.  sg.  bil,  1568  ; 
bill,  2778;  ace.  sg.  bil,  1558; 
instr.  sg.  bille,  2360;  gen.  sg.  billes, 
2061,  etc.  :  instr.  pi.  billum,  40  ; 
gen.  pi.  billa,  583,  1145. —  Comp. : 
gufi-,  hilde-,  wig-bil. 

bindan,  st.  v.,  to  bind,  to  tie :  pret. 
part.  ace.  sg.  wudu  bundenne,  the 
bottnd  wood,  i.e.  the  built  ship,  216; 
bunden  golde  swurd,  a  sword  bound 
with  gold,  i.e.  either  having  its  hilt 
inlaid  with  gold,  or  having  gold 
chains  upon  the  hilt  (swords  of 
both  kinds  have  been  found), 
1901  ;  nom.  sg.  heoru  bunden, 
1 286,  has  probably  a  similar  mean- 
ing. 

ge-bindan,  to  bind:  pret.  sg.  hser 
ic  fife  geband,  where  I  had  bound 
five(T),  420;  pret.  part,  cyninges 
hegn  word  SSer  fand  softe  gebun- 
den,  the  king's  man  found  (after 
many  had  already  praised  Beowulf '• 


130 


GLOSSARY. 


deed)  other  words  (also  referring 
to  Beowulf,  but  in  connection  with 
Sigemund)  rightly  bound  together, 
i.e.  in  good  alliterative  verses,  as 
are  becoming  to  a  gid,  872;  wun- 
demricel  wrattum  gebunden,  sword 
bound  with  ornaments,  i.e.  inlaid, 
1532;  bisgum  gebunden,  bound 
together  by  sorrow,  1744;  gomel 
guftwiga  eldo  gebunden,  hoary 
hero  bound  by  old  age  (fettered, 
oppressed),  2112. 

on-bindan,  to  iinbind,  to  tintie,  to 
loose:  pret.  onband,  501. 

ge-bind,  st.  n.  coll.,  that  which 
binds,  fetters  :  in  comp.  is-gebind. 

bite,  st.  m.,  bite,  figuratively  of  the 
cut  of  the  sword:  ace.  sg.  bite 
irena,  the  swords'  bite,  2260;  dat. 
sg.  after  billes  bite,  2061.  —  Comp. 
Ia5-bite. 

biter  (primary  meaning  that  of  bit- 
ing), adj.:  i)  sharp,  cutting,  cut- 
ting in  :  ace.  sg.  biter  (of  a  short 
sword),  2705;  instr.  sg.  biteran 
strale,  1747;  instr.  pi.  biteran  ba1- 
num,  with  sharp  teeth,  2693. — 
2)  irritated,  fttriotts :  nom.  pi. 
bitere,  1432. 

bitre,  adv.,  bitterly  (in  a  moral 
sense),  2332. 

bi,  big  (fuller  form  of  the  prep,  be, 
which  see),  prep.  vv.  dat. :  i)  near, 
at,  on,  about,  by  (as  under  be, 
No.  i)  :  bi  saem  tweonum,  in  the 
circuit  of  both  seas,  1957;  dras  bi 
ronde,  raised  himself  up  by  the 
shield,  2539;  bi  wealle  gesat,  sat  by 
the  "(.vail,  2718.  With  a  freer  posi- 
tion :  hiri}  big  st64an  bunan  and 
orcas,  round  about  him,  3048.  — 
2)  to.,  towards  (rnotion)  :  hwearf 
ha  bi  bence,  turned  then  towards 
the  bench)  1189;  geong  bi  sesse, 
went  to  the  sea/,  2757. 


bid  (see  bidan),  st.  n.,  tarrying, 
hesitation  :  haer  wear*S  Ongenhio 
on  bid  wrecen,  forced  to  tarry, 
2963. 

bidan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  delay,  to  stay,  to 
remain,  to  wait :  inf.  no  on  wealle 
leng  bidan  wolde,  ivotild  not  stay 
longer  within  the  wall  (the  drake), 
2309;  pret.  in  hystrum  bad,  re- 
mained in  darkness,  87;  flota  stille 
bad,  the  craft  lay  still,  301;  rece- 
da  .  .  .  on  ham  se  rica  bad,  where, 
the  mighty  one  dwelt,  310;  \>xr 
se  snottra  bad,  ivhere  the  wise  man 
(Hroftgar)  waited,  1314;  he  on 
searwum  bdd,  he  (Beowulf)  stood 
there  armed,  2569;  ic  on  earde  b&d 
maelgesceafta,  lived  upon  the  pater- 
nal ground  the  time  appointed  me 
by  fate,  2737;  pret.  pi.  sume  hser 
\y\(\.on,some  remained,  waited  there, 
400.  —  2)  to  await,  to  wait  for, 
with  the  gen.  of  that  which  is 
awaited  :  inf.  bidan  woldon  Gren- 
dles  gu£e,  wished  to  await  the  com- 
bat with  Grendel,  to  undertake  it, 
482;  similarly,  528;  wiges  bidan, 
await  the  combat,  1269;  mlasand- 
sware  bidan  wolde,  would  await 
no  answer,  1495 ;  pret.  bad  beadwa 
geHnges,  awaited  the  event  of  the 
battle,  710;  ssegenga  bad  igend- 
frean,  the  sea-goer  (boat)  awaited 
its  owner,  1883;  sele  .  .  .  heaoo- 
wylma  bad,  la"5an  liges  (the  poet 
probably  means  to  indicate  by 
these  words  that  the  hall  Ileorot 
was  destroyed  later  in  a  fight  by 
fire;  an  occurrence,  indeed,  about 
which  we  know  nothing,  but  which 
1165  and  1 1 66,  and  again  2068  ff. 
seem  to  indicate),  82. 

d-bidan,  to  aivait,  with  the  gen.: 
inf.,  978. 

ge- bidan:    i)  to  tarry  ^    to   wait: 


GLOSSAKY. 


131 


imp.  gebide  ge  on  beorge,  -wait  ye 
on  the  mountain,  2530;  pret.  part. 
)>eah  J?e  wintra  lyt  under  burhlocan 
gebiden  habbe  Hare'Ses  dohtor, 
although  H.'s  daughter  had  d'<.velt 
only  a  few  years  in  the  castle, 
1929.  —  2)  to  live  through,  to 
experience,  to  expect  (\v.  ace.)  : 
inf.  sceal  endedag  minne  gebidan, 
shall  live  my  last  day,  639;  ne 
\v8nde  .  .  .  bote  gebidan,  did  not 
hope  .  .  .  to  live  to  see  reparation, 
935  ;  fela  sceal  gebidan  leofes  and 
laSes,  experience  much  good  and 
much  affliction,  1 06 1 ;  ende  gebi- 
dan, 1387,  2343;  pret.  he  [>as  frofre 
gebad,  received  consolation  (com- 
pensation) therefor,  7;  gebid  win- 
tra worn,  lived  a  great  number  of 
years,  264;  in  a  similar  construc- 
tion, 8 1 6,  930,  1619,  2259,  3117. 
With  gen. :  inf.  to  gebidanne  oftres 
yrfeweardes,  to  await  another  heir, 
2453.  With  depend,  clause :  inf. 
to  gebidanne  J>at  his  byre  ride  on 
galgan,  to  live  to  see  it,  that  his  son 
hang  tipon  the  galloivs,  2446;  pret. 
dream-leas  gebM  |>at  he  .  .  .,  joy- 
less he  experienced  it,  that  he  .  .  ., 
1721;  J>as  )>e  ic  on  aldre  gebad  bat 
ic  .  .  .,  for  this,  that  I,  in  my  old 
age,  lived  to  see  that  .  .  .,  1780. 
on-bidan,  to  wait,  to  await :  pret. 
hordweard  onb^d  earfoftlice  S«  >at 
aefen  cwom,  scarcely  waited,  cotild 
scarcely  delay  till  it  was  evening, 

2303- 

bitan,  st.  v.,  to  bite,  of  the  cutting  of 
swords:  inf.  bitan,  1455,  1524; 
pret.  bat  banlocan,  bit  into  his  body 
(Grendel),  743;  bat  unswi'Sor,  cut 
with  less  force  (Beowulf's  sword), 

2579- 

blanca,  w.  m.,  properly  that  which 
shines  here  of  the  horse,  not  so 


much  of  the  white  horse  as  the 
dappled :  dat.  pi.  on  blancum,  857. 

ge -bland,  ge -blond,  st.  n.,  mix- 
ture, heaving  mass,  a  turning.  — 
Comp. :  sund-,  y  8-geblond,  wind- 
blond. 

blanden-feax,  blonden-feax,  adj ., 
mixed,  i.e.  having  gray  hair,  gray- 
headed,  as  epithet  of  an  old  man  : 
nom.  sg.  blondenfeax,  1792;  blon- 
denfexa,  2963;  dat.  sg.  blonden- 
feaxum,  1874;  nom.  pi.  blonden- 
feaxe,  1595. 

blac,  adj.,  dark,  black :  nom.  sg. 
hrefn  blaca,  1802. 

blac,  adj.:  l)  gleaming,  shining: 
ace.  sg.  bl&cne  leoman,  a  brilliant 
gleam,  1518.  —  2)  of  the  white 
death  -color,  pale  ;  in  comp.  heoro- 
blac. 

blaed,  m. :  l)  strength,  force,  vigor  : 
nom.  sg.  was  hira  blsed  scacen  (of 
both  tribes),  strength  was  gone,  i.e. 
the  bravest  of  both  tribes  lay  slain, 
1125;  nu  is  bines  magnes  blsed 
ane  hwile,  now  the  fulness  of  thy 
strength  lasts  for  a  time,  1762. — 
2)  reputation,  renown,  knowledge 
(with  stress  upon  the  idea  of  filling 
up,  spreading  out)  :  nom.  sg.  blaed, 
1 8;  (bin)  blaed  is  draered,  thy  re- 
nozun  is  spread  abroad,  1704. 

blaed-agend,  m.,  having  renown, 
renowned  :  nom.  pi.  blaed-agende, 
1014. 

blaed-fast,  adj.,  firm  in  renown,  re- 
nowned,  known  afar :  ace.  sg. 
blaedfa'stne  beorn  (of  Aschere,  with 
reference  to  1329),  1300. 

bleat,  adj.,  miserable,  helpless  ;  only 
in  comp.  wal-bleat. 

bleat e,  adv.,  miserably,  helplessly, 
2825. 

blican,  st.  v.,  shine, gleam  :  inf.,  222. 

bliffe,  adj. :  l)  blithe,  joyous,  happy  : 


132 


GLOSSARY. 


ace.  sg.  bliftne,  618.  —  2)  gracious, 
pleasing:  nom.  sg.  bli^e,  436. — 
Comp.  un-blitfe. 

bliff-heort,  adj.,  joyous  in  heart, 
happy  :  nom.  sg.,  1803. 

blod,  st.  n.,  blood:  nom.  sg.,  1122; 
ace.  sg.,  743;  dat.  sg.  blode,  848; 
after  deorum  men  him  langaft  beorn 
wi«  blode,  the  hero  (Hro  Sgar)  longs 
for  the  beloved  man  contrary  to 
blood,  i.e.  he  loves  him  although  he 
is  not  related  to  him  by  blood, 
1881 ;  dat.  as  instr.  blode,  486,  935, 
1595,  etc. 

blod-fag,  adj.,  spotted  with  blood, 
bloody,  2061. 

blodig,  adj.,  bloody  :  ace.  sg.  f.  blod- 
ge,  991 ;  ace.  sg.  n.  blodig,  448; 
instr.  sg.  blodigan  gire,  2441. 

ge-blOdian,  w.  v.,  to  make  bloody, 
to  sprinkle  witJi  blood :  pret.  part, 
ge-blodegod,  2693. 

blOdig-tGS1,  adj.,  with  bloody  teeth  : 
nom.  sg.  bona  blodig-to'S  (of  Gren- 
del,  because  he  bites  his  victims  to 
death),  2003. 

blod-rcow,  adj .,  bloodthirsty,  bloody- 
minded:  nom.  sg.  him  on  ferhfte 
greow  breost-hord  blod-reow,  in 
his  bosom  there  grew  a  bloodthirsty 
feeling,  1720. 

be -bod,  st.  n.,  command,  order  ;  in 
comp.  wundor-bebod. 

bodian,  w.  v.,  (jto  be  a  messenger}, 
to  announce,  to  make  known  :  pret. 
hrefn  blaca  heofones  vvynne  bliuS- 
heort  bodode,  the  black  raven  an- 
nounced joyfully  heaven"1  s  deligJit 
(the  rising  sun),  1803. 

boga,  w.  m.,  bow,  of  the  bended 
form;  here  of  the  dragon,  in  comp. 
hring-boga ;  as  an  instrument  for 
shooting,  in  the  comp.  Mn-,  horn- 
boga;  bow  of  the  arch,  in  comp. 
stdn-boga. 


bolca,  w.  m.,  "  forus  navis  "  (Grein), 
gangivay;  here  probably  the  planks 
which  at  landing  are  laid  from  the 
ship  to  the  shore :  ace.  sg.  ofer 
bolcan,  231. 

bold,  st.  n.,  building,  house,  edifice  : 
nom.  sg.  (Heorot),  998;  (Hyge- 
lic's  residence),  1926;  (Beowulf's 
residence),  2197,  2327. — Comp. 
fold-bold. 

bold-agend,  m.,  house-owner,  prop- 
erty-holder :  gen.  pi.  monegum 
bold&gendra,  3113. 

bolgen-mod,  adj.,  angry  at  heart, 
angry,  710,  1714. 

bolster,  st.  n.,  bolster,  cushion,  pil- 
loiv  :  dat.  pi.  (reced)  geond-bra> 
ded  weariS  beddum  and  bolstrurn, 
was  covered  w ith  beds  and  bolsters, 
1241.  —  Comp.  hleor-bolster. 

bon-.     See  ban-. 

bora,  w.  m.,  carrier,  bringer,  leader: 
in  the  comp.  mund-,  rsed-,w^eg-bora. 

bord,  st.  n.,  shield:  nom.  sg.,  2674; 
ace.  sg.,  2525;  gen.  pi.  ofer  borda 
gebrac,  over  the  crashing  of  the 
shields,  2260.  —  Comp. :  hilde-, 
wig-bord. 

bord-habbeiid,  m.,  one  having  a 
shield,  shield-bearer  :  nom.  pi.  hab- 
bende,  2896. 

bord-hreoffa,  w.  n.,  shield-cover, 
shield ^with  particular  reference  to 
its  cover  (of  hides  or  linden  bark)  : 
dat.  sg.  -hreoSan,  2204. 

bord-rand,  st.  m.,  shield :  ace.  sg., 
2560. 

bord-weall,  st.  m.,  shield-wall,  wall 
of  shields  :  ace.  sg.,  2981. 

bord-wudu,  st.  m.,  shield-wood, 
shield:  ace.  pi.  beorhtan  beord- 
wudu,  1244. 

botm,  st.  m.,  bottom  :  dat.  sg.  to 
botme  (here  of  the  bottom  of  the 
fen-lake),  1507. 


GLOSSARY. 


133 


b6t  (emendation,  cf.  b£tan)  :  i)  re- 
lief, remedy :  nom.  sg.,  281;  ace. 
sg.  bote,  935;  dat.  sg.  bote,  910. — 
2)  a  performance  in  expiation,  a 
giving  satisfaction,  tribtite :  gen. 
sg.  bote,  158. 

brand,  brond,  st.  in.:  i)  burning, 
fire  :  nom.  sg.  \>si  sceal  brond  fre- 
tan  (the  burning  of  the  body} ,  301 5 ; 
instr.  sg.  hy  hine  ne  moston  .  .  . 
bronde  forbarnan  (could  not  be- 
stowuponhim  the  solemn  burning}, 
2127;  hafde  landwara  lige  befan- 
gen,  baele  and  bronde,  wi//t  glow, 
fire,  and  flame,  2323. —  2)  in  the 
passage,  J?at  hine  no  brond  ne  bea- 
dome'cas  bitan  ne  meahton,  1455, 
brond  has  been  translated  sword, 
brand  (after  the  O.N.  brand-r). 
The  meaning  fire  may  be  justified 
as  well,  if  we  consider  that  the  old 
helmets  were  generally  made  of 
leather,  and  only  the  principal 
parts  were  mounted  with  bronze. 
The  poet  wishes  here  to  emphasize 
the  fact  that  the  helmet  was  made 
entirely  of  metal,  a  thing  which  was 
very  unusual.  —  3)  in  the  passage, 
forgeaf  ]?a  Beowulfe  brand  Healf- 
denes  segen  gyldenne,  1021,  our 
text,  with  other  editions,  has  emen- 
dated, beam,  since  brand,  if  it 
be  intended  as  a  designation  of 
Hroftgdr  (perhaps  son),  has  not 
up  to  this  time  been  found  in  this 
sense  in  A.-S. 

brant,  bront,  adj.,  raging,  foaming, 
going  high,  of  ships  and  of  waves : 
ace.  sg.  brontne,  238,  568. 

brad,  adj. :  i)  extended,  zvide  :  nom. 
pi.  brade  rice,  2208.  —  2)  broad  : 
nom.  sg.  heah  and  brad  (of  Beo- 
wulf's grave-mound),  3159;  ace. 
sg.  bridne  me"ce,  2979;  (seax) 
brM  [and]  brdnecg,  the  broad, 


short  sword  with  bronze  edge,  1547. 

—  3)  massive,  in  abundance  :  ace. 
sg.  brad  gold,  3106. 

ge-briic,  st.  n.,  noise,  crash:  ace. 
sg.  borda  gebrac,  2260. 

geond-braedan,  w.  v.,  to  spread 
over,  to  cover  entirely  :  pret.  part, 
geond-brasded,  1240. 

brecan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  break,  to  break 
to  pieces:  pret.  b&nhringas  brae, 
(the  sword)  broke  the  joints,  1568. 
In  a  moral  sense :  pret.  subj.  j;at 
J?aer  senig  mon  waere  ne  brsece,  that 
no  one  should  break  the  agreement, 
nor;  pret.  part.  J?onne  bioS  bro- 
cene  .  .  .  a" 3-sweord  eorla,  then  are 
the  oaths  of  the  men  broken,  2064. 

—  2)  probably  also  simply  to  break 
in  ^^pon  something',  to  press  upon, 
w.    ace. :   pret.   sg.  sgedeor  monig 
hildetuxum  heresyrcan  brae,  many 
a  sea-animal  pressed  with  his  bat- 
tle-teeth ^^pon  the  shirt  of  'mail  (did 
not  break  it,  for,  according  to  1549 
f.,  1553  f.,  it  was  still  unharmed), 
1512.  —  3)  to  break  out,  to  spring 
out :  inf.  geseah  .  .  .  stream  ut  bre- 
can of  beorge,  saw  a  -stream  break 
out  from  the  rocks,  2547 ;    le"tdse 
hearda    Higel&ces    J?egn    bradne 
mece  .  .  .  brecan  ofer  bordweal, 
caused  the  broadsword  to  spring  out 
over   the  ^vall  of  shields,  2981. — 
4)   figuratively,  to   vex,  not  to  let 
rest :  pret.  hine  fyrvvyt  brae,  curi- 
osity  tormented  (N.H.G.  brachte 
die  Neugier  um),  232,  1986,  2785. 

ge-brecan,&  break  to  pieces  :  pret. 

b&nhus  gebrac,  broke  in  pieces  his 

body    (Beowulf    in    combat    with 

Daghrcfn),  2509. 
to-brecan,/<9  break  in  pieces  :  inf., 

781;   pret.  part,  to-brocen,  998. 
jjurh-brecan,  to   break   through: 

pret.  wordes  ord  breosthord 


134 


GLOSSARY. 


brae,  the  word's  point  broke  throttgh 
his  closed  breast,  i.e.  a  word  burst 
out  from  his  breast,  2793. 

t)rec9",  st.  f.,  condition  of  being  brok- 
en, breach  :  nom.  pi.  modes  brecSa 
(sorrow  of.  hearty^  171. 

d-breclwian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  fell 
to  the  ground,  to  /£///(?)  :  pret. 
a"bredwade,  2620. 

bregdan,  st.  v.,  properly  to  swing 
round,  hence:  i)  to  swing :  inf. 
undersceadu  bregdan,  jec/zw^dw/tf;;^ 
the  shadows,  to  send  into  the  realm 
of  shadows,  708;  pret.  bragd  ealde 
laTe,  swung  the  old  weapon,  796; 
bragd  feorh-genl'Slan,  swung  his 
mortal  enemy  (Grendel's  mother), 
threw  her  down,  1541;  pi.  git 
eagorstream  .  . .  mundum  brugdon, 
stirred  the  sea  with  your  hands  (of 
the  movement  of  the  hands  in  swim- 
ming), 514;  pret.  part,  broden 
(brogden)  moel,  the  drawn  sword, 
1617,  1668.  —  2)  to  knit,  to  knot, 
to  plait :  inf.,  figuratively,  inwitnet 
oftrum  bregdan,  to  weave  a  way- 
laying net  for  another  (as  we  say 
in  the  same  way,  to  lay  a  trap  for 
another,  to  dig  a  pit  for  another), 
2168;  pret.  part,  beadohragl  bro- 
den, a  woven  shirt  of  mail  (because 
it  consisted  of  metal  rings  joined 
together),  522;  similarly,  1549; 
brogdne  beadusercean,  2756. 

S-bregdan,  to  swing:  pret.  hond 
up  a-brad,  swung,  raised  his  hand, 
2576. 

ge-bregdan:  i)  swing:  pret.  hring- 
mael  gebragd,  swung  the  ringed 
sivord,  1565;  eald  sweord  eacen 
.  .  .  bat  ic  by  wsepne  gebrad,  an  old 
heavy  sword  that  I  swung  as  my 
weapon,  1665  ;  with  interchanging 
instr.  and  ace.  walseaxe  gebrad, 
biter  and  beadu-scearp,  2704;  also, 


to  draw  out  of  the  sheath  :  sweord 
aer  gebrad,  had  drawn  the  sword 
before,  2563.  —  2)  to  knit,  to  knot, 
to  plait :  pret.  part,  here-byrne 
honclum  gebroden,  1444. 

o  n  -  b  r  e  g  d  a  n  ,  to  tear  open,  to  throw 
open  :  pret.  onbrad  ba  •  recedes 
muSan,  had  then  thrown  open  the 
entrance  of  the  hall  (onbregdan  is 
used  because  the  opening  door 
swings  upon  its  hinges),  724. 

brego,  m.,  prince,  ruler  :  nom.  sg., 
427,  610. 

brego-r6f,  adj.,  powerful,  like  a 
ruler,  of  heroic  strength  :  nom.  sg. 
m.,  1926. 

brego-stol,  st.  m.,  throne,  figura- 
tively for  rule:  ace.  sg.  him  ge- 
sealde  seofon  busendo,  bold  and 
\yfej'Q-G\&\9  gave  him  seven  thousand 
(see  under  s  c  e  a  t) ,  a  country- 
seat,  and  the  dignity  of  a  prince, 
2197;  baer  him  Hygd  gebead  .  .  . 
brego-stol,  where  H.  offered  him 
the  chief  power,  2371;  le"t  bone 
bregostol  Beowulf  healdan,  gave 
over  to  Bedwulf  the  chief  power 
(did  not  prevent  Beowulf  from 
entering  upon  the  government), 
2390. 

breme,  adj.,  known  afar,  renowned : 
nom.  sg.,  1 8. 

breiiting  (see  brant),  st.  m.,  ship, 
craft :  nom.  pi.  brentingas,  2808. 

d-bredtan,  st.  v.,  to  break,  to  break 
in  pieces,  to  kill :  pret.  abreot  brim- 
wisan,  killed  the  sea-king  (King 
Hseftcyn),  2931.  See  breotan. 

breost,  st.  n. :  i)  breast :  nom.  sg., 
21 77 ;  often  used  in  the  pi.,  so  ace. 
J>at  mine  breost  wereiS,  which  pro- 
tects my  breast,  453;  dat.  pi.  bea- 
dohragl broden  on  breostum  lag, 
552.  —  2)  the  inmost  thoughts,  the 
mind,  the  heart,  the  bosom  ;  nom. 


GLOSSARY. 


135 


sg.  breost  innan  weoll  J?eostrum  ge- 
Jjoncum,  his  breast  heaved  zvith 
troubled  thoughts,  2332;  dat.  pi. 
let  ha  of  breostum  word  ut  faran, 
caused  tJie  words  to  come  out  from 
his  bosom,  255 1  s 

breost-gehygd,  st.n.,  breast-thought, 
secret  thought  :  dat.  pi.  -gehygdum, 
2819. 

breost-gewsedu,  n.  pi.,  breast-cloth- 
ing, garment  covering  the  breast, 
of  the  coat  of  mail:  nom.,  1212; 
ace.,  2163. 

breost-hord,  st.  m.,  breast-hoard, 
that  which  is  locked  in  the  breast, 
heart,  mind,  thought,  sotil :  nom. 
sg.,  1720;  ace.  sg.,  2793. 

breost-net,  st.  n.,  breast-net,  shirt 
of  chain-mail,  coat  of  mail :  nom. 
sg.  breost-net  broden,  1549. 

breost-weorffung,  st.  f.,  ornament 
that  is  worn  upon  the  breast :  ace. 
sg.  breost- weorSunge,  2505  :  here 
the  collar  is  meant  which  Beowulf 
receives  from  Wealhjjeovv  (1196, 
2174)  as  a  present,  and  which  B., 
according  to  2173,  presents  to 
Hygd,  while,  according  to  1203,  it 
is  in  the  possession  of  her  husband 
Hygelac.  In  front  the  collar  is 
trimmed  with  ornaments  (fratwe), 
which  hang  down  upon  the  breast, 
hence  the  name  breost-weorSung. 

breost-wylm,  st.  m.,  heaving  of  the 
breast,  emotion  of  the  bosom  :  ace. 
sg,  1878. 

breotan,  st.  v.,  to  break,  to  break  in 
pieces,  to  kill :  pret.  breat  beodge- 
neatas,  killed  his  table-companions 
(courtiers),  1714. 

d-breotan,  same  as  above:  pret. 
J?one  J?e  heo  on  vaste  abreat,  wJiom 
she  killed  upon  his  couch,  1299; 
pret.  part.  J?a  J?at  monige  gewear'S, 
J?at  hine  seo  brirnwylf  abroten  haf- 


de,  many  believed  that  the  sea-wolf 
(Grendel's  mother)  had  killed  him, 
1600;  hi  hyne  .  .  .  abroten  hafdon, 
had  killed  him  (the  dragon),  2708. 

brim,  st.  n,  flood,  the  sea  :  nom.  sg., 
848,  1595;  gen.  sg.  to  brinies  fa- 
ro'Se,  to  the  sea,  28;  at  brimes  no- 
san,  at  the  sea"1  s  promontory,  2804; 
nom.  pi.  brimu  swaftredon,  the 
waves  subsided,  570. 

brim-clif,  st.  n,  sea-cliff,  cliff  washed 
by  the  sea  :  ace.  pi.  -clifu,  222. 

brim-lad,  st.  f,  flood-way,  sea-way  : 
ace.  sg.  bara  J?e  mid  Beowulfe  brim- 
IMe  teah,  who  had  travelled  the 
sea-way  with  B.,  1052. 

brim-liffend,  m.,  sea-farer,  sailor  : 
ace.  pi.  -liftende,  568. 

brim-stredm,  st.  m.,  sea-stream,  the 
flood  of  the  sea  :  ace.  pi.  ofer  brim- 
streames,  1911. 

brim-\visa,  w.  m.,  sea-king :  ace.  sg. 
brimwisan,  of  Hseftcyn,  king  of  the 
Geatas,  2931. 

brim-vvylf,  st.  f,  sea-wolf  (designa- 
tion of  Grendel's  mother)  :  nom. 
sg.  seo  brimwylf,  1507,  1600. 

brim-wylm,  st.  m,  sea-ruave  :  nom. 

sg.,  1495- 

bringan,  anom.  v.,  to  bring,  to  bear  : 
prs.  sg.  I.  ic  J?e  Jsusenda  J?egna 
bringe  to  \ie\Qe,  bring  to  your  assist- 
ance a  thousand  warriors,  1830; 
inf.sceal  hringnaca  ofer  heaftu  brin- 
gan la"c  and  luftacen,  shall  bring 
gifts  and  love-tokens  over  the  high 
sea,  1863;  similarly,  2149,  2505; 
pret.  pi.  we  J?as  saelSc  .  .  .  brohton, 
brought  this  sea-offering  (Grendel's 
head),  1654. 

ge-bringan, /0  bring:  pres.  subj. 
pi.  >at  we  bone  gebringan  ...  on 
adfare,  thai  we  bring  him  upon  the 
funeral-pile,  3010. 

brosnian,  w.  v.,  to  crumble,  to  be- 


136 


GLOSSARY. 


come  rotten,  to  fall  to  pieces  :  prs. 
sg.  III.  herepad  .  .  .  brosna'S  after 
\)eof\\Q,  the  coal  of  'mail  falls  to  pieces 
after  (the  death  of)  the  hero,  2261. 

broffor,  st.  m.,  brother  :  nom.  sg., 
1325,  2441;  dat.  sg.  brewer,  1263; 
gen.  sg.  his  brotSor  beam,  2620; 
dat.  pi.  bro'Srum,  588,  1075. 

g  e  -  b  r  6  '5  r  u  ,  pi.,  brethren,  brothers  : 
dat.  pi.  sat  be  }>aem  gebrotfrum 
twsem,  sat  by  the  tzuo  brothers,  1  192. 

broga,  \v.  m.,  terror,  horror  :  nom. 
sg.,  1292,  2325,  2566;  ace.  sg.  billa 
brogan,  583.  —  Comp.  :  gryre-, 
here-broga. 

briican,  st.  v.  w.  gen.,  to  use,  to  make 
tiseof  :  prs.  sg.  III.  se  J?e  longe  her 
worolde  bruce'5,  who  here  long 
makes  use  of  the  world,  i.e.  lives 
long,  1063;  imp.  bruc  manigra 
me~da,  make  use  of  many  rewards, 
give  good  rewards,  1  1  79  ;  to  enjoy  : 
inf.  J^at  he  beahhordes  brucan  mos- 
te,  could  enjov  the  ring-hoard,  895; 
similarly,  2242,  3101;  pret.  breac 
lifgesceafta,  enjoyed  the  appointed 
life,  lived  the  appointed  time,  1954. 
With  the  genitive  to  be  supplied  : 
breac  J^onne  moste,  1488;  imp. 
bruc  Hsses  beages,  enjoy  this  ring, 
take  this  ring,  1217.  Upon  this 
meaning  depends  the  form  of  the 
wish,  wel  brCican  (compare  the 
German  geniesze  froh  !)  :  inf.  h£t 
hine  wel  brucan,  1046  ;  het  hine 
brucan  well,  2813;  imp.  bruc  ealles 
well,  2163. 

brun,  adj.,  having  a  metallic  lustre, 


brun-ecg,  adj.,  having  a  gleaming 
blade  :  ace.  sg.  n.  (hyre  seax)  brad 
[and]  brftnecg,  her  broad  sword 
with  gleaming  blade,  \  547. 

brim-fag,  adj.,  gleaming  like  metal: 
ace.  sg.  brunfagne  helm,  2616. 


bryne-leoma,  w.  m.,  light  of  a  con- 
flagration, gleam  of  fire  :  nom.  sg., 
2314. 

bryne-wylm,  st.  m.,  wave  of  fire  : 
dat.  pi.  -wylmum,  2327. 

brytnian  (properly /0  break  in  small 
pieces,  cf.  breotan),  w.  v.,  to  bestow, 
to  distribute  :  pret.  sine  brytnade, 
distributed presents,\.z.  ruled  (since 
the  giving  of  gifts  belongs  espe- 
cially to  rulers),  2384. 

brytta,  w.  m.,  giver,  distributer, 
always  designating  the  king  :  nom. 
sg.  sinces  brytta,  608,  1171,  2072; 
ace.  sg.  beaga  bryttan,  35,  352, 
1488;  sinces  bryttan,  1923. 

bryttian  (to  be  a  dispenser},  \v.  v., 
to  distribute,  to  confer  :  prs.  sg.  III. 
god  manna  cynne  snyttru  brytta'S, 
bestows  wisdom  Ttpon  the  human 
race,  1727. 

bryd,  st.  f .  :  i)  wife,  consort :  ace. 
sg.  bryd,  2931  ;  bryde,  2957,  both 
times  of  the  consort  of  Ongen- 
J?eow  (  ?) .  —  2)  betrothed,  bride  : 
nom.  sg.,  of  Hro'Sgdr's  daughter, 
Freaware,  2032. 

bryd-bur,  st.  n.,  woman's  apart- 
ment:  dat.  sg.  code  .  .  .  cyning 
of  brydbure.  the  king  came  out  of 
the  apartment  of  his  wife  (into 
which,  according  to  666,  he  had 
gone),  992. 

bunden-stefna,  w.  m.,  {that  which 
has  a  bound  steni],  the  framed 
ship :  nom.  sg.,  1911. 

bune,  w.  f.,  can  or  cup,  drinking- 
vessel :  nom.  pi.  bunan,  3048 ;  ace. 
pi.  bunan,  2776. 

burh,  burg,  st.  f.,  castle,  city,  forti- 
fiedhouse  :  ace.  sg.  burh,  523;  dat. 
sg.  byrig,  1200;  dat.  pi.  burgum, 
53,  1969,  2434.  —  Comp.:  freo-, 
freo'So-,  hea-,  hleo-,  hord-,  leod-, 
mreg-burg. 


GLOSSARY. 


137 


burh-loca,  w.  m.,  castle-bars  :  dat. 
sg.  under  burh-locan,  under  the 
castle-bars,  i.e.  in  the  castle  (Hy- 
gelac's),  1929. 

burh-stede,  st.  m.,  castle-place,  place 
where  the  castle  or  city  stands  :  ace. 
sg.  burhstede,  2266. 

burh-wela,  w.  m.,  riches,  treasure 
of  a  castle  or  city  :  gen.  sg.  benden 
he  burh-welan  brucan  moste,  3101. 

burne,  w.  f.,  spring,  foimtain  :  gen. 
baere  bur  nan  walm,  the  bubbling  of 
of  the  spring,  2547. 

buan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  slay,  to  remain, 
to  dwell:  inf.  gif  he  waccende 
wearcl  onfunde  on  beorge,  if  he  had 
found  the  watchman  watching  on 
the  mountain,  2843.  — 2)  to  in- 
habit, w.  ace. :  meduseld  buan,  to 
inhabit  the  mead-house,  3066. 

ge - b  u  a  n ,  w.  ace.,  to  occupy  a  house, 
to  take  possession  :  pret.  part,  hean 
huses,  hft  hit  Hring  Dene  after 
beorbege  gebun  hafclon,  how  the 
Danes,  after  their  beer-carouse,  had 
occupied  it  (had  made  their  beds 
in  it),  117.  —  With  the  pres.  part, 
buend  are  the  compounds  ceaster-, 
fold-,  grund-,  lond-buend. 

bugan,  st.  v.,  to  bend,  to  bow,  to  sink  ; 
to  turn,  to  flee  :  prs.  sg.  III.  bon-gar 
buge^,  the  fatal  spear  sinks,  i.e.  its 
deadly  point  is  turned  down,  it 
rests,  2032;  inf.  bat  se  byrnwiga 
bugan  sceolde,  that  the  armed  hero 
had  to  sink  down  (having  re- 
ceived a  deadly  blow),  2919;  sim- 
ilarly, 2975;  pret.  sg.  bean  eft 
under  eoriSweall,  turned,  fled  again 
behind  the  earth-wall,  2957;  pret. 
pi.  bugon  to  bence,  turned  to  the 
bench,  327,  1014;  hy  on  holt  bu- 
gon, Jled  to  the  wood,  2599. 

&- bugan,  to  bend  off,  to  curve  away 
from  :  pret.  fram  sylle  abeag  me- 


dubenc  monig,  from  the  threshold 
curved  away  many  a  mead-bench, 
776. 

be-bugan,  w.  ace.,  to  surround,  to 
encircle :  prs.  swa  (^vhicJi)  water 
bebugeft,  93;  efne  swa1  side  swa 
SSQ  bebugeft  windige  weallas,  as  far 
as  the  sea  encircles  windy  shores, 
1224. 

ge-bugan,  to  bend,  to  bow,  to  sink  : 
a)  intrans. :  heo  on  flet  gebeah, 
sank  on  the  floor,  1541  ;  bd  gebeah 
cyning,  then  sank  the  king,  2981; 
ba  se  wyrm  gebeah  snude  tosomne 
(when  the  drake  at  once  coiled  it- 
self up~),  2568;  gewat  J?S  gebogen 
scridan  to,  advanced  with  curved 
body  (the  drake),  2570. — b)  w.  ace. 
of  the  thing  to  which  one  bends  or 
sinks  :  pret.  selereste  gebeah,  sank 
upon  the  couch  in  the  hall,  691; 
similarly  gebeag,  1242. 

bur,  st.  n.,  apartment,  room  :  dat. 
sg.  bure,  1311,  2456;  dat.  pi.  bu- 
rum,  140.  — Comp.  bryd-bur. 

biitan,  buton  (from  be  and  utan, 
hence  in  its  meaning  referring  to 
what  is  without,  excluded) :  l)  conj. 
with  subjunctive  following,  lest  : 
butan  his  lie  swice,  lest  his  body 
escape,  967.  With  ind.  follow- 
ing, but:  buton  hit  was  m&re 
Krnne  senig  mon  oiSer  to  beadu- 
lace  atberan  meahte,  but  it  (the 
sword)  vuas  greater  than  any 
other  man  could  have  carried  to 
battle,  1561.  After  a  preceding 
negative  verb,  except :  fcara  be  gu- 
mena  beam  gearwe  ne  wiston  bu- 
ton Fitela  mid  hine,  which  the 
children  of  men  did  not  knoiv  at 
all,  except  Fitela,  who  ^vas  with 
him,  880;  ne  nom  he  m&'Sm-aehta 
m£  buton  J?one  hafelan,  etc.,  he  took 
no  more  of  the  rich  treasure  than 


138 


GLOSSARY. 


the  head  alone,  1615.  —  2)  prep, 
with  dat.,  except :  buton  folcscare, 
73;  buton  be,  658;  ealle  buton 
anum,  706. 

bycgan,  w.  v.,  to  buy,  to  pay  :  inf. 
ne  was  hat  gewrixle  til  bat  hie  on 
ba  healfa  bicgan  scoldon  freonda 
feorum,  that  was  no  good  transac- 
tion, that  they,  on  both  sides  (as 
well  to  Grendel  as  to  his  mother), 
had  to  pay  with  the  lives  of  their 
friends,  1306. 

be-bycgan,  to  sell:  pret.  nu  ic  on 
ma'Sma  hord  mine  bebohte  frode 
feorhlege  (now  /,  for  the  treasure- 
hoard,  gave  tip  my  old  life},  2800. 

g  e  -  b  y  c  g  a  n ,  to  buy,  to  acquire  ;  to 
pay  :  pret.  w.  ace.  no  J'aer  senige 
.  .  .  frofregebohte,  obtained  no  sort 
of  help,  consolation,  974;  hit  (his, 
MS.)  ealdre  gebohte,  paid  it  with 
his  life,  2482;  pret.  part,  sylffes 
feoce  beagas  [gebohjte,  bought 
rings  with  his  own  life,  3015. 

byldaii  {to  make  beald,  which  see), 
to  excite,  to  encourage  to  brave 
deeds  :  inf.  w.  ace.  swa  he  Fresna 
cyn  on  beorsele  byldan  wolde  (by 
distributing  gifts),  1095. 

gc  - byrd,  st.  n.,  "  fatum  destinatum  " 
(Grein)(?):  ace.  sg.  hie  on  gebyrd 
hruron  gare  wunde,  1075. 

ge-byrdu,  st.  f.,  birth;  in  com- 
pound, bearn-gebyrdu. 

byrdu-scrud,  st.  n.,  shield-orna- 
ment, design  upon  a  shield^  ?)  : 
nom.  sg.,  2661. 

byre,  st.  m.,  (born}  son  :  nom.  sg., 
2054,  2446,  2622,  etc.  ;  nom.  pi. 
byre,  1189.  In  a  broader  sense, 
young  man,  youth  :  ace.  pi.  bsedde 
byre  geonge,  encouraged  the  youths 
(at  the  banquet),  2019. 


byrflFen,  st.  f.,  burden ;  in  comp. 
magen-byr^en. 

byrele,  st.  m.,  steward,  waiter,  cup- 
bearer :  nom.  pi.  byrelas,  1162. 

byrgan,  w.  v.,  to  feast,  to  eat :  inf., 
448. 

ge-byrgea,  w.  m.,  protector;  in 
comp.  leod-gebyrgea. 

byrht.     See  beorht. 

byrne,  w.  f.,  shirt  of  mail,  mail  : 
nom.  sg.  byrne,  405,  1630,  etc.; 
hringed  byrne,  ring-shirt,  consist- 
ing of  interlaced  rings,  1246;  ace. 
sg.  byrnan,  1023,  etc.;  side  byr- 
nan,  large  coat  of  mail,  1292; 
hringde  byrnan,  2616;  hare  byr- 
nan, gray  coat  of  mail  (of  iron), 
2154;  dat.  sg.  on  byrnan,  2705; 
gen.  sg.  byrnan  hring,  the  ring  of 
the  shirt  of  mail  (i.e.  the  shirt  of 
mail),  2261;  dat.  pi.  byrnum,  40, 
238,  etc.;  beorhtum  byrnum,  with 
gleaming  mail,  3141.  —  Comp.  : 
guS-,  here-,  heafto-,  iren-,  isern- 
byrne. 

byrnend.     See  beornan. 

byrn-wiga,  w.  m.,  warrior  dressed 
in  a  coat  of  mail:  nom.  sg., 
2919. 

bysgu,  bisigu,  st.  f.,  trouble,  diffi- 
culty, opposition  :  nom.  sg.  bisigu, 
281;  dat.  pi.  bisgum,  1744,  bysi- 
gum,  2581. 

bysig,  adj.,  opposed,  in  need,  in  the 
compounds  lif-bysig,  syn-bysig. 

byme,  w.  f.,  a  wind-instriiment,  a 
trumpet,  a  trombone  :  gen.  sg. 
byman  gealdor,  the  sound  of  the 
trumpet,  2944. 

bywan,  w.  v.,  to  ornament,  to  pre- 
pare :  inf.  \>§.  )>e  beado-griman 
bywan  sceoldon,  rvho  should  pre- 
pare the  helmets,  2258. 


GLOSSARY. 


139 


camp,  st.  m.,  combat,  fight  between 
two  :  dat.  sg.  in  campe  (Beowulf's 
with  Daghrefn ;  cempan,  MS.), 
2506. 

candel,  st.  f.,  light,  candle :  nom. 
sg.  rodores  candel,  of  the  sun, 
1573.  —  Comp.  woruld-candel. 

cempa,  w.  m.,  fighter,  warrior, 
hero  :  nom.  sg.  aSele  cempa,  1313; 
Geata  cempa,  1552;  reSe  cempa, 
1586;  mcere  cempa  (as  voc.), 
1 762  ;  gyrded  cempa,  2079  ;  dat. 
sg.  geongum  (geongan)  cempan, 
1949,  2045,  2627;  Huga  cempan, 
2503 ;  ace.  pi.  cempan,  206.  — 
Comp.  fefte-cempa. 

cennan,  i)  to  bear,  w.  ace.:  efne 
swa  hwylc  miigSa  swa"  J?one  rnagan 
cende,  who  bore  the  son,  944;  pret. 
part.  ham  eafera  was  after  cenned, 
to  him  was  a  son  born,  12.  — 
2)  reflexive,  to  show  one^s  self,  to 
re-veal  one^s  self :  imp.  cen  J?ec 
mid  crafte,  prove  yourself  by  your 
strength,  1220. 

d-cennan,  to  bear :  pret.  part,  no 
hie  fader  cunnon,  hwaSer  him  tenig 
was  set  Scenned  dyrnra  gista,  they 
(the  people  of  the  country)  do  not 
know  his  (Grendel's)  father,  nor 
whether  any  evil  spirit  has  been 
before  born  to  him  (whether  he 
has  begotten  a  son),  1357. 

cenffu,  st.  f.,  boldness :  ace.  sg. 
c£n$u,  2697. 

cene,  adj.,  keen,  warlike,  bold :  gen. 
pi.  ce"nra  gehwylcum,  769.  Superl., 
ace.  pi.  ce"noste,  206.  —  Comp. : 
doed-,  gar-cene. 

ceald,  adj.,  cold:  ace.  pi.  cealde 
streamas,  1262  ;  dat.  pi.  cealdum 
cearsiiSum,  with  cold,  sad  journeys, 
2397.  Superl.  nom.  sg.  wedera 


cealdost,  546.  —  Comp.  morgen- 
ceald. 

cearian,  w.  v.,  to  have  care,  to  take 
care,  to  trouble  one's  self :  prs.  sg. 
III.  na"  ymb  his  lif  ceara'5,  takes 
no  care  for  his  life,  1537. 

cearig,  adj.,  troubled,  sad:  in  comp. 
sorh-cearig. 

Gear-sift,  st.  m.,  sorrowful  way,  an 
tindertaking  that  brings  sorrow, 
i.e.  a  warlike  expedition :  dat.  pi. 
cearsiftum  (of  Beowulf's  expedi- 
tions against  Eadgils),  2397. 

cearu,  st.  f.,  care,  sorrow,  lamenta- 
tion :  nom.  sg.,  1304 ;  ace.  sg. 
[ceare],  3173.  —  Comp.:  ealdor-, 
guS-,  m?el-,  mod-cearu. 

cear-walm,  st.  m.,  care-agitation, 
waves  of '  sorrozu  in  the  breast :  dat. 
pi.  after  cear-walmum,  2067. 

cear-wylm,  st.  m.,  same  as  above  : 
nom.  pi.  J?a  cear-wylmas,  282. 

ceaster-buend,  m.,  inhabitant  of 
a  fortified  place,  inhabitant  of  a 
castle :  dat.  pi.  ceaster-buendum, 
of  those  established  in  HroSgar's 
castle,  769. 

ectip,  st.  m.,  purchase,  transaction  : 
figuratively,  nom.  sg.  nas  hat  ySe 
ceap,  no  easy  transaction,  2416  ; 
instr.  sg.  J?eah  he  o$er  hit  ealdre 
gebohte,  heardan  ceape,  although 
the  one  paid  it  with  his  life,  a  dear 
purchase,  2483. 

ge-cedpian,  w.  v.,  to  purchase  : 
pret.  part,  gold  unrime  grimme 
geceapod,  gold  ivithout  measure, 
bitterly  purchased  (with  Beowulf's 
life),  3013. 

be-ceorfan,  st.  v.,  to  separate,  to 
cut  off  (with  ace.  of  the  pers.  and 
instr.  of  the  thing)  :  pret.  hine  }>£ 
heafde  becearf,  cut  off  his  head, 
1592  ;  similarly,  2139. 

ceorl,  st.  m.,  man  :  nom.  sg.  snotor 


140 


GLOSSARY. 


ceorl  monig,  many  a  wise  man, 
909  ;  dat.  sg.  gomelum  ceorle,  the 
old  man  (of  King  HreSel),  2445; 
so,  ealdum  ceorle,  of  KingOngen- 
beow,  2973  ;  nom.  pi.  snotere  ceor- 
las,  wise  men,  202,  416,  1592. 

ce6l,  st.  m.,  keel,  figuratively  for  the 
ship:  nom.  sg.,  1913;  ace.  sg. 
ceol,  38,  238  ;  gen.  sg.  ceoles, 
1807. 

ceosan,  to  choose,  hence,  to  assume  : 
inf.  hone  cynedom  ciosan  wolde, 
would  assume  the  royal  dignity, 
2377  ;  to  seek  :  pret.  subj.  aer  he 
boel  cure,  before  he  sought  his  fu- 
neral-pile (before  he  died),  2819. 

ge-ceosan,  to  choose,  to  elect: 
gerund,  to  geceosenne  cyning 
senigne  (selran),  to  choose  a  better 
king,  1852;  imp.  be  bat  selre  ge- 
ceos,  choose  thee  the  better  (of  two  : 
bealonit)  and  See  rsedas),  1759; 
pret.  he  usic  on  herge  geceas  to 
byssum  si'Sfate,  selected  us  among 
the  soldiers  for  this  iindertaking, 
2639  ;  geceas  ecne  raed,  chose  the 
everlasting  gain,  i.e.  died,  I2O2; 
similarly,  godes  leoht  geceas,  2470; 
pret.  part.  ace.  pi.  hafde  . . .  cempan 
gecorone,  206. 

on-  cirran,  w.  v.,  to  turn,  to  change  : 
inf.  ne  meahte  .  .  .  bas  wealdendas 
[willan]  wiht  on-cirran,  could  not 
change  the  will  of  the  Almighty ) 
2858;  pret.  ufor  oncirde,  turned 
higher,  2952 ;  byder  oncirde,  turned 
thither,  2971. 

a-cigan,  w.  v.,  to  call  hither  :  pret. 
dctgde  of  corSre  cyninges  begnas 
syfone,  called  from  the  retinue  of 
the  king  seven  men,  3122. 

clam,  elom,  st.  m.,  fetter,  figura- 
tively of  a  strong  'gripe  :  dat.  pi. 
heardan  clammum,  964;  heardum 
clammum,  1336;  atolan  clommum 


(horrible  claws  of  the  mother  of 
Grendel),  1503. 

clif,  cleof,  st.  n.,  cliff,  promontory  : 
ace.  pi.  Geataclifu,  1912. — Comp. : 
brim-,  6g-,  holm-,  stan-clif. 

g  e  -  cna\van,  st.  v.,  to  know,  to  rec- 
ognize :  inf.  meaht  Jni,  min  wine, 
me"ce  gecndwan,  mayst  thou,  my 
friend,  recognize  the  sword,  2048. 

on -end  wan,  to  recognize,  to  dis- 
tinguish.- hordweard  oncniow  man- 
nesreorde,  distinguished  the  speech 
of  a  man,  2555. 

cuiht,  st.  m.,  boy,  youth :  dat.  pi. 
hyssum  cnyhtum,  to  these  boys 
(HroSgar's  sons),  1220. 

cniht-wesende,  prs.  part.,  being  a 
boy  or  a  youth  :  ace.  sg.  ic  hine  cu£e 
cniht-wesende,  knew  him  while 
still  a  boy,  372;  nom.  pi.  wit  bat 
gecwoedon  cniht-wesende,  we  both 
as  voting  men  said  that,  535. 

cnyssan,  w.  v.,  to  strike,  to  dash 
against  each  other  :  pret.  pi.  bonne 
. . .  eoferas  cnysedan,  when  the  bald 
warriors  dashed  against  each  other, 
stormed  (in  battle),  1329. 

collen-ferhS1,  -ferff,  adj.,  (properly, 
of  swollen  mind},  of  uncommon 
thoughts,  in  his  vvay  of  thinking, 
standing  higher  than  others,  high- 
minded :  nom.  sg.  cuma  collen- 
ferhft,  of  Beowulf,  1807;  collen- 
ferS,  of  Wiglaf,  2786. 

corner,  st.  n.,  troop,  division  of  an 
army,  retinue  :  dat.  sg.  b&  was  .  .  . 
Fin  slagen,  cyning  on  cor'Sre,  then 
was  Fin  slain,  the  king  in  the 
troop  (of  warriors),  1154;  of  cor- 
$re  cyninges,  out  of  the  retinue  of 
the  king,  3122. 

costian,  vv.  v.,  to  try :  pret.  (w.  gen.) 
he  min  costode,  tried  me,  2085. 

c6fa,  w.  m.,  apartment,  sleeping- 
room,  couch  :  in  comp.  bin-cofa. 


GLOSSARY. 


141 


c61,  adj.,  cool :  compar.  cearwylmas 
colran  wur'Sa'5,  the  waves  of  sorrow 
become  cooler,  i.e.  the  mind  becomes 
quiet,  282;  him  wiflufan  .  .  .  colran 
weor'oYS,  his  love  for  his  wife  cools, 
2067. 

craft,  st.  m.,  the  condition  of  being 
able,  hence  :  i)  physical  strength  : 
nom.  sg.  magSa  craft,  1284;  ace.  sg. 
magenes  craft,  418;  burh  Sues  craft, 
700;  craft  and  c£nftu,  2697;  dat. 
(instr.)  sg.  crafte,  983,  1220,  2182, 
2361.  —  2)  art,  craft,  skill:  dat. 
sg.  as  instr.  dyrnum  crafte,  with  se- 
«v/(magic)tfr7,2i69 ;  dyrnan  craf- 
te, 2291 ;  J^eofes  crafte,  with  thief  s 
craft,  2221 ;  dat.  pi.  deofles  craf- 
tum,  by  devil"1*  art  (sorcery),  2089. 

—  3)  great  quantity (?)  :  ace.  sg. 
wyrm-horda  craft,  2223.  —  Comp. : 
leotfo-,  magen-,  nearo-,  wig-craft. 

craftig,  adj. :  i)  strong,  slout :  nom. 
sg.  eafo'Ses  craftig,  1467;  ni'Sa 
craftig,  1963.  Comp.  wig-craftig. 

—  2)    adroit,   skilful:    in    comp. 
lagu-craftig.  —  3)  rich  (of  treas- 
ures) ;   in  comp.  eacen-craftig. 

cringan,  st.  \.,  to  fall  in  combat,  to 
fall  with  the  writhing  movement 
of  those  mortally  ^vo^mded  :  pret. 
subj.  on  wal  crunge,  would  sink 
into  death,  would  fall,  636;  pret. 
pi.  for  the  pluperfect,  sume  on  wale 
crungon,  1114. 

ge-cringan,  same  as  above:  pret. 
he  under  rande  gecranc,y£//  under 
his  shield,  1 210;  at  wige  gecrang, 
fell  in  battle,  1338;  heo  on  flet 
gecrong,  fell  to  the  ground,  1569; 
in  campe  gecrong,  fell  in  single 
combat,  2506. 

cuma  (]ie  w/zo  comes},  w.  m.,  new- 
comer,  guest:  nom.  sg.  1807. — 
Comp. :  cwealm-,  wil-cimia. 

cuman,  st.  \.,  to  come  :  pres.  sg.  II. 


gyf  Jm  on  weg  cymest,  if  thou  cont- 
est from  there,  1383;  III.  cyme's, 
2059;  pres.  subj.  sg.  III.  cume,  23; 
pi.  )>onne  we  fit  cymen,  when  we 
come  out,  3107;  inf.  cuman,  244, 
281,  1870;  pret.  sg.  com,  430,  569, 
826,  1134, 1507,  1 601,  etc.;  cwom, 
419,  2915;  pret.  subj.  sg.  cwome, 
732;  pret.  part,  cumen,  376;  pi. 
cumene,  361.  Often  with  the  inf. 
of  a  verb  of  motion,  as,  com  gon- 
gan,  711;  com  siSian,  721;  com 
in  gan,  1645;  cwom  gan,  1163; 
com  scacan,  1803;  cwomon  bedan, 
239;  cwomon  secean,  268;  cwo- 
man  scriSan,  651,  etc. 

be-cuman,  to  come,  to  approach,  to 
arrive  :  pret.  sy'SSan  niht  becom, 
after  the  night  had  come,  115;  \>Q 
on  }?a  leode  becom,  that  had  come 
over  the  people,  192;  J>a  he  to  ham 
becom,  2993.  And  with  inf.  fol- 
lowing :  stefn  in  becom  .  .  .  hlyn- 
nan  under  harne  stan,  2553;  lyt 
eft  becwom  . . .  hames  niosan,  2366; 
65  f>at  ende  becwom,  1255;  simi- 
larly, 2117.  With  ace.  of  pers. : 
ha  hyne  sio  }>rag  becwom,  when  this 
time  of  battle  came  over  him,  2884. 

ofer-cuman,  to  overcome,  to  com- 
pel:  pret.  \>y  he  J?one  feond  ofer- 
cvvom,  thereby  he  overcame  the  foe, 
1274 :  pi.  hie  feond  heora  . . .  ofer- 
comon,  700;  pret.  part.  (w.  gen.) 
mfta  ofercumen,  compelled  by  com- 
bats, 846. 

cumbol,  cumbor,  st.  n.,  banner  : 
gen.  sg.  cumbles  hyrde,  2506.  — 
Comp.  hilte-cumbor. 

c u iid,  adj.,  originating  in,  descend- 
ed from  :  in  comp.  feorran-cund. 

cunnan,  verb  pret.  pres.:  i)  to 
know,  to  be  acquainted  with  (w. 
ace.  or  depend,  clause)  :  sg.  pres. 
I.  ic  minne  can  gladne  HroSulf 


142 


GLOSSARY. 


)>a.t  he  ...  wile,  I  knew  my  gra- 
cious If.,  that  he  will  .  .  .,  1181; 
II.  eard  git  ne  const,  thott  knowest 
not  yet  the  land,  1378;  III.  he  Hit 
wyrse  ne  con,  knows  no  worse,  1 740. 
And  reflexive  :  con  him  land  geare, 
knows  the.  land  well,  2063 ;  pi.  men 
ne  cunnon  hwyder  helrunan  scrl- 
ftaft,  men  do  not  know  -whither  . . ., 
162;  pret.  sg.  ic  hine  cufte,  knew 
him,  372;  cufte  he  duguft  J?eawe, 
knew  the  customs  of  the  distin- 
guished courtiers,  359;  so  with  the 
ace.,  2013;  seolfa  ne  cutfe  Jmrh 
hwat  .  .  .,  he  himself  did  not  know 
through  what .  .  .,  3068;  pi.  sorge 
ne  cuiSon,  119;  so  with  the  ace., 
180,  418,  1234.  With  both  (ace. 
and  depend,  clause)  :  no  hie  fader 
cunnon  (scil.  no  hie  cunnon)  hwa- 
iSer  him  cenig  was  asr  acenned 
dyrnra  gasta,  1356. —  2)  with  inf. 
following,  can,  to  be  able  :  prs.  sg. 
him  bebeorgan  ne  con,  cannot  de- 
fend himself,  1747;  prs.  pi.  men 
ne  cunnon  secgan,  cannot  say,  50; 
pret.  sg.  cufte  reccan,  90;  beorgan 
cfrSe,  1446;  pret.  pi.  herian  ne 
cu'Son,  could  not  praise,  182;  pret. 
subj.  healdan  cu'Se,  2373. 

cunnian,  w.  v.,  to  inquire  into,  to 
try,  w.  gen.  or  ace. :  inf.  sund  cun- 
nian (figurative  for  roam  over  the 
sea),  1427,  1445;  geongne  cem- 
pan  higes  cunnian,  to  try  the  young 
warrior's  mind,  2046;  pret.  eard 
cunnode,  tried  the  .home,  i.e.  came 
to  it,  1501;  pi.  wada  cunnedon, 
tried  the  flood,  i.e.  swam  through 
the  sea,  508. 

cuS",  adj.:  i)  known,  well  known  ; 
manifest,  certain :  nom.  sg.  un- 
dyrne  cft'S,  150,  410;  wide  cfrS, 
2924;  ace.  sg.  fern.  cuiSe  folme, 
1304;  cu'Se  stroete,  1635;  nom.pl. 


ecge  cuSe,  1146;  ace.  pi. 
nassas,  1913. —  2)  renoiun ed :  nom. 
sg.  gub'um  cCiS,  2179;  nom.  pi. 
cystum  cui5e,868.  —  3)  also,  friend- 
ly, dear,  good  (see  un-ciiff). — 
Comp. :  un-,  wiiS-cucS. 

cuS'-lice,  adv.,  openly,  publicly : 
comp.  no  her  cuSlicor  cuman  on- 
gunnon  lind-habbende,  no  shield- 
bearing  men  undertook  more  bold- 
ly to  come  hither  (the  coast- watch- 
man means  by  this  the  secret  land- 
ing of  the  Vikings),  244. 

cwalu,  st.  f.,  murder,  fall :  in  comp. 
deaft-cwalu. 

cweccan  (to  make  alive,  see  cwic), 
w.  v.,  to  move,  to  swing:  pret. 
cwehte  magen-wudu,  swung  the 
wood  of  strength  (—spear),  235. 

cweffan,  st.  v.,  to  say,  to  speak  :  a)  ab- 
solutely :  prs.  sg.  III.  cwiS  at  beore, 
speaks  at  beer-drinking,  2042.  — • 

b)  w.  ace. :  pret.  word  after  c\va-S, 
315;   fea  worda  cwaS,  2247,  2663. 

—  c)  with  >at  following :  pret.  sg. 
cwa$,  92,  2159;   pi.  cwaedon,  3182. 

—  d)  with  ^at  omitted :  pret.  c\va5 
he  gu'5-cyning  secean  wolde,  said 
he  wotild  seek  out  the  war-king, 
199;   similarly,  1811,  2940. 

&  -  c  w  e  '$  a  n ,  to  say,  to  speak,  w.  ace. : 
prs.  }?at  word  icwy1®,  speaks  the 
word,  2047;  pret.  j'iit  word  acwaS, 
655. 

ge-cweftan,^ say,  to  speak  :  a)  ab- 
solutely :  pret.  sg.  II.  sw&  }m  ge- 
cwaede,  2665. — b)w.  ace. :  pret.  wel- 
hwylc  gecwa.5,  spoke  everything, 
875;  pi.  wit  bat  gecwcedon,  535.  — 

c)  w.  ^at  following :  pret.  gecwaft, 
858,  988. 

civellaii,  w.  v.,  (to  make  die},  to  kill, 
to  murder  :  pret.  sg.  II.  Jm  Gren- 
del  cwealdest,  1335. 

d- c  well  an,  to  kill :  pret.  sg.  (he) 


GLOSSARY. 


143 


wyrm  a"cwealde,  887 ;  hone  ^e  Gren- 
del  ser  mSne  Scwealde,  whom  Gren- 
del  had  before  wickedly  murdered, 
1056;  beorn  Scwealde,  2122. 

cwen,  st.  f . :  i)  wife,  consort  (of 
noble  birth)  :  nom.  sg.  cwen,  62; 
(HroSgar's),  614,  924;  (Finn's), 
1154.  —  2)  particularly  denoting 
the  queen :  nom.  sg.  beaghroden 
cwen  (Wealhpeow),  624;  maeru 
cw£n,  2017;  fremu  folces  cvven 
(pry-So),  1933;  ace.  sg.  cwen 
(WealhJ>eow),  666.  —  Comp.  folc- 
cw£n. 

cwen-lic,  adj.,  feminine,  womanly  : 
nom.  sg.  ne  biiS  swylc  cwenlic 
beaw  (such  is  not  the  custom  of 
women,  does  not  become  a  woman}, 
1941. 

cwealm,  st.  m.,  violent  death,  mur- 
der, destruction :  ace.  sg.  j?one 
cwealm  gevvrac,  avenged  the  death 
(of  Abel  by  Cain),  107;  msendon 
mondrihtnes  cwealm,  lamented  the 
ruler's  fall,  3 1 50.  —  Comp. :  bealo-, 
deaS-,  gdr -cwealm. 

cwealm-bealu,  st.  n.,  the  evil  of 
murder  :  ace.  sg.,  1941. 

cwealm-cuma,  w.  m.,  one  coming 
for  rmtrder,  a  new-comer  who  con- 
templates murder  :  ace.  sg.  J^one 
cwealm-cuman  (of  Grendel),  793. 

cwic  and  cwico,  adj.,  quick,  having 
life,  alive :  ace.  sg.  cwicne,  793, 
2786;  gen.  sg.  &ht  cwices,  some- 
thing living,  2315;  nom .  pi .  cwice, 
98;  cwico  was  J^  gena,  was  still 
alive,  3094. 

cwide,  st.  m.,  word,  speech,  saying: 
in  comp.  gegn-,  gilp-,  hleo-,  ftor-, 
word-cwide. 

CWiffan,  st.  v.,  to  complain,  to  la- 
ment :  inf.  w.  ace.  ongan  .  .  .  gio- 
guSe  cwi'San  hilde-strengo,  began 
to  lament  the  (departed)  battle- 


sir  ength  of  his  youth,  2113;  [ceare] 
cwiftan,  lament  their  cares,  3173. 

cyme,  st.  m.,  coming,  arrival :  nom. 
pi.  hwanan  eowre  cyme  syndon, 
whence  your  coming  is,  i.e.  whence 
ye  are,  257. — Comp.  eft-cyme. 

cymlice,adv.,  (convenienter),  splen- 
didly, grandly:  comp.  cymlicor, 
38. 

cyn,  st.  n.,  race,  both  in  the  general 
sense,  and  denoting  noble  lineage : 
nom.  sg.  Fresena  cyn,  1094;  We- 
dera  (gara,  MS.)  cyn,  461 ;  ace.  sg. 
eotena  cyn,  421;  giganta  cyn, 
1691;  dat.  sg.  Caines  cynne,  107; 
manna  cynne,  811,915, 1726;  eow- 
rum  (of  those  who  desert  Beowulf 
in  battle)  cynne,  2886;  gen.  sg. 
manna  (gumena)  cynnes,  702,  etc.; 
maeran  cynnes,  1730;  laSan  cynnes, 
20x39,  2355;  usses  cynnes  Wseg- 
mundinga,  2814;  gen.  pi.  cynna 
gehwylcum,  98. — Comp.:  eormen-, 
feorh-,  frum-,  gum-,  man-,  wyrm- 
cyn. 

cyn,  st.  n.,  that  which  is  suitable  or 
proper:  gen.  pi.  cynna  (of  eti- 
quette) gemyndig,  614. 

ge-cynde,  adj.,  innate,  peculiar, 
natural:  nom.  sg.,  2198,  2697. 

cyne-d6m,  st.  m.,  kingdom,  royal 
dignity  :  ace.  sg.,  2377. 

cyning,  st.  m.,  king:  nom.  ace.  sg. 
cyning,  11,  864,  921,  etc.;  kyning, 
620,  3173;  dat.  sg.  cyninge,  3094; 
gen.  sg.  cyninges,  868,  1211;  gen. 
pi.  kyning[a]  wuldor,  of  God,  666. 
— Comp.  beorn-,  eofS-,  folc-,  gu'S-, 
heah-,  leod-,  soe-,  so'S-,  J?eod-, 
worold-,  wuldor-cyning. 

cyning-beald,  adj.,  "nobly  bold" 
(Thorpe),  excellently  brave  (?)  : 
nom.  pi.  cyning-balde  men,  1635. 

ge-cyssan,  w.  v.,  to  kiss  :  pret.  ge- 
cyste  J»a  cyning  .  .  .  J>egen  betstan, 


144 


GLOSSARY. 


kissed  the  best  thane  (Beowulf), 
1871. 

cyst  (choosing,  see  ceosan),  st.  f., 
the  select,  the  best  of  a  thing,  good 
quality,  excellence  :  nom.  sg.  iren- 
na  cyst,  of  the  swords,  803,  1698; 
waepna  cyst,  1560;  symbla  cyst, 
choice  banquet,  1233;  ace.  sg.  irena 
cyst,  674;  dat.  pi.  foldwegas  .  .  . 
cystum  cfrfte,  known  through  ex- 
cellent qualities,  868;  (cyning) 
cystum  gecyiSed,  924.  —  Comp. 
gum-,  hilde-cyst. 

cyQ1.    See  on-cyS1. 

cyftaii  (see  cuff),  w.  v.,  to  make 
knoivn,  to  manifest,  to  show  :  imp. 
sg.  magen-ellen  cyiS,  show  thy  he- 
roic strength,  660;  inf.  cwealmbealu 
cySan,  1941;  ellen  cyftan,  2696. 

g  e  -  c  y  VS  a  n  (to  make  known,  hence) : 

1 )  to  give  information,  to  announce: 
inf.  andsware  gecy  San,  to  give  an- 
swer, 354;  gerund,  to  gecyftanne 
hwanan   eowre   cyme   syndon  (to 
show  whence  ye  come),  257;  pret. 
part,  so  5  is  gecy'Sed  >at . . .  (the  truth 
has  become  'known,  it  has  shown 
itself  to  be  true),  701;   Higelace 
was  sift  Beowulfes  snftde  gecySed, 
the  arrival  of  B,  was  quickly  an- 
nounced, 1972;   similarly,  2325. — 

2)  to  make  celebrated,  in  pret.  part. : 
was  min  fader  folcum  gecy  Sed  (my 
father  was  renoivned  in  the  world), 

262 ;  was  his  modsefa  manegum 
gecytSed,  349;  cystumgecySed,924. 

cytfSu  (properly,  condition  of  being 
knozvn,  hence  relationship),  st.  f., 
home,  country,  land:  in  comp. 
feor-cy'S5u. 

ge-cypan,  w.  v.,  to  purchase  :  inf. 
nas  him  senig  hearf  J?at  he  ...  Jmrfe 
wyrsan  wigfrecan  weorSe  gecypan, 
had  need  to  buy  with  treasures  no 
inferior  warrior,  2497. 


daroQ1,  st.  m.,  spear  :  dat.  pi.  dare- 
ftum  lacan  (to  fight),  2849. 

ge-dal,  st.  n.,  parting,  separation  : 
nom.  sg.  his  worulde  gedal,  his 
separation  from  the  world  (his 
death),  3069.  —  Comp.  ealdor-,  llf- 
gedal. 

diig,  st.  m.,  day  :  nom.  sg.  dag,  485, 
732,  2647 ;  ace.  sg.  dag,  2400;  and- 
langne  dag,  the  whole  day,  2116; 
morgenlongne  &&g(the  whole  morn- 
ing), 2895;  oft  domes  dag,  till 
judgment-day,  3070;  dat.  sg.  on 
J?am  dage  ]>ysses  lifes  (eo  tempore, 
tune),  197, 791, 807  ;  gen.sg.  dages, 
1 60 1,  2321  ;  hwil  dages,  a  day's 
time,  a  whole  day,  1496;  dages  and 
nihtes,  day  and  night,  2270;  dages, 
by  day,  1936;  dat.  pi.  on  tyn  dagum, 
in  ten  days,  3161.  —  Comp.  ser-, 
deaft-,  ende-,  ealdor-,  fyrn-,  gear-, 
Isen-,  lif-,  swylt-,  win-dag,  an- 
dages. 

dag-h\vil,  st  f.,  day-time  :  ace.  pi. 
J?at  he  daghwila  gedrogen  hafde 
eorlSan  wynne,  that  he  had  enjoyed 
earth's  pleasures  during  the  days 
(appointed  to  him),  i.e.  that  his 
life  was  finished,  2727.  —  (After 
Grein.) 

dag-rim,  st.  n.,  series  of  days,  fixed 
number  of  days  :  nom.  sg.  dogera 
dagrim  (number  of  the  days  of  his 
life},  824. 

died,  st.  f.,  deed,  action :  ace.  sg. 
deorlice  deed,  585 ;  domleasan  daed, 
2891 ;  fre'cne  daede,  890;  daed,  941; 
ace.  pi.  Grendles  dseda,  195;  gen. 
pi.  daeda,  181,  479,  2455,  etc.;  dat. 
pl.dxdum,  1228,  2437,  etc- — Comp. 
ellen-,  fyren-,  lof-daed. 

dsed-cene,  adj.,  bold  in  deed :  nom. 
sg.  daed-cene  mon,  1646. 


GLOSSAEY. 


145 


dsed-fruma,  vv.  m.,  doer  of  deeds, 
doer  :  nom.  sg.,  of  Grendel,  2091. 

dsed-hata,  w.  m.,  he  who  pursues 
•with  his  deeds  :  nom.  sg.,  of  Gren- 
del, 275. 

daedla,  w.  m.,  doer :  in  comp.  m^n- 
for-daedla. 

dsel,  st.  m.,  part,  portion  :  ace.  sg. 
dael,  622,  2246,  3128;  ace.  pi.  das- 
las,  1733.  —  Often  dsel  designates 
the  portion  of  a  thing  or  of  a  qual- 
ity which  belongs  in  general  to  an 
individual,  as,  6"5  }>at  him  on  innan 
oferhygda  dael  weaxe'S,  ////  in  his 
bosom  his  portion  of  arrogance  in- 
creases :  i.e.  whatever  arrogance  he 
has,  his  arrogance,  1741.  Bio- 
wulfe  wear^  dryhtmaSma  dael  dea- 
fte,  forgolden,  to  Bedwulf  his  part 
of  the  splendid  treasures  was  paid 
with  death,  i.e.  whatever  splendid 
treasures  were  allotted  to  him, 
whatever  part  of  them  he  could 
win  in  the  fight  with  the  dragon, 
2844;  similarly,  1151,1753,2029, 
2069,  3128. 

dselan,  w.  v.,  to  divide,  to  bestow,  to 
share  with,  w.  ace. :  pres.  sg.  III. 
ma'dmas  daeleft,  1757;  pres.  subj. 
J>at  he  wrS  aglaecean  eofofto  daele, 
that  he  bestow  his  strength  upon 
(strive  with)  the  bringer  of  misery 
(the  drake),  2535 ;  inf.  hringas 
daelan,  1971;  pret.  beagas  daelde, 
80;  sceattas  daelde,  1687. 

be -dael  an,  w.  instr.,  (to  divide},  to 
tear  away  from,  to  strip  of:  pret. 
part,  dreamum  (dreame)  bedaeled, 
deprived  of  the.  heavenly  joys  (of 
Grendel),  722,  1276. 

ge-dcelan:  i)  to  distribitte  :  inf. 
(w.  ace.  of  the  thing  distributed}; 
J?aer  on  innan  call  gedaelan  geon- 
gum  and  ealdum  swylc  him  god 
sealde,  distribute  therein  to  young 


and  old  all  that  God  had  given  him, 
71.  —  2)  to  divide,  to  separate,  with 
ace. :  inf.  sundur  gedaelan  lif  wi'S 
lice,  separate  life  from  the  body, 
2423;  so  pret.  subj.  >at  he  gedaelde 
. . .  a"nra  gehwylces  lif  wift  lice,  732. 

denn  (cf.  denu,  dene,  vail  is),  st.  n., 
den,  cave:  ace.  sg.  J?as  wyrmes 
denn,  2761;  gen.  sg.  (draca)  ge- 
wat  dennes  niosian,  3046. 

ge-defe,  adj. :  i)  (impersonal) prop- 
er, appropriate  :  nom.  sg.  swa"  hit 
gedefe  was  (bi5),  as  was  appro- 
priate, proper,  561,  1671,  3176. — 
2)  good,  kind,  friendly ;  nom  sg. 
beo  }>u  suna  minum  daedum  gedefe, 
be  friendly  to  my  son  by  deeds  (sup- 
port my  son  in  deed,  namely,  when 
he  shall  have  attained  to  the  gov- 
ernment), 1228. —  Comp.  un-ge- 
defelice. 

deman  (see  dom),  w.  v. :  i)  to 
judge,  to  award  justly  :  pres.  subj. 
maer  So  deme,  688.  —  2)  to  judge 
favorably,  to  praise,  to  glorify : 
pret.  pi.  his  ellenweorc  dugutmm 
demdon,  praised  his  heroic  deed 
with  all  their  might,  3176. 

d  e  m  e  n  d,  judge  :  daeda  d^mend  (of 
God),  181. 

deal,  adj., "  superbus,  clarus,  fretus" 
(Grimm)  :  nom.  pi.  ^rySum  dealle, 
494. 

de^d,  adj.,  dead :  nom.  sg.  467, 1324, 
2373;  ace.  sg.  deadne,  1310. 

deaff,  st.  m.,  death,  dying:  nom.sg. 
deaS,  441,  447,  etc.;  acc.sg.  deav5, 
2169;  dat.  sg.  dea<5e,  1389,  1590, 
(as  instr.)  2844,  3046;  gen.  sg. 
deaSes  wylm,  2270;  deaSes  nyd, 
2455. —  Comp.  gub5-,  wal-,  wundor- 
dea'S. 

deaff-bed,  st.  n.,  death-bed:  dat.  sg. 
dea'S-bedde  fast,  2902. 

dea9*-cvvalu,   st.  f.,   violent  death, 


146 


GLOSSARY. 


ruin  and  death  :  dat.  pi.  to  deaS- 
cwalum,  1713. 

deaff-cwealm,  st.  m.,  violent  death, 
murder  :  nom.  sg.  1671. 

deaS"-dag,  st.  m.,  death-day,  dying 
day:  dat.  sg.  after  deaS-dage  (after 
his  death},  187,  886. 

deaff-faege,  adj., given  over  to  death: 
nom.sg.  (Grendel)  deaS-faege  deog, 
hadhiddenhimself,  being  given  over 
to  death  (mortally  wounded),  851. 

deaff-scua,  w.  m.,  death  bringing, 
ghostly  being,  demon  of  death  :  nom. 
sg.  deorc  deaft-scua  (of  Grendel), 
1 60. 

deaff-werig,  ^}.,weakenedby  death, 
i.e.  dead :  ace.  sg.  deaft-werigne, 
2126.  See  werig. 

deaff-wic,  st.m.,  deaths  house,  home 
of  death :  ace.  sg.  gewat  deaiSwic 
scon  (Jiad died},  1276. 

deagaii  (O.H.G.  pret.part.  tougan, 
hiddeii},to  conceal  one"1  s  self,  to  hide: 
pret.  (for  pluperf.)  deog,  851. — 
Leo. 

deorc,  adj.,  dark :  of  the  night,  nom. 
sg.  (nihthelm)  deorc,  1791;  dat.pl. 
deorcum  nihtum,  275,  2212;  of  the 
terrible  Grendel,  nom.  sg.  deorc 
deaft-scua,  160. 

deofol,  st.  m.,  devil :  gen.  sg.  deo- 
fles,  2089 ;  gen.  pi.  deofla,  of  Gren- 
del and  his  troop,  757,  1681. 

deogal,  dygol,  adj.,  concealed,  hid- 
den, inaccessible,  beyond  informa- 
tion, -unknown  :  nom.  sg.  deogol 
daedhata  (of  Grendel),  275;  ace. 
sg.  dygel  lond,  inaccessible  land, 

1358. 

deop,  st.  n., deep,  abyss :  ace. sg.,  2550. 

deop,  adj.,  deep  :  ace.  sg.  deop  wa- 
ter, 509,  1905. 

d  i  6  p  e ,  adj.,  deep  :  hit  6iS  domes  dag 
diope  benemdon  J?eodnas  maere, 
the  ilhistrious  rulers  had  charmed 


it  deeply  till  the  judgment-day,  had 
laid  a  solemn  spell  upon  it,  3070. 

deor,  st.  n.,  animal,  wild  animal : 
in  comp.  mere-,  sae-deor. 

deor,  adj.:  i)  wild,  terrible:  nom. 
sg.  dior  daed-fruma  (of  Grendel), 
2091.  —  2)  bold,  brave  :  nom.  r.se- 
nig  .  .  .  deor,  1934.  —  Comp. :  hea- 
«u-,  hilde-deor. 

deore,  dyre,  adj.:  i)  dear,  costly 
(high  in  price)  :  ace.  sg.  dyre  iren, 
2051;  drincfat  dyre  (deore),  2307, 
2255;  instr.  sg.  deoran  sweorde, 
561;  dat.  sg.  deor ummiSme,  1529; 
nom.  pi.  dyre  swyrd,  3049;  ace. 
pi.  deore  (dyre)  magmas,  2237, 
3132.  —  2)  dear,  beloved,  worthy: 
nom.  sg.  f.,  a'Selum  diore,  worthy 
by  reason  of  origin,  1950;  dat. 
sg.  after  deorum  men,  1880;  gen. 
sg.  deorre  dugufte,  488;  superl. 
ace.  sg.  aldorbegn  J^one  deorestan, 
1310. 

deor-lic,  adj.,  bold,  brave  :  ace.  sg. 
deorlice  daed,  585.  See  deor. 

disc,  st.  m.,  disc,  plate,  fiat  dish  : 
nom.  ace.  pi.  discas,  2776,  3049. 

ge-digan.     See  ge-dygan. 

dol-gilp,  st.  m.,  promise  of  bold  deeds, 
binding  agreement  to  a  bold  under- 
taking: dat.  sg.  for  dolgilpe,  509. 

dol-lic,  adj.,  audacious:  gen.  pi. 
maest  .  .  .  daeda  dollicra,  2647. 

dol-sceafta,  w.  m.,  bold  enemy  :  ace. 
sg.)>onedol-scaftan  (Grendel),  479. 

dOgor,  st.  m.  n.,  day  :  i)  day  as  a 
period  of  24  hours :  gen.  sg.  ymb 
zmtid  oftres  dogores,  at  the  same 
time  of  the  next  day,  219;  morgen- 
leoht  o'Sres  dogores,  the  morning- 
light  of  the  second  day,  606.  — 
2)  day  in  the  usual  sense  :  ace.  sg. 
n.  J>ys  dogor,  during  this  day, 
1396;  instr.  J>£  dogore,  1 798 ;  for- 
man  dogore,  2574;  gen.  pi.  dogora 


GLOSSARY. 


147 


gehwam,  88;  dogra  gehwylce, 
1091;  dogera  dagrim,  the  number 
of  his  days  (the  days  of  his  life), 
824.  —  3)  day  in  the  wider  sense 
of  time :  dat.  pi.  ufaran  dogrum, 
in  later  days,  times,  2201,  2393.  — 
Comp.  ende-dogor. 

dOgor-gerim,  st.  n.,  series  of  days  : 
gen.  sg.  was  call  sceacen  dogor- 
gerimes,  the  whole  number  of  his 
days  (his  life)  was  past,  2729. 

dOhtor,  f.,  daughter  :  nom.  ace.  sg. 
dohtor,  375,  1077,  1930,  1982,  etc. 

dom,  st.  m. :  I.,  condition,  state  in 
general ;  in  comp.  cyne-,  wis-dom. 
—  II.,  having  reference  to  justice, 
hence  :  l^jztdgment,  judicial  opin- 
ion :  instr.  sg.  weotena  dome,  ac- 
cording to  the  judgment  of  the 
Witan,  1099.  2)  custom :  after 
dome,  according  to  custom,  1721. 
3)  court,  tribunal :  gen.  sg.  mic- 
lan  domes,  979;  6$  domes  dag, 
3070,  both  times  of  the  last  judg- 
ment. —  III.,  condition  of  freedom 
or  superiority,  hence :  4)  choice, 
free  will :  ace.  sg.  on  sinne  sylfes 
dom,  according  to  his  oivn  choice, 
2148;  instr.  sg.  selfes  dome,  896, 
2777.  5)  might,  poiver  :  nom.  sg. 
dom  godes,  2859;  ace.  sg.  Eofo- 
res  dnne  dom,  2965 ;  dat.  sg.  driht- 
nes  dome,  441.  6)  glory,  honor, 
renown:  nom.  sg.  [dom],  955; 
dom  unlytel,  not  a  little  glory,  886 ; 
J?at  was  forma  si5  deorum  md'Sme 
J>at  his  dom  ala'g,  it  was  the  first 
time  to  the  dear  treasure  (the 
sword  Hrunting)  that  its  fame  was 
not  made  good,  1529;  ace.  sg.  ic 
me  dom  gewyrce,  make  reno^vn  for 
myself,  14.92;  ]?at  >u  ne  alrete  dom 
gedreosan,  that  thou  let  not  honor 
fall,  2667;  dat.  instr.  sg.  frer  he 
dome  forleas,  here  he  lost  his  repu- 


tation, 14/1;  dome  gewurftad, 
adorned ivith  glory,  1646;  gen.  sg. 
wyrce  se  \>Q  mote  domes,  let  him 
make  himself  reptitation,  whoever 
is  able,  1389.  7)  splendor  (in 
heaven)  :  ace.  soft-fastra  dom,  the 
glory  of  the  saints,  2821. 

dom-leds,  adj.,  without  reputation, 
inglorious:  ace.  sg.  f.  domleasan 
dasd,  2891. 

do  11,  v.,  to  do,  to  make,  to  treat :  i) 
absolutely :  imp.  doft  swd  ic  bidde, 
do  as  I  beg,  1 232.  —  2)  w.  ace. : 
inf.  hSt  hire  selfre  sunu  on  basl  don, 
1117;  pret.  Jj£  he  him  of  dyde 
isernbyrnan,  took  off  the  iron  corse- 
let, 672;  (J?onne)  him  Hunla'fing, 
.  .  .  billa  selest,  on  bearm  dyde, 
when  he  made  a  present  to  him  of 
Hunlajing,  the  best  of  swords,  1 145 ; 
dyde  him  of  healse  hring  gyldenne, 
took  off  the  gold  ring  from  his  neck, 
2810;  ne  him  His  wyrmes  wig  for 
wiht  dyde,  eafo'5  and  ellen,  nor  did 
he  reckon  as  anything  the  drake's 
f,ghting,power,  and  strength,  2349; 
pi.  hi  on  beorg  dydon  beg  and 
siglu,  placed  in  the  (grave-}  mound 
rings  and  ornaments,  3165. —  3) 
representing  preceding  verbs :  inf. 
to  Geatum  spree  mildum  wordum ! 
swa1  sceal  man  don,  as  one  should 
do,  1173;  similarly,  1535,  2167; 
pres.  metod  eallum  weold,  swa1  he 
nu  git  deft,  the  creator  rttled  over 
all,  as  he  still  does,  1059;  similarly, 
2471,  2860,  and  (sg.  for  pi.)  1135; 
pret.  II.  swa1  J>u  ger  dydest,  1677; 
III.  sw&  he  nu  gyt  dyde,  957;  sim- 
ilarly, 1382,  1892,  2522;  pi.  swa" 
hie  oft  cer  dydon,  1 239 ;  similarly, 
3071.  With  the  case  also  which 
the  preceding  verb  governs :  wen' 
ic  Kit  he  wille  .  .  .  Geatena  leode 
etan  unforhte,  swi  he  oft  dyde 


148 


GLOSSARY. 


magen  HreSmanna,  /  believe  he 
will  ivish  to  devotir  the  Gcdt  peo- 
ple, the  fearless,  as  he  often  did  (de- 
voured) the  bloom  of  the  Hre&men, 
444;  gif  ic  J?at  gefricge  .  .  .  Jnit  J?ec 
ymbsittend  egesan  >ywa$,  swa  J>ec 
hettende  hwilum  dydon,  that  the 
neighbors  distress  thce  as  once  the 
enemy  did  thee  (i.e.  distressed), 
1829;  gif  icowihte  maglnnremod- 
lufan  maran  tilian  J?onne  ic  gyt 
dyde,  if  I  can  with  anything  obtain 
thy  greater  love  than  I  have  yet 
done,  1825;  similarly,  pi.  >onne  >a 
dydon,  44. 

ge  -  d  6  n ,  to  do,  to  make,  with  the  ace. 
and  predicate  adj.:  prs.  (god) 
gedeS  him  swa  gewealdene  worol- 
de  doelas,  makes  the  parts  of  the 
world  (i.e.  the  whole  world)  so  sub- 
ject that  .  .  .,  1733;  inf.  ne  hyne 
on  medo  -  bence  micles  wyrftne 
drihten  wereda  gedon  wolde,  nor 
would  the  leader  of  the  people  mtich 
honor  him  at  the  mead-banquet, 
2187.  With  adv. :  he  mec  fcer  on 
innan  .  .  .  gedon  wolde,  wished  to 
place  me  in  there,  2091. 

draca,  w.  m.,  drake,  dragon  :  nom. 
sg.,  893,  2212;  ace.  sg.  dracan, 
2403,  3132;  gen.  sg.,  2089,  2291, 
2550. — Comp. :  cortf-,  fyr-,  ISg-, 
lig-,  nift-draca. 

o  n  -  drsedan,  st.  v.,  w.  ace.  of  the 
thing  and  dat.  of  the  pers.,  to  fear, 
to  be  afraid  of :  inf.  }>at  £>u  him  on- 
drsedan  ne  j^earft  .  .  .  aldorbealu, 
needest  not  fear  death  for  them, 
1675;  pret.  no  he  him  ]?d  sacce 
ondred,  was  not  afraid  of  the  com- 
bat, 2348. 

g  e  -  drag  (from  dragan,  in  the  sense 
se gerere), st. n.,  demeanor,  actions: 
ace.  sg.  secan  deofla  gedrag,  757. 

drepan,  st.  v.,  to  hit,  to  strike  :  pret. 


sg.  sweorde  drep  ferhJS-geniolan, 
2881 ;  pret.  part.  bi5  on  hreSre  . .  . 
drepen  biteran  strsele,  struck  in  the 
breast  with  piercing  arrow,  1746; 
was  in  feorh  dropen  (fatally  hit}, 
2982. 

drepe,  st.  m.,  blow,  stroke  :  ace.  sg. 
drepe,  1590. 

drefan,  ge-drefan,  w.  v.,  to  move, 
to  agitate,  to  stir  up  :  inf.  gewa"t 
.  .  .  dr£fan  deop  water  (to  navi- 
gate'), 1905;  pret.  part,  water  under 
stod  dreorig  and  gedrefed,  1418. 

dream,  st.  m.,  rejoicing,  joyons  ac- 
tions, joy  :  nom.  sg.  hale'Sa  dream, 
497;  ace.  sg.  dream  hludne,  88; 
J?u  .  .  .  dream  healdende,  thou  who 
livest  in  rejoicing  (at  the  drinking- 
carouse),  who  art  joyous,  1228: 
dat.'instr.sg.dreamebedseled,  1276; 
gen.  pi.  dreama  leas,  851;  dat.  pi. 
dreamum  (here  adverbial)  lifdon, 
lived  in  rejoicing,  joyously,  99; 
dreamum  bedaeled,  722 ;  the  last 
may  refer  also  to  heavenly  joys. — 
Comp.  gleo-,  gum-,  man-,  sele- 
dream. 

dream-leas,  adj.,  without  rejoicing, 
joyless  :  nom.  sg.  of  King  Here- 
mod,  1721. 

dreogan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  lead  a  life,  to 
be  in  a  certain  condition  :  pret. 
dreah  after  dome,  lived  in  honor, 
honorably,  2 1  So;  pret.  pi.  fyren- 
J?earfe  ongeat,  J>at  hie  oer  drugon 
aldorlease  lange  hwlle,  (God}  had 
seen  the  great  distress,  (had  seen} 
that  they  had  lived  long  without  a 
ruler {  ?),  15.  —  2)  to  experience,  to 
live  through,  to  do,  to  make,  to  en- 
joy :  imp.  clreoh  symbelwynne,  pass 
through  the  pleasure  of  the  meal,  to 
enjoy  the  meal,  1783;  inf.  driht- 
scype  dreogan  (do  a  heroic  deed}, 
1471;  pret. .sundnytte  dreah  (had 


GLOSSARY. 


149 


the  occupation  of  swimming,  i.e. 
swam  through  the  sea),  2361 ;  pret. 
pi.  hie  gewin  drugon  (^foughf),  799; 
hi  sift  drugon,  made  the  way,  went, 
1967.  —  3)  to  experience,  to  bear, 
to  suffer  :  scealt  werhfto  dreogan, 
shalt  suffer  damnation,  590;  pret. 
Jpegn-sorge  dreah,  bore  sorrow  for 
his  heroes,  131;  nearoj?earfe  dreah, 
422;  pret.  pi.  inwidsorge  ]?e  hieser 
drugon,  832;  similarly,  1859. 

d-dreogan,  to  suffer,  to  endttre :  inf. 
wrsec  adreogan,  3079. 

ge-dreogan,  to  live  through,  to  enjoy, 
pret.  part.  |?at  he ...  gedrogen  hafde 
eorftan  wynne,  that  he  had  now  en- 
joyed the  pleasures  of  earth  (i.e. 
that  he  was  at  his  death),  2727. 

dreor,  st.  m.,  blood  dropping  or  flow- 
ing from  woztnds :  instr.sg.  dreore, 
447.  —  Comp.  heoru-,  sdwul-,  wal- 
dreor. 

dreor-fah,  adj.,  colored  with  blood, 
spotted  with  blood:  nom.  sg.  485. 

dreorig,  adj.,  bloody,  bleeding :  nom. 
sg.  water  stod  dreorig,  1418;  ace. 
sg.  dryhten  sinne  driorigne  fand, 
2790.  —  Comp.  heoru-dreorig. 

ge-dreosan,  st.  v.,  to  fall  down,  to 
sink :  pres.  sg.  III.  lic-homa  Isene 
gedreoseft,  t/ie  body,  belonging  to 
death,  sinks  down,  1755;  inf.  ]?at 
J>a  ne  alsete  dom  gedreosan,  honor 
fall,  sink,  2667. 

drincan,  st.  v.,  to  drink  (with  and 
without  the  ace.)  :  pres.  part.  nom. 
pi.  ealo  drincende,  1946 ;  pret. 
blod  edrum  dranc,  drank  the  blood 
in  streams(T),  743;  pret.  pi.  drun- 
con  win  weras,//£<?  men  drank  wine, 
1234;  J>ser  guman  druncon,  where 
the  men  drank,  1649.  The  pret. 
part.,  when  it  stands  absolutely,  has 
an  active  sense  :  nom.  pi.  druncne 
dryhtguman,  ye  warriors  who  have 


drunk,  are  drinking,  1232;  ace.  pi. 
nealles  druncne  slog  heorS-genea- 
tas,  s!ezv  not  his  hearth-companions 
who  had  drtink  with  him,  i.e.  aj:  the 
banquet,  2180.  With  the  instr.  it 
means  drunken  :  nom.  sg.  beore 
(wine)  druncen,  531,  1468;  nom. 
pi.  beore  druncne,  480. 

drifan,  st.  v.,  to  drive  :  pres.  pi.  \>& 
\>e  brentingas  ofer  floda  genipu 
feoran  drifaft,  zvho  drive  their  ships 
thither  from  afar  over  the  darkness 
of  the  sea,  2809;  inf.  (w.  ace.)  beah 
£>e  he  [ne]  meahte  on  mere  drifan 
hringedstefnan,  although  he  could 
not  drive  the  ship  on  the  sea,  1131. 

to- drifan,  to  drive  apart,  to  dis- 
perse :  pret.  oft  J?at  unc  flod  todraf, 

545- 

drolito3",  st.  m.,  mode  of  living  or 
acting,  calling,  employment :  nom. 
sg.  ne  was  his  drohtoft  J)ger  swylce 
he  aer  gemette,  there  was  no  em- 
ployment for  him  (Grendel)  there 
such  as  he  had  found  formerly,  757. 

drusian,  w.  v.  (cf.  drcosan,  prop- 
erly, to  be  ready  to  fall ;  here  of 
water),  to  stagnate,  to  be  putrid . 
pret.  lagu  drusade  (through  the 
blood  of  Grendel  and  his  mother), 
1631. 

dryht,  driht,  st.  f.,  company,  troop, 
band  of  warriors  ;  noble  band  :  in 
comp.  mago-driht. 

ge-dryht,  ge-driht,  st.  f.,  troop, 
band  of  noble  warriors  :  nom  sg. 
minra  eorla  gedryht,  431;  ace.  sg. 
aftelinga  gedriht,  118;  mid  his 
eorla  (halefta)  gedriht  (gedryht), 
357,  663;  similarly,  634,  1673.— 
Comp.  sibbe-gedriht. 

dryht-bearn,  st.  n.,  youth  from  a 
noble  warrior  band,  noble  young 
man  :  nom.  sg.  dryhtbearn  Dena, 
2036. 


150 


GLOSSARY. 


dryliten,  drihten,  st.  m.,  command- 
er, lord :  a)  temporal  lord :  nom. 
sg.  dryhten,  1485,  2001,  etc.;  drib- 
ten,  1051 ;  dat.  dryhtne,  2483,  etc.; 
dryhten,  1832. —  b)  God:  nom. 
drihten,  108,  etc.;  dryhten,  687, 
etc.;  dat.  sg.  dryhtne,  1693,  etc-5 
drihtne,  1399,  etc.;  gen.  sg.  dryht- 
nes,  441 ;  drihtnes,  941. —  Comp. : 
freah-,  fred-,  gum-,  man-,  sige-, 
wine-dryhten. 

dryht-guma,  w.  m.,  one  of  a  troop 
of  "warriors,  noble  warrior  :  dat. 
sg.  drihtguman,  1389;  nom.  pi. 
drihtguman,99;  dryhtguman,  1232; 
dat.  pi.  ofer  dryhtgumum,  1791  (of 
Hroftgcir's  warriors). 

dryht-lic,  adj.,  (that  which  befits  a 
noble  troop  of  'warriors) ,  noble,  ex- 
cellent:  dryhtlic  iren,  excellent 
sword,  893 ;  ace.  sg.  f.  (with  an  ace. 
sg.  n.)  drihtlice  wif  (of  Hildeburh), 

"59- 
dryht-maffum,     st.  m.,     excellent 

jewel,  splendid  treasure :  gen.  pi. 

dryhtm&tSma,  2844. 
dryht-seipe,  st.  m.,  (warrior-ship), 

warlike   virtue,    bravery;   heroic 

deed :  ace.  sg.  drihtscipe  dredgan, 

to  do  a  heroic  deed,  1471. 
drylit-sele,  st.m.,  excellent,  splendid 

hall:    nom.   sg.    driht-sele,   485; 

dryhtsele,  768 ;   ace.  sg.  dryhtsele, 

2321. 
dryht-sib,  st.  f.,  peace  or  friendship 

between  troops  of  noble  warriors  : 

gen.  sg.  dryhtsibbe,  2069. 
drync,  st.m.,  drink :  in  comp.  heoru- 

drync. 
drync-fat,  st.  n.,  vessel  for  drink,  to 

receive  the  drink  :  ace.  sg.,  2255; 

elrinc-fat,  2307. 
drysmian,  w.  v.,  to  become  obscure, 

gloomy  (through  the  falling  rain)  : 

pres.  sg.  III.  lyft  drysma'5,  1376. 


drysne,  adj.     See  on-drysne. 

dugan,  v.,  to  avail,  to  be  capable,  to 
be  good :  pres.  sg.  III.  huru  se  aldor 
deah,  especially  is  the  prince  capa- 
able,  369;  iSonne  his  ellen  deah, 
if  his  strength  avails,  is  good, 
573;  J>e  him  selfa  deah,  who  is 
capable  of  Jiimself,  who  can  rely  on 
himself,  1840;  pres.  subj.  j>eah  Jnn 
wit  duge,  though,  indeed,  your  un- 
derstanding be  good,  avail,  590; 
similarly,  1661,2032;  pret.  sg.J^u  us 
wel  dohtest,  yoti  did  us  good,  con- 
ducted yourself  well  towards  us, 
1822;  similarly,  nu  sed  hand  lige'5 
se  J?e  edvv  welhwylcra  wilna  dohte, 
which  was  helpful  to  each  one  of 
your  desires,  1345;  pret.  subj.  j^eah 
>u  hea'Sorsesa  gehwoer  dohte,  though 
thou  wast  everywhere  strong  in  bat- 
tle, 526. 

duguS1  (state  of  being  fit,,  capable}, 
st.  f. :  i)  capability,  strength  :  dat. 
pi.  for  duge 'Sum,  in  ability(T)t 
2502;  dugu'Sum  demdon,  praised 
with  all  their  might  (  ?),  31 76.  —  2) 
men  capable  of  bearing  arms,  band 
of  warriors,  esp.,  noble  warriors  : 
nom.  sg.  duguft  unly tel,  498 ;  duguft, 
1791,  2255;  dat.  sg.  for  dugutJe, 
before  the  heroes,  202 1;  nalles 
fratwe  geaf  ealdor  dugufte,  gave 
the  band  of  heroes  no  treasure 
(more),  2921;  ledda  dugufte  on 
last,  iipon  the  track  of  the  heroes 
of  the  people,  i.e.  after  them,  2946; 
gen.  sg.  cuiSe  he  dugufte  J>eaw,  the 
custom  of  the  noble  warriors,  359; 
dedrre  dugu£e,488;  similarly,  2239, 
2659;  ace.  pi.  dugutfa,  2036. — 
3)  contrasted  with  geogo'5,  dugu'S 
designates  the  noted  warriors  of 
noble  birth  (as  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
knights  in  contrast  with  squires)  : 
so  gen.  sg.  dugufte  and  geogofte, 


GLOSSARY. 


151 


1 60;  gehvvylc  . . .  dugufte  and  iogo- 
fte,  1675;  dugu'Se  and  geogo'Se 
dsel  seghwylcne,  622. 

duran,  v.  pret.  and  pres.  to  dare  : 
prs.  sg.  II.  J?u  dearst  bidan,  darest 
to  expect,  527 ;  III.  he  gesecean 
dear,  685  ;  pres.  subj.  sec  gyf  J?u 
dyrre,  seek  (Grendel's  mother),  if 
thou  dare,  1380  ;  pret.  dorste, 

'     1463,1469,610.;  pi.  dorston,  2849. 

dura,  f.,  door,  gate,  wicket :  nom.  sg., 
722;  ace.  sg.  [duru],  389. 

ge-dufan,  st.  v.,  to  dip  in,  to  sink 
into  :  pret.  J>at  sweord  gedeaf  {the 
sword  sank  into  the  drake,  of  a 
blow),  2701. 

J>urh-dufan,  to  dive  through;  to 
swim  through,  diving  :  pret.  water 
up  Jnirh-deaf,  swam  through  the 
water  upwards  (because  he  was 
before  at  the  bottom),  1620. 

dwellan,  w.  v.,  to  mislead,  to  hinder: 
prs.  III.  no  hine  wiht  dweleft,  Ml 
ne  yldo,  him  nothing  misleads, 
neither  sickness  nor  age,  1736. 

dyiitig,  adj.,  useful,  good for  :  nom. 
sg.  n.  sweord  .  .  .  ecgum  dyhtig, 
1288. 

dynian,  w.  v.,  to  sound,  to  groan,  to 
roar:  pret.  dryhtsele  (healwudu, 
hruse)  dynede,  768,  1318,  2559. 

dyrne,  adj. :  i)  concealed,  secret,  re- 
tired:  nom.  sg.  dyrne,  271;  ace. 
sg.  dryhtsele  dyrnne  (of  the  drake's 
cave-hall),  2321.  —  2)  secret,  mali- 
cious, hidden  by  sorcery  :  dat.  instr. 
sg.  dyrnan  crafte,  with  secret  magic 
art,  2291;  dyrnum  crafte,  2169; 
gen.  pi.  dyrnra  gasta,  of  malicious 
spirits  (of  Grendel's  kin),  1358. — 
Comp.  un-dyrne. 

dyrne,  adv.,  in  secret,  secretly  :  him 
.  .  .  after  deorum  men  dyrne  lan- 
ga'S,  longs  in  secret  for  the  dear 
man,  1880. 


dyrstig,  adj.,  bold,  daring :  J?eah 
J?e  he  dseda  gehwas  dyrstig  waere, 
althotigh  he  had  been  courageous 
for  every  deed,  2839. 

ge-dygan,  ge-digan,  w.  v.,  to  en- 
dure, to  overcome,  with  the  ace.  of 
the  thing  endured :  pres.  sg.  II.  gif 
Jni  J?at  ellenweorc  aldre  gedigest, 
if  thou  survivest  the  heroic  work 
with  thy  life,  662;  III.  bat  J?one 
hilderses  hal  gedigeft,  that  he  sur- 
vives the  battle  in  safety,  300;  sim- 
ilarly, inf.  unfaege  gedigan  wean 
and  wracsift,  2293;  hwafter  sel  mse- 
ge  wunde  gedygan,  -which  of  the 
two  can  stand  the  wounds  better 
(come  off  with  life) ,  2532 ;  rie  meah- 
te  unbyrnende  deop  gedygan,  could 
not  endure  the  deep  without  burn- 
ing (could  not  hold  out  in  the 
deep),  2550;  pret.  sg.  I.  III.  ge- 
digde,  578,  1656,  2351,  2544. 

dygol.     See  deogol. 

dyre.    See  de6re. 


E 


ecg,  st.  f .,  edge  of  the  sword,  point  : 
nom.  sg.  sweordes  ecg,  1107;  ecg, 
1525,  etc.;  ace.  sg.  wiS  ord  and 
wicS  ecge  ingang  forstod,  defended 
the  entrance  against  point  and 
edge  (i.e.  against  spear  and  sword), 
1550;  meces  ecge,  1813;  nom.pl. 
ecge,  1146. —  Sword,  battle-axe, 
any  cutting  weapon  :  nom.  sg.  ne 
was  ecg  bona  (not  the  sword  killed 
him),  2507;  sio  ecg  brun  (Beo- 
wulf's sword  Nagling)  ,2578;  hy ne 
ecg  fornam,  the  sivord snatched  him 
away,  2773,  etc.;  nom.  pi.  ecga, 
2829;  dat.  pi.  ascum  and  ecgum, 
1773;  dat.  pi.  (but  denoting  only 
one  sword)  eacnum  ecgum,  2141; 


152 


GLOSSARY. 


gen.pl.  ecga,  483,  806,  1169;  — 
blade :  ecg  was  iren,  1460.  — 
Comp. :  brun-,  heard-,  styl-ecg,  adj. 

ecg-baiia,  w.  m.,  murderer  by  the 
siuord :  dat.  sg.  Cain  wear 5  to  ecg- 
banan  &ngan  bre'Ser,  1263. 

eog-liete,  st.  m..  sword-hate,  enmity 
which  tJie  sword  carries  out :  nom. 
sg.,  84,  1739. 

ecg-]?racu,  st.  f.,  sword-storm  (of 
violent  combat)  :  ace.  atole  ecg- 
kace,  597. 

ecl-hwyrft,  st.  m.,  retttrn  (of  a  for- 
mer condition):  >a  j?ser  sona  weariS 
edhwyrft  eorlum,  siSSan  inne  fealh 
Grendles  modor  (i.e.  after  Gren- 
del's  mother  had  penetrated  into 
the  hall,  the  former  perilous  con- 
dition, of  the  time  of  the  visits  of 
Grendel,  returned  to  the  men), 
1282. 

ed-  wen  dan,  w.  v.,  to  turn  back,  to 
yield,  to  leave  off :  inf.  gyf  him 
edwendan  asfre  scolde  bealuwa 
bisigu,  if  for  him  the  affliction  of 
evil  should  ever  cease,  280. 

ed-wenden,  st.  f.,  turning,  change  : 
nom.sg.  edwenden,  1775;  ed-wen- 
den torna  gehwylces  (reparation 
for  former  neglect},  2189. 

cdwit-lif,  st.  n.,  life  in  disgrace  : 
nom.  sg.,  2892. 

efn,  adj.,  even,  like,  with  preceding 
o  n ,  and  with  depend,  dat.,  upon 
the  same  level,  near  :  him  on  efn 
lige'S  ealdorgewinna,  lies  near  him, 
2904. 

efnan  (see  afnan),  to  carry  out,  to 
perform,  to  accomplish  :  pres.  subj. 
eorlscype  efne  (accomplisJi  knightly 
deeds},  2536;  inf.  eorlscipe  efnan, 
2623;  sweordagelac  efnan  (to  bat- 
tle}, 1042;  gerund,  to  efnanne, 
1942;  pret.  eorlscipe  efnde,  2134, 
3008. 


efne,  adv.,  even,  exactly,  precisely, 
just,  united  with  sw&  or  swylc : 
efne  s\v&  swiSe  swa,  just  so  much 
as,  1093;  efne  swa  side  swa,  1224; 
was  se  gryre  lassa  efne  sw3  micle 
swa,  by  so  much  the  less  as  .  .  ., 
1284;  leoht  inne  stod  efne  swa  . .  . 
scine'5,  a  gleam  stood  therein  (in 
the  sword)  just  as  when  . .  .  shines, 
1572;  efne  s\v&  hwylc  magSa  s\v& 
Jjone  magan  cende  (a  woman  zv/io 
has  borne  such  a  son},  944;  efne 
sw&  hwylcum  manna  swa  him  ge- 
met  ]?uhte,  to  just  such  a  man  as 
seemed  good  to  him,  3058;  efne 
swylce  meela  swylce  .  .  .  J?earf  ge- 
sselde,  just  at  the  times  at  which 
necessity  commanded  it,  1250. 

eft,  adv. :  l)  thereupon,  afterwards  : 
56, 1147,  2112,3047,  etc.;  eft  sona 
biiS,  then  it  happens  immediately, 
1763;  bot  eft  cuman,  help  come 
again,  281.  —  2)  again,  on  the 
other  side  :  J?at  hine  on  ylde  eft 
gewunigen  wilgesitSas,  that  in  old 
age  again  (also  on  their  side)  will- 
ing companions  should  be  attached 
to  him,  22; — aneiu,  again:  135, 
604,  693,  1557,  etc.;  eft  swa'asr, 
again  as  formerly,  643. —  3)  re- 
tro, rursus,  back  :  1 23,  296,  854, 
etc.;  >at  hig  aiSelinges  eft  ne  wen- 
don  (did  not  believe  that  he  would 
come  back},  1597. 

ef  t-cynie,  st.  in.,  return :  gen.  sg. 
eftcymes,  2897. 

ef  t-siS",  st.  m..,  journey  back,  return  : 
ace.  sg.  1892;  gen.  sg.  eft-sit>es 
georn,  2784;  ace.  pi.  eftsi'Sas  teah, 
went  the  road  back,  i.e.  returned, 

1333- 

egesa,  egsa  (state  of  terror,  active 
or  passive)  :  l)  frightful 'ness  :  ace. 
sg.  Jmrh  egsan,  276;  gen.  egesan 
ne  gyme'S,  cares  for  nothing  ter- 


GLOSSARY. 


153 


rible,  is  not  troubled  about  future 
terror  s(l},  1758.  —  2)  terror,  hor- 
ror, fear  :  nom.  sg.  egesa,  785; 
instr.  sg.  egesan,  1828,  2737.— 
Comp. :  gled-,  lig-,  water-egesa. 

5-full,  adj.,  horrible  {full  of  ter- 
rible ness),  2930. 

eges-lic,  adj.,  terrible,  bringing  ter- 
ror :  of  Grendel's  head,  1650;  of 
the  beginning  of  the  fight  with  the 
drake,  2310;  of  the  drake,  2826. 

egle,  adj.,  causing  aversion,  hideous  : 
nom.  pi.  neut.,  or,  more  probably, 
perhaps,  adverbial,  egle  (MS.  egl), 
988. 

egsian  (denominative  from  egesa), 
vv.  v.,  to  have  terror,  distress  :  pret. 
(as  pluperf.)  egsode  eorl(?),  6. 

ehtian,  w.  v.,  to  esteem,  to  make 
prominent  with  praise:  III.  pi. 
pres.  l>at  )>e  .  . .  weras  ehtigaft,  that 
the  men  esteem  thee,  praise  thee, 
1223. 

eldc  (those  who  generate,  cf.  O.N. 
al-a,  generare),  st.  m.  only  in  the 
pi.,  men:  dat.pl.  eldum,  2215;  mid 
eldum,  among  men,  2612.  —  See 
ylde. 

eldo,  f.,  age  :  instr.  sg.  eldo  gebun- 
den,  21 1 2. 

el-land,  st.  n.,  foreign  land,  exile  : 
ace.  .sg.  sceall  .  .  .  elland  tredan, 
(shall  be  banished},  3020. 

ellen,  st.  n.,  strength,  heroic  strength, 
bravery :  n<ya\.^. ellen, 573;  eafo15 
and  ellen,  903;  Geata  .  .  .  eafoft 
and  ellen,  603;  ace.  sg.  eafo'S  and 
ellen,  2350;  ellen  c/5an,.r//0zf  brav- 
ery, 2696;  ellen  fremedon,  exer- 
cised heroic  strength,  did  heroic 
deeds,  3;  similarly,  ic  gefremman 
sceal  eorlic  ellen,  638;  ferh  ellen 
wrtic,  life  drove  out  the  strength, 
i.e.  with  the  departing  life  (of  the 
dragon)  his  strength  left  him,  2707; 


dat.  sg.  on  elne,  2507,  2817;  as 
instr.  \>&  was  at  bam  geongum  grim 
andswaru  eSbegete  ba"m  J?e  aer  his 
elne  forleas,  then  it  was  easy  for 
(every  one  of)  those  who  before  had 
lost  his  hero-courage,  to  obtain 
rough  words  from  the  yottng  man 
(Wtglaf),  2862;  mid  elne,  1494, 
2536 ;  elne,  alone,  in  adverbial 
sense,  strongly,  zealously,  and  with 
the  nearly  related  meaning,  hur- 
riedly, transiently,  894, 1098, 1968, 
2677,  2918;  gen.  sg.  ernes  lat,  1530; 
ba  him  was  elnes  J>earf,  2877.  — 
Comp.  magen-ellen. 

ellen-dsed,  st.  f.,  heroic  deed :  dat. 
pi.  -daedum,  877,  901. 

ellen-gaest,  st.  m.,  strength-spirit, 
demon  with  heroic  strength  :  nom. 
sg.  of  Grendel,  86. 

ellen-lice,  adv.,  strongly,  with  heroic 
strength,  2123. 

ellcn-mserafu,  f.,  renown  of  heroic 
strength,  dat.  pi.  -mser'Sum,  829, 
1472. 

ellen-r6f,  adj.,  renoivned  for 
strength  :  nom.  sg.  340,  358,  3064; 
dat.  pi.  -rofum,  1788. 

ellen-seoc,  adj.,  infirm  in  strength: 
ace.  sg.  )>e6den  ellensiocne  (the 
mortally  wounded  king,  Bedwulf} , 
2788. 

ellen-weorc,  st.n.,  (strength-work), 
heroic  deed,  achievement  in  battle: 
ace.  sg.  662,  959,  1465,  etc.;  gen. 
pi.  ellen-weorca,  2400. 

elles,  adv.,  else,  otherwise  :  a  (modal), 
in  another  manner,  2521.  —  b 
(local),  elles  hwser,  somewhere  else, 
138;  elles  hwergen,  2591. 

ellor,  adv.,  to  some  other  place,  55, 

2255- 

ellor-gast,  -gaest,  st.  m.,  spirit  liv- 
ing elseivhere  (standing  outside  of 
the  community  of  mankind)  :  nom. 


154 


GLOSSARY. 


sg.  se  ellorgast  (Grendel),  SoS; 
(Grendel's  mother),  1622;  ellor- 
gasst  (Grendel's  mother),  1618; 
ace.  pi.  ellorgcestas,  1350. 

ellor-siS1,  st.  m.,  departure,  death  : 
nom.  sg.  2452. 

elra,  adj.  (comparative  of  a  not 
existing  form,  ele,  Goth,  aljis, 
alius),  another :  dat.  sg.  on  elran 
men,  753. 

el-J?eodig,  adj.,  of  another  people : 
foreign  :  ace.  pi.  el-J?eodige  men, 
336. 

ende,  st.  m.,  the  extreme  :  hence,  i) 
end :  nom.  sg.  aldres  (lifes)  ende, 
823,  2845;  65  hat  ende  becwom 
(scil.  unrihtes),  1255;  ace.  sg.  ende 
lifgesceafta  (lifes,  ken-daga),  3064, 
1387,  2343;  hafde  eorftscrafa  ende 
genyttod,  had  used  the  end  of  the 
earth-caves  (had  made  use  of  the 
caves  for  the  last  time),  3047;  dat. 
sg.  ealdres  (lifes)  at  ende,  2791, 
2824;  eoletes  at  ende,  224.  —  2) 
boundary:  ace.  sg.  side  rice  hat 
he  his  selfa  ne  mag  .  .  .  ende  ge- 
hencean,  the  wide  realm,  so  that 
he  himself  cannot  comprehend  its 
boundaries,  1735.  —  3)  summit, 
head :  dat.  sg.  eorlum  on  ende,  to  the 
nobles  at  the  end  (the  highest  cour- 
tiers), 2022.  — Comp.  woruld-ende. 

ende-dag,  st.  m.,  last  day,  day  of 
death  :  nom.  sg.  3036;  ace.  sg.  638. 

ende-d6gor,  st.  m.,  last  day,  day  of 
death:  gen.  sg.  bega  on  wenum 
endedogores  and  eftcymes  leofes 
monnes  (Jiesitating  between  the  be- 
lief in  the  death  and  in  tJie  return 
of  the  dear  matt),  2897. 

ende-laf,  st.  f.,  last  remnant :  nom. 
sg.  Jm  eart  ende  Idf  usses  cynnes, 
art  the  last  of  our  race,  2814. 

ende-lean,  st.  n.,  final  reparation  : 
ace.  sg.  1693. 


ende-sseta,  st.  m.,  he  who  sits  on  the 
border,  boundary-guard :  nom.  sg. 
(here  of  the  strand-watchman), 
241. 

cnde-stiif,  st.  m.  (elementum  finis), 
end :  ace.  sg.  hit  on  endestaf  eft 
gelimpetf,  then  it  draws  near  to 
the  end,  1754. 

ge-cridian,  w.  v.,  to  end :  pret.part. 
ge-endod,  2312. 

enge,  adj.,  narroiu :  ace.  pi.  enge 
dnpaftas,  narrow  paths,  1411. 

ent,  st.  m.,  giant :  gen,  pi.  enta  ser- 
geweorc  (the  sword-hilt  out  of  the 
dwelling-place  of  Grendel),  1680; 
enta  geweorc  (the  dragon's  cave), 
2718;  eald-enta  aer-geweorc  (the 
costly  things  in  the  dragon's  cave), 

2775- 

entisc,  adj.,  coming  from  giants: 
ace.  sg.  entiscne  helm,  2980. 

etan,  st.  v.,  to  eat,  to  consume  :  pres. 
sg.  III.  blodig  wal  .  .  .  etefl  an- 
genga,  he  that  goes  alone  (Grendel) 
•will  devour  the  bloody  corpse,  448; 
inf.  Geatena  leode  .  .  .  etan,  444. 

J>urh-etan,  to  eat  through:  pret. 
part.  pi.  nom.  swyrd  . . .  Jjurhetone, 
swords  eaten  through  (by  rust), 
3050- 


ec.     See  eac. 

ece,  adj.,  everlasting:  nom.  8ce 
drihten  (God),  108;  ace.  sg.  ece 
eor'Sreced,  tJie  everlasting  earth- 
hall  (the  dragon's  cave),  2720; 
geceas  ecne  raed,  chose  the  everlast- 
ing gain  (died),  1 202;  dat.  sg. 
ecean  dryhtne,  1693,  1780,  2331  ; 
ace.  pi.  geceos  ece  rsedas,  1761. 

edre.     See  aedre. 

eff-begete,  adj.,  easy  to  obtain,  ready: 
nom.  sg.  J>a  was  at  ham  geongum 


GLOSSARY. 


155 


grim  andswaru  eS-beg8te,  then 
from  the  young  man  (Wlglaf)  it 
•was  an  easy  thing  to  get  a  gruff 
answer,  2862. 

effe.    See  esiffe. 

e3"el,  st.  m.,  hereditary  possessions, 
hereditary  estate  :  ace.  sg.  swresne 
e5el,  520;  dat.  sg.  on  e51e,  1731. 
—  In  royal  families  the  hereditary 
possession  is  the  whole  realm : 
hence,  ace.  sg.  85el  Scyldinga,  of 
the  kingdom  of  the  Scyldings,  914; 
(Offa)  wisdome  heold  eSel  sinne, 
ruled  with  wisdom  his  inherited 
kingdom,  1961. 

effel-riht,  st.  n.,  hereditary  privi- 
leges (rights  that  belong  to  a  here- 
ditary estate)  :  nom.  sg.  card  e5el- 
riht,  estate  and  inherited  privilege  s, 
2199. 

Sfrel-stOI,  st.  m.,  hereditary  seat,  in- 
herited throne :  ace.  pi.  eSel-stolas, 
2372. 

53"el-turf,  st.  f.,  inherited  ground, 
hereditary  estate  :  dat.  sg.  on  minre 
eSeltyrf,  410. 

effel-weard,  st.  m.,  lord  of  the  here- 
ditary estate  (realm)  :  nom.  sg. 
e"5el\veard  (king),  1703,  221 1 ;  dat. 
sg.  East-Dena  eSel  wearde  (King 
Hroogar),  617. 

eflFel-wyn,  st.  f.,  joy  in,  or  enjoyment 
of,  hereditary  possessions  :  nom.  sg. 
nu  sceal  .  .  .  call  eSelwyn  edwrum 
cynne,  lufen  dlicgean,  now  shall 
your  race  want  all  home-joy,  and 
subsistence^}  (your  race  shall 
be  banished  from  its  hereditary 
abode),  2886;  ace.  sg.  he  me  lond 
furgeaf,  card  eSehvyn,  presented 
me  with  land,  abode,  and  tJie  en- 
joyment of  Jiomc,  2494.. 

Sff-gesyne,  yff-gesene,  adj.,  easy  to 
see,  visible  to  all :  nom.  sg.  mi, 
1245. 


efstan,  w.  v.,  to  be  in  haste,  to  hasten: 
inf.  uton  nu  efstan,  let  tis  hurry 
now,  3102;  pret.  efste  mid  elne, 
hastened  with  heroic  strength,  1494. 

eg-clif,  st.  n.,  sea-cliff:  ace.  sg.  ofer 
eg-clif  (ecg-clif,  MS.),  2894. 

eg-stredm,  st.  m.,  sea-stream,  sea- 
flood :  dat.  sg.  on  eg-streamum,  in 
the  sea-floods,  577.  See  edgor- 
stredm. 

ehtan  (M.H.G.  cechten;  cf.  wht  and 
ge-sehtla),  vv.  v.  w.  gen.,  to  be  a 
pursuer,  to  purstie :  pres.  part, 
agkeca  ^htende  was  dugut?e  and 
geogoiSe,  159;  pret.  pi.  ^hton  agloe- 
can,  they  pursued  the  bringer  of 
sorrow  (Beowulf  )(?),  1513. 

est,  st.  f.,  favor, grace,  kindness :  ace. 
sg.  he  him  est  geteah  meara  and 
ma"5ma  (honored  him  with  horses 
and  jewels},  2166;  gearwor  hafde 
Sgendes  est  rer  gesceawod,  wotdd 
rather  have  seen  the  grace  of  the 
Lord  (of ^God)  sooner,  3076.  —  dat. 
pi.,  adverbial,  libenter :  him  on 
folce  heold,  estum  mid  &re,  2379; 
estum  geywan  (to  present},  2150; 
him  was  .  .  .  wunden  gold  estum 
geeawed  (presented},  1195;  we 
J>at  ellenweorc  estum  miclum  fre- 
medon,  959. 

este,  adj.,  gracious:  w.  gen.  este 
bearn-gebyrdo,  gracious  through 
the  birth  (of  such  a  son  as  Beo- 
wulf), 946. 


EA 

eafoS1,  st.  n.,  power,  strength  :  nom. 
sg.  eafo'S  and  ellen,  603, 903;  ace. 
sg.  eafoft  and  ellen,  2350;  we 
frecne  geneSdon  eafotS  uncu'Ses, 
we  have  boldly  ventured  against 
the  strength  of  the  enemy  (Grendel) , 


156 


GLOSSAKY. 


have  withstood  him,  961;  gen.  sg. 
eafoftes  craftig,  1467;  )>at  J?ec  idl 
o'5"5e  ecg  eafoftes  getwrefed,  shall 
rob  of  strength  1 764 ;  ace.  pi.  eafe'So 
(MS.  earfeSo),  534;  dat.  pi.  hine 
mihtig  god  .  .  .  eafev5um  stepte, 
made  him  great  through  strength, 
1718. 

eafor,  st.  m.,  boar ;  here  the  image 
of  the  boar  as  banner :  ace.  sg. 
eafor,  2153. 

eafora  (offspring),  w.  m. :  i)  son  : 
nom.  sg.  eafera,  12,  898;  eafora, 
375;  ace.  sg.  eaferan,  1548,  1848; 
gen.  sg.  eafera,  19;  nom.  pi.  eafe- 
ran, 2476;  dat.  pi.  eaferum,  1069, 
2471 ;  uncran  eaferan,  1 186. — 2)  in 
broader  sense,  successor:  dat.  pi. 
eafor  urn,  1711. 

eahta,  num.,  eight:  ace.  pi.  eahta 
mearas,  1036;  code  eahta  sum, 
"went  as  one  of  eight,  with  seven 
others,  3124. 

„_.*.-..  eahtian,  w.  v. :  I )  to  consider •,  to 
deliberate :  pret.  pi.  w.  ace.  raed 
eahtedon,  consulted  about  help, 
172;  pret.  sg.  (for  the  plural)  K>ne 
selestan  J?Sra  J?e  mid  HroSg&re 
haTn  eahtode,  the  best  one  of  those 
who  with  Hrb^gdr  deliberated 
about  their  home  (ruled),  1408. — 
2)  to  speak  with  reflection  of  (along 
with  the  idea  of  praise)  :  pret.  pi. 
eahtodan  eorlscipe,  spoke  of  his 
noble  character,  3175. 

eal,  call,  adj.,  all,  whole:  nom.  sg. 
werod  call,  652;  eal  benc>elu, 
486;  call  eSelwyn,  2886;  eal  wo- 
rold,  1739,  etc.;  >at  hit  weariS  eal 
gearo,  healarna  maest,  77;  >at  hit 

"  (wlgbil)  eal  gemealt,  1609.  And 
with  a  following  genitive  :  l?oer  was 
eal  geador  Grendles  grape,  there 
was  all  together  GrendcTs  hand, 
the  whole  hand  of  Grendel^  836; 


call .  .  .  lissa,  all  favor,  2150;  was 
call  sceacen  dogorgertmes,  2728. 
With  apposition :  Jnihte  him  call 
to  rum,  wongas  and  wtcstede,  2462 ; 
ace.  sg.  beot  eal,  523;  similarly, 
2018,  2081 ;  oncy'SSe  ealle,  all  dis- 
tress, 831 ;  heals  ealne,  2692;  hkevv 
.  .  .  ealne  utan-weardne,  2298;  gif 
he  }>at  eal  gemon,  1186,  2428;  J?at 
call  geondseh,  recedes  geatwa, 
3089;  ealne  wide-ferh'S,  through 
the  whole  wide  life,  through  all 
time,  1223;  instr.  sg.  ealle  magene, 
with  all  strength,  2668;  dat.  sg. 
eallum  .  .  .  manna  cynne,  914; 
gen.  sg.  ealles  moncynnes,  1956. 
Subst.  ic  )>as  ealles  mag  . .  .  gefean 
habban,  2740;  bruc  ealles  well, 
2163;  frean  ealles  J>anc  secge,£v'w 
thanks  to  the  Lord  of  all,  2795 ; 
nom.  pi.  untydras  ealle,  1 1 1 ;  seed- 
tend  . . .  ealle,  706;  we  ealle,  942; 
ace.  pi.  feond  ealle,  700;  similarly, 
1081,  1797,  2815;  subst.  ofer  ealle, 
650;  ealle  hie  deaS  fornam,  2237; 
lig  ealle  forswealg  J?ara  }>e  J?aer  gu$ 
fornam,  all  of  those  whom  the  war 
had  snatched  away,  1123;  dat.  pi. 
eallum ceaster-buendum,  768;  simi- 
larly, 824, 907,  1418;  subst.  dnawrS 
eallum,  one  against  all,  145;  with 
gen.  eallum  gumena  cynnes,  1058; 
gen.  pi.  a'Selinga  beam  ealra  twelfa, 
the  kinsmen  of  all  tivelve  nobles 
(twelve  nobles  hold  the  highest 
positionsof  the  court),  31 72 ;  subst. 
he  ah  ealra  geweald,  has  power  over 
all,  1728. 

Uninflected :  bil  eal  >urhwod 
floeschoman,  the  battle-axe  cleft  the 
body  through  and  through,  1568; 
hafde  ...  eal  gefeormod  f£t  and 
folma,  had  devoured  entirely  feet 
and  hands,  745  ;  se  ]>e  call  geman 
gar-cwealm  gumena,  who  remem- 


GLOSSARY. 


157 


bers  thoroughly  the  death  of  the  men 
by  the  spear ;  2043,  etc. 

Adverbial :  }>eah  ic  eal  mocge, 
although  I  am  entirely  able,  68 1; 
hi  on  beorg  dydon  beg  and  siglu 
call  svvylce  hyrsta,  they  placed  in 
the  grave-mound  rings,  and  orna- 
ments, all  such  adornments,  3*65. 
— The  gen.  sg.  ealles,  adverbial  in 
the  sense  of  entirely,  1001,  1130. 

eald,  adj.,  old :  a)  of  the  age  of  liv- 
ing beings  :  nom.  sg.  eald,  35  7, 1 703, 
221 1,  etc.;  dat.  sg.  ealdum,  2973; 
gen.  sg.  ealdes  uhtflogan  {dragon}, 
2761  ;  dat.  pi.  ealdum,  1875  '•> 
geongum  and  ealdum,  72.  —  b)  of 
things  and  of  institutions :  nom.  sg. 
helm  monig  eald  and  omig,  2764; 
ace.  sg.  ealde  Idfe  (swonf)t  796, 
1489;  ealde  wisan,  1866;  eald 
sweord,  1559,  1664,  etc.;  eald  ge- 
vvin,  old  (lasting  years),  distress, 
1782;  eald  enta  geweorc  (the  pre- 
cious things  in  the  drake's  cave}, 
2775;  ace.  pi.  ealde  maftmas,  472; 
ofer  ealde  riht,  against  the  old laivs 
(namely,  the  Ten  Commandments; 
Beowulf  believes  that  God  has  sent 
him  the  drake  as  a  punishment, 
because  he  has  unconsciously,  at 
some  time,  violated  one  of  the  com- 
mandments), 2331. 

yldra,  compar.  older:  min  yldra 
mceg,  468;  yldra  broSor,  1325;  65 
J>at  he  (Heardr£d)  yldra  wear^, 

2379- 
yldesta,  superl.  oldest,  in  the  usual 

sense;  dat.  sg.  bam  yldestan,  2436; 

in  a  moral  sense,  the  most  respected: 

nom.  sg.  se  yldesta,  258;  ace.  sg. 

J?one  yldestan,  363,  both  times  of 

Beowulf. 
eald-fader,  m.,   old-father,   father 

who  lived  long  ago  :  nom.  sg.  373. 
eald-gesegen,  st.  f.,  traditions  from 


old  times  :  gen.  sg.  eal-fela  eald- 
gesegena,  very  many  of  the  old 
traditions,  870. 

eald-gesifl*1,  st.  in.,  companion  ever 
since  old  times,  courtier  for  many 
years  :  nom.  pi.  eald-gesi'5as,  854. 

eald-gestreon,  st.  n.,  treasure  out 
of  the  old  times :  dat.  pi.  eald-ges- 
treonum,  1382;  gen.  pi.  -gestreona, 

1459- 

eald-gewinna,  w.  m.,  old-enemy, 
enemy  for  many  years  :  nom.  sg. 
of  Grendel,  1777. 

eald-gewyrht,  st.  n.,  merit  on  ac- 
count of  services  rendered  during 
many  years :  nom.  pi.  Hit  nseron 
eald-gewyrht,  J?at  he  dna  scyle 
gnorn  J>rowian,  that  has  not  been 
his  desert  ever  since  long  ago,  that 
he  should  bear  the  distress  alone, 
2658. 

eald-hlaford,  st.  m.,  lord  through 
many  years :  gen.  sg.  bill  eald- 
hlafordes  (of  the  old  Beowulf (?)), 
2779. 

eald-metod,  st.m.,  God  ruling  ever 
since  ancient  times  :  nom.  sg.  946. 

ealdor,  aldor,  st.  m.,  lord,  chief 
(king  or  powerful  noble)  :  nom. 
sg.  ealdor,  1645,  1849,  2921;  aldor, 
56,  369,  392;  ace.  sg.  aldor,  669; 
dat.  sg.  ealdre,  593 ;  aldre,  346. 

ealdor,  aldor,  st.  n.,  life  :  ace.  sg. 
aldor,  1372;  dat.  sg.  aldre,  1448, 
1525;  ealdre,  2600;  him  on  aldre 
stod  herestral  hearda  (in  vitalibus), 
1435  5  nalles  for  ealdre  mearn,  was 
not  troubled  about  his  life,  1443; 
of  ealdre  gewat,  went  out  of  life, 
died,  2625 ;  as  instr.  aldre,  662, 681, 
etc.;  ealdre,  1656,  2134,  etc.;  gen. 
sg.  aldres,  823 ;  ealdres,  279 1 , 2444; 
aldres  orwe'na,  despairing  of  life, 
1003,  1566;  ealdres  scyldig,  hav- 
ing forfeited  life,  1339,  2062;  dat. 


158 


GLOSSARY. 


pi.  aldrum  ne'Sdon,  510,  538. — 
Phrases:  on  aldre  (in  life),  ever, 
1780;  to  aldre  (for  life},  always, 
2006,  2499;  Swa  to  aldre,  for  ever 
and  ever,  956. 

ealdor-bealu,  st.  n.,  life's  evil :  ace. 
sg.  Jni  .  .  .  ondrsedan  ne  bear  ft  .  .  . 
aldorbealu  eorlum,  thou  needest  not 
fear  death  for  the  courtiers,  1677. 

ealdor-cearu,  w.  f.,  trouble  that  en- 
dangers life,  great  trouble  :  dat.  sg. 
he  his  leodum  wearS  ...  to  aldor- 
ceare,  907. 

ealdor-dagas,  st.  m.  pi.,  days  of 
one's  life  :  dat.  pi.  naefre  on  alclor- 
dagum  (never  in  his  life},  719;  on 
ealder-dagum  aer  (in  former  days), 
758. 

ealdor-gedal,  st.  n.,  severing  of  life, 
death,  end :  nom.  sg.  aldor-geda"!, 
806. 

ealdor-gewinna,  w.m.,  life-enemy, 
one  who  strives  to  take  his  enemy 's 
life  (in  N.H.G.  the  contrary  con- 
ception, Tod-feind)  :  nom.  sg.  eal- 
dorgewinna  (the  dragon"),  2904. 

ealdor-leas,  adj.,  without  a  rul- 
er(T)  :  nom.  pi.  aldor-lease,  15. 

ealdor-leas,  adj.,  lifeless,  dead: 
ace.  sg.  aldor-leasne,  1588;  ealdor- 
leasne,  3004. 

ealdor-]>egn,  st.  m.,  nobleman  at 
the  court,  distinguished  courtier : 
ace.  sg.  aldor-J?egn  (Hro  Sgar's  con- 
fidential adviser,  Aschere),  1309. 

eal-fela,  adj.,  very  much  :  with  fol- 
lowing gen.,  ecil-fela  eald-gesegena, 
very  many  old  traditions,  870;  eal- 
fela  eotena  cynnes,  884. 

ealgian,  \v.  v.,  to  shield,  to  defend,  to 
protect :  inf.  w.  ace.  feorh  ealgian, 
797,  2656,  2669;  prei.  siSSan  he 
(Hygelac)  under  segne  sine  eal- 
gode,  walreaf  werede,  while  tinder 
his  banner  he  protected  (he  treas- 


ttres,  defended  the  spoil  of  battle 
(i.e.  while  he  was  upon  the  Viking 
expeditions),  1205. 

eal-gylden,  adj.,  all  golden,  entirely 
of  gold :  nom.  sg.  swyn  ealgylden, 
1 1 12;  acc.sg.segn  eallgylden,  2768. 

eal-irenne,  adj.,  entirely  of  iron  : 
ace.  sg.  eall-irenne  wigbord,  a 
"wholly  iron  battle-shield,  2339. 

ealu,  st.  n.,  ale,  beer  :  ace.  sg.  ealo 
drincende,  1946. 

ealu-benc,  st.  f.,  ale-bench,  bench  for 
those  drinking  ale  :  dat.sg.  in  ealo- 
bence,  1030;  on  ealu-bence,  2868. 

ealu-scerwen,  st.  f.,  terror,  under 
the  figure  of  a  mishap  at  an  ale- 
drinking,  probably  the  sudden  tak- 
ing away  of  the  ale:  nom.sg.Denum 
eallum  weafS  . . .  ealuscerwen,  770. 

ealu-Wcege,  st.  n.,  ale-can,  portable 
vessel  out  of  which  ale  is  poured 
into  the  cups  :  ace.  sg.  2022 ;  hroden 
ealowrege,  495 ;  dat.  sg.  ofer  ealo- 
waege  (at  the  ale-carouse},  481. 

eal- wealda,  w.  adj .,  allrttling(Go$): 
nom.  sg.  fader  alwalda,  316;  alwal- 
da,  956,  1315;  dat.  sg.  al-wealdan, 
929. 

card,  st.  m.,  cultivated  ground,  estate, 
hereditary  estate;  in  a  broader 
sense,  ground  in  general,  abode, 
place  of  sojourn  :  nom.  sg.  him  was 
bam  .  .  .  lond  gecynde,  card  eSel- 
riht,  the  landiuas  beqtieathedto  them 
both,  the  land  and  the  privileges  at- 
tached to  it,  2199;  ace.  sg.  fifel- 
cy  nnes  card,  the  ground  of  the  giant 
race,  place  of  sojourn,  104;  simi- 
larly, alwihta  card,  1501;  card  ge- 
m&\\<\.z,thought  of  his  native  ground, 
his  home,  1130;  card  git  ne  const, 
thou  knowest  not  yet  the  place  of 
sojourn,  1378;  card  and  eorlscipe, 
pradiumetnobilitatem,  1728;  card 
e'ftelwyn,  land  and  the  enjoyment 


GLOSSARY. 


159 


of  home,  2494;  dat.  sg.  ellor 
hwearf  of  earde,  went  elsewhere 
from  his  place  of  abode,  i.e.  died, 
56;  J?at  we  rondas  beren  eft  to 
earde,  that  we  go  again  to  our 
homes,  2655;  on  earde,  2737;  ace. 
pi.  eaene  eardas,  the  broad  ex- 
panses (in  the  fen-sea  where  Gren- 
del's  home  was),  1622. 

eardiaii,  vv.  v. :  I )  to  have  a  dzvelling- 
place,  to  live ;  to  rest:  pret.  pi.  dyre 
swyrd  swa"  hie  wiS  eorftan  fa'Sm 
J?aer  eardodon,  costly  swords,  as  they 
had  rested  in  the  earths  bosom,  305 1 . 
—  2)  also  transitively,  to  inhabit: 
pret.  sg.  Heorot  eardode,  166;  inf. 
wic  eardian  elles  hwergen,  inhabit 
a  place  elsewhere  (i.e.  die),  2590. 

eard-lufa,  w.  m.,  the  living  upon 
one's  land,  home-life:  ace.  sg.  eard- 
lufan,  693. 

earfoff-lice,  adv.,  with  trouble,  with 
difficulty,  1637,  1658;  with  vexa- 
tion, angrily,  86;  sorrowfully, 
2823 ;  with  difficulty,  scarcely,  2304, 

2935- 

earfoff-^rag,  st.  f.,  time  full  of  trou- 
bles, sorrowful  time :  ace.  sg.  -}>rage, 

283- 

earh,  adj.,  cowardly:  gen.  sg.  ne  bi5 
swylc  earges  sift  (no  coward 'tinder- 
takes  that),  2542. 

earm,  st.  m.,  arm :  ace.  sg.  earm,  836, 
973 ;  wiS  earm  gesat,  supported 
himself  with  his  arm,  750 ;  dat.  pi. 
earmum,  513. 

earm,  &&}.,poor,  miserable,  unhappy: 
nom.  sg.  earm,  2369 ;  earme  ides, 
the  unhappy  woman,  1 1 1 8;  dat.  sg. 
earmre  teohhe,  the  unhappy  band, 
2939. — Comp.  ace.  sg.  earmran 
mannan,  a  more  wretched,  more 
forsaken  man,  577. 

earm-beag,  st.  m.,  arm-ring,  brace- 
let:  gen.  pi.  earm-beaga  fela  sear- 


wum  gesseled,  many  arm-rings  in- 
terlaced, 2764. 

earm-hredd,  st.  f.,  arm-ornament : 
nom.  pi.  earm-hreade  twa,  1195 
(Grein's  conjecture,  MS.  earm 
reade). 

carm-lic,  adj.,  wretched,  miserable : 
nom.  sg.  sceolde  his  ealdor-ged^l 
earmlic  wur  San,  his  end  should  be 
wretched,  808. 

earm-sceapen,  pret.  part,  as  adj. 
(properly,  wretched  by  the  decree 
of  fate),  wretched:  nom.  sg.  1352. 

earn,  st.  m.,  eagle:  dat.  sg.  earne,  3027. 

eatol.     See  atol. 

eaxl,  st.  f.,  shoulder :  ace.  sg.  eaxle, 
836,  973;  dat.  sg.  on  eaxle,  817, 
1548;  be  eaxle,  1538;  on  eaxle  ides 
gnornode,  the  woman  sobbed  on  the 
shoulder  (of  her  son,  who  has  fallen 
and  is  being  burnt),  1118;  dat.  pi. 
sat  frean  eaxlum  neah,  sat  near  the 
shoulders  of  his  lord  (Bedwulf  lies 
lifeless  upon  the  earth,  and  Wiglaf 
sits  by  his  side,  near  his  shoulder, 
so  as  to  sprinkle  the  face  of  his 
dead  lord),  2854;  he  for  eaxlum 
gestod  Deniga  frean,  he  stood  before 
the  shoulders  of  the  lord  of  the  Danes 
(i.e.  not  directly  before  him,  but 
somewhat  to  the  side,  as  etiquette 
demanded),  358. 

eaxl-gestealla,  w.  m.,  he  who  has 
his  position  at  the  shoulders  (sc.  of 
his  lord) ,  trusty  courtier,  counsellor 
of  a  prince:  nom.  sg.  1327;  ace.  pi. 
-gesteallan,  1715. 


EA 

edc,  conj.,  also:  97,  388,  433,  etc.; 

ec,  3132. 
eacen  (pret.  part,  of  a  not  existing 

e  a c  a n,  augere),  adj., wide-spread. 


160 


GLOSSARY. 


large:  acc.pl.  eacne  eardas, broad 
plains,  1622. — great,  heavy:  eald 
sweord  cacen,  1664;  dat.  pi.  eac- 
num  ecgum,  2141,  both  times  of 
the  great  sword  in  Grendel's  habi- 
tation.— great,  mighty,  powerful : 
aftele  and  eacen,  of  Beowulf,  198. 

eacen-craftig,  adj.,  immense  (of 
riches),  enormously  great :  ace.  sg. 
hord-arna  sum  eacen-craftig,  that 
enormous  treasiire-house,  2281; 
nom.  sg.  hat  yrfe  eacen-craftig, 
iumanna  gold,  3052. 

eadig,  adj.,  blessed  -with  possessions, 
rich,  happy  by  reason  of  property  : 
nom.  sg.  wes/  henden  bu  lifige, 
aiSeling  eadig,  be,  as  long  as  thou 
livest,  a  prince  blessed  with  riches, 
1226;  eadig  mon,  2471.  —  Comp. 
sige-,  sigor-,  tir-eadig. 

eadig-lice,  adv.,  in  abundance,  in 
joyous  plenty:  dreamum  lifdon 
eadiglice,  lived  in  rejoicing  and 
plenty,  loo. 

eaffe,  effe,  yffe,  adj.,  easy,  pleasant: 
nom.  pi.  gode  hancedon  has  he  him 
yiS-lade  ea'Se  wurdon,  tJianked  God 
that  the  sea-ways  (the  navigation) 
had  become  easy  to  them,  228;  ne 
was  hat  e"5e  siS,  no  pleasant  way, 
2587;  nas  >at  y'Se  ceap,  no  easy 
purchase,  2416;  no  hat  yfte  byt>  to 
befleonne,  not  easy  (as  milder  ex- 
pression for  in  no  way,  not  at  all}, 
1003. 

eafte,  y'Se,  adv.,  easily :  ea'Se,  478, 
2292,  2765. 

eaff-fynde,  adj.,  easy  to  find :  nom. 
sg.  138. 

edge,  w.  n.,  eye:  dat.  pi.  him  of 
eagum  stod  leoht  unfager,  out  of 
his  eyes  came  a  terrible  gleam,  727; 
hat  ic  .  .  .  eagum  starige,  see  with 
eyes, 'behold,  1782;  similarly,  1936; 
gen.  pi.  eagena  bearhtm,  1767. 


edgor-stre&m,  st.  m.,  sea-stream, 
sea  :  ace.  sg.  513. 

ed-land,  st.  n.,  land  with  abundant 
water  (of  the  land  of  the  Geatas)  : 
ace.  sg.  ea-lond,  2335. 

edm,  st.  m.,  uncle,  mother 's  brother  : 
nom.  sg.  882. 

edstan,  adv.,/r0;//  the  east,  569. 

e&wan,  w.  v.,  to  disclose,  to  show,  to 
prove :  pres.  sg.  III.  eawe'S  .  .  . 
uncu'Sne  niS,  sho^vs  evil  enmity, 
276.  See  cowan,  ywan. 

ge-eawan,  to  show,  to  offer :  pret. 
part,  him  was  . . .  wunden  gold  es- 
tum  ge-eawed,  was  graciously  pre- 
sented, 1195. 


EO 

eode.     See  gangan. 

eodor,  st.  m.,  fence,  hedge,  railing. 
Among  the  old  Germans,  an  estate 
was  separated  by  a  fence  from  the 
property  of  others.  Inside  of  this 
fence  the  laws  of  peace  and  pro- 
tection held  good,  as  well  as  in  the 
house  itself.  Hence  eodor  is 
sometimes  used  instead  of  house: 
ace.  pi.  heht  eahta  mearas  on  flet 
teon,  in  under  eoderas,  gave  orders 
to  lead  eight  steeds  into  the  hall,  into 
the  house,  1038.  —  2)  figuratively, 
lord,  prince,  as  protector :  nom.  sg. 
eodor,  428,  1045  ;  eodur,  664. 

eofoff,  st. n ., strength:  ace.  pi.  eofo'So, 
2535.  See  eafofr. 

eofer,  st.  m. :  i)  boar,  here  of  the 
metal  boar-image  upon  the  helmet : 
nom.  sg.  eofer  irenheard,  1113. — 
2)  figuratively,  bold  hero,  brave 
fighter  (O.  N.  iofur)  :  nom.  pi. 
honne  .  .  .  eoferas  cnysedan,  when 
the  heroes  rushed  upon  each  other, 
1329,  where  eoferas  and  feftan 


GLOSSARY. 


161 


stand  in  the  same  relation  to  each 

other  as  cnysedan  and  h  nit  on. 

eofor-lic,  st.  m.,  boar-image  (on  the 

helmet)  :  nom.  pi.  eofor-Hc  scionon, 

303- 

eofor-spreot,  st.  m.,  boar-spear: 
dat.  pi.  mid  eofer-spreotum  heoro- 
hocyhtum,  with  hunting-spears 
which  "were  provided  with  sharp 
hooks,  1438. 

eoguS1,  ioguS1.    See  geogoff. 

eolet,  st.  m.,  sea  (  ?) :  gen.  sg.  eoletes, 
224. 

eorclan-stan,  st.  m.,  precious  stone  : 
ace.  pi.  -stdnas,  1209. 

eorff-cyning,  s\..m.,kingofthe  land: 
gen .  sg.  eorft-cyninges  (Finn)  ,1156. 

eorff-draca,  w.  m.,  earth-drake, 
dragon  that  lives  in  the  earth  :  nom. 
sg.  2713,  2826. 

eorffe,  w.  f. :  i)  earth  (in  contrast 
with  heaven),  world :  ace.  sg.  al- 
mihtiga  eorftan  worhte,  92;  wide 
geond  eorftan,  far  over  the  earth, 
through  the  wide  world,  266;  dat. 
sg.  ofer  eorftan,  248,  803 ;  on  eor- 
ftan,  1823,  2856,  3139;  gen.  sg. 
eorftan,  753.  —  2)  earth,  ground: 
ace.  sg.  he  eorftan  gefeoll,  fell  to 
the  ground,  2835  '•>  forleton  eorla 
gestreon  eorftan  healdan,  let  the 
earth  hold  the  nobles'  treasure,  3 1 68 ; 
dat.  sg.  bat  hit  on  eorftan  lag,  1533; 
under  eorftan,  2416;  gen.  sg.  wiS 
eorftan  fa'tSm  (in  the  bosom  of  the 
ear tli),  3050. 

eorth-reced,  st.  n.,  hall  in  the  earth, 
rock-hall :  ace.  sg.  2720. 

eorlff-scraf,  st.n.,  earth-cavern,  cave: 
dat.  sg.  eor$-[scrafe],  2233;  gen. 
pi.  eorft-scrafa,  3047. 

eorft-sele,  st.  m.,  hall  in  the  earth, 
cave  :  ace.  sg.  eort>-sele,  241 1 ;  dat. 
sg.  of  eorftsele,  2516. 

eorfr-weall,  st.  m.,  earth-wall :  ace. 


sg.  (Ongen)>e6w)  beah  eft  under 
eorftweall,  fled  again  under  the 
earth-wall  (into  his  fortified  camp), 
2958;  >a  me  was  .  .  .  siS  alyfed 
inn  under  eor'Svveall,  then  the  way 
in,  tmder  the  earth-wall  was  opened 
to  me  (into  the  dragon's  cave),  309 1 . 

eorS'-weard,  st.  m.,  land-property, 
estate:  ace.  sg.  2335. 

eorl,  st.  m.,  noble  born  man,  a  man 
of  the  high  nobility  :  nom.  sg.  762, 
796,  1229,  etc.;  ace.  sg.  eorl,  573, 
628, 2696;  gen.  sg.  eorles,  690, 983, 
1758,  etc.;  ace.  pi.  eorlas,  2817; 
dat.  pi.  eorlum,  770,  1282,  1650, 
etc.;  gen.  pi.  eorla,  248,  357,  369, 
etc.  —  Since  the  king  himself  is 
from  the  stock  of  the  eorlas,  he 
is  also  called  eorl,  6,  2952. 

eorl-gestreon,  st.  n.,  wealth  of  the 
nobles  :  gen.  pi.  eorl-gestreona  . . . 
hardfyrdne  doel,  2245. 

eorl-gewaede,  st.  n.,  knightly  dress, 
armor  :  dat.  pi.  -gewsedum,  1443. 

eorlic  (i.e.  eorl-ltc),  adj.,  what  it  be- 
comes a  noble  born  man  to  do,  chiv- 
alrous :  ace.  sg.  eorlic  ellen,  638. 

eorl-scipe,  st.  m.,  condition  of  being 
noble  born,  chivalrous  nature, 
nobility  :  ace.  sg.  eorl-scipe,  1728, 
3175;  eorl-scipe  efnan,  to  do  chiv- 
alrous deeds,  2134,  2536,  2623, 
3008. 

eorl-weorod,  st.  n.,  followers  of 
nobles  :  nom.  sg.  2894. 

eormen-cyn,  st.  n.,  very  extensive 
race,  mankind :  gen.  sg.  eormen- 
cynnes,  1958. 

eor men-grand,  st.  m.,  immensely 
wide  plaint,  the  %vhole  broad  earth  : 
ace.  sg.  ofer  eormen-grund,  860. 

eormen-laf,  st.  f.,  enormous  legacy: 
ace.  sg.  eormen-lafe  aiSelan  cynnes 
(the  treasures  of  the  dr  agones  cave\ 
2235. 


162 


GLOSSARY. 


eorre,  adj.,  angry,  enraged:  gen.  sg. 

eorres,  1448. 
eoton,  st.  m. :   i)  giant:  nom.  sg. 

eoten  (Grendel),  762;  dat.  sg.  un- 

inflected,   eoton   (Grendel),    669; 

nom.  pi.  eotenas,  112.  —  2)  harm- 
ful enemy,  in  general  (?)  :  gen.  pi. 

eotena,  421,  884,  (of  the  Danes) 

1073,  (of  the  Frisians)  1089,  1142; 

dat.  pi.  eotenuin,  1146. 
eotonisc,  &&}., gigantic,  coming  from 

giants  :  ace.  sg.  eald  sweord  eote- 

nisc  (eotonisc),   1559,  2980,  (eto- 

nisc,  MS.)  2617. 


EO 

eored-geatwe,  st.  f.  pi.,  warlike 
adornments  :  ace.  pi.,  2867. 

c6wan,  w.  v.,  to  shoiu,  to  be  seen: 
pres.  sg.  III.  ne  gesacu  ohwser, 
ecghete  eowe'S,  nowhere  shows  it- 
self strife,  sword-hate,  1 739.  See 
edwan,  ywan. 

cower:  i)  gen.  pi.  pers.  pron.,  ves- 
trum  :  eower  sum,  that  one  of  you 
(namely,  Beowulf),  248;  faehfte 
eower  ledde,  the  enmity  of  the  peo- 
ple of  yon  (of  your  people),  597; 
nis  )>at  eower  siS  ...  nefne  min 
&nes,  2533.  —  2)  poss.  pron.,  your, 
251,  257,  294,  etc. 


g  e  -fandian,  -fondian,  w.  v.,  to  fry, 
to  search  for,  to  find  out,  to  expe- 
rience: w.gen.  pret.  part.  })at  hafde 
gumena  sum  goldes  gefandod,  that 
a  man  had  discovered  the  gold, 
2302  ;  )?onne  se  an  hafaft  Jmrh 
deaSes  nyd  dceda  gefondad,  now 


pang  experienced  the  deeds    (the 


unhappy   bow-shot   of   Hoe'Scyn), 

2455- 

fara,  w.  m.,  farer,  traveller :  in 
comp.  mere-fara. 

faran,  st.  v.,  to  move  from  one  place 
to  another,  to  go,  to  wander:  inf.  to 
ham  faran,  to  go  home,  124;  leton 
on  geflit  faran  fealvve  mearas,  let 
the  fallow  horses  go  in  eimdation, 
865 ;  cwom  faran  flotherge  on  Fres- 
na  land,  had  come  to  Frieslandwilli 
ajlect,  2916;  com  leoda  dugofte  on 
last  faran,  came  to  go  upon  the  track 
of  the  heroes  of  his  people,  i.e.  to 
follow  them,  2946;  gerund  waeron 
aiSelingas  eft  to  leodum  fuse  to 
farenne,  the  nobles  were  ready  to 
go  again  to  their  people,  1806;  pret. 
sg.  gegnum  for  \\>&}  ofer  myrcan 
mor,  there  had  (Grendel's  mother) 
gone  away  over  the  dark  fen,  1405 ; 
sasgenga  for,  the  seafarer  (the  ship) 
drove  along,  1909;  (wyrm)  mid 
ba^le  for,  (the  dragon)  fled  away 
with  fire,  2309;  pret.  pi.  ]?at  .  .  . 
scawan  scirhame  to  scipe  foron, 
that  the  visitors  in  glittering  attire 
betook  themselves  to  the  ship,  1896. 

gefaran,  to  proceed,  to  act:  inf.  hft 
se  manscea'Sa  under  foergripum  ge- 
faran wolde,  how  he  would  act  in 
his  sudden  attacks,  739. 

ut  faran,  to  go  out :  w.  ace.  let  of 
breostum  .  .  .  word  ut  faran,  let 
words  go  out  of  his  breast,  littered 
words,  2552. 

faroff,  st.  m.,  stream,  flood  of  the  sea  : 
dat.  sg.  to  brimes  farofte,  28;  after 
faro'Se,  with  the  stream,  580  ;  at 
farofte,  1917. 

faru,  st.  f.,  way,  passage,  expedition  : 
in  comp.  ad-faru. 

facen-staf  (elementum  nequitiae), 
st.jn.,  wickedness,  treachery,  deceit: 
ace.  pi.  facen-stafas,  1019. 


GLOSSARY. 


163 


fab,  fag,  adj.,  many-colored,  varie- 
gated, of  varying  color  (especially 
said  of  the  color  of  gold,  of  bronze, 
and  of  blood,  in  which  the  beams 
of  light  are  refracted)  :  nom.  sg. 
fah  (cover  ed-with  blood},  420;  blode 
fah,  935;  atertanum  fah  (sc.  Iren), 
1460;  sadol  searwum  fah  (saddle 
artistically  ornamented  with  gold}, 
1039;  sweordswatefah,  1287;  brim 
blode  fah,  1 595 ;  waldreore/ag,  1632; 
(draca)  fyrwylmum  fah  {because  he 
spewed  flame],  2672;  sweord  fall 
and  fated,  2702;  blode  fah,  2975; 
ace.  sg.  dreore  fahne,  447 ;  goldsele 
fattum  fahne,  717;  on  fagne  flor 
treddode,  trod  the  shining  floor  (of 
Heorot),  726;   hrof  golde  fahne, 
the  roof  shining  with  gold,  928; 
nom.  pi.  eoforlic  .  .  .  fah  and  fyr- 
heard,  305;  ace.  pi.  >a  hilt  since 
fage,  1616;  dat.  pi.  f&gum  sweor- 
dum,    586.  —  Comp.   bdn-,    blod-, 
brftn-,  dreor-,  gold-,  gryre-,  searo-, 
sine-,  stan-,  swat-,  wal-,  wyrm-fah. 

fah,  fag,  fa,  adj. :  i)  hostile :  nom. 
sg.  fah  feond-sceafia,  554;  he  was 
fag  wi"5  god  (Grendel),  812;  ace. 
sg.  fane  (the  dragon},  2656;  gen. 
pi.  fdra,  578,  1464.  —  2)  liable  to 
pursuit,  without  peace,  outlawed  : 
nom.  sg.  f&g,  1264;  m&ne  fah,  out- 
lawed through  crime,  979;  fyren- 
dsedum  fag,  1002.  —  Comp.  nearo- 
fith. 

famig-heals,  adj.,  with  foaming 
neck  :  nom.  sg.  flota  fdmig-heals, 
218;  (ssegenga)  f&mig-heals,  1910. 

fac,  st.  n.,  period  of  time :  ace.  sg. 
lytel    fac,    during   a   short   time, 
2241. 

fader,  v&.,  father :  nom.  sg.  fader,  55, 
262,459,  2609;  of  God,  1610;  fader 
alvvalda,  316;  ace.  sg.  fader,  1356; 
dat.  sg,  fader,  2430;  gen.  sg.  fader, 


21,  1480;  of  God,  188.  —  Comp.: 
ser-,  eald-fader. 

fadera,  w.  m.,  father's  brother  :  in 
comp.  suhter-gefaderan. 

fader-aQ'elo,  st.  n.  pi.,  pater -mis 
principatus  (?)  :  dat.  pi.  fader- 
aiSelum,  912. 

faderen-maeg,  st.  m.,  kinsman  de- 
scended from  the  same  father,  co- 
descendant:  dat.  sg.  faderen-msege, 
1264. 

faffm,  st.  m.:  I)  the  outspread,  en- 
circling arms :  instr.  pi.  feondes 
fa'$[mum],  2129.  —  2)  embrace, 
encircling:  nom.  sg.  liges  fa'Sm, 
782;  ace.  sg.  in  fyres  faiSm,  185. 
— 3)  bosom,  lap  :  ace.  sg.  on  foldan 
fa'Sm,  1394;  wi'5  eorSan  fa5m, 
3050;  dat.  pi.  to  fader  (God's)  fa<S- 
mum,  1 88.  —  4)  power,  property  : 
ace.  in  Francna  fa'Sm,  1211.  —  Cf. 
sid-faSmed,  slS-fa'Smc. 

fad'mian,  w.  v.,  to  embrace,  to  take 
up  into  itself:  pres.  subj.  J>at  minne 
Itchaman  .  .  .  gled  fa^mie,  2653; 
inf.l^ton  flod  fat?mian  fratvvahyrde, 

3134. 

ge-fag,  adj.,  agreeable,  desirable 
(Old  Eng.,  fawe,  willingly}  :  comp. 
ge-fagra,  916. 

fagen,  adj.,  glad,  joyous  :  nom.  pi. 
ferh'Sum  fagne,  the  glad  at  heart, 
1634. 

fager,  adj.,  beautiful,  lovely :  nom. 
sg.  fager  fold-bold,  774;  fager  fol- 
dan bearm,  1138;  ace.  sg.  freo'So- 
burh  fagere,  522;  nom.  pi.  J>ser  him 
fold-wegas  fagere  Jpdhton,  867. — 
Comp.  un-fager. 

fagere,  fagre,  adv.,  beautifully, 
vvell,  becomingly,  according  to  eti- 
quette :  fagere  gefcegon  medoful 
manig,  1015;  j^a  was  flet-sittendum 
fagere  gereorded,  becomingly  the 
repast  was  served,  1789;  Higel&c 


1G4 


GLOSSARY. 


ongan  .  .  .  fagre  fricgean,  1986; 
similarly,  2990. 

far,  st.  n.,  craft,  skip  :  nom.  sg.,  33. 

fast,  adj.,  botind,  fast :  nom.  sg.  biS 
se.  step  to  fast,  1743;  ace.  sg. 
freondscipe  fastne,  2070;  faste 
frio'Suwaere,  1097.  —  The  prep,  on 
stands  to  denote  the  where  or 
wherein :  was  to  fast  on  ham  (sc. 
on  fashiSe  and  fyrene),  137;  on 
ancre  fast,  303.  Or,  oftener,  the 
dative:  feond-grdpum  fast,  (held} 
fast  in  his  antagonist's  clutch,  637; 
fyrbendum  fast,  fast  in  the  forged 
hinges,  723  ;  handa  fast,  1291,  etc.; 
hygebendum  fast  (beorn  him  lan- 
gaft),  fast  (shut}  in  the  bonds  of 
his  bosom,  the  man  longs  for  (i.e. 
in  secret),  1879.  —  Comp. :  ar-, 
blaed-,  gin-,  soft-,  tlr-,  wls-fast. 

faste,  *&v.,fast:  554,  761,  774,  789, 
1296.  —  Comp.  fasten,  143. 

be-fastan,  w.  v.,  to  give  over  :  inf. 
het  Hildeburh  hire  selfre  sunu 
sweolofte  befastan,  to  give  over  to 
the  flames  her  own  son,  Ili6. 

fasten,  st.  \\.,  fortified  place,  o\-  place 
difficult  of  access  :  ace.  sg.  leoda 
fasten,  the  fastness  of  the  Gedtas 
(with  ref.  to  2327),  2334;  fasten 
(OngenKow's  castle  or  fort) ,  295 1 ; 
fasten  (Grendel's  house  in  the  fen- 
sea),  104. 

fast-raed,  adj.,  firmly  resolved :  ace. 
sg.  fast-raedne  gej^oht,  firm  deter- 
mination, 6n. 

fat,  st.  m.,  way,  journey  :  in  comp. 
sf$-fat. 

fat,  st.  n.,  vessel ;  vase,  cup  :  ace.  pi. 
fyrn-manna  fatu,  the  {drinking-} 
vessels  of  men  of  old  times,  2762. — 
Comp. :  bcin-,  drync-,  m&<Si5um-, 
sine-,  wundor-fat. 

fat,  st.  n.  (?),  plate,  sheet  of  metal, 
especially  gold  plate  (Dietrich  Hpt. 


Ztschr.  XI.  420)  :  dat.  pi.  gold- 
sele  .  .  .  fattum  fahne,  shining  with 
gold  plates  (the  walls  and  the  inner 
part  of  the  roof  were  partly  cov- 
ered with  gold),  717;  sceal  se 
hearda  helm  hyrsted  golde  fatum 
befeallen  (sc.  wesan),  the  gold  or- 
naments shall  fall  away  from  it, 


. 
fated,    fatt,  part.,  ornamented  with 

gold  beaten  into  plate-  form  :  gen. 
sg.  fattan  goldes,  1094,2247;  instr. 
sg.  fattan  golde,  2103.  Elsewhere, 
covered,  ornamented  with  gold 
plate  :  nom.  sg.  sweord  .  .  .  fated, 
2702;  ace.  sg.  fated  waege,  2254, 
2283;  ace.  pi.  fatte  scyldas,  333; 
fatte  beagas,  1751. 

fated-hleor,  adj.,  phaleratus  gena 
(Dietr.)  :  ace.  pi.  eahta  mearas 
fated-hleore  (eight  horses  with  bri- 
dles covered  with  plates  of  gold}, 
1037- 

fat-gold,  st.  n.,  gold  in  sheets  or 
plates:  ace.  sg.,  1922. 

faege,  adj.:  i)  forfeited  to  death, 
allotted  to  death  by  fate  :  nom.  sg. 
faege,  1756,  2142,  2976;  faege  and 
ge-flymed,  847  ;  fus  and  faege,  1  242  ; 
ace.  sg.  fsegne  flaesc-homan,  1569; 
dat.  sg.  faegum,  2078;  gen.  sg. 
faeges,  1528.  —  2)  dead:  dat.  pi. 
ofer  faegum.  (over  the  warriors 
fallen  in  the  battle},  3026.  — 
Comp.  :  deatS-,  un-fsege. 

faehfr  (state  of  hostility,  see  fab), 
st.  f.,  hostile  act,  feud,  battle  :  nom. 
sg.  faehft,  2404,  3062;  ace.  sg. 
faeh'Se,  153,  459,  470,  596,  1334, 
etc.;  also  of  the  unhappy  bow- 
shot of  the  Hr£o"ling,  Hseftcyn,  by 
which  he  killed  his  brother,  2466; 
dat.  sg.  fore  faehSe  and  fyrene,  137; 
nalas  for  faefrSe  mearn  (did  not 
recoil  from  the  combat),  1538; 


GLOSSARY. 


165 


gen.  sg.  ne  gefeah  he  fysere  faehfte, 
109;  gen.  pi.  faehfta  gemyndig, 
2690.  —  Comp.  wal-faehiS. 

faehffo,  st.  f.,  same  as  above :  nom. 
sg.  sio  faeh'So,  3000;  ace.  faehfto, 
2490. 

faelsian,  w.  v.,  to  bring  into  a  good 
condition,  to  cleanse :  inf.  bat  ic 
mote  .  .  .  Heorot  fbelsian  (from  the 
plague  of  Grendel),  432;  pret. 
HroSgdres  .  .  .  sele  faelsode,  2353. 

ge-faelsian,  \v.  v.,  same  as  above: 
pret.  part,  hafde  gefaelsod  .  .  .  sele 
HroSgares,  826;  Heorot  is  gefael- 
sod, 1177;  waeron  yft-gebland  eal 
gefaelsod,  1621. 

faemne,  w.  f.,  virgin,  recens  nupta  : 
dat.  sg.  faemnan,  2035;  gen.  sg. 
faemnan,  2060,  both  times  of  HroS- 
gar's  daughter  Freaware. 

faer,  st.  -m.,  sudden,  unexpected  at- 
tack:  nom.  sg.  (attack  upon  Hnaf's 
band  by  Finn's),  1069. 

faer-gripe,  st.  m.,  sudden,  treacher- 
ous gripe,  attack :  nom.  sg.  faer- 
gripe  flodes,  1517;  dat.  pi.  under 
faergripum,  739. 

faer-gryre,  st.  m.,  fright  caused  by  a 
sudden  attack  :  dat.  pi.  wi<S  faer- 
gryrum  (against  the  inroads  of 
Grendel  into  Heorot),  174. 

faeringa,  adv.,  suddenly,  iinexpect- 
edly,  1415,  1989. 

faer-nift1,  st.  m.,  hostility  with  sud- 
den attacks :  gen.  pi.  hwat  me 
Grendel  hafaft  .  .  .  faerniiSa  gefre- 
med,  476. 

faes,  st.  m.  (?),  2231. 

fefrer-gearwe,  st.  f.  pi.  {feather- 
equipment),  the  feathers  of  the 
shaft  of  the  arrow  :  dat.  (instr.)  pi. 
sceft  fe'Ser-gearwum  fus,  3120. 

fcl,  st.  n.,  skin,  hide :  dat.  pi.  glof 
•  •  •  gegyrwed  dracan  fellum,  made 
of  the  skins  of  dragons,  2089. 


fela,  I.,  adj.  indecl.,  much,  many: 
as  subst. :  ace.  sg.  fela  fricgende, 
2107.  With  worn  placed  before  : 
hwat  J?u  worn  fela  ...  ymb  Brecan 
spraece,  koiv  very  mucJi  you  spoke 
about  Breca,  530.  —  With  gen.  sg. : 
ace.  sg.  fela  fyrene,  Sio;  wyrm- 
cynnes  fela,  1426;  worna  fela  sor- 
ge,  2004;  to  fela  micles  . . .  Denigea 
leocle,  too  much  of  the  race  of  the 
Danes,  695;  uncuSes  fela,  877; 
fela  laSes,  930;  fela  leofes  and 
latfes,  1 06 1.  —  With  gen.  pi. :  nom. 
sg.  fela  madma,  36;  fela  J?aera  wera 
and  wifa,  993,  etc.;  ace.  sg.  fela 
missera,  153;  fela  fyrena,  164; 
ofer  landa  fela,  311  ;  maftftum- 
sigla  fela  (falo,  MS.),  2758;  ne 
me  swor  fela  afta  on  unriht,  sivore 
no  false  oaths,  2739,  etc.;  worn 
fela  maSma,  1784;  worna  fela 
gfrSa,  2543. — Comp.  eal-fela. 

II.,  adverbial,  wry,   1386,  2103, 
2951. 

fela-hrGr,  adj.,  valde  agitatus,  very 
active  against  the  enemy,  very  war- 
like, 27. 

fela-mOdig,  adj.,  very  courageous : 
gen.  pi.  -modigra,  1638,  1889. 

fela-synnig,  adj.,  very  criminal, 
very  guilty  :  ace.  sg.  fela-sinnigne 
secg  (in  MS.,  on  account  of  the 
alliteration,  changed  to  simple  s  i  n  - 
nigne),  1380. 

felgan,  st.  v.,  to  betake  one's  self 
into  a  place,  to  conceal  one's  self : 
pret.  siSSan  inne  fealh  Grendles 
modor  (in  Heorot),  1282;  Jxcr 
inne  fealh  secg  syn-bysig  (in  the 
dragon's  cave),  2227.  —  to  come  to 
any  place,  to  arrive  :  searoniftas 
fealh,  1 20 1. 

at-felgan,  w.  dat.,  insistere,  adhse- 
rere  :  pret.  no  ic  him  J>as  georne  at- 
fealh(rtW not  hold 'him  so  fast),  969. 


166 


GLOSSARY. 


fen,  st.  n.,  fen,  moor :  ace.  sg.  fen, 
104;  dat.  sg.  to  fenne,  1296;  fen- 
ne,  2010. 

fen-freofto,  f.,  refuge  in  the  fen  : 
dat.  sg.  in  fen-freoSo,  852. 

feng,  st.  m.,  gi'ipe,  embrace :  nom. 
sg.  fyres  feng,  1765;  ace.  sg.  fara 
feng  (of  the  hostile  sea-monsters), 
578.  —  Comp.  inwit-feng. 

fengel  (probably  he  who  takes  pos- 
session, cf.  to  fon,  1 756,  and  fon  to 
rice,  to  enter  upon  the  government}, 
st.  m.,  lord,  prince,  king:  nom. 
sg.  wisa  fengel,  1401 ;  snottra  fen- 
gel,  1476,  2157;  hringa  fengel, 
2346. 

fen-ge-lad,  st.  n.,  fen-paths,  fen 
-with  paths  :  ace.  pi.  frecne  fen- 
gel&d  (fens  difficult  of  access}, 
1360. 

fen-hliS1,  st.  n.,  marshy  precipice  : 
ace.  pi.  under  fen-hleoftu,  821. 

fen-h6p,  st.  n.,  refuge  in  the  fen  : 
ace.  pi.  on  fen-hopu,  765. 

fern,  st.  m.  n.,  life  ;  see  feorh. 

fern,  st.  m.,  hog,  boar,  here  of  the 
boar-image  on  the  helmet :  nom. 

sg.,  305- 

ferhff,  st.  m.,  heart,  soul :  dat.  sg.  on 
ferhfte,  755,  949,  1719;  gehwylc 
hiora  his  ferhfte  treowde,  >at  .  .  ., 
each  of  them  trusted  to  his  (Hun- 
ferft's)  heart,  that  .  .  .,  1167;  gen. 
sg.  ferhftes  fore-J?anc,  1061;  dat. 
pi.  (adverbial)  ferhftum  fagne, hap- 
py at  heart,  1634;  J>at  mon  .  .  . 
ferhftum  freoge,  that  one  .  .  .  hearti- 
ly love,  3178.  —  Comp.:  collen-, 
sang-,  swift-,  wide-ferhft. 

ferh3'-frec,adj.,  having good 'courage, 
bold,  brave :  ace.  sg.  ferhft-frecan 
Fin,  1147. 

ferhS'-geniS'la,  w.  m.,  mortal  ene- 
my :  ace.  sg.  ferhft-geniftlan,  of  the 
drake,  2882. 


ferian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  bear,  to  bring, 
to  conduct:  pres.  II.  pi.  hwanon 
ferigeaft  fatte  scyldas,  333;  pret. 
pi.  to  scypum  feredon  eal  inges- 
teakl  eorftcyninges,  1155;  simi- 
larly, feredon,  1159,  3114. 

at -ferian,  to  carry  away,  to  bear 
off:  pret.  ic  >at  hilt  J^anon  feon- 
dum  atferede,  1670. 

ge-ferian,/0  bear,  to  bring,  to  lead: 
pres.  subj.  I.  pi.  bonne  (we)  ge- 
ferian  frean  userne,  3108;  inf. 
geferian.  ..Grendles  heafod,  1639; 
pret.  £iit  hi  ftt  gefevedon  dyre  mltS- 
mas,  3131;  pret.  part,  her  syndon 
geferede  feorran  cumene  . . .  Geata 
leode,  men  of  the  Gedtas,  come 
from  afar,  have  been  brought 
hither  (by  ship),  361. 

6ft- ferian,  to  tear  aivay,  to  take 
aivay :  pret.  sg.  I.  unsofte  panon 
feorh  65-ferede,  2142. 

o  f  -  f  e  r  i  a  n ,  to  carry  off,  to  take  away, 
to  tear  aivay  :  pret.  ofter  swylc  (it 
offerede,  took  away  another  such 
(sc.  fifteen),  1584. 

fetel-hilt,  st.  n.,  sword-hilt,  with  the 
gold  chains  fastened  to  it :  ace.  (sg. 
or  pi.?),  1564.  (See  "Leitfaden  f. 
nord.  Altertumskunde,"pp.45,46.) 

fetian,  w.  v.,  to  bring  near,  bring  : 
pres.  subj.  nih  hwd  .  .  .  fe[tige] 
fated  wasge,  bring  the  gold-chased 
tankard,  2254;  pret.  part,  hrafte 
was  to  bure  Beowulf  fetod,  1311. 

ge -fetian,  to  bring:  inf.  het  \>& 
eorla  hleo  in  gefetian  Hr£ftles  lafe, 
caused  Hre^eVs  sword  to  be  brought, 
2191. 

a-fedan,  w.  v.,  to  nourish,  to  bring 
up  :  pret.  part.  J>ser  he  afeded  was, 
694. 

feffa  (O.H.G.  fendo),  w.  m. :  ^foot- 
soldiers:  nom.  pi.  feftan,  1328, 
2545. —  2)  collective  in  sing.,  band 


GLOSSARY. 


167 


of  foot-soldiers,  troop  of  warriors  : 
nom.  feSa  eal  gesat,  1425;  dat.  on 
feSan,  2498,  2920.  —  Comp.  gum- 
feSa. 

fefte,  st.  n.,  gait,  going,  pace  :  dat. 
sg.  was  to  foremihtig  feond  on 
ft:5e,  the  enemy  luas  too  strong  in 
going  (i.e.  could  flee  too  fast),  971. 

fefte-cempa,  w.  m.,  foot-soldier  : 
nom.  sg.,  1545,  2854. 

feScFe-gast,  st.  m.,  guest  coming  on 
foot :  dat.  pi.  feSe-gestum,  1977. 

f  efre-last,  st.  m.,  signs  of  going,  foot- 
print :  dat.  pi.  fe"rdon  for S  bonon 
fe'tSe-la'stum,  went  forth  from  there 
upon  their  trail,  i.e.  by  the  same 
way  that  they  had  gone,  1633. 

f  effe-wig,  st.  m.,  battle  on  foot :  gen. 
sg.  nealles  Hetware  hr£mge  borf- 
ton  (sc.  wesan)  fe5e-wfges,  2365. 

fel  (=  feol),  st.  t.,file:  gen.  pi.  fSla 
lafe,  what  the  files  have  left  behind 
(that  is,  the  swords),  1033. 

f eran,  w.  v.,  iter  (A.S.  for)  facere, 
to  come,  to  go,  to  travel :  pres.  subj. 
II.  pi.  asr  ge  .  .  .  on  land  Dena 
furftur  feran,  ere  you  go  farther 
into  the  land  of  the  Danes,  254; 
inf.  feran  on  frean  ware  (to  die}, 
27;  gewiton  him  bd  feran  (set  out 
upon  their  way},  301 ;  msel  is  me  to 
feran,  316;  feran  . .  .  gang  sceawi- 
gan,  go,  so  as  to  see  the  footprints, 
1391;  wide  feran,  2262;  pret. 
ferdon  folctogan  .  .  .  wundor  scea- 
wian,  the  princes  came  to  see  the 
wonder,  840;  ferdon  forft,  1633. 

ge-fSran:  i)  adire,  to  arrive  at: 
pres.  subj.  bonne  eorl  ende  gefere 
lifgesceafta,  reach  the  end  of  life, 
3064;  pret.  part,  hafde  seghwaSer 
ende  gefered  leenan  lifes,  frail 
life's  end  had  both  reached,  2845. 
—  2)  to  reach,  to  accomplish,  to 
bring  about :  pret.  hafast  bu  gef£- 


red  bat  .  .  .,  1222,  1856. —-3)  to 
behave  one's  self,  to  conduct  one's 
self :  pret.  frecne  gefe*rdon,  had 
shown  themselves  daring,  1692. 

feal,  st.  m.,  fall;  in  comp.  wal-feal. 

feallan,  st.  v.,  to  fall,  to  fall  head- 
long :  inf.  feallan,  1071;  pret.  sg. 
j?at  he  on  hrusan  ne  feol,  that  it 
(the  hall)  did  not  fall  to  the  ground, 
773;  similarly,  feoll  on  foldan, 
2976;  feoll  on  feSan  (dat.  sg.), 
fell  in  the  band  (of  his  warriors), 
2920;  pret.  pi.  J?onne  walu  feollon, 
1043. 

be-feallen,  pret.  part.,  w.  dat.  or 
instr.,  deprived  of,  robbed :  freon- 
dum  befeallen,  robbed  of  friends, 
1127;  sceal  se  hearda  helm  .  .  . 
fatum  befeallen  (sc.  wesan),  be 
robbed  of  its  gold  mountings  (the 
gold  mounting  will  fall  away  from 
it  moldering),  2257. 

ge-feallan,  to  fall,  to  sink  down  : 
pres.  sg.  III.  bat  se  lic-homa  .  .  , 
faege  gefeallet),  that  the  body  doomed 
to  die  sinks  doivn,  1756.  —  Also, 
with  the  ace.  of  the  place  whither  : 
pret.  meregrund  gefeoll,  2101;  he 
eorSan  gefeoll,  2835. 

fealu,  adj.,  fallow,  dun-colored,  ta%v- 
ny  :  ace.  sg.  ofer  fealone  flod  (over 
the  sea},  1951;  fealwe  strsete  (with 
reference  to  320),  917;  ace.  pi. 
leton  on  geflit  faran  fealwe  mea- 
ras,  866. — Comp.  appel-fealo. 

feax,  st.  n.,  hair,  hair  of  the  head : 
dat.  sg.  was  be  feaxe  on  flet  boren 
Grendles  heafod,  was  carried  by 
the  hair  into  the  hall,  1648;  him 
.  .  .  swat  .  .  .  sprong  for5  under 
fexe,  the  blood  sprang  out  under  the 
hair  of  his  head,  2968. —  Comp. : 
blonden-,  gamol-,  wunden-feax. 

ge-fed,  w.  m.fjoy:  ace.  sg.  boere 
fylle  gefean,  joy  at  the  abundant 


168 


GLOSSARY. 


repast,  562;  ic  bas  ealles  mag  .  .  . 
gefean  habban  {can  rejoice  at  all 

.    this),  2741. 

fed,  adj.,/^7c/  /  dat.  pi.  nemne  feaum 
anum,  except  some  few,  1082;  gen. 
pi.  feara  sum,  as  one  of  a  few,  ivith 
a  few,  1413;  feara  sumne,  one  of 
a  few  {some  few},  3062.  With  gen. 
following  :  ace.  pi.  fea  worda  cwaiS, 
spoke  feiv  words,  2663,  2247. 

fea-sceaft,  adj.,  miserable,  unhappy, 
helpless:  nom.  sg.  syiSftan  merest 
weariS  feasceaft  funden,  7  ;  fea- 
sceaft  guma  (Grendel),  974;  dat. 
sg.  feasceaftum  men,  2286;  Ead- 
gilse  .  .  .  feasceaftum,  2394;  nom. 
pi.  feasceafte  (the  Geatas  robbed 
of  their  king,  Hygelac),  2374. 

feoh,  feo,  n.,  (properly  cattle,  herd), 
here,  possessions,  property,  treas- 
ure :  instr.  sg.  ne  wolde  .  .  .  feorh- 
bealo  feo  bingian,  would  not  allay 
life's  evil  for  treastire  (tribute), 
156;  similarly,  ba~  fsehfte  fed  bin- 
gode,  470;  ic  be  ba  fsehfte  feo 
leanige,  1381. 

ge-feohaii,  ge-feon,  st.  v.,  vv.  gen. 
and  instr.,  to  enjoy  one's  self,  to 
rejoice  at  something:  a)  w.  gen.: 
pret.  sg.  ne  gefeah  he  basre  foehSe, 
109;  hilde  gefeh,  beado-weorces, 
2299;  pi.  fylle  gefegon,  enjoyed 
themselves  at  the  bounteous  repast, 
1015;  beodnes  geft-gon,  rejoiced 
at  (the  return  of)  the  ruler,  1628. 
—  b)  vv.  instr. :  niht-weorce  gefeh, 
ellen-mcerSum,  828;  secg  vveorce 
gefeh,  1570;  sxlice gefeah,  magen- 
byrSenne  bara  be  he  him  mid  haf- 
de,  rejoiced  at  the  gift  of  the  sea, 
and  at  the  great  burden  of  that 
(Grenclel's  head  and  the  sword- 
hilt)  which  he  had  with  him,  1625. 

feoli-gift,  -gyf  t,  st.  f.,  bestowing  of 
gifts  or  treasures:  gen.  sg.  baere 


feoh-gyfte,  1026;  dat.  pi.  at  feoh- 
gyftum,  1090;  fromum  feohgiftum, 
with  rich  gifts,  21. 

f  cob-leas,  adj.,  that  cannot  be  atoned 
for  through  gifts  :  nom.  sg.  bat  was 
feoh-leas  gefeoht,  a  deed  of  arms 
that  cannot  be  expiated (the  killing 
of  his  brother  by  HseScyn),  2442. 

ge-feoht,  st.  n.,  combat;  warlike 
deed :  nom.  sg.  (the  killing  of  his 
brother  by  Hseftcyn),  2442;  dat. 
sg.  mece  bone  bin  fader  to  gefeohte 
bar,  the  sword  which  thy  father 
bore  to  the  combat,  2049. 

ge-feohtan,  st.  v.,  to  fight :  inf.  w. 
ace.  ne  mehte  .  .  .  wig  Hengeste 
wiht  gefeohtan  (could  by  no  means 
offer  Hengest  battle),  1084. 

feohte,  w.  f.,  combat :  ace.  sg.  feoh- 
tan,  576,  960.  See  were-fyhte. 

feor,  adj.,  far,  remote  :  nom.  sg.  nis 
bat  feor  heonon,  1362;  nas  him 
feor  banon  to  gesecanne  sinces 
bryttan,  1922;  ace.  sg.  feor  eal 
(all  that  is  far,  past),  1702. 

feor,  adv.,  far,  far  away:  a)  of 
space,  42,  109,  809,  1806,  1917; 
feor  and  (otrSe)  neah,  far  and  (or} 
near,  1222,  2871;  feorr,  2267. — 
b)  of  time  :  ge  feor  hafaft  foehtfe 
gestaeled  (has  placed  us  under  her 
enmity  henceforth),  1341. 

Comparative,  fyr,  feorr,  and 
feor:  fyr  and  fastor,  143;  fyr, 
252;  feorr,  1989;  feor,  542. 

feor-bueiid,  dwelling  far  away  : 
nom.  pi.  ge  feor-buend,  254. 

feor-cyftftu,  st.  f.,  home  of  those  liv- 
ing far  away,  distant  land:  nom. 
pi.  feor-cyS'Se  be65  selran  gesohte 
1-am  be  him  selfa  cleah,  who  trusts 
to  his  own  ability,  for  him  is  it 
better  that  he  seek  foreign  lands, 
1839. 

feorh,ferh  (Goth.  fairhvu-s,Twr/r/), 


GLOSSARY. 


169 


st.  m.  and  n.,  life,  principle  of  life, 
soul:  nom.  sg.  feorh,  2124;  no 
j>on  lange  was  feorh  aSelinges  flses- 
ce  bewunden,  not  for  much  longer 
was  the  soul  of  the  prince  enveloped 
in  the  body  (he  was  near  death), 
2425;  ferh  ellen  wrac,  life  ex- 
pelled the  strength  (i.e.  with  the 
departing  life  the  strength  disap- 
peared also),  2707;  ace.  sg.  feorh 
ealgian,  797,  2656,  2669;  feorh 
gehealdan,  preserve  his  life,  2857; 
feorh  Megde,  gave  up  his  life,  852; 
similarly,  eer  he  feorh  seleft,  1371; 
feorh  o'Sferede,  tore  aivay  her  life, 
2142;  65  bat  hie  forloeddan  to  bam 
lindplegan  svvsese  gesiftas  ond  hyra 
sylfra  feorh,  till  in  an  evil  hour 
they  carried  into  battle  their  dear 
companions  and  their  lives  (i.e. 
led  them  to  their  death),  2041; 
gif  bu  Kn  feorh  hafast,  1850;  ymb 
feorh  sacan  (to  Jightfor  life},  439 ; 
was  in  feorh  dropen,  was  wounded 
into  his  life,  i.e.  mortally,  2982; 
widan  feorh,  as  temporal  ace., 
throiigh  a  wide  life,  i.e.  always, 
2015;  dat.  sg.  feore,  1294,  1549; 
to  widan  feore,  for  a  wide  life,  i.e. 
at  all  times,  934;  on  swa"  geongum 
feore  (at  a  so  yotithful  age},  1844 ; 
as  instr.,  578,  3014;  gen.  sg.  feores, 
1434,  1943;  dat.  pi.  buton  .  .  .  feo- 
rum  gumena,  73;  freonda  feorum, 
1 307.  —  Also,  body,  corpse  :  b&  was 
heal  hroden  feonda  feorum  (the 
hall  was  covered  with  the  slain  of 
the  enemy},  1153;  gehwearf  J4  in 
Francna  faftm  feorh  cyninges,  then 
the  body  of  the  king  (Hygelac)  fell 
into  the  power  of  the  Franks,  1 2 1 1 . 
—  Comp.  geogoS- feorh. 
feorh-bana,  \v.  m.,  (life-slayer}, 
man-slayer,  tmtrdcrer  :  dat.  sg. 
feorh-bonan,  2466. 


feorli-ben,  st.  f.,  wound  that  takes 
away  life,  mortal  wound:  dat. 
(instr.)  pi.  feorh-bennum  seoc, 
2741. 

feorh-bealu,  st.  n.,  evil  destroying 
life,  violent  death  :  nom.sg.,  2078, 
2251,  2538;  ace.  sg.,  156. 

feorli-cyn,  st.  n.,  race  of  the  living, 
mankind  :  gen.  pi.  fela  feorh-cyn- 
na,  2267. 

feorh-geni3'la,  w.  m.,  he  who  seeks 
life,  life's  enemy  (N.H.G.  Tod- 
feind),  mortal  enemy:  ace.  sg. 
-geniftlan,  1541;  dat.  sg.  -genift- 
lan,  970;  ace.  pi.  folgode  feorh- 
geniSlan,  970;  ace.  pi.  folgode 
feorh-geni'Slan,  (Ongenbeow)  pur- 
sued his  mortal  enemies,  2934. 

feorli-lagu,  st.  f.,  the  life  allotted  to 
anyone,  life  determined  bv  fate: 
ace.  sg.  on  maSma  hord  mine 
(minne,  MS.)  bebohte  frode  feorh- 

.  lege,  for  the  treasure-hoard  I  sold 
my  old  life,  2801. 

feorh-last,  st.  m.,  trace  of  (vanish- 
ing) life,  sign  of  death  :  ace.  sg. 
feorh-lastas  bar,  847. 

feorh-seoc,  adj.,  mortally  wounded : 
nom.  sg.,  821. 

feorh-sweng,  st.  m.,  (stroke  rob- 
bing of  life),  fatal  blow  :  ace.  sg., 
2490. 

feorh-wimd,  st.  f.,  mortal  vwuiid, 
fatal  injury  :  acc.sg.  feorh-wunde 
hleat,  2386. 

feorm,  st.  f.,  subsistence,  entertain- 
ment :  ace.  sg.  no  bu  ymb  mines 
ne  bearft  lices  feorme  leng  sorgian, 
thou  needest  no  longer  have  care 
for  the  sustenance  of  my  body,  451. 
—  2)  banquet :  dat.  on  feorme  (or 
feorme,  MS.),  2386. 

feormend-leds,  adj.,  wanting  the 
cleanser  :  ace.  pi.  geseah  . . .  fyrn- 
manna  fatu  feormend-lease,  2762, 


170 


GLOSSARY. 


feonnian,  w.  v.,  lo  clean,  to  cleanse, 
to  polish  :  pres.  part,  nom  pi.  feor- 
miend  svvefaS  (feormynd,  MS.), 
2257. 

g  e  -  f  e  o  r  m  i  a  n ,  w.  v.,  to  feast,  to  eat : 
pret.  part,  sona  hafde  unlyfigendes 
eal  gefeormod  fet  and  folma,  745. 

feorran,  w.  v.,  w.  ace.,  to  remove . 
inf.  sibbe  ne  wolde  wiS  manna 
hwone  magenes  Deniga  feorh-bea- 
lo  feorran,  feo  bingian,  (Grendel) 
•would  not  from  friendship  free 
any  one  of  the  race  of  the  Danes  of 
lifers  evil,  nor  allay  it  for  tribute, 
I56. 

feorran,  adv.,  from  afar :  a)  of 
space,  361,  430,  826,  1371,  1820, 
etc.;  siSSan  aSelingas  feorran  ge- 
fricgean  fleam  eowerne,  when  noble 
men  afar  learn  of  your  flight 
(when  the  news  of  your  flight 
reaches  distant  lands),  2890;  fer- 
don  folctogan  feorran  and  nean, 
from  far  and  from  near,  840; 
similarly,  nean  and  feorran  Jm  nu 
[fri5u]  hafast,  1175;  was  bas  wyr- 
mes  wig  wide  gesyne  . .  .  nean  and 
feorran,  visible  from  afar,  far  and 
near,  2318.  —  b)  temporal:  se  J?e 
cuiSe  frumsceaft  fira  feorran  reccan 
{since  remote  antiquity},  91;  sim- 
ilarly, feorran  rehte,  2107. 

feorraii-cund,  adj.,  foreign-born  : 
dat.  sg.  feorran-cundum,  1796. 

feor-weg,  st.  m.,  far  way  :  dat.  pi. 
maxima  fela  of  feorwegum,  many 
precious  things  from  distant  paths 
(from  foreign  kinds),  37. 

ge-feon.    See  feohan. 

feond,  st.  m.,  enemy  :  nom.  sg.,  164, 
726,  749;  feond  on  helle  (Gren- 
del), 101  ;  ace.  sg.,  279,  1865, 
2707;  dat.  sg.  feoncle,  143,  439; 
gen.  sg.  feondes,  985,  2129,  2290; 
ace.  pi.  feond,  699;  dat.  pi.  feon- 


dum,  420,   1670;   gen.  pi.  feonda, 
294,  809,  904. 

feond-grap,  st.  f.,  foe's  clutch  :  dat. 
(instr.)  pi.  feond-grapum  fast,  637. 

fe6nd-scea3'a,  w.  m.,  one  who  is  an 
enemy  and  a  robber  :  nom.  sg.  fa"h 
feond-scafta  {a  gleaming  sea-mon- 
ste>'},  554- 

feond-scipe,  st.  m.,  hostility  :  nom. 
sg.,  3000. 

feower,  num.,  four:  nom.  feower 
beam,  59;  feower  mearas,  2164; 
feower,  as  substantive,  1638;  ace. 
feower  m&Smas,  1028. 

fe6wer-tyne,  num.,  fourteen:  nom. 
with  following  gen.  pi.  feowertyne 
Geata,  1642. 

findan,  st.  v.,  to  find,  to  invent,  to 
attain  :  a)  with  simple  object  in 
ace. :  inf.  Hira  J?e  he  cenoste  findan 
mihte,  207;  swylce  hie  at  Finnes- 
ham  findan  meahton  sigla  searo- 
gimma,  1157;  similarly,  2871; 
mag  J?oer  fela  freonda  findan,  1839; 
wolde  guman  findan,  2295;  svva 
hyt  weorftlicost  fore-snotre  men 
findan  mihton,  so  splendidly  as  only 
very  zvise  men  could  devise  it,  3 1 64 ; 
pret.  sg.  healj?egnas  fand,  720; 
word  o5er  fand,  found other  words, 
i.e.  went  on  to  another  narrative, 
871;  grimne  gryrelicne  grund- 
hyrde  fond,  2137;  J>at  ic  godne 
funde  beaga  bryttan,  1487;  pret. 
part.  sy$5an  merest  wear^  feasceaft 
funden  {discovered},  7. — b)  with 
ace.  and  pred.  adj. :  pret.  sg.  dryh- 
ten  sinne  driorigne  fand,  2790.  — 
c)  with  ace.  and  inf.:  pret.  fand 
}?a  j?aer  inne  aSelinga  gedriht  swe- 
fan,  118;  fand  waccendne  wer 
wiges  bidan,  1268;  hord-wynne 
fond  opene  standan,  2271 ;  6$  bat 
he  fyrgen-beamas  .  .  .  hleonian 
funde,  1416;  pret.  pi.  fundon  b& 


GLOSSARY. 


171 


savvulleasne  hlim  -  bed  healdan, 
3034.  — d)  with  dependent  clause : 
inf.  no  J?y  ser  feasceafte  findan 
meahton  at  }?am  aftelinge  f>at  he 
Heardrede  hlaford  waere  (could  by 
no  means  obtain  it  from  the 
prince],  2374. 

o  n  -  f  i  n  d  a  n ,  to  be  sensible  of,  to  per- 
ceive, to  notice :  a)  w.  ace. :  pret. 
sg.  landweard  onfand  eftsiS  eorla, 
the  coast-guard  observed  the  return 
of  the  earls,  1892;  pret.  part.  J>£ 
heo  onfunden  was(7<ww  discovered}, 
1294. — b)  w.  depend,  clause :  pret. 
sg.  \§.  se  gist  onfand  J>at  se  beado- 
leoma  bitan  nolde,  the  stranger 
(Beowulf  )  perceived  that  the  sword 
would  not  cut,  1523  ;  sona  J?at  on- 
funde,  J?at  .  .  .,  immediately  per- 
ceived that  . . .,  751 ;  similarly,  810, 
1498. 

finger,  st.  m.,  finger  :  nom.  pi.  fin- 
gras,  761;  ace.  pi.  fingras,  985; 
dat.  (instr.)  pi.  fingrum,  1506;  gen. 
pi.  fingra,  765. 

firas,  fyras  (O.H.G.  firahi,  i.e.  the 
living ;  cf.  feorh),  st.  m.,  only  in 
pi.,  men  :  gen.  pi.  fira,  91,  2742; 
monegum  fira,  2002;  fyra  gehwylc- 
ne  leoda  minra,  2251 ;  fira  fyrnge- 
vveorc,  2287. 

firen,  fyren,  st.  f.,  cunning  way- 
laying, insidious  hostility,  malice, 
outrage  :  nom.  sg.  fyren,  916;  ace. 
sg.  fyrene  and  foehfte,  153;  faelvSe 
and  fyrene,  880,  2481;  firen'  on- 
drysne,  1933 ;  dat.  sg.  fore  fehfte 
and  fyrene,  137;  gen.  pi.  fyrena, 
164,629;  and  fyrene, $12;  fyrena 
hyrde  (of  Grendel),  751.  The  dat. 
pi.,  fyrenum,  is  used  adverbially  in 
the  sense  of  maliciously,  1745,  or 
fallaciously,  with  reference  to  HselS- 
cyn's  killing  Herebeald,  which  was 
done  unintentionally,  2442. 


firen-daed,  st.  f.,  wicked  deed :  ace. 
pi.  fyren-dseda,  1670 ;  instr.  pi. 
fyren-daedum,  1002 ;  both  times  of 
Grendel  and  his  mother,  with  refer- 
ence to  their  nocturnal  inroads. 

firen-J>earf,  st.  f.,  misery  through 
the  malignity  of  enemies  :  ace.  sg. 
fyren-J?earfe,  14. 

firgen-beam,  st.  m.,  tree  of  a  moun- 
tain-forest:  ace.  pi.  fyrgen-beamas, 

I4I5- 

firgen-holt,  st.  m.,  mountain-wood, 
mountain-forest :  ace.  sg.  on  fyr- 
gen-holt,  1394. 

firgen-stream,  st.  m.,  mountain- 
'  stream  :  nom.  sg.  fyrgen-stream, 
1360;  ace.  sg.  under  fyrgen-stream 
(marks  the  place  where  the  moun- 
tain-stream, according  to  1360, 
empties  into  Grendel's  sea),  2129. 

fisc,  st.  m.,  fish :  in  comp.  hron-, 
mere-fisc. 

fif,  num.,  Jive:  uninflect.  gen.  ftf 
nihta  fyrst,  545;  ace.  fife  (?),  420. 

fifel-cyn  (O.N.  ftfl,  stultus  and 
gigas),  st.  m.,  giant-race  :  gen.  sg. 
fifelcynnes  card,  104. 

fif-tene,  fif-tyne,  num.,  fifteen: 
ace.  fyftyne,  1583;  gen.  fiftena 
sum,  207. 

f if-tig,  num.,  fifty  :  i)  as  substantive 
with  gen.  following ;  ace.  fiftig 
wintra,  2734 ;  gen.  se  was  fiftiges 
fot-gemearces  lang,  3043.  —  2) 
as  adjective  :  ace.  fiftig  wintru, 
2210. 

flan,  st.  m.,  arroiv :  dat.  sg.  flane, 
3120;  as  instr.,  2439. 

flan-boga,  w.  m.,  bow  which  shoots 
the  flan,  bow:  dat.  sg.  of  flan- 
bogan,  1434,  1745. 

fla^sc,  st.  n.,  flesh,  body  in  contrast 
•with  soul :  instr.  sg.  no  )>on  lange 
was  feorh  aftelinges  flsesce  bewun- 
den,  not  much  longer  ivas  the  soul 


172 


GLOSSARY. 


of  the  prince  contained  in  his  bodv, 
2425. 
flaesc-hama,  w.  m.,  clothing  of  flesh, 

i.e.  the  body  :  ace.  sg.  fbesc-homan, 
1569. 

flet,  st.  n. :  i)  ground,  floor  of  a 
hall :  ace.  sg.  heo  on  flet  gebeah, 
fell  to  the  ground,  1541;  similarly, 
1569.  —  2)  hall,  mansion:  nom. 
sg-  1977;  ace-  sg.  flet,  1037,  1648, 
1950,  2018,  etc.  ;  flett,  2035;  |?at 
hie  him  ofter  flet  eal  gerymdon, 
that  they  should  give  up  entirely  to 
them  another  hall,  1087 ;  dat.  sg. 
on  flette,  1026. 

flet-rast,  st.  f.,  resting-place  in  the 
hall:  ace.  sg.  flet-raste  gebeag, 
reclined  upon  the  couch  in  the  hall, 
1242. 

flet-sittend,  pres.  part.,  sitting  in 
the  hall :  ace.  pi.  -sittende,  2023; 
dat.  pi.  -sittendum,  1789. 

flet-werod,  st.  n.,  troop  from  the 
hall .'  nom.  sg.,  476. 

fleam,  st.  m.,  flight :  ace.  sg.  on 
fleam  gewand,  had  turned  to  flight, 
1002  :  fleam  eowerne,  2890. 

fleogan,  st.  v.,  to  fly :  prs.  sg.  III. 
fleogeft,  2274. 

fleoii,  st.  v.,  to  flee  :  inf.  on  heolster 
fleon,  756;  fleon  on  fenhopu,  765; 
fleon  under  fen-hleo'Su,  821  ;  w. 
ace.  hete-swengeas  fleah,  2226. 

be -fie  on,  w.  ace.,  to  avoid,  to  es- 
cape :  gerund  no  j?at  yfte  byl5  to 
befleonne,  that  is  not  easy  (i.e.  not 
at  all)  to  be  avoided,  1004. 

of  er- fie  on,  w.  ace.,  to  flee  from 
one,  to  yield :  inf.  nelle  ic  beorges 
weard  oferfleon  fotes  trem,  will 
not  yield  to  the  warder  of  the 
mountain  (the  drake)  a  foofs 
breadth,  2526. 

fleoton,  st.  v.,  to  float  upon  the  -water, 
to  swim  :  inf.-  no  he  wiht  fram  me 


flod-y'Sum  feor  fleotan  meahte, 
hracSor  on  holme,  no  whit,  could  he 
swim  from  me  farther  on  the  waves 
(regarded  as  instrumental,  so  that 
the  waves  marked  the  distance), 
more  swiftly  in  the  sea,  542  ;  pret. 
scegenga  fleat  f^migheals  forS  ofer 
y'c-'e,  floated  a^vay  over  the  waves, 
1910. 

fliht.     See  flyht. 

flitme.     See  un-flitine. 

ill  tan,  st.  v.,  to  exert  one's  self,  to 
strive,  to  emtilate  :  pres.  part,  fli- 
tende  fealwe  strsete  mearum  maeton 
(rode  a  race),  917;  pret.  sg.  II. 
eart  }>u  se  Beowulf,  se  ]?e  wift 
Brecan  .  .  .  ymb  sund  flite,  art  thou 
the  Bedwulf  -who  once  contended 
with  Breca  for  the  prize  in  swim- 
ming? 507. 

ofer-flitan,  to  surpass  one  in  a 
contest,  to  conquer,  to  overcome  : 
pret.  w.  ace.  he  J?e  at  sunde  ofer- 
flit  (overcome  thee  in  a  swimming- 
wager'},  517. 

ge-flit,  st.  n.,  emulation:  ace.  sg. 
leton  on  geflit  faran  fealwe  mearas, 
let  the  fallow  horses  go  in  emula- 
tion, 866. 

floga,  \\.\\\., flyer;  in  the  compounds  : 
guiS-,  lyft-,  uht-,  wlS-floga. 

flota'(see  fleotan),  w.  m.,  float, 
ship,  boat :  nom.  sg.,  210,  218,  301  ; 
ace.  sg.  flotan  eowerne,  294. — 
Comp.  wseg-flota. 

flot-here,  st.  n.,  fleet:  instr.  sg. 
cwom  faran  flotherge  on  Fresna 
land,  2916. 

fl6d,  st.  m.,  flood,  stream,  sea-cur- 
rent: nom.  sg.,  545,  580, 1362,  etc.; 
ace.  sg.  flod,  3134  ;  ofer  fealone 
flod,  1951 ;  dat.  sg.  to  flode,  1889; 
gen.  pi.  floda  begong,  the  region 
of  floods,  i.e.  the  sea,  1498,  1827  ; 
floda  genipu,  2809. 


GLOSSARY. 


173 


1,  st.  f.,  flood-rvave  :  instr.  pi. 
flod-ySum,  542. 

flOr,  st.  m.,  floor,  stone-floor :  ace. 
sg.  on  figne  flor  (the  floor  was 
probably  a  kind  of  mosaic,  made 
of  colored  flags),  726;  dat.  sg. 
gang  j?£i  after  flore,  along  tJie  floor 
(i.e.  along  the  hall),  1317. 

flyht,  fliht,  st.  m.,  flight :  nom.  sg. 
gares  fliht,  flight  of  the  spear,  1 766. 

g  e  -  flyman,  \v.  v.,  to  put  to  flight  : 
pret.  part,  geflymed,  847,  1371. 

folc,  st.  n.,  troop,  band  of  "warriors  ; 
folk,  in  the  sense  of  the  whole 
body  of  the  fighting  men  of  a  na- 
tion :  ace.  sg.  folc,  522,  694,  912  ; 
Suftdene  folc,  464  ;  folc  and  rtce, 
1180;  dat.  sg.  folce,  14,  2596; 
folce  Deninga,  465  ;  as  instr.  folce 
gestepte  ofer  sae  side,  went  with  a 
band  of  warriors  over  the  wide 
sea,  2394;  gen.  sg.  folces,  1125; 
folces  Denigea,  1583.  —  The  king 
is  called  folces  hyrde,  611,  1833, 
2645,2982;  freawine  folces,  2358; 
or  folces  weard,  2514.  The  queen, 
folces  cwen,  1933. — The  pi.,  in 
the  sense  of  wrtrrzVrj,  fightingmen: 
nom.  pi.  folc,  1423,  2949;  dat.  pi. 
folcum,  55,  262,  1856;  gen.  pi. 
freo-  (frea-)  wine  folca,  of  the  king, 
430,  2430  ;  friSu-sibb  folca,  of  the 
queen,  2018.  —  Comp.  sige-folc. 

folc-agend,  pres.  part.,  leader  of  a 
band  of  warriors  :  nom.  pi.  folc- 
agende,  3114. 

folc-beorn,  st.  m.,  man  of  the  mtil- 
titude,  a  common  man  :  nom.  sg. 
folc-beorn,  2222. 

folc-cwen,  st.  f.,  queen  of  a  ivarlike 
host :  nom.  sg.,  of  Wealh^eow,  642. 

folc-cyning,  st.  m.,  king  of  a  war- 
like host :  nom.  sg.,  2734,  2874. 

fblc-reed,  st.  m.,  ivhat  best  serves  a 
warlike  host :  ace.  sg.,  3007. 


folc-riht,  st.  n.,  the  rights  of  the 
fightingmen  of  a  nation:  geh.pl. 
him  ser  forgeaf  .  .  .  folcrihta  ge- 
hwylc,  sw&  his  fader  ahte,  2609. 

folc-scearu,  st.  f.,  part  of  a  host  of 
warriors,  nation  :  dat.  sg.  folc- 
scare,  73. 

folc-stede,  st.  m.,  position  of  a  band 
of  warriors,  place  where  a  band  of 
warriors  is  quartered:  ace.  sg. 
folcstede,  of  the  hall,  Heorot,  76; 
folcstede  faTa  (the  battle-field*), 
1464. 

folc-toga,  w.  m.,  leader  of  a  body 
ofwarriors,  duke:  nom.  pi.,  power- 
ful liege  -  men  of  Hroftgar  are 
called  folc-togan,  840. 

fold-bold,  st.  n.,  earth-house  (i.e.  a 
house  on  earth  in  contrast  with  a 
dwelling  in  heaven)  :  nom.  sg.  fa- 
ger  fold-bold,  of  the  hall,  Heorot, 

774- 

fold-buend,  pres.  part.,  dweller  on 
earth,  man  :  nom.  pi.  fold-buend, 
2275;  fold-buende,  1356;  dat.pl. 
fold-buendum,  309. 

folde,  w.  f.,  earth,  grotind  :  ace.  sg. 
under  foldan,  1362;  feoll  on  fol- 
dan,  2976;  gen.  sg.  foldan  bearm, 
the  bosom  of  the  earth,  1138;  fol- 
dan sceatas,  96;  foldan  fa  5m, 
1394.  —  Also,  earth,  world:  dat. 
sg.  on  foldan,  1197. 

fold-weg,  st.  m.,  field-way,  road 
through  the  country  :  ace.  sg.  fold- 
weg,  1634;  ace.  pi.  fold-wegas, 
867. 

folgian,  w.  v. :  I )  to  perform  vas- 
sal-duty, to  serve,  to  follow  :  pret. 
pi.  J?eah  hie  hira  beaggyfan  banan 
folgedon,  although  they  followed 
the  murderer  of  their  prince,  1 103. 
—  2)  to  pursue,  to  follow  after : 
folgode  feorh-geni'Slan  (ace.  pi.), 
293-1 


174 


GLOSSARY. 


foliii,  St.  f.,  hand:  ace.  sg.  folme, 
971,  1304;  dat.  sg.  mid  folme, 
749;  ace.  pi.  fet  and  folma,  feet 
and  hands,  746;  dat.  pi.  to  banan 
folmum,  158;  folmum  (instr.),  723, 
993.  —  Comp. :  beado-,  gearo-folm. 

for,  prep.  w.  dat.,  instr.,  and  ace. : 
l)  w.  dat.  local,  before,  ante:  J>at 
he  for  eaxlum  gestod  Deniga  frean, 
358 ;  for  hlawe,  1 1 2 1 .  —  b)  before, 
coram,  in  conspectu :  no  he  fcere 
feohgyfte  for  sceotendum  scami- 
gan  K>rfte,  had  no  need  to  be 
ashamed  of  the  gift  before  the  war- 
riors,\O2'j;  for  bam  werede,  1216; 
for  eorlum,  1650;  for  dugufte,  be- 
fore the  noble  band  of  warriors, 
202 1 ;  for  dugeftum,  2502. —  Causal, 

a)  to  denote  a  subjective  motive, 
on  account  of,  through,  from  :  for 
wlenco,    from    bravery,    through 
warlike   courage,  338,    1207;    for 
wlence,  508;    for  his  wonhydum, 
434;    for  onmedlan,  2927,  etc.  — 

b)  objective,    partly   denoting    a 
cause,    through,  from,    by   reason 
of:  for  metode,  for  the  creator,  on 
account  of  the   creator,    169;   for 
breanydum,  833;    for  breanedlan, 
2225;   for  dolgilpe,  on  account  of, 
in  accordance  with  the  promise  of 
bold  deeds   (because    you  claimed 
bold  deeds  for  yourself),  509;  him 
for  hrofsele  hdnan  ne  mehte  faer- 
gripe  Modes,  on  account  of  the  roofed 
hall  the  malicious  grasp  ofthejlood 
could  not  reach   him,    1516;    lig- 
egesan  wag  for  horde,  on  account 
of  (the  robbing  of)  the  treasure, 
2782;    for  mundgripe    minum,  on 
account  of,  through  the  gripe  of  my 
hand,    966;     for    has    hildfruman 
handgeweorce,  2836;    for  swenge, 
through  the  stroke,  2967  ;  ne  meah- 
te  .  .  .  deop   gedygan    for   dracan 


l£ge,  could  not  hold  out  in  the  deep 
on  accotmt  of  the  heat  of  the  drake, 
2550.  Here  may  be  added  such 
passages  as  ic  J?am  godan  sceal  for 
his  mod^race  mdSmas  beodan,  Tvill 
offer  him  treasures  on  account  of 
his  boldness  of  character,  for  his 
high  courage,  385;  ful-oft  for  las- 
san  lean  teohhode,  gave  often  re- 
ward for  what  was  inferior,  952; 
nalles  for  ealdre  mearn,  was  not 
uneasy  about  his  life,  1443;  simi- 
larly, 1538.  Also  denoting  pur- 
pose :  for  arstafum,  to  the  assist- 
ance, 382,  458.  —  2)  w.  instr. 
causal,  because  of ,  for  :  he  hine  feor 
forwrac  for  J>y  mdne,  no.  —  3)  w. 
ace.,  for,  as,  instead  of:  for  sunu 
freogan,  love  as  a  son,  948;  for 
sunu  habban,  1176;  ne  him  J>as 
wyrmes  wig  for  wiht  dyde,  held  the 
drake's  Jighting  as  nothing,  2349. 

foran,  adv.,  before,  among  the  first, 
forward :  si&San  .  .  .  sceawedon 
feondes  fingras,  foran  seghwylc 
{each  before  himself},  985  ;  }?at 
was  an  foran  ealdgestreona,  that 
was  one  among  the  first  of  the  old 
treasures,  i.e.  a  splendid  old  treas- 
ure, 1459  ;  )>e  him  foran  ongean 
linde  bseron,  bore  their  shields  for- 
ward against  him  (went  out  to 
fight  against  him),  2365. 

be- foran:  l)  adv.,  local,  before: 
he  ...  beforan  gengde,  went  be- 
fore, 1413;  temporal, before,  earlier, 
2498.  —  2)  prep.  w.  ace.  before,  in 
conspectu:  maere  ma'o'Sum-sweord 
manige  gesiwon  beforan  beorn 
beran,  1025. 

ford,  st.  m.,  ford,  water-way  :  ace. 
sg.  ymb  brontne  ford,  568. 

forff:  l)  local,  forth,  hither,  near  : 
for'5  near  '•&.\.<-&'p,approachedncarcr, 
746;  \>&  cwom  Wealhbeo  foriS  gan, 


GLOSSARY. 


175 


1163;  similarly,  613  ;  him  selebegn 
forS  vvisade,  led  him  (Beowulf) 
forth  (to  the  couch  that  had  been 
prepared  for  him  in  Heorot),  1796; 
bat  him  swat  sprong  forS  under 
fexe,  forth  iinder  the  hair  of  his 
head,  2968.  Forward,  further  : 
gewitaft  for<$  beran  wsepen  and 
gewoedu,  291  ;  he  to  for'S  gestop, 
2290;  freo'So-wong  bone  forSofer- 
eodon,  2960.  Away,  forth,  45, 
904 ;  fyrst  for'S  gewat,  the  time  (of 
the  way  to  the  ship)  was  out,  i.e. 
they  had  arrived  at  the  ship,  210  ; 
me  .  .  .  forS-gewitenum,  to  me  the 
departed,  1480  ;  ftirdon  forS,  went 
forth  (from  Grendel's  sea),  1633  ; 
bonne  he  forS  scile,  when  he  must 
(£•<»)  forth,  i.e.  die,  3178;  hine 
mihtig  god  . . .  ofer  ealle  men  forS 
gefremede,  carried  him  forth,  over 
all  men,  1719. —  2)  temporal,yOr//z, 
from  now  on  :  heald  for'5  tela  niwe 
sibbe,  949  ;  ic  sceal  for'5  sprecan 
gen  ymbe  Grendel,  shall  from  now 
on  speak  again  of  Grendel,  2070. 
See  furffuin  and  furffor. 

forft-geriined,  pres.  part.,  in  un- 
broken succession,  59. 

forfr-gesceaft,  st.  f.,  that  which  is 
determined  for  farther  on,  future 
destiny :  ace.  sg.  he  ba4  forft-ge- 
sceaft  forgyteft  and  forgymeft,!  75 1 . 

forff-weg,  st.  m.,  road  that  leads 
away,  journey  :  he  of  ealdre  ge- 
wat frod  on  forb'-weg  {upon  the 
uxey  to  the  next  world},  2626. 

fore,  prep.  w.  dat,  local,  before, 
coram,  in  conspectu :  heo  fore 
jam  werede  spra'c,  1216.  Causal, 
through,  for,  because  of:  no  mearn 
fore  frch'Se  and  fyrene,  1 36  ;  fore 
fader  deed  urn,  because  of  the  father's 
deeds,  2060.  —  Allied  to  this  is  the 
meaning,  about,  de,  super :  J^er 


was  sang  and  sweg  samod  atgadere 
fore  Healfdenes  hildewisan,  song 
and  music  abotit  Healf dene's  gene- 
ral (the  song  of  Hna'f),  1065. 

fore-maere,  adj.,  renowned  beyond 
(Bothers},  prceclarus :  superl.  bat 
was  fore-maerost  foldbuendum  re- 
ceda  under  roderum,  309. 

fore -mihtig,  adj.,  able  beyond 
(others},  praepotens :  nom.  sg.  was 
to  foremihtig  feond  on  fe§e,  the 
enemy  was  too  strong  in  going 
(could  flee  too  rapidly),  970. 

fore-snotor,  adj.,  wise  beyond 
{others},  sapientissimus :  nom.pl. 
foresnotre  men,  3164. 

fore-]?anc,  st.  m.,  forethought,  con- 
sideration, deliberation  :  nom.  sg., 
1061. 

forht,  adj.,  fearful,  cowardly :  nom. 
sg.  forht,  2968;  he  on  mode  wearS 
forht  on  ferhfte,  755.  —  Comp.  un- 
forht. 

forma,  adj.,  foremost,  first :  nom. 
sg.  forma  si'S  (the  first  time},  717, 
1464,  1528,  2626;  instr.  sg.  forman 
sifte,  741,  2287  ;  forman  dogore, 
2574- 

fyrmest,  adv.  superl.,  first  of  all, 
in  the  first  place  :  he  fyrmest  lag, 
2078. 

forst,  st.  m.,  frost,  cold :  gen.  sg. 
forstes  bend,  1610. 

for-]?am,  for-}>an,  for-J>on,  adv. 
and  conj.,  therefore,  on  that  ac- 
count, then  :  forbam,  149;  forban, 
418,  680,  1060;  forbon  be,  because, 

503. 

fOn,  st.  v.,  to  catch,  to  grasp,  to  take 
hold,  to  take:  prs.  sg.  III.  f&hS 
Sfter  to,  another  lays  hold  (takes 
possession),  1756;  inf.  ic  mid 
grape  sceal  fon  wi5  feonde,  439  ; 
pret.  sg.  him  togeanes  feng,  caught 
at  him,  grasped  at  him,  1543  ;  w. 


176 


GLOSSARY. 


clat.  he  )>am  fratwum  feng,  received 
tJie  rich  adornments  (Ongen^eow's 
equipment),  2990. 

be-fon,  to  siirround,  to  ensnare, 
to  encompass,  to  embrace:  pret. 
part,  hyne  sa"r  hafa'5  .  .  .  nearwe 
befongen  balwon  bendum,  977 ; 
heo  a'Selinga  anne  ha'fde  faste  be- 
fangen  (Jiad  seized  him  firmly}, 
1296;  helm  . . .  befongen  freawr&s- 
num  {encircled  by  an  ornament 
like  a  diadem'},  1452  ;  fenne  bi- 
fongen,  surrounded  by  the  fen, 
2010;  (draca)  fyre  befongen,  en- 
circled by  fire,  2275,  2596  ;  ha'fde 
landwara  lige  befangen,  encom- 
passed by  fire,  2322. 

g  e  -  f  6  n ,  vv.  ace.,  to  seize,  to  grasp  : 
pres.  he  gefeng  slaependne  rinc, 
741 ;  guSrinc  gefeng  atolan  clom- 
mum,  1502;  gef£ng  \>&  be  eaxle  . . . 
GuiSgeata  leod  Grendles  modor, 
1538;  gefeng  \>&  fetelhilt,  1564; 
hond  rond  gefeng,  geolwe  linde, 
2610;  ic  on  ofoste  gefeng  micle 
mid  mundum  magen  -  byrftenne, 
hastily  I  seized  ivith  my  hands  the 
enormous  burden,  3091. 

o  n  -  f  o  n ,  w.  dat,  to  receive,  to  accept, 
to  take  :  pres.  imp.  sg.  onfoh  J>is- 
sum  fulle,  accept  this  cup,  1170; 
inf.  £at  j?at  J?eodnes  beam  .  .  . 
scolde  fader-aSelum  onfon,  receive 
the  paternal  rank,  912;  pret.  sg. 
hwa"  J?am  hlaste  onfeng,  -who  re- 
ceived the  ship 's  lading,  52;  hleor- 
bolster  onfeng  eorles  andwlitan, 
the  pillow  received  the  nobleman'1  s 
face,  689 ;  similarly,  853,  1495  \ 
heal  swege  onfeng,  the  hall  re- 
ceived the  loud  noise,  1215  ;  he 
onfeng  hraSe  inwit-})ancum,  he 
(Beowulf)  at  once  received  him 
(Grendel)  devising  malice,  749. 

\>  u  r  h  -  f  6  n ,  w.  ace.,  to  break  through 


with  grasping,  to  destroy  by  grasp- 
ing:  inf.  )>at  heo  J?one  fyrd-hom 
J>urh-fSn  ne  mihte,  1505. 

witS-fon,  vv.  dat.,  (to  grasp  af),  to 
seize,  to  lay  hold  of:  pret.  sg.  him 
faste  vviS-feng,  761. 

ymbe-fon,  w.  ace.,  to  encircle: 
pret.  heals  ealne  ymbefeng  biteran 
banum,  encircled  his  (Beowulf's) 
whole  neck  with  sharp  bones  (teeth), 
2692. 

f6t,  st.  m.,  foot :  gen.  sg.  fotes  trem 
(the  measure  of  a  foot,  a  foot 
broad},  2526  ;  ace.  pi.  fet,  746  ; 
dat.  pi.  at  fotum,  at  the  feet,  500, 
1167. 

f6t-gemearc,  st.  n.,  measure,  deter- 
mining by  feet,  number  of  feet  : 
gen.  sg.  se  was  fiftiges  fotgemearces 
long  (fifty  feet  long),  3043. 

fot-last,  st.  m.,  foot-print :  ace.  sg. 
(draca)  onfand  feondes  fot-list, 
2290. 

fracod,  adj.,  objectionable,  ttseless  : 
nom.  sg.  nas  seo  ecg  fracod  hilde- 
rince,  1576. 

fram,froni,I.prep.w.dat.loc.aw^ 
from  something:  ]>aer  fram  sylle 
^beag  medubenc  monig,  776, 1 7 1 6 ; 
l^anon  eft  gevviton  ealdgesiSas  .  .  . 
fram  mere,  856;  cyning-balde  men 
from  bam  holmclife  hafelan  baeron, 
1636;  similarly,  541,  543,  2367. 
Standing  after  the  dat. :  he  hine 
feor  forwrac  .  .  .  mancynne  fram, 
no;  similarly,  1716.  Also,  hither 
from  something :  \>a.  ic  cvvom  .  .  . 
from  feondum,  420;  aegh \vaSrum 
was  .  .  .  broga  fram  oSrum,  2566. 
—  Causal  with  verbs  of  saying  and 
hearing,  of,  about,  concerning: 
sagdest  from  his  sifte,  532;  no  ic 
vviht  fram  \>e  swylcra  searo-ni5a 
secgan  hyrde,  581;  J^at  he  fram 
Sigemunde  secgan  hyrde,  876. 


GLOSSARY. 


177 


II.  adv.,  away,  thence:  no  }>y 
xt  fram  meahte,  755;  forth,  out  : 
from  serest  cwom  oruft  aglaecean 
tit  of  st^ne,  the  breath  of  the 
dragon  came  forth  first  from  the 
rock,  2557. 

fram,  from,  adj.:  l)  directed  for- 
wards, striving  forwards;  in  comp. 
sift-fram.  —  2)  excellent,  splendid, 
of  a  man  with  reference  to  his  war- 
like qualities :  nom.  sg.  ic  com  on 
mode  from,  2528;  nom.  pi.  frome 
fyrd-hwate,  1642,  2477.  Of  things: 
instr.  pi.  fromum  feoh-giftum,  21. 
—  Comp.  un-from  ;  see  f  reme, 
forma. 

ge-friigen.     See  frignan. 

fratwe,  st.  f.  pi.,  ornament,  any- 
thing costly,  originally  carved  ob- 
jects (cf.  Dietrich  in  Hpts.  Ztschr. 
X.  216  ff.),  afterwards  of  any  costly 
and  artistic  work :  ace.  pi.  fratwe, 
2920;  beorhte  fratwe,  214;  beorhte 
fratwa,  897  ;  fratwe  .  .  .  eorclan- 
stlinas,  1208  ;  fratwe,  .  .  .  breost- 
weorftunge,  2504,  both  times  of 
Hygelac's  collar;  fratwe  and  fat- 
gold,  1922  ;  fratwe  (Eanmund's 
sword  and  armor),  2621 ;  dat.  instr. 
pi.  Him  fratwum,  2164;  on  frate- 
wum,  963;  fratwum  (Heaftobeard 
sword)  hre'mig,  2055;  fratwum,  of 
the  drake's  treasures,  2785;  frat- 
wum (OngenJ>eow's  armor),  2990; 
gen.  pi.  fela  .  .  .  fratwa,  37;  >a"ra 
fratwa  (drake's  treasure),  2795  ; 
fratwa  hyrde  (drake),  3134. 

f  ratwan,  w.  v.,  to  sztpply  with  or- 
naments, to  adorn  :  inf.  folc-stede 
fratwan,  76. 

g  e  -  f  r  a  t  w  i  a  n ,  w.  v.,  to  adorn  :  pret. 
sg.  gefratwade  foldan  sceatas  leo- 
mum  and  leafum,  96;  pret.  part. 
b&  was  h^ten  Heort  innanweard 
folmum  gefratwod,  993. 


ge-fraege,  adj.,  known  by  reputa- 
tion, renowned:  nom.  sg.  leod- 
cyning  .  .  .  folcum  gefrasge,  55; 
swd  hyt  gefrsege  was,  2481. 

g  e-fraege,  st.  n.,  information  throiigh 
hearsay:  instr.  sg.  mine  gefraege 
(as  I  learned  through  the  narra- 
tive of  others},  777,  838,  1956,  etc. 

g  e  -  fraegnian,  w.  v.,  to  become  knoivn 
through  hearsay  :  pret.  part,  fylle 
gefraegnod  (of  Grendel's  mother, 
who  had  become  known  through 
the  carrying  off  of  Aschere),  1334. 

f  reca,  w.  m.,  properly  a  wolf,  as  one 
that  breaks  in,  robs;  here  a  desig- 
nation of  heroes:  nom.  sg.  freca 
Scildinga,  of  Beowulf,  1564.  — 
Comp. :  gu$-,hilde-,  scyld-,sweord-, 
wig-freca;  ferhiS-frec  (adj.). 

fremde,  adj.,  properly  distant,  for- 
eign ;  then  estranged,  hostile  :  nom. 
sg.  )>at  was  fremde  fceod  ecean 
dryhtne,  of  the  giants,  1692. 

freme,  adj.,  excellent,  splendid: 
nom.  sg.  fern,  fremu  folces  cw£n, 
of  piytfo,  1933. 

f  remman,  w.  v.,  to  press  forward, 
to  ftirther,  hence:  i)  in  general, 
to  perform,  to  accomplish,  to  do,  to 
make  :  pres.  subj.  without  an  ob- 
ject, fremme  se  \>e  wille,  let  him  do 
(it)  whoever  will,  1004.  With  ace. : 
imp.  pi.  fremma'S  ge  nu  leoda 
>earfe,  2801 ;  inf.  fyrene  fremman, 
101;  sacce  fremman,  2500;  foeh'Se 
.  .  .  maer'Sum  fremman,  2515,  etc.; 
pret.  sg.  folcraed  fremede  (did what 
was  best  for  his  men,  i.e.  ruled 
wisely),  3007;  pi.  hu  \>&  aSelingas 
ellen  fremedon,  3 ;  feohtan  fre- 
medon,  960;  nalles  facenstafas  . . . 
j?enden  fremedon,  1020;  pret.  subj. 
J?at  ic  .  .  .  maerSo  fremede,  2135. 
—  2)  to  help  on,  to  support :  inf. 
J?at  he  mec  fremman  wile  wordum 


178 


GLOSSARY. 


and  worcum  (to  an  expedition), 

1833- 

ge-fremman,  w.  ace.,  to  do,  to 
make,  to  render  :  inf.  gefremman 
eorlic  ellen,  637;  helpan  gefrem- 
man, to  give  help,  2450;  after 
weaspelle  wyrpe  gefremman,  to 
work  a  change  after  sorrow  (to 
give  joy  after  sorrow),  1316;  ge- 
rund, to  gefremmanne,  174,  2645; 
pret.  sg.  gefremede,  135,  165,  551, 
585,  etc. ;  J?eah  >e  hine  mihtig  god 
. . .  ofer  ealle  men  for5  gefremede, 
placed  him  away,  above  all  men, 
i.e.  raised  him,  1719;  pret.  pi.  ge- 
fremedon,  1188,  2479;  pret.  subj. 
gefremede,  177;  pret.  part,  gefre- 
med,  476  ;  fern,  nu  scealc  hafaiS 
.  .  .  daed  gefremede,  941  ;  abso- 
lutely, }>u  J?e  self  hafast  dsedum 
gefremed,  hat  .  .  .,  hast  brought  it 
about  by  thy  deeds  that,  955. 

fretan,  st.  v.,  to  devoitr,  to  consume  : 
inf.  £a  (the  precious  things)  sceal 
brond  fretan,  3015;  nu  sceal  gled 
fretan  wigena  strengel,  3115;  pret. 
sg.  (Grendel)  slsepende  frat  folces 
Denigea  fyftyne  men,  1582. 

frecne,  adj.,  dangerous,  bold :  nom. 
sg.  frecne  fyr-draca,  2690;  feorh- 
bealo  fr£cne,  2251,  2538;  ace.  sg. 
frecne  doede,  890;  frecne  fengelad, 
1360;  frecne  stowe,  1379;  instr. 
sg.  frecnan  sprsece  (through  pro- 
voking words),  1105. 

fr£cne,  adv.,  boldly,  audacioitsly, 
960,  1033,  1692. 

fred,  \v.  m.,  r tiler,  lord,  of  a  tempo- 
ral ruler :  nom.  sg.  frea,  2286;  ace. 
sg.  frean,  351,  1320,  2538,  3003, 
3108;  gen. sg.  frean,  359,500,1167, 
1681;  dat.  sg.  frean,  271,  291, 
2663.  Of  a  husband  :  dat.  sg.  code 
...  to  hire  frean  sittan,  642.  Of 
God :  dat.  sg.  frean  ealles,  the  Lord 


of  all,  2795;  gen.  sg.  frean,  27. — 
Comp. :  agend-,  lif-,  sin-frea. 

frea-dryhten,  st.  m.,  lord,  ruling 
lord :  gen.  sg.  frea-drihtnes,  797. 

frea-\vine,  st.  m.,  lord  and  friend, 
friendly  ruler  :  nom.  sg.  frea- wine 
folces  (folca),  2358,  2430;  ace.  sg. 
his  frea-wine,  2439. 

frea-wrasn,  st.  f.,  encircling  orna- 
ment like  a  diadem  :  instr.  pi.  helm 
.  .  .  befongen  freawra'snum,  1452; 
see  \vrasn. 

freoffu,  f riffu,  f.,  protection,  asy- 
lum, peace  :  ace.  sg.  wel  biS  ^am 
}>e  mot  ...  to  fader  faSmum  freo- 
"So  wilnian,  ^vho  may  obtain  an  asy- 
lum in  God's  arms,  188;  neanand 
feorran  J^u  nu  [friSu]  hafast,  1175. 
—  Comp.  fen-freo'5o. 

freo^o-burh,  st.  f.,  castle,city  afford- 
ing protection  :  ace.  sg.  freoftoburh 
f  age  re,  522. 

freoffo-ivong,  st.  m.,  field  of  peace, 
field  of  protection  :  ace.  sg.,  2960; 
seems  to  have  been  the  proper 
name  of  a  field. 

freoffo-waer,  st.  f.,  peace-alliance, 
security  of  peace :  ace.  sg.  HI  hie 
getruvvedon  on  twd  healfa  faiste 
frio'Su-waere,  1097;  gen.  sg.  frio^So- 
wxre  bad  hlaford  sinne,  entreated 
his  lord  for  the  protection  of  peace 
(i.e.  full  pardon  for  his  delinquen- 
cy), 2283. 

freoffo-webbe,  w.  f.,  pacis  textrix, 
designation  of  the  royal  consort 
(often  one  given  in  marriage  as  a 
confirmation  of  a  peace  between 
two  nations)  :  nom.  sg.,  1943. 

freo-burh,  st.  f.,  —  frea-burg  (?), 
rulers  castle  (?)  (according  to 
Grein,  arx  ingenua)  :  ace.  sg.  freo- 
burh,  694. 

fre6el,  st.  f.,  friendship:  ace.  sg. 
freode  ne  woldon  ofer  heafo  heal- 


GLOSSARY. 


179 


dan,  2477;  gen.  sg.  nas  \>ser  mara 
fyrst  freode  to  friclan,  was  no  longer 
time  to  seek  for  friendship^  2557 ; 
— favor,  acknowledgement:  ace.  sg. 
ic  J?e  sceal  mine  gelaestan  freode 
{will  shozu  myself  grateful,  with 
reference  to  1381  ff.),  1708. 

freo-dryhteii  (=  frea-dryhten),  st. 
m.,  lord,  ruler;  according  toGrein, 
dominusingenuus  vel  nobilis :  nom. 
sg.  as  voc.  freo-drihten  min !  1 170; 
dat.  sg.  mid  his  freo-dryhtne,  2628. 

f  reogan,  w.  v.,  to  love ;  to  think  of 
lovingly  :  pres.  subj.  bat  mon  his 
wine-dryhten  .  .  .  ferhtmm  freoge, 
3178;  inf.  nu  ic  J>ec  .  .  .  me  for 
sunu  wylle  f  reogan  on  ferhfte,  949. 

freo-lic,  adj.,  free,  free-born  (here 
of  the  lawful  wife  in  contrast  with 
the  bond  concubine) :  nom.  sg. 
freolic  wif,  616;  freolicu  folc-cw£n, 
642. 

freond,  st.  m.,  friend:  ace.  sg. 
freond,  1386,  1865;  dat.  pi.  freon- 
dum,  916,  1019,  1127;  gen.  pi. 
freonda,  1307,  1839. 

freond-laflfu,  st.  f.,  friendly  invita- 
tion :  nom.  sg.  him  was  ful  boren 
and  freond-laftu  {friendly  invita- 
tion to  drink}  wordum  bewagned, 

"93- 
freond-lar,  st.  f.,  friendly  coimsel: 

dat.  (instr.)  pi.  freond-l^rum,  2378. 
freond-lice,    adv.,    in   a   friendly 

manner,  kindly  :  compar.  freond- 

Itcor,  1028. 
freond-scipe,  'st.    m.,  friendship: 

ace.  sg.  freond-scipe  fastne,  2070. 
freo-wine,  st.  m.  (see  freawine), 

lord  and  friend,  friendly  ruler  ; 

according  to  Grein,  amicus  nobilis, 

princeps  amicus :  nom.  sg.  as  voc. 

freo-wine  folca !  430. 
fricgean,  w.  v.,  to  ask,  to  inquire 

info :   inf.   ongan  stnne  geseldan 


fa'gre  fricgean  hwylce  Sae-Geata 
si^as  waeron,  1986;  pres.  part, 
gomela  Scilding  fela  fricgende 
feorran  rehte,  the  old  Scilding, 
asking  many  questions  (having 
many  things  related  to  him),  told 
of  old  times  (the  conversation  was 
alternate),  2107. 

ge-fricgean,  to  learn,  to  learn  by 
inquiry  :  pres.  pi.  syftftan  hie  ge- 
fricgeaft  frean  userne  ealdorleasne, 
when  they  learn  that  our  lord  is 
dead,  3003  ;  pres.  subj.  gif  ic  J?at 
gefricge,  J?at . . .,  1827;  pi.  syftftan 
aSelingas  feorran  gefricgean  fleam 
eowerne,  2890. 

friclan  (see  freca),  w.  v.  w.  gen., 
to  seek,  to  desire,  to  strive  for  : 
inf.  nas  J>aer  mara  fyrst  freode  to 
friclan,  2557. 

friffo-sib,  st.  f.,  kin  for  the  confirm- 
ing °f  peace,  designation  of  the 
queen  (seefreoffo-webbe),/^^- 
bringer  :  nom.  sg.  friSu-sibb  folca, 
2018. 

frignan,  fringan,  frinan,  st.  v.,  to 
ask,  to  inqTiire  :  imp.  ne  frin  }>u 
after  scelum,  ask  not  after  the  -well- 
being  !  1323  ;  inf.  ic  pas  wine  Deni- 
ga  frinan  wille  .  .  .  ymb  J?inne  sift, 
351;  pret.sg.fragn,236, 332;  fragn 
gif  .  .  .,  asked  whether  .  .  .,  1320. 

ge-frignan,  ge-fringan,  ge- 
frinan,  to  find  out  by  inquiry, 
to  learn  by  narration  :  pret.  sg. 
(w.  ace.)  J?at  fram  hdm  gefragn 
Higel^ces  J?egn  Grendles  daeda, 
194;  no  ic  gefragn  heardran  feoh- 
tan,  575  ;  (vv.  ace.  and  inf.)  J?a  ic 
wide  gefragn  weorc  gebannan,  74; 
similarly,  2485,  2753,  2774 ;  ne 
gefragen  ic  pa"  mcegtfe  mdran  weo- 
rode  ymb  hyra  sincgyfan  sel  ge- 
boeran,  I  never  heard  that  any  peo- 
ple, richer  in  warriors,  conducted 


180 


GLOSSARY. 


itself  better  about  its  chief,  1012; 
similarly,  1028;  pret.  pi.  (vv.  ace.) 
we  J^eodcyninga  J>rym  gefrunon,  2  ; 
(w.  ace.  and  inf.)  geongne  gu'<5- 
cyning  godne  gefrunon  hringas 
doelan,  1970;  (parenthetical)  swa 
guman  gefrungon,  667 ;  (after 
Jjonne)  medo-arn  micel  {.greater) 
.  .  .  J?one  yldo  beam  refre  gefru- 
non, 70  ;  pret.  part,  hafde  Hige- 
laces  hilde  gefrunen,  2953;  ha'fdon 
gefrunen  Jiat  .  .  .,  had  learned  that 
.  .  .,  695;  hafde  gefrunen  hwanan 
sio  fsehft  aras,  2404  ;  healsbeaga 
maest  hira  be  ic  on  foldan  gefragen 
habbe,  1197. 

from.     See  fram. 

frod,  adj.:  i)  setate  provectus,  old, 
gray  :  nom.  sg.  frod,  2626,  2951  ; 
frod  cyning,  1307,  2210;  frod 
folces  weard,  2514;  vvintrum  frod, 
1725,  2115,  2278;  se  froda,  2929; 
ace.  sg.  frode  feorhlege  (the  laying 
down  of  my  old  life},  2801 ;  dat. 
sg.  frodan  fyrnwitan  (may  also, 
from  its  meaning,  belong  under 
No.  2),  2124.  —  2)  mente  excellen- 
tior,  intelligent,  experienced,  wise  : 
nom.  sg.  frod,  1367;  frod  and 
god,  279  ;  on  mode  frod,  1845. — 
Comp. :  in-,  un-frod. 

frofor,  st.  f.,  consolation,  compensa- 
tion, help  :  nom.  sg.  frofor,  2942; 
ace.  sg.  frofre,  7,  974;  fyrena  fro- 
fre,  629;  frofre  and  fultum,  1274; 
frofor  and  fultum,  699;  dat.  sg.  to 
frofre,  14,  1708;  gen.  sg.  frofre, 
185. 

f  ruma  (see  forma),  w.  m.,  the  fore- 
most, hence:  i)  beginning:  nom. 
sg.  was  se  fruma  egeslic  leodum 
on  lande,  swa  hyt  lungre  wearS  on 
hyra  sincgifan  sare  geendod  (the  be- 
ginning of  the  dragon-combat  was 
terrible,  its  end  distressing  through 


the  death  of  Bedwulf},  2310. — 
2)  he  ivho  stands  first,  prince  ;  in 
comp.  daxl-,  hild-,  land-,  leod-, 
ord-,  wig-fruma. 

frum-cyn,  st.  n.,  (genus  primiti- 
vum),  descent,  origin  :  ace.  sg.  nu 
ic  eovver  sceal  frumcyn  witan,  252. 

frum-gar,  st.  m.,  primipilus,  duke, 
prince  :  dat.  sg.  frumgdre  (of  Beo- 
wulf ),  2857. 

f rum-sceaft,  st.  f.,  prima  creatio, 
beginning:  ace.  sg.  se  J?e  cfrSe 
frumsceaft  fira  feorran  reccan,  who 
could  tell  of  the  beginning  of  man- 
kind in  old  times,  91;  dat.  sg.fr um- 
sceafte,  in  the  beginning,  i.e  at  his 
birth,  45. 

fugol,  w.  m.,  bird:  dat.  sg.  fugle 
gelicost,  218;  dat.  pi.  [fuglum]  to 
gamene,  2942. 

fill,  adj.,  full,  filled:  nom.  sg.  w. 
gen.  pi.  se  was  innan  full  wratta 
and '  wira,  241 3.  —  Comp. :  eges-, 
sorh-,  weor'5-ful. 

ful,  adv.,  plene,  very  :  ful  oft,  480, 
952. 

ful,  st.  n.,  cup,  beaker:  nom.  sg., 
1193;  ace.  sg.  ful,  616,  629,  1026; 
ofer  yfta  ful,  over  the  cup  of  the 
waves  (the  basin  of  the  sea  filled 
with  waves),  1209;  dat.  sg.  onfoh 
Jnssum  fulle,  1 1 70. — Comp. :  medo-, 
sele-full. 

f  ullaestian,  vv.  v.  w.  dat.,  to  give 
help  :  pres.  sg.  ic  j?e  fullaestu,  2669. 

fultum,  st.  m.,  help,  support,  protec- 
tion :  ace.  sg.  frofor  (frofre)  and 
fultum,  699,  1274;  magenes  ful- 
tum, 1836;  on  fultum,  2663. — 
Comp.  magen-fultum. 

f  undiaii,  w.  v.,  to  strive,  to  have  in 
view  :  pres.  pi.  we  fundia'5  Hige- 
lac  secan,  1820;  pret.  sg.  fundode 
of  geardum,  1138. 

furffum,  adv.,  primo.  just,  exactly ; 


GLOSSARY. 


181 


then  first :  ba  ic  fur  Sum  vveold 
folce  Deninga,  then  first  governed 
the  people  of  the  Danes  (had  just 
assumed  the  government),  465 ;  ba 
hie  to  sele  furSurn  .  .  .  gangan 
cwomon,  323;  ic  baer  furSumcwom 
to  bam  hringsele,  2010; — before, 
previously :  ic  ]?e  sceal  mine  ge- 
bestan  freode,  swa"  wit  furft.um 
spraecon,  1708. 

f  urffur,  adv.,  further,  fonvard,  more 
distant,  254,  762,  3007. 

fus,  adj.,  inclined  to,  favorable, 
ready :  nom.  sg.  nu  ic  com  siSes 
fus,  1476;  leofra  manna  fus,  pre- 
pared for  the  dear  men,  i.e.  expect- 
ing them,  1917;  sigel  suSan  fus, 
the  sun  inclined  from  thejouth  (mid- 
day sun),  1967;  se  wonna  hrefn 
fus  ofer  fsegum,  eager  over  the 
slain,  3026;  sceft  .  .  .  feSer-gear- 
wum  fus,  3120;  nom.  pi.  wreron 
...  eft  to  leodum  fuse  to  farenne, 
1806.  —  Sometimes  fus  means 
ready  for  deatJi,  moribundus  :  fus 
and  fsege,  1242.  —  Comp. :  hin-, 
ut-fus. 

fus-lic,  adj.,  prepared,  ready  :  ace. 
sg.  fus-lic  f[yrd]-leo$,  1425;  fyrd- 
searo  fus-lic,  2619;  ace.  pi.  fyrd- 
searu  fus-licu,  232. 

fyl,  st.  m.,  fall :  nom.  sg.  fyll  cyn- 
inges,  the  fall  of  the  king  (in  the 
dragon-fight),  2913;  dat.  sg.  >at 
he  on  fylle  wearS,  that  he  came  to 
a  fall,  fell,  1545.  —  Comp.  hra-fyl . 

fylce  (collective  form  from  folc), 
st.  n.,  troop,  band  of  warriors  :  in 
comp.  al-fylce. 

ge-fyllan  (see  feal),  w.  v.,  to  fell, 
to  slay  in  battle :  inf.  fane  gefyl- 
lan,  to  slay  the  enemy,  2656;  pret. 
pi.  feoncl  gefyldan,  they  had  slain 
the  enemy,  2707. 

a-fyllan  (see  ful),  vv.  v.,  to  fill  : 


pret.  part.  Heorot  innan  was  freon- 
dum  afylled  (was  filled  with  trusted 
men},  1019. 

fyllo,  f.,  plenty,  abundant  meal: 
dat.  (instr.)  sg.  fylle  gefraegnod, 
1334;  gen.  sg.  nas  hie  J?oere  fylle 
gefean  hafdon,  562;  fylle  gefsegon, 
1015.  —  Comp.:  wal-,  wist-fyllo. 

fyl-\verig,  adj.,  weary  enough  to 
fall,  faint  to  death,  moribundus  : 
ace.  sg.  fyl-werigne,  963. 

fyr.     See  feor. 

fyrian,  w.  v.  vv.  ace.  (—  ferian),  to 
bear,  to  bring,  carry  :  pret.  pi.  HI 
J>e  gif-sceattas  Geata  fyredon  byder 
to  bance,  378. 

fyras.     See  firas. 

fyren.     See  firen. 

fyrde,  adj.,  movable,  that  can  be 
moved.—  Comp.  hard-fyrde.  —  Leo. 

fyrd-gestealla,  w.  m.,  comrade  on 
an  expedition,  companion  in  bat- 
tle :  dat.  pi.  fyrd-gesteallum,  2874. 

fyrd-ham,  st.  m.,  war-dress,  coat 
of  mail  :  ace.  sg.  bone  fyrd-hom, 


fyrd-hragl,    st.  m.,    coat  of  mail, 

ivar-dress  :     ace.    sg.    fyrd-hragl, 

1528. 
fyrd-hwat,    adj.,   sharp,    good    in 

war,    warlike  :    nom.   pi.    frome 

fyrd-hwate,  1642,  2477. 
fyrd-le63",  st.  n.,  war-song,  warlike 

music  :    ace.   sg.    horn    stundum 

song  fuslic  f[yrd]leoiS,  1425. 
fyrd-searu,   st.  n.,  equipment  for 

an  expedition  :  ace.  sg.  fyrd-searu 

fuslic,   2619;    ace.  pi.  fyrd-searu 

fuslicu,  232. 
fyrd-wyrfte,  adj.,  ofiuorth  in  war, 

excellent  in  battle  :  nom.  sg.  fyrd- 

wyrfte  man  (Beowulf),  1317. 
ge-fyrfrran  (see  forff),  w.  v.,  to 

bring  forward,  to  further  :  pret. 

part,    ar   was   on   ofoste,  eftsiSes 


182 


GLOSSARY. 


georn,  frntwum  gefyr'Sred,  he  was 
hurried  forward  by  tJie  treasure 
(i.e.  after  he  had  gathered  up  the 
treasure,  he  hasted  to  return,  so 
as  to  be  able  to  show  it  to  the 
mortally-wounded  Beowulf),  2785. 

fyrmest.     See  forma. 

fyrn-dagas,  st.  m.  pi.,  by-gone  days: 
dat.  pi.  fyrndagum  (in  old  times), 
1452. 

fyrn-geweorc,  st.  n.,  -work,  some- 
thing done  in  old  times  :  ace.  sg. 
fira  fyrn-geweorc  (the  drinking- 
cup  mentioned  in  2283),  2287. 

fyrn-gewin,  st.n.,  combat  in  ancient 
times :  gen.  sg.  or  fyrn-gewinnes 
(the  origin  of  the  battles  of  the 
giants},  1690. 

fyrn-man,  rn.,  man  of  ancient 
times  :  gen.  pi.  fyrn-manna  fatu, 
2762. 

fyru-wita,  w.  m.,  counsellor  ever 
since  ancient  times,  adviser  for 
many  years  :  dat.  sg.  frodan  fyrn- 
witan,  of  Aschere,  2124. 

fyrst,  st.  m.,  portion  of  time,  definite 
time,  time  :  nom.  sg.  nas  hit  lengra 
fyrst,  ac  ymb  ane  niht  .  .  .,  134; 
fyrst  for'S  gewat,  the  time  (of  going 
to  the  harbor)  was  past,  210;  nas 
fcer  mara  fyrst  freode  to  friclan, 
2556;  ace.  sg.  niht-longne  fyrst, 
528;  f if  nihta  fyrst,  545;  instr.  sg. 
J>y  fyrste,  2574;  dat.  sg.  him  on 
fyrste  gelomp  . . .,  within  the  fixed 
time,  76. 

fyr-wit,  -wet,  -wyt,  st.  n.,  prying 
spirit,  curiosity  :  nom.  sg.  fyrwyt, 
232;  fyrwet,  1986,  2785. 

ge-f$rsan  (fus),  w.  v.,  to  make 
ready,  to  prepare :  part,  winde 
gefysed  flota,  the  ship  provided 
with  wind  (for  the  voyage),  217  ; 
(wyrm)  fyre  gztyszd.,  provided  with 
fire,  2310;  \>&  was  hringbogan  (of 


the  drake)  heorte  gefysed  sacce  to 
sScanne,  2562  ;  with  gen.,  in  an- 
swer to  the  question,  for  what? 
gu'Se  gefysed,  ready  for  battle,  de- 
term  ined  to  fight,  63  1  . 

fyr,  st.  n.,fire:  nom.  sg.,  1367,  2702, 
2882;  dat.  sg.  fyre,  2220;  as  instr. 
fyre,  2275,  2596;  gen.  sg.  fyres 
faSm,  185;  fyres  feng,  1765.  — 
Comp.  :  ad-,  bsel-,  hea'Su-,  wal-fyr. 

fyr-bend,  st.  m.,  band  forged  in 
fire  :  dat.  pi.  duru  .  .  .  fyr-bendum 
fast,  723. 

fyr-draca,  w.  m.,  fire-drake,  fire- 
spewing  dragon  :  nom.  sg.,  2690. 

fyr-heard,  adj.,  hard  throtigh  fire, 
hardened  in  fire  :  nom.  pi.  (eofor- 
lic)  fill  and  fyr-heard,  305. 

fyr-leoht,  st.  \\.,  fire-light  :  ace.  sg., 


fyr-wylm,  st.  m.,  wave  offire,fiame- 
wave  :  dat.  pi.  wyrm  .  .  .  fyrwyl- 
mum  fih,  2672. 


G 


galan,  st.  v.,  to  sing,  to  sound:  pres. 
sg.sorh-leoSgale'S,  2461 ;  inf.gryre- 
leot>  galan,  787 ;  bearhtm  ongeaton, 
gu'Shorn  galan,  heard  the  clang,  the 
battle-trtimpet  sound,  1433. 

d-gal  an,  to  sing,  to  sound :  pret.  sg. 
J>at  hire  on  hafelan  hringmoel  dgol 
gnedig  gu^leo'S,  that  the  sword 
ca  used  a  greedy  bat  tie- so  ng  to  sound 
upon  her  head,  1522. 

gamban,  or,  according  to  Bout., 
gambe,  w.f.,  tribute,  interest:  ace. 
sg.  gomban  gyldan,  II. 

ganien,  st.  n.,  social  pleasure,  re- 
joicing, joyous  doings :  nom.  sg. 
gamen,  1161;  gomen,246o;  gomen 
gleobeames,  the  pleasure  of  the 
harp,  2264;  ace.  sg.  gamen  and 


GLOSSARY. 


183 


gle6dream,  3022;  dat.  sg.  gamene, 
2942;  gomene,  1776. — Comp.heal- 
gamen. 

gamen-waS'ii,  st.  f.,  way  offering 
social  enjoyment,  journey  in  joyous 
society :  dat.  sg.  of  gomen-w&Se, 
855. 

gamen-wudu,  st.  m.,  ivood  of  social 
enjoyment,  i.e.  harp :  nom.  sg.  baer 
was  . .  .  gomenwudu  greted,  1066; 
ace.  sg.  gomenwudu  grette,  2109. 

gamol,  goinol,  gomel,  adj.,  old ; 
of  persons,  having  lived  many 
years, gray  :  gamol,  58, 265 ;  gomol, 
3096;  gomel,  2113,  2794;  se  go- 
niela,  1398;  gamela  (gomela) 
Scylding,  1 793, 2 1 06 ;  gomela, 2932 ; 
ace.  sg.  hone  gomelan,  2422;  dat. 
sg.  gamelum  rince,  1678;  gomelum 
ceorle,  2445;  ham  gomelan,  2818; 
nom.  pi.  blondenfeaxe  gomele, 
1 596.  —  Also,  late,  belonging  to 
former  time  :  gen.  pi.  gomelra  lafe 
{legacy},  2037.  —  Of  things,  old, 
from  old  times :  nom.  sg.  svveord 
.  .  .  gomol,  2683 ;  ace.  sg.  gomele 
lafe,  2564;  gomel  swyrd,  2611; 
gamol  is  a  more  respectful  word 
than  eald. 

gamol-feax,  adj.,  with  gray  hair  : 
nom.  sg.,  609. 

gang,  st.  m. :  i)  gait,  way  :  dat.  sg. 
on  gange,  1885 ;  gen.  sg.  ic  hine  ne 
mihte  .  . .  ganges  ge-twaeman,  could 
not  keep  him  from  going,  969. 
—  2)  step,  foot-step  :  nom.  sg.  gang 
(the  foot-print  of  the  mother  of 
Grendel),  1405;  acc.sg.  utonhrafie 
feran  Grendles  magan  gang  scea- 
wigan,  1392.  —  Comp.  in-gang. 

be-gang,  bi-gang,  st.  m.,  (so  far 
as  something  goes},  extent:  acc.sg. 
ofer  geofenes  begang,  over  the  ex- 
tent of  the  sea,  362;  ofer  floda  be- 
gang, 1827;  under  swegles  begong, 


861, 1774;  floda  begong,  1498;  sio- 
lefta  bigong,  2368. 

gangan.     See  under  gaii. 

ganot,  st.  m.,  diver,  fulica  marina : 
gen.  sg.  ofer  ganotes  baft  (i.e.  the 
sea),  1862. 

gad,  st.  n.,  lack  :  nom.  sg.  ne  bi'S  he 
wilna  gM  (thou  shalt  have  no  lack 
of  desirable  [valuable]  things~)t§6i ; 
similarly,  950. 

gan,  expanded  =  gangan,  st.  v.,  to 
go:  pres.  sg.  III.  gsevS  a  Wyrd 
swa  hio  seel,  455 ;  gaeft  eft  ...  to 
medo,  605  ;  )>onne  he  ...  on  flett 
gseft,  2035;  similarly,  2055;  pres. 
subj.  III.  sg.  gd  J?aer  he  wilfe,  let 
him  go  whither  he  will,  1395;  imp. 
sg.  II.  ga  nu  to  setle,  1783;  nu  Jm 
lungre  geong,  hord  sceawian,  under 
h£rne  stan,  2744;  inf.  in  g&n,  to  go 
in,  386, 1645;  f°r^  g^n>  to  go  forth, 
to  go  thither,  1164;  hat  hie  him 
to  mihton  gegnum  gangan,  to  go 
toiuards,  to  go  to,  314;  to  sele  .  .  . 
gangan  cwomon,  324;  in  a  similar 
construction,  gongan,  1643;  nu  ge 
moton  gangan  . . .  Hro'figaT  geseon, 
395  >  1''^  com  of  more  .  .  .  Grendel 
gongan,/£iri?  came  Grendt'l  (going) 
from  the  fen,  712;  ongean  gramum 
gangan,  to  go  to  meet  the  enemy,  to 
go  to  the  war,  1035;  cwom  •  •  •  to 
hofe  gongan,  1975;  wutun  gangan 
to,  let  us  go  thither,  2649.  —  As 
preterite,  serve,  I )  geong  or  giong : 
he  to  healle  geong,  926;  similarly, 
2019;  se  be  on  orde  geong,  ^vho 
went  at  the  head,  went  in  front, 
3126;  on  innan  giong,  went  in, 
2215;  he  ...  giong  to  has  J?e  he 
eor'Ssele  jUnne  wisse,  went  thither, 
where  he  knew  of  that  earth-hall, 
2410;  Hlse  aSeling,  giong,  j?at  he  bl 
wealle  gesat,  then  went  the  prince 
(Beowulf)  that  he  might  sit  doivn 


184 


GLOSSARY. 


by  the  wall,  2716.  —  2)  gang:  to 
healle  gang  Healfdenes  sunu,  1010; 
similarly,  1296;  gang  J?a  after  flore, 
went  along  the  floor,  along  the 
hall,  1317. —  3)  gengde  (Goth, 
gaggida)  :  he  ...  beforan  gengde 
.  .  .,  wong  sceawian,  -went  in  front 
to  inspect  the  fields,  1413;  gengde, 
also  of  riding,  1402.  —  4)  from 
another  stem,  code  (Goth,  iddja)  : 
code  ellenrof,  hat  he  for  eaxlum 
gestod  Deniga  frean,  358;  similar- 
ly, 403 ;  [wiS  duru  healle  Wulfgar 
code],  ivent  towards  the  door  of  the 
hall,  390;  code  Wealhheow  for 5, 
went  forth,  613;  code  to  hire  frean 
sittan,  641 ;  code  yrremod,  went 
with  angry  feeling,  727;  code  .  .  . 
to  sele,  919;  similarly,  1233;  code 
.  .  .  ]?aer  se  snottra  ba"d,  1313;  code 
vveorS  Denum  aSeling  to  yppan, 
the  prince  (Beowulf),  honored  by 
the  Danes,  luent  to  the  high  seat, 
1815;  code  .  .  .  under  inwit-hrof, 
3124  ;  pi.  J'ser  swiSferh'Se  sittan 
eodon,  493 ;  eodon  him  J?a  to- 
geanes,  went  to  meet  him,  1627  ; 
eodon  under  Earna  nas,  3032. 

&-gangan,  to  go  out,  to  go  forth,  to 
befall :  pret.  part,  swa  hit  agangen 
wear^S  eorla  manegum  (as  it  befell 
many  a  one  of  the  earls'},  1235. 

f  ull-gangan,  jo  emulate,  to  follow 
after :  pret.  sg.  ]?onne  .  .  .  sceft 
nytte  heold,  fefter-geanvum  fds 
flane  full-code,  when  the  shaft  had 
employment,  furnished  zvith  feath- 
ers it  followed  the  arrow,  did  as 
the  arrow,  3120. 

ge-gan,  ge-gangan:  i)  to  go,  to 
approach  :  inf.  (w.  acc.^  his  modor 
.  .  .  geg&n  wolde  sorhfulne  sift, 
1278;  se  he  gryre-siftas  gegan 
dorste,  who  dared  to  go  the  ways  of 
terror  (to  go  into  the  combat), 


1463;  pret.  sg.  se  maga  geonga 
under  his  mseges  scyld  elne  geeode, 
went  quickly  tinder  his  kinsman"1  s 
shield,  2677;  pi.  elne  geeodon  to 
has  he  .  .  .,  went  quickly  thither 
where  .  .  .,  1968;  pret.  part.  syiSSan 
hie  to-gadre  gega~n  hafdori,  when 
they  (Wiglaf  and  the  drake)  had 
come  together,  2631;  hat  his  aldres 
was  ende  gegongen,  that  the  end  of 
his  life  had  come,  823 ;  ha  was  ende- 
dag  godum  gegongen,  hat  se  gu5- 
cyning  .  .  .  swealt,  3037.  —  2)  to 
obtain,  to  reach:  inf.  (w.  ace.) 
honne  he  at  gfttSe  g^egan  benceS 
longsumne  lof,  1536;  ic  mid  elne 
sceall  gold gegangan, 2537;  gerund, 
nas  bat  yfte  ceap  to  gegangenne 
gumena  aenigum,  2417;  pret.  pi. 
elne  geeodon  .  .  .  J?at  se  byrnwiga 
bugan  sceolde,  2918;  pret.  part, 
hafde  .  .  .  gegongen  )>at,  had  at- 
tained it,  that  .  .  .,  894;  hord  ys 
gesceavvod,  grimme  gegongen, 
3086.  —  3)  to  occur,  to  happen  : 
pres.  sg.  III.  gif  Hit  gegangeS  ^at 
.  .  .,  if  that  happen,  that .  .  .,  1847; 
pret.  sg.  J?at  geiode  ufaran  dogrum 
hilde-hlammum,  it  happened  in 
later  times  to  the  warriors  (the 
Geatas),  2201;  pret.  part.  J>d  was 
gegongen  guman  unfrodum  ear- 
foiSlice  hat,  then  it  had  happened  to 
the  yottng  man  in  sorrowful  wise 
that  .  .  .,  2822. 

6iS-gangan,  to  go  thither:  pret.  pi. 
ot>  J>at  hi  oSeodon  ...  in  Hrefnes- 
holt,  2935. 

ofer-gangan,  w.  ace.,  to  go  over  : 
pret.  sg.  ofereode  J>a  a'ftelinga  beam 
steap  stan-hli^o,  went  over  steep, 
rocky  precipices,  1409;  pi.  freofto- 
wong  hone  forft  ofereodon,  2960. 

ymb-gangan,  w.  ace.,  to  go  around: 
pret.  ymb-eode  J>&  ides  Helminga 


GLOSSARY. 


185 


dugu'Se   and   geogofte    dsel    segh- 

wylcne,    went    aroiind   in    every 

part,  among  the  superior  and  the 

inferior  warriors,  621. 
gar,  st.  m.,  spear,  javelin,  missile  : 

nom.  sg.,  1847,  3°22  ;    instr.  sg. 

g&re,  1076  ;   blodigan  gare,  2441 ; 

gen.  sg.  gares  fliht,  1766;  nom.  pi. 

garas,  328;    gen.   pi.,    i6i(?).— 

Comp. :  bon-,  frum-gSr. 
gar-cene,  adj.,  spear-bold:  nom.  sg., 

1959- 

gar-cwealm,  st.  m.,  murder,  death 
by  the  spear  :  ace.  sg.  gar-cwealm 
gumena,  2044. 

gar-holt,  st.  n.,  forest  of  spears,  i.e. 
crowd  of  spears :  ace.  sg.,  1835. 

gar-secg,  st.  m.(cf.  Grimm,  in  Haupt 
I.  578),  sea,  ocean  :  ace.  sg.  on  g&r- 
secg,  49,  537  ;  ofer  gdr-secg,  515. 

gar-wiga,  w.  m.,  one  who  fights  -with 
the  spear  :  dat.  sg.  geongum  gar- 
wlgan,  of  Wiglaf,  2675,  2812. 

gar-wigend,  pres.  part.,  fighting 
with  spear,  spear-fighter  :  ace.  pi. 
gar-wigend,  2642. 

gust,  gaest,  st.  m.,  ghost,  demon  : 
ace.  sg.  helle  gast  (Grendel),  1275; 
gen.  sg.  wergan  gastes  (of  Grendel), 
133;  (of  the  tempter),  1748  ;  gen. 
pi.  dyrnra  gista  (Grendel's  race), 
I358;  gsesta  gifrost  (flames  con- 
suming corpses},  1124.  —  Comp.: 
ellor-,  geo-sceaf-g&st ;  ellen-,  wal- 
goest. 

gast-bana,  w.  m.,  slayer  of  the 
spirit,  i.e.  the  devil :  nom.  sg.  gast- 
bona,  177. 

gadeling,  st.  m.,  he  who  is  comiected 
with  another,  relation,  companion: 
gen.  sg.  gadelinges,  2618;  dat.  pi. 
mid  his  gadelingum,  2950. 

at-gadere,  adv.,  together,  united : 
321,  1165,  1191;  samod  atgadere, 
329,  387,  730,  1064. 


to-gadere,  adv.,  together,  2631. 

gast,  gist,  gyst,  st.  m.,  stranger, 
guest  :  nom.  sg.  gast,  1801  ;  se  gast 
(the  drake),  2313;  se  grimmagast 
(Grendel),  102;  gist,  1139,  1523; 
ace.  sg.  gryre-ltcne  gist  (the  nixy 
slain  by  Beowulf),  1442;  dat.  sg. 
gyste,  2229;  nom.  pi.  gistas,  1603; 
ace.  pi.  gas[tas],  1894.  —  Comp.: 
f6de-,  gryre-,  inwit-,  ni5-,  sele-gast 


gast-sele,  st.  m.,  hall  in  which  the 
guests  spend  their  time,  guest-hall  : 
ace.  sg.,  995. 

ge,  conj.,  and,  1341  ;  ge  .  .  .  ge  .  .  ., 
as  we/!  .  .  .  as  .  .  .,  1865  ;  ge  .  .  .  ge 
.  .  .,  ge  .  .  .,  1249  ;  ge  swylce,  and 
likewise,  and  moreover,  2259. 

ge,  pron.,  ye,  you,  plur.  of  >u,  237, 
245,  etc. 

gegn-cwide,  st.  m.,  reply  :  gen.  pi. 
Hnra  gegn-cwida,  367. 

gegnum,  adv.,  thither,  towards, 
away,  with  the  prep,  to,  ofer, 
giving  the  direction:  bat  hie  him 
to  mihton  gegnum  gangan  {that 
they  might  go  thither},  314;  geg- 
num f6r[J?&]  ofer  myrcan  mor, 
away  over  the  dark  moor,  1405. 

gehftu,  geohffu,  f.,  sorrow,  care  : 
instr.  sg.  giohfto  maende,  2268  ; 
dat.  sg.  on  gelvSo,  3096;  on  giohfte, 
2794. 

gen  (from  gegn),  adv.,  yet,  again  : 
ne  was  hit  lenge  J?d  gen,  J?at  .  .  .,  it 
was  not  then  long  again  that  .  .  ., 
83;  ic  sceal  forft  sprecan  gen  ymb 
Grendel,  shall  from  now  on  speak 
again  of  Grendel,  2071  ;  no  J?y  aer 
ut  J?a  gen  .  .  .  gongan  wolde  (still 
he  would  not  yet  go  out'},  2082  ; 
gen  is  call  at  J?e  lissa  gelong  (yet 
all  my  favor  belongs  to  thee}, 
2150;  b&.  gen,  then  again,  2678, 
2703;  swji  he  nu  gen  de5,  as  he 


18C 


GLOSSARY. 


still  does,  2860  ;  fur'ftur  gen,  fur- 
ther still,  besides,  3007  ;  nu  gen, 
now  again,  3 1 69 ;  ne  gen,  no  more, 
no  farther  :  ne  was  J?at  wyrd  J?a 
gen,  that  was  no  more  fate  (fate 
no  longer  willed  that),  735. 

gen  a,  still:  cwico  was  )?d  gena, 
was  still  living,  3094. 

genga,  w.  m.,  goer;  in  comp.  in-, 
sse-,  sceadu-genga. 

gengde.     See  gan  (3). 

genge.     See  iiff-genge. 

genunga  (from  gegnunga),  adv., 
precisely,  completely,  2872. 

gerwan,  gyrwan,  w.  v. :  I )  to 
prepare,  to  make  ready,  to  put  in 
condition  :  pret.  pi.  gestsele  gyre- 
don,  995.  —  2)  to  equip,  to  arm 
for  battle :  pret.  sg.  gyrede  hine 
Beowulf  eorl-gewasdum  (dressed 
himself  in  the  armor},  1442. 

ge-gyrwan:  i)  to  make,  to  pre- 
pare :  pret.  pi.  him  j?a  gegiredan 
Geata  leoda  ad  ...  unwiclicne, 
3138;  pret.  part,  glof  .  .  .  call  ge- 
gyrwed  deofles  craftum  and  dracan 
fellum,^  2088.  —  2)  to  fit  out,  to 
make  ready :  inf.  ceol  gegyrvvan 
hilde-waspnum  and  hea'Sowoedum, 
38;  het  him  y'Slidan  godne  gegyr- 
wan,  had  (his}  good  ship  fitted  ^^p 
for  him,  199.  Also,  to  provide 
warlike  equipment :  pret.  part.  sy'S- 
$an  he  hiue  to  gu$e  gegyred  hafde, 
1473.  —  3)  to  endow,  to  provide, 
to  adorn  :  pret.  part.  nom.  sg.  bea- 
do-hragl .  .  .  golde  gegyrwed,  553; 
ace.  sg.  life  .  .  .  golde  gegyrede, 
2193;  ace.  pi.  madmas  .  .  .  golde 
gegyrede,  1029. 

getan,  w.  v.,  to  injure,  to  slay  :  inf., 
2941. 

be  -gete,  adj.,  to  find,  to  attain  ;  in 
comp.  e'3-begete. 

geador,    adv.,     unitedly  ^     together, 


jointly,    836  ;      geador    atsomne, 

491. 
o  n  -  g  e  a  d  o  r ,  ad  v.,  tinitedly,  together, 

1596. 
gealdor,  st.  n. :   i)  sound:  ace.  sg. 

byman  gealdor,  2944.  —  2)  magic. 

song,  incantation,  spell :  instr.  sg. 

K»nne  was  J?at  yrfe  .  .  .  galdre  be- 

wunden   {placed  under  a  spell}, 

3°53- 

gealga,  w.  m.,  galloivs  :  dat.  sg.  J?at 
his  byre  ride  giong  on  galgan,  2447. 

gealg-mOd,  &<§.,  gloomy:  nom.  sg. 
gifre  and  galgmod,  1 278. 

gealg-treow,  st.  n.,  gallows :  dat. 
pi.  on  galg-treowu[m],  2941. 

geard,  st.  m.,  residence  ;  in  Beowulf 
corresponding  to  the  house-com- 
plex of  a  prince's  residence,  used 
only  in  the  plur. :  ace.  in  geardas 
(in  Finn's  castle},  1135;  dat.  in 
geardum,  13,  2460;  of  geardum, 
1  r39>  ser  he  on  weg  hwurfe  ...  of 
geardum,  before  he  went  away  from 
his  dwelling-place,  i.e.  died,  265. 
—  Comp.  middan-geard. 

gearo,  adj.,  properly,  made,  pre- 
pared;  hence,  ready,  finished, 
equipped:  nom.  sg.  >at  hit  wear 5 
eal  gearo,  heal-arna  msest,  77;  wiht 
unhaelo  .  .  .  gearo  sona  was,  the 
demon  of  destruction  zvas  quicklv 
ready,  did  not  delay  long,  1 21; 
Here-Scyldinga  betst  beadorinca 
was  on  bsel  gearu,  was  ready  for 
the  funeral-pile  (for  the  solemn 
burning),  1 1 10;  beod  (is)  eal  gearo, 
the  warriors  are  altogether  ready, 
always  prepared,  1231  ;  hra'Se  was 
at  holme  hy5-weard  gearo  (geara, 
MS.),  1915;  gearo  gu5-freca, 
2415;  sie  sio  bser  gearo  adre  ge- 
a'fned,  let  the  bier  be  made  ready 
at  once,  3106.  With  gen.:  gearo 
gyrmvrace,  ready  for  revenge  for 


GLOSSARY. 


187 


harm  done,  2119;  ace.  sg.  gearwe 
stowe,  1007;  nom.  pi.  beornas 
gearwe,  21 1 ;  similarly,  1814. 

gearwe,  gearo,  geare,  adv.,  com- 
pletely, entirely:  ne  ge  . .  .  gearwe 
ne  wisson,  you  do  not  know  at 
all .  .  .,  246;  similarly,  879;  hine 
gearwe  geman  witena  welhwylc 
{remembers  him  very  well},  265; 
wisse  he  gearwe  jmt  .  .  .,  he  knew 
•very  well  that  .  .  .,  2340,  2726; 
J:at  ic  .  .  .  gearo  sceawige  swegle 
searogimmas  {that  I  may  see  the 
treasures  altogether,  as  many  as 
they  are},  2749;  ic  wat  geare  bat 
.  . .,  2657.  —  Comp.  gearwor,  more 
readily,  rather,  3077. —  Superl. 
gearwost,  716. 

gearo-folin,  adj.,  with  ready  hand, 
2086. 

gearwe,  st.  f.,  equipment,  dress  ;  in 
comp.  fe'Ser-gearwe. 

geat,  st.  n.,  opening,  door  ;  in  comp. 
ben-,  hilde-geat. 

geato-lic,  adj.,  well  prepared,  hand- 
some, splendid :  of  sword  and  ar- 
mor, 215,  1563,  2155;  of  Heorot, 
308.  Adv. :  wisa  fengel  geatolic 
gengde,  passed  on  in  a  stately 
manner,  1402. 

geatwe,  st.  f.  pi.,  equipment,  adorn- 
ment:  ace.  recedes  geatwa,  the 
ornaments  of  the  dragorfs  cave  (its 
treasures),  3089. —  Comp. :  cored-, 
gryre-,  guS-,  hilde-,  wig-geatwe. 

geaii  (from  gegn),  adv.  in 

on-gean,  adv.  and  prep.,  against, 
toiuards  :  J-at  he  me  ongean  slea, 
682;  roehte  ongean  feond  mid  fol- 
me,  748;  foran  ongean,  forward 
towards,  2365.  With  dat. :  ongean 
gramum,  against  the  enemy,  1035. 

to-geanes,  to-genes,  prep,  against, 
towards:  Grendle  tbgQ&nes,tocvards 
Grendel,  against  Grendel,  667; 


grap  J?3.  togeanes,  she  grasped  at 
(Beowulf),  1502;  similarly,  him 
togeanes  feng,  1543;  eodon  him 
\>&  togeanes,  went  toiuards  him, 
1627;  het  J>£  gebeodan  .  .  .  J>at 
hie  bsel-wudu  feorran  feredon  go- 
dum  togBnes,  had  it  ordered  that 
they  should  bring  the  wood  from 
far  for  the  funeral-pyre  toiuards 
the  good  man  (i.e.  to  the  place 
where  the  dead  Beowulf  lay),  31 15. 

geap,  adj.,  roomy,  extensive,  wide  : 
nom.  sg.  reced  . . .  geap,  the  roomy 
hall,  1801  ;  ace.  sg.  under  geapne 
hrof,837. — Comp. :  horn-,soe-geap. 

gear,  st.  n.,  year  :  nom.  sg.,  1135  ; 
gen.  pi.  gedra,  in  adverbial  sense, 
olim,  in  former  times,  2665.  See 
un-geara. 

gear-dagas,  st.  in.  pi.,  former  days  : 
dat.  pi.  in(on)  gear-dagum,  1, 1355. 

geofe.     See  gifu. 

geofon,  gifen,  gyfen  (see  Kuhn 
Zeitschr.  I.  137),  st.  n.,  sea,  flood : 
nom.  sg.  geofon,  515  ;  gifen  geo- 
tende,  the  streaming  flood,  1691  ; 
gen.  sg.  geofenes  begang,  362 ; 
gyfenes,  1395. 

geogoff,  st.  f . :  i)  youth,  time  of 
youth  :  dat.  sg.  on  geogofte,  409, 
466,  2513;  ongiogoSe,  2427;  gen. 
giogufte,  2113. —  2)  contrasted 
with  dugu'S,  the  you.nger  warriors 
of  lower  rank  (about  as  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  the  squires  with  the 
knights)  :  nom.  sg.  geogofi,  66 ; 
giogoft,  1191  ;  ace.  sg.  geogofte, 
1182;  gen.  dugufte  and  geogofte, 
160;  dugufte  and  iogofte  (geo- 
go'Se),  1675,  622. 

geoguff-feorh,  st.  n.,  age  of  youth, 
i.e.  age  in  which  one  still  belongs 
in  the  ranks  of  the  geogo'S :  on 
geogov5-(geogu8-)  feore,  537, 2665. 

geohffo.    See  gehfro. 


188 


GLOSSARY. 


geolo,  adj.,  yellow:  ace.  sg.  geolwe 
linde  (the  shield  of  yellow  linden 
bark*},  2611. 

geolo-rand,  st.  m.,  ye  How  shield 
(shield  with  a  covering  of  inter- 
laced yellow  linden  bark)  :  ace. 
sg-,  438. 

geond,  prep.  w.  ace.,  through, 
throughout,  along,  over :  geond 
Jnsne  middangeard,  through  the 
earth,  over  the  earth,  75  ;  wide 
geond  eorSan,  266,  3100;  ferdon 
folctogan . .  .geond  wid-wegas,?c^;*/ 
along  the  ways  coming  from  afar, 
841;  similarly,  1705;  geond  J?at 
said,  through  the  hall,  through  the 
extent  of  the  hall,  1281 ;  similarly, 
1982,  2265. 

geong,  adj.,  young,  youthful :  nom. 
sg.,  13,  20,  855,  etc.;  giong,  2447; 
w.  m.  se  maga  geonga,  2676;  ace. 
sg.  geongne  guftcyning,  1970;  dat. 
sg.  geongum,  1949,  2045,  2675, 
etc. ;  on  swa  geongum  feore,  at  a 
so  youthful  age,  1844;  geongan 
cempan,  2627;  ace.  pi.  geonge, 
2019;  dat.  pi.  geongum  and  eal- 
dum,  72. — Superl.  gingest,  the  last  : 
nom.  sg.  w.  f.  gingeste  word,  2818. 

georn,  adj.,  striving,  eager,  w.  gen. 
of  the  thing  striven  for :  eft  stSes 
georn,  2784.  —  Comp.  lof-georn. 

g  e  o  r  n  e ,  adv.,  readily,  willingly  : 
J?at  him  wine-m&gas  georne  hyr- 
don,  66; 'georne  truwode,  670. — 
zealously,  eagerly  :  sohte  georne 
after  grunde,  eagerly  searched  over 
the  ground,  2295.  —  carefully,  in- 
dustriously :  no  ic  him  ]?as  georne 
atfealh  (did  not  hold  him  so  fast), 
969.  —  completely,  exactly  :  comp. 
wiste  J?e  geornor,  822. 

geo,  iu,  adv.,  once,  formerly,  earlier, 
1477;  gio,  2522;  iii,  2460. 

ge6c,  st.  f.,  help,  support:  ace.  sg. 


geoce  gefremman,  2675;  J?at  him 
gast-bona  geoce  gefremede  wi5 
J>eod-breaum,  177;  geoce  gelyfde, 
believed  in  the  help  (of  Beowulf), 
609;  dat.  sg.  to  geoce,  1835. 

geocor,  adj.,  ill,  bad :  nom.  sg.,  766. 
—  See  Haupt's  Zeitschrift  8,  p.  7. 

geo-man,  iu-man,  m.,  man  of  for- 
mer times :  gen.  pi.  iu-manna, 

3053. 

geo-meowle,  w.  f.,  (formerly  a  vir- 
gin), wife:  ace.  sg.  io-meowlan, 
2932. 

geomor,adj.,  with  depressed  feelings, 
sad,  troubled:  nom.  sg.  him  was 
geomor  sefa,  49,  2420,  2633,  2951; 
modes  geomor,  2IOI ;  fem.  )>at  was 
geomuru  ides,  1076. 

geo  more,  adv.,  sadly,  151. 

geomor-gid,  st.  n.,  dirge :  ace.  sg. 
giomor-gyd,  3151. 

geomor-lic,  adj.,  sad,  painful :  sw3. 
bi'S  geomorlic  gomelum  ceorle  to 
gebidanne  J?at  .  .  .,  it  is  painful  to 
an  old  man  to  experience  it,  that 

•   •   ;   2445- 

geGmor-mod,  adj.,  sad,  sorroivful: 

nom.  sg.,  2045,  3019;  giomor-mod, 

2268. 
geOmrian,  w.  v.,    to   complain,  to 

lament:    pret.  sg.  geomrode  gid- 

dum,  1119. 
geo-sceaft,    st.    f.,  (fixed  in  past 

times),  fate :    ace.    sg.   geosceaft 

grimme,  1235. 
geosceaft-gast,  st.  m.,  demon  sent 

by  fate :  gen.  sg.   fela  geosceaft- 

gdsta,  of  Grendel   and   his   race, 

1267. 
ge6tan,  st.  v.  intrans.,  to  pour,  to 

flow,  to  stream  :  pres.  part,  gifen 

geotende,  1691. 
gicel,  st.  m.,  icicle  :  in  comp.  hilde- 

gicel. 
gid,  gyd,  st.  n.,  speech^  solemn  alii- 


GLOSSARY. 


189 


teraiive  song:  nom.  sg.  ]pxr  was 
.  .  .  gidoft  wrecan,  1066;  leoS  was 
dsungen,  gleomannes  gyd,  the  song 
was  sung,  the  glee  ma  it's  lay,  1161; 
J?aer  was  gidd  and  gleo,  2106;  ace. 
sg.  ic  }>is  gid  awrac,  1724;  gyd 
shvrac,  2109;  gyd  after  wrac,  2155; 
J?onne  he  gyd  wrece,  2447;  dat.  pi. 
gidclum,  151,  1119;  gen.  pi.  gydda 
gemyndig,  869.  —  Comp.:  geomor-, 
word-gid. 

giddian,  w.  v.,  to  speak,  to  speak 
in  alliteration :  pret.  gyddode, 

631- 

gif,  conj.:  i)  if,  w.  ind.,  442,  447, 
527,  662,  etc.;  gyf,  945,  etc.  With 
subj.,  452,  594,  1482,  etc.;  gyf, 
280,  1105,  etc. —  2)  whether,  w. 
ind.,  272;  w.  siibj.,  1141,  1320. 

gifa,  gcofa,  w.  m.,  giver ;  in  comp. 
gold-,  sine-,  wil-gifa  (-geofa). 

gifan,  st.  v.,  to  give:  inf.  giofan, 
2973;  pret.  sg.  nallas  beagas  geaf 
Denum,  1720;  he  me.  [maftmas] 
geaf,  2147;  and  similarly,  2174, 
2432,  2624,  etc.;  pret.  pi.  geaf  on 
(hyne)  on  gaisecg,  49;  pret.  part. 
J?a  was  HroSgare  here-sped  gyfen, 
64;  }>&  was  gylden  hilt  gamelum 
rince  ...  on  hand  gyfen,  1679; 
syftSanserestwearS  gyfen . . .  geon- 
gum  cempan  (given  in  marriage}, 
1949. 

ft-gifan,  to  give,  to  impart:  inf. 
andsware  .  .  .  agifan,  to  give  an 
answer,  355;  pret.  sg.  sona  him  se 
froda  fader  Ohtheres  .  .  .  ondslyht 
&geaf  (gave  him  a  counter-blow), 
(hand'blewT),  2930. 

f  or- gyf  an,  to  give,  to  grant :  pret. 
sg.  him  J?as  lif-frea  .  .  .  worold-are 
forgeaf,  17;  J?am  to  ham  forgeaf 
Hre'Sel  Geata  angan  dohtor  (gave 
in  marriage),  374;  similarly,  2998; 
he  me  lond  forgeaf.  granted  me 


land,  2493;  similarly,  697,  1021, 
2607,  2617;  magen-raes  forgeaf  hil- 
de-bille,  he  gave  with  his  battle- 
sword  a  mighty  blow,  i.e.  he  struck 
with  full  force,  1520. 

of- gif  an,  (to  give  up},  to  leave: 
inf.  J?at  se  msera  maga  EcgJ>eowes 
grund-wong  ]?one  ofgyfan  wolde 
(was  fated  to  leave  the  earth- 
plain},  2589;  pret.  sg..j?ds  worold 
ofgeaf  gromheort  guma,  1682;  sim- 
ilarly, gumdream  ofgeaf,  2470; 
Dena  land  ofgeaf,  1905;  pret.  pi. 
nas  ofgeaTon  hwate  Scyldingas, 
left  the  promontory,  1601;  J?at  \>§. 
hildlatan  holt  ofgefan,  that  the  cow- 
ards left  the  wood  (into  which  they 
had  fled),  2847;  sg.  pret.  for  pi. 
J>ara  J>e  )>is  [lif]  ofgeaf,  2252. 

gifefre,  adj.,  given,  granted :  GfrS- 
fremmendra  svvylcum  gifefte  biS 
^>at  .  .  .,  to  stich  a  warrior  is  it 
granted  that  .  .  .,  299;  similarly, 
2682;  swd  me  gifeSe  was,  2492; 
J>ser  me  gifefte  swa  asnig  yrfeweard 
after  wurde,  if  an  heir,  (living) 
after  me,  had  been  given  me,  2731. 
—  Neut.  as  subst. :  was  j?at  gife'Se 
to  swift,  J?e  bone  [^eoden]  byder 
ontyhte,  the  fate  was  too  harsh 
that  has  drawn  hither  the  king, 
3086;  gyfefte,  555,  820.  —  Comp. 
un-gifefte. 

gif-heal,  st.  f.,  hall  in  which  Jiefs 
were  bestowed,  throne-hall:  ace. 
sg.  ymb  J?d  gifhealle,  839. 

gif-sceat,  st.  m.,  gift  of  value  :  ace. 
pi.  gif-sceattas,  378. 

gif-stOl,  st.  m.,  seat  from  which  Jiefs 
are  granted,  throne :  nom.  sg., 
2328;  ace.  sg.,  168. 

gift,  st.  f.,  gift,  present :  in  comp. 
feoh-gift. 

gifu,  geofu,  st.  f.,  gift,  present, 
grant;  fief :  nom.  sg.  gifu,  1885; 


190 


GLOSSARY. 


ace.  sg.  gimfaste  gife  pe  him  god 
sealde,  the  great  gift  that  God  had 
granted  him  (i.e.  the  enormou: 
strength),  1272;  ginfastan  gife  pe 
him  god  sealde,  2183;  dat.  pi.  (as 
instr.)  geofum,  1959;  gen.  pi.  gifa 
J931;  geofena,  1174.  —  Comp. : 
maSSum-,  sinc-gifu. 

gigant,  st.  m.,  giant:  nom.  pi.  gi- 
gantas,  113;  gen.  pi.  giganta,  1563, 
1691. 

gild,  gyld,  st.  n.,  reparation  :  in 
comp.  wrSer-gyld  (?). 

gildan,  gyldan,  st.  v.,  to  do  some- 
thing in  return,  to  repay,  to  re- 
ward, to  pay  :  inf.  gomban  gyldan, 
pay  tribute,  1 1 ;  he  mid  gode  gyl- 
dan wille  uncran  eaferan,  1185; 
we  him  pa  gufigeatwa  gyldan  wol- 
don,  2637;  pret.  sg.  heaftorsesas 
geald  mearum  and  maSmum,  re- 
paid the  battles  with  horses  and 
treasures,  1048;  similarly,  2492; 
geald  pone  guSraes  .  .  .  Jofore  and 
Wulfe  mid  ofermdSmum,  repaid 
Eofor  and  Wulf  the  battle  ivith  ex- 
ceedingly great  treasures,  2992. 

an-gildan,  to  pay  for :  pret.  sg. 
sum  sare  angeald  cefeniaste,  one 
(Aschere)  paid  for  the  evening- 
rest  with  deaths  pain,  1252. 

a" -gildan,  to  offer  one's  self:  pret. 
sg.  p&  me  seel  ageald,  when  the  fa- 
vorable opportunity  offered  itself, 
1666;  similarly,  pa  him  rum  ageald, 
2691. 

for- gild  an,  to  repay,  to  do  some- 
thing in  return,  to  reivard :  pres. 
subj.  sg.  III.  alwalda  pec  gode  for- 
gylde,  may  the  ruler  of  all  reward 
thee  with  good,  957 ;  inf.  pone  senne 
heht  golde  forgyldan,  he  ordered 
that  the  one  (killed  by  Grendel)  be 
paid  for  (atoned  for)  with  gold, 
1055;  he  ...  wolde  Grendle  for- 


gyldan guftrsesa  fela,  wished  to  pay 
Grendel  for  many  attacks,  1578; 
wolde  se  IdSa  lige  forgyldan  drinc- 
fat  dyre,  the  enemy  wished  to  repav 
with  fire  the  costly  drinking  vessel 
(the  theft  of  it),  2306;  pret.  sg.  he 
him  pas  lean  forgeald,  he  gave  them 
the  reward  therefor,  114;  simi- 
larly, 1542,  1585,  2095;  forgeald 
hra'Se  wyrsan  wrixle  walhlem  pone, 
repaid  the  murderous  blow  with  a 
worse  exchange,  2969. 
gilp,  gylp,  st.  m.,  speech  in  which 
one  promises  great  things  for  him- 
self in  a  coming  combat,  defiant 
speech,  boasting  speech :  ace.  sg. 
hafde  .  .  .  Geat-mecga  leod  gilp 
gelaested  (Jiad  fulfilled  what  he 
had  claimed  for  himself  before  the 
battle},  830;  nallas  on  gylp  selei$ 
fatte  beagas,  gives  no  chased  gold 
rings  for  a  boastful  speech,  1750; 
pat  ic  wi5  pone  guSflogan  gylp  ofer- 
sitte,  restrain  myself  from  the 
speech  of  defiance,  2529;  dat.  sg. 
gylpe  \viSgripan  {fulfil  my  prom- 
ise of  battle*},  2522. — Comp.  dol- 

gllpan,  gylpan,  st.  v.  vv.  gen.,  ace., 
and  dat.,  to  make  a  defiant  speech, 
to  boast,  to  exult  insolently  :  pres. 
sg.  I.  no  ic  pas  gilpe  (after  a  break 
in  the  text),  587;  sg.  III.  morSres 
gylpeft,  boasts  of  the  murder,  2056; 
inf.  sw&  ne  gylpan  pearf  Grendles 
magaoenig. . .  uhthlempone,  2007; 
nealles  folc-cyning  fyrdgesteallum 
gylpan  porfte,  had  no  need  to  boast 
ofhisfellow-ivarriors,  2875;  pret. 
sg.  hreSsigora  ne  gealp  goldwine 
Geata,  did  not  exult  at  the  glorious 
victory  (could  not  gain  the  victory 
over  the  drake),  2584. 

gilp-cwide,  st.  m.,  speech  in  which 
a  man  promises  much  for  himself 


GLOSSARY. 


191 


for  a  coining  combat,  speech  of  de- 
fiance :  nom.  sg.,  641. 

gilp-hladen,  pret.  part.,  laden  -with 
boasts  of  defiance  (i.e.  he  who 
has  made  many  such  boasts,  and 
consequently  has  been  victorious 
in  many  combats),  covered  with 
glory :  nom.  sg.  gum  a  gilp-hladen, 
869. 

gilp-sprsec,  same  as  gilp-cwide, 
speech  of  defiance,  boastful  speech  : 
dat.  sg.  on  gylp-sprsece,  982. 

gilp-word,  St.  n.,  defiant  word  be- 
fore tJie  coming  combat,  vattnting 
word :  gen.  pi.  gesprac  .  .  .  gylp- 
worda  sum,  676. 

gim,  st.  m.,  gem,  precious  stone, 
jewel:  nom.  sg.  heofones  gim, 
heaven's  jewel,  i.e.  the  sun,  2073. 
Comp.  searo-gim. 

gimme-rice,  adj.,  rich  in  jewels  : 
ace.  sg.  gimme-rice  hord-burh  ha- 
le'Sa,  466. 

gin  (according  to  Bout.,  ginne), 
adj.,  properly  gaping,  hence,  wide, 
extended:  ace.  sg.  gynne  grund 
(the  bottom  of  the  sea},  1552. 

gin-fast,  adj.,  extensive,  rich  :  ace. 
sg.  gim-faste  gife  (gim-,  on  account 
of  the  following/),  1272;  in  weak 
form,  gin-fastan  gife,  2183. 

ginnan,  st.  v.,  original  meaning,  to 
be  open,  ready  ;  in 

on-ginnan,  to  begin,  to  undertake : 
pret.  6i$  j?at  &n  ongan  fyrene  frem- 
man  feond  on  helle,ioo;secg  eft  on- 
gan siS  Beowulfes  snyttrum  styrian, 
872;  j?a"  J>at  sweord  ongan  .  .  .  wa- 
nian,  the  sword  began  to  diminish, 
1606;  Higelic  ongan  sinne  gesel- 
dan  .  .  .  fa'gre  fricgean,  began  with 
propriety  to  question  his  compan- 
ion, 1984,  etc.;  ongon,  2791;  pret. 
pi.  no  her  cfrSlicor  cuman  ongun- 
non  lindhabbende,  no  shield-bear- 


ing men  e'er  undertook  more  openly 
to  come  hither,  245  ;  pret.  part, 
habbe  ic  mser'Sa  fela  ongunnen  on 
geogofte,  have  in  my  youth  under- 
taken many  deeds  of  renown,  409. 

gist.     See  gast. 

gistran,  adv.,  yesterday:  gystran 
niht,  yesterday  night,  1335. 

git,  pron.,  ye  two,  dual  of  j>u,  508, 
512,  513,  etc. 

git,  gyt,  adv.,  yet;  then  still,  536, 
1128,  1165,  2142;  hitherto,  957; 
nasfre  git,  never  yet,  853;  still,  945, 
1059,  1135;  once  more,  2513; 
moreover,  47,  1051,  1867. 

gitan  (original  meaning,  to  take  hold 
of,  to  seize,  to  attain},  in 

be-gitan,  w.  ace.,  to  grasp,  to  seize, 
to  reach:  pret.  sg.  begeat,  1147, 
2231;  J^a"  hine  wig  beget,  when 
war  seized  him,  came  upon  him, 
2873;  similarly, begeat,  1069;  pret. 
pi.  hit  aer  on  )>e  gode  be-gedton, 
good  men  received  it  formerly 
from  thee,  2250;  subj.  sg.  for  pi. 
)>at  was  Hroftgare  hreowa  tornost 
Hra  be  leodfruman  lange  begea"te, 
the  bitterest  of  the  troubles  that  for 
a  long  time  had  befallen  the  peo- 
pled chief,  2131. 

for- git  an,  w.  ace.,  to  forget:  pres. 
sg.  III.  he  >a  forftgesceaft  forgyte'S 
and  forgymeft,  1752. 

an-gitan,  on-gitan,  w.  ace. :  i)  to 
take  hold  of,  to  grasp:  imp.  sg. 
gumcyste  ongit,  lay  hold  of  manly 
virtue,  of  what  becomes  the  man, 
1724;  pret.  sg.  \>e  hine  se  broga 
angeat,  whom  terror  seized,  1292. — 
2)  to  grasp  intellectually,  to  compre- 
hend, to  perceive,  to  distinguish,  to 
behold:  pres.  subj.  I.  j?at  ic  nsrwelan 
.  .  .  ongite,  that  I  may  behold  the 
ancient  wealth  (the  treasures  of 
the  drake's  cave),  2749;  inf.  sal 


192 


GLOSSARY. 


timbred  .  .  .  ongytan,  308,  1497; 
Geata  clifu  ongitan,  1912;  pret.  sg. 
fyren->earfe  ongeat,  had  perceived 
their  distress  from  Jiostilc  snares, 
14;  ongeat  .  .  .  grund-vvyrgenne, 
beheld  the  she-wolf  of  the  bottom, 
1519;  pret.  pi.  bearhtm  ongeiton, 
gufthorn  galan,  perceived  the  noise, 
(heard)  the  battle-trumpet  sound, 
1432;  sy'SSan  hie  Higelaces  horn 
and  byman  gealdor  ongeiton,  2944. 

gifre,  adj.,  greedy,  eager  :  nom.  sg. 
gifre  and  galgmod,  of  Grendel's 
mother,  1278.  —  Superl. :  llg  .  .  ., 
gcestagifrost,  1124. — Comp.heoro- 
gifre. 

gitsian,  vv.  v.,  to  be  greedy  :  pres.  sg. 
III.  gytsafi,  1750. 

gio-,  gi6-.     See  geo-,  geo-. 

gladian,  w.  v.,  to  gleam,  to  shimmer: 
pres.  pi.  III.  on  him  gladia'S  go- 
melra  la"fe,  ttpon  him  gleams  the 
legacy  of  the  men  of  ancient  times 
(armor),  2037. 

glad,  adj.,  graciotis,  friendly  (as  a 
form  of  address  for  princes)  :  nom. 
sg.  beo  wiSGeatas  glad,  1174;  ace. 
sg.  gladne  HroSgaT,  864;  gladne 
HroSulf,  1182;  dat.  sg.  gladum 
suna  Frodan,  2026. 

glade,  "adv.,  in  a  gracious,  friendly 
ivay,  58. 

gladnian,  w.  v.,  to  rejoice :  inf.  w. 
gen.,  367. 

glad-m6d,  ad}.,  joyous,  glad,  1786. 

gled,  St.  f.,  jire,  flame  :  nom.  sg., 
2653>  3JI5;  dat-  (instr.)  pi.  gle- 
dum,  2313,  2336,  2678,  3042. 

gled-egesa,  w.  m.,  terror  on  account 
of  fire,  fire-terror  :  nom.  sg.  gled- 
egesa  grim  (the  fire-speiuing  of  the 
drake},  2651. 

gledw  (Goth,  glaggwu-s),  adj.,  con- 
siderate, well-bred,  of  social  con- 
duct; in  comp.  un-gleaw. 


gleo,  st.  n.,  social  entertainment, 
(especially  by  music,  play,  and 
jest)  :  nom.  sg.  fcer  was  gidd  and 
gleo,  2106. 

gleo-bedm,  st.  m.,  (tree  of  social 
entertainment,  of  music},  harp  : 
gen.  sg.  gleo-beames,  2264. 

gleo-dredm,  st.  m.,  joyous  carrying- 
on  in  social  entertainment,  mirth, 
social  gaiety  :  ace.  sg.  gamen  and 
gleo-dream,  3022. 

gleo-man,  m.,  (gleeman,  who  enli- 
vens the  social  entertainment,  es- 
pecially "i.vith  vnisic},  harper  :  gen. 
sg.  gleomannes  gyd,  1161. 

glitinian  (O.H.G.  glizinon),  w.  v., 
to  gleam,  to  light,  to  glitter  :  inf. 
geseah  j>a  .  .  .  gold  glitinian,  2759. 

glidan,  st.  v.,  to  glide  :  pret.  sg.  syft- 
ftan  heofones  gim  glad  ofer  grun- 
das,  after  heaven 's  gem  had  glided 
over  the  fields  (after  the  sun  had 
set),  2074;  pret.  pi.  glidon  ofer 
ga"rsecg,  you  glided  over  the  ocean 
(swimming),  515. 

to-gltdan  (to  glide  asunder},  to 
separate,  to  fall  asunder :  pret. 
guft-helm  to-glad  (Ongen>eo\v's 
helmet  was  split  asunder  by  the 
blow  of  Eofor),  2488. 

g!6f,  st.  f., glove  :  nom.  sg.  glof  han- 
gode,  (on  Grendel)  a  glove  hung, 
2086. 

gnedS1,  adj.,  niggardly :  nom.  sg.  f. 
na's  hio  ...  to  gnea'5  gifa  Geata 
leodum,  was  not  too  niggardly  with 
gifts  to  the  people  nf  the  Gedtas, 

I93I- 

gnorn,  st.  m.,  sorrow,  sadness  :  ace. 
sg.  gnorn  >ro\vian,  2659. 

gnornian,  w.  v.,  to  be  sad,  to  com- 
plain :  pret.  sg.  earme  .  .  .  ides 
gnornode,  1118. 

b  e  -  g  n  o  r  n  i  a  n ,  w.  ace.,  to  bemoan, 
to  mourn  for :  pret.  pi.  begnor- 


GLOSSARY. 


193 


nodon  .  .  .  hlafordes  [hry]re,  be- 
moaned their  lord's  fall,  3180. 

god,  st.  ra.,  god :  nom.  sg.,  13,  72, 
478,  etc.;  halig  god,  381,  1554; 
witig  god,  686;  mihtig  god,  702; 
ace.  sg.  god,  812;  ne  wiston  hie 
drihten  god,  did  not  know  the  Lord 
God,  181 ;  dat.  sg.  gode,  113,  227, 
626,  etc.;  gen.  sg.  godes,  570,  712, 
787,  etc. 

gold,  st.  n.,  gold:  nom.  sg.,  3013, 
3053;  icge  gold,  1108;  wunden 
gold,  wound  gold,  gold  in  ring- 
form,  1194,  3136;  ace.  sg.  gold, 
2537,  2759,  2794,  3169;  haeSen 
gold,  heathen  gold  (that  from  the 
drake's  cave),  2277;  brad  gold, 
massive  gold,  3106;  dat.  instr.  sg. 
golde,  1055,  2932,  3019;  fattan 
golde,  with  chased  gold,  %viih  gold 
in  plate-form,  2103;  gehroden  gol- 
de, covered 'with  gold,  gilded,  304; 
golde  gegyrwed  (gegyrede),  pro- 
vided with,  ornamented  with  gold, 
553,  1029,  2193;  golde  geregnad, 
adorned  with  gold,  778;  golde 
fdhne  (hrof ),  the  roof  shining  with 
gold,  928;  bunden  golde,  bound 
with  gold  (see  under  bindan), 
1901;  hyrsted  golde  (helm),  the 
helmet  ornamented  with,  mounted 
with  gold,  2256;  gen.  sg.  goldes, 
2302;  fattan  goldes,  1094,  2247; 
sciran  goldes,  of  pure  gold,  1695. 
—  Comp.  fat-gold. 

gold-seht,  st.  f.,  possessions  in  gold, 
treasure  :  ace.  sg.,  2749. 

gold-fab,  adj.,  variegated  with  gold, 
shining  with  gold  :  nom.  sg.  reced 
...  gold-fah,  1801;  ace.  sg.  gold- 
fahne  helm,  2812;  nom.  pi.  gold- 
fag  scinon  web  after  wagum,  va- 
riegated with  gold,  the  tapestry 
gleamed  along  the  walls,  995. 

gold-gifa,  w.  m.,  gold-giver,  desig- 


nation of  the  prince  :  a.cc.  sg.  mid 
mtnne  goldgyfan,  2653. 

gold-hroden,  pret.  part.,  {covered 
with  gold"),  ornamented  with  gold : 
nom.  sg.,  615,  641,  1949,  2026; 
epithet  of  women  of  princely  rank. 

gold-hwat,  adj.,  striving  after  gold, 
greedy  for  gold  :  nas  he  goldhwat, 
he  (Beowulf)  was  not  greedy  for 
gold  (he  did  not  fight  against  the 
drake  for  his  treasure,  cf.  3067  ff.), 

3075- 

gold-maS1!!!,  w.  m.,  jewel  of  gold  : 
ace.  pi.  gold-maiSmas  (the  treas- 
ures of  the  drake's  cave),  2415. 

gold-sele,  st.  m.,  gold-hall,  i.e.  the 
hall  in  which  the  gold  was  dis- 
tributed, ruler's  hall :  ace.  sg.,  716, 
1254;  dat.  sg.  gold-sele,  1640, 
2084. 

gold-weard,  st.  m.,  gold-ward,  de- 
fender of  the  gold :  ace.  sg.  (of  the 
drake),  3082. 

gold-wine,  st.  m.,  friend  who  dis- 
tribtdes  gold,  i.e.  ruler, prince  :  nom. 
sg.  (partly  as  voc.)  goldwine  gu- 
mena,  1172,  1477,  1603;  goldwine 
Geata,  2420,  2585.  . 

gold-wlanc,  adj.,  proud  of  gold  : 
nom.  sg.  guftrinc  goldwlanc  (Beo- 
wulf rewarded  with  gold  by  Hroft- 
gar  on  account  of  his  victory), 
1882. 

gomban,  gomel,  gonien.  See 
gamban,  gamal,  gamen. 

gong,gongan.  See  gang,  gangan. 

gOd,  adj.,  good,  Jit,  of  persons  and 
things:  nom.  sg.,  1 1,  195,  864, 
2264,  2391,  etc.;  frod  and  god, 
279 ;  w.  dat.  cyning  atSelum  god, 
the  king  noble  in  birth,  1871  ; 
gumcystum  god,  2544 ;  w.  gen. 
wes  J?u  us  laTena  god,  be  good  to 
tts  with  teaching  (help  us  thereto 
through  thy  instruction),  269;  >r 


194 


GLOSSARY. 


weak  form,  se  goda,  205,  355,  676, 
1191,  etc.;  ace.  sg.  godne,  199, 
347,  1596,  1970,  etc.;  gumcystum 
godne,  1487;  neut.  god,  1563; 
dat.  sg.  godum,  3037,  3115;  ]>am 
godan,  384,  2328;  nom.  pi.  gode, 
2250;  J>i  godan,  1164;  ace.  pi. 
gode,  2642;  dat.  pi.  godum  cfoedum, 
21 79;  gen.  pi.  godra  gu'Srinca, 
2649.  —  Comp.  ser-god. 

gGd,  st.  n. :  i)  good  that  is  done,  ben- 
efit, gift  :  instr.  sg.  gode,  20,  957, 
1185;  gode  maere,  renoivned  on 
account  of  her  gifts  (pryfto),  1953; 
instr.  pi.  godum,  1962.  —  2)  ability, 
especially  in  fight :  gen.  pi.  n&t  he 
j>ara  goda,  682. 

gram,  adj.,  hostile :  gen.  sg.  on  gra- 
mes  gripum,  in  the  gripe  of  the 
enemy  (Beowulf),  766;  nom.  pi. 
t&  graman,  778;  dat.  pi.  gramum, 
424,  1035. 

gram-heort,  adj.,  of  a  hostile  heart, 
hostile  :  nom.  sg.  grom-heort  guma, 
1683. 

gram-hydig,  adj.,  with  hostile  feel- 
ing, maliciously  inclined:  nom. 
sg.  gromhydig,  1750. 

grap,  st.  f.,  the  hand  ready  to  grasp, 
hand,  claw:  dat.  sg.  mid  grape, 
438;  on  grape,  555;  gen.  sg.  eal 
.  .  .  Grendles  grdpe,  all  of  Gren- 
defs  claw,  the  whole  claw,  837; 
dat.  pi.  on  grames  gra"pum,  766; 
(as  instr.)  grimman  gra'pum,  with 
grim  claws,  1543. —  Comp.:  feond-, 
hilde-gr&p. 

grapian,  w.  v.,  to  grasp,  to  lay  hold 
of,  to  seize  :  pret.  sg.  J?at  hire  wi5 
halse  heard  gr&pode,  that  (the 
sword)  griped  hard  at  her  neck, 
1567;  he  ...  grapode  gearofolm, 
he  took  hold  with  ready  hand, 
2086. 

gras-molde,  w.  f.,  grass-plot :  ace. 


sg.  grasmoldan  trad,  went  over  the 
grass-plot,  1882. 

grsedig,  adj.,  greedy,  hungry,  vora- 
cious :  nom.  sg.  grim  and  grsedig, 
121,1500;  acc.sg.  groedigguSleoft, 

I523- 

graeg,  adj.,  gray  :  nom.  pi.  asc-holt 
ufan  groeg,  the  ashen  wood,  gray 
above  (the  spears  with  iron  points), 
330;  ace.  pi.  groege  syrcan,  gray 
(i.e.  iron)  shirts  of  mail,  334. 

gr  aeg-mael,  adj .,  having  a  gray  c olor, 
here  =:  iron  :  nom.  sg.  sweord  Beo- 
wulfes  gomol  and  groegmsel,  2683. 

grsepe.     See  at-graepe. 

gretan,  w.  v.  w.  ace. :  i)  to  greet,  to 
salute  :  inf.  hine  swa1  godne  gretan, 
347 ;  Hro  5gar  gretan,  1 647,  201 1 ; 
eovvic  gretan  het  (bade  me  bring 
you  his  last  greeting),  3096;'  pret. 
sg.  gr£tte  Geata  leod,  626;  grStte 
])a  guma  ofierne,  653;  Hro^gdr 
grette,  1817.  —  2)  to  come  on,  to 
come  near,  to^$£ek  out;  to  touch; 
to  take  Jiold  of :  inf.  gifstol  gretan, 
take  possession  of  the  throne,  mount 
it  as  ruler,  168;  nils  se  folccyning 
oenig  ...  he  mec  gu'Svvinum  gretan 
dorste  {attack  vvitk  swords},  2736; 
Wyrd  .  .  .  se  >one  gomelan  gretan 
sceolde,  2422;  J>at  bone  sin-sca'San 
gCtftbilla  nan  gretan  nolde,  that  no 
sword  ivottld  take  hold  upon  the 
irreconcilable  enemy,  804;  pret. 
sg.  grette  goldhroden  guman  on 
healle,  the  gold-adorned  (queen) 
greeted  the  men  in  the  hall,  615; 
no  he  mid  hearme  .  .  .  gastas 
grette,  did  not  approach  the  stran- 
gers with  instills,  1894;  gomenvvu- 
du  grette,  touched  the  wood  of  joy, 
played  the  harp,  2109;  pret.  subj. 
II.  sg.  bat  Jni  hone  walgsest  wihte 
ne  gre'tte,  that  thou  shouldst  by  no 
means  seek  out  the  murderous  spirit 


GLOSSARY. 


195 


(Grendel),  1996;  similarly,  sg.  III. 
J>at  he  ne  gre"tte  goldweard  )>one, 
3082;  pret.  part.  J?ser  was  .  .  .  go- 
menwudu  greted,  1066. 

ge-gretan,  w.  ace. :  i)  /*  greet,  to 
salute,  to  address  :  pret.  sg.  holdne 
gegrette  meaglum  wordum,  greeted 
the  dear  man  with  formal  words, 
1981;  gegrette  \>&  gumena  ge- 
hvvylcne  .  .  .  hindeman  si'Se,  spoke 
then  the  last  time  to  each  of  the 
men,  2517.  —  2)  to  approach,  to 
come  near,  to  seek  out:  inf.  sceal 
.  .  .  manig  oSerne  godum  gegretan 
ofer  ganotes  ba5,  many  a  one  will 
seek  another  across  the  sea  vuith 
gifts,  1862. 

greot,  st.  m.,  grit,  sand,  earth  :  dat. 
sg.  on  greote,  3169. 

greotan,  st.  v.,  to  weep,  to  mourn, 
to  lament:  pres.  sg.  III.  se  ]pe 
after  sincgyfan  on  sefan  greeted, 
who  laments  in  his  heart  for  the 
treasure-giver,  1343. 

grim,  adj.,  grim,  angry,  wild,  hos- 
tile:  nom.  sg.,  121,  555, 1500,  etc.; 
weak  form,  se  grimma  gast,  102; 
ace.  sg.  m.  grimne,  1149,  2137; 
fern,  grimme,  1235;  gen.  sg.  grim- 
re  gu'Se,  527;  instr.  pi.  grimman 
grapum,  1543.  —  Comp.:  beado-, 
hea'So-,  heoro-,  searo-grimm. 

grimme,  adv.,  grimly,  in  a  hostile 
manner,  bitterly,  3013,  3086. 

grim-lie,  adj.,  grim,  terrible  :  nom. 
sg.  grimlic  gry[re-gast],  3042. 

grimman,  st.  v.,  (properly  to  snort), 
to  go  forward  hastily,  to  hasten  : 
pret.  pi.  grummon,  306. 

grindan,  st.  v.,  to  grind,  in 

for  -grin  dan,  to  destroy,  to  ruin: 
pret.  sg.  w.  dat.  forgrand  gramum, 
destroyed  the  enemy,  killed  them(l~}, 
424;  pret.  part.  w.  ace.  hafde  lig- 
draca  leoda  fasten  .  .  .  gledum  for- 


grunden,  had  with  flames  destroyed 
the  people's  feasts,  2336;  )?d  his 
agen  (scyld)  was  gledum  forgrun- 
den,  since  his  ozvn  {shield}  had 
been  destroyed  by  the  fire,  2678. 

gripe,  st.  m.., gripe, attack:  nom.  sg. 
gripe  nieces,  1766;  ace.  sg.  grimne 
gripe,  1 149.  —  Comp. :  foer-,  mund-, 
ni'S-gripe. 

grima,  w.  m.,  mask,  visor  :  in  comp. 
beado-,  here-grima. 

grim-helm,  st.  m.,  mask-helmet,  hel- 
met with  visor:  ace.  pi.  grim-hel- 
mas,  334. 

gripan,  st.  v.,  to  gripe,  to  seize,  to 
grasp  :  pret.  sg.  grip  J>a  togeanes, 
then  she  caught  at,  1502. 

for-grlpan  (to  gripe  vehemently} , 
to  gripe  so  as  to  kill,  to  kill  by  the 
grasp,  w.  dat. :  pret.  sg.  at  gfrSc 
forgrip  Grendeles  maegum,  2354. 

wiiS-gripan,  w.  dat.,  (to  seize  «/), 
to  maintain,  to  Jiold  erect  :  inf.  hu 
wiS  }mm  agkecean  elles  meahte 
gylpe  wi5-gripan,  how  else  I  might 
maintain  my  boast  of  battle  against 
the  monster,  2522. 

gr6wan,  st.  v.,  to  grow,  to  sprout  : 
pret.  sg.  him  on  ferhfte  greow 
breosthord  blodreow,  1719. 

grund,  st.  m. :  i)  ground,  plain, 
fields  in  contrast  with  highlands ; 
earth  in  contrast  with  heaven  :  dat. 
sg.  sohte  .  .  .  after  grunde,  sought 
along  the  ground,  2295;  ace.  pi. 
ofer  grundas,  1405,  2074.  —  2)  bot- 
tom, the  lowest  part :  ace.  sg.  grund 
(of  the  sea  of  Grendel),  1368;  on 
gyfenes  grund,  1395;  under  gynne 
grund  (bottom  of  the  sea},  1552; 
dat.  sg.  to  grunde  (of  the  sea), 
553;  grunde  (of  the  drake's  cave) 
getenge,  2759;  so,  on  grunde, 
2766.  —  Comp.:  eormen-,  mere-, 
sae-grund. 


196 


GLOSSARY. 


grund-bueml,  pres.  part.,  inhabi- 
tant of  the  earth  :  gen.  pi.  grund- 
bftendra,  1007. 

grund-hyrde,  st.  m.,  warder  of  the 
bottom  (of  the  sea) :  ace.  sg.  (of 
Grendel's  mother),  2137. 

grund-sele,  st.  m.,  hall  at  the  bottom 
(of  the  sea)  :  dat.  sg.  in  J?am 
[grundjsele,  2140. 

grund-wang,  st.  m.,  ground  sur- 
face, lowest  surface  :  ace.  sg.  bone 
grund-wong  (bottom  of  the  sea), 
1497;  (bottom  of  the  drake's  cave), 
2772,  2589. 

grund-\vyrgen,  st.  f.,  she-wolf  of 
the  bottom  (of  the  sea)  :  ace.  sg. 
griind*wyrgenne  (Grendel's  moth- 
er), 1519. 

gryn  (cf.  Gloss.  Aldh.  "retinacu- 
lum,  rete  grin,"  Hpts.  Ztschr.  IX. 
429),  st.  n.,  net,  noose,  snare: 
gen.  pi.  fela  .  .  .  grynna,  931.  See 
gyrn. 

gryre,  st.  m.,  horror,  terror,  any- 
thing causing  terror:  nom.  sg., 
1283;  ace.  sg.  wr$  Grendles  gryre, 
384;  hie  Wyrd  forsweop  on  Gren- 
dles gryre,  snatched  them  aivay 
into  the  horror  of  Grendel,  to  the 
horrible  Grendel,  478 ;  dat.  pi. 
mid  gryrum  ecga,  483  ;  gen.  pi. 
swa"  fela  gryra,  592.  —  Comp. :  fser-, 
wig-gryre. 

gryre-br6ga,  w.  m.,  terror  and 
horror,  amazement :  nom.  sg. 
[gryre-]br[o]g[a],  2229. 

gryre-fah,  adj.,  gleaming  terribly : 
ace.  sg.  gryre-f&hne  (the  fire-spew- 
ing drake,  cf.  also  [draca]  fyr- 
wylmum  fah,  2672),  2577. 

gryre-gast,  st.  m.,  terror-guest, 
stranger  causing  terror  :  nom.  sg. 
grimltc  gry[regast],  3042;  dat.  sg. 
wiS  bam  gryregieste  (the  dragon), 
2561. 


gryre-geatwe,  st.  f.  pi.,  terror -ar- 
mor, warlike  equipment :  dat.  pi. 
in  hyra  gryre-geatwum,  324. 

gryre-leoS1,  st.  n.,  terror-song,  fear- 
ful so 'tig  :  ace.  sg.  gehyrdon  gryre- 
leoSgalan  godes  and-sacan  (heard 
G  rendeTs  cry  of  agon)'},  787. 

gryre-lic,  adj.,  terrible,  horrible  : 
ace.  sg.  gryre-licne,  1442,  2137. 

gryre-siS1,  way  of  terror,  way  caus- 
ing terror,  i.e.  warlike  expedition  : 
ace.  pi.  se  be  gryre-siSas  gegan 
dorste,  1463. 

guma,  w.  m.,  man,  human  being : 
nom.  sg.,  653,  869,  etc. ;  ace.  sg. 
guman,  1844,  2295;  dat.  SS-  gum^n 
(gumum,  MS.),  2822;  nom.  pi.  gu- 
man, 215,  306,  667,  etc.;  ace.  pi. 
guman,  615;  dat.  pi.  gumum,  127, 
321  ;  gen.  pi.  gumena,  73,  328, 
474,  716,  etc.  —  Comp.:  driht-, 
seld-guma. 

gum-cyn,  st.  m.,  race  of  men,  people, 
nation :  gen.  sg.  we  synt  gum- 
cynnes  Geata  leode,  people  from 
the  nation  of  the  Gedtas,  260;  dat. 
pi.  after  gum-cynnum,  along  the 
nations,  among  the  nations,  945. 

gum-cyst,  st.  f.,  man's  excellence, 
man's  virtue:  ace.  sg.  (or  pi.) 
gumcyste,  1724;  dat.  pi.  as  adv., 
excellently,  preeminently :  gum- 
cystum  godne  beag'a  bryttan,  1487; 
gumcystum  god  .  .  .  hilde-hlemma 
(Beowulf),  2544. 

gum-dredm,  st.  m.,  joyous  doings 
of  men  :  ace.  sg.  gum-dream  of- 
geaf  (died),  2470. 

gum-dry hten,  st.  m.,  lord  of  men  : 
nom.  sg.  1643. 

gum-fefta,  w.  m.,  troop  of  men  going 
on  foot :  nom,  sg.,  1402. 

gum-man,  m.,  man-:  gen.  pi.  gum- 
manna  fela,  1029. 

gum-st61,  st.   in.,    man's  seat  KUT 


GLOSSARY. 


197 


,  ruler's  seat,  throne :  dat. 
sg.  in  gumstole,  1953. 

guff,  st.  f.,  combat,  battle  /  nom.  sg., 
1124,  1659,  2484,  2537;  ace.  sg. 
gu'Se,  604;  instr.  sg.  gu'Se,  1998; 
dat.  sg.  to  (at)  gdSe,  438,  1473, 
1 S36,  2354»  etc. ;  gen.  sg.  gufte,  483, 
527, 631,  etc.;  dat.  pl.girSum,  1959, 
2179;  gen.  pi.  gfrSa,  2513,  2544. 

guff-beorn,  st.  m.,  warrior:  gen. 
pi.  gfVS-beorna  sum  (///<?  strand- 
guard  on  the  Danish  coast},  314. 

guff-Mi,  st.  m.,  battle-bill :  nom.  sg. 
guSbill,  2585  ;  gen.  pi.  gfrS-billa 
nan,  804. 

guff-byrne,  w.  f.,  battle-corselet : 
nom.  sg.,  321. 

guff-cearu,  st.  f.,  sorrow  which  the 
combat  brings  :  dat.  sg.  after  guft- 
ceare,  1259. 

guff-craft,  st.  m.,  warlike  strength, 
power  in  battle  :  nom.  sg.  Grendles 
guft-craft,  127. 

guff-cyiiing,  st.  m.,  king  in  battle, 
king  directing  a  battle  :  nom.  sg., 
199,  1970,  2336,  etc. 

guff-deaff,  st.  m.,  death  in  battle: 
nom.  sg.,  2250. 

guff-floga,  w.  m.,  flying  warrior  : 
ace.  sg.  wift  J?one  guftflogan  (the 
drake),  2529. 

guff-freca,  w.  m.,  hero  in  battle, 
warrior  (see  freca) :  nom.  sg. 
gearo  guft-freca,  of  the  drake, 
2415. 

guff-fremmeiid,  pres.  part., fighting 
a  battle,  warrior  :  gen.  pi.  gu'5- 
fremmendra,  246;  guft-  (god-, 
MS.)  fremmendra  swylcum,  such  a 
warrior  (meaning  Beowulf),  299. 

guff-gewaede,  st.  n.,  battle-dress,  ar- 
mor :  nom.  pi.  gu'5-gewoedo,  227; 
ace.  pi.  -gewaedu,  2618,  2631(7), 
2852,2872;  gen.pl. -gewseda,  2624. 
guff-geweorc,    st.   n.,   battle-work, 


warlike  deed:  gen.  pi.,  -geweorca, 

679,  982,  1826. 
guff-geatwe,  st.  f.  pi.,    equipment 

for   combat:  ace.    J?&   gu5-geatwa 

(-getawa,  MS.),  2637  ;  dat.  in  edw- 

runi  gu5-geatawum,  395. 
guff-helm,  st.  m.,  battle-helmet:  nom. 

sg,  2488. 
guff-horn,  st.  n.,  battle-horn:  ace. 

sg.,  H33- 
guff-hreff,  st.  m.,  battle-fame  :  nom. 

sg.,  820. 
guff-leoff,    st.  n.,  battle-song:   ace. 


guff-mOd,   adj.,    disposed  to   battle, 

having  an  inclination  to  battle  : 

nom.  pi.  guft-mode,  306. 
guff-racs,  st.  m.,  storm  of  battle,  at- 

tack :  ace.  sg.,  2992;   gen.  pi.  guft- 

rresa,  1578,  2427. 
guff-re6w,    adj.,  fierce   in   battle  : 

nom.  sg,  58. 
guff-rinc,    st.    m,    man   of  battle, 

fighter,   warrior  :    nom.  sg.,  839, 

1119,   1882;  ace.  sg,  1502;    gen. 

pi.  guft-rinca,  2649. 
guff-rOf,  adj,  renowned  in  battle: 

nom.  sg,  609. 
guff-sceaffa,   w.  m,  battle-foe,  en- 

emy in  combat:  nom.  sg,  of  the 

drake,  2319. 
giiff-scearu,  st.  f,  decision  of  the  bat- 

tle :  dat.  sg.  after  gfr5-sceare,  1214. 
guff-sele,  st.  m,  battle-hall,  hall  in 

which  a  battle  takes  place  :  dat.  sg. 

in  J>am  guiSsele  (in  Heorot),  443. 
guff-searo,  st.  n.  pi,    battle-equip- 

ment, armor  :  ace,  215,  328. 
gtiff-sweord,    st.   n,   battle-sword: 

ace.  sg,  2155. 
guff-werig,  adj,  wearied  by  battle, 

dead  :  ace.  sg.  guiS-werigne  Gren- 

del,  1587. 
guff-  wine,  st.  m,  battle-friend,  com- 

rade in  battle,  designation  of  the 


198 


GLOSSARY. 


sword:  ace.  sg.,  1811;  instr.pl.  }>e 
mec  guft-winum  gretan  dorste,  who 
dared  to  attack  me  with  his  war- 
friends,  2736. 

guff-wiga,  vv.  m.,  fighter  of  battles, 
warrior  :  nom.  sg.,  2112. 

gyd.     See  gid. 

gyfan.     See  gifan. 

gyldan.     See  gildan. 

gylden,  adj., golden:  nom.  sg.  gyl- 
den  hilt,  1678;  ace.  sg.  segen  gyl- 
denne,  47,  1022;  bring  gyldenne, 
2810;  dat.  sg.  under  gyldnum 
beage,  1 164.  —  Comp.  eal-gylden. 

gylp.     See  gilp. 

gyrdan,  \v.  v.,  to  gird,  to  lace  :  pret. 
part,  gyrded  cempa,  the  (sword-} 
girt  warrior,  2079. 

gyrn,  st.  n.,  sorrow,  harm  :  nom. 
sg.,  1776. 

gyrn-wracu,  st.  f.,  revenge  for 
harm :  dat.  sg.  to  gyrn-wra.ce, 
11 39>  gen-  sg-  b&  was  eft  hrafte 
gearo  gyrn-wrace  Grendeles  modor, 
then  was  Grenders  mother  in  turn 
immediately  ready  for  revenge  for 
the  injury,  2119. 

gyrwan.     See  gerwan. 

gystraii.     See  gis trait. 

gyman,  w.  v.  w.  gen.,  to  take  care 
of,  to  be  careful  about :  pres.  III. 
gyme'S,  1758,  2452;  imp.  sg.  ofer- 
hyda  ne  gym !  do  not  study  arro- 
gance (despise  it),  1761. 

for-gyman,  w.  ace.,  to  neglect,  to 
slight :  pres.  sg.  III.  he  l?d  for'S- 
gesceaft  forgyteft  and  forgymeft, 

1752. 
gytsian.     See  gitsian. 


H 

liabban,  w.  v.,  to  have  :  i)  w.  ace. : 
pres.  sg.  I.  >as  ic  wen  habbe  (as  1 
hope),  383;  J-e  ic  ge weald  habbe, 


951;  ic  me  on  hafu  bord  and  byr- 
nan,  have  on  me  shield  and  coat 
of  mail,  2525;  hafo,  3001;  sg.  II. 
|m  nu  [friSu]  hafast,  1175;  pi.  I. 
habba'5  we  .  .  .  micel  aerende,  270; 
pres.  subj.  sg.  III.  bat  he  J;rittiges 
manna  magencraft  on  his  mund- 
gripe  habbe,  381.  Blended  with 
the  negative :  pi.  III.  l^at  J>e  Sse- 
Geatas  selran  nabben  to  geceosen- 
ne  cyning  oenigne,  that  the  Sea- 
Gedtas  will  have  no  better  king 
than  you  to  choose,  1851;  imp. 
hafa  nu  and  geheald  husa  selest, 
659;  inf.  habban,  446,  462,  3018; 
pret.  sg.  hafde,  79,  518,  554;  pi. 
hafdon,  539.  —  2)  used  as  an  aux- 
iliary with  the  pret.  part. :  pres.  sg. 
I.  habbe  ic  .  .  .  ongunnen,  408; 
habbe  ic  .  .  .  geahsod,  433;  II.  ha- 
fast, 954,  1856;  III.  hafat),  474, 
596;  pret.  sg.  hafde,  106,  220,666, 
2322,  2334,  2953,  etc.;  pi.  hafdon, 
117,  695,  884.  2382,  etc.  Pret. 
part,  inflected:  nu  scealc  hafafr 
deed  gefremede,  940;  hafde  se  goda 
.  .  .  cempan  gecorene,  205.  With 
the  pres.  part,  are  formed  the  com- 
pounds :  bord-,  rond-habbend. 

for-habban,  to  hold  back,  to  keep 
one's  self:  inf.  ne  meahte  wafre 
mod  forhabban  in  hreSre,  the  ex- 
piring life  could  not  hold  itself 
back  in  the  breast,  1152;  ne  mihte 
\-§.  for-habban,  could  not  restrain 
himself,  2610. 

w  i  '5  -  h  a  b  b  a  n ,  to  resist,  to  offer  re- 
sistance :  pret.  J?at  se  winsele  wiuS- 
hafde  hea^o-deorum,  that  the  hall 
resisted  them  furious  in  fight,  773. 

hafela,  heafola,  w.  m.,  head:  ace. 
sg.  hafelan,  1373,  1422,  1615,  1636, 
1 781 ;  na  }m  minne  >earft  hafalan 
hydan,  446;  )x>nne  we  on  orlege 
hafelan  weredon,  protected  our 


GLOSSARY. 


199 


heads,  defended  ourselves,  1328  ; 
se  hwita  helm  hafelan  werede, 
1449;  dat.  sg.  hafelan,  673,  1522; 
heafolan,  2680  ;  gen.  sg.  heafolan, 
2698;  nom.  pi.  hafelan,  1121.  — 
Comp.  wig-heafola. 

hafenian,  w.  v.,  to  raise,  to  uplift  : 
pret.  sg.  woepen  hafenade  heard 
be  hiltum,  raised  the  -weapon,  the 
strong  man,  by  the  hilt,  1575. 

hafoc,  st.  m.,  haivk  :  nom.  sg., 
2264. 

haga,  w.  m.,  enclosed  piece  of  ground, 
hedge,  farm-enclosure  :  dat.  sg.  to 
hagan,  2893,  2961. 

haga,  w.  m.     See  aii-haga. 

ha  ina,  ho  ma,  w.  m.,  dress:  in  the 
comp.  ffoesc-,  fyrd-,  lic-hama,  scir- 
ham  (adj.). 

hanier,  st.  m.,  hammer  :  instr.  sg. 
hamere,  1286  ;  gen.  pi.  homera 
lafe  (swords),  2830. 

hand,  bond,  st.  f.,  hand:  nom.  sg. 
2138;  sio  swiSre  .  .  .  hand,  the 
right  hand,  2100;  hond,  1521, 
2489,  2510;  ace.  sg.  hand,  558, 
984  ;  hond,  657,  687,  835,  928, 
etc.;  dat.  sg.  on  handa,  495,  540; 
mid  handa,  747,  2721  ;  be  honda, 
815;  dat.  pi.  (as  instr.)  hondum, 
1444,  2841. 

hand-bana,  w.  m.,  murderer  with 
the  hand,  or  in  hand-to-hand  com- 
bat :  dat.  sg.  to  hand-bonan  (-ba- 
nan),  460,  1331. 

hand-gemOt,  st.  n.,  hand-to-hand 
conflict,  battle  :  gen.  pi.  (ecg)  }>o- 
lode  ser  fela  hand-gemota,  1527; 
no  Jja't  lasest  was  hond-gemota, 


hand-gesella,  w.  m.,  hand-compan- 
ion, man  of  the  retin  ne  :  dat.pl. 
hond-gesellum,  1482. 

hand-gestealla,  w.  m.,  {one  luhose 
position  is  near  at  hand},  comrade, 


companion,  attendant:  dat.  5g. 
hond-gesteallan,  2170;  nom.  pi. 
hand-gesteallan,  2597. 

haiid-geweorc,  st.  n.,  work  done 
with  the  hands,  i.e.  achievement  in 
battle  :  dat.  sg.  for  J;as  hild-fruman 
handgeweorce,  2836. 

haud-gewriffen,  pret.  part.,  hand- 
wreathed,  bound  with  the  hand  : 
ace.  pi.  walbende  .  .  .  hand-gewri- 
ftene,  1938. 

hand-locen,  pret.  part.,  joined, 
united  by  hand :  nom.  sg.  (gfr5- 
byrne,  lic-syrce)  handlocen  (be- 
cause the  shirts  of  mail  consisted 
of  interlaced  rings),  322,  551. 

hand-rses,  st.  m.,  hand-battle,  i.e. 
combat  with  the  hands :  nom.  sg. 
hond-raes,  2073. 

hand-scalu,  st.  f.,  hand-attendance, 
retinue :  dat.  sg.  mid  his  hand- 
scale  (hond-scole),  1318,  1964. 

hand-sper,  st.  n.,  finger  (on  Gren- 
del's  hand),  under  the  figure  of  a 
spear :  nom.  pi.  hand-speru,  987. 

hand-wundor,  st.  n.,  wonder  done 
by  the  hand,  wonderful  handwork  : 
gen.  pi.  hond-wundra  msest,  2769. 

hangan.     See  liOii. 

hangian,  w.  v.,  to  hang :  pres.  sg. 
III.  J>onne  his  sunu  hanga'S  hrefne 
to  hroftre,  when  his  son  hangs,  a 
joy  to  the  ravens,  2448 ;  pi.  III. 
ofer  Jsani  (mere)  hongia'S  hrinde 
bearwas,  over  which  rustling  for- 
ests hang,  1364;  inf.  hangian, 
1663;  pret.  hangode,  Jning  doivn, 
2086. 

hatiaii,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  hate,  to  be 
an  enemy  to,  to  hurt :  inf.  he  J^one 
heat?o-rinc  hatian  ne  meahte  IdSum 
dcedum  {could  not  do  Jiim  any 
harm},  2467;  pret.  sg.  hft  se  guft- 
scea'Sa  Geata  leode  hatode  and 
hy"nde,  2320. 


200 


GLOSSARY. 


had,  st.  m.,  form,  condition,  posi- 
tion, manner  :  ace.  sg.  Jnirh  hsestne 
held,  in  a  powerful  manner,  1336; 
on  gesiftes  had,  in  the  position  of 
follower,  as  follower,  1298 ;  on 
sweordes  hid,  in  the  form  of  a 
sword,  2194.  See  under  on. 

hador,  st.  m.,  clearness,  brightness  : 
ace.  sg.  under  heofenes  hador,  414. 

hador,  adj.,  clear,  fresh,  loud :  nom. 
sg.  scop  hwilum  sang  hidor  on 
Heorote,  497. 

hidre,  adv.,  clearly,  brightly,  1572. 

hal,  adj.,  hale,  whole,  sound,  un- 
hurt: nom.  sg.  hal,  300.  With 
gen.  heafto-lices  hal,  safe  from 
battle,  1975.  As  form  of  saluta- 
tion, wes  .  .  .  hal,  407  ;  dat.  sg. 
halan  lice,  1504. 

halig,  adj.,  holy :  nom.  sg.  hilig 
god,  381, 1554;  hilig  dryhten,  687. 

ham,  st.  in.,  home,  residence,  estate, 
land :  ace.  sg.  him,  1408;  HroiS- 
gires  ham,  718.  Usually  in  ad- 
verbial sense :  gewat  him  him, 
betook  himself  home,  1602;  to  ham, 
124,  374,  2993;  fram  him,  from 
home,  194;  at  him,  at  home,  1249, 
1924,  1157;  gen.sg.  himes,  2367; 
ace.  pi.  himas,  1128.  —  Comp. 
Plnnes-him,  1157. 

ham-weorfrung,  st.  f.,  honor  or 
ornament  of  home  :  ace.  sg.  him- 
weorSunge  (designation  of  the 
daughter  of  Hygelac,  given  in  mar- 
riage to  Eofor),  2999. 

liar,  adj.,  gray  :  nom.  sg.  hir  hilde- 
rinc,  1308,  3137;  ace.  sg.  under 
(ofer)  hirne  stan,  888,  1416,  2554; 
hire  byrnan  (i.e.  iron  shirt  of 
i^ail),  2154;  dat.  sg.  hirum  hild- 
fruman,  1679;  f.  on  heare  hsefte 
(onheaw. .  .h  .  . .  $e,  MS.),  2213; 
gen.  sg.  hires,  of  the  old  man,  2989. 
—  Comp.  un-har. 


hat,  adj.,  hot,  glowing,  flaming:  nom. 

sg.,  1617,  2297,  2548,  2559,  etc.; 
wyrm  hit  gemealt,  the  drake  hot  (of 
his  own  heat)  melted,  898;  ace.  sg., 
2282 ( ?) ;  inst.  sg.  hitan heolfre,  850, 
1424;  g.sg.heatfu-fyreshites, 2523; 
acc.pl.hiteheaiSo-wylmas,2820. — 
Sup.:  hitost  heaSo-swita,  1669. 

hat,  st.  n.,  heat,Jire  :  ace.  sg.  geseah 
his  mondryhten  ...  hit  browian, 
saw  his  lord  endure  the  (drake's)  . 
heat,  2606. 

hata,  w.  m.,  persecutor:  in  comp. 
daed-hata. 

ha  tan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  bid,  to  order,  to 
direct,  with  ace.  and  inf.,  and  ace. 
of  the  person  :  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  magu- 
J?egnas  mine  hate  . . .  flotan  eower- 
ne  arum  healdan,  /  bid  my  thanes 
take  good  care  of  your  craft,  293; 
imp.  sg.  II.  hit  in  gin  .  .  .  sibbe- 
geclriht,  386;  pi.  II.  hatatf  heaflo- 
msere  hloew  gewyrcean,  2803  ;  inf. 
J?at  healreced  hitan  wolde  .  .  . 
men  gewyrcean,  that  he  wished  to 
command  men  to  btiild  a  Jiall-edi- 
fice,  68.  Pret.  sg.  heht :  heht  .  .  . 
eahtamearas  .  .  .  onfiet  te6n,£V7Z'<? 
command  to  bring  eight  horses  into 
the  hall,  1036;  j>onne  oenne  heht 
golde  forgyldan,  commanded  to 
make  good  that  one  with  gold,  1054; 
heht  J^i  >at  heafto-weorc  to  hagan 
bioclan,  ordered  the  combat  to  be 
announced  at  the  hedge^,  2893; 
swi  se  snottra  heht,  as  the  wise 
(HroSgir)  directed,  1787;  so, 
1808,  1809.  h£  t :  het  him  ySlidan 
godne  gegyrwan,  ordered  a  good 
vessel  to  be  prepared  for  him,  198; 
so,  h£t,  391,  1115,  3111.  As  the 
form  of  a  wish:  het  hine  wel  brucan, 
1064;  so,  2813;  pret.  part.  J>i  was 
hiten  hra'Se  Heort  innan-weard 
folmum  gefratwod,  forthwith  was 


GLOSSARY. 


201 


ordered  Heorot,  adorned  by  hand  on 
the  inside(\.e.  that  the  edifice  should 
be  adorned  by  hand  on  the  inside), 
992.  —  2)  to  name,  to  call:  pres. 
subj.  III.  pi.  bat  hit  soeliSend  .  .  . 
h&tan  Biowulfes  biorh,  that  mari- 
ners may  call  it  Bedwulfs  grave- 
mound,  2807;  pret.  part,  was  se 
grimma  gast  Grendel  hatan,  102; 
so,  263,  373,  2603. 

ge-hatan,  to  promise,  to  give  one's 
word,  to  vow,  to  threaten  :  pres.  sg. 
Lie  hit  be  gehate,  1393;  so,  1672; 
pret.  sg.  he  me  mede  gehet,  prom- 
ised me  reward,  2135;  him  fagre 
geh£t  leana  (gen.  pi.),  promised 
them  proper  reward,  2990;  wean 
oft  gehe~t  earmre  teohhe,  with  woe 
often  threatened  the  tinhappy  band, 
2938;  pret.  pi.  geheton  at  ha'rg- 
trafym  wig-weorftunga,  vowed  of- 
ferings at  the  shrines  of  the  gods, 
175;  bonne  we  geheton  ussum 
hlaforde  bat  .  .  .,  when  ^ve  prom- 
ised our  lord  that .  .  .,  2635  >  Pret- 
part,  sio  gehatan  [was]  .  . .  gladum 
suna  Frodan,  betrothed  to  the  glad 
son  of  Froda,  2025. 

hator,  st.  m.  n.,  heat:  in  comp. 
and-halor. 

haft,  adj.,  held,  bound,  fettered:  nom. 

.  sg.,  2409  ;  ace.  sg.  helle  haftan, 
him  fettered  by  hell  (Grendel),  789. 

haft-mece,  st.  m.,  sword  with  fetters 
or  chains  (cf.  fetel-hilt)  :  dat.  sg. 
bam  haft-mece,  1458. 

hag'-steald,  m.,  man,  liegeman, 
youth  :  gen.  pi.  hag-stealdra,  1890. 

halo,  st.  m.,  man  :  nom.  sg.,  1647, 
1817,  3112;  ace.  sg.  hale,  720; 
dat.pl.  hcelum(h3enum,  MS.),  1984. 

haled1,  st.  m.,  hero,  fighter,  warrior, 
man:  nom.  sg.,  190,  331,  1070; 
nom.  pi.  haleS,  52,  2248,  2459, 
3143;  dat.  pi.  haleftum,  1710,  1962, 


etc.;  gen.  pi.  haleSa,  467,  497, 
612,  663,  etc. 

hiirg.     See  hearg. 

haeff,  st.  f.,  heath:  dat.  sg.  hsefte, 
2213. 

haeffen,  adj.,  heathenish;  ace.  sg. 
hseSene  s^wle,  853;  dat.  sg.  haefl- 
num  horde,  2217;  gen.  sg.  hsefte- 
nes,  of  the  heathen  (Grendel),  987; 
gen.  pi.  hse'Senra,  179. 

haeff-stapa,  w.  m.,  that  which  goes 
about  on  the  heath  (stag)  :  nom. 
sg.,  1369. 

hael,  st.  n. :  i)  health,  welfare,  luck  : 
ace.  sg.  him  hsel  dbead,  654;  mid 
hasle,  1218.  —  2)  favorable  sign, 
favorable  omen :  hael  sceawedon, 
observed  favorable  signs  (for  Beo- 
wulf's undertaking),  204. 

hselo,  f.,  health,  welfare,  luck  :  ace. 
sg.  hselo  dbead  heorft-geneatum, 
2419.  —  Comp.  un-haelo. 

haest  (O.H.G.  haisterd  hanti, 
manu  violenta;  heist,  ira;  heis- 
tigo,  iracunde),  ^d}.,  violent,  vehe- 
ment:  ace.  sg.  Jnirh  haestne  had, 
1336. 

he,  fern,  he 6,  neut.  hit,  pers.  pron., 
he,  she,  it;  in  the  oblique  cases 
also  reflexive,  himself,  herself,  it- 
self: ace.  sg.  hine,  hi,  hit;  dat.  sg. 
him,  hire,  him;  gen.  sg.  his,  hire, 
hit;  plur.  ace.  nom.  hi,  hig,  hie; 
dat.  him;  gen.  hira,  heora,  hiera, 
hiora.  —  he  omitted  before  the 
verb,  68,  300,  2309,  2345. 

hebban,  st.  v.,  to  raise,  to  lift,  w. 
ace. :  inf.  sifrSan  ic  hond  and  rond 
hebban  mihte,  657;  pret.  part,  ha- 
fen,  1291;  hafen,  3024. 

d-hebban,  to  raise,  to  lift  from,  to 
take  away  :  was  .  .  .  icge  gold  Sha- 
fen  of  horde,  taken  up  from  the 
hoard,  1 109 ;  ba*  was  .  .  .  wop  up 
ahafen,  a  cry  of  distress  raised^  128. 


202 


GLOSSARY. 


ge-hegan  (O.H.G.  hagjan),  w.  v., 
to  enclose,  to  fence  :  J?ing  gehegan, 
to  mark  off  the  court,  hold  cotirt. 
Here  figurative  :  inf.  sceal  .  .  .  ana 
gehegan  }>ing  wi"5  J?yrse  (shall 
alone  decide  the  matter  with  Gr en- 
del},  425. 

hel,st.  i.,hell:  nom.  sg.,  853;  ace.  sg. 
helle,  179;  dat.  sg.  helle,  101,  589; 
(asinstr.),  789;  gen.sg.  helle,  1275. 

hel-bend,  st.  f .,  bond  of  hell :  instr. 
pi.  hell-bendum  fast,  3073. 

hel-runa,  w.  m.,  sorcerer  ;  nom.  pi. 
helrftnan,  163. 

be-helan,  st.  v.,  to  conceal,  to  hide  : 
pret.  part,  be-holen,  414. 

lieliii,  st.  m. :  i)  protection  in  gen- 
eral, defence,  covering  tJiat  protects: 
ace.  sg.  on  helm,  1393;  under 
helm,  1746.  —  2)  helmet :  nom.  sg., 
1630;  ace.  sg.  helm,  673,  1023, 
1527,  2988;  (helo,  MS.),  2724; 
brun-fagne,  gold-fahne  helm,  26 1 6, 
2812;  dat.  sg.  under  helme,  342, 
404;  gen.  sg.  helmes,  1031;  ace. 
pi.  helmas,  240,  2639.  — 3)  defence, 
protector,  designation  of  the  king : 
nom.  sg.  helm  Scyldinga  (Hro$- 
gSr),  371,  456,  1322;  ace.  sg.  heo- 
fena  helm  (the  defender  of  the 
heavens  —  God),  182;  helm  Scyl- 
finga,  2382.  —  Comp. :  grim-,  gut)-, 
hea'So-,  niht-helm. 

ofer-helmian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  cov- 
er over,  to  overhang:  pres.  sg.  III. 
ofer-helmav5,  1365. 

helm-berend,  pres.  part.,  helm- 
wearing  (warrior)  :  ace.  pi.  helm- 
berend,  2518,  2643. 

helpan,  st.  v.,  to  help :  inf.  j?at  him 
holt-wudu  helpan  ne  meahte,  lind 
\viei  lige,  that  a  wooden  sJiield could 
not  help  him,  a  linden  shield 
against  flame,  2341 ;  Hit  him  Iren- 
na  ecge  mihton  helpan  at  hilde, 


2685;  vvutun  gangan  to,  helpan 
hildfruman,  let  us  go  thitherto  help 
the  battle-chief,  2650;  w.  gen.  on- 
gan  .  .  .  masges  helpan,  began  to 
help  my  kinsman,  2880;  so,  pret. 
sg.  J?ser  he  his  maeges  (MS.  mage- 
nes)  healp,  2699. 

help,  helpe,  f.,  help,  support :  in 
strong  form. :  ace.  sg.  helpe,  551, 
1553;  dat.  sg.  to  helpe,  1831.  In 
weak  form :  ace.  sg.  helpan,  2449. 

hende,  adj.,  -handed :  in  comp.  idel- 
hende. 

her,  adv.,  here,  397,  1062,  1229, 
1655,  1821,  2054,  2797,  etc.;  hith- 
er, 244,  361,  376. 

here  (Goth,  harji-s),  st.  m.,  army, 
troops  :  dat.  sg.  on  hergc,  in  the 
army,  on  a  warlike  expedition, 
1249;  in  the  army,  among  the 
fighting  men,  2639;  as  instr.  herge, 
2348. — Comp. :  flot-,  scip-,  sin-here. 

here-brdga,  w.  m.,  terror  of  the 
army,  fear  of  war  :  dat.  sg.  for 
here-brogan,  462. 

here-byrne,  w.  f.,  battle-mail,  coat 
of  mail :  nom.  sg.,  1444. 

here-grima,  w.  m.,  battle-mask,  i.e. 
helmet  (with  visor)  :  dat.  sg.  -gri- 
man,  396,  2050,  2606, 

here-net,  st.  n.,  battle-net,  i.e.  coat 
of  mail  (of  interlaced  rings)  :  nom. 

sg-,  I554- 

here-niS1,  st.  m.,  battle- enmity,  bat- 
tle of  armies  :  nom.  sg.,  2475. 

here-pad,  st.  f.,  army-dress,  i.e.  coat 
of  mail,  armor  :  nom.  sg.,  2259. 

here-rinc,  st.  m.,  army-hero,  hero 
in  battle,  warrior  :  ace.  sg.  here- 
rinc  (MS.  here  ric),  1177. 

here-sceaft,  st.  m.,  battle-shaft,  i.e. 
spear  :  gen.  pi.  here-sceafta  heap, 

335- 
here-sped,  st.  f.,  (war-speed} ,  luck 

in  -war :  nom.  sg.,  64. 


GLOSSARY. 


203 


hcrc-stral,  st.  m.,  ivar-arrcnv,  mis- 
sile :  nom.  sg.,  1436. 

here-syrce,  w.  f.,  battle-shirt,  shirt 
of  mail :  ace.  sg.  here-syrcan,  1512. 

here-waed,  st.  f.,  army-dress,  coat 
of  mail,  armor  :  dat.  pi.  (as  instr.) 
here-wgedum,  1898. 

here-waesma,  w.  m.,  war-might, 
fierce  strength  in  battle  :  dat.  pi.  an 
here-wsesmum,  678.  —  Leo. 

here-wisa,  w.  m.,  leader  of  the  army, 
i.e.  ruler,  king:  nom.  sg.,  3021. 

berg,  hearg,  st.  m.,  image  of  a  god, 
grove  where  a  god  was  worshipped, 
hence  to  the  Christian  a  wicked 
place  (?)  :  dat.  pi.  hergum  ge- 
heafterod,  con-fined  in  wicked  places 
(parallel  with  hell-b«ndum  fast), 

3°73- 
hcrigean,  w.  v.  w.  dat.  of  pers.,  to 

provide  with  an  army,  to  support 

with  an  army :  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  J?e 

wel  herige,  1834.  —  Leo.. 
hete,  st.  m.,  hate,  enmity  :  nom.  sg. 

142,2555. — Comp. :  ecg-,  morftor-, 

wig-hete. 

hete-lic,  adj.,  hated :  nom.sg.,  1268. 
hetend,   hettend,   (pres.  part,  of 

hetan,  see  hatian),  enemy,  hostis : 

nom.  pi.  hetende,  1829  ;   dat.  pi. 

wi5  hettendum,  3005. 
hete-mff,   st.   m.,   enmity  full  of 

hate  :  ace.  pi.  hete-nfSas,  152. 
hete-swenge,  st.  m.,  a  blow  from 

hate :  ace.  pi.  hete-swengeas,  2226. 
hete-J>anc,  st.  m.,  hate-thought,   a 

hostile  design :    dat.  pi.    mid    his 

hete-bancum,  475. 
hedaii,  ge-hedan,  w.  v.  w.  gen.: 

i)  to  protect:  pret.  sg.  ne  hedde 

he  bas  heafolan,  did  not  protect  his 

head,  2698.  —  2)  to  obtain  :  subj. 

pret.  sg.  III.  gehe"dde,  505. 
herian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  praise,  to 

commend ;  with  reference  to  God, 


to  adore  :  inf.  heofena  helm  herian 
ne  cufton,  could  not  worship  the 
defence  of  the  heavens  (God),  182; 
ne  huru  Hildeburh  herian  K>rfte 
eotena  treowe,  had  no  need  to 
praise  the  fidelity  of  the  Jules, 
1072;  pres.  subj.  J>at  mon  his  wine- 
dryhten  wordum  herge,  3177. 
g  e  -  heaflFerian,  w.  v.,  to  force^  to 
press  in  :  pret.  part,  ge-heafterod, 

3073- 
heaaFo-byrne,  w.  f.,  battle-mail,  shirt 

of  mail :  nom.  sg.,  1553. 
heaffo-deor,   adj.,   bold   in    battle, 

brave :    nom.   sg.,    689 ;    dat.  pi. 

heafto-deorum,  773. 
heaffo-fyr,  st.  n.,  battle-fire,  hostile 
fire  :  gen.  sg.  heaftu-fyres,  2523 ; 

instr^  pi.  heafto-fyrum,  2548,  of  the 

drake's  fire-spewing. 
heaiffo-grim,  adj.,  grim  in  battle, 

548. 

elm,   st.  m.,   battle-helmet, 

•war-helmet :  nom.  sg.,  3I57(?). 
c,  st.  n.,  battle-play,  battle  : 

dat.  sg.  at  hea'5o-ldce,  584 ;  gen. 

sg.  heafto-la'ces  h^l,  1975. 
heafto-maere,    adj.,    renowned   in 

battle :  ace.  pi.  -msere,  2803. 
heafro-raes,  st.  m.,  storm  of  battle, 

attack  in  battle,  entrance  by  force  : 

nom.  sg.,  557;  acc.pl.  -raesas,  1048; 

gen.  pi.  -rsesa,  526. 
heafro-reaf,     st.    m.,     battle-dress, 

equipment  for    battle :    ace.    sg. 

hea'So-reaf  heoldon  (kept  the  equip- 
ments}, 401. 

heaffo-rinc,  st.  m.,  battle-hero,  war- 
rior :    ace.   sg.   Jxme    heafto-rinc 

(HreSel's   son,  Hse'Scyn),   2467; 

dat.  pi.  hem  hea'So-rincum,  370, 
hea^o-rOf,  adj.,  renowned  in  battle  : 

nom.  sg.,  381  ;   nom.  pi.   heafto-i 

rofe,  865.    - 
lieaffo-scearp,  adj.,  sharp  in  battle, 


204 


GLOSSARY. 


bold:    nom.  pi.   (-scearde,  MS.), 

2830. 
heaffo-seoc,  adj.,  battle-sick :   dat. 

sg.  -siocum,  2755. 
heafto-steap,   adj.,  high    in  battle, 

excelling  in    battle :   nom.  sg.  in 

weak   form,  heafto-steapa,  1 246 ; 

ace.  sg.  heafto-steapne,  2154,  both 

times  of  the  helmet. 
heaffo-swat,  st.  m.,  blood  of  battle  : 

dat.   sg.    heaSo-svva'te,   1607  ;    as 

instr.,  1461;  gen.  pi.  h&tost  hea'So- 

swita,  1669. 
heaffo-sweng,  st.  m.,  battle-stroke 

(blow  of  the  sword) :  dat.  sg.  after 

heaSu-swenge,  2582. 
heaffo-torht,   adj.,    loud,   clear  in 

battle  :  nom.  sg.  stefn  .  .  .  hea'So- 

torht,    the   voice    clear    in    battle, 

2554. 

heaffo-waed,  st.  f.,  battle-dress,  coat 
of  mail,  armor:  instr.  pi.  heafto- 
waedum,  39. 

heaffo-weore,  st.  f.,  battle-work, 
battle  :  ace.  sg.,  2893. 

heafro-wylm, st.  vn.,hostile  {flame-} 
wave  :  ace.  pi.  hate  heafto-wylmas, 
2820;  gen.  pi.  heafto-wylma,  82. 

heaf,  st.  n.,  sea  :  ace.  pi.  ofer  heafo, 
2478. 

heafola.     See  hafela. 

heal,  st.  f.,  hall,  main  apartment, 
large  building  (consisting  of  an 
assembly-hall  and  a  banqueting- 
hall)  :  nom.  sg.  heal,  1152,  1215  ; 
heall,  487;  ace.  sg.  healle,  1088; 
dat.  sg.  healle,  89,  615,  643,  664, 
926,  1010,  1927,  etc.  ;  gen.  sg. 
[healle],  389. — Comp. :  gif-,  meodo- 
heal. 

heal-arn,  st.  n.,  hall-building,  hall- 
house  :  gen.  sg.  heal-arna,  78. 

heal-gamen,  st.  n.,  social  enjoyment 
in  the  hall,  hall-jfy :  nom.  sg., 
1067. 


heal-reced,  st.  n.,  hall-building: 
ace.  sg.,  68. 

heal-sittend,  pres.  part.,  sitting  in 
the  hall  (at  the  banquet)  :  dat.  pi. 
heal-sittendum,  2869 ;  gen.pl.  heal- 
sittendra,  2016. 

heal-J>egn,  st.  m.,  hall-thane,  i.e.  a 
warrior  who  holds  the  hall :  gen. 
sg.  heal-begnes,  of  Grendel,  142; 
ace.  pi.  heal-begnas,  of  Beowulf  s 
band,  720. 

heal-wudu,  hall-wood,  i.e.  hall  built 
of  wood:  nom.  sg.,  1318. 

healdan,  st.  v.  w.  ace.:  i)  to  hold, 
to  hold  fast ;  to  support:  pret.  pi. 
hu  \>&  stinbogan  .  .  .  See  eorftreced 
innan  heoldon  (MS.  healde),  how 
the  arches  of  rock  within  held  the 
everlasting  earth-house,  2720.  Pret. 
sg.,  with  a  person  as  object :  heold 
hine  to  fa'ste,  held  him  too -fast,  789; 
w.  the  dat.  he  him  freondlarum 
heold,  supported  him  with  friendly 
advice,  2378.  —  2)  to  hold,  to  watch, 
to  preserve,  to  keep ;  reflexive,  to 
maintain  one's  self,  to  keep  one's 
self:  pres.  sg.  II.  eal  Jm  hit  gejjyl- 
dum  healdest,  ma'gen  mid  modes 
snyttrum,  all  that  preservest  thou 
continuously,  strength  and  wisdom 
of  mind,  1706;  III.  healdeS  hige- 
meSum  heafod-wearde,  holds  for 
the  dead  the  head-iuatch,  2910; 
imp.  sg.  II.  heald  forS  tela  nhve 
sibbe,  keep  well,  from  now  on,  the 
new  relationship, 9 49 ;  heald  (heold, 
MS.)  >u  nu  hruse  .  .  .  eorla  sehte, 
preserve  thou  now,  Earth,  the  noble 
men's  possessions,  2248 ;  inf.  se  J>e 
holmclifu  healdan  scolde,  watch 
the  sea-cliffs,  zip;  50,705;  nacan 
.  .  .  arum  healdan,  to  keep  well  your 
vessel,  296;  wearde  healdan,  319; 
forleton  eorla  gestreon  eor  San  heal- 
dan, 3168;  pres.  part,  dream  heal- 


GLOSSARY. 


205 


dende,  holding  rejoicing  (i.e.  thou 
who  art  rejoicing),  1228;  pret.  sg. 
heold  hine  sy'Sftan  fyr  and  fastor, 
kept  himself  afterwards  afar  and 
more  secure,  142;  regwearde  heold, 
/  have  (Jiithertd)  kept  watch  on 
the  sea,  241;  so,  305;  hiold  heah- 
lufan  wio'  halefta  brego,  preserved 
high  love,  1955;  ginfastan  gife  .  .  . 
heold,  2184;  gold-magmas  heold, 
took  care  of  the  treasures  of  gold, 
241 5 ;  heold  min  tela, protected 'well 
mine  own,  2738 ;  bonne  . . .  sceft . . . 
nytte  heold,  had  employment,  was 
employed,  3119;  heold  mec, protect- 
ed, i.e.  brought  me  up,  2431;  pret. 
pi.  hea'So-reaf  heoldon,  watched 
over  the  armor,  401 ;  -sg.  for  pi. 
heafodbeorge  . . .  walan  utan  heold, 
outwards,  bosses  kept  guard  over  the 
head,  1032. — Related  to  the  preced- 
ing meaning  are  the  two  following : 

3)  to  rule  and  protect  the  father- 
land: inf.  gif  J?u  healdan  wylt  maga 
rice,  1853;  pret.  heold,  57,  2738. — 

4)  to  hold,  to  have,  to  possess,  to  in- 
habit :  inf.  let  bone  brego-stol  Beo- 
wulf healdan,    2390;    gerund,   to 
healdanne   hleoburh  wera,  1732; 
pret.  sg.  heold,  103,  161,466,  1749, 
2752;  lyftwynne  heold  nihtes  hwi- 
lum,  at  night-time  had  the  enjoy- 
ment of  the  air,  3044;    pret.  pi. 
Geata  leode  hreaAvlc  heoldon,  the 
Gedtas   held  the  place  of  corpses 
(lay  dead  upon  it),  1215;  pret.  sg. 
bser  heo  oer  maeste  heold  worolde 
wynne,  in  which  she  formerly  pos- 
sessed the  highest  earthly  joy,  1080. 
—  5)  to  win,  to  receive  :  pret.  pi.  I. 
heoldon  heah  gesceap,  we  received 
a  heavy  fate,  heavy  fate  befell  us, 
3085. 

be-healdan,  w.   ace.:   i)  to  take 
care  of,  to  attend  to  :  pret.  sg.  begn 


nytte  beheold,  a  thane  discharged 
the  office,^;  so,  668. — 2)  to  hold: 
pret.  sg.  se  J?e  floda  begong  .  .  . 
beheold,  1499. —  3)  to  look  at,  to 
behold:  Jny'Sswy'S  beheold  maeg 
Higela'ces  hu  .  .  .,  great  woe  saw 
H?s  kinsman,  hoiv  . .  .,  737. 

f  o  r  -  h  e  a  1  d  a  n ,  w.  ace.,  (to  hold  bad- 
ly}, to  fall  away  from,  to  rebel: 
pret.  part,  hafdon   hy  forhealden 
.  helm  Scy\fmga.,had  rebelled  against 
the  defender  of  the  Scylfings,  2382. 

ge-healdan :  i)  to  hold,  to  receive, 
to  hold  fast :  pres.  sg..  III.  se  be 
waldendes  hyldo  gehealdeft,  who 
receives  the  Lord's  grace,  2294 ; 
pres.subj.  fader  alwalda  .  .  .  eowic 
gehealde  si'Sa  gesunde,  keep  you 
sound  on  your  journey,  317;  inf. 
ne  meahte  he  ...  on  bam  frum- 
g&re  feorh  gehealdan,  could  not 
hold  back  the  life  in  his  lord, 
2857.  —  2)  to  take  care,  to  pre- 
serve, to  watch  over ;  to  stop  :  imp. 
sg.  hafa  nu  and  geheald  husa  se- 
lest,  659;  inf.  gehealdan  h£t  hilde- 
geatwe,  675;  pret.  sg.  he  fratwe 
geheold  fela  missera,  2621;  bone 
be  ser  geheold  wi5  hettendum  hord 
and  rice,  him  zvho  before  preserved 
treasure  and  realm,  3004.  —  3)  to 
rule:  inf.  folc  gehealdan,  912; 
pret.  sg.  geheold  tela  (brdde  rice), 
2209. 

healf,  st.  f.,  half,  side,  part:  ace.  sg. 
on  b&  healfe,  towards  this  side, 
1676;  dat.  sg.  haleftum  be  healfe, 
at  the  heroes'  side,  2263;  ace.  pi. 
on  twi  healfa,  iipon  two  sides,  mu- 
tually, 1096;  on  bd healfa  (healfe), 
on  both  sides  (to  Grendel  and  his 
mother),  1306;  on  two  sides,  on 
both  sides,  2064 ;  gen.  pi.  on  healfa 
gehwone,  in  half,  through  the 
middle,  80 1. 


206 


GLOSSARY. 


healf,  adj.,  half:  gen.  sg.  healfre, 
1088. 

heals,  st.  m.,  neck  :  acc.  sg.  heals, 
2692;  dat.  sg.  wi5  halse,  1567; 
be  healse,  1873.  —  Comp. :  the  ad- 
jectives famig-,  wunden-heals. 

heals-beah,  st.  m.,  neck-ring,  collar: 
ace.  sg.  >one  heals-beah,  2173  ; 
gen.  pi.  heals-beaga,  1196. 

heals-gebedde,  w.  f.,  beloved  bed- 
fellow, wife:  nom.  sg.  healsge- 
bedde  (MS.  healsgebedda),  63. 

healsian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  entreat 
earnestly,  to  implore  :  pret.  sg.  }>a 
se  beoden  mec  . . .  healsode  hreoh- 
mod  J>at .  .  .,  entreated  me  sorrow- 
ful, that .  .  .,  2133. 

heard,  adj.:  i)  of  persons,  able, 
efficient  in  war,  strong,  brave: 
nom.  sg.  heard,  342,  376,  404, 
1575,  2540,  etc. ;  in  weak  form, 
se  hearda,  401,  1964;  se  hearda 
£egn,  2978;  >es  hearda  heap,  432; 
nom.  pi.  hearde  hilde-frecan,  2206; 
gen.  pi.  heardra,  989.  Compara- 
tive :  ace.  sg.  heardran  hale,  720. 
With  accompanying  gen. :  vviges 
heard,  strong  in  battle,  887;  dat. 
sg.  nifta  heardum,  2171. —  2)  of 
the  implements  of  war,  good,  Jirm, 
sharp,  hard  :  nom.  sg.  (gu'S-byrne, 
lic-syrce)  heard,  322,  551.  In  weak 
form :  masc.  here-stral  hearda, 
1436;  seheardahelm,  2256;  neutr. 
here-net  hearde,  1554;  ace.  sg. 
(swurd,  wsepen),  heard,  540,  2688, 
2988;  nom.  pi.  hearde  .  .  .  homera 
lafe,  2830;  heard  and  hring-mcel 
Heaftobeardna  gestreon,  2038 ; 
ace.  pi.  heard  sweord,  2639.  Of 
other  things,  hard,  rough,  harsh, 
hard  to  bear:  nom.  sg.  hretSer-bealo 
hearde,  1344  ;  wroht  .  .  .  heard, 
2915;  here-ni'S  hearda,  2475 ;  acc- 
sg.  heoro-sweng  heardne,  1591  ; 


instr.  sg.  heardan  ccape,  2483 ; 
instr.  pi.  heardan,  heardum  clam- 
mum,  964,  1336;  gen.  pi.  heardra 
hyniSa,  1 66.  Compar. :  acc.  sg. 
heardran  feohtan,  576.  —  Comp.: 
f£r-,  iren-,  ni'S-,  regen-,  scur-heard. 

hearde,  adv.,  hard,  very,  1439. 

heard-ecg,  st.  f.,  sharp  sword,  sword 
good  in  battle:  nom.  sg.,  1289. 

heard-f yrde,  adj .,  hard  to  take  away, 
heavy  :  acc.  sg.  hard-fyrdne,  2246. 
—  Leo. 

heard-hycgend,  pres.  part.,  of  a 
zvarlike  disposition,  brave :  nom. 
pi.  -hicgende,  394,  800. 

hearg-traf,  st.  n.,  tent  of  the  gods, 
temple :  dat.  pi.  at  harg-trafum 
(MS.  hraerg  trafum),  175. 

hearm,  st.  m.,  harm,  injiiry,  insult  : 
dat.  sg.  mid  hearme,  1893. 

hearm-sceaS'a,  w.  m.,  enemy  caus- 
ing injury  or  grief :  nom.  sg. 
hearm-scafta,  767. 

hearpe,  w.  f.,  harp  :  gen.  sg.  hear- 
pan  sweg,  89,  3024;  hearpan 
wynne  (wyn),  2108,  2263. 

heatFu,  f.,  sea,  waves :  acc.  sg. heaSu, 
1863. 

heaS'u-liO'end,  pres.  part.,sea-fari>r, 
sailor:  nom.  pi.  -liftende,  1799; 
dat.  pi.  -irSendum  (designation  of 
the  Geatas),  2956. 

heafod,  st.  n.,  head :  acc.  sg.,  48, 
1640;  dat.  sg.  heafde,  1591,  2291, 
2974;  dat.  pi.  heafdum,  1243. 

hedfod-beorh,  st.  f.,  head-defence, 
protection  for  the  head:  acc.  sg. 
heafod-beorge,  1031. 

heafod-maeg,  st.  m.,head-kinsman, 
near  blood-relative  :  dat.  pi.  hea- 
fod-mzegum  (brothers),  589;  gen. 
pi.  heafod-maga,  2152. 

heafod-segn,  st.  n.,  head-sign,  ban- 
ner:  acc.  sg.,  2153. 

heafod-weard,  st.  f.,  head-watch : 


GLOSSARY. 


207 


ace.  sg.  healde'5  . . .  heafod-wearde 
leofes  and  laSes,  for  the  friend 
and  the  foe  (Beowulf  and  the  drake, 
who  lie  dead  near  each  other), 
2910. 

licj'ih,  hea,  adj.,  high,  noble  (in 
composition,  also  primus)  :  nom. 
sg.  heah  Healfdene,  57;  hea  (Hi- 
gelac),  1927;  heah  (sele),  82; 
heah  hkew,  2806,  3159;  ace.  sg. 
heah  (segn),  48,  2769;  heahne 
(MS.  heanne)  hrof,  984;  dat.  sg. 
in  (to)  sele  ham  hean,  714,  920; 
gen.  sg.  hean  hftses,  1 1 6.  —  high, 
heavy  :  ace.  heah  gesceap  (an  un- 
usual, heavy  fate},  3085. 

hea-burh,  st.  f.,  high  city,  first  city 
of  a  country  :  ace.  sg.,  1128. 

heah-cyning,  st.  m.,  high  king, 
mightiest  of  the  kings :  gen.  sg. 
-cyninges  (of  Hro"$gir)»  1040. 

heah  -  gestreon,  st.  n.,  splendid 
treasure  :  gen.  pi.  -gestreona,  2303. 

heah-lufe,  w.  f.,  high  love  :  ace.  sg. 
heah-lufan,  1955. 

heah-sele,  st.  m.,  high  hall,  first  hall 
in  the  land,  hall  of  the  ruler  :  dat. 
sg.  heah-sele,  648. 

heah-setl,  st.  n.,  high  seat,  throne  : 
ace.  sg.,  1088. 

heah-stede,  st.  m.,  high  place,  rul- 
er's place:  dat.  sg.  on  heah-stede, 
285. 

hean,  adj.,  depressed,  low,  despised, 
miserable:  nom.  sg.,  1275,  2100, 
2184,  2409. 

heap,  st.  m.,  heap,  crowd,  troop  : 
nom.  sg.  hegna  heap,  400;  }>es 
hearda  heap,  this  brave  band, 
432 ;  ace.  sg.  here-sceafta  heap,  the 
crowd  of  spears,  335;  mago-rinca 
heap,  731 ;  dat.  sg.  on  heape,  in  a 
compact  body,  as  many  as  there 
were  of  them,  2597.  —  Comp.  wig- 
heap. 


heawan,  st.  v.,  to  hew,  to  cleave  : 
inf.,  801. 

ge -he  a  wan,  cleave:  pres.  subj.  ge- 
heawe,  683. 

heoftu,  st.  f .,  the-  interior  of  a  build- 
ing :  dat.  sg.  J?at  he  on  heo'Se  ge- 
stod,  in  the  interior  (of  the  hall, 
Heorot),  404. 

heofon,  st.  m.,  heaven  :  nom.  sg., 
3157;  dat.  sg.  hefene,  1572;  gen. 
sg.  heofenes,  414,  576,  1802,  etc.; 
gen.  pi.  heofena,  182;  dat.  pi. 
under  heofenum,  52,  505. 

heolfor,  st.  n.,  putrid  or  festering 
blood :  dat.  instr.  sg.  ha1  tan  heol- 
fre,  850,  1424;  heolfre,  21395  un- 
der heolfre,  1303. 

heolster,  st.  n.,  haunt,  hiding-place  : 
ace.  sg.  on  heolster,  756. 

hcoiian,  adv.,  hence,  from  here: 
heonan,  252;  heonon,  1362. 

heor,  st.  m.,  door-hinge  :  nom.  pi. 
heorras,  1000. 

heorde,  adj.  See  wunden-heorde. 

heorff-geneat,  st.  m.,  hearth-com- 
panion, i.e.  a  vassal  of  the  king,  in 
whose  castle  he  receives  his  liveli- 
hood: nom.  pi.  heorft-geneatas, 
261,  3181 ;  ace.  pi.  heorft-geneatas, 
1581,  2181 ;  dat.  pi.  heorft-genea- 
tum,  2419. 

heorot,  st.  m.,  stag:  nom. sg.,  1370. 

heorte,  w.  n.,  heart:  nom.  sg., 
2562;  dat.  sg.  at  heortan,  2271 ; 
gen.  sg.  heortan,  2464,  2508.  — 
Comp. :  the  adjectives  bli^-,  grom-, 
rum-,  starc-heort. 

heoru,  st.  m.,  sword  :  nom.  sg.  heoru 
bunden  (cf.  under  bindan),  1286. 
In  some  of  the  following  com- 
pounds heoro-  seems  to  be  con- 
founded with  here-  (see  here) . 

heoro-blac,  adj.,  pale  through  the 
sword,  fatally  wounded :  nom.  sg. 
[heoro-] blac,  2489. 


208 


GLOSSARY. 


heoru-dreor,   st.  m.,   sword-blood  : 

instr.  sg.  heoru-dreore,487;  heoro- 

dreore,  850. 
licoro-dreorig,  adj.,  bloody  through 

the  sword:  nom.  sg.,  936;   ace.  sg. 

heoro-dreorigne,  1781,  2721. 
lieoro-drync,  st.  m.,  sword-drink, 

i.e.  blood  shed  by  the  sword :  instr. 

pi.    hioro-dryncum    swealt,    died 

through  sivord-drink,  i.e.  struck  by 

the  sword,  2359. 
heoro-gifre,  adj.,  eager  for  hostile 

inroads  :  nom.  sg.,  1499. 
heoro-griin,  adj.,  sword-grim, fierce 

in  battle  :  nom.  sg.  m.,  1565;  fern. 

-grimme,  1848. 
heoro-hocilit,  adj.,  provided  -with 

barbs,  sharp  like  swords  :  instr.  pi. 

mid  eofer-spreotum  heoro-hocyh- 

tum,  1439. 
heoro-serce,  w.  f.,  shirt  of  mail : 

ace.  sg.  hioro-sercean,  2540. 
heoro-sweng,  st.  m.,  sword-stroke  : 

ace.  sg.  1591. 

heoro-weallende,  pies,  part.,  roll- 
ing around  fighting,  of  the  drake, 

2782.     See  weallian. 
heoro-wearli,  st.m.Jiewho  is  sword- 
cursed,  who  is  destined  to  die  by  the 

sivord  :  nom.  sg.,  1268. 
heofan,  st.  v.,  to  lament,  to  moan  : 

part.  nom.  pi.  hiofende,  3143. 
d-heoran,  to  free  (?)  :  w.  ace.  pret. 

sg.  bryd  a"heorde,  2931. 
heore,  adj.,  pleasant,  not  haunted, 

secure  :  nom.  sg.  fern,  nis  J>at  heoru 

stow,  that  is  no  secure  place,  1373. 

—  Comp.  un-heore  (-hyre). 
hider,  adv.,  hither,  240,  370,  394, 

3093,  etc. 
ofer-higian,   w.  v.   (according  to 

the  connection, probably),  to  exceed, 

2767.     (O.H.G.   ubar-hugjan, 

to  be  arrogant?) 
liild,  st.  f.,  battle,  combat :  nom.  sg., 


452,  902,  1482,  2077;  hild  heoru- 
grimme,  1848;  ace.  sg.  hilde,  648; 
instr.  sg.  hilde,  through  the  combat, 
2917;  dat.  sg.  at  hilde,  1461. 
Mlde-bil,  st.  n.,  battle-sword :  nom. 
sg.,  1667;  instr.  dat.  sg.  hilde-bille, 

557.  'S21- 
Mlde-bord,  st.  n.,  battle-shield:  ace. 

pi.  hilde-bord,  397;  instr.  pi.  -bor- 

dum,  3140. 
hilde-cyst,  st.  f.,  excellence  in  battle, 

bravery  in  battle:  instr.pl.  -cystum, 

2599- 

Mlde-deor,  adj.,  bold  in  battle,  brave 
in  battle  :  nom.  sg.,  312, 835, 1647, 
1817;  hilde-dior,  3112;  nom.pl. 
hilde-deore,  3171. 

Mlde-f reca,  w.  m.,  hero  in  battle  : 
nom.  pi.  hilde-frecan,  2206;  dat. 
sg.  hild-frecan,  2367. 

hilde-geatwe,  st.  f.  pi.,  equipment 
for  battle,  adornment  for  combat : 
ace.  hilde-geatwe,  675;  gen. -geat- 
wa,  2363. 

hilde-gicel,  st.  m.,  battle-icicle,  i.e: 
the  blood  which  hangs  upon  the 
sword-blades  like  icicles :  instr.  pi. 
hilde-gicelum,  1607. 

hilde-grap,  st.  f.,  battle-gripe :  nom. 
sg.,  1447,  2508. 

Mlde-hlemma,  w.  m.,  one  raging 
in  Battle,  warrior,  fighter :  nom. 
sg.,  2352,  2545  ;  dat.  pi.  eft  J>at 
ge-eode  .  .  .  hilde-hlammum,  it 
happened  to  the  warriors  (the 
Geatas),  2202. 

hilde-leoma,  w.  m.,  battle-light, 
gleam  of  battle,  hence :  i)  the  fire- 
spewing  of  the  drake  in  the  fight : 
nom.  pi.  -leoman,  2584.  —  2)  the 
gleaming  sword :  ace.  sg.  -leoman, 
1144. 

hilde-mecg,  st.  m.,  man  of  battle, 
warrior:  nom.  pi.  hilde-mecgas, 
800. 


GLOSSARY. 


209 


hilde-mece,    st.   m.,   battle-sword: 

nom.  pi.  -me'ceas,  2203. 
hilde-rand,    st.   m.,    battle- shit 'Id : 

ace.  pi.  -randas,  1243. 
hilde-rses,  st.  m.,  storm  of  battle  : 

ace.  sg.,  300. 
hilde-riiic,   st.  m.,   man  of  battle, 

warrior,  hero:    nom.    sg.,   1308, 

3125,  3137;    dat.  sg.  hilde-rince, 

1496;   gen.  sg.  hilde-rinces,  987. 
hilde-sat,  adj.,  satiated  with  battle, 

not  wishing  to  fight  any  more  :  ace. 

sg.  hilde-sadne,  2724. 
hilde-sceorp,    st.    n.,    battle-dress, 

armor,   coat  of  mail:    ace.    sg., 

2156. 
hilde-setl,  st.  n.,  battle-seat  (saddle) : 

nom.  sg.,  1040. 
hilde-strengo,    f.,    battle-strength, 

bravery  in  battle:  ace.,  2114. 
hilde-swat,    st.    m.,    battle-sweat: 

nom.  sg.  hit  hilde-swat  (the  hot, 

damp  breath  of  the  drake  as  he 

rushes  on),  2559. 
hilde-tux,  st.  m.,  battle-tooth  :  instr. 

pi.  hilde-tuxum,  1512. 
hilde-waepen,  st.  m.,  battle-weapon  : 

instr.  pi.  -waepnum,  39. 
hilde-wisa,  w.  m.,  leader  in  battle, 

general :  dat.  sg.  fore  Healfdenes 

hildewisan,  of  '  Healfdene 's  general 

(Hnaf),  1065. 

hild-freca.    See  hilde-freca. 
hild-f  ruma,  st.  m.,  battle-chief:  dat. 

sg.  -fruma,  1679,  2650  ;  gen.  sg. 

His  hild-fruman,  2836. 
hild-lata,  w.  m.,  he  -who  is  late  in 

battle,  coward-:  nom.  pi.  J>&  hild- 

latan,  2847. 
hilt,   st.   n.,   sword-hilt:    nom.   sg. 

gylden  hilt,  1678;   ace.  sg.  J>at  hilt, 

1669;  hylt,  1668.   Also  used  in  the 

plural;  ace.  \&  hilt,  1615;   dat.pl. 

be  hiltum,  1575.  —  Comp. :  fetel-, 

wreo'Sen-hilt. 


hilte-cumbor,  st.  n.,  banner  with 
a  staff :  ace.  sg.,  1023. 

hilted,  pret.  part.,  provided  with  a 
hilt  or  handle :  ace.  sg.  heard 
swyrd  hilted,  sward  with  a  (rich) 
hilt,  2988. 

hin-fus,  adj.,  ready  to  die  :  nom.  sg. 
hyge  was  him  hinfus  (i.e.  he  felt 
that  he  should  not  survive),  756. 

hindema,  adj.  superl.,  hindmost, 
last :  instr.  sg.  hindeman  siiSe,  the 
last  time,  for  the  last  time,  2050, 
2518. 

hirde,  hyrde,  st.  m.,  (Jierd}  keeper, 
guardian,  possessor:  nom.  sg.  folces 
hyrde,  61 1, 1833, 2982;  rices  hyrde, 
2028  ;  fyrena  hyrde,  the  guardian 
of  mischief,  wicked  one,  751,  2220; 
wuldres  hyrde,  the  king  of  glory ', 
God,  932;  hringa  hyrde,  the 
keeper  of  the  rings,  2246;  cumbles 
hyrde,  the  possessor  of  the  banner, 
the  bearer  of  the  banner,  2506  ; 
folces  hyrde,  1850;  fratwa  hyrde, 
3134;  rices  hyrde,  3081;  acc.pl. 
buses  hyrdas,  1667.  —  Comp.  : 
grund-hyrde. 

hit  (O.N.  hita),  st.  f.(T),heat :  nom. 
sg.  benden  hyt  sy,  2650. 

hi  a  <  la  M,  st.  v.:  i)  to  load,  to  lay: 
inf.  on  .basl  hladan  leofne  man- 
nan,  lay  the  dear  man  on  the 
funeral-pile,  2127;  him  on  bearm 
hladan  bunan  and  discas,  laid  cups 
and  plates  upon  his  bosom,  loaded 
'himself  with  them,  2776;  pret.  part. 
f>oer  was  wunden  gold  on  ween  hla- 
den,  laid  upon  the  wain,  3135. — 
2)  to  load,  to  burden  :  pret.  part. 
J>&  was  .  .  .  ssegeap  naca  hladen 
herewsedum,  loaded  with  armor, 
1898.  — Comp.  gilp-hladen. 

ge- hladan,  w.  ace.,  to  load,  to  bur- 
den :  pret.  sg.  saebat  gehlod  (MS. 
gehleod),  896. 


210 


GLOSSARY. 


hlaford,  st.  m.,  lord,  ruler :  nom. 
sg.,  2376;  ace.  sg.,  267;  dat.  sg. 
hlaforde,  2635;  gen.  sg.  hlafordes, 
3181.  —  Comp.  eald-hlaford. 

Maford-leas,  adj.,  without  a  lord  : 
nom.  pi.  hlaford-lease,  2936. 

Maw,  lilaew,  st.  m.,/z/7/,  grave-hill: 
ace.  sg.  hlaew,  2803,  3159,  3171; 
dat.  sg.  for  hlawe,  1121.  Also, 
grave-chamber  (the  interior  of  the 
grave-hill),  cave:  ace.  sg.  hla"w 
[under]  hrusran,  2277;  hlsew  under 
hrusan,  2412;  dat.  sg.  on  hlsewe, 
2774.  The  drake  dwells  in  the 
rocky  cavern  which  the  former 
owner  of  his  treasure  had  chosen 
as  his  burial-place,  2242-2271. 

blast,  st.  n.,  burden,  load :  dat.  sg. 
hlaste,  52. 

hlein,  st.  m.,  noise,  din  of  battle, 
noisy  attack :  in  the  compounds, 
uht-,  wal-hlem. 

Me  m  ma,  w.  m.,  one  raging,  one  -who 
calls  ;  see  hilde-hlemma. 

d-hlehhan,  st.  v.,  to  laugh  aloud,  to 
shout,  to  exult :  pret.  sg.  his  mod 
&hlog,  his  mood  exulted,  731. 

hleahtor,  st.  m.,  laughter:  nom. 
sg.,  612;  ace.  sg.,  3021. 

Meapan,  st.  v.,  to  run,  to  trot,  to 
spring:  inf.  hleapan  le"ton  . . .  feal- 
we  mearas,  865. 

a* -hi  cap  an,  to  spring  up:  pret. 
ihleop,  1398. 

Meoffu.     See  Miff. 

Meoiiiun,  w.  v.,  to  incline,  to  hang 
cn>er  :  inf.  oft  hat  he  ...  fyrgen- 
beamas  ofer  harne  stan  hleonian 
funde,  till  he  found  mountain-trees 
hanging  over  the  gray  rocks,  1416. 

hleo,  st.  m.,  shady,  protected  place  ; 
defence,  shelter;  figurative  desig- 
nation of  the  king,  or  of  powerful 
nobles :  wtgendra  hleo,  of  Hroft- 
gdr,  429;  of  Sigemund,  900;  of 


Beowulf,  1973,  2338;  eorla  hleo, 
of  Hroftgar,  1036,  1867;  of  Beo- 
wulf, 792;  of  Hygel&c,  2191. 

Meo-burh,  st.  f.,  ruler's  castle  or 
city  :  ace.  sg.,  913,  1732. 

Meoffor-cwyde,  st.  m.,  speech  of 
solemn  soimd,  ceremonious  words, 
1980. 

hleor,  st.  n.,  cheek,  jaw  :  in  comp. 
fated-hleor  (adj.). 

Meor-bera,  w.  m.,  cheek-bearer,  the 
part  of  the  helmet  that  reaches 
down  over  the  cheek  and  protects 
it:  ace.  pl.oferhleor-beran  (visorT), 

304. 

Weor-bolster,  st.  m.,  cheek-bolster, 
pillow  :  nom.  sg.,  689. 

lileotaii,  st.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  obtain  by 
lot,  to  attain,  to  get :  pret.  sg.  feorh- 
wunde  hleat,  2386. 

hlilian,  w.  v.,  to  rise,  to  be  promi- 
nent: inf.  hlifian,  2806;  pret.  hli- 
fade,  8 1,  1800,  1899. 

hliS1,  st.  n.,  cliff,  precipice  of  a  moun- 
tain: dat.  sg.  on  hlifte,  3159;  gen-, 
sg.  hliftes,  1893 ;  pi.  hliftu  in  com- 
position, sta'n-hli'Su;  hleoftu  in  the 
compounds  fen-,  mist-,  nas-,  wulf- 
hleoftu. 

Win-bed  (Frisian  hie  n- bed,  Richt- 
hofen  2O628,  for  which  another 
text  has  cronk-bed),  st.  n.,  K\I- 
viSiov,  bed  for  reclining,  sick-bed: 
ace.  sg.  hlim-bed,  3035. 

to-hlidan,  st.  v.,  to  spring  apart,  to 
burst :  pret.  part.  nom.  pi.  to-hli- 
dene,  1000. 

Mud,  adj.,  loztd ':  ace.  sg.  dream  .  . . 
hlQdne,  89. 

hlyn,  st.  m.,  din,  noise,  flatter:  nom. 
sg.,  612. 

lily ntian,  Mynian,  w.  v.,  to  sottnd, 
to  resoimd :  inf.  hlynnan  (of  the 
voice),  2554;  of  fire,  to  crackle  : 

.  pret.  sg.  hlynode,  1121. 


GLOSSARY. 


211 


hlyusiaii,  w.  v.,  to  resound,  to  crash : 
pret.  sg.  reced  hlynsode,  771. 

hlytin,  st.  m.,  lot :  dat.  sg.  nas  J?a  on 
hlytme,  hwi  }?at  hord  strude,  it  did 
not  depend  tipon  lot  who  should 
plunder  the  hoard,  i.e.  its  posses- 
sion was  decided,  3127. 

himli,  adj. :  i)  low,  inferior  :  comp. 
ace.  sg.  hn&gran,  678;  dat.  sg. 
hnahran  rince,  an  inferior  hero, 
one  less  brave,  953. —  2)  famil- 
iarly intimate:  nom.  sg.  nas  hio 
hnih  swa"  J?eah,  was  nevertheless 
not  familiarly  intimate  (with  the 
Geatas,  i.e.  preserved  her  royal  dig- 
nity towards  them),  (niggardlyT), 
1930. 

hnaegan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  (for  nsegan), 
to  speak  to,  to  greet :  pret.  sg.  >at 
he  J?one  wisan  wordum  hnaegde 
frean  Ingwina,  1319. 

ge-hnsegan,  w.  ace.,  to  bend,  to 
humiliate,  to  strike  down,  to  fell  : 
pret.  sg.  ge-hnsegde  helle  g&st, 
1275  »  J)3er  hyne  Hetware  hilde 
gehnaegdon,  2917. 

hiiitan,  st.  v.,  to  dash  against,  to 
encounter,  here  of  the  collision  of 
hostile  bands :  pret.  pi.  J?onne  hni- 
ton  (hnitan)  feSan,  1328,  2545. 

lioffma,  w.  m.,  place  of  concealment, 
cave,  hence,  the  grave  :  dat.  sg.  in 
hoftman,  2459. 

hof,  st.  n.,  enclosed  space,  court-yard, 
estate,  manor-house:  ace.  sg.  hof 
(HroSg&r's  residence),  312;  dat. 
sg.  to  hofe  sinum  (Grendel's  home 
in  the  sea),  1508;  to  hofe  (Hyge- 
lac's  residence),  1975  >  acc-  P^ 
beorhthofu,23i4;  dat.  pi.  to  hofum 
Geata,  1837. 

hogode.    See  hycgan. 

hold,  adj.,  inclined  to,  attached  to, 
gracious,  dear,  true  :  nom.  sg.  w. 
dat.  of  the  person,  hold  weorod 


frean  Scyldinga,  a  band  well  dis- 
posed to  the  lord  of  the  Scyldings, 
290;  mandrihtne  hold,  1230;  Hy- 
geldce  was  .  .  .  nefa  swyfte  hold, 
to  If.  was  his  nephew  (Beowulf) 
very  much  attached,  2171  ;  acc. 
sg.  >urh  holdne  }\\ge,from  a  kindly 
feeling,  with  honorable  mind,  267; 
holdne  wine,  376;  holdne,  1980; 
gen.  pi.  holdra,  487. 

hold.    See  healdan. 

holm,  st.  m.,  deep  sea  :  nom.  sg.,  519, 
1132,  2139;  acc.sg.,48,  633;  dat. 
sg.  holme,  543, 1436, 1915  ;  acc.  pi. 
holmas,  240.  —  Comp.  wseg-holm. 

holm-clif,  st.  n.,  sea-cliff:  dat.  sg. 
on  J>am  holm-clife,  1422;  from  j?am 
holmclife,  1636  ;  acc.  pi.  holm- 
clifu,  230. 

holm-wylm,  st.  m.,  the  waves  of  the 
sea  :-  dat.  sg.  holm-wylme,  2412. 

holt,  st.  n.,  wood,  thicket,  forest: 
acc.  sg.  on  holt,  2599 ;  holt,  2847. 
—  Comp.  :  asc-,  fyrgen-,  gSr-, 
Hrefnes-holt. 

holt-wudu,  st.  vs\., forest-wood:  i)  of 
the  material :  nom.  sg.,  2341.  —  2) 
= forest :  acc.  sg.,  1370. 

hord,  st.  m.  and  n.,  hoard,  treasure  : 
nom.  sg.,  2284,  3085 ;  beaga  hord, 
2285;  m&ftma  hord,  3012;  acc. 
sg.  hord,  913,  2213,  2320,  2510, 
2745,  2774,  2956,  3057;  sawle 
hord,  2423;  )>at  hord,  3127;  dat. 
sg.  of  horde,  1109;  for  horde,  on 
account  of  (the  robbing  of)  the 
hoard,  2782  ;  hse'Snum  horde, 
2217;  gen.  sg.  hordes,  888.  — 
Comp. :  beah-,  breost-,  word-,wyrm- 
hord. 

hord-arn,  st.  n.,  place  in  which  a 
treasure  is  kept,  treasiire-room  : 
dat. hord-arne,  2832;  gen. pi.  hord- 
arna,  2280. 

hord-burh,  st.  f.,  city  in  which  is 


212 


GLOSSARY. 


the  treasure  (of  the  king's),  ruler's 
castle  :  ace.  sg.,  467. 
hord-gestreoii,  st.  n.,  hoard-treas- 
ure, precious  treasure:  dat.  pi. 
hord-gestreonum,  1900;  gen.  pi. 
magen-byrtienne  hord  -  gestreona, 
the  great  burden  of  rich  treasures, 

3093- 

hord-maS'S'um,  st.  m.,  treasure- 
jewel,  precious  jewel:  ace.  sg. 
(-madmum,  MS.),  1199. 

hord-wela,  w.  m.,  treasure-riches, 
abundance  of  treasures :  ace.  sg. 
horJ-welan,  2345. 

horcT-weard,  st.  m.,  warder  of  the 
treasure,  hoard-warden  :  i)  of  the 
king:  nom.  sg.,  1048;  ace.  sg., 
1853.  —  2)  of  the  drake  :  nom.  sg., 
2294,  2303,  2555,  2594. 

hord-weorffung,  st.  f.,  ornament 
out  of  the  treasure,  rich  ornament : 
ace.  sg.  -weoriSunge,  953. 

hord-wyn,  st.  f.,  treasure-joy,  joy- 
giving  treasure :  ace.  sg.  hord- 
wynne,  2271. 

horn,  st.  n.,  horn:  i)  upon  an  ani- 
mal :  instr.  pi.  heorot  hornum  trum, 
1370.  —  2)  wind-instrument :  nom. 
sg.,  1424;  ace.  sg.,  2944. —  Conip. 
guiS-horn. 

horn-boga,  w.  m.,  bow  made  of 
horn :  dat.  sg.  of  horn-bogan, 
2438. 

horn-geap,  adj.,  of  great  extent  be- 
tween the  (stag-)  horns  adorning 
the  gables  (?)  :  nom.  sg.  sele  . .  . 
heah  and  horn-geap,  82. 

horn-reced,  st.  n.,  building  whose 
two  gables  are  crowned  by  the 
halves  of  a  stag's  antler(?)  :  ace. 
sg.,  705.  Cf.  Heyne's  Treatise  on 
the  Hall,  Heorot,  p.  44. 

hers,  st.  n.,  horse  :  nom.  sg.,  1400. 

hoc  ill t,  adj.,  provided  with  hooks, 
hooked :  in  comp.  heoro-hociht. 


be-hofian,  w.  v.  w.  gen.,  to  need,  to 
want :  pres.  sg.  III.  nu  is  se  dag 
cumen  j<at  Cire  man-dry h ten  ma'ge- 
nes  behofaft  godra  gfrSrinca,  now 
is  the  day  come  when  our  lord 
needs  the  might  of  strong  warriors, 
2648. 

on-  hohsnian,  w.  v.,  to  hinder:  pret. 
sg.  J?at  onhohsnode  Heminges  mceg 
(on  hohsnod,  MS.),  1945. 

holinga,  adv.,  in  vain,  ^without  rea- 
son, 1077. 

be-h6n,  st.  v.,  to  hang  with:  pret. 
part,  helmum  behongen,  3140. 

hop,  st.  n.,  protected  place,  place  of 
refuge,  place  of  concealment,  in  the 
compounds  fen-,  mor-hop. 

h6s  (Goth,  hansa),  st.  f.,  accompany- 
ing troop,  escort :  instr.  sg.  ma'g'Sa 
hose,  with  an  accompanying  train 
of  servingwomen,  925. 

hraffe,  adv.,  hastily,  quickly,  imme- 
diately, 224,  741,  749,  1391,  etc.; 
hrafte,  1438;  hre'Se,  992;  compar. 
hraftor,  543. 

hran-fix,  st.  m.,  whale :  ace.  pi. 
hron-fixas,  540. 

hran-rad,  st.  m.,  whale-road,  i.e. 
sea :  dat.  sg.  ofer  hron-rade,  10. 

hra,  st.  n.,  corpse  :  nom.  sg.,  1589. 

hra-f  yl,  st.  m.,  fall  of  corpses,  kill- 
ing, slaughter :  ace.  sg.,  277. 

hradlice,  adv.,  hasty,  quick,  imme- 
diate, 356,  964. 

hrafn,  hrefn,  st.  m.,  raven  :  nom. 
sg.  hrefn  blaca,  black  raven,  1802; 
se  wonna  hrefn,  the  dark  raven, 
3025  ;  dat.  sg.  hrefne,  2449. 

hragl,  st.  n.,  dress,  garment,  armor  : 
nom.  sg.,  1196  ;  gen.  sg.,  hragles, 
1218;  gen.  pi.  hragla,  454.— 
Comp. :  beado-,  fyrd-,  mere-hragl. 

hreffe.     See  hrafte. 

hreffer,  st.  m.,  breast,  bosom  :  nom. 
sg.  hrefter  inne  weoll  (it  surged  in 


GLOSSARY. 


213 


his  breast},  2114;  hrefter  seftme 
weoll,  2594  ;  dat.  sg.  in  hre'Sre, 
1152;  of  hre'Sre,  2820.  —  Breast 
as  the  seat  of  feeling,  heart :  dat. 
sg.  hat  was  .  .  .  hreftre  hygem&fte, 
that  was  depressing  to  the  heart  (of 
the  slayer,  Haeftcyn),  2443  ;  on 
hre'Sre,  1879,  2329;  gen.  pi.  jmrh 
hretJra  gehygd,  2046.  —  Breast  as 
seat  of  life :  instr.  sg.  hre'Sre, 
parallel  with  aldre,  1447. 

hreffer-bealo,  st.  n.,  evil  that  takes 
hold  on  the  heart,  evil  severely  felt : 
ace.  sg.,  1344. 

hrefn.     See  hrafn. 

hreflf,  st.  f.,  glory;,  in  composition, 
gu'S-hre'xS  ;  renown,  assttrance  of 
victory,  in  sige-hrSft. 

hreffe,  adj.,  renowned  in  battle: 
nom.  sg.  hreS  (on  account  of  the 
following  at,  final  e  is  elided,  as 
wenicforw8ne  ic, 442;  frofor 
and  fultum  for  frofre  and 
fultum,  699;  firen  ondrysne 
for  firene  ondr.,  1933).  2576- 

hreff-sigor,  st.  m.,  glorious  victory  : 
dat.  sg.  hrSS-sigora,  2584. 

hremig,  adj.,  boasting,  exulting: 
with  instr.  and  gen.  hfrSe  hremig, 
124;  since  hrSmig,  1883;  fratwum 
hremig,  2055  ;  nom.  pi.  nealles 
Hetware  hr£mge  J?orfton  (sc.  we- 
san)  fefte-wiges,  2365. 

o  n  -  hreran,  w.  v.,  to  excite,  to  stir 
up:  pret.  part,  on-hrered,  549, 

2555- 

hrea-wic,  st.  n.,  place  of  corpses  : 
ace.  sg.  Geata  leode  hrea-wic  heol- 
don,  held  the  place  of  corpses,  1215. 

bread,  st.  f.,  ornament(t},  in  comp. 
earm-hread.  See  hre63"an. 

hream,  st.  m.,  noise,  alarm  :  nom. 
sg;,  1303-  X 

hreoflfa,  w.  m.,  cover,  in  the  com- 
pound bord-hreoiSa. 


hreoffan,    ge-hreoffan,   st.  v.,  to 

cover,  to  clothe ;  only  in  the  pret. 
part,  hroden,  gehroden,  dressed, 
adorned:  hroden,  495,  1023;  >>& 
was  heal  hroden  feonda  feorum, 
then  %vas  tJie  hall  covered  with  tJie 
corpses  of  the  enemy,  1152;  ge- 
hroden golde,  adorned  with  gold, 
304. — Comp. :  beag-,  gold-hroden. 

hreoli,  hreow,  hreo,  adj.,  excited, 
stormy,  wild,  angry,  raging;  sad, 
troubled:  nom.  sg. .  (Beowulf) 
hreoh  and  heoro-grim,  1565;  J>at 
J>am  go  dan  was  hreow  on  hreftre, 
{that  came  with  violence  upon  him, 
pained  his  heart},  2329 ;  hreo 
waeron  yfta,  the  waves  were  angry, 
the  sea  stormy,  548;  nas  him  hreoh 
sefa,  his  mind  was  not  cruel, 
2181 ;  dat.  sg.  on  hreon  mode,  of 
sad  heart,  1308;  on  hreoum  mode, 
angry  at  heart,  2582. 

hreoh-mGd,  adj.,  of  'sad 'heart,  2133; 
angry  at  heart,  2297. 

lircosan,  st.  v.,  to  fall,  to  sink,  to 
rush :  pret.  hreas,  2489,  2832 ; 
pret.  pi.  hruron,  1075;  hie  on  weg 
hruron,  they  rushed  away,  1431; 
hruron  him  tearas,  tears  burst  from 
him,  1873. 

be-hreosan,  to  fall  from,  to  be  di- 
vested of:  pret.  part.  ace.  pi.  fyrn- 
manna  fatu  . . .  hyrstum  behrorene, 
divested  of  ornaments  (from  which 
the  ornaments  had  fallen  away), 
2760. 

hreow,  st.  m.,  distress,  sorrow  :  gen. 
pi.  bat  was  Hroftgare  hreowa  tor- 
nost,  that  was  to  Hrbftgdr  the  bit- 
terest of  his  sorrows,  2130. 

hring,  st.  m. :  i)  ring:  ace.  sg.  Jxme 
hring,  1203;  hring  gyldenne,  2810; 
ace.  pi.  hringas,  1196,  1971,  3035; 
gen.  pi.  hringa,  1 508, 2246.—  2)shirt 
of  mail  (of  interlaced  rings)  :  nom. 


214 


GLOSSARY. 


sg.  bring,  1504;  byrnan  bring, 
2261.  — Comp.  b&n-hring. 

hringan,  w.  v.,  to  give  forth  a  sound, 
to  ring,  to  rattle  :  pret.  pi.  byrnan 
bringdon,  327. 

liring-l>oga,  w.  m.,  one  who  bends 
himself  into  a  ring:  gen.sg.  hring- 
bogan  (of  the  drake,  bending  him- 
self into  a  circle),  2562. 

liringed,  pret.  part.,  made  of  rings  : 
nom.  sg.  hringed  byrne,  1246;  ace. 
sg.  hringde  byrnan,  2616. 

hringed-stefna,  w.  m.,  ship  whose 
stem  is  provided  with  iron  rings 
(cramp-irons),  especially  of  sea- 
going ships  (cf.  Fri$-biofs  saga,  I : 
borsteinn  atti  skip  bat  er  Ellidi  her, 
. . .  borSit  war  spengt  iarni) :  nom. 
sg.,  32,  1898;  ace.  sg.  hringed- 
stefnan,  1132. 

hring-iren,  st.  n.,  sword  ornament- 
ed with  rings  :  nom.  sg.,  322. 

hring-mael,  adj.,  marked  with  rings, 
i.e.  ornamented  with  rings,  or 
marked  with  characters  of  ring- 
form  :  nom.  ace.  sg.,  of  the  sword, 
1522,  1562(7);  nom.  pi.  heard 
and  hring-mael  Hea'Sobeardna  ge- 
streon  (rich  armor),  2038. 

hring-naea,  w.  m.,  ship  with  iron 
rings,  sea-going  ship :  nom.  sg., 
1863. 

hring-net,  st.n.,  ring-net,  i.e.  a  shirt 
of  interlaced  rings :  ace.  sg.,  2755; 
ace.  pi.  hring-net,  1890. 

hring-sele,  st.  m.,  ring-hall,  i.e.  hall 
in  which  are  rings,  or  in  which 
rings  are  bestowed :  ace.  sg.,  2841 ; 
dat.  sg.,  2011,  3054. 

hriug-weorffung,  st.  f.,  ring-or- 
nament :  ace.  sg.  -weorftunge, 
3018. 

hrinan,  st.  v.  w.  dat.:  i)  to  touch, 
lay  hold  of:  inf.  bat  him  heardra 
ndn  hrinan  wolde  iren  cergod  (that 


no  good  sword  of  valiant  men 
would  make  an  impression  on 
hint) ,  989 ;  him  for  hrof-sele  hrinan 
ne  mehte  fcergripe  nodes  (the  sud- 
den grip  of  the  flood  might  not 
touch  him  owing  to  the  hall-roof}, 
1516;  bat  bam  hring-sele  brinan 
ne  moste  gumena  senig  {so  that 
none  might  touch  the  ringed-hall}, 
3054;  pret.  sg.  sift'San  he  hine  fol- 
mum  [hr]  in  (as  soon  as  he  touched 
it  with  his  hands},  723  ;  6VS  >at 
deaftes  wylm  hr&n  at  heortan 
{seized  his  heart},  2271.  Pret. 
subj.  beah  ]>e  him  wund  brine  (al- 
thoiigh  he  was  wounded},  2977. — 
2)  (O.N.  hrlna,  sonar e,  clamare), 
to  resound,  rustle  :  pres.  part.  nom. 
pi.  hrinde  bearwas  (for  hiinende), 
1364. 

hroden.     See  hreoffan. 

hron-flx.     See  bran-fix. 

hroftor,  st.  m.,  joy,  beneficium  :  dat. 
sg.  hrefne  to  hroSre,  2449;  gen. 
pi.  hroSra,  2172. 

hr6f,  st.  m.,  roof,  ceiling  of  a  house: 
nom.  sg.,  1000 ;  ace.  sg.  under 
Heorotes  hrof,  403 ;  under  geapne 
hrof,  838;  geseah  steapne  hrof 
(here  inner  roof,  ceiling),  927  ; 
so,  ofer  heahne  hrof,  984 ;  ymb 
bas  helmes  hrof,  1031 ;  under 
beorges  hrof,  2756.  —  Comp.  inwit- 
hrof. 

hrOf-sele,  adj.,  covered  hall :  dat. 
sg.  hrof-sele,  1516. 

hror,  adj.,  stirring,  wide-awake, 
valorous  :  dat.  sg.  of  J?am  hroran, 
1630.  —  Comp.  fela-hror. 

hruron.     See  hreosan. 

hruse,  w.  f.,  earth,  soil :  nom.  sg., 
2248,  2559;  ace.  sg.  on  hrusan, 
773,  2832 ;  dat.  sg.  under  hrusan, 
2412. 

gj  st.  m.,  back:   ace.  sg.  ofer 


GLOSSARY. 


215 


wateres  hrycg  (over  the  water's 
back,  surface),  471. 

hryre,  st.m. ,fall,  destrtiction,  ruin  : 
ace.  sg.,  3181 ;  dat.  sg.,  1681,  3cx>6. 
—  Comp. :  leod-,  wlg-hryre. 

hrysian,  w.  v.,  to  shake,  be  shaken, 
clatter :  pret.  pi.  syrcan  hrysedon 
(corselets  rattled,  of  men  in  mo- 
tion), 226. 

lumd,  st.  m.,  dog  :  instr.  pi.  hundum, 
1369. 

hund,  num.,  hundred:  fcreo  hund, 
2279;  w.  gen.  pi.  hund  missera, 
1499 ;  hund  £>usenda  landes  and 
locenra  beaga,  2995. 

hu,  adv.,  how,  quomodo,  3,  1 1 6,  279, 
738,  845,  2319,  2520,  2719,  etc. 

hud1,  st.  f.,  booty,  plunder :  dat. 
(instr.)  sg.  huSe,  124. 

hum,  adv.,  at  least,  certainly,  369; 
indeed,  truly,  182,  670,  1072, 1466, 
1945,  2837;  yet,  nevertheless,^^', 
now,  3121. 

hus,  st.  n.,  house :  gen.  sg.  huses, 
1 16;  gen.  pi.  husa  selest  (Heorot), 
146,  285,  659,  936. 

hwan,  adv.,  whither :  to  hvvan 
syftftan  wearft  hondraes  halefta 
(what  isstie  the  hand-to-hand  fight 
of  the  heroes  had},  2072. 

hwanan,  hwanon,  adv.,  whence: 
hwanan,  257,  2404;  hwanon,  333. 

hwa,  interrog.  and  indef.  pron.,w/io  .- 
nom.  sg.  m.  hwa1,  52,  2253,  3127;' 
neut.  hwat,  173;  aneshwat  (apart 
only},  3011;  hwat  \>&  men  wseron 
(who the  men  were},  233,  etc.;  hwat 
syndon  ge  searo-habbendra  (what 
armed  men  are  ye?},  237;  ace.  sg. 
m.  wift  manna  hwone  (from(  ?)  any 
man},  155;  neut.  Jmrh  hwat,  3069; 
hwat  wit  geo  spraecon,  1477;  hwat 
.  .  .  hynfto  (gen.),  foer-ni'Sa  (what 
shame  and  sudden  woes},  474 ;  so, 
hwat  )>u  worn  fela  (Jtozv  very  much 


thou},  530;  swylces  hwat,  881 ; 
hwat . . .  &rna,  1 187;  dat.  m.  hwam, 
1697.  — r  Comp.  seg-hwa\ 

hwat,  interj.,  what!  lo  !  indeed!  i, 
943,  2249. 

ge-hwa1,  w.  part,  gen.,  each,  each 
one  :  ace.  sg.  m.  wift  feonda  ge- 
hwone,  294;  ni'Sa  gehwane,  2398; 
meca  gehwane,  2686;  gum-cynnes 
gehwone,  2766;  fern,  on  healfa 
gehwone,  80 1 ;  dat.  sg.  in.  dogora 
gehwam,  88 ;  at  ni^a  gehwam, 
883;  )>egna  gehwam,  2034;  eorla 
gehwam,  1421  ;  fern,  in  msegft'a 
gehwasre,  25 ;  nihta  gehwam,  1 366 ; 
gen.  sing.  m.  manna  gehwas,  2528; 
fern,  dasda  gehwas,  2839. 

hwar.     See  hwaer. 

hwader.     See  hwider. 

hwaffer,  pron.,  which  of  two:  nom. 
sg.  hwafter  .  .  .  uncer  twega,  2531 ; 
swd  hwaSer,  utercunque :  ace.  sg. 
on  swi  hwaiSere  hond  swd  him 
gemet  }>ince,  687.  —  Comp.  nsg- 
hwa"3er. 

ge-hwa'Ser,  each  of  two,  either- 
other  :  nom.  sg.  m.  was  gehwa'Ser 
oftrum  lifigende  ld'5,  815;  was  .  .  . 
gehwa'Ser  65rum  hrotSra  gemyn- 
dig,  2172;  ne  gehwafter  incer  (nor 
either  of  you  two},  584;  nom.  sg. 
neut.  gehwafter  >Sra  (either  of 
them,  i.e.  ready  for  war  or  peace), 
1249;  dat.  sg.  hiora  gehwaft'rum, 
2995;  gen.  sg.  bega  gehwaftres, 
1044. 

hwaffer,  hwaffere,  hwaicTre,  i) 
adv.,  yet,  nevertheless :  hwa~5re, 
555,  891,  1271,  2099,  2299,  2378, 
etc. ;  hwaftre  swa1  >eah,  however, 
not-withstanding,  2443;  hwa'Sere, 
574»  578,  97T»  I7I9-  — 2)  conj., 
=  utrum,  whether :  hwa'Sre,  1315; 
hwaiSer,  1357,  2786. 

hwat,   adj.,   sharp,   bold,   valiant: 


216 


GLOSSARY. 


noni.  sg.  se  secg  hwata,  3029;  dat. 
sg.  hwatum,  2162;  nom.  pi.  hwate, 
1602,  2053;  ace.  pi.  hwate,  2643, 
3006.  —  Comp. :  fyrd-,  gold-hwat. 

Irxvat.     See  hwa. 

Iiwser,  adv.,  where :  elles  hwaer, 
elsewhere,  138;  hwser,  somewhere, 
2030.  In  elliptical  question :  wun- 
dur  hwar  bonne  . .  .,  is  it  a  wonder 
^vhen  . . .  ?  3063.  —  Comp.  6-hwger. 

g  e  -  h  w  3e  r ,  everywhere  :  beah  bu 
hea'So-raesa  gehwser  dohte  (every- 
where good  in  battle),  526. 

hwelc.     See  hwylc. 

hwergen,  adv.,  anywhere:  elles 
hwergen,  elsewhere,  2591. 

liwettaii,  w.  v.,  to  encourage,  tirge : 
pres.  subj.  swa  ]?tn  sefa  hwette  (as 
thy  mind  tirges,  as  thou  likesf), 
490;  pret.  pi.  hwetton  higerofne 
(they  whetted  the  brave  one),  204. 

hwene,  adv.,  a  little, paululum,  2700. 

liwealf,  st.  m.,  vault :  ace.  sg.  under 
heofones  hwealf,  576,  2016. 

hweorfan,  st.  v.,  to  stride  deliber- 
ately, turn,  depart,  move,  die : 
pres.  pi.  b&ra  he  cwice  hwyrfaft, 
98;  inf.  hwilum  he  on  lufan  lae- 
te~S  hworfan  monnes  mod-gebonc 
(sometimes  on  love  (?)  posses- 
sions (?)  permits  the  thoughts  of 
man  to  turn),  1729;  londrihtes 
mot  .  .  .  monna  aeghvvylc  idel 
hweorfan  (of  rights  of  land  each 
one  of  men  must  be  deprived'}, 
2889;  pret.  sg.  fader  ellor  hwearf 
...  of  earde  (died},  55;  hwearf 
b&  hradlice  baer  Hroftgar  sat,  356; 
hwearf  bd  bi  bence  (turned then  to 
the  bench},  1 189;  so,  hwearf  >a  be 
wealle,  1574;  hwearf  geond  bat 
reced,  1982;  hlaew  oft  ymbe  hwearf 
(went  oft  round  the  cave),  2297; 
nalles  after  lyfte  lacende  hwearf 
(not  at  all  through  the  air  did  he 


go  springing),  2833;  subj.  pret.  sg. 
ser  he  on  weg  hwurfe  ...  of  gear- 
dum  (died},  264. 

and-hvveorfan,  to  move  against  : 
pret.  sg.  6'S  ]?at  .  .  .  noriSan  wind 
hea'So-grim  and-hwearf  (till  the 
fierce  north  wind  blew  in  cur 
faces},  548. 

at-hweorfan,  to  go  to:  pret.  sg. 
hwilum  he  on  beorh  at-hwearf  (at 
times  returned  to  the  mountain^), 
2300. 

ge-hweorfan,  to  go,  come:  pret. 
sg.  gehwearf  )?a  in  Francna  fa'Sm 
feorh  cyninges,  1211;  hit  on  seht 
gehwearf.  .  .  Denigea  frean,  1680; 
so,  1685,  2209. 

geond-hweorfan,  to  go  through 
from  end  to  end:  pres.  sg.  flet 
call  geond -hwearf,  2018. 

hwider,  adv.,  whither :  hwyder,  163; 
hvvader  (hwafter,  MS.),  1332. 

hwil,  st.  f.,  time,  space  of  time  :  nom. 
sg.  was  seo  hwil  micel  (it  was  a 
longtime),  146;  HI  was  hwil  dages 
(the  space  of  a  day},  1496;  ace.  sg. 
hwile,  for  a  time,  2138;  a  while, 
105,  152;  lange  (longe)  hwile,  a 
long  while,  16,  2781;  ane  hwile, 
a  while,  1763;  lytle  hwile,  brief 
space,  2031,  2098;  senige  hwile, 
any  while,  2549;  lassan  hwile,  a 
lesser  while,  2572;  dat.  sg.  aer  da- 
ges hwile,  before  daybreak,  2321; 
dat.  pi.  nihtes  hwilum,  sometimes 
at  night,  3045.  Adv.,  sometimes, 
often  :  hwilum,  175,496,  917, 1729, 
1^29,  2017,  21 1 2,  etc.;  hwilum  . . . 
hwilum, 2108— 9— 10. — Comp.:  dag-, 
gescap-,  orleg-,  sige-hwil. 

hwit,  adj.,  brilliant,  flashing :  nom. 
sg.  se  hwita  helm,  1449. 

hworfan.     See  hweorfan. 

hwCpan,  st.  v.,  to  cry,  cry  out, 
mourn :  pret.  sg.  hweop,  2269. 


GLOSSARY. 


217 


hwyder.    See  hwider. 

hwylc,  pron.,  which,  what,  any  :  i) 
adj. :  nom.  sg.  m.  sceafta  ic  n&t 
hwylc,  274;  fern,  hwylc  orleghwil, 
2003;  nom.  pi.  hwylce  Sasgeata 
slftas  wseron,  1987. —  2)  subst.,  w. 
gen.  pi.  nom.  m. :  Frisna  hwylc, 
1105;  fern,  efne  swd  hwylc  magfta 
swd  j?one  magan  cende  (whatever 
woman  brought  forth  this  son) ,  944 ; 
neut.  J?onne  his  bearna  hwylc 
(than  any  one  of  his  sons),  2434; 
dat.  sg.  efne  swa  hwylcum  manna 
swi  him  gemet  fcuhte,  3058.  — 
Comp. :  asg-,  nit-,  wel-hwylc. 

ge-hwylc,  ge-hwilc,  ge-hwelc, 
w.  gen.  pi.,  each  :  nom.  sg.  m.  ge- 
hwylc,  986,  1167, 1674;  ace.  sg.  m. 
gehwylcne,  937,  2251,  2517;  ge- 
hwelcne,  148;  fern,  gehwylce, 
1706;  neut.  gehwylc,  2609;  instr. 
sg.  dogra  gehwylce,  1091 ;  so,  2058, 
2451 ;  dat.  sg.  m.  gehwylcum,  412, 
769,  785,  etc.;  fern,  ecga  gehwyl- 
cre,  806;  neut.  cynna  gehwylcum, 
98;  gen.  sg.  m.  and  neut.  gehwyl- 
ces,  733,  1397,  2095. 

hwyrft,  st.  m.,  circling  movement, 
turn:  dat.  pi.  adv.  hwyrftumscriftaft 
(wander  to  and  fro),  163.  —  Comp. 
ed-hwyrft. 

hycgan,  w.  v.,  to  think,  resolve  upon  : 
pret.  sg.  ic  J?at  hogode  J?at  .  .  .  (my 
intention  was  that  .  .  .),  633. — 
Comp.w.pres.part. :  bealo-, heard-, 
swift-,  )>anc-,  wis-hycgend. 

f  o  r  -  h  y  c  g  a  n ,  to  despise,  scorn,  reject 
with  contempt :  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  J>at 
J'onne  for-hicge  )?at .  .  .,  reject  with 
scorn  the  proposition  that .  .  .,435. 

ge-hycgan,  to  think,  determine 
upon  :  pret.  sg.  ha  \>\\  .  .  .  feorr  ge- 
hogodest  sacce  secean,  1989. 

ofer-hycgan,  to  scorn:  pret.  sg. 
ofer-hogode  j?a  hringa  fengel  |?at  he 


|>one  widflogan  weorode  gesohte 
(scorned  to  seek  the  wide-flier  with 
a  host),  2346. 

hydlg  (for  hygdig),  adj.,  thinking, 
of  a  certain  mind:  comp.  &n-, 
bealo-,  grom-,  niS-,  ^rist-hydig. 

ge-hygd,  st.  n.,  thought,  sentiment: 
ace.  sg.  hurh  hreftra  gehygd,  2046. 
—  Comp. :  breost-,  mod-gehygd, 
won-hyd. 

hyse>  hige,  s^-  m->  mind,  heart, 
thought:  nom.  sg.  hyge,  756;  hige, 
594;  ace.  sg.  J?urh  holdne  hige, 
267;  gen.  sg.  higes,  2046;  dat.pl. 
higum,  3149. 

hyge-bend,  st.  m.  f.,  mind-fetter, 
heart-band:  instr.  pi.  hyge-bendum 
fast,  fast  in  his  mind's  fetters, 
secretly,  1879. 

hyge-geomor,  adj.,  sad  in  mind : 
nom.  sg.  hyge-giomor,  2409. 

hyge-meffe,  adj. :  i)  sorrowful, 
soul-crushing:  nom.  sg.,  2443. — 
2)  life-weary,  dead :  dat.  pi.  hyge- 
meftum  (-mse'Sum,  MS.),  2910. 

hyge-r6f,  adj.,  brave,  valiant,  vig- 
orous-minded' : ^nom.  sg.  [hygerof], 
403;  ace.  sg.  hige-rofne,  204. 

hyge-sorh,  st.  f.,  heart-sorrow  :  gen. 
pi.  -sorga,  2329. 

hyge-]?yhtig,  adj.,  doughty,  courage- 
otts :  ace.  sg.  hige-)nhtigne  (of 
Beowulf),  747.  See  >yhtig. 

hyge-J>rym,  st.  m.,  animi  majestas, 
high-mindedness  :  dat.  pi.  for  hige- 
^rymmum,  339. 

hyht,  st.  m.,  thought,  pleasant  thought, 
hope  (Dietrich)  :  nom.  sg.,  179. 

ge-hyld  (see  licaldaii),  st.  n.,  sup- 
port, protection  :  nom.  sg.,  3057. 
-Leo. 

hyldan,  w.  v.,  to  incline  one's  self, 
lie  down  to  sleep  :  pret.  sg.  hylde 
hine,  inclined  himself,  lay  down, 
689. 


218 


GLOSSARY. 


hyldo,  st.  f.,  inclination,  friendli- 
ness, grace :  ace.  sg.  hyldo,  2068, 
2294;  gen.  sg.  hyldo,  671,  2999. 

i-liyrdan,  w.  v.,  harden:  pret.  part, 
a-hyrded,  1461. 

hyrde.     See  hirde. 

hyrst,  st.  f.,  accoutrements,  orna- 
ment, armor  :  ace.  sg.  hyrste  (On- 
genj^eow's  equipments  and  arms}, 
2989;  ace.  pi.  hyrsta,  3166;  instr. 
pi.  hyrst  urn,  2763. 

hyrstan,  w.  v.,  to  deck,  adorn  :  pret. 
part,  hyrsted  sweord,  673;  helm 
[hyr]sted  golde,  2256. 

hyrtan,  w.  v.,  to  take  heart,  be  em- 
boldened:  pret.sg.  hyrte  hynehord- 
weard  (the  drake  took  heart ;  see 
2566,  2568,  2570),  2594. 

hyse,  st.  m.,  youth, young  man  :  nom. 
sg.  as  voc.,  1218. 

hyt.     See  hit. 

hydan,  w.  v.,  to  hide,  conceal,  pro- 
tect, preserve :  pres.  subj.  hyde 
[hine,  himself^  se  \>e  wylle,  2767; 
inf.  w.  ace.  no  \>M  minne  l^earft  ha- 
falan  h^dan,  446;  cer  he  in  wille 
hafelan  [hydan]  (ere  in  it  he  [the 
stag]  will  hide  Ms  head},  1373. 

ge- hydan,  w.  ace.,  to  conceal,  pre- 
serve :  pret.  sg.  gehydde,  2236, 
3061. 

hyft,  st.  f.,  haven  :  dat.  sg.  at  hy5e, 

P' 
hyST-weard,  st.  m.,  haven-warden  : 

horn,  sg.,  1915. 
hynan  (see  hean),  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to 

crush,    afflict,    injure :   pret.    sg. 

hynde,  2320. 
hynfru,  st.  f.,  oppression,  affliction, 

injury  :  ace.  sg.  hynftu,  277;  gen. 

sg.  hwat  .  .  .  hynfto,  475 ;   fela  .  .  . 

hynfto,  594;   gen.  pi.  heardra  hyn- 

«a,  1 66. 
hyran,  w.  v. :   i)  to  hear,  perceive, 

learn  :  a)  w.  inf.  or  ace.  with  inf. : 


I.  pret.  sg.  hyrde  ic,  38,  582,  1347, 
1843,  2024;  III.  sg.  J»at  he  fram 
Sigemunde  secgan  hyrde,  876;  I. 
pi.  swa  we  so  Slice  secgan  hyrdon, 
273.  b)  w.  ace. :  nasnigne  ic  .  .  . 
selran  hyrde  hordmd<S5um  (I heard 
of  no  better  Jloard-jeivel},  1198. 
c)  w.  dependent  clause :  I.  sg.  pret. 
hyrde  ic  }?at  .  .  .,  62,  2164,  2173. — 
2)  w.  dat.  of  person,  to  obey  :  inf. 
53 )  at  him  oeghwilc  >ara  ymbsitten- 
dra  hyran  scolde,  10;  hyran  heafto- 
siocum,  2755;  pret.  pi.  J?at  him 
winemagas  georne  hyrdon,  66. 
ge-hyran,  to  hear,  learn:  a)  w. 
ace. :  II.  pers.  sg.  pres.  minne  ge- 
hyrafl  dnfealdne  gej^oht,  255;  III. 
sg.  pret.  gehyrde  on  Beowulfe  fast- 
rasdne  ge)>6ht,  610.  -^b)  w.  ace.  and 
inf. :  III.  pi.  pret.  gehyrdon,  786. 
c)  w.  depend,  clause :  I.  pres.  sg. 
ic  >at  gehyre  J>at  .  .  .,  290. 


ic,  pers.  pron.  /.•  ace.  mec,  dat.  me, 
gen.  min ;  dual  nom.  wit,  ace.  uncit, 
unc,  dat.  unc,  gen.  uncer;  pi.  nom. 
we,  ace.  usic,  us,  dat.  us,  gen.  user, 
ic  omitted  before  the  verb,  470. 

icge,  gold  (perhaps  related  to  Sans- 
krit ic,  —  dominare,  imperare, 
O.H.G.  eht,  wealth,  opes),  trcas- 
ure!,sword(z&ge}t,  1108. — KQR- 
NER. 

ides,  st.  f.,  woman,  lady,  queen : 
nom.  sg.,  621,  1076,  mS,  1169; 
dat.  sg.  idese,  1650,  1942.  Also 
of  Grendel's  mother  :  nom.  sg., 
1260;  gen.  sg.  idese,  1352. 

in.     See  inn. 

in:  I.  prep.  w.  dat.  and  ace. :  i)  w. 
dat.  (local,  indicating  rest),  in  :  in 
geardum,  13,  2460 ;  in  J^am  guft- 
sele,  443;  in  beorsele,  2636;  so, 
89,  482,  589,  696,  729,  2140,  2233, 


GLOSSARY. 


219 


etc. ;  in  meegfta  gehwcere,  25  ;  in 
Jjystrum,  87;  inCaines  cynne,  107; 
in  hyra  gryregeatvvum  (in  their  ac- 
coutrements of  terror,  war-weeds), 
324;  so,  395;  in  campe  (in  battle), 
2506 ;  hiora  in  anum  (in  one  of 
them),  2600.  Prep,  postpositive: 
Scedelandum  in,  19.  Also,  on, 
^lpo1ly  like  on  :  in  eolo-bence, 
1030;  in  gumstole,  1953;  in  )>am 
wongstede  (on  the  grassy  plain, 
the  battle-field),  2787;  in  baelstede, 
3098.  Temporal :  in  gear-dagum, 
I .  —  2)  w.  ace.  (local,  indicating 
motion), in,  into:  in  woruld,  60 ;  in 
fyres  fa 5m,  185;  so,  1211  ;  in 
Hrefnesholt,  2936.  Temporal,  in, 
at,  about,  toward:  in  bd  tide  (in 
watide,  MS.),  2228. 

II.  adv.,  in  (here  or  there),  386, 
1038,  1372,  1503,  1645,  2153,  2191, 
2228;  inn,  3091. 

incge,  adj.  (perhaps  related  to  icge), 
instr.  sg.  incge  lafe  (jvith  the  costly 
sword  1  or  with  mighty  sword"?), 
2578. —  \_Edge  :  incge  life,  edge 
of  the  sword.  —  K.  Korner?] 

in-frod,  adj.,  very  aged :  nom.  sg., 
2450;  dat.  pi.  in-frodum,  1875. 

in-gang,  st.  m.,  entrance,  access  to  : 
ace.  sg.,  1550. 

in-genga,  \v.  m.,  in-goer,  visitor: 
nom.  sg.,  of  Grendel,  1777. 

In-gesteald,  st.  m.,  house-property, 
possessions  in  the  house  :  ace.  sg., 
1156. 

inn,  st.  n.,  apartment,  house  :  nom. 
sg.  in,  1301. 

inn  an,  adv.,  within,  inside,  775, 
1018,  2413,  2720;  on  innan  (in 
the  interior),  within,  1741,  2716; 
beer  on  innan  (in  there),  71 ;  bur- 
gum  on  innan  (within  his  city), 
1969.  Also,  therein:  beer  on  in- 
nan, 2090,  2215,  2245. 


innan- weard,  adv.,  inwards,  in- 
side, within,  992,  1977  ;  inne- 
weard,  999. 

inne,  adv.:  i)  inside,  within,  643, 
1282,1571,2114,3060;  wordinne 
ahead  (called,  sent  word,  in,  i.e. 
standing  in  the  hall  door),  390; 
in  it  (i.e.  the  battle),  1142;  basr 
inne  (therein),  1 1 8,  1618,  2116, 
2227,  3088.  —  2)  =  instiper,  still 
further,  besides,  1867. 

inwit,  st.  n.,  evil,  mischief,  spite, 
cunning  hostility,  as  in 

tnwit-feng,  st.  m.,  malicious  grasp, 
grasp  of  a  cunning  foe  :  nom.  sg., 
1448. 

inwit-gast,  st.  m.,  evil  guest,  hostile 
stranger  :  nom.  sg.,  2671. 

inwit-hrOf,  st.  m.,  hostile  roof,  hid- 
ing-place of  a  cunning  foe:  ace.  sg. 
under  inwit-hrof,  3124. 

inwit-net,  st.  n.,  mischief-net,  cun- 
ning snare  :  ace.  sg.,  2168. 

inwit-nilS1,  st.  n.,  cunning  hostility, 
hostile  contest:  nom.  pi.  inwit- 
niSas  (hostility  through  secret  at- 
tack^), 1859;  gen.  pi.  inwit-nfSa, 
1948. 

iiiwit-scear,  st.  m.,  massacre  through 
cunning,  murderous  attack  :  ace. 
sg.  eatolne  inwit-scear,  2479. 

inwit-searo,  st.  n.,  cunning,  artful 
intrigue  :  ace.  sg.  burh  inwit-searo, 
1 102.  See  searo. 

inwit-sorh,  st.  f.,  grief,  remorse, 
mourning  springing  from  hostile 
cunning:  nom.  sg.,  1737;  ace.  sg. 
inwid-sorge,  832. 

inwit- J>anc,  adj.,  ill-disposed,  mali- 
ciotis :  dat.  sg.  he  onfeng  hrafte 
inwit-bancum  (Jie  qtiickly  grasped 
the  cnnning-in-mind  [Grendel]), 

749- 

irnan  (for  rinnan),  st.  v.,  to  run  ;  so 
be-irnan,  to  run  tip  to,  occur  :  pret. 


220 


GLOSSARY. 


sg.  him  on  mod  be-arn  (came  into 

his  wind},  67. 
on-irnan,  to  open  :  pret.  sg.  duru 

sona  onarn,  722. 
Irre-mOd,  adj.     See  yrre-mod. 


idel,  adj.,  empty,  bare  ;  deprived  of : 

nom.  sg.,  145,  413;  w.  gen.  lond- 

rihtes    fcere   maegburge   idel    (de- 

privedofhis  land-possessions  among 

the  people  [of  the  Geatas]),  2889. 
idel-hende,    adj.,     empty  -  handed, 

2082. 
iren,  st.  n.,  iron,  sivord :  nom.  sg. 

drihtlic  iren  (the  doughty,   lordly 

sword},  893;    iren  ser-god,  990; 

ace.  sg.  leoflic  iren,  1810;  gen.  pi. 

irena  cyst  (choicest  of  swords},  674; 

irenna    cyst,    803;     irenna    ecge 

(edges  of  swords},  2684.. 
Sren,  adj.,  of  iron:   nom.  sg.  ecg 

was  iren,  1460. 
Sren-bend,  st.  f.,  iron  band,  bond, 

rivet :  instr.  pi.  iren-bendum  fast 

(bold),  775,  999. 
iren-byrne,  \v.  f.,  iron  corselet :  ace. 

sg.  iren-byrnan,  2987.    See  isern- 

byrne. 
iren-hcard,    adj.,    hard  as   iron  : 

nom.  sg.,  1113. 
irenne,  adj.,  of  iron  :  in  comp.  eall- 

irenne. 

iren-J>reat,  st.  m.,  iron  troop,  ar- 
mored band :  nom.  sg.,  330. 
is,  st.  n.,  ice  :  dat.  sg.  ise,  1609. 
isern-byrnc,    \v.   f.,   iron  corselet  : 

ace.   sg.    isern-byrnan,    672.     See 

iren-byrne. 
isern-scur,  st.  f.,  iron  shower,shower 

of  arrows  :    gen.  sg.  bone  J?e  oft 

gebad  isern-scfire,  3117. 
Ss-gebind,  st.  T\.>  fetters  of  ice  :  instr. 

sg.  is-gebinde,  1134. 


isig,  adj.,  shining,  brilliant  (like 
brass)  :  nom.  sg.  isig  (said  of  a 
vessel  covered  with  plates(?)  of 
metal),  33.  —  Leo. 

IO    IU 

16.     See  geo. 

ifi-man.     See  geo-man. 

io-meowle.     See  geo-meowle. 


la'tfii,  st.  f.,  invitation.  —  Comp. : 
freond-,  neod-la$u. 

ge-lafian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.  pers.  and 
instr.  of  the  thing,  to  refresh,  lave  : 
pret.  sg.  wine-dryhten  his  watere 
gelafede,  2723. 

lagu,  st.  m.,  lake,  sea  :  nom.  sg.,  1 63 1 . 

lagu-craftig,  adj.,  acquainied  with 
the  sea  :  nom.  sg.  lagu-craftig  mon 
(pilot),  209. 

lagu-straet,  st.  f.,  path  over  the  sea  : 
ace.  sg.  ofer  lagu-strcete,  239. 

lagu-stream,  st.  m.,  sea-current, 
Jlood:  ace.  pi.  ofer  lagu-streamas, 
297. 

land,  st.  n.,  land :  nom.  sg.  lond, 
2198;  ace.  sg.  land,  221,  2063; 
lond,  2472,  2493;  land  Dena,  242, 
253;  lond  Brondinga,  521;  Finna 
land,  580;  dat.  sg.  on  lande  (in 
the  land),  2311,  2837;  at,  near, 
land,  shore,  1914;  to  lande  (to  the 
land,  ashore) ,  1 624 ;  gen.  sg.  landes, 
2996 ;  gen.  pi.  ofer  landa  fela 
(over  much  country,  space;  afar), 
311.  —  Comp. :  el-,  ea-land. 

land-buend,  part,  pres.,  terricola, 
inhabitant  of  the  land :  nom.  pi. 
lond-buend,  1346;  dat.  pi.  land- 
buendum,  95. 

land-f  ruma,  vv.  m.,  rtder,  prince  of 
the  country  :  nom.  sg.,  31. 


GLOSSARY. 


221 


land-gemyrcu,  st.  n.  pi.,  frontier, 
land-mark  :  ace.  pi.,  209. 

land-geweorc,  st.  n.,  land-work, 
fortified  place :  ace.  sg.  leqda  land- 
geweorc,  939.  See  \veorc,  ge~ 
weorc. 

laiid-rilit,  st.  n.,  prerogatives  based 
upon  land-possessions,  right  to  pos- 
sess land,  hence  real  estate  itself: 
gen.  sg.  lond-rihtes  idel,  2887. 

land-warn,  st.  f .,  inhabitants,  popu- 
lation :  ace.  pi.  land-wara,  2322. 

land-weard,  st.  m.,  guard,  guar- 
dian of  the  frontier :  nom.  sg., 
1891. 

lang,  long,  adj.,  long :  i)  temporal : 
nom.  sg.  to  lang,  2094;  nas  J>d 
long  (lang)  to  J?on  (not  long  after), 
2592,  2846 ;  ace.  sg.  lange  hwlle 
(for  a  longtime},  16,  2160,  2781; 
longe  (lange)  >rage,  54, 114, 1258; 
lange  tid,  1916.  Compar.  nom. 
sg.  lengra  fyrst,  134. — 2)  local, 
nom.  sg.  se  was  fiftiges  fotge- 
mearces  lang,  3044. — Comp. :  and-, 
morgen-,  niht-,  up-lang. 

lange,  longe,  adv.,  long:  lange, 
31,  1995,  2131,  2345,  2424;  longe, 
1062,  2752,  3109  ;  to  lange  (too 
long,  excessively  long),  906,  1337, 
1749.  Compar.  leng,  451,  1855, 
2802,  3065 ;  no  J>y  leng  (none 
the  longer},  975.  Superl.  lengest 
(longest},  2009,  2239. 

ge-lang,  adj.,  extending,  reaching 
to  something  or  somebody,  hence 
ready,  prepared:  nft  is  rsed  gelang 
eft  at  he  anum  (nov)  is  help  [coun- 
sel] at  hand  in  thee  alone),  1377; 
gen  is  call  at  j?e  lissa  gelong  (all 
of  favor  is  still  on  thee  dependent, 
is  thine),  2151.  See  ge-lcnge. 

lang-ge-streon,  st.  n.,  long-lasting 
treasure :  gen.  pi.  long-gestreona, 
2241. —  Leo. 


langian,  w.  v.,  reflex,  w.  dat,  to  long, 
yearn  :  pres.  sg.  III.  him  .  . .  after 

'  deorum  men  dyrne  langat*  beorn 
(the  hero  longeth  secretly  after  the 
dear  man},  1880. 

lang-sum,  adj.,  long-lasting,  con- 
tinuing: nom.  sg.  longsum,  134, 
192,  1723  ;  ace.  sg.  long-sumne, 

'537- 

lang-t\vldig,  adj.,  long-granted, 
assured :  nom.  sg.,  1709. 

lata,  w.  m.,  a  lazy,  cowardly  one ; 
in  comp.  hild-lata. 

la,  interj.y  yes!  indeed!  1701,2865. 

lac,  st.  n. :  i)  measured  movement, 
play  :  in  comp.  beadu-,  hea^o-ldc. 
—  2)  gift,  offering:  ace.  pi.  l&c, 
1864;  milieu  Idc  (loathly  offer- 
ing, prey),  1585;  dat.  pi.  lacum, 
43,  1869.  —  Comp.  sa2-la"c. 

ge-l&c,  st.  n.,  sport,  play  :  ace.  pi. 
sweorda  gelic  (battle),  1041;  dat. 
pi.  at  ecga  geldcum,  1169. 

lacan,  st.  v.,  to  move  in  measured 
time,  dancing,  playing,  fighting, 
flying,  etc. :  inf.  dare'Sum  Idcan 
(fight),  2849;  part.  pres.  after  lyfte 
l&cende  (flying  through  the  air), 

2833- 

f  o  r  - 1  a"  c  a  n ,  to  deceive,  betray  :  part, 
pret.  he  wearft  on  feonda  geweald 
fort)  forla'cen  (deceitfully  betrayed 
into  the  enemy's  hands),  904. 

lad,  st.  f.,  street,  way,  jotirney  :  dat. 
sg.  on  la"de,  1988;  gen.  sg.  IMe, 
569.  —  Comp. :  brim-,  sag-lid. 

g e  - 1  a d ,  st.  n.,  tuay,  path,  road :  ace. 
sg.  uncfr<5  gelad,  1411. 

laff,  adj.,  loathly,  evil,  hateful,  hos- 
tile :  nom.  sg.  la'S,  816;  li'S  lyft- 
floga,  2316;  la 5  (enemy'),  440;  ne 
leof  ne  IdiS,  511;  neut.  Id5,  134, 
192;  in  weak  form,  se  Id5a  (of  the 
dragon),  2306 ;  ace.  sg.  la"8ne 
(wyrm),  3041  ;  dat.  sg.  la  Sum, 


222 


GLOSSARY. 


440,  1258;  gen.  sg.  la'Ses  (of  the  I 
enemy),  842  ;  fela  la<Ses  (much 
evil),  930;  so,  1062;  latfan  liges, 
83  ;  la&in  cynnes,  2009,  2355  '•> 
J>as  laftan  (of  the  enemy),  132  ; 
ace.  pi.  neut.  laS  gewi'Sru  (Jiatcful 
storms),  1376;  dat.  instr.  pi.  wiiS 
laftum,  550  ;  la  (Sum  scuccum  and 
scynnum,939;  l^Sumdoedum  (with 
evil  deeds},  2468;  la"5an  fingrum, 
1506;  gen.  pi.  laSra  manna,  spella, 
2673,  3030  ;  laftra  (the  enemy}, 
242.  Compar.  nom.  sg.  laftra  .  .  . 
beorn,  2433. 

lafr-bite,  st.  m.,  hostile  bite:  dat.  sg. 
laS-bite  lices  (the  body's  hostile 
bite  =  the  wound),  1123. 

laff-geteona,  w.  m.,  evil-doer,  in- 
jurer :  nom.  sg.,  9755  nom.  pi. 
laiS-geteonan,  559. 

laaP-lic,  adj.,  loathly,  hostile  :  ace.  pi. 
IdS-licu,  1585. 

laf,  st.  f. :  l)  what  is  left,  relic ;  in- 
heritance, heritage,  legacy :  nom. 
sg.  HreSlan  laf  (Beowulf's  corse- 
let), 454;  nom.  pi.  fela  lafe  (the 
leavings  of  files  =  swords,  Grein), 
1033;  so,  homera  lafe,  2830;  on 
him  gladiaft  gomelra  lafe,  heard 
and  hringmgel  Heaftobeardna  ge- 
streon  (on  him  gleams  the  fore- 
fathej'^  bequest,  hard  and  ring- 
decked,  the  Hea&obcardas'1  treasure, 
i.e.  the  equipments  taken  from  the 
slain  king  of  the  Heaftobeardas), 
2037;  ace.  sg.  sweorda  lafe  (leav- 
ings of  the  sword,  i.e.  those  spared 
by  the  sword),  2937. —  2)  the  sword 
as  a  specially  prcciotis  heir-loom  : 
nom.  sg.,  2629;  ace.  sg.  lafe,  796, 
1489,  1689,  2192,  2564;  instr.  sg. 
incge  lafe,  2578.  —  Comp. :  encle-, 
eormen-,  wed-,  yrfe-,  y'iS-laf. 

lar,  st.  f.,  lore,  instruction,  prescrip- 
tion: dat.  sg.  be  fader  lare,  1951; 


gen.  pi.  lara,  1221 ;  larena,  269.  — 
Comp.  freond-lar. 

last,  st.  m.,  footstep,  track  :  ace.  sg. 
last,  132,  972,  2165;  on  Idst  (on 
the  traces  of,  behind},  2946;  nom. 
pi.  Idstas,  1403 ;  ace.  pi.  lastas, 
842.  —  Comp. :  fg«e-,  feorh-,  fot-, 
wrac-last. 

lager.    See  leger. 

lager-bed,  st.  n.,  bed  to  lie  on  :  instr. 
sg.  leger-bedde,  1008. 

las,  adv.,  less,  1947;  >y  las  (the  less}, 
487;  quominus  (that  not,  lest}, 
1919. 

lassa,  adj.,  less,  feiver :  nom.  sg. 
lassa,  1283;  ace.  sg.  m.  lassan,  43; 
fern,  lassan  hwile,  2572;  dat.  sg. 
for  lassan  (for  less,  smaller},  952. 
Superl.  nom.  sg.  no  J>at  lasest  was 
hond-gemot[a],  2355. 

lat,  adj.,  negligent,  neglectful;  w. 
gen.:  nom.  sg.  elnes  lat,  1530. 

laedan,  w.  v.  w.  ace. :  to  lead,  guide, 
bring:  inf.  loedan,  239;  pret.  pi. 
Iseddon,  1160. 

f  o  r  - 1  ae  d  a  n ,  to  mislead:  pret.  pi.  for- 
laeddan,  2440(7). 

ge-10edan,/<? lead,  bring:  part.  pret. 
ge-beded,  37. 

befaii,  w.  v. :  \},to  bequeathe,  leave  : 
imper.  sg.  hinum  magum  Isef  folc 
and  rice,  1179;  pret.  sg.  eaferum 
laefde  . . .  lond  and  leodbyrig,  2471. 
—  2)  spare,  leave  behind :  aht 
cwices  laefan  (to  spare  aught  liv- 
ing}, 2316. 

laen-dagas,  st.  m.  pi.,  loan-days, 
transitory  days  (of  earthly  exist- 
ence as  contrasted  with  the  heav- 
enly, unending)  :  ace.  pi.  ken- 
dagas,  2592;  gen.  pi.  kcn-daga, 
2342. 

laenc,  adj.,  inconstant,  pcrisliable, 
evanescent,  given  over  to  death  or 
destruction  :  nom.  sg.,  1755,  3179; 


GLOSSARY. 


223 


of  rust-eaten  treasures,  3130;  ace. 
sg.  h&s  laenan  gesceaft  (this  fleet- 
ing life),  1623 ;  gen.  sg.  laenan 
lifes,  2846. 

laeran,  w.  v.,  to  teach,  instruct:  imper. 
sg.  Mm  he  laer  be  hon  (learn  this, 
take  this  to  heart),  1723. 

ge-1  Deran,  to  teach,  instruct,  give 
instruction  :  inf.  ic  has  HroftgaT 
mag  .  .  .  reed  gelteran  (/  can  give 
//.  good  advice  about  this),  278; 
so,  3080;  pret.  pi.  ha  me  hat  ge- 
laerdon  leode  mine  (gave  me  the 
advice},  415. 

Itivsta n,  w.  v. :  I )  tofolloiv,  to  sustain, 
serve :  inf.  hat  him  se  lic-homa 
bestan  nolde  (that  his  body  would 
not  sustain  hint),  813. —  2)  per- 
form :  imper.  laest  call  tela  (do  all 
•well),  2664. 

ge-loestan  :  i)  to  follow,  serve:  pret. 
sg.  (svveord)  hat  mec  aer  and  oft 
gekcste,  2501.  — 2)  to  fulfil,  grant: 
subj.  pres.  pi.  hat  .  .  .  wilgesiSas, 
honne  wig  cume,  leode  gelaestan 
(render  war  service),  24;  inf.  ic 
he  sceal  mine  gelasstan  freode 
(shall  grant  thee  my  friendship, 
be  grateful},  1707;  pret.  sg.  beot 
.  .  .  gelaeste  (fulfilled  his  boasf), 
524;  geloeste  swa  (kept his  word), 
2991;  pres.  part,  hafde  East-De- 
nuni  .  .  .  gilp  geloested  (had  ful- 
filled for  the  East  Danes  his  boast), 
830. 

laetan,  st.  v.,  to  let,  allow,  w.  ace. 
and  inf. :  pres.  sg.  III.  keteft, 
1729;  imper.  pi.  II.  laeta'5,  397; 
sg.  II.  laet,  1489;  pret.  sg.  let,  2390, 
2551, 2978,3151  (?);  pret.pl.  leton, 
48,  865,  3133;  subj.  pret.  sg.  II. 
lete,  1997;  sg.  III.  lete,  3083. 

d-laetan  :  i)  to  let,  allow :  subj.  pres. 
sg.  II.  hat  Jm  ne  aMsete  .  .  .  dom  ge- 
dreosan,  2666.  —  2)  to  L>are,  lay 


aside :  inf.  jUaetan  laen-dagas  (die), 
2592;   so,  aketan  lif  and  leodscipe, 

275I- 

for- laetan  :  i)  to  let,  permit,  w.  ace. 
and  inf. :  pret.  sg.  for-let,  971 ;  pret. 
pi.  for-l£ton,  3168.  Also  with  inf. 
omitted :  inf.  nolde  eorla  hleo  .  .  . 
hone  cwealmcuman  cwicne  (i.e. 
wesan)  forlaetan  (would  not  let 
the  murderous  spirit  go  alive), 
793.  —  2)  to  leave  behind,  leave  : 
pret.  sg.  in  ham  wong-stede  .  .  . 
haer  he  hine  asr  forlet  (where  he 
had  previously  left  hint),  2788. 

of -la;  tan,  to  leave,  lay  aside  :  pres. 
sg.  II.  gyf  hu  aer  honne  he  worold 
oflsetest  (leaves t  the  world,  diest), 
1184;  so  pret.  sg.  ofl8t  lif-dagas 
and  has  la;nan  gesceaft,  1623. 

on-laetan,  to  release,  liberate  :  pres. 
sg.  III.  honne  forstes  bend  fader 
on-laete'S  (as  soon  as  the  Father 
looseth  the  frosfs  fetters),  1610. 

d  -  lecgan,  w.  v. :  i )  to  lay,  lay  down  : 
pret.  sg.  sytJtSan  hilde-deor  hond 
d-legde  .  .  .  under  geapne  hrof, 
835;  hat  he  on  Beowulfes  bearm 
aMegde  (this  [the  sword]  he  laid 
in  B.'s  bosom,  presented  to  him}, 
2195;  pret.  pi.  d-ledon  ha"  leofne 
heoden  ...  on  bearm  scipes,  34; 
;i-legdon  h^  to  middes  mcerne  heo- 
den (laid  the  mighty  prince  in  the 
midst  [of  the  pyre]),  3142.  —  2)  to 
lay  aside,  give  up  :  si  5  San  ...  in 
fen-freo'So  feorh  d-legde  (laid 
down  his  life,  died},  852;  nu  se 
here-wisa  hleahtor  a"-legde,  gamen 
andgleo-dream  (now  the  war-chief 
has  left  laughter,  etc.),  3021. 

leger,  st.  n.,  couch,  bed,  lair  :  dat. 
sg.  on  legere,  3044. 

lemiaii,  w.  v.,  to  lame,  hinder,  op- 
press: pret.  sg.  (for  pi.)  hine  sorh- 
vvylmas  lemcde  to  lange,  906. 


224 


GLOSSARY. 


leng.     See  lang. 

lenge,  adj.,  extending  along  or  to, 
near  (of  time)  :  nom.  sg.  neut.  ne 
was  hit  lenge  \>§.  gen  (nor  was  if 
yet  long),  83. 

ge'- lenge,  adj.,  extending,  reaching 
to,  belonging  :  nom.  sg.  yrfe-weard 
.  .  .  lice  gelenge  (an  heir  belong- 
ing to  one^s  body},  2733. 

let,  st.  m.,  place  of  rest,  sojourn  :  in 
comp.  eo-let  (voyage!}. 

lettan,  vv.  v.,  to  hinder :  pret.  pi. 
(ace.  pers.  and  gen.  thing),  J>at 
sy'Sftan  na  .  .  .  brim-li'Sende  lide 
ne  letton  (might  no  longer  hinder 
seafarers  from  journeying),  569. 

a-ledon.     See  d-lecgan. 

leg,  st.  m.,  flame,  fire:  nom.  sg. 
wonnaleg^//^  hirid flame),  3116; 
swogencle  leg,  3146;  dat.  sg.  for 
dracan  lege,  2550.  See  lig. 

leg-draca,  w.  m.,  flre-drake,  flam- 
ing dragon  :  nom.  sg.,  3041. 

leahan,  lean,  st.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  scold, 
blame:  pres.  sg.  III.  lyhft,  1049; 
pret.  sg.  log,  1812;  pret.  pi.  logon, 
203,  863. 

be- lean,  to  dissuade,  prevent :  inf. 
ne  inc  senig  mon  .  .  .  belean  mihte 
sorhfullne  si  5  (no  one  might  dis- 
suade you  twain  from  yoiir  diffi- 
ctilt  journey)  ,511. 

leahtre.     See  or-leahtre. 

leaf,  st.  n.,  leaf,  foliage  :  instr.  pi. 
leafum,  97. 

leafnes-word,  st.  n.,  permission, 
leave  :  ace.  pi.,  245. 

lean.     See  lealian. 

lean,  st.  n.,  reward,  compensation  : 
ace.  sg.,  114,  952,  1221,  1585, 
2392;  dat.  sg.  leane,  1022.  Often 
in  the  pi.:  ace.  >&  lean,  2996; 
dat.  J?am  leanum,  2146;  gen.  lea- 
na,  2991.  —  Comp.:  and-,  ende- 
lean. 


lean  (for  ben,  O.H.G.  lehan),  st.  n., 
loan,  1810. 

leanian,  w.  v.,  to  reward,  compen- 
sate :  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  J?e  \>&  frch'Se 
feo  leanige  (repay  the e  for  the  con- 
test with  old-time  treasures),  1381; 
pret.  sg.  me  hone  wal-rass  wine 
Scyldinga  fattan  golde  fela  leanode 
(the  friend  of  the  Scyldings  re- 

;  warded  me  richly  for  the  combat 
with  plated  gold} ,  2103. 

leas,  z.&}.,  false  :  nom.  pi.  lease,  253. 

leas,  adj.,  deprived  of,  free  from,  w. 
gen.:  nom.  sg.  dreama  leas,  851; 
dat.  sg.  winigea  leasum,  1665. — 
Comp. :  dom-,  dream-,  ealdor-, 
feoh-,  feormend-,  hlaford-,  sawol-, 
sige-,  sorh-,  tir-,  ]?e6den-,  wine-, 
wyn-leas. 

ledsig,  adj.,  concealing  one's  self; 
in  comp.  sin-leasig(?). 

leoffo-craft,  st.  m.,  the  art  of  weav- 
ing or  working  in  meshes,  wire, 
etc. :  instr.  pi.  segn  eall-gylden  . . . 
gelocen  leofto-craftum  (a  banner 
all  hand-wrought  of  interlaced 
gold),  2770. 

leoffo-syrce,  w.  f.,  shirt  of  mail 
(limb-sark)  :  ace.  sg.locene  leofto- 
syrcan  (locked  linked  sarK),  1506; 
ace.  pi.  locene  leofto-syrcan,  1891. 

leomum.     See  lim. 

leornian,  w.  v.,  to  learn,  devise, 
plan :  pret.  him  has  gfl'5-cyning 
.  .  .  wrace  leornode  (the  war-king 
planned  vengeance  therefor},  2337. 

leocl,  st.  m.,  prince  :  nom.  sg.,  341, 
348,  670,  830,  1433,  H93»  l6l3» 
1654,  etc.;  ace.  leod,  626. 

leod,  st.  f.,  people :  gen.  sg.  leode, 
597,  600,  697, 1214.  In  pi.  indicates 
individuals,  people,  kinsmen  :  nom. 
pl.leode, 362,415, 1214  (gen. sg.?), 
2 1 26, etc.;  gum-cynnesGeata leode 
{people  of  the  race  of  the  Ged/as), 


GLOSSARY. 


225 


260;  ace.  pi.  leode,  24,  192,  443, 
1337,  1346,  etc.;  dat.  pi.  leodum, 
389,  521,  619,  698,906, 1160, etc.; 
gen.  pi.  leoda,  205,  635,  794,  1674, 
2034,  etc. 

leod-bealo,  st.  n.,  {mischief,  misfor- 
tune affecting  an  entire  people), 
great,  unheard-of  calamity :  ace. 
sg.,  1723;  gen.  pi.  leod-bealewa, 
1947. 

leod-burh,  st.  f.,  princely  castle, 
stronghold  of  a  ruler,  chief  city  : 
ace.  pi.  -byrig,  2472. 

leod-cyning,  st.  m.,  king  of  the  peo- 
ple :  nom.  sg.,  54. 

leod-fruma,  w.  m.,  prince  of  the 
people,  ruler :  ace.  sg.  leod-fru- 
man,  2131. 

leod-gebyrgea,  w.  m.,  protector  of 
the  people,  prince  :  ace.  sg.  -gebyr- 
gean,  269. 

leod-hryre,  st.  m.,  fall,  overthrow, 
of  the  prince,  ruler  :  dat.  sg.  after 
leod-hryre  (after  the  fall  of  the 
king  of  the  Heaftobeardas,  Froda, 
cf.  2051),  2031;  gen.  sg.  J>as  leod- 
hryres  (of  the  fall  of  Heardred, 
cf.  2389),  2392. 

leod-sceaffa,  w.  m.,  injurer  of  the 
people  :  dat.  sg.  J>am  leod-sceaftan, 
2094. 

Icod-scipe,  st.  m.,  the  whole  nation, 
people  :  ace.  sg.,  2752;  dat.  sg.  on 
ham  leod-scipe,  2198. 

leo<y,  st.  n.,  song,  lay:  nom.  sg., 
1 160.  —  Comp. :  fyrd-,  gryre-,  gu£>-, 
sorh-leoS. 

leof,  adj.,  lief,  dear:  nom.  sg.,  31, 
54,  203,  511,  521,  1877,  2468; 
weak  form  m.,  leofa,  1217,  1484, 
1855,  2664;  ace.  sg.  m.  leofne,  34, 
297,  619,  1944,  2128,  3109,  3143; 
gen.  sg.  leofes  (m.),  1995,  2081, 
2898;  (neut.),  1062,  2911;  dat. 
pi.  leofum,  1074;  gen.  pi.  leofra, 


1916.     Compar.  nom.  sg.  neut.  leo- 

fre,    2652.     Superl.   nom.   sg.   m. 

leofost,  1297;   ace.  sg.  J?one  leofe- 

stan,  2824. 
leoflic,  dear,  precious,  valued:  nom. 

sg.  m.  leoflic  lind-wiga,  2604;   ace. 

sg.  neut.  leoflic  iren,  1810. 
leogan,  st.  v.,  to  lie,  belie,  deceive  : 

subj.  pres.  nafne  him  his  wlite  leoge 

{unless  his  looks  belie  him},  250; 

pret.  sg.  he  ne  leag  fela  wyrda  ne 

worda,  3030. 

a-leogan,  to  deceive,  leave  unful- 
filled: pret.  sg.  he  beot  ne  a-leh 

{he  left  not  his  promise   unful- 
filled}, 80. 
ge-leogan,/0  deceive,  betray  :  pret. 

sg.  him  seo  wen  geleah  {hope  de- 
ceived hini),  2324. 
leoht,  st.  n.,  light,  brilliance  :  nom. 

sg-,  569,  728,  I75r(?)  5  acc-  sg. 
sunnan  leoht,  649;  godes  leoht  ge- 
ceas  {chose  God^s  light,  died},  2470; 
dat.  sg.  to  leohte,  95.  —  Comp. : 
oefen-,  fyr-,  morgen-leoht. 

leoht,  adj.,  htminous,  bright :  instr. 
sg.  leohtan  sweorde,  2493. 

leoma,  w.  m. :  i)  light,  splendor: 
nom.  sg.,  311,  2770;  ace.  sg.  leo- 
man,  1518;  sunnan  and  monan  leo- 
man  {light  of  sun  and  moon},  95. 
—  2)  (as  beadu-  and  hilde-leoma), 
the  glittering  sword  :  nom.  sg.  lixte 
se  leoma  {the  blade-gleam  flashed} , 

J57I- 

leosan,  st.  v.,  =  amitti,  in 

be-leosan,  to  deprive,  be  deprived 
of:  pres.  part,  (heo)  weariS  be- 
loren  leofum  bearnum  and  bro'5- 
rum  (was  deprived  of  her  dear 
children  and  brethren},  1074. 

for-leosan,  with  dat.  instr.,  to  lose 
something :  pret.  sg.  fcer  he  dome 
for-leas,  ellen-moer^um  (there  lost 
he  the  glory,  the  repute,  of  his  heroic 


226 


GLOSSARY. 


deeds],  1471;  pret.  sg.  for  pi.  bam 
be  cer  his  elne  for-leas  (to  him  who, 
before,  had  lost  his  valor},  2862; 
part.  pret.  nealles  ic  J?aTn  leanum 
for-loren  hafde  (not  at  all  had  I 
lost  the  rewards),  2146. 

libban,  w.  v.,  to  live,  be,  exist :  pres. 
sing.  III.  lifaft,  3169;  lyfaft,  945; 
leofaft,  975, 1367,  2009;  subj.  pres. 
sg.  II.  Hfige,  1225;  pres.  part,  lifi- 
gende,  816,  1954,  1974,  2063;  dat. 
sg.  be  be  lifigendum  (in  thy  life- 
time), 2666;  pret.  sg.  lifde,  57, 
1258;  lyfde,  2145;  pret.  pi.  lifdon, 
99.  See  unlifigende. 

lie » an,  st.  v. :  i)  to  lie,  lie  down  or 
low:  pres.  sg.  nu  seo  hand  ligeft 
(now  the  hand  lies  low},  1344;  nu 
se  wyrm  ligeiS,  2746,  so  2904;  inf. 
licgan,  3130;  licgean,  967,  3083; 
pret.  sg.  lag,  40,  552,  2078;  sySSan 
Heardred  lag  (after  Heardred 
had  fallen},  2389;  pret.  pi.  Idgon, 
3049;  loegon,  566.  —  2)  to  lie  pros- 
trate, rest,  fail:  pret.  sg.  nsefre  on 
ore  lag  wid-cu5es  wig  (never failed 
the  far-famed  one's  valor  at  the 
front},  1042;  sy'S'San  wr5er-gyld 
lag  (after  vengeance  failed,  or, 
when  Withergyld  lay  dead,  if  IV. 
is  a  proper  name),  2052. 

a-licgan,  to  succumb,  fail,  yield : 
inf.  2887  ;  pret.  sg.  bat  his  dom 
d-lag  (that  its  power  failed  it}, 
1529. 

ge-licgan,/0  rest,  lie  still :  pret.  sg. 
wind-blond  gelag,  3147. 

lida,  w.  m.,  boat,  ship  (as  in  motion)  ; 
in  comp. :  sund-,  y5-lida. 

lid-man,  st.  m.,  seafarer,  sailor  : 
gen.  pi.  lid-manna,  1624. 

lim,  st.  n.,  limb,  branch  :  instr.  pi. 
leomum,  97. 

limpan,  st.  v.,  to  succeed,  befall  (well 
or  ill)  ;  impcrs.  w.  dat.  pret.  sg.hu 


lomp  eovv  on  l&de  (how  went  it 
with  you  on  the  journey  ?},  1988. 

& -lim  pan,  to  come  about,  offer  it- 
self: pret.  sg.  65  J?at  seel  a-lamp 
(till  the  opportunity  presented 
itself},  623 ;  pret.  part.  b&  him 
d-lumpen  was  wistfylle  Wen  (since 
a  hope  of  a  full  meal  had  befallen 
him},  734. 

be-limpan,  to  happen  to,  befall : 
pret.  sg.  him  sio  saT  belamp,  2469. 

ge-limpan,  to  happen,  occur,  turn 
out :  pres.  sg.  III.  hit  eft  gelimpeiS 
bat .  .  .,  1754;  subj.  pres.  bisse  an- 
syne  alwealdan  bane  lungre  gelimpe 
(thanks  to  the  Almighty  forthwith 
for  this  sight !},  930 ;  pret.  sg.  him 
on  fyrste  gelamp  bat  .  .  .,  76;  sw& 
him  ful-oft  gelamp  (as  often  hap- 
pened to  them},  1253;  bas  be  hire 
se  willa  gelamp  bat  ...  (becatt.se 
her  wish  had  been  fulfilled},  627; 
frofor  eft  gelamp  sarig-modum, 
2942;  subj.  pret.  gif  him  byslicu 
bearf  gelumpe,  2638  ;  pret.  part. 
Denum  eallum  wear'S  . . .  willa  ge- 
lumpen,  825. 

lind,  st.  f.  (properly  linden;  here,  a 
a  wooden  shield  covered  with  lin- 
den-bark or  pith)  :  nom.  sg.,  2342  ; 
ace.  sg.  geolwe  linde,  2611 ;  ace.  pi. 
linde,  2366. 

lind-gestcalla,  w.  m.,  shield-com- 
rade, war-comrade  :  nom.  sg., 
1974. 

liiid-hiibbend,  pres.  yxfr.t provided 
with  a  shield,  i.e.  warrior :  nom.  pi. 
-habbende,  245;  gen.  pi.  habben- 
dra,  1403. 

lind-plega,  w.  m.,  shield-play,  i.e. 
battle :  dat.  sg.  lind-plegan,  1074, 
2040. 

lind-wiga,  w.  m.,  shield-fighter,  war- 
rior :  nom.  sg.,  2604. 

1  in  nan,  st.  v.,  to  depart,  be  deprived 


GLOSSARY. 


227 


of:  inf.  aldre  linnan  (depart from 
life),  1479;   ealdres  linnan,  2444. 

lis,  st.  f.,  favor,  affection  :  gen.  pi. 
call  .  .  .  lissa,  2151. 

list,  st.  m.,  arty  skill,  cleverness,  cun- 
ning :  dat.  pi.  adverbial,  listum 
(cunningly),  782. 

lixan,  w.  v.,  to  shine,  flash :  pret. 
sg.lixte,  311,485,  1571. 

lie,  st.  n. :  i)  body,  corpse  :  nom.  sg., 
967  ;  ace.  sg.  lie,  2081  ;  bat  lie 
(the  body,  corpse},  212%-,  dat.  sg. 
lice,  734,  1504,  2424,  2572,  2733, 
2744;  gen.  sg.  lices,  451,  1123. — 
2)  form,  figure  :  in  comp.  eofor-, 
swin-lic. 

g e  - 1  i  c ,  adj.,  like,  similar  :  nom.  pi. 
m.  ge-lice,  2165.  Superl.  ge-licost, 
218,  728,  986,  1609. 

lic-hama,  -honia,  w.  m.  (body-home, 
garment],  body  :  nom.  sg.  lic-homa, 
813, 1008, 1 755 ;  ace.  sg.  lic-haman, 
2652;  dat.  sg.  lic-haman,  3179. 

lician,  w.  v.,  to  please,  like  (impers.)  : 
pres.  sg.  III.  me  Kn  mod-sefa  li- 
caft  leng  swa1  wel,  1855;  pret.  pi. 
)?am  wife  J?a"  word  wel  licodon, 
640. 

licnes.     See  on-licnes. 

lic-sar,  st.  f.,  bodily  pain  :  ace.  sg. 
lic-sdr,  8 1 6. 

lic-syrce,  w.  f.,  body-sark,  shirt  of 
mail  covering  the  body  :  nom.  sg., 

55°- 

liffan,  st.  v.,  to  move,  go  :  pres.  part. 
nom.  pi.  \>&  liSende  (navigantcs, 
sailors),  221;  ha"  was  sund  liden 
(the  water  was  then  traversed), 
223. — Comp. :  heaSu-,  mere-,  waeg 
ffifend. 

liffe  (O.H.G.  lindi),  *.&).,gentle,  mild, 
friendly :  nom.  sg.  w.  instr.  gen 
Idra  liSe,  1221.  Superl.  nom.  sg. 
liSost,  3184. 

st.  n.,  can  in  which 


(a  wine-like,  foaming  drink)  is 
contained :  ace.  sg.,  1983. 
lif,  st.  m.,  life :  ace.  sg.  lif,  97,  734, 
1537,  2424,  2744,  2752;  dat.  sg. 
life,  2572;  to  life  (in  one's  life, 
ever),  2433  ;  gen.  sg.  llfes,  197, 
791,  807,  2824,2846;  worolde  lifes 
(of  the  earthly  life),  1388,  2344.— 
Comp.  edwit-lif. 

lif-bysig,  adj.  (striving  fir  life  or 
death),  weary  of  life,  in  torment 
of  death  :  nom.  sg.,  967. 
lif-dagas,  st.  m.  pi.,  lifetime :  ace. 

-dagas,  794,  1623. 
lif-frea,  w.  m.,  lord  of  life,  God: 

nom.  sg.,  1 6. 
lif-gedal,   st.  n.,   separation  from 

life  :  nom.  sg.,  842. 
lif-gesceaft,   st.   f.,  fate,   destiny  : 

gen.  pi.  -gesceafta,  1954,  3065. 
lif-wraS'u,  st.  f .,  protection  for  one'* 
life,    safety :    ace.    sg.    lif-wra~Se, 
2878;   dat.  sg.  to  lif-wra«e,  972. 
lif-wyn,  st.  f.,  pleasure,  enjoyment, 
joy  (of  life)  :  gen.  pi.  lif-wynna, 
2098. 

-lig,  st.  m.,  flame,  fire  :  nom.  sg., 
1 123  ;  dat.  instr.  sg.  lige,  728,  2306, 
2322,  2342;  gen.  sg.  liges,  83, 782. 
See  leg. 

lig-draca,  w.  vc\,,  fire-drake,  flaming 
dragon  :  nom.  pi.,  2334.  See  leg- 
draca. 

lig-egesa,  w.  m.,  horror  arising 
through  fire,  flaming  terror  :  ace. 
sg.,  2781. 

lige- torn,  st.  m.,  false,  pretended  in- 
sttlt  or  injury,  fierce  anger  ( ?)  : 
dat.  sg.  after  lige-torne  (on  account 
of  a  pretended  insult  ?  or  fierce 
anger  ?  cf.  Bugge  in  Zacher's 
Zeits.  4,  208),  1944. 
lig-y<y,  st.  m.,  wave  of  fire :  instr. 

pi.  lig-? Sum,  2673. 
lilian,  st.  v.,  to  lend :  pret.  sg.  Hit 


228 


GLOSSARY. 


him  on  }>earfe  la~h  }>yle  HroSgares 

(which  ff.'s  spokesman  lent  him  in 

need},  1457. 
o  n  - 1  i  h  a  n ,  to  lend,  grant  as  a  loan, 

with  gen.  of  thing  and  dat.  pers. : 

prct.  sg.  J^a"  he  j?as  waspnes  on-lah 

selran  svveord-frecan,  1468. 
loca,   w.  m.,    bolt,    lock :    in  comp. 

ban-,  burh-loca. 
locen.     See  lucan. 
lond,  long.     See  land,  lang. 
lof,  st.  m.,  praise,  repute  :  ace.  sg. 

lof,  1537. 
lof-daed,  st.  f.,  deed  of  praise :  instr. 

pi.  lof-daedum,  24. 
lof-georn,    adj.,   eager  for  praise, 

ambitious :   superl.    nom.  sg.  lof- 

geornost,  3184. 
loga,  w.  m.,  liar ;  in  comp.  treow- 

loga. 
losian,  w.  v.,  to  escape,  flee :  pres. 

sg.  III.   losa'5,    1393,  2063;  pret. 

sg.  he  on  weg  losade  (fled  away}, 

2097. 
locian,  w.  v.,  to  see,  look  at:  pres. 

sg.  II.  sae-lac  .  .  .  \>e  J?u  her  to  16- 

cast  (booty  of  the  sea   that  thou 

lookeston},  1655. 
ge-16me,    adv.,    often,  frequently, 

559- 

lufe,  w.  f.,  love :  in  comp.  heah-, 
mod-,  wif-lufe. 

lufa  (cf.  and-leofa,  big-leofa,  nour- 
ishment}, w.  ni.,  food,  subsistence  ; 
property,  real  estate  :  ace.  sg.  on 
lufan  (on  possessions},  1729. — 
Comp.  eard-lufa. 

lufen,  st.  f.  (cf.  lufa),  siibsistence, 
food ;  real  estate,  {enjoyment!}  : 
nom.  sg.  lufen  (parallel  with  ecSel- 
wyn),  2887. 

luf-tacen,  st.  n.,  love-token :  ace. 
pi.  luf-ticen,  1864. 

llillan,  w.  v.,  to  love,  serve  affection- 
ately :  pret.  sg.  III.  lufode  J^d  leode 


(was  on  affectionate  terms  with  the 
people},  1983. 

lungre,  adv.:  i)  .hastily,  quickly, 
forthwith,  930,  1631,  2311,  2744. 
—  2)  quite,  very,  fully :  feovver 
mearas  lungre  gelice  {four  horses 
quite  alike},  2165. 

lust,  st.  m.,  pleasure,  joy  :  dat.  pi. 
adv.  lustum  {joyfully},  1654;  so, 
on  lust,  619,  cf.  600. 

lucan,  st.  v.,  to  twist,  wind,  lock,  in- 
tenveave  :  pret.  part.  ace.  sg.  and 
pi.  locene  leofto-syrcan  (shirt  of 
mail  wrought  of  meshes  or  rings 
interlocked},  1506,  1891;  gen.  pi. 
locenra  beaga  (rings  wrought  of 
gold  wire},  2996. 

be-lucan:  i)  to  shtit,  close  in  or 
around :  pret.  sg.  winter  y$e  be- 
leac  is-gebinde  (winter  locked  the 
waves  ivith  icy  bond},  1133. — 
2)  to  shtit  in,  off,  preserve,  protect : 
pret.  sg.  I.  hig  wige  beleac  mane- 
gum  maeg'Sa  (/  shut  them  in,  pro- 
tected them,  from  war  a  rising  front 
many  a  tribe},  1771.  Cf.  me  wige 
beluc  wriSum  feondum  {protect 
me  against  mine  enemies},  Ps.  34, 3. 

ge-lucan,  to  unite,  link  together, 
make  :  pret.  part,  gelocen,  2770. 

o'n-lCican,  to  unlock,  open  :  pret.sg. 
word-hord  on-leac  {opened  the 
word-hoard,  treasure  of  speech}, 

259. 
1 6  - 1  u  c  a  n ,  {to  twist,  wrench,  in  two}, 

to  destroy  :  inf.,  782. 
lyft,  st.  f.  (m.  n.?),  air :  nom.  sg., 

1376;   dat.  sg.    after   lyfte  {along, 

through,  the  air},  2833. 
lyft-floga,  w.    m.,    air-flier :  nom. 

sg.  (of  the  dragon),  2316. 
lyft-geswenced,  pret.  part.,  urged, 

hastened  on,  by  the  wind,  1914. 
lyft-wyn,    st.    f.,   enjoyment  of  the. 

air  :  ace.  sg.  lyft-wynne,  3044. 


GLOSSARY. 


229 


lyhS1.    See  leahan. 

lystan,  w.  v.,  to  lust  after,  long  for  : 
pret.  sg.  Geat  ungemetes  wel  .  .  . 
restan  lyste  (the  Gedt  [Beowulf] 
longed  sorely  to  rest},  1794. 

lyt,  adv.  neut.  (=  parum),  little,  very 
little,  few  :  lyt  eft  becwom  .  .  . 
hames  niosan  (few  escaped  home- 
ward}, 2366;  lyt  oenig  (none  at 
all},  3130;  usually  with  gen. :  win- 
tra  lyt,  1928;  lyt  ...  heafod-maga, 
2151;  wergendra  to  lyt  (too  feiv 
defenders},  2883;  lyt  swigode 
niwra  spella  (he  kept  to  himself 
little,  none  at  all,  of  the  ne7.it  tid- 
ings'}, 2898;  dat.  sg.  lyt  manna 
(too  few  ofmeii},  2837. 

lytel,  adj.,  small,  little :  nom.  sg. 
neut.  to  lytel,  1749;  ace.  sg.  f.  lytle 
hwile  (a  little  while),  2031,  2098; 
lif-vvra"5e  lytle  (little  protection  for 
his  life},  2878.  —  Comp.  un-lytel. 

lyt-hwon,  adv.,  little  =  not  at  all: 
iyt-hwon  logon,  204. 

lyfc,  st. n., leave,  permission, (life!}  : 
instr.sg.  Jnnelyfe  (life,  MS.),  2132. 
—  Leo.  Cf.  O.N.  leyfi,  n.,  leave, 
permission,  in  Mobius'  Glossary, 
p.  266. 

lyfan,  \v.  v.,  (fundamental  meaning 
to  believe,  trust}  in 

d- lyfan,  to  allow,  grant,  entrust: 
pret.  sg.  noefre  ic  oenegum  men  aer 
alyfde  .  .  .  fary'5-arn  Dena  (never 
before  to  any  man  have  I  entrusted 
the  palace  of  the  Danes'},  656;  pret. 
part.  (Pa  me  was)  sl'5  .  .  .  dlyfed 
inn  under  eor'S-weall  (the  way  in 
tinder  the  wall  of  earth  was  allowed 
me},  3090. 

g  e  -  lyfan,  w.  v.,  to  believe,  trust  : 
i)  w.  dat. :  inf.  J?aer  gelyfan  sceal 
dryhtnes  dome  se  >e  hine  dea'5 
nimeS  (whomever  death  carrieth 
away,  shall  believe  it  lo  be  the  judg- 


of God,  i.e.  in  the  contest 
between.  Beowulf  and  Grendel), 
440.  —  2)  w.  ace. :  pret.  sg.  geoce 
gelyfde  brego  Beorht-Dena  (be- 
lieved in,  expected,  help,  etc.),  609; 
)?at  heo  on  rcnigne  eorl  gelyfde 
fyrena  frofre  (that  she  at  last  sJiould 
expect  from  any  earl  comfort,  help, 
out  of  these  troubles},  628;  se  J?e 
him  bealwa  to  bote  gelyfde  (who 
trusted  in  him  as  a  help  out  of 
evils'},  910;  him  to  anwaldan  are 
gelyfde  (relied  for  himself  in  the 
help  of  God},  1273. 
a  -  ly  san,  w.  v.,  to  loose,  liberate . 
pret.  part.  )>&  was  of  J?am  hroran 
helm  and  byrne  lungre  a-lysed 
(helm  and  corselet  were  straight- 
way loosed  from  him},  1631. 


maffelian,  w.  v.  (sermocinari),  to 
speak,  talk :  pret.  sg.  maftelode, 
28^,  348,  360,  371,  405,  456,  499, 
etc.;  ma'Selade,  2426. 

maga,  w.  m.,  son,  male  descendant, 
young  man  :  nom.  sg.  maga  Healf- 
denes  (Hro'Sgar),  189,  1475,2144; 
maga  Ecg^eowes  (Beowulf),  2588; 
maga  (Grendel),  979 ;  se  maga 
geonga  (Wigldf),  2676;  Grendles 
maga  (a  descendant  of  Grendel}, 
2007;  ace.  sg.  J>one  magan,  944. 

magan,  v.  with  pret.-pres.  form,  to 
be  able  :  pres.  sg.  I.  III.  mag,  277, 
478>  93i,  943,  H85>  I734>etc.;  II. 
meaht  >u,  2048;  subj.  pres.  msege, 
2531,  2750;  j^eah  ic  eal  msege 
(even  though  I could},  68 1;  subj. 
pi.  we  mosgen,  2655 ;  pret.  sg. 
meahte,  542,  755,  1131, 1660,2465, 
etc.;  mihte,  190,207,462,511,571, 
657,1509,2092,2610;  mehte,  1083, 


230 


GLOSSARY. 


1497, 1516, 1878;  pi.  meahton,  649, 
942,  1455,  1912,  2374,  3080;  mih- 
ton,  308,  313,  2684,  3164;  subj. 
pret.  sg.  meahte,  243,  763,  2521; 
pres.  sg.  mag,  sometimes  =  licet, 
may,  can,  -will  (fut),  1366,  1701, 
1838,  2865. 

mago  (Goth,  magu-s),  st.  m.,  male, 
son  :  nom .  sg.  mago  Ecglafes  (II  un- 
fef5),  1466;  mago  Uealfclenes 
(Hro-Sgir),  1868,  2012. 

mago-dryht,  st.  f.,  troop  of  young 
men,  band  of  men  :  nom.  sg.  mago- 
clriht,  67. 

mago-rinc,  st.  m.,  hero,  man  (pre- 
eminently) :  gen.  pi.  mago-rinca, 
heap,  731. 

magu-Jjegn,  mago-)>egn,  st.  m., 
vassal,  war-thane  :  nom.  sg.  408, 
2758;  dat.  sg.  magu-J^egne,  2080; 
ace.  pi.  magu-J>egnas,  293;  dat.pl. 
mago-begnum,  1481;  gen.pl.mago- 
]?egna  .  .  .  ]>one  selestan  (the  best 
of  vassals},  1406. 

man,  mon,  st.  in.:  i)  man,  human 
being:  nom.  sg.  man,  25,  503,  534, 

1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc-; 

mon,  209, 5 10, 1 561, 1 646, 2282,  etc.; 
ace.  sg.  w.  mannan,  297,  577,  1944, 
2128,  2775;  wid-cuftne  man,  1490; 
dat.  sg.  men, 656,  753, 1880;  menn, 
2190;  gen.  sg.  mannes,  1195  (?), 
2081,  2534,  2542;  monnes,  1730; 
nom.  pi.  men,  50,  162,  233,  1635, 
3167;  ace.  pi.  men,  69,  337,  1583, 
1718;  dat.  pi.  mannum,  3183;  gen. 
pi.  manna,  155,  201,  380,  702,  713, 
736,  etc.;  monna,  1414,  2888. — 
2)  indef.  pron.  =  one,  they,  people 
(Germ,  man):  man,  1173,  1176; 
mon,  2356,  3177.  —  Comp. :  fyrn-, 
gleo-,  gum-,  id-,  lid-,  soe-,  wsepned- 
man. 

man.     See  muuan. 

maii-cyn,  st.  n.,  mankind ':  dat.  sg. 


man-cynne,  no;  gen.  sg.  man- 
cynnes,  164,  2182;  mon-cynnes, 
196,  1956. 

maii-dreain,  st.  m.,  human  joy, 
mundi  voluplus  :  ace.  sg.  man- 
dream,  1265;  dat.  pi.  mon-drea- 
mum,  1716. 

man-dryhten,  st.  m.  {lord  of  men'}, 
rtiler  of  the  people,  prince,  king  : 
nom.  sg.  man-dryhten,  1979,  2648; 
mon-drihten,  436  ;  mon-dryhten, 
2866;  ace.  sg.  mon-dryhten,  2605; 
dat.  sg.  man-drihtne,  1230;  man- 
dryhtne,  1250,  2282;  gen.  sg.  man- 
dryhtnes,  2850;  mon-dryhtnes, 

3I50- 

ge-mang,  st.  m.,  troop,  company  : 
dat.  sg.  on  gemonge  (in  the  troop 
[of  the  fourteen  Geatas  that  re- 
turned from  the  sea]),  1644. 

manian,  w.  v.,  to  warn,  admonish  : 
pres.  sg.  III.  manaft  swa"  and  mynd- 
ga'S  . . .  saTum  wordum  (so  warn- 
eth  and  remindeth  he  with  bitter 
words),  2058. 

manig,  monig,  adj.,  many,  many 
a,  much:  i)  adjectively:  nom.  sg. 
rinc  manig,  399 ;  geong  manig 
(many  a  young  man),  855 ;  monig 
snellic  sse-rinc,  690 ;  medu-benc 
monig,  777;  50839,909,919,1511, 
2763,  3023,  etc.;  ace.  sg.  medo-ful 
manig,  1016  ;  dat.  sg.  m.  J?egne 
monegum,  1342,  1420;  dat.  sg.  f. 
manigre  mcegSe,  75;  ace.  pi.  man- 
ige  men,  337;  dat.  pi.  manegum 
maSmum,  2104;  monegum  masg- 
'Sum,  5;  gen.  pi.  manigra  rneda, 
1 1 79.  —  2)  substantively  :  nom.  sg. 
manig,  1861;  monig,  858;  dat.  sg. 
manegum,  349,  1888;  nom.  pi. 
manige,  1024;  monige,  2983;  ace. 
pi.  monige,  1599;  gen.  pi.  manigra, 
2092.  —  3)  \vith  depend,  gen.  pi. : 
dat. manegum  mo?g&i,  1 772;  mone- 


GLOSSARY. 


231 


gum  fira,  2002;  halefta  monegum 
bold-Sgendra,  3112;  ace.  pi.  rinca 
manige,  729;  (maSm)-aehtamonige, 
1614. 

manig-oft,  adv.,  very  often,  fre- 
quently, 171  [if  manig  and  oft  are 
to  be  connected]. 

man-lice,  adv.,  man-like,  manly, 
.  1047. 

man-Jjwaere,  adj.,  kind,  gentle  to- 
ward men,  philanthropic:  nom. 
sg.  superl.  mon-Jnvaerust,  3183. 

ma,  contracted  adv.  compar.,  more  : 
with  partitive  gen.,  504,  736,  1056. 

maffum,  maiYffimt,  st.  m.,  gift, 
jewel,  object  of  value:  ace.  sg. 
maS'Sum,  169,  1053,  2056,  3017; 
dat.  instr.  sg.  marine,  1529,  1903; 
nom.  pi.  m&ftmas,  1861  ;  ace.  pi. 
mddmas,  385,  472,  1028,  1483, 
1757,  1868,  etc.;  dat.  instr.  pi. 
mftSmum,  mftdmum,  1049,  1899, 
2104,  2789;  gen.  pi.  ma"Sma,  1785, 
2144,  2167,  etc.;  madma,  36,  41. 
—  Comp. :  dryht-,  gold-,  hord-, 
ofer-,  sine-,  wundor-ma'ftum. 

mfiffm-a'ht,  st.  f.,  treasure  in  jew- 
els, costly  objects  :  gen.  pi.  ma"5m- 
sehta,  1614,  2834. 

mafffrum-fat,  st.  n.,  treasure-casket 
or  cup,  costly  vessel:  nom.  sg., 
2406. 

maS'in-gestreon,  st.  n.,  precious 
jewel:  gen.  pi.  mstSm-gestreona, 
1932. 

mafrum-gifu,  st.  f.,  gift  of  valuable 
objects,  largess  of  treasure  :  dat.  sg. 
after  maSSum-gife,  1302. 

maS'um-sigl,  st.  n.,  costly,  sun-shaped 
ornament,  valuable  decoration  : 
gen.  pi.  ma'5'Sum-sigla,  2758. 

maffuin-sweorcl,  st.n.,  costly  szvord 
(inlaid  with  gold  and  jewels)  :  ace. 
sg.,  1024. 

maS'iim-wela,  w.  m.,  wealth  of  jew- 


els, valuables  :  dat.  sg.  after-ma'S- 

"Sum-welan  (after  the  sight  of  the. 

wealth  of  jewels'),  2751. 
magas.     See  mseg. 
mage,  w.  f.,  female  relate:  gen. 

sg.  Crenelles  magan  (mother),  1392. 
man,  st.  n.,  crime,  misdeed  :  instr. 

sg.  mane,  no,  979;   adv.,  crimi- 

nally, 1056. 
man-for-daedla,   w.  m.,   evil-doer, 

criminal  :  nom.  pi.  mdn-for-daed- 

lan,  563. 
man-scafta,  'w.    m.,    mischievous, 

httrtful  foe,  hostis  ncfastus  :  nom. 

sg-  7r3»  738>   1340;  m 


mara  (comp.  of  micel),  adj.,  greater, 
stronger,  mightier:  nom.  sg.  m. 
mara,  1354,  2556;  neut.  mare, 
1561;  ace.  sg.  m.  maran,  2017; 
mund-gripe  maran  (a  mightier 
hand-grip),  754  ;  with  following 
gen.  pi.  maran  .  .  .  eorla  (a  more 
powerful  ear/),  247;  fern,  maran, 
533,  1012;  neut.  maTe,  518;  with 
gen.  pi.  mor'S-beala  mare  (more, 
greater,  deeds  of  murder'),  136; 
gen.  sg.  f.  mSran,  1824. 

masst  (superl.  of  micel,  mara),  great- 
est, strongest:  nom.  sg.  neut.  (with 
partitive  gen.  ),moest,  78,  193;  fern. 
msest,  2329;  ace.  sg.  fern.  foeh'Se 
maeste,  459  ;  mseste  .  .  .  worolde 
wynne  (the  highest  earthly  pleas- 
ure'), 1080;  neut.  (with  partitive 
gen.)  ma5St  maerfta,  2646;  hond- 
wundra  maest,  2769;  bcel-fyra  maesr, 
3144;  instr.  sg.  m.  moestc  crafte, 
2182. 

macg.     See  mecg. 

magQ1,  st.  f.,  wife,  maid,  woman  : 
nom.  sg.,  3017;  gen.  pi.  magfta 
hose  (accompanied  by  her  maids 
of  'honor),  925;  mag'Sa,  944,  1  284. 

miigen,   st.   n.  :     i)    might,    bodily 


232 


GLOSSARY. 


strength,  heroic  power:  ace.  sg. 
magen,  518,  1707;  instr.  sg.  ma- 
gene,  780(7),  2668;  gen.  sg.  ma- 
genes,  418,  1271,  1535,  1717,  etc.; 
magnes,  671,1  762  ;  magenes  strang, 
strongest  (great  in  strength}  ,  1845, 
196;  magenes  rof  (id.),  2085.  — 
2)  prime,  flower  (of  a  nation), 
forces  available  in  war:  ace.  sg. 
swd  he  oft  (i.e.  etan)  dyde  magen 
IlreSmanna  (the  best  of  the  Hre§- 
men*},  445  >  8en-  SS-  w^  manna 
hwone  magenes  Deniga  (from(l*} 
any  of  the  forces  of  tJie  Danes}, 
155.  —  Comp.  ofer-magen. 

mageii-agend,  pres.  part.,  having 
great  strength,  valiant:  gen.  pi. 
-agendra,  2838. 

magen-byrffen,  st.  f.,  huge  burthen  : 
ace.  sg.  magen-byrSenne,  3092  ; 
dat.  (instr.)  sg.,  1626. 

magen-craft,  st.  m.,  great,  hero- 
like,  strength  :  ace.  sg.,  380. 

magen-ellen,  st.  n.  (the  same),  ace. 
sg.,  660. 

miigen-fultum,  st.  m.,  material 
aid  :  gen.  pi.  na's  ];at  honne  mcetost 
magen-fultuma  (that  was  not  the 
least  of  strong  helps,  i.e.  the  sword 
Hrunting),  1456. 

magen-raes,  st.  m.,  mighty  attack, 
onslaught  :  ace.  sg.,  1520. 


heroic  power  :  ace.  sg.,  2679. 
magen-wudu,  st.  m.,  might-wood, 

i.e.  the  spear,  lance  :  ace.  sg.,  236. 
miist,  st.  m.,  mast  :  nom.  sg.,  1899; 

dat.  sg.  be  ma'ste  (Jicside  the  mast}, 

36;    to  the.  mast,  1906. 
maeffum.      See    muffum,    liyge- 

mseS'um. 
maeg,  st.  m.,  kinsman  by  blood  :  nom. 

sg.  mxg,  408,  738,  759,  814,  915, 

1531,   1945,  etc.;    (brother'},  468, 

2605?   ace.  sg.  maeg  (soil},  1340; 


(brother},  2440,  2485,  2983;  dat 
sg.  mcege,  1979;  gen.  sg.  mseges, 
2629,  2676,  2699,  2880;  nom.  pi. 
magas,  1016;  ace.  pi.  magas,  2816 ; 
dat.  pi.  mdgum,  1179,  2615,  3066; 
(to brothers},  1168;  mrcgum,  2354; 
gen.  pi.  maga,  247,  1080,  1854, 
2007,  2743.  —  Comp.  :  faderen-, 
heafod-,  wine-mseg. 

maeg-burh,  st.  f.,  borough  of  blood- 
kinsmen,  entire  population  -united 
by  ties  of  blood ;  (in  wider  sense) 
race,  people,  nation  :  gen.  sg.  lond- 
rihtes  . . .  j^asre  mseg-burge  (of  land 
possessions  among  the  people,  i.e.  of 
the  Geatas),  2888. 

maegS1,  st.  f.,  race,  people :  ace.  sg. 
moegfte,  1012;  dat.  sg.  mgegSe,  75; 
dat.  pi.  mseg'Sum,  5;  gen.  pi.  mceg- 
"Sa,  25,  1772. 

maeg-\vine,  st.  m.,  blood  kinsman, 
friend,  2480. 

mael,  st.  n.:  i)  time,  point  of  time  : 
nom.  sg.  316;  ))&  was  seel  and  mcel 
(there  was  [appropriate]  chance 
and  time},  1009  ;  ace.  sg.  mail, 
2634;  instr.  pi.  serran  mcelum,  908, 
2238,  3036;  gen.  pi.  moela,  1250; 
stela  and  maela,  1612;  mael  a  ge- 
hwylce  (each  time,  without  inter- 
mission}, 2058.  —  2)  sword,  weap- 
on :  nom.  sg.  broden  (brogden) 
mrel  (the  drawn  sword*},  1617, 1668 
(cf.  Grimm,  Andreas  and  Elene,  p. 
156). —  3)  mole,  spot,  mark. — 
Comp. :  graeg-,  hring-,  sceaften-, 
wunden-mcel. 

mael-ccaru,  st.  f.,  long-continued 
sorrow,  grief :  ace.  sg.  mael-ceare, 
189. 

inael-gcsccaft,  st.  t.,fatc,  appointed 
time  :  ace.  pi.  ic  on  earde  b&d  msel- 
gesceafta  (awaited the  time  allotted 
for  me  by  fate*},  2738. 

maman,  w.  v.,  with  ace.  in  the  sense 


GLOSSARY. 


233 


of  (i)  to  remember,  mention,  pro- 
claim :  inf.  maenan,  1068 ;  pret. 
part.  >xr  was  Beowulfes  maeriSo 
maenecl,  858.  —  2)  to  mention  sor- 
rowfully, mourn  :  inf.  3173;  pret. 
sg.  giohfto  maende  (inourned  sor- 
rowfully}, 2268 ;  pret.  pi.  mcendon, 
1150,  3150. 

ge -maenan  (see  man),  w.  v.  with 
ace.,  to  injure  maliciously,  break  : 
subj.  pret.  pi.  ge-maenden,  1102. 

ge-maene,  adj.,  common,  in  com- 
mon :  nom.  sg.  gemaene,  2474;  j?aer 
unc  hwile  was  hand  gemaene  (i.e. 
in  battle),  2138;  sceal  urum  J>at 
sweord  and  helm  bdm  gemaene 
(i.e.  wesan),  2661;  nom.  pi.  ge- 
maene, 1861;  dat.  pi.  }?at  J>am  fol- 
cum  sceal... sib  gemaenum  (at- 
traction for  gemacne,  i.e.  wesan), 
1858;  gen.  pi.  unc  sceal  (i.e.  we- 

»  san)  fela  maVSma  gemaenra  (we 
two  shall  share  many  treasures  to- 
gether}, 1785. 

maerBTu,  st.  f. :  i)  glory,  a  herd's 
fame:  nom.  sg.  858 ;  ace.  sg.  maerfio, 
6oo(?),688;  ace.  pi.  mser'Sa,2997; 
instr.  pi.  mrer'o'um  (gloriously*}, 
2515:  gen.  pi.  moer'Sa,  504,  1531. 
—  2)  deed  of  glory,  heroism  : 
ace.  sg.  maer'So,  2135;  gen.  pi. 
maer'Sa,  408,  2646.  —  Comp.  ellen- 
maer'Su. 

maere,  adj.,  memorable ;  celebrated, 
noble  ;  well  known,  notorious  :  nom. 
sg.  m.maere,  103,  129,  1716,  1762; 
se  msera,  763,  2012,  2588;  also  as 
vocative  m.  se  msera,  1475;  nom- 
fern,  maeru,  201 7;  maere,i953;  neut. 
maere,  2406;  ace.  sg.  m.  maerne,  36, 
20I>  353,  1599,  2385,  2722,  2789, 
3099;  neut.  maere,  1024;  dat.  sg. 
maerum,  345,  1302,  1993,  2080, 
2573>  to  J?am  maeran,  270;  gen.  sg. 
maeres,  798;  maeran,  1730;  nom.  pi. 


maere,  3071;  superl.  maerost,  899. 

—  Comp. :  fore-,  heafto-maere. 
maest.     See  mara. 
meete,  adj.,  moderate,  small:  superl. 

nom.  sg.  maetost,  1456. 
mecg,  macg,  ^.iv^.,, son,  youth,  man  : 

in  comp.  hilde-,  oret-mecg,  vvrac- 

macg. 

media.    See  on-medla. 
medu,  st.  m.,  mead  :  ace.  sg.  medu, 

2634;  dat.  sg.  to  medo,  605. 
medo-arn,  st.  n.,  mead-hall:  ace.  sg. 

medo-arn  (Heorot),  69. 
medu-benc,  st.  f.,  mead-bench,  bench 

in  the  mead-hall :  nom.  sg.  medu- 

benc,   777  ;    dat.  sg.  medu-bence, 

1053  ;   medo-bence,    1068,  2186; 

meodu-bence,  1903. 
medu-dre&m,  st.  m.,  mead-joy,  joy- 

otts  carousing  during  mead-drink- 
ing :  ace.  sg.  2017. 
medo-f  ul,  st.  n.,  mead-cup  :  ace.  sg. 

625,  1016. 
medo-heal,  st.  f.,  mead-hall :  nom. 

sg.,   484;    dat.  sg.   meodu-healle, 

639. 

medu-scenc,  st.  f.,  mead-can,  ves- 
sel:  instr.  pi.  meodu-scencum, 
1981. 

medu-seld,  st.  n.,  mead-scat,  mead- 
house :  ace.  sg.,  3066. 

medo-setl,  st.  n.,  mead-seat  ttpon 
which  one  sits  mead-drinking  :  gen. 
pi.  meodo-setla,  5. 

medo-stig,  st.  f.,  mead-road,  road 
to  the  mead-hall:  ace.  sg.  medo- 
stig,  925. 

medo  -  wang,  st.  m.,  mead-f.dd 
(where  the  mead-hall  stood)  :  ace. 
pi.  medo-wongas,  1644. 

me9"el,  st.  n.,  speech,  conversation  : 
dat.  sg.  on  meftle,  1877. 

meffel-stede,  st.  m.,  (properly  place 
of  speech,  judgment-seat},  here 
meeting-place,  battle-field  (so^also, 


234 


GLOSSARY. 


425,  the  battle  is  conceived  under 
the  figure  of  a  parliament  or  con- 
vention) :  dat.  sg.  on  |>am  mctfel- 
stede,  1083. 

ineffel-worcl,  st.  m.,  words  called 
forth  at  a  discussion ;  address : 
instr.  pi.  meftel-wordum,  236. 

melda,  w.  m.,  finder,  informer,  be- 
trayer :  gen.  sg.  J>as  meldan,  2406. 

nicltan,  st.  v.  intrans.,  to  consume 
by  fire,  melt  or  zuaste  away  :  inf., 
3012;  pret.  sg.  mealt,  2327;  pi. 
multon,  1 1 21. 

g  e  -  m  e  1 1  a  n ,  the  same :  pret.  sg.  ge- 
mealt,  898,  1609,  1616;  negemealt 
him  se  mod-sefa  {his  courage  did 
not  desert  him},  2629. 

men.     See  man. 

mene,  st.  n.,  neck  ornament,  neck- 
lace, collar  :  ace.  sg.,  1200. 

mengan,  w.  v.,  to  mingle,  unite,  with, 
w.  ace.  of  thing :  inf.  se  j?e  mere- 
grundas  mengan  scolde,  1450. 

ge-mengan,/<?  mix  ivifh,  commin- 
gle :  pret.  part.,  849,  1594. 

menigeo,  st.  f.,  multitude,  many  : 
nom.  and  ace.  sg.  maxima  menigeo 
{multitude  of  treasures,  presents), 
2144;  so,  manigo,  41. 

mercels,  st.  m.,  mark,  aim  :  gen. 
sg.  mercelses,  2440. 

mere,  st.  m.,  sea,  ocean  :  nom.  sg. 
se  mere,  1363;  ace.  sg.  on  mere, 
1131,  1604;  on  nicera  mere,  846; 
dat.  sg.  fram  mere,  856. 

mere-deor,  st.  n.,  sea-beast:  ace.  sg., 
558. 

mere-fara,  w.  m.,  seafarer:  gen. 
sg.  mere-faran,  502. 

mere-fix,  st.  m.,  sea-fish  :  gen.  pi. 
mere-fixa  (the  whale,  cf.  540),  549. 

mere-grund,  st.  m.,  sea-bottom :  ace. 
sg.,  2101;  ace.  pi.  mere-grundas, 
1450. 

mere-hragi,    st.   m.,    sea-garment, 


i.e.,    sail:    gen.    pi.    mere-hragla 

sum,  1906. 
rncre-liffend,  pres.  part.,  moving  on 

the  sea,  sailor:  nom.  pi.  mere-li- 

"Sende,  255. 
mere-strait,  st.  f.,   sea-street,   way 

over  the  sea  :  ace.  pi.  mcre-strccta, 

5H- 

mcre-strengo,  st.  f.,  sea-power, 
strength  in  the  sea  :  ace.  sg.,  533. 

mere-wif,  st.  n.,  sea-woman,  mer- 
woman :  ace.  sg.  (of  Grendel's 
mother),  1520. 

mergen.     See  morgen. 

met,  st.  n.,  thought,  intention  (cf. 
metian  =•  meditari)  :  ace.  pi.  onsael 
meoto,  489  (meaning  doubtful; 
see  Bugge,  Journal  8,  292;  Die- 
trich, Haupt's  Zeits.  11,411;  Kor- 
ner,  Eng.  Stud.  2,  251). 

g  e  -  met,  st.  n.,  an  apportioned  share  ; 
might,  power,  ability  :  nom.  sg.  nis 
bat  .  .  .  gemet  mannes  nefne  min 
anes  {nobody,  myself  excepted,  can 
do  that},  2534;  ace.  sg.  ofer  min 
gemet  {beyond  my  power),  2880; 
dat.  sg.  mid  gemete,  780. 

ge-met,  adj.,  well-measured,  meet, 
good:  nom.  sg.  svva  him  gemet 
Jnnce  (J>uhte),  (as  seemed  meet  to 
him),  688,  3058.  See  un-gemete, 
adv. 

metan,  st.  v.,  to  measure,  pass  over 
or  along:  pret.  pi.  fealwe  straete 
mearum  mseton  (measured  the  yel- 
low road  with  their  horses},  918  ; 
so,  514,  1634. 

ge-met  an,  the  same:  pret.  sg. 
medu-stig  gemat  (ineasurcd,walked 
over,  the  road  to  the  mead-hall}, 

925- 

metod,  st.  m.  (the  measuring,  ar- 
ranging) Creator,  God :  nom.  sg., 
1 10,  707,  968,  1058,  2528 ;  scir 
metod,  980;  so'S  metod,  1612;  ace. 


GLOSSARY. 


235 


sg.  metod,  180;  dat.  sg.  metode, 
169,  1779;  gen.  sg.  metodes,  671. 
—  Comp.  eald-metod. 

metod-sceaft,  st.  f. :  i)  the  Creator's 
determination,  divine  piirpose, 
fate  :  ace.  sg.  -sceaft,  1078. —  2}  the 
Creators  glory :  ace.  sg.  metod- 
sceaft  seon  (i.e.  die),  1181;  dat. 
sg.  to  metod-sceafte,  2816. 

mece,  st.  m.,  sword :  nom.  sg.,  1939; 
ace.  sg.  mece,  2048;  br&dne  mece, 
2979;  gen.  sg.  meces,  1766,  1813, 
2615,  2940;  dat.  pi.  instr.  me'cum, 
565 ;  gen.  pi.  m£ca,  2686. — Comp. : 
beado-,  haft-,  hilde-mSce. 

med,  st.  f.,  meed,  reward :  ace.  sg. 
mede,  2135;  dat.  sg.  mede,  2147; 
gen.  pi.  meda,  1179. 

ge-mede,  st.  n.,  approval,  permis- 
sion (Grein)  :  ace.  pi.  ge-me'du, 
247. 

meffe,  adj.,  tired,  exhausted,  de- 
jected: in  comp.  hyge-,  sce-me'Se. 

mf'tan,  w.  v.,  to  meet,  find,  fall  in 
with:  with  ace.,  pret.  pi.  syft'San 
Aescheres . .  .hafelanmetton,i422; 
subj.  pret.  sg.  Hit  he  ne  mette  .  .  . 
on  elran  man  mundgripe  mSran 
(that  he  never  met,  in  any  other 
man,  with  a  mightier  hand-grip}, 

752- 

ge-metan,  with  ace.,  the  same: 
pret.  sg.  gemette,  758,  2786;  pi. 
nas  J>a  long  to  J>on,  >at  \>&  aglaecean 
hy  eft  gemetton  (it  was  not  long 
after  that  the  warriors  again  met 
each  other),  2593. 

ge- meting,  st.  f.,  meeting,  hostile 
coming  together  :  nom.  sg.,  2002. 

nieagol,  adj.,  mighty,  immense ;  for- 
mal, solemn:  instr.  pi.  meaglum 
wordum,  1981. 

moa.ro,  st.  f.,  frontier,  limit,  end: 
dat.  sg.  to  mearce  (the  end  of  life\ 
2385.— Comp.  Weder-mearc,  298. 


g  e  -  m  e  a  r  c,  st.  n.,  measure,  distance  : 
comp.  fot-,  mil-ge-mearc. 

mearcian,  w.  v.,  to  mark,  stain  : 
pres.  ind.  sg.  mearca'S  morhopu 
(will  stain,  mark,  the  moor  with 
the  blood  of  the  corpse},  450. 

ge-mearcian,  the  same:  pres. 
part.  (Cain)  mor'Sre  gemearcod 
(murder-marked '[cf.  I  Book  Mos. 
IV.  15]),  1265;  swawas  on  teem 
scennum  .  .  .  gemearcod  .  . .  hwam 
J>at  sweord  geworht  waere  (en- 
graved for  whom  the  sword  had 
been  wrought},  1696. 

mearc-stapa,  w.  m.,  march- sir ider, 
frontier -haunter  (applied  to  Gren- 
del  and  his  mother)  :  nom.  sg., 
103;  ace.  pi.  mearc-stapan,  1349. 

mearh,  st.  m.,  horse,  steed.:  nom.  pi. 
mearas,  2164 ;  ace.  pi.  mearas,  866, 
1036;  dat.  pi.  inst.  mearum,  856, 
918;  mearum  and  mstSmum,  1049, 
1899 ;  gen.  pi.  meara  and  mdftma, 
2167. 

mearn.     See  murnan. 

meodn.     See  medu. 

meoto.     See  met. 

meotud.     See  metod. 

meowle,  w.  f.,  maiden  :  comp.  geo- 
meowle. 

micel,  adj.,  great,  huge,  long  (of 
time)  :  nom.  sg.  m.,  129,  502;  fern., 
67,  146,170;  neut.,  772;  ace.  sg. 
in.  micelne,  3099;  fern,  micle, 
1779,  3092;  neut.  micel,  270,  1168. 
The  comp.  mare  must  be  supplied 
before  J?one  in :  medo-arn  micel 
.  .  .  (m&re)  jjone  yldo  beam  sefre 
ge-frunon,  69;  instr.  sg.  ge-trume 
micle,  923 ;  micle  (by  much,  much} ; 
micle  leofre  (far  dearer},  2652; 
efne  swa"  micle  (lassa),  ([/m]  even 
by  so  much},  1284;  oftor  micle 
(imich  oflencr},  1580;  dat.  sg. 
weak  form  miclan,  2850;  gen.  sg. 


236 


GLOSSARY. 


miclan,  979.  The  gen.  sg.  micles 
is.  an  adv.  =  much,  -very-  micles 
wyrftne  gedon  (deem  worthy  of 
much,  i.e.  honor  very  highly) ,  2 1 86 ; 
to  fela  micles  (far  too  much,  many} , 
695;  ace.  pi.  micle,  1349.  Compar., 
see  mara. 

mid,  I.  prep.  w.  dat.,  instr.,  and  ace., 
signifying  preeminently  union, 
community,  with,  hence:  i)  w. 
dat. :  a)  with,  in  company,  com- 
mtinity,  with:  mid  Finne,  1129; 
mid  Hrotfgare,  1593;  mid  scip- 
herge,  243;  mid  gesiSum  {with 
his  comrades},  1314;  so,  1318, 
1964,  2950,  etc.;  mid  his  freo- 
drihtne,  2628;  mid  J?sem  licum 
(wit A  the  gifts'),  1869;  so,  2789, 
125 ;  mid  hsele  {with  good  hick  !}, 
1218;  mid  bade  for  {sped  off  amid 
fire),  2309.  The  prep,  postponed  : 
him  mid  (with  him,  in  his  compa- 
ny), 41;  with  him,  1626;  ne  was 
him  Fitela  mid  {was  not  with  him}, 
890.  b)  with,  among :  mid  Gea- 
tum  {among  the  Gedtas),  195, 
2193,2624;  mid  Scyldingum,  274; 
mid  Eotenum,  903;  mid  yldum 
(eldum),  77,2612;  mid  him  («;»/#, 
among,  one  another},  2949.  In 
temporal  sense:  mid  ser-dage  (at 
dawn},  126.  —  2)  with,  with  the 
help  of,  through,  w.  dat. :  mid 
aT-staf  um  (throzigh  his  grace}  5317; 
so,  2379;  mid  grape  {with  the  fist}, 
438;  so,  1462,2721;  midhishete- 
J>oncum  {through his hatred},^^ ; 
mid  sweorde,  574;  so,  1660,  2877  ; 
mid  gemete  {throttgh,  by,  his 
power},  780;  so,  1220,  2536,  2918; 
mid  gode  {with  benefits'},  1185; 
mid  hearme  {with  harm,  insult}, 
1893;  mid  frere  sorge  {with 
\_throughl~\  this  sorrow},  2469; 
mid  rihte  (by  rights},  2057.  With 


instr. :  mid  J>y  wife  (through  \_mar- 
riage  with~\  the  woman},  2029. — 
3)  w.  ace.,  with,  in  community, 
company,  with  :  mid  his  eorla  ge- 
driht,  357;  so,  634,  663,  1673; 
mid  hine,  880;  mid  minne  gold- 
gyfan,  2653. 

II.  adv.,  mid,  thereamong,  in 
the  company,  1643;  at  the  same 
time,  likewise,  1650. 

midclan-geard,  st.  m., globe,  earth: 
ace.  sg.,  75,  1772;  dat.  sg.  on  mid- 
dan-gearde,  2997 ;  gen.  sg.  middan- 
geardes,  504,  752. 

midde,  adj.,  middle  •=.  meditis  :  dat. 
sg.  on  middan  {through  the  middle, 
in  two},  2706;  gen.  sg.  (adv.)  to- 
middes  (in  the  midst},  3142. 

middel-niht,  st.  f.,  midnight :  dat. 
pi.  middel-nihtum,  2783,  2834. 

miht,  st.  f.,  might, power,  authority : 
acc.sg.  hurh  drihtnes  miht  (through 
the  Lord's  help,  power} ,  941 ;  instr. 
pi.  selfes  mihtum,  701. 

mihtig,  adj.:  i)  physically  strong, 
powerful:  nom.  sg.  mihtig  mere- 
deor,  558;  mere-wif  mihtig,  1520. 
—  2)  possessing  authority,  mighty  : 
nom.  sg.  mihtig  god,  702,  1717, 
1726;  dat.  sg.  mihtigan  drihtne, 
1399.  —  Comp. :  al-,  fore-mihtig. 

milde,  adj.,  kind,  gracious,  gener- 
ous :  nom.  sg.  modes  milde  (kind- 
hearted},  1230;  instr.  pi.  mildum 
\vord\im(graciotis/y},ii'j^.  Superl. 
nom.  sg.  worold-cyning  mannum 
mildust  (a  king  most  liberal  to 
men},  3183. 

milts,  st.  f.,  kindness,  benevolence  : 
nom.  sg.,  2922. 

missan,  w.  v.  with  gen.,  to  miss, 
err  in :  pret.  sg.  miste  mercelses 
(missed the  mark},  2440. 

mis  sere,  st.  n.,  space  of  a  semester, 
half  a  year :  gen.  pi.  hand  missera 


GLOSSARY. 


237 


(Jiffy  winters},  2734,  2210;  gen- 
erally, a  long  period  of  time,  season, 
1499,  1770;  felamissera,  153, 2621. 

mist-hlia1,  st.  n.,  misty  cliff,  cloud- 
capped  slope  :  dat.  pi.  under  mist- 
hleo'Sum,  711. 

mistig,  adj.,  misty  :  ace.  pi.  mistige 
moras,  162. 

mil-gemearc,  st.  n.,  measure  by 
miles:  gen.  sg.  mil-gemearces, 

I363- 

min:  i)  poss.  pron.,  my,  mine,  255, 
345,  etc. ;  Hygelac  min  (my  lord, 
or  king,  //.),  2435.— 2)  Sen-  SS- 
of  pers,  pron.  ic,  of  me,  2085, 2534, 
etc. 

molde,  w.  f.,  dust;  earth,  field :  in 
comp.  gras-molde. 

mon.     See  man. 

g  e  -  mong .     See  g  e  -  mang. 

morS'-bealu,  st.  n.,  murder,  deadly 
bale  or  deed  of  murder:  gen.  pi. 
morS-beala,  136. 

morffor,  st.  n.,  deed  of  violence,  mur- 
der :  dat.  instr.  sg.  morftre,  893, 
1265,2783;  gen.  sg.  morftres, 2056; 
morSres  scyldig  (victim  of  a  violent 
death},  1684. 

morfror-bed,  st.  n.,  bed  of  death, 
murder-bed:  ace.  sg.  was  J^am 
yldestan'.  .  .  morftor-bed'.stred  (a 
bed  of  death  was  spread  for  the 
eldest,  i.e.  through  murder  his  death- 
bed was  prepared),  2437. 

morffor-bealu,  st.  n.,  death-bale, 
destruction  by  murder :  ace.  sg. 
morSor-bealo,  1080,  2743. 

morffor-hete,  st.  m.,  murderous 
hate :  gen.  sg.  J>as  mor'Sor-hetes, 
1106. 

morgen,  morn,  mergeii,  st.  m., 
morning,  forenoon  ;  also  morrow  : 
nom.  sg.  morgen,  1785,  2125; 
(morrow},  2104;  ace.  sg.  on  mor- 
gen (in  the  morning'},  838;  dat. 


sg.  on  morgne,  2485  ;  on  mergenne, 
565,  2940;  gen.  pi.  morna  ge- 
hwylce  (every  morning),  2451. 

morgen-ceald,  adj.,  morning-cold, 
dawn-cold  :  nom:  sg.  gar  morgen- 
ceald  (spear  chilled  by  the  early 
air  of  morn},  3023. 

morgen-lang,  adj.,  lasting  through 
the  morning:  ace.  sg.  morgen- 
longne  dag  (the  whole  forenoon), 
2895. 

morgen-leoht,  st.  n.,  morning-light: 
nom.  sg.,  605,  918. 

morgen-sweg,  st.  m.,  morning-cry, 
cry  at  morn  :  nom.  sg.,  129. 

morgen-tid,  st.  f.,  morning-tide: 
ace.  sg.  on  morgen  -  tide,  484, 


morn.     See  morgen. 

mdd,  st.  n.:  i)  heart,  soul,  spirit, 
mood,  mind,  manner  of  thinking  : 
nom.  sg.,  50,  731;  wafre  mod  (the 
flickering  spirit,  the  fading  breath)  , 
1151;  ace.  sg.  on  mod  (into  his 
mind},  67;  dat.  instr.  sg.  mode 
ge)mngen  (of  mature,  lofty  spirit}  , 
625;  on  mode  (in  heart,  mind}, 
754,  1845,  2282,  2528;  on  hreoum 
mode  {fierce  of  'spirit},  2582;  gen. 
sg.  modes,  171,  811,  1707;  modes 
bliSe  (gracious  -  minded,  kindly 
disposed},  436;  so,  modes  milde, 
1230;  modes  seoce  (depressed  in 
mind},  1604.  —  2)  boldness,  cour- 
age :  nom.  and  ace.  sg.,  1058,  1  168. 
3)  passion,  fierceness  :  nom.  sg., 
549.  —  Comp.  form  adj.:  galg.-, 
geomor-,  glad-,  gu'S-,  hreoh-,  irre-, 
sarig-,  stift-,  swift-,  werig-mod. 

mod-cearn,  st.  f.,  grief  of  heart  : 
ace.  sg.  mod-ceare,  1993,  3150. 

mOd-gehygd,  st.  n.,  thought  of  the 
heart;  mind:  instr.  pi.  mod-ge- 
hygdum,  233 

m6d-ge-l?anc,  st.  n.,  mood-thotight  ; 


238 


GLOSSARY. 


meditation  :  ace.  sg.  mod-ge-bonc, 

I73°- 

m6d-giGmor,  adj .,  grieved  at  heart, 
dejected:  nom.  sg.,  2895. 

m6dig,  adj.,  courageous :  nom.  sg., 
605,  1644,  1813,  2758;  he  bas 
(Him,  MS.)  modig  was  (had  the 
coverage  for  if),  1509;  se  modega, 
814 ;  dat.  sg.  mid  bam  modigan, 
3012;  gen.  sg.  modges,  502;  mo- 
diges,  2699 ;  Geata  leod  georne 
truwode  modgan  magnes  (trusted 
firmly  in  his  bold  strength},  671; 
nom.  pi.  modge,  856 ;  modige, 
1877  ;  gen.  pi.  modigra,  312,  1889. 
—  Comp.  fela-modig. 

modig-lic,  adj.,  of  bold  appearance  : 
compar.  ace.  pi.  modiglicran,  337. 

m6d-lufe,  \v.  f.,  hearts  affection, 
love :  gen.  pi.  J>inre  mod-lufan, 
1824. 

inOd-sefa,  w.  m.,  thought  of  the 
heart ;  brave,  bold  temper ;  cour- 
age :  nom.  sg.,  349,  1854,  2629; 
ace.  sg.  mod-sefan,  2013;  dat.  sg. 
mod-sefan,  180. 

m6d-J>racu,  st.  f.,  boldness,  courage; 
strength  of  mind :  dat.-  sg.  for  his 
mod-brace,  385. 

mddor,  f.,  mother  :  nom.  sg.,  1259, 
1277,  1283,  1684,  2119;  ace.  sg. 
modor,  1539,  2140,  2933. 

mOna,  w.  m.,  moon  :  gen.  sg.  mo- 
nan,  94. 

m6r,  st.  m.,  moor,  morass,  swamp  : 
ace.  sg.  ofer  myrcan  mor,  1406; 
dat.  sg.  of  more,  711;  ace.  pi. 
moras,  103,  162,  1349. 

inOr-hOp,  st.  n.,  place  of  refuge  in 
the  moor,  hiding-place  in  the 
swamp  :  ace.  pi.  mor-hopu,  450. 

g  e  -  m6t,  st.  n.,  meeting :  in  comp. 
hand-,  torn-ge-mot. 

motaii,  pret.-pres.  v. :  I )  power  or 
permission  to  have  something,  to 


be  permitted ;  may,  can  :  pres.  sg. 
I.,  III.  mot,  1 86,  442,  604;  II. 
most,  1672;  pi.  moton,  347,  365, 
395;  pres.  subj.  ic  mote,  431;  III. 
se  }?e  mote,  1388;  pret.  sg.  moste, 
1 68,  707,  736,  895,  1488,  1999, 
2242,  2505,  etc.;  pi.  moston,  1629, 
1876,  2039,  2125,  2248;  pres.  subj. 
sg.  II.  bat  Jni  hine  selfne  geseon 
moste  (inightest  see),  962.  —  2) 
shall,  must,  be  obliged :  pres.  sg. 
mot,  2887;  pret.  sg.  moste,  1940; 
£ser  he  J>y  fyrste  forman  dogore 
wealdan  moste,  SW&  him  Wyrd  ne 
gescrai,  hretS  at  hilde  (if  he  must 
for  the  first  time  that  day  be  victo- 
rious, as  Fate  had  denied  him  vic- 
tory, cf.  2681,  2683  seqq.),  2575. 
ge-xnunan,  pret.-pres.  v.,  to  have 
in  mind,  be  mindful ;  remember, 
think  of,  w.  ace. :  pres.  sg.  hine 
gearwe  geman  witena  wel-hwylc 
(each  of  the  knowing  ones  still  re- 
members him  well),  265 ;  ic  J^e  bas 
lean  geman  (/  shall  not  forget  thy 
reward  for  this},  1221 ;  ic  hat  call 
gemon  (/  remember  all  tliaf), 
2428;  so,  1702,  2043;  gif  he  )?at 
call  gemon  hwat  .  .  .  (if  he  is 
mindful  of  all  that  which  .  .  .), 
1 1 86;  ic  >at  moel  gemon  hwacr  .  . . 
(/  remenber  the  time  when  .  .  .), 
2634;  pret.  sg.  w.  gemunde  .  .  . 
sefen-spraece  (recalled  his  evening 
speech},  759;  50,871,  1130,  1260, 
1271, 1291, 2115,  2432, 2607, 2679; 
se  bas  leod-hryres  lean  ge-munde 
(was  mindful  of  rezvard  for  the 
fall  of  the  ruler},  2392;  bat  he 
Eotena  beam  inne  gemunde  (that 
he  in  this  should  remember,  take 
vengeance  on,  the  children  of  the 
Jutes'},  1142;  so,  hond  gemunde 
fcehfto  genoge  (his  hand  remem- 
bered strife  enough),  2490;  ne  ge- 


GLOSSARY. 


239 


m  uncle  mago  Ecgldfes  bat  .  .  .  (re- 
membered not  that  which  .  .  .), 
1466;  pret.  pi.  helle  gemundon 
in  mod-sefan  (their  thoughts  [as 
heathens]  fixed  themselves  on,  re- 
membered, hell},  179. 

on-munan,  w.  ace.  pers.  and  gen. 
of  thing,  to  admonish,  exhort: 
pret.  sg.  onmunde  ftsic  mserSa  {ex- 
horted us  to  deeds  of  glory),  2641. 

iniiiKl,  st.  f.,  hand  :  instr.  pi.  mun- 
dum,  mid  mundum,  236,  514,  1462, 
3023,  3092. 


an,  preserver  .-nom.sg..  1481,2780. 

mimd-gripe,  st.  m.,  hand-grip, 
seizure  :  ace.  sg.  mund-gripe,  754; 
dat.  sg.  mund-gripe,  28o(?),  1535; 
after  mund-gripe  {after  having 
seized  the  criminal},  1939. 

murnan,  st.  v.,  to  shrink  from,  be 
afraid  of,  avoid:  pret.  sg.  no 
mearn  fore  faeh'Se  and  fyrene,  136; 
so,  1538;  nalles  for  ealdre  mearn 
(was  not  apprehensive  for  his  life}  , 
1443.  —  2)  to  mourn,  grieve  :  pres. 
part,  him  was  .  .  .  murnende  mod, 
50;  pres.  subj.,  bonne  he  fela  murne 
(than  that  he  should  mourn  much}, 
1386. 

be-murnan,  be-meornan,  with 
ace.,  to  mourn  over  :  pret.  be- 
mearn,  908,  1078. 

m  urn-lice.    See  un-in  urn-lice. 

muff-bana,  w.  m.,  mouth-destroyer  : 
dat.  sg.  to  mdft-bonan  (of  Grendel 
because  he  bit  his  victim  to  death), 
2080. 

muff  a,  w.  m.,  mouth,  entrance  :  ace. 
sg.  recedes  muftan  {mouth  of  the 
house,  door},  725. 

ge-mynd,  st.  f.,  memory,  memorial, 
remembrance:  dat.  pi.  to  gemyn- 
dum,  2805,  3017.  See  weorff- 
myud. 


myndian,  w.  v.,  to  call  to  mind, 
remember :  pres.  sg.  myndgafl, 
2058;  pres.  part.  w.  gen.  gif  bonne 
Fresna  hwylc  .  .  .  b&s  morftor- 
hetes  myndgiend  wsere  (were  to 
call  to  mind  the  bloody  feitd},  1 106. 

ge- myndian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  re- 
member :  bi'S  gemyndgad  .  .  .  ea- 
foran  ellor-sift  (is  reminded  of  his 
son's  decease},  2451. 

ge-myndig,  adj.,  mindful:  nom. 
sg.  w.  gen.,  614,  869,  1174,  1531, 
2083,  etc. 

myne,  st.  m. :  i)  mind,  wish  :  nom. 
sg.,  2573. — 2}~'love{?}  :  ne  his 
myne  wisse  (whose  [God's]  love 
he  knew  not},  169. 

ge-niynian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  be 
mindful  of:  imper.  sg.  gemyne 
mser'So !  660. 

myntan,  w.  v.,  to  intend,  think  of, 
resolve  :  pret.  sg.  mynte  .  .  .  man- 
na cynnes  sumne  besyrwan  {meant 
to  entrap  all{?}  [see  sum],  some 
one  of(?),  the  men},  713;  mynte 
bat  he  gedselde  .  .  .  {thought  to 
sever},  732;  mynte  se  moera,  bser 
he  meahte  swa",  widre  gewindan 
{intended  to  flee} ,  763. 

myrce,  adj.,  m^trky,  dark:  ace.  sg. 
ofer  myrcan  mor,  1406. 

myrff,  st.  i.,joy,  mirth  :  dat.  (instr.) 
sg.  modes  myrfte,  8n. 


N 


naca,  w.  m.,  vessel,  ship :  ace.  sg. 

nacan,  295;  gen.  sg.  nacan,  214. 

—  Comp. :  hring-,  yft-naca. 
nacod,  adj.,  naked :  nom.  and  ace. 

sg.   swurd,   gftS-bill    nacod,    539, 

2586;   nacod  nicS-draca,  2274. 
nalas,  nales,  nallas.  See  nealles. 
nama,  w.  m.,  name  :  nom.  sg.  Beo- 


240 


GLOSSARY. 


wulf  is  mm  nama,  343 ;  was  )?am 

haft-m£ce  Hrunting  "nama,  1458; 

ace.  sg.  scop   him  Heort  natnan 

{gave  it  the  name  Hart},  78. 
na  (from  ne-a),  strength,  negative, 

never,  not  all,  445,  567,  1537. 
nah,  from  ne-a"h.     See  agan. 
nan  (from  ne-dn),  indef.  pron.,  none, 

no :  with  gen.  pi.  gutf-billa    na"n, 

804;  adjectively,  na"n .  . .  iren  ser- 

god,  990. 
nat,  from  ne-wat :  I  know  not  =  ne- 

scio.     See  witan. 
nat-hwylc    (nescio    quis,    ne-wat- 

hwylc,  know  not  who,  which,  etc.), 

indef.  pron.,   any,  a  certain  one, 

some  or  other  :  i )  w.  partitive  gen. : 

nom.  sg.  gumena  nat-hwylc,  2234; 

gen.  sg.  n&t-hwylces  (J>a"ra  banena), 

2054;   nifta  n^t-hwylces(?),  2216; 

nit-hwylces  halefta  bearna,  2225. 

—  2)  adjectively :  dat.  sg.  in  nift- 

sele  ndt-hwylcum,  1514. 
nabben,    from    ne-habben    (subj. 

pres.).     See  habban. 
nafne.     See  nefne. 
nagel,  st.  m.,  nail:  gen.  pi.  nagla 

(of  the  finger-nails),  986. 
nagled,   part.,    nailedl,   nail-like"?, 

buckled};    ace.   sg.   neut.   nagled 

(MS.  gled)  sine,  2024. 
nas,    st.   m.,   naze,   rock  projecting 

into  the  sea,  cliff,  promontory  :  ace. 

sg.  nas,  1440,  1601,  2899;   dat.  sg. 

nasse,  2244,  2418;  ace.  pi.  windige 

nassas,  1412;   gen.  pi.  nassa,  1361. 
nas,  from  ne-vvas  {was  not).     See 

vvesan. 
nas,  neg.  adv.,  not,  not  at  all,  562, 

2263. 
nas-hliS1,    st.  n.,  declivity,  slope  of  a 

promontory  that  sinks  downward 

to  the  sea  :  dat.  pi.  on  nas-hleov5um, 

1428. 
naefrc,  adv.,  never,  247,  583,  592, 


656>  7T9>  I042,  1049,  etc.;  also 
strengthened  by  ne :  nxfre  ne, 
1461. 

ge-nsegan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.  pers.  and 
gen.  of  thing,  to  attack,  press  : 
pret.  pi.  nliSa  gensegdan  nefan 
Hererices  (in  combats  pressed  hard 
tipon  H.'s  nephew'},  2207;  pret. 
part.  weariS . . .  nifta  genoeged,  1440. 

nsenig  (from  ne-senig),  pron.,  not 
any,  none,  no:  i)  substantively  w. 
gen.  pi.:  nom.  sg.,  157,  242,  692; 
dat.  sg.  nsenegum,  599;  gen.  pi. 
noenigra,  950.  —  2)  adjectively: 
nom.  sg.  ot>er  nsenig,  860;  nsenig 
water,  1515;  nsenig . . .  deor,  1934; 
ace.  sg.  nsenigne  .  .  .  horft-matmm, 
1199. 

neere,  from  ne-wsere  {were  not,  would 
not  be~}.  See  wesan. 

ne,  simple  neg.,  not,  38,  50,  80,  83, 
109,  etc.;  before  imper.  ne  sorga  ! 
1385;  ne  gym!  1 761, etc.  Doubled 
=  certainly  not,  not  even  that :  ne 
ge  .  .  .  gearwe  ne  wisson  {ye  cer- 
tainly have  not  known,  etc.),  245; 
so,  863;  ne  ic  .  .  .  wihte  ne  we"ne 
{nor  do  I  at  all  in  the  least  expect), 
2923;  so,  182.  Strengthened  by 
other  neg. :  nofter  . . .  ne,  2125;  swd 
he  ne  mihte  no  ...  {so  that  he  ab- 
solutely could  not),  1509. 

ne  ...  ne,  not .  .  .  and  not,  nor; 
neither  .  .  .  nor,  154-157,  511, 
1083-1085,  etc.  Another  neg.  may 
supply  the  place  of  the  first  ne: 
so,  no  ...  ne,  575-577,  1026-1028, 
1393-I395>  etc.;  mefre  . . . ne,  583- 
584;  nalles  .  .  .  ne,  3016-3017. 
The  neg.  may  be  omitted  the  first 
time  :  ser  ne  si'Sftan  {neither  before 
nor  after,  before  nor  since},  719; 
su5  ne  nor'S  {sotith  nor  nortJi), 
859;  adi  ne.yldo  {neither  illness 
nor  old  age),  1737;  wordum  ne 


GLOSSARY. 


241 


worcum  (neither  by  word  nor 
deed*),  noi;  wiston  and  ne  wen- 
don  (knew  not  and  weened  not), 
1605. 

nefa,  w.  m.,  nephew,  grandson  : 
nom.  sg.  nefa  (grandson),  1204; 
so,  1963;  (nephew},  2171;  ace.  sg. 
nefan  (nephew},  2207;  dat.  sg. 
nefan  (nephew},  882. 

nefne,  niifne,  nemne  (orig.  from 
ni-iba-ni)  :  i)  subj.:  a)  with  de- 
pend, clause  =  unless  :  nefne  him 
witig  god  wyrd  forstode  (if  fate, 
the  wise  God,  had  not  prevented 
hint),  1057;  nefne  god  sylfa  .  .  . 
sealde  (unless  God  himself,  etc.), 
3055;  nafne  him  his  wlite  leoge 
(MS.  nsefre)  (unless  his  face  belie 
hint),  250;  nafne  he  was  mara 
(except  that  he  was  huger*},  1354; 
nemne  him  hea'So-byrne  helpe  ge- 
fremede,  1553;  so,  2655. —b)  w. 
follow,  substantive  =  except,  save, 
only :  nefne  sin-frea  (except  the 
husband*},  1935;  *c  ty*  hafo  hea- 
fod-ma'ga  nefne  Hygeldc  J>ec  (have 
no  near  kin  but  thee*},  2152;  nis 
>at  eower  (gen.  pi.)  st$  .  .  .  nefne 
mln  dnes,  2534.  —  2)  Prep,  with 
dat.,  except :  nemne  feaum  &num, 
1082. 

g  e  -  nchost.    See  g  e  -  neahhe. 

nelle,  from  ne-wille  (I  will  not}. 
See  wiUan. 

nemnan,  w.  v.  w.  ace. :  i)  to  name, 
call :  pres.  pi.  J?one  yldestan  oret- 
mecgas  Beowulf  nemnaft  (the  war- 
riors call  the  most  distinguished 
one  Bedwulf},  364;  so  inf.  nem- 
nau,  2024;  pret.pl.  nemdon,  1355. 
—  2)  to  address,  as  in 

be-nemnan,  to  pronounce  solemn- 
ly, put  under  a  spell :  pret.  sg.  Fin 
Hengeste  .  .  .  a'Sum  be-nemde  bat 
(asserted,  promised  under  oath  that 


.  .  .),  1098 ;  pret.  pi.  sw£  hit  o'S 
domes  dag  diope  benemdon  £>eod- 
nas  moere  (put  under  a  ctirse}, 
3070. 

nemne.     See  nefne. 

nerian,  g  e  -  nerian,  w.  v.,  to  save, 
rescue,  liberate:  pres.  sg.  Wyrd 
oft  nereft  unfegne  eorl,  573;  pret. 
part,  hafde  .  .  .  sele  Hro'Sgdres  ge- 
nered  wiiS  nitSa  (saved  from  hos- 
tility}, 828. 

ge-nesan,  st.  v. :  i)  intrans.,  to  re- 
main over,  be  preserved:  pret.  sg. 
hrof  ana  genas  ealles  ansund  (the 
roof  alone  was  quite  sound},  1000. 
—  2)  w.  ace.,  to  endure  successfully, 
survive,  escape  from  :  pret.  sg.  se 
HI  sacce  ge-nas,  1978;  «fela  ic  .  .  . 
gu^5-raesa  ge-nas,  2427;  pret.  part, 
swd  he  niiSa  gehwane  genesen  haf- 
de, 2398. 

net,  st.  n.,  net:  in  comp.  bre^pst-, 
here-,  hring-,  inwit-,  searo-net. 

nedla,  w.  m.,  dire  necessity,  distress  : 
in  comp.  J?rea-nedla. 

iicffan  (G.  nanj?jan),  w.  v.,  to  ven- 
ture, undertake  boldly  :  pres.  part, 
nearo  ne"Sende  (encountering per- 
il*}, 2351;  pret.  pi.  >3er  git  ...  on 
deop  water  aldrum  n^^don  (where 
ye  tivo  risked yotir  lives  in  the  deep 
water*},  510;  so,  538. 

g  e  -  n  &  ft  a  n ,  the  same :  inf.  ne  dorste 
under  yiSa  gewin  aldre  ge-ne^an, 
1470.  With  depend,  clause  :  nse- 
nig  ]?at  dorste  gene"$an  J?at  (none 
durst  undertake  to  .  .  .),  1934; 
pret.  sg.  he  under  hdrne  stan  ana 
gene'Sde  frecne  dsede  (he  risked 
alone  the  bold  deed,  venturing  under 
the  grey  rock},  889;  (ic)  wige 
under  watere  weorc  gene'Sde  ear- 
fo^S-lice  (/  with  difficiilty  stood  the 
work  under  the  water  in  battle,  i.e. 
could  hardly  win  the  victory), 


242 


GLOSSAKY. 


1657;  ic  genSftde  fela  gfrSa  (yen- 
tured  on,  risked,  many  contests}, 
2512;  pres.  pi.  (of  majesty)  we 
.  .  .  frecne  gen£$don  eafoiS  uncu- 
l<Ses  (we  have  boldly  risked,  dared, 
the  monster 's  power} ,  961. 

neh.     See  neah. 

g  e  -  neahhe,  adv.,  enough,  sufficient- 
ly, 784,  3153;  superl.  genehost 
bragd  eorl  Beowulfes  ealde  lafe 
(many  an  earl  of  B?s},  795* 

nealles  (from  ne-ealles),  adv.,  om- 
nino  non,  not  at  all,  by  no  means  : 
nealles,  2146,  2168,  2180,  2223, 
2597,  etc.;  nallas,  1720,  1750; 
nalles,  338,  1019,  1077,  1443,  2504, 
etc.;  nalas,  43,  1494,  1530,  1538; 
nales,  1812. 

nearo,  st.  n.,  strait,  danger,  distress  : 
ace.  sg.  nearo,  2351,  2595. 

nearo,  adj.,  narrow:  ace.  pi.  f. 
nearwe,  1410. 

near  we,  adv.,  narrowly,  977. 

nearo-craft,st.*m.,  art  of  rendering 
difficult  of  access!,  inaccessibility 
(see  2214  seqq.)  :  instr.  pi.  nearo- 
craftum,  2244. 

nearo-fiih,  m.,  foe  that  causes  dis- 
tress, war-foe:  gen.  sg.  nearo- 
fdges,  2318. 

nearo->earf,  st.  f.,  dire  need,  dis- 
tress :  ace.  sg.  nearo-J>earfe,  422. 

g  e  -  nearwian,  w.  v.,  to  drive  into 
a  corner,  press  upon  :  pret.  part, 
genearwod,  1439. 

neah,  neh:  i)  adj.,  near,  nigh: 
nom.  sg.  neah,  1744,  2729.  In 
superl.  also  =  last :  instr.  sg.  nyh- 
stan  sitfe  {for  the  last  time},  1204; 
niehstan  sifte,  2512. 

2)  adv.,  near  :  feor  and  (o'S'Se) 
neah,  1222,  2871;  w.  dat.  sse- 
grunde  neah,  564;  so,  1925,  2243; 
holm-wylme  neh,  2412.  Compar. 
near,  746. 


iieaii,  adv.,  near  by,  {front}  close 
at  hand,  528;  (neon,  MS.),  3105; 
feorran  and  nean,  840;  nean  and 
feorran,  1175,  2318. 

ge-neat,  st.  m.,  comrade,  companion: 
in  comp.  beod-,  heortf-geneat. 

nioffor.     See  niffer. 

neowol,  adj.,  steep,  precipitous: 
ace.  pi.  neowle,  1412. 

neod,  st.  f.,  polite  intercourse  regu- 
lated by  etiquette!,  hall-joy!  :  ace. 
sg.  niode,  2117. 

neodu  ?,  2216. 

neod-la^u,  st.  f.,  polite  invitation  ; 
wish  :  dat.  sg.  after  neod-laftu  (ac- 
cording to  his  wishes},  1321. 

neosan,  neosian,  w.  v.  w.  gen.,  to 
seek  out,  look  for ;  to  attack  :  inf. 
neosan,  125,  1787,  1792,  1807, 
2075;  niosan,  2389,  2672;  neo- 
sian, 115,  1126;  niosian,  3046; 
pret.  sg.  niosade,  2487. 

neotan,  st.  v.,  to  take,  accept,  w. 
gen.;  to  use,  enjoy:  imper.  sg. 
neot,  1218. 

be-neotan,  w.  dat.,  to  rob,  deprive 
of:  inf.  hine  aldre  be-neotan,  68i; 
pret.  sg.  cyning  ealdre  bi-neat  (de- 
prived the  king  of  life},  2397. 

nicor,  st.  m.,  sea-horse,  walrus,  sea- 
monster  (cf.  Bugge  in  Zacher's 
Journal,  4,  197)  :  ace.  pi.  niceras, 
422,  575;  nicras,  1428;  gen.  pi. 
nicera,  846. 

nicor-hiis,  st.  n.,  house  or  den  of  sea- 
monsters:  gen.pl.  nicor-hftsa,  1412. 

nift1,  st.  m.,  man,  human  being :  gen. 
pi.  ni$"3a,  1006;  nifta?  (passage 
corrupt),  2216. 

nifrer,  nyffer,  neoffor,  adv.,  down, 
downward:  nLSer,  1361;  nioftor, 
270x3;  nyfter,  3045. 

niff-sele,  st.  m.,  hall,  room,  in  the 
deep  (Grein)  :  dat.  sg.  [in]  ni5- 
sele  ndt-hwylcum,  1514. 


GLOSSAEY. 


243 


nigen,  num.,  nine  :  acc.  sg.  nigene, 

575- 
niht,  st.   f.    night:    nom.    sg.,    115, 

547>  65°»  I32I»  2II7;  acc-  SS- 
niht,  135,  737,  2939;  gystran  niht 
(y  ester-night},  1335;  dat.  sg.  on 
niht,  575, 684;  on  wanre  niht,  703; 
gen.  sg.  nihtes  hwilum  (sometimes 
at  night,  in  the  hours  of  the  night}, 
3045  ;  as  adv.  =  of  a  night,  by  night, 
G.  nachts,  422,  2274;  dages  and 
nihtes,  2270;  acc.  pi.  seofon  niht 
(se'nnight,  seven  days,  cf.  Tac. 
Germ,  n),  517;  dat.  pi.  sweartum 
nihtum,  167;  deorcum  nihtum,  275, 
221;  gen.  pi.  nihta,  545,  1366  - 
Comp. :  middel-,  sin-nihl. 

niht-bealu,  st.  n.,  night-bale,  de- 
struction by  night :  gen.  pi.  niht- 
bealwa,  193. 

niht-helm,  st.  m.,  veil  or  canopy  of 
night:  nom.  sg.,  1790. 

niht-long,  adj.,  lasting  through  the 
night :  acc.  sg.  m.  niht-longne  fyrst 
(space  of  a  night},  528. 

niht-weorc,  st.  n.,  night-work,  deed 
done  at  night:  instr.  sg.  niht- 
weorce,  828. 

niman,  st.  v.  w.  acc. :  i)  to  take, 
hold,  seize,  undertake:  pret.  sg. 
nam  J?a  mid  handa  hige-Jnhtigne 
rinc,  747;  pret.  pi.  we  ...  niode 
naman,  2117. — 2)  to  take,  take 
away,  deprive  of:  pres.  sg.  se  J>e 
hine  dea'S  nime'S  (he  whom  death 
carrieth  off},  441;  so,  447;  ny- 
me$,  1847;  nymeiS  nyd-bade,  599; 
subj.  pres.  gif  mec  hild  nime,  452, 
1482;  pret.  sg.  ind.  nam  on  Ongen- 
Jno  ircn-byrnan,  2987;  ne  nom  he 
.  .  .  ma'Sm-sehta  md  (Jie  took  no 
more  of  the  rich  treasures},  1613; 
pret.  part.  J?a  was  .  .  .  se6  cwen 
numen  (the  queen  carried  off}, 
"54- 


be -niman,  to  deprive  of:  pret.  sg. 
o '$  j^at  hine  yldo  benam  magenes 
wynnum  (till  age  bereft  him  of  joy 
in  his  strength},  1887. 

for-niman,  to  carry  off :  pres.  sg. 
]?e  \>&.  dea'S  for-nam  (whom  death 
carried  oj?}t  488;  so,  557,  696, 
1081,  1124,  1206,  1437,  etc.  Also> 
dat.  for  acc. :  pret.  pi.  him  irenna 
ecge  fornamon,  2829. 

ge-niman:  i}to take, seize: pret. sg. 
(hine)  be  healse  ge-nam  (clasped 
him  around  the  neck,  embraced 
him},  1873.  —  2)  to  take,  take 
aivay  :  pret.  on  reste  genam  J>ritig 
J>egna,  122;  heo  under  heolfre  ge- 
nam cuiSe  folme,  1303;  segn  eac 
genom,  2777;  >i  mec  sinca  bal- 
dor  ...  at  mtnum  fader  genam 
(took  me  at  my  father's  hands, 
adopted  me},  2430;  pret.  part,  ge- 
numen,  3167. 

ge  -nip,  st.  n.,  darkness,  mist, cloud : 
acc.  pi.  under  nassa  genipu,  1361; 
ofer  floda  genipu,  2809. 

nis,  from  ne-is  (is  not}  :  see  wesan. 

niwe,  ni6we,  adj.,  new,  novel ;  un- 
heard-of: nom.  sg.  sweg  up  a-stag 
niwe  geneahhe  (a  monstrous  hub- 
bub arose},  784;  beorh  .  .  .  niwe 
(a  newly -raised( ?)  grave-mound}, 
2244;  acc.  sg.  niwe  sibbe  (the  new 
kinship},  950;  instr.  sg.  niwan 
stefne  (properly,  novd  voce;  here 
=  de  novo,  iterum,  again},  2595; 
nio wan  stefne  (again},  1790;  gen. 
pi.  niwra  spella  (iiew  tidings} ,  2899. 

ge-niwian,  w.  v.,  to  renew:  pret 
part,  ge-niwod,  1304,  1323;  geni- 
wad,  2288. 

niw-tyrwed,  pret.  part.,  newly- 
tarred:  •  acc.  sg.  niw  -  tyrwedne 
(-tyrwydne,  MS.)  nacan,  295. 

nift1,  st.  m.,  properly  only  zeal,  en- 
deavor ;  then  hostile  endeavor,  hos- 


244 


GLOSSARY. 


tility,  battle,  war  :  nom.  sg,,  2318; 
ace.  sg.  nl'S,  184,  276;  Wedera 
iiiiS  (enmity  against  the  W,,  llic 
sorrows  of  the  Weders}^  423;  dat. 
sg.wiiS  (at)  niSe,  828,  2586;  instr. 
nl$e,  2681;  gen.  pi.  ni$a,  883, 
2351,  2398,  etc.;  also  instr.  =  by, 
in,  battle,  846,  1440,  1963,  2171, 
2207.  —  Corap. :  bealo,  fber-,  here-, 
hete-,  inwit-,  searo-,  wal-ni'S. 

nifr-draca,  w.  m.,  battle-dragon : 
nom.  sg.,  2274. 

niS'-gast,  st.  m.,  hostile  alien,  fell 
demon  :  ace.  sg.  )>one  nlft-gast  (the 
dragon},  2700. 

niff-geweorc,  st.  n.,  "work  of  enmity, 
deed  of  evil :  gen.  pi.  -geweorca, 
684. 

nift-grim,  adj.,  furious  in  battle, 
savage  :  nom.  sg.,  193. 

nildf1 -heard,  adj.,  valiant  in  war  : 
nom.  sg.,  2418. 

niff-hydig,  adj.,  eager  for  battle, 
valorous  :  nom.  pi.  nift  -  hydige 
men,  3167. 

ge-ni31a,  w.  m.,  foe,  persecutor, 
waylayer  :  in  comp.  ferhft-,  feorh- 
geniftla. 

niff-wundor,  st.  n.,  hostile  wonder, 
strange  marvel  of  evil :  ace.  sg., 
1366. 

nipan,  st.  v.,  to  veil,  cover  over,  ob- 
scure;  pres.  part,  nipende  niht, 
547.  650. 

nolde,  from  ne-wolde  (wottld  not} ; 
see  \villan. 

norSS1,  adv.,  northward,  859. 

norffan,  vA\.,from  the  north,  547. 

nose,  w.  f.,  projection,  cliff,  cape  : 
dat.  sg.  of  hlitfes  nosan,  1893;  at 
brimes  nosan,  2804. 

nO  (strengthened  neg.),  not,  not  at 
all,  by  110  means,  136,  244,  587, 
755,  842,969,  1 736,  etc.;  strength- 
ened by  following  ne,  459(7), 


1509;  no  ...  no  (iteither  . . .  nor}, 
541-543;  so,  no  ...  ne,  168.  See 
ne. 

noffer  (from  nd-hwa'Ser),  neg.,  and 
not,  nor,  2125. 

g e -  nOh,  adj., sitjficient,  enough :  ace. 
sg.  foeh'So  genoge,  2490;  ace.  pi. 
genoge  .  .  .  beagas,  3105. 

n6n,  st.  f.,  [Eng.  noon},  ninth  hour 
of  the  day,  three  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon of  our  reckoning  (the  day 
was  reckoned  from  six  o'clock  in 
the  morning;  cf.  Bouterwek  Screa- 
dunga,  24  2 :  we  hataft  senne  dag 
fram  sunnan  upgange  6$  aefen)  : 
nom.  sg.  non,  1601. 

nu,  adv.:  l)  now,  at  present,  251, 
254,  375»  395»  424,  426,  489,  etc. : 
nu  gyt  (up  to  now,  hitherto},  957; 
nu  gen  (itoiu still,  yef),2%6o;  (now 
yet,  still},  3169.  —  2)  conj.,  since, 
inasimich  as  :  nu  J>u  lungre  geong 
.  .  .  nu  se  wyrm  ligeft  (go  now 
quickly,  since  the  dragon  lieth 
dead},  2746;  so,  2248;  bat  >u  me 
ne  forwyrne  .  .  .  nu  ic  )?us  feorran 
com  (that  do  not  thou  refuse  me, 
since  I  am  come  so  far},  430;  so, 
1476;  nu  ic  on  ma'Sma  hord  mine 
bebohte  frode  feorh-lege,  fremma'3 
ge  nu  (as  I  now  .  .  .,  so  do  ye}, 
2800;  so,  3021. 

nymffe,  conj.  w.  subj.,  if  not,  unless, 
782;  nynvSe  mec  god  scylde  (if 
God  had  not  shielded  me},  1659. 

nyt,  st.  f.,  duty,  service,  office,  em- 
ployment:  ace.  sg.  J^egn  nytte  be- 
heold  (did  his  duty},  494;  so, 
3119.  —  Comp. :  sund-,  sunclor-nyt. 

nyt,  adj.,  useful :  ace.  pi.  m.  nytte, 
795;  comp.  un-nyt. 

ge-nyttian,  w.  v.,  to  make  ^lse  of, 
enjoy :  pret.  part,  hafde  eor'S- 
scrafaende  ge-nyttod  (Jiad  enjoyed, 
made  iise  of},  3047. 


GLOSSARY. 


245 


iiyd,  st.  f.,  force,  necessity,  need, 
pain  :  ace.  sg.  J>urh  deaftes  nyd, 
2455;  instr.  sg.  nyde,  1006.  In 
comp.  (like  nyd-maga,  consangui- 
neus,  in  ^Ethelred's  Laws,  VI.  12, 
Schmid,  p.  228;  ned-maga,  in 
Quit's  Laws,  I.  7,  ibid.,  p.  258); 
also,  tie  of  blood.  —  Comp.  J?rea-nyd. 

ge  -nydan,  w.  v. :  i)  to  force,  com- 
pel:  pret.  part.  niSe  ge-nyded 
{forced  by  hostile  power},  2681. — 
2)  to  force  lipon:  pret.  part.  ace.  sg.  f. 
nyde  genydde  .  .  .  gearwe  stowe 
(the  inevitable  place  prepared  for 
each,  i.e.  the  bed  of  death),  1006. 

nyd-bad,  st.  f.,  forced  pledge,  pledge 
demanded  by  force  :  ace.  pi.  nyd- 
b&de,  599. 

nyd-gestealla,  \v.  m.,  comrade  in 
need  or  united  by  ties  of  blood : 
nom.  pi.  nyd-gesteallan,  883. 

nyd-gripe,  st.  m.,  compelling  grip  : 
dat.  sg.  in  nyd-gripe  (mid-gripe, 
MS.),  977- 

nyd-wracu,  st.  f.,  distressful  perse- 
cution, great  distress :  nom.  sg., 

193- 
nyhst.     See  iieah. 


O 


offffe,  conj. :  i)  or;  otherwise,  283, 
437,  636,  638,  694,  1492,  1765,  etc. 
—  2)  and{l},  till(T),  650,  2476 
{iuhilstl}. 

of,  prep.  w.  dat.,  from,  off  from  : 
I )  from  some  point  of  view  :  ge- 
seah  of  wealle  {from  the  wall'}, 
229;  so,  786;  of  hefene  sclneS 
{shineth  from  heaven},  I5725  °f 
hli'Ses  nosan  gastas  grette  (from 
the  cliff's  projection},  1893;  of 
J?am  leoma  stod  {from  which  light 
streamed},  2770;  fcer  was  ma'Sma 


fela  of  feorwegum  .  .  .  gelseded 
(from  distant  lands},  37;  J?d  com 
of  more  (from  the  moor},  711, 
922.  —  2)  forth  from,  out  of : 
hwearf  of  earde  (wandered  from 
his  home,  died},  56;  so,  265,  855, 
2472;  \>&  ic  of  searwum  com  (when 
I  had  escaped  from  the  persecutions 
of  the  foe},  419;  ]?£  him  HroftgaT 
gewat  ...  fit  of  healle  (out  of  the 
hall},  664;  50,2558,2516;  1139, 
2084/2744;  wudu-rec  a-stali  sweart 
of-  (ofer)  swioftole  (black  wood- 
reek  ascended  from  the  smoking 
fire},  3145;  (icge  gold)  d-hafen 
of  horde  (lifted  from  the  hoard}, 
1 109;  let  >&  of  breostum  .  : .  word 
fit  faran  {from  his  breast},  2551; 
dyde  .  .  .  helm  of  hafelan  {dofftd 
his  helmet},  673;  so,  1130;  seal- 
don  win  of  wunder-fatum  (pre- 
sentedzvinefrom  wondrous  vessels} , 
1163;  slogan  hyne  Hseftcyn  of 
horn-bogan  .  .  .  flshie  geswencte 
(with  an  arrow  shot  from  the 
horned  bow},  2438;  so,  1434.  Prep. 
.  postponed :  >&  he  him  of  dyde 
isern-byrnan  {doffed  his  iron  corse- 
let},  672. 

ofer,  prep.  w.  dat.  and  ace.,  over, 
above :  i)  w.  dat,  over  (rest,  lo- 
cality) :  WiglaT  sitetJ  ofer  Bid- 
wulfe,  2908;  ofer  aftelinge,  1245; 
ofer  eorftan,  248,  803,  2008;  ofer 
\ver-t>eode  {over  the  earth,  among 
mankind},  goo;  ofer  y (Sum,  1908; 
ofer  hron-ra"de  {over  the  sea},  10; 
so,  304,  1287,  1290,  etc.;  ofer  ealo- 
wsege  {over  the  beer-cup,  drink- 
ing}, 481.  —  2)  w.  ace.  of  motion : 
a)  over  (local)  :  ofer  yfte  {over  the 
waves},  46,  1910;  ofer  swan-rade 
{over  the  swan-road,  the  sea},  200; 
ofer  waegholm,  217;  ofergeofenes 
be-gang,  362;  so,  239,  240,  297, 


246 


GLOSSARY. 


393,  464,  471,  etc.;  ofer  bolcan 
(over  the  gangway},  231;  ofer 
landa  fela  (over  many  lands},  311; 
so,  1405,  1406;  ofer  heahne  hrof 
(along  upon  (tender"?}  the  high 
roof},  984;  ofer  eormen-grund 
(over  the  whole  earth},  860 ;  ofer 
ealle  (over  all,  on  all  sides},  2900, 
650;  so,  1718;  — 606,  9CX),  1706; 
ofer  borda  gebrac  (over,  above,  the 
crashing  of  shields*},  2260;  ofer 
bord-(scild)  weall,  2981,  3119. 
Temporal :  ofer  ]>&  niht  (through 
the  night,  by  night},  737.  b)  w. 
verbs  of  saying,  speaking,  about, 
of,  concerning:  he  ofer  benne 
sprac,  2725.  c)  beyond,  over  :  ofer 
min  ge-met  (beyond  my  power}, 
2880;  —  hence,  against,  contrary 
to :  he  ofer  willan  giong  (went 
against  his  will},  2410;  ofer  ealde 
riht  (against  the  ancient  laws,  i.e. 
the  ten  commandments),  2331; 
—  also,  without :  wig  ofer  woepen 
(^ivar  sans,  dispensing  with,  weap- 
ons}, 686;  —  temporal  =  after  : 
ofer  eald-gewin  (after  long,  an- 
cient, suffering},  1782. 

ofer-hygd,  st.  m.,  arrogance,  pride, 
conceit :  gen.  pi.  ofer-hygda,  1741; 
bfer-hyda,  1761. 

ofer-maffum,  st.  m.,  very  rich  treas- 
ure :  dat.  pi.  ofer-ma"5mum,  2994. 

ofer-magen,  st.  n.,  over-might,  szt- 
perior  numbers  :  dat.  sg.  mid  ofer- 
magene,  2918. 

ofer-)>earf,  st.  f.,  dire  distress,  need  : 
dat.  sg.  [for  ofer]  )>ea[rfe],  2227. 

Oft,  adv.,  often,  4, 165,  444,  572,  858, 
908,  1066,  1239,  etc.;  oft  [no] 
seldan,  2030;  oft  nalles  aene,  3020; 
so,  1248,  1888.  Compar.  oftor, 
1580.  Superl.  oftost,  1664. 

om-,  on-.     See  am-,  an-. 

ombiht.     See  ambiht. 


oncer.     See  ancer. 
ond.     See  and. 
onsyn.     See  ansyn. 

on,  prep.  w.  dat.  and  ace.,  signifying 
primarily  touching  on,  contact  ^uith: 
I.  local,  w.  dat. :  a)  on,  upon,  in 
at  (of  exterior  surface)  :  on  heah- 
stede  (in  the  high  place},  285;  on 
minre  e'Sel-tyrf  (in  my  native 
place},  410;  on  )>arn  me'Sel-stede, 
1083;  so,  2004;  on  )>am  holm- 
clife,  1422;  so,  1428;  on  foldan 
(on  earth},  1197;  so,  1533,2997; 
on  J^sere  medu-bence  (on  the  mead- 
bench},  1053;  beornas  on  blancum 
(the  heroes  on  the  dapple-greys), 
857,  etc. ;  onraste  (in  bed},  1299; 
on  stapole  (at,  near,  the  pillar}, 
927;  on  wealle,  892;  on  wage  (on 
the  wall},  1663;  on  }>am  wal- 
stenge  (on  the  battle-lance},  1639; 
on  eaxle  (on  his  shoulder},  817, 
1548;  on  bearme,  40;  on  breos- 
tum,  552;  on  hafelan,  1522;  on 
handa  (in  his  hand},  495,  540; 
so,  555,  766;  on  him  byrne  sc^n 
(on  him  shone  the  corselet),  405; 
on  ore  (at  the  front),  1042;  on 
corftre  (at  the  head  of,  among,  his 
troop*},  1154;  scip  on  ancre  (the 
ship  at  anchor},  303;  J>at  he  on 
hea^e  ge-stod  (until  he  stood  in 
the  hall*},  404;  on  fader  stale  (in 
a  father's  place*},  1480;  on  ySum 
(on  the  waves,  in  the  water),  210, 
421,  534, 1438;  on  holme,  543;  on 
6g-streamum,  577;  on  segl-rade, 
1438,  etc.;  on  flode,  1367.  The 
prep,  postponed :  Freslondum  on, 
2358.  —  b)  in,  inside  of  (of  inside 
surface) :  secg  on  searwum  (a 
champion  in  armor*},  249;  so, 
963;  on  wig-geatwum,  368;  (re- 
ced)  on  J^a'm  se  rica  b&d  (in  which 
the  mighty  one  abode},  310;  on 


GLOSSARY. 


247 


Heorote  (in  Heorot),  475,  497, 
594, 1303 ;  on  beor-sele,  492, 1095 ; 
on  healle,  615,  643;  so,  639,  1017, 
1026,  etc.;  on  burgum  (in  the 
cities,  boroughs)^  53;  on  helle, 
101;  on  sefan  minum  (in  my 
mind},  473;  on  mode,  754;  so, 
755,  949, 1343, 1719,  etc.;  on  aldre 
(in  his  vitals),  1435;  on  middan 
(in  medio),  2706.  —  c)  among, 
amid:  on  searwum  (among  the 
arms},  1558;  on  gemonge  (among 
the  troop),  1644;  on  )>am  leod- 
scipe  (among  the  people),  2198; 
nynYSe  liges  faftm  swulge  on  swa- 
ftule  {unless  the  embracing  Jlame 
should  swallow  it  in  smoke),  783; 
—  in,  -with,  touched  by,  possessing 
something:  J?i  was  on  salum  sinces 
brytta  {then  was  the  dispenser  of 
treasure  in  joy),  608;  so,  644, 
2015;  was  on  hreon  mode,  1308; 
on  sweofote  (in  sleep),  1582,  2296; 
heo  was  on  ofste  (she  was  in  haste) , 
1293;  so,  1736,  1870;  hd  was  on 
blode  brim  weallende  (there  was 
the  flood  billowing  in,  with,  blood), 
848;  (he)  was  on  sunde  (was  a- 
swimming),  1619;  was  to  fore- 
mihtig  feond  on  fetSe  (too  powerful 
in  speed),  971;  J>ser  was  swigra 
secg  ...  on  gylpspraece  (there  was 
the  champion  more  silent  in  his 
boasting  speech),  982;  —  in  ;  full 
of,  representing,  something:  on 
weres  wastmum  (in  mail's  form), 
1353.  —  d)  attaching  to,  hence  pro- 
ceeding from  ;  from  something : 
ge-hyrde  on  Beovvulfe  fast-raedne 
ge-J?oht  {heard  in,  from,  B.  the 
fixed  resolve),  610;  J>at  he  ne  met- 
te  .  .  .  on  elran  men  mund-gripe 
maran,  753;  —  hence,  with  verbs 
of  taking :  on  raste  genam  (took 
from  his  bed),  122;  so,  748,  2987  ; 


hit  ser  on  )>e  gode  be-geiton  (took 
it  before  from  thee),  2249. — e) 
with :  swa"  hit  lungre  weariS  on 
hyra  sinc-gifan  s&re  ge-endod  {as 
it,  too,  soon  painfully  came  to  an 
end  with  the  dispenser  of  treasure), 
2312.  —  f)  by:  mag  J?onne  on 
J>am  golde  ongitan  Geata  dryhten 
{the  lord  of  the  Gedtas  may  per- 
ceive by  the  gold),  1485.  — g)  to, 
after  weorftan :  )>at  he  on  fylle 
wear^  {that  he  came  to  a  fall),  1545. 
With  ace. :  a)  w.  verbs  of  mov- 
ing, doing,  giving,  seeing,  etc.,  up 
toy  on,  upon,  in  :  a-ledon  ]?&  leofne 
Redden  ...  on  bearm  scipes,  35 ; 
on  stefn  (on  wang)  stigon,  212, 
225;  >&  him  mid  scoldon  on  flodes 
seht  feor  ge-witan,  42;  se  }>e  witJ 
Brecan  wunne  on  sldne  sae  {who 
strovestin  a  swimming-match  with 
B.  on  the  broad  sea),  507,  cf.  516; 
}>at  ic  on  holma  ge-Jring  eorlscipe 
efnde  {that  I  should  venture  on 
the  sea  to  do  valiant  deeds),  2133; 
on  feonda  geweald  srSian,  809; 
J?dra  be  on  swylc  staraft,  997 ;  so, 
1781;  on  lufan  laete'S  hworfan 
{lets  him  turn  his  thoughts  to  love!, 
to  possessions'}),  1729;  him  on  mod 
beam  {came  info  his  mind,  oc- 
curred to  him),  67;  rassde  on  J?one 
rofan  {rushed  on  the  powerful  one), 
2691;  (cwom)  on  wor'Sig  {came 
into  the  palace),  1973;  so,  27,  242, 

253,  5I2>  539,  58o>  677>  72<3>  etc.; 
on  weg  {away),  764,  845,  1383, 
1431,  2097.  —  \y)against  {—  \\-\S)  : 
gode  gewyrcean  ...  on  fader  wine 
(pi.),  21.  —  c)  aim  or  object,  to, 
for  the  object,  for,  as,  in,  on  :  on 
bearfe  {in  his  need,  in  his  strait), 
1457;  so,  on  hyra  man-dryhtnes 
miclan  J>earfe,  2850;  wra'Sum  on 
andan  (#5  a  terror  to  the  foe),  709; 


248 


GLOSSARY. 


Hroftgar  maftelode  him  on  and- 
svvare  {said to  him  in  reply},  1841; 
betst  beado-rinca  was  on  bsel  gearu 
{on  the  pyre  ready},  mo;  wig- 
heafolan  bar  frean  on  fultum  {for 
help},  2663;  wear 5  on  bid  wrecen 
{forced  to  wait} ,  2963. —  d)  ground, 
reason,  according  to,  in  conformity 
with  :  rodera  rsedend  hit  on  ryht 
gesced  {decided  it  in  accordance 
with  right),  1556;  ne  me  swor  fela 
afta  on  unriht  {swore  no  oaths  ttn- 
justly,  falsely}, 2740;  on  sped  (j/'zY- 
fully},  874;  nallas  on  gylp  seleft 
fatte  beagas(g7V^  no  gold-wrought 
rings  as  he  promised},  1750;  on 
sinne  selfes  dom  {boastingly,  at  his 
own  will},  2148;  him  eal  worold 
wende'Son  willen  {according  to  his 
will},  1740.  —  e)  w.  verbs  of  buy- 
ing, for,  in  exchange  for  :  me  ic 
on  ma"3ma  hord  mine  be-bohte 
frode  feorh-lege  {for  the  hoard  of 
jewels'},  2800.  —  f)  of,  as  to:  ic 
on  Higelice  wit,  Geata  dryhten 
(7  knoiv  with  respect  to,  as  to,  of, 
If.},  1831;  so,  2651;  bat  heo  on 
senigne  eorl  ge-lyfde  fyrena  frofre 
(that  she  should  rely  on  any  earl 
for  help  out  of  trouble},  628;  J>a 
hie  ge-truwedon  on  twi  healfa  {on 
both  sides,  mutually},  1096;  so, 
2064;  bat  bu  him  ondrasdan  ne 
bearft  .  .  . on  ba  healfe  {from,  on 
this  side},  1676. — g)  after  super- 
latives or  virtual  superlatives  = 
among:  nas  .  .  .  sinc-ma"S8um 
s£lra  {=  bat  was  sinc-m&ftma  selest) 
on  sweordes  had  {there  was  no  bet- 
ter jewel  in  sword's  shape,  i.e. 
among  all  swords  there  was  none 
bettei-),  2194;  se  was  HroSgdre 
haleSa  leofost  on  ge-siSes  had 
{dearest  of  men  as,  in  the  charac- 
ter of,  follower,  etc.),  1298. 


II.  Of  time :    a)    w.   dat,   in, 
inside  of,   during,  at:   on   fyrste 
{in  time,  within  the  time  appoint- 
ed},   76;    on   uhtan    {at  dawn}, 
126;    on  mergenne  {at  morn,  on 
the  morrow},  565,  2940;   on  niht, 
575;   on  wanre  niht,  703;   on  tyn 
dagum,  3161;    so,  197,  719,  791, 
1063,  etc.;  ongeogofte  (in youth}, 
409,  466;   on  geogoft-feore,  537; 
so,  1844;  on  orlege  {in,  during, 
battle},  1327;  hft  lomp  eow  on  lade 
{on  the  way},  1988;  on  gange  {in 
going,  en  route},  1885;   on  sweo- 
fote  (in  sleep},  1582.  —  b)  w. ace., 
towards,  about:    on   undern-msel 
{in  the  morning,  about  midday}, 
1429;    on   morgen-tid,  484,  518; 
on    morgen,    838;     on    ende-staf 
(toward  the  end,  at  last},  1754; 
oftor  micle  bonne   on  asnne   siv5 
{far  oftencr  than  once},  1580. 

III.  With  particles  :  him  on  efn 
{beside,  alongside  of,  him},  2904; 
on  innan  {inside,  within},  71, 1741^ 
1969,  2453,  2716;    b^er  on  innan 
{in  there),  2090,  2215,  2245.    \Vith 
the    relative    be    often    separated 
from  its  case :  be  ic  her  on  starie 
{that  I  here  look  on,  at},  2797; 
be   ge   b^er   on   standaft   {that  ye 
there  stand  in},  2867. 

on-cyft  (cf.  Dietrich  in  Haupt's 
Zeits.  XI.,  412),  st.  f.,  pain,  suffer- 
ing: nom.  sg.,  1421;  ace.  sg.  or 
pi.  on-cyiSiSe,  831. 

on-clrysne,  %&}.,  frightful,  terrible  : 
ace.  sg.  firen  on-drysne,  1933. 

onettan  (for  ancttan,  from  root 
an-,  Goth.  inf.  anan,  to  breathe, 
pant},  w.  v.,  to  hasten :  pret.  pi. 
onetton,  306,  1804. 

on-licnes,  st.  f.,  likeness,  form,  fig- 
ure:  nom.  sg.,  1352. 

on-medla,  w.  m.,  pride,  arrogance : 


GLOSSARY. 


249 


dat.  sg.  for  on-median,  2927.  Cf. 
Bugge  in  Zacher's  Zeits.  4,  218 
seqq. 

on-ssege,  adj.,  tending  to  fall,  fatal : 
nom.  sg.  >&  was  Hondscio  (dat.) 
hild  on-soege,  2077 ;  Hoeftcynne 
wear^S  .  .  .  gu$  on-ssege,  2484.  m 

on- weald,  st.  m.,  power,  authority : 
ace.  sg.  (him)  bega  ge-hwaftres 
.  .  .  onweald  ge-teah  {gave  him 
power  over,  possession  of,  both), 
1044. 

open,  adj.,  open:  ace.  sg.  hord- 
wynne  fond  .  .  .  opene  standan, 
2272. 

openian,  w.  v.,  to  open,  w.  ace. :  inf. 
openian,  3057. 

ore  (O.S.  ore,  Goth,  atfrkei-s),  st.  m., 
crock,  vessel,  can  :  nom.  pi.  orcas, 
3048;  ace.  pi.  orcas,  2761. 

orcne,  st.  m.,  sea-monster.-  nom.  pi. 
orcneas,  112. 

ord,  st.  m.,  point:  nom.  sg.  ovS  J?at 
wordes  ord  breost-hord  Jmrh-brac 
(till  the  word-point  broke  through 
his  breast-hoard,  came  to  iitter- 
ance),  2792;  ace.  sg.  ord  (sword- 
point),  1550;  dat.  instr.  orde  (id.), 
556;  on  orde  (at  the  head  of,  in 
front  [of  a  troop]),  2499,  3126. 

ord-fruma,  w.  m.,  head  lord,  high 
prince :  nom.  sg.,  263. 

oret-mecg,  st.  m.,  champion,  war- 
rior, military  retainer :  nom.  pi. 
oret-mecgas,  363,  481;  ace.  pi. 
oret-mecgas,  332. 

oretta,  w.  m.,  champion,  jfighter. 
hero:  nom.  sg.,  1533,  2539. 

or-leg,  st.  n.,  war,  battle :  dat.  sg. 
on  orlege,  1327;  gen.  sg.  or-leges, 
2408. 

or-leg-hwil,  st.  f.,  time  of  battle, 
war-time:  nom.  sg.  [or-leg] -hwil, 
2OO3;  gen-  sg-  orleg-hwile,  2912; 
gen.  pi.  oiieg-hwila,  2428. 


or-leahtre,  adj.,  blameless  :  nom.  sg. 
1887. 

or->anc  (cf.  Gloss.  Aldhelm.  mid 
or-J?ance  =  argument©  in  Haupt 
XL,  436;  orj>ancum  =  machina- 
mentis,  ibid.  477;  or-J>anc-scipe  = 
mechariica,  479),  st.  m.,  mechani- 
calart,  skill :  instr.  pi.  or-J?oncum, 
2088;  smiles  or- J?ancum,  466. 

or-wena,  adj.  (weak  form),  hopeless, 
despairing,  w.  gen. :  aldres  or- 
wSna  (hopeless  of  life},  1003,  1566. 

or-wearde,  adj.,  unguarded,  with- 
out'watch  or  guard:  nom.sg.,  3128. 

orud,  st.  m.,  breath,  snorting:  nom.. 
sg.,  2558;  dat.  orefle,  2840. 


O 


691  (Goth,  und,  O.H.G.  unt,  unz) : 
i)  prep.  w.  ace.,  to,  till,  up  to,  only 
temporal:  6 5 bone dnne dag, 2400; 
6$  domes  dag,  3070;  6$  woruld- 
ende,  3084.  —  2)  6$  J>at,  conj.  w. 
depend,  indicative  clause,  //'//,  un- 
til, 9,  56,  66,  100,  145,  219,  296, 
307,  etc. 

69"er  (Goth.  anj?ar),num. :  i)  one  or 
other  oftivo,  a  second,  —  alter :  nom. 
sg.  subs. :  se  ofter,  2062;  ofter  (one, 
i.e.  of  my  blood-relations,  Hsetfcyn 
and  Hygelac),  2482;  6$er  . . .  otSer 
(the  one  .  .  .  the  other),  1350-1352. 
Adj.:  6'5er  .  .  .  mihtig man-scea'5a 
(the  second  mighty,  fell  foe,  refer- 
ring to  1350),  1339;  se  oSer  .  .  . 
hale,  1816;  fern,  niht  &Ser,  2118; 
neut.  ofter  gear  (the  next,  second, 
year),  1134;  ace.  sg.  m.  ofterne, 
653,  1861,  2441,  2485;  J>enden 
reafode  rinc  ocSerne  (whilst  one 
warrior  robbed  the  other,  i.e.  Eofor 
robbed  Ongenj^eow),  2986;  neut. 
6  Ser  swylc  (another  siich,  an  equal 


250 


GLOSSARY. 


number},  1584;  instr.  sg.  o.Sre  si'Se 
{for  the  second  time,  again},  2671, 
3102;  dat.  sg.  65rum,  815,  1030, 
1166,  1229,  1472,2168,2172,010.; 
gen.  sg.  m.  oiSres  dogores,  219, 
606;  neut.  oSres,  1875. — 2}another, 
a  different  one,  —  alius  :  nom.  sg., 
subs.  oiSer,  1756;  ofter  naenig  {no 
•  other},  860.  Adj.:  asnig  overman, 

5°3»  534;  s°>  1S^I>  °^er  i°  (.a 
different  house  or  room},  1301; 
ace.  sg.  ofier  flet,  1087;  gen.  sg. 
oftres  . . .  yrfe-weardes,  2452;  nom. 
pi.  ealo  drincende  o'Ser  soedan  (ale 
drinkers  said  other  things},  1946; 
ace.  pi.  neut.  word  o'Ser,  871. 

6fer,  st.  n.,  shore  :  dat.  sg.  on  ofre, 
1372. 

6fost,  st.  f.,  haste  :  nom.  sg.  ofost 
ist  shiest  to  gecy"Sanne  (Jiaste  is 
best  to  make  known,  best  to  say  at 
once},  256;  so,  3008 ;  dat.  sg.  beo 
}?u  on  ofeste  (ofoste)  (be  in  haste, 
hasten},  386,  2748;  on  ofste,  1293; 
on  ofoste,  2784,  3091. 

6fost-lice,  adv.,  in  haste,  speedily, 

3!3i- 

6-hwser,  adv.,  anywhere,  1738, 2871. 
6mig,  adj.,  rusty:  nom.  sg.,  2764; 

nom.  pi.  omige,  3050. 
6r,  st.  n.,  beginning,  origin;  front : 

nom.   sg.,  1689;    ace.   sg.,    2408; 

dat.  sg.  on  ore,  1042. 
6-wih.t,  anything,  aught :  instr.  sg. 

6-wihte  (in  any  way},  1823,  2433. 


pad,   st.  f.,  dress;   in  comp.  here- 

pad. 
pa.31,    st.    m.,  path,   road,  way;    in 

comp.  an-paiS. 
plega,  w.  m.,play,  emulous  contest; 

lind-plega,  1074. 


R 


raS"e,  adv.,  quickly,  immediately,  725, 
Cf.  hraafe. 

rand,  rond,  st.  m.,  shield :  ace.  sg. 
rand,  683;  rond,  657,  2567,  2610; 
dtit.  ronde  (rond,  MS.),  2674; 
underrande,  1210;  bironde,2539; 
ace.  pi.  randas,  231;  rondas,  326, 
2654.  —  Comp. :  bord-,  hilde-,  sid- 
rand. 

rand-habbend,  pres.  part.,  shield- 
bearer,  i.e.  man  at  arms,  war- 
rior-: gen.  pi.  rond-habben.dra,  862. 

raw d -wiga,  w.  m.,  shield-warrior, 
shield-bearing  warrior  :  nom.  sg., 
1299;  ace.  sg.  rand-wigan,  1794. 

rjid,  st.  f.,  road,  street;  in  comp. 
hran-,  segl-,  swan-rad. 

g  e  -  rad,  adj .,  clever,  skilful,  ready  : 
ace.  pi.  neut.  ge-irade,  874. 

rap,  st.  m.,  rope,  bond,  fetter :  in 
comp.  wal-r&p. 

rasian,  w.  v.,  to  find,  discover  :  pres. 
part.  J?a  was  hord  rasod,  2284. 

rast.     See  rest. 

raecan,  w.  v.,  to  reach,  reach  after  : 
pret.  sg.  raehte  ongean  feond  mid 
folme  (reached  out  his  hand  toward 
the  foe],  748. 

ge-rsecan,  to  attain,  strike,  attack : 
pret.  sg.  hyne  .  .  .  waepne  ge-raehte 
(struck  him  with  his  sword},  2966; 
so,  556. 

raed,  st.  m. :  l)  advice,  cotmsel,  res- 
olution ;  good  counsel,  Jiclp  :  nom. 
sg.  nu  is  rsed  gelong  eft  at  ]>e  inum 
(now  is  help  to  be  found  with  thcc 
alone},  1377;  acc-  sg-  rce^  172> 
278,  3081. —  2)  advantage,  gain, 
use  :  acc.  sg.  )>at  roed  tala'5  (counts 
that  again},  2028;  ecne  r?ed  (the 
eternal  gain,  everlasting  life},  1 202 ; 
acc.pl.  ece  raedas,  1761.  — Comp.: 
folc-rced,  and  adj.,  an-,  foest-rxd. 


GLOSSARY. 


251 


raedan,  st.  v.,  to  rule;  reign;  to 
possess :  pres.  part,  rodera  raedend 
(the  ruler  of  the  heavens},  1556; 
inf.  hone  }?e  J?u  mid  rihte  raedan 
sceoldest  (that  thou  shouldst  pos- 
sess by  rights),  2057;  wolde  dom 
godes  dcedum  raedan  gumena  ge- 
hwylcum  (God's  doom  would  rule 
over,  dispose  of,  every  man  in 
deeds),  2859.  See  sele-rsedend. 

raed-l>ora,  w.  m.  counsellor,  adviser  : 
nom.  sg.,  1326. 

raeden,  st.  f.,  order,  arrangement, 
law:  ace.  sg.  raedenne(?),  51; 
comp.  worold-neden. 

a"  -  raeran,  vv.  v. :  I )  to  raise,  lift  up  : 
pret.  pi.  J?£  waeron  monige  J?e  his 
maeg  .  .  .  ricone  a"-rserdon  (there 
were  many  that  lifted  zip  his  brother] 
quickly),  2984.  —  2)  figuratively, 
to  spread,  disseminate  :  pret.  part, 
bleed  is  d-rsered  (thy  renown  is 
far-spread},  1704. 

rses,  st.  m.,  on-rush,  attack,  storm  : 
ace.  sg.  gfrSe  roes  (the  storm  of  bat- 
tle, attack),  2627;  instr.  pi.  gu'Se 
rsesum,2357. — Comp. :  gu'5-,hand-, 
heaiSo-,  magen-,  vval-raes. 

raesan,  w.  v.,  to  rush  (upon}  :  pret. 
sg.  raesde  on  >one  rofan,  2691. 

raesvva,  w.  m.,  prince,  ruler  :  dat. 
sg.  weoroda  raeswan,  60. 

reccan,  w.  v.,  to  explicate,  recount, 
narrate  :  inf.  frum-sceaft  fira  feor- 
ran  reccan  (recount  the  origin  of 
man  from  ancient  times},  91 ; 
gerund,  to  lang  is  to  reccenne,  hu 
ic  .  .  .  (too  long  to  tell  how  I ,  .  .}, 
2094;  pret.  sg.  syllic  spell  rehte 
(told  a  wondrous  tale),  2111;  so 
intrans.  feorran  rehte  (told  of  olden 
times),  2107. 

reced,  st.  n.,  building,  house ;  kail 
(complete  in  itself) :  nom.  sg., 
412,  771,  1800;  ace.  sg.,  1238; 


dat.  sg.  recede,  721,  729,  1573; 
gen.  sg.  recedes,  326,  725,  3089; 
gen.  pi.  receda,  310.  —  Comp.: 
eorS-,  heal-,  horn-,  win-reced. 

rcgn-heard,  adj.,  immensely  strong, 
firm  :  ace.  pi.  rondas  regn-hearde, 
326. 

regnian,  reman,  w.  v.,  to  prepare, 
bring  on  or  about :  inf.  deaft 
ren[ian]  hond-gesteallan  {prepare 
death  for  his  comrade),  2169. 

ge -regnian,  to  prepare,  deck  out, 
adorn  :  pret.  part,  medu-benc  mo- 
nig  .  .  .  golde  ge-regnad,  778. 

regn-,  ren-weard,  st.  m.,  mighty 
guardian  :  nom.  pi.  ren-weardas 
(of  Beowulf  and  Grendel  contend- 
ing for  the  possession  of  the  hall), 
771. 

rest,  rast,  st.  f. :  i)  bed,  resting- 
place:  ace.  sg.  raste,  139;  dat.  sg. 
on  raste  (genam)  {from  his  resting- 
place},  1299,  1586;  to  raste  (to 
bed},  1238.  Comp.:  flet-riist,  sele- 
rest,  will-rest.  —  2)  repose,  rest; 
in  comp.  sefen-rast. 

ge-reste  (M.H.G.  reste),  f.,  rest- 
ing-place :  in  comp.  wind-gereste. 

restan,  w.  v. :  i)  to  rest:  inf.  res- 
tan,  1794;  pret.  sg.  reflex,  reste 
hine  b&  rum-heort,  1800.  —  2)  to 
rest,  cease  :  inf.,  1858. 

rec  (O.H.G.  rouh),  st.  m.,  reek, 
smoke:  instr.  sg.  rece,  3157. — 
Comp. :  wal-,  wudu-rec. 

recan  (O.H.G.  ruohjan),  vv.  v.  w. 
gen.,  to  reck,  care  about  something, 
be  anxiotis :  pres.  sg.  III.  vraepna 
ne  receiS  {recketh  not  for  weapons, 
weapons  cannot  hurt  him},  434. 

reffe,  adj.,  wroth,  furious :  nom.  sg., 
122,  1586;  nom.  pi.  refte,  771. 
Also,  of  things,  wild,  rough,  fierce  : 
gen.  sg.  reftes  and-hattres  {fierce^ 
penetrating  heat},  2524. 


252 


GLOSSARY. 


reaf,  st.  n.,  booty,  plunder  in  war ; 
clothing,  garments  (as  taken  by  the 
victor  from  the  vanquished)  :  in 
comp.  hea'So-,  wal-reaf. 

FeAflan,w.v.,/'0/£w<&r,r0£,w.  ace. : 
inf.  hord  reafian,  2774;  pret.  sg. 
J>enden  reafode  rinc  6'Serne,  2986; 
wal  reafode,  3028;  pret.  pi.  wal 
reafedon,  1213. 

be- reafian,  w.  instr.,  to  bereave, 
rob  of:  pret.  part,  since  be-reafod, 
2747;  golde  be-reafod,  3019. 

reord,  st.  f.,  speech,  language ;  tone 
of  voice  :  ace.  sg.  on-cniow  mannes 
reorde  (kneiv,  heard,  a  hwnan 
voice},  2556. 

reordian,  w.  v.,  to  speak,  talk  :  inf. 
fela  reordian  (speak  much),  3026. 

ge-reordian,  to  entertain,  to  pre- 
pare for :  pret.  part.  \>£  was  eft 
sw£  ser  .  .  .  flet-sittendum  fagere 
ge-reorded  {again,  as  before,  the 
guests  were  hospitably  entertained} , 
1789. 

reot,  st.  m.?,  f.?,  noise,  tumult! 
(grave?)  :  instr.  sg.  reote,  2458. 
Bugge,  in  Zacher's  Zeits.  4,  215, 
takes  reote  as  dat.  from  reot  (rest, 
repose) , 

reoc,  adj.,  savage,  furious  :  noin.  sg., 

122. 

b  e  -  reofan,  st.  v.,  to  rob  of,  bereave  : 
pret.  part.  w.  instr.  ace.  sg.  fern, 
golde  berofene,  2932;  ace.  pi.  n. 
reote  berofene,  2458. 

rcon.     See  rOwan. 

reotan,  st.  v.,  to  weep  :  pres.  pi.  oft 
bat  .  .  .  roderas  reota'8,  1377. 

re6w,  adj.,  excited,  fierce,  wild:  in 
comp.  blod-,  gu5-,  wal-redw.  See 
hreow. 

ricone,  hastily,  quickly,  immediate- 
ly, 2984. 

riht,  st.  n.,  right  or  privilege ;  the 
(abstract)  right:  ace.  sg.  on  ryht 


{according  to  right},  1556;  soS 
and  riht  (truth  and  right),  1701; 
dat.  sg.  wift  rihte,  144;  after  rihte 
(in  accordance  with  right},  1050; 
syllic  spell  rehte  after  rihte  (told  a 
wondrous  tale  trtithfully),  2III; 
mid  rihte,  2057 ;  ace.  pi.  ealde  riht 
(the  ten  commandments),  2331; 
—  Comp.  in  eSel-,  folc-,  land-,  un-, 
word-riht. 

riht,  adj.,  straight,  right:  in  comp. 
up -riht. 

rihte,  adv.,  rightly,  correctly,  1696. 
See  at-rihte. 

rinc,  st.  n.,  man,  warrior,  hero  : 
nom.  sg.,  399,  2986;  also  of  Gren- 
del,  721;  ace.  sg.  rinc,  742,  748; 
dat.  sg.  rince,  953;  of  HroiSgSr, 
1678;  gen.pl.  rinca,  412,  729. — 
Comp.  in  beado-,  guft-,  here-,  hea- 
fto-,  hilde-,  mago-,  sse-rinc. 

ge-risne,  ge-rysne,  adj.,  appro- 
priate, proper:  nom.  sg.  n.  ge- 
rysne,  2654. 

rice,  st.  n. :  i)  realm,  land  ruled 
over  :  nom.  sg.,  2200,  2208;  ace. 
sg.  rice,  913,  1734,  1854,  3005; 
gen.  sg.  rices,  862,  1391,  1860, 
2028,  3081.  Comp.  Swio-rice. — 
2)  council  of  chiefs,  the  king  with 
his  chosen  adviser s(T)\  nom.  sg. 
oft  gesat  rice  to  rune,  172. 

rice,  adj.,  mighty,  powerful :  nom. 
sg.  (of  Hr6%ar),>i238;  (of  Hy- 
gela'c),  1210;  (of  Asc-here),  1299; 
weak  form,  se  rica  (HroSgar), 
310;  (Beowulf),  399;  (Hygelac), 
1976.  —  Comp.  gimme-rice. 

ricsian,  rixiaii,  w.  v.  intrans.,  to 
rule,  reign:  inf.  ricsian,  2212; 
pret.  sg.  rixode,  144. 

ridan,  st.  v.,  to  ride  :  subj.  pres.  bat 
his  byre  ride  giong  on  gealgan, 
2446;  pres.  part.  nom.  pi.  ridend, 
2458;  inf.  wicge  ridan,  234;  mea- 


GLOSSARY. 


253 


rum  ridan,  856;  pret.  sg.  sae-genga 
.  .  .  se  J>e  on  ancre  rid,  1884;  him 
to-geanes  rad  (rode  to  meet  them), 
1894;  pret.  pi.  ymbe  hlaew  rioclan 
(rode  round  the  grave-mound}, 

3I7I- 

ge -ridan,  \v.  ace.,  to  ride  over: 
pret.  sg.  se  |?e  nas  ge-r&d  (who  rode 
over  ike  promontory),  2899. 

rim,  st.  n.,  series,  number  :  in  comp. 
dag-,  un-rim. 

ge-rim,  st.  n.,  series,  number:  in 
comp.  dogor-ge-rim. 

g  e  -  riman,  w.  v.,  to  count  together, 
enumerate  in  all:  pret.  part,  in 
comp.  fortS-gerimed. 

d  -  risan,  st.  v.,  to  arise,  rise  :  imper. 
sg.  a~-ris,  1391;  pret.  sg.  d-ris  }>d 
se  rica,  399;  so,  652,  1791,  3031; 
a-ras  J?a"  bi  ronde  (arose  by  his 
shield},  2539;  hwanan  sio  fsehft 
a" -ras  (whence  the  feud  arose] ,  2404. 

rodor,  st.  m.,  ether,  frrmament,  sky 
(from  radiusl,  Bugge)  :  gen.  sg. 
rodores  candel,  1573;  nom.  pi. 
roderas,  1377;  dat.  pi.  under  rode- 
rum,  310;  gen.  pi.  rodera,  1556. 

r6f,  adj.,  Jierce,  of  fierce,  heroic, 
strength,  strong:  nom.  sg.,  1926, 
2539;  also  w.  gen.  magenes  rof 
(strong  in  might),  2085;  so,  }>eah 
J>e  he  rof  sie  niS-geweorca,  683; 
ace.  sg.  rofne,  1794;  on  bone  rofan, 
2691.  —  Comp.:  beadu-,  brego-, 
ellen-,  hea'So-,  hyge-,  sige-rof. 

rOt,  adj.,  glad,  joyous  ;  in  comp.  un- 
rot. 

rowan,  st.  v.,  to  row  (with  the  arms), 
swim  :  pret.  pi.  reon  (for  reowon), 

512>  539- 
rum,  st.  m.,  space,  room :  nom.  sg., 

2691. 
rum,  adj.:  i)  roomy,  spacious  :  nom. 

sg.  j>fthte  him  call  to  rum,  wongas 

and  wic-stede  {fields  and  dwelling 


seemed  to  him  all  too  broad,  i.e. 
could  not  hide  his  shame  at  the 
unavenged  death  of  his  murdered 
son),  2462.  —  2)  in  moral  sense, 
great,  magnanimous,  noble-heart- 
ed: ace.  sg.  )>urh  rumne  sefan,  278. 

rum-heort,  adj.,  big-hearted,  noble- 
spirited :  nom.  sg.,  1800,  21  ii.- 

ge -rum-lice,  adv.,  commodiouslyy 
comfortably  :  compar.ge-rum-licor, 

139- 

run,  st.  f.,  secrecy,  secret  discussion, 
deliberation  or  counsel:  dat.  sg. 
ge-sat  rice  to  rune,  172.  —  Comp. 
beado-run. 

run-staf,  st.  m.,  rune-stave,  runic 
letter:  ace.  pi.  Jmrh  run-stafas,  1696. 

run-wita,  w.  m.,  rune-wit,  privy 
councillor,  trusted  adviser:  nom. 
sg.,  1326. 

g  e  -  rysne.     See  g  e  -  risne. 

ge  -  ryman,  w.  v. :  i)  to  make  room 
for,  prepare,  provide  room  :  pret. 
pi.  J?at  hie  him  ofter  flet  eal  ge- 
r^mdon,  1087;  pret.  part.  HI  was 
Geat-macgum  .  .  .  benc  gerymed, 
492;  so,  1976.  —  2)  to  allow, grant, 
admit :  pret.  part.  >&  me  ge-r^med 
was  (si  5)  (as  access  was  permitted 
w^),3o89;  }>a  him  gerymed  wear^, 
)^at  hie  wal-stowe  wealdan  moston, 
2984. 


ge-saca,  w.  m.,  opponent,  antago- 
nist, foe:  ace.  sg.  ge-sacan,  1744. 

sacan,  st.  v.,  to  strive,  contend:  inf. 
ymb  feorh  sacan,  439. 

ge-sac-an,  to  att.ain,  gain  by  con- 
tending (Grein)  :  inf.  gesacan  sceal 
sawl-berendra  .  .  .  gearvve  stowe 
(gain  the  place  prepared,  i.e.  the 
death-bed),  1005. 


254 


GLOSSARY. 


on-sacan:  i)  (originally  in  a  law- 
suit), to  withdraw,  take  away,  de- 
prive of:  pres.  subj.  J>atte  freoftu- 
webbe  feores  on-sa.ce  .  .  .  leofne 
mannan,  1943.  —  2)  to  contest,  dis- 
pute, withstand :  inf.  Hit  he  saa- 
mannum  on-sacan  mihte  (i.e.  hord, 
beam,  and  bryde),  2955. 

sacn,  st.  f.,  strife,  hostility,  fetid: 
nom.  sg.,  1858,  2473;  ace.  sg.  sace, 
154;  sacce,  1978,1990,  2348,2500, 
2563;  dat.  sg.  at  (to)  sacce,  954, 
1619,  1666,  2613,  2660,  2682, 
2687 ;  gen.  sg.  secce,  601 ;  gen. 
pi.  sacca,  2030. 

g  e  -  s  a  c  u ,  st.  f.,  strife,  enmity  :  nom. 
sg.,  1738. 

sadol,  st.  m.,  saddle :  nom.  sg.,  1039. 

sadol-beorht,  adj.,  with  bright  sad- 
dles ( ?)  :  ace.  pi.  sadol  -  beorht, 
2176. 

ge-saga.     See  secgan. 

samne,  somne,  adv.,  together,  uni- 
ted; in  at-somne,  together,  united, 
307,  402,  491,  544,  2848. 

to -somne  (together},  3123;  >a  se 
wyrm  ge  -  bean  snftde  to  -  somne 
(when  the  dragon  quickly  coiled 
together),  2569. 

samod,  soinod :  I.  adv.,  simultane- 
ously,at  the  same  time:  somod,  1 21 2, 
1615,  2175,  2988;  samod,  2197; 
samod  at-gadere,  387,  730, 1064.  — 
II.  prep.  w.  dat.,  with,  at  the  same 
time  with  :  samod  asr-dage  (with 
the  break  of  day}-,  1312;  somod 
a?r-dage,  2943. 

sand,  st.  m.,  sand,  sandy  shore  :  dat. 
sg.  on  sande,  295,  1897,  3°43(?); 
after  sande  (along  the  shore},  1965; 
wilS  sande,  213. 

sang,  st.  m.,  song,  cry,  noise :  nom. 
sg.  sang,  1064;  swutol  sang  sco- 
pes, 90;  ace.  sg.  sige-leasne  sang 
(Grendel's  cry  of  woe),  788;  sa 


rigne    sang    (HreSePs    dirge   for 

Herebeald),  2448. 
sal,  st.  m.,  rope  :  dat.  sg.  sale,  1907; 

on  sale  (sole,  MS.),  302. 

i.     See  ssel. 
sar,  st.  f.,  wound,  pain  (physical  or 

spiritual)  :  nom.  sg.  sar,  976;   sio 

sar,  2469;   ace.  sg.  sar,  788;   sare, 

2296;   dat.  (instr.)  sg.  sare,   1252, 

2312,  2747.  —  Comp.  lic-sar. 
sar,   adj.,  sore,  painful:    instr.  pi. 

sarum  wordum,  2059. 
sare,  adv.,  sorely,  heavily,  ill,  gravi- 

ter:    se    >e   him    [sa]re   gesceod 

(who  injured  him  sorely),  2224. 
sarig,  adj.,  painftd,  woe  fill :  ace.  sg. 

sarigne  sang,  2448. 
sarig  -  f erS1,      adj .,      sore  -  hearted, 

grieved:  nom.  sg.  sarig-ferft  (Wig- 

laf  ),  2864. 
sarig-m6d,  adj.,  sorrozvful-minded, 

saddened:   dat.  pi.   sarig-modum, 

2943- 

sar-lic,  adj.,  painful:  nom.  sg., 
843;  ace.  sg.  neut.,  2110. 

sawol,  sawl,  st.  f.,  soul  (the  immor- 
tal principle  as  contrasted  with  lif, 
the  physical  life)  :  nom.  sg.  sawol, 
2821;  ace.  sg.  sawle,  184,  802; 
hae'Sene  sawle,  853;  gen.  sg.  sa- 
wele,  1743;  sawle,  1743. 

sawl-berend,  pres.  part.,  endowed 
with  a  soul,  human  being:  gen. 
pi.  sawl-berendra,  1005. 

sa\vul-dre6r,  st.  n.,  (blood  gushing 
from  the  seat  of  the  soul),  scul- 
gore,  hear Ps  blood,  life's  blood: 
instr.  sg.  sawul-driore,  2694. 

sawul-leas,  adj.,  soulless,  lifeless: 
ace.  sg.  sawol-leasne,  1407;  s&wul- 
leasne,  3034. 

sace,  sacce.     See  sacu. 

sad,  adj.,  satiated,  wearied :  in  comp. 
hilde-sad. 

sal,   st.    n.,    habitable  space,   house. 


GLOSSARY. 


255 


hall:  dat.  sg.  sel,  167;  sal,  307, 
2076,  2265. 

said,  st.  n.,  hall,  king's  hall  or  pal- 
ace :  ace.  sg.  geond  J>at  said  (Heo- 
rot),  1281. 

S8B,  st.  m.  and  f.,  sea,  ocean  :  nom. 
sg.,  579,  1224;  ace.  sg.  on  sidne 
see,  507;  ofer  see,  2381;  ofer  see 
side,  2395;  dat.  sg.  to  see,  318;  on 
see,  544;  dat.  pi.  be  seem  tweonum, 
859,  1298,  1686,  1957. 

sae-bat,  st.  m.,  sea-boat:  ace.  sg., 
634,  896. 

sae-cyning,  st.  m.,  sea-king,  king 
ruling  the  sea  :  gen.  pi.  see-cyninga, 

2383- 

sae-deor,  st.  n.,  sea-beast,  sea-mon- 
ster:  nom.  sg.,  1511. 

sae-draca,  w.  m.,  se'a-dragon  :  ace. 
pi.  see-dracan,  1427. 

ge-saegan,  w.  v.,  to  fell,  slay  :  pret. 
part,  hafdon  eal-fela  eotena  cynnes 
sweordum  ge-saeged  {felled  with 
the  sword},  885. 

saege.    See  on-saege. 

sae-genga,  w.  m.,  sea-goer,  i.e.  sea- 
going ship:  nom.  sg.,  1883,  1909. 

sae-geap,  adj.,  spacious  (broad 
enough  for  the  sea)  :  nom.  sg.  see- 
geap  naca,  1897. 

sae-grund,  st.  m.,  sea-bottom,  ocean- 
bottom  :  dat.  sg.  see-grunde,  564. 

sael,  sal,  sel,  st.  f . :  i)  favorable 
opportunity,  good  or  fit  time  :  nom. 
sg.  sael,  623,  1666,  2059;  seel  and 
meel,  1009;  ace.  sg.  sele,  1136; 
gen.  pi.  saela  and  meela,  1612. — 
2)  Fate(T)  :  gen.  sg.  se"le  reedenne, 
51.  —  3)  happiness^  joy  :  dat.  pi. 
on  salum,  608;  scelum,  644,  1171, 
1323.  See  sel,  adj. 

g  e  -  saelan,  w.  v.,  to  turn  out  favor- 
ably, succeed:  pret.  sg.  him  ge- 
seekle  J>at  .  .  .  (Jie  was  forlunate 
enough  to,  etc.),  891;  so,  574; 


efne  swylce  meela,  swylce  hira 
man-dryhtne  J>earf  ge-seelde  (at 
sue /i  times  as  need  disposed  it  for 
their  lord},  1251. 

saelan  (see  sal),  w.  v.,  to  tie,  bind  : 
pret.  sg.  seelde  .  .  .  sift-faftme  scip, 
1918;  pi.  see-wudu  saeldon,  226. 

ge-saelan,  to  bind  together,  weave, 
interweave  :  pret.  part,  earm-beaga 
fela  searwum  ge-seeled  (many  cu- 
riously interwoven  armlets,  i.e. 
made  of  metal4  wire :  see  Guide  to 
Scandinavian  Antiquities,  p.  48), 
2765. 

on-saelan,  with  ace.,  to  unbind, 
unloose,  open  :  on-seel  meoto,  sige- 
hre'S  secgum  (disclose  thy  views  to 
the  men,  thy  victor's  courage ;  or, 
thy  presage  of  victory!},  489. 

sae-lac,  st.  n.,  sea-gift,  sea-booty: 
instr.  sg.  sac-la1  ce,  1625  ;  ace.  pi. 
>a"s  sae-la-c,  1653. 

sae-lad,  st.  f.,  sea-way,  sea-journey  : 
dat.  sg.  sae-lade,  1140,  1158. 

sae-liftend,  pres.  part.,  seafarer  : 
nom.  pi.  sae-li'Send,  411,  1819, 
2807;  sse-liftende,  377. 

sae-man,  m.,  sea-man,  sea-warrior*: 
dat.  pi.  sae-mannum,  2955;  gen.  pi. 
see-manna,  329  (both  times  said  of 
the  Geatas). 

saemra,  weak  adj.  compar.,  the 
vvorse,  the  weaker:  nom.  sg.  seemra, 
2881;  dat.  sg.  soemran,  954. 

sae-meS'e,  adj.,  sea-weary,  exhausted 
by  sea-travel:  nom.  pi.  see-meiSe, 

325. 

sae-nas,  st.  m.,  sea-protnontoK.y,  cape, 
naze :  ace.  pi.  see-nassas,  223,  571. 

saene,  adj.,  careless,  slow:  compar. 
sg.  nom.  he  on  holme  was  sundes 
\)e  saenra,  pe  hyne  swylt  fornam 
(was  the  slower  in  swimming  in 
the  sea,  whom  death  took  away}, 
1437- 


256 


GLOSSARY. 


sae-rinc,  st.  m.,  sea-warrior  or  hero  : 
nom.  sg.,  691. 

sse-siS1,  st.  m.,  sea-way,  path,  jour- 
ney :  dat.  sg.  after  sae-si'Se,  1150. 

sae-wang,  st.  m.,  sea-shore  or  beach: 
ace.  sg.  sce-wong,  1965. 

sse-weal,  st.  m.,  (sea-wall} ,  sea- 
shore: dat.  sg.  s?e-wealle,  1925. 

sae-wudu,  st.  m.,  (sea-wood},  vessel, 
ship  :  ace.  sg.  sae-wudu,  226. 

sae-wylm,  st.  m.,  sea-surf,  billow  : 
ace.  pi.  ofer  sse-wylmas,  393. 

scacan,  sceacan,  st.  v.,  properly,  to 
shake  one's  self;  hence,  to  go,  glide, 
pass  along or  away  :  pres.  sg.  J>onne 
min  sceaceft  lif  of  lice,  2743;  inf. 
J?a"  com  beorht  [sunne]  scacan 
[ofer  grundas],  (the  bright  stin 
came  gliding  over  the  fields} ,  1 804 ; 
pret.  sg.  duguft  ellor  scoc  (the 
chiefs  are  gone  elsewhither,  i.e. 
have  died),  2255 ;  bonne  stroela 
storm  .  .  .  scoc  ofer  scild-weall 
{when  the  storm  of  arrows  leapt 
over  the  wall  of  shields'),  3119; 
pret.  part,  was  hira  blaed  scacen 
(their  strength  (breath?}  had  passed 
•away),  1125;  ba~  was  winter  sca- 
cen (the  winter  was  past),  1137; 
so,  sceacen,  2307,  2728. 

stadu,  sceadu,  st.  m.,  shadow,  con- 
cealing veil  of  night:  ace.  sg.  under 
sceadu  bregdan  (i.e.  kill),  708. 

scadu-genga,  w.  m.,  shadow-goer, 
twilight- stalker  (of  Grendel):  nom. 
sg.  sceadu-genga,  704. 

scadu-helm,  st.  m.,  shadow-helm, 
veil  of  darkness  :  gen.  pi.  scadu- 
helma  ge-sceapu  (shapes  of  the 
shadow,  evil  spirits  wandering  by 
night),  651. 

scalu,  st.  f.,  retinue,  band  (part  of 
an  armed  force) ;  in  comp.  hand- 
scalu :  mid  his  hand-scale  (hond- 
scole),  1318,  1964. 


scamian,  w.  v.,  to  be  ashamed  :  pres. 
part.  nom.  pi.  scamiende,  285 1 ; 
no  he  baere  feoh-gyfte  .  .  .  scami- 
gan  borfte  {needed not  be  ashamed 
of  his  treasure-giving),  1027. 

scawa  (see  sceawian),  w.  m.,  obser- 
ver,visitor.:  nom.  pi.  scawan,  1896. 

ge-scad,  st.  n.,  difference,  distinc- 
tion :  ace.  sg.  ceg-hwaftres  gescSd, 
worda  and  worca  (difference  be- 
tween, of,  both  words  and  deeds),  288. 

ge » scadan,  st.  v.,  to  decide,  adjudge: 
pret.  sg.  rodera  rsedend  hit  on  ryht 
gesce"d  (decided  it  in  accordance 
with  right),  1556. 

scaiia.ii,  redupl.  verb?,  to  shine: 
pret.  pi.  scionon,  303.  Cf.  O.S. 
pret.  an-skian,  from  an-skenan 
(Heliand,  5800).  .. 

ge-scap-hwile,  st.  f.,  fated  hour, 
hour  of  death  {appointed  rest?}  : 
dat.  sg.  to  gescap-hwile  {at  the 
fated  hour),  26. 

sceKyflfan,  w.  v.,  to  scathe,  injiire : 
inf.  w.  dat.  pers.,  1034;  aldre  sce"$- 
ftan  {hurt  her  life),  1525;  J>at  on 
land  Dena  la"Sra  noenig  mid  scip- 
herge  sceiS'San  ne  meahte  {injure 
through  robber  incursions},  243; 
pret.  sg.  bser  him  menig  water 
wihte  ne  sceftede,  1515. 

ge-sceftftan,  the  same  :  inf.  bat  him 
. . .  ne  mihte  eorres  inwit-feng  aldre 
gesceft'San,  1448. 

scene,  st.  f.,  vessel,  can  :  in  comp. 
medu-scenc. 

scencan,  w.  v.,  to  hand  drink,  pour 
out :  pret.  sg.  scencte  scir  wered, 
496  (cf.  skinker  =  cup-bearer) . 

scenne,  w.  f.?,  sword-guard? :  dat. 
pi.  on  J>cem  scennum  sciran  goldes, 
1695. 

sceran,  st.  v.,  to  shear  off,  cleave, 
hew  to  pieces  :  pres.  sg.  >onne  heoru 
bunden  .  .  .  swin  ofer  helme  and- 


GLOSSARY. 


257 


vveard  scireft  (hews  off  the  hoar- 
head on  the  helm},  1288. 

ge-sceran,  to  divide,  he^v  in  tivo  : 
pret.  sg.  helm  oft  ge-scar  (often 
clove  the  helm  in  two},  1527;  so, 
gescer,  2974. 

scerwen,  st.  f.?,  in  comp.  ealu-scer- 
wen  {ale-scare  or  panic?),  770. 

scet.    See  sceotan. 

sceadu.     See  scadu. 

sceafta,  w.  m. :  i)  scather,foe :  gen. 
pi.  sceaftena,  4.  —  2)  fighter,  war- 
rior :  nom.  pi.  seaman,  1804. — 
Comp. :  dttor-,  dol-,  feond-,  gfrS-, 
hearm-,  leod-,  man-,  sin-,  >eod-, 
uht-scealSa. 

sceafran,  st.  v.  w.  dat.,  to  scathe,  in- 
jure, crush :  pret.  sg.  se  J>e  oft 
manegum  scod  (which  has  oft  op- 
pressed many) ,  1 888. 

ge-sceaftan,  w.  dat.,  the  same: 
pret.  sg.  swa  him  ser  gescod  hild  at 
Heorote,  1588;  se  £e  him  sdre  ge- 
sceod  (u'/io  injured  him  sorely}, 
2224;  no  >y  aer  in  gescod  halan 
lice,  1503;  bill  ssr  gescod  eald- 
,hlafordes  J>am  J?ara  maftma  mund- 
bora  was  (the  weapon  of  the  ancient 
chieftain  had  before  laid  low  the 
dragon,  the  guardian  of  the  treas- 
ure}, 2778  (or,  sheathed  in  brass!, 
if  ser  and  gescod  form  compound) . 

sceaflfen-mael,  st.  n.,  deadly  weapon, 
hostile  sword :  nom.  sg.,  1940. 

sceaft,  st.  m.,  shaft,  spear,  missile  : 
nom.  sg.  sceft,  3119.  —  Comp.: 
here-,  wal-sceaff. 

ge -sceaft,  st.  f. :  i)  creation,  earth, 
earthly  existence  :  ace.  sg.  Jj&s  lae- 
nan  ge-sceaft,  1623.  —  2)  fate,  des- 
tiny :  in  comp.  forft-,  lif-,  msel- 
gesceaft. 

scealc,  st.  m.,  servant,  military  re- 
tainer :  nom.  sg.,  919;  (of  Beo- 
wulf), 940.  —  Comp.  beor-scealc. 


ge-sceap,  st.  n. :  i)  shape,  creature  : 
nom.  pi.  scadu-helma  ge-sceapu, 
65 1 .  —  2)  fate,  providence  :  ace. 
sg.  heah  ge-sceap  (heavy  fate}, 
3085. 

sceapan,  sceppan,  scyppan,  st. 
v.,  to  shape,  create,  order,  arrange, 
establish :  pres.  part,  scyppend 
(the  Creator},  106;  pret.  sg.  scop 
him  Heort  naman  (shaped,  gave, 
it  the  name  Hear  of},  78;  pres. 
part,  was  sio  wroht  scepen  heard 
wrS  Hugas,  sy'S'San  Hygelac  cwbm 
(the  contest  with  the  Hugas  became 
sharp  after  H.  had  come},  2915. 

ge-sceapan,  to  shape,  create:  pret. 
sg.  ilf  ge-sceop  cynna  gehwylcum, 

97- 

scear,  st.  m.,  massacre:  in  comp. 
gfrS-,  inwit-scear,  2429,  etc. 

scearp,  adj.,  sharp,  able,  brave: 
nom.  sg.  scearp  scyld-wiga,  288. 
—  Comp. :  beadu-,  hea'So-scearp. 

scearu,  st.  f.,  division,  body,  troop  : 
in  comp.  folc-scearu;  that  is  de- 
cided or  determined,  in  gutS-scearu 
(overthrow!},  1214. 

sceat,  st.  m.,  money ;  also  unit  of 
value  in  appraising  (cf.  Rieger  in 
Zacher's  Zeits.  3,  415)  :  ace.  pi. 
sceattas,  1687.  When  numbers  are 
given,  sceat  appears  to  be  left  out, 
cf.  2196,  2995  ^see  J?usend). — 
Comp.  gif-sceat. 

sceat,  st.  m.,  region,  field :  ace.  pi. 
gefratwade  boldan  sceatas  leomum 
and  leafum,  96;  —  top,  surface, 
part :  gen.  pi.  eorftan  sceata,  753. 

sceawere,  st.  m.,  observer,  spy  : 
nom.  pi.  sceaweras,  253. 

sceawian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  see,  look 
at,  observe :  inf.  sceawian,  841, 
1414,  2403,  2745,  3009,  3033; 
sceawigan,  1392;  pres.  sg.  II.  bat 
ge  genoge  nean  sceawiaft  beagas 


258 


GLOSSARY. 


and  brad  gold,  3105;  subj.  pres. 
>at  ic  .  .  .  sceawige  svvegle  searo- 
gimmas,  2749;  pret.  sg.  scea- 
vvode,  1688,  2286,  2794;  sg.  for 
pi.,  844;  pret.  pi.  sceawedon,  132, 
204,  984,  1441. 

ge-sceawian,  to  see,  behold,  observe  : 
pret.  part,  ge-sceawod,  3076,  3085. 

sceorp,  st.  n.,  garment:  in  comp. 
hilde-sceorp. 

sceotan,  st.  v.,  to  shoot,  hurl  missiles  : 
pres.  sg.  se  fce  of  flan-bogan  fyre- 
num  sceoteiS,  1745;  pres.  part, 
nom.  pi.  sceotend  (the  warriors, 
bowmeii),"]Q4,  H55;  dat.  pi.  for 
sceotendum(MS.scotenum),  1027. 

ge- sceotan,  w.  ace.,  to  shoot  off, 
hurry  :  pret.  sg.  hord  eft  gesceat 
(the  dragon  darted  again  back  to 
the  treasure},  2320. 

of- sceotan,  to  kiilby  shooting  :  pret. 
sg.  his  maeg  of-scet  .  .  .  blodigan 
gare  (killed  his  brother  with  bloody 
dart),  2440. 

scild,  scyld,  st.  m.,  shield:  nom. 
sg.  scyld,  2571 ;  ace.  sg.  scyld,  437, 
2676 ;  acc.pl.  scyldas,  325, 333, 285 1 . 

scildan,  scyldan,  w.  v.,  to  shield, 
protect :  pret.  subj.  nynV$e  mec  god 
scylde  (if  God  had  not  shielded 
me'},  1659. 

scild-freca,  w.  m.,  shield-warrior 
(warrior  armed  with  a  shield)  : 
nom.  sg.  scyld-freca,  1034. 

scild- weall,  st.  m.,  wall  of  shields  : 
ace.  sg.  scild-weall,  3119. 

scild-wiga,  w.  m.,  shield-warrior  : 
nom.  sg.  scyld-vviga,  288. 

scinna,  w.  m.,  apparition,  evil  spirit: 
dat.  pi.  scynnum,  940. 

scip,  st.  n.,  vessel,  ship :  nom.  sg., 
302;  ace.  sg.,  1918;  dat.  sg.  to 
scipe,  1896;  gen.  sg.  scipes,  35, 
897;  dat.  pi.  to  scypum  (scypon, 
MS.),  1155. 


scip-here,  st.  m.,  (exercitus  navalis), 
armada,  fleet :  dat.  sg.  mid  scip- 
herge,  243. 

ge-scife  (for  ge-scyfe),  adj.,  ad- 
vancing (of  the  dragon's  move- 
ment), 2571. 

scinan,  st.  v.,  to  shine,  flash  :  pres. 
sg.  sunne  .  .  .  su'San  scine'5,  607; 
so,  1572;  inf.  geseah  blacne  leo- 
man  beorhte  scinan,  1518;  pret. 
sg.  (guft  -  byrne,  woruld  -  candel) 
scan,  321,  1966;  on  him  byrne 
scan,  405 ;  pret.  pi.  gold-fag  scinon 
web  after  wagum,  995;  scionon, 
303;  cf.  scanan. 

scir,  adj.,  sheer,  ptirc,  shining  :  nom. 
sg.  hring-iren  scir,  322;  scir  me- 
tod,  980;  ace.  sg.  n.  scir  wered, 
496;  gen.  sg.  sciran  goldes,  1695. 

scir-ham,  adj.,  bright-armored,  clad 
in  bright  mail :  nom.  pi.  scir-hame, 
1896. 

scoten.     See  sceotcn. 

g  e  -  scod,  pret.  part.,  ^//^/(calceatus) , 
covered ' :  in  comp.  eer-ge-scod(?). 
See  ge-scea8'an. 

scop,    st.    m.,  singer,  shaper,  poet : 

'  nom.  sg.,  496,  1067;  gen.  sg.  sco- 
pes, 90. 

scraf,  st.  n.,  hole  in  the  earth,  cav- 
ern :  in  comp.  eorft-scraf. 

scriffaii,  st.  v.,  to  stride,  go  :  pres. 
pi.  scriSaft,  163;  inf.  scrrSan,  651, 
704;  scriftan  to,  2570. 

scrifan,  st.  v.,  to  prescribe,  impose 
(punishment)  :  inf.  hu  him  (Gren- 
del)  scir  metod  scrifan  wille,  980. 

for-scrifan,  w.  dat.  pers.,  to  pro- 
scribe, condemn:  pret.  part.  siS- 
'5an  him  scyppend  for-scrifen  haf- 
de,  106. 

ge-scrifan,  to  permit,  prescribe: 
pret.  sg.  sw&  him  Wyrd  ne  ge-scrdf 
(as  Weird  did  not  permit  mm), 
2575- 


GLOSSARY. 


259 


scrud,  st.  m.,  clothing,  covering ;  or- 
nament :  in  comp.  beadu-,  byrdu- 
scrftd. 

scucca,  w.  m.,  shadowy  sprite,  de- 
mon :  dat.-pl.  scuccum,  940. 

sculaii,  aux.  v.  w.  inf. :  I )  shall, 
must  (obligation)  :  pres.  sg.  I.,  III. 
sceal,  20,  24,  183,  251,  271,  287, 
440,978,  1005,  1173,  1387,  1535, 
etc.;  seel,  455,  2805,  3011;  II. 
scealt,  589,  2667;  subj.  pres.  scyle, 
2658;  scile,  31 78;  pret.  ind.  sg.  I., 
III.  scolde,  10,  806,  820, 966, 1071, 
1444,  1450,  etc.;  sceolde,  2342, 
2409,  2443,  2590,  2964;  II.  sceol- 
dest,  2057;  pi.  scoldon,  41,  833, 
1306,  1638;  subj.  pret.  scolde, 
1329, 1478;  sceolde,  2709.  —  2)  w. 
inf.  following  it  expresses  futurity, 
=  shall,  will:  pres.  sg.  I.,  III. 
sceal  beodan  (shall  offer),  384; 
so,  424,  438,  602,  637,  1061,  1707, 
1856,  1863,  2070;  sceall,  2499, 
2509,  etc.;  II.  scealt;  1708;  pi. 
wit  sculon,  684;  subj.  pret.  scolde, 
280,  692,  911;  sceolde,  3069.— 
3)  sculan  sometimes  forms  a  peri- 
phrastic phrase  or  circumlocution 
for  a  simple  tense,  usually  with  a 
slight  feeling  of  obligation  or  ne- 
cessity :  pres.  sg.  he  ge-wunian 
sceall  (he  inhabits;  is  said  to  in- 
habit!}, 2276;  pret.  sg.  se  be  water- 
egesan  wunian  scolde,  1261;  wac- 
nan  scolde  (was  to  awake},  85; 
se  bone  gomelan  gretan  sceolde 
(was  to,  should,  approach},  2422; 
fcat  se  byrn-wiga  bugan  sceolde 
(the  corseleted  warrior  had  to  bow, 
fell},  2919;  pi.  b&  be  beado-grl- 
man  by~wan  sceoldon  (thcv  that 
had  to  polish  or  deck  the  battle- 
masks},  2258;  so,  230,  705,  1068. 
^ —  4)  w.  omitted  inf.,  such  as 
wesan,  gangan :  unc  sceal  worn 


fela  ma"Sma  ge-magnra (i.e.  wesan), 
1784;  so,  2660;  sceal  se  hearda 
helm  .  .  .  fatum  befeallen  (i.e.  we- 
san), 2256;  ic  him  after  sceal  (i.e. 
gangan),  2817;  subj.  bonne  Jm 
foriS  scyle  (i.e.  gangan),  1180.  A 
verb  or  inf.  expressed  in  an  ante- 
cedent clause  is  not  again  expressed 
with  a  subsequent  sceal :  gaeft  a" 
Wyrd  swd  hio  seel  (  Weird  goeth 
ever  as  it  shall  [go]),  455;  guft- 
bill  ge-swac  swa"  hit  no  sceolde 
(i.e.  ge-swican),  2586. 

sofia,  w.  m.,  shadowy  demon :  in 
comp.  deaiS-scfta. 

scufaii,  st.  v.:  i)  intrans.,  to  move 
forward,  hasten :  pret.  part.  b& 
was  morgen-leoht  scofen  and  scyn- 
ded,  919.  —  2)  w.  ace.,  to  shove, 
push :  pret.  pi.  guman  ut  scufon 
.  .  .  wudu  bundenne  (pitshed  the 
vessel  from  the  land},  215;  dracnn 
scufun  .  .  .  ofer  weall-clif  (pushed 
the  dragon  over  the  wall-like  cliff}, 
3132.  See  wid-scofen. 

be-scufan,  w.  ace.,  to  push',  thrust 
down,  in  :  inf.  wa"  bifl  bam  be  sceal 
.  .  .  sdwle  be-scufan  in  fyres  faSm 
(woe  to  him  that  shall  thrust  his 
soul  into  fire's  embrace},  184. 

scur,  st.  m.,  shower,  battle-shower  : 
in  comp.  Tsern-scur. 

scur-lieard,  adj.,  fight-hardened! 
(file-hardened!}  :  nom.  pi.  scur- 
heard,  1034. 

scyld,  scyldan.  See  scild,  scildan . 

scyldig,  adj.,  under  obligations  or 
bound  for ;  guilty  of,  w.  gen.  and 
instr. :  ealdres  (mor'Sres)  scyldig, 
r339)  1684,  2062;  synnum  scyldig 
(guilty  of  evil  deeds},  3072. 

scyndan,  w.  v.,  to  hasten  :  inf.  scyn- 
dan,  2571 ;  pret.  pnrt.  scynded,  919. 

scynna.     See  scinua. 

scyppend.    See  sccapan. 


260 


GLOSSARY. 


scyran,  w.  v.,  to  arrange,  decide  : 
inf.  hat  hit  sceafien-msel  scyran 
moste  (that  the  sword  must  decide 
it),  1940.  O.N.  skora,  to  score, 
decide. 

scyne,  adj.,  sheen,  well-formed,  beau- 
tiful:  nom.  sg.  magt>  sc£ne,  3017. 

se,  pron.  dem.  and  article,  the  :  m. 
nom.,  79,  84,  86,  87,  90,  92,  102, 
etc.;  fern,  seo,  66,  146,  etc.;  neut. 
hat; — relative:  se  (who),  1611, 
2866;  se  be  (he  who},  2293;  seo 
\>e  (she  who"),  1446;  se  he  (for  seo 
he),  1345,  1888,  2686;  cf.  1261, 
1498;  (Grendel's  mother,  as  a  wild, 
demonic  creature,  is  conceived 
now  as  man,  now  as  woman: 
woman,  as  having  borne  a  son; 
man,  as  the  incarnation  of  savage 
cunning  and  power);  se  for  seo, 
2422;  dat.  sg.  J>am  (for  J>am  he), 
2780. 

secce.    See  sacu. 

secg,  st.  m.,  man,  warrior,  hero, 
spokesman  (secgan?) :  nom.  sg., 
208,  §72,  2228,  2407,  etc.;  (Beo- 
wulf), 249,  948,  1312,  1570,  1760, 
etc.;  (Wulfgar),  402;  (Hunferft), 
981;  (Wigiaf),  2864;  ace.  sg. 
synnigne  secg  (Grendel's  mother, 
cf.  se),  1380;  dat.  sg.  secge,  2020; 
nom.  pi.  secgas,  213,  2531,  3129; 
dat.  pl.secgum,49O;  gen.  pi.  secga. 
634,  843,  997,  1673. 

secg,  st.  f.,  sword  (sedge?)  :  ace.  sg. 
secge,  685. 

secgan,  w.  v.,  to  say,  speak  :  i)  w. 
ace. :  pres.  sg.  gode  ic  hanc  secge, 
1998;  so,  2796;  pres.  part,  swa 
se  secg  hwata  secgende  was  laSra 
spella  (partitive  gen.),  3029;  inf. 
secgan,  582,  876,  881,  1050;  pret. 
sg.  sagde  him  has  leanes  hanc, 
1810;  pret.  sg.  II.  hwat  j>u  worn 
fela  .  .  .  sagdest  from  his  si5e,  532. 


—  2)  without  ace. :  inf.  swa  we 
softlice  secgan  h^rdon,  273;  pret. 
sg.  sagde,  2633,  2900.  —  3)  w.  de- 
pend, clause :  pres.  sg.  ic  secge, 
591;  pi.  III.  secgaft,  411;  inf. 
secgan,  51,  391,  943,  1347,  1701, 
1819,  2865,  3027;  gerund,  to  sec- 
ganne,  473,  1725;  pret.  sg.  sagde, 
90,  1176;  pi.  sagdon,  377,  2188; 
ssedan,  1946. 

^-secgan  (edicere),  to  say  out,  de- 
liver :  inf.  wille  ic  i-secgan  suna 
Healfdenes  .  .  .  mm  aerende,  344. 

ge -secgan,  to  say,  relate:  imper. 
sg.  II.  ge-saga,  388;  hat  ic  his 
[or]  oerest  he  eft  ge-sagde  (that  I 
should  first  tell  thee  its  origin*), 
2158;  pret.  part,  gesagd,  141 ;  ge- 
ssed,  1697. 

sefa,  w.  m.,  heart,  mind,  sotil,  spirit: 
nom.  sg.,  49,  490,  595,  2044,  2181, 
2420,  2601,  2633;  ace.  sg.  sefan, 
278,  1727,  1843;  dat.  sg.  sefan, 
473, 1343, 1738.— Comp.  mod-sefa. 

ge-scgen,   st.    f.,    legend,   tale:    in 

.   comp.  eald-ge-segen. 

segl,  st.  n.,  sail :  nom.  sg.,  1907. 

segl-rad,  st.  f,,  sail-road,  i.e.  sea : 
dat.  sg.  on  segl-rade,  1430. 

segn,  st.  n.,  banner,  vexillum  :  nom. 
sg.,  2768,  2959;  ace.  sg.  segen,  47, 
1022;  segn,  2777,  2959;  dat.  sg. 
under  segne,  1205.  —  Comp.  hea- 
fod-segn. 

sel,  st.  n.,  hall,  palace.     See  sal. 

seld,  st.  n.,  dwelling, house:  in  comp. 
medu-seld. 

ge-selda,  w.  m.,  contubernalis,  com- 
panion :  ace.  sg.  geseldan,  1985. 

seldan,  adv.,  seldom  :  oft  [no]  sel- 
dan,  2030. 

seld-guma,  w.  m.,  house-man,  home- 
stayer(l};  common  man?,  house- 
carl^  :  nom.  sg.,  249. 

selc,  st.  m.  and  n.,  biiilding  consist* 


GLOSSARY. 


261 


ing  of  one  apartment ;  apartment, 
room  :  nom.  sg.,  81,  411 ;  ace.  sg. 
sele,  827,  2353;  dat.  sg.  to  sele, 
323,  1641;  in  (on,  to)  sele  bam 
hean,  714,  920,  1017,  1985;  on 
sele  (in  the  den  of  the  dragon), 
3 1 29. —  Comp. :  bean-, beor-, clryht-, 
eori5-,  gest-,  gold-,  grund-,  gftS-, 
heah-,  bring-,  hrof-,  ni'S-,  win-sele. 

sele-dream,  st.  m.,  hall-glee,  joy  in 
the  hall :  ace,  sg.  b&ra  be  his  lif  of- 
geaf,  ges&won  sele-dream  (refer- 
ring to  the  joy  of  heaven?),  2253. 

sele-ful,  st.  n.,  hall-goblet :  ace.  sg., 
620. 

sele-gyst,  st.  m.,  hall-guest,  stranger 
in  hall  or  house :  ace.  sg.  bone  sele- 
gyst,  1546. 

sele-rsedend,  pres.  part.,  hall-ruler, 
guardian  or  possessor  of  the  hall : 
ace.  leode  mine  sele-rsedende,  1347. 

sele-rest,  st.  f.,  bed  in  the  hall :  ace. 
sg.  sele-reste,  691. 

sele-J>egn,  st.  m.,  retainer,  hall- 
thane,  chamberlain  :  nom.sg.,  1795. 

sele-weard,  st.  m.,  hall-ward,  guar- 
dian of  the  hall :  ace.  sg.,  668. 

self,  sylf,  pron.,  self:  nom.  sg. 
strong  form,  self,  1314, 1925  (?  sel- 
fa)  ;  bu  self,  595  ;  J?u  be  self,  954; 
self  cyning  (the  king  himself,  the 
king  too},  921,  IOII;  sylf,  1965; 
in  weak  form,  selfa,  1469;  he  selfa, 
29,  1734;  bam  be  him  selfa  deah 
(that  can  rely  upon,  triist  to,  him- 
self}, 1840;  seolfa,  3068 ;  he  syl- 
fa,  505;  god  sylfa,  3055;  ace.  sg. 
m.  selfne,  1606;  hine  selfne  {him- 
self}, 962;  hyne  selfne  (himself, 
reflex.),  2876;  wi'5  sylfne  (oppo- 
site}, 1978;  gen.  sg.  m.  selfes,  701, 
896;  his  selfes,  1148;  on  sinne 
sylfes  dom  (at his  own  will},  2148; 
sylfss,  2224,  2361,  2640,  2711, 
2777,  3014;  his  sylfes,  2014,  2326; 


fern,    hire  selfre,   1116;   nom.   pi. 

selfe,  I9(?) ;  Sfr5-Dene  sylfe,  1997. 

ge-sella,  w.  m.,  house-companion, 
comrade  :  in  comp.  hand-gesella. 

sellan,  syllan,  w.  v. :  i)  w.  ace.  of 
thing,  dat.  of  pers.,  to  give,  deliver; 
permit,  grant,  present :  pres.  sg. 
III.  seleiS  him  on  eSle  eorSan 
wynne,  1731;  inf.  syllan,  2161, 
2730;  pret.  sg.  sealde,  72,  673, 
1272,  1694,  1752,  2025,  2156,  2183, 
2491,  2995  '•>  nefne  g°d  sylfa  sealde 
bam  be  he  wolde  hord  openian 
{unless  God  himself  gave  towhom  he 
wotddtoopenthe hoard},y>tfi',  pret. 
sg.  II.  sealdest,  1483.  —  2)  to  give, 
give  up  (only  w.  ace.  of  thing)  : 
ser  he  feorh  sele'S  (lie  prefers  to 
give  up  his  life},  1371;  nallas  on 
gylp  sele'S  fa'tte  beagas  (giveth  out 
gold-wrought  rings,  etc.),  1750; 
pret.  sg.  sinc-fato  sealde,  623;  pi. 
byrelas  sealdon  win  of  wunder- 
fatum,  1162. 

ge-sellan,  w.  ace.  and  dat.  of  pers., 
to  'give,  deliver  ;  grant,  present : 
inf.  ge-sellan,  1030;  pret.  sg.  ge- 
sealde,  616, 1053, 1867,  1902, 2143, 
etc. 

sel-lic,  syl-lic  (from  seld-lic),  adj., 
strange,  wondrous  :  nom.  sg.  glof 
.  .  .  syllic,  2087;  ace.  sg.  n.  syllic 
spell,  21 10;  ace.  pi.  sellice  soe-dra- 
can,  1427.  Compar.  ace.  sg.  syl- 
licran  wiht  (the  dragon),  3039. 

semiiinga,adv.,  straightway,  at  once, 
645,  1641,  1768. 

scndan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.  of  thing  and  dat. 
of  pers.,  to  send :  pret.  sg.  )>one 
god  sende  folce  to  frofre  (whom 
God  sent  as  a  comfort  to  the  peo- 
ple}, 13;  50,471,  1843. 

for-sendan,  to  send aivay,  drive  off : 
pret.  part,  he  wearS  on  feonda  ge- 
weald  . . .  snftcle  for-sended,  905. 


262 


GLOSSARY. 


on-sendan,  to  send  forth,  aivay,  w. 
ace.  of  thing  and  dat.  of  pers. : 
imper.  sg.  on-send,  452,  1484;  pret. 
sg.  on-sende,  382;  pi.  be  hine 
.  .  .  forft  on-sendon  renne  ofer  yfte 
(who  sent  him  forth  alone  over  the 
sea},  45;  pret.  part-,  bealo-cwealm 
hafa'5  fela  feorh-cynna  feorr  on- 
sended,  2267. 

sendan  (cf.  Gl.  Aldhelm,  sanda  = 
ferculorum,  epularum,  in  Haupt 
IX.  444),  w.  v.,  to  feast,  banquet : 
pres.  sg.  III.  sende'S,  601. — Leo. 

serce,  syrce,  w.  f.,  sark,  shirt  of 
mail:  nom.  sg.  syrce,  1112;  nom. 
pi.  syrcan,  226;  ace.  pi.  groege  syr- 
can,  334.  —  Comp. :  beadu-,  heoro- 
serce;  here-,  leofto-,  lic-syrce. 

sess,  st.  m.,  seat,  place  for  sitting  • 
dat.  sg.  sesse,  2718;  bahebisesse 
geong  (by  the  seat,  i.e.  before  the 
dragon's  lair),  2757. 

setl,  st.  n.,  scat,  settle  :  ace.  sg.,  2014; 
dat.  sg.  setle,  1233,  1783,  2020; 
gen.  sg.  setles,  1787;  dat.  pi.  set- 
lum,  1290.  —  Comp. :  heah-,  hilde-, 
meodu-setl.' 

scttaii,  w.  v.,  to  set :  pret.  sg.  setton 
sse-meSe  side  scyldas  .  .  .  wift  bas 
recedes  weall  (the  sea-wearied  ones 
set  their  broad  shields  against  the 
wall  of  the  halt),  325;  so,  1243. 

a1  -  s  e  1 1  a  n ,  to  set,  place,  appoint :  pret. 
pi.  hie  him  a-setton  segen  [gyl]- 
denne  heah  ofer  heafod,  47;  pret. 
part.hafde  kyninga  wuldor  Grendle 
to-geanes...sele-\veardd-seted,668. 

be -set  tan,'  to  set  with,  surround  : 
pret.  sg.  (helm)  besette  swin-licum 
(set  the  helm  with  swine-bodies), 
H54- 

ge-settan:  i)  to  set,  set  down: 
pret.  part,  sw&  was  .  .  .  burh  run- 
stafas  rihte  ge-mearcod,  ge-seted 
and  ge-soed  (thus  was  .  .  .  in  rune- 


staves  rightly  marked,  set  down 
and  said"),  1697.  —  2)  to  set,  or- 
dain, create  :  pret.  sg.  ge-sette  . .  . 
sunnan  and  monan  leoman  to 
leohte  land-bfiendum,  94. — 3)  = 
componere,  to  lay  aside,  smooth 
over,  appease :  pret.  sg.  bat  he 
mid  by^  wife  wal-faehfta  .  .  .  dxl .  .  . 
ge-sette,  2030. 

secan,  w.  v.,  to  follow  after,  hence  : 
i)  to  seek,  strive  for,  w.  ace. :  pret. 
sg.  sine-fat  sohte  (sought  the  costly 
c^tp),  2301;  ne  sohte  searo-niSas, 
2739;  so,  3068.  Without  ace.: 
bonne  his  myne  sohte  (than  his 
wish  demanded"),  2573;  hord- 
weard  sohte  georne  after  grunde 
(the  hoard-warden  sought  eagerly 
along  the  ground),  2294. —  2)  to 
look  for,  come  or  go  some  whither, 
attain  something,  w.  ace. :  pres. 
sg.  III.  se  be  .  .  .  biorgas  seceS, 
2273;  subj.  beah  be  haeiS-stapa 
holt-wudu  s§ce,  1370;  imper.  s£c 
gif  bu  dyrre  (look  for  her,  i.e.  Gren- 
del's  mother,  if  thou  dare) ,  1 380 ; 
inf.  secean,  200,  268,  646,  1598, 
1870,  1990,  25I4(?),  3103,  etc.; 
s£can,  665,  1451;  drihten  s£cean 
(seek,  go  to,  the  Lord ),  1 8 7 ;  secean 
wyn-leas  vvic  (Grendel  was  to  seek 
a  joyless  place,  i.e.  Hell),  822;  so, 
secan  deofla  gedrag,  757;  sawle 
secan  (seek  the  life,  kill),  802 ;  so, 
secean  savvle  hord,  2423;  gerund, 
sacce  to  seceanne,  2563;  pret.  sg. 
L,  III.  sohte,  139,  208,  376,  417, 
2224;  II.  sohtest,  458;  pi.  sohton, 
339-  — 3)  to  seek,  attack:  be  (is 
secea'5  to  Sweona  leode,  3002; 
pret.  pi.  hine  wrac-macgas  ofer  SEC 
sohtan,  2381. 

ge-secan  :  i)  toseek,  w.  ace. :  inf.  gif 
he  gesecean  dear  wig  ofer  wa^pen, 
685. —  2)  to  look  for,  come  ot  go  to 


GLOSSARY. 


263 


attain,  w.  ace. :  inf.  ge-secean,  693 ; 
gerund,  to  ge-secanne,  1923;  pret. 
sg.  ge-sohte,  463,  520,  718,  1952; 
pret.  part.  ace.  pi.  feor-cy'S'Se  beo^ 
selran  ge-sohte  J>am  J>e  hine  selfa 
deah,  1840.  —  3)  to  seek  zvith  hos- 
tile intent,  to  attack  :  pres.  sg.  ge- 
seceiS  2516;  pret.  sg.  ge-sohte, 
2347;  P1-  ge-sohton,  2927;  ge- 
sohtan,  2205. 

ofer-s^can,  w.  ace.,  to  surpass,  otitdo 
(in  an  attack)  :  pres.  sg.  was  sio 
bond  to  strong,  se  j?e  meca  gehwane 
.  .  .  swenge  ofer-sohte,  bonne  he 
to  sacce  bar  wsepen  wundrum  heard 
(too  strong  was  the  hand,  that  sur- 
passed every  sword  in  stroke,  when 
he  [Beowulf]  bore  the  wondrous 
weapon  to  battle,  i.e.  the  hand  was 
too  strong  for  any  sword;  its 
strength  made  it  useless  in  battle), 
2687. 

sel,  st.  f.     See  sail. 

sel,  seel,  adj.,  good,  excellent,  fit, 
only  in  compar. :  nom.  sg.  m.  selra, 
86 1,  2194;  Jjsem  J>aer  se'lra  was  (to 
the  one  that  was  the  better,  i.e.  Hy- 
gelac),  2200;  deaS  bift  sella  jx>nne 
edwit-lif,  2891;  neut.  selre,  1385; 
ace.  sg.  m.  selran  j?e  (a  better  than 
thee*},  1851;  selran,  1198;  neut.  J?at 
s81re,  1760;  dat.  sg.  m.  selran 
sweord-frecan,  1469;  ace.  pi.  fern, 
selran,  1840.  Superl.,  strong  form: 
nom.  sg.  neut.  sSlest,  173,  1060; 
husa  s£lest,  146,  285,936;  ofost  is 
selest,  256;  bolda  s£lest,  2327;  ace. 
sg.  neut.  hragla  s£lest,  454;  hCisa 
selest,  659;  billa  selest,  1145;  — 
weak  form :  nom.  sg.  m.  reced  se- 
lesta,  41 2 ;  ace.  sg.  m.  J?one  sSlestan, 
1407,  2383;  (His,  MS.),  1957;  dat. 
sg.  m.  )>am  se'lestan,  1686;  nom.pl. 
selestan,  416;  ace.  pi.  >a  selestan, 
3123. 


sel,  compar.  adv.,  better,  fitter,  more 
excellent,  1013,  2531 ;  ne  byv5  him 
wihte  J?e  s£l  (he  shall  be  nought  the 
better  for  it),  2278;  so,  2688. 

sealma(  Frisian  selma,  in  bed-selma), 
w.  m.,  bed-chamber,  sleeping-place  : 
ace.  sg.  on  sealman,  2461. 

sealt,  adj.,  salty  :  ace.  sg.  neut.  ofer 
sealt  water  (the  sea*),  1990. 

searo  (G.  sarwa,  pi.),  st.  n. :  i)  ar- 
mor, accoutrements,  war -gear  : 
nom.  pi.  sse-manna  searo,  329;  dat. 
pi.  secg  on  searwum  (a  man,  war- 
rior, in  panoply},  249,  2701;  in 
(on)  searwum,  323,  1558;  2531, 
2569;  instr.  pi.  searwum,  1814. — 

2)  insidiae,  ambuscade,  waylaying, 
deception,  battle  :  \>§.  ic  of  searwum 
cwom,  fah  from  feondum,  419. — 

3)  cunning,  art,  skill:   instr.  pi. 
sadol   searwum   fih   (saddle  cun- 
n ingly  ornamented  ) ,  1 039 ;   earm- 
beaga    fela,    searwum    ge  -  sseled 
(many  cunningly-linked  armlets}, 
2765.  —  Comp.  fyrd-,  guft-,  inwit- 
searo. 

searo-bend,  st.  f.,  band,  bond,  of 
curious  workmanship :  instr.  pi. 
searo-bendum  fast,  2087. 

searo-fah,  adj.,  ctmningly  inlaid, 
ornamented,  with  gold :  nom.  sg. 
here-byrne  hondum  ge-broden,  sid 
and  searo-fdh,  1445. 

searo-ge-J>rac,  st.  n.,  heap  of  treas- 
ure-objects :  ace.  sg.,  3103. 

searo-gim,  st.  m.,  cunningly  set 
gem,  rich  jewel :  ace.  pi.  searo- 
gimmas,  2750;  gen.  pi.  searo-gim- 
ma,  1158. 

searo  -  grim,  adj.,  cunning  and 
fierce  :  nom.  sg.,  595. 

searo-habbend,  pres. part,  as  subst., 
arms-bearing,  warrior  with  his 
trappings  :  gen.  pi.  searo-habben- 
dra,  237. 


264 


GLOSSARY. 


searo-net,  st.  n.,  armor-net,  shirt 
of  mail,  corselet :  nom.  sg.,  406. 

searo-mS",  st.  m. :  i)  cunning  hos- 
tility, plot,  wiles :  ace.  pi.  searo- 
niSas,  1201,  2739.  —  2)  also,  only 
hostility,  feud,  contest:  ace.  pi. 
searo-niSas,  3068;  gen.  pi.  searo- 
niSa,  582. 

searo-}>anc,  st.m.,  ingenuity :  instr. 
pi.  searo-Jjoncum,  776. 

searo-\vundor,  st.  n.,  rare  wonder  : 
ace.  sg.,  921. 

seax,  st.  n.,  shortsword,  hip-knife ; 
dagger  :  instr.  sg.  seaxe,  1546. — 
Comp.  wal-seax. 

seax -ben,  st.  f.,  dagger-wound: 
instr.  pi.  siex-bennum,  2905. 

seofon,  num.,  seven,  517;  seofan, 
2196;  decl.  ace.  syfone,  3123. 

seomian,  w.  v. :  i)  intrans.,  to  be 
tied;  lie  at  rest :  inf.  siomian, 
2768;  pret.  sg.  seomode,  302.  — 
2)  w.  ace.,  to  put  in  bonds,  entrap, 
catch  :  pret.  sg.  duguiSe  and  geo- 
go'Seseomade(cf.  2086-2092),  161. 

seonu,  st.  f.,  sinew:  nom.  pi.  seo- 
nowe,  8 1 8. 

seoc,  adj.,  feeble,  weak;  fatally  ill : 
nom.  sg.  feorh-bennum  seoc  (of 
Beowulf,  sick  tmto  deatJi),  2741 ; 
siex-bennum  seoc  (of  the  dead 
dragon),  2905 ;  nom.  pi.  modes 
SQoce(sickofsottl}y  1604. — Comp. : 
ellen-,  feorh-,  heafto-seoc. 

scofran,  st.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  seethe,  boil ; 
figuratively,  be  excited  over,  brood: 
pret.  sg.  ic  j^as  mod-ceare  sorh- 
wylmum  seaS  (I  pined  in  heart- 
grief  for  that),  1994;  so,  190. 

seoloS1,  st.  m.  ?,  bight,  bay  (cf.  Die- 
trich in  Haupt  XI.  416)  :  gen.  pi. 
siole'Sa  bi-gong  {the  realm  of  bights 
=  the  [surface  of  the]  sea?),  2368. 

seon,  s$n,  st.  f.,  aspect,  sight :  in 
comp.  wlite-,  wundor-seon,  an-syn. 


seon,  st.  v.,  to  see :  a)  w.  ace. :  inf. 
searo-wunder  seon,  921;  so,  387, 
1181,  1276,  3103;  Jjser  mag  nihta 
ge-hwaem  nr5-wundor  seon  (there 
may  every  night  be  seen  a  repul- 
sive marvel*),  1366;  pret.  sg.  ne 
seah  ic  .  .  .  heal-sittendra  medu- 
dream  maran,  2015.  —  b)  w.  ace. 
and  predicate  adj. :  ne  seah  ic  el- 
Jseodige  J?us  manige  men  modig- 
licran,  336.  —  c)  w.  prep,  or  adv. : 
pret.  sg.  seah  on  enta  ge-vveorc, 
2718;  seah  on  un-leofe,  2864; 
pi.  folc  to  soegon  (looked  on}, 

1423; 

ge-seon,  to  see,  behold:  a)  w.  ace.: 
pres.  sg.  III.  se  J>e  beah  ge-syhiS, 
2042;  inf.  ge-seon,  396,  571,  649, 
962,  1079,  etc.;  pret.  sg.  geseah, 
247,927, 1558,  1614;  pi.  ge-sawon, 
1606,  2253.— b)  vv.  ace.  and  pred- 
icate adj.,  pres.  sg.  III.  ge-syhft  .  . . 
on  his  suna  bure  win-sele  westne 
{sees  in  his  soil's  Jiouse  the  wine- 
hall  empty  ;  or,  hall  of  friends!}, 
2456.  —  c)  w.inf. :  pret.  sg.  ge-seah 
.  .  .  beran  ofer  bolcan  beorhte 
randas  (saw  shining  shields  borne 
over  the  gang-plank},  229;  pret.pl. 
msere  malSftum-sweord  monige  ge- 
sdvvon  beforan  beorn  beran,  1024. 
—  d)  w.  ace.  and  inf. :  pret.  sg.  ge- 
seah, 729,  1517,  1586,  1663,  2543, 
2605,  etc.;  pi.  ge-sawon,  221, 1348, 
1426;  ge-segan,  3039;  ge-segon, 
3129.  —  e)  w.  depend,  clause:  inf. 
»  mag  J?onne  .  .  .  geseon  sunu  HreS- 
les,  J?at  ic  (may  the  son  of  If.  see 
that  I  .  .  .),  1486;  pret.  pi.  ge- 
siiwon,  1592. 

geond-seon,  to  see,  look  throttgh, 
over,  w.  ace. :  pret.  sg.  (ic)  )?at 
call  geond-seh,  3088. 

ofer-seon,  to  see  clearly,  plainly: 
pret.  pi.  ofer-sawon,  419. 


GLOSSAEY. 


265 


on-seon,/0 look  on, at,  w. ace. : pret. 
pi.  on-s&won,  1651. 

seowian,  w.  v.,  to  sew,  ptit  together, 
link  :  pret.  part,  searo-net  seowed 
smitles  or-)>ancum  (the  corselet 
•woven  by  the  smith's  craft),  406. 

sib,  st.  f., peace,  friendship,  relation- 
ship :  nom.  sg.,  1165,  1858;  sibb, 
2601;  ace.  sibbe,  950,  2432,  2923; 
instr.  sg.  sibbe  (in  peace!} ,  154.  — 
Comp. :  dryht-,  fri'So-sib. 

sib-affeling,  st.  m.,  nobilis  consan- 
guineus,  kindred  prince  or  noklc- 
man  :  nom.  pi.  -aSelingas,  2709. 

sibbe-gedryht,  st.  f.,  body  of  allied 
or  related  warriors  :  ace.  sg.  sibbe- 
gedriht  (the  Danes),  387;  (the 
Geatas),  730. 

siflfffan,  syffffan :  i)  adv. :  a)  since, 
after,  from  now  on,  further,  142, 
149,  283,  567,  1903,  2052,  2065, 
2176,2703,2807,  2921;  seoftftan, 
1876.  —  b)  then,  thereupon,  after, 
470,  686,  1454,  1557,  1690,  2208; 
seo'S'San,  1938;  ser  ne  stfSSan 
(neither  before  nor  after},  719. 

2)  Conj. :  a)  w.  ind.  pres.,  as  soon 
as,  when,  413,  605,  1785,  2889, 
2912.  —  b)  w.  ind.  pret.,  when, 
whilst,  835,  851,  1205,  1207,  1421, 
1590,  2357,  2961,  2971, 3128;  seoft- 
«an,  1776;  —since,  649,  657,  983, 
1199,  1254,  1309,  2202;—  after, 
either  with  pluperf. :  sift'San  him 
scyppend  forscrifen  hafde  (after 
the  Creator  had  proscribed  him}, 
106;  so,  1473;  or  with  pret.  = 
pluperf. :  syftftan  niht  becom  (after 
night  had  come  on)  ,115;  so,  6, 1 32, 
723,  887,  902,  1078,  1149,  1236, 
1262,  1282,  1979,  2013,  2125;  or 
pret.  and  pluperf.  together,  2104- 
2105. 

siex.    See  seax. 

sige-dryhten,   st.  m.,  lord  of  -vic- 


tory, victorious  lord :  nom.  sg.  sige- 
drihten,  391. 

sige-eadig,  adj.,  blest  with  victory, 
victorious  :  ace.  sg.  neut.  sige-ea- 
dig bil,  1558. 

sige-folc,  st.  n.,  victorious  people, 
troop  :  gen.  pi.  sige-folca,  645. 

sige-hreiff,  st.  f.,  confidence  of  vic- 
toryC?}  :  ace.  sg.,  490. 

sige-hreflfig,  adj.,  victoriotis  :  nom. 
sg.,  94,  1598,  2757. 

sige-hwil,  st.  f.,  hour  or  day  of  vic- 
tory:  gen.  sg.  sige-hwile,  2711. 

sige-leas,  adj.,  devoid  of  victory,  de- 
feated: acc.sg.  sige-leasnesang,  788. 

sige-r6f,  adj.,  victorious  :  nom.  sg., 
620. 

sige-J>eod,  st.  f.,  victorious  zvarrior 
troop  :  dat.  sg.  on  sige-t>eode,  2205. 

sige-waepen,  st.  n.,  victor-weapon, 
sword:  dat.  pi.  sige-wgepnum,  805. 

sigl,  st.  n. :  i)  sun  :  nom.  sg.  sigel, 
1967.  —  2)  stin-shapcd  ornament  : 
ace.  pi.  siglu,  3165;  sigle  (bracte- 
ates  of  a  necklace),  1201 ;  gen.  pi. 
sigla,  1158.  —  Comp.  ma'S'Sum- 
sigl. 

sigor,  st.  m.,  victory  :  gen.  sg.  sigo- 
res,  1022;  gen.  pi.  sigora,  2876, 
3056.  —  Comp. :  hreiS-,  wig-sigor. 

sigor-eadig,  adj.,  victorious  :  nom. 
sg.  sigor-eadig  secg  (of  Beowulf ), 
1312,  2353. 

sin.    See  syn. 

sine,  st.  n.,  treastire,jeiuel,  property: 
nom.  sg.,  2765;  ace.  sg.  sine,  81, 
1205,  1486,  2384,  2432;  instr.  sg. 
since,  1039, 1451, 1616,  1883,  2218, 
2747;  gen.  sg.  sinces,  608,  1171, 
1923,  2072;  gen.  pi.  sinca,  2429. 

sine-fab.,  adj.,  treasure-decked ' :  ace. 
sg.  neut.  weak  form,  sinc-f&ge  sel, 
167. 

sine-fat,  st.  n.,  costly  vessel:  ace.  sg., 
2232,  2301 ;  —  a  costly  object :  ace. 


26G 


GLOSSARY. 


sg.,  1201  (i.e.  mene)  ;  ace.  pl.sinc- 
fato,  623. 

sinc-ge-streon,  st.  n .,  precious  treas- 
ure, jewel  of  value  :  instr.  pi.  -ge- 
streonum,  1093;  §en-  P^-  -gestreo- 
na,  1227. 

sinc-gifa,  w.  m.,  jewel-giver,  treas- 
ure-giver =.  prince,  ruler  :  ace.  sg. 
sinc-gyfan,  1013;  dat.  sg.  sinc- 
gifan  (of  Beowulf),  2312;  (of 
Aschere),  1343. 

sinc-maS'S'uin,  st.  m.,  treasure : 
nom.  sg.,  2194. 

sinc->ego,  f.,  acceptance,  taking,  of 
jewels :  nom.  sg.,  2885. 

sin-dolh,  st.  m.,  perpetual,  i.e.  in- 
curable, wound:  nom.  sg.  syn-dolh, 
8 1 8. 

sin-frea,  w.  m.,  wedded  lord,  hits- 
land :  rom.  sg.,  1935. 

sin-gal,  adj.,  continual,  lasting: 
ace.  sg.  fern,  sin-gale  sace,  154. 

sin -gales,  adv.  gen.  sg.,  continu- 
ally, ever,  1778;  syngales,  1136. 

singala,  adv.  gen. pi., the  same,  190. 

singan,  st.  v.,  to  sound,  ring,  sing  : 
pret.  sg.  hring-iren  scir  song  in  sear- 
wum  (the  ringed  iron  rang  in  the 
armor},  323;  horn  stundum  song 
fus-lic  f[yrd]-leo*5  (at  times  the 
horn  rang  forth  a  ready  battle- 
song),  1424;  scop  hwilum  sang 
(the  singer  sang  at  whiles},  496. 

a- singan,  to  sing  out,  sing  to  an 
end :  pret.  part.  leoS  was  d-sungen, 
1 1 60. 

sin-here,  st.  m.,  (army  ^uithout 
endf),  strong  army,  host :  instr.  sg. 
sin-herge,  2937. 

sin-niht,  st.  {.,  perpetual  night,  night 
after  night:  ace.  pi.  sin-nihte 
( n ight  after  night},  1 6 1 . 

sin-sceaS'a,  w.  m.,  irreconcilable 
foe  :  nom.  sg.  syn-scafta,  708;  ace. 
sg.  syn-scaftan,  802. 


sin-snaul,  st.  f.,  (continuous  biting}, 
bite  after  bite  :  dat.  pi.  syn-snasdum 
swealh  {swallowed  bite  after  bite, 
in  great  bites} ,  744. 

sittan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  sit:  pres.  sg. 
Wiglaf  site^  ofer  Biowulfe,  2907; 
imper.  sg.  site  nu  to  symle,  489; 
inf.  J?eer  swift-ferhSe  sittan  eodon 
(whither  the  strong-minded  went 
and  sat},  493;  code ...  to  hire  frean 
sittan  (went  to  sit  by  her  lord}, 
642;  pret.  sg.  on  wicge  sat  (sat  on 
the  horse},  286;  at  f 6 turn  sat  (sat 
at  the  feet},  500,  1167;  J>ser  Hroft- 
gar  sat  (where  //.  sat},  356;  so, 
1191,  2895;  he  gewergad  sat  ... 
frean  eaxlum  neah,  2854;  pret.  pi. 
saeton,  1165;  gistas  setan  (MS. 
secan)  .  .  .  and  on  mere  stafedon 
(the  strangers  sat  and  stared  on 
the  sea},  1603.  —  2)  to  be  in  a  cer- 
tain state  or  condition  {quasi  cop- 
ula) :  pret.  sg.  msere  J?eoden  .  .  . 
unblifte  sat,  130.  —  Comp. :  flet-, 
heal-sittend. 

be-sittan,  obsidere,  to  surround, 
besiege,  w.  ace. :  besat  |>d  sin-herge 
sweorda  lafe  wundum  werge  (then 
besieged  he  with  a  host  the  leav- 
ings of  the  sword,  wound-weary}, 
2937. 

for-sittan,  obstrui,  to  pass  away, 
fail :  pres.  sg.  eagena  bearhtm  for- 
siteft  {the  light  of  the  eyes  passeth 
away},  1768. 

ge-sittan:  i)  to  sit,  sit  together: 
pret.  sg.  monig-oft  ge-sat  rice  to 
rune  {very  often  sat  the  king  dclib- 
erating^tvith  his  council{sQQ.  rice)), 
171;  wiS  earm  ge-sat  {supported 
himself  upon  his  arm,  sat  on  his 
arm?},  750;  ffe'Sa  eal  ge-sat  {the 
whole  troop  sat  down},  1425;  ge- 
sat  J>a  wi"5  sylfne  (sat  there  beside, 
oppositcl,him,\.z.  Hygelac),  1978; 


GLOSSARY. 


267 


ge-sat  J>&on  nasse,  2418;  so,  2718; 
pret.  part.  (syftSan)  ...  we  to 
symble  ge-seten  hafdon,  2105. — 
2)  w.  ace.,  to  seat  one's  self  upon 
or  in  something,  to  board:  pret. 
sg.  J>&  ic  .  .  .  sse-bat  ge-sat,  634. 

of-sittan,  w.  ace.,  to  sit  over  or 
upon  :  pret.  sg.  of-sat  ]?&  J?one  sele- 
gyst,  1546. 

ofer-sittan,  w.  ace.,  to  dispense 
with,  refrain  from  (cf.  ofer,  2 
[c])  :  pres.  sg.  I.  J^at  ic  vvi'5  bone 
gftft-flogan  gylp  ofer-sitte,  2529; 
inf.  secge  ofer-sittan,  685. 

on-sittan  (O.H.G.  int-sizzan,  to 
start  from  one's  seat,  to  be  startled}, 
w.  ace.,  to  fear :  inf.  \>&  fsehfte, 
eatole  ecg-}?race  eower  leode  svvi'Se 
onsittan  (to  dread  the  hostility,  the 
fierce  contest,  of  your  people),  598. 

y  m  b  -  s  i  1 1  a  n ,  to  sit  around,  w.  ace. : 
pret.  pi.  (l?at  hie)  .  .  .  symbel  ymb- 
sseton  (sat  round  the  feast},  564. 
See  ymb-sittend. 

Sid,  adj.:  i)  -wide,  broad,  spacious, 
large :  nom.  sg.  (here-byrne,  glof ) 
sid,  1445,  2087;  ace.  sg.  m.  sidne 
scyld,  437;  on  sidne  sae,  507;  fern, 
byrnan  side  (of  a  corselet  extend- 
ing over  the  legs),  1292;  ofer  sae 
side,  2395;  neut.  side  rice,  1734, 
2200;  instr.  sg.  sidan  herge,  2348; 
ace.  pi.  side  sse-nassas,  223;  side 
scyldas,  325;  gen.  pi.  sidra  sorga 
(of  great  sorrows},  149.  —  2)  in 
moral  sense,  great,  noble  :  ace.  sg. 
}ntrh  sidne  sefan,  1727. 

side,  adv.,  far  and  wide,  afar,  1 224. 

sid-faffine,  adj.,  broad-bosomed:  ace. 
sg.  sid-faSme  scif,  1918. 

sid-faffmed,  quasi  pret.  part.,  the 
same :  nom.  sg.  sid-faftmed  scip, 
302. 

sid-rand,  st.  m.,  broad  shield :  nom. 
sg.,  1290. 


siS1  (G.  seij>u-s),  adj.,  late  :  superl. 
nom.  sg.  siiSast  sige-hwile  (the  last 
hour,  day,  of  victory),  2711;  dat. 
sg.  at  sitJestan  (in  the  end,  at  last}, 
3014. 

SI'S,  adv.  compar.,  later:  ser  and 
siS  (sooner  and  later,  early  and 
late),  2501. 

SI'S  (G.  sin^-s),  st.  m. :  i)  road,  way, 
journey,  expedition  ;  esp.,  road  to 
battle  :  nom.  sg.,  501,  3059,  3090; 
nas  J?at  £fte  siS  (that  was  no  easy 
road,  task},  2587;  so,  J?atwas  geo- 
cor  sift,  766;  ace.  sg.  sr5,  353,  512, 
909,  1279,  1430,  1967;  instr.  dat. 
srSe,  532,  1952,  1994;  gen.  sg. 
sitfes,  579,  1476, 1795, 1909.  Also, 
return  :  nom.  sg.,  1972. — 2)  un- 
dertaking, enterprise  ;  esp.,  battle- 
work  :  nom.  sg.  nis  £at  eower  siS, 
2533 ;  ne  bi8  swylc  earges  siS 
(siich  is  no  coivard's  enterprise}, 
2542;  ace.  sg.  si 5,  873.  In  pi.  = 
adventures:  nom.  siSas,  1987; 
ace.  siftas,  878;  gen.  si5a,  318. — 
3)  time  (as  iterative)  :  nom.  sg.  nas 
Jnit  forma  si  5  (that  was  not  tJie  first 
time),  717,  1464;  so,  15-28,  2626; 
ace.  sg.  oftor  micle  J?onne  on  senne 
sift,  1580;  instr.  sg.  (forman,  6Sre, 
>riddan)  siSe,  741,  1204,  2050, 
2287, 2512,  2518,  2671,  2689,  3102. 
—  Comp. :  cear-,  eft-,  ellor-,  gryre-, 
sse-,  wil-,  wrasc-srS. 

g  e  -  s  i 'S ,  st.  m.,  comrade,  follower  : 
gen.  sg.  ge-si5es,  1298;  nom.  pi. 
ge-stSas,  29;  ace.  pi.  ge-si5as, 
2041,  2519;  dat.  pi.  ge-sio'um, 
1314, 1925,  2633;  gen.  pi.  ge-si&i, 
1935.  —  Comp.:  eald-,  wil-gesi'S. 

siS'-fiit,  st.  m.,  way,  journey  :  ace. 
sg.  J>one  siS-fat,  202;  dat.  sg.  sift- 
fate,  2640. 

si^-frain,  -from,  adj.,  ready  for  the 
journey  :  nom.  pi.  srS-frome,  1814. 


26G 


GLOSSARY. 


sg.,  1201  (i.e.  mene);  acc.pl.sinc- 
fato,  623. 

sinc-ge-streon,  st.  n .,  precious  treas- 
ure, jewel  of  value  :  instr.  pi.  -ge- 
streonum,  1093;  §en-  P^  -gestreo- 
na,  1227. 

sinc-gifa,  w.  m.,  jewel-giver,  treas- 
ure-giver'  =  prince,  ruler :  ace.  sg. 
sinc-gyfan,  1013;  dat.  sg.  sinc- 
gifan  (of  Beowulf),  2312;  (of 
Aschere),  1343. 

sinc-maiS'iS'um,  st.  m.,  treasure: 
nom.  sg.,  2194. 

sinc-J>ego,  f.,  acceptance,  taking,  of 
jezvels  :  nom.  sg.,  2885. 

sin-dolh,  st.  m.,  perpetual,  i.e.  in- 
curable, li'cund:  nom.  sg.  syn-dolh, 
818. 

sin-frea,  w.  m.,  wedded  lord,  hus- 
band:  rom.  sg.,  1935. 

sin-gal,  adj.,  continual,  lasting: 
ace.  sg.  fern,  sin-gale  sace,  154. 

sin -gales,  adv.  gen.  sg.,  continu- 
ally, ever,  1778;  syngales,  1136. 

singala,  adv.  gen.pl.,  the  same,  190. 

singan,  st.  v.,  to  sound,  ring,  sing  : 
pret.  sg.  hring-iren  scir  song  in  sear- 
wum  (the  ringed  iron  rang  in  the 
armor),  323;  horn  stundum  song 
fus-lic  f[yrd]-leo$  (at  times  the 
horn  rang  forth  a  ready  battle- 
song},  1424;  scop  hwilum  sang 
(the  singer  sang  at  whiles) ,  496. 

&- singan,  to  sing  out,  sing  to  an 
end :  pret.  part.  leo'S  was  a-sungen, 
1 1 60. 

sin-here,  st.  m.,  (army  without 
endt),  strong  army,  host:  instr.  sg. 
sin-herge,  2937. 

sin-niht,  st.  i.,  perpetual  night,  night 
after  night:  ace.  pi.  sin-nihte 
(night  after  night),  161. 

sin-sceafra,  w.  m.,  irreconcilable 
foe  :  nom.  sg.  syn-scat>a,  708;  ace. 
sg.  syn-scaftan,  802. 


sin-snaccl,  st.  f.,  (continuous  biting)^ 
bite  after  bite  :  dat.  pi.  syn-snaedum 
svvealh  {swallowed  bite  after  bite, 
in  great  bites),  744. 

sittan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  sit:  pres.  sg. 
Wiglaf  siteiS  ofer  Biowulfe,  2907 ; 
imper.  sg.  site  nu  to  symle,  489; 
inf.  Jxer  swift-ferh'Se  sittan  eodon 
(whither  the  strong-minded  went 
and  sat),  493;  code ...  to  hire  frean 
sittan  (went  to  sit  by  her  lord), 
642;  pret.  sg.  on  wicge  sat  (sat  on 
the  horse),  286;  at  fotum  sat  (sat 
at  the  feet),  $00,  1167;  J>aer  Hr6"$- 
gar  sat  (where  H.  sat),  356;  so, 
1191,  2895;  he  gewergad  sat  ... 
frean  eaxlum  neah,  2854;  pret.  pi. 
saeton,  1165;  gistas  setan  (MS. 
secan)  .  .  .  and  on  mere  stafedon 
(the  strangers  sat  and  stared  on 
the  sea),  1603.  —  2)  to  be  in  a  cer- 
tain state  or  condition  (quasi  cop- 
ula) :  pret.  sg.  msere  ]?eoden  .  .  . 
unblifte  sat,  130.  —  Comp. :  flet-, 
heal-sittend. 

be-sittan,  obsidere,  to  surround, 
besiege,  w.  ace. :  besat  J?&  sin-herge 
sweorda  lafe  wundum  werge  (then 
besieged  he  with  a  host  the  leav- 
ings of  the  sword,  wound-weary"), 

2937- 

for-sittan,  obstrui,  to  pass  away, 
fail :  pres.  sg.  eagena  bearhtm  for- 
siteft  (the  light  of  the  eyes  passeth 
away),  1768. 

ge-sittan:  i)  to  sit,  sit  together  : 
pret.  sg.  monig-oft  ge-sat  rice  to 
rune  (very  often  sat  the  king  delib- 
erating with  his  council(?>e.e  rice)), 
171;  wi'5  earm  ge-sat  (supported 
himself  upon  his  arm,  sat  on  his 
arml),  750;  fe"Sa  eal  ge-sat  (the 
whole  troop  sat  down),  1425;  ge- 
sat  ba  wi$  sylfne  (sat  there  beside, 
opposite!, him, i.e.  Hygelac),  1978; 


GLOSSARY. 


267 


ge-sat  )>&  on  nasse,  2418;  so,  2718; 
pret.  part,  (syftftan)  ...  we  to 
symble  ge-seten  hafdon,  2105. — 
2)  w.  ace.,  to  seat  one's  self  upon 
or  in  something^  to  board:  pret. 
sg.  \>&  ic  .  .  .  sse-bat  ge-sat,  634. 

of-sittan,  w.  ace.,  to  sit  over  or 
upon  :  pret.  sg.  of-siit  J>a"  J>one  sele- 
gyst,  1546. 

ofer-sittan,  w.  ace.,  to  dispense 
withy  refrain  from  (cf.  ofer,  2 
[c])  :  pres.  sg.  I.  }>at  ic  vvi'5  j?one 
gftft-flogan  gylp  ofer-sitte,  2529; 
inf.  secge  ofer-sittan,  685. 

on-sittan  (O.H.G.  int-sizzan,  to 
start  from  one's  seat,  to  be  startled}, 
w.  ace.,  to  fear :  inf.  >d  fsehfte, 
eatole  ecg-J^race  eower  leode  svvfSe 
onsittan  (to  dread  the  hostility,  the 
fierce  contest,  of yotir  people],  598. 

y  m  b  -  s  i  1 1  a  n ,  to  sit  around,  w.  ace. : 
pret.  pi.  (}?at  hie)  .  .  .  symbel  ymb- 
sseton  (sat  round  the  feast},  564. 
See  ymb-sittend. 

sid,  adj.:  i)  wide,  broad,  spacious, 
large :  nom.  sg.  (here-byrne,  glof ) 
sid,  1445,  2087;  ace.  sg.  m.  sidne 
scyld,  437 ;  on  sidne  sse,  507 ;  fern, 
byrnan  side  (of  a  corselet  extend- 
ing over  the  legs),  1292;  ofer  sae 
side,  2395;  neut.  side  rice,  1734, 
2200 ;  instr.  sg.  sidan  herge,  2348; 
ace.  pi.  side  sse-nassas,  223;  side 
scyldas,  325;  gen.  pi.  sidra  sorga 
(of  great  sorrows'),  149.  —  2)  in 
moral  sense,  great,  noble  :  ace.  sg. 
Jnirh  sidne  sefan,  1727. 

side,  adv., /ar  and  wide,  afar,  1 224. 

sid-faffme,  adj.,  broad-bosomed:  ace. 
sg.  sid-faSme  scif,  1918. 

sid-fuffmed,  quasi  pret.  part.,  the 
same :  nom.  sg.  sid-faftmed  scip, 
302. 

sid- rand,  st.  m.,  broad  shield  :  nom. 
sg.,  1290. 


SI'S  (G.  sei)>u-s),  adj.,  late  :  superl. 
nom.  sg.  srSast  sige-hwile  (the  last 
hour,  day,  of  victory),  2711;  dat. 
sg.  at  siftestan  (in  the  end,  at  lasf), 
3014. 

si^S,  adv.  compar.,  later  :  ser  and 
si5  (sootier  and  later,  early  and 
late),  2501. 

sift  (G.  sin>-s),  st.  m. :  i)  road,  way, 
journey,  expedition  ;  esp.,  road  to 
battle  :  nom.  sg.,  501,  3059,  3090; 
nas  }>at  e"Se  si'S  (that  was  no  easy 
road,  task*),  2587;  so,  batwas  geo- 
cor  sift,  766;  ace.  sg.  siiS,  353,  512, 
909,  1279,  1430,  1967;  instr.  dat. 
srSe,  532,  1952,  1994;  gen.  sg. 
srSes,  579,  1476, 1795, 1909.  Also, 
return  :  nom.  sg.,  1972.  —  2)  un- 
dertaking, enterprise  ;  esp.,  battle- 
work  :  nom.  sg.  nis  >at  eower  si5, 
2533 ;  ne  bitS  swylc  earges  siS 
(such  is  no  coward's  enterprise), 
2542;  ace.  sg.  si $,  873.  In  pi.  = 
adventures:  nom.  siSas,  1987; 
ace.  si'Sas,  878;  gen.  siSa,  318.— 
3)  time  (as  iterative)  :  nom.  sg.  nas 
|?at  forma  si  5  (that  was  not  the  first 
time),  717,  1464;  so,  15-28,  2626; 
ace.  sg.  oftor  micle  J?onne  on  aenne 
si'S,  1580;  instr.  sg.  (forman,  65re, 
>riddan)  siSe,  741,  1204,  2050, 
2287, 2512,  2518,  2671,  2689,  3102. 
—  Comp. :  cear-,  eft-,  ellor-,  gryre-, 
sse-,  Mdl-,  wraec-si^. 

g  e  -  s  i 'S ,  st.  m.,  comrade,  follower  : 
gen.  sg.  ge-siSes,  1298;  nom.  pi. 
ge-si15as,  29;  ace.  pi.  ge-si'Sas, 
2041,  2519;  dat.  pi.  ge-siSum, 
1314, 1925,  2633;  gen.  pi.  ge-siSa, 
1935.  —  Comp. :  eald-,  wil-gestS. 

siQ'-fat,  st.  m.,  way,  journey  :  ace. 
sg.  >one  siS-fat,  202;  dat.  sg.  sift- 
fate,  2640. 

sifr-fram,  -from,  adj.,  ready  for  the 
journey  :  nom.  pi.  si^-frome,  1814. 


268 


GLOSSARY. 


sifrian,  \v.  v.,  to  journey,  march  : 
inf.,  721,  809;  pret.  sg.  siftode, 

2120. 

for-siftian,  iter  fa  tale  inire 
(Grein)  :  pret.  sg.  hafde  h&  for- 
siSod  sunu  Ecg-heowes  under  gyn- 
ne  grund  (would  have  found  his 
death,  etc.),  1551. 

sie,  sy.     See  wesan. 

sigan,  st.  v.,  to  descend,  sink,  incline  : 
pret.  pi.  sigon  at-somne  (descended 
together},  307;  sigon  ha  to  skepe 
{they  sank  to  sleep},  1252. 

ge-sigan,  to  sink,  fall :  inf.  ge- 
stgan  atsacce  (fall  in  battle),  2660. 

sin,  poss.  pron.,  his :  ace.  sg.  m. 
sinne,  1961,  1985,  2284,  2790;  dat. 
sg.  sinum,  1508. 

slaep,  st.  m.,  sleep  :  nom.  sg.,  1743; 
dat.  sg.  to  slaep-;,  1252. 

slaepan,  st.  v.,  to  sleep  :  pres.  part, 
nom.  sg.  slsepende,  2220;  ace.  sg. 
he  gefeng . . .  sloependne  rinc  (seized 
a  sleeping  warrior),  742;  ace.  pi. 
slaepende  frat  folces  Denigea  fif- 
tyne  men  (devoured,  sleeping,  fif- 
teen of  the  people  of  the  Danes),  1 582. 

sleac,  adj.,  slack,  lazy:  nom.  sg., 
2188.  ' 

slcahan,  slean:  l)  to  strike,  strike 
at :  a)  intrans. :  pres.  subj.  sg.  hat 
he  me  ongean  slea  (that  he  should 
strike  at  me),  682;  pret.  sg.  yrrin- 
ga  sloh  (struck  angrily),  1566; 
so,slohhilde-bille,  2680.  b)  trans. : 
pret.  sg.  hat  he  hone  nift-gast  nio- 
"Sor  hwSne  sloh  (that  he  struck 
the  dragon  someivhat  lower,  etc.), 
2700. —  2)  w.  ace.:  to  slay,  kill: 
pret.  sg.  has  J>e  he  Abel  slog  (be- 
cause he  slew  A.},  108;  so,  slog, 
421,  2180;  sloh,  1582,  2356;  pi. 
slogon,  2051;  pret.  part.  )>a  was 
Fin  slagen,  1153. 

^e-slean,  w.  ace. :  i)  to  fight  a  bat- 


tle :  pret.  sg.  ge-sloh  J?in  fader 
faefrSe  mseste,  459.  —  2)  to  gain  by 
fighting :  syS'San  hie  >d  maeriSa  ge- 
slogan,  2997. 

of-slean,  to  ofslay,  kill,  w.  ace.: 
pret.  sg.  of-sloh,  574,  1666,  3061. 

sliffe  (G.  slei>-s),  adj.,  savage, fierce, 
dangerous  :  ace.  sg.  >urh  sli^ne 
ni5,  184;  gen.  pi.  sli^ra  ge-slyhta, 

^2399. 
sliffen,  %.&}.,  furious,  savage,  deadly  : 

nom.  sg.  sweord-bealo  slrSen,  1 148. 
slitari,  st.  v.,  to  slit,  tear  to  pieces, 

w.  ace. :  pret.  sg.  slat  (slsependne 

rinc),  742. 
slyht,  st.  m.,  Mow:  in  comp.  and- 

slyht. 
ge -slyht,  st.  n.  (collective),  battle, 

conflict :  gen.  pi.  sliftra  ge-slyhta, 

2399- 

sniiQ",  st.  m.,  smith,  armorer :  nom. 
sg.  wsepna  smi'S,  1453;  gen.  sg. 
smitSes,  406.  —  Comp.  wundor  - 
smi^S. 

b  e  -  smiffian,  w.  v.,  to  surround  with 
iron-7vork,  bands,  etc. :  pret.  part, 
he  (the  hall  Heorot)  has  faste-was 
innan  and  titan  iren-bendum  searo- 
honcum  besmiSod  (i.e.  the  beams 
out  of  which  the  hall  was  built 
were  held  together  skilfully,  within 
and  without,  by  iron  clamps),  776. 

snell,  adj.,  fresh,  vigorous,  lively  ; 
of  martial  temper :  nom.  sg.  se 
snella,  2972. 

siiellic,  adj.,  the  same  :  nom.  sg.,  691 . 

snotor,  snottor,  adj.,  clever,  wise, 
intelligent :  nom.  sg.  snotor,  190, 
827,  909,  1385;  in  weak  form, 
(se)  snottra,  1314, 1476, 1787;  sno- 
tra,  2157,  3121;  nom.  pi.  snotere, 
202,  416;  snottre,  1592.  —  Comp. 
fore -snotor. 

snotor-lice,  adj.,  intelligent,  wise  : 
compar.  snotor-licor,  1843. 


GLOSSARY. 


269 


snude,  adv.,  hastily,  quickly,  soon, 
905,  1870,  1972,  2326,  2569,  2753. 

b  e  -  snyfrian,  w.  v.,  to  rob,  deprive 
of:  pret.  sg.  J?atte  Ongenjno  eal- 
dre  be-snyftede  Hseftcyn,  2925. 

snyrian,  w.  v.,  to  hasten,  hurry  : 
pret.  pi.  snyredon  at-somne  (hur- 
ried  forward  together),  402. 

snyttru,  f.,  intelligence,  wisdom: 
ace.  sg.  snyttru,  1727;  dat.  pi.  mid 
modes, snyttrum,  1707;  ]?e  we  ealle 
ser  ne  meahton  snyttrum  be-syr- 
wan  (a  de ed which  a II  of  tis  together 
could  not  accomplish  before  with 
all  our  wisdom} ,  943.  Adv.,  wisely, 

873. 

somne.    See  samne. 

sorgian,  w.  v. :  i)  to  be  grieved, 
sorrozv :  imper.  sg.  II.  ne  sorga! 
1385.  —  2)  to  care  for,  trouble 
one's  self  about :  inf.  no  Jm  ymb 
mines  ne  J?earft  lices  feorme  leng 
sorgian  (thou  needst  not  care  longer 
about  my  life's  [body's]  suste- 
nance}, 451. 

sorb)  st.  f.,  grief,  pain,  sorrow : 
nom.  sg.,  1323 ;  sorh  is  me  to  sec- 
ganne  (pains  me  to  say),  473; 
acc.sg.  sorge,  119,  2464;  dat.  instr. 
sg.  mid  J>aere  sorge,  2469 ;  sorge 
(in  sorrow,  grieved},  1150;  gen. 
sg.  worna  fela  .  .  .  sorge,  2005; 
dat.  pi.  sorgum,  2601;  gen.  pi. 
sorga,  149.  —  Comp.:  hyge-,  in- 
wit-,  >egn-sorh. 

sorh-cearig,  adj.,  cur  is  sollicittis, 
heart-broken  :  nom.  sg.,  2456. 

sorh-ful,  adj.,  sorrowful,  trouble- 
some, diffictilt :  nom.  sg.,  2120; 
ace.  sg.  sorh-fullne  (sorh-fulne) 
sift,  512,  1279,  1430. 

sorli-leas,  adj.,  free  from  sorrow  or 
grief:  nom.  sg.,  1673. 

Borli-leoS1,  st.  n.,  dirge,  song  of  sor- 
row :  ace.  sg.,  2461. 


sorh-wylm,  st.  m.,  wave  of  sorrow  : 
nom.  pi.  sorh-wylmas,  905. 

s6cn,  st.  f.,  persecution,  hostile  pur- 
suit or  attack  (see  secan)  :  dat. 
(instr.)  baere  socne  (by  reason  of 
Grendel's  persecution),  1778. 

s69",  st.  n.,  sooth,  truth  :  ace.  sg.  soft, 
532,  701,  1050,  1701,  2865;  dat. 
sg.  to  softe  (in  trttth),  51,  591, 
2326.  ' 

s6(9f,  adj.,  true,  genuine:  nom.  sg. 
J?at  is  soft  metod,  1612;  ace.  sg.  n. 
gyd  dwrac  soft  and  szlr-lic,  2110. 

softe,  adv.,  truly,  correctly,  accu- 
rately, 524;  softe  gebunden  (of 
alliterative  verse :  accurately  put 
together],  872. 

sOff-cyning,  st.  m.,  true  king  :  nom. 
sg.  sigora  soft-cyning  (God},  3056. 

sOff-fast,  adj.,  soothfast,  established 
in  truth,  orthodox  (here  used  of 
the  Christian  martyrs)  :  gen.  pi. 
soft-fastra  dom  (glory,  realm,  of 
the  saints),  2821. 

sOflMice,  adv.,  in  truth,  truly,  truth- 
fully, 141,  273,  2900. 

s6f  te,  adv.,  gently,  softly  :  compar. 
J?£  seft  (the  more  easily),  2750. — 
Comp.  un-softe. 

sona,  adv.,  soon,  immediately,  121, 
722,  744,  751,  1281,  1498,  1592, 
1619,  1763,  etc. 

o  n  -  spannan,  st.  v.r  to  un-span, 
unloose:  pret.  sg.  his  helm  on- 
speon  (loosed  his  helnt),  2724. 

spel,  st.  n.,  narrative,  speech:  ace. 
sg.  spell,  21 10;  ace.  pi.  spel,  874; 
gen.pl.  spella,  2899, 3030. — Comp. 
wea-spel. 

sped,  st.  f . :  i)  luck,  success:  in 
comp.  here-,  wig-sped.  —  2)  skill, 
facility :  ace.  sg.  on  sp£d  (skil- 
fully},  874- 

spiwan,  st.  v.,  to  spit,  spew,  w.  instr. : 
inf.  glSdum  spiwan  (spitfire) ,  23 1 3. 


272 


GLOSSARY. 


bogan,  2546;  nom.  pi.  stdn-bogan, 
2719. 

stau-clif,  st.  n.,  rocky  cliff :  ace.  pi. 
stan-cleofu,  2541. 

Stan-fan,  adj.,  stone-laid,  paved  with 
stones  of  different  colors  :  nom.  sg. 
strset  was  stan-fah  (the  street  was 
of  different  colored  stones},  320. 

stan-hliS1,  st.  n.,  rocky  slope  :  ace. 
pi.  stdn-hlicSo,  1410. 

sti'if,  st.  m. :  i)  staff:  in  comp.  run- 
staf.  —  2)  elementum  :  in  comp. 
Sr-,  ende-,  f&cen-staf. 

stal,  st.  m.,  place,  stead :  dat.  sg. 
j?at  \>\i  me  a*  wrere  forS-gewitenum 
on  fader  stale  (that  thou,  if  I  died, 
wouldst  represent  a  father's  place 
to  me},  1480. 

sta'lan,  w.  v.,  to  place ;  allure  or 
instigate:  inf.  >>a  ic  on  morgne 
ge-fragn  mseg  ofierne  billes  ecgum 
on  bonan  steelan  (then  I  learned 
that  on  the  morrow  one  brother  in- 
stigated the  other  to  murder  with 
the  szvord's  edge ;  or,  one  avenged 
the  other  on  the  murder  ert,  cf. 
2962  seqq.),  2486. 

ge-stselan,  to  place,  impose,  insti- 
tute :  pret.  part,  ge  feor  hafaft 
foefrSe  ge-staeled  (Grenders mother 
has  further  begun  hostilities  against 
us},  1341. 

stede,  st.  m..,  place,  -stead :  in  comp. 
bael-,  burn-,  folc-,  heah-,  meftel-, 
wang-,  wic-stede. 

stefn,  st.  f.,  voice  :  nom.  sg.,  2553; 
instr.  sg.  niwan  (niowan)  stefne 
(properly  nova"  voce)  =  clenuo, 
anew,  again,  2595,  1790. 

stefn,  st.  m.,  prow  of  a  ship  :  ace. 
sg.,  213;  see  bunden-,  hringed-, 
wunden-stefna. 

on-stellan,  w.  v.,  constituere,  to 
cause,  bring  about :  pret.  sg.  se  }>as 
or-leges  or  on-stealde,  2408. 


steng,  st.  m.,  pole,  pike  :  in  comp. 
wa'1-steng. 

g  e  -  steppan,  w.  v.,  to  stride,  go  : 
pret.  sg.  folce  ge-stepte  ofer  sae 
side  sunu  Ohtheres  (O.'s  son,  i.e. 
Eadgils,  went  with  warriors  over 
the  broad  sect},  2394. 

stede  (O.H.G.  stUti,  M.H.G.  stsete), 
adj.,  firm,  steady :  nom.  sg.  was 
stede  naglage-hwylc  style  ge-licost 
(each  nail-place  was  firm  as  steel"), 
986. 

stepan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  exalt,  honor  : 
pret.  sg.  J^eah  >e  hine  mihtig  god 
.  .  .  eafe'Sum  stepte,  1718. 

ge-steald,  st.  n.,  possessions,  prop- 
erty :  in  comp.  in-gesteald,  1156. 

ge-stealla,  w.  m.,  (contubernalis), 
companion,  comrade:  in  comp. 
eaxl-,  fyrd-,  hand-,  lind-,  nyd-ge- 
stealla. 

stearc-heort,  adj.,  (fortis  animo), 
stout-hearted,  courageous:  nom. 
sg.  (of  the  dragon),  2289;  (of 
Beowulf),  2553. 

steap,  adj.,  steep,  projecting,  tower- 
ing:  ace.  sg.  steapne  hrof,  927; 
stan-beorh  steapne,  2214;  \vi8 
steapne  rond,  2567 ;  ace.  pi.  m.  beor- 
gas  steape,  222;  neut.  steap  stan- 
hli'So,  1410.  — Comp.  hea^o- steap. 

stille,  adj.,  still,  quiet:  nom.  sg. 
wid-floga  wundum  stille,  2831. 

stille,  adv.,  quietly,  301 . 

stincan,  st.  v.,  to  smell;  smtff:  pret. 
sg.  stone  )?a  after  stane  (snuffed 
along  the  stone},  2289. 

adj.,  hard,  stiff:  nom.  sg.  wun- 
den-msel  (swurd)  .  .  .  stf5  and  styl- 
ecg,  1534- 

Sd,   adj.,   stout-hearted,   un- 
flinching: nom.  sg.,  2567. 

stig,  st.  f.,  way,  path  :  nom.  sg.,  320, 
2214;  ace.  pi.  stige  nearwe,  1410, 
—  Comp.  medu-sttg. 


GLOSSARY. 


273 


stigan,  st.  v.,  to  go  up,  ascend  :  pret. 
sg.  \>&  he  to  holme  [st]3g  (ivhen 
he  plunged  forward  info  the  sea), 
2363;  pi.  beornas  ...  on  stefn  sti- 
gon,  212;  Wedera  leode  on  vvang 
stigon,  225;  subj.  pret.  jer  he  on 
bed  stige,  677. 

si-st  igan,  to  ascend:  pres.  sg.  J>o- 
non  yft-geblond  up  zUstigeft  won 
to  wolcnum,  1374;  gfrS-rinc  ^-stdh 
(the  fierce  hero  ascended,  i.e.  was 
laid  on  the  pyre?  or,  the  fierce 
smoke  [rec]  ascended!},  1119;  ga- 
men  eft  ^.-stah  (joy  again  went  tip, 
resounded},  1 161 ;  wudu-rec  ^.-stSh 
sweart  of  swioftole,  3145  ;  swe"g  up 
a-stdg,  783. 

ge-stigan,/0  ascend,  go  up  :  pret. 
sg.  ]?&,  ic  on  holme  ge-stSh,  633. 

storm,  st.  m.,  storm :  nom.  sg. 
straela  storm  (storm  of  missiles), 
3118;  instr.  sg.  holm  storme  weol 
(the  sea  billowed  stormily},  1132. 

stol,  st.  m.,  chair,  throne,  seat :  in 
comp.  brego-,  e"$el-,  gif-,  gum-stol. 

st6w,  st.  f.,  place,  -stow  :  nom.  sg. 
nis  )>at  heoru  stow  (a  hazinted 
spot),  1373;  ace.  sg.  frScne  stowe, 
1 379 ;  grund-buendra  gearwe  stowe 
(the  place  prepared  for  men,  i.e. 
death-bed ;  see  gesacaii  and  ge- 
nydan),  1007  :  comp.  wal-stow. 

strang,  strong,  adj.,  strong;  val- 
iant;  mighty  :  nom.  sg.  was  J?at 
ge-win  to  strang  (that  sorrow  was 
too  great"},  133;  ]m  eart  magenes 
strang  (strong  of  body} ,  1845;  w^ 
sio  hond  to  strong  (the  Jiand  was 
too  powerful},  2685;  superl.  wi- 
gena  strengest  (strongest  of  war- 
riors), 1544;  magenes  strengest 
(strongest  in  might),  196;  ma'gene 
strengest,  790. 

stradan  (cf.  straede  =  passus,  gres- 
sus),  to  tread,  (\)o)-stride,  stride 


over  (Grein)  :  subj.  pres.  se  )>one 
wong  stride,  3074. 

strsel,  st.  m.,  arrow,  missile :  instr. 
sg.  biteran  strsele,  1747;  gen.  pi. 
strsela  storm,  3118. 

straet,  st.  f.,  street,  highway:  nom. 
sg.,  320;  ace.  sg.  strsete,  1635; 
fealwe  stnete,  917.  —  Comp.:  lagu-, 
mere-strset. 

strengel,  st.  m.,  (endoiued  with 
strength},  ruler,  chief:  ace.  sg. 
wigena  strengel,  3116. 

strengo,  f.,  strength,  power,  violence: 
ace.  sg.  magenes  strenge,  1271; 
dat.  sg.  strenge,  1534;  strengo, 
2541 ;  —  dat.  pi.  strengum  =  vio- 
lently, powerfully  \_loosed  from  the 
strings?},  3118:  in  comp.  hilde-, 
magen-,  mere-strengo. 

stregan  (O.  S,  strowian),  w.  v.,  to 
streiv,  spread  :  pret.  part,  was  J?a'm 
yldestan  .  .  .  morSorbed  stred  (the 
death-bed  was  spread  for  the  eld- 
est one},  2437. 

stream,  st.  m.,  stream,  fiood,  sea  : 
ace.  sg.  stream,  2546;  nom.  pi. 
streamas,  212;  ace.  pi.  streamas, 
1262  :  comp.  brim-,  eagor-,  firgen-, 
lagu-stream. 

g  e  -  streon  (cf.  streon  —  robur,  vis), 
st.  n.,  property, possessions  ;  hence, 
valuables,  treasure,  jewels  :  nom. 
pi.  Heafto-beardna  ge-streon  (the 
costly  treasure  of  the  Heathobear- 
das,  i.e.  the  accoutrements  belong- 
ing to  the  slain  H.),  2038;  ace. 
pi.  aSelinga,  eorla  ge-streon,  1921, 
3168.  —  Comp.:  ser-,  eald-,  eorl-, 
heah-,  hord-,  long-,  ma"5m-,  sine-, 
]5e6d-ge-streon. 

strudan,  st.  v.,  to  plunder,  carry 
off :  subj.  pres.  nas  J?a"  on  hlytme 
hwa  l^a't  hord  strude,  3127. 

ge-strynan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  ac- 
quire, gain  :  inf.  ]>as  J>e  (because) 


274 


GLOSSARY. 


ic  moste  minum  leodum  .  .  .  swylc 
ge-strynan,  2799. 

stund,  st.  f.,  time  i  space  of  time, 
while  :  adv.  dat.  pi.  stundum  (at 
times),  1424. 

styrian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.:  i)  to  ar- 
range, pttt  in  order,  tell :  inf.  secg 
eft  on-gan  sitf  Beowulfes  snyttrum 
styrian  (the  poet  then  began  to  tell 
B.^s  feat  skilfully,  i.e.  put  in  poetic 
form),  873.  —  2)  to  rouse,  stir 
up  :  pres.  sg.  III.  K>rme  wind  sty- 
re'S  laft  ge-wiftru  (when  the  wind 
stirreth  up  the  loathly  weather), 
1375.  — 3)  *°  mo"t!e  against,  attack, 
disturb :  subj.  pres.  )?at  he  .  .  . 
hring-sele  hondum  styrede  (that 
he  should  attack  tJie  ring-hall  with 
his  hands'),  2841. 

styrmaii,  \v.  v.,  to  rage,  cry  out: 
pret.  sg.  styrmde,  2553. 

styl,  st.  m.,  stee, :  dat.  sg.  style,  986. 

styl-ecg,  adj.,  steel-edged:  nom.  sg., 

1534- 

be  -styman,  w.  v.,  to  immdate,  wet, 
flood:  pret.  part,  (waeron)  eal 
benc-J?elu  blode  be-stymed,  486. 

suhtor-ge-filderaii  (collective),  w. 
m.  pi.,  uncle  and  nephew,  father's 
brother  and  brother' 's  son  :  nom. 
pi.,  1165. 

sum,  pron. :  i)  indef.,  one,  a,  any,  a 
certain  ;  neut.  something  :  a)  with- 
out part. gen. :  nom.  sg. sum,  1252; 
hilde-rinc  sum,  3125;  neut.  ne 
sceal  J?aer  dyrne  sum  wesan  (iiaught 
there  shall  be  hidden},  271;  ace. 
sg.  m.  sumne,  1433;  instr.  sg. 
sume  worde  (by  a  word,  expressly"), 
2157;  nom.pl.  sume,  400,  1114; 
ace.  pi.  sume,  2941.  b)  with  part, 
gen. :  nom.  sg.  gumena  sum  (one 
of  men,  a  mail),  1500,  2302;  mere- 
hragla  sum,  1906;  ^at  was  wundra 
sum,  1608;  ace.  sg.  gylp-worda 


sum,  676.  c)  with  gen.  of  cardi- 
nals or  notions  of  multitude  :  nom. 
sg.  f  iftena  sum  (one  of  fifteen,  with 
fourteen  companions),  207;  so, 
eahta  sum,  3124;  feara  sum  (one 
of  few y  with  afeiv),  1413;  ace.  sg. 
manigra  sumne  {one  of  many,  with 
many},  2092;  manna  cynnes  sum- 
ne {one  of  the  men,  i.e.  one  of  the 
watchmen  in  Heorot),  714;  feara 
sumne  {some  few,  one  of  few  ;  or, 
one  of  .the  foes?),  3062.  —  2)  with 
part.  gen.  sum  sometimes  =  this, 
that,  the  afore-mentioned :  nom. 
sg.  eower  sum  {a  certain  one,  that 
one,  of  you,  i.e.  Beowulf),  248; 
guft-beorna  sum  (the  afore-men- 
tioned warrior,  i.e.  who  had  shown 
the  way  to  HrotfgaVs  palace),  314; 
eorla  sum  {the  said  knight,  i.e.  Beo- 
wulf), 1313;  ace.  sg.  hord-arna 
sum  {a  certain  hoard-hall},  2280. 

sund,  st.  m. :  i)  swimming:  ace 
sg.  ymb  sund,  507;  dat.  sg.  at  sun- 
de  {in  swimming},  517;  on  sunde 
{a-swimming} ,  1619;  gen.sg.  sun- 
des,  1437.  —  2)  sea>  ocean,  sound : 
nom.  sg.,  223;  ace.  sg.  sund,  213, 
512,  539,  1427,  1445. 

ge-sund,  adj.,  sound,  healthy,  un- 
impaired:  ace.  sg.  m.  ge-sundne, 
1629,  1999;  nom.  pi.  gc-sunde, 
2076;  ace.  pi.  w.  gen.  fader  al- 
walda  .  .  .  eowic  ge-healde  si"5a 
ge- sunde  {the  almighty  Father 
keep  you  safe  and  sound  on  your 
journey  !},  318.  — Comp.  an-sund. 

sund-ge-bland,  st.  n.,  {the  commin- 
gled sea},  sea-surge,  sea~wave :  ace. 
sg.,  1451. 

sund-nyt,  st.  f.,  swimming-power 
or  employment,  swimming:  ace. 
sg.  sund-nytte  dreah  {swam  through 
the  sea},  2361. 

snudur,  sundor,  adv.,  asunder,  in 


GLOSSARY. 


275 


twain  :  sundur  gedtelan  (to  sepa- 
rate, sunder},  2423. 
sundor-nyt,  St.   f.,   special  service 

(service  in  a  special  case)  :    ace. 

sg.  sundor-nytte,  668. 
sund- wudu,    st.   m.,    (sea-wood}, 

ship :   nom.    ace.   sg.   sund-wudu, 

208,  1907. 
sunne,  w.  f.,  sun  :  nom.  sg.,  607; 

gen.  sg.  sunnan,  94,  649. 
sunn,    st.  m.,  son :   nom.   sg.,  524, 

591,  646,   981,    1090,  1486,  etc.; 

ace.  sg.  sunu,  268,  948,  1116,  1176, 

1809,  2014,  2120;    dat.  sg.  suna, 

344,  1227,  2026,  2161,  2730;  gen. 

sg.suna,  2456,  2613,  (1279)  ;  nom. 

pi.  suna,  2381. 

suff,  adv.,  south,  southiuard,  859. 
stiffuii,  adv.,  from  the  south,  607; 

sigel  sfttfan  ffts  (the  sun  inclined 

from  the  south},  1967. 
swaflfrian,  w.  v.,  to  sink  to   rest, 

grow  calm  :  brimu  swaftredon  (the 

waves  became  calm},   570.      See 

sweffrian. 
swaffu,  st.  f.,  trace,  track,  pathway  : 

ace.   sg.    swafte,    2099.  —  Comp.  : 

sw&t-,  wald-swa'Su. 
swafful,   st.  m.?   n.?,   smoke,   mist 

(Dietrich  in  Haupt  V.  215)  :  dat. 

sg.  on  swaftule,  783.     See  sweo- 

9ol. 
swancor,  adj.,  slender,  trim :  ace. 

pi.  .brio  wicg  swancor,  2176. 
swan-rad,  st.  f.,  sivan-road,   sea  : 

ace.  sg.  ofer  swan-rdde,  200. 
a  n  d  -  swarian,   w.  v.,   to  answer  : 

pret.  sg.  him  se  yldesta  and-swa- 

rode,  258;  so,  340. 
swa :   i)  demons,  adv.,  so,  in  such  a 

manner,  thus  :  swa  sceal  man  don, 

1173,    1535;    swa"  b&  driht-guman 

dreamum  lifdon,  99;  bat  ge-afndon 

swa  (that  we  thtts  accomplished^), 

538;  brer  hie  meahton  (i.e.  feorh 


ealgian),    798;    so,    2O,  144,  189, 

559,  763>  I104>  H72>  I77°>  2O58» 
2145,  2178,  2991;  swa"  manlice  (so 
like  a  man},  1047;  swa"  fela  (so 
many},  164,  592;  swa  deorlice 
doed  (so  valiant  a  deed},  585; 
nine  swa1  godne  (Jiim  so  good}, 
347;  on  swa"  geongum  feore  (in 
so  youthful  age),  1844;  go-deft  him 
swa"  ge-wealdene  worolde  daelas 
J>at  .  .  .  (rnakes  parts  of  the  world 
so  subject  to  him  that .  .  .),  1733. 
In  comparisons  =  ever,  the  (adv.)  : 
me  bin  mod-sefa  licaft  leng  swa" 
wel  (thy  mind  pleases  me  ever  so 
well,  the  longer  the  better},  1855. 
As  an  asseverative  —  so :  swa*  me 
Higelac  sie  .  .  .  modes  bliSe  (so 
be  Higelac  gracious -minded  to 
me!},  435;  swa"  beah  {neverthe- 
less, however},  973,  1930,  2879; 
swa"  beh,  2968;  hwaftre  swd  beah 
{yet however},  2443. — 2) :  a)  conj., 
as,  so  as  :  6iS  j^at  his  byre  mihte 
eorlscipe  efnan  swa"  his  0er fader 
(until  his  son  might  do  noble  deeds, 
as  his  old  father  did},  2623;  eft 
swa  XY  (again  as  before},  643;  — 
with  indie. :  swa  he  selfa  bad  (as 
he  himself  reqttested},  29;  swa  he 
oft  dyde  (as  he  often  did},  444; 
geeft  &  Wyrd  swa"  hio  sceal,  455; 
swa  guman  gefrungon,  667;  so, 
273,  352>  40i,  56l>  I049>  1056, 
1059,  "35»  I232»  i235, 1239>  i253, 
1382,  etc.;  — with  subj. :  swd  bin 
sefa  hwette  (as  pleases  thy  mind, 
i.e.  any  way  thou  pleasest),  490. 
b)  as,  as  then,  how,  1 143 ;  swd  hie 
d  waeron  .  .  .  nyd-gesteallan  (as 
they  were  ever  comrades  in  need}, 
882;  swdhitdiope  .  .  .  be-nemdon 
beddnas  moere  (as,  \_howl~\  the 
mighty  princes  had  deeply  cursed 
it},  3070;  swa"  he  manna  was  wi- 


27G 


GLOSSARY. 


gend  weorftfullost  (as  he  of  men 
the  worthiest  warrior  was),  3099. 
c)  jiist  as,  tJie  moment  wJien  :  swa 
J>at  blod  gesprang,  1668.  d)  so 
that:  sw&  he  ne  mihte  no  (so  that 
he  might  not .  .  .),  1509;  so,  2185, 
2007.  —  3)  =  qui,  quae,  quod,  Ger- 
man so :  worhte  wlite-beorhtne 
wang  sw&  water  bebuge'5  (wrought 
the  beauteous  plain  which  (ace.) 
water  surrounds},  93.  —  4)  swa 
.  .  .  swa  =  so  .  .  .  as,  595,  687-8, 
3170;  efne  swa"  .  .  .  sw&  (even  so 
.  .  .  as},  1093-4,  1224,  1284;  efne 
swa  hvvylc  magfta  swd  (such  a 
woman  as,  whatsoever  woman}, 
944;  efne  swa  hwylcum  manna 
sw&  (even  so  to  each  man  as},  3058. 

for-swafan,  st.  v.,  to  carry  away, 
sweep  off :  pret.  sg.  ealle  Wyrd  for- 
sweof  mine  magas  to  metod-sceafte, 
2815. 

for-swapan,  st.  v.,  to  sweep  off, 
force  :  pret.  sg.  hie  Wyrd  forsweop 
on  Grendles  gryre,  477. 

swat,  st.  m.,  (sweat},  wound-blood  : 
nom.  sg.,  2694,  2967;  instr.  sg. 
swate,  1287. —  Comp.  heafto^hilde- 
swat. 

swat-fah,  adj.,  blood-stained ' :  nom. 

Sg.,  1 1 12. 

swatig,  adj.,  gory  :  nom.  sg.,  1570. 
swat-swafru,    st.    f.,    blood-trace: 

nom.  sg.,  2947. 
be-  swaelan,  w.  v.,  to  scorch :  pret. 

part,  was  se  ISg-draca  .  . .  gledum 

beswceled,  3042. 
swaes,  adj.,  intimate,  special,  dear : 

ace.  sg.  swoesne  e"3el,  520;    nom. 

pi.    swsese   ge-siftas,  29;   ace.   pi. 

leode    swsese,    1869;     swsese    ge- 

siSas,  2041,  2519;   gen.  pi.  swsesra 

ge-si«a,  1935. 
swaBS-lice,   adv.,  pleasantly,   in   a 

friendly  manner,  3090. 


swebban,  w.  v.,  (to  put  to  sleep},  to 
kill :  inf.  ic  hine  sweorde  swebban 
nelle,  680 ;  pres.  sg.  III.  (abso- 
lutely) swefeft,  601. 

a  -  s  w  e  b  b  a  n ,  to  Mil,  slay  :  pret. 
part.  nom.  pi.  sweordum  a-swefede, 

-  567. 

sweffrian,  w.  v.,  to  lessen,  diminish  : 
inf.  bat  J?at  fyr  ongan  sweftrian, 
2703;  pret.  siS'San  Heremodes. 
hild  sweftrode,  902. 

STvefan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  sleep  :  pres.  sg. 
III.  swefeft,  1742;  inf.  swefan, 
119,  730,  1673;  pret.  sg.  swaf, 
1 80 1 ;  pi.  swsefon,  704;  swaefun, 
1281. —  2)  to  sleep  the  death-sleep, 
die  :  pres.  sg.  III.  swefefi,  1009, 
2061,  2747;  pi.  swefa'S,  2257, 2458. 

swegel,  st.  n.,  ether,  clear  sky  :  dat. 
sg.  under  swegle,  1079,  1198;  gen. 
sg.  under  swegles  begong,  86 1, 

J774- 

swegle,  adj.,  bright,  etherlike,  clear  : 
ace.  pi.  swegle  searo-gimmas,  2750. 

swegel-wered,  quasi  pret.  part., 
ether-clad:  nom.  sg.  sunne  swegl- 
wered,  607. 

swelgan,  st.  v.,  to  swallow :  pret. 
sg.  w.  instr.  syn-snsedum  swealh 
{swallowed  in  great  bites},  744; 
object  omitted,  subj.  pres.  nynVSe 
liges  facSm  swulge  on  swaftule,  783. 

for- swelgan,  w.  ace.,  to  sivallow, 
consume:  pret.  sg.  for-swealg, 
1123,  2081. 

swellan,  st.  v.,  to  swell :  inf.  }^a  sio 
wund  on-gan  .  .  .  swelan  and  swel- 
lan, 2714. 

sweltan,  st.  v.,  to  die,  perish  :  pret. 
sg.  swealt,  1618,  2475;  draca  mor- 
^re  swealt  (died a  violent  death}, 
893,  2783;  wundor-deaSe  swealt, 
3038;  hioro-dryncum  swealt,  2359. 

swencan,  w.  v.,  to  swink,  oppress, 
strike:  pret.  sg.  hine  wumlra  }>as 


GLOSSARY. 


277 


fela  swencte  (MS.  swecte)  on  sun- 
de,  1511. 

ge-swencan,&>  oppress,  strike,  in- 
jure :  pret.  sg.  sySSan  hine  Hseft- 
cyn  .  .  .  flane  geswencte,  2439; 
pret.  part,  synnum  ge-swenced,  976; 
haeiSstapa  hundum  ge  -  swenced, 
1369.  —  Comp.  lyft-ge-swenced. 

swenge,  st.  m.,  blow,  stroke  :  dat. 
sg-.  swenge,  1521,  2967;  swenge 
(with  its  stroke),  2607;  instr.  pi. 
sweordes  swengum,  2387.  —  Comp.  : 
feorh-,  hete-,  heatm-,  heoro-sweng. 

swerian,  st.  v.,  to  swear  :  pret.  w. 
ace.  I.  ne  me  swor  fela  aiSa  on 
unriht  {swore  no  false  oaths"),  2739; 
he  me  aSas  swor,  472. 

f  o  r  -  s  w  e  r  i  a  n  ,  w.  instr.,  to  forswear, 
renounce  (  protect  with  magic  for- 
mulaT)  :  pret.  part,  he  sige-wsep- 
num  for-sworen  hafde,  805. 

sweg,  st.  m.,  sound,  noise,  uproar  : 
nom.  sg.  sweg,  783;  hearpan  sweg, 
89,  2459,  3024;  sige-folca  swSg, 
645;  sang  and  sweg,  1064;  dat. 
sg.  swege,  1215.  —  Comp.:  benc-, 
morgen-sweg. 

swelan,  w.  v.,  to  burn  (here  of 
wounds)  :  inf.  swelan,  2714.  See 
swaelan. 

sweart,  adj.,  swart,  black,  dark: 
nom.  sg.  wudu-rec  sweart,  3146; 
dat.  pi.  sweartum  nihtum,  167. 

sweoffol  (cf.  O.H.G.  suedan,  sue- 
than—  cremare;  M.H.G.  swadem 
=  vapor;  and  Dietrich  in  Haupt 
V.,  215),  st.  m.?  n.?,  vapor,  smoke, 
smoking  flame  :  dat.  sg.  ofer  swio- 
«ole  (MS.  swic  Sole),  3146.  See 


sweofot,  st.  m.,  sleep  :  dat,  sg.  on 

sweofote,  1582,  2296. 
sweoloS",  st.  m.,  heat,  fire,  flame  : 

dat.  sg.  sweolofte,  1  1  16.  Cf.  O.H.G. 

suilizo,  suilizunga  —  ardor,  cauma. 


sweorcan,  st.  v.,  to  trouble,  darken  : 
pres.  sg.  III.  ne  him  inwit-sorh  on 
sefan  sweorceS  (darkens  his  soul), 
1738. 

f or-sweorcan,  to  grow  dark  or 
dim  :  pres.  sg.  III.  eagena  bearhtm 
for-site'S  and  for-sworceft,  1768. 

ge-sweorcan  (intrans.),  to  dark- 
en :  pret.  sg.  niht-helm  ge-swearc, 
1790. 

sweord,  swurd,  swyrd,  st.  n., 
sword:  nom.  sg.  sweord,  1287, 
1290,  1570,  1606,  1616,  1697; 
swurd,  891;  ace.  sg.  sweord,  437, 
673>  1559,  1664,  1809,  2253,2500, 
etc.;  swurd,  539,  1902;  swyrd, 
2611,  2988;  instr.  sg.  sweorde, 
561,  574,  680,  2493,  2881;  gen.  sg. 
sweordes,  1107,  2194,  2387;  ace. 
pi.  sweord,  2639;  swyrd,3O49;  instr. 
pi.  sweordum,  567,  586,  885;  gen. 
pi.  sweorda,  1041,  2937,  2962. — 
Comp. :  guft-,  maftftum-,  waeg- 
sweord. 

sweord,  st.  n.,  oath  :  in  comp.  aft- 
sweord  (sword-oath?},  2065. 

sweord-bealo,  st.  n.,  sword-bale, 
death  by  the  sword :  nom.  sg.,  1 148. 

sweord-freca,  w.  m.,  sword-war- 
rior :  dat.  sg.  sweord-frecan,  1469. 

sweord-gifu,  st.  f.,  sword-gift,  giv- 
ing of  swords :  nom.  sg.  swyrd-gifu, 
2885. 

sweotol,  swutol,  adj.:  i)  clear, 
bright :  nom.  sg.  swutol  sang  sco- 
pes, 90.  —  2)  plain,  manifest : 
nom.  sg.  syndolh  sweotol,  818; 
tacen  sweotol,  834;  instr.  sg.  sweo- 
tolan  tacne,  141. 

sweof,  sweop.  See  swafan,  swa- 
pan. 

swi3',  st.  n.?  (O.N.  swifti),  burning 
pain  :  in  comp.  j?ryl(S-swi'S(?). 

swift,  adj.,  swift :  nom.  sg.  se  swifta 
mearh,  2265. 


278 


GLOSSARY. 


swimman,    swymman,    st.  v.,  to 

swim  :  inf.  swymman,  1625. 

of  er-s \virn  man,  w.  ace.,  to  swim 
over  or  through  :  pret.  sg.  ofer- 
swam  siolefta  bigong  (s%vam  over 
the  sea),  2368. 

swincan,  st.  v.,  to  struggle,  labor, 
contend :  pret.  pi.  git  on  wateres 
aeht  seofon  niht  swuncon,  517. 

ge- swing,  st.  n.,  surge,  eddy:  nom. 
sg.  atol  y5a  geswing,  849. 

swingan,  st.  v.,  to  swing  one's  self, 
fly :  pres.  sg.  III.  ne  god  hafoc 
geond  sal  swingeS,  2265. 

swican,  st.  v. :  i)  to  deceive,  leave 
in  the  lurch,  abandon  :  pret.  sg. 
neefre  hit  (the  sword}  at  hilde  ne 
sw&c  manna  oengum,  1461.  —  2)  to 
escape:  subj.  pres.  butan  his  lie 
swice,  967. 

ge-svvican,  to  deceive,  leave  in  the 
lurch  :  pret.  sg.  gfrS-bill  ge-swa"c 
nacod  at  nifte,  2585,  2682;  w.  dat. 
seo  ecg  ge-swac  }>eodne  at  J?earfe 
(the  sword  failed  the  prince  in 
need},  1525. 

swiff,  swyff  (Goth,  swings),  adj., 
strong,  mighty  :  nom.  sg.  was  J?a't 
ge-vvin  to  swy'5,  191.  —  Comp.  nom. 
sg.  sio  swi'Sre  hand  (the  right 
hand},  2099. 

swifte,  adv.,  strongly,  very,  much, 
598,  998,  1093,  1744, 1927;  swySe, 
2171,  2188.  Compar.  swifter,  more, 
rather,  more  strongly,  961,  1140, 
1875,  2199.  — Comp.  un-swi'5e. 

ofer- swiffian,  w.  v.,  to  overcome, 
vanquish,  w.  ace.  of  person :  pres. 
sg.  III.  oferswyiSeft,  279,  1769. 

swiff-ferhS1,  adj.,  (fortis  animo), 
strong-minded,  bold,  brave  :  nom. 
sg.  swy8-ferhi5,  827;  gen.  sg.  swfS- 
f  erhftes,  909 ;  nom.  pi.  swi'S-ferhtSe, 
493;  dat.  pi.  swiiS-ferhftum,  173. 

swiff-liycgeiid,  pres.  part,  (strenue 


cogitans),  bold-minded,  brave  in 
spirit:  nom.  sg.  swi'5-hycgende, 
920;  nom.pl.swi'S-hycgende,  1017. 
Od,  adj .,  strong  -  m  inded  : 
nom.  sg.,  1625. 

on-swifan,  st.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  swing, 
turn,  at  or  against,  elevate  :  pret. 
sg.  biorn  (Beowulf)  bord-rand  on- 
swa"f  witS  .bam  gryre-gieste,  2560. 

swigian,  w.  v.,  to  be  silent,  keep 
silent :  pret.  sg.  lyt  swigode  niwra 
spella  (Jtepl  little  of  the  new  tidings 
silent),  2898;  pi.  swfgedon  ealle, 
1700. 

swigor,  adj.,  silent,  taciturn  :  nom. 
sg.  weak,  J?i  was  swigra  secg  .  .  . 
on  gylp-spraece  gfrS  -  ge-weorca, 
981. 

swin,  swyn,  st.  n.,  swine,  boar 
(image  on  the  helm)  :  nom.  sg. 
swyn,  1 1 12;  ace.  sg.  swin,  1287. 

swin-lic,  st.  n.,  swine-image  or  body: 
instr.  pi.  swin-licum,  1454. 

swGgan,  st.  v.,  to  whistle,  roar : 
pres.  part,  swogende  leg,  1346. 

swutol.     See  sweotol. 

swylc,  swilc  (Goth,  swa-leik-s), 
demons,  adj.  =  talis,  such,  such  a  ; 
relative  =  qualis,  as,  which  :  nom. 
sg.  swylc,  178,  1941,  2542,  2709; 
swylc  .  .  .  swylc  =  talis  .  .  .  qualis, 
1329;  ace.  sg.  swylc-,  2799;  call 
.  .  .  swylc  (all .  .  .  which,  as},  72; 
65er  swylc  {such  another,  i.e. 
hand),  1584;  on  swylc  (on  such 
things},  997;  dat.  sg.  gfrS-frem- 
mendra  swylcum  (to  such  a  battle- 
worker,  i.e.  Beowulf),  299;  gen. 
sg.  swylces  hwa't  (some  such},  881 ; 
ace.  pi.  swylce,  2870;  call  swylce 
.  .  .  swylce,  3166;  swylce  twegen 
(two  such},  1348;  ealle  >earfe 
swylce  (all  needs  that),  1798; 
swylce  hie  .  .  .  findan  meahton 
sigla  searo-gimma  (such  as  they 


GLOSSARY. 


279 


might  find  of  jewels  and  cunning 
gems},  1157;  efne  swylce  mala 
swylce  (at  just  such  times  as), 
1250;  gen.  pi.  swylcra  searo-nifta, 
582;  swylcra  fela  . .  .  ser-gestreona, 
2232. 

swylce,  adv.,  as,  as  also,  likewise, 
similarly,  113,  293,  758,  831,  855, 
908,921,  1*147,  1166,  1428,  1483, 
2460,  2825;  ge  swylce  (and  like- 
wise), 2259;  swilce,  1153. 

swylt,  st.  m.,  death  :  nom.  sg.,  1256, 

1437- 

swylt-dag,  st.  m.,  death-day :  dat. 
sg.  ser  swylt-dage,  2799. 

swynsian,  w.  v.,  to  sound :  pret.  sg. 
hlyn  swynsode,  612. 

swyrd.     See  sweord. 

swyS1.     See  swiff. 

swyn.     See  swin. 

syflfffan  (seftian,  Gen.  1525),  w.  v., 
to  punish,  avenge,  w.  ace. :  inf. 
J?onne  hit  sweordes  ecg  syftSan 
scolde  (then  the  edge  of  the  sword 
should  avenge  it),  1107. 

syS'S'an.     See  siffffaii. 

syfaii-wintre,  adj.,  seven-winters- 
old :  nom.  sg.,  2429. 

syhitF.     See  seoii. 

syl  (O.H.G.  swella),  st.  f.,  sill,  bench- 
support:  dat.  sg.  fram  sylle,  776. 

sylfa.    See  selfa. 

syllan.     See  sellan. 

syllic.     See  sellic. 

symbel,  syml,  st.  n.,  banquet, 
entertainment:  ace.  sg.  symbel, 
620,  ion;  geaf  me  sine  and 
symhl  (gave  me  treasure  and  feast- 
ing, i.e.  made  me  his  friend  and 
table-companion),  2432;  )>at  hie 
.  .  .  symbel  ymbsaeton  (that  they 
might  sit  round  their  banquet), 
564;  dat.  sg.  symle,  81, 489,  1009 ; 
symble,  119,  2105;  gen.  pi.  sym- 
bla,  1233. 


symble,  symle,  adv.,  continually, 
ever:  symble,  2451;  symle,  2498; 
symle  was  by  seemra  (he  was  ever 
the  worse,  the  weaker,  i.e.  the 
dragon),  2881. 

symbel-wyn,  st.  f.,  banqueting- 
pleasure,  joy  at  feasting :  ace.  sg. 
symbel-wynne  dreoh,  1783. 

syn,  st.  f.,  sin,  crime  :  nom.  synn 
and  sacu,  2473;  dat.  instr.  pi.  syn- 
num,  976,  1256,  3072. 

syn.     See  sin. 

syn-bysig,  adj.,  (culpa  laborans), 
persecuted  on  account  of  guilt! 
(R\eger),guilt-hazmted! :  nom.sg. 
s"ecg  syn-[byjsig,  2228. 

g  e  -  syngian,  w.  v.,  to  sin,  commit  a 
crime  :  pret.  part.  |?at  was  feohleas 
ge-feoht,  fyrenum  ge-syngad,  2442. 

synnig,  adj.,  sin-laden,  sinful :  ace. 
sg.  m.  sinnigne  secg,  1380.  — 
Comp. :  fela-,  un-synnig. 

ge-synto,  f.,  health:  dat.  pi.  on 
gesyntum,  1870. 

syrce.     See  serce. 

syrwan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  entrap,  catch 
unawares  :  pret.  sg.  dugu'Se  and 
geogofte  seomade  and  syrede,  161. 

be-syrwan:  i)to  compass  or  accom- 
plish by  finesse ;  effect:  inf.  doed  j?e 
we  ealle  ser  ne  meahton  snyttrum 
be-syrwan  (a  deed  that  all  of  us 
could  not  accomplish  before  with 
all  our  wisdom),  943.  —  2)  to  en- 
trap by  guile  and  destroy :  inf. 
my"nte  se  mansca'Sa  manna  cynnes 
sumne  be-syrwan  (the  fell  foe 
thought  to  entrap  some  one  {all!, 
see  sum)  of  the  men),  714. 

syn,  f.,  seeing,  sight,  scene  :  comp. 
an-sy~n. 

g  e  -  syne,  adj .,  visible,  to  be  seen  : 
nom.  sg.  1256,  1404,  2948,  3059, 
3160.  —  Comp/:  e5-ge-syne,  y5« 
ge-se'ne. 


280 


GLOSSARY. 


taligean,  w.  v. :  i)  to  count,  reckon, 
number;  esteem,  think:  pres.  sg. 
I.  no  ic  me  .  .  .  hnSgran  gu$-ge- 
weorca  bonne  Grendel  hine  (count 
myself  no  worse  than  G.  in  battle- 
works'},  678;  w£n  ic  talige  .  .  .  >at 
(/  •  count  on  the  hope  .  .  ,  that} , 
1846;  telge,  2068;  sg.  III.  J?at 
rasdtala'5'  J^at  (counts  it  gain  that}, 
2028.  —  2)  to  tell,  relate:  so  5  ic 
talige  (/  tell  facts'},  532;  swa  Jm 
self  talast  (as  thou  thyself  sayst}, 

595- 

tacen,  st.  «,  token,  sign,  evidence  : 
nom.  sg.  tacen  sweotol,  834;  dat. 
instr.  sg.  sweotolan  ticne,  141; 
tires  to  tdcne,  1655.  —  Comp.  luf- 
tacen. 

tan,  st.  n.,  tzvig:  in  comp.  Ster-t&n. 

g  e  -  taecan,  w.  v.,  to  show,  point  out  : 
pret.  sg.  him  ba  hilde-deor  hof 
modigra  torht  ge-tashte  (the  war- 
rior pointed  out  to  them  the  bright 
dwelling  of  the  bold  ones,  i.e.  Danes), 
313.  Hence,  to  indicate,  assign  : 
pret.  sona  me  se  msera  mago  Healf- 
denes  .  .  .  wift  his  sylfes  sunu  setl 
getaehte  (assigned  me  a  seat  by  his 
own  son},  2014. 

taele,  adj.,  blameworthy :  in  comp. 
un-taele. 

ge-tsese,  adj.,  quiet,  still:  nom.  sg. 
gif  him  wsere  .  .  .  niht  ge-tese 
(whether  he  had  a.  pleasant,  quiet, 
night},  1321. 

tela,  adv.,  fittingly,  well,  949,  1219, 
1226,  1821,  2209,  2738. 

telge.     See  talian. 

tellan,  w.  v.,  to  tell,  consider,  deem  : 
pret.  sg.  ne  his  lif-dagas  gumena 
rcnigum  nytte  tealde  (nor  did  he 
count  his  life  useful  to  any  man}, 
795  >  fr^t  ic  me  renigne  under  s\ve- 


gles  begong  ge-sacan  ne  tealde  (/ 
believed  not  that  I  had  any  foe 
tinder  heaven},  1774;  cwat>  he 
hone  gfr5-wine  godne  tealde  (said 
he  cottnted  the  war-friend  good}, 
1811;  he  usic  gar-wigend  gode 
tealde  (deemed  us  good  spear-ivar- 
riors},  2642;  pi.  swa  (so  that} 
hine  Geata  beam  godne  ne  teal- 
don,  2185.  —  2)  to  ascribe,  count 
against,  impose  :  pret.  sg.  (pry'So) 
him  walbendeweotode  tealde  hand- 
gewriiSene,  1937. 

ge-tenge,  adj.,  attached  to,  lying 
on  :  w.  dat.  gold  .  .  .  grunde  ge- 
tenge,  2759. 

tear,  st.  m.,  tear:  nom.  pi.  teaias, 

1873- 

teoh,  st.  f.,  troop,  band :  dat.  sg. 
earmre  teohhe,  2939. 

(g  e  ?)  -  teohhian,  w.  v.,  to  fix,  de- 
termine, assign  :  pret.  sg.  ic  for 
lassan  lean  teohhode  .  .  .  hnahran 
rince,  952;  pres.  part,  was  ofter  in 
aer  geteohhod  (assigned}  .  .  .  mae- 
rum  Geate,  1301. 

teon,  st.  v.,  to  draiv,  lead:  inf.  heht 
.  .  .  eahta  mearas  ...  on  flet  teou 
(bade  eight  horses  be  led  into  the 
hall},  1037;  pret.  sg.  me  to  grunde 
teah  f&h  feond-sceaiSa  (the  many- 
hued  fiend-foe  drew  me  to  the  bot- 
tom*}, 553;  eft-si Sas  teah  (with- 
drew, returned},  1333;  sg.  for  pi. 
seg-hwylcum  . . .  >dra  }>e  mid  Beo- 
wulfe  brim-lade  teah  (to  each  of 
those  that  crossed  the  sea  with  B.}, 
1052  ;  pret.  part,  ^a  was  .  .  .  heard- 
ecg  togen  (then  was  the  hard  edge 
drawn},  1289;  weariS  ...  on  nas 
togen  (was  drawn  to  the  promon- 
tory}, 1440. 

a- teon,  to  wander,  go,  intrans. : 
pret.  sg.  to  Heorute  d-teah  (dr?w 
to  Heorot),  767. 


GLOSSARY. 


281 


ge-teon:  i)  to  draw:  pret.  sg. 
gomel  swyrd  ge-teah,  2611;  w. 
instr.  and  ace.  hire  seaxe  ge-teah, 
brM  brtin-ecg,  1546.  —  2)  to  grant, 
give,  lend  :  imp.  no  bu  him  wearne 
geteoh  Jnnra  gegn-cwida  gladnian 
{refuse  not  to  gladden  them  with 
thy  answer},  366;  pret.  sg.  and 
ba  Beowulfe  bega  gehwaSres  eodor 
Ingwina  onweald  ge-teah  (and  the 
prince  of  the  Ingiuins  gave  B. 
power  over  both},  1045;  so,  he 
him  est  geteah  (gave  possession  of}, 
2166. 

of-teon,  to  deprive,  withdraw,  w. 
gen.  of  thing  and  dat.  pers. :  pret. 
sg.  Scyld  Scefing  .  .  .  monegum 
masgftum  meodo-setla  of-teah,  5 ; 
w.  ace.  of  thing,  hond  .  .  .  feorh- 
sweng  ne  of-teah,  2490;  w.  dat. 
hond  (hord,  MS.)  swenge  ne  of- 
teah,  1521. 

burh-teon,  to  effect:  inf.  gif  he 
torn-gemot  burh-teon  mihte,  1141. 

tcon  (cf.  teoh,  materia,  O.H.G. 
ziuc),  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  make,  work  : 
pret.  sg.  teode,  1453; — to  fur- 
nish out,  deck  :  pret.  pi.  nalas  hi 
hine  lassan  lacum  teodan  {pro- 
vided him  with  no  less  gifts'), 

43- 
ge-teon,  to  provide,  do,  bring  on  : 

pres.   sg.   unc  sceal   weorftan  .  .  . 

swa  unc  Wyrd  ge-te6S,  2527;  pret. 

sg.  be  him  .  .  .  sare  ge-teode  (who 

had  done  him  this  harni},  2296. 
ge-teona,  w.  m.,  injurcr,  harmer : 

in  comp.  laft-ge-teona. 
til,  adj.,  good,  apt,  fit :  nom.  sg.  m. 

Halga  til,  6 1 ;   begn  ungemete  till 

(of  Wiglaf  ),  2722;  fern,  was  seo 

beod  tilu,  1251;   neut.  ne  was  bat 

ge-wrixle  til,  1305. 
tilian,  w.  v.  w.  gen.,  to  gain,  win  : 

inf.   gif  ic  .  .  .  owihte   mag   binre 


mod-lufan  maran  tilian  (if  I .  .  . 
gain},  1824. 

timbrian,  w.  v.,  to  bztild  :  pres.  part, 
ace.  sg.  sal  timbred  (the  well-built 
hall},  307. 

be-timbrian,  (construere) ,  to  fin- 
ish building,  complete :  pret.  pi. 
betimbredon  on  tyn  dagum  beadu- 
rofes  be-cn,  3161. 

tid,  st.  f.,  -tide,  time  :  ace.  sg.  twelf 
wintra  tid,  147;  lange  tid,  1916; 
in  J?a  tide,  2228.  — Comp.:  an-, 
morgen-tid. 

ge- tilian  (from  tig'Sian),  w.  v.,  to 
grant :  pret.  part,  impers.  was  .  .  . 
bene  (gen.)  ge-tiftad  feasceaftum 
men,  2285. 

tir,  st.  m.,  glory,  repute  in  "war :  gen. 
sg.  tires,  1655. 

tir-eadig,  adj.,  glorious,  famous  : 
dat.  sg.  tir-eadigum  menn  (of  Beo- 
wulf), 2190. 

tir-fast,  adj.,  famous,  rich  in  glory  : 
nom.  sg.  (of  Hroftgdr),  923. 

tir-leas,  adj.,  without  glory,  infa- 
mous:  gen.  sg.  (of  Grendel),  844. 

toga,  w.  m.,  leader :  in  comp.  folc- 
toga. 

torht,  adj.,  bright,  brilliant:  ace. 
sg.  neut.  hof  .  .  .  torht,  313. — 
Comp. :  wuldor-torht,  heafto-torht 
(loud in  battle}. 

torn,  st.  m. :  i)  ^vrath,  insult,  dis- 
tress :  ace.  sg.  torn,  147,  834;  gen. 
pi.  torna,  2190.—  2)  anger  :  instr. 
sg.  torne  ge-bolgen,  2402. —  Comp. 
lige-torn. 

torn,  adj.,  bitter,  cruel:  nom.  sg. 
hreovva  tornost,  2130. 

torn-ge-m6t,  st.  n.,  {wrathftil  meet- 
ing}, angry  engagement,  battle  : 
ace.  sg.,  1141. 

to,  I.  prep.  w.  dat.  indicating  direc- 
tion or  tending  to,  hence  :  i)  local 
—  whither  after  verbs  of  motion, 


282 


GLOSSARY. 


to,  up  to,  at :  com  to  recede  (to  the 
hall},  721;  code  to  sele,  920;  code 
to  hire  frean  sittan,  642;  garf>  eft 
...  to  medo  (goeth  again  to  mead}, 
605;  wand  to  wolcnum  (wound 
to  the  welkin} ,  1 1 20;  sigortoskepe 
(sank  to  sleep},  1252  ;  28,  158,  234, 
438>  553»  926,  IOIO>  IOI4>  "55» 
"59,  1233,  etc.;  IfS-waege  bar 
halum  to  hand  a  (bore  the  ale-cup 
to  the  hands  of  the  men!  at  hand!}, 
1984;  6$  >at  niht  becom  6'Ser  to 
yldum,  2118;  him  to  bearme  cwom 
ma'Sftum-fat  maere  (came  to  his 
hands,  into  his  possession},  240.5; 
saelde  to  sande  sid-faftme  scip 
{fastened  the  broad-bosomed  ship 
to  the  shore},  1918;  ]?at  se  harm- 
scafta  to  Heorute  a-teah  (went 
forth  to  Heorot},  767.  After  verb 
sittan:  sitte  nu  to  symble  (sit  now 
to  the  meal},  489;  siftfian  ...  we 
to  symble  geseten  hafdon,  2105; 
to  hdm  (home,  at  home},  124,  374, 
2993.  With  verbs  of  speaking : 
ma'Selode  to  his  wine-drihtne  (spake 
to  his  friendly  lord},  360;  to  Gea- 
tum  spree,  1172;  so,  heht>at  hea- 
"So-weorc  to  hagan  biodan  (bade 
the  battle-work  be  told  at  the  hedge}, 
2893-  —  2)  with  verbs  of  bringing 
and  taking  (cf.  under  on,  I.,  d)  : 
hrafte  was  to  bure  Beowulf  fetod 
(B.  was  hastily  brought  to  the  hall}, 
1311;  si  S  San  Hama  at-wag  to 
J?a:re  byrhtan  byrig  Brosinga  mene 
{since  H.  carried  the  Brosing- 
necklace  off  to <(?}  tlie  bright  city), 
T200;  wean  ahsode.  foehtfo  to  Frv- 
sum  (suffered  woe,  feud  as  to,  from, 
the  Frisians},  1208.  —  3)  =  end 
of  motion,  hence :  a)  to,  for,  as, 
in  :  J>one  god  sende  folce  to  frofre 
(for,  as,  a  help  to  the  folk},  14; 
gesette  .  .  .  sunnan  and  monan 


leoman  to  leohte  (as  a  light},  95; 
ge-sat  ...  to  rfme  (satin  counsel}, 
172;  weariS  he  Heafto-lafe  to 
hand-bonan,  460;  bringe  ...  to 
helpe  (bring  to,  for,  help},  1831; 
Eofore  forgeaf  angan  dohtor  .  .  . 
hyldo  to  wedde  (as  a  pledge  of  his 
favor},  2999;  so,  5o8(?),  666, 

907,  972,  IO22,  1187,  1263,  1331, 

1708,  1712,  2080,  etc.;  secgan 
to  soSc  (to  say  in  sooth},  51  ; 
so,  591,  2326.  b)  with  verbs  of 
thinking,  hoping,  etc.,  on,  for,  at, 
against :  he  to  gyrn-wrace  swiSor 
J?6hte  J?onne  to  see-lade  (thought 
more  on  vengeance  than  on  the  sea- 
voyage},  1139;  sacce  ne  wSneft  to 
Gar-Denum  (nor  weeneth  of  con- 
flict with  the  Spear-Danes},  602; 
>onne  wene  ic  to  \>Q  wyrsan  ge- 
}?inges  (then  /  expect  for  thee  a 
worse  result},  525;  ne  ic  to  Sweo- 
J?e6de  sibbe  o'Sfte  treowe  wihte  ne 
wene  (nor  expect  at  all  of,  from, 
the  Swedes  .  .  .),  2923;  wiste  bam 
ahlaecan  to  J>am  heah-sele  hilde 
ge-]?inged  (battle  prepared  for  tfie 
monster  in  the  high  hall},  648; 
wel  bi5  J?am  \>e  mot  to  fader  fa5- 
mum  freo'So  wilnian  (tuellfor  him 
that  can  find peace  in  the  Father's 
arms},  i8S;  J?ara  )>e  he  ge-worhte 
to  West-Den um  (of  those  that  he 
wrought  against  the  West- Danes}, 
1579. — 4)  with  the  gerund,  inf.: 
to  gefremmanne  (to  do},  174;  to 
ge-cy^anne  (to  make  known},  257; 
to  secganne  (to  say},  473;  to  be- 
fleonne  (to  avoid,  escape},  1004; 
so,  1420,  1725,  1732,  1806,  1852, 
1923,  1942,  etc.  With  inf.:  to 
f£ran,  316;  to  friclan,  2557.— 
5)  temporal:  gewat  him  to  ge- 
scap-hwile  (ivcnt  at(~?}  the  hour 
of  fate  ;  or,  to  his  fated  rest!},  26 ; 


GLOSSARY. 


283 


to  widan  feore  (ever,  in  their 
lives),  934;  a"wa  to  aldre  (/or  life, 
forever},  956;  so,  to  aldre,  2006, 
2499;  to  life  (during  life,  ever}, 
2433.  —  6)  with  particles :  wod 
under  wolcnum  to  J  iis  be  . . .  (went 
under  the  welkin  to  the  point 
where  .  . .),  715;  so,  elne  ge-eodon 
to  bas  )?e,  1968 ;  so,  241 1 ;  he  him 
bas  lean  for-geald  ...  to  bas  be  he 
on  reste  geseah  Grendel  1-icgan  (lie 
paid  him  for  that  to  the  point  that 
he  saw  G.  lying  dead},  1586;  was 
bat  blod  to  bas  hat  (the  blood  was 
hot  to  that  degree),  1617;  nas  ba 
long  to  bon  bat  {twas  not  long 
till),  2592,  2846;  was  him  se  man 
to  bon  leof  bat  {the  man  was  dear 
to  him  to  that  degree),  1877;  to 
hwan  siSSan  weart>  hond-rres  ha- 
le'Sa  (tip  to  what  point,  how,  the 
hand-contest  turned  out),  2072;  to 
middes  (in  the  midst},  3142. 

II.  Adverbial  modifier,  quasi 
preposition  [better  explained  in 
many  cases  as  prep,  postponed]  : 
l)  to,  towards,  up  to,  at:  geong 
sona  to,  1786;  so,  2649;  fenS  6<Ser 
to,  1756;  soe-ISc  ...  be  bu  her  to 
locast  {upon  -which  thou  here  look- 
est),  1655;  folc  to  saegon  (the  folk 
looked  on},  1423;  bat  hi  him  to 
mihton  gegnum  gangan  {might 
proceed  thereto'),  313;  se  be  him 
bealwa  to  bote  gelyfde  (who  be- 
lieved in  help  out  of  evils  from  him, 
i.e.  Beowulf),  910;  him  to  anwal- 
dan  a"re  ge-lyfde  (trusted  for  him- 
self to  the  Almighty s  help},  1273; 
be  (is  seceaS  to  Sweona  leode 
{that  the  Swedes  zmll  come  against 
us),  3002.  —  2)  before  adj.  and 
adv.,  too  :  to  strang  (too  mighty}, 
133;  to  fast,  137;  to  swy'S,  .191; 
so,  789,970, 1337, 1743, 1 749, etc.; 


to  fela  micles  {far  too  much},  695  ; 
he  to  forft  ge-stop  {he  had  gone 
too  far),  2290. 

t03"  (G.  tunbu-s),  st.  m.,  tooth:  in 
comp.  blodig-toS  (adj.). 

tredan,  st.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  tread :  inf. 
soe-wong  tredan,  1965;  el-land  tre- 
dan, 3020;  pret.  sg.  wrac-lastas 
trad,  1353;  medo-wongas  trad, 
1644;  gras-moldan  trad,  1882. 

treddiaii,  tryddiau  (see  trod), 
w.  v.,  to  stride,  tread,  go  :  pret.  sg. 
treddode,  726;  tryddode  getrume 
micle  (strode  aboitt  with  a  strong 
troop),  923. 

trem,  st.  n.,  piece,  part :  ace.  sg.  ne 
.  .  .  fotes  trem  {not  a  foot's 
breadth},  2526. 

treow,  st.  f.,  fidelity,  good  faith  : 
ace.  sg.  treowe,  1073;  sibbe  oftfte 
treowe,  2923. 

treow,  st.  n.,  tree  :  in  comp.  galg- 
treow. 

treowian.     See  truwian. 

tre6w-loga,  w.  m.,  troth-breaker, 
pledge-breaker :  nom.  pi.  treow- 
logan,  2848. 

trod,  st.  f.,  track,  step  :  ace.  sg.  or 
pi.  trode,  844. 

ge-trum,  st.  n.,  troop,  band :  instr. 
sg.  ge-trume  micle,  923. 

triun,  adj.,  strong,  endowed  with; 
nom.  sg.  heorot  hornum  trum,  1370. 

ge-truwan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  con- 
firm, pledge  solemnly  :  pret.  sg.  ba" 
hie  getruwedon  on  twS,  healfe  faste 
frio'Su-ware,  1096. 

tru\vian,  treo\van,  w.  v.,  to  trust 
in,  rely  on,  believe  in  :  l)  w.  dat. : 
pret.  sg.  siSe  ne  truwode  leofes 
marines  (/  trusted  not  in  the  dear 
man's  enterprise),  1994;  bearne 
ne  truwode  bat  he  ...  {she  trusted 
not  the  child  that .  .  .),  2371;  ge- 
hvvylc  hiora  his  ferhfte  treowde 


284 


GLOSSARY. 


bat  he  ...  (each  trusted  his  heart 
that  .  .  .),  1167.  —  2}  w.  gen.: 
pret.  sg.  Geata  leod  georne  tru- 
wode  modgan  magnes,  670;  wift- 
res  ne  truwode,  2954. 

ge-trfiwian,  to  rely  on,  trust  in, 
w.  dat. :  pret.  sg.  strenge  ge-tru- 
wode,  mund-gripe  magenes,  1534; 
—  w.  gen.  pret.  sg.  beorges  ge- 
truwode,  wiges  and  wealles,  2323; 
strenge  ge-trfhvode  anes  mannes, 
2541. 

tryddian.     See  treddiaii. 

try  we,  adj.,  trtte,  faithful:  nom. 
sg.  b&  gyt  was  .  .  .  seghwylc  6"5rum 
try  we,  1166. 

ge-trywe,  adj.,  faithful:  nom.  sg. 
her  is  seghwylc  eorl  oftrum  ge- 
trywe,  1229. 

turf,  st.  f.,  sod,  soil,  seat :  in  comp. 
e«el-turf. 

tux,  st.  m.,  tooth,  ttisk :  in  comp. 
hilde-tux. 

ge-twasfan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.  of  person 
and  gen.  thing,  to  separate,  divide, 
deprive  of,  hinder :  pres.  sg.  III. 
bat  bee  ddl  oiS'Se  ecg  eafoftes  ge- 
twaefe'ft  (robs  of  strength},  1764; 
inf.  god  ea.Se  mag  hone  dol-sca'San 
daeda  ge-twoefan  ( God  may  easily 
restrain  the  fierce  foe  from  his 
deeds'},  479;  pret.  sg.  sunine  Gea- 
ta leod  .  .  .  feores  getwoefde  (cut 
him  off  from  life},  1434;  no  J?ser 
wseg-flotan  wind  ofer  y"5um  siftes 
ge-twaefde  (the  ivind  hindered  not 
the  wave-floater  in  her  course  over 
the  wafer},  1909;  pret.  part,  at- 
rihte  was  gG'5  ge-hvaefed  (almost 
had  the  struggle  been  ended*},  1659. 

ge-twaeman,  w.  v.  ace.  pers.  and 

gen.  thing,  to  hinder,  render  inca 

pable  of,  restrain  :  inf.  ic  hine  ne 

mihte  .  .  .  gauges  getwaeman,  969. 

twegeii,  f.  neut.  twa,  num.,  twain, 


two:  nom.  m.  twegen,  1164;  ace. 
m.twegen,  1348;  dat.  twaem,  1192; 
gen.  twega,  2533;  ace.  f.  tvvS,  1096, 

"95- 
twelf,    num.,   twelve :   gen.  twelfa, 

31?2- 
t\veone    (Frisian    twine),    num.  = 

binij  two  :  dat.  pi.  be  ssem  tweo- 

num,  859,  1298;    1686. 
twidig,   adj.,  in  comp.  lang-twidig 

(long-assttred},  1709. 
tyder,  st.  m.,  race,  descendant:  in 

comp.  un-tyder,  ill. 
tydre  (Frisian  teddre),  adj.,  %ueak, 

unwarlike,    cowardly :    nom.    pi. 

tydre,  2848. 
tyn,  num.,   ten :   uninflect.  dat.  on 

tyn   dagum,    3161 ;    inflect,   nom. 

tyne,  2848. 
tyrwian,  w.  v.,  to  tar :  pret.  part. 

tyrwed  in  comp. :  niw-tyrwed. 
on-tyhtan,  w.  v.,  to  urge  on,  incite, 

entice  :  pret.  sg.  on-tyhte,  3087. 


Dalian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  submit  to, 
endure:  inf.  hat  se  }>e6d-cyning  ba- 
fian  sceolde  Eofores  <inne  dom, 
2964. 

Jmnc,  st.  m.:  i)  thought:  in  comp. 
fore-,  hete-,  or-,  searo-banc;  inwit- 
J?anc  (adj.).  —  2)  thanks  (w.  gen. 
of  thing)  :  nom.  sg.,  929,  1779; 
ace.  sg.  bane,  1998,  2795. —  3)  con- 
tent, favor,  pleastire :  dat.  sg.  b& 
be  gif-sceattas  Geata  fyredon  byder 
to  bance  (those  that  tribute  for  the 
Cedtas  carried  tliitJier  for  favor}, 

379- 

ge-banc,  st.  m.,  thought :  instr.  pi. 
beostrum  ge  -  honcum,  2333. — • 
Comp.  mod-ge-banc. 

]?anc-hycgende,  pres.  part.,  thought- 
ful, 2236. 


GLOSSARY. 


285 


J»ancian,  w.  v.,  to  thank :  pret.  sg. 
gode  b^ncode  .  .  .  >as  be  hire  se 
willa  ge-lamp  {thanked  God  that 
her  wish  was  granted} ,  626;  so, 
1398;  pi.  bancedon,  62y(?). 

]>anon,  Jxmon,  J>onan,adv.,^^;z^/ 
i )  local :  banon  eft  gewSt  (fie  went 
thence  back},  123;  Ration  up  .  .  . 
stigon  {went  up  thence},  224;  so, 
banon,  463,  692,  764,  845,  854, 
1293;  J?anan,  1881;  bonon,  520, 
1374,  2409;  bonan,  820,  2360, 
2957. —  2)  personal:  banon  un- 
tydras  ealle  on-wocon  {front  him, 
i.e.  Cain,  etc.),  in;  so,  )>anan, 
1266;  bonon, 1961;  unsofte  bonon 
feorh  6"5-ferede  (i.e.  from  Gren- 
del's  mother),  2141. 

J»a,  adv.:  i)  there,  then,  3,  26,  28, 
34,  47»  53»  etc-  with  J>aer :  J>a  J^r, 
331.  With  nu :  nu  b&  {now  then}, 
658.  —  2)  conjunction,  when,  as, 
since,  w.  indie.,  461,  539,  633,  etc.; 
—  because,  whilst,  during,  since, 
402,  465,  724,  255 1,  etc. 

Jmt,  I.  demons,  pron.  ace.  neut.  of 
se  :  demons,  nom.  bat  {that},  735, 
766,  etc.;  instr.  sg.  J>y,  1798,  2029; 
bat  ic  by  waepne  ge-brad  {that  I 
brandished  as{!}  a  weapon;  that 
I  brandished  the  weapon!},  1665; 
by  weor'Sra  {the  more  honored}, 
I9°3;  by  seft  (the  more  easily}, 
2750;  J?y  las  hym  y£e  brym  wudu 
vvynsuman  for-wrecan  meahte  {lest 
the  force  of  the  waves  the  winsome 
boat  might  carry  away},  1919;  no 
by  aer  {not  sooner},  755,  1503, 
2082,  2374,  2467;  no  by  leng  {no 
longer,  none  the  longer},  975.  J>y 
=adv., therefore,  hen ce,  1274,  2068; 
J>e  .  .  .  )>c  =  on  this  account ;  for 
tliis  reason  .  .  .  that,  because,  2639- 
2642;  -\viste  \>c  geornor  (knew  bttt 
too  well},  822;  he  ...  was  sundes 


]?e  saenra  J?e  hine  swylt  fornam  {he 
was  the  slower  in  swimming  as 
\_whom^  death  carried  Jiim  off}, 
1437 >  n^s  him  wihte  }>e  sSl  (it  was 
none  the  better  for  him},  2688;  so, 
2278.  Gen.  sg.  ]>as  —  adv.,  for 
this  reason,  therefore,  7,  16,  114, 
35°»  589,  901,  1993,  2027,  2033, 
etc.  J»as  J>e,  especially  after  verbs 
of  thanking,  :=  because,  108,  228, 
627,  1780,  2798;"  —  also  =  secun- 
dum  quod :  >as  ^e  hie  gewislicost 
ge-\vitan  meahton,  1351 ;  —  there- 
fore, accordingly,  1342,  3001;  tO 
J>as  {to  that  point;  to  that  degree}, 
715,  1586,  1617,  1968,  2411;  Jms 
georne  {so  firmly},  969;  ac  he  His 
faste  was  .  .  .  besmiSod  (it  was  too 
firmly  set},  774;  no  j^as  frod  leo- 
fa'S  gumena  bearna  ]?at  j?one  grund 
wite  {none  liveth  among  men  so 
wise  that  he  should  know  its  bot- 
tom}, 1368;  he  J>as  (bam,  MS.) 
modig  was  {had  the  courage  for 
it},  1509. 

II.  conj.  (relative),  that,  so  that, 
15,  62,  84,  221,  347,  358,  392,  571, 
etc.;  6ft  bat  (///  to  that,  until}-, 
see  691. 

batte  (from  bat  be,  see  >e),  that, 
151,  859,  1257,  2925,  etc.;  bat  be 
{that},  1847. 

Jjaer :  i)  demons,  adv.,  there  {where}, 
32,  36,  89,  400,  757,  etc.;  morftor- 
bealo  maga,  bser  heo  oer  mseste 
heold  worolde  wynne  (the  death- 
bale  of  kinsmen  where  before  she 
had  most  worldly  joy},  1080.  With 
b&:  ba"  baer,  331;  bser  on  innan 
{therein},  71.  Almost  like  Eng. 
expletive  there,  271,  550,  978,  etc.; 
—  then,  at  that  time,  440 ;  — 
thither :  bser  swrS-ferh'Se  sittan 
eodon  (thither  went  the  bold  ones 
to  sit,  i.e.  to  the  bench),  493,  etc. 


286 


GLOSSARY. 


—  2)  relative,  where,  356,  420, 508, 
513,  522,  694,  867,  etc.;  code  .  .  . 
bser  se  snotera  bad  {went  where  the 
•wise  one  tarried},  1314;  so,  1816; 

—  #  763>  798,  1008,   1836,  2731, 
etc.;  — whither  :  ga"  J>oer  he  wille, 

1395- 

J>e,  I.  relative  particle,  indecl.,  partly 
standing  alone,  partly  associated 
with  se,  seo,  bat :  HunfefS  ma'Se- 
lode,  be  at  fotum  sat  (If.,  who  sat 
at  his  feet,  spake},  500;  so,  138, 
etc.;  was  bat  gewin  to  swyS  be  on 
b&  leode  be-com  (the  misery  that 
had  come  on  the  people  was  too 
great),  192,  etc.;  ic  wille  ...  be 
bS  and-sware  adre  ge-cySan  be  me 
se  goda  d-gifan  bencefl  (/  will 
straightway  telltJiec  the  answer  that 
the  good  one  shall  give},  355;  6'S 
bone  &nne  dag  be  he  ...  (//'//  that 
very  day  that  he  .  .  .),  2401;  heo 
ba.  fashfte  wrac  be  bu  .  .  .  Grendel 
cwealdest  (the  fight  in  which  thou 
slewest  G.},  1335;  mid  b^re  sorge 
be  him  sio  sdr  belamp  (with  the 
sorrow  wherewith  the  pain  had  vis- 
ited hini),  2469 ;  pi.  bonne  ba  dydon 
be  ...  (than  they  did  that  .  .  .), 
45;  so,  378,  1136;  b&  mafimas  be 
he  me  sealde  (the  treasures  that 
he  gave  me),  2491;  so,  gimfastan 
gife  be  him  god  sealde  (the  great 
gifts  that  God  had  given  him*), 
2183.  After  bara  be  (of  those  that}, 
the  depend,  verb  often  takes  sg. 
instead  of  pi.  (Dietrich,  Haupt  XI., 
444  seqq.)  :  wundor-siona  fela  sec- 
ga  ge-hwylcum  bara  be  on  swylc 
stara'S  (to  each  of  those  that  look  on 
sucJi),  997;  so,  844,  1462,  2384, 
2736.  Strengthened  by  se,  seo, 
bat :  sagde  se  be  cutfe  (said  he 
that  knew},  90;  was  se  grimma 
gast  Grendel  h&ten,  se  be  moras 


heold  (the  grim  stranger  hight 
Grendel,  he  that  held  the  moors), 
103;  here-byrne  .  .  .  seo  be  bdn- 
cofan  beorgan  cftfte  (the  corselet 
that  could  protect  the  body),  1446, 
etc.;  b^et  ge-lyfan  sceal  dryhtnes 
dome  se  be  hine  dea~S  nime'S  (he 
shall  believe  in  God^s  judgment 
whom  death  carrieth  off},  441 ; 
so,  1437,  I292  (cf-  Heliand  I., 
1308). 

]>as  }>e.     See  >at. 

J>edh  J>e.    See  J?edh. 

forj>am]>e.     See  for-J?am. 

>£»  >e,  the,  by  that,  instr.  of  se  :  ahte 
ic  holdra  by.  las  ...  be  dea'5  for- 
nam  (/  had  the  less  friends  whom 
death  snatched  avvay),  488;  so, 

1437- 

)>eccan,  w.  v.,  to  cover  (thatch), 
cover  over :  inf.  b^  sceal  brond 
fretan,  aled  beccean  (fire  shall  eat, 
flame  shall  cover,  the  treasures'}, 
3016;  prt-t.  pi.  ba;r  git  eagor- 
stream  earmum  behton  (in  swim- 
ming}, 513. 

J?egn,  st.  m.,  thane,  liegeman,  king's 
higher  vassal ;  knight :  nom.  sg., 
235,494,868,  2060,  2710;  (Beo- 
wulf), 194;  (Wiglaf),  2722;  ace. 
sg.  begen  (Beowulf,  MS.  begn), 
1872;  dat.  sg.  begne,  1342,  1420; 
(Hengest),  1086;  (Wiglaf),  2811; 
gen.  sg.  begnes,  1798;  nom.  pi. 
begnas,  1231;  ace.  pi.  begnas, 
1082,  3122;  dat.  pi.  begnum,  2870; 
gen.  pi.  begna,  123,  400,  1628, 
1674,  1830,  2034,  etc.  —  Comp. : 
ambiht-,  ealdor-,heal-,  magu-,  sele- 
begn. 

J»egnian,  J>eiiian,  w.  v.,  to  serve, 
do  liege  service:  pret.  sg.  ic  him 
benode  deoran  sweorde  (7  served 
them  with  my  good  sword,  i.e.  slew 
them  with  it),  560. 


GLOSSARY. 


287 


J>egn-sorli,  st.  f.,  thane-sorrow,  grief 
for  a  liegeman :  ace.  sg.  J?egn- 
sorge,  131. 

Jjpgu,  st.  f.,  taking  :  in  comp. :  beah-, 
beor-,  sinc-J'egu. 

J>el,  st.  n.,  deal-board,  board  for 
benches  :  in  comp.  benc-j>el,  486, 
1240. 

]?encan,  w.  v. :  i)  to  think:  abso- 
lutely :  pres.  sg.  III.  se  J?e  wel  }?en- 
ce$,  289;  so,  2602.  With  depend, 
clause  :  pres.  sg.  nsenig  heora  J?ohte 
J?at  he  ...  {none  of  them  thought 
that  he'},  692.  —  2)  w.  inf.,  to  in- 
tend: pres.  sg.  III.  ]?&  and-sware 
...  he  me  se  goda  d-gifan  bence'S 
{the  ansiver  that  the  good  one  in- 
tendeth  to  give  me),  355;  (blodig 
vval)  byrgean  benceft,  448;  J?onne 
he  ...  geg£n  fence's  longsumne 
lof.  (if  he  will  win  eternal  fame}, 
1536;  pret.  sg.  ne  J>at  aglaeca  ylclan 
}>ohte  {the  monster  did  not  mean 
to  delay  that},  740;  pret.  pi.  wit 
unc  wi3  hronfixas  werian  )>6hton, 
541 ;  (hine)  on  healfa  ge-hwone 
heawan  ponton,  801. 

£ -pen  can,  to  intend,  think  out: 
pret.  sg.  (he)  pis  ellen  weorc  dna 
a-pohte  to  ge-fremmanne,  2644. 

ge-pencan,  w.  ace.:  i)  to  think 
of:  Hit  he  his  selfa  ne  mag  .  .  . 
encle  ge-pencean  {so  that  he  him- 
self may  not  think  of,  know,  its 
limit),  1735.  —  2)  to  be  mindful: 
imper.  sg.  ge-penc  nu  .  .  .  hwat 
wit  geo  sproecon,  1475. 

J>enden  :  i)  adv.,  at  this  time,  then, 
whilst :  nalles  f&cen-stafas  peod- 
Scyldingas  )>enden  fremedon  (not 
at  all  at  this  time  had  the  Scyl- 
dings  done  foul  deeds),  1020  (re- 
ferring to  1165;  cf.  WidsrS,  45 
seqq.);  }>enden  reafode  rinc  ofter- 
ne  {whilst  one  warrior  robbed 


another,  i.e.  Eofor  robbed  Ongen- 
J>eow),  2986. —  2)  conj.,  so  long 
as,  whilst,  30,  57,  284,  1860,  2039, 
2500,  3028;  — whilst,  2419.  With 
subj.,  whilst,  as  long  as  :  penden 
}>u  mote,  1178;  ]>enden  \>\i  lifige, 
1255;  penden  hit  sy  {whilst  the 
heat  lasts},  2650. 

]>engel,  st.  m.,  prince,  lord,  ruler  : 
ace.  sg.  hringa  pengel  (Beowulf), 
1508. 

>es  (m.),  }>e6s  (f.),  )>is  (n.),  de- 
mons, pron.,  this  :  nom.  sg.  411, 
432,  1703;  f.,  484;  nom.  ace. 
neut,  2156,  2252,  2644;  bys,  1396; 
ace.  sg.  m.  Jnsne,  75;  f.  >as,  1682; 
dat.  sg.  neut.  Jnssum,  1170;  ]?ys- 
sum,  2640;  f.  Hsse,  639;  gen.  m. 
J>isses,  1217;  f.  jnsse,  929;  neut. 
)>ysses,  791,  807;  nom.  pi.  and  ace. 
J>as,  1623,  1653,  2636,  2641;  dat. 
J>yssum,  1063,  1 220. 

J>g.     See  J>at. 

J>gh.     See  J?e&h. 

J^earf,  st.  f.,  need :  nom.  sg.  J?earf, 
1251,  2494,  2638;  jsd  him  was 
manna  J?earf  {as  he  luas  in  need  of 
men},  201;  ace.  sg.  J^earfe,  1457, 
2580,  2850;  fremma'5  ge  nu  leoda 
pearfe  {do  ye  now  what  is  needful 
for  the  folk),  2801;  dat.  sg  .  at 
J?earfe,  1478,  1526,  2695,  2710; 
acc-.pl.  se  forandrysnum  ealle  be- 
weotede  J>egnes  ^earfe  {who  would 
supply  in  courtesy  all  the  thane's 
needs},  1798  (cf.  sele-begn,  1795). 
— Comp. :  firen-,  nearo-,  ofer-J^eaif. 

>earf.     See  >urfan. 

ge-]?earfian,  w.  v.,  =  necessitatem 
imponere  :  pret.  part.  )>d  him  swa1 
ge-]?earfod  was  {since  so  they  found 
it  necessary),  1104. 

J>earle,  adv.,  very,  exceedingly,  560. 

]>edh,  ]>eh,  conj.,  though,  even  though 
or  if:  i)  with  subj.  J?eah,  203, 


288 


GLOSSARY. 


526,  588,  590,  1168,  1661,  2032, 
2162.  Strengthened  by  )>e  :  )>eah 
J>e,  683,  1369,  1832,  1928,  1942, 
2345,  2620;  J?eah . . .  eal  {although}, 
681.  —  2)  with  indie. :  J?eah,  1 103; 
>eh,  1614.  — 3)  doubtful:  heah  he 
ufte  wel,  2856;  swa"  J?eah  {never- 
theless), 2879;  no  ...  svva  J>eah 
(not  then  however} ,  973;  nas  )>e 
forht  SW&  >eh  (Jie  was  not,  though, 
afraid},  2968;  hwatJre  swd  }>eah 
{yet  however},  2443. 

)>edw,  st.  m.,  custom,  usage :  nom. 
sg.,  178,  1247;  ace.  sg.  )>eaw,  359; 
instr.  pi.  Jjeawum  (in  accordance 
•with  custom},  2145. 

J?e6d,  st.  f. :  I )  war-troop,  retainers  : 
nom.  sg.,  644,  1231, 1251.  —  2)  na- 
tion, folk:  nom.  sg.,  1692;  gen. 
pi.  J?eoda,  1706.  —  Comp. :  sige-, 
wer-J?eod. 

}>e6(l-cyning,  st.  m.,  (=  folc-cy- 
ning),  warrior-king,  king  of  the 
people  :  nom.  sg.  (Hroftgar),  2145; 
(Ongen]?e6w),  2964,  2971;  Jnod- 
cyning  (Beowulf),  2580;  ace.  sg. 
}>e6d-cyning  (  Beowulf  ) ,  3009 ;  gen. 
sg.  Jseod-cyninges (Beowulf),  2695  > 
gen.  pi.  ^edd-cyninga,  2. 

J>eoden,  st.m.,  lord  of  a  troop,  war- 
chief,  king;  ruler  :  nom.  sg.,  129, 
365,  417,  1047,  1210,  1676,  etc.; 
Jnoden,  2337, 281 1 ;  ace.  sg.  )?e6den, 
34,201,353,1599,2385,2722,2884, 
3080;  Hoden,  2789;  dat.  sg.  >eod- 
ne,  345,  1526,  1993,  2573,  2710, 
etc.;  j>eoden,  2033;  gen.  sg.  J?eod- 
nes,  798,  911,  1086,  1628,  1838, 
2175;  Jnodnes,  2657;  nom.  pi. 
J^eodnas,  3071. 

J>eoden-leAs,  adj.,  without  chief  or 
king  :  nom.  pi.  J?eoden  -  lease, 
1104. 

}>e6d-gestre6na,  st.  n.,  people 's- 
jewel,  precious  treasure  :  instr.  pi. 


}>e6d  -  ge  -  streonum,  44;  gen.  pi. 
J?e6d-ge-streona,  1219. 

J^codig,  adj.,  appertaining  to  a  >eod : 
in  comp,  el-beodig. 

^eod-scaafa,  w.  m.,  foe  of  the  people, 
general  foe  :  nom.  sg.  j?eod-sceafta 
(the  dragon},  2279,  2689. 

}>e6d-J>re&,  st.  f.,  popitlar  misery, 
general  distress  :  dat.  pi.  wi"$  J^eod- 
^reaum,  178. 

)>eof,  st.  m.,  thief:  gen.  sg.  J?eofes 
crafte,  2221. 

]>e6n  (for  J?ihan),  st.  v. :  i)  to  grow, 
ripen,  thrive :  pret.  sg.  weoriS- 
myndum  J?ali  (grew  in  glory},  8.  — 
2)  to  thrive  in,  succeed :  pret.  sg, 
hum  Hit  on  lande  lyt  manna  J?ah 
(that  throve  to  few},  2837. 

ge-J>eon,/0 grow,  thrive ;  increase 
in  power  and  influence  :  imper. 
ge-^eohtela,  1219;  inf.  lof-daedum 
sceal  .  .  .  man  gej?eon,  25 ;  }>at  >>at 
J;eodnes  beam  ge-]?e6n  scolde,  911. 

o  n  -  \>  e  6  n ,  to  begin,  undertake,  w. 
gen. :  pret.  he  }>as  ser  onj>dh,  901 
(O.H.G.  inthihan,  w.  gen.,  Otfrid 

i,  i,  30- 

}>eon  (for  }>eowan),  w.  v.,  to  op- 
press, restrain  :  inf.  nas  se  folc- 
cyning  ymb-sittendra  ienig  }?dra  he 
mec  .  .  .  dorste  egesan  }>e6n  (that 
durst  oppress  me  with  terror},  2737. 

}>e6stor,  adj.,  dark,  gloomy  :  instr. 
pi.  J?e6strum  ge-boncum,  2333. 

J>icgan,  st.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  seize,  attain, 
eat,  appropriate  :  inf.  J?at  he  (Gren- 
del)  ma  moste  manna  cynnes  J?ic- 
gean  ofer  J^a"  niht,  737  ;  syinbel 
j^icgan  (take  the  meal,  enjoy  the 
feast},  ion  ;  pret.  pi.  >at  hie  me 
J>egon,  563;  >3er  we  medu  J>£gun, 
2634. 

ge-J'icgan,  w.  ace.,  to  grasp,  take  : 
pret.  sg.  (symbel  and  sele-ful,  ful) 
ge-J?eah,  619,  629  ;  Beowulf  ge- 


GLOSSARY. 


289 


>ah  ful  on  flette,  1025  ;  pret.  pi. 

(medo-ful  manig)  ge-J^aegon,  1015. 

Jwler,  J>yder,  adv.,  thither :  J>yder, 

3087,  379,  2971. 

Jnhtig,  >yhtig,  adj.,  doughty,  vigor- 
ous^ firm  :  ace.  sg.  neut.  svveord 
.  .  .  ecgum  byhtig,  1559.  —  Comp. 
hyge-Jnhtig. 

Jjincan.     See  }>yncan. 

Jnng,  st.  n. :  i)  thing :  gen.  pi.  senige 
>inga  (ullo  modo},  792,  2375, 2906. 
—  2)  affair,  contest,  controversy: 
nom.  sg.  me  weariS  Grendles  Jnng 
. . .  undyrne  cfrS  (Grendel's  doings 
became  known  to  me},  409.  —  3) 
judgment,  issue,  judicial  assem- 
bly'(?)  :  ace.  sg.  sceal  .  .  .  ana  ge- 
hegan  \>ing  wrS  )>yrse  (shall  bring 
the  matter  alone  to  an  issue  against 
the  giant:  see  hegan),  426. 

g  e  - 1>  i  n  g ,  st.  n. :  I )  terms,  covenant : 
ace.  pi.  ge-Hngo,  1086.  —  2)  fate, 
providence,  issue :  gen.  sg.  ge- 
Hnges,  398,  710;  (ge-jnngea,MS.), 

525- 

ge-Jnngan,  st.  v.,  to  grow,  mature, 
thrive  (Dietrich,  Haupt  IX.,  430)  : 
pret.  part.  cw£n  mode  ge->ungen 
(mature  -  minded,  high  -  spirited, 
queen},  625.  See  wel-Jmngen. 

ge-)>ingan  (see  ge-Jnng),  w.  v. : 

1)  to  conchtde  a  treaty:  w.  refl. 
dat.,  enter  into  a  treaty  :  pres.  sg. 
III.   gif   him    J>onne    HreSric   to 
hofum  Geata  ge-binge'S  (if  H,  en- 
ters into  a  treaty  (seeks  aid  at?) 
'with  the  court  of  the  Gedtas,  refer- 
ring to  the  old  German  custom  of 
princes  entering  the  service  or  suite 
of  a  foreign  king),  1838.     Leo.  — 

2)  to  prepare,  appoint :  pret.  part, 
wiste  [at]  j?am  ahlsecan  .  .  .  hilde 
ge-binged,   648;    hrafte   was  .  .  . 
m£ce  ge-Hnged,  1939. 

Jmighui,  w.  v. :    i)  to  speak  in  an 


assembly,  make  an  address:  inf. 
ne  hyrde  ic  snotor-licor  on  swd 
geongum  feore  guman  Hngian  (/ 
never  heard  a  man  so  young  speak 
so  wisely),  1844.  —  2)  to  compound, 
settle,  lay  aside:  inf.  ne  wolde  feorh- 
bealo  .  .  .  feo  Jnngian  (vjottld  not 
compound  the  life-bale  for  money}, 
156;  so,  pret.  sg.  }>&  faehfte  feo 
Jnngode,  470. 

Jjihun.     See  J>eon. 

J>in,  possess,  pron.,  thy,  thine,  267, 
346,  353,  367,  459,  etc. 

ge-J>oht,  st.  m.,  thought, plan  :  ace. 
sg.  dn-fealdne  ge-J?6ht,  256;  fast- 
rsedne  ge-J?oht,  6il. 

J>olian,  w.  v.  vv.  ace. :  i)  to  endure, 
bear :  inf.  (inwid-sorge)  >olian, 
833;  pres.  sg.  III.  )>rea-nyd  J^olaiS, 
284 ;  instr.  sg.  J^olode  Kyftswy'S, 
131.  —  2)  to  hold  out,  stand,  sur- 
vive: pres.  sg.  (intrans.)  >enden 
J>is  sweord  Cola's  (as  long  as  this 
sword  holds  out},  2500;  pret.  sg. 
'  (seo  ecg)  Mode  ser  fela  hand-ge- 
mota,  1526. 

ge-J?olian:  i)  to  suffer,  bear,  en- 
dure :  gerund,  to  ge-^olianne,  1420; 
pret.  sg.earfo'S-lice  t>rage  ge->olode 
.  .  .,  |?at  he  ...  dream  gehyrde 
(bore  ill  that  he  heard  the  sound 
of  joy},  87;  torn  ge->olode  (bore 
the  misery},  147.  —  2)  to  have  pa- 
tience, wait:  inf.  J>oer  he  longe 
sceal  on  }>as  waldendes  waere  ge- 
J>olian,  3110. 

]>on  (Goth.  )?an)  =  turn,  then,  now, 
504;  after  )>on  (after  that},  725; 
oer  }>on  dag  cwome  (ere  day  came}. 
732  ;  no  )>on  lange  (it  was  not 
long  till  then},  2424;  nas  J?&  long 
to  J>on  (it  was  not  long  till  then}, 
2592,  2846 ;  was  him  se  man  to 
Km  leof  >at . . .  (the  man  was  to  that 
degree  dear  to  him  that  .  .  .),  1877. 


290 


GLOSSARY. 


J>onne:    i)  adv.,  there,  then,  now, 

377,  435>  525,  "OS,  H56,  M85, 
1672,  1823,  3052,  3098(?).  — 2) 
con].,  if,  when,  while:  a)  w.  indie., 
573,  881,  935.  I034,  1041,  1043, 
1144,  1286,  1327,  1328,  1375,  etc-> 
£at  ic  gum-cystum  godne  funde 
beaga  bryttan,  breac  bonne  moste 
{that  I  found  a  good  ring-giver 
and  enjoyed  him  whilst  I  could}, 
1488.  b)  w.  subj.,  23,  1180,  3065; 
J>onne  .  .  .  J^onhe  {then  . .  .  when), 
484-85,  2447-48  ;  gif  K>nne  .  .  . 
J>onne  (if  then  .  .  .  then},  1105- 
1107.  c)  than  after  comparatives, 
44,  248,  469,  505,  534,  679,  1 140, 
1183,  etc.;  a  comparative  must  be 
supplied,  1.  70,  before  hone  :  )>at  he 
.  .  .  ha'tan  wolde  medo-arn  micel 
men  ge-wyrcean  bone  yldo  beam 
aefre  ge-frunon  {a  great  mead- 
house  (greater)  them  men  had  ever 
known} . 

]>racu,  st.  f.,  strength,  boldness :  in 
comp.  mod-bracu  ;  =  impetus  in 
ecg-J>racu. 

J»rag,  st.  f.,  period  of  time,  time  : 
nom.  sg.  }>a  bine  sio  brag  be-cvvom 
{when  the  [battle]-//*?;/;'  befell  hint], 
2884;  ace.  sg.  brage  {for  a  time}, 
87;  longe  (lange)  brage,  54,  114. 
—  Comp.  earfo'5-brag. 

ge-]mie,  st.  n.,  multitude,  crowd  : 
in  comp.  searo-ge-brac. 

Jirec-\vudu,  st.  m.,  {might-wood}, 
spear  (cf.  magen-wudu)  :  ace.  sg., 
1247. 

]>re&,  st.  f.,  misery,  distress :  in 
comp.  beod-brea,  brea-nedla,  -nyd. 

J>rea-nedla,  w.  m.,  crushing  dis- 
tress, misery :  dat.  sg.  for  brea- 
n£dlan,  2225. 

J»rea-nyd,  st.  f.,  oppression,  distress  : 
ace.  sg.  brea-nyd,  284 ;  dat.  pi. 
brea-nydum,  833. 


J>reat,  st.  m.,  troop,  band :  dat.  sg. 
on  bam  breate,  2407  ;  dat.  pi. 
scea'Sena  breatum,  4. —  Comp.  * 


.  iren- 


]>reatian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  press,  op- 
press :  pret.  pi.  mec  . .  .  breatedon, 
560. 

Jjreot-teoS'a,  num.  adj.  w.  m.,  thir- 
teenth :  nom.  sg.  breot-teo'Sa  secg, 
2407. 

J>reo,  num.  (neut.),  three  :  ace.  brio 
wicg,  2175  ;  breo  hund  wintra, 
2279. 

]?ridda,  num.  adj.  w.  m.,  third:  instr. 
briddan  siSe,  2689. 

ge-)>ring,  st.  n.,  eddy,  whirlpool, 
crush:  acc.onholmage-bring,2i33. 

Jn-iiigan,  st.  v.,  to  press :  pret.  sg. 
wergendra  to  lyt  brong  ymbe  beo- 
den  (too  few  defenders  pressed 
round  the  prince},  2884;  pret.  pi. 
sy$5an  Hre'Slingas  to  hagan  brun- 
gon  (after  the  Hrethlingas  had 
pressed  into  the  hedge},  2961. 

for-bringan,  to  press  out;  rescue, 
protect :  inf.  bat  he  ne  mehte  . .  .  b& 
wea-lafe  wigte  for-bringan  beodnes 
begne  {that  he  could  not  rescue  the 
wretched  remnant  from  the  king's 
thane  by  war},  1085. 

ge-bringan, to -press :  pret.  sg.  ceol 
up  gebrang  {the  ship  shot  up,  i.e. 
on  the  shore  in  landing),  1913. 

]>ritig,  num.,  thirty  (neut.  subst.)  : 
ace.  sg.  w.  partitive  gen. :  britig  beg- 
na,  123;  gen.  bnttiges  (XXXtiges, 
MS.)  manna,  379. 

J>rist-hydig,  adj.,  bold-minded,  val- 
orojts  :  nom.  sg.  bioden  brist-hydig 
(Beowulf),  2811. 

)>ro\vian,  w.  y.  \v.  ace.,  to  suffer, 
endure  :  inf.  (hdt,  gnorn)  browian, 
2606,  2659 ;  pret.  sg.  browade, 
1590,  1722;  browode,  2595. 

,  st.  f.,  abundance,   multitttde. 


GLOSSARY. 


excellence,  power :  instr.  pi. 
(excellently,  extremely ;  excellent 
in  strength!},  494. 

Jn'yUy-arn,  st.  n.,  excellent  house, 
royal hall:  acc.sg.  (of  Heorot),  658. 

JjrySlic,  adj.,  excellent,  chosen  : 
nom.  sg.  }>ry'5-lic  J?egna  heap,  400, 
1628;  superl.  ace.  pi.  >ryft-licost, 
2870. 

^ryff-swyS1,  st.  n.?,  great pain(l}  : 
ace.,  131,  737  [?  adj.,  very  power- 
ful, exceeding  strong\ . 

Jjryff-word,  st.  n.,  bold  speech,  choice 
discourse:  ace.  sg.,  644.  (Great 
store  was  set  by  good  table-talk : 
cf.  Lachmann's  Nibelunge,  1612; 
Rigsmal,  29,  7,  in  Mobius,  p.  79  b, 

22.) 

J»rym,  st.  m . :  I )  power,  might, force : 
nom.  sg.  yfta  J>rym,  1919;  instr.  pi. 
=  adv.  Jrymmum  {powerfully'}, 
235.  —  2)  glory,  renown  :  ace.  sg. 
brym,  2.  —  Comp.  hyge-Jnym. 

J>rym-lic,  adj.,  poTverful,  mighty  : 
norn.  sg.  J>rec-wudu  J>rym-lic  (the 
mighty  spear},  1247. 

>u,  pron.,  thou,  366,  407,  445,  etc.; 
ace.  sg.  J>ec  (poetic),  948,  2152, 
etc.;  }>e,  417,  426,  517,  etc.;  after 
compar.  soelran  be  (a  better  one 
than  thee),  1851.  See  ge,  eow. 

Jninca,  w.  m.     See  af-Jmnca. 

g  e  -  J?uiigcn.     See  ]>iiigan. 

Jnirfan,  pret.-pres.  v.,  to  need  :  pres. 
sg.  II.  .no  bu  ne  bearft  .  .  .  sorgian 
(needest  not  care},  450;  so,  445, 
1675;  III.  ne  bearf  .  .  .  onsittan 
(need  not  fear),  596;  so,  20x37, 
2742;  pres.  subj.  }>at  he  ...  secean 
burfe,  2496;  pret.  sg.  J?orfte,  157, 
1027,  1072,2875,2996;  pi.  nealles 
Iletware  hremge  J^orfton  (i.e.  we- 
san)  fe'Se-wiges  (needed  not  boast 
of  their  foot-fight),  2365. 

ge-J>uren.     See  J? \veran. 


]?urh,  prep.  w.  ace.  signifying  mo- 
tion through,  hence  :  I.  local, 
through,  throughout  :  wocl  J?S  J>urh 
J>one  wal-rec  (went  then  through 
the  battle-reek},  2662.—  II.  causal  : 
l)  on  account  of,  for  the  sake  of, 
owingto  :  Jnirh  sliSne  niS  (through 
fierce  hostility,  heathenism},  184; 
J>urh  holdne  hige  (from  friendli- 
ness}, 267;  so,  jnirh  rumne  sefan, 
278;  Jnirh  sidne  sefan,  1727;  eo- 
weft  ]>urh  egsan  uncu^ne  ni5 
(shows  unheard-of  hostility  by  the 
terror  he  causes},  276;  so,  1102, 
1336,  2046.  2)  by  means  of, 
through  :  heafto-nes  for-nam  mihtig 
mere-deor  burh  mine  hand,  558; 
Jmrh  anes  craft,  700;  so,  941, 
1694,  1696,  1980,2406,  3069. 

Jms,  adv.,  so,  thus,  238,  337,  430. 

jMinian,  w.  v.,  to  din,  sound  forth  : 
pret.  sg.  sund-wuclu  Jnmede,  1907. 

Jmsend,  num.,  thousand:  i)  fern. 
ace.  ic  J>e  ^usenda  J>egna  bringe  to 
helpe,  1830.  —  2)  neut.  with  meas- 
ure of  value  (sceat)  omitted  :  ace. 
seofon  ]?usendo,  2196;  gen.  huncl- 
]>usenda  landes  and  locenra  beaga 
(  100,000  sceattas1  worth  of  land  and 
rings'),  2995.  —  3)  uninflected  :  ace. 
busend  wintra,  3051. 

J>waere,  adj.,  affable,  mild  :  in  comp. 


g  e  -  J>  w  oe  r  e  ,  adj  .,  ge  ntle,  m  ild  :  nom  . 

pi.  ge-J>woere,  1231. 
g  e  -  Jjwaeran,  st.  v.,  to  forge,  strike  : 

pret.   part,  heoru  .  .  .  hamere  ge- 

t>uren  (for  ge-l>woren)    (hammer- 

forged  sword),  1286. 
>yhtig.  See]?ilitig. 
ge-)>yld  (see  >olian),  st.  f  .  :  i) 

patience,     endurance  :     ace.     sg. 

ge-byld,  1396.  —  2)  steadfastness  : 

instr.  pi.  =  adv.  :  ge-byldum  (stead- 

fastly, patiently},  1706. 


292 


GLOSSARY. 


J>yle,  st.  m.,  spokesman,  leader  of  the 
conversation  at  court :  nom.  sg., 
1166,  1457. 

J>yncan,  J>incean,  w.  v.  w.  dat.  of 
pers.,  to  seem,  appear  :  pres.  sg. 
III.  Jnnce'5  him  to  lytel  (it  seems 
to  him  too  little],  1749;  ne  bynceft 
me  gerysne,  }>at  we  (it  seemeth  to 
me  not  jit  that  -we . . .),  2654;  pres. 
pi.  hy  .  .  .  wyrfte  Jnncea'S  eorla  ge- 
cehtlan  (they  seem  worthy  contend- 
ers with(1}  earls;  or,  worthy 
•warriors'},  368;  pres.  subj.  swd 
him  ge-met  J>mce,  688;  inf.  )nn- 
cean,  1342;  pret.  sg.  J?uhte,  2462, 
3058 ;  no  his  lif-gedal  sar-lic  >uhte 
secga  senigum  (his  death  seemed 
painful  to  none  of  men},  843; 
pret.  pi.  J>Der  him  fold-wegas  fagere 
Kihton,  867. 

of-Jnncan,  to  displease,  offend : 
inf.  mag  ]>as  J>onne  of->yncan  Red- 
den (dat.)  Heafto-beardna  and 
J>egna  gehwam  ^ara  leoda,  2033. 

>yrs,  st.  m.,  giant:  dat.  sg.  wiiS 
J>yrse  (Grendel),  426. 

J>ys-lic,  adj.,  such,  of  such  a  nature  : 
nom.  sg.  fern.  )>ys-licu  i>earf,  2638. 

}>y.     Seejmt. 

J>ywan  (M.H.G.  diuhen,  O.H.G. 
dCihan),  w.  v.,  to  crush,  oppress: 
inf.  gif  bee  ymb-sittend  egesan  }>y- 
wa'5  (if  thy  neighbors  oppress  thee 
with  dread},  1828. 

}>ystru,  f.,  darkness:  dat.  pi.  in 
bystrum,  87. 

ge-J>ywe,  adj.,  customary,  usual: 
nom.  sg.  swa  him  ge-^ywe  ne  was 
(as  was  not  his  custom},  2333. 


U 


ufan,  adv.,_/hw?  above,  1501;  above, 
330- 


ufera  (prop,  higher],  adj.,  later: 
dat.  pi.  ufaran  clogrum,  2201. 

ufor,  adv.,  higher,  2952. 

uhte,  w.  f.,  twilight  or  dawn  :  dat. 
or  ace.  on  uhtan,  126. 

uht-floga,  w.  m.,  twilight -flier, 
dawn-flier  (epithet  of  the  dragon)  : 
gen.  sg.  uht-flogan,  2761. 

uht-hlem,  st.  m.,  twilight-cry,  dawn- 
cry  :  ace.  sg.,  2008. 

uht-sceaffa,  w.  m.,  twilight-  or 
dawn-foe  :  nom.  sg.,  2272. 

uinbor,  st.  n.?,  child,  infant :  nom. 
sg.,  46,  1 1 88. 

im-blifre,  adv.(?),  imblithely,  sor- 
rowfully, 130,  2269;  (adj.,  nom. 
pi.?),  3032. 

un-byrnende,  pres.  part.,  ^lnb^l>•n- 
ing,  without  burning,  2549. 

unc,  dat.  and  ace.  of  the  dual  wit, 
us  tivo,  to  us  two,  1784,  2138,  2527  ; 
gen.  hwa'Ser . . .  uncer  twega  (which 
of  tis  two],  2533;  uncer  Grendles 
(of  us  two,  G.  and  me],  2003. 

uncer,  poss.  pron.,  of  us  two  :  nom. 
sg.  [uncer],  2OO2(?);  dat.  pi.  un- 
cran  eaferan,  1186. 

un-cuiS1,  adj.:  i)  tmknown  :  nom. 
sg.  stig  .  .  .  eldura  uncu'S,  2215; 
ace.  sg.  neut.  uncuft  ge-lad  {un- 
known ways],  1411.  —  2)  unheard- 
of,  barbarous,  evil:  ace.  sg.  un- 
cftftne  nixS,  276;  gen.  sg.  un-cu'Ses 
(of  the  foe,  Grendel),  961. 

under,  I.  prep.  w.  dat.  and  ace. :  i) 
w.  dat.,  answering  question  where? 
=  iinder  (of  rest),  contrasted  with 
over  :  ba"t  (was)  under  beorge, 
21 1 ;  >3  cwom  Wealh}>e6  for 5  gan 
under  gyldnum  beage  (  IV.  vvalked 
forth  under  a  golden  circlet,  i.e. 
decked  with),  1164;  siSSan  he 
under  segne  sine  ealgode  (under 
his  banner},  1205;  he  under  rande 
ge-cranc  (sank  under  his  shield}, 


GLOSSARY. 


293 


1210;  under  wolcnum,  8,  1632; 
under  heofenum,  52,  505;  under 
roderum,  310;  under  helme,  342, 
404  ;  under  here  -  griman,  396, 
2050,  2606;  so,  711,  1198,  1303, 
1929,  2204,  2416,  3061,  3104.— 
2)  w.  ace. :  a)  answering  question 
whither?  =  tinder  (of  motion)  :  J?a 
secg  wisode  under  Heorotes  hrof, 
403;  siSiSan  sefen-leoht  under  heo- 
fenes  hSdor  be-holen  weorSeft, 
414;  under  sceadu  bregdan,  708; 
fleon  under  fen-hleoftu,  821 ;  bond 
alegde  .  .  .  under  geapne  hrof, 
837 ;  teon  in  under  eoderas,  1038; 
so,  1361,  1746,  2129,  2541,  2554, 
2676,  2745 ;  so,  hafde  \>£  for-sr5od 
sunu  Ecg-J>eowes  under  gynne 
gvund,  1552  (for-siSian  requires 
ace.)-  b)  after  verbs  of  venturing 
and  righting,  with  ace.  of  object 
had  in  view :  he  under  haTne  stan 
...  ana  ge-nSSde  frScne  dcede,  888; 

'  ne  dorste  under  y$a  ge-win  aldre 
ge  -  neSan,  1470.  c)  indicating 
extent,  with  ace.  after  expressions 
of  limit,  etc.:  under  swegles  be- 
gong  (as  far  as  the  sky  extends), 
861,1774;  under  heofenes  hwealf 
(as  far  as  heaven's  vault  reaches), 
2016. 

II.  Adv.,  beneath,  below:  stig 
under  lag  (a  path  lay  beneath,  i.e. 
the  rock),  2214. 

undern-msel,  st.  n.,  midday:  ace. 
sg.,  1429. 

un-dymc,  un-derne,  adj.,  -without 
concealment,  plain,  clear :  nom. 
sg.,  127,  2001 ;  un-derne,  2912. 

u  n  -  d  y  r  n  e ,  *&*., plainly,  evidently: 
un-clyrne  cftS,  150,  410. 

un-fager,  adj.,  unlovely,  hideous  : 
nom.  sg.  leoht  un-fager,  728. 

un-faecne,  adj.,  without  malice,  sin- 
cere :  nom.  sg.,  2069. 


im-faege,  adj.,  not  death-doomed  or 
"fey".'  nom.  sg.,  2292;  ace.  sg. 
un-foegne  eorl,  573. 

im-flitme,  adv.,  solemnly,  incontest- 
ably  :  Finn  Hengeste  elne  unflitme 
afium  benemde  (F.  swore  solemnly 
to  H.  with  oaths}  [if  an  adj.,  elne 
un-f.  —  unconquerable  in  valor~\, 
1098. 

un-forht,  &&}.,  fearless,  bold :  nom. 
sg.,  287;  ace.  pi.  unforhte  (adv.?), 
.444- 

un-from,  adj.,  unfit,  unwarlike : 
nom.  sg.,  2189. 

un-fr6d,  adj.,  not  aged,  young:  dat. 
sg.  guman  un-frodum,  2822. 

un-gedefelice,  adv.,  unjustly,  con- 
trary to  right  and  custom,  2436. 

un-gemete,  adv.,  immeasurably, 
exceedingly,  2421,  2722,  2729. 

un-gemetes,  adv.  gen.  sg.,  the 
same,  1793. 

un-geara,  adv.,  (not  old},  recently, 
lately,  933;  soon,  603. 

un-gifefre,  adj.,  not  to  be  granted; 
refused:  nom.  sg.,  2922. 

im-gledw,  adj.,  regardless,  reckless: 
ace.  sg.  sweord  .  .  .  ecgum  un- 
gleaw  (of  a  sharp-edged  sword), 

2565- 
uii-har,  adj.,  very  gray  :  nom.  sg., 

357- 

un-hselo,  st.  f.,  mischief,  destruction  : 
gen.  sg.  wiht  un-hoelo  (the  demon 
of  destruction,  Grendel),  120. 

un-heore,  un-hyre,  adj.,  monstrous, 
horrible  :  nom.  sg.  m.,  weard  un- 
hiore  (the  dragon),  2414;  neut. 
vvif •  un-h^re  (Grendel's  mother), 
2121;  nom.  pi.  neut.  hand-speru 
.  .  .  unheoru  (of  Grendel's  claws), 
988. 

im-hlytme,  un-hlitme,  adv.  (cf. 
A.S.hlytm—  lot;  O.N.hluti=r/a^/, 
division},  tindivided,  unseparated, 


294 


GLOSSARY. 


united,  1130   [unless  =  un-flitme, 
1098]. 

un-leof,  adj.,  hated:  ace.  pi.  scab 
on  un-leofe,  2864. 

iin-lifigcnde,  prcs.  part.,  unliving, 
lifeless:  nom.  sg.  un-lifigende, 
468;  ace.  sg.  un-lyfigendne,  1309; 
dat.  sg.  un-lifgendum,  1390;  gen. 
sg.  un-lyfigendes,  745. 

un-lytel,  adj.,  not  little,  very  large: 
nom.  sg.  clugu'S  un-lytel  {a  great 
band  of  warriors'}  or  great  joy?}, 
498 ;  dom  un-lytel  {no  little  glory} , 
886;  ace.  sg.  torn  un-lytel  (very 
great  shame,  misery],  834. 

un-murnlice,  adv.,  unpityingly, 
"without  sorrowing,  449,  1757- 

unnan,  pret.-pres.  v.,  to  grant,  give ; 
wish,  will :  pret.-pres.  sg.  I.  ic  )>e 
an  tela  sinc-gestreona,  1226;  weak 
pret.  sg.  I.  frSe  ic  swrSor  J>iit  Jm 
hine  selfne  ge-seon  moste,  961; 
III.  he  ne  fr5e  )>at  .  .  .  (he  granted 
not  that .  .  .),  503;  him  god  u$e 
J?at  ...  he  hyne  sylfne  ge-wrac 
(God granted  to  him  that  he  avenged 
himself},  2875;  beah  he  u'Se  wel 
(though  he  well  would},  2856. 

ge-unnan,  to  grant,  perm  it :  inf. 
gif  he  (is  ge-unnan  wile  J?at  we 
hine  .  .  .  grctan  moton,  346  ;  me 
ge-ufte  ylda  waldend,  J>at  ic  .  .  . 
gc-seah  hangian  (the  Rtdcr  of  men 
permitted  me  to  see  hanging .  .  .), 
1662. 

un-nyt,  adj.,  useless  :  nom.  sg.,  413, 

3I70- 
un-rilit,  st.  n.,   unright,   injiistice, 

wrong:  ace.  sg.  unriht,  1255,  2740; 

instr.  sg.  un-rihte  (unjustly,  wrong- 

ly},  3060. 
un-rim,   st.  n.,  immense  number : 

nom.   sg.,   1239,    3136 ;    ace.  sg., 

2625. 


un-rime,  adj.,  cottntless,  measure- 
less:  nom.  sg.  gold  un-rime,  3013. 

un-rot,  adj.,  sorrowing:  nom.  pi. 
un-rote,  3149. 

uii-siiyttru,  f.,  lack  of  wisdom  :  dat. 
pi.  for  his  un-snyttrum  (for  his 
unwisdom },  1735. 

un-softc,  adv.,  tmsoftly,  with  vio- 
lence (hardly!},  2141;  scarcely, 
1656. 

uii-swycTe,  adv.,  not  strongly  or 
powerfully  :  compar.  (ecg)  bit 
unswi'Sor  J>onne  his  J>iod-cyning 
l^earfe  hafde  (the  sword  bit  less 
sharply  than  the  prince  of  the 
people  needed},  2579;  fyr  unswi- 
'Sor weoll,  2882. 

un-synnig,  adj.,  guiltless,  sinless  : 
ace.  sg.  un-synnigne,  2090. 

un-synnum,  adv.  instr.  pi.,  guilt- 
lessly, 1073. 

un-taele,  adj.,  blameless :  ace.  pi. 
un-tsele,  1866. 

un-tyder,  st.  m.,  evil  race,  monster: 
nom.  pi:  un-tydras,  in.  [Cf.  Ger. 
un-mensch.J 

un-^vaclic,  adj.,  that  cannot  be 
shaken  ;  Jirm,  strong  :  ace.  sg.  M 
.  .  .  un-w&clicne,  3139. 

un-wearnum,  adv.  instr.  pi.,  una- 
wares, suddenly ;  (unresistingly!}, 
742. 

un-wrecen,  pret.  part.,  unavenged, 
2444. 

up,  adv.,  lip,  tipward,  224,  519, 1374, 
1620,  1913,  1921,  2894;  (of  the 
voice),  )>d  was  .  .  .  wop  up  dhafen, 
128;  so,  783. 

up-lang,  adj.,  upright,  erect :  nom. 
sg.,  760. 

nppe(adj.,ufe,  uffe),adv.,^^7^,566. 

up-riht,  adj.,  upright,  erect :  nom. 

sg.,  2093. 
u ton.     See  wutou. 


GLOSSARY. 


295 


U 


uft-genge,  adj.,  transitory,  evanes- 
cent, ready  to  depart,  {fled!*)  :  J>ger 
was  Asc-here  .  .  .  feorh  ftS-genge, 
2124. 

us,  pers.  pron.  dat.  and  ace.  of  we 
(see  we),  us,  to  us,  1822,  2636, 
2643,  292i,  3°°2,  3079  ;  ace. 
(poetic),  fisic,  2639,  2641,  2642: 
—  gen.  fire :  fire  oeg-hwilc  (each  of 
us),  1387;  fiser,  2075. 

user,  possess,  pron. :  nom.  sg.  fire 
man-drihten,  2648 ;  dat.  sg.  fissum 
hlaforde,  2635;  Sen-  sg.  neut.  ftsses 
cynnes,  2814  ;  dat.  pi.  firum  .  .  . 
bim  (to  us  both,  tivo)  (for  unc 
him),  2660. 

ut,  adv.,  out,  215,  537,  664,  1293, 
1584,  2082,  2558,  3131. 

utan,  adv.,  from  without,  without, 
775,  1032,  1504,  2335. 

ut-fus,  adj.,  ready  to  go :  nom.  sg. 
hringed-stefna  isig  and  fit-ffis,  33. 

ut-weard,  adj.,  outward,  outside, 
free:  nom.  sg.  eoten  (Grendel) 
was  fit-weard,  762. 

titan-wear  d,  adj.,  without,  out- 
ward, from  without :  ace.  sg. 
hlaew . . .  ealne  fitan-weardne,  2298. 

W 

wacan,  st.  v.,  to  awake,  arise,  origi- 
nate :  pret.  sg.  J>anon  (from  Cain) 
woe  fela  geo-sceaft-ga'sta,  1266  ; 
so,  1961;  pi.  j?am  feower  beam 
...  in  worold  wocon,  60. 

on- wacan:  i)  to  awake  (intrans.)  : 
pret.  sg.  }>&  se  wyrm  on-woc  {when 
the  drake  awoke},  2288.  —  2)  to  be 
born  :  pret.  sg.  him  on-woc  heah 
Healfdene,  56;  pi.  on-wocon,  in. 

wacian,  w.  v.,  to  watch  :  imper.  sg. 
waca  wi5  wraVSum !  66 1. 


wadan,  st.  v.,  (cf.  wade,  waddle), 
to  traverse;  stride,  go:  pret.  sg. 
wod  Jnirh  J>one  wal-rec,  2662;  wod 
under  wolcnum  (stalked  beneath 
the  clouds'),  715. 

ge- wadan,  to  attain  by  moving, 
come  to,-reach:  pret.  part.  65  [at 
. . .  wunden-stefna  ge-waden  hafde, 
)>at  >£  liSende  land  ge-sawon  (//// 
.  the  ship  had  gone  so  far  that  the 
sailors  saw  land),  220. 

on -wad  an,  w.  ace.,  to  invade,  be- 
fall:  pret.  sg.  hine  fyren  on- 
wod(?),  916. 

}>urh-wadan,  to  penetrate,  pierce  : 
pret.  sg.  J>at  swurd  J?urh-wod  wrat- 
licne  wyrm,  891 ;  so,  1568. 

wag,  st.  m.,  wall:  dat.  sg.  on  wage, 
1663;  dat.  pi.  after  wagum  {along 
the  walls),  996. 

wala,  w.  m.,  boss  :  nom.  pi.  walan, 
1032  (cf.  Boutervvek  in  Haupt  XL, 
85  seqq.). 

walda,  w.  m.,  wielder,  ruler :  in 
comp.  an-,  eal-walda. 

wald-swafru,  st.  f.,  forest-path : 
dat.  pi.  after  wald-swa'Sum  (along 
the  wood-paths),  1404. 

warn,  woin,  st.  m.,  spot,  blot,  sin  : 
ace.  sg.  him  be-beorgan  ne  con 
worn  (cannot  protect  himself  from 
evil  Q*  from  the  evil  strange  orders, 
etc. ;  worn  —  wogum  ?  =  crooked!}, 
1748;  instr.  pi.  wommum,  3074. 

wan,  won,  adj.,  wan,  lurid,  dark  : 
nom.  sg,  yft-geblond  .  .  .  won  (the 
dark  waves),  1375  >  se  wonnahrefn 
(the  black  raven},  3025;  wonna 
18g  (lurid  Jlame'),  3116;  dat.  sg. 
f.  on  wanre  niht,  703;  nom.  pi. 
neut.  scadu-helma  ge-sceapu  .  .  . 
wan,  652. 

wang,  st.  m.,  mead, field;  place:  ace. 
sg.  wang,  93,  225;  wong,  1414, 
2410,  3074;  dat.  sg.  wange,  2004; 


296 


GLOSSAEY. 


wonge,  2243, 3040;  ace.  pi.  wongas, 
2463.  —  Comp. :  freofto-,  grund-, 
medo-,  sse-wang. 

wang-stede,  st.  m.,  (locus  campes- 
tris),  spot,  place :  dat.  sg.  wong- 
stede,  2787. 

wan-hyd  (for  hygd),  st.  f.,  heedless- 
ness^  recklessness :  dat.  pi.  for  his 
won-hydum,  434. 

wanian,  w.  v. :  i)  intrans.,  to  de- 
crease, wane:  inf.  }>a  J?at  sweord 
ongan  ...  wanian,  1608.  —  2)  w. 
ace.,  to  cause  to  wane  or  lessen  : 
pret.  sg.  he  to  lange  leode  mine 
wanode,  1338. 

ge-wanian,/0  decrease,  diminish : 
pret.  part,  is  min  flet-werod  .  .  . 
ge-wanod,  477. 

wan-saelig,  adj.,  unhappy,  wretched: 
nom.  sg.  won-sselig  wer  (Grendel), 
105. 

wan-sceaft,  st.  f.,  misery,  want: 
ace.  sg.  won-sceaft,  120. 

warian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  occupy, 
guard,  possess  :  pres.  sg.  III.  jrer 
he  hse'Sen  gold  waraft  (where  he 
guards  heathen  gold},  2278;  pi. 
III.  hie  (Grendel  and  his  mother) 
clygel  land  warigea'S,  1359;  pret. 
sg.  (Grendel)  goldsele  warode, 
1254;  (Cain)  westen  warode,  1266. 

\varoS1,  st.  m.,  shore :  dat.  sg.  to 
warofte,  234;  ace.  pi.  wide  waro- 
$as,  1966. 

waru,  st.  f.,  inhabitants,  (collec- 
tive) population  :  in  comp.  land- 
war  u. 

wa,  inter].,  woe  !  wS.  bi'S  J^am  ]?e  .  .  . 
(woe  to  him  that .  .  .),  183. 

waffu,  st.  f.,  way,  journey :  in 
comp.  gamen-wa'Su. 

wfinian,  w.  v.,  to  weep,  whine,  howl, 
w.  ace. :  inf.  gehyrdon  .  .  .  sar  w&- 
nigean  helle  haftan  (they  heard  the 
hell- fastened  one  lamenting  his 


pain},  788;    pret.    sg.  [winode], 


wat.     See  \vitan. 

wiiccan,  w.  v.,  to  ^cvatcJi  :  pret.  part. 
waccende,  709,  2842;  ace.  sg.  m. 
waccendne  wer,  1269.  See  wa- 
cian. 

wacnan,  w.  v.,  to  be  awake,  come 
forth  :  inf.,  85. 

wad,  st.  n.,  (the  moving)  sea,  ocean  : 
ace.  wado  weallende,  546;  wadu 
weallendu,  581;  gen.  pi.  wada, 
508. 

wafre,  adj.,  wavering  (like  flame), 
ghostlike,  without  distinct  bodily 
form  :  nom.  sg.  wal-gaest  wafre  (of 
Grendel's  mother),  1332;  —  flick- 
ering, expiring:  nom.  sg.  wafre 
mod,  1151;  him  was  geomor  sefa, 
wafre  and  wal-ffts,  2421. 

be  -\vagnan,  w.  v.,  to  offer  :  pret. 
part,  him  was  .  .  .  freond-laftu  wor- 
dum  be-wagned,  1194. 

wal,  st.  n.,  battle,  slaughter,  the  slain 
in  battle  :  ace.  sg.  wal,  1213,  3028; 
blodig  wal,  448;  ovS3e  on  wal 
crunge  (or  in  battle,  among  the 
slain,  fall},  636;  dat.  sg.  sume 
on  wale  crungon  (some  fell  in  the 
slaughter},  1114;  dat.  sg.  in 
Fr  .  .  .  es  wale  (proper  name  in 
MS.  destroyed),  1071  ;  nom.  pi. 
walu,  1043. 

wal-bed,  st.  n.,  slaughter-bed,  death- 
bed: dat.  sg.  on  wal-bedde,  965. 

wal-bend,  st.  f.,  death-bond:  ace. 
sg.  or  pi.  wal-bende  .  .  .  hand-ge- 
wrro'ene,  1937. 

will  -bleat,  adj.,  deadly,  deadly- 
/<?/<?(?)  :  ace.  sg.  wunde  wal-bleate, 
2726. 

wal-dealS1,  st.  m.,  death  in  battle  : 
nom.  sg.,  696. 

wal-dreor,  st.  m.,  battle-gore  :  instr. 
sg.  wal-dreore,  1632. 


GLOSSARY. 


297 


wal-fah,  adj.,  slaughter  -  stained, 
blood-stained :  ace.  sg.  wal-fagne 
winter,  1129. 

\val-f8eh31,  st.  f,  deadly  feud  :  gen. 
pi.  wal-fnehfta,  2029. 

wal-feall,  st.  m.,  (fall  of  the  slain), 
death,  destruction  :  dat.  sg.  to  wal- 
fealle,  1712. 

wal-fus,  adj.,  ready  for  death,  fore- 
boding death  :  nom.  sg.,  2421. 

wal-fyllo,  L,  fill  of  slaughter  :  dat. 
sg.  mid  J>aere  wal-fulle  (i.e.  the 
thirty  men  nightly  slaughtered  at 
Heorot  by  Grendel),  125;  wal- 
fylla?3i55. 

wal-fyr,  st.  n. :  i)  deadly  fire: 
instr.  sg.  wal-fyre  (of  the  fire-spew- 
ing dragon),  2583.  —  2)  corpse- 
consuming  fire,  funeral  pyre  :  gen. 
pi.  wal-fyra  moest,  1120-. 

wal-gsest,  st.  m.,  deadly  sprite  (of 
Grendel  and  his  mother)  :  nom. 
sg.  wal-gsest,  1332;  ace.  sg.  J?one 
wal-gsest,  1996. 

wal-hlem,  st.  m.,  death-stroke  :  ace. 
sg.  wal-hlem  J>one,  1996. 

\valni,  st.  m.,  flood,  whelming  water: 
nom.  sg.  }?3ere  burnan  walm,  2547; 
gen.  sg.  bas  walmes  (of  the  surf), 
2136.  —  Comp.  cear-walm. 

\val-ni91,  st.  m.,  deadly  hostility  : 
nom.  sg.,  3001 ;  dat.  sg.  after  wal- 
niSe,  85;  nom.  pi.  wal-niSas, 
2066. 

wal-rap,  st.  m.,  flood-fetter,  i.e.  ice  : 
ace.  pi.  wal-rSpas,  1611;  (cf.  wall, 
wel,  wyll  —  well,  fiood :  leax  sceal 
on  wale  mid  sceote  scriSan,  Gnom. 
Cott.  39). 

wal-raes,  st.  m.,  deadly  onslaught  : 
nom.  sg.,  2948;  dat.  sg.  wal-roese, 
825,  2532. 

will-rest,  st.  f.,  death-bed :  ace.  sg. 
wal-reste,  2903. 

wal-rec,    st.    m.,    deadly   reek    or 


smoke  :  ace.  sg.  wod  ba"  hurh  )>one 
wal-rec,  2662. 

wal-reaf,  st,  n.,  booty  of  the  slain, 
battle-plunder :  ace.  sg.,  1206. 

wal-reow,  adj.,  bold  in  battle  :  nom. 
sg,  630. 

wiil-sceaft,  st.  m.,  deadly  shaft, 
spear:  ace.  pi.  wal-sceaftas,  398. 

wal-seax,  st.  n.,  deadly  knife,  war- 
knife  :  instr.  sg.  wall-seaxe,  2704. 

wal-steiige,  st.  m.,  battle-spear :  dat. 
sg.  on  >am  wal-stenge,  1639. 

wal-st6w,  st.  f,  battle-field:  dat. 
sg.  wal-stowe,  2052,  2985. 

wastm,  st.  m.,  growth,  form,  figttre  : 
dat.  sg.  on  weres  wastmum  (in 
man's  form},  1353. 

•water,  st.  n.,  water  :  nom.  sg.,  93, 
1417,  1515,  1632;  ace.  sg.  water, 
1365, 1620;  deop  water  (the  deep), 
509,  1905;  ofer  wid  water  (over 
the  high  sea),  2474;  dat.  sg.  after 
watere  (along  the  Grendel-sed), 
1426;  under  watere  (at  the  bottom 
of  the  sea),  1657;  instr.  watere, 
2723;  watre,  2855;  gen.  sg.  ofer 
wateres  hrycg  (over  the  surface  of 
the  sea),  ^j\-,  on  wateres  oeht,  516; 
Jnirh  wateres  wylm  (throttgh  the 
sea-wave),  1694;  gen.  =  instr.  wa- 
teres weorpan  (to  sprinkle  with 
water),  2792. 

water-egesa,  st.  m.,  water-terror, 
i.e.  the  fearful  sea  :  ace.  sg,  1261. 

water-yff,  st.  f,  water-wave,  bil- 
low :  dat.  pi.  water-ySum,  2243. 

\vsed,  st.  f.,  (iveeds),  garment:  in 
comp.  here-,  hilde-wced. 

ge-  wsede,  st.  n,  clothing,  especially 
battle  -  equipments  :  ace.  pi.  ge- 
woedu,  292.  —  Comp.  eorl-gewsede. 

waeg,  st.  m.,  wave :   ace.  sg.  woeg, 

3133. 

wseg-bora,  w.  m,  wave-bearert 
swimmer  (bearing  or  propelling 


298 


GLOSSARY. 


the  waves  before  him)  :  nom.  sg. 
wundorlic  waeg-bora  (of  a  sea- 
monster),  1441. 

waeg-flota,  w.  m..,  sea-sailer,  ship  : 
ace.  sg.  we"g-flotan,  1908. 

waeg-holm,  st.  m.,  the  ivave -filled 
sea  :  ace.  sg.  ofer  wseg-holm,  217. 

waege,  st.  n.,  cup,  can  :  ace.  sg.  fated 
wsege,  2254,  2283. — Comp. :  ealo-, 
liS-  woege. 

waeg-119'eiid,  pres.  part.,  sea-farer  : 
dat.  pi.  waeg-liSendum  (et  liften- 
dum,  MS.),  3160. 

waeg-sweord,  st.  n.,  heavy  sword  : 
ace.  sg.,  1490. 

waen,  st.  m.,  wain,  wagon  :  ace.  sg. 
on  wsen,  3135. 

waepen,  st.  n.,  weapon;  sword: 
nom.  sg.,  1 66 1 ;  ace.  sg.  woepen, 
686,  1574,  2520,  2688  ;  instr. 
wcepne,  1665,  2966;  gen.  waspnes, 
1468  ;  ace.  pi.  waepen,  292  ;  dat. 
pi.  vvsepnum,  250,  3,31,  2039,  2396. 
—  Comp. :  hilde-,  sige-wsepen. 

waepned-man,  st.  m.,  warrior, 
man  :  dat.  sg.  woepned-men,  1285. 

waer,  st.  f.,  covenant,  treaty :  ace. 
sg.  wsere,  1 101 ; — protection,  care  : 
daf.  sg.  on  frean  (on  ]?as  walden- 
des)  waere  (into  God^s protection), 
27,  3110.  —  Comp. :  friofto-wser. 

waesma,  w.  m.,  fierce  strength,  war- 
strength  :  in  comp.  here-waesma, 
678. 

we,  pers.  pron.,  we,  942,  959,  1327, 
1653,  1819,  1820,  etc. 

web,  st.  n.,  woven  work,  tapestry: 
nom.  pi.  web,  996. 

webbe,  w.  f .,  webster, female  weaver: 
in  comp.  freo'Su-webbe. 

weccan,  weccean,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to 
wa/ce,  rouse  ;  recall :  inf.  wig-bealu 
weccan  (to  stir  up  strife),  2047  ; 
nalleshearpanswe"g  (sceal)  wigend 
weccean  (the  sound  of  the  harp 


shall  not  luake  up  the  warriors)^ 
3025  ;  ongunnon  J>a  .  .  .  bael-fyra 
maest  wigend  weccan  (the  warriors 
then  began  to  start  the  mightiest  of 
funeral  pyres),  3145  ;  pret.  sg. 
wehte  hine  watre  {roused hi in  with 
water,  i.e.  Wiglaf  recalled  Beowulf 
to  consciousness),  2855. 

to-weccan,  to  stir  tip,  rouse  :  pret. 
pi.  hil  j?a  folc  mid  him  (with  one 
another),  fgehfte  to-wehton,  2949. 

wed,  st.  n.,  (cf.  wed-ding),  pledge  : 
dat.  sg.  hyldo  to  wedde  (as  a  pledge 
of  his  favor),  2999. 

weder,  st.  n.,  weather :  nom.  pi. 
wuldor-torhtan  weder,  1137;  gen. 
pi.  wedera  cealdost,  546. 

ge-wef,  st.  n.,  woof,  weaving:  ace. 
pi.  wig-speda  ge-wiofu  (the  woof 
of  war -speed:  the  battle -woof 
woven  for  weal  or  woe  by  the  Wal- 
kyries;  cf.  Njals-saga,  158),  698. 

weg,  st.  m.,  way  :  ace.  sg.  on  weg 
(away,  off),  264,  764,  845,  1431, 
2097;  gyf  )>u  on  weg  cymest  (if 
thou  contest  off  safe,  i.e.  from  the 
battle  with  Grendel's  mother), 
1383.  —  Comp. :  feor-,  fold-,  for$-, 
wid-weg. 

wcgan,  st.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  bear,  wear, 
bring,  possess  :  subj.  pres.  nah  hwa" 
svveord  wege  (/  have  none  thai 
may  bear  the  sword),  2253;  inf. 
nalles  (sceal)  eorl  wegan  mafrSum 
to  ge-myndum  (no  earl  shall  wear 
a  memorial  jewel),  3016;  pret. 
ind.  he  >a  fratwe  wag  .  .  .  ofer  ytfa 
ful  (bore  the  jewels  over  the  goblet 
of  the  waves),  1208;  wal-seaxe  . .  . 
f>at  he  on  byrnan  wag,  2705  ; 
heortan  sorge  wag  (bore  heart's 
sorrow)-,  so,  152, 1778, 1932,2781. 

a.t-\vQga.n  —  a2iferre,  to  carry  off: 
syftftan  llama  at-wag  to  >aere 
byrhtan  byrig  Brosinga  mene 


GLOSSARY. 


299 


(since  H.  bore  from  (toT)  the  bright 
city  the  Brosing-collar},  1199. 

ge-wegan  (O.N.  wega),  to  fight : 
inf.  be  he  wi'5  }?am  wyrme  ge-wegan 
sceolde,  2401. 

\vel,  adv. :  i)  well :  wel  biS  bam  be 
. . .  (well for  him  that ...!),  186; 
se  J?e  wel  J>ence'S  (he  that  well 
thinketh,  judgeth},  289  ;  so,  640, 
1046,  1822,  1834,  1952,  2602  ; 
well,  2163,  2813.  —  2)  very,  very 
much :  Geat  ungemetes  wel  .  .  . 
restan  lyste  (the  Geat  longed  sorely 
to  rest},  1793.  —  3)  indeed,  to  be 
sure,  2571,  2856. 

wela,  w.  m.,  ivealth,  goods,  posses- 
sions :  in  comp.  cer-,  burg-,  hord-, 
ni  a  5  Sum- wela. 

wel-hwlc,  indef.  pron.,  —  quivis, 
any  you  please,  any  (each,  all)  : 
gen.  pi.  wel-hwylcra  wilna,  1345; 
w.  partitive  gen. :  nom.  sg.  witena 
wel-hwylc,  266;  — substantively : 
ace.  neut.  wel-hwylc,  875. 

welig,  adj.,  wealthy ^  rich :  ace.  sg. 
wic-stede  weligne  Waegmundinga, 
2608. 

\vel-)>ungeii,  pres.  part.,  well-thriv- 
en (in  mind) ,  mature, high-minded: 
nom.  sg.  Hygd  (was)  swiSe  geong, 
wis,  wel-}>ungen,  1928. 

wenian,  w.  v.,  to  accustom,  attract, 
honor  :  subj.  pret.  J?at  .  .  .  Folc- 
waldan  sunu  .  .  .  Hengestes  heap 
hringum  wenede  (honored'),  1092. 

b  e  -  (b  i  -)  w  e  n  i  a  n ,  to  entertain,  care 
for,  attend  :  pret.  sg.  mag  J?as  bonne 
of-J>yncan  beoden  Hea'So-beardna 
.  .  .  J?onne  he  mid  faemnan  on  flet 
goelS,  dryht-bearn  Dena  dugu'Sa 
bi-wenede  (may  well  displease  the 
prince  of  the  II.  .  .  .  when  he  with 
the  woman  goes  into  the  hall,  that 
a  noble  scion  of  the  Dams  should 
entertain,  bear  wine  to,  the  knights, 


cf.  494  seqq.;  or,  a  noble  scion  of 
the  Danes  should  attend  on  herT), 
2036 ;  pret.  part.  nom.  pi.  wseron 
her  tela  willum  be- wenede,  1822. 

wendan,  w.  v.,  to  turn  :  pres.  sg. 
III.  him  eal  worold  wende'S  on 
willan  (all  the  world  turns  at  his 
will'},  1740. 

ge-wendan,w.  ace.:  i)  to  turn, 
turn  round :  pret.  sg.  wicg  ge- 
wende  (ttirncd  his  horse},  315. — 
2)  to  turn  (intrans.),  change  :  inf. 
wd  bi5  bam  >e  sceal  .  .  .  frofre  ne 
wenan,  wihte  ge-wendan  (woe  to 
him  that  shall  have  no  hope,  shall 
not  change  at  all},  1 86. 

o  n  -  w  e  n  d  a  n ,   to  avert,  set  aside  : 

1)  w.  ace.:  inf.  ne  mihte  snotor 
hale'S   wean    on-wcndan,    191. — 

2)  intrans. ;  sibb  sefre  ne  mag  wiht 
on-wendan  j?am  >e  wel  J?ence ft  (in, 
to,  him  that  is  well  thinking  friend- 
ship can  not  be  set  aside},  2602. 

wer,  st.  m.,  man,  hero :  nom.  sg. 
(Grendel),  105;  ace*,  sg.  wer  (Beo- 
wulf), 1269,  3174;  gen.  sg.  on 
weres  wastmum  (in-  man's  form}, 
1353  ;  nom.  pi.  weras,  216,  1223, 
1234,  1441,  1651 ;  dat.  pi.  werum, 
1257;  gen,  pi.  wera,  120,  994, 
1732,  3001;  (MS,  weora),  2948. 

\vered,  st.  n.,  (as  adj.  =  sweet},  a 
sort  of  beer  (probably  without  hops 
or  such  ingredients)  :  ace.  sg.  scir 
wered,  496. 

were-feolite,  f.,  defensive  fight, fight 
in  self-defence  :  dat.  pi.  for  were- 
fyhtum  (fere  fyhtum,  MS.),  457. 

vvcrliiSfo,  st.  f.,  curse,  outlawry,  con- 
demnation :  ate.  sg.  J?u  in  helle 
scealt  werhfto  dreogan,  590. 

-\vcrian,  to  defend,  protect:  w.  ace., 
pres.  sg.  III.  beaduscrud  .  .  .  hat 
mine  breost  were'5,  453;  inf.  wit 
unc  wi'5  hron-fixas  werian  ]?ohton, 


300 


GLOSSARY. 


541  ;  pres.  part.  w.  gen.  pi.  wer- 
gendra  to  lyt  (too  feiv  defenders}, 
2883  ;  pret.  ind.  wal-reaf  werede 
{guarded  the  battle-spoil},  1206; 
se  hwita  helm  hafelan  werede  (the 
shining  helm  protected  his  head}, 
1449;  pi.  hafelan  weredon,  1328; 
pret.  part.  nom.  pi.  ge  .  .  .  byrnum 
werede  (ye  .  .  .  corselet-clad},  238, 

2530. 

be-\verian,&> protect,  defend:  pret. 
pi.  ]?at  hie  .  .  .  leoda  land-geweorc 
la"Sum  be-weredon  scuccum  and 
scynnum  (that  they  the  people's 
land-work  from  foes,  from  mon- 
sters and  demons,  might  defend}, 

939- 

werig,  adj.,  accursed,  outlawed: 
gen.  sg.  wergan  gistes  (Grendel), 
133;  (of  the  devil),  1748. 

werod,  weorod,  st.  n.,  band  of 
men,  warrior-  troop :  nom.  sg. 
werod,  652;  weorod,  290,  2015, 
3031;  ace.  sg.  werod,  319;  dat. 
instr.  sg.  weorode,  1012,  2347  ; 
werede,  1216;  gen.  sg.  werodes, 
259;  gen.  pi.  wereda,  2187;  weo- 
roda,  60. — Comp.:  eorl-,  flet-werod. 

wer-J»eod,  st.  f.,  people,  humanity : 
dat.  sg.  ofer  wer-]?eode,  900. 

wesan,  v.,  to  be  :  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  com, 
335,  407:  II.  Jm  eart,  352,  506; 
III.  is,  256,  272,  316,  343,  375, 
473,  etc. ;  nu  is  J?ines  magenes 
bbed  ine  \w\\z(the  prime  \_fame'>~\ 
of  thy  powers  lastcth  notu  for  a 
while],  1 762 ;'  ys,  29 1 1,  3000,  3085 ; 
pi.  I.  we  synt,  260,  342;  II.  syn- 
don,  237,  393;  III.  syndon,  257, 
361,  1231;  synt,  364;  sint,  388; 
subj.  pres.  sie,  435,  683,  etc.; 
sy,  1832,  etc.  ;  sig,  1779,  etc.  ; 
imper.  sg.  II.  wes,  269  (cf.  was- 
sail, wes  heel),  407,  1171,  1220, 
I22c,  etc.;  inf.  wesan,  272,  1329, 


1860,  2709,  etc.  The  inf.  wesan 
must  sometimes  be  supplied  :  nalles 
Hetware  hremge  horfton  (i.e.  we- 
san) feSe-wiges,  2364;  so,  2498, 
2660,  618,  1858;  pres.  part,  we- 
sende,  46 ;  dat.  sg.  wesendum, 
1188;  pret.  sg.  I.,  III.  was,  II,  12, 
1 8,  36,  49,  53,  etc.;  was  on  sunde 
(i.vas  a-swimming),  1619;  so,  848, 
850(?),  97°.  98i,  1293;  progres- 
sive, was  secgende  (for  scede),  3029; 
II.  wsere,  1479,  etc.;  pi.  wseron, 
233»  536,  544,  etc.  ;  wceran  (w. 
reflex,  him),  2476 ;  pret.  subj. 
woere,  173,  203,  594,  946,  etc.; 
progressive,  myndgiend  waere  (for 
myndgie),  1106. —  Contracted  neg. 
forms:  nis  =  ne  +  is,  249,  1373, 
etc.;  na's  =  ne  -f-  was,  134,  1300, 
1922,2193,  etc.  (cf.  uncontracted  : 
ne  was,  890,  1472);  na?ron  =  ne 
+  wseron,  2658;  nsere  =  ne  +  wasre, 
861,  1168.  See  cniht-wesende. 

weg.     See  waeg. 

\ven,  st.  f.,  expectation,  hope  :  nom. 
sg.,  735, 1874,  2324;  nu  is  leodum 
wen  orleg-hwile  (gen.)  (now  the 
people  have  weening  of  a  time  of 
strife},  2911;  ace.  sg.  J^as  ic  wen 
habbe  (as  I  hope,  expect},  383; 
so,  j?as  J?e  ic  [wSn]  hafo,  3001; 
wen  ic  talige,  1846;  dat.  pi.  bega 
on  wenum  (in  expectation  of  both, 
i.e.  the  death  and  the  return  of 
Beowulf),  2896.  See  Or-wciia. 

wenan,  w.  v.,  to  ween,  expect,  hope  : 
i)  absolutely:  pres.  sg.  I.  J>a's  ic 
wene  {as  I  hope},  272;  swa  ic  J?e 
wene  to  (trs  I  hope  thou  wilt :  Beo- 
wulf hopes  Hro'Sgdr  will  now  suffer 
no  more  pain),  1397.  —  2)  w.  gen. 
or  ace.  pres.  sg.  I.  bonne  wene  ic 
to  J?e  wyrsan  ge-Hnges,  525  ;  ic 
}iaer  hea'Su-fyres  hates  wene,  2523; 
III.  sa'cce  ne  weneo  to  Gar- 


GLOSSARY. 


301 


Denum  (weeneth  not  of  contest 
with  the  Gar-Danes},  601  ;  inf. 
(beorhtre  bote)  wenan  (to  expect, 
count  on,  a  brilliant  [  ?  a  lighter 
penalty}  atonement},  157;  pret.  pi. 
has  ne  w£ndon  aer  witan  Scyldinga, 
J?at  .  .  .  (the  wise  men  of  the  Scyl- 
dings  weened  not  of  this  before, 
that . . .),  779;  Hit  hig  has  aftelinges 
eft  ne  vvSndon  hat  he  ...  secean 
cvvome  (that  they  looked  not  for 
the  atheling  again  that  he . . .  would 
come  to  seek  .  .  .),  1597.  —  3)  w. 
ace.  and  inf. :  pret.  sg.  -wende, 
934.  —  4)  \v.  depend,  clause  :  pres. 
sg.  I.  wine  ic  J>at  .  .  .,  1185;  w6n' 
ic  hat . . .,  338, 442;  pret.  sg.  wende, 
2330;  pi.  wendon,  938,  1605. 

wepan,  st.  v.,  to  weep :  pret.  sg. 
[weop],  3I52(?). 

werig,  adj.,  weary,  exhatisted,  w. 
gen. :  nom.  sg.  si'Ses  werig  (weary 
from  the  journey,  way-rveary}, 
579;  dat.  sg.  si'Ses  wergum,  1795; 
—  w.  instr. :  ace.  pi.  wundum  werge 
(wottnd-weary},  2938.  —  Comp. : 
dea'S-,  fyl-,  gu'S-we'rig. 

g  e  -  werigean,  w.  v.,  to  weary,  ex- 
haust: pret.  part,  ge-wergad,  2853. 

werig-mod,  adj.,  weary -minded 
(animo  defessus}  :  nom.  sg.,  845, 

1544. 

weste,  adj.,  waste,  uninhabited :  ace. 
sg.  win-sele  wSstne,  2457. 

westen,  st.  n.,  waste,  wilderness: 
ace.  sg.  westen,  1266. 

w  e  s  t  e  n ,  f.,  waste,  wilderness  :  dat. 
sg.  on  J?oere  westenne,  2299. 

weal,  st.  m. :  i)  wall,  rampart: 
dat.  instr.  sg.  wealle,  786,  892, 
3163;  gen.  sg.  wealles,  2308.— 
2)  elevated  sea-ahore  :  dat.  sg.  of 
wealle,  229;  ace.  pi.  windige  weal- 
las,  572,  1225. —  3)  wall  of  a  build- 
ing :  acc.sg.  wiS  )as  recedes  weal, 


326;  dat.  sg.  be  wealle,  1574; 
hence,  the  inner  and  outer  rock- 
walls  of  the  dragon's  lair  (cf. 
Heyne's  essay :  Halle  Heqrot,  p. 
59):  dat.  sg.,  2308,  2527,  2717, 
2760,  3061,  3104;  gen.  sg.  wealles, 
2324.  —  Comp. :  bord-,  eorft-,  sae-, 
scyld-weal. 

ge-wealc,  st.  n.,  rolling:  ace.  sg. 
ofer  ySa  ge-wealc,  464. 

ge -weald,  st.  n., power,  might :  ace. 
sg.  on  feonda  ge-weald  (into  the 
pozver  of  his  foes},  809,  904;  so, 
1685  ;  geweald  agan,  ha'bban, 
d-beodan  (w.  gen.  of  object  —  to 
present}  =  to  have  power  over,  79, 
655,  765,  951,  1088,  1611,  1728. 
See  on- weald. 

wealdan,  st.  v.,  to  wield,  govern, 
rule  over,  prevail :  i)  absolutely 
or  with  depend,  clause  :  inf.  gif  he 
wealdan  mot  (if  he  may  prevail}, 
442;  J?oer  he  ...  wealdan  moste 
sw&  him  Wyrd  ne  ge-scr&f  (if 
\_wher -e?]  he  was  to  prevail,  as 
Weird  had  not  destined  for  him}, 
2575;  pres.  part,  waldend  (God}, 
1694;  dat.  wealdende,  2330;  gen. 
waldendes,  2293,  2858,  3110. — 
2)  with  instr.  or  dat. :  inf.  f>am 
wsepnum  wealdan  (to  wield,  pre- 
vail with,  the  weapons},  2039; 
Geatum  wealdan  (to  rule  the  Ged- 
tas},239i;  beah-hordum  wealdan 
(to  rule  over,  control,  the  treasure 
of  rings},  2828;  wal-stowe  weal-' 
dan  (to  hold  the  field  of  battle}, 
2985 ;  pret.  sg.  weold,  465,  1058, 
2380,  2596;  J^enden  wordum  weold 
wine  Scyldinga  (while  the  friend 
of  the  S.  ruled  the  G.},  30;  pi. 
weoldon,  2052. —  3)  with  gen.: 
pres.  sg.  I.  benden  ic  wealcle  widan 
rices,  1860;  pres.  part,  wuldres 
wealdend  (waldend),  17,183, 1753; 


302 


GLOSSARY. 


ylda  waldend,  1662;  waldend  fira, 
2742;  sigora  waldend,  2876  (des- 
ignations of  God)  ;  pret.  sg.  weold, 

703,  I77i- 

g  e  -  \v  e  a  1  d  a  n ,  to  wield,  have  power 
over,  arrange:  i)  \v.  ace.:  pret. 
sg.  halig  god  ge-weold  wig-sigor, 
1555.  —  2)  w.  dat. :  pret.  cyning 
ge-weold  his  ge-witte  (the  king 
possessed  his  senses},  2704.  —  3)  w. 
gen. :  inf.  he  ne  mihte  no  ... 
wsepna  ge-wealdan,  1510. 

ge-wealden,  pret.  part.,  siibject, 
subjected :  ace.  pi.  gedeS  him  swa 
gewealdene  worolde  daelas,  1733. 

weallaii,  st.  v. :  i)  to  toss,  be  agi- 
tated (of  the  sea)  :  pres.  part.  nom. 
pi.  wadu  weallende  (weallendu), 
546,  581 ;  nom.  sg.  brim  weallende, 
848;  pret.  ind.  weol,  515,  850, 
1132;  weoll,  2139.  —  2)  figura- 
tively (of  emotions),  to  be  agitated: 
pres.  pi.  III.  sy'SSan  Ingelde  weal- 
la'S  wal-ni5as  {deadly  hate  thus 
agitates  Ingeld},  2066;  pres.  part, 
weallende,  2465;  pret.  sg.  hrefter 
inne  weoll  (his  heart  -was  moved 
within  hint},  2114;  hre'Ser  se'Sme 
weoll  (Jiis  breast  [the  dragon's] 
swelled  from  breathing,  snorting), 
2594';  breost  innan  weoll  beostrum 
ge-boncum,  2332;  so,  weoll,  2600, 
2715,  2883. 

\veall-clif,  st.  n.,  sea-cliff:  ace.  sg. 
ofer  weall-clif,  3133. 

weallian,  w.  v.,  to  wander,  rove 
about:  pres.  part,  in  comp.  heoro- 
weallende,  2782. 

weard,  st.  m.,  warden,  guardian; 
owner  :  nom.  sg.  weard  Scyldinga 
(the  Scyldings*  warden  of  the 
march},  229;  weard,  286,  2240; 
se  weard,  sawele  hyrde,  1742;  the 
king  is  called  beah-horda  weard, 
922;  rices  weard,  1391;  ibices 


weard,  2514;  the  dragon  is  called 
weard, 3061 ;  weard  un-hioi-e,24i4; 
beorges  weard,  2581;  ace.  sg. 
weard, 669;  (dragon),  2842;  beor- 
ges weard  (dragon),  2525,  3067. 
—  Comp.:  bat-,  e'Sel-,  gold-,  hea- 
fod-,  hord-,  hy'5-,  land-,  ren-,  sele-, 
yrfe-weard. 

weard,  st.  m.,  possession  (Dietrich 
in  HauptXI.,4i5)  :  in  comp.eorS- 
weard,  2335. 

\veard,  st.  f.,  watch,  ward :  ace.  sg. 
weardehealdan,  319;  wearde  heold, 
305.  — Comp.  seg- weard. 

weard,  adj.,  -ward :  in  comp.  and-, 
innan-,  Cit-weard,  1288,  etc. 

weardian,  w.  v.  w.  ace. :  i)  to  watch, 
guard,  keep  :  inf.  he  his  folme  for- 
let  to  lif-wra'Se,  last  weardian 
(  Grendcl  left  his  hand  behind  as  a 
life-support,  to  guard  his  track 
[Kemble]),  972;  pret.  sg.  him  sio 
swiSre  swa'Se  weardade  hand  on 
Hiorte  (his  right  hand  kept  guard 
for  him  in  PL,  i.e.  showed  that  he 
had  been  there),  2099;  sg.  for  pi. 
hyrde  ic  bat  bam  fratwum  feower 
mearas  lungre  gelice  last  wcardode 
.(/  heard  that  foiir  horses,  quite 
alike,  folio-wed  in  the  traces  of  the 
armor},  2165.  —  2)  to  hold, possess, 
inhabit :  pret.  sg.  f ifel-cynnes  card 
.  .  .  weardode  (dwelt  in  the  abode 
of  the  sea-fiends},  105;  reced  wear- 
dode un-rim  eorla  (an  immense 
number  of  earls  held  the  hall}, 
1238;  pi.  bser  we  gesunde  sal  wear- 
dodon,  2076. 

wearli,  st.  m.,  the  accursed  one ; 
wolf :  in  comp.  heoro-wearg,  1268. 

wca.rn,  st.  f . :  i)  resistance,  refusal, 
366. — 2)  warning!,  resistance!. 
See  un-wearnum,  742. 

weaxan,  st.  v.,  to  wax,  grow  :  pres. 
sg.  III.  6'5  bat  him  on  innan  ofer- 


GLOSSARY. 


303 


hygda  deel  weaxeft  (till  within  him 
pride  waxeth},  1742;  inf.  weaxan, 
3116;  pret.  sg.  weox,  8. 

ge-weaxan,  to groiv  tip :  pret.  sg. 
6ft  pat  seo  geogoft  ge-weox,  66. 

ge-weaxan  to,  to  grow  to  or  for 
something :  pret.  sg.  ne  ge-weox 
he  him  to  willan  (grew  not  for  their 
benefit),  1712. 

wed,  w.  m.,  woe,  evil,  misfortune  : 
nom.  sg.,  937;  ace.  sg.  wean,  191, 
423,  1207,  1992,  2293,  2938;  gen. 
pi.  weana,  148,  934,  1151,  1397. 

wed-laf,  st.  f.,  wretched  remnant : 
ace.  pi.  \>&  wea-l&fe  (the  ^ivretched 
remnant,  i.e.  Finn's  almost  anni- 
hilated band),  1085,  1099. 

wed-spel,  st.  n.,  woe-spell,  evil  tid- 
ings :  dat.  sg.  wea-spelle,  1316. 

ge- weoldum.     See  ge -wild. 

weorc,  st.  n. :   i)  work,  labor,  deed : 

.  ace.  sg.,  74;  (war-deed},  1657; 
instr.  sg.  weorce,  1570;  dat.  pi. 
weorcum,  2097;  wordum  ne  (and) 
worcum,  noi,  1834;  gen.  pi.  wor- 
da  and  worca,  289.  —  2)  work, 
trouble,  suffering :  ace.  sg.  J?as  ge- 
winnes  weorc  (misery  on  account 
of  this  strife},  1722;  dat.  pi.  adv. 
waorcum  (with  labor),  1639. — 
Comp.:  beado-,  ellen-,heafto-,niht- 
weorc. 

ge-weorc,  st.  n. :  i)  work,  deed, 
labor:  nom.  ace.  sg.,  455,  1563, 
1682,  2718,  2775;  gen.  sg.  ge- 
weorces,  2712.  Comp. :  aer-,  fyrn-, 
guft-,  hond-,  nift-ge- weorc.  —  2) 
fortification,  rampart :  in  comp. 
land-ge weorc,  939. 

weorce,  adj.,  painful,  bitter  :  nom. 
sg.,  1419. 

weorff,  st.  n.,  precious  object,  valu- 
able :  dat.  sg.  weorfte,  2497. 

weorS1,  adj.,  dear,  precious :  nom. 
sg.  weorft  Denum  afteling  (the 


atheling  dear  to  the  Danes,  Beo- 
wulf), 1815;  compar.  nom.  sg.  J?at 
he  syftftan  was  .  .  .  rndftme  J?y 
weorftra  (inore  honored  from  the 
jewel},  1903;  cf.  wyrffe. 

weorffan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  become  :  pres. 
sg.  III.  beholen  weorfteft  (is  con- 
cealed}, 414;  underne  weorfte '5 
(becomes  known},  2914;  so, pi.  III. 
weorftaft,  2067;  wurftaft,  282;  inf. 
weorftan,  3179;  wurftan,  808;  pret 
sg.  I.,  III.  wearft,  6,  77,  149,  409, 
555>  754,  768>  8l9,  824,  etc.;  pi. 
wurdon,  228;  subj.  pret.  wurde, 
2732.  —  2)  inf.  to  frofre  weorftan 
(to  become  a  help},  1708;  pret.  sg. 
wearft  he  Heaftolafe  to  hand-bo- 
nan,  460;  so,  wearft,  906,  1262; 
ne  wearft  Heremod  swd  (i.e.  to 
frofre)  eaforum  Ecgwelan,  1710; 
pi.  wurdon,'  2204;  subj.  pret.  sg. 
II.  wurde,  588.  —  3)  pret.  sg.  J>at 
he  on  fylle  wearft  (that  he  came 
to  a  fall},  1545.  —  4)  to  happen, 
befall :  inf.  unc  sceal  weorftan  . . . 
swa"  unc  Wyrd  ge-teoft  (it  shall  be- 
fall us  two  as  Fate  decrees},  2527; 
Jmrh  hwat  his  worulde  geddl  weor- 
ftan  sceolde,  3069;  pret.  sg.  H 
l?3er  sona  wearft  ed-hwyrft  eorlum 
(there  was  soon  a  renewal  to  the 
earls,  i.e .  of  the  former  perils),  1281. 

ge-weorftan:  \}to become: pret. sg. 
ge-wearft,  3062;  pret.  part,  cearu 
was  geniwod  ge-worden  (care  was 
renewed},  1305;  swa1  us  ge-wor- 
den is,  3079.  —  2)  to  finish  ;  com- 
plete!: inf.  J>at  J>u  .  .  .  lete  Suft- 
Dene  sylfe  ge-weor'San  gufte  wiS 
Gvendel  (that  thou  wouldst  let  the 
S.  D.  ptit  an  end  to  their  war  with 
Grendel},  1997.  —  3)  impersonally 
with  ace.,  to  seem,  appear  :  pret. 
sg.  \>&  )>as  monige  ge-wearft  J>at . . . 
(since  it  seemed  to  many  that .  .  .), 


304 


GLOSSARY. 


1599;  pret.  part,  hafaft  }>as  ge- 
worclen  wine  Scyldinga,  rices  hyr- 
de,  and  J?at  reed  tala'S  J>at  he  ... 
(therefore'  hath  it  so  appeared'?, 
happened?,  to  the  friend  of  the  S., 
the  guardian  of  the  realm,  and  he 
coiints  it  a  gain  that  .  .  .),  2027. 

weorff-ful,  adj.,  glorious,  full  of 
worth:  nom.  sg.  weor^S  -  fullest, 
3100. 

weorftian,  w.  v.,  to  honor,  adorn : 
pret.  sg.  hoer  ic  . . .  J>ine  leode  weor- 
ftode  weorcum  (there  honored  I 
thy  people  by  my  deeds},  2097;  subj. 
pret.  (J?at  he)  at  feoh-gyftum  .  .  . 
Dene  vveor'Sode  {that  he  ^vould 
honor  the  Danes  at,  by,  treasure- 
giving},  1091. 

ge  -weorftian,  ge-wurftian,  to 
deck,  ornament :  pret.  part,  hire 
sycJftan  was  after  beah-J?ege  breost 
ge-weor"$od,  2177;  wsepnum  ge- 
weorftad,  250;  since  ge-weorftad, 
1451;  so,  ge-wurftad,  331,  1039, 
1646;  wide  ge-weorftad  (known, 
honored,  afar},  1960. 

\veor31  -lice,  adv.,  -worthily,  nobly  : 
superl.  weorft-licost,  3163.  • 

weorflF-mynd,  st.  f.,  dignity,  honor, 
glory :  nom.  sg.,  65 ;  ace.  sg.  ge- 
seah  ]?&  eald  sweord  .  .  .,  wigena 
weorv5mynd  {saw  an  ancient  sword 
there,  the  glory  of  warriors'},  1560; 
dat.  instr.  pi.  weorv5-myndum,  8; 
to  worvS-myndum,  1187;  gen.  pi. 
weorft-mynda  dsel,  1753. 

weorfrung,  st.  f.,  ornament :  in 
comp.  bre6st-,  ham-,  hecr^-,  bring-, 
wlg-weorv$ung. 

weorod.     See  werod. 

weorpan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  throw,  cast 
away,  w.  ace. :  pret.  sg.  wearp  #i. 
wunden-mael  wrattum  gebunden 
yrre  oretta,  J^at  hit  on  eor'San  lag 
(the  wrathful  warrior  threiv  the 


ornamented  sivord,  that  it  lay  on 
the  earth*},  1532.— 2)  to  throw 
aroiind  or  abottt,  w.  instr. :  pret.  sg. 
beorges  weard  .  .  .  wearp  wal-fyre 
•  (threw  death-fire  aro^lnd*},  2583. 
—  3)  to  throw  upon  :  inf.  he  hine 
eft  ongan  wateres  (instr.  gen.) 
weorpan  (began  to  cast  water  upon 
him  again},  2792. 

f  o  r  -  w  e  o  r  p  a  n ,  w.  ace.,  to  castaway, 
squander :  subj.  pret.  >at  he  ge- 
nunga  guft-gewsedu  wrafte  for- 
wurpe  (that  he  squandered  useless- 
ly the  battle-weeds,  i.e.  gave  them 
to  the  unworthy),  2873. 

of er- weorpan,  to  stumble:  pret. 
sg.  ofer-wearp  J?a"  .  .  .  wigena 
strengest,  1544. 

weotian,  w.  v.,  to  provide  with,  ad- 
just(l:~}  :  pret.  part.  ace.  pi.  wal- 
bende  weotode,  1937. 

be-weotian,  be  -witian,  w.  v.  w. 
ace.,  to  regard,  observe,  care  for  : 
pres.  pi.  III.  be-witia$,  1136;  pret. 
sg.  )>egn  .  .  .  se  J^e  .  .  .  ealle  be- 
weotede  J?egnes  bearfe  {who  wotild 
attend  to  all  the  needs  of  a  thane*}, 
1 797 ;  draca  se  >e  .  .  .  hord  be- 
weotode  (the  drake  that  guarded  a 
treasure},  2213; — to  carry  out, 
undertake  :  pres.  pi.  III.  J>a  . .  .  oft 
be-witigaft  sorh-fulne  si'S  on  segl- 
ride,  1429. 

wicg,  st.  n.,  steed,  riding -horse  : 
nom.  sg.,  1401;  ace.  sg.  wicg,  315; 
dat.  instr.  sg.  wicge,  234:  on  wicge, 
286;  ace.  pi.  wicg,  2175;  gen.  pi. 
wicga,  1046. 

ge-widor,  st.  n.,  storm,  tempest: 
ace.  pi.  laiS  ge-widru  (loathly 
weather*},  1376. 

prep.  w.  dat.  and  ace.,  with 
fundamental  meanings  of  division 
and  opposition  :  i)  w.  dat.,  against, 
?vit/t(in hostile  sense),  from:  J>a  wi'5 


GLOSSARY. 


305 


gode  wunnon,  113;  ana  (wan)  wi'S 
eallum,  145;  ymb  feorh  sacan,  laS 
wi'S  la  Sum,  440;  so,  426,  439,  550, 
2372,  2521,  2522,  2561,  2840,  3005; 
J?at  him  holt-wudu  .  .  .  helpan  ne 
meahte,  lind  wi'S  Itge,  2342 ;  hwat 
.  .  .  selest  woere  wi'S  fcer-gryrum  to 
ge-fremmanne,  174;  hat  him  gast- 
bona  geoce  gefremede  wi'S  J?eod- 
J?reaum,  178;  wi'S  rihte  wan  (strove 
against  right},  144 ;  hafde  .  . .  sele 
Hr6"Sgares  ge-nered  wi'S  ni'Se  (had 
saved  H:S  hall  from  strife),  828; 
(him  dyrne  langaft  .  .  .)  beorn  wi'S 
blode  (the  hero  longeth  secretly 
contrary  to  his  blood,  i.e.  H.  feels 
a  secret  longing  for  the  non-re- 
lated Beowulf),  1 88 1;  sundur  ge- 
daelan  lif  wi'S  lice  (to  sunder  soul 
from  body},  2424;  streamas  wun- 
don  sund  wi'S  sande  (the  currents 
rolled  the  sea  against  the  sand}, 
213;  lig-ySum  forborn  bord  wi'S 
ronde  (rond,  MS.)  (with  waves  of 
flame  burnt  the  shield  against,  as 
far  as,  the  rim},  2674 ;  holm 
storme  weol,  won  wi'S  winde  (the 
sea  surged,  wrestled  with  the  wind}, 
1 133 ;  so,  hi  ova  in  anum  weoll  sefa 
wi'S  sorgum  (in  one  of  them  surged 
the  soul  with  sorrow  \_against  ?, 
Heyne]),  2601  ;  J>at  hire  wi'S 
healse  heard  grapode  (that  the 
sharp  sword  bit  against  her  neck}, 
1567.  —  2)  w.  ace.:  a)  against, 
to%vards:  wan  wi'S  Hr6"Sg£r  (fought 
against  H.},  152;  wi'S  feonda  ge- 
hwone,  294;  wi'S  wra'S  werod,  319; 
so,  540,  1998,  2535  ;  hine  halig 
god  us  on-sende  wi'S  Grendles 
gryre,  384;  J>at  ic  wi'S  bone  gu'S- 
flogan  gylp  ofer-sitte  (that  I  re- 
frain from  boastful  speech  against 
the  battle-flyer),  2529;  ne  wolde 
wi'S  manna  ge-hwone  .  .  .  feorh- 


bealo  feorran  (would  not  cease  his 
lif e  -  plotting  against  any  of  the 
men  ;  or,  withdraw  life-bale  fr.om, 
etc.  ?  or, peace  would  not  have  with 
any  man  .  .  .,  mortal  bale  with- 
draw"}, Kemble),  155;  ic  J>d  leode 
wat  ge  wrS  feond  ge  wiS  freond 
faste  geworhte  (towards  foe  and 
friend},  1865;  heold  heah-lufan 
wi'S  hale'Sa  brego  (cherished  high 
love  towards  the  prince  of  heroes}, 
1955;  wi'S  ord  and  wi'S  ecge  in- 
gang  forstod  (prevented  entrance 
to  spear-point  and  sword-edge}, 
155°-  b)  against,  on,  upon,  in  : 
setton  side  scyldas  .  .  .  wi'S  J^as  re- 
cedes weal  (against  the  wall  of 
the  hall},  326;  wi'S  eor'San  fii'Srn 
(eardodon)  (in  the  bosom  of  the 
earth},  3050;  wi'S  earm  ge-sat  (sat 
on,  against,  his  arm},  750;  so, 
sti'S-mod  ge-stod  wi'S  steapne  rond, 
2567 ;  [wiS  duru  healle  code] 
(went  to  the  door  of  the  ha II},  389; 
wi'S  Hrefna-wudu  (over  'against, 
near,  H.},  2926;  wi'S  his  sylfes 
sunu  setl  ge-tsehte  (showed  me  to 
a  seat  with,  near,  beside,  his  own 
son},  2014.  c)  towards,  with  (of 
contracting  parties)  :  )>at  hie  healfre 
ge-weald  wi'S  eotena  beam  agan 
moston  (that  they  power  over  half, 
the  hall  with  the  enemies'1  (Jutes  ?) 
sons  were  to  possess},  1089;  ^en- 
den  he  wi'S  wulf  wal  reafode 
(whilst  with  the  wolf  he  was  rob- 
bing the  slain},  3028.  —  3)  Alter- 
nately with  dat.  and  ace.,  against: 
nu  wi'S  G  r  e  n  d  e  1  sceal,  wi'S  j?am 
aglsecan,  ana  gehegan  J?ing  wi'S 
\>  y  r  s  e ,  424-426 ;  —  with,  beside  : 
ge-sat  £4  wiS  sylfne  .  .  .,  mseg  wi'S 
msege,  I978~79- 

•wiS'er-gyld,  st.  n.,  compensation  : 
nom.  sg.,  2052,  [proper  name?]. 


GLOSSARY. 


wiffor-rahtes,  adv.,  opposite,  in 
front  of,  3040. 

•\viffre,  st.  n.,  resistance :  gen.  sg. 
wrSres  ne  trfhvode,  2954. 

wig-weorff  ung,  st.  f.,  idol-worship, 
idolatry,  sacrifice  to  idols  :  nom.  pi. 
-weorftunga,  176. 

\viht,  st.  m.  n. :  i)  wight,  creature, 
demon  :  nom.  sg.  wiht  unhselo  (the 
demon  of  destruction,  Grendel), 
1 20;  ace.  sg.  syllicran  wiht  (the 
dragon),  3039. —  2)  thing,  some- 
thing, aught :  nom.  sg.  w.  negative, 
ne  hine  wiht  dwele'S  (nor  does 
aught  check  hint),  1736;  him  wiht 
ne  speow  (it  helped  him  naiighf}, 
2855;  ace.  sg.  ne  him  has  wyrmes 
wig  for  wiht  dyde  (nor  did  he 
count  the  worm's  warring  for 
aught},  2349  ;  ne  meahte  ic  .  .  . 
wiht  gewyrcan  (/  could  not  do 
atight  .  .  .),  1661;  —  w.  partitive 
gen. :  no  ...  wiht  swylcra  searo- 
ni'Sa,  581; — the  ace.  sg.  —  adv. 
like  Germ,  nicht :  ne  hie  huru 
wine-drihten  wiht  ne  logon  (did 
^not  blame  their  friendly  lord 
aught} ,  863 ;  so,  ne  wiht  =  naught, 
in  no  wise,  1084,  2602,  2858;  no 
wiht,  541  ;  instr.  sg.  wihte  (in 
aught,  in  any  way),  1992;  ne  .  . . 
wihte  (by  no  means},  186,  2278, 
2688;  wihte  ne,  1515,  1996,  2465, 
2924.  —  Comp.  :  d-wiht  (aht  = 
aught},  al-wiht,  6-wiht. 

•wil-cuma,  w.  m.,  one  welcome  (qui 
gratus  advenit)  :  nom.  pi.  wil- 
cuman  Denigea  leodum  (welcome 
to  the  people  of  the  Danes},  388;  so, 
him  (the  lord  of  the  Danes)  wil-cu- 
man,  394;  wil-cuman  Wedera  leo- 
dum (welcome  to  the  Gedtas},  1895. 

ge-wild,  st.  f.,  free-will!  dat.  pi. 
nealles  mid  ge-weoldum  (sponte, 
voluntarily,  Bugge),  2223. 


wil-deor  (for  wild-deor),  st.  n.,  wild 
beast :  ace.  pi.  wil-deor,  1431. 

wil-gesift1,  st.  m.,  chosen  or  willing 
companion  :  nom.  pi.  -ge-si'5as,  23. 

wil-geofa,  w.  m.,  ready  giver  (=  voti 
largitor :  princely  designation),/^/- 
giverl;  nom.  sg.  wil-geofa  Wedra 
leoda,  2901. 

\villa,  w.  m. :  i)  will,  wish,  desire, 
sake  :  nom.  sg.  627,  825;  ace.  sg. 
willan,  636,  1740,  2308,  2410  ; 
instr.  sg.  anes  willan  (for  the  sake 
of  one},  3078;  50,2590;  dat.  sg. 
to  willan,  1187,  1712;  instr.  pi. 
willum  (according  to  wish},  1822; 
sylfes  wyllum,  2224,  2640;  gen.  pi. 
wilna,  1345.  —  2)  desirable  tiling, 
valuable  :  gen.pl.  wilna,  661,951. 

willan,  aux.  v.,  will :  in  pres.  also 
shall  (when  the  future  action  is 
depend,  on  one's  free  will)  :  pres. 
sg.  I.  wille  ic  d-secgan  (I  will  set 
forth,  tell  ouf},  344;  so,  351,  427; 
ic  to  S3e  wille  (I  will  to  sea},  318; 
wylle,  948,  2149,  2513;  sg.  II.  hu 
wylt,  1853;  sg.  III.  he  wile,  346, 
446, 1050, 1182, 1833;  wyle,  2865; 
wille,  442,  1004,  1185,  1395;  a?r 
he  in  wille  (ere  he  will  in,  i.e.  go 
or  flee  into  the  fearful  sea),  1372; 
wylle,  2767;  pi.  I.  we  ...  wyllaft, 
1819;  pret.  sg.  I.,  III.  wolde,  68, 
154,  200,  646,  665,  739,  756,  797, 
88 1,  etc.;  no  ic  fram  him  wolde 
(i.e.  fleotan),  543;  so,  swa"  he  hira 
ma"  wolde  (i.e.  d-cwellan),  1056; 
pret.  pi.  woldon,  482,  2637,  3173; 
subj.  pret.,  2730.  —  Forms  con- 
tracted w.  negative :  pres.  sg.  I. 
nelle  (=  ne  +  wille,  /  will  not, 
nolo),  680,  2525(7);  pret.  sg.  III. 
nolde  (=  ne  -f-  wolde),  792,  804, 
813, 1524 ;  w.  omitted  inf.  ba  metod 
nolde,  707,  968;  pret.  subj.  nolde, 
2519. 


GLOSSARY. 


307 


wilnian,  w.  v.,  to  long  for,  beseech  : 
inf.  \vel  bi5  J<am  J?e  mot  ...  to 
faSer  fa'Smum  freotfo  wilnian  (well 
for  him  that  may  beseech  protection 
in  the  Fathers  arms},  1 88. 

wil-siS1,  st.  m.,  chosen  journey :  ace. 
sg.  wil-si'S,  216. 

ge-\vin,  st.  n.:  i)  strife,  struggle, 
enmity,  conflict:  acc.  sg.,  878; 
J?a  hie  ge-win  clrugon  {endured 
strife},  799;  under  ySa  ge-win 
(Binder  the  tumult  of  the  waves}, 
1470;  gen.  sg.  has  ge-winnes  weorc 
(misery  for  tJlis  strife},  1722. — 
2)  suffering,  oppression  :  nom.  sg., 
I33>  I9l  '•>  acc-  SS-  eald  ge-win, 
1782.  —  Comp. :  fyrn-,  yft-ge-win. 

win-am,  st.  n.,  hall  of  hospitality, 
hall  (wine-hall!}  :  gen.  sg.  win- 
arnes,  655. 

wind,  st.  m.,  wind,  storm  :  nom.  sg., 
547,  1375,  I9°8;  dat.  instr.  sg. 
winde,  217;  wi'S  winde,  1133. 

windan,  st.  v. :  i)  intrans.,  to  wind, 
whirl:  pret.  sg.  wand  to  wolcnum 
wal-fyra  msest,  1120.  —  2)  w.  acc., 
to  twist,  ^u^nd,  curl :  pret.  pi.  strea- 
mas  wundon  sund  wi'S  sande,  212; 
pret.  part,  wunden  gold  (twisted, 
spirally-twined,  gold  ) ,  1 1 94,  3 1 35 ; 
instr.  pi.  wundnum  (wutidum,  MS.) 
golde,  1383. 

at-windan,/^  wrest  one's  self  from, 
escape  :  pret.  sg.  se  bam  feonde  at- 
wand,  143. 

be-windan,/#  wind  with  or  rotind, 
clasp,  surround,  envelop  (invol- 
vere)  :  pret.  sg.  J>e  hit  (the  sword) 
mundumbe-wand,  1462;  pret.  part, 
wirum  be-wunden  (wortnd  with 
wires),  iO32;^feorh  .  .  .  flsesce  be- 
wunden  {flesh-enclosed},  2425; 
gar  .  .  .  mundum  be-wunden  (a 
spear  grasped  with  the  hands}, 
3023;  id-manna  gold  galdre  be- 


wunden  (spell  -  encircled 
3053;  (astah  .  .  .)  leg  wope  be- 
wunden  {uprose  the  flame  mingled 
with  a  lament},  3147. 

ge-win  dan,  to  writhe,  get  loose, 
escape :  inf.  widre  ge-windan  (to 
flee  fttrther},  764;  pret.  sg.  on 
fleam  ge-wand,  1002. 

on-windan,  to  unwind,  loosen : 
pres.  sg.  (bonne  fader)  on-winde'S 
wal-rapas,  1611. 

win-dag,  st.  m.,  day  of  struggle  or 
suffering :  dat.  pi.  on  byssum  win- 
dagum  (in  these  days  of  sorrow, 
i.e.  of  earthly  existence),  1063. 

wind-bland  (blond),  st.  n.,  wind- 
roar  :  nom.  sg.,  3147. 

wind-gereste,  f.,  resting-place  of 
the  winds  :  acc.  sg.,  2457. 

windig,  adj.,  windy  :  acc.  pi.  win- 
dige  (weallas,  nassas),  572,  1359; 
windige  weallas  (wind  geard  weal- 
las, MS.),  1225. 

wine,  st.  m.,  friend,  protector,  es- 
pecially the  beloved  ruler  :  nom. 
sg.  wine  Scyldinga,  leof  land-fru- 
ma  (Scyld),  30;  wine  Scyldinga 
(Hro'Sgar),  148,  1184.  As  voca- 
tive :  min  wine,  2048;  wine  min, 
Beowulf  (Hunfer'S),  457,  530, 
1705;  acc.  sg.  holdne  wine  (Hroft- 
gar) ,  376;  wine  Deniga,  Scyldinga, 
350,  2027;  dat.  sg.  wine  Scyldinga, 
170;  gen.  sg.  wines  (Beowulf), 
3097;  acc.  pi.  wine,  21;  dat.  pi. 
Denum  eallum,  winum  Scyldinga, 
1419;  gen.  pi.  winigea  leasum, 
1665  ;  winia  bealdor,  2568.  — 
Comp. :  frea-,  freo-,  gold-,  gu^-, 
masg-wine. 

Avine-dryhten,  st.  m.,  (dominus 
amicus),  friendly  lord,  lord  and 
friend:  acc.  sg.  wine-drihten,  863, 
1605;  wine-dryhten,  2723,  3177; 
dat.  sg.  wine-drihtne,  360. 


308 


GLOSSARY. 


wine-geomor,  adj.,  friend-mourn- 
ing :  nom.  sg.,  2240. 

wine-leas,  adj.,  friendless :  dat.  sg. 
\\ine-leasum,  2614. 

wiiie-maeg,  st.  m.,  dear  kinsman  : 
nom.  pi.  wine-magas,  65. 

g  e  -  winna,  w.  m.,  striver,  strtiggler, 
foe  :  comp.  eald-,  ealdor-gewinna. 

winnan,  st.  v.,  to  struggle,  fight: 
pret.  sg.  III.  wan  &na  wi"5  eallum, 
144;  Grendel  wan  .  .  .  wit)  Hro'S- 
gir,  151 ;  holm  .  .  .  won  wiSwinde 
(the  sea  fottght  with  the  wind-:  cf. 
wan  wind  endi  water,  Heliand, 
2244),  1133;  II.  eart  ]?u  se  Beo- 
wulf, se  }>e  wift  Brecan  wunne, 
506;  pi.  wiiS  gode  wunnon,  113; 
J?aer  J?a*  graman  wunnon  (where 
the  foes  fotighf),  778. 

win-reced,  st.  n.,  friend-hall,  guest- 
hall,  house  for  entertaining  guests 
(wine-hallf)  :  ace.  sg.,  715,  994. 

win-sele,  st.  n.,  the  same  (wine- 
halll'} :  nom.  sg.,  772;  ace.  sg. 
win-sele,  696  (cf.  Heliand  Glossary, 

369  [364])- 

winter,  st.  m. :  i)  winter :  nom. 
sg->  IJ33>  IJ37>  acc-  SS-  vvinter, 
1129;  gen.  sg.  wintres,  516.— 
2)  year  (counted  by  winters) : 
acc.  pi.  fiftig  wintru  (neut.),  2210; 
instr.  pi.  wintrum,  1725,  2115, 
2278;  gen.  pi.  wintra,  147,  264, 
1928,  2279,  2734,  3051. 

wiiitre,  adj.,  so  many  winters  (old)  : 
in  comp.  syfan-wintre. 

ge  -wislice,  adv.,  certainly,  un- 
doubtedly: superl.  gewislicost,!  35 1 . 

\vist,  st.  f.,  fundamental  meaning  = 
existentia,  hence:  l)  good  condi- 
tion, happiness,  abtindance  :  dat. 
sg.  wuna'S  he  on  wiste,  1736. — 
2)  food,  subsistence,  booty  :  dat.  sg. 
J?a  was  after  wiste  wop  up  a-hafen 
(«  cry  was  then  uplifted  after  the 


meal,  i.e.  Grendel's  meal  of  thirty 
men),  128. 

wist-fyllo,  st.  f.,  fulness  or  fill  of 
food,  rich  meal :  gen.  sg.  wist-fylle, 

735- 

wit,  st.  n.,  (wit),  understanding: 
nom.  sg.,  590.  —  Comp. :  fyr-,  in- 
wit. 

ge-wit,  st.  n. :  i)  consciousness: 
dat.  sg.  ge-weold  his  ge-witte, 
2704.  —  2)  heart,  breast:  dat.  sg. 
fyr  unsvviSor  weoll  (the  fire  siirged 
less  strongly  from  the  dragon's 
breasf),  2883. 

wit,  pers.  pron.  dual  of  we,  we  two, 
535.537*539,540,  544,  1 1 87,  etc. 
See  unc,  uncer. 

wita,  \veota,  w.  m.,  counsellor, 
royal  adviser  ;  pi.,  the  king's  coun- 
cil of  nobles  :  nom.  pi.  witan,  779; 
gen.  pi.  jwtena,  157,  266,  937  ; 
weotena,  1099.  —  Comp.  :  fyrn-, 
run-wita. 

witan,  pret.-pres.  v.,  to  wot,  know : 
i)  w.  depend,  clause:  pres.  sg.  I., 
III.  wat,  1332,  2657;  ic  on  Hige- 
l&ce  wa"t  J>a't  he  ...  (I  know  as  to 
//.,  that  he  .  <•.),  1831;  so,  god 
wit  on  mec  J?at  .  .  .  {God  knows 
of  me,  that .  .  .),  2651 ;  sg.  II.  J>u 
wast,  272;  weak  pret.  sg.  I.,  III. 
wiste,  822;  wisse,  2340,  2726;  pi. 
wiston,  799,  1605  •  subj.  pres.  I. 
gif  ic  wiste,  2520.  —  2)  w.  acc.  and 
inf.:  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  wit,  1864. — 

3)  w.  object,  predicative  part,  or 
adj. :  pret.  sg.  III.  to  >as  he  win- 
reced  .  .  .  gearwost  wisse,  fa'ttum 
fahne,  716;   so,   1310;  wiste  j>a'm 
ahlsecan  hilde  ge-binged,  647.  — 

4)  w.  acc.,  to  know:   inf.  witan, 
252,   288;    pret.  sg.   wisse,   169; 
wiste  his  fingra  ge-weald  on  grames 
grapum,  765;   pi.  II.  wisson,  246; 
wiston,  i  Si. 


GLOSSARY. 


309 


n  a"  t  =  ne  +  wat,  I  know  not :  i)  ellip- 
tically  with  hwilc,  indef.  pronoun 
=  some  or  other :  sceaiSa  ic  nat 
hwilc.  —  2)  w.  gen.  and  depend, 
clause :  nat  he  b&ra  goda,  bat  he 
me  on-gean  slea,  682. 

g  e  -  w  i  t  a  n ,  to  know,  perceive  :  inf. 
bas  be  hie  gewis-licost  ge-witan 
meahton,  1351. 

be-  witfciii.     See  b  e  -  weotian. 

witig,  adj.,  -wise,  sagacious:  nom. 
sg.  witig  god,  686,  1057  ;  witig 
drihten  (God), 1 555;  wittigdrihten, 
1842. 

ge-wittig,   adj.,   conscious:    nom. 

sg-  3095- 

ge  -\vitnian,  w.  v.,  to  chastise,  ptin- 
ish  :  wommum  gewitnad  {punished 
with  plagues),  3074. 

wic,  st.  n.,  dwelling,  house  :  ace.  sg. 
wic,  822,  2590;  — often  in  pi.  be- 
cause houses  of  nobles  were  com- 
plex :  dat.  wicum,  1305, 1613, 3084; 
gen.  wica,  125,  1126. 

g  e  -  wican,  st.  v.,  to  soften,  give  way, 
yield  (here  chiefly  of  swords) :  pret. 
sg.  ge-wac,  2578,  2630. 

wic-stede,  st.  m.,  dwelling-place  : 
nom.  sg.  2463;  ace.  sg.  wic-stede, 
2608. 

wid,  adj.,  wide,  extended :  i)  space.: 
ace.  sg.  neut.  ofer  wid  water,  2474 ; 
gen.  sg.  widan  rices,  1860;  acc.pl. 
wide  siftas,  waroftas,  878,  1966.  — 
2)  temporal :  ace.  sg.  widan  feorh 
(ace.  of  time),  2015;  dat.  sg.  to 
widan  feore,  934. 

wide,  adv.,  widely,  afar,  18,  74,  79, 
266,  1404,  1589,  1960,  etc.;  wide 
cutf  {widely,  universally,  knoTvii), 
2136,  2924 ;  so,  underne  wide, 
2914;  wide  geond  eorftan  (over 
the  whole  earth,  widely},  3100  ;  — 
modifier  of  superl. :  wreccena  wide 
maerost  (the  most  famous  of  wan- 


derers, exiles},  899.  —  Compar. 
widre,  764. 

wid-cuQ1,  adj.,  widely  known,  very 
celebrated:  nom.  sg.  neut.,  1257; 
ace.  sg.  m.  wid-cuSne  man  (Beo- 
wulf), 1490  ;  wid-cu5ne  wean, 
1992;  wid-cuftes  (Hrotfgar),  1043. 

wfde-ferhff,  st.m.,  (long life}, great 
length  of  time  :  ace.  sg.  as  ace.  of 
time  :  wide-ferh'S  (do2vn  to  distant 
times,  always},  703,  938;  ealne 
wide-ferh'S,  1223. 

wid-fioga,  w.  m.,  wide-flier  (of  the 
dragon)  :  nom.  sg.,  2831;  ace.  sg.' 
wid-flogan,  2347.- 

wid-scofen,  pret.  part.,  wide-spread? 
causing  fear  far  and  wide  ?  937. 

wid-weg,  st.  m.,  wide  way,  long 
journey  :  ace.  pi.  wid-wegas,  841, 
I705- 

wif,  st.  n.,  woman,  lady,  wife  :  nom. 
sg!  freo-lic  wif  (Queen  Wealh- 
beqw),  616  ;  wif  un-hyre  (Gren- 
del's  mother),  2121 ;  ace.  sg.  driht- 
lice  wif  (Finn's  wife),  1159;  instr. 
sg.  mid  by  wife  (HroiSgar's  daugh- 
ter, Freaware),  2029;  dat.  sg.  bam 
wife  (Wealhbeow),  640;  gen.  sg. 
wifes  (as  opposed  to  man},  1285; 
gen.  pi.  wera  and  wifa,  994.  — 
Comp. :  agloec-,  mere-wif. 

wif-lufe,  w.  f.,  wife-love,  love  for  a 
wife,  woman 's  love  :  nom.  pi.  wif- 
lufan,  2066. 

wig,  st.  m. :  i)  war,  battle:  nom. 
sg.,  23,  1081,  2317,  2873;  ace.  sg., 
686,  1084,  1248  ;  dat.  sg.  wige, 
1338,2630;  as  instr.,  1085;  (wigge, 
MS.),  1657,  1771 ;  gen.  sg.  wiges, 
65,  887,  1269.  —  2)  valor,  warlike 
pro^vess :  nom.  sg.  was  his  mod- 
sefa  manegum  ge-cy'5ed,  wig  and 
wisdom,  350;  wig,  1043;  wig  .  . . 
eafo^  and  ellen,  2349 ;  gen.  sg. 
wiges,  2324.  —  Comp.  fe'fte-wig. 


110 


GLOSSARY. 


wiga,  st.  m.,  'warrior,  fighter :  nom. 
sg«,  630;  dat.  pi.  wigum,  2396; 
gen.  pi.  wigena,  1544,  1560,  3116. 
—  Comp. :  asc-,  byrn-,  gar-,  gfr$-, 
lind-,  rand-,  scyld-wiga. 

wigan,  st.  v.,  to  fight :  pres.  sg.  III. 
wigeS,  600;  inf.,  2510. 

wigend,  pres.  part.,  fighter,  zvar- 
rior :  nom.  sg.,  3100;  nom.  pi. 
wigend,  1126,  1815,  3145;  acc.pl. 
wigend,  3025 ;  gen.  pi.  wigendra, 
429,  960, 1973, 2338.— Comp.  gar- 
wigend. 

wig-bealu,  st.  n.,  war-bale,  evil  con- 
test:  ace.  sg.,  2047. 

wig-bil,  st.  n.,  war-bill,  battle-sword: 
nom.  sg.,  1608. 

wig-bord,  st.  n.,  war-board  or 
shield :  ace.  sg.,  2340. 

wig-craft,  st.  m.,  war-power  :  ace. 
sg-,  2954- 

wig-criiftig,  adj.,  vigorous  in  fight, 
strong  in  zvar  :  ace.  sg.  wig- 
craftigne  (of  the  sword  Hrunting), 
1812. 

wig-freca,  w.  m.,  war-wolf,  war- 
hero :  ace.  sg.  wig-frecan,  2497; 
nom.  pi.  wig-frecan,  1213. 

wig-fruma,  w.  m.,  war-chief  or 
king:  nom.  sg.,  665;  ace.  sg.  wlg- 
fruman,  2262. 

wig-geatwe,  st.  f.  pi.,  war-orna- 
ments, war  -  gear :  dat.  pi.  on 
wig-geatwum  (-getawum,  MS.), 
368. 

wig-ge-weorffad,  pret.  part.,  war- 
honored,  distinguished  in  war, 
1784. 

wig-gryre,  st.  m.,  war-horror  or 
terror  :  nom.  sg.,  1*285. 

\vig-hete,  st.  m.,  war-hate,  hostility  : 
nom.  sg.,  2121. 

wig-heafola,  w.  in.,  war  head-piece, 
helmet  :  ace.  sg.  wig-heafolan, 
2662.  —  Leo. 


wig-heap,  st.  m.,  war-band :  nom. 
sg-,  447- 

wig-hryre,  st.  m.,  war-ruin,  slaugh- 
ter, carnage  ;  ace.  sg.,  1620. 

wig-sigor,  st.  m.,  war-victory  :  ace. 

sg.,  1555- 

wig-sped,  st.  f.?,  war-speed,  success 
in  war  :  gen.  pi.  wig-speda,  698. 

Avin,  st.  n.,  wine:  ace.  sg.,  1163, 
1234;  instr.  wine,  1468. 

wir,  st.  n.,  zvire,  spiral  ornament  of 
zvire  :  instr.  pi.  wirum,  1032;  gen. 
pi.  wira,  2414. 

wis,  adj.,  wise,  experienced,  discreet : 
nom.  sg.  m.  wis  (in  his  mind,  con- 
scions'},  3095;  f.  wis,  1928;  in  w. 
form,  se  wisa,  1401,  1699,  2330; 
ace.  sg.  K>ne  vvisan,  1319;  gen.  pi. 
wisra,  1414;  w.  gen.  nom.  sg.  wis 
wordcwida  (wise  of  speech),  1846. 

wisa,  w.  m.,  guide,  leader  :  nom.  sg. 
werodes  wtsa,  259. — Comp. :  brim-, 
here-,  hilde-wisa. 

wiscte.     See  wyscan. 

wis-dom,  st.  m.,  wisdom,  experi- 
ence :  nom.  sg.,  350;  instr.  sg.  wis- 
dome,  1960. 

wise,  w.  f.,  fashion,  wise,  custom  : 
ace.  sg.  (instr.)  ealde  wisan  (after 
ancient  custoni),  1866. 

Avis-fast,  adj.,  wise,  sagacious  (sa- 
pientid  firmus)  :  nom.  sg.  f.,  627. 

wis-hycgende,  pres.  part.,  •wise- 
thinking,  wise,  2717. 

wisian,  w.  v.,  to  guide  or  lead  to, 
direct, point  out :  i)  w.  ace.:  inf. 
hean  wong  wisian,  2410;  pret.  sg. 
secg  wisade  land-gemyrcu,  208.  — 
2)  w.  dat. :  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  eow 
wisige  (/  shall  guide  yoit),  292, 
3104;  pret.  sg.  se  fcem  heaSo- 
rincum  hider  wisade,  370;  sona 
him  sele-j?egn  .  .  .  forft  wisade  (the 
hall-thane  led  him  thither  forth- 
with, i.e.  to  his  couch),  1796;  stig 


GLOSSARY. 


311 


wisocle  gumum  at-gadere,  320;  so, 
1664.  —  3)  vv.  prep.? :  pret.  sg.  ha 
secg  wisode  under  Heorotes  hrof 
{when  the  warrior  showed  them 
the  way  wider  Heorotes  roof,  [but 
under  H.'s  hrof  depends  rather  on 
snyredon  atsomne]),  402. 

witan,  st.  v.,  properly  to  look  at ;  to 
look  at  with  censure,  to  blame,  re- 
proach, accuse,  w.  dat.  of  pers.  and 
ace.  of  thing:  inf.  for-ham  me 
witan  ne  hearf  waldend  lira  mor- 
'o'or-bealo  maga,  2742. 

jit- witan,  to  blame,  censure  (cf. 
'twit),  w.  ace.  of  thing:  pret.pl. 
at-witoii  weana  dcel,  1151. 

g  e  -  w  f  t  a  n  ,  properly  spectare  ali- 
quo  ;  to  go  (most  general  verb  of 
motion):  i)  with  inf.  after  verbs 
of  motion  :  pret.  sg.  hanon  eft  ge- 
M'at  ...  to  ham  faran,  123;  so, 
2570;  pi.  h^non  eft  gewiton  .  .  . 
mearum  ridan,  854.  Sometimes 
with  reflex,  dat. :  pres.  sg.  him  j>a 
Scyld  ge-wat  .  .  .  fe~ran  on  frean 
ware,  26;  gewat  him  .  ,  .  ridan, 
234;  so,  1964;  pi,  ge-witon,  301. 
—  2)  associated  with  general  infin- 
itives of  motion  and  aim  :  imper.  pi. 
ge-wita'5  for 5  beran  woepen  and 
gewrcdu,  291;  pret.  sg.  ge-wat  ha 
neosian  hean  huses,  115;  he  h& 
fag  ge-wat  .  .  .  man-dream  fleon, 
1264;  nyfter  eft  gewat  dennes  nio- 
sian,  3045;  so,  1275,  2402,  2820. 
So,  with  reflex,  dat. :  him  eft  ge- 
wat .  .  .  hames  niosan,  2388;  so, 
2950;  pi.  ge-witon,  1 1 26. —  3)  with- 
out inf.  and  with  prep,  or  adv. : 
pres.  sg.  III.  heer  firgen-stream 
under  nassa  genipu  nifier  ge-\viletf, 
1361  ;  ge-witeS  on  sealman,  2461 ; 
inf.  -on  flodes  seht  feor  ge- witan, 
42;  pret.  sg.  ge-wat,  217;  him  ge- 
wat, 1237,  1904;  of  life,  ealdre 


ge-wat  (died},  2472,  2625;  fyrst 
forft  ge-wat  (time  went  on},  2IO; 
him  ge-wat  ut  of  healle,  663;  ge- 
wat him  ham,  1602;  pret.  part.  dat. 
sg.  me  for'5  ge-witenum  (me  de- 
funct o,  I  dead},  1480. 

6 '5 -witan,  to.  blame,  censure,  re- 
proach :  inf.  ne  horfte  him  ha  lean 
65-witan  man  on  middan-gearde, 
2996. 

%vlanc,  wlonc,  adj.,  proud,  exttlt- 
ing :  nom.  sg.  wlanc,  341 ;  w.  instr. 
cese  wlanc  (proud of,  extdting  in, 
her  prey,  meal},  1333;  wlonc, 
331;  w-  gen-  maSm-rehta  wlonc 
(proud  of  the  treasures},  2834; 
gen.  sg.  wlonces,  2954. — Comp. 
gold-wlanc. 

wlatian,  w.  v.,  to  look  or  gaze  out, 
forth  :  pret.  sg.  se  he  3er  .  .  .  feor 
wlatode,  1917. 

wlenco,  st.  f.,  pride,  heroism  :  dat. 
sg.wlenco,  338,  1207;  wlence,  508. 

\vlitc,  st.  m.jform,  noble  form,  look, 
beauty  :  nom.  sg.,  250. 

wlite-beorht,  adj.,  beauteous,  bril- 
liant in  aspect :  ace.  sg.  wlite- 
beorhtne  wang,  93. 

wlite-seon,  st.  n.,  sight,  spectacle: 
ace.  sg.,  1651. 

wlitig,  adj.,  bea utiful,  glorioiis,  fair 
in  form  :  ace.  sg.  wlitig  (sweord), 
1663. 

\vlitan,  st.  v.,  to  see,  look,ga~e  :  pret. 
sg.  he  after  recede  wlat  (looked 
along  the  hall},  1573;  pret.  pi. 
on  holm  wliton  (looked on  the  sea}, 
1593;  wlitan  on  Wiglaf,  2853. 

g  e  o  n  d  -  w  1  i  t  a  n ,  w.  ace.,  to  exam- 
ine, look  throttgh,  scan  :  inf.  wrate 
giond-wlitan,  2772. 

woli  -  bogen,  pret.  part.,  (bent 
crooked},  crooked,  twisted:  nom. 
sg.  wynn  woh-bogen,  2828. 

wolceii,  st.  n.,  cloud  (cf.  welkin)  : 


312 


GLOSSARY. 


dat.  pi.  under  wolcnum  (tinder  (lie 
clouds,  on  earth},  8,  652,  715, 1771 ; 
to  wolcnum,  1 1 20,  1375. 

wolleii-tedr,  adj.,  tear-flowing,  with 
flowing  tears :  nom.  pi.  wollen- 
teare,  3033. 

\voni.     See  \vam. 

won.     See  wan. 

wore.     See  weorc. 

word,  .st.  n. :  i)  word,  speech  :  nom. 
sg.,  2818;  ace.  sg.  J>at  word,  655, 
2047;  word,  315,  341,  390,  871, 
2552;  instr.  sg.  worde,  2157;  gen. 
sg.  vvordes,  2792;  nom.  pi.  J>a 
word,  640;  word,  613;  ace.  pi. 
word  (of  an  alliterative  song), 
871;  instr.pl.  wordum,  176,  366, 
627,875,1101,  1173,  1194,  1319, 
1812,  etc.;  ge-saga  him  wordum 
(tell  them  in  words,  expressly}, 
388.  The  instr.  wordum  accom- 
panies biddan,  bancian,  be-wag- 
nan,  secgan,  hergari,  to  empha- 
size the  verb,  176,  627,  1194,  2796, 
3177;  gen.  pi.  worda,  289,  398, 
2247,  2263(?),  3031.  — 2)  com- 
mand, order  :  gen.  sg.  his  wordes 
ge weald  habban  (to  rule,  reign}, 
79;  so,  instr.  pi.  wordum  weold, 
30.  —  Comp. :  beot-,  gylp-,  me'Sel-, 
IryS-word. 

word-cwide,  st.  m.,  (word-utter- 
ance^, speech :  ace.  pi.  word-cwy- 
das,  1842;  dat.  pi.  word-cwydum, 
2754;  genr  pi.  word-cwida,  1846. 

word-gid,  st.  n.,  speech,  saying: 
ace.  sg.  word-gyd,  3174. 

Word -herd,  st.  n.,  -word-  hoard, 
treasury  of  speech,  moutJi  :  ace.  sg. 
word-hord  on-leac  (unlocked  his 
word-hoard,  opened  his  mouth, 
spoke),  259. 

word-riht,  st.  m.,  right  speech,  suit- 
aide  word :  gen.  pi.  WIglaf  ma'Se- 
lode  word-rihta  fela,  2632. 


worft-mynd.     See  weorff-mynd. 

worffig  (for  weorffig),  st.  m.,  pal- 
ace, estate,  court :  ace.  sg.  on  wor- 
'<5ig  (into  the  palace},  1973. 

worn,  st.  n.,  multitude,  number: 
ace.  sg.  worn  call  (very  many}, 
3095;  wintra  worn  (many  years}, 
264 ;  ]?onne  he  wintrum  frod  worn 
ge-munde  (when  he  old  in  years 
thought  of  their  number},  2115. 
Used  with  fela  to  strengthen  the 
meaning  :  nom.  ace.  sg.  worn  fela, 
1 784 ;  hwa't  J'u  worn  fela  . .  .  sprcece 
(how  very  mucli  than  hast  spoken  !}, 
530;  so,  eal-fela  eald-gesegena 
worn,  871;  gen.  pi.  worna  fela, 
2004,  2543. 

woruld,  worold,  st.  f.,  humanity, 
world,  earth  :  nom.  sg.  eal  worold, 
1739;  ace.  sg.  in  worold  (wacan) 
(to  be  born,  come  into  the  world), 
60 ;  worold  oflsetan,  of-gifan  {die), 
1184,  1682;  gen.  sg.  worolde,  951, 
1081,  1388,  1733;  worulde,  2344; 
his  worulde  ge-dal  (his  separation 
from  the  world,  death},  3069; 
worolde  brucan  (to  enjoy  life,  live), 
1063;  worlde,  2712. 

worold-ar,  st.  f.,  worldly  honor  or 
dignity  :  ace.  sg.  worold-are,  17. 

woruld-candel,  st.  f.,  world-candle, 
sun  :  nom.  sg.,  1966. 

WOrold-eyning,  st.  m.,  world-king, 
mighty  king:  nom.  sg.,  3182; 
gen.  pi.  worold-cyninga,  1685. 

woruld-eiide,  st.  m.,  world's  end  : 
ace.  sg.,  3084. 

worold-raiden,  st.  f.,  usual  course, 
fate  of  the  world,  customary  fate  : 
dat.  sg.  worold-nedenne,  1143. 

wop,  st.  m.,  (ivhoop},  cry  of  grief, 
lament:  nom.  sg.,  128;  ace.  sg. 
wop,  786;  instr.  sg.  wope,  3147. 

wracu,  st.  f.,  persecution,  vengeance, 
rii'enge  :  nom.  sg.  wracu  (MS. 


GLOSSARY. 


313 


uncertain),  2614;  ace.  sg.  wrace, 
2337.  — Comp. :  gym-,  nyd-wracu. 

wraffu,  st.  f.,  protection,  safety  :  in 
comp.  lif-wra'5u. 

wraff,  adj.,  wroth,  furious,  hostile  : 
ace.  sg.  neut.  wratf,  319;  dat.  sg. 
writSum,  661,  709;  gen.  pi.  wra- 
ftra,  1620: 

wra'Se,  adv.,  contemptibly,  disgrace- 
fully, 2873. 

wraS'-lice,  adv.,  wrathfully,  hos- 
tilely  (in  battle),  3063. 

\vrasn,  st.  f.,  circlet  of  gold  for  the 
head,  diadem,  crown :  in  comp. 
frea-wra'sn. 

wrac-last,  st.  m.,  exile-step,  exile, 
banishment :  ace.  sg.  wrac-lastas 
trad  (trod  exile-steps,  wandered 
in  exile},  1353. 

wrac-macg,  st.  m.,  exile,  otitcast : 
nom.  pi.  wrac-macgas,  2380. 

wrac-siff,  st.  m.,  exile-journey,  ban- 
ishment, exile,  persecution  :  ace. 
sg.,  2293;  dat.  sg.  -srSum,  338. 

wrat,  st.  f.,  ornament,  jewel :  ace. 
pi.  wrate  (wrccce,  MS.),  2772, 
3061;  instr.  pi.  wrattum,  1532; 
gen.  pi.  wratta,  2414. 

\vriit-lic,  adj . :  I )  artistic,  orna- 
uiental ;  valuable  :  ace.  sg.  wrat- 
licne  wundor  -  ma'S'Sum,  2174; 
wrat-lic  waeg-sweord,  1490;  wig- 
bord  wrat-lic,  2340.  —  2)  won- 
drous, strange  :  ace.  sg.  wrat-licne 
wyrm  [from  its  rings  or  spots?], 
892;  wlite-seon  wrat-lic,  1651. 

wraec,  st,  f.,  persecution;  hence, 
wretchedness,  misery :  nom.  sg., 
170;  ace.  sg.  wroec,  3079. 

wrecan,  st.  v.  w.  ace. :  i)  to  press, 
force :  pret.  part.  Jxcr  was  Ongen- 
K'6  ...  on  bid  wrecen,  2963.  — 
2)  to  drive  out,  expel:  pret.  sg. 
ferh  ellen  wrac,  2707., —  3)  to 
wreak  or  utter  :  gid,  spcl  wrecan 


(to  utter  words  or  songs} ;  subj.  pres. 
sg.  III.  he  gyd  wreee,  2447;  inf. 
wrecan  spel  ge-ra"de,  874;  word- 
gyd  wrecan,  3174;  pret.  sg.  gyd 
after  wrac,  2155;  pres.  part,  j^ 
was  .  .  .  gid  wrecen,  1066.  —  4)  to 

.  avenge,  punish  :  subj.  pres.  J?at  he 
his  freond  wrece,  1386;  inf.  wolde 
hire  moeg  wrecan,  1340;  so,  1279, 
1547;  pres.  part,  wrecend  (an 
avenger),  1257;  pret.  sg.  wrac 
Wedera  niS,  423;  so,  1334,  1670. 

a- wrecan,  to  tell,  recount:  pret. 
sg.  ic  }ns  gid  be  J?e  d-wrac  (I have 
told  this  tale  for  thee},  1725;  so, 
2109. 

f  o  r  -  w  r  e  c  a  n ,  w.  ace.,  to  drive  away, 
expel;  carry  away :  inf.  >y  las 
him  ySa  J?rym  wudu  wyn-suman 
for- wrecan  meahte  (lest  the  force 
of  the  waves  might  carry  away  the 
•winsome  ship),  1920;  pret.  sg.  he 
nine  feor  for-wrac  .  .  .  man-cynne 
fram,  109. 

g  e  -  w  r  e  c  a  n ,  w.  ace.,  to  avenge, 
wrc-ak  vengeance  ^tpon,  punish : 
pret.  sg.  ge-wrac,  107,  2006;  he 
ge-wrac  (i.e.  hit,  this)  cealdum 
cear-siSum,  2396;  he  hine  sylfne 
ge-wrac  {avenged  himself},  2876; 
pi.  ge-wnecan,  2480;  pret.  part, 
ge-wrecen,  3063. 

wrecca,  w.  m.,  (wretch),  exile,  ad- 
ventiirer,  wandering  soldier,  hero: 
nom.  sg.  wrecca  (Hengest),  1138; 
gen.  pi.  wreccena  wide  moerost 
(Sigemund),  899. 

^vreoffen-liilt,  adj.,  wreathen  -hilted, 
with  tivisted  hilt :  nom.  sg.,  1699. 

wridian,  w.  v.,  to  flourish,  spring 
up  :  pret.  sg.  III.  wrfda'S,  1742. 

wriQ1  a,  w.  m.,  band :  in  comp.  beag- 
wriSa  (bracelet),  2019. 

wrixl,  st.  n.,  exchange,  change  : 
instr.  sg.  wyrsan  wrixle  (in  a  worse 


314 


GLOSSARY. 


ivay,    with    a    worse    exchange), 
2970. 

ge-wrixle,  st.  n.,  exchange,  ar- 
rangement, bargain  :  nom.  sg.  ne 
was  Hit  ge-wrixle  til  (it  was  not  a 
good  arrangement,  trade),  1305. 

•wrixlan,  w.  v.,  to  exchange :  inf. 
wordum  wrixlan  (to  exchange 
words,  converse),  366;  875  (tell). 

wriftan,  st.  v.  w.  ace. :  I )  to  bind, 
fasten,  wreathe  together :  inf.  ic 
hine  (him,  MS.)  ...  on  wal-bedde 
wri'San  K>hte,  965.  —  2)  to  bind  up 
(a  wounded  person,  a  wound)  : 
pret.  pi.  h>a  waeron  monige  J>e  his 
mseg  writJon,  2983.  See  liand- 
gewriffen. 

writan,  st.  v.,  to  incise,  engrave : 
j}ret.  part,  on  ham  (hilte)  was  or 
writen  fyrn-gewinnes  (on  which 
was  engraved  the  origin  of  an 
ancient  struggle),  1689. 

for- writ  an,  to  cut  to  pieces  or  in 
two  :  pret.  sg.  for-wrat  Wedra  helm 
wyrm  on  middan,  2706. 

wrOht,  st.  f.,  blame,  acctisation, 
crime;  here  strife,  contest,  hostility: 
nom.  sg.,  2288,  2474,  2914. 

wudu,  st.  m.,  wood :  i)  material, 
timber  :  nom.  pi.  wudu,  1365  ; 
hence,  the  wooden  spear  :  ace.  pi. 
wudu,  398.  —  2)  forest,  wood:  ace. 
sg.  wudu,  1417.  —  3)  "wooden  ship : 
nom.  sg.  298;  ace.  sg.  wudu,  216, 
1920. — Comp. :  bnel-,bord-,gamen-, 
heal-,  holt-,  magen-,  so;-,  sund-, 
J?rec-wudu. 

wudu-rec,  st.  m.,  wood-reek  or 
smoke  :  nom.  sg.,  3145. 

wuldor,  st.  m.,  glory :  nom.  sg. 
kyninga  wuldor  (God),  666;  gen. 
sg.  wuldres  wealdend,  17,  183, 
1753;  wuldres  hyrde,  932,  (desig- 
nations of  God). 
-  wuldor-cyniiig,st.  m., king  of  glory, 


God:  dat.  sg.  wuldur-cyninge,  2796. 

wuldor-torht,  adj.,  glory -bright, 
brilliant,  clear  :  nom.  pi.  wuldor- 
torhtan  weder,  1137. 

wulf,  st.  m.,  wolf:  ace.  sg.,  3028. 

wulf-hliff,  st.  n.,  wolf-slope,  wolfs 
retreat,  slope  zuhereztndcr  wolves 
house  :  ace.  pi.  wulf-hleo'Su,  1359. 

wund,  st.  f.,  wound :  nom.  sg.,  2712, 
2977;  ace.  sg.  wunde,  2532,  2907  ; 
dat.  sg.  wunde,  2726 ;  instr.  pi. 
wunclum,  1114,  2831,  2938.  — 
Comp.  feorh-wund. 

wund,  adj.,  wounded,  sore :  nom. 
sg.,  2747;  dat.  sg.  wundum,  2754; 
nom.  pi.  wunde,  565,  1076. 

wuiideii-feax,  adj.,  ciirly-haired 
(of  a  horse's  mane):  nom.  sg.,  1401. 

wuiiden-heals,  adj.,  with  twisted 
or  curved  neck  or  prozu  :  nom.  sg. 
wudu  wunden-hals  (the. ship),  298. 

wimden-heor  de  ?,  curly -ha  ired  ? : 
nom.  sg.  f.,  3153. 

wimden-mgel,  adj.,  damascened, 
etched,  with  wavy  ornaments(l~)  : 
nom.  sg.  neut.,  1532  (of  a  sword). 

wimdeii-stef nn,\v.m.,curz>ed.prow) 
ship  :  nom.  sg.,  220. 

wundor,  st.  n. :  i)  wonder,  wonder- 
work: nom.  sg.,  772,1725;  wundur, 
3063;  ace.  sg.  wundor,  841;  wun- 
cler,  932;  wundur,  2760,  3083(7), 
3104;  dat.  sg.  wundre,  932;  instr. 
pi.  wundrum  (wondrously),  1453, 
2688;  gen.  pi.  wundra,  1608. — 
2)  portent,  mojis'er  :  gen.  pi.  wun- 
dra, 1510.  —  Comp.:  hand-,  ni'5-, 
'  searo-wundor. 

wundor-txsbod,  st.  n.,  wondrous 
command,  strange  order  :•  instr. 
pi.  -hehodum,  1748. 

wundor-cleaff,  st.  m.,  wonder-death, 
strange  death  :  instr.  sg.  wundor 
clea'Ne,  3038. 

•\vuiidor-filt,    st.    n.,     wonder-vat, 


GLOSSARY. 


315 


strange  vessel :  dat.  pi.  of  wundor- 
fatum  (from  wondrous  vessels}, 
1163. 

wundor-lic,  adj.,  wonderlike,  re- 
markable:  nom.  sg.,  1441. 

wundor-mafffrum,  st.  m.,  -wonder- 
jewel  ^  wonderful  treasure  :  ace. 
sg.,  2174. 

\vuiidor-smi31,  st.m.,  wonder-smith^ 
skilled  smith,  worker  of  marvettotts 
things  :  gen.  pi.  wundor-sm&a  ge- 
vveorc  (the  ancient  giant's  sword), 
1682. 

wundor  -  seon,  st.  f.,  wondrous 
sight :  gen.  pi.  wunder-siona,  996. 

wunian,  w.  v. :  i)  to  stand,  exist, 
remain  :  pres.  sg.  III.  J?enden  fcer 
wunaft  on  heah-stede  husa  selest 
(as  long  as  the  best  of  houses  stands 
there  on  the  high  place},  284 ; 
wunaft  he  on  wiste  (lives  in  plenty], 
1736;  inf.  on  sele  wunian  (to  re- 
main in  the  hall},  3129;  pret.  sg. 
wunode  mid  Finne  (remained with 
F.},  1129.  —  2)  w.  ace.  or  dat.,  to 
dwell  in,  to  inhabit,  to  possess  :  pres. 
sg.  III.  wuna'8  wal-reste  (holds  his 
death-bed'},  2903;  inf.  water-egesan 
wunian,  cealde  streamas,  1261  ; 
wicum  wunian,  3084 ;  w.  prep. : 
pres.  sg.  HigelSc  J?oer  at  ham  wu- 
naft,  1924. 

g  e  -  w  u  n  i  a  n ,  w.  ace. :  I )  to  inhabit  : 
inf.  ge- [wunian],  2276.  —  2)  to 
remain  with,  stand  by  :  subj.  pres. 
hat  hine  on  ylde  eft  ge-wunigen 
wil-ge-si'Sas,  22. 

wurffan.     See  weorS'an. 

wuton,  v.  from  witan,  used  as  interj., 
let  us  go !  iip  !  w.  inf. :  wutun 
gangan  to  (let  tes go  to  him  !} ,  2649  5 
uton  hrafte  feran  !  1391;  uton  nu 
Ofstan,  3102. 

\vylf,  st.  f.,  she-wolf:  in  comp. 
brim-wylf. 


wylm,  st.  in.,  stirge,  surf,  billow  : 
nom.  sg.  flodes  wylm,  1765;  dat. 
wintres  wylme  (with  winter's 
flood},  516;  ace.  sg.  Jmrh  wateres 
wylm,  1694;  ace.  pi.  heortan  wyl- 
mas,  2508. — Comp. :  breost-,  brim-, 
byrne-,  cear-,  fyr-,  heafto-,  holm-, 
sse-,  sorh-wylm.  See  walm. 

wyn,  st.  f.,  pleasantness,  pleasure, 
joy,  enjoyment :  ace.  sg.  maeste . . . 
M'orolde  wynne  (the  highest  earthly 
joy),  1081;  eor^San  wynne  (earth- 
joy,  the  delightful  earth},  1731  ; 
heofenes  wynne  (heaven's  joy,  the 
rising  sun),  1802 ;  hearpan  wynne 
(harp -joy,  the  pleasant  harp}, 
2108;  |>at  he  ...  ge-drogeri  ha'fde 
eorftan  wynne '  (that  he  had  had 
his  earthly  joy},  2728;  dat.sg. 
weorod  was  on  wynne,  201 5 ;  instr. 
pi.  niagenes  wynnum  (in  joy  of 
strength},  1717;  so,  1 888. — Comp. : 
e"$el-,  hord-,  lif-,  lyft-,  symbel-wyn. 

\vyn-leds,  adj.,  joyless :  ace.  sg. 
wyn-leasne  wudu,  1417;  wyn-leas 
wic,  822. 

wyn-svim,  adj.,  winsome,  pleasant  : 
ace.  sg.  wudu  wyn-suman  (the 
ship},  1920;  nom.  pi.  word  wa^ron 
wyn-sume,  613. 

\vyrcan,  v.  irreg. :  i)  to  do,  effect, 
w.  ace. :  inf.  (wundor)  wyrcan, 
931.  —  2)  to  make,  create,  w.  ace. : 
pret.  sg.  hat  se  al-mihtiga  eorftan 
worh[te],  92;  swa  hine  (the  hel- 
met} worhte  wospna  smi'S,  1453. — • 
3)  to  gain,  win,  acquire,  w.  gen.  : 
subj. pres.  wyrce,  se  \>e  mote,  domes 
zer  deaSe,  1388. 

be- wyrcan,  to  gird,  stirround : 
pret.  pi.  bronda  betost  wealle  be- 
vvorhton,  3163. 

ge-wyrcan:  i)  intrans.,  to  act,  be- 
have :  inf.  swd  sceal  geong  guma 
gode  gewyrcean  ...  on  fader  wine, 


316 


GLOSSARY. 


£>at  .  .  .  (a  young  man  shall  so  act 
•with  benefits  towards  his  father's 
friends  that .  .  .),  20.  —  2)  vv.  ace., 
to  do,  make,  effect,  perform-:  inf. 
ne  meahte  ic  at  hilde  mid  Hrun- 
tinge  wiht  ge  -  wyrcan,  1661  ; 
sweorde  ne  meahte  on  >am  aglre- 
can  .  .  .  wunde  ge-wyrcean,  2907 ; 
pret.  sg.  ge-vvorhte,  636,  1579, 
2713;  pret.  part.  ace.  ic  >a  leode 
wat  .  .  .  faste  ge-worhte.  1865. — 
3)  to  make,  constriict :  inf.  (medo- 
arn)  ge-wyrcean,  69;  (wig-bord) 
ge-wyrcean,  2338 ;  (hlsew)  ge- 
wyrcean,  2803;  pret.  pi.  II.  ge- 
worhton,  3097;  III.  ge-worhton, 
3158;  pret.  part,  ge-worht,  1697. 
—  4)  to  win,  acquire :  pres.  sg.  ic 
me  mid  Hruntinge  dom  ge-wyrce, 
1492. 

Wyrd,  st.  f.,  Weird  (one  of  the 
Norns,  guide  of  human  destiny; 
mostly  weakened  down  — -fate, 
providence)  :  nom.  sg.,  455,  477, 
572,  735,  1206,  2421,  2527,  2575, 
2815;  ace.  sg.  wyrd,  1057,  1234; 
gen.  pi.  wyrda,  3031.  (Cf.  Weird 
Sisters  of  Macbeth.) 

wyrdan,  w.-  v.,  to  ruin,  kill,  de- 
stroy:  pret.  sg.  he  to  lange  leode 
mine  wanode  and  wyrde,  1338. 

&-  wyrd  an,  w.  v.,  to  destroy,  kill: 
pret.  part. :  a'Seling  mon-ig  wun- 
dum  a"-wyrded,  1114. 

wyrffe,  adj.,  noble;  worthy,  honored, 
valued :  ace.  sg.  m.  wyrftne  (ge- 
don)  (to  esteem  worthy),  2186; 
nom.  pi.  wyrfte,  368;  compar.  nom. 
sg.  rices  wyrftra  (worthier  of  rule}, 
862.  —  Comp.  fyrd-wyrfte.  See 
\veor91. 

wyrgen,  st,  f.,  throttler  [cf.  sphinx], 
she-wolf:  in  comp,  grund- wyr- 
gen, 


ge-wyrht,  st.  n.,  work ;  desert :  in 
comp.  eald-gevvyrht,  2658. 

wyrm,  st.  m.,  worm,  dragon,  drake  : 
nom.  sg.,  898,  2288,  2344,  2568, 
2630,  2670,  2746,  2828;  ace.  sg. 
wyrm,  887,  892,  2706,  3040,  3133; 
dat.  sg.  wyrme,  2308*,  2520;  gen. 
Wynnes,  2317,  2349,  2760,  2772, 
29°3»  acc-  pl-  wyrmas,  1431. 

wyrm-cyn,  st.  m.,  worm-kin,  race 
of  reptiles,  dragons  :  gen.  sg.  wyrm- 
cynnes  fela,  1426. 

wyrm-fah,  adj.,  dragon-ornament- 
ed, snake -adorned  (ornamented 
with  figures  of  dragons,  snakes, 
etc. :  cf.  Dietrich  in  Germania  X., 
278)  :  nom.  sg.  sweord  .  .  .  wreo- 
•Sen-hilt  and  wyrm-fah,  1699. 

wyrm-hord,  st.  n.,  dragon-hoard  : 
gen.  pi.  wyrm-horda,  2223. 

for- wyrnan,  w.  v.,  to  refuse,  re- 
ject: subj.  pres.  II.  J>at  bu  me  n6 
for-wyrne,  >at  .  .  .  {that  thou  re- 
fuse me  not  that .  .  .),  429;  pret. 
sg.  he  ne  for-wyrnde  worold-rre- 
denue,  1143. 

ge-Tvyrpaii,  w.  v.  reflex.,  to  raise 
one's  self,  spring  ttp  :  pret.  sg.  he 
hyne  ge-wyrpte,  2977. 

wyrpe,  st.  m.,  change :  -ace.  sg. 
after  wea-spelle  wyrpe  ge-fremman 
(after  the  woe-spell  to  bring  abotit 
a  change  of  things),  1316. 

wyrsa,  compar.  adj.,  worse:,  ace. 
sg.  neut.  )>at  wyrse,  1740;  instr. 
Sg.  wyrsan  wrixle,  2970;  gen.  sg. 
wyrsan  ge^mges,  525;  nom.  ace. 
pi.  wyrsan  wig-frecan,  1213,  2497. 

\vyrt,  st.  f.,  \_-wor f\,  root:  instr.  pi. 
wudu  wyrtum  fast,  1365. 

wyscan,  w.  v.,  to  wish,  desire :  pret. 
sg.  wiscte  (rihde,  MS.)  J?as  yldan 
(wished  to  delay  that  or  for  this 
reason),  2240, 


GLOSSARY. 


317 


yfel,  st.  n.,  evil :  gen.  pi.  yfla,  2095. 

yldan,  w.  v.,  to  delay,  put  off :  inf. 
ne  j^at  se  aglseca  yldan  }?6hte,  740; 
weard  wine-geomor  wiscte  )>as  yl- 
dan, J?at  he  lytel  fac  long-gestreona 
brucan  moste,  2240. 

ylde,  st.  m.  pi.,  men  :  dat.  pi.  yldum, 
77,  706,  2118;  gen.  pi.  ylda,  150, 
606,  1662.  See  elde. 

yldest.    .See  eald. 

yldo,  st.  f.,  age  (senectus},  old  age  : 
nom.  sg.,  1737,  1887;  atol  yldo, 
1767;  dat.  sg.  on  ylde,  22.  —  2)  age 
(aetas},  time,  era  :  gen.  sg.  yldo 
beam,  70.  See  eldo. 

yldra.     See  eald. 

ylf,  st.  n.,  elf  (incubus,  alp}  :  nom. 
pi.  ylfe,  112. 

ymb,  prep.  w.  ace. :  i)  local,  arotind, 
about,  at,  upon  :  ymb  hine  (around, 
with,  him},  399.  With  prep,  post- 
poned: hine  ymb,  6905  ymb  bront- 
ne  ford  (around  the  seas,  on  the 
high  sea},  568;  ymb  >i  gif-healle 
(around  the  gift-hall,  throne-hall), 
839;  ymb  )?as  helmes  hrof  (around 
the  helm's  roof,  crown},  1031. — 
2)  temporal,  about,  after:  ymb  dn- 
•tid  6'Sres  dogores  (about  the  same 
time  the  next  day},  219;  ymb  ane 
niht  (after  a  night},  135.  — 3) 
causa],  abottt,  on  account  of,  for, 
owing  to  :  (frinan)  ymb  J>inne  si'S 
(on  account  of,  concerning!',  thy 
journey},  353;  hwa't  jm  .  .  .  ymb 
Brecan  spnece  (hast  spoken  about 
B.},  531;  so,  1596,3174;  na-ymb 
his  lif  ceava'S  (careth  not  for  his 
life},  1537;  so,  450;  ymb  feorh 
sacan,  439;  sundor-nytte  beheold 
ymb  aldor  Dena,  669;  ymb  sund 
(abotit  the  swimming,  the  prize  for 
swimming},  507. 


ymbe,  I.  prep.  w.  ace.  =  ymb:  i) 
local,  2884,  3171;  hloew  oft  ymbe 
hwearf  (prep,  postponed),  2297. 
2)  causal,  2071,  2619.  —  II.  adv., 
around ' :  him  .  .  .  ymbe,  2598. 

ymb-sitteiid,  pres.  part.,  neighbor  : 
gen.  pi.  ymb-sittendra,  9. 

ymbe-sittend,  the  same:  nom. 
pi.  ymbe-sittend,  1828;  gen.  pi. 
ymbe-sittendra,  2735. 

yppe,  w.  f.,  high  seat,  dais,  throne  : 
dat.  sg.  code  ...  to  yppan,  1816. 

yrfe,  st.  n.,  bequest,  legacy  :  nom.  sg., 
3052- 

yrfe-laf,  st.  f.,  sword  left  as  a  be- 
quest:  ace.  sg.  yrfe-lSfe,  1054;' 
instr.  sg.  yrfe-lafe,  1904. 

yrfe-weard,  st.  m.,  heir,  son  :  nom. 
sg.,  2732;  gen.  sg.  yrfe-weardes, 

2454- 

yrmffo,  st.  f.,  misery,  shame,  wretch- 
edness :  ace.  sg.  yrirT<5e,  1260,  2006. 
yrre,  st.  m.,  anger,  ire,  excitement : 

ace.  sg.  godes  yrre,  712;   dat.  sg. 

on  yrre,  2093. 
yrre,   adj.,    angry,   irate,  furiotts  : 

nom.    sg.   yrre   oretta  (Beowulf), 

r533;  J'egn  yrre  (the  same),  1576; 

ga'st  yrre  (Grendel),  2074;   nom. 

pi.  yrre,  770.     See  eorre. 
yrriuga,  adv.,  angrily,  fiercely,  1566, 

2965. 
yrre-m6d,    adj.,   ^wrathful-minded, 

wild :  nom.  sg.,  727. 
ys,  he  is.     See  wesan. 


y9"  (O.H.G.  unda),  st.  f.,  wave; sea  : 
nom.  pi.  £&v,  548;  ace.  pi.  y^c, 
46,  1133,  1910;  dat.  pi.  fSum,  210, 
421,  534,  1438,  1908;  y5um  weal- 
Ian  (to  surge  with  waves},  515, 
.2694;  gen.  pi.  y5a,  464,  849,  1209, 


318 


GLOSSARY. 


1470,  1919.  —  Comp:  fiod-,  lig-, 
water-y<5. 

yftan,  w.  v.,  to  ravage,  devastate,  de- 
stroy :  pret.  sg.  yftde  eotena  cyn, 
421  (cf.  i'Sende  =  depopulating, 
Bosworth,  from  yElfric's  Glossary; 
pret.  yKde,  Wanderer,  85). 

yffe.     See  eaffe. 

5'ffe-lice,  adv.,  easily :  ySe-lice  he 
eft  a-stod  (he  easily  arose  after- 
wards}, 1557. 

yfr-gebland,  st.  n.,  mingling  or 
surging  waters,  "water  -  tumult  : 
nom.  sg.  -geblond,  1374,  1594; 
nom.  pi.  -gebland,  1621. 

y-ff-gewin,  st.  n.,  strife  with  the  sea, 
wave-struggle,  rushing  of  water  : 
dat.  sg.  y'ft-gewinne,  2413;  gen. 
sg.  -gewinnes,  1435. 


yitf-ltld,  st.  f.,  water-journey,  sea- 
voyage :  nom.  pi.  y5'-lade,  228. 

yff-laf,  st.  f.,  wafer-leaving,  what  is 
left  by  the  water  (undaru/n  reli- 
quiae], shore  :  dat.  sg.  be  yS-lafe, 
566. 

y9'-lida,  w.  m.,wave-traverscr,ship: 
ace.  sg.  y'5-lidan,  198. 

yft-naca,  w.  m.,  sea-boat:  ace.  sg. 
[y5-]nacan,  1904. 

yff-gesene.    See  eff-gesyne. 

ywan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  show :  pret. 
sg.  an-syn  ywde  (slaved  itself,  ap- 
peared}, 2835.  See  ed\van,  co- 
wan. 

ge-y\van,  w.  ace.  of  thing,  dat.  of 
pers.,  to  lay  before,  offer :  inf., 
2150. 


GLOSSARY   TO   FINNSBURH. 


al>recan,  st.  v.,  to  shatter :  part,  his 
byrne  Sbrocen  wsere  (hisbyrnewas 
shattered}. 

anyman,  st.  v.,  to  take,  take  away. 

ban-helm,  st.  m.,  bone-hebnet ' ;  skull, 
[shield,  Bosw,]. 

buruh-)?elvi,  st.  f.,  castle-floor, 

celod,  part,  (adj.?),  keeled,  i.e.  boat- 
shaped  or  hollow. 

dagian,  w.  v.,  to  dawn  :  ne  ]>is  ne 
dagia'S  eastan  (this  is  not  dawning 
from  the  east}. 

deor-mod,  adj.,  brave  in  mood: 
deor-mod  hale«. 

driht-gesi9",  st.  m.,  companion, 
associate. 

friistan,  adv.,  from  /he  east. 

eorft-buend,  st.  m.,  earth-dweller, 
man. 


fer,  st.  v&.,fcar,  terror. 

f>rren,  adj.,  flaming,  afire:  nom.  f. 
swylce  eal  Finns -buruh  fyrerm 
woere  (as  if  all  finnsburh  were 
afire}. 

gehlyn,  st.  n.,  noise,  tumult. 

gellan,  st.  v.,  to  sing  (i.e.  ring  or 
resound)  :  pres.  sg.  gylleS  grrcg- 
hama  (the  gray  garment  [byrne] 
rings}. 

geuesan,  st.  v.,  to  survive,  recover 
from :  pret.  pi.  \>&  wigend  hyra 
wunda  genseson  (the  warriors  were 
recovering  from  their  wounds} . 

gold-hladen,  adj.,  laden  with  gold 
(wearing  heavy  gold  ornaments). 

graeg- hama,  w.  m.,  gray  garment, 
mail-coat. 

guU-wudu,  st.  m.,  war-wood,  spear. 


GLOSSARY. 


319 


hag-steald,  st.  m.,  one  who  lives  in 

his  lord^s  house,  a  house-carl. 
heaffo-geong,  adj.,  young  in  war. 
liere-sceorp,  st.  n.,  war-dress,  coat 

of  mail. 
hleoffrian,  w.  v.,  to  speak,  exclaim  : 

pret.  sg.  hleoftrode  .  .  .  cyning  (the 

prince  exclaimed}. 
hraew,  st.  n.,  corpse. 
hrOr,  adj.,  strong:  here-sceorpum 

hror   (strong  [though  it  was]   as 

armor,  Bosvv.). 
lac  (I:iff?)?. 
oiioweffan,  st.  v.,  to  answer  :  pres. 

sg.  scyld  scefte  oncwy'S  (the  shield 

answers  the  spear}. 
oiivvacniaii,  w.  v.,  to  aivake,  arouse 

one's  self :  imper.  pi.  onwacnigeat) 

.  .  ..,   wigend    mine    (awake,   my 

warriors  /). 

sccft  (sceaft),  st.  m.,  spear,  shaft. 
sealo-.briin,  adj.,  dusky-brown. 
•sige-beorn,  st.  m.,  victorious  hero, 

valiant  warrior. 
switffer  (swa  hwafter),  pron.,?tV/zV/$ 

of  two,  which. 


swan,  st.  m.,  swain,  youth;  war- 
rior. 

sweart,  adj.,  swart,  black. 

swet,  adj.,  sweet:  ace.  m.  swStne 
medo  .  .  .  forgyldan  {requite  the 
siveet  mead,  i.e.  repay,  by  prowess 
in  battle,  the  bounty  of  their  chief). 

swurd-leoma,  st.  m.,  sword-flame, 
flashing  of  swords. 

]>yrl,  o-d.].,  pierced,  cloven. 

undearnlnga,  adv.,  without  con- 
cealment, openly. 

wandfian,  w.  v.,  to  fly  about,  hover  : 
pret.  sg.  hrafn  wandrode  (the  raven 
hovered} . 

waffol,  st.  m.,  the  full  moon  [Grein] ; 
[adj.,  wandering,  Bosw.]. 

wal-sliht  (-sleaht),  st.  m.,  combat, 
deadly  struggle :  gen.  pi.  wal- 
slihta  gehlyn  (the  din  of  combats). 

wea-daed,  st.  f.,  deed  of  woe :  nom. 
pi.  arisa^  wea-da^da. 

witian  (wcotian),  w.  v.,  to  appoint, 
determine  :  part,  be  is  ...  witod. 

wurfflice  (vveorfflice),  adv.,  wor- 
thily,gallantly :  compar.  wur'S-licor. 


English  Literature. 

(For  explanation  of  prices }  see  first  inside  page  of  cover?) 

Arnold's  English  Literature. 

HISTORICAL  AND  CRITICAL  :  With  an  Appendix  on  English  Metres,  and 
summaries  of  the  different  literary  periods.  By  THOMAS  ARNOLD,  M.A., 
of  University  College,  Oxford.  American  edition.  Revised.  I2mo. 
Cloth.  558  pages.  Mailing  price,  $1.65;  Introduction  (with  or  without 
pamphlet),  $1.30.  Exchange,  75  cts.  The  Anglo- Saxon  and  Norman 

Periods  have  just  been  republished,  from  the  fourth  revised  English 
edition,  and  can  be  furnished  in  paper  binding.  Mailing  price,  30  cts. ; 
Introduction  price,  24  cts. 

The  high  esteem  in  which  the  great  teacher  and  author,  Dr. 
ARNOLD,  is  held  by  the  educational  profession  in  America  ought 
to  predispose  us  to  a  cordial  reception  of  any  book  written  by 
his  son.  THOMAS  ARNOLD  inherits  with  his  father's  name  the 
sympathetic  regard  of  thousands.  He  is  well  known  as  a  scholar 
and  as  the  author  of  several  excellent  books,  among  which  is  the 
notable  work  entitled  "  From  Chaucer  to  Wordsworth,11  which  ranks 
very  high  among  essays  in  literary  criticism. 

The  topics  of  the  Historical  chapters  of  his  ENGLISH  LITERATURE 
are  as  follows :  Anglo-Saxon  and  Norman  Period ;  Early  English 
Period  ;  Revival  of  Learning ;  Elizabethan  Period  ;  Civil  War  Period  ; 
Eighteenth  Century  ;  Modern  Times.  The  first  chapter  of  the  crit- 
ical section  relates  to  poetical  compositions ;  the  second  chapter  to 
prose  writings. 

A  distinguished  English  educator  says  :  "  In  the  Historical  por- 
tion of  the  book  I  know  not  which  to  admire  most,  the  happy  art 
with  which  the  dry  facts  of  dates  and  names  are  woven  into  lucid, 
readai'e  paragraphs,  full  of  instruction,  or  the  easy  intelligence  with 
which  the  leading  characteristics  of  the  more  important  writers  are 
brought  before  the  reader.  In  the  Critical  section  the  author  is  still 
more  at  home.  The  various  styles  of  prose  and  verse  are  fully  de- 


GINN,  HEATH,   &    CO? S  PUBLICATIONS. 


scribed ;  and  this  section,  as  well  as  the  Historical,  is  illustrated  by 
hundreds  of  well-chosen  quotations.  In  an  Appendix,  a  very  useiui 
account  of  English  Metres  is  given,  a  subject  I  do  not  remember 
seeing  treated  with  the  same  fulness  in  any  other  book  of  the  kind.1" 
Mr.  ARNOLD  has  selected  and  arranged  his  material  with  system 
and  symmetry.  Only  the  most  important  facts  about  authors  and 
books  are  stated.  Minor  writers  are  not  mentioned.  Reasonable 
expansion  is  rightly  given  to  such  topics  as  Chaucer,  Spenser,  Bacon, 
and  Shakespeare.  The  student  of  this  manual  will  receive  just 
impressions  of  the  relative  value  of  names  and  books,  as  well  as  po- 
litical and  religious  influences.  Indeed,  the  adjustment  and  arrange- 
ment of  material  is  managed  with  wonderful  dexterity  and  analytic 
clearness. 


T.  H.  Kimpton,  Prof,  of  Eng. 
Lit.,  Boston  Univ. :  I  consider  it  the 
best  book  for  class  use  that  has  yet 
been  issued. 

E.  H.  Griffin,  Prof,  of  Eng.  Lit., 
Williams  Coll. :  I  introduced  it  here 
several  years  ago,  thinking,  after  a  care- 
ful examination  of  the  various  text- 
books, that  it  was,  on  the  whole,  the 
best.  This  is  still  my  opinion. 

M.  H.  Richards,  Prof,  of  Eng. 
Lit.,  Muhlenburgh  Coll.,  Pa.:  I  have 
used  it  and  am  well  satisfied  with  the 
results.  I  do  not  know  of  any  Manual 
that  is  better  for  the  length  of  time 
which  we  have  to  devote  to  the  sub- 
ject, or  which  more  clearly  presents 
and  more  judiciously  selects  for  presen- 
tation its  subject-matter. 

E.  N,  Potter,  Prcs.  of  Union 
Coll. :  The  book  abounds  in  striking 
passages  of  clear,  fresh,  and  original 
thought  upon  a  hackneyed  subject. 

J.  Isham  Bliss,  Prof,  of  Rhet., 
Univ.  of  Vermont:  I  know  of  no 
Manual  of  English  Literature  so  useful 
as  a  text-book  for  College  classes. 


H.  H.  Morgan,  Prin.  of  High 
Sch.,  St.  Louis:  I  should  most  fully 
recommend  it  to  any  one  whose  interest 
in  literature  was  that  of  the  student; 
for  he  would  find  much  which  could 
otherwise  be  obtained  only  by  extensive 
reading.  Recognizing  the  responsibili- 
ties of  the  historian,  the  author  has  not 
written  before  he  has  acquainted  him- 
self at  first  hand  with  his  subjects. 

E.  L.  Hurd,  Pres.  of  Blackburn 
Univ. :  After  testing  it  in  this  Univer- 
sity for  two  years,  I  know  no  other 
book  which  so  nearly  meets  the  want. 

T.  C.  Lowe,  B.A.,  Prin.  of 
Hamstead  Hill  Sch.,  Birmingham, 
Eng.:  For  clearness  of  exposition, 
simplicity  of  arrangement,  and  fulness 
of  information,  it  ought  to  be  specially 
recommended  to  students. 

John  M.  Ellis,  Prof,  of  Eng.  Lit., 
Obcrlin  Coll.,  Ohio  :  An  excellent  trea- 
tise and  well  adapted  for  the  use  of 
classes  in  High  schools  and  colleges. 
I  believe  the  book  is  doing,  and  will  do, 
much  to  promote  this  important  study. 

D.  S.  Stephens,  Prof,  of  Eng.  Lit., 
Adrian  Coll.,  Mich. :  It  is  still  in  use 
here,  and  gives  good  satisfaction. 
(March  7,  1882.) 


ENGLISH  LITER  A  TURE. 


The  following  Colleges  are  already  using  the  book : 


Yale  College,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Amherst  College,  Mass. 

Williams  College,  Mass. 

Boston  University,  Mass. 

University  of  Vermont. 

St.  Lawrence  University,  N.Y. 

Muhlenburg  College,  Pa. 

Franklin  and  Marshall  College,  Pa. 

Ohio  Wesleyan.  University. 

Otterbein  University,  Ohio.  ' 

S.W.  Presbyt.  Univ.,  Clarksville,  Tenn 


Bethel  College,  Ky. 

Kentucky  University,  Lexington. 

University  of  Missouri. 

University  of  Va. 

Simpson  Centenary  College,  la. 

Iowa  College,  Grinnell,  la. 

Chicago  University,  111. 

Blackburn  University,  111. 

Northwestern  University,  111. 

Adrian  College,  Mich. 

S.W.  Baptist  Univ.,  Jackson,  Tenn. 


Also  used  in  numerous  High  Schools,  Normal  Schools,  and  Seminaries. 


Craik's  English  of  Shakespeare. 

Illustrated  in  a  Philological  Commentary  on  Julius  Caesar.  By  GEORGE 
L.  CRAIK,  Queen's  College,  Belfast.  Edited  from  the  third  revised 
London  edition  by  W.  J.  ROLFE,  Cambridge,  Mass.  i6mo.  Cloth. 
386  pages.  Mailing  price,  $1.00;  Introduction,  90  cts. 

In  this  volume  Mr.  Craik  gives  an  exposition  in  regard  both  to 
the  language  or  style  of  Shakespeare,  and  to  the  English  language 
generally.  He  believes  the  text  to  be  more  nearly  authentic  than 
any  that  has  yet  appeared.  The  only  kind  of  criticism  which'  this 
Commentary  on  the  Play  attempts,  is  what  is  called  verbal  criticism. 
Its  whole  aim,  in  so  far  as  it  relates  to  the  particular  work  to  which 
it  is  attached,  is,  as  far  as  may  be  done,  first,  to  determine  the  text; 
secondly,  to  explain  what  Shakespeare  really  wrote,  and  how  what 
he  has  written  is  to  be  read  and  construed. 

The  PROLEGOMENA  treats  of— 

1.  Shakespeare *s  Personal  History. 

2.  SJiakesp carets  IVo^rks. 

3.  The  Sources  for  the  Text  of  Shakespeare"1  s  Plays. 

4.  The  SJiakespearian  Editors  and  Commentators. 

5.  The  Modern  Shakespearian  Texts. 

6.  The  Mechanism  of  English    Verse,  and  the  Prosody  of  the 

Plays  of  Shakespeare. 

7.  Shake  sp  ear  e^s  Julius  Ccssar, 


GINN,   HEATH,   £r>    COSS  PUBLICATIONS. 


Carpenter's  Anglo-Saxon  Grammar  and  Reader. 

An  Introduction  to  the  study  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Language,  comprising 
an  I^lementary  Grammar  and  carefully  graded  Selections  for  Reading, 
followed  by  Explanatory  Notes  and  a  Vocabulary.  By  STEPHEN  H. 
CARPENTER,  late  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  English  Literature  in  the 
University  of  Wisconsin.  121110.  Cloth.  212  pages.  Mailing  price, 
80  cts.;  Introduction,  60  cts. 

"  This  book  is  designed  rather  to  prepare  the  way  for  more  ad- 
vanced works  like  those  of  Dr.  March,  than  to  supersede  or  come 
into  competition  with  them.  The  Anglo-Saxon,  from  its  great  age, 
its  wonderful  continuity  of  development,  and  the  opportunity  afford- 
ed for  illustration  by  kindred  dialects,  offers  a  tempting  field  to  the 
student  of  Comparative  Philology.  In  order  to  advantageously  cul- 
tivate this  field,  a  certain  amount  of  preparation  is  indispensable ; 
and  such  preparation  it  is  the  aim  of  this  book  to  afford. 

Carpenter's  English  of  the  XIV.  Century. 

Illustrated  by  Notes,  Grammatical  and  Philological,  on  Chaucer's  Pro- 
logue and  Knight's  Tale.  By  STEPHEN  II.  CARPENTER,  late  Professor 
of  Rhetoric  and  English  Literature  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
I2mo.  Cloth.  313  pages.  Mailing  price,  $1.00;  Introduction,  90  cts. 

Prepared  with  the  design  of  affording  the  means  of  a  critical 
study  of  early  English,  to  a  younger  class  of  pupils  than  have 
hitherto  been  able  to  pursue  it  profitably ;  and,  as  it  is  only  from  a 
careful  study  of  literature  that  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  a  lan- 
guage can  be  gained,  the  work  is  also  intended  to  serve  as  an  intro- 
duction to  the  study  of  English  Literature. 


F.  A. March,  Prof,  of  Anglo-Saxon, 
Lafayette  Coll. :  It  has  a  great  deal  of 
good  work  in  it.  Surely  any  College 
or  good  High  School  class  can  read 
Chaucer  with  ease  and  interest  from 
this  volume. 

The  Nation :  The  Notes  are  the 
special  merit  of  the  book.  They  are 
not  merely  explanatory,  but  discuss  the 
words  at  liberal  length,  telling  us  in- 
teresting facts  about  the  derivation, 
changes  of  meaning,  historical  sugges- 
tions, and  the  like,  of  the  words  in 


Chaucer  and  any  of  their  kindred. 
There  is  a  great  deal  of  good  work  in 
them.  There  are  also  frequent  expla- 
nations of  obscure  idioms  and  other 
grammatical  matters  by  references  to 
the  Anglo-Saxon.  Students  who  know- 
little  literature  and  less  philology,  and 
who  will  nofgive  their  days,  much  less 
their  nights,  to  the  study  of  scientific 
grammars  and  dictionaries,  may  here 
find  plenty  of  attractive  philological 
matter  served  up  in  such  a  way  as  to 
tempt  their  taste  without  much  tasking 
their  patience. 


Announcements  of  New  Books. 


English  Literature. 


Library  of  Anglo-Saxon  Poetry. 

Prof.  James  A.  Harrison  of  Washington  and  Lee  University, 
Va.,  has  nearly  completed  his  arrangements  with  prominent 
Anglo-Saxon  scholars  for  the  issue  of  select  annotated  Anglo- 
Saxon  texts,  with  notes  and  glossaries,  for  the  use  of  students 
in  American  universities  and  colleges.  Among  the  associated 
editors  are  Prof.  March  of  Lafayette  College,  Prof.  Price  of  Col- 
umbia College,  Prof.  Sharp  of  the  University  of  Louisiana,  and 
Prof.  Baskervill  of  Vanderbilt  University. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Prof.  R.  P.  Wiilcker,  editor  of 
Grein's  Bibliothek,  the  American  editors  are  the  sole  persons 
authorized  to  reproduce  Wiilcker's  revised  Grein  in  this  country. 

Beowulf,  by  the  editor-in-chief  and  Prof.  Sharp,  is  nearly 
ready.  The  other  editorial  details  will  be  arranged  shortly. 
Efforts  will  be  made  to  select  representative  poems  (complete), 
and  to  print  them  in  such  a  form  as  to  make  them  easily 
accessible.  Among  other  things,  the  Library  will  embrace 
Zupitza's  edition  of  Elene,  Csedmon's  Genesis,  and  probably 
Grimm's  Andreas, 


226 


ENGLISH  LITER  A  TURE. 


The  Glossary  to  Beowulf,  the  text  of  which  was  pub- 
lished in  July  last,  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  ready  by  April  15. 


The  Academy,  London :  We  are 
glad  to  see  this  additional  witness  to  the 
interest  taken  in  the  study  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  in  America.  It  contrasts  most 
happily  with  the  apathy  here,  where  all 
publishers  think  that  "Anglo-Saxon 
doesn't  pay,"  and  would  as  soon  under- 
take an  Urdu  library  as  an  Anglo- 


Saxon  one.  Yet,  surely,  a  volume  of 
Modern  English  translations  of  our 
best  Anglo-Saxon  pieces  would  pay  in 
one  of  Bohn's  libraries.  There  must 
be  enough  students  of  English  litera- 
ture who  desire  to  know  what  its  earli- 
est writers  thought  and  said. 
(March  17,  1883.) 


Two  Shakespeare  Examinations. 

With  some  Remarks  on  the  "Class-Room  Study  of  Shakespeare."  By 
WILLIAM  TAYLOR  THOM,  M.A.,  Professor  of  English  in  Hollins  Insti- 
tute, Va. 

The  aim  of  this  little  book  is  practical,  —  the  book  itself 
being  the  direct  outgrowth  of  class-room  work.  The  examina- 
tions were  held  at  Hollins  Institute,  —  in  1881  on  Ha mlet,  in 
1882  on  Macbeth,  —  for  the  annual  prize  offered  by  the  New 
Shakspere  Society  of  England.  The  "  Remarks  on  the  Class- 
Room  Study  of  Shakespeare  "  are  in  the  nature  of  an  essay  on 
the  limitations  of  teaching  and  studying  Shakespeare  in  schools, 
and  they  contain  suggestions  of  method,  as  well  as  some  notes 
on  text-books.  It  is  hoped  that  the  book  will  prove  of  especial 
value  to.  teachers  who  must  do  their  work  on  Shakespeare  within 
prescribed  limits  of  time,  and  without  advantages  of  access  to 
good  libraries ;  and,  also,  to  young  persons  studying  alone. 


History  Topics. 


PART  I. :  Dynastic  and  Territorial  History  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Times.  PART  II. :  History  of  the  United  States.  With  an  Introduc- 
tion upon  the  Topical  Method  of  Instruction  in  History.  P>y  WILLIAM 
FRANCIS  ALLEN,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 

\_Rcady  in  July. 


- 


Beowulf.  PR 

1580