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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY,
EDITED BY
WiILkLAM LUTEEY SCLATER, M-A., 1227.8.
= = — L
a
VOL. I; 2900: f/zgssonian Insity
to
ELEVENTH SERIES. @ 24q5577 )
He prayeth well, who loveth well W
Both man and bird and beast. #fional Museu: 7
—CNal Musev™—
PUBLISHED BY THE
BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
AND SOLD BY
WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND,
LONDON, W.C.2.
Loo,
i
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF
‘THE IBIS’ FOR 1919.
ELEVENTH SERIES.
VOLUME I.
Number 1. issued January 8th.
April ord.
July Ist
October 25rd.
3) 99
29 bd
H OF bo
9)
[An
LIST OF THE MEMBERS
OF THE
BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION,
LOT:
asterisk indicates an Original Member. It is particularly requested that
Members should give notice to the Secretary of the Union of any error in their
addresses or descriptions in this List, in order that it may be corrected. |
Date of
Election.
1916.
1914.
TOW:
1888.
1919.
1896.
1919.
1896.
1901.
1915.
1901.
1908.
1918.
1897.
SER,
Apams, Ernest Enwarp; Lloyd’s, Royal Exchange, E.C. 3.
AtpwortH, Capt. THomas Preston, D.S.0., 3rd Battn.,
West Kent Regt., Mesopotamia.
ALEXANDER, Horace Gunpry; 3 Mayfield Road, ‘lunbridge
Wells, Kent.
Artin, Ortver Vernon; Stonehill House, Bloxham, Oxon.
ARrcHER, GrorrreY Francrs, C.M.C.; Government House,
Berbera, Somaliland.
ArRcHIBALD, CHartes F.; 2 Darnley Road, West Park,
Leeds, Yorks.
Arnotp, Epwin Carterton ; The College, Eastbourne.
ARRIGONI DEGLI Opp1, Count Errorn, Professor of Zoology,
University, Padua; and Ca’oddo, Monselice, Padua, Italy.
ArunvEL, Major Watrer B., F.Z.8.; High Ackworth, Ponte-
fract, Yorks.
Asusy, Epwin ; Wittunga, Blackwood, Adelaide, 8. Australia.
Asupy, Hersert; Broadway House, Brookvale Road,
Southampton.
AsnwortH, Joun Wattwork, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R:GS.,
F.G.S.; Thorne Bank, Heaton Moor, near Stockport,
Cheshire.
Astiey, Arraur; Freshfield, Ambleside.
Asttey, Huserr Deravar, M.A., F.Z.S.; Brinsop Court,
Hereford.
XI,— VOL. I, a
vi
Date of
Election.
15 1919. Backnousn, Toomas Porter; Trinity College, Cambridge.
1901. Barzrwarp, Col. Arraur Caurcuitt, F.Z.S. (R.F.A.) ;
64 Victoria Street, S.W. 1.
1892. Baxer, E. C. Stuarr, J.P., F.Z.S., F.L.S.; 6 Harcld Road,
Upper Norwood, 8.E. 19. (Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.)
1901. Baxsr, Joun C., M.B., B.A. ; Ceely House, Aylesbury, Bucks.
1906. Bannerman, Davin A., M.B.K., B.A., F.R.G.S.; 6 Palace
Gardens l'errace, Kensington, W.8; and British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, S.W. 7. ;
201890. Barciay, Francis Hunert, F.Z.8.; The Warren, Cromer,
Norfolk.
1885. Barcnay, Hue Gurney, F.Z.8.; Colney Hall, Norwich,
Norfolk.
1903, Barrens, Max.; Pasir Datar, Halte Tjisaat (Preanger), Java,
Dutch East Indies.
1906. Bares, Goren L., C.M.Z.S.; Bitye, vid Yaunde, Cameroon,
West Africa.
1913. Baynes, Grorer Kennetu; 120 Warwick Street, S.W. 1.
25 1912. Breese, Wittram, C.M.Z.S.; Tropical Research Station of
the New York Zoological Society, Katabo, Bartica
District, British Guiana.
1910. Brnsron, Harry; Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants.
1897. Benson, Jounn.’
1897. Berry, Winer, B.A., LL.B.; Tayfield, Newport, Fifeshire.
1917. Brrrram-Jones, Jounn Witttam ; Kelvedon Hall, Brentwood,
Essex.
3° 1914. Bernam, Brigadier-General Rosurr M.; c/o Messrs. Grindlay
& Co., Hornby Road, Bombay, India.
1907. Brernect, The Hon. Ricnarp, F.Z.S. (Scots Guards); 18 Lower
Seymour Street, W. 1.
1907. Bickerton, Wittiam, ¥.Z.S.; Kingsmuir, 21 Oxley Road,
Watford, Herts.
1880. Browert, Epwarp; 1 Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street,
E.C. 4.
1919. Breerr, Capt. Witttam Kenneru, M.C., R.A.M.C.; The
Croft, Mitcham, Surrey.
35 1892. Brrp, The Rev. Mavrice C. H., M.A.; Brunstead Rectory,
Stalham, 8.0., Norfolk.
189]. Braacw, Frans Ernst, C,M.Z.S.; Gooilust, ‘sGraveland,
Hilversum, Noord-Holland.
40
215)
Date of
Election.
1913.
LOTS:
1903,
1914.
1906.
1904,
1908.
1918.
1915.
1895.
1909.
1902,
1919.
1908.
1899,
1912.
1900.
1907.
Brackwoop, Lt. Grorer GrENDINNING, M,C, (Seaforth High-
landers); 4 Rosewood Terrace, Dundee, N.B.
Brarne, Capt. Girperr, F.Z.S.- 5a The Albany, Piceadilly,
MWirwlk
Buaruwayr, ‘the Rev. Francis Lintry, M.A.; Melbury
Rectory, Dorchester, Dorset.
Buyru, Roserr Oswatp, M.A.; Balvonie, Skelmorlie,
Ayrshire,
. Bonar, The Rev. Horaivs Nintay, F.Z.8S.; 16 Cumin Place,
Edinburgh.
. Bons, Henry Perrrs.
- Bonnorn, Jonn Lewis, MAS BUS. ELZ,.S: : Zoological
Gardens, Giza, Egypt ; and Gade Spring Lodge, Hemel
Hempstead, Herts.
Boorman, Starnes; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey.
Boorn, Harry B., F.Z.8. ; Rybill, Ben Rhydding, vid Leeds,
Yorks,
Borrer, Crtrrorp Dattson; 6 Durham Place, Chelsea,
Ss Wis oe
Boyp, Capt. ArNorp Wurrworrn, M.C: (Lancashire Fusiliers);
The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire.
Braprorp, Arraur Dansy, F.Z.S, : Upton Lodge, Watford,
Herts.
Braprorp, Sir Joun Rosp, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.D., D.Sce.,
F.R.S., F.Z.S ; 8 Manchester Square, W. 1.
Briteas, Tomas Huyry, M.A., F.E.S.; Rock House,
Lynmouth, R.S.0., N. Devon.
Brtstowr, Brrrram Arruvur
I)’ Abernon, Cobham, Surrey.
Brocktrnank, Lt.-Col. H.; 63 Witbury Road, Hove,
Sussex.
Broox, Epwarp Jonas, F.Z.S.; Hoddam Castle, Keclefechan,
Dumfriesshire.
Brooke, Joun Arrnvr, J.P. ; Fenay Hall, Huddersfield : and
Fearn Lodge, Ardgay, Ross-shire.
Brown, T'Homas Epwarp: c/o Messrs. G. Beyts & Co., 11 Port
Tewfik, Suez, Egypt.
Broce, Wittram Sperrs, LL.D., F. L.S.E.; Scottish Oceano-
graphical Laboratory, Surgeon’s Hall, Edinburgh.
Bucxiry, Cuartes Mars; 4 Hans Crescent, S.W. Us
; Ashford Farm, Stoke
Gee,
60
65
79°
75
Date of
Election.
1906.
1908.
1907.
1899.
1900,
1905.
1912.
1896.
TOL.
1904.
. Campsett, Davin Cattenper, J.P.;
. Couss, Cuartes, F.Z.8.; British
vill
Bucxnitt, Sir Joan Atrxanper Srracury, K.C., M.A.,
F.Z.S.; Chief Justice, Straits Settlements; Nassim Hill,
Singapore ; and Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 1.
Bunyarp, Percy Frepertcr, F.Z.8.: 57 Kidderminster Road,
Croydon, Surrey.
Burier, ArtHuR Garprner, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; 124 Beck-
enham Road, Beckenham, Kent.
Burrer, Arraur Lennox, F.Z.S.; St. Leonard’s Park,
Horsham, Sussex.
=
Burrress, Bernarp A. E.; Craft Hill, Dry Drayton,
Cambridge.
Buxron, Anrnony; Knighton, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
Buxton, Parrick Atrrepo; Fairhill, Tonbridge, Kent.
CAMERON, Major James 8. (2nd Bn. Royal Sussex Regt.);
Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford, Kent.
. Cameron, Jonn Duncan; Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford,
Kent.
Templemore Park,
Londonderry, Ireland.
. Carrot, Crement Josupn; Rocklow, Fethard, Co. Tipperary,
Treland.
. CarrurHEeRs, ALEXANDER Dovertsas; Barmer Hall, Kings
Lynn, Norfolk.
. Carrer, THomas; Wensleydale, Mulgrave Road, Sutton, Surrey.
. Cave, Capt. Cuartes Jonn Puitip, M.A., F.Z.8.; Ditcham
Park, Petersfield, Hants.
. Cuancr, Encar P.; 3 Knightsbridge Mansions, 8.W. 3.
. Coase, Ropert Wirtriam; Hernes Nest,
Bewdley
of &)
Worcestershire.
. Cueesman, Rosert E.; c/o F. V. Winch, Esq., North View,
Willesley, Cranbrook, Kent.
Museum (Natural
History ), Cromwell Road, 8,W. 7.
. Cuuss, Capt. Patrick Arruur (3rd K.O.Y.L.I. attached
R.E.); York Lodge, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire ;
and c/o London Joint Stock Bank, Ltd., E.C.
Crank, George Winertetp, M.A., F.Z.S.; 2 Devana Terrace,
Huntingdon Road, Cambridge.
YLARKE, Major Gotanp van Horr, D.8.0., F.Z.8. ; Chilworth
Court, Romsey, Hants,
So
go
95
100
Date of
Election.
1916.
1889.
1904.
1898.
1895.
1911.
1904.
1919.
1916.
1909.
1913.
1888.
1914.
L915.
1894.
1917.
1916.
1915.
1899.
1896.
1883.
1X
Crarke, Joun Painie Sreeupnson; Borde Hill, Cuckfield,
Sussex.
Crarkn, Col. SrreHenson Roper, C.B., F.Z.8.; Borde Hill,
Cuckfield, Sussex.
Crarke, Wiiir1amM Kaerr, LL.D., F.LS., F.R.S.E.; Royal
Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. (President.)
CocHrane, Capt. Henry Laxn, R.N.; Naval Board, Mel-
bourne, Australia.
Cocks, Anrrep Henwace, M.A., F.Z.8.; Poynetts, Skirmeit,
near Henley-on-Thames, Oxon.
Cotes, Ricoarp Epwarp; Rosebank, New Milton, 8.O.,
Hants.
Cotterr, ANtHoNy Kurtine ; 5 Stone Buildings, Lincoln’s
Inn; WC: 2:
Cottier, CHarces, F.Z.8.; Bridge House, Culmstock,
Devon ; and Windham Club, St. James’ Square, S.W. 1.
Cottincr, Dr. Watter Epwarp, D.Sc., M.Sc., F.L.S.,
F.E.S.; The University, St. Andrews, Scotland.
Corrart, Dr. Henry Nevinie ; Field House, Epsom, Surrey.
Conereve, Capt. Wittram Marrnanp, M.C.; The Forest,
Kerry, Montgomeryshire.
Cook, James PrmBerron; Kiora, Kyambu, British East
Africa.
Corpraux, Major Wittiam Wrrrrip (late 21st Lancers);
Hopebourne, Harbledown, Canterbury, Kent.
Courrots, The Rev. F. L., S.J.; Curator of the Sikawei
Museum, near Shanghai, China.
Cowan, Francis; Wester Lea, Murraytield, Midlothian.
Crewe, Sir Vauncry Harpur, Bt.; Calke Abbey, Derby.
CunnineHam, Jostas, R.N.V.R.; Fernhill. Belfast.
Currie, Aterrnon Jamus; Southlands, Winchester Road,
Worthing, Sussex ; and Assistant Audit Officer, 8.P.R.,
Kerman, vid Bunder Abbas, S. Persia.
Curriz, Rosperr ALEXANDER (Chinese Customs); The
Custom House, Yochow, by Hankow, China.
Cortis, Frepertck, F.R.C.S.; Lyndens, Redhill, Surrey.
Danrorp, Major Berrram W. Y., R.E.; c/o Messrs. Cox &
Co., 16 Charing Cross, 8.W. 1.
Davinson, Jamus, F'.Z.5.; 32 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edin-
burgh.
Date of
Election.
1905,
1909.
1902.
1916.
Davis, K. J. Acton, M.C., F.R.C.S., F.Z.8.; 24 Upper
Berkeley Street, W. 1.
Decmié-Rapcurrre, Capt. Atrrep (105th Maratha Light
Infantry); c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., Bombay, India.
Dent, Cuartes Henry; c/o Messrs. Barclay & Co. Ltd.,
Darlington, Durham.
Drsporr, Grusrerr, Curator of the Natural History Museum,
The University, Malta.
tos 1893. De Winton, Wittram Epwarp, F.Z.S.: Southover Hall,
Burwash, Sussex. ;
1896. Dossie, James Bets, F.R.S.E., F.Z.8.,; 12 South Inverleith
Terrace, Edinburgh.
1889. Dosir, Wint1am Henry, M.R.C.S. ; 2 Hunter Street, Chester.
1904. Draxe-Brockman, Ratenw Evetyn, M.R.CS.. L.R.C.P.,
F.Z.8.; Studland House, Lansdowne Road, Worthing.
1913. Drummonp, Jamrs, F.LS., F.Z.S.; ‘Lyttelton ‘Times,’
Christchurch, New Zealand.
110 1890. Drummonp-Hay, Col, James A. G. R.- (Coldstream Guards):
Seggieden, by Perth.
1904. Duckwortn, Grorce Hersert; Dalingridge Place, via East
Grinstead, Sussex.
1878. Durnrorp, W. Artuur, J.P. ; Elsecar, Barnsley, Yorks.
1903. Earte, Epwarp Vavasour ; South Darenth, Kent.
1914. Epwarps, Lavrence Atserr Curris, M.A.; 61 Elphinstone
Road, Hastings.
115 1895. Exxtior, Epwunp A. 8., M.R.C.S.; Woodville, Kingsbridge,
; South Devon.
1884. Exnrorr, Ateprnon, C.1.E.; 41 Stanley Gardens, Hamp-
stead, N.W. 3.
1902. Exurson, The Rey. Atian, M.A.; Althorpe Rectory, Doncaster,
Yorks.
1866. Etwes, Henry Joun, F.R.S., F.Z.8.; Colesborne, Cheltenham,
Gloucestershire. ( Conrnmittee.)
1914. Erseriper, Roserr, Junr., C.M.Z.S.; Curator of the
Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia.
120 1879. Evans, Artur Humsir, M.A., F.Z.8.; 9 Harvey Road,
Cambridge.
. Evans, Wittiam, F.R.S.E.; 38 Morningside Park, Edin-
burgh,
140
Date of
Election,
1916. Ezra, Auerep, F.Z.S.; 110 Mount Street, W. 1.
1892. Farrprmer, Winttam Groree; 141 Long Market Street,
Capetown, South Africa.
1916. Fatxiner, Capt. Joan McInrine, I.M.S., F.R.C.S.; 22 St.
Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
1909. Fansuawe, Capt. Ricnarn D. (late Scots Guards); Broxmore,
Cavendish Road, Bournemouth.
1894. Farquuar, Rear-Admiral ArrHur Murray, C.V.O.; Granville
Lodge, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire.
1898. FarevHar, Rear-Admiral Sruarr Sr. J., R.N.; Naval &
Military Club, Piccadilly, W. 1.
1873. Fernpen, Col. Henry Wemyss, C.B., C.M.Z.S.; Burwash,
Sussex ; and Junior United Service Club, S.W. 1.
1908. Fincu-Davins, Craupe G. (1st. African Mounted Riflemen) ;
toberts Heights, Pretoria, Transvial.
1901. Finttnson, Horace W., F.Z.8.; 5 Rosamond Road, Bedford.
1885. Firzuurserr-Brocknoies, Wii11AM Josepn ; Claughton Hall,
Garstang, Lancashire.
1902. Frowpr, Major Sranney Suyrn, F.Z.S.; Kedah House,
Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt.
1912. Froyp, James Francis Murray, B.A.; The University,
Glasgow.
1912. Fosrzr, Arruur H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Sussex House,
88 Tilehouse Street, Hitchin, Herts.
1903. Foster, Nevin Harkness, F.L.S., M.R.1.A.; Hillsborough,
Co. Down, Ireland.
1880. Fosrer, Witr1am ; 39 Colville Gardens, Bayswater. W. 11.
I881. Freke, Percy Evans; South Point. Limes Road, Folkestone.
1895. Frouawk, Freverick Witiiam, F.E.S.; Uplands, Thunders-
ley, Essex.
1909, Frost, Wirntam Epwarp, J.P.; Ardvreck, Crieff, Perthshire.
1881. Gapow, Hans, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S.; Cleramendi, Great
Shelford, near Cambridge.
1886. GarnsporoueH, Cuartes WaitritAm Francts, Earl of ; Exton
Park, Oakham, Rutland.
1907. Ganpotrr, ALFonso Orno Ganpotri-Hornyoip, Duke, Ph.D. ;
Blackmore Park, Hanley Swan, Worcestershire.
1900. Garnerr, Cuarces, F.Z.S.; Greathouse. Chippenham, Wilts ;
and New University Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. 1.
1892. Garrarp, Joun ; Silverdale, Worsley, near Manchester, Lancs.
145
150
155
160
xl
Date of
Election.
1902. Gispins, Wittiam Bevineron, F.Z.8.; Ettington, Stratford-
on-Avon, Warwickshire.
1879. Gipson, Ernest, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.; c/o Senores Lock-
wood y Cia, 654 Rivadavia, Buenos Ayres.
1902. Gitiman, ArtHUR Riney; Hatch End, Wilfred Road,
Boscombe.
1919. Gitton, Mrs. 8. A.; 14 Carlton Terrace, Edinburgh.
1903. GuapstonE, Capt. Hue Srrvarr, M.A., F.Z.S., F.R.S.E.,
F.S.A.Scot.; Capenoch, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire; and
40 Lennox Gardens, 8.W. 1.
1908. Gopman, Lt.-Col. E>warp Surriny (2nd Dorset Regiment) ;
Hampsteel, Cowfold, Sussex.
*1858.Gopman, Percy Sanpen, B.A., C.M.Z.S.; Hampsteel,
Cowfold, Sussex. (Gold Medallist.)
1906. GoopvaLt, JrremtAn Marrnews ; The Nest, Bembridge, Isle of
Wight.
1900. Gooprettow, Watrer, F.Z.8.; The Poplars, Kettering,
Northants.
1906. Gorpon, Srron Pavr, F.Z.8.; Auchintoul, Aboyne,
Aberdeenshire.
1912. Gossz, Capt. Paitip, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., R.A.M.C.; Savile
Club, Piccadilly, W. 1.
1899. Goutp, Francis Herserr Carrururrs, F.Z.8.; Matham
Manor House, East Molesey, Surrey.
1895. Grapuam, Oxtny, M.A.; The Museum, York.
1909. Grant, Major CravpeE Henry Baxter, F.Z.8. (6th Battn.
Rifle Brigade) ; 2 Lebanon Gardens, West Hill, Wands-
worth, 8.W.18; and Sports Club, St. James’ Square,
as Le
1918. Grant, Francis; Edensor, Ascerton Road, Sidmouth,
S. Devon.
1913. Greenine, Linn aus, F.L.S., F.Z.8.; Fairlight, Grappenhall,
near Warrington, Cheshire.
1909, Grey or Fatitopen, The Rt. Hon. Epwarp, The Viscount,
K.G., P.C., F.Z.S.; Falloden, Christon Bank, &.8.0.,
Northumberland.
1906, Grirrirn, ArrHur Fosrer; 59 Montpellier Road, Brighton,
Sussex.
1885. GuinttemarD, Francis Henry Hin, M.A., M.D., F.Z.8.; Old
Mill House, Trumpington, Cambridge.
170
175
180
Date of
xii
Election.
1908,
1870.
1896.
1891.
1913.
1900.
1900.
1893.
1900,
1898.
1905.
1905,
1918.
1902.
1913.
LOVUU,
Gurnry, Gerard Hupson, F.Z.8., F.E.S.; Keswick Hall,
Norwich, Norfolk.
Gurney, Joun Henry, F.Z.8.; Keswick Hall, Norwich; and
Atheneum Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 1.
Gurnuy, Rospert, F.Z.8.; Ingham Old Hall, Stalham,
Norfolk.
Haren, Grorce Hunry Caron, F.Z.8.; Grainsby Hall, Great
Grimsby, Lincolnshire.
37. Harnns, Joan Preypenn Witron; 17 King Street,
Gloucester.
§. Hare, The Rev. James Rasuteicn, M.A.; Boxley Vicarage,
Maidstone, Kent.
. HameErton, Lt.-Col. Atsert Epwarp, D.S.O., R.A.M.C.,
F.Z.S.; c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 3 Whitehall Place,
Se Wesel
Harvy, Capt. Ernesr Crirrorp, R.N.; Hydrographic
Department, Admiralty, Whitehall, S.W. 1.
Harrrr, Epmunp Witiiam, F.Z.8.; P.O. Box 86, Calcutta,
India.
Harris, Henry Epwarp.
Harrert, Ernst J. O., Ph.D., F.Z.8. ; The Zoological Museum,
Tring, Herts.
Hastuck, Purcy Prpiuey Harrorp; The Wilderness, South-
gate, N.
Hawker, Richarp Macponnett, F.Z.8.; Bath Club, Dover
Street, W. 1; and c/o Messrs. Dalgety & Co., 96 Bishops-
gate, K.C. 2.
HawxsHaw, Joun Crarke, M.A., M.I.C.E., F.G.S,; Holly-
combe, Liphook, Hants; and 33 Great George Street,
Westminster, S.W. 1.
Heavier, Frepertck Wess, M.A., F.Z.8.; Haileybury
College, Hertford.
Horsert, Capt. Eowarp Grevirz, R.A.F.; c/o Messrs. Cox
& Co., R.A.F. Branch, 111 St. Martin’s Lane, W.C. 2;
and Bangkok, Siam.
Herr, Grorrrey Seccomsps, M.B., F.Z.8.; 8 Wimpole
Street, W. 1.
Hewirr, Joun, M.A.; Director of the Albany Museum,
Grahamstown, South Africa.
Hints, Lt.-Col. Joan Watter; 98 Mount Street, W. 1.
190
195
Date of
Election
1884.
19k2.
1905.
1916.
1888.
1895.
1881.
L911.
1911.
1918.
1901.
1902.
1913.
1888.
1892.
1896.
1891.
1905.
1900.
1909.
189¢
o
1902.
realy
HortpswortH, Cuarves Jamus, J.P.; Fernhill, Alderley Edge,
Cheshire.
Hony, Georee Baruursr: + Beaufort Road, Clifton,
Bristol.
Hopkinson, Emittus, M.B., D.S.O., F.Z.S.; 45 Sussex Square,
Brighton, Sussex.
Hopwoop, Crrit (Indian Forests); c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook
& Son, Rangoon, Burma.
Horsrretp, Hurserr Kyicur; Crescent Hill, Filey, Yorks.
Howarp, Henry Exrorz, F.Z.8.; Clarelands, near Stourpert,
Worcestershire. (Committee. )
Howarp, Roserr James; Shearbank, Blackburn, Laneca-
shire.
Hupson, Evwarp; 15 Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W. 1.
Hupson, Recrvatp; 16 Warwick Road, Stratford-on-Avon.
Ivetis, Cuartes Matcotm; Baghownie Factory, Laheria,
Serai P.O. Behar, India.
Ingram, Capt. Cottryewoopn, F.Z.S. ; Forest House, Westgate-
on-Sea, Kent.
Ives Bey, Dr. Wanrer Francis; Curator of the Zoological
Museum, School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
Irepate, Tom; 39 Northcote Avenue, Kaling, W. 5d.
Jackson, Sir Freperick Joun, K.C.M.G.,C.B., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ;
The Red House, Aldeburgh, Sutfolk.
James, Henry Asuwortn, F.Z.8.; Hurstmonceux Place,
Hailsham, Sussex.
Jesse, Witttam, B.A., F.Z.S8.; Meerut College, Meerut,
India.
Jonnston, Sir Harry Hamitron, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.Z.8.;
St. John’s Priory, Poling, near Arundel, Sussex.
Jounstone, Kpwin James, F.Z.S. ; Burrswood, Groombridge,
Sussex; and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W. 1.
Jonus, Major Henry, F.Z.S. (late 62nd Regt.): 41 Vineyard
Hill Road, Wimbledon Park, S.W. 19. -
Jones, Surgeon-Commander Kennera Hurtsrone, M.B.,
Ch.B., F.Z.8., R.N.; Medical Transport Office, Royal
Naval Barracks, Chatham.
JourpAIN, The Rev. Francis Cuartes Rospert, M.A.; Apple-
ton Rectory, Abingdon, Berks.
Joy, Norman Humsert, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Theale, Berks.
205
i)
_
Isat
225
Date of
Election.
1880.
1894.
1897.
1904.
J914.
1891.
1895.
1902.
1910
1892.
1913.
Lilie
les.
1881.
1892.
L898.
1910.
1897.
1909.
1897.
Kernan, Brigadier-Genera] Henry Roperr,-C.B. (late High-
land Light Infantry); Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall,
Savile
Kersatt, Lt.-Col. Harry Josypn, R.A.; c/o Messrs. Cox &
Co., 16 Charing Cross, S.W. 1.
Kersatt, The Rey. Joun Epwarp, M.A.; Milton Rectory,
New Milton, Hants.
Kutso, Joan Kpwarp Harry, M.D.; Braeside, Edgewood,
Lower Arrow Lake, British Columbia.
Kunnepy, Capt. Joun Nosin, M.C., R.G.A.; The Manse,
Port Patrick, Wigtownshire, Scotland.
Kerr, Joun Granam, F.RS., F.Z.8., Regius Professor of
Zoology ; 9 The University, Glasgow.
Kincsrorp, Wittiam Kpwarp; Cairo, Egypt.
Kixnrar, Norman Boyp, C.M.Z.8.; Bombay Natural History
Society, 6 Apollo Street, Bombay, India.
Kross, Crcit Boney, F.Z.S., F.R.A.I.; Assistant Director
of Museums, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States.
Laiptaw, THomas Gepprs; Bank of Scotland House,
Duns, Berwickshire.
Lambert, Goprrey Cuarzes ; Woodcote, Esher, Surrey.
Lamparp-Vacneitt, Brysamin Garnur; The Cottage, Rudg-
wick, Sussex.’
Laneroy, Hrrnenr; St. Moritz, 61 Dyke Road, Brighton
Sussex.
Lascettes, The Hon. Grratp Wirtian, F.Z.8.; Tillington
House, Petworth, Sussex.
La Toucur, Jouxy Davin Dievuns, C.M.Z.S.; The Lodge,
Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.
Learoyp, A. Ernest; Kirkgate Buildings. Huddersfield.
Lumon, Mrs. Marearerra Loutsa, F.Z.8.; Hillcrest, Redhill,
Surrey.
Ly Sovtr, Dupiey, C.M.Z.S.; Director of the Zoological
Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Litrorp, Jouyn, Lord, F.Z.8.; Lilford Hall, - Oundle,
Northants.
Lines, George Herrsert; Richmond Hill, Cheadle,
Cheshire.
Loner, Grorce Evwarp, F.Z.8.; 5 The Studios, Thurloe
Square, S.W. 7.
5
240
Date of
Election.
1908.
NOW):
1904.
1914.
1904,
1917.
1916,
1906,
1906.
1917.
1917.
1907.
1904.
1904,
1894.
1894.
1898.
1907.
1915.
1915.
1883.
Xvl
Lone, Sypney Heresurr, M.D., F.Z.S.; 31 Surrey Street,
Norwich, Norfolk.
Lonasrarr, Capt. Tom Groren; Picket Hill, near Ringwood,
Hants.
Lows, Percy R., B.A., M.B., B.C.; British Museum (Nat.
Hist.), Cromwell Road, S.W. 7.
Lowr, Wittoveusy Prescorr: Gorsemoor, Throwleigh,
Okehampton, Devon.
Lynes, Captain Huserr, C.B., C.M.G., R.N.; 23 Onslow -
Gardens, South Kensington, 5.W. 7.
Mackenzin, Joun Mircarett Dovenas, B.A., C.M.Z.S., Indian
Forest Service; c/o Thos. Cook & Son, Rangoon, Burma,
India; 6 The Circus, Bath.
MackwortH-Prarp, Cyrit W. (Scots Guards); Dalton Hill,
Albury, Surrey.
Macmitian, Witti1am Epwarp Frank; 42 Onslow Square,
EW Waecde
Maeraru, Lt.-Col. Hunry Aveusrus Freperick (51st Sikhs,
F.F.); c/o Messrs. H.S. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, S.W. 1.
Matcomson, Herserr THomas; Glenorchy, Knock, Belfast.
Mann, Capt. Epwarp Haminton, M.C., R.H.A.; Junior
United Service Club, Charles Street, S.W. 1.
Mann, Tuomas Hueu, F.Z.S.; Trulls Hatch, Rotherfield,
Sussex.
Manson-Baur, Brevet-Major Puitie Henry, D.S.O., M.D.,
M.R.C.P., R.A.M.C.; 32 Weymouth Street, W. 1.
Mapteron-Bree, Harvey Wittiam, B.A.; Gable End,
Allesley, Coventry.
Marsuatt, Arcuiparp McLean, F.Z.S8.; Great Chitcombe,
Brede, Sussex.
Marsnatt, James McLean, F.Z.S.; Bleaton Hallet, Blair-
gowrie, Perthshire.
Massey, Herserr; Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester.
Maruews, Gregory Macatisrer, F.LS., F.R.S.E., F.Z.8. ;
Foulis Court, Fair Oak, Hants. (Committee.)
Maron, Eustace Berriz; Enford, Pewsey, Wilts.
May, Wittiam Norman, M.D.; The White House, Sonning,
Berks.
MeapE-Watpo, Evmunp Gustavus Buioomrierp, F.ZS. ;
Hever Warren, Hever, Kent.
~
255
Date of
Election.
Oa:
1899.
1886.
1916.
1908.
1879.
1901.
1919.
1914.
1918.
1897.
HOE
1910,
1907.
1895.
xvil
Mutxtrsonn, Lt.-Colonel Ronatp Forprs, D.S.O. (1st Bn.
Royal Warwickshire Regt.) ; G.S.Q., G.H.Q. Syren,
North Russian Expeditionary Force; 38 Queen’s Gate
Gardens, 8.W. 1.
MertnertzHAceN, Colonel Ricwarp, D.S.0., F.Z.S8. (Royal
Fusiliers); 63 Bedford Gardens, Campden Hill, W. 8.
Mittars, Jonn Guitie, F.Z.8.; Compton’s Brow, Horsham,
Sussex.
Mittarp, Waxrrer Samuet, F.Z.8.; Bombay Natural
History Society, 6 Apollo Street, bombay, India.
Mitts, Canon Henry Horroyn, M.A., F.Z.S. ; The Rectory,
St. Stephen-in-Brannel, Grampound Road, Cornwall.
Mircnett, FRreprrick Suaw ; Hornshaws, Millstream,
B.C., Canada.
Mitcuett, P. Cuarmers, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.,
F.Z.S.; Secretary to the Zoological Society of London,
Regent’s Park, N.W. 8.
Monracu, The Right Hon. E.8.; 24 Queen Anne’s Gate,
SW. 1,
Mouton, Major Jonn Conny, M.A., B.Sc., F.LS., F.R.G.S.,
F.E.S.; Fort Canning, Singapore; The Hall, Bradford-
on-Avon, Wilts.
. Murrneap, Grorer, F.R.S.E.; Speybank, Fochabers,
Morayshire.
3. Mutiens, Major Witt1am Herperr, M.A., LL.M., F.Z.S.:
Westfield Place, Battle, Sussex.
2. Munn, Paiute Wincuesrer, F.Z.S.; Stourwood Cottage,
Stourwood Avenue, Southbourne, Hants.
Mont, Harry Raymonp; 10 Ashburn Place, South Kensing-
GONE HW ie die
Mont, Henry, F.Z.8.; 10 Ashburn Place, South Kensington,
So WiTs
Morray-Bucuanan, Capt. Epwarp Macxenzin ;
Callandar.
Murray, Capt. Herserr Wirtavume, F.Z.8.; The Old House,
{psom, Surrey.
Neave, Snerrietp Arrey, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.S.; 24 De Vere
Gardens, Kensington, W. 8.
Nesuam, Rosert, F.Z.S., F.E.S.; Utrecht House, Poynder’s
Road, Clapham Park, S.W. 4.
Leny,
205
to
“I
Un
280
Date of
Election.
1904.
1917.
1902.
1900.
1839.
1907.
1906.
LOWS:
LUO:
1883.
1900.
EOL2.-
XVili
Newman, T'somas Henry, F.Z.S.; Newlands, Harrowdene
Road, Wembley, Middlesex.
Nicwort, Arcarsitp M. C.; Royal Naval College, Osborne,
Isle of Wight.
Nicuots, Joan Broce, F.Z.S.; Parliament Mansions, Victoria
Street, S.W. 1.
Nrcwors, Watrer Bucnanan; Stour Lodge, Bradfield,
Manningtree, Essex.
Nicnotson, Francis, F.Z.S.; Ravenscroft, Windermere,
Westmoreland.
Nicon1, Mricaann Jonn, F.Z.S.; Valhalla House, Zoological
Gardens, Giza, Egypt.
Osis, Burrram Savite; Hill House, Steeple Aston, Oxon.
OnpHam, Caarugs, F.Z.S.; The Bollin, Shrublands Road,
' Berkhamsted, Herts.
Osmaston, Bertram Buresrorp (Imperial Forest Service) ;
Pachmarhi, C.P., India.
Owen, Joan Hueu ; Old School House, Felsted, Essex.
Pagan, Westny THnopore, F.Z.S.; Langstone, Lingfield,
Surrey.
Parker, Henry, C.E.; 26 St. George’s Road, St. Annes-on-
the-Sea, Lanes.
Parkin, Txomas, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S.; Fairseat, High
Wickham, Hastings, Sussex.
Paroy, Epwarpo Ricumonp, F.Z.S.; Hareshawmuir, By
Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland.
Parrerson, WittiAmM Harry; 25 Queen’s Gate Gardens,
S.W. 7.
Prarse, [Heep ; Courtenay, British Columbia.
Pearson, Cuoartes Epwarp, F.L.S.; Hillerest, Lowdham,
Notts.
Pease, Sir Atrrep Epwarp, Bt., F.Z.S.; Pinchinthorpe
House, Guisborough, Yorkshire; and Brooks’s Club,
St. James’s Street, S.W. 1.
Penrose, Francis Grorer, M.D., F.Z.S8.; Rathkeale,
51 Surrey Road, Bournemouth.
Percrvat, ArtHur Brayney, F.Z.S.; Game Ranger, Nairobi,
British Kast Africa ; Sports Club, St. James’ Square, 8. W. 1.
Pursnouse, Major Srantuy; Cuil Park, Bridge of Dee,
Castle Douglas, Scotland.
295
390
unr
Date of
Election.
1886.
nS93e
1914.
1908.
LOW
1917.
1905.
1896.
1898.
1901.
1903.
1903.
TO lie
1917.
1903.
1908.
1907.
X1xX
Puituirs, Ernevserr Lorr, F.Z.8.; 79 Cadogan Square.
S.W. 1.
Picorr, Sir Tomas Diesy, C.B.; The Lodge, Lower
Sheringham, Norfolk.
Prrman, Capt. Cuartes Rosrrr Sennovusn (27th Punjabis) ;
Drewton, Chelston, Torquay.
Prayer, W. J. Percy ; Wernfadog, Clydach, R.S.0., Glamor-
ganshire.
Pocock, Rrernaip Innes, F.R.S., F.L.S..F.Z.8. ; Superintendent
of the Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, N.W. 8.
PotraKov, Grucory T’. (Editor ‘ Messager Ornithologique’) ;
Moskva-Nijninovgorod Railway, Station Obiralovka,
Savvino, Russia.
Pottarp, Lt.-Col. AnrHur Erskine Sr. Vincent (‘The Border
Regiment) ; c/o Mrs. A. Pollard, Heatherlands, Lilliput,
Dorset.
Popuam, Huen Luysornn, M.A.; Houndstreet House, Pens-
ford, Somerset.
Pricn, ATHELSTAN Exper, F.Z.S8.; Salisbury Hall, St. Albans.
Provup, Jonn I. : Dellwood, Bishop Auckland, Durham.
Ratrr, Pinchrr Grorer; The Parade, Castletown, Isle
of Man.
Ratorirr, FrepertcKk Rowrinson ; 29 Connaught Square, W.2.
Rarrray, Col. Rutrion Hare (retired); 68 Dry Hill Park
Road, Tonbridge.
Raw, Wirriam, Warrant Officer R.N.R. ; ¢/o Marconi Coy.,
London ; Whittield House, Goathland 8.0., Yorkshire.
. Rawson, Herserr Everyxn; Comyn Hill, Ilfracombe, N.
Devon.
Reap, Richarn Henry, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.: Church Street.
Hanley, Staffordshire.
. Reap, Roserr H.; 8a South Parade, Bedford Park, W. 4.
tEEVE, Capt. Jonn Suprrarp (Grenadier Guards), F.Z.S.;
Leadenham House, near Lincoln,
Renavr, Wrirram K.; Royal Academy of Music, York Gate,
Marylebone Road, N.W. 1.
<1cHarpson, Norman Freperic, F.R.G.S.
Brigstock Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.
Ricnuonp, Herpexr Wiriiam, M.A., F.R.S.; King’s College,
Cambridge.
SoLynton,”
320
325
XX
Date of
Election.
1895. Ricxerr, Cuartes Bouenery, F.Z.S.; 27 Kendrick Road,
Reading, Berks.
1896. Rippon, Lt.-Col. Groren, F.Z.S.; United Service Club, Pall
Mall, S:W. 1:
1907. Ritcuir, AxcarBALD T'aomas AyREs.
1902. Riviere, Brernarp Beryt, F.R.CS.; St. Giles’s Plain,
Norwich, Norfolk.
1898. Roptnson, Hersert C., C.M.Z.S.; Selangor State Museum,
Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States.
1912. Rozinson, Hersert Winttam, F.Z.S.Scot.; Patchetts, Caton,
near Lancaster.
1917. Roprnson, Sypnyey Manpocx; c/o Col. J. H. Evans, Fraser
Road, Rangoon, Burma.
1919. Rosryson, THroporr Ricwarp; Brunswick Lodge, Dunton
Green, Kent.
1896. Roeers, Lt.-Col. Joun Mippreron, D.S.0., F.Z.S. (late
Ist Dragoons); Riverhill, Sevenoaks, Kent.
1918. Roerrs, Reetnatp Nanxtvert; Carwinion, near Falmouth,
Cornwall.
1893. Roruscnitp, Lionet Water, Lord, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.,
F.Z.S. : Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. -
1894. Roruscuitp, The Hon. NarHantet Cuartes, M.A., F.Z.S.:
Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, W. 8.
1918. Rowan, Witt1Am; Bedales School, Petersfield, Hants.
1907. Russent, Capt. Conran Groreze Epwarp, F.Z.8. (Beds.
Yeomanry); 2 Audley Square, W. 1.
1910. Russett, Harotp, F.Z.S.; 16 Beaufort Gardens, Chelsea,
Se Wiad.
1883. Se. Quintin, Witiram Herserr, F.Z.S8.; Scampston Hall,
Rillington, Yorkshire.
1903. Sanpeman, Lt.-Col. Ronert Preston (R. Gloucester Hussars) :
Dan-y Pare, Crickhowell, 8. Wales.
1889. Sarsworrn, Arnotp Dur, F.Z.S.; 30 Sussex Place, Regent’s
Park, NeW 4:
1902. Saregaunt, ArRrnuur Sr. Groree; Exbury, Padstow,
Cornwall.
1914. Saver, Dr. Hans, F.Z.8.; Bath Club, Dover Street,
Wiredi:
1909. Savace, The Rev. Ernest Urmson; The Vicarage, Levens,
Milnthorpe, Westmoreland,
300
340
345
Date of
Election.
L891.
1908.
1899.
1901,
1904.
1909.
1865.
19L7.
1918.
1908.
TOES:
1914.
1918.
1906.
1903.
1906.
1910.
1913.
SER, X
Xxl
SciatER, Witt1am Lurtry, M.A., F.Z.8.; 10 Sloane Court,
Chelsea, S.W. 1. (Editor.)
Srprrnes, Major Joun Witttam Hamirron, A.P.D.; The
Castle, Cape Town, South Africa.
Serte, The Rey. Witiram, M.A., B.D.; The Manse, Dudding-
ston, Edinburgh.
Seru-Smira, Davin, F.Z.S.; 34 Elsworthy Road, South
Hampstead, N.W. 3.
Seru-SmirH, Lestie Morrar, B.A., F.Z.8.; Tangley,
Caterham Valley, Surrey ; and Kampala, Uganda.
Seton, Marcotm Correr Cartsron ; 13 Clarendon Road,
Holland Park, W. 11; and Union Club, Trafalgar
Square, S.W. 1.
SuepHerD, The Rev. Coartes WitiiaM, M.A., F.Z.S.; Trottis-
cliffe Rectory, Maidstone, Kent.
Surpron, Wiirram, B.A., M.D.; 2 The Square, Buxton,
Derbyshire.
Srapen, Major Arexanprer Grorce Lamparr; Kingswood
House, The Lee, Bucks; and Junior Carlton Club,
Saw. Ic
Smattey, Frepertc WitiiAM, F.Z.S.; Windermere, 4 Black-
heath Park, 8S.E. 3.
Sarep, Major Cecrz Wititam, R.F.A.; Tyes Cross, Sharp-
thorne, East Grinstead, Sussex.
Smiru, Major Joun Linpsay (Indian Army); Supply &
Transport Corps, Commdt. Camel Corps, Multan, Punjab,
India.
Suira, T'nomas; Whiston Waves, Froghall, Stoke-on-
Trent.
SNOUCKAERT VAN Scuausuré, Baron René Cuartes; Doorn,
Holland.
Sparrow, Lt.-Col. Ricuarp, F.Z.S. (7th Dragoon Guards) ;
Rookwoods, Sible Hedingham, Essex.
Sranrorp, Staff-Surgeon Cuartes Epwarp Corrs, B.Se.,
MB RN:
SranForD, Epwarp Fraser; 124 Maddox Street, Regent
Street, W. 1.
Sranrorp, Major Henry Morranr, M.C.,R.F.A., 115 Battery,
B.H.F., France; c/o Messrs. Edward Stanford, Ltd.,
12-14 Long Acre, W.C, 2.
I,—VOL, I, b
Soc
355
355
Xxll
Date of
Election.
1913. Sranrorp, Capt. Jonn Kurrna, M.C.; c/o Messrs. Edward
| Stanford, Ltd., 12-14 Long Acre, W.C. 2.
1915. Srapres-Brownr, Capt. RicHarp Cuartes, B.A., F.Z.8. (New
Zealand Med. Corps); Brashfield House, Bicester, Oxon.
1900. Srares, Joan Witrram Curster; Portchester, Hants.
1902. Srenuousr, Surgeon-Capt. Jonn Hurron, M.B., R.N.; Royal
Naval Hospital, Gibraltar.
1910. Srnvens, Herserr; Gopaldhara, Mirik P.O., Kurseong,
Darjiling Himalayan Rly., India. :
1906. Srewarp, Epwarp Srmons, F.R.C.S.; 30 Victoria Avenue,
Harrogate, Yorks.
1914. Srewarr, Joun; Mainshill, Beith, Ayrshire.
1917. Sronrnam, Capt. Hues Freprric (Ist Battn. East Surrey
Regt.) : ‘ Stoneleigh,” Reigate, Surrey; and Signal
Service, R.E.
1881. Sruppy, Col. Roperr Wrieur (late Manchester Regiment) ;
Westbury, Paignton, Devon.
1918. Srurer, ArtHor Lroyp; Shepherd’s Green, Chislehurst, Kent.
1887. Styan, FReprertck Wiuttiam, F.Z.S.;
Sevenoaks, Kent. Z
1914. Surmertann, Lewrs Roserrson, M.B., C.M., Medical School,
Dundee, N.B.; Wellgate House, West Newport, Fife-
shire.
1907. Swann, Lt. Grorrrey, R.A.S.C.; 6 Moorgate Street, E.C. 2.
1905. Swann, Harorp, F.Z.8.; 9 Evelyn Gardens, 8.W. 7.
1887. Swrnsurne, Jonny.
1882. Swinuokr, Col. Caartes, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; 4 Gunterstone
Road, West Kensington, W. 14.
1884. Tarr, Wintram Cuastrer, F.Z.8.; Entre Quintas 155, Oporto,
Portugal.
Stone Street, near
1911. Tatsot-Ponsonpy, CHartes Grorce; 5 Crown Office Row,
Temple, E.C. 4.
1911. Tarron, Rretnatp Artnur; Cuerden Hall, Bamber Bridge,
Preston, Lanes.
1914. Tavrsrock, Hastines Witi1am Sackvintr, Marquis of, F.Z.S.;
Warblington House, Havant.
1905. Taytor, Lionen Epwarp, F.Z.S.; Bankhead,
British Columbia.
1886. Terry, Major Horace A. (late Oxfordshire Light Infantry) ;
Comrton Grange, Compton, Guildford, Surrey.
Kelowna,
37°
375
380
385
Date ot
Election,
1916.
1904.
1911.
1900.
1902.
1914.
1893.
1913.
1911.
1864.
1918.
1918.
1910.
1912.
1908.
1906,
1913.
Xx111
Tuomasser, Bernarp Crartus, F.Z.S.; The Manor House,
Ashmansworth, near Newbury, Berks.
Tuompsoy, Major Wittram R,, R.G.A.; Ravello, Carlton
Road, Weymouth.
Tuomson, A. Lanpsporoven, M.A.; Castleton House, Old
Aberdeen, Scotland.
Tnorsurn, Anxcurpatp, F.Z.S.; Hascombe, Godalming,
Surrey.
. Tuorrr, Dixon L.; Loshville, Etterby Scaur, Carlisle,
Cumberland.
Trcenurst, Craup Bucwanan, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.S.;
Grove House, Lowestoft, Suffolk.
Ticenurst, Norman Frepertc, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S8.,
F.Z.S.; 24 Pevensey Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea,
Sussex.
Townsenp, Reetnatp Guibuit, M.A.; Buckholt, West
Tytherley, Salisbury, Wilts.
Trearr, Cuapiin Court;
Trevor-Barryz, Ausyn, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Ashford
Chace, Petersfield,* Hants: and Royal Societies Club,
St. James's Street, S.W. 1.
Tuckwett, Epwarp Henry, F.Z.8.; Berthope, Compton,
near Guildford, Surrey.
Tyrwuitr-Drake, Huen Garrarp, F.Z.S.; Cobtree, Sandling,
Maidstone, Kent.
Urcuur, Henry Morris, F.Z.S.; Sheringham Hall, Cromer,
Norfolk.
Varzny, Grorce pe Horne; 53 The Pryors, Hampstead,
N.W. 3.
Vaizey, Ker Grorean Russetn; 26 Cornwall Gardens,
De Wee ts
Van Someren, Dr. Roperr ABrawAM Loean ; Jinja, Uganda,
British East Africa.
Van Somuren, Dr. Vicror Gurnur Logan; c/o Tring Museum,
Tring, Herts.
Vaveuan, Marrnnw; The Limes, Marlborough, Wilts.
Vauenan, Commdr. Roserr K., R.N.; Whittington Lodge,
Worcester.
Vennine, Capt. Francis Esmonp Wryeate; ¢/o 0.C. Depot,
31st Punjabis, Rawalpindi, India.
SES
S95
400
405
Date of
Election.
1881.
1902.
1886.
1916.
1918.
1914.
1395.
1899,
1918.
1891.
1909.
1903.
1912.
1914.
XXIV
Verner, Col. Wirtram Witnovensy Cor (late Rifle Brigade) ;
Harttord Bridge, Winchfield, Hants ; and United Service
Club, 8. W. 1.
Wave, Epwarp Watrer; Melton Road, North Ferriby, East
Yorks.
Wave-Datron, Col. H. D.; Hauxwell Hall, Finghall, R.S.0.,
Yorkshire.
Warr, Warrer Ernust, Deputy Collector of Customs,
Colombo, Ceylon.
Watker, ALEXANDER Horr, M.D., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S.; The
Common, Cranleigh, Surrey.
Watt-Row, Joun ; 51 Courtfield Gardens, 8.W. 4.
Waits, Henry Marriage; Ashton Lodge, Christchurch
Road, Reading, Berks,
Watton, Lt.-Col. Hersert James, M.D., F.R.C.S., C.M.ZS.,
I.M.S.; c/o Messrs. King, King & Co., P.O. Box No. 110,
Bombay, India.
2. Warpiaw-Ramsay, Col. Ropert Grorer, F.Z.S.; Whitehill,
Rosewell, Midlothian.
. Warr, Huen Boyp, F.Z.S.; 12 Great James Street, Bedford
Row, W.C. 1.
2. Wetts, Caartes Henry; Broomfield, 80 Brookhouse Hill,
Fulwood, Sheffield.
. Wemyss-Cuartreris, The Hon. Guy Lawrence; 26 Catherine
Street, Buckingham Palace Road, S.W. 1.
. Wenner, Max Vicror; Burnside, Prestbury, near Maccles-
field, Cheshire.
3. Wuisrrer, Hueu, F.Z.8. (Indian Police); Caldbee House,
Battle, Sussex; and c/o Messrs. King, King & Co., Bombay,
India.
Wuiraker, Capt. Joan ALperr Cuarrus (Coldstream Guards);
Babworth Hall, Retford, Notts.
Warraker, JosupH I. 8., F.Z.8.; Malfitano, Palermo, Sicily.
Wuire, Henry Luxe; Belltrees, Scone, New South Wales,
Australia.
Wuire, Srepuen Joseru, F.Z.S.
Wuymper, Samvugt Lerten; Oxford Mansions, Oxford Street,
W.1.: and Oriental Club, Hanover Square, W. 1.
Wickuam, Percy Freprert; c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son,
Rangoon, Burma.
410
415
420
Date of
Election.
1915,
1894,
TO:
1916.
1897.
1908.
1899.
OM:
NOW.
1916.
1912.
1902.
1912.
1908.
1895.
1916.
1899.
XXV
Witp, Ortver Hitron ; Ariel Lodge, Cheltenham, Gloucester-
shire,
Wixkrnson, Jounson ; Vermont, Huddersfield, Yorkshire.
Witkrinson, Witttam Arruur, F.L.S., F.Z.8.; Dumerieff,
Tudor Hill, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.
Witiiamson, Walter James FRranxiin, C.M.G., F.Z.S8.
(Financial Adviser to the Government of Siam); Bangkok,
Siam.
. Witson, Arian Reap, B.A., M.B., B.Ch.; Eagle House,
Blandford, Dorset.
. Witson, Cuaries Josrpu, F.Z.S.; 14 Suffolk Street, Pall
Mall, 8. W. 1.
Wiruersy, Harry Forsss, M.B.E., F.Z.8.; 3 Cannon Place,
Hampstead, N.W. 1.
WirHertneton, Gwynne; 19 Sumner Place, South Ken-
sington, S.W. 7.
Wottasron, ALEXANDER FRepERICK Ricamonp, B.A.
Woop, Marry Srantey, M.D., R.A.M.C.; Cheadle Royal,
Cheadle, Cheshire.
Wooprorp, Capt. Caartes Eowarp Montreomerte (Ist Battn.
Sherwood Foresters); 8 Dry Hill Park Road, Tonbridge,
Kent.
Wooprorp, Cuartes Morris, C.M.G.; The Grinstead, Cow-
fold, Sussex.
Woopuouss, Cecrt, M.D.; Coaxdon Hall, Axminster, South
Devon.
Workman, Witttam Huenes, F.Z.8.; Lismore, Windsor,
Belfast, Ireland.:
Wormatp, Huen; Heathfield, Dereham, Norfolk.
Wynn, Ricnarp Owren; Foulis Court, Fair Oak, Hants.
Yersury, Lt.-Col. Jown Witi1aM (late R.A.), F.Z.8.; 2 Ryder
Street, St. James’s, S.W.1; and Army and Navy Club,
SW. ds
Zampra, Rag. Cav. Virrorio ; Corso Umberto, 1. 49, Rome,
Italy.
Extra-Ordinary Member.
Gopwin-Avsten, Lt.-Col. Henry Haversuam, F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;
Nore, Hascombe, Godalming, Surrey.
XXV1
Date of Honorary Members.
Election.
1907. AuLEN, Jorn Asapu, Ph.D., F.M.Z.S.; American Museum of
Natural History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A.
1914. Brancur, Dr. Vanenrine; Imperial Zoological Museum,
Petrograd, Russia.
1917. Cuarman, Franx Micuter; American Museum of Natural
History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A.
1919. Meneeaux, Henrt Aveusr; Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle,
Paris:
1905. Osernorser, Harry CxHourcu; United ‘States National
Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1915. Ricumonp, CHartrs Wattace; United States National
Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1903. Ripveway, Roper, C.M.Z.S.; Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D.C., U.S.A.
1890. Satvaport, Count Tommaso, M.D., F.M.Z.8.; Royal Zoological
Museum, Turin, Italy.
1919. Sresnecer, Leonnarp, C.M.Z.8S.; Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Honorary Lady Members.
1910. Barr, Miss Dorornna M. A.; Bassendean House, Gordon,
Berwickshire.
1911. Baxrer, Miss Evetyn Vina; The Grove, Kirkton of Largo,
Fifeshire.
1910. Beprorp, Mary, Ducuess or, F.Z.8S.; Woburn Abbey, Beds.
1916, Havitanp, Miss Maup D.; Lake Farm, Maidenhead Thicket,
Berks.
1915. Jackson, Miss Annre C.; Swordale, Evanton, Ross-shire.
1911. Revvour, Miss Luonora Jerrrey ; Lahill, Largo, Fifeshire.
1915. Syeruiace, Dr. Emirs; Goeldi Museum, Para, Brazil.
1910. Turner, Miss Euua Loutsa, F.Z.S.
Cambridge.
; Langton Close, Girton,
Oolonial Members.
1904. Campprit, Arcuipatp James; Bulgaroo, Broughton Road,
Surrey Hills, Victoria, Australia.
Date of
Election.
1908.
LOO),
1909.
1908.
wal
1914.
1905.
1907.
1919.
ro 1912.
ISOS)
1919.
1880.
1906.
5 1906.
1919.
1902.
ro 1918.
Xxvll
Farqunar, Joun Henry Joseru, B.Sc., N.D.A.; Assistant
Conservator of Forests, Calabar, Southern Nigeria,
West Africa.
Friemine, James H.,C.M.Z.S.; 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto,
Canada.
Haacner, Atwin Karr, F.Z.8.; Director of the Zoological
Gardens, Box 754, Pretoria, South Africa,
Hatt, Rosertr, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.; c/o Tasmanian Museum,
Hobart, Tasmania.
Leacu, Jonn Axpert, M.A., D.Sc.; c/o Education Depart-
ment, Melbourne, Australia.
Macovun, Jonny, M.A., F.R.S.C.; Naturalist to the Geological
Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
Swynnvervon, Cuarres Francis Massy, F.L.S.; Gungunyana,
Melsetter, South Rhodesia.
AVERNER, Purcy A.; Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa,
Canada.
Waiter, Capt. Samunn ALBERT; Wetunga, Fulham, South
Australha.
AR
Foreign Members,
ALpHERAKY, Seraius N.; Academy of Science, Petrograd,
Russia.
Bayes, Ourram; Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cam-
bridge, Mass., U.S.A.
Burau, Dr. Louis; Ecole de Médecine, Nantes, France.
Birrixorer, Dr. Jowannes, C.M.Z.S.; Director of the
Zoological Garden, Rotterdam, Holland.
Boururuin, Srraius A.; Wesenberg, Esthonia, Russia.
Daxssenr, Dr. Roserto; Museo Nacional, Buenos Aires,
Argentina.
GrinneLL, Dr. Josepa; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
GyYLpDENsTOLPE, Count Nurs
; Royal Zoological Museum,
Stockholm, Sweden.
Tmertne, Dr. Herman von, C.M.Z.S.; Hansa de Joinville,
State of Catarina, Brazil.
Kuropa, Nagamacar; Fukuyoshi Cho, Akasaka, Tokyo,
Japan,
15
Date of
Election.
1914.
1894.
1914.
1902.
1917.
1896.
XXVI1
Lonngere, Prof. Dr, A. J. Ernar, F.M.Z.S.; Director of the
Zoological Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.
Muyzprer, Prof. Dr. Micnant, C.M.Z.S.; University for
Women, Devitchje, Pola, Moscow, Russia.
Stone, Dr. Wrrmer; Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia, Pa., U.S.A.
Susukin, Dr. Prerer, C.M.Z.S.; Zootomical Cabinet and
Museum, The University, Kharkov, Russia.
Van Oort, Dr. Envarp Danini; Museum of Natural History,
Leyden, Holland.
Winer, Heriur, C.M.Z.8.; University Zoological Museum,
Copenhagen, Denmark.
CONTENTS or VOL. L—ELEVENTH SERIES
(1919.)
Nomser 1, January.
Page
I. Notes on Collections of Birds in the British Museum,
from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Part I.
Tinamide—-Rallide. By Cartes Cuuss, F.Z.8., M.B.O.U.
Clarence lext-neures) 2 9: Weis. Gea shen ac ol
II. Birds in the North of France, 1917-18. By Capt. A.
Werbowy Mi@ee MeO lU wus SS ta, 0) iy my EE eeltes cree tek) ap eo
III. On one of the four original pictures from life of the
Réunion or White Dodo. By Lord Roruscurtp, F.R.S.,
MIEN) Wit (ie labeel eo! ou) Ge ano se ee, te a aet oS
IV. A note on Capt. Beebe’s Monograph of the Pheasants.
By@He de karwne, BE): ME BOsU 3s eles 2! 3 80
V. On the Eclipse Plumage of Spermophila pileata Sel
Byge Bras, MBO. wa a st on Ua =, OO
VI. List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed
reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Visitors.
Part I. Corvide—Sylviide. By Davin A. Bannerman,
MED AL yb 7AM b-OU., BYR:GESs 2h oe a Se 18H
VII. Obituary: Taomas AtgeRnon Dorrien-Suita . . . 131
SER. XI.—VOL. I, c
XXX CONTENTS.
VIII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Beebe’s Jungle Peace; Fénis on Bird-song; Ghigi on the
origin of the Domestic Fowl; Gladstone’s Ornithologist’s
Note-Book ; Lénnberg on African Birds; Lord on Tasmanian
Birds; Mathews on Australian Birds; Robinson and Kloss on
new Malavan Birds; Shufeldt on the Monkey-eating Eagle of
the Philippine Is.; Taverner on Canadian Birds; Van Oort
on the Birds of Holland; The Auk; Avicultural Magazine ;
The Emu; and List of other Ornithological Publications
Page
received . 132
IX. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letters from Mr. Hugh Whistler and Mr. E. C. Stuart
Baker on the Indian Peregrine Falcon; from the Rev. F. C.
R. Jourdain on Mr. Harting and Modern Nomenclature ;
Fourth Oological Diiner; The proposed ‘Systema Avium’;
Notice to Members 149
Number 2, April.
X. Some Notes on Meraaétus ayresi Gurney Sen, ( Lopho-
triorchis lucani Sharpe et auctorum). By CO. G. Fryecu-
Davies, Lt. 1st S.A.M.R., M.B.0.U. (Plate ITT.) alter
XI. Note on certain recently described Subspecies of Wood-
peckers. By H. C. Rosryson, M.B.O.U., C.M.Z.S. 179
XII. Some Notes on Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets.
By E. C. Srvarr Baker, M.B.O.U. 181
XIII. Notes on Birds observed in Palestine. By Major A.
G. L. Stapen, M.C., R.E., M.B.O.U. (Plate IV.) 222
XIV. A note on the Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region.
By W. L. Scrarzr, M.B.O.U. (Plate V.) 251
XV. Notes on Collections of Birds in the British Museum,
from Kcuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Part IL. Podici-
pediformes—Accipitriformes. By Cuartes Cuvuss, F.Z.S.,
OE AUP mea Be ne beet Se a . 256
CONTENTS. XXX
Page
XVI. List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed
reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Visitors.
Part IL. Turdide—Hirundinide. Ry Davin A. Bannerman,
MORE Bese eMeBrOMUe mm RMS. 9.5 bal Bode! Go let les, oe Od
XVII. Notes on the Height at which Birds migrate.
By Capt. Contixgwoop Ingram, M.B.O.U. . . . = «. . « 821
XVIII. Obituary: F. D, Gopman (Plate VI.); THEopore
Roosevett; ‘He Marcuesp Doria; L. Brastt . . . . . 326
XIX. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Bangs on various Birds; Flower and Nicoll on Bird-
protection in Egypt; Linnberg on a Linnean type; Mathews
on the Birds of Australia; Riley’s recent papers; Shufeldt on
the Hoatzin; Taverner on Canadian Hawks; Wetmore’s
recent papers; Witherby’s new book on British Birds;
Bird-Lore; Bird-Notes; The Condor; Fauna och Flora;
Irish Naturalist; Journal Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam; Revue
Frangaise @ Ornithologie; Rivista Ital. di Ornitologia; Scottish
Naturalist; and List of other Ornithological Publications
DOCG CUNE Ma ary a sel Satin §. ee wher eG Ola neh Baal a clea OF
Co
XX. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letters from Mr, W. P. Lowe on the Control of New Species
and Subspecies; Lieut.-Col, R. Meinertzhagen on Migration
and Aviation; Dr. Lonnberg on the names of the Song-Thrush
and the Redwing; Col. Rattray on the Indian Peregrine
Falcon; Mr. J. H. Gurney on Gannet Settlements in New-
foundland; Annual Meeting of the American Ornithologists’
Union; Annual Meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Union ;
The Ogilvie Collection of British Birds . . .... . . 864
NumBer 3, July.
XXI. A preliminary Study of the Relation between Geo-
graphical Distribution and Migration with special reference to
the Palearctic Region. By Lieut.-Col. R. MermerrznaceEn,
BO Uren SNES) oar ot Me oc Ge at ae . “oa
XXXli CONTENTS.
Page
XXII. On the Birds of South Annam and Cochin China.
Part I. Phasianidea — Campophagide. By Hurserr C.
Rosinson, M.B.O.U., and C. Boppy Kross, M.B.O.U. (Plates
Wei xl andWext-ficure’s:) 2.9. 20: (. ge 2.) = Soe
XXIII. On the Plumage-development of Nettion torquatum,
Anas undulata, and Peecilonetta erythrorhyncha. By F. E.
BEAM WANE DOS, 9 SW ae ik ecru holy Suen Mee
XXIV. List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed
reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Visitors.
Part III. Picide—Sulide. By Davipv A. Bannerman, M.B.E.,
CAT Ma OSU, BR GSS) on 25 5 e.g) aay ah re nee
XXV. Further Ornithological Notes from the Neighbour-
hood of Cape San Antonio, Province of Buenos Ayres. Part IT.
Trochilide—Plataleide. By Ernust Gipson, M.B.O.U., F.Z.8.. 495
XXVI. Obituary: J.C. McLean; Dr. J. Wictrswortu . 537
XXVII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— ~
Mrs. Bailey on the Birds of the Glacier National Park;
Brasil on New Caledonian Birds; Chubb on the Dendro-
colaptid ; Dixon on the Spoonbilled Sandpiper; Grinnell,
Bryant, and Storer on Californian Game Birds; Gurney on
Norfulk Ornithology; R. Gurney on Nomenclature; Kuroda
on a new Parus; Lonnbere on Hybrid Gulls; Menegaux on
Bird-Protection ; Palmer on the A. O. U.; Porsild on ‘‘ Says-
sats”; Robinson and Kloss on Sumatran Birds; Swarth on
new forms of Fox-Sparrow ; Van Oort on the Birds of Holland ;
White on Ornithological Trips in Australia ; Wiglesworth
on Somerset Heronries; The Bombay Journal; Journal of
the Museum of Comparative Oology; Tori; Trans. Norfolk
Nat. Society ; Yearbook of the Dutch Bird Club ; and List of
other Ornithological Publications received . . . . . . . 540
XXVIII. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letter from Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on South African
Hawks; The Godman-Salvin Memorials; Protection for
Canadian Bird-Sanctuaries; Oological Dinner; The Selous
Collections; Ornithologists Abroad; Mr. Fleming’s Museum . 559
: CONTENTS. XXX1l1
NumBer 4, October.
XXIX. On Birds from South Annam and Cochin China.
Part LI. Pyenonotide-—Diceide. By Herserr C. Ropryson,
M.B.0.U., and C. Boppn Ktuoss, M.B.O.U. (Plates XII.-
ReVEL Te
XXX. Note on the Jays of Holland. By Baron R. C.
SNoucKAERT VAN ScHausure, M.B.O.U. .
XXXI. A List of the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
based on the Collections of Mr. A. L. Butler, Mr. A. Chapman
and Capt. H. Lynes, R.N., and Major Cuthbert Christy,
R.A.M.C.(T.F.). Part IL]. Picide—Sagittariide. By W. L.
Scrater, M.B.O.U., and C. Mackworru-Prarp, M.B.O.U.
(Plate XIX.)
XXXII. List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with
detailed reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental
Visitors. Part LV. Anatidie
Bannerman, M.B.K.. B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S.
XXXII. Obituary: Sir Wintramw Maceregor; Francis
RicHarD SALIsBuRY BAxeNnDALE
XXXIV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :-—
An A.B.C. of Common Birds; Bangs on a new bird from
the Philippines; Bangs and Penard on the Lafresnaye types;
Campbell on Australian Birds and Nomenclature; KE. C.
Chubb on the Dodo; Gladstone on the war and bird-life ;
Misses Haviland and Pitt on the habits of the Song-Thrush ;
Mathews’ Birds of Australia; Riley on new birds from the
Far East; Stone on the Birds of Panama; Kirke Swann on
the Birds of Prey ; British Birds ; Canadian Field-Naturaiist ;
The Emu; Le Gerfaut; South Australian Ornithologist ; and
List of other Ornithological Publications received
XXXY. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letters from Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on South African
Iawk-Eagles, and from the Rey. F. C. R. Jourdain on the
Number of Eggs laid by the Blackbird in Spain; B.O. U.
Godman-Salvin Medal Fund ; Godman Memorial Fund ; Inter-
national Ornithological Congress ; The Editor of ‘The Ibis’ .
Laride. By Davin A.
Page
7
85
X¥XX1V CONTENTS.
Index of Scientific Names
Index of Contents .
Titlepage; Dates of Issue of ‘The Ibis’ for 1919; List of
Members; Contents; List of Plates; and List of Text-
figures.
LIST OF PLATES.
LISMORE ATES IN: VOLT.
ELEVENTH SERIES,
I, Chamepetes fagani .
Il. Reproduction of the picture a Hts White Dodo ie
Pieter Witthoos
IL. Hieraaétus ayresi ce he
IV. Sketch-map of Southern Palestine :
V. Buteo jakal archer .
VI. F. D. Godman : oA:
VII e Near Tour Cham, Phanrang, South Rider ane }
Forest at Daban, 650 ft., Phanrang, South Annam
VIII. { Langbian Peaks and Plateau, South Annam. . |
I Part of the Langbian Plateau, South Annam
IX. Camp at Dalat, 5000 ft., Langbian Plateau. . }
{ Camp at the Langbian Peaks at 6000 ft..
X. Arboricola rufogularis annamensis .
XI. Arboricola brunneipectus albigula
XI. Garrulax milleti :
XI. | ' Fig. 1. Stactocichla merulina annamensis . . }
| Fig. 2. T'rochalopteron yersini
XIV. { Fig. : Pseudominia atriceps . . . . . . |)
Fig. 2. Rimator danjowi . . RU PA Ss sole if
XV. Cutia oe legallent 3 & 9 :
Fig. z Cryptolopha maleolmsmithi . . ..
XVI. {Be 2 Fig. 2. Mesia argentauris cunhact . |
Fig. 3. Certhia discolor meridionalis
XVII. Cissa margarite . Ba ewe pha BEAM Ae
XVI. f Pig. 1. Mthopyga Aan pectua onan oe ees |
i Figs. 2&3. thopyga gouldie annamensis 6&9 |
XIX. Sketch-map of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ,
XxXXV
XXXVl LIST OF THXT-FIGURES.
List oF Trxt-FIQuRES.
Page
1. The ceeea of Calopezus elegans formosus from a sketch on
Mr. Kemp’s label 14
2. Heads of—A. Odontophorus guianensis guianensis.
B. Odontophorus guianensis pachyrhynchus . 27
3. Sketch-map of part of southern Annam to show the localities
visited by Mr. Kloss . 393
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Vou. I. No.1. JANUARY 1919.
I.—Notes on Collections of Birds in the British Museum,
from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Part J.
Tinamip#@—Ratitip&z&. By Cuaries Cuouss, F.ZS.,
M-B:0.U.
[Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. }
(Plate I. and 2 Text-figures. )
Tue following notes are based, chiefly, on a collection made
by the late Perry O. Simons in the Andean regions of
Keuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina from the latter
part of 1898 to November 1901, at varying altitudes up to
5000 metres.
The collection, which consists of about three thousand
specimens, contains many new forms and records of species
that were not previously known to occur in the localities
visited, thus adding new facts to the distribution of the
species.
The expedition was a private undertaking initiated and
financed by Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., of the Department
of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), whose en-
thusiasm is so well known among mammalogists aud who
has done so much to advance that branch of Zoological
Science. His object was to obtain a collection, as complete
SER. XI.—VOL, I. B
2 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
as possible, of the mammals of the northern portion of the
South American Andes, but, with his usual generosity, he
allowed Simons to collect birds also during his journey.
The specimens thus collected by Simons were acquired by
the British Museum and form a particularly welcome
addition to the Bird-Room, which had previously been poor
in specimens from the Andean regions, Ornithologists
who make a special study of the avifauna of South America
will, therefore, be grateful to Mr. Oldfield Thomas for his
patriotic action in thus enriching the National Collection.
There are, however, two other collections included in
these notes,—one from the Andes of Ecuador, made by
Mr. Walter Goodfellow and presented to the British Museum
by Mr. E. J. Brook ; and the other from Trujillo in north-
west Peru, which was formed and presented by the late
Lord Brabourne.
Such notes as were made by the collectors are placed in
inverted commas “ ””, and their names in brackets (_).
The references to literature, in addition to those to the
original description, are restricted, as much as possible, to
works and papers dealing with the Andean region, others
being referred to only when there has been a change in the
nomenclature.
A list of the localities where specimens were collected by
Simons is given below, arranged in chronological order from
his diaries. The names of the Provinces have been added
where possible in order to assist in locating the exact
situation of the places where the collections were made,
which are often not to be found in the most recent maps.
ECUADOR.
1 Nov. 1898. Puna Island. Prov. Guayas.
4-11 ,, 98. Zenda. ; Ss
18-22 ,, 98. Chougou. es 5
25 “3 98. Guayaquil. se x
9 oA 98. Colta Lake. * -
12-25 Dec. 798. Sinche, Guaranda. % +3
30 98. Riobamba. Proy. Chimborazo.
9
16 Jan. 1899. Guallabamba. 5 #3
1919. |
Feb. 1899.
1 Mar. ’99.
10 % 99,
27 -P 99,
5-18 Apr. 99.
23 5 99,
13) May 99:
16 “ 99,
16 e 99,
1 June 799.
12 As 99.
12 = 99.
20 ow oe
8 July 99.
9 Ki 99,
10 # 99,
11 ” 99,
12 os 99.
18 July 1899.
20 ”
21 ys
26 ”
4 Aug
22 ”
cee.
4 Sept.
29 Oct.
5 Nov
13-18 ,,
Baye
Dan Gn
28 9
i Dec
2 ”?
”
4 ”
7 ”
9-14 ,,
16 »
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina.
Mirador, Rio Tapo.
Talahua, 4000 metres.
Povenir.
Riobamba,
Cafiar.
Cuenca, 2200 metres.
Curube, 2500 metres.
Proy. Azuay.
PP) ”
Proy. Bolivar.
Proy. Chimborazo.
Proy. Caiiayr.
Prov. Azuay.
” ”
Mararuria, Paramo, 3000 metres.
Ona, Guishapa, 2000 metres.
Loja, ]800 metres.
Proy. Azuay.
” ”
Hacienda de Curtincapa, Zaruma,
1000 metres.
Curtincapa.
Guallavo, 1000 metres.
Cangunana, 1500 metres.
Casango.
Guachanama, 2000 metres.
Dormugillo.
Sapatillo.
PERU.
Sulana,
Famarindo.
Omotape, 50
Piura, 50
Catacaos, 50
Chuloconuo, 80
Marropon, 142
Eten.
Talon, 80
San Pablo, 1800
Cajamarca, 2800
San Martos, 200
La Grama, 2000
Huamachucea, 3500
Hungas Marcos
Paramo, 3500
Tulpo, 3000
Mollapata Paramo, 2500
Corenges Paramo, 3300
Uramarea nr. Pal-
lasca, Rio Ushpe, 1200
Caraz, 2200
Yogay, 2400
60 metres.
Prov. El Oro.
” ”
Proy. Lambeyeque.
Prov. Cajamarca.
” ”
”
Proy. Libertad.
Proy. Ancachs.
>) +) ]
B2
4 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
= lly Dec. 1899. Carohas, 2600 metres. Prov. Ancachs.
19 5 99. Recuay, 3400, " 3
20 3 99. Tecapampa, 8600 =i, a 2
20 , 799. Puno Paramo,
16° 8. 70° W., 4000 i A *
22 . 99. Marca, 3000 *. 5 7
24 ie 99. Shigriay Tambo, 1600 is - »
30 ‘5 99. Chancey near the sea. Proy. Lima.
10 Jan. 1900. Callao, 8 metres. be +
16 A 00. San Lorenzo Island, off Callao. 3 *
45 iy. OO. t Chosica, 850 metres. a3 55
i ass 700. Surco, 2050 _—C=«, 5 i;
17-21 ,, 00. San Mateo, 3200 ~-,, i bs
24-26 ,, 00. Galera, 4800 , Prov. Junin.
‘lL. Mar. ’00. Oroya, 4200 ,, Fs F
2 & 00. Tarma, 3500 sg, <5
3 ss 00. Ancobamba, 3500 sé» *
4 "4 700. Hatol Huacapista. - 5
6 ij 700. San Ramon, HOOO.| "Ss, - 5
il a 700. La Merced, 1000 _ C=, ‘5 +
9-30 ,, 00.) “The Camp,”
5-14 Apr. 700. Rio Perene, 800 i « 3
i) _ 00. Puntoyacu, 1200 5) 5 oa
23 Fr 00. Huacapistana, 2000 * 55 3
17-21 May 00. Rio Tambo, 20 A x AA
28-31 ,, ‘00. Arequipa, 24294 Pe Proy. Arequipa.
4-9 Juie ’00. Sumbay, HoT es i %
11 » 700. Diuia, Sumbay,
Colca, 4500 ss, i 53
14 a 00. Caylloma, 4300 yy : 5
25 ‘5 00. + Tirapata, Titicaca
Basin, 3600 Proy. Puno.
30 5 00. Crucero on the pass between
Puno and the Upper
Inambari, 4500 metres. es
3 July 00. Limbane, 3800 a ap 95
46 ,, 00. Rio Limbane, 2000 5 ‘is 3
8 _ 00. Segravio, 1600 oe a -
9 i 00. Huroya, 1000 ‘. 7 =F
9 = 00. Rio Inambari, 1000_—=i,, a 7
10-24 ,, 00. Oroya, THO0 lay, i *n
26 = 00. Limbane, 3400 e as "
28 - 00. Aricoma Lake, 5000 e a9 >
30 - 00. Segravio, 4500 “ es 9b
1919. |
BOLIVIA.
13 Aug. 1900. La Paz, 4000 metres.
16-17 5 00. Sorato, 3000-4000 __,,
19 4 00. Oyane, OVO. (tes
23,24 ,, ‘00. Mapiri, 1600 __s=é»
25 4 00. Bella Vista.
26 F 700. San Carlos, 100) 9 oes
27 . 00. Sarampioni, S008 ~.;
I
a Sen t ao. San Ernesto.
15 * 00. Chimate, FOO 5
17. = Oct. +=’00. San Ernesto, 1OO0s >;
20-23 _,, 00. Sorato, 3500-8800 ,,
9 Noy. ’00. _Palca, 18 miles E. of La Paz.
10 Y 700. Yanacachi, 67°5° W.
16253; 3500 metres.
mG 01 aa 00. Rio Tamampaya, 1500. _,,
20-24 ,, 700. Astillera, 2008
ae He 1901. f Chulumani, 2000 _ ,,
10-29 ,, 701. Chocachaca, Rio
Tamampaya, 1200 _,,
45 Febs, 701; Tacama; 2000)... ,;
14-20 _,, 01. Astillera, MOO 5;
24 3 701. Achecachi, Titicaca.
9 Mar. ’01. Cosmini, ASOO! ~ °;5
15 "3 01. Caracollo, 4000 __i,,
22 re 01. Tapacari, 3000 __,,
1-6 Apr. 701. Paratani, O00.
18-24 ,, 701. Cochabamba, 2500,
Be May. “OL. Choro, ap00= +;
ns x Ol. Langunillas, 8500,
18-27 _,, 01. Charuplaya, SOO =;
= July ee Rio Blanco.
8 i: 01. Langunillas, 8800 __,,
13 5s 01. Choquecamate, 4000 __,,
15 cp 01. San Carlos, GOORSe..
22-25 ,, 701. Choro, -
29 701. Choquecamate, 4000 ,,
5-24 Aug. 701. Oruro, 3694 __—s,
28 os ’O1. Livichuco,
66°5° W. 19°8.,4500
3-12 Sept. "O01: Sucre, 65° W.
19° §., 2844 _s,
18-21 ,, 01, El Cabrada, Posta,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina.
65°5° W.19°5° S., 3500
Prov
9
Prov
Prov
Proy
”
Prov
Prov
. La Paz.
»
. Cochabamba,
. Lia Paz.
. Cochabamba.
oY
. Oruro.
. Potosi.
Proy. Chiquisaca.
6 Mr. C. Chub) on Birds from [ Ibis,
27 = Sept. 1901. Potosi, 4300 metres. Proy. Potosi.
10 Oct. 701. Challapata. Prov. Oruro.
17 % 01. Pampa Aullagas,
Gi-aW L9:3°'S., 700 i x
i “Noy.: “O01, Uyuni,67? W.
20°5°S., SOOM me. Proy. Potosi.
ARGENTINA.
15. =Novy. 1901. Punta de Vacas, 2500 metres. Prov. Mendoza.
18 “ 701. Palmira, 900 ~=C«, i op
27 - O01. Cruz del Eje, 600.7. Proy. Cordoba.
Systematic List.
Family Trnamipa.
Tinamus tao weddelli.
Tinamus weddelli Bonap. Tabl. Parall. ordre Gallin. (ex-
trait pp. 12, 15, 1856): Tipuani Valley, Bolivia.
No. 2432. ¢. San Ernesto, Upper Beni River, Bolivia,
1000 metres, 29 Sept. 1900. Native name “ Caloma.’_
Culmen 37 mm., wing 280, tail 101, tarsus 84. “ Found in
woods, feeding on nuts and fruit.”
No, 2434. 92imm. San Ernesto, 1000 metres, 29 Sept.
1900. Culmen 40 mm., wing 260, tail 104, tarsus 90.
These individuals differ from specimens in the British
Museum from Venezuela in the coarse markings on the
upper parts and the more slaty-grey hue. The female,
which is immature, is spotted with white on the wing-
coverts and scapulars.
They also differ in the colour of the flanks and thighs—
the male being uniformly barred on these parts, while the
female is mottled.
These two specimens were collected at San Ernesto, near
Mapiri on the upper Beni River, which cannot be far from
the locality in which the type of 7. weddelli was obtained,
as Bonaparte gives the locality: the virgin forest in the
Tipuani Valley in the Province of La Paz, Bolivia. I have
not, hitherto, seen any specimens of this group from Bolivia;
and although the present examples are very close to 7. tao
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. a
kleeit, I am inclined to use Bonaparte’s name, which was
founded on a Bolivian bird, rather than extend the range o
T. t. kleet with insufficient material to verify it.
Nothocercus julius salvadorii.
Nothocercus salvadoriti Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Clut,
xxxill. 20 Jan. 1914, p. 95: Ecuador.
Tinamus julius Sclater, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 76: Rio Naps,
not Rio Negro as given by Salvadori & Festa.
Nothocercus julius Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino,
xv. 1899, No. 357, p. 51: Puno, Ecuador.
An adult male from the west side of Pichincha, western
Ecuador, 11,000 feet, Feb. 1915. “ Iris brownish red; feet
dull burnt-sienna; bill dark brown, lower mandible paler”
(W. Goodfellow).
This specimen, which was collected by W. Goodfellow and
presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook, is
much more olive than N. 7. salvadorii on the upper parts,
but still retains the wide dark bars asin the type. It differs,
however, in having the mantle finely freckled as in N. julius,
in consequence of which I am compelled to reduce its status
to that of a subspecies. On the under surface it differs
from N. julius in the more extensive white throat, darker
freckled olive throat-band, and the paler rufous on the
breast.
Total length 305 mm., culmen 35, wing 192, tail 64,
tarsus 61.
Crypturus obsoletus punensis.
Crypturus obsoletus punensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, xxxvinl. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 30.
Crypturus obsoletus (nec Temm.) Sclater & Salvin, P.Z.S.
1879, p. 642: Tilotilo.
Adult male. This form differs from C. o. obsoletus in its
smaller size and the deeper and richer coloration of the
entire plumage. “Iris salmon-red; bill and feet dark”
(P. O. Simons).
Total length 240 mm., culmen 25, wing 151, tail 40,
tarsus 46,
8 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ This,
No, 2186. ¢. Oroya, Puno, Peru, 1000 metres, 15 July,
1900. Native name “ Perdiz.”’ “In woods.”
No. 2551. ¢. Chulumani, Bolivia, 1700 metres, 26 Dec.
1900. Native name ‘‘Coloma.” “In bush by creek.”
No. 2646. ?@. Chulumani, 2200 metres, 16 Jan. 1901.
Native name ‘“ Paloma Coloma.” “In bush on _ the
ground.”
I have not seen an example of C. 0. obsoletus from Para-
guay, which is the type locality, but have compared Simons’
birds with specimens in the British Museum from the Rio
Parana, SAio Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, all of which agree
in being larger in size and paler in coloration.
In addition to the type from Oroya, Department of Puno,
southern Peru, and the male and female from Chulumani in
Bolivia, collected by P.O. Simons, there is an adult bird
in the Museum collected by the late Clarence Buckley at
Tilotilo in the Province Yungas, Bolivia, which is identi-
eally the same as those in the Simons collection.
Crypturus garleppi affinis, subsp. nov.
Crypturus garleppi Berlepsch, Ber. Allg. Deutschl. Orn.
Ges., Dec. 1892, p. 13: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
No. 2678. 2. Rio Blanca, Bolivia, 1000 metres, 26 June,
1901. Type of the subspecies.
According to Count Salvadori’s description and remarks
on C. garleppi in the Catalogue of the Birds in the British
Museum, vol. xxvil. 1895, p. 53, it would appear that the
species was closely allied to C. atricapillus, but I do not
consider that the specimen in the Simons collection is at
all nearly allied to that species. I am, therefore, giving a
description of it.
Adult female. Middle of the crown of the head chestnut-
brown with blackish bars and edgings to the feathers,
becoming paler on the lores, sides of face, and hind-neck,
where the dark markings are much more minute; lower
hind-neck and mantle dusky rufous-brown barred and
mottled with blackish and washed with hoary-grey ; upper
back and scapulars ochreous brown narrowly barred with
1gI9. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 9
black which becomes much broader on the remainder of the
back and wings, where the buff, or fulvous bars and edgings
are very narrow compared with the black interspaces ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primary quills greyish
brown, darker on the outer webs, and buff mottlings at the
tips of the last which cross the entire feather on the inner-
most secondaries; tail blackish banded with rufous-buff,
the bands rather broader than those on the back; chin and
throat pale rufous, becoming darker on the lower throat
where the feathers are minutely barred with blackish ; fore-
neck slate-grey with rufous-chestnut edges to some of the
feathers, this colour increasing in extent on the breast
where it occupies nearly the whole of the feather; paler
again on the abdomen, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts,
where the feathers are buff, or fulvous barred or mottled
with blackish; under wing-coverts silvery grey or white,
the marginal ones dark brown or sooty-black; under sur-
face of quills pale brown, broadly margined with grey on the
inner edges. :
Total length 330 mm., culmen 32, wing 177, tail 52,
tarsus 59.
Crypturus transfasciatus.
Crypturus transfasciatus Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1878,
p- 141, pl. xiii.: Santa Rosa, Ecuador; Salvadori & Festa,
Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1899, No. 357, p.51: Guayaquil.
No. 173. g¢. Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1 Dec. 1898. ‘ Found
in thick jungle.”
There is a specimen of this species in the British Museum
from the Balzar Mountains, Ecuador, collected by Llling-
worth, which Count Salvadori regarded as identical with
C. transfasciatus. It differs, however, from the one in the
Simons collection in being almost uniform creamy-white
on the under surface, while the barrings on the upper back
and mantle are similar to those of the type. The following
are the measurements of the three individual birds men-
tioned above :—
No. 173 Simons collection: Culmen 27 mm., wing 160,
tail 47, tarsus 51.
10 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis,
C. transfasciaius (type): “ Rostri a rictu 15, ale 6:2,
caudee 2°], tarsi 2°9.”
The specimen from Balzar Mts. has the following measure-
ments :—Culmen 29 mm., wing 142, tail 43, tarsus 47.
Crypturellus parvirostris.
Crypturus parvirostris Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, Crypturus
18: Brazil. :
Crypturellus parvirostris Brabourne & Chubb, Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiv. Oct. 1914, p. 322.
No. 2677. g imm. Rio Solocame, Bolivia, 1400 metres,
24 January, 1901. Native name ‘* Peso.” ‘* On open hill-
side. Feeding on seeds.”
This specimen, which is sexed as male by Simons, differs
from the adult birds, both on the upper and under surface,
in being darker and in having a patch of white feathers
with black tips on each side of the forehead ; this is no
doubt the remains of youth.
Nothoprocta cinerascens.
Nothura cinerascens Burmeister, J. f. O. 1860, p. 259:
Tuecuman.
Nothoprocta cinerascens Sclater & Hudson, Argent. Orn.
ii. 1889, p. 210.
Two males and three females in fully adult plumage,
from El Carrizal, Sierra de Cordoba, Argentina, collected by
Mr. Robin Kemp, at an altitude of 1000 metres, during
November and December, 1915.
I have compared the specimens mentioned above with
others in the National Collection, and find them to be not
quite so white on the abdomen, but otherwise identical both
in colour of plumage and measurement of the wings.
Nothoprocta pentlandii.
Rhynchotus pentlandii Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Galline,
1867, p. 103: Andes of Bolivia.
Nothoprocta pentlandi Salvadori, Cat. B, Brit. Mus. xxvii.
1895, p. 555, pl. xvi.
1919. | Leuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. ll
No. 2647. g. Chulumani, Bolivia, 2000 metres, 16 Jan.
1901. Native names, “‘ Guayco, Perdiz-Pesa, or Incocal.”
No. 2818. 2. Paratani, Bolivia, 2500 metres, 4 April,
1901.
Nos. 3086 ? , 3087 3. El Cabrada, 3500 metres,18 Sept.
1901. “On hillsides in grass, feeding on grain and insects.”
The male, No. 2647, and female, No. 2818, agree in
colour of plumage very well with the type in the British
Museum, but Nos. 3086 and 3087 differ, especially the
male, in being perceptibly paler both on the upper and
under surface. They are also slightly larger in wing-
measurements [¢ 140 mm., ? 145, as against g 138,
? 142]. Ido not attach any importance to these measure-
ments, however, as the wing-measurement of the type is
148 mm. and it is a much darker bird. The difference of
altitude, moreover, may account for the pale coloration
of the El Cabrada specimens, which approach N. coquimbica
in the colour of the back and the pale under surface.
Nothoprocta pentlandii simonsi.
Nothoprocta pentlandi simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, xxxviii. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 30.
This subspecies is somewhat intermediate between N. cur-
virostris peruana and N. pentlandii pentlandii. It approaches
the head and back of the former and the grey fore-neck,
with buffy-white central spots, and secondary quills of the
latter.
The type, No. 1414 ?, which is in the British Museum,
was collected at San Pablo, Cajamarca, Peru, at an altitude
of 1500 metres, on 5 November, 1899.
Nothoprocta curvirostris.
Nothoprocta curvirostris Sclater & Salvin, Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. 1873, pp. 153, 163: Calacali, Ecuador; Tacz. Orn.
Pér. il. 1886, p. 306 ; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino,
xv. 1899, No. 357, p. 52: Ecuador.
The two adult females, and a young female which still
has down attached to some of its feathers, collected at
12 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from - { Ibis,
Gorazon, western Ecuador, at an altitude of 13,000 feet,
differ from the type in having the dark pattern of the
feathers on the upper surface everywhere deeper black,
which stands out in bold relief on comparison. This differ-
ence may be due, however, to the higher altitude, as I notice
that the type was obtained by Fraser at Calacali at an
altitude of 8000 feet, and the co-type, also collected by
Fraser, came from Puellaro, at an altitude of 6500 feet.
The rufous and black markings on the wings are also more ~
conspicuous in the birds from the higher altitude.
Nestling with the feathers on the wings, upper back, and
sides of the breast black, fringed laterally with white,
and barred and tipped with ochreous brown on the back,
scapulars, tail, and innermost secondaries ; upper wing-
coverts edged with rufous ; flight-quills brown barred, or
mottled with rufous, or buffy-white ; sides of the breast
black with whitish margins to the feathers and slightly
tinged with rufous ; the feathers on the sides of the body
are pale rufous marked with dark brown near the tips ;
head and underparts covered with down which is for the
most part drab-white tinged with rufous and, on the head
and hind-neck, profusely marked with black or dark brown ;
the down on the hind-neck has long black hair-lhke tips.
Iris brown ; feet flesh-colour; bill, upper mandible brown,
lower mandible pale yellow at the base. This specimen, with
two others, was collected at Pichincha, western Ecuador, at an
_altitude of 13800 feet, in February 1915 by W. Goodfellow,
and presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook.
Nothoprocta ornata.
Rhynchotus ornatus Gray, List of the Birds in the
British Museum, Galline, 1867, p. 102: Bolivia.
Nothoprocta ornata Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii.
1895, p. 557, pl. xvii.
No. 3175. ¢. Lake Pampa Aullagas, Bolivia, 3900 metres,
17 Oct. 1901.
Simons states that he found this bird “in sandy bushy
places.”
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 13
This specimen is very similar to Gray’s type which is in
the British Museum. The following measurements refer to
the bird collected by} Simons :—Total length 350 mm.,
exposed portion of culmen 28, wing 194, tail 58, tarsus 43.
I may remark that plate xvii. in the Catalogue of the Birds
in the British Museum is not a correct representation of
the type of this species.
Nothura maculosa.
Tinamus maculosa Temm. Pig. et Gall. 11. 1815, pp. 557,
748: Paraguay.
Nothura maculosa Sclater & Hudson, Argent. Orn. 1.
18895 ps Zit.
Seven males and eleven females of this species were
collected by Mr. Robin Kemp at Papin, Bonifacio, western
Argentina, during the months of April, May, June, July,
August, and September, 1916.
In addition to the eighteen specimens that Mr. Kemp
collected, there are twenty-two dated individuals in the
National Museum, which together represent a series of
forty specimens, collected during the months of December,
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August,
aud September, and which include all the plumages from
the nestling to that of the adult. On viewing this series
I was at first inclined to think that there was more
than one form as there are two distinct phases, one rufous
and the other grey. On closer observation, however, I
find the birds of the rufous or ochreous-buff phase to be
immature, and those of the darker and more grey phase
to be the fully adult. I have measured the wings of seven
adult males and seven adult females, and find the average to
be—males 131 mm. and females 138.
Nothura darwini salvadorii.
Nothura salvadortt Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvi. 1909, p. 266:
Arenal, Prov. de Salta; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer.
1. 1912; p. 7, no. 64.
14 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ihis,
Nos. 4863 ¢, 4894 9. El Carrizal, Sierra de Cordoba,
Argentina, 1000 metres, December 1915.
These two birds, which were collected by Mr. Robin
Kemp, differ from the type of N. darwint in being rather
darker on the upper parts, the submarginal longitudinal
white lines more pronounced, the under wing-coverts deeper
fawn-colour, and the somewhat larger wing-measurements—
male 132 mm., female 1438.
There is a specimen from Cosquin, Cordoba, in the
British Museum which also belongs to this subspecies,
collected by E. W. White on 28 June, 1882.
Calopezus elegans formosus.
Calopezus formosus Lillo, Revista da letras y ciencias
sociales, No. 18,1905, p. 72: Santiago; Brabourne & Chubb,
B. §. Amer. 1. 1912, p. 7, no. 71.
No. 5003. 2. Laguna Alsina, Bonifacio de Cordoba,
10 June, 1916.
““Cxca—100 mm. and 140 mm. Large, conical, and,
sacculated”’ (R. Kemp).
The ceca of Calopezus elegans formosus from a sketch on
Mr. Kemp’s label.
The specimen sent by Mr. Kemp was collected in the
neighbourhood whence Lillo described C. formosus, and
agrees fairly well with the description and the figures given
by Dabbene & Lillo in the An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos
Aires, xxiv. Lam. xi. fig. 1 ¢.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 15
There is an adult female in the Rothschild Museum at
Tring which was collected at Rioja in western Argentina
(cf. Hartert & Venturi, Nov. Zool. xvi. 1916, p. 267), and
which answers very well to the description of C. intermedius
Dabbene & Lillo in the An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos
Aires, xxiv. 1913, p. 194, Lam. xu.
Tinamotis pentlandi.
Tinamotis pentlandi Vigors, P.Z. 8. 1836, p. 79: Andes;
Tacz. Orn. Pér. ii. 1886, p. 310: Junin.
No. 1851. ¢. Galera, Junin, Peru, 4800 metres,
26 Feb. 1900.
No. 2095. Sumbay, Peru, 4000 metres, 7 June, 1900.
Native name “ Francolin.” Simon states that this bird
was found on the ground in open rocky places.
I have compared these two specimens with the series in
the British Museum, and find them to be similar both in
colour of plumage and wing-measurements.
Family Cracipa.
Mitu mitu.
Crax mitu Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed.i. 1766, p. 270: Brazil.
Mitu mitu Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. 1912,
p. 9, no. 84.
No. 2642. @. San Ernesto, Bolivia, 1000 metres,
2 September, 1900. Native name ‘ Buiche.” “Iris brown;
bill and feet red” (P. O. Simons). ‘‘ Found in woods.”
I have compared this specimen with others in the British
Museum, and find it to be very similar both in colour of
plumage and in measurements. Wing 405 mm., tail 320.
Penelope brooki.
Penelope brooki Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxviii,
30 Oct. 1917, p. 5.
Penelope montagnii Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii,
1893, p. 492 (part, specimens /, g, h, 7).
16 Mr, C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis,
Adult male. Allied to P. montagnii Bonap. which was
described from Colombia, but differing from that species in
having the upper surface for the most part dark oil-green
instead of bronze-brown, the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts brown, with dark rufous edgings to the feathers -
instead of uniform rufous-chestnut, chin and throat black
instead of grey, the breast darker and the pale margins to
the feathers more contrasting, and the abdomen dusky
brown with dark rufous mottlings, instead of rufous brown
with dark mottlings.
‘* Bill deep yellow-chrome; feet red; iris brown; face and
throat red”’ (W. Goodfellow).
Total letigth 512 mm., exposed culmen 33, wing 234,
tail 192, tarsus 61.
The type was collected at Baeza, eastern Ecuador,
6000 feet, by W. Goodfellow in April 1914, and presented
to the British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook, in whose
honour the species is named.
There are four other specimens from Ecuador in the
National Collection which support the characters given iw
the above description.
Penelope equatorialis.
Penelope equatorialis Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino,
xv. No. 868, 1900, p. 388: Foreste del Rio Peripa, W.
Ecuador ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S.:Amer. i. 1912, p. 10,
no: Qe
Penelope cristata (nec Linn) Berl. & Tacz. P. Z.S. 1888,
p- 786: Chimbo; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii.
1892, p. 498 (part) (spec. n, Balzar Mts.) ; Hartert, Nov.
Zool. v. 1898, p. 504: Paramba.
The bird collected by Simons belongs to the form which
occurs in western Ecuador, Colombia, and Central America,
and for a long time has been known as P. cristata Linn.
This name, however, cannot stand as it was founded by
Linné on Maregrave’s Jacupema (Hist. Nat. Bras. p. 198,
cum fig. 1648: District of Pernambuco). It must therefore
1919. | | Teuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 7
have been a Brazilian bird. Edwards, in his ‘ Natural
History of Birds,’ i. 1743, p. 13, refers to it as the ‘“‘ Quan
or Guan, so called in the West Indies.” He gives a de-
scription and a coloured plate, but neither is applicable to
any species known in Brazil at the present time. On the
plate is inscribed “ the Brassilian Jacupema of Margegrave.”
He also states—“‘I saw one of these birds at Captain
Chandler’s at Stepney, who brought it with him from some
one of the Sugar Islands in the West Indies, I have forgot
which; but I suppose it may be found in most of them.
The Brasilian Jacupema of Marcgrave, I believe, is the same
with this bird, though his description differs something from
mine.’ It may be mentioned, however, that none of this
family is known to occur in any of the West India Islands.
Ray refers to the species as “ Phasianus Brasiliensis
Jacupema dictus Maregr.” (¢fr. Synopsis Methodica Avium
& Piscium, 1713, p. 56). A description is also given by
Ray which is similar to that of Marcgrave’s.
The bird is also referred to by Brisson under the title of
“Le Dindon du Bresil” (efr. Orn. 1. 1760, p. 162), which
is also based on Marcgrave’s figure. He appears to have
seen a specimen, as he gives a description.
It was on the works of these four authors that Linné
founded the title Meleagris cristata, but while it is uncertain
as to which of the Brazilian species it was intended to
apply, it is perfectly certain that it could not have been the
Colombian or Ecuadorean bird.
The synonym quoted by Mr, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xx. p. 498—** Penelope purpurascens Lawr, Aun. Lye.
N.Y. vii. p. 12 (U.S. Colombia)” was intended to have
read Lawr. (nec Wagler)—P. purpurascens Wagl. being the
Mexican form.
The only available name, therefore, for this species is
P. equatorialis Salvadori & Festa. I cannot, however,
accept the species as those authors separated it, for after a
comparison of specimens from Central America with others
from Colombia and Ecuador, I have failed to observe any
SER. XI.—VOL, I, c
18 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
differences, and the characters given for its distinction are
certainly not borne out by birds from the localities cited.
The habitat of the species therefore, as at present known,
is Ecuador, Colombia, and Central America, from Panama
to southern Nicaragua.
I notice that Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool. v. p. 504) men-
tions that the wings of the two birds obtained at Paramba,
Ecuador, measured 340-355 mm., and that the bird from
Central America is larger, the head paler, and the pale mar- .
gins to the feathers broader. I have measured the wings
of four individuals from Central America and find the
average to be 361 mm., and two from Colombia, one from
Merida, Venezuela, and one from Ecuador, which average
355 mm., so that the difference is but shght. As regards the
colour of the head, I should say that the southern bird is
the darker of the two, but the difference is not great, and
I fail to see that the pale margins to the feathers of the
northern bird are any broader than in the southern species.
I do not altogether disparage the suggestion that these
may be subspecific forms, but the small amount of material
to hand is not sufficient to prove it.
Penelope jacquacu jacquagu
Penelope jacquacu Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p. 52, pl. Ixvii.:
“in sylvis fluminis Solimoens ” ; Brahourne & Chubb, B.
S. Amer, i. 1912, p. 10, no. 98 (part).
Penelope boliviana (nec Reichenb.) Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii.
1886, p. 268 ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1898,
p- 499 (part): Sarayacu, Ecuador, Yquitos, Yurimaguas, and
Rio Solimoens, East Peru.
No. 1966. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres, 24 March,
1900. Native name “ Pavo.” ‘Iris coffee-brown ; skin
round the eye blue-black; throat-patch red and bill red :
feet black” (P. O. Simons).
The bird collected by Simons is very similar to others in
the British Musenm from Ecuador and Peru, among which
there is an example from the Rio Solimoens, whence the
original type of this species was obtained by Spix.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 19
Penelope jacquagu boliviana.
Penelope beliviana Reichenb. Syn. Ay., Novit. xlvi. 1851,
pl. 271, figs. 2493-94: Bolivia; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 499 (specimen g); Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. ii. 1890, p. 106: Lower Beni.
Penelope jacqiacu Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i.
1912, p. 10, no. 98 (part).
When comparing the Simons bird, No. 1966 from Perene,
with others from Bolivia, Peru, and E:uador in the British
Museum, I noticed that the Bolivian bird was darker in
colour both on the upper and under surface as well as
larger in wing and tail measurements, particularly the
latter. I found, too, that the darker coloration was depicted
by Reichenbach in his original figures. Wing 322 mm.,
tail 340.
I propose, therefore, that this form be recognized as a
subspecies under the name Penelope jacqtagu boliviana.
Habitat. Bolivia.
Ortalis guttata.
Penelope guttata Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p. 55, tab. lxiii. :
“ad flumen Solimoens.”
Ortalida guttata Tacz, Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 278.
Ortalis guttata Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. 1912,
p. 12, no. 112.
No. 1874. Adult. San Ramon, Junin, Peru, 1000 metres,
6 March, 1900. Native name “Gallina del monte.”’ “ Found
in brush.”
No. 1932. Adult. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres,
17 March, 1900. ‘ Found in thick wood.”
With a series of fourteen specimens, including the two in
the Simons collection, from localities in the following states
—Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, I notice a consider-
able amount of variation, particularly in regard to the colour
on the rump. In several, the feathers are short and fluffy
and of a deep rust-brown or chestnut in colour, while there
are others which do not show either of these characters but
have normal feathers and are olive-brown like the back.
C2
20 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
The colour of the back varies, too, from oil-green to rich
brown. On the under surface, the abdomen varies from
grey to pale brown and the under tail-coverts from
ferruginous to deep chestnut. —
I may mention, however, that the differences cited above
do not show any partiality for locality or sex; it may be
age of course, but I am unable to distinguish any signs by
which to judge on this suggestion.
There are only six individuals sexed—three males and ~
three females. The average wing-measurement of the males
is 198 mm. and the females 194; while the average tail~
measurement in the male is 215 mm. and the female 207.
The average measurement of the wing in the whole series is
197 mm. and the tail 213.
Pipile cumanensis.
Crax cumanensis Jacquin, Beytr. 1784, p. 25, tab. 10:
Orinoco.
Pipile cumanensis Yacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 276; Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. ii. 1890, p. 107: Falls of the Madeira. ’
‘No. 1906. Adult. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres,
12 March, 1900. Native name “Payo.” “Found in
woods.”
No. 2921. Adult. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1350 metres,
5 June, 1901. Native name “Chui Pavo.” “Tris red; feet
red ; bill black ; facial skin blue-white” (P. O. Simons).
With a series of thirteen specimens from the following
localities—British Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
and Paraguay, it would appear by the different phases of
plumage that there were more than one species. On close
observation, however, aided by the few specimens that were
sexed, it was noticed that the phases represented male and
female—the steel-blue phase being the male, and the oil-green
phase the female.
The white fringes to the feathers on the upper and under
surface appear to be a sign of immaturity.
The female in the Simons collection, No. 2921, is almost
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 21
uniform oil-green above and below, while the male is steel-
blue with a large amount of white edgings to the feathers
on the breast, upper wing-coverts, and scapulars.
The black shaft-lines to the feathers of the otherwise
white crest are very conspicuous in the Bolivian bird 2921,
an adult from Peru (Gray’s type of P. jacquiniz), and the
bird from Paraguay. ‘The remainder of the series have an
almost uniform cream-white crest.
I have measured the wings and tails of the entire series,
and find that the southern birds have a slightly larger
average measurement in both male and female.
Aburria aburri.
Penelope aburri Less. Dict. Sci. Nat. lix. 1829, p. 191:
Bogota.
Aburria carunculata Reichenb.; Salvad. & Festa, Boll.
Mus. Torino, xv. 1899, p. 39: Bassa Valle del Rio
Zamora.
Aburria aburri Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii.
1893, p. 520: Chiguinda.
No. 506. Mirador, Banas, Ecuador, 1500 metres. Native
name ‘‘ Pavo.”’ ‘ Found in woods.”
a. d. Baeza, Hastern Ecuador, 6000 feet, April 1914.
“Bill brownish black, extreme tip yellowish, nostrils grey ;
feet yellow; iris blood-red, eyelids dull yellow; wattle
clear yellow” (W. Goodfellow).
I have compared these examples with a series of nine
other specimens in the National Collection from Colombia,
Merida in western Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru. In this
series I notice that Colombian and Venezuelan birds show
a good deal of oil-green colour in the plumage, while those
from Ecuador and Peru have an inclination to steel-blue.
This character may denote sexual difference however, as in
the case of Pipile cumanensis, but the number of sexed
specimens in this series are not sufficient to prove it. The
measurements of the wings and tails of this series do not
show any great variation.
22 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Chamepetes goudoti and allies.
With a series of sixteen specimens at my disposal it is
quite obvious that there are at least three, if not four, sub-
species ; these divide into geographical races by difference
of colour-plumage, and this is further supported in the
series by the measurements. Thus in the neighbourhood of
Bogota, which is the type-locality, the wing-measurement
ranges from 236-250 mm., the tail 215-238, and the tarsus _
57-61: in Antioquia, which is much farther north in
Colombia, the measurements are—wing 254-273 mm., tail
237-247, and tarsus 64-71; while in eastern Ecuador they
are— wing 245-262 mm., tail 237-254, and tarsus 65-84 ;
and two individuals from Peru have the wing 242-243 mm.,
tail 234-2 44, tarsus 79-80. The last two are sexed females,
so that the males would probably be even larger. These forms
may therefore be classed as follows :—
Chamepetes goudotii goudotiit. Hab. District of Bogota,
Colombia.
Chamepetes goudotii antioquiana. Hab. Antioquia, N.
Colombia.
Chamepetes goudotii tschudii. Hab. Central northern
Peru and eastern Ecuador.
Chamepetes goudotii goudotii.
Ortalida goudotii Less. Man, d’Orn. ii. 1828, p. 217:
Santa Fé de Bogota.
Chamepetes goudoti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii.
1893, p. 521 (part).
Chamepetes goudotii Brabourae & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i.
1912, p. 18, no. 122 (part).
There are four specimens in the British Museum from the
type-locality, Bogota, which measure—wing 236-250 mm.
and tail 215-238. It would appear therefore that this is the
smallest form of the group.
Chamepetes goudotii antioquiana, subsp. n.
Chamepetes goudoti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii.
1893, p. 521 (part, specimens /, g, 2).
1919. | Eeuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 23
Chamepetes goudotit Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i.
1912, p. 13, no. 122 (part).
This form differs from the Bogota bird in being rather
darker in colour and larger in size. The average measure-
ments of the four specimens from the Province of Antioquia
are as follows: wing 254-273 mm. and tail 237-247.
Habitat. Antioquia Province, Colombia.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected
by A. E. Pratt at Valdivia, Antioquia.
Chamepetes goudotii tschudii.
Chamepetes tschudit 'Taczanowski, Orn. Pérou, i. 1886,
p. 275 : Moyobamba.
Chamepetes rufiventris (nec Tschudi) Tacz. tom. cit. p. 273.
Chamepetes goudoti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii.
1893, p. 521 (part, specimens m & n).
Chamepetes goudotii Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i.
1912, p. 18, no. 122 (part).
a,b. 8 33 c. ?. Baeza, eastern Ecuador, 6000 ft.,
March and April, 1914. “Iris brown; face bright cobalt-
blue; bill brown; feet red” (W. Goodfellow).
These three individuals, which are in very good condition,
have the throat slightly tinged with brown. This may be,
however, the last remains of immaturity.
The birds from Ecuador and northern Peru are rather
paler on the under surface, and larger in wing- and tail-
‘measurements than typical specimens of C. gy. goudotii from
Bogota. Wing 245-260 mm. and tail 234-251.
Penelope rufiventris described and figured by Tschudi is
a big bird, as is shown by the measurements given by him.
In his description he states that the face is red, and he
further emphasized that character by illustrating it in his
Fauna Peruana,’ pl. xxxi.
Taczanowski in his Orn. Pérou, iil. p. 278, described
a blue-faced bird under the title of Chamepetes rufiventris,
remarking that the red-faced bird described and figured by
Tschudi was erroneous. Taczanowski, /. c. p. 275, described
as a new species C. tschudii, also a blue-faced bird, and
24 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
observed that Tschudi had mixed these two forms up in
addition to the wrong coloration of the face.
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, in the Catalogue of the Birds in the
British Museum, xxii. p. 521, made all three synonymous
with C. goudotii, describing them as variations due to age.
After reading Taczanowski’s statements in reference to
C. rujiventris (Tschudi), it appears doubtful as to whether it
is a valid species or not, and must remain as such until there _
is sufficient material to reveal the facts. In the meantime —
Taczanowski’s name, C. tschudii, must be used.
There is a specimen in the National Collection that
Taczanowski examined when making the observations re-
ferred to above, which is almost identical with Tschudi’s
description and figure, save that it is said to have had a blue
face, not red.
There is, however, a red-faced bird which was collected by
Mr. W. Goodfellow at Mindo, western Ecuador, and which
I have described as a new species by reason of its much
smaller size and deeper coloration.
Chamepetes fagani. (Plate I.)
Chamepetes fagant Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XXXVIll.
30 Oct. 1917, p. 4.
Adult female. General colour above, including the head,
back, wings, and tail,dark bottle-green with bronzy reflections;
the lesser upper wing-coverts have the margins slightly
paler, the inner webs of the flight-quills darker and inclining
to blackish, some of the long upper tail-coverts inclining to
brown, as are also the tips of some of the tail-feathers; the
sides of the hinder face dusky brown; the throat which is
sparsely feathered is also dusky brown, the feathers have
black shafts which terminate in hair-like tips; the fore-neck
dark bottle-green with slightly paler margins to the feathers;
the breast and abdomen chestnut, darker on the flanks and
thighs and inclining to chocolate-brown on the under tail-
coverts; the under wing-coverts bronze-green; under surface
of flight-quills dusky brown with glossy reflections; the lower
Ibis. HONG, le |
Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd
CHAMAPETES FAGANI.
1g19. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 25
aspect of the tail bluish black tinged with rufous-brown on
the apical portion where the shafts are dull coral-red.
* Bill dark brown; iris brown; skin of face and throat
shrimp-red ; feet red”? (W. Goodfellow).
Total length 467 mm., exposed culmen 35, wing 220,
tail 184, tarsus 61.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected
by W. Goodfellow at Mindo, western Ecuador, at an altitude
of 6000 ft., in January 1914, and presented to the National
Collection by Mr. E. J. Brook.
This species is allied to C, goudotii, but is easily distin-
guished by its darker coloration and much smaller size.
An immature male of this species, that was collected at
the same time as the type, is darker in the general coloration
both above and below, as is usual with the male in this
group. ‘Bill brown; face red; iris brown; feet red”
(W. Goodfellow). |
This bird is named in honour of Mr. C, E. Fagan, of the
British Museum (Natural History).
Family OpontorHoRIDS.
Odontophorus guianensis rufinus.
Perdiz rufina Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p. 60, tab. Ixxvi. bd:
“in sylvis fl. Amazonum.”
Odontophorus guianensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxii. 1893, p. 432 (part, specimens a, 0, g, h); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. 1912, p. 15, no. 130 (part).
Although Hellmayr, in his revision of Spix’s types
(Abh. math.-phys. Ak. Wiss. Munchen, xxii. 1906, p. 698),
states that Perdix rujina Spix is Tetrao guianensis Gmelin,
I am of opinion that it is a good subspecific form.
There are four individuals in the British Museum which
are almost identical with Spix’s figure. Of the specimens
referred to, one, a male, was collected on the Capim River
by A. R. Wallace ; another, which is a female, was obtained
by Natterer at Barra do Rio Negro; and the other two have
no exact locality stated, but I have no doubt that they came
26 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Lis,
from the same neighbourhood as the four birds are so much
alike and contrast so vividly with O. g. guianensis. IT pro-
pose, therefore, that Spix’s name be resuscitated as a sub-
species under the following title, Odontophorus guianensis
rufinus, as mentioned above.
Habitat, Lower Amazons.
Odontophorus guianensis simonsi, subsp. n.
Odontophorus guianensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus,
xxii, 1898, p. 433 (part, specimen s); Brabourne & Chubb,
B.S. Amer, i, 1912, p. 18, no. 130 (part).
Adult male, Differs from O. g. guianensis in having the
lower back and rump isabelline with scarcely any dark spots,
instead of tawny brown profusely spotted with black, the
fore-neck rufous instead of grey, and the abdomen and
thighs darker.
Haditat. Bolivia.
The type, which is inthe British Museum, was collected at
San Ernesto, Mapiri, Bolivia, at an altitude of L000 metres
on 6 October, 1900, by the late P. QO. Simons, in whose
memory this subspecies is named,
The native name according to Simons is * Guaylgkopo.”
There is a specimen in the British Museum from Guyo,
Bolivia, collected by the late Clarence Buckley ; though
slightly immature it bears out the characters described above.
Odontophorus guianensis marmoratus.
Oriye (Odontophorus) marmoratus Gould, P. Z. 8. 1848,
p. 107: Santa Fé de Bogota.
Odontophorus marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 483 (part, specimens /-g).
This species is known chiefly by its darker under surface |
its brown or whitish throat, and in having the sides of the
face dull chestnut. Wing 158 mm., depth of bill 11.
Odontophorus guianensis panamensis, subsp. n.
Odoutophorus marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus, xxii. 1893, p. 433 (part, specimens a—-g).
Adult male. Distinguished from O. 9. marmoratus in being
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 27
smaller and in having the sides of the face bright rufous,
instead of dull chestnut.
Total length 230 mm., exposed culmen 22, wing 149,
tail 60, tarsus 44.
Adult female, Similar to the adult male. Wing 147 mm.
Habitat. Panama,
The male and female described were collected at Lion
Hill, Panama, by J. McLeannan and are now in the British
Museum, Salvin-Godman collection.
Odontophorus guianensis pachyrhynchus.
Odontophorus pachyrhynchus Vschudi, Fauna Peruana,
1846, p. 262: Mast side of the Andes in Peru ; Taez. Orn.
Pér. il. 1886, p. 287: Monterico.
Odontophorus marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 433 (part, specimen r).
This bird, which I propose to resuscitate as a subspecific
form, is allied to O. gy. marmoratus in the general colour of
its plumage, but is easily recognized by the increased depth
of its bill, which is 14 mm.
Habitat. Peru.
Text-figure 2.
Heads of :—
A. Odontophorus guianensis guianensis. B, O. yg. pachyrhynchus.
Odontophorus guianensis buckleyi, subsp. n.
Odontophorus marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxii, 1893, p. 433 (part, specimens p, y); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. 1912, p. 18, no. 131 (part).
28 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Adult presumed male. Allied to O. g. pachyrhynchus, but
differing in having the rufous at the base of the bill, lores,
cheeks, and chin much paler in colour, the lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts darker, the under surface also darker
ochreous brown, more narrowly barred and tinged with pale
slate-grey, and rather smaller in size.
Total length 210 mm., exposed culmen 21, depth of bill 14,
wing 143, tail (imperfect) 53, tarsus 45.
Adult presumed female. Similar to the presumed adult
male, differing only in the almost entire absence of the
rufous at the base of the bill, lores, cheeks, and chin.
Wing 144 mm.
Habitat. Kastern Ecuador.
The male and female described were collected at Sarayacu
in eastern Ecuador by the late Clarence Buckley, in whose
memory this subspecies is named, and are now in the British
Museum, Salvin-Godman collection.
Key to the Subspecies.
A. Under surtace for the greater part rufous
or ochreous, not dusky brown pro-
fusely barred; chin and throat usually
chestnut.
a. Lower back and rump dark rufous-
brown spotted with black........ O. guianensis guianensis.
b. Lower back and rump paler and in-
clining to grey, also spotted with
pica Racers otc ean, ahs O. guianensis rufinus, p. 25.
ec. Lower back and ramp almost uniform
isabelline, the black spots small and
yery fewan numiber. 2.0% ....:4. O. guianensis simonsi, p. 26.
Bb. Under surface for the most part dusky
brown profusely barred throughout ;
chin and throat usually brown or
whitish.
d. Depth of bill less than 13 mm.
d'. Larger: ‘wing more thanl55 mm. ; lip. 26;
sides of face dull chestnut ....., O. guianensis marmoratus,
e’. Smaller: wing less than 155 mm.;
sides of face bright rufous-chest- [p. 26
NUE Sone esskbissscveh osveees ed Ov, Quaanensts panamensia,
19109. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 29
e. Depth of bill more than 15 mm.
J’. Under surface paler and more
broadly barred; rump and upper
tail-coverts also paler; wing more
than 145 mm.; tail more than [p. 27.
GDonUEnsprere eattaretc ere st afcte\srers om O. guianensis pachyrhynchus,
g'. Under surface darker and more
narrowly barred ; rump and upper
tail-coverts darker; smaller, wing
less than 145'mm., tail less than
Goa pgs ie ate ats tenes iano . O. guianensis buckleyt, p. 27.
Odontophorus parambe.
Odontophorus parambe Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
vil. 1897, p.6: Paramba, N. Ecuador ; Hartert, Nov. Zool.
v. 1898, p. 505, pl. ii. fig. 1.
Guelea, W. Ecuador, July 1914. “ Iris chocolate, eyelids
dull red; bill black; feet slate-grey” (W. Goodfellow).
Total length 224 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 130, tail 47,
tarsus 41.
The bird collected by W. Goodfellow is smaller in
measurement and paler in coloration, both above and below,
than the specimen in the British Museum; there is also
a slight suffusion of grey on the upper back and scapu-
Jars, and the specklings on the feathers are more minute
and not so coarse as in the one in the British Museum,
which was collected by Miketta at Paramba on the 12th of
April, 1898. It may be observed, too, that Goodfellow gives
the eyelids as dull red, whereas Dr. Hartert states that the
skin round the eye is greenish grey in the type.
Family CoLumMBID&.
Columba albipennis.
Columba albipennis Sclater, P. Z. S. 1876, p.18: Pitu-
marea, Peru; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 232; Salvad. Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 18938, p. 272, pl. vili.: Bolivia.
Nos. 28038, 2; 2804, 2822, ¢. Paratani, Bolivia, 2800
metres, April 1901. Native name “orcas.” “Iris grey;
bill black; feet purple”? (P. O. Simons).
30 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Simons states that he found this bird nesting in trees and
that the stomach contained berries.
No. 3102 9. El Cabrada, Bolivia, 3600 metres, 19 Sept.
1901. ‘Iris cream-colour; feet purple; bill bluish black ”
(P. O. Simons).
I have compared these four examples with the type of the
species, which is in the National Collection, and find them
to be almost identical. No. 2804 is slightly darker on the
under tail-coverts and not so vinous on the neck.
Columba speciosa.
Columba speciosa Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1789, p. 783:
Cayenne ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 281. .
No. 1993. 9 imm. Metrara, La Merced, Peru, 700 metres,
6 April, 1900. ‘‘ Found in woods and feeds on palm-fruit ”
(P. O. Simons).
Although this species is fairly common over the greater
part of South America, the National Collection did not,
previously, possess a specimen from Peru. I notice that it
is recorded from two localities, viz. Chayavetas, Chamicuros
(Bartlett) and Amable Maria (Jelski) by Taczanowski.
The present example, which is an immature female, is
similar to others in the British Museum from various
localities.
Columba albilinea.
Columba albilinea Bonap. Consp. Av. il. 1855, p. 51: New
Grenada ; Scl. P. Z. 8S. 1860, p. 72: Chillanes, Rio Chimbo
Valley; Scl. & Salv. P. ZS. 1879, p. 639: -Ramosani,
Bolivia; Berl. & Tacz. P. Z.S. 1884, p. 811: Bugnac;
Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898, p. 294: Sical, Ecuador ;
Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Tor. xv. No. 357, 1899, p. 34:
Pun, La Concepcion, Nanegal, Ecuador.
Chlorenas albilinea Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 556: Matos,
Eeuador.
Nos. 415, 427. ¢ adult. Guallabamba, Riobamba,
Ecuador, 3500 metres, 17, 18 Jan, 1899, Native name
“ Torcasa,”
1919. | Keuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 31
Nos. 2602, 2674. 4 adult. Chulumani, Bolivia, 2200
metres, 5, 21 Jan. 1901. Native name ‘“ Palamo Senisa.”’
‘Tris pink; bill and feet yellow” (P. O. Simons).
No. 2857. ¢ adult. Choro, Cocapata, Bolivia, 3500
metres, 6 May, 1901. Native name “ Torcas.”
I have compared these five specimens with a series of
eighteen other individuals, including the type, in the British
Museum from British Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,
Pera, and Bolivia, and find the colour and the wing-measure-
ments very similar throughout.
Columba plumbea plumbea.
Columba plumbea Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xxvi. 1818,
p. 358: Brazil (Delalande) = Rio Janeiro ; Salvad. Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 323 (part, specimens a-e).
Columba infuscata Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 66: Bahia.
Columba locutriv Wied, Reise nach Bras. 11. 1821, pp. 118,
213: Bahia.
The typical form is distinguished by having the head,
hind-neck, and mantle dark purple tinged with hoary-grey ;
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail purplish brown; chin and
throat fawn-colour, with the remainder of the under surface
plumbeous.
Total length 340 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 185, tail
143, tarsus 22, middle toe and claw 39.
Columba plumbea baeri.
Columba plumbea baeri Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv. 1909,
p- 91: Goyaz.
According to Hellmayr this form is allied to C. pluméea,
but differs in being smaller in size, paler brown on the
upper parts, and pale grey on the underparts, with scarcely
any perceptible rosy tinge.
Wing 181-183 mm., tail 145-143, culmen 15.
Columba plumbea wallacei.
Columba plumbea wailacei Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
KAAWilicco Dees 1LOL7, p. o2,
32 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis,
Columba plumbea Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893,
p. 3823 (part, specimens v, w); Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499:
Rio Capim.
Columba plumbea bogotensis Heilmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii.
1906, p. 383: Prata, Para.
There are two specimens in the British Museum from the
Rio Capim in Para, collected by the late A. R. Wallace in
June 1849. These differ from C. p. plumbea in being much
smaller and in having the lower back, upper tail-coverts, and.
tail more bronze and less purple than in the Rio Janeiro
bird. The purple on the head and hind-neck is brighter,
and the under surface dull vinaceous instead of plumbeous.
Total length 300 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 175, tail
120, tarsus 19, middle toe and claw 82.
This form differs from C. p. bogotensis from Bogota in
having the back, wings, and tail less green, the head and
hind-neck darker vinous, aud in its smaller wing and tail
measurements.
Columba plumbea purpureotincta.
Columba purpureotincta Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x.
1887, p. 594, note: Demerara; Chubb, B. British Guiana,
1. 1916; p. AO.
Columba plumbea Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 18938,
p- 323 (part, specimens 2-/’).
This form is of smaller size and rather more vinous in
coloration than the previous forms. Of four males and four
females I find that the wing varies in measurement from
156-171 and tail 103-122 mm.
Columba plumbea bogotensis.
Columba plumbea bogutensis Berlepsch & Leverkuhn, Ornis,
vi. 1890, p. 832: Santa Fé de Bogota.
Columba plumbea Taez. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 284; Salvad.
Cat. B. Brit. Mus, xxi. 1893, p. 823 (part, specimens n-u).
a. @. Baeza, eastern Ecuador, 6000 ft., March 1914.
“Tris dark madder-red, eyelids dark claret-red ; bill black,
nostrils dull red; feet red”? (W. Goodfellow),
19109. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 33
b. 2. -Mindo, western Ecuador, 6000 ft., January 1914.
“Tris dark dull red; bill black, nostrils red; feet red”
(W. Goodfellow). ;
No. 2185. g. Oroya, Puno, Peru, 1000 metres, 15 July,
1900. Native name “Torcasa” (P. O. Simons).
The bird from western Venezuela and Colombia is again
a rather larger form, and in a general sense darker and
inclining to bronze-green on the back. This form, which
is known under the name of C. p. bogotensis, is distributed
in western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The
measurements are :—Culmen 15-16 mm., wing 167-200,
tail 114-149.
Columba plumbea andicola,
Columba plumbea andicola Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xxxvul. 29 Dee. 1917, p. 32.
Columba plumbea Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 639;
Mapiri, Bolivia; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 323
(part, specimens f, 9).
I find that the three examples in the British Museum (one
from Chanchamayo, central Peru, and two from Bolivia)
differ from C. p. bogotensis in being rather paler on the back,
wings, and tail; the head, hind-neck, and entire under sur-
face lilac instead of vinous, and the chin and throat uniform
with the breast and abdomen, instead of isabelline ; the
wings and tail are shorter.
Total length 295 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 181, tail
134, middle toe and claw 36.
Habitat. Central Peru to Bolivia.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected
by the late Clarence Buckley at Mapiri in Bolivia.
The specimen from Chanchamayo was presented to the
British Museum by Count Branicki in 1892 with the name
“(, andicola Berl. & Stolam.” written -on the label. I have
searched for the description in Berlepsch and StoJzmann’s
papers on Kalinowski’s collection, but failed to find it. I
am using the name, however, with the hope that the
description will come to light.
SER, XI.—VOL. I. D
34 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis,
Columba ogilvie-granti.
Columba vinacea (nec Temm.) Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S.
1869, p. 598: Cosnipata; iid. op. cit, 1873, p. 306: Santa
Cruz, Rio Huallaga.
Columba subvinacea (nec Lawrence) Tacz. Orn. Pér. ii.
1886, p. 236.
Columba plumbea Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898,
p. 323 (part, specimens &, /, m).
Columba ogilvie-granti Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xxaVi. 30) Oct, 1917, po.
Adult male. Entire back, scapulars, wings, and tail glossy
purplish brown ; flight-quills brown, rather paler on the
inner webs towards the base; hinder crown, nape, hind-
neck, and mantle vinous purple; forehead and sides of face
paler and inclining to cinnamon-rufous ; breast, abdomen,
under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts vina-
ceous ; flight-quills below russet-brown, becoming greyish
brown at the tips ; lower aspect of tail purplish brown.
The type, which is in the National Collection, was collected
by Mr. O. T. Baron at Guayabamba, northern Peru, at an
altitude of 4500 feet in September 1894.
There are three other examples of this species in the
British Museum which are identical with the type. Two of
these were collected by the late Henry Whitely at Cosnipata,
in south-east Pern, during October 1868 and May 1871,
and the third by E. Bartlett on the Huallaga River in July
1868.
This species is named in honour of Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-
Grant.
Zenaida auriculata auriculata.
Peristera auriculata Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. i.
1847, p. 381, pl. 6: Chile.
Zenaida auriculata Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893,
p. 384 (part, specimens w-e’’).
Zenaida maculata Scl. & Salvy. P.Z.S. 1879, p. 639:
Bolivia; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 237; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. 11. 1890, p. 105: Bolivia.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 35
Zenaida virgata Bertoni, Aves Nuey. Paraguay, 1901,
p. 24.
No. 243. ¢. Sinche Guaranda, Ecuador, 4000 metres,
Dec. 1898. Native name “ Paloma.”
No. 352. ¢. Riobamba, Ecuador, 2800 metres, Jan.
1899.
Nos. 419, ? ; 420, ¢. Guallabamba, Ecuador, 3500 metres,
Jan. 1899.
Nos. 598, 3; 599, §. Cafiar, Ecuador, 2600 metres, April
1899.
No. 764. ¢. Ona, Guishapa, Ecuador, 2000 metres,
May 1899.
No. 826. ¢. Loja, Ecuador, 2000 metres, June 1899.
No. 1091. ¢. Catacaos, Peru, 40 metres, Aug. 1899.
Nar Lies: 3. “Piura, » 5O metres, Aug. 1899.
No. 1448. g. Caraz, 5, 2200 metres, Dec. 1899.
No. 1663. 2. Chosica, ,, 850 metres, Jan. 1900.
No. 2750. 3. Tapacari, Bolivia, 3000 metres, March
1901.
No. 3062. g. Sucre, - 3000 metres, Sept.
1901.
No. 33. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, March 1912. Collected
and presented to the British Museum by the late Lord
Brabourne.
The present series of this species has been compared with
that in the British Museum, which contains fifty-five speci-
mens. There is great variation of plumage throughout tlie
entire series, but none that favours any particular locality.
I notice, however, that there is a difference of wing-
measurement. The birds from Mexiana, Para, Ceara,
Noronha Islands, and Matto Grosso have the wing 132-
140 mm., Ecuador and Peru 145-150, Patagonia 150-154,
western Argentina 145-152, Tarapaca 141-160, central
Chile 146-157, and southern Chile 147-154. It will be
noticed, therefore, that the eastern Brazil and Noronha
Islands birds are the smallest form, and may very well be
separated subspecifically as follows :—
D2
36 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Zenaida auriculata noronha, subsp. nov.
Zenaida noronha G. R. Gray MSS. List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Columb, 1856, p. 47: Fernando Noronha and Para.
Zenaida maculata (nec Gmel.) Ridley, Nat. Hist. Fer-
nando de Noronha, 1890, p. 479.
Zenaida auriculata Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893,
p. 384 (part, specimens b-v).
Adult male. Forehead, sides of the crown, sides of the
face, throat, breast, and abdomen pale vinous, becoming
paler on the thighs and almost white on the under tail-
coverts ; sides of the body, axillaries, and inner under
wing-coverts pale grey ; outer edge of wing below slate-
grey ; flight-quills below pale brown; lower aspect of tail
dark brown with greenish-white tips to the feathers ; crown
of head and nape slate-grey; hind-neck and sides of the
neck coppery red; back, wings, and tail pale earth-brown ;
some of the major upper wing-coverts and innermost secon- _
daries marked with black; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and flight-quills dark brown, narrowly edged with white on
the outer webs of the primaries ; lateral tail-feathers grey at
the base, with a subterminal black band and white, or greyish-
white tips, the outermost pair entirely white on the outer
webs.
Total length 232 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 182,
tail 82, tarsus 24.
Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 131 mm.
The male and female described were collected at Fer-
nando Noronha Island by Mr. H.N. Ridley in August 1887.
Melopelia meloda, :
Columba meloda Tschudi, Archiv fiir Naturg. 1. 1845,
p. 885: Western Andes, Peru.
Melopelia meloda Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893,
p- 395.
a. 9imm. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 25 March, 1912.
“Tris whitish; feet red; bill black; cere ultramarine-
blue” (Brabourne).
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 37
This specimen, which was collected by the late Lord
Brabourne, is slightly immature, but is much welcomed as
the sex was not previously represented in the British
Museum. Since Count Salvadori catalogued the Colum-
bide a second male bird has been added to the National
Collection. This was collected by Mr. O. T. Baron at
Chepen, Peru, 400 feet, in June 1894, and is in the fully
adult plumage.
Gymnopelia ceciliz ceciliz.
Columba (Chamepelia) cecilie Lesson, Echo du Monde
savant, 12 Jan. 1845, p.8: Peru; Reprint 1918, p. 229.
Columba (Chamepelia) anais Lesson, Descr. Mamm. et Ois.
1347, p20: Peru.
Gymnopelia erythrothorax Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886,
p. 249 ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 468 (part,
specimens a—d).
Gymnopelia anais Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. 1.
LOLS pedi7, nos 170:
Gymnopelia cecilie cecilie Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club,
xxxvill. 4 Dec. 1917, p. 18.
3g. Cajabamba, Peru, 9000 feet, March 1894.
?. Huamachuco, Peru, 10,400 feet, March 1894.
These two specimens were collected by O. ‘I’. Baron.
No. 1410. 9. San Pablo, Cajamarca, Peru, 1500 metres,
Noy. 1899.
No. 1591. g. Marca, Peru, 3000 metres, Dec. 1899.
No. 1829. ¢. San Mateo, Lima, Peru, 3200 metres,
Feb. 1900.
No. 2105. g. Caylloma, Peru, 4300 metres, June 1900.
a. 2. Chosica, Lima, May 1914.
This female specimen from Chosica was collected by the
late Lord Brabourne.
It is interesting to note that Lesson named this bird
twice, in each case after a different lady—as in the ‘ Echo
du Monde,’ under the name Columba (Chamepelia) cecilie;
at the end of the article he writes :—‘‘ Cet oiseau vit
38 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
au Pérou. Il est consacré 4 madame Gautrau, née Cécile
Lesson”; and in his Descr. Mamm. et Ois., under the name
of Columba (Chamepelia) anais Lesson, he writes :—“ Cette
gracieuse espece vit au Pérou. Elle est dédiée a mademoi-
selle A. Rand. Nous l’avons décrite pour la premicre fois
dans cho du monde savant de 1845, p. 8.”
Gymnopelia cecilie gymnops.
Chamepelia gymnops G. Rh. Gray, List of the Birds in ~
the British Museum, Columbe, 1856, p. 53 [nom. nud. | :
Bolivia.
Gymnopelia erythrothorax Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. i.
1890, p. 105: Bolivia; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi.
1893, p. 468 (part, specimens e—h).
Gymnopelia cecilie gymnops (Gray MS.) Chubb, Bull.
Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvii. 4 Dec. 1917, p. 18.
No. 2749. 9 adult. Tapacari, Bolivia, 3000 metres,
March 1901. Native name “ Tartorhita.” -
No. 3085. ¢ adult. El Cabrada, Bolivia, 3500 metres,
September 1901.
Nos. 3162, 3163. g 2 adult. Challapata, Bolivia, 3750-
3800 metres, October 1901. Native name “ Palomita.”
With aseries of twenty-one birds in the British Museum,
including the birds collected by Simons, I notice that the
northern Peruvian birds are paler than those from Bolivia
and south-east Peru.
The southern birds, in most individuals, have the hind-
neck tinged with vinous, and the back, wings, and tail
darker and more earth-brown, instead of grey. The breast
is also more vinous and the abdomen and under tail-coverts
buff, instead of pale isabelline-buff.
Total length 183 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 101,
talegd tarsus, 17.
The type, No. 3163, is in the British Museum, and was
collected by P. O. Simons at Challapata, Bolivia, at an
altitude of 3750 metres on 14 October, 1901. The female,
No. 3162, also collected by Simons at the same place, is
similar to the male described, but paler in coloration.
Wing 95 mm.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 39
Columbula picui.
Columba picui Temm. Pig. et Gall. 1. 1818, pp. 435, 498 :
Paraguay.
Columbula picui Sel. & Salv. P. ZS. 1879, p. 640: Sorata,
Bolivia; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 470;
Lénnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 459: Bolivian Chaco.
No. 2558. @ adult. Chulumani, Bolivia, 2000 metres,
27 Dec. 1900. Native name “ Ulinchi.”’
No. 2765. ¢ adult. Tapacari, Bolivia, 3000 metres,
23 March, 1901.
Nos. 3108, 8104. ¢ adult. El Cabrada, Bolivia, 3600
metres, 19 Sept. 1901.
I have compared these four specimens with twenty-seven
others in the British Museum from Brazil, Paraguay,
Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile, and find them to be very
~ similar both in coloration and measurements.
No. 2765 is unusually white on the forehead, while one
from Sorata, Bolivia, collected by C. Buckley, is pale vinous
on the fore part of the head and deeper vinous on the breast
than any other in the series.
Chemepelia griseola quitensis.
Chemepelia passerina quitensis Todd, Ann. Carn. Mus.
vili. 1913, p. 547 : Zambiza, Keuador.
Chamepelia passerina (nec Linn.) Salvad. Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxi, 1893, p. 473 (part, specimens g°-w’) ; id. & Festa,
Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 35 : Ecuador.
Chamepelia griseola Vacz. Orn. Pér. ii. 1886, p, 244.
No. 821. ¢ adult. Riobamba, Ecuador, 3000 metres,
31 Dec. 1898. Native name “ Tartalita.”
Nos. 340, 367. 92 3 adult. Riobamba, 3000 metres,
Jan. 1899.
The three birds enumerated above are similar to others in
the British Museum from Ecuador and Peru.
This bird is allied to C. griseola Spix, but the male is
easily distinguished by its darker vinous coloration and
larger size. The female differs from the female C. griseola
in being earth-brown on the abdomen and flanks.
40 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from (Ibis,
Chemepelia minuta minuta.
Columba minuta Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1. 1766, p. 285:
Cayenne.
Chamepelia minuta Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898,
p. 481 (part).
Columbina grisea Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. 1.
O12; ps ES, m0, 176.
Chemepelia minuta minuta Todd, Ann. Carn. Mus. viil-
1913, p. 573.
a, 6. Adult. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 1 Sept. 1912.
These two birds were collected by the late Lord Brabourne
and presented by him to the British Museum.
No. 1664. Imm. Chosica, Peru, 850 metres, 80 Jan.
1900. Native name “ Tortalita.”
This young bird is similar to the adult female, but differs
in being everywhere paler, with narrow white edgings to the
feathers on the upper surface, and the fore-neck drab-grey
instead of being pale vinous.
In following Clyde Todd’s distribution of this species,
with the material at my disposal, I find that there is
more or less variation in the wing-measurement: from
Trinidad we have two individuals with the wing-measurement
73 mm., from Colombia four specimens 75 mm., from
British Guiana four individuals measure 73-77 mm., while
from eastern Brazil nine examples measure 71-8] mm., and
from Peru seven specimens measure 73-78 mm. It will be
observed, therefore, that the smallest are from ‘Trinidad
and the largest from eastern Brazil.
Eupelia cruziana.
Columba cruziana Knip & Prey. Pigeons, u. 1838-43,
p. 89, pl. 48: Bolivia.
Chamepelia cruziana Tacz. Orn. Per. 10. 1886, p. 248;
Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, no. 368, p. 35:
Ecuador.
Columbina cruziana Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1.
1912, p.. 18, no, 177.
Eupelia cruziana Todd, Ann, Carn. Mus. viii. 1913, p. 512.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolwia, and Argentina. 41
No. 42. g adult. Puna Island, Ecuador, 10 metres,
4. Nov. 1898.
Nos. 712, 9; 7382, @. Cuenca, Ecuador, 2200 metres,
May 1899.
Nos. 901, 3; 911, 9. Loja, Ecuador, 2000 metres,
June 1899.
No. 1081. 2? imm. Catacaos, Peru, 40 metres, August
1899.
Nos; 0G8 65 Li a; lize. o.. ~Piura,, Peru; 50
metres, August 1899.
Nos. 1281, ¢; 1282, 9; 1283,.9; 1351, gf. Eten, Peru,
15 metres, September, October, 1899. *
Nose 5574.9 1548) 95 15395 9s 1540) S35) 1o40, og:
Caraz, Peru, 2200 metres, December 1899.
20 2,58 dimm. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, September 1912.
Collected and presented to the British Museum by the late
Lord Brabourne.
I have compared this series with sixteen other examples
in the British Museum from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and
northern Chile, and find them to be very similar in coloration
of plumage, but the birds from the south are rather larger
in wing-measurement. The amount of material to hand,
however, is not sufficient to enable me to come to any
satisfactory conclusion on this point.
Claravis pretiosa.
Peristera pretiosa Ferari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix.
1886, p. 175: Mexico.
. Peristera cinerea (nec Scop.) Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxi. 1893, p. 491; id. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900,
No. 368, p. 35: Ecuador.
Claravis pretiosa Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. 1912,
p. 18, no. 183.
a. Adult. Zaruma, Ecuador, 1000 metres, 17 June,
1899,
This specimen, which was collected by P. O. Simons, is
in good condition, and is similar to others in the British
Museum from various localities in South America,
42 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Lbis,
Metriopelia melanoptera melanoptera.
Columba melanoptera Molina, Hist. Nat. Chili, 1782,
p. 308: Chile.
Metriopelia melanoptera Tacz. Orn. Pér. 111. 1886, p. 239 ;
Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 497 (part, speci-
mens f—7).
No. 2067. g. Arequipa, S.E. Peru, 2300 metres, May
1900.
Nos. 2812, 2813. ¢. Paratani, Bolivia, 2500 metres,
April 1901.
No. 8016. ¢. Oruro, Bolivia, 3700 metres, August
1901. |
No. 3100. g. El Cabrada, Bolivia, 3500 metres, Sep-
tember 1901.
Nos. 3180, ? ; 8181, g. Challapata, Bolivia, 3750 metres,
October 1901. Native name “ Polomita.”
These examples agree fairly well with others in the British
Museum from Chile, Patagonia, western Argentina, Bolivia,
and Peru.
With a series of thirty-two specimens of this species
from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, western Argentina, and Chile,
I notice, as has already been remarked by Berlepsch & Tac-
zanowski and also by Count Salvadori, that the seven birds
from Ecuador are darker on the head and back and the
lower flanks, and the vinous on the underparts is paler and
not so pronounced as in examples from Peru and the rest of
the localities mentioned above. I have therefore separated
the Ecuador bird subspecifically under the following name:—
Metriopelia melanoptera saturatior.
Metriopelia melanoptera saturatior Chubb, Bull. Brit.
Orn. Club, xxxvii. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 32.
Metriopelia melanoptera (nec Molina) Berl. & 'Tacz. P. Z.S8.
1884, p. 311: Western Ecuador; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 497 (part, specimens a—e); id. & Festa,
Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 36; Brabourne &
Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. 1912, p. 19, no. 187 (part).
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 43
Adult male. Differs from M. m. melanoptera in being
darker on the head, back, and lower flanks, and the vinous
on the underparts not so pronounced as in examples from
Peru and the more southern localities.
Total length 200 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 131,
tail 78, tarsus 21.
Habitat. Keuador.
The type, a male, No. 642, in the British Museum, was
collected at Cafiar, western Ecuador, at an altitude of
3000 metres, by P.O. Simons on 10 April, 1899. There
is also a female collected by Simons on 9 January, 1899,
at Riobamba, 3100 metres.
Leptophaps aymara aymara.
Columba aymara Knip & Prév. Pigeons, 11. 1838-43, p. 62,
pl. 32: Bolivia.
Metriopelia aymara Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 639 :
Bolivia ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 240; Salvad. Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 499 (part, specimens a—n).
Leptophaps aymara Reichenow, J. f. O. 1913, p. 401.
Nos. 2083, 2085, 2099, 3; 2084, 2. Sumbay, Peru, 4000
metres, June 1900. Native name “ Palomita.”
Nos. 3000-3007. ¢ ¢. Oruro, Bolivia, 3700 metres,
August 1901. Native names “ Tortalita,” ‘‘ Ulincho.”
Nos. 2787, 2738. gg. Catamarca, Bolivia, 4400 metres,
March 1901. Native name “ Curicata.”
No. 3026. 2. Livichuco, Bolivia, 4500 metres, August
1901. Native name “ Culyocota.”
No. 3115. 2. Potosi, Bolivia, 4300 metres, Sept. 1901.
Native name “ Koulco.”’
Nos. 3148, 2; 3149, 3179, g. Challapata, Bolivia,
3800 metres, Oct. 1901.
Nos. 3190, 3191. g¢. Uyuni,, Bolivia, 3660 metres,
Nov. 1901.
I have compared the Simons birds with others in the
British Museum from Peru and Tarapaca, all of which agree
fairly well. There are, however, four specimens from Pampas
Ad Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from {Ibis,
Argentinas and one from Santa Catalina that are smaller
than the others. These represent Columbina aurisquamata
Leybold, which can be separated, by their smaller size, paler
coloration above, and purple-grey below, under the fol-
lowing name :—
Leptophaps aymara aurisquamata.
Columbina aurisquamata Leybold, Leopoldina, Heft. viii.
1873, No. 7, p. 53: Pampas Argentinas.
Metriopelia aymara Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898,
p. 499 (part, specimens o-7).
The four specimens in the British Museum from Pampas
Argentinas are smaller and paler in coloration than others
from Bolivia, and as Leybold has already named the bird
from there, it may be well to regard it as a subspecies of
L. aymara aymara.
Leptoptila verreauxi verreauxi.
Leptoptila verreauat Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. 1854, p. 73:
New Granada.
The series in the British Museum of this bird, which has
hitherto been placed under ZL. verreawxi Bonap., appears to
me to contain several subspecific forms and can be easily
divided into geographical subspecies.
The material at my disposal shows that the Colombian
and westeri Venezuelan birds are the same. I cannot,
however, vouch for the eastern Venezuelan ones, as there
are none in the National Collection,
Leptoptila verreauxi riottei.
Leptoptila riottei Lawr. Aun. Lyc. New York, ix. 1869,
p. 188: Navarro, Costa Rica.
The birds from Costa Rica and Panama in the British
Museum are, as a rule, larger in size, and as Lawrence
has already introduced a name, it may as well be used for
individuals from these localities. It is quite possible, of
course, that with a larger series other characters may be
discovered.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 45
Leptoptila verreauxi insularis.
Leptoptila insularis Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii.
1896, p. 659: Margarita Island.
There are three birds in the British Museum from Mar-
garita Island collected by Dr. P. R. Lowe, one of which
is a fully adult male and is quite different from the
Colombian bird, being much paler on the under surface,
while a greyish hue pervades the head, hind-neck, and
sides of the neck. On these grounds, therefore, I consider
it worthy of subspecific rank.
Leptoptila verreauxi brevipennis, subsp. nov.
Leptoptila brevipennis (nomen nudum) Gray, List B. Brit.
Mus., Columbe, 1856, p. 54: Trinidad.
Gray’s type from Trinidad is darker on the back, wings,
and tail, being bronze with a slight tinge of green, instead
of clay-brown ; head and hind-neck inclining to grey ; sides
of face, throat, fore-neck, and breast darker vinous than in
the Colombian bird, ZL. v. verreauxi.
Total length 260 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 137,
tail 97, tarsus 27,
It may be mentioned that there are two others in the
‘British Museum from Trinidad which bear out the characters
given above.
Leptoptila verreauxi macconnelli.
Leptoptila verreauxi macconnelli Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn,
Club, xxxviu. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 32.
There are seven birds from British Guiana in the National
Collection, all of which differ conspicuously from the typical
L. v. verreauxi and the other forms by the fiery-red patch on
the sides of the nape and behind the eye. I have therefore
described it as a separate subspecies under the above title.
Aduli male. Ditters from L, v. verreauxi in having the
back, wings, and tail bronze-green instead of clay-brown ;
mantle deep amethystine; above and behind the eye and
sides of the occiput fiery-red ; fore-neck and breast darker
vinous than in the typical form.
Total length 245 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 134,
tail 108, tarsus 30.
46 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis,
Leptoptila verreauxi decolor.
Leptoptila decolor Salvin, Nov. Zool. 11. 1896, p. 21:
Cajabamba.
Leptoptila verreauxi Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898,
p. 548 (part, specimens », w).
No. 388. g. Puna Island, Ecuador, 10 metres, 4 Nov. 1898.
Native name ‘“ Paloma.”
No. 903. ¢. Loja, Ecuador, 2000 metres, 6 June, 1899.
Native name “ Paloma grande.” :
No. 1099. ¢. Piura, N.W. Peru, 30 metres, 8 Aug.
1899,
The three birds collected by Simons are identical with
L. v. decolor in the colour of the upper parts, but rather
darker vinous and approaching ZL. v. verreauxi on the under
surface.
Leptoptila megalura.
Leptoptila megalura Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 640:
Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxl. 1893, p. 556, pl. xiii.
No. 2675. g. Chulumani, Bolivia, 2200 metres, 21
Jan. 1901. Native name “ Paloma Tucuru.”
I have compared this specimen with the type in the British
Museum and find it to be almost identical in plumage,
except that it is shghtly darker on the sides of the face
and inclining to ochreous on the flanks, but the wing and
tail measurements are rather larger, being: wing 158 mm.,
tail 116, whereas in the type the wing is 145 and the tail
111, and in the co-type, wing 147 and the tail 105. It may
be remarked, however, that neither of the typical specimens
is sexed.
Geotrygon bourcieri bourcieri.
Geotrygon bourciert Bonap. Consp. Ay. 11. 1854, p. 171:
Ecuador; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898, p. 576.
a. Mindo, W. Keuador, GO00O feet, Jan. 1914. “Bill
black; feet red; iris reddish brown; eyelids dull red”
(IV. Goodfellow).
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 47
Nos. 978, 978 a. Cangunana, W. Ecuador, 1500 metres,
8 July, 1899.
I have compared the three birds enumerated above with
three others in the British Museum, and find them to be
very similar in colour of plumage and in wing and tail
measurements, There is one individual, however, from
Baeza in eastern Heuador, which appears to differ from the
other six, and which I propose to deal with separately.
Geotrygon bourcieri baeza.
Geotrygon bourciert baeza Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xxxvill. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 33.
This bird is similar to G. bourcieri bourcieri, but differs in
being paler and more grey on the under surface, darker on
the upper parts, and larger in size. ‘Tris brown; eyelids red ;
bill black; nostrils reddish; feet red” (W. Goodfellow).
Total length 800 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 164,
tail 106, tarsus 43.
The average wing-measurement of the six birds belonging
to G. b. bourciert from western Ecuador is 150 mm. and the
tail 88 mm.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected
by W. Goodfellow in February 1914, and presented to the
National Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook.
Habitat. Baeza, eastern Heuador, altitude 6000 feet.
Family Rauuip#.
Rallus equatorialis.
Rallus equatorials Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1894,
p. 18: San Lucas, Ecuador.
No. 665. Cajiar, Ecuador, 2600 metres, 20 April, 1899.
Native name “ Patita.” ‘Iris dull red; bill and feet red ”
(P. O. Simons).
This specimen is very similar to the type which is in the
British Museum, but differs in having the lower abdomen
and vent isabelline-buff.
a. Imm. Antisara, E. Ecuador, 1200 ft., October 1914.
“Tris dark red; bill scarlet towards the tip of the upper
mandible ; feet dingy yellow” (W. Goodfellow).
48 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from (Ibis,
b,c. Nestlings in down. Antisara, 1200 ft., October 1914.
“In black down which is for the most part tipped with white ;
round the base of the bill orange-red” (IW. Goodfellow).
“Tris dark brown, eyelids scarlet; feet light yellow; bill
orange at base, tip vivid scarlet” (W. Goodfellow).
Pardirallus maculatus.
Rallus maculatus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 48:
Cayenne.
a. gd; b.?. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, September & December,
1912. “Iris crimson; bill dark green, base of lower
mandible dull red ; feet purplish red” (Brabourne).
Nos. 1817, 1852. Adult.. Eten, Peru, October 1899.
Native name “Gallonita.” “Found in tule swamp.”
Simons states that this bird is good-eating.
After the examination of a series of fourteen specimens in
the British Museum from the following localities —Surinam,
Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, Pernambuco,
Rio de Janeiro, and Buenos Aires, I see no appreciable
difference in the birds from any of the localities cited. This
appears to be the first record of this bird in Peru.
The nestling of this species is entirely black.
Pardirallus rityrhynchus rityrhynchus.
Ypacaha pardo Azara, Apunt. 1. 1802, p. 220.
Rallus rityrhynchos Vieill. N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxvii.
1819, p. 459: Paraguay; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. ii.
1889, p. 149.
Limnopardalus rityrhynchus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxill. 1894, p. 29,
Nos. 4864, 4866, ¢ ?, 4892. El Carrizal, Sierra de Cor-
doba, Argentina, 1000 metres, Nov. and Dec. 1915.
Nos. 5216, 5218, @¢. Isla Ella, Delta del Parana,
Argentina, Jan. 1917.
These specimens were collected and presented to the
3ritish Museum by Mr. Robin Kemp.
The series of this bird in the National Collection exhibits
much variation in colour, especially on the under surface,
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. — 49
some being much paler than others. I notice, too, that
Nos. 5216 and 5218 are somewhat darker than those from
Cordoba.
The immature female of P. 7. rityrhynchus is earth-
brown in its first plumage, with a dull white throat. This
specimen was collected by C. H. B. Grant at Cape San
Antonio, Prov. Buenos Aires, on 21 December,1908: another
young bird, which is a male, was collected on the 28th of
the same month and has sti!l got the dull white throat, but
is darker on the breast, abdomen, and flanks; while a third
young bird collected at Ajo on 27 January, 1909, though
larger in size, differs but very little from the young female
mentioned above. A young female obtained on 4 February
at Los Ynglases has lost the white on the throat, which is
replaced by grey, and the breast and abdomen are becoming
slate-blue; yet another young male collected at the same
place on 10 February is still in the earth-brown plumage,
although it is larger in size.
The young of P.7. sanguinolentus appears, from a specimen
collected at the Rio Cauta on 8 March, 1891, to pass through
a much darker phase of plumage, being coffee-brown in this
particular bird.
After examining the series of Pardirallus rityrhynchus and
P. sanguinolentus in the British Museum, I have come to
the conclusion that the difference between the two can
only be regarded as subspecific. P. rityrhynchus was
described by Vieillot from Paraguay, and ranges from there
to southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, and is not,
so far as I can gather, found on the western side of the
Andes; while P. sanguinolentus, which was described by
Swainson from Chile, does not occur on the eastern side of
the Andes. The character given for the separation of these
two species—namely, the greater amount of black on the
upper parts in P. rityrhynchus—is a variable one, and in
consequence of this the eastern bird has been said to occur
in western Peru, from the fact that the individuals from
north-western Peru show an increased amount of black on the
upper surface, compared with those of P. sanguinolentus from
SER, XI.—VOL. I. E
50 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Chile. I am of opinion, however, that the bird in north-
western Peru is a different race, and I have separated it
under the following name :—
Pardirallus rityrhynchus simonsi.
Pardirallus rityrhynchus simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, xxxvili. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 33.
Adult male. Closely allied to P. 7. sanguinolentus, but
differs in being olive-brown on the upper surface, instead of
coffee-brown, and not so uniform ; the underparts paler—
the breast and abdomen slate-grey instead of bluish slate-
colour ; and the wing-measurement smaller.
Total length 330 mm., exposed culmen 53, wing 134,
tail 63, tarsus 52, middle toe and claw 58.
Habitat. Nerth-western Peru.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected
at Kten in north-western Peru by P. O. Simons on 9 October,
1899: No. 1845.
There is also an example in the British Museum said to
have been collected at Junin by Jelski, which Taczanowski
examined when writing his Orn. Pérou and on the label of
which he wrote “= cesius Tschudi.” It is certainly different
from the ten other specimens in the National Collection
from Peru, and must be regarded therefore as a separate
form.
Pardirallus rityrhynchus tschudii, subsp. nov.
Rallus cesius (nec Spix) Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1846,
p. 300: rivers of the coast and forest-regions of Peru; Tacz.
P.Z.S. 1880, p. 218: Cutervo, Lima, Junin; id. Orn.
Pér. iii. 1886, p. 316.
Rallus rityrhynchus (nec Vieill.) Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874,
p. 559.
Limnopardalus rityrhynchus (nec Vieill.) Sharpe, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xxii. 1894, p. 29 (part, specimen J).
Adult female. General colour of the upper surface, in-
cluding the nape, hind-neck, entire back, wings, and tail,
chocolate-brown, darker and inclining to blackish on the
apical portion of the innermost secondaries and tail-feathers ;
1910. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 51
fore part of face and forehead blackish with glossy-black
shaft-lines to the feathers on the latter ; hinder face, throat,
sides of neck, breast, and abdomen deep bluish slate-colour ;
vent, .lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts dusky
black ; under wing-coverts blackish brown. ‘This bird differs
also by its shorter and much more slender bill.
“« Bill olive-green, bluish at the base of the upper mandible,
a large blotch of red on the sides; iris red; feet yellowish
red” (Taczanowskt).
Total length 301 mm., exposed culmen 48, wing 131,
tail 59, tarsus 43, middle toe and claw 50.
Habitat. Central Peru.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected at
Junin, central Peru.
Pardirallus rityrhynchus sanguinolentus.
Rallus sanguinolentus Swains. Anim. in Menag. 1837,
p. 385: “ Inhabits Brazil and Chile.” I designate Chile as
the type-locality.
Pardirallus sanguinolentus Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer.
1, 1912, p. 22, no. 222.
Nos. 234, 324. Maquehue, Tamuco, southern Chile, March
1908-09.
No. 54. Maquehue, Tamuco, southern Chile, Sept. 1905.
Nos. 46, 47. Petal, Tamuco, Nov. 1909. Indian name,
““\Piden:??
The specimens mentioned above are in fully adult plumage
and are typical P. sanguinolentus of Swainson, They were
collected by Messrs. D. 8. Bullock and A. C. Saldafa and
are now in the British Museum.
Aramides wolfi.
Aramides wolfi Berl. & Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1883, p.576: Chimbo,
W. Ecuador ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. 1894, p.55:
Balzar Mts.; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv.
No. 368, 1900, p. 40: forest of the Rio Peripa, W. Ecuador.
a. §. Mundo, W. Ecuador, 31 Dec. 1913. “Iris reddish
gold; eyelids bright red ; feet bright rose-pink ; bill light
emerald, base golden green” (W. Goodfellow).
E2
52 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
This specimen, which is in full plumage and well preserved,
is a very welcome addition to the National Collection.
Although there were two previously in the collection, yet
neither of them had any information in regard to sex or
colour of soft parts.
b,c. Nestlings covered entirely with soot-black down.
Mindo, 6000 ft., Jan. 1914. “Iris brown; eyelids and skin
generally showing bright red through the down; feet brown ;
bill reddish brown, extreme tip yellow” (W. Goodfellow).
Aramides cajanea cajanea.
Poule-d’eau de Cayenne, D’Aubent. Pl. Enl. ix. pl. 352.
Fulica cajanea P. L. 8. Miiller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1776,
p. 119; Cayenne.
Fulica major Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl, 17838, p. 21.
Cayenne Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, 1785,
p. 253 : Cayenne.
Fulica cayennensis Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1789, p. 700; Cayenne.
Rallus maximus Vieillot, N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxviii. 1819,
p. 555: Cayenne.
Aramides cayanea Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. 1894,
p. 57 (part, specimens c, d, e): Maroni river, Surinam, and
Bartica Grove, British Guiana.
This species was originally described by Miiller from
Cayenne under the title quoted from his work, and by
various other authors since, under different names, also from
the same place. It is chiefly characterized by having the
back rufous-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts deep
black, neck all ronnd dark slate-grey, the abdomen chestnut,
and the thighs dusky grey.
The distribution appears to be, from material examined
in the British Museum and McConnell collections, French,
Dutch, and British Guianas, and Venezuela.
I am of opinion, however, that this species, which has
hitherto been supposed to occur throughout South America
to Panama, is easily separable into three subspecific forms.
There is an example from Para which has been associated
with the Guiana bird, but it is much deeper in colour both
above and below, and I am inclined to think that with more
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 53
material it might prove to be a distinct form, in which case
it may bear the name of
Aramides cajanea grahami, subsp. nov.
Total length 330 mm., exposed culmen 53, wing 275,
tail 60, tarsus 73, middle toe and claw 65.
Habitat. Para.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected
by the late Ronald Graham at Para, Brazil.
Aramides cajanea salmoni.
Aramides cajanea salmont Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xxxvill. 4 March, 1918, p. 48: Remedios, Antioquia,
Colombia.
Aramides cayanea Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1894,
p. 57 (part, specimen J) : Remedios, Antioguia, Colombia.
Aramides chiricote (nec Vieill.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiii. 1894, p. 58 (part, specimens /, m, n, o: interior of
Colombia, Panama and Veragua).
This form has been separated from 4d. ¢. cajanea on
account of having the back and upper wing-coverts bronze
olive-green instead of rufous-brown, the rump and upper
tail-coverts smoke-black instead of deep black, the neck all
round ash-grey instead of dark slate-grey, the abdomen
rufous instead of chestnut, and the thighs pale ash-grey
instead of dark dusky grey.
Habitat. Western Venezuela (Merida) and Colombia to
Panama.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected
at Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia, by T. K. Salmon,
Salvin-Godman collection.
Aramides cajanea chiricote.
Rallus chiricote Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxviii. 1819,
p- 551: Paraguay.
Gallinula ruficeps Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p.74, tab. xevi. :
* Provincio Rio de Janeiro.”
Aramides cayanea (nec Miill.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxill. 1894, p. 57 (part, specimen /): Rio de Boraxudo.
Aramides chiricote Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1894,
5A Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
p. 58 (part, specimens e, /, h, i, k): Balia, Chapada, Matto
Grosso, Rio Solimoens, KE. Peru.
No. 2891. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1300 metres, 18 May,
1901. Native name ‘“ Pucachaca.” ‘ Feet and iris red ;
bill greenish yellow” (P. O. Simons).
This southern form is distinguished from A. e. cajanea by
its greyer upper surface, the paler underparts, and the
rufous-brown patch on the hinder crown and nape. — Its-
distribution, based on material in the British Museum, is
Bahia (JVucherer), Itaparica Island, Bahia (Nicholl), Kio de
Janeiro (Joyner), Paraguay (Foster &§ Brabourne), Pan do
Azuear (C. H. B. Grant), Rio do Boraxudo, Brazil (Natterer),
Chapada, Matto Grosso (Smith § Robert), Salta, Argentina
(Moreno), Bolivia (Simons), Rio Solimoens (/Vallace), and
Yquitos, eastern Peru (Whitely).
Neocrex erythrops. \
Porzana erythrops Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 348, pl. xxi.:
Lima; Tacz. Orn. Pér. 111. 1886, p. 325.
Neocrex erythrops Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 457.
No. 1251. Adult. Eten, N.W. Peru, 15 metres, 21 Sept.
1899. Native name “ Patito.”’
This example agrees with the type which was collected
in the neighbourhood of Lima, and is now in the British
Museum, Salvin-Godman collection.
Gallinula galeata.
Crew galeata Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 80: Sao Paulo.
Gallinula galeata Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 8327: Lima,
Junin, Callao; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. 1894,
pati
Nos. 1249, 9; 1250, 1251, g. Adult et imm. Eten,
N.W. Peru, Sept. 1899. Native name “ Gallonita.”
Nos. 1880, 1831, 2. Reque, Lambayeque, Peru, 35 metres,
6 Oct. 1899.
Nos. 147, 148, 2. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 24 Nov. 1912
“Iris brown; feet apple-green, vermilion at base; _ bill
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 55
vermilion, tip apple-green ” (Brabourne), These specimens
were collected and presented to the British Museum by the
late Lord Brabourne.
Having examined a large series of this species in the
British Museum from various localities in South America, I
find that the individuals mentioned above are rather smaller
in wing-measurement than those from the south and east.
I may mention, however, that they are chiefly immature
birds, which may account forit. I notice, too, that the birds
from southern Peru, Lake Titicaca, and northern Chile
have a larger average wing-measurement than those from
other parts of the continent. These no doubt represent
the form described by Allen under the name C. garmani
(cfr. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod]. Cambridge, Mass., iii. 1876,
p. 357). It is unfortunate that in this fairly large series
there are no specimens from Sao Paulo, the type-locality,
with which comparisons could be made.
Fulica ardesiaca.
Fulica ardesiaca Tschudi, Arch. fiir Naturg. 1831, p. 389:
Peru, on the banks of the rivers and in the Andean lakes ;
Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 40:
Laguna di Kingora.
No. 388. Adult. Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador, 3100 metres,
9 Jan. 1899. Native name “ Pata Prieta.”
This example is similar to others in the British Museum
from Peru and Ecuador.
Fulica gigantea.
Fulica gigantea Kyd. & Soul. Voy. ‘ Bonite,’ 1841, p. 102,
pl. 8: Peru; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 329: Petit lac
Ascaccocha, dans les alos d’Huaihuai (Tschudi) ; environs
du lac Junin (Jelskz).
Nos. 3135, 3136. Adult. Potosi, Bolivia, 4500 metres,
30 Sept. 1901. Native name “ Yaa-Pata.” Simons states
that this species was found in all Andean lakes. Feeding
among the weeds and sand.
56 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [ Ibis,
I1.—Birds in the North of France, 1917-18.
By Capt. A. W. Boyp, M.C., M.B.O.U.
Duxine the thirteen months from March 1917 to March
1918 I kept fairly careful notes of the birds I saw in
France. Practically the whole of this time was spent in the
Departments Pas de Calais, Somme, and Nord. Naturally
it is difficult for an infantry officer to stay in one spot for
any considerable length of time, and notes taken in this
way are somewhat disjointed and necessarily quite incom-
plete. Between March and September 1917 we went up
the river Somme to Péronne, east of that town to Roisel
and Epéhy, north to Villers Piuich and Havrincourt Wood,
and finaliy were in a reserve area at Achiet le Grand near
Bapaume. I was then fortunate enough (from an ornitho-
logical point of view) to spend just over four weeks of
October and November at the base at Etaples, where the
river Canche forms a short muddy estuary and a fair variety
of birds occurs, and where I had previously spent a day in
May ; from November to March 1918 I was in the line in
the La Bassée sector, east of Béthune, and in reserve in
that area; and finally returned to the neighbourhood of
Bapaume during the German offensive at the end of March.
I also include notes on the birds seen during a very short
stay in France at the end of July and early in August, 1918.
Going up the river Somme in March, just before the
first German evacuation of Péronne, we found the country
between Eclusier and Péronne (the scene of part of the
early stages of the first Somme offensive) remarkably
desolate; buntings were by far the commonest birds—
yellow-lLammers in great numbers and common buntings
—-with many larks of two species and flocks of linnets, but
there was little else except hooded crows and odd sparrow-
hawks: a very few of the familiar garden birds still clung
to the flattened villages—odd wrens, etc., but the house-
sparrow seemed to be the only bird that felt really at home.
Following the retreating Germans from Péronne to the
1919. | Birds in the North of France. Bye
east, we found the villages (with rare exceptions) entirely
destroyed, and here again a few of the village birds still
about the ruined houses; in the fields of this area the
ordinary birds of the season were plentiful and unconcerned.
When the summer migrants arrived they returned to their
old haunts in the half-felled orchards and the ruined houses,
and nested quite happily ; swallows were going in and out
of the derelict houses within four days of their first appear-
ance, and nested in large numbers under almost any shelter ;
nightingales and other warblers were not uncommon in
woods aud copses actually in the firing-line ; corn-crakes
and quail were plentiful in the long hay-grass growing
round the front-line trenches of this part of Somme.
In the following winter (1917-18) in old-established
trenches in the La Bassée sector, which was at that time
a quiet part of the line, quite a number of species were to
be seen daily actually in and about the trenches in Givenchy
and the Brickstacks and in No Mans Land: partridges were
common and many finches and pipits, while small flocks of
tree-sparrows were frequently seen on the wire in front of
the craters, which divided the German line from ours.
After the great spring and autumn migrations of Gallipoli
and Egypt, the movements in France were bound to seem
comparatively uninteresting, and the ouly really noticeably
great one was that of the hooded crows on the coast in
October, though a number of quite interesting birds of
passage were seen, and an evident migration of such birds
as soug-thrushes, robins, etc..—some presumably from
England—reached the coast towards the end of October.
In the spring the river Somme south of Péronne, where it
runs north and south, seemed to be the route by which many
migrants entered Flanders, and large gatherings of swallows
were to be seen there. In the autumn, while near Bapaume, |
noticed, on the other hand, that all the swallows and martins
were moving from east to west, possibly turning south into
a river-valley later on ; here a few birds of passage not seen
during the summer, such as wheatears, blue-headed wagtails,
aud pied flycatchers, lingered for a short time.
58 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [ Ibis,
An early passage of a good number of species was noticed
on 28 February, 1917, on our way from Egypt to France, a
few hours after we had passed to the north-east through the
straits of Messina; many small birds came on board the
boat: stonechats, redbreasts, song-thrushes, chaffinches,
skylarks, pipits, white wagtails, etc. ; but in the north of
France the weather was cold until mid-April and nothing
of interest happened till then, when the summer migrants
began to arrive.
The very severe winter of 1916-17 no doubt reduced the
numbers of many species in France as it did in England; I
did not see a single fieldfare in France, and redwings were
not at all abundant, and probably the absence or com-
parative scarcity of a number of species of resident birds
is to be accounted for in the same way.
I have seen nothing of numbers of species which other
observers have found so common in other parts of the line
or in the same parts in different seasons: owls, for example,
which others have seen so commonly, I failed to find; the
same holds good of a number of water-birds, as I only
occasionally visited the river Somme and its floods, where
duck gather in large numbers in the winter; similarly I
never saw the large flights of geese reported from some
parts in late autumn.
The period covered is from March 1917 to March 1918,
so that except for the month of March the year of an obser-
vation is not given. I have added also a few observations
made in July and August, 1918. The nomenclature used is
that of the B.O.U. list, 1915.
Corvus corone. Carrion-Crow.
Fairly common in Somme. In October and November
they were frequently to be seen in the Canche estuary and
on the sand-dunes at Etaples with the hooded crows and
rooks.
Corvus cornix. Hooded Crow.
Throughout March 1917 very common in the area of the
Somme battle and in some numbers round Péronne during
1919. | Birds in the North of France. 59
April; the last I saw were two at Brie on 26 April, which
attacked a marsh-harrier. In the autumn I first saw one in
the Canche estuary on 14 October ; day by day its numbers
increased, and there were soon many hundreds all over the
sand-banks and the sand-dunes near by.
A common bird in the La Bassée sector in winter and
often about the firmg-line. During February, fully 300
came to roost at night in some poplars at Le Préol, near
Béthune.
Corvus monedula. Jackdaw.
Fairly common in many places, though I have no note
of its occurrence in Somme east of Péronne. In October
occasionally seen in the Canche estuary with the flocks
of hooded crows and rooks; possibly these were birds of
passage.
Corvus frugilegus. Rook.
Common throughout. I saw a very large flock in March
1917 in the devastated Somme area; in October, numbers
(probably immigrants) with hooded and carrion crows on
the Canche estuary marshes.
Pica pica. Magpie.
In remarkable numbers everywhere. In parts of Somme,
where most of the large trees had been felled, they nested
in quite small trees. I saw them about the firing-line at
Givenchy.
Garrulus glandarius. Jay.
Fairly common in all woods d visited. On 14 October at
Etaples there was a number in a small wood where I did
not see them before or afterwards—possibly a bunch of
immigrants.
Sturnus vulgaris. Starling.
Common. Nested in the ruined houses at Bertincourt.
Many big flocks in winter. They had a “roost” at Le
Préol, near Béthune.
60 Capt. A. W. Boyd on { Ibis,
Oriolus oriolus. Golden Oriole.
Fairly common in June in Havrincourt Wood and other
woods in that area, where its beautiful whistle could be
frequently heard near the firing-line.
I found a nest in an alder near the Somme at Flixecourt,
near Amiens.
Chloris chloris. Greenfinch.
Common everywhere. In flocks at the end of August
with house-sparrows at Achiet le Grand; in October with
linnets in the Canche estuary; and with chaffinches and
bramblings in December in the firing-line at Givenchy.
Carduelis carduelis. Continental Goldfinch.
Not uncommon in Somme, where I saw a “charm” of
a dozen near Péronne early in April, and others about
Péronne chateau or citadel, in a Roisel orchard ; common
near Amiens. :
Passer domesticus. House-Sparrow.
Very abundant in most places and common in the
demolished Somme villages, and often about the trenches.
In big finch-flocks at Achiet le Grand in August, and in the
Canche estuary in October.
In June they were always common about the trenches in
front of Havrincourt Wood, among the felled timber where
the wood had previously extended—possibly they were
getting some insect food; there was no house within
a mile.
Passer montanus. Tree-Sparrow.
A common bird almost everywhere—far commoner than
in England. On 19 October and for the fortnight following,
there was a big flock of some hundreds on some rough
ground at Etaples, with several other species of finches.
It was one of the birds actually in the trenches at
Givenchy, and a small flock was often to be seen on our
wire in front of the craters both north and south of the
La Bassée Canal.
1919. | Birds in the North of France. 61
Fringilla celebs. Chaffinch.
Very common, though in one or two villages such as
Epéhy and Achiet le Grand they were scarce. In some
villages there were few suitable nesting-sites left, and at
Bertincourt a nest was built in a dead laurel. During the
last fortnight of October and early in November, many
hundreds were in a finch-flock on some rough ground at
Etaples and also among the marsh weeds in the Canche
estuary. In December in the firing-line at Givenchy.
Fringilla montifringilla. Brambling.
First seen on 19 October in a finch-flock at Etaples, and
commonly for the next three or four weeks there and
among the marsh weeds of the Canche estuary at low tide ;
on 27 December a few were feeding on the weeds growing
through the snow with a number of chaffinches and green-
finches—just behind the firing-line trench at Givenchy.
Last seen in March 1918 in Somme.
Acanthis caanabina. Linnet.
Common everywhere. Great flocks in the wasted area
west of Péronne in March 1917; in April a small flock of
a few score was always on or about a derelict clump of
telegraph-wires at Epéhy where shells fell not infrequently.
In May I found a nest in a box-bush at Roisel. By
4 September it was flocking in bunches of 50 or so at
Achiet le Petit, and from 15 October for a month was in
many hundreds on rough ground at Etaples with other
finches ; it was specially fond of the marsh weeds in the
Canche estuary at low tide.
A few in the Givenchy firing-line at the end of the year.
Emberiza calandra. Corn-Bunting.
Fairly common in Somme, especially in the wasted area
west of Péronne in March 1917. In May it was commonly
seen and heard on the wire in front of our trenches at
Villers Pluich and Beaucamp, and was evidently nesting
hard by. Very common at Hébuterne in early August 1918
in the waste ground round the trenches,
62 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [ Ibis,
Emberiza citrinella. Yellow-hammer.
An abundant bird everywhere, especially in the devastated
parts ; often in the firing-line at Villers Pluich and Havrin-
court.
Emberiza cirlus. Cirl Bunting.
A fairly common species throughout Somme, and often
seen about the ruined villages such as Villers Faucon,
Trescault (just behind the firing-line). Also seen occa-
sionally near Béthune.
Emberiza scheniclus. Reed-Bunting.
Strangely few seen: 25 March, 1917, four at Eclusier ;
April, a few at Brie; July, a few at Flixecourt near Amiens;
all these places are on the river Somme.
Alauda arvensis. Sky-Lark.
Very common everywhere. In October and November
common among the marsh weeds in the Canche estuary. at
low tide. |
Lullula arborea. Wood-Lark.
On 21 October I saw two on some rough ground at
Etaples.
Galerida cristata. Crested Lark.
Common everywhere, from the coast to the firing-line,
but its distribution was a trifle more “ patchy ” than that of
the sky-lark.
The French birds seemed rather more slaty in colour
than those seen on the sand in Egypt, and even than those
in Gallipoli.
Otocorys alpestris. Shore-Lark.
On 5 November seven birds were feeding along the high-
water mark at the mouth of the river Canche near Paris
Plage.
Motacilla alba. White Wagtail.
Fairly common wherever I went from April to October.
Towards the end of April they were in company with the
1919. | Birds in the North of France. 63
newly arrived yellow and blue-headed wagtails, and in
mid-October in small flocks in the Canche estuary with
occasional pied wagtails. Several round the Canche estuary
at the end of July 1918.
Motacilla lugubris. Pied Wagtail.
First seen on 15 October in the Canche estuary ; a few,
and occasionally a small flock there for the next four weeks.
A cock bird at Fouquiéres near Béthune on 19 February.
Motacilla boarula. Grey Wagtail.
A few in winter: in March 1917, near Pont Rémy on the
Somme; in November on the cliffs at Wimereux near
Boulogne ; not uncommon near Béthune, where I saw it
at Moat Farm (one of the keeps at Givenchy), at ‘“‘ Windy
Corner,” Le Plantin, and in other places.
Motacilla raii. Yellow Wagtail.
Passing at Brie on the Somme in fair numbers with blue-
headed Wagtails from 20 to 27 April; on the last date
M. flava outnumbered them by ten to one. On 380 July,
1918, I saw a hen by the Canche estuary which I think
was certainly of this species ; it had a yellowish eye-stripe.
Motacilla flava. Blue-headed Wagtail.
From 20 to 27 April passing at Brie in large numbers ;
between thirty and thirty-five on 4 September at Achiet le
Petit. I did not see one bird during the summer.
Anthus trivialis. Tree-Pipit.
First seen, half-a-dozen in number, on 17 April at Péronne
citadel; common in Havrincourt Wood in June; a few
near Amiens in July.
Anthus pratensis. Meadow-Pipit.
A few seen near Péronne in April, but none east of that.
Common at Rouen and Etaples in October, and at Le
Touquet in May. In December not uncommon about the
Givenchy firing-line and in the district round Béthune
during the winter.
64. Capt. A. W. Boyd on ; [ Ibis,
Anthus petrosus (? sub-spec.). Rock-Pipit.
A number about the Canche estuary in October and
November.
Certhia familiaris. Tree-Creeper.
Only seen rarely in the Touquet woods near Paris Plage,
in October and November.
Regulus regulus. (old-crest.
Possibly this was one of the species that had suffered by-
the 1916-17 winter. Not often seen: three in the Bois de
Tailloux, Hamel, on the Somme, 2] March, 1917 ; a few in
Rouen, 30 September; common in the Forét d’Hardelot,
near Boulogne, on 4 November.
Parus major. Continental Great Titmouse.
Usually very common—the commonest of the tits. It
was one of the birds seen in the trenches among the ruins
of Givenchy village in December.
Parus palustris. Continental Marsh-Titmouse.
Fairly common in the Bois de Bailleul, near Pont-Rémy,
March 1917 ; not uncommon in the Le Touquet woods, the
Forét d’Hardelot, at Etaples, etc., in November, and in
Adinfer Wood, south of Arras, in March 1918. I did not
see anything that appeared to be P. borealis.
Parus ceruleus. Continental Blue Titmouse.
Fairly common everywhere.
Agithalus caudatus roseus. British Long-tailed Tit-
mouse.
On 14 October, two in the Le Touquet woods near Paris
Plage with other species of tits.
Lanius excubitor. Great Grey Shrike.
On 21 February near Béthune and 25 February at
Annequin, not far from the first locality ; almost certainly
two birds seen at Catelet near Cartigny on 20 April, 1917,
were of this species, but I cannot say so definitely.
1919. | Birds in the North of France. 65
Lanius collurio. Red-backed Shrike.
Three birds, one of which was an adult cock and another
a young bird with a downy head, at Etaples on 31 July,
1918. ‘To my surprise, I never saw this species elsewhere.
Lanius senator. Woodchat.
On 2 and 8 June at Ytres near Bertincourt (not far from
Bapaume), in the “ Little Wood” and a meadow outside
the village. An adult with two young birds on 3 August,
1918, at Halloy near Doullens.
Sylvia communis. Whitethroat.
Common in the east of Somme in all places I visited in
summer, and also near Amiens. Last seen at Achiet le
Petit on 4 September.
Sylvia simplex. Garden-Warbler.
Common in summer in Roisel, Epéhy, Havrincourt Wood,
and other places in the east of Somme.
Sylvia atricapilla. Blackcap.
Several in an orchard at Roisel on 18 May.
Acrocephalus streperus. Reed-Warbler.
A few by the Somme at Flixecourt near Amiens in July,
but not nearly so plentiful as the great reed-warbler.
Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Great Reed-Warbler.
Common by the Somme at Flixecourt in July.
Acrocephalus schenobenus. Sedge-Warbler.
Several at Péronne in May; at Flixecourt in mid-July.
Probably not uncommon in some parts, but I was not in
very suitable country during the summer.
Hypolais icterina. Icterine Warbler.
Common in the battered villages in the east of Somme,
such as Eequancourt, Villers Pluich, Trescault, Bertin-
court, in May and June. On 25 May I watened a pair
building in a lilac bush in Villers Pluich, but the place got
a bad pounding on the same evening and the nest was
SER, XI.—VOL, I. F
66 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [Ibis,
probably destroyed, as it was only a very short distance
behind the firing-line.
Not uncommon at Flixecourt near Amiens, where I found
a nest on 1 July, on the branch of a tiny poplar; the young
were hatching on 15 July. Still singing in early August
1918 round Doullens.
Phylloscopus trochilus. Willow-Warbler.
First heard at Brie on 22 April; its numbers increased
greatly in two days, but it did not seem at all common
during the summer, during which I only heard occasional
birds singing in Havrincourt Wood and Trescault. Last
seen in Achiet le Grand, 8 September.
Phylloscopus collybita. Chiffchaff.
First heard at Brie as late as 22 April; common in
Havrincourt Wood and that district generally, and near
Amiens in the summer. Singing on 18 September at Achiet
le Grand and in Rouen on 26 and 27 September. —!
A single bird on 21 October in the scrub by the Canche
estuary with migrant thrushes.
Turdus viscivorus. Missel-Thrush.
Fairly common in all parts. At the end of August and
early in September there was a flock numbering several
score in and about Logeast Wood near Achiet le Grand.
Turdus musicus. Continental Song-Thrush, [and ? Turdus
musicus clarkei—British Song-Thrush ].
Distinctly uncommon. Except for immigrant birds seen
or heard only in four places: in Havrincourt Wood in June ;
at Flixecourt, near Amiens, in July; at Fouquereuil near
Béthune, and in Adinfer Wood south of Arras, in March
1918, and possibly those in the last two places were on
passage. On 21 October there were many very wild birds
in the scrub and a little copse on the sand-dunes on the
north side of the Canche estuary, but during the week
following only odd birds remained; on 9 November there
were a number in the Le Touquet Woods on the other side
of the estuary. On 12 January one bird in a flock of
redwings and blackbirds at Gorre, ncar Béthune.
1910. | Birds in the North of France. 67
Turdus iliacus. Redwing.
First heard on 4 November at Etaples, passing by night.
A few seen on several occasions near Béthune in January
and February.
Turdus merula. Blackbird.
Common in all parts. Some in the winter were evidently
immigrants and were seen with song-thrushes in the scrub
on the sand-dunes by the Canche estuary, at Gorre with
redwings, etc.
Turdus torquatus. Ring-Ouzel.
One in the Le Touquet wood at the edge of the Canche
estuary on 5 November with other migrant Turdide.
Phenicurus phenicurus. Redstart.
A single bird on 10 September at Achiet le Grand was
the only bird seen.
Phenicurus titys. Black Redstart.
Two birds first seen on the Péronne citadel on 7 April.
Common in most of the Somme villages such as Herbécourt,
Flaucourt, Villers Faucon, Achiet le Grand, Flixecourt,
and about Happlincourt chateau on the Somme, opposite
to Brie.
They returned freely to these destroyed villages, and at
Bertincourt, in May, a pair reared a brood in a very public
place in the Town Major’s yard.
Last seen at Boisguillaume near Rouen on 30 September.
Erithacus rubecula. Continental Redbreast.
Fairly common throughout, including such ruined villages
as Epéhy ; also seen about the trenches at Givenchy. Some
among the scrub in the dunes by the Canche estuary with
immigrant birds on 21 October.
Erithacus rubecula melophilus. British Redbreast.
A number of very red-breasted birds presumably of this
subspecies among the scrub by the Canche on 21 October
with others of the Continental form.
rQ2
~
68 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [Tbis,
Luscinia megarhyncha. Common Nightingale.
Very common in all the woods in the east of Somme
such as Dessart Wood and Havrincourt Wood. In May
a nightingale in Ossus Wood, our most advanced position
near the St. Quentin Canal, sang particularly well when
the machine-guns fired, as if in answer to them; these birds
were common in the small copses of this area. Common in
Le Touquet Woods.
Saxicola rubicola. Stonechat.
Not often seen: a few at Brie on the Somme in April ;
at Flixecourt, near Amiens, on 15 July; one among the
trenches in Givenchy village on 27 December.
Saxicola rubetra. Whinchat.
Apparently very local: one at Ytres near Bertincourt on
28 May; common at Flixecourt, near Amiens, in July; a
fair number passing at Achiet le Grand on 30 August.
Quite abundant in early August 1918 in the rough ground
round Hébuterne.
Cnanthe enanthe. Wheatear.
Rarely seen: once seen in summer at Bertincourt on
27 May; several passing at Achiet le Grand on 380 August,
and one near Logeast Wood on 12 September; two passing
at Rouen on 1] October. At the end of July 1918 not un-
common on the sandhills near Etaples, where it presumably
breeds.
Accentor modularis. Hedge-Sparrow.
Common; still found in all the ruined villages in east of
Somme; seen at Moat Farm, one of the keeps in the
Givenchy trenchies.
Troglodytes troglodytes. Wren.
Common in all parts; still in the flattened villages of
the Somme offensive in March 1917 and in the destroyed
villages in the east of Somme.
Muscicapa grisola. Spotted Flyeatcher.
Not common: seen at Roisel in May, at Flixecourt near
1919. | Birds in the North of France. 69
Amiens. Last seen at Achiet le Grand on |] September.
Several in Halloy, near Doullens, in early August 1918.
Muscicapa atricapilla. Pied Flycatcher.
In autumn at Achiet le Grand: one on 31 August and
three or four on 10 September.
Hirundo rustica. Swallow.
First seen at Péronne in scores on 16 April; on the 21st
I saw them going in and out of ruins at Barleux and
Flaucourt, The line of the river Somme seemed to be the
route by which many came in spring, and at Brie on
22 April many passed up stream (which here runs north
and south) all day against a north wind, and many hun-
dreds roosted there iu fluctuating numbers during the next
three days.
A most abundant breeding bird in ruins, wooden huts,
etc., and astonishingly tame; a pair in a room used as an
officers’ mess at Bertincourt nested and hatched out on a
nail in a beam in the low roof and paid no heed to all the
noise, tobacco smoke and candle-light at night. During
September they passed Achiet le Grand going west. Last
seen in the Canche estuary on 16 October.
Delichon urbica. Martin.
First seen at Péronne on 17 April. In fair numbers
nesting in the ruined villages in the east of Somme, but not
nearly so numerous as the swallows. Numbers passed west
with swallows at Achiet le Grand in September.
Riparia riparia. Sand-Martin.
I saw strangely few: a colony at Bourdon, near Amiens,
in July ; otherwise only seen on 16 & 17 April at Péronne
in fair numbers with swallows, and one with them on
2 September at Achiet le Grand going west. On 31 July,
1918, two flew west down the Canche at Etaples.
Picus viridis. Green Woodpecker.
Not uncommon in most woods except in the east of
Somme; round Béthune in several places, including the
70 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [ Ibis,
village of Gorre—not far from the line ; common in Adinfer
Wood, south of Arras.
Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo.
Very common in Havrincourt Wood and that district
generally. Last heard calling on 1 July near Amiens;
last seen on 1 September at Achiet le Petit (a young bird).
Micropus apus. Swift.
A few about the ruined villages such as Bertincourt and
Trescault, but not really common. Fairly common near
Etaples.
Last seen near Achiet le Grand in the first week of
August.
[Strix aluco. Tawny Owl.
A brown owl flying at dusk over the firing-line in front
of Havrincourt was presumably of this species and was the
only one seen ; [ never heard its hoot. ] :
Circus eruginosus. Marsh-Harrier.
At Brie on the river Somme, on 26 April, I was watching
a fine cream-headed bird beating down stream over the big
reed-beds, when it was attacked by two hoodies which drove
it away up stream again; after a hurried start it flapped
and glided into the distance.
Circus cyaneus. Hen-Harrier.
One flying over some rough country at Catelet, near
Cartigny, on 20 April.
Circus pygargus. Montagu’s Harrier.
A pair at Flixecourt, near Amiens, on 5 July were the
only birds I saw.
Buteo? sp. Buzzard.
On 3 January one high over the Givenchy ridge which
my companion at first took for an aeroplane ; on 16 March
one high over Hesdigneul, near Béthune, well above some
aeroplanes which were then some 1500 feet up.
1919. | Birds in the North of France. 71
Accipiter nisus. Sparrow-Hawk.
Not infrequently seen about the devasted area of the
Somme battle; in various parts of Somme and round
Bethune.
Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon.
In October and November at Etaples and about the
Canche estuary; on 9 November one flew from the big
sandbank at the river’s mouth carrying a black-headed gull
in its talons—I picked up the gull’s corpse later.
Falco tinnunculus. Kestrel.
Common everywhere: often seen over the firing-line
near Havrincourt and Givenchy ; particularly numerous in
Adinfer Wood on 23 March, 1918.
Sula bassana. Gannet.
In December just off Boulogne.
Tadorna tadorna. Common Sheld-Duck. —
A small number—from one to seven—in the Canche
estuary in October and November. Two in the Canclie
estuary on 31 July, 1918.
Anas boschas. Mallard.
A few on the river Somme in spring and summer near
Amiens, aud at Eclusier and Brie. They were seen commonly
by others in the wet country between Béthune and the line
in winter.
Mareca penelope. Wigeon.
Four in the Canche estuary for several days in early
November.
Spatula clypeata. Shoveler.
On 28 April five birds at St. Christ, and others at Brie on
the river Somme.
Nyroca ferina. Pochard. :
On 25 March, 1917, 200 birds at Cappy, and others at
Eclusier on the river Somme.
72 Capt. A. W. Boyd on { Ibis,
Nyroca fuligula. Tufted Duck.
At the end of March, at Sailly Laurette, Cappy, and
Péronne on the river Somme—not more than twenty
together.
Cdewia nigra. Common Scoter.
On 17 April three birds were on a flood by the river
Somme on the south side of Péronne; four seen from the
leave-boat on 11 May just outside Boulogne, and on.
11 November many passing out at sea beyond Boulogne
harbour.
(demia fusca. Velvet-Scoter.
One on 11 November close in at Boulogne.
Mergus serrator. Red-breasted Merganser.
On 10 November two flew up the channel of the Canche
estuary at low tide.
4
Ardea cinerea. Heron.
Odd birds seen from time to time at various places on the
river Somme, in the Canche estuary, near Bapaume and near
Béthune. On 31 July, 1918, I saw seventeen on the Canche
mudflats at low tide.
Platalea leucorodia. Spoonbill.
On 3 November a single bird at the mouth of the Canche,
near Paris Plage ; it flew to the sandbank in midstream and
was driven off by the gulls there ; later I saw it flying wildly
across the sky chased by two gulls.
Gallinago gallinago. Snipe.
At Le Touquet by the Canche estuary in November.
Not seen in many places apparently suitable.
Tringa canutus. Knot.
A flock of fourteen with four grey plovers in the Canche
estuary on 16 October. I was surprised to see a chestnut-
breasted bird among otler waders in the Canche estuary on
28 July, 1918.
1919. | Birds in the North of France. 73
Tringa minuta. Little Stint.
One in the Canche estuary with other waders on 27
October.
Tringa alpina. Dunlin.
Common in small numbers in the Canche estuary in
October and November ; an increase in November to about
80 birds; on 380 July, 1918, three birds in breeding-
plumage.
Calidris arenaria. Sanderling.
One bird on 17 November with dunlins and ringed plovers
in the Canche estuary,
Machetes pugnax. Ruff.
On 28 July, 1918, I got a close view of a bird among a
number of redshanks in the Canche estuary at Htaples.
Totanus totanus. Redshank.
Remarkably few: two at Le Mesnil Bruntel, near the river
Somme on 18 April, and four at Brie on 25 April; on
12 May, between 30 and 40 in the Canche estuary, but none
there in the autumn ; many there at the end of July 1918—
about 40 together.
Totanus hypoleucus. Common Sandpiper.
First seen at Brie on the river Somme on 27 April; in
the Canche estuary on 12 May.
Many in the Canche estuary at the end of July 1918—as
many as 20 together.
Totanus ochropus. Green Sandpiper.
Two on 22 and 23 April by a pool at Brie, not far from
the river.
Limosa limosa. Black-tailed Godwit.
On 12 May a fine red bird in full plumage was
feeding by a pool just at the wood’s edge in the Canche
estuary ; it allowed us to approach within ten yards before
it flew.
74 - Capt. A. W. Boyd on { Ibis,
Numenius arquata. Curlew.
Common in the Canche estuary in October and November,
and at the end of July 1918; there was a considerable
increase at the end of October, and several hundreds were
daily about in the salt weeds at low tide—probably not
many more than 400.
Numenius phzopus. Whimbrel.
A fair number in the Canche estuary on 12 May ; in good -
numbers there as early as 28 and 31 July, 1918.
Charadrius apricarius. Golden Plover.
Heard at uight on 13 April at St. Emilie, near Epéhy ;
and on the night of 30 July, 1918, passing over Htaples,
flying south-west.
Squatarola squatarola. Grey Plover.
Four in the Canche estuary with some knots on 16 October.
Zigialitis hiaticula. Ringed Plover.
Small flocks in the Canche estuary in October and
November—never more than a few score ; on 31 July, 1918,
three birds about some rough sandy ground a few hundred
yards north of the Canche estuary and near the railway.
Vanellus vanellus. Lapwing.
- An uncommon bird, only seen at migration time: a flock
in March 1917 at Pontrémy near Abbéville; one bird at
Le Mesnil Bruntel near Péronne on 18 April; in the late
autumn 40 or 50 in the Canche estuary on 16 and 17
November ; in March 1918, flocks at Adinfer on the 28rd,
and at Sarpignies, near Bapaume, flying over during the
battle on the 25th.
Captain Dunkerley of No. 2 Squadron, R.F.C., tells me
that about 9 March, 1918, he ran into a flock of what were
evidently lapwings flying north at a height of 6500 feet
over the line at Hulluch near Lens. All pilots and men in
observation balloons that I have questioned agree that they
rarely see birds at a height of more than 38000 feet.
1919. | Birds in the North of France. 75
Hematopus ostralegus. Oyster-Catcher.
Flocks in number between ten and twenty frequently
seen in the Canche estuary in October and November.
Arenaria interpres. ‘T'urnstone.
The Canche estuary is not suitable for this species ; single
birds seen there on 12 May and 3 November.
Larus canus. Common Gull.
Odd birds in the Canche estuary on 17 October, and a
great increase on the following day; common there and at
Boulogne in October and November.
Larus argentatus. Herring-Gull.
Common in the Canche estuary in October and November.
Larus marinus. Greater Black-backed Gull.
A few in the Canche estuary on 17 October, and many on
the following day ; in large numbers subsequently in October
aud November, especially on the big sandbank at the river
mouth ; some in the estuary at the end of July 1918.
Larus fuscus. Lesser Black-backed Gull.
Many in October and November in the Canche estuary
and at Boulogne ; some at any rate were L. fuscus affinis.
Larus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull.
Only occasionally seen inland: two at Péronne on 17
April; one at Flixecourt, near Amiens, on 4 July; three at’
Gorre on the La Bassée Canal on 7 January ; twenty over
Adinfer Wood, south of Arras, on 23 March, 1918.
Common in the Canche estuary in October and November,
and July 1918.
Hydrochelidon nigra. Black Tern.
On 31 July, 1918, I saw one resting at the edge of the
channel in the Canche estuary at low tide; after a time it
began to feed, flying slowly down stream against a light
breeze, dipping down to and sometimes touching the water,
and then flying quickly back up stream to its starting-place ;
76 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [ Ibis,
I could not tell what it was feeding on, as I could see no
flies, It was in almost full breeding-plumage.
Alle alle. Little Auk.
One in the harbour at Boulogne on 5 December, swim-
ming just below the bridge; it rose from the water, flew up
to the bridge and then out towards thie sea,
Colymbus arcticus. Black-throated Diver.
On 25 October, after a strong south-west gale, there was-
a bird swimming in the channel of the Canche estuary. As
it was low tide I was able to get within a few yards of it;
the throat and face were still black.
Podiceps ? sp.
On 9 November there was a small grebe in unusual
plumage in the channel of the Canche estuary which I
could not identify satisfactorily.
Podiceps fluviatilis. Little Grebe.
Not uncommon on the river Somme in various places ;
many on the water by Péronne citadel and round the city
in April. On 21 October there was one on a small pool
among the sand-dunes on the north of the Canche estuary ;
also in the Forét d’Hardelot near Boulogne.
Crex crex. Corn-Crake.
Fairly common in the east of Somme round Beaucamp,
Trescault, and Havrincourt Wood (where it was in the felled
part of the wood where the old trees lay) in the long grass
round the firing-line.
Gallinula chloropus. Moor-Hen.
Fairly common on the river Somme. On 21 October,
on a small pool in the sand-dunes north of the Canche
estuary.
Fulica atra. Coot.
Most abundant in all parts of the river Somme; ona pool
in the Forét d’ Hardelot.
1919. | Birds in the North of France. 77
Columba enas. Stock-Dove.
Only seen at Brie on the river Somme on 26 April.
Columba palumbus. Wood-Pigeon.
Common throughout, though never in large numbers ;
often about the firing-line in front of Havrincourt Wood.
Streptopelia turtur. Turtle-Dove.
Common in Somme in many places. On 18 May in an
orchard at Roisel I found a pair at an early nest in a felled
apple-tree; the trunk of the tree had not been completely
cut through and the branches were in leaf. Last heard in
Logeast Wood, near Achiet le Grand, on 9 September.
Phasianus colchicus. Pheasant.
Very uncommon: I saw it only near Abbéville. I was
told of several round Festubert and other places near
Béthune, but did not see them myself.
Perdix perdix. Partridge.
Fairly common throughout Somme and also in the
La Bassée sector, where it was often seen about the line
and gave good practice for success!ul rifle and Lewis-gun
fire nto No Man’s Land. Very common round Hébuterne
in August 1918; on 6 August I saw at least forty ina
pack.
Coturnix coturnix. Quail.
Common in Somme from May to August ; especially
numerous in the long grass round the firing-line at Beau-
camp, Trescault, and in the felled part of Havrincourt
Wood, and in the area behind the line. Numbers at
Hébuterne early in August 1918; this area was part of the
old devastated area of the first Somme offensive, and the
trenches were re-occupied again by us; the hundreds of
acres of rough weed-covered ground must have proved a
suitable sanctuary for quail and partridges in particular.
The quail could be heard calling during “stand to” just
before dawn.
78 Lord Rothschild on the [Lbis,
III.—On one of the four. original pictures from life of the
Réunion or White Dodo. By Lorp Roruscuicp, F.R.S.,
M.B.O.U.
(Plate IT.)
Tue first mention of the White or Réunion Dodo (Didus
borbonicus) was made by Tatton, the chief officer of Captain
Castleton (Voy. Castleton, Purchas his Pilgrimes (ed. 1625) i.
p- 331, Bourbon or Réunion) and his account is as follows :—
“There is a store of land fowle both small and great,
plenty of Doves, great Parrats, and such like ; and a great
fowle of the bignesse of a Turkie, very fat and so short-
winged, that they cannot fly, being white and in a manner
tame: and so be all other fowles, as having not been
troubled nor feared with shot. Our men did beat them
down with sticks and stones. Ten men can take fowle
enough to serve fortie men a day.”
After this the White Dodo was mentioned by Bontekoe
in five different treatises from 1646 to 1650, and by Carré
in 1699, and a more detailed description is given by
Sieur D. B. (Dubois) in 1674, In this description, how-
ever, the extremities of the tail and wings are given as
black, whereas in the picture of Pieter Witthoos they appear
as yellow. The truth is that the males and females were
very different. The full history of the two Dodos has lately
been fully worked out by Professor Oudemans, and I give
here his description of the two sexes of the White Dodo :—
Male, The horny sheath of the upper mandible was hooked
and sharp; its distal end black, its proximal half was yellow
with transverse black stripes; the rest of the bill was white.
The head and neck were reddish brown abruptly passing
into a cream-coloured breast and gradually becoming yel-
lowish further back; a few downy feathers were scattered
over the head, and a ball-shaped tail of Ostrich-like feathers
gradually passed into the subcaudal coverts and circumanal
feathers.
3NHOS8W3S B ALLIA
SOOT da.Laild a
O©GO@ atin arti tO sa Olold “ah sO" NOMeOgGdoudas
dole “Sig |
1919. | Réunion or White Dodo. 79
Female, The horny sheath of the upper mandible was not
hooked, but obtuse, sometimes ending in a blunt point,
sometimes rounded ; it was greyish or light fawn-coloured,
the rest of the bill being greyish or greenish; the whole
body cloth-white, the wings golden yellow. The tail con-
sisted of at least six white rectrices which resemble in shape
those of a Silver Pheasant.
The picture here reproduced (PI. II.) and a second by the
same artist, now in Holland, were drawn from a living bird
brought to Amsterdam about 1670. The first mention of this
picture was made by the late Professor Alfred Newton in the
Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. vi. 1867, pp. 373-
376, pl. 62, where a portion of the picture is reproduced.
The painter, Pieter Witthoos, was a well-known Dutch artist
of birds and landscapes. The other birds in the picture are
a Red-breasted Goose, a female Red-breasted Merganser, a
Black Guillemot, a Tufted Duck, a Golden-eye, a female
Widgeon, and a Spoonbill. There is a companion picture
by the same artist depicting a Sheldrake, a Shoveler, a
female Tufted Duck, a Smew, a young Great Northern
Diver, a Widgeon, and two ill-defined Ducks.
These pictures were formerly in the possession of Mr. C,
Dare of Clattenford, Isle of Wight, and for many years were
erroueously supposed to have been deposited in Carisbrooke
Castle; they were purchased by me from Mr. Dare’s son in
the summer of 1918,
The two other pictures are by Pieter Holsteyn and were
drawn from the same bird, and are in Holland. All four
paintings were made between 1670 and 1693.
The White Dodo became extinct between the years 1735
and 1801, for between 1735 and 1746 a living one reached
France, sent by M. de la Bourdonnaye, the Governor of the
Mascarene Islands at that time; while when Monsieur Bory
de St. Vincent made his scientific survey of the islands in
1801 the bird no longer existed.
80 Mr. H. J. Elwes on Beebe’s [Ibis,
IV.—A note on Capt. Beebe’s Monograph of the Pheasants.
By H. J. Exwess, F.R.S., M.B.O.U.
A work of this importance deserves a more extended notice
than that given in the last number of ‘The Ibis’ (1918,
p. 726), and as I have always been specially attracted
by these splendid birds and have personal knowledge of
many of them in their native haunts, I hope the following
remarks may be found of interest.
It is, perhaps, a question which future authors and pub-
lishers would do well to consider, whether monographs so
beautifully and artistically illustrated as this book, and
which can only be published at an expense which most
private ornithologists cannot afford, are desirable in the
interests of science. Many of those who are wealthy enough
to purchase such works are not ornithologists, and buy them
for their illustrations only ; many to whom the letterpress
would be of permanent interest and value cannot afford to
acquire the work. A second edition without the plates,
or with the plates in a much cheaper form, cannot be pro-
duced with justice to the subscribers and purchasers of the
original edition until that is completely sold out, which may
not be for many years to come; but if the publishers had
printed the letterpress in an octavo or quarto form and sold
the illustrations as a separate volume, my own experience
makes me think that they would, from a business point of
view, have been equally well repaid ; whilst a much larger
edition of the letterpress might have been produced and
sold with great advantage to the ornithological world.
I must congratulate Captain Beebe on the way in which,
when he had determined on his monograph, he started on a
long journey to some of the most remote parts of Asia with
the object of seeing for himself in nature as many as possible
of the birds, which the monographer of the past was content
to study in museums only; and though this personal know-
ledge has, perhaps, led him to attach importance in some
cases to more minute and possibly variable characters than
he would otherwise have done, yet, as these questions of
1919. | Monograph of the Pheasants. 81
local variation must always remain a matter of personal
Opinion, it does not much matter how we regard these
poimts. I should like, however, to call attention to the
perhaps unnecessary subdivision of the genus Jthagenes, and
will begin by asking why he calls them “ Blood Partridges ”
and not, as Indian ornithologists and sportsmen have hitherto
done, ‘‘ Blood Pheasants”? Perdix is a name which in
various Latin tongues (Perdrix in French, Perdice in
Italian, Perdiz in Spanish, and Partridge in English)
is thoroughly understood in all countries where true -Par-
tridges are found; and though in Africa it has been applied
in ignorance by colonists to various Francolins, and in
North America to some Grouse, it has no proper application
to any member of the Phasianine ; and it might easily lead
American naturalists to suppose that Ithagenes had some
resemblance in habits, plumage, or structure to the true Par-
tridges, which so far as I know it has not. Captain Beebe’s
reasons for this classification, as given in the Introduction,
seem to me too slight. On p. xxv he says :—‘‘ The first
two groups of birds which I have included in the present
work, the Blood Partridges and Tragopans, judged by the
tail-moult and other characters as well, are on the Quail
and Partridge side of the line, but I have included them as
representing the genera most nearly allied to the Pheasants.”
Now it may be objected that such a trifling secondary
character as the moult of the tail-feathers is not a sufficient
basis on which to define the subfamily Phasianine. I should
be the last to criticise such a course, because in revising the
butterflies of the genus Parnassius (P. Z.S. 1886) I founded,
on a secondary sexual character which is only developed in the
act of reproduction, a new subfamily to include them; and
if no better characters can be found, I sce no reason to reject
the classification. But with regard to the separation of the
Sikkim Jthagenes from the one inhabiting central Nepal, which
Captain Beebe has done on what I think very insufficient
evidence, I entirely agree with the remarks of Mr. Stuart
Baker (Lbis, 1915, p. 124); and with an intimate personal
knowledge of the Blood Pheasant in Sikkim, IJ am able to
SUR. XI,—VOU, TI. G
82 On Beebe’s Monograph of the Pheasants. [ Ibis,
confirm his opinion, which Captain Beebe quotes without any
argument to show why he dissents from it. With regard to
I. tibetanus, it seems to me very doubtful whether Mr. Stuart
Baker, who described it on a single specimen brought by
Captain Molesworth, was justified in considering it as a
good species, having regard to the amount of variation which
exists in J. cruentus; and I should be disposed to reserve
an opinion on these races, until a much larger series of
specimens are obtained from the mountains east and north-
east of Sikkim, which until Bailey and Morshead’s journey
(ef. Geographical Magazine, xliii. p. 184) were almost terra
incognita, and which are likely to remain unexplored for
many years, unless the policy of the Indian government
in these regions is changed. Captain Beebe may retort
by asking why I in 1881 founded the description of a-
new species of EHared Pheasant, Crossoptilon harmani, on
a single imperfect skin; and [ will confess that I would
not do such a thing now. But as he has at the end of his
volume treated of this variety, or local race, or species-—for
T care not which you call it—under the heading of “ wild
hybrids,” I should like to show that hybridity in this case
seems impossible, and would be possible only if two species
of Crossoptilon existed in regions near enough to each other
for the two species to meet. I will not now go into details
of all the points which Captain Beebe has brought forward
on pp. 1938-198 to support his view that C. harmani,
C. leucurum, and C. drougniu are hybrids, but the map of
Geographical Distribution of the genus opposite p. 158—
though it cannot be taken as more than a suggestion based
on very small knowledge of the region and even less of the
birds in it—shows that C. harmani is the most westerly
representative of the genus; and although the map, as
coloured, leads one to suppose that its range is not far
distant on the east from that of C. tibetanum or on the north
from that of C. auritum, yet, so long as we have no evidence
that these two species ever do come in contact, the question
of hybridity can hardly arise. Hybrids in nature among
birds are so rare, whilst intermediate forms are so common,
1919.] Lelipse Plumage of Spermophila pileata. 83
that the necessity for proof is increased. I should rather
suggest that the variation in the plumage and number of
tail-feathers in the genus, which Captain Beebe shows to
exist, are analogous to the variation of colour in Stercorarius
crepidatus, and in the male of Machetes pugnax ; and until
some proof is given that the species of this genus do meet
and interbreed, I agree with Mr. Stuart Baker (cf. Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiv. 1916, p. 633). No doubt we
shall have, when Captain Beebe comes to deal with the various
races of the genus Phasianus, some case which will throw
light on this difficult question; but except in the solitary
case of the Chumba variety of the Impeyan Pheasant, which
was described and accepted by such good naturalists as
Marshall, Oates, and Sharpe as a distinct species, but which
is now relegated to its proper place by ornithologists gener-
ally, I can think of no similar instance amongst the
Phasianide.
Knowing as I do the great difficulties, both climatic and
geographical, which are met with in observing the habits of
the forest-haunting Pheasants in the dense rocky and inac-
cessible thickets which they love, I especially admire the
skill and patience which Captain Beebe shows as a field-
naturalist and observer; and the care which he has taken to
select and quote from the existing accounts of the habits
and life-history of the Pheasants makes his book an almost
unique model for future monographers. His numerous
photographs of their native haunts show great skill as a
bird-watcher and add immensely to the interest and value
of the work.
V.—On the Eclipse Plumage of Spermophila pileata.
By F. E. Buaauw, M.B.O.U.
I souvent a living specimen of this rare little finch in a
vegetable shop in Santos in Brazil in May 1911. It had no
black cap and no rosy gloss on the lower back and sides, so
that I thought that it was either a young bird or a female.
I was assured that it was an adult male. I bought the bird,
G2
84, Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
and took it to the ship as I was going homeward. Not
many days afterwards the little bird began to sing,
and shortly after I arrived in Holland it began to moult
and acquired the black cap and rosy tinge on the feathers
of the lower back and sides, and also the whitish cheeks.
The bill also changed from yellowish horn-colour into
jet-black.
After having worn this dress a few months the bird
moulted again, and I was surprised to find that it again
acquired the sober, nearly uniformly buff dress that it had
worn when I bought it in Santos. The bill also lost its
black colour.
Since that time the little bird has moulted regularly from
one dress into the other, generally twice a year, the black cap
and bill and other ornamental colours forming the breeding-
dress. The bird is in full song then. The song is very
pleasant and has some remarkable notes. !
Although such a small mite, it is very aggressive, and
will not suffer other birds in its cage or even in a large
aviary.
VI.—List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed
reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental
Visitors. Part 1. Corvinz—Syivups. By Davin A.
BannermMaN, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S.
INTRODUCTION.
For several years before the war I was engaged upon a
work embodying all that is known of the Birds of the
Canary Islands. For this purpose [ have had translated
almost every foreign work bearing on the subject, in addition
to which I have consulted the many English papers written
by British ornithologists who have visited the islands and
studied the Ornis of the Group.
Every year from 1908 to 1913 I visited the Archipelago
myself and made various expeditions, both privately and on
behalf of the Natural History Museum, to gain a thorough
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 85
knowledge of the birds of all the islands, preparatory to
publishing a book.
In the course of these years Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuer-
teventura, Lanzarote, Graciosa, Montafia Clara, the Roque
del Oueste, and Allegranza were visited and explored at
different times, and many smaller expeditions were under-
taken in search of birds ; eight in Gran Canaria alone.
I had still three islands to visit—VPalma, Gomera, and
Hierro ; but the war successfully put a stop to all ornitho-
logical work and has claimed my attention elsewhere.
Having been recently transferred for duty in England after
twenty-eight months’ active service with the British Red Cross
Society in France, [ have been able to give a certain amount
of time to ornithological work, and have decided to bring
out, in ‘The Ibis,’ the part of my work which is complete
and which deals principally with the migratory birds, with
special reference to those occasional and rare visitors that
have wandered to the archipelago from time to time. My
objects in doing so are twofold:
1. The impossibibty of completing my original plans for
some cousiderable time to come and the loss of time
which would inevitably ensue before publication in a
larger form could take place.
2. The hope that before the data which I have got together
can be published in book form, ornithologists in-
terested in Canarian Ornithology will correct any
mistakes which they may find, add any records which
I may have missed or which have not been published,
and throw further light on problems which I have
failed to elucidate.
The present paper professes to include all that is known
of the regular Birds of Passage and: of the exceptional
visitors to the Canary Islands, and is a compilation of every-
thing that has been written worthy of notice from the time
of Ledru (1810) until the end of 1914.
In order that this paper may be as complete as possible, I
have included in the Systematic List the Resident Birds.
86 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ [bis,
These Resident species are not dealt with at any length in
this paper: their life-history and habits are not given here.
I include only the original reference, the type locality, their
habitat in the Archipelago, and their range beyond the
Canary Islands when not restricted to this group.
Good maps of the Canaries are to be found in most
Atlases, and the following maps have appeared from time to
time in the pages of ‘ The Ibis,’ viz. :—
Ibis, 1893, p. 187. Woodcut of all the Canary Islands.
Ibis, 1912, Pl. ix. facing p. 558. Double-page plate of
Gran Canaria divided into faunal zones and showing
all my journeys in this island.
Ibis, 1914, Pl. ii. (bound between pp.38, 39). Double-page
plate of the Eastern Group, showing route which I
followed during my 1913 expedition.
Ibis, 1914, Pl. xvii. facing p.440. Map of the Canaries
showing their relation to African mainland aud other
. Atlantic archipelagos.
So far as I am aware, all that has been published up to
date (Octeber 1918) has been included, but owing to the
difficulty of consulting foreigu publications I have thought
it safer to give the last date upon which ornithological works
were consulted and embodied as the 3lst of December, 1914.
In order that no misconception may arise as to which
ornithological works on the Canary Islands have been con-
sulted and which have not, I append a short bibliography
clearly setting this forth.
List of Publications
which have been consulted personally aud where necessary
translated * into English.
Ledru. ‘“‘ Voyage aux iles de Ténériffe, la Trinité, Saint Thomas,
ete.” (1810). Contains a list of birds observed in Tenerife.
[Quoted simply as Ledru. }
* The works in French and Spanish have been translated by my wife ;
those in German by Miss E. Saunders and Miss Buckheim. Where any
doubt arose in the latter Dr. Hartert has kindly given his verdict on
technical points.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 87
Webb, Berthelot, et Moquin-Tandon. “ Ornithologie Canarienne”
(1841). Part of the larger work ‘ Histoire Naturelle
des iles Canaries,’ Paris, 1836-1850. [Quoted as Orn.
Canarienne. |
Bolle. ‘‘Bemerkungen iiber die Vogel der canarischen Inseln.”
Journal fiir Ornithologie, 1854, pp. 447-462; 1855,
pp. 171-181, continuation of same paper. [Quoted as
J.f.0. 1854; J.f.O. 1855.
“Mein zweiter Beitrag zur Vogelkunde der eanarischen
Inseln.” Journal fiir Ornithologie, 1857, pp. 258-292,
305-351. [Quoted as J. f. O. 1857. ]
Godman. ‘Notes on the Resident and Migratory Birds of
Madeira and the Canaries.” Ibis, 1872, pp. 158-177,
209-224. [Quoted as Ibis, 1872.]
Savile Reid. ‘‘ Notes on the Birds of Teneriffe.” Ibis, 1887,
pp. 424-435 ; 1888, pp. 73-83. [Quoted as Ibis, 1887 ;
Ibis, 1888. |
Meade-Waido. ‘‘ Notes on some Birds of the Canary Islands.”
Ibis, 1889, pp. 1-13. [Deals with the birds of Tenerife,
Gomera, and Fuerteventura. ]
“Further Notes on the Birds of the Canary Islands.” Ibis,
1889, pp. 503-520. [Deals with the birds of Fuerte-
ventura, Palma, and Tenerife. |
“ Further Notes on the Birds of the Canary Islands.” Ibis,
1890, pp. 429-438. [Deals with the birds of Tenerife,
Hierro, Lanzarote, Graciosa. |
** List of Birds observed in the Canary Islands.” Ibis, 1893,
pp. 185-207. [Meade-Waldo’s papers are quoted as ‘ Ibis’
with year of publication. |
Private Note-books kept from 1887 to 1890.
Tristram. ‘ Ornithological Notes on the island of Gran Canaria.”
Ibis, 1889, pp. 13-32. [Quoted as Tristram, Ibis, 1889. ]
“Notes on the island of Palma.” Ibis, 1890, pp. 67-76.
(Quoted as Tristram, Ibis, 1890.]
Cabrera (Don Anatael Cabrera y Diaz), ‘Catalogo de las Aves
del Archipiélago Canario.” Published in Anales Soe.
Ksp. de Hist. Nat. (Madrid), vol. xxii., 1893. [Quoted as
Catalogo. |
88 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Harris. Essays and Photographs. Some Birds of the Canary
Islands and South Africa, 1901.
Hartert. ‘Die Fauna der Canarischen Inseln.” Nov. Zool.
1901, pp. 804-335. [Quoted as Nov. Zool. 1901.]
Polatzek. ‘‘ Die Vogel der Canaren.” Ornithologische Jahrbuch,
1908, Heft 3, 4, pp. 81-97 (Introduction); pp. 97-119
(Resident and Breeding Birds); 1908, Heft 5, 6,
pp. 162-197 (Resident and Breeding Birds, continued);
1909, Heft 1, 2, pp. 1-24 (Resident and Breeding Birds,
continued); 1909, Heft 3, 4, pp. 117-184 (Birds of Passage
and Exceptional Migrants); 1909, Heft 5, 6, pp. 1-8
(Supplement and concluding observations on Resident,
Breeding, and also Migratory forms). [Quoted as Polatzek,
Orn. Jahrb. etc. |
von Thanner*. ‘Observations (‘ Beobachtungen’) on the Pine
Woods of Tenerife.” Ornithologische Jahrbuch, 1903,
Heft 5, 6, pp. 211-217. v
‘‘ Observations on Tenerife.” Novitates Zoologice, xi. 1904,
pp. 480-434.
“A collecting trip (‘Sammelausflug’) to Fuerteventura.”
Orn. Jahrb. 1905, Heft 1, 2, pp. 50-66.
“Notes on Tenerife.” Orn. Jahrb. 1905, Heft 5, 6, pp. 211-
214.
“Some Notes on the Bird-life of Tenerife” (‘‘ Kiniges iiber
das Vogelleben Tenerifes”—a pamphlet dedicated to the
guests of ‘Oceana’—probably a sanatorium in Tenerife),
pp. 1-4 (1906).
“A collecting trip to La Palma, Hierro, and Fuerteventura.”
Orn. Jahrb. 1908, Heft 5, 6, pp. 198-215.
“ Falco barbarus in Tenerife.” Orn. Jahrb. 1909, Heft 3, 4,
pp. 148-150.
‘“‘ Contributions to the Ornis of Gran Canaria.” Orn. Jahrb
1910, Heft 3, pp. 81-101.
“On Fringilla teydea polatzeki.” Orn. Jahrb. 1910, Heft 6,
p. 93.
* Ornithological Notes from Fuerteventura.” Orn. Jahrb,
1910, Heft 6, pp. 226-229.
* The headings of all yon Thanner’s papers have been here translated
into English ; the original text is, of course, in German.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 89
“ From the Canaries.” Orn. Jahrb, 1912, Heft 5, 6, pp. 221-
228.
“In search of the Oyster-catcher (Hematopus niger Meade-
Waldo)”: errore, should read Haematopus niger meadewaldor
Bannerman. Orn. Jahrb. 1913, Heft 5, 6, pp. 189-193.
‘*Game Birds and Sport in the Canary Islands.” Deutsch.
Jiiger-Zeitung, No. 36, Band 61, pp. 1-15.
Bannerman. “The Birds of Gran Canaria.” Ibis, 1912, pp. 557—
627.
“An Ornithological Expedition to the Eastern Canary
Islands.” Part i. Narrative, Ibis, 1914, pp. 38-90;
Part i1. Systematic List, pp. 228-293.
“The Distribution and Nidification of the Tubinares in the
North Atlantic Islands.” Ibis, 1914, pp. 488-494.
Private Note-books from 1908 to 1914 (inclusive).
Koenig published a long paper on Canarian and Madeiran
Ornithology in the J. f. O. 1890, pp. 257-488, which has
been consulted and his notes incorporated, but which I
have not yet had translated in full into English.
The following are works on Canarian Ornithology which
are mentioned occasionally in the following pages, but to
which [ have not had access.
The title-reference is taken in each case from Hartert
(Nov. Zool. 1901, pp. 833-335), where my attention was first
drawn to them.
Viera y Clavijo. ‘ Diccionario de Historia Natural de las islas
Canarias.” 1866 [printed from a MS. of 1799-1800].
Busto y Blanco. ‘“'Topografia medica de las islas Canarias.”
Sevilla, 1864. (Contains a list of 77 birds.)
Manrique Saavedra. ‘“ Klementos de Geografia é Historia
Natural de las Islas Canarias.” Las Palmas, 1873.
Mompo. ‘Catalogo de las Aves de Tenerife,’ published in
Anales de la Soc, Espafiola de Hist. Nat. v. 1876,
pp 242-258.
Serra y Moratin. ‘‘Ornithologia Canaria,” published in Revista
de Canarias, vols. i., ii.,iv. 1879-1882.
All of the above five authors are cited by Cabrera in his
Catalogo, which I have quoted continually.
90 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Itinerary of Ornithologists who have done field-work in
the Canary Islands.
The dates when ornithologists actually worked in the
islands do not necessarily agree with the dates or even
the years when they published their observations, and this
is often all we have to guide us as to the time when they
were actually at work in the field.
These dates are important when studying the results of
their work, particularly when Bird migration is under
discussion.
The following is a brief record of the actuai time spent in
the Canaries by ornithologists who have supplied the chief
records :—
Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin-Tandon.—Philip Barker
Webb (1793-1854), a botanist and traveller, left Lisbon in
May 1828 for Madeira. He proceeded in September 1828
to Tenerife, where he met M. Sabin Berthelot, a young
Frenchman who had been nearly eight years on the island.
Webb was two years in the Canaries visiting Lanzarote,
Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, and Palmas [? La Palma].
He and Berthelot collected until April 1830.
In 1833 they settled in Paris and published their great
work—Mogquin-Tandon working out and preparing the
part on Birds, ‘Ornithologie Canarienne,’ which part was
probably published in 1841.
The Webb and Berthelot collections are either in the
Musée d’ Histoire Naturelle in Paris or in Florence, as some
of their collections appear to have been bequeathed to the
Grand Duke Leopold of Tuscany.
Bolle was working in the group in 1852 and 1856, “the
two visits compassing nearly two years” (cf. J. f. O. 1857,
p. 267).
Godman was in Tenerife from March 1871 for about a
month, making a short trip to Palma and Gran Canaria
(Ibis, 1872, p. 159).
Savile Reid was in Tenerife from the end of January 1887
until the middle of April 1887 (ef. Ibis, 1887, p. 424).
Meade-Waldo was in the Canary Archipelago with two
Birds of the Canary Islands. 91
1919. |
short breaks for three years and eight months from 1887
to 1890 (cf. Ibis, 1898, p. 185, and MS. note-books). His
observations are so important that I append an itinerary
of his travels, which has never been published in detail
previously. His collections, including several types, are in
the British Museum (Natural History).
Tabulated Itinerary * of Meade-Waldo’s visits to the islands,
1887-1891.
Island. —-_ ‘Year. Month and date.
Fuerteventura.. 1888. 20 March to 8 April.
1889. 25 Feb. to 15 March.
1890. 11 April -to 18 April.
Lanzarote 1890. 25 March to 6 April.
4 9 April to 11 April.
Graciosa, =: 5. 1890. 6 April to 8 April.
IEDR) Goooeboe 1889. 19 Nov. to 26 Nov.
Palmalieyt ee a5 1889. ll April to 23 April.
Gomeray "55.545 1888. 6 Feb. to 18 Feb.
i 6 May to 15 May.
Tenerife ...... 1887. (arrived 413 Oct. to 381 Dec.
from
England)
1888. 1 Jan. to 5 Feb.
= 19 Feb. to 19 March.
- 9 April to 5 May.
” 16 May to 12 June (left for
England).
5, (returned 18 Oct. to 31 Dec.
from
England)
1889. 1 Jian. to 24 Feb.
3 16 March to 10 April.
i 24 April to 18 Nov.
3 27 Nov. to 31 Dec.
1890. 1 Jan. to 24 March.
*. 14 April to 5 June te for
d).
* (returned 6 Noy. to 81 Dec. nelend)
from
England)
1891, 1 Jan. to 12 Junet (left for
England).
* Mr. Meade-Waldo has kindly revised these dates himself; hitherto
they have only been partially referred to in the text of his various papers
published in ‘The Ibis,’ where they are very difficult to follow.
} Virst arrived in the Archipelago.
t Left the islands for the last time.
92 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Hartert visited Tenerife in 1901; he only spent a short
time in the island, but during that time he had an oppor-
tunity of examining Cabrera’s large collection of birds,
and identified several species about which there had been a
doubt.
Von Thanner lives at Vilaflor in Tenerife, and has been in
residence in the Canaries since 1902 to the present time.
His records of passing migrants are therefore extremely
valuable and his notes are reliable. Von 'Thanner has
travelled extensively in the Archipelago in search of birds,
aud visited all the islands including the outer islets, A
tabulated itinerary of his travels tn the group would be
valuable, but I have found this impossible to compile
accurately from his published papers. A short résumé is
appended however, which may be better than nothing.
Unfortunately his records of migrants are not very easy to
follow, as they are scattered about in various papers, chiefly
published in the ‘ Ornithologische Jahrbuch,’ and chance
references to migrating birds are mixed up indiscriminately
with notes on the resident birds. The habit which certain
Austrian writers on ornithology have of recording birds
under the vernacular name only is greatly to be deprecated.
Itinerary of von Thanner’s journeys.
Tenerife. Resident here from 1902 to date. During this time the
following visits * were paid to the other islands of the
group in search of birds,
Island. Year. Month, and date when known.
Fuerteventura .. 1904. End of Feb. to end of March (? 23rd)
1905. Mid-March (? 12th) to mid-April.
1910. Early Jan. to end of Feb. (? 28th).
1912. March to April.
iBalmiaty. o.iencet. 1905. Early Jan. to 8 Feb.
EALONTO roped. Scots aan 1905. 8 Feb, to mid-March (? 12th).
Gran Canaria.... 1909. Karly Jan. to end of April.
1912, Beginning of May to end of May.
Lanzarote ...... 1913. 7 May to 14 May.
(EACIOSD ate) asase.2 19138, 14 May to 17 May.
Allegranza...... 1915. 17 May to 24 May.
* [Azores.—A special trip was made to these islands, where two
months were spent in the spring of 1908 (? April and May).]
1919. |
Birds of the Canary Islands.
93
Polatzek spent over two and a half years in the islands,
chiefly in the eastern group and Gran Canaria.
The fol-
lowing itinerary has been compiled from Polatzek’s narrative
of his journeys :—
Tabulated Itinerary * of Polatzek’s visits to the islands,
1902-1904:
Month and date.
Island. Year.
Menerife Uwe see crates 1902,
”
1908.
”
1904.
Manzarote dye s5ie «Reinet 1902,
Fuerteventura ........ 1902.
“ Kastern islands ”’ 1903.
(=Fuerteventura and |
Lanzarote, including \ 1904.
Graciosa and out-
lying islets).
Gran) Canaria so... 4 wo, 1902;
1903.
1904.
FAW GLT OR eee era Seen 8 ae, acae 1903.
(COMeTA acs sche se reaele 1903
ali aee Sims Pac siceetese sxe 19083.
— Feb.t to
3 Dec. to
1 Jan. to
9 June to
1 Sept. to
27 Feb. to
23 May to
21 Oct. to
Jani to
8 July to
1l Sept. to
8 Feb. to
Means to
24 Feb. to
23 April to
26 Feb.
31 Dee.
20 Jan.
11 Sept.
11 Sept. f
23 May.
7 July.
31 Dec.
8 Feb.
3 Dec.
21 Oct.
1 Sept.
24 Feb.
23 April.
9 June.
My own journeys to the Cauary Islands have covered a
period of six years, as I visited the Archipelago every year
from 1908 to 19138.
The dates when I arrived in the islands are given in the
following short itinerary.
of the date when I left.
1904.
West Indies.
1908.
I am not, however, always certain
Called at Tenerife 19 January and visited Laguna, on way to
Called at Gran Canaria on 2 July and again on 19 August, when
I spent the day in the Monte.
Arrived at Gran Canaria 12 December and remained about a
month, returning to England in January 1909.
* Hitherto published only in text of narrative (cf. Orn. Jahrb. 1908,
pp. 81-97), where difficult to follow.
+ First arrived in the Archipelago (actual date missing),
} Finally left the islands for Vienna,
94, Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
1909, Arrived at Tenerife 25 March.
Arrived at Gran Canaria 27 March and remained until 16 April.
1910. In Gran Canaria January and most of February; spent about
twelve days in Tenerife in February on way to Brazil.
1911. In Gran Canaria January and February.
1912. In Gran Canaria February and March, and again at the end of
May.
1913. In Gran Canaria from 22 April to 3 May.
Fuerteventura - 5 May to 18 May.
Ay » l7 June to 18 June.
Lanzarote » 19 May to 27 May.
Bo » 14June to 16 June.
Graciosa » 2’May to 7 June.
Montana Clara \
and Allegranza me 7June to 14 June.
(with Bishop). j
Gran Canaria again » l8June to 23 June.
My collections are chiefly in the British Museum, a few
in Lord Rothschild’s Museum at ‘Tring, and a very few in
the Edinburgh Museum.
Plan of the Paper.
As this paper is a very large one and will run through
several numbers of ‘The Ibis,’ I propose to give a short
résumé of the arrangement which I intend to follow.
Following the plan adopted by the Committee of the new
B. O. U. List of British Birds (1915), I have divided the
Birds of the Archipelago into various groups—* Residents ”
or ‘“ Partial Residents,’ ‘Summer Visitors,” ‘ Winter
Visitors,” ‘‘ Rare Visitors,” etc. etc., and the exact meaning
which I intend these terms to convey will be found on
page 98, immediately preceding the first species of the
Systematic List.
Then follows the Systematic List, which comprises all
Resident Birds and all species and subspecies that can be
considered as Authentic Migrants or Accidental Visitors.
Appendix A, which will include all birds that have been
recorded on evidence which requires further proof before the
species can be admitted to the list of authentic occurrences.
Appendix B, which will include all species and subspecies
that have been recorded from unreliable sources and can
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 95
be dismissed as absolutely valueless, though often quoted by
more recent writers without additional proof.
Again following the plan of the new B.O. U. List, I have
included a ‘tabulated list of species which fall under the
various headings under which the “ Residents,” “Migrants,”
and ‘* Visitors”? are arranged. It will show at a glance
which species are considered Occasional Visitors, Rare
Visitors, Birds of Passage, ete. ete., without having to look
up each individual species in the systematic list.
I have taken special care to note which species I have
identified and handled personally, and failing this to men-
tion the authority responsible for the bird’s inclusion in
the authentic list.
Lastly, I have determined not to enter into any discussion
of the various points which may arise bearing on the
distribution of the resident forms or on migratory problems
of the Canary Islands until each species has been fully dealt
with in the pages of ‘The Ibis.’ It is, I know, usual to begin
an ornithological paper by summing up the conclusions
reached by the writer, but in this case the material upon
which my deductions are based would not have appeared in
print and would therefore not be available for reference.
Distribution, etc.
The distribution of each species beyond the Canary Islands
is given very briefly in each case, as in a paper which deals
largely with migration it is an all important point to know
the approximate range of the bird under discussion. In
this connection I have particularly made use of the B. O. U.
List of British Birds (1915), the ‘Hand List of British Birds’
by Messrs. Hartert, Witherby, Ticehurst, and Jourdain, and,
as a final reference, Hartert’s ‘ Die Vogel der palaarktischen
Fauna.’ lam very much indebted to Dr. Hartert for allowing
me access to some of his still unpublished manuscript.
I have not attempted to give the life-history of the Partial
Residents or of the Summer Visitors who breed in the
Archipelago, but have only dealt with them from the point
of view of their migrations.
96 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ihis,
I have already noted the brief way I intend to deal with
the Resident Birds. Their habitat in the Archipelago will
be divided under three headings :—
Western Grovr, which comprises the islands of Gran
Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, and Hierro.
Eastern Group, which includes the islands of Fuerte-
ventura and Lanzarote ; and also the
OutLyINe IsLETs, which comprise Lobos, Graciosa, Mon-
tafia Clara, Allegranza, Roque del Oueste, and the
Roque del Este.
Thirteen islands in all, seven large and six small, including
the two rocks.
Nomenclature and References.
In the vexed question of Nomenclature I have followed,
where the species occurs in both the British and Canarian
List, as nearly as possible * the names used by the Com-
mittee which drew up the last B. O. U. ist, but I have
broken away from their ruling on two important points.
1. I have used trinomials throughout the paper and have
reduplicated the specific name in every case where
I know I am dealing with the typical form, except
where the typical species is the only race known.
2. I have not accepted any of the “‘nomina conservanda”
proposed by the Committee ; for this I have no doubt
I shall be severely criticised, but I am none the less
certain that when the next B.O. U. List appears
these “nomina conservanda” will have to go.
Instead of the “N.C.” retained by the Committee
I have used the alternative “names under the code ”
which they give in the second column of Appendix II.
on p. 355 of the List, and which conform to the rules
of nomenclature as drawn up by the International
Congress of Zoology.
If no doubt remains as to which species or subspecies
* In one or two cases I have maintained subspecies which the Com-
mittee have not accepted, 7. e. Corvus monedula spermologus.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 97
occurs in the Archipelago, the original reference and the
type locality of the bird are given in every instance.
In a case where any doubt exists as to which race occurs
in the Canaries, I have used binomial nomenclature, and then
no original reference is given.
On the other hand, if the evidence points strongly to a
particular subspecies occurring in the Archipelago, but still
a doubt exists, I have included the bird under the binomial
name, but added the trinomial designation of the probable
subspecies to which it belongs in square brackets immediately
beneath the binomial name, and have then given the original
reference and type locality of this race (e. gy. in this part
under Emberiza calandra, Motacilla flava and M. cinerea).
Throughout the entire Systematic List and Appendix A
I have taken considerable pains to state in every instance
from whom or from what writings I have obtained my infor-
mation. Every record and every quotation has an original
reference attached, so that no difficulty should be experienced
by those who wish to check my work in the future.
Acknowledgments.
To Lord Rothschild and Dr. Hartert I owe a sincere debt
of gratitude for their kindness to me while working through
the fine Canarian material at the Tring Museum.
Likewise am I indebted to Mr. Chubb and Mr. Wells for
their great help at the British Museum (Natural History) ;
to Mr. Iredale for considerable assistance in the literature
of the subject ; and last, but not least, to Mr. W. L. Sclater
for his unfailing kindness and advice.
It must be remembered that this paper is but largely a
compilation from every available source of knowledge, and
that without the field and systematic work of many ornitho-
logists who have given months and sometimes years to their
subject, such a list as this could never have been attempted.
If this list does what I have set out to accomplish and
brings our knowledge of the Birds of the Canary Islands
right up to date, the credit lies entirely with those ornitho-
logists who have laboured so untiringly in the past on the
SER. XI.—VOL. I. H
98 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
Ornis of this group, the results of whose work I have here
attempted to collaborate.
It is at any rate the first complete List of the Birds of
the Canary Islands which has ever appeared in the English
language, though Meade-Waldo’s list published in 1893,.
comprising only birds which came under his own notice,
came very near to accomplishing this end.
Terms to be used.
Residents. Birds generally found in the Canary Islands
throughout the year are included in this category ;
it includes those which regularly breed in the Archi-
pelago and which are not migratory in any way except
perhaps between the islands.
Partial Residents. Birds which are usualiy resident and
breed in the islands, but which have their numbers
augmented by fresh arrivals at certain seasons.
Summer Visitors. Birds which are found nesting regularly
in the Canary Islands, but do not remain throughout
the winter in the Archipelago.
Winter Visitors. Birds found in the Canary Islands during
the winter only, and which have only exceptionally
been known to breed in the Archipelago.
Birds of Passage. Birds which pass regularly through the
islands during the spring and autumn migration
periods.
Annual Visitors. Birds which visit the Archipelago annually
but at no fixed season of the year and which have
not been known to breed in any of the islands.
Occasional Visitors. Birds which do not occur regularly in
the Archipelago every year but which have been
recorded from time to time, almost invariably during
the migration period. None have been known to
breed in the islands.
Rare Visitors. Birds which have occurred in the islands
on two or three cccasions only, sometimes singly
after violent storms, but usually in company with
other species during migration.
19109. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 99
Systematic List of Species.
Family Corvin.
Corvus corax. Raven.
A Resident species.
Habitat in Archipelago.
Western Group: Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Palma, Gomera,
Hierro.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Allegranza, Montana Clara.
Obs. I have not yet decided whether the Canarian Raven
is distinct from the form found on the mainland. The
Canarian bird has been named Corvus corax canariensis
Hartert & Kleinschm. (Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 45—Type
locality: Palma). The African species to which I have
hitherto united it is Corvus corax tingitanus Irby (Ibis, 1874,
p. 264—Type locality : Tangier, Morocco).
Range beyond the Archipelago.
C. c. canariensis does not occur.
C. c. tingitanus: Tunis to Morocco south west to
Mogador and Casablanca.
Corvus monedula spermologus. West European Jackdaw.
Corvus spermologus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. viii,
1817, p. 40—Type locality: south of France.
A very Rare Visitor to these islands, which are far beyond
the usual range of this species. The form which is here
dealt with is doubtless Corvus monedula spermologus if
recognized as distinct from C. m. monedula.
The Jackdaw has only been recorded once, by Webb &
Berthelot who wrote (Orn. Canarienne, p. 10) that a single
specimen of Corvus monedula was killed at Laguna (Tenerife)
after a very strong south-east gale in February 1830, the
only one (as they mention) seen in ten years.
Bolle also mentions this bird in his first list (J. f.O. 1854,
p. 451).
H2
100 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
This is probably a perfectly authentic record. The bird
is said to have also occurred in Algeria and Morocco.
Range. The Jackdaw is a typically European species of
which two or three forms have been recognized. C.m. spermo-
logus is the form found commonly in west, central, and parts
of south Europe.
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax. Red-billed Chough. :
Upupa pyrrhocorax Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 118—Type locality : coasts of England.
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Palma.
Obs. Confined to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Northern Asia, northern Africa, Mediterranean coun-
tries, western France, Great Britain.
Family Srurnip&.
Sturnus unicolor. Sardinian Starling.
Sturnus unicolor Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1820, p. 133—Type
locality : Sardinia.
A very Rare Visitor to the islands.
Cabrera killed (recogido) an example of this Starling in
Laguna, and this is the only record (vide Catalogo, 1893,
p- 49) of this species having occurred in the Canaries.
Range. The Sardinian Starling inhabits the Mediterranean
countries, Spain, Morocco, and Tangier.
Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris. Starling.
Sturnus vulgaris Linn. Syst, Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 167—
Type locality : Sweden.
From the reports of former naturalists the Starling appears
to be a Bird of Passage to the Canaries, and in certain islands
of the group a Winter Visitor in small numbers.
I have never seen the bird alive myself, though I have
spent many months in the island of Gran Canaria and paid
visits to most of the other islands.
191g. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 101
Von Thanner does not record the Starling from Tenerife
or elsewhere, although he has been writing on the birds of
these islands since 1903. This is very curious.
I give herewith the opinions of the authorities mentioned
above :—
Ledru (1810). Noted it in his List of the Birds of Tenerife.
Webb & Berthelot (1841, p. 11). “ Arrives sometimes in winter with
the Thrushes, but never in great flocks. It is usually in the
pilne-region that one meets with some.”
Bolle (J. f. O. 1854, p. 452). “Seen every winter in the pine forests
of Tenerife; also now and again in Fuerteventura, where it
is rare.”
Koenig (J. f. O. 1890, p. 354). “The Common Starling was not met
with by myself in Tenerife, but I believe from examples in the
possession of Don Ramon {Gomez—the Orotava chemist] that
it is a fairly regular visitor to Tenerife. Possibly it does not
appear every year.”
Meade- Waldo (Ibis, 1898, p. 194). “A regular winter visitor, but in
no great numbers, to all islands.” He notes that Common
Starlings frequented the cactus fields in Fuerteventura in
February 1889 (Ibis, 1889, p. 507).
[He saw a flock at Tuineje, Fuerteventura, on 2 March, 1889
(extract from private diary), and shot a specimen which I have
examined in the British Museum.—D. A. B.]
Cabrera (Catalogo, 1893, p. 48). “ Met with on passage every year in
the autumn.”
[There are specimens in the Cabrera collection preserved at
Laguna.— D. A. B.}
Hartert (Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 305) quotes Meade-Waldo (supra), and
adds :—“ If it really comes across from the African continent
as Koenig (from the reports of others) affirms, it is, in spite
of that, a European migratory bird, for only Stwrnus wnicolor
breeds in Morocco.”
Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 122). ‘Annually in autumn; appears
also in the eastern islands, where I have observed it.”
Bannerman (Ibis, 1914, p. 62). Saw one in the Gonzalez collection
at Arrecife, Lanzarote, which had been shot recently near that
town.
Range. The Starling breeds in Europe generally and
migrates in winter to north Africa, the Canary Islands
being the most southerly point from which it has been
recorded,
102 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
Family Orioxipa&.
Oriclus oriolus oriolus. Golden Oriole.
Coracias oriolus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 107—
Type locality: Finland.
The Golden Oriole is an Occasional Visitor to the Canary
Islands, especially during the spring migration. It cannot
be considered a very regular visitor, however, even in the
spring, and although it must occasionally pass through
the islands.in autumn none have been recorded as yet.
In the sprivg of certain years the Golden Oriole is fairly
numerous, especially in Tenerife, but in other years it is
rarely noticed.
The following are dates upon which it has been re-
corded :—
25 April, 1890. Several seen in Tenerife in small parties. (Meade-
Waldo, Ibis, 1890, p. 429.)
Spring. Several shot round Laguna, Tenerife. (Cabrero, Cata-
logo, p. 46.)
April 1902. One seen in Lanzarote. (Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb. 1909,
p. 122.)
2May,1911. One bird* [9] at Vilaflor, Tenerife. (von Thanner,
Orn. Jahrb, 1912, p. 227.)
24 April, 1918, A bird + on migration, Vilaflor. (von Thanner, Orn.
Jahrb. 1918, p. 193.)
26 April, 1913. A female seen in Gran Canaria. (Bannerman, MS.
note-boolis.)
All observers record having found the bird an irregular,
but occasionally numerous, spring visitor.
Range. The Golden Oriole has an extensive distribution,
breeding throughout Europe and western Asia and locally
in northern Africa, It winters in tropical and southern
Africa.
* Here recorded under the vernacular name only— Pirol ”
+ Recorded as “ Goldamsel.”
BOTG.| Birds of the Canary Islands. ) 103
Family FRiNGILLIDA.
Chloris chloris aurantiiventris. Golden-bellied Greenfinch.
Ligurinus aurantiiventris Cabanis, Mus. Hein, i. 1850,
p. 158—Type locality : south France.
This is a Rare Visitor to the islands.
The Greenfinch is mentioned by both Ledru in 1810 and
Serra in 1882, but little reliance can be placed on their lists.
Bolle’s evidence is likewise impossible to accept, for
although he includes Chlorospiza chioris Bonap. in his last
paper (J. f. O. 1857, p. 3817) he has obviously never seen
the bird in the Canary Islands, and quotes contradictory
statements made to him by natives.
Cabrera (Catalogo, 1893, p. 50) supplies the first genuine
record, as he had a specimen which was shot at Tegueste
(Tenerife).
Von Thanner heard and saw a Greenfinch in Tenerife on
21 November, 1907 (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214), recorded it
as Ligurinus chloris, aud later shot one at Moya in Gran
Canaria on 12 April, 1909, which he recorded in the
‘ Ornithologische Jahrbuch,’ 1910, p. 86 as Chloris aurantii-
ventris.
Range. The Golden-bellied Greenfinch breeds in southern
France, Spain, Morocco, Algiers, and Tunis. [Lt has occurred
accidentally in the Azores. Hartert found it breeding in
Algeria in May 1914 at Laghouat (Nov. Zool. xxn. 1915,
p. 65).
Carduelis carduelis parva. Least Goldfinch.
Carduelis carduelis parva Tschusi, Orn. Monatsb. 1x. 1901,
p. 181—Type locality: Madeira.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Madeira and the Azores.
104 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Serinus canarius. Canary.
Fringilla canaria Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 181—
Type locality: Canary Islands.
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Madeira and the Azores.
Erythrospiza githaginea amantum. Canarian Trumpeter
Bullfinch.
Erythrospiza githaginea amantum Hartert, Vig, pal. Faun.
i. 1903, p. 89—Type locality : Fuerteventura.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group : Gran Canaria, Tenerife.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets : Graciosa, Allegranza.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur,
Passer hispaniolensis hispaniolensis. Spanish Sparrow.
Fringilla hispaniolensis Temminck, Man. d’Orn. 1820,
pt. 1. p. 8583—Type locality : Gibraltar.
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife.
Eastern Group : Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Northern Africa, south to Morocco, east to Egypt
and Sinai. Balkan States. Spain, Cape Verde
Islands.
Obs. Tschusi has separated and described the Canarian
Spanish Sparrow, which he calls P. 2. canariensis (Orn.
Jahrb. xxiv. 1914, p. 54).
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 105
Petronia petronia madeirensis. Madeiran Rock-Sparrow.
Petronia petronia madeirensis Erlanger, Journ. fiir Orn.
1899, p. 482, pl. xiii. fig. 4—Type locality : Madeira.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Madeira.
Montifringilla nivalis nivalis. ‘I'he Snow-Finch.
Fringilla nivalis Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 321—
Type locality : America, errore ; Switzerland accepted.
A Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands.
There is only one apparently genuine record of the Snow-
Finch from the Archipelago. Moquin-T'andon, Webb, and
Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, 1841, p. 22) note that a specimen
was shot at Orotava in Tenerife by Mr. A. Diston, and
although the skin seems to have disappeared, we have no
valid reason to doubt the accuracy of this record. It is,
however, a very remarkable occurrence. Webb and Berthelot
undoubtedly mean the Snow-Finch and not the Snow-
Bunting, as they give the original reference “Fringilla nivalis
Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 321,’’ and also quote “ Le Pinson de
neige ou Niverolle, Buff. Ois. iv. pag. 136.” They also give
a short description of both the bird, nest and egg. Of its
occurrence in the Canary Archipelago they remark, ‘“ De
passage accidentel, tué une seule fois, a VOrotava par
M. A. Diston.”
Webb and Berthelot’s record is quoted by both Cabrera
and by Polatzek, Cabrera erroneously stating (Catalogo,
p. 50) that he had obtained an example himself from Punta
del Hidalgo, whereas in reality this bird was the Snow-
Bunting, as pointed out by von Thanner (Noy. Zool. 1904,
p. 431) and Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 127).
Range. The Snow-Finch inhabits the high Alps, the
Pyrenees, Apennines, and the Sierra Nevada iv southern
Spain,
106 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
Fringilla celebs canariensis. Canarian Chaffinch.
Fringilla canariensis Vieillot, Nouv, Dict. @’ Hist. Nat. xu.
1817, p. 232—Type locality : Tenerife.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Tenerife, Gran Canaria, and Gomera.
Range beyond the Archipelago. i
Does not occur.
Fringilla celebs palme. Palman Chaffinch.
Fringilla palme ‘Tristram, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) i.
1889, p. 489—Type locality : Palma.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group : Palma.
Obs. Confined to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Fringilla celebs ombriosa. Hierran Chaflinch.
Fringilla cvlebs ombriosa Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. xxxin.
1913, p. 783—Type locality : Hierro.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Hierro.
Obs. Confined to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Fringilla teydea teydea. Teydean Blue Chaffinch.
Fringilla teydea Moquin-Tandon in Webb and Berthelot,
Orn. Canarienne, 1841, pl. 1, p. 20—Type locality:
Tenerife.
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Tenerife.
Obs. Coutined to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
igtg. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 107
Fringilla teydea polatzeki. Polatzek’s Blue Chaffinch.
Fringilla teydea polatzeki Hartert, Orn. Monatsh. 1905,
p- 164—Type locality : Gran Canaria.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria
Obs. Confined to this island,
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Acanthis cannabina meadewaldoi. Meade-Waldo’s Brown
Linnet.
Acanthis cannabina meadewaldoi Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1901,
p. 823—Type locality : Tenerife.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Acanthis cannabina harterti. Hartert’s Brown Linnet.
Acanthis cannabina harterti Bannerman, Bull. B. O. C.
xxxili. 1913, p. 389—Type locality : Lanzarote.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa, Allegranza.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Emberiza calandra. Corn-Bunting.
[or Emberiza calandra thanneri. |
[Himberiza calandra thanneri Tschusi, Orn. Jahrb. 1903,
p- 162—Type locality : Tenerife. |
A Resident bird in certain islands of the Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
A Summer Visitor in the HKastern Group: Fuerte-
ventura and Lanzarote.
108 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
This species is named binominally as I am not yet quite
sure to which form it should be assigned. As Tschusi has
actually named the Canarian Corn-Bunting EF. c. thanneri,
it may simplify matters to accept this name for what is
undoubtedly a resident breeding-bird in all the western
islands of the Archipelago. Whether the Corn-Buntings
in the eastern islands are best considered Partial Residents
or Summer Visitors it is most difficult to say.
The small, light-breasted birds which I collected on the
coasts of Gran Canaria add to the difficulties. I believe it to
have been a migrant, and if that was so, and these visitors
breed with the island form, it may account for the varia-
bility of the Canarian Corn-Buntings and my difficulty in
separating them from typical examples. Certainly the
evidence at present available points to the Corn-Bunting
heing resident in the western islands, many visiting the
eastern islands in summer.
I gave the matter a great deal of attention in 1913-14,
and my remarks will be found in ‘The Ibis,’ 1914,
pp. 240-243, which had better also be consulted,
I quite realize that the question was left in an unsettled
state, and that it is not even now cleared up satisfactorily.
Briefly my conclusions were as follows, except that I now
believe it will simplify matters to accept KH. c. thanneri as
valid :—
1. That there is a resident race of Corn-Bunting confined
to the high ground in the western islands of the
gioup, named by T'schusi E. c. thannert (cf. Orn.
Jahrb. 1903, p. 162—Type locality : Tenerife), dark-
breasted and large in size (wings 92-102 mm.), which
it is difficult to distinguish from typical /. c. calandra,
and which when I wrote on this bird in 1914 I did
not separate.
2. That there is a Corn-Bunting to be found in the island
of Gran Canaria, confined to the coastal region, light-
breasted and small in size (wings 85-90 mm.), which
appears to arrive in the island in February. This
bird does not agree with E. ¢. thannert.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 109
3. That in the eastern islands (Fuerteventura and Lan-
zarote) the Corn-Bunting, according to Polatzek
(Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 196), who lived there for some
time, is a summer visitor * only, apparently arriving
about February, breeding in March and April, and
leaving both islands after the harvest, to return again
in the spring. Whether these summer visitors to the
eastern islands come from the western islands of
the group or whether from Europe or Africa, is still
wrapt in mystery.
Range. Emberiza calandra calandra (the typical form)
breeds throughout Europe and in north Africa. It does
not appear to range farther south in winter than Nubia
and Arabia. The resident form in the Canaries which has
been named #. c. thanneri is not recognized from anywhere
outside the Canary group.
Emberiza striolata sahari. Saharan Bunting.
Emberiza sahari Levaillant, jun., Expl. scient. de Algérie,
Atlas, Ois. 1850, pl. ix. fig. 2—Type locality: Algiers.
A Rare Visitor.
Cabrera (Catalogo, 1893, p.51) notes that he possesses an
example killed at Punta del Hidalgo in Tenerife.
Range. The Saharan Bunting inhabits Tunisia, Morocco,
and Algiers.
Plectrophenax nivalis. Snow-Bunting.
Emberiza nivalis Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 176—
Type locality : Lapland.
A Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands.
There is only one record of the Snow-Bunting having
occurred in the Archipelago.
* During my 1913 expedition, when I was in the eastern Canary
eroup from 5 May to 17 June, I only met with this bird once—a speci-
men of the large dark-breasted race (Ibis, 1914, p. 241). This may have
been due to the exceptionally cold and stormy weather experienced at
the time.
110 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
It is first recorded by Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 50), who says
he had a specimen which was shot at Punta del Hidaigo.
Unfortunately he records it under the erroneous name
Montifringilla nivalis Briss., which is the Snow-Finch and
not the Snow-Bunting.
Von Thanner (Nov. Zool. 1904, p. 431), under the heading
Passerina nivalis, notes that there is a specimen of this bird
in the Instituto at Laguna*. (P. nivalis is, of course, the
Snow-Bunting.)
Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 127) adds that Cabrera’s *
bird was examined by him in the Museum at Laguna and
is a male of Calcarius nivalis, i.e. Plectrophenax nivalis, the
Snow-Bunting.
Range. The Suow-Bunting breeds in the Arctic regions
and winters as far south as the Mediterranean. It occa-
sionally ranges to North Africa, and has also been recorded
from the Azores.
Family ALaupiIpa&.
Alauda arvensis arvensis. Sky-Lark.
Alauda arvensis Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 165—
Type locality : Sweden. :
The Sky-Lark is a Winter Visitor to Tenerife in small
numbers, and a Bird of Passage in spring and autumn to
certain of the other islands, remaining sometimes for two
or three weeks; chiefly noted on passage in the eastern
group, but also recorded from Gran Canaria.
In Tenerife it occurs, according to Cabrera (Catdlogo,
p. 52), in the months of October, November, and December
on the Laguna plains, where Meade-Waldo saw one which
he failed to procure on the 3rd of December, and shot
one on the 5th of December, 1888 (see his MS. diaries) ;
this last I have examined in the British Museum. _ Meade-
Waldo found it to be not rare in winter on the Laguna
plains (Ibis, 1889, p. 515; 1893, p. 194).
* After his death, Cabrera’s collection was housed in the Instituto
of Laguna,
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 111
In the eastern group Polatzek records two big flights
which came to Haria in Lanzarote on the 15th of November,
and which remained in the neighbourhood for a fortnight,
when all disappeared save twenty birds (Orn. Jahrb. 1909,
p. 126). These birds, Polatzek says, were very dark-coloured.
[ have not seen any examples which he may have obtained,
but there is little doubt that the birds belonged to the
typical form, the north-west African subspecies A. a. har-
terti Whitaker (Terra typica: Tunisia) being browner in
coloration and having a longer bill.
In the spring several specimens have been recorded by
von Thanner: two from Gran Canaria on 25 February,
1909, and six from the same island on 1 March, 1909 (Orn.
Jahrb, 1910, p. 86) ; also several seen in Fuerteventura on
26 February, 1910 (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229).
A. arvensis is mentioned by Ledru (1810), Webb and
Berthelot (1841), and other Spanish writers, but little
reliance can be placed on these early records.
Prior to Meade-Waldo’s sojourn in the Archipelago
all naturalists appear to have confused the Short-toed
Larks (Calandrella) of the islands with the typical European
Sky-Lark (Alauda).
Range. Alauda a. arvensis breeds over a great part of
Europe and winters mainly in North Africa. In West Africa
it probably extends in winter farther south than is generally
supposed ; otherwise I am at a loss to account for its regular
occurrence in the Canary Archipelago.
Although there are examples from Tangier, Algeria, and
Tunisia in the British Museum, there are none from West
Africa. There is, however, a single specimen from Madeira,
which was obtained on 9 November, 1893.
In the Tring Museum, however, I have examined skins
from Mogador (Nov.), Mazagan (Jan. & Feb.).
Calandrella minor rufescens. ‘Tenerife Short-toed Lark.
Alauda rufescens Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. et Méth. i. 1820,
p. 322—Type locality : Tenerife.
112 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group : Tenerife.
Obs. Confined to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Calandrella minor polatzeki. Polatzek’s Short-toed Lark.
Calandrella minor polatzeki Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. 1.-
1904, p. 217—Type locality : Lanzarote.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group : Gran Canaria.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Obs. The Short-toed Lark of Gran Canaria has been
separated and named by Sassi C. m. distincta (Orn. Jahrb,
1908, p. 30).
Melanocorypha calandra calandra. Calandra Lark.
Alauda calandra Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p.288—
Type locality: Pyrenees.
A Rare Visitor.
There is only one record of this species having been taken
in the Canary Islands. This specimen was shot at Laguna
and examined by Meade-Waldo, who included it in his list
(Ibis, 1893, p.194). The Calandra Lark is a favourite cage-
bird in Spain ; it is therefore possible that the specimen
here recorded may have been an “ escape.”
Range. The Calandra Lark is an inhabitant of southern
Europe and northern Africa, where it breeds in Morocco,
Tunisia, and Algeria, in the last-named province occurring
as far south as Biskra and Laghouat (Nov. Zool. 1911,
p. 485). In the Trmg Museum I have examined six speci-
meus from Mazagan, the most southern place from which
it has been recorded.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 113
Family Moracitiip2.
Motacilla cinerea (= A/. boaruia auct.): Grey Wagtail.
[or Motacilla cinerea canariensis. |
[Motacilla boarula canariensis Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii.
1901, p. 522—Type locality : Tenerife. ]
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Another subspecies, M. c. schmitzi, is found in Madeira
and the Azores.
Obs. Hartert no longer keeps up this subspecies, and
_ provisionally unites it with typical M. c. cinerea, the
Kuropean bird (see Vog. pal. Faun. i. p. 299). I am not
satisfied with this decision and prefer to keep it separate,
and have therefore treated it in the same way, as I have
done the Corn-Bunting—heading it binomially, and giving
beneath the heading the subspecific name which I think it
will eventually have to bear.
Motacilla alba alba. White Wagtail.
Motacilla alba Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 185—
Type locality : Sweden.
The White Wagtail is an irregular Winter Visitor in small
numbers, but a regular Bird of Passage in early spring to the
Canaries.
This Wagtail has been noted in the Canary Islands by
Webb and Berthelot, Bolle, Meade-W aldo, Cabrera, Polatzek,
von Thanner, and myself.
I do not believe that the White Wagtail remains for long
in any of the islands during migration. A summary of the
records where dates have been supplied shows that it appears
first in January and passes through in very small numbers
until March, after which morth it is not usually seen until
SER. XI.—VOL, I. I
114 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
the following year. It may in certain years arrive earlier in
the islands and remain during the winter, but dates are
wanting to prove this.
The following are a few records with dates :—
1280-315 —— Exceedingly numerous in the winter. (Meade-
_ Waldo, Ibis, 1895, p. 190.)
1910. January. One seen early in the month, Las Palmas, Gran
Canaria. (Bannerman, Ibis, 1912, p. 607.)
1910. 18 January. Two seen. Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. (Bann.,-
Ibis, 1912, p. 607.)
1910. February. Solitary pairs appeared during the whole month,
Fuerteventura. (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb
1910, p. 229.)
1911. 28 February. One bird seen, Gran Canaria. (Bann., Ibis,
1912, p. 607.)
1912. February. One bird seen in the middle of the month, Gran
Canaria. (Bann., Ibis, 1912, p. 607.)
1912. February. A pair seen later in the month. Gran Canaria.
(Bann., Ibis, 1912, p. 607.)
1889. 1 March. One bird shot. Tuineje, Muerteyentura. (Meade-
Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 509.)
1904. Fromendof Seen frequently. Fuerteventura, (von Thanner,
Feb. until 11 Mar. = Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 65.)
Von Thanner considered it a regular Bird of Passage as
early as 1904 (Noy. Zool. xi. p.431). According to Polatzek
it visits all the islands in winter, but by “ winter” he may
mean January aud February (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 126).
It is noteworthy that in the winters of 1890 and 1891,
which years were quite phenomenal as regards migration, the
White Wagtail was ‘‘ exceedingly numerous” (Ibis, 18938,
p. 190). It certainly can never be called numerous at the
present day, and it is seldom that more than a pair are seen
together. This does not point to a regular stream of
migrants passing through the islands regularly, and it would
certainly appear that the birds do not usually touch the
Archipelago in their autumn journey to their winter
quarters.
Range. Motacilla a. alba is distributed in summer through-
out the greater part of Europe and winters in Africa,
extending as far south as the Equator on the east coast and,
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. alts
according to Hartert, to the Niger on the west. It is
doubtless some of these Hausaland birds that touch at the
Canaries in early spring on their way to their breeding
quarters in Hurope.
Specimens in the British Museum from West Africa were
obtained on the Gambia river (December), Dakar (October),
and in the north from Morocco (January). There are
numerous examples collected in every month from November
to March from northern and eastern Africa as far south as
British Hast Africa.
Motacilla flava. Blue-headed Wagtail.
[? Motacilla flava flava. |
[ Motacilla flava Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 185—
Type locality : Sweden. |
A Rare Visitor.
This species is intentionally named binomially. Until
specimens are collected it is impossible to be certain to
which form these migrants belong. Probably they will
prove to be the typical form.
Tschusi (Orn. Jahrb. 1903, p. 176) records a bird as
Budytes flavus as having been shot on 1 May [in Tenerife],
reported to him by von ‘Thanner in a letter dated 30 June
[ 1903 ].
Polatzek (Orn, Jahrb. 1909, p. 126) remarks that he saw
a few solitary examples of “ Budytes flavus”? (Linn.) in
Fuerteventura * and Lanzarote *,
Messrs. Webb & Berthelot in their book (Orn. Canarienne)
and Bolle in his first paper (J. f. O. 1854, p. 455) mistook
the Canarian Grey Wagtail (2%. cinerea canariensis) for this
species. Bolle subsequently corrected his mistake (J. f. O.
1857, p. 286).
Polatzek has not fallen into this error, however, and knew
the Canarian Wagtail intimately. We have no reason,
therefore, to doubt his record (supra).
* The resident Canarian Wagtail is not found on either of these
islands during any part of the year,
12
116 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Range. The typical Blue-headed Wagtail breeds in Europe
and winters in tropical and South Africa. Various forms
have been recognized from the Mediterranean countries,
Anthus bertheloti bertheloti. Berthelot’s Pipit.
Anthus berthelotti Bolle, Journ. fiir Orn. 1862, p. 357—
Type locality : Canary Islands.
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Eastern Group : Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets : Graciosa, Montafia Clara, Allegranza.
Obs. The Pipit inhabiting the Eastern Group has been
named A.b. lanzarotee by Tschusi and Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb.
1908, p. 191).
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Another subspecies is found in Madeira and Porto
Santo.
Anthus trivialis trivialis. Tree-Pipit.
Alauda trivialis Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 166—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Tree-Pipit must be considered a regular spring and
autumn Bird of Passage to the Canary Archipelago, never
remaining for very long in any of the islands.
The earliest date upon which spring migran!s have been
reported is 16 February (von Thanner), and birds continue
to pass during March and April, the latest record being on
the llth of May.
The return migration in autumn begins in September,
the first recorded date being the 29th (von Thanner), and
birds have been recorded as passing until the 20th of
October (von Thanner). :
Bolle seems to have been the first to notice this species in
the islands, and wrote in the J. f. O. 1857, p. 289: “ Anthus
arboreus Bechst. is to be found sitting on the tops of young
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. EEZ
trees at Chasna* in April.” Bolle’s notes in J. f. O. 1854,
p.455, under Anthus trivialis, he later (J. f.O. 1857, p. 289)
states refer to Anthus campestris, but he appears to have
confused the bird with Anthus bertheloti! Curiously enough
Meade- Waldo only saw two examples during the three years
(1887-90) which he spent in the Canaries (Ibis, 1893, p. 191),
One of these was probably the bird that found its way into
the Cabrera collection (Ibis, 1889, p. 515) and this is the
species which that ornithologist records in 1893 as a frequent
migrant in September (Catalogo, p. 44).
Polatzek found it to be a regular bird of passage in
autumn in most of the eastern islands (Orn. Jahrb. 1909,
p. 126). He gives an account of a migratory movement in
Lanzarote, when on 14 October, 1904, many Tree-Pipits
appeared after a strong north-west wind succeeded by a
strong south wind. The birds remained until 17 October
in the neighbourhood of Haria, when the north wind
dropped, and they all disappeared. The Tree-Pipits were
in company with hundreds of Pied Flycatchers (Orn. Jahrb.
1909, p. 122).
Von Thanner has kept and published, mostly in the
‘Ornithologische Jahrbuch, a record of the birds of this
species | which he has himself noted and which I here
include tabulated under the calendar months in which
the bird was recorded. References are given in every case,
so that the original record may be easily found. All -
records are von Thanner’s unless otherwise noted.
Tabulated records of Anthus trivialis trivialis.
Year 1908 (no dates given). Tenerife; a few specimens obtained
(Orn, Jahrb. 1903, p. 216).
Years 1903 & 1904 (no dates given). Tenerife; noted as a regular bird
of passage (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 481).
16 Feb. 1905, and following days. Fuerteventura; migrants passing
(Orn, Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
* Chasna= Vilaflor in Tenerife.
+ The bird is often quoted simply as “ Baumpieper ” (vde Orn. Jahrb.
1912, p. 227), which is the local German name for the Tree-Pipit
(Anthus t. trivialis).
118 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
13 March, 1905. Fuerteventura; a single bird seen (Orn, Jahrb. 1908,
p- 218).
14 March, 1905. Fuerteventura; several observed (Orn. Jahrb. 1908,
p. 218).
16 March, 1905, and following days. I*uerteventura; birds frequently
seen (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
— March, 1911 (no special dates given), Tenerife; during the whole
month many Tree-Pipits seen and heard (Orn.
Jahrb. 1912, p. 227).
14 April, 1904. Tenerife; two birds seen (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 212). _
— April, — “ Chasna,” Tenerife ; noted in April by Bolle, J. f. O.
1857, p. 289.
11 May, 1912. Tenerife; a single bird on passage (Orn. Jahrb. 1912,
p. 227).
29 Sept. 1910. Tenerife ; several seen (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229.)
Sept. Tenerife ; a frequent migrant in this month (Cabrera,
Catalogo, 1893, p. 44).
4 Oct. 1905. Tenerife; one bird seen (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
14 Oct. 1904 to 17 Oct. Lanzarote; many appeared on the 14th,
remaining until 17th (Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb, 1909.
p. 122—“ Baumpieper ”: see under M, atricapilla et
Orn. Jahrb, 1909, p. 126). .
6 Oct. 1904 to 20 Oct. Vilaflor, Tenerife; a bird seen every day
(Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
Range. Anthus t. trivialis breeds extensively in Europe,
and in winter is found from the Mediterranean countries to
tropical Africa. It extends its range right through Africa
ov the east coast from Egypt to Matabeleland, the records
including every month from September to April. There
are only a few specimens in the National Collection from
north-west Africa, 7.e. Morocco (no date), Tangier (Oct.),
Dakar (no date), Sierra Leone (Feb.).
Anthus pratensis. Meadow-Pipit.
Alauda pratensis Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 166—
Type locality : Sweden.
A. Rare Visitor to the islands.
First recorded by von Thanner (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 65)
as having been seen by him on 23 March, 1904.
Polatzek writes (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 126): “ Recently
authenticated by von Thanner and myself for the Canaries.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 119
I observed them in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura as birds of
passage and winter visitors, and in 1904 I shot some in the
water-courses aud suitable places in the barrancos. Von
Thanner saw them in 1904, and published the fact. New
arrivals came in Fuerteventura to the Barranco Rio Cabras,
which birds stayed there until the end of February ; later,
I saw only a few on two occasions.”
Range. The Meadow-Pipit breeds in Europe and winters
partly in northern Africa.
Family ReeuLipe.
Regulus regulus teneriffe. Tenerife Goldcrest.
Regulus teneriffe Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, 1. 1883,
p. 459—Type locality : Canary Islands.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro.
Range beyond the, Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Family Parip«.
Parus ceruleus teneriffe. ‘lenerife Blue Titmouse.
Parus teneriffe Lesson, Traité d’Orn. 1831, p. 456--Ty pe
locality : Tenerife.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Gomera.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Parus ceruleus ombriosus. Hierran Titmouse.
Parus ombriosus Meade-Waldo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(6) v. 1890, p. 103——Type locality : Hierro.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Hierro.
120 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the (Ibis,
Ods. Confined to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Parus cxruleus palmensis. Palman Titmouse.
Parus palmensis Meade- Waldo, Aun, & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(6) iii. 1889, p. 490—Type locality : Palma.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Palma.
Obs. Contined to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not oceur.
Parus ceruleus degener. Pale Titmouse.
Parus ceruleus degener Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii, 1901,
p. 8309—Type locality : Fuerteventura.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura and Lanzarote,
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Family Lanip2.
Lanius excubitor koenigi. Canarian Grey Shrike.
Lanius algeriensis koenigt Hartert, Nov. Zool. vir. 1901,
p. 809—Ty pe locality : Tenerife.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not oceur.
Lanius collurio collurio. Red-backed Shrike.
Lanius collurio Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 94—
Type locality : Sweden.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 121
This Shrike is a Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands.
Von Thanner killed an adult female on 16 October, 1907,
at Vilaflor, Tenerife (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 2114).
Polatzek includes it in his list (Orn. Jalirb. 1909, p. 122)
as a rare bird of passage, and refers to Thanner’s specimen.
Range. The Red-backed Shrike breeds throughout Europe
and winters in tropical and southern Africa.
Lanius senator senator. Woodchat.
Lanius senator Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 94—
Type locality: India, errore ; Rhineland (Hartert).
The Woodchat is a Rare Visitor to the Archipelago.
The following are the only records I am aware of :—
(About 1889), Example{s] shot on the Punta del Hidalgo, Tenerife,
by Cabrera and recorded by him (Catélogo, p. 47) as
Lanius rufus Briss. Meade-Waldo identified this bird in
the Cabrera Collection (Ibis, 1889, p. 515) and mentions it
again in his list (Ibis, 1893, p. 192). Care must be taken
not to include these as three separate records, for all clearly
refer to the Punta del Hidalgo bird.
(1903). Two birds obtained in Tenerife by von ‘Thanner (Orn, Jahrb.
1903, p. 216). No dates are given, but one of these birds
(the 9) isin the Tring Museum. It bears on the label the
date 25/2/05, and is the specimen referred to by von Thanner
(Orn, Jahrb. 1910, p. 100) as Z. rutilans. Dy. Hartert has
kindly examined the bird again for me, and tel!s me it is
L, senator senator, There is no such bird as LZ. rutilans; the
name was given to a bird in winter quarters in Senegambia !
These two birds are evidently the two specimens (¢ & Q)
mentioned by ‘I'schusi (Orn. Jahrb. 19038, p. 176), where they
are recorded as having been shot by yon Thanner on 25 Feb-
ruary {1903 |, the day and the month coinciding with the date
on the label of the Tring specimen. Still another reference,
presumably again to these birds, is given by von Thanner in
Noy. Zool. xi, 1904, p. 431, under the heading of Lanius rufus. -
(1914). A bird seen in the Gonzalez Collection in Lanzarote, which
had recently been shot in that island (Bannerman, Ibis,
1914, p. 62).
Range. The Woodchat breeds in Europe and in north-
west Africa, and in winter extends on the west coast to
Senegambia and Nigeria.
122 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Family Syiviip#.
Sylvia communis communis. Common Whitethroat.
Sylvia communis Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. 1787,
p. 287—Type locality : England.
This is a Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands, and one over
which a great deal of confusion has taxen place.
The one record which unquestionably refers to the Common
Whitethroat is given in the Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227, by -
von Thanner who shot, on 1 April, 1912, in Fuerteventura,
a female example of S. communis communis which was in
company with Huropean Chiffehaffs; Willow-Wrens, and
Blackcaps (‘ Monchsgrasmiicken ’).
Another record which I consider applicable to this species
is as follows:—A bird shot by Polatzek at San Matéo,
Gran Canaria, on 23 August in a fruit garden where many
stayed a long time. Polatzek recorded the bird (Orn.
Jahrb. 1909, p. 124) as Sylvia sylvia (Linn.), and this I
take to be the Common Whitethroat now known as S. com-
munis communis. Other authors refer to this species as
Sylvia cinerea Bechst., which is another synonym of S. ¢.
communis.
The fact that the Common Whitethroat is quoted as
breeding in the Canary Islands is due to Webb & Berthelot
(Orn. Canarienne, p. 15), and later Bolle (J. f.O. 1854,
p. 454), who affirmed that Sylvia cinerea Bechst. was to be
found ‘fin almost all the islands” and “in all the Archi-
pelago where thorny bushes abound.” It is quite obvious,
from a close study of their work, that these authors mistook
the hen * of the Spectacled Warbler (Sylvia conspicillata
bella) for the Common Whitethroat, which they refer to in
their work as Sylvia cinerea Lath.
Dr. Hartert (Vog. pal. Faun. p. 588) places ? Motacilla
sylvia Linn. as a synonym of Sylvia curruca curruca,
* [The male Spectacled Warbler was referred to by Webb & Berthelot
(Orn. Canarienne, p. 15), and Bolle (J. f. O, 1854, p. 454) as Sylvia
passerina, a name which, as quoted from the Canary Islands, is abso-
lutely indeterminable, vide Appendix B.]
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 123
z.e. the Lesser Whitethroat, so that until Polatzek’s bird
can be examined there must remain a doubt as to whether
he (Polatzek) considered Motacilla sylvia Linn. to be the
Common or the Lesser Whitethroat. I have little doubt
that the former will be the case. Up to the present we
have no record of the Lesser Whitethroat having visited
the Canary Archipelago.
Range. S. ¢. communis breeds throughout Europe and
in northern Algeria and northern Tunisia. It winters in
Africa, extending south to Damaraland.
Sylvia simplex. Garden-Warbler.
Sylvia simplex Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. 1787, p. 287
—Type locality: England.
The Garden Warbler is an Occasional Visitor during the
spring migration.
Cabrera (Catalogo, 1823, p. 40) mentions having killed
one in the spring of 1890 at Laguna (Tenerife), the skin of
which was in his collection.
Von Thanner records (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227) the
beginning of a migration of a very large number of Garden-
Warblers (‘ Gartengrasmucke’) on 11 May, 1912.
It would appear therefore that this species on rare occa-
sions passes through the Canary Islands during migration.
Doubtless they often escape detection.
Range. The Garden-Warbler breeds throughout Europe
and winters in tropical and southern Africa.
Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla. Huropean Blackcap.
Motacilla atricapilla Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p-. 187—Type locality ; Sweden.
The European Blackcap is said to be a Bird of Passage in
considerable numbers to the Canary Islands in spring and
autumn,
his must not be confused with the resident Blackcap of
the Canaries, which, on account of its shghtly darker upper
parts, has by some authors been called S. a. obscura ‘I'schusi,
124. Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
a name which is united with S. a. heineken (the Madeiran
form) by Hartert in his Vég. pal. Faun. i. p. 585.
Migratory specimens of 8. a. atricapilla are said invariably
to possess a thick layer of fat over the body (Orn. Jahrb.
1910, p. 91), and, as already mentioned, may further be
distinguished from the resident race by the character given
above. I have never, however, been able to distinguish the
migratory Blackcaps myself when in the islands. A series
of breeding Canarian birds must be examined before the
question of the Canarian race can be finally settled.
Meade-Waldo was the first to point out (Ibis, 1893,
p. 189) that large numbers of migratory Blackcaps arrived
in the islands in autumn.
Von Thanner has also noted the fact and records :—
15 March, 1904, “Killed a 2 S. atricapilla atricapilla, and later saw
again some males passing through Fuerteventura on
migration ” (Orn, Jahrb. 1905, p. 65). And the fol-
lowing year:
14 March, 1905. ‘‘ Numerous Blackcaps passing in Fuerteventura ” (Orn,
Jahrb. 1908, p. 218).
1 April, 1912. Recorded by von Thanner, again from Fuerteventura
(Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227—‘ Monchgrasmucken’),
And in the spring of 1909 he saw many migrants of
the European race in Gran Canaria (Orn. Jahrb. 1910,
paol):.
Range. S. a. atricapilla breeds throughout the countries
of Europe and winters in Africa. From the north-west
and west Airican coasts there are specimens in the British
Museum from Tangier, the Azores, and the river Gambia;
and from Abyssinia, Somaliland, British East Africa, and
Ruwenzori on the east. There are no west African
specimens in the Tring Museum.
Sylvia atricapilla obscura. Dusky Blackcap.
Sylvia atricapilla obscura Tschusi, Orn. Monatsb. ix.
1901, p. 129—Type locality : Madeira.
A Resident subspecies.
we
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 12
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Madeira.
Obs. I prefer Tschusi’s name for the Madeiran and
Canarian form of the Blackeap. Hartert uses 8S. a.
heineken of Jardine, which certainly has priority ; but this
name was given to an aberration, and I prefer to retain
Jardine’s name for the aberrant form, which still exists in
the Canaries aud Madeira in restricted Jocalities.
[Sylvia atricapilla heineken. Heincken’s Blackcap.
An aberrant form of the Dusky Blackeap.
Curruca Heineken Jardine, Edinburgh Journ. of Nat. &
Geogr. Sci. 1. 1830, p. 243-—Type locality : Madeira.
A Resident aberrant form.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Palma.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Madeira. |
Sylvia melanocephala leucogastra. Canarian Black-hcaded
or Sardinian Warbler.
Motacilla leucogastra Ledru, Voy. Teneriffe, i. 1810,
p. 182—T ype locality: Tenerife.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Sylvia conspicillata bella. Madeiran Spectacled Warbler.
Sylvia conspicillata bella 'Tschusi, Orn. Monatsb. ix, 1901,
p. 130—Type locality; Madeira,
126 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets : Graciosa, Allegranza.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Madeira and Cape Verde Islands.
Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus. Great Reed-—
Warbler.
Turdus arundinaceus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 170—Type locality : Dantzie.
A very Rare Visitor.
Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 305) records that a
specimen of this Warbler, obtained in the Canaries, was
examined by him in Dr. Cabrera’s collection in Tenerife.
(See also Hartert’s “ Aus den Wanderjahren eines Natur-
forschers,” p. 86.)
Hypolais pallida eleica. Tree-Warbler.
Salicaria eleica Lindermayer, Isis, 1843, pp. 342, 343—
Type locality: Greece.
A very Rare Visitor, which has been obtained on one
occasion only.
Von Thanner shot a specimen of this Warbler in September
1902 at Vilaflor, Tenerife. The skin is in the Tring Museum,
where I have examined it along with Dr. Hartert; we are
both of opinion that it undoubtedly belongs to the perfectly
distinct form H. p. eleica.
Ritter von Tschusi, who had not examined the skin,
believed that this specimen might prove to be an example
of H. p. opaca (Orn. Jahrb. 1903, p. 176). This, however,
is not the case. The two species could not possibly be
confused when compared.
Range. This form of the Tree-Warbler inhabits south-
eastern Kurope,
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 127
Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus *. Willow-Warbler.
Motacilla trochilus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 188—Type locality : England.
The Willow-Warbler is a Bird of Passage at somewhat
irregular seasons.
It is first recorded by Cabrera (Catdlogo, p. 4:2), who notes
that he has killed specimens in spring and in summer.
Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 123) says that it is a
regular bird of passage to the Canaries, particularly in the
eastern islands where it stays longer in winter. In the
winter of 1904 he shot specimens m both Lanzarote and
Fuerteventura. :
Von Thanner has the followig records of this species
which he has published in the ‘Ornithologische Jahr-
buch * :—
25 February, 1910. A bird shot in Fuerteventura (Orn. Jabrb. 1910,
p. 229).
14 March, 1905. Numerous “ trochilus” seen in Fuerteventura (Orn.
Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
A great many Phylloscopus t. trochilus passing
26 Hees & 5 | through Fuerteventura between these dates (Orn,
Gian NE Jahrb. 1912, p. 226).
27 August, 1906. <A bird shot at Vilaflor, Tenerife (Orn. Jahrb. 1908,
p. 214).
Unfortunately von Thanner made a mistake in the identi-
fication of two of his skins recorded in the Orn. Jahrb.
1905, p. 65, where under the heading ef Phyllopneuste
trochilus he says :
14 March, 1904. “ Birds seen on this date in Fuerteventura, and even
later a few remained.”
The two skins which he obtained are now in the Tring
Museum, where I have examined them along with Dr. Har-
tert, and there is no doubt whatever that they are examples
* All the records of the Willow-Warbler which have been published
refer to the typical form. A closer investigation, and examination ot
specimens killed, may show that the Northern Willow-Warbler (P. t.
eversmannt), Which also apparently winters in Africa, has occurred in the
Canary Islands on migration,
128 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
of the Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita collybita), and not of
the Willow-Warbler.
Range. The Willow-Warbler breeds throughout Europe
aud winters in Africa, extending as far as the Cape.
Phylloscopus sibilatrix sibilatrix. Wood-Warbler.
Motacilla sibilatriwv Bechstein, Naturforsch. xxvii. 1793,
p. 47—Type locality : Germany.
The Wood-Warbler appears to be an Occasional Visitor to
the Canaries. ;
I have not been able to examine examples of this species
from the islands, but they are certain to belong to the typical
species P. sibilatrix sibilatriz, and not to P. s. erlangeri the
north-west African race.
Three specimens have been recorded as killed in Tenerife
and others noted on passage: Cabrera obtained one in'
Tenerife (Ibis, 1889, p. 515), and this is the bird referred
to in Meade-Waldo’s list when he wrote, “I have seen but
one example of the Wood-Warbler in the Canaries” (Ibis,
1893, p. 190).
Von Thanner shot a male of this species (recorded under
the German name only, ‘ Waldlaubvogel’) at Vilaflor,
Tenerife, on 29 April, 1911, and a female on 1 May, 1911.
On the latter date he recorded several Wood-Warblers
passing through the island. All von Thanneyr’s records
referring to the Wood-Warblers are published in the
‘Ornithologische Jahrbuch,’ 1912, p. 227.
Polatzek remarks (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 123): “Only
” He does not add whether this
is his own record, but I presume he is referring to Cabrera’s
bird.
Range. The Wood-Warbler is a common species in
once seen with certainty.
northern Europe in summer. It winters in Africa and on
the west coast as far south as the Congo, where Mr. Douglas
Carruthers obtained a bird on 19 February, 1907. There
is also another specimen in the British Museum from Abouri,
Gold Coast (Buckley), shot on 23 February, 1872. In the
island of Madeira Mr. Ogilvie-Grant shot specimens (now
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 129
in the British Museum) of the typical Wood-Warbler on
26 April, 1890, which date coincides with the remarkable
migratory movements which took place in that year in the
Canary Islands.
In Dalmatia, Morocco, and Algiers a very closely allied
race occurs, P.s. erlangeri. It is unlikely, however, that
this form ever visits the Canaries.
Phylloscopus collybita collybita*. European Chiffchaff.
Sylvia collybita Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xi. 1817,
p. 235—Type locality: France.
The European Chiffchaff is a Bird of Passage in the Canary
Islands, so far recorded during the spring migration only.
Owing to the western islands literally teaming with
resident Chiffchaffs (P. c. canariensis), the migratory move-
ments of the European species through the Archipelago are
apt to be lost sight of. This probably accounts for the only
records of the European Chiffchaff coming from Fuerte-
ventura—one of the eastern islands, where there are very
few resident Chiffchaffs, belonging to still another subspecies
(Fo €. exsul).
Polatzek remarks that he killed specimens of this bird in
Lanzarote in the winter of 1904 (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 123),
where he noted that it was a new record for the Canaries.
Curiousiy enough, the second genuine occurrence of the
European Chiffchaff in the Canary Islands was that of
two birds (a pair) shot by Thanner at Antigua in Fuerte-
ventura on 14 March, 1904, and erroneously recorded by
* Norr.—Another form of the Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita abietina
(Nilss.), was recorded by Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb, 1908, p. 82) as having
been obtained by him in 1903 and 1904 in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura,
and he particularly notes that it is a new record for the Canary Islands.
In a later part of the same paper, where he publishes a full list of the
migrants which he had noted, he substitutes the typical Chiffchaff
‘(P. collybita) for the above-named race, remarking that it is a new
record for the islands (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 123). No explanation is
given as to why P. c. abietina is omitted, but it seems quite clear that
the author had in the meantime discovered that his Chiffchaffs were
wrongly identified in the first place. The specimens are in the collection
of Ritter yon Tschusi, Villa Tannenhof, near Hallein, Austria, and
should be examined when circumstances permit.
SER. XI.—VOL. I. K
180 On the Birds of the Canary Islands. [This,
him (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 65) as Phyllopneuste trochilus.
He notes at the same time that “ birds were seen on this
date’ in Fuerteventura, and even later a few remained.”
I have examined both skins, which are in the Tring Museum,
with Dr, Hartert, and there is no doubt that they are
examples of the European Chiffchaff (P. eollybita collybita).
The same observer, Herr von Thanner, is responsible for
the three following records :—
14 March, 1905. “ Many birds passing through Fuerteventura” (Orn.
Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
13 March, 1912. “A male bird obtained in Fuerteventura” (Orn.
Jahrb. 1912, p. 226).
26 March & “Numerous P. c, collybita Basne through Fuerte-
3 April, 1912. | ventura between these dates” (Orn. Jahrb. 1912,
p: 226),
The above records would certainly only entitle the
European Chiffchaff to be considered an Occasional Visitor
to the islands. As, however, it has appeared in considerable
numbers on each occasion that it has been noted, and
taking into account the scarcity of observers (there is no
ornithologist in Fuerteventura) and the presence of two
resident closely allied subspecies, I feel justified in calling
it a Bird of Passage which usually escapes detection.
‘Range. The Chiffchaff breeds in Europe and winters in
southern Europe and northern Africa, There are specimens
of P.c. collybita in the Tring Museum from Mazagan in
Morocco (Sept., Nov., Dec., and Jan.) ; from Seksawa
(April) ; Biskra (Feb.) ; and one bird from Thiés, Senegal,
obtained on 26 January by Riggenbach,
Phylloscopus collybita canariensis. Canarian Chiffchaff.
Phyllopneuste rufa canariensis Hartwig, Journ, fiir Ornith.
1886, p. 486—Type locality : Tenerife.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
1919. | Obituary. 131
Phylloscopus collybita exsul. Lanzarote Chiffchaff.
Phylloscopus collybita exsul Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun, i.
1907, p. 505—Type locality : Lanzarote.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Eastern Group: Lanzarote.
Obs. Confined to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
VII.— Obituary.
Tuomas ALGERNON DorrRIEN-SMITH.
We learn with regret that Mr. T. A. Dorrien-Smith, the
Lord Proprietor of the Scilly Islands, died on 6 August last
at T'resco Abbey. He was elected a Member of the Union
in 1904.
Born in 1846 at Berkhamsted, the son of the late
Col. R. A. Smith-Dorrien, Mr. Dorrien-Smith was educated
at Harrow, and served for some years in the 10th Hussars
and afterwards in the Hertfordshire Yeomanry. In 1872
he succeeded his uncle, the late Mr. Augustus Smith of
Tresco Abbey, and for many years M.P. for Truro, as
Lord Proprietor of the Scilly Islands. During the rest
of his life he made his home in Scilly and devoted himself
to the care and improvement of the wonderful subtropical
gardens at Tresco, which had been laid out by his uncle.
He also did a great deal for the inhabitants of the islands by
introducing the early cultivation of flowers and vegetables
for the London market.
His son, Mr. A. Dorrien-Smith, himself a well-known
botanist, writes as follows :—
‘‘ He was much interested in natural history and birds
in particular, but before his time most of the rarer birds
shot in the islands were sent to Mr. R. Rodd, of Tre-
baltha, Cornwall. Among these was included the Purple
Heron, which has been seen since, but not destroyed.
K2
132 Recently published Ornithological Works. [Ibis,
On my father’s accession he started a collection of birds
killed in the islands, confining the collection to the rarer
migrants, but he was always careful to protect any species
already included in his collection. To ornithologists the
collection in the Abbey is a most interesting one, and com-
prises the Greater Yellowlegs (Zotanus melanoleucus), the
Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis), the Solitary Sandpiper
(Totanus solitarius), and White’s Thrush (Turdus aureus).
The Hawks are well represented, and include the Common —
Kite and Lesser Kestrel, the Iceland and Greenland
Falcons, and the White-tailed Eagle. The islands lend
themselves naturally te visitations of various Waders, and
there are large tracts of sandy beaches, dunes, and fresh-
water marshes.
“‘My father was by no means a scientific naturalist, but
was always a keen observer of birds and quick to detect an
unfamiliar flight or note, and in this he was ably supported
by David Smith, his keeper, who at the age of 86 knocked
the Yellow-browed Warbler down with his stick in a
bramble-bush and secured it.”
In medieval days Scilly was a monastic property, and in
1687 it was granted by the Crown to Sidney Godolphin, the
well-known statesman of the Restoration. It remained in
the Godolphin family until 1831, when Mr. Augustus
Smith became the lessee or Lord Proprietor.
VIII.— Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.
Beebe’s Jungle Peace.
[Jungle Peace. By William Beebe. Llustrated from photographs.
Pp. x+297. New York (Henry Holt), 1918. 8vo.]
Under this title Captain Beebe sends us a volume of
essays most of which have already appeared in the
‘Atlantic Monthly” They deal with scenes and incidents
of his recent journeys to South America, the greater
number of them relating to British Guiana. The title
derives from the fact that Captain Beebe re-visited these
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 133
scenes after his return from some months on the western
front, and the contrast of “creeping through slime-filled
holes beneath the skrieking of swift metal” and “ splashing
one’s plane through companionable clouds three miles above
the little jagged hero-filled ditches, and dodging other
sudden-born clouds of nauseous fumes and blasting heart
of steel,” with the “great green wonderland of the tropical
jungle” is undoubtedly vast ; at the same time all is not
peace even in the tropical jungle, as witness the author’s
account of the march of the so-called “army ants” across
a pit excavated by him to entrap the unwary dweller of the
forest.
The essays are full of observations of bird- and other
animal-life, and the descriptions of many of the scenes
entrancing, and make one long to join him in the primeval
forest-lands of Guiana.
Written for the general public and not for specialists, the
facts recorded are of less importance than the impressions
created in the mind by the reading of the fascinating
descriptions, which should surely stimulate all nature-
lovers to endeavour some time in their lives to visit the
exuberant forest-regions of South America.
Fénis on Bird-song.
[Contribution & l'étude des cris et du chant des oiseaux dans ses
rapports avec la musique, par M. F, de Fénis. Bull. Inst, Gén.
Psychol. Paris, xvii. 1917, pp. 87-130. ]
M. de Fénis deals with the voice of birds from the point
of view of psychology, and endeavours to trace the analogy
between the evolution of bird-song and that of the human
voice. After a chapter showing how the voice of birds
corresponds to the locality and surrounding in which they
live, he proceeds to discuss the great difficulty of the
notation or representation on paper of the voices of birds.
This he himself attempts by a combination of ordinary
musical notation with a syllabic rendering of the words.
In his final conclusion he traces the origin of the highly
specialized musical forms of the present day from the very
134 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
simple melodies without harmonics or intervals as practised
by the ancient Greeks, and he believes that he can prove
that a similar development has taken place among birds
from extremely simple forms to the most highly specialized
song of such birds as the Thrush, the Blackbird, the Robin,
and the Nightingale, all of which improvise their varying
song.
In order to understand thoroughly M. de Fénis’ views it
is necessary to be trained in music, but we should point out ~
that the discussion only deals with the common European
birds such as are found in France, and that he appears to
rely for most of his observations on those of various authors
whose rendering of the songs of individual birds may be
very different owing to the varying psychology of the
investigator.
Ghigi on the origin of the Domestic Fowl.
[Ricerche sull’ incrociamento del Gallus sonneratt con polli domestici.
Memoria del Prof. Alessandro Ghigi. Mem. R. Ace. Sci. Bologna (8)
iii, pp. 1-16, 1 Tay. ]
In this memoir Prof. Ghigi states the results of his
experiments in crossing the two species of Jungle-Fowl
Gallus sonnerati and G. gallus and also various members
of the domestic races. All of these he finds completely fertile
with one another through several generations. From this
he deduces the conclusion that our domestic races are not,
as has been believed by Charles Darwin and many other
writers, monogenetic and descended solely from Gallus
gallus (= G. bankiva auct.), but that they are bigenetic and
have been derived from both G. gallus and G. sonnerati.
Details of the hybrids and of their mendelian inheritance
are given, and the plate illustrates the feather-characters of
the pure strains and of the various crosses.
Gladstone’s Ornithologist’s Note-Book.
[An Ornithologist’s Field Note-Book by Hugh S. Gladstone,
M.A., ete. London (Bickers & Son), 1918. Price 2d.}
This little book contains a list of the commoner British
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 135
Birds compiled from the B.O. U. List and printed on one
side of the page only. Captain Gladstone believes that it
will be found useful for carrying in the pocket when out
for a country walk, or when visiting a new locality, for
noting down birds either seen or heard.
The Birds of Passage and the occasional and rarer
Visitors have not been included in the list, but the Resi-
dents, Summer visitants, and Winter visitants are designated
by “BR”? SS” or “W” being placed after their names,
while those which have peculiar British racial forms are
distinguished by an asterisk. .
The pamphlet will undoubtedly be a useful one, but we
could have wished for something a little more elaborated
with short descriptions such as the work of Mr. Clive Lord
on Tasmanian birds which we have noticed on page 1386.
Perhaps Mr. Gladstone will attempt something on these
lines.
Lonnberg on African Birds.
{Birds collected in Eastern Congo by Captain Elias Arrhenius. By
Einar Lonnberg. Ark. Zool. Stockholm, x. no. 24, 1917, pp. 1-27.]
[Notes on some interesting Hast-African Birds. Id., ibid. xi. no. 5,
1917, pp. 1-5.]
The first of these collections, consisting of about 525
specimens and 184: species, was made by Captain Arrhenius
in the neighbourhood of Beni in the forest region north
of Lake Albert Edward. A number of interesting species
are mentioned, some of them not in Reichenow’s recently
published avifauna of the Central African Lake district,
which shows such close affinities to the West African
faunal area. The female, previously unknown, of Columba
albinucha Sassi is described, and an interesting new Hawk,
Accipiter beniensis, allied to A. sharpei Rehw., is described.
Names for two other subspecies believed to be distinct,
Mesopicus schoensis semischoensis and Neocossyphus rufus
arrhenii, are suggested.
The second paper deals with a collection of birds made at
Elgon and Londiani in British Hast Africa by Dr. Leo Bayer,
136 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
and sent to the Zoological Museum at Christiania. Only a
few of the more interesting specimens are dealt with, and
among these are two new forms—Aséur tachiro tenebrosus,
possibly a melanism or possibly a constant local race in-
habiting dark forest, and Zosterops bayeri, allied to
Z. jacksoni Neum.
Lord on Tasmanian Birds.
[A Descriptive List of the Birds of Tasmania and adjacent Islands.
By Clive E. Lord. Pp. 1-48. Hobart (Walch & Sons), 1917.]
This little pocket-book appears to be a most practical
work for the outdoor naturalist. Every Tasmanian species
is listed with a short description, the approximate length of
the bird is given (perhaps the length of the wing would have
been better), and the number of the eggs, their colour and
when laid, all contained in about six lines, a wonderful work
of compression.
The classification and nomenclature are those of Mr.
Mathews, and although technical terms have been avoided
care has been taken to make the list as complete as possible.
A list of British Birds drawn up on similar lines would
be most useful.
Mathews on Australian Birds.
[The Birds of Australia. By Gregory M. Mathews. Vol. vii. pt. iii.
pp. 217-3820, pls, 243-251. London (Witherby): August 1918. ]
In this part we have a large amount of exceptionally
interesting notes on the life-histories of the various species,
many of which are uncommon or at least little known.
The author continues the Caprimulgine birds with Hurosto-
podus and Rossornis, while he suggests that the absence of
the long rictal bristles in the former shews arrested deve-
lopment, as compared with Caprimulgus. Two species are
recognised— FH. mystacalis (= E, albigularis Vig. & Horsf.)
and E. guttatus (= E. argus Hartert), but no subspecies for
the present. Rossornis is a new genus for the long-tailed,
golden-hued C. macrurus Horsf.; Haximiornis is similarly
proposed for C. eximius Temm. There follows a long disser-
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 137
tation on the forms of Rossornis, and a comparison with
the decisions of Rothschild and Hartert on the subject ;
eventually the Australian yorki and keatsi, with the
Bornean salvadorii, are granted. subspecific rank, as well as
the Australian coincidens and rogersi and the extralimital
aruensis from the Aru Islands, the last two being new
subspecies. Several other forms are enumerated, and raise
the total to fourteen or more, even without those from New
Guinea and New Britain.
There is no general discussion prefixed to the Micro-
podiformes (Swifts) ; possibly it is postponed until this
section is concluded.
Mr. Mathews still uses the generic term Zoonava for
Collocalia francica and C. fuciphaga, and under this head
comments on the recent work of Ogilvie-Grant, Hartert,
Oberholser, and Stresemaun ; but we cannot here tabulate
the many subspecies, and must be content to state that he
accepts Oberholser’s Aerodramus for innominata of Hume.
Under Hirundinapus the author further criticizes the work
of his predecessors, and refuses (with Oberholser) to com-
bine the genus with Chetura. He considers that there are
two main groups, of larger and smaller species; while he
admits the separation of the genera Streptoprocne, Pallenia,
Rhaphidura, and Mearnsia, adding as new, Telacanthura for
ussheri, Neafrapus for cassini, Alterapus for sabini, Indicapus
for sylvaticus, Zoonavena for grandidieri, Papuanapus for
nove-guinee, Cheturellus for rutilus and another,
It may be observed that both Hirundinapus caudacutus
and Micropus pacificus are represented in the Watling
drawings, Of the latter the plumages are not sufficiently
well known to justify subspecies, and even. colcloughi
Mathews is dropped.
Mr. Mathews finds the Cuculiformes too heterogeneous
and diverse a group to consider in connection with extra-
limital forms, but to many readers the articles on the
Cuckoos will be the most interesting in this part, and in
particular the notes on the hosts of the Pallid and Fan-
tailed Cuckoos by Mr. H. L. White (pp. 307, 318), and the
138 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
description of the ousting of nestlings of foster-parents by
the former taken from Barrett’s account in ‘The Emu’
(vol. v. p. 20). The male of this bird is said to be mono-
gamous.
The forms treated in this part are Cuculus optatus, Hetero-
scenes pallidus, and Cacomantis rubricatus, of which various
subspecies are upheld (pp. 290, 309, 320) and one is newly
proposed (Cacomantis eyrei). A new species is Cuculus
waigoui, and a new genus Vidgenia (for Cacomantis castanei-_
ventris) .
As usual, a general introduction is prefixed to the Order,
with the views of various authorities as to its subdivision,
the families used by Mr. Mathews being Cuculide, Eudy-
namiside [sic], Seythropidee, and Centropodide.
Robinson and Kloss on new Malayan Birds.
{Four new birds from Java. By H.C. Robinson. Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. vii. 1918, pp. 285-2387. }
[On two new species of Flower-Peckers (Diceide) from the Malay
region. By H.C. Robinson and C. B, Kloss. Ibid. pp. 239-240. ]
In the first of these short notes Mr. Robinson describes
Dendrobiastes hyperythra vulcani, Pomatorhinus montanus otto-
landeri, Stachyridopsis melanothorax intermedia subspp. n.,
and Stachyris orientalis sp. n., all from Java.
The second note by Messrs. Robinson & Kloss contains
descriptions of Piprisoma sordidum sp. nu. from Selangor,
Malay Peninsula, and of Diceum vanheysti sp. n. from
north-eastern Sumatra.
Shufeldt on the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippine Is.
(Our big colonial eagle-terror of the wild monkeys of the Philip-
pines. Amer. Forestry, vol. xxiv. 1918, pp. 555-557. |
Dr. Shufeldt has recently received from Mr. R. C.
McGregor, the well-known ornithologist of the Philippine
Islands, a head and foot together with the greater part of
the skeleton of an example of the rare Pithecophaga jejeryt.
He proposes to use this material to investigate the
anatomical relations of this, the largest of Accipitrine birds.
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 139
From the external characters, which alone have been hitherto
examined, it has been supposed that it was most nearly allied
to the Harpy Eagle of South America (Thrasaétes harpyia).
We hope that Dr. Shufeldt’s research, which will be published
in a forthcoming number of the ‘Philippine Journal of
Science,’ will settle this question.
In the short article whose title is here quoted Dr. Shufeldt
gives arésumé of what is at present known about the bird,
illustrated with photographs taken by himself of the head
and foot alluded to above. These should be compared with
Gronvold’s pictures in Ogilvie-Grant’s article in ‘The Ibis’
(1897, pp. 216, 218).
Taverner on Canadian Birds.
[The Gannets of Bonaventura Island, By P, A. Taverner. Ottawa
Nat. xxxii. 1918, pp. 21-26.]
{Addenda to the Birds of Jasper Park, Alberta, By P. A. Taverner,
Canadian Alpine Journ. ix. 1918, pp. 62-69. ]
Lying off the coast of the Gaspé Peninsula in the extreme
eastern portion of the Quebec Province south of the Gulf
of St. Lawrence, is the little island of Bonaventura. This
and Bird Rock near the Magdalen Islands, also in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence and a much more inaccessible spot, are the
only two known rookeries of the Gannet on the western side
of the Atlantic.
Mr. Taverner describes in a readable and picturesque
article two visits he recently made to this island in 1914
and 1915. The Gannets nest on the seaward face of the
island where there are high cliffs weathered into a series of
ledges, and he estimates the number of the individual birds
at about 8000. In horizontal cracks extending back into
the heart of the rock are to be found breeding Murres,
or Guillemots as we should call them, Razorbills, and
Puffins ; while Leach’s Petrels resort to smaller crevices
and clefts, whence they only come out at night. Mr. Taverner
mentions a curious sweetish odour proceeding from these
last which he states is not unpleasant. It seems a pity that
something cannot be done to preserve the Gannets on
140 Recently published Ornithological Works. | Ibis,
Bonaventura Island, as they seem to suffer a good deal from
wanton persecution at the hands of irresponsible gunners
and others. Mr. Taverner informs us that notwithstanding
the exertions of many people interested in protection, the
local feeling is very strong against any legislative action
and so far has prevented steps being taken by the Conser-
vation Commission to reserve this spot as a perpetual
bird-reserve under the control of the Provincial or Dominion
authorities. We hope the local ‘ conservativeness,”’ as
Mr. Taverner calls it, will soon be overcome, ‘The article
is illustrated by some good photographs well reproduced.
The second paper forms a supplement to one published in
the same journal in 1912 by Mr. J. H. Riley on the birds
of Jasper Park and the neighbourhood. Thirty additional
species are noted in the present paper, bringing up the total
number observed or obtained to 108.
Jasper Park is a Government Reserve in the Canadian
Rocky Mountains, a good deal to the north of where the
Canadian Pacific Railway crosses the range, and is reached
from the new transcontinental line of the Grand ‘Trunk
Railway.
Van Oort on the Birds of Folland.
[Ornithologia Neerlandica. De Vogels van Nederland, door Dr. E. D.
van Oort. Parts 1 & 2; pp. 1-24, pls. 1-20. ’S Gravenhage (Martinus
Nijhoff), [1918.] 4to.j
Our foreign member, Dr. van Oort, Director of the Leyden
Museum, has sent us the first two numbers of his new book
on the birds of Holland, No general work on this subject
has been published since the time of his predecessor at
Leyden, Professor Schlegel, who in 1858 published his
* Te Vogels van Nederlands.”
Dr. van Oort’s book is planned on a sumptuous scale and
will be issued in 40 parts, each containing 10 plates and
about 12 pages of text, so that when completed it will have
about 400 plates. The price of each part is 12°50 guilders,
about £1, so that the subscription for the whole work will
amount to about £40, but publication will be spread over
about eight years.
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 141
The two parts before us deal with the Grebes, Divers,
Shearwaters, and Solan Goose. With the genera are keys
of the species, and with each species references chiefly to the
works of Dutch authors, together with the vernacular names
met with in Holland. A detailed description is followed
by the general distribution, the occurrence in Holland,
and the life-history. The nomenclature is based on a list
of Dutch birds published by the author in the ‘Notes from
the Leyden Museum?’ for 1908, with such modifications as
appear to have been necessitated by recent researches.
As a matter of fact, so far as the text in the present two
parts is concerned, it corresponds exactly to that in the
B. O. U. list of British Birds, except that Hydrobates is
used as a generic name for the Storm-Petrel instead of
Thalassidroma.
Of the plates a few words must be said; they are drawn
by M. A. Koekkoek under the direction of Dr. van Oort,
and are reproduced by Messrs. Emrik and Binger of
Haarlem by what appears to be some process of chromo-
lithography. The plates show very well the distinctions
of the various species ; especially is this the case with the
Slavonian and the Black-necked Grebes, where in each case
birds both in breeding and winter dress are figured. The one
which pleases us best is the Little Grebe, a charming scene
with male, female, and a young bird in down. The Shear-
waters appear to us less successful. They are all shown
standing on a sandy beach close to the sea—an unlikely
spot to find such a bird—and the birds are standing in
stilted and stiff attitude and appear to have been drawn
from stuffed specimens. This is of course in many cases
inevitable, but still we think more life could have been
put into the drawings if the artist had studied the birds
in the flesh.
The work is, however, undoubtedly a fine one and planned
on very generous lines. It will doubtless become, when
finished, the standard work on the Birds of Holland, and
we shall look forward to seeing the future numbers as
published.
142 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
The Auk.
[The Auk. A quarterly journal of Ornithology. Published by the
American Ornithologists’ Union. Vol. xxxv. for 1918.]
The completed volume of the ‘ Auk’ for last year contains
over 840 pages, and it is impossible to review all the various
papers contained in it, and we can only mention some of
those of more general interest.
It is rather remarkable that Mr. H. L. Clark, who writes
on anatomical matters, has selected for one of his papers a
somewhat similar subject to that of Mr. G. L. Bates in his
recent paper in ‘The Ibis.’ He has traced the correlation
of the number of major upper tail-coverts with the number
of rectrices, and finds a good deal of variation in this respect.
He has not found any allusion to the matter in literature,
and believes that the point is a new one and may throw
some light on phylogeny and classification. In all the
Passeres examined the two central rectrices lack their corre-
sponding coverts, which are therefore 10 in number, there
being of course 12 rectrices. In most of the Waders,
Hawks, and Woodpeckers the number of the coverts and
rectrices are the same, in the Owls and some other groups
the coverts are more numerous than the rectrices, while in
a Toucan (Ramphastos cuvieri) there are 20 to 22 coverts
to 10 rectrices. The whole subject is an interesting one,
and we hope Mr. Clark will continue his study of the
subject. Other anatomical papers by Mr. Clark deal with
the Cuban Trogon (Priotelus temnurus) and the now extinct
Passenger Pigeon (Kctopistes migratorius), of which the
pterylosis is described.
My. H. C. Oberholser has several papers on the taxonomy
of North American birds, in most cases pointing out fresh
reasons for the recognition of subspecies already proposed
by other authors and in some cases suggesting nomen-
clatural emendations. He draws attention to a curious
mistake of Messrs. Mathews and Iredale who stated that
Tringa maculata of Vieillot was preoccupied by ZT. maculata
of Linnzus, whereas there is no 7. maculata but only a
T. macularia of Linneus. Mr. Oberholser points out
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 143
(p. 468) that the Glaucous Gull (Larus glaucus of the
B. O. U. List) must bear the name Larus hyperboreus
Gunnerus, and that L. barrovianus Ridgway is only a
subspecies of the Glaucous Gull. This is a matter for the
committee of the B.O. U. List to investigate. A long list
of proposed changes in the A. O. U. Check-list is also given
on pp. 200-217, but it must be remembered that these are
not to be considered valid until passed by the Check-list
committee.
Mr. F. H. Kennard writes on the ferruginous stains so
often noticed in water-fowl, especially in such birds as the
Snow-Geese. On chemical analysis it is found to be due,
as might be expected, to oxide of iron, and is no doubt
acquired by the habit of digging for food among the mud
aud decaying vegetation of the iron-bearing waters of
marshes.
An ingenious method of extracting fat from birdskins
is described by Mr, H. Lloyd. The fluid employed is ethyl
ether, and with the apparatus described Mr. Lloyd finds it
most successful.
The Loon or Diver of north-eastern Siberia is distin-
guished by its greenish-coloured throat, and Dr. J. Dwight,
believing it to be hitherto undescribed, names it Gavia
viridigularis. He distinguishes G. arctica arctica of
northern Europe, G. a. suschkini Sarudny of Turkestan,
and G. a. pacifica of arctic North America, all of which
have purplish throats. Another species is renamed by
Mr. Stone on p. 244, Troglodytes musculus chapmani vice
T. m. neglectus preoccupied. This name is given in a
review of Dr. Chapman’s recent volume on the Birds of
Colombia. We hope Mr. Stone will forgive us if we point
out the inadvisability of hiding any new names in reviews
where they are very apt to pass unnoticed by the unwary
investigator.
The Spoon-billed Sandpiper (Hurynorhynchus pygmeus)
is always a rare bird and the eggs and young have only
been known since 1910, when they were secured in the
north-eastern corner of Siberia by Captain Kleimschinidt
144 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
for Mr. J. E. Thayer, who described them in the ‘ Auk’ for
1911. In the present volume Mr. J. Dixon gives us some
further particulars of the breeding and other habits of this
bird as observed by him at Providence Bay, also in north-
eastern Siberia, and adds some interesting details of its
distribution and status as a North American bird.
Mr. C. J. Hawkins contributes an article on ‘Sexual
selection and bird-song,’ in which he criticizes Darwin’s
theories of sexual selection and suggests that the cause of.
song lies in the internal life of the bird rather than in
external causes. He believes that bird-song as well as
many other manifestations of secondary sexual characters
is due to the ripening of the gonads and the setting free of
hormones which stimulate the nervous system and thus
cause the nuptial display. This argument from the so-
called hormones, which are entirely hypothetical and the
existence of which have never been proved, does not appear
to us to entirely invalidate Darwin’s theory of sexual
selection, but we must leave the reader of Mr. Hawkins’s
paper to draw his own conclusions.
A number of faunal papers dealing with different districts
of the North American continent are of more local interest,
but we must mention “A list of birds collected on the
Harvard Peruvian Expedition of 1916,” by Messrs. O. Bangs
and G. K. Noble, in which are described a number of new
species and races, while there are several rectifications of
taxonomy and synonymy.
Avicultural Magazine.
[The Avicultural Magazine. Edited by Graham Renshaw, M.D,
Third Series. Vol. ix. November 1917 to October 1918. }
The last completed volume of the ‘ Avicultural Magazine’
shows no signs of diminishing interest in matters avicultural,
though it was found necessary, in consequence of the scarcity
and increased cost of paper as well as the great rise in the
price of printing, to diminish the size of the monthly num-
bers from June onwards, but we understand that an increase
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 145
to the normal number of pages has since been sanctioned by
the committee.
One of the new features of the magazine is the devotion
of each number to a special subject ; thus in the present
volume there have been two Anzac numbers dealing with
Australian birds, as well as American and South African
numbers, while others deal with Economics, Vultures, and
Zoological Gardens.
Among more strictly avicultural articles Mr. W. S. Baily
tells us of his success in breeding- the Mexican Black-
breasted Quail (Colinus pectoralis), which has brought him
the award of the Society’s medal, and Mr. Blaauw_ has
successfully reared a young Brazilian Seed-Finch (Oryzoborus
torridus), which has probably never been bred in captivity
previously. Another very practical article is one on the
Diseases of Birds by Mr, P. F. M. Galloway, which will
doubtless be most useful to readers.
Captain B. E. Potter writes pleasantly on the Birds of
Macedonia, and Dr. Hopkinson’s article on the Birds of
the Gambia is reprinted from the ‘ Journal of the African
Society.’ In this last Dr. Hopkinson points out the inter-
esting fact that the Gambia’s avifauna is increased by two
double migrations, one from Hurope and the north in October
returning in April, the other from the south which arrives
at the beginning of the rains in June or July of birds from
the more equatorial parts which come to breed in Sene-
gambia; this latter group returns south about the end of
the rains, their departure being spread over several months
from October to January,
Among the tragedies of the war must be included the
destruction of the wonderful collection of live birds at
Villers-Bretonneux belonging to Lieut. J. Delacour, which
occurred during the German push towards Amiens in the
earlier part of 1918. There were some 360 birds repre-
senting 141 species in the collection, the whole of which
were destroyed. A list of the species is given on p. 305 of
the present volume.
SER, XI.—VOL. I. be
146 Recently published Ornithological Works. — [| Ibis,
“An Old Australian Bird-Lover” contributes an inter-
esting article on the methods adopted by Mr. J. E. Ward
to secure a collection of live Birds-of-Paradise in the interior
of New Guinea. We are glad to observe that the Common-
wealth Government have very strict regulations in regard to
this traffic, and no collecting can be done without a license
and the payment of fees, while the numbers permitted to be
taken are distinctly stated in the license. Mr. Ward was
fortunate enough to secure six examples of the rare Blue
Bird-of-Paradise (Paradisornis rudolphi), which is only to
be obtained far away from the coast in the interior at an
elevation of 6000 feet.
Two very remarkable photographs by Mr. G. E. Low are
among the illustrations of this volume; one is of a running
Apteryx taken in the Dublin Zoo, the other of nesting
Puffins on the Saltee Islands off the coast of Wexford, and
with this we must conclude our necessarily brief notice of a
capital volume.
The Emu.
[The Emu: Official organ of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists’
Union. Vol. xvii. Melbourne. July 1917—April 1918.]
A comparatively new feature of the ‘mn’ is the appear-
ance of a coloured plate as a frontispiece to each number.
In the present volume, Climacteris waitei, recently dis-
covered and described by Capt. S. A. White in central
Australia ; Ephthianura crocea, a rare and little-known
Bush-Chat from north Queensland; Platycercus elegans
fleurieuensis, a new form of the Rosella Parrot from
Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia, described by
Mr. Ashby in the same volume; and Pachycephala penin-
sule, a remarkable Thickhead or Whistler from north
Queensland, are all in this way honoured. In the case
of the second and fourth, Mr. A. 8S. Campbell writes a few
words of explanation.
Mr. Campbell also, in this instance assisted ei Mr..HoGe
Barnard, has contributed an account of the birds ob-
served by them in the Rockingham Bay district of north
Queensland, a rich country ornithologically and containing
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 147
very interesting species; some fine photographs of nests
and eggs illustrate this article, while many protests are
made against some of the new or newly discovered names
applied by Mathews to what Mr. Campbell no doubt
considers to be old friends, though in each case the
Mathewsian as well as the R.A.O.U. Check-list names
are given.
Another important faunal paper, of which three instal-
ments appear in the present volume, is that of Dr. W.
Macgillivray, the President of the R.A.O.U. The first
portion is mainly occupied by an account of the wan-
derings of Mr. M‘Lennan, who was commissioned by
Dr. Macgillivray in 1913 to collect for him in the northern
part of the Cape York Peninsula. In 1915 Dr. Mac-
gillivray himself joined Mr. M‘Lennan, and the results
seem to have been very satisfactory as a considerable
booty was obtained. One of the special objects of the
exploration was to find out about some strange Parrots
reported to exist on the Pascoe river. These turned out to
be new representatives of genera hitherto unrecorded from
Australia—Geoffroyus personatus maclennani and Eclectus
pectoralis macgillivrayi, and have already been reported on
in our pages.
The question of the existence of two races of the Little
Penguin (Hudyptula) on the Australian coasts has always
exercised Australian ornithologists, and Mr. Mathews
apparently has not yet spoken authoritatively on the subject.
Dr. Brooke Nicholls, with the object of throwing further
light on the problem, paid a visit to the Penguin rookery
on Phillip Island on the Victorian coast in March 1917, and
his report is published in the January number. After an
historical introduction on the history of the Penguin from
the time of Vasco da Gama onwards, he gives tables of
measurements and descriptions of the colour of the bills
and feet of the Little Penguin, as well as a detailed account
of the rookeries, illustrated with many photographs. He
comes to the conclusion that all the birds on Phillip Island
must at any rate be referred to one species—Hudyvtula
minor nove-hollandie.
L2
148 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
The White-winged Black Tern (Hydrochelidon leucoptera)
is practically unknown in Australia, and only one or two
somewhat doubtful instances of its occurrence have been
recorded. Recently there has been a remarkable visitation
of this bird to Western Australia, and many thousands
have been observed at various localities along the coast.
Mr. W. B. Alexander, who first noticed the Tern at Easter
time in 1917, and who has collected and published an —
account of what others as well as himself have observed,
states that nearly all the birds were in immature or inter-
mediate plumage, and though a few were seen in the
breeding-dress no specimen was secured.
A pathetic interest attaches to a short note by Col. W.
V. Legge, probably his last contribution to ornithology,
recording the first occurrence of Gypoictinia melanosterna,
the Black-breasted Buzzard, in Tasmania.
List of other Ornithological Publications received.
Fiower, Capt. 8. S., and Nicott, M. J. The Principal Species of
Birds Protected in Egypt. Cairo, 1918.
Parmer, T. S. The American Ornithologists’ Union. (Amer. Mus.
Journ, xvili. 1918, pp. 473-483.)
TaveRNER, P. A, The Hawks of the Canadian Prairie Provinces in
their Relation to Agriculture. (Canada Dept. Mines, Museum Bull.
no. 28, 1918.)
Wuirk, Capt. S. A. Ooldea on the East-West Railway, etc. Adelaide,
1918.
Ann. Rep. Proc. Belfast Field Nat. Club. (Second Series, Vol. vii.
pt. 5, 1918.)
Archivum Melitense. (Vol. iii. no, 5, 1918.)
Bird-Lore. (Vol. xx. no. 5, 1918.)
Bird Notes. (Third Series, Vol. i. nos. 9-10, 1918.)
British Birds. (Vol. xii. nos. 5-7, 1918.)
Condor. (Vol. xx. nos. 4-5, 1918.)
Emu. (Vol. xviii. nos. 1-2, 1918.)
Irish Naturalist. (Vol. xxvii. nos. 8-11, 1918.)
Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. (Vol. xxv. no. 4, 1918.)
Journ. Fed. Malay States Museum. (Vol. vii. no. 4; Vol. viii. no. 2,
1918.)
tev. Francaise d’Orn. (Nos. 110-115, 1918.)
Scottish Naturalist. (Nos. 79-85, 1918.)
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 149
1X.—Letters, Extracts, and Notes.
The Indian Peregrine Falcon.
Deak Sir,—Circumstances have just given me leisure to
assimilate the interesting information in Mr. Stuart Baker’s
valuable accounts of the ‘ Nidification of some Indian
Falconide,” but on p. 225 of ‘The Ibis’ for 1917 occurs a
statement which compels me to address you, as it Pooper
a question which has long worried me.
Here apropos of Falco peregrinus peregrinator Mr. Stuart
Baker writes : “quite common on the N.W. Frontier, the
Himalayas, and their subsidiary hills.’ Judging from the
context it would appear that the words “ N.W. Frontier”
are used in a restricted sense, implying roughly what is
known as the North-West-[Frontier Province and not
generally meaning the whole north-western frontier of the
peninsula, including Baluchistan and a portion of the
Himalayas.
If I am right in supposing that here Mr. Stuart Baker is
referring to the N.W. Frontier Province, I should be very
interested to know if he has any authentic evidence that his
Falcon does breed in that province. I know that Capt. C.
H. T. Whitehead (whose gallant death we in India cannot
sufficiently deplore) wrote (Lbis, 1909, p. 263) from Kohat
that Falco peregrinator, the Shahin, is “a resident and the
commonest of our larger Falcons. Mr. Donald generally
keeps a pair..... There are many eyries scattered through-
out the District.”” On this statement I wrote and joined issue
with Captain Whitehead and asked what evidence he had
that the Falcons in question were Falco peregrinator and
not Falco babylonicus. His reply was to the effect that he
had not killed a specimen, and that he chiefly relied on
information supplied to him by Mr. Donald, who is a most
enthusiastic and successful Falconer; he does not, however,
claim to be a systematic ornithologist. It was further
arranged that on his return to India Captain Whitehead
should obtain some specimens from the eyries and settle the
question definitely. The war, however, intervened.
150 Letters, Hxtracts, and Notes. [Tbis,
In my opinion Palco peregrinator does not breed in the
N.W. Frontier Province, but is replaced there by the Red-
cap Shahin, Falco babylonicus. Unfortunately I have not
been able to obtain the part of ‘ Vogel der palaarktischen
Fauna’ which deals with the Falconide, so use this name
under favour of correction. It should be remembered that
this is the bird which many Indian ornithologists write of
as Falco barbarus.
My evidence so far is not good, but it seems to be better
than the evidence in favour of F. peregrinator.
Hume says (‘ Scrapbook,’ p. 79)—under Falco bahy-
lonicus :—‘ It breeds, I know, in or close to the Peshawar
valley, as well as in Cashmere.” Cashmere is, in my
opinion, the meeting ground of the two races.
Again (loc. cit. p. 84) he says: —‘“* Major Delmé Radcliffe,
our best Indian Falconer, tells me that the back in this
species becomes very pale slaty from age, the red of the
head becomes slightly paler, but the rufous colour of
the breast is maintained, or becomes deeper. Iu some he
has seen the head as red as that of the Torumbee (Litho-
falco chiquera). He found it breeding near Murree.”
From this description there is no doubt that the species
referred to as breeding at Murree was F. babylonicus.
Again, on the same page he quotes Dr. Jerdon as
follows :—-‘‘ This is the common Shahin of the Punjab
Falconers. In the cold weather it visits the plains of
the Punjab, N.W.P. and Oude.”
In this last sentence we have, in my opinion, the key to
the mistake which has been passed along from ornithologist
to ornithologist. Much of our information about the dis-
tribution of the larger Falcons comes directly or indirectly
from Falconers. The native falconer uses, describes, and
talks about a Shahin, and his master, looking up the books
fora name to give a semi-scientific flavour to his account,
finds “The Shahin Falcon, Falco peregrinator,” aud writes
accordingly ; thus much information relating to Falco baby-
lonicus is put down in compilations to Falco peregrinator.
I have in my service at present, and have had from 1913,
Igi9. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 151
a Punjabi Falconer, called Umar Khan, who is a master of
his art, and he and I together devote a lot of attention to
Shahins. Now Umar Khan calls both F. peregrinator and
F. babylonicus the “Shahin”; if pressed for a separate
name for each, he will call the former the “ Black Shahin ”
and the latter the “ Red Sahin” (in vernacular, of course),
but in his mind he clearly thinks no more of them as
separate species than the different types of Kalco peregrinus
that he separates as “ white,” ‘‘ yellow,” and “ red.”
Since 1913 I have owned or seen a large number of
freshly caught or trained Shahins, which have been all
obtained in the Punjab or N.W. Frontier Province ; yet
of these, only one could I refer to Falco peregrinator. “This
was brought to me on 27 November, 1913, at Jhelum,
whence the snow ranges in Kashmir are easily visible on
a fine day, while- the foothills of Jammu are but a short
distance away. It was picked up suffering from a gunshot
wound in the breast. ‘The rest have all been unmistakable
Falco babylonicus. The majority of these have been caught
somewhere towards the foot of the hills in the plains of
Campbellpore district, and Umar Khan (whose home is at
Hayro) treats it as a commonplace that they breed in those
hills, that is, the submontane ranges of the Himalayas from
Murree to Attock and Peshawar; a very beautiful young
Falcon which he brought me one year, he assured me had
been caught practically as a ‘‘brancher.” That they breed
fairly close seems most probable, as these birds are caught
in September and August and sometimes as early as July.
Possibly some day I may be posted to the extreme north
of the Punjab and be able to settle the question, but in the
meantime I must reiterate my opinion that the breeding
Faleon of the N.W. Frontier Province is Falco babylonicus
aud not F, peregrinator, but shall be very glad to receive
any proofs to the contrary.
Yours truly,
Huecu Wuistier, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S.
Jhang, Punjab. (Indian Police.)
19 September, 1918.
152 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. | Ibis,
Dear Srr,—Mr. Hugh Whistler has made some very
interesting remarks on a recent little article of mine on the
*‘ Nidification of the Indian Peregrines” (Ibis, 1917, p. 224).
Mr. Whistler, I am afraid with some justice, calls atten-
tion to my rather loose use of the term ‘ North-West
Frontier,” for which I should have substituted “ North
and North-West India.” At the same time, although on
p. 225 I quote many observers as having “declared that it _
bred in some numbers on the North-West Frontier,” I give
no further details, and in the previous paragraph it will be
noticed I remark “‘ Peregrines of some kind.”
To be exact, all one can say from what has been already
recorded, is that a Peregrine “of some kind” does un-
doubtedly breed on the extreme N.W, Frontier from
Baluchistan to Chitral, and perhaps even farther north
and east. This race is almost certainly Falco peregrinus
babylonicus, but where it meets, as a breeding bird, F. p.
peregrinator there is, as yet, not much evidence.
The only breeding birds I have seen from Kashmir have
been of the latter form, and this certainly breeds as far
north-west as Gilgit, though one female sent to me thence
for identification was to some extent intermediate.
Subspecies, of course, are difficult to determine in the
areas where they link up, and I should think that
Mr. Whistler is probably correct in considering north
and western Kashmir as the country in which the two
forms are indeterminate, and that west of this only
babylonicus is to be found. In the cold weather either
form may be found almost anywhere in India, but naturally
more babylonicus will be found in the north-west, more
peregrinator in west and central India, and only this latter
in the eastern province.
But there is yet another subspecies which visits India in
the winter, and this is Latham’s F. p. calidus, which breeds
in the Kirgis Steppes and western Siberia and which is not
easy to distinguish from /. p. peregrinus. This form seems
(vide Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, n. p. 1047) to have an
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 153
enormous winter range and may be found in any portion
of the Indian Empire.
It will be most interesting if Mr. Whistler can obtain
some nesting birds, but I think there can be no doubt that
any obtained on the Baluchistan and Afghanistan borders
will be dabylonicus. Farther east the matter is perhaps
open to doubt, aud evidence is required to decide how far
this bird breeds.
Yours truly,
Upper Norwood, KE. C. Stuart Baker.
22 November, 1918.
Mr. Harting and modern Nomenclature.
Dear Sir,—I am surprised that Mr. Meade-Waldo
regards my letter as gratuitously insulting, and can only
infer that he has not read Mr. Harting’s letters in ‘ The
Ibis’ and the ‘ Field’? from 1913 onwards. I merely wished
to point out that beyond the fact that Mr. Harting has
been a member of the Union for so many years, he has no
claim to dictate the policy of the Union in matters of
nomenclature. In order to support this view IL have quoted
certain statements from iis published works, only one of
which I believe Mr. Harting admits to be erroneous.
Readers of ‘The Ibis’ can draw their own conclusions on
these points, but I regard the quotation from an author’s
works as fair material for criticism.
In ‘The Ibis, 1918, p. 336, Mr. Harting complains of
the use of the name /vobrychus on the ground that it is
not to be found in Waterhouse’s ‘ Index Geuerum Avium,’
Is he aware that since 1889 Mr. C. W. Richmond has
shown that over 500 generic names were omitted in that
excellent pioneer work ?
That Mr. Harting has done munch useful work, especially
on the ‘“ antiquarian” side of ornithology, I should be the
last to deny, and I am glad to say that I thoroughly
agree with what was written by him in 1872 on rules of
nomenclature. “Once admitting the propriety of such
154 . Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
rules, the sooner they are carried into effect the better, for
although it may be repugnant to the feelings of some to
discard names with which they have become familiar, they
should remember that these names may not be so familiar
to others, and the only names which should really be so to
all, are those which can be upheld on fixed principles by
such rules as those above mentioned.”
Yours truly,
Appleton Rectory, IF, C. R. Jourpain.
Near Abingdon, Berks.
22 November, 1918.
[No more letters on this matter can be accepted.—Ep. |
Fourth Oological Dinner.
The fourth Oological Dinner was held at Pagani’s Res-
taurant on Tuesday, 10 September, 1918, and was well
attended in spite of war conditions, over thirty being
present. Lord Rothschild was in the Chair, and the main
subject selected for illustration was the range of variation
in Limicoline eggs.
The Secretary (the Rev. F. C. R. Jourparn) read a short
paper on “ Subspecific distinctions in Eggs,” in which he
pointed out that while eggs of allied species and even genera
are sometimes indistinguishable, there are numerous cases
in which the eggs of subspecies show constant differences.
As there are only a few-cases in which more than one race
of the same species breeds within the British Isles, this
fact does not come prominently before the collector of
British Birds’ eggs, but it has long been known that the
eggs of the St. Kilda Wren (Troglodytes t. hirtensis) differed
constantly from those of the Common Wren (Troglodytes t.
troglodytes). Another case which has not been previously
noticed, is that of the British race of the Song-Thrush
(Turdus philomelus clarkei), the eggs of which average larger
thau those of its Continental representative (J. p. philo-
melus). ‘This was illustrated by a series of eggs taken in
19109. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 155
France, Finland, and. Roumania, not selected in any way,
but all considerably below the average size of British eggs.
A series of eggs of Charadrius dubius curonicus from such
widely-separated localities as France, Spain, Germany,
Central Asia, and Japan, showed little variation, but the
eges of C. dubius jerdoni from southern India, of which
Mr. Stuart Baker showed a series, were remarkably different
in size and type of markings. Another instance is that of
the Mediterranean form of Puffinus kuhli, which lays a much
smaller egg than the Atlantic race of the same species. The
above instances are purposely chosen from birds on the
British list, but might be indefinitely extended, and the
speaker appealed for a closer study of the eggs of the various
races of birds, urging that constant distinctions in the eggs
were of as great importance as differences in shades of
colouring in the adult.
Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker exhibited some eggs of Tringa
guttifer, Armstrong’s Sandpiper, and made the following
remarks :—
“The eggs which I am exhibiting to-night are, I believe,
the first and only eggs ever taken of this rare Wader. The
two clutches each of four eggs have been in my possession
ever since 1911, when they were most generously given to me
by Captain Stein, I.M.S., together with the rest of his most
interesting collection of Tibetan eggs. In a letter accom-
panying them, Captain Stein said that they were the eggs
of a small kind of Greenshank, with yellowish legs, which
appeared to breed in company with Redshanks in the
marshy land surrounding the Rhamtso Lake, between 16,000
and 14,000 feet elevation. ‘The true Redshank bred there
in some numbers, but this bird was rather larger and could
be distinguished at a glance by its having yellow-green
instead of red legs. Major F. M. Bailey does not appear
to have noticed this Sandpiper, but observes that the
Greenshank does not breed in Tibet though it passes
through in some numbers on migration.
Although it seemed almost certain that the eggs were
156 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Lbis,
those of Armstrong’s Sandpiper, tlere was no real evidence
to prove it, and the eggs were put on one side marked
unknown. For several years one British Trade Officer after
another did their best to get more eggs for me together
with skins of the birds themselves, but all without result,
though more than one confirmed the fact that Yellow-
shanks, as they named them, did sometimes breed on the
highest marshes, though the majority merely passed through
on the way to their still unknown breeding-grounds.
At last, in March this year, I received from Mr. D.
Macdonald a single egg together with the remains of the
parent bird, which had been taken on the Rhamtso Marshes
on 29 May, 1917. Although only the legs, wings, and a
portion of the back, head and beak were left and the whole
constituted only a very evil-smelling remnant, it was quite
sufficient for identification, and a perfectly authenticated
egg of Armstrong’s Sandpiper had been obtained. This
year I have had another single egg sent me by the same
gentleman, taken at the same place on 5 June, 1918.
With these two well-authenticated eggs in my possession
for comparison and the fact that there is no doubt that the
eggs previously received had been laid by a bird of some
sort with yellowish-green legs, I think we may accept them
as good eggs of this T’ringa.
Except that they average larger than the average Red-
shank’s, I do not think they could possibly be discriminated
from those of that bird.
The eggs measure as follows :—
Clutch No. 1 F, taken 16.v.1910, Rhamtso Lake, about
14,000 feet elevation: 47:°6x383°0; 48:°0x32°2 ; ~
47°5 X 81°43 47°38 x 31°6 mm.
Clutch No. 1 E, taken same date and place, but on lower
marsh, about 13,700 feet : 45°9x 31:4; 46°7 x 81:9;
46°1 x 31°65 43°2 x 31:0 mm.
A single egg, taken same place, 3.vi.1909: 47°7x
32°7 mm.
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 57.
A single egg, taken 29.v.17, same place, and sent me
with skin : 46°3 x 34°] mm.
A single egg, taken 5. vi. 18, from same place: 45°8 x
33°] mm.”
In my second exhibit I show what I believe to be
an authentic egg of the Large Sand-Plover (Afgialitis
geoffroyt).
This egg I obtained from Colonel R. H. Rattray, who in
turn got it from a Captain Wilson. It was one of a clutch
of four eggs, three of which most unfortunately got broken;
the parent bird was shot off the nest and sent with the one
unbroken egg to Colonel Rattray. The remains of the very
ragged skin were at first identified as the Small Sand-Plover
(Aigialitis mongolica), but the size of the wing, just under
6 inches, showed it to be a specimen of the Large.
The egg is the usual Afgialitis shape and texture, though
perhaps less pyriform than most, but in colour it is so
completely sui generis that it may prove to be somewhat
aberrant. The ground-colour is a pale grey stone-colour
with a distinct olive tinge, and the markings consist of
specks, irregular blotches, and scriggly marks (hardly lines)
of dull sandy-brown and earth-brown. Under these are a
few similar marks of pale lavender and neutral tint. One
can hardly imagine a less conspicuous egg if lying in its
nest on dirty sand.
It measures 33°1 x 23°5 mm.
It was taken in June, the early part of the month, close
to Lake Tso Morari in Ladak.
In my third box I show another egg which I believe to be
unique. This is an egg of the Masked Finfoot (//eliopais
personata). This egg is perhaps not altogether beyond doubt,
_so I give its history as told me by Dr. M. Gregerson, who
gave it to me with the skin of tle parent bird :—
It was taken by Dr. Gregerson and Mr. B. Nuttall when
on a shooting trip in the uninhabited, almost unknown,
swamps which stretch along the foot-hills of Assam and
158 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
between them and the Brahmapootra. These swamps are
practically never traversed except by elephant-catchers and
a few of the Hill tribesmen who come down to hunt for
rubber and other forest produce. The waterways stretch
for endless weary miles through forest, swamp, and jungle
of the wildest description, now gorgeous green virgin forest,
then impenetrable cane-brake, and again every now and then
wide reaches of water overgrown with every conceivable
kind of reed, grass, and water-plant.
Messrs. Gregerson and Nuttall were in a dugout, poling
along one of these waterways, when they suddenly came
round a sharp corner and emerged into one of these open
parts. As they did so a bird slid off what appeared to be a
small pile of dead rubbish just in front of them, diving at
once, but reappearing at a little distance, when it was at once
shot, proving to bea male Finfoot. After the bird had been
recovered the “ pile of weeds and rubbish” was inspected
and found to be a nest containing the present egg.
The egg is a dull yellow stone-colour very faintly marked
with a few spots and blotches of neutral tint. The texture
is hard, close, and fine, and the surface smooth but with a
few small pimples on it.
It measures 44°2 x 30°5 mm., and in shape is a regular
but blunt oval.
It was taken on 24 July, 1904.
I also show a box containing fourteen clutches of eggs
of Calandrella brachydactyla longipennis, the Tibetan, or
Brooks’ Short-toed Lark. There are four clutches contain-
ing four eggs, six containing three, and four two eggs each
in this series, but, as a matter of actual fact, the number
of eggs met with in a clutch is most often only two, some-
times three, and very rarely four. I have now seen about
forty clutches of which seven have contained four, and
have records of about fifteen other clutches none of which
had more than three. It will be noticed that in the series
exhibited the extreme in each type of coloration is shown
in clutches consisting of but two eggs, and the next most
noticeable point is that in several clutches the eggs vary
19109. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 159
greatly in character and look almost as if laid by different
birds, although I have no reason to believe this to be
the case.
The average size of sixty eggs is 21*1 x 14°7 ; the longest
ege is 22°6x 14-4; the broadest 21°6 x 15°6; the shortest
19°4x 14°6 ; and the most narrow 20°5 x 13:9 mm.
Mr. Percy F. Bunyarpv exhibited the following eggs
from his collection :—
Stone-Curlew (G’dicnemus adicnemus). A series showing
extreme and modified forms, also one clutch from Suffolk
with greenish ground.
Cream-coloured Courser (Cursorius gallicus), An ex-
tremely beautiful and well represented series, all from
Fuerteventura. ;
American Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicus). A typical
clutch of four from Point Barrow, Alaska.
Golden Plover (Charadrius apricarius). An exceptionally
fine series, showing three distinct ground-colours—green,
cream, and reddish-brown—some of which were remarkably
heavily pigmented ; included in the series were also three
clutches taken by the exhibitor in the Faeroes.
Kentish Plover (’gialitis alexandrina). A well represented
series from Kent, Channel Islands, and Holstein; among
them were four exceptionally fine clutches of the scrolled or
veined form, also a clutch of four.
Lesser Ringed Plover (Agialitis dubia). Five clutches of
four and one of five, all very typical.
Ringed Plover (Atyialitis hiaticula). A serics showing
great variation both in ground-colour and markings ; some
were heavily and others finely marked.
Dotterel (Hudromias morinellus). Two clutches from
Scotland and seven from the Continent showing great
variation.
Sociable Plover (Chettusia gregaria). Two clutches of
four from the Crimean Heights.
Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). A carefully selected series
showing types and varieties; also the cyanic form, and
160 Letiers, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
two remarkably fine erythristic eggs with very bright red
ground.
Turnstone (Arenaria interpres). These exceptionally
beautiful eggs were well represented by extreme, modified
forms, and varieties.
Oyster-cateher (Hematopus ostralegus). A series showing
the scrolled or veined and heavily blotched forms; also
type clutches, one from the Faeroes and one from Kent.
See Ticehurst, ‘ History of the Birds of Kent,’ p. 435.
Corn-Bunting (Emberiza calandra). A clutch of four
from Suffolk, with creamy white ground, and large con-
spicuons underlying markings showing through purplish
grey.
British Song-Thrush (7. m. clarket) x Blackbird ( 7. merula).
A clutch of three eggs from a Blackbird paired with a Thrush,
taken at Bexley Heath, Kent, by Mr. William A. Carter.
Mr. Bunyard read the following communication from the
taker :—‘‘ These eggs I took in the hedge at the bottom of
my garden. I watched the whole process. A hen Blackbird
built the nest and covered the eggs, but I never saw the
eock Blackbird. On the other hand, a cock Thrush was
always in the neighbourhood ; the two birds were often
together, and the Thrush used to sing while the Blackbird
was covering the eggs. When I had assured myself that
she would only lay the three eggs—this was also in June
1912—I took them; she had covered the three for nearly
a week, but there was no sign of incubation and the con-
tents of the egg almost entirely consisted of albumen.
There were traces of yolk, but very slight, so I suppose
they would never have hatched.”
Mr. Bunyard then made the following remarks :—“T
believe this to be the only really authenticated clutch
known, the eggs bear characteristics of both species, the
formation and the arrangements of the markings are those
of the Thrush, and the colour that of the Blackbird—these
are very distinctive in appearance.” .
Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Seven eggs from Surrey all
from the same bird, all with eggs of the Whitethroat
19109. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 16]
(Sylvia communis). Four of these were exhibited at the
Second Oological Dinner in 1916 (‘ Ibis,’ 1917, p. 126) ;
two were taken in 1917, and one in 1916. For further
particulars of these remarkable eggs, which were all taken
by the exhibitor, see ‘ British Birds,’ vol. xii. p, 92.
Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Two eggs with those of the
Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio), taken by the exhibitor
this year in Surrey (see ‘ British Birds,’ vol. xii. p. 115).
Razorbill (Alcea torda). A very remarkable egg with a
broad richly-pigmented band of brownish black on a creamy-
white ground; at its broadest part the band measures
33 mm. One showing a yellowish ground with a few
surface-markings of reddish brown, and large conspicuous
‘underlying markings showing through greyish black—a rare
variety. One with pinkish ground with vemed markings
of rich brown ; the underlying markings are conspicuous
and also veined: a very beautiful egg.
Common Guillemot (Uria troille). One with distinctly
grev ground, surface-markings with black underlying marks
showing through various shades of grey; one richly pig-
mented all over black-brown, with darker markings of the
same colour; one with pale greenish-blue ground heavily
veined olive-brown.
The Rev. F. C. R. Jourpain exhibited, in addition to the
series of Charadrius dubius and Turdus philomelus referred
to above, two sets of blue eggs of the Nightingale, Luscinia
megarhyncha. The first was taken in Kent by Colonel
Rattray in 1908 and were exhibited at the British Orni-
thologists’ Club in 1916; while the second clutch of very
similar colouring, but smaller in size, was taken in Stafford-
shire during the past season. All four eggs in the latter set
proved infertile.
Mr. Jourdain also exhibited on behalf of Dr. W. Eagle
Clarke a very large egg of the Guillemot, taken at Barra
Head in 1918, and measuring 98°8 x 58°0 mm.
A very finely-marked Guillemot egg from the Treshnish
Isles, Inner Hebrides, taken by Mr. O. A. J. Lee, and one of
SER. XI.— VOL, I. M
162
Letters, Extracts, and Notes.
[ Ibis,
the finest eggs of the Black Guillemot ever shown, taken on
Fair Isiand, were also sent for exhibition by Dr. K
Heels Clarke.
Lord Roruscuitp exhibited the following eggs from the
Tring Museum :—
Hematopus ostralegus.
= palliatus.
Qidienemus cedicnemus cedicnemus.
Vanellus vanellus.
Squatarola squatarola.
Charadrius hiaticula.
5 dubius curonicus.
5 ruficapillus.
a pallidus.
5 tricollaris.
c melanops.
A sancta-helene.
¥ peroni.
Thinornis noveseclaniia.
Recurvirostia avosetta.
Numenius borealis.
collected by McFarlane.
9 varieties.
3 eggs,
4 varieties.
28 varieties.
1 clutch, Lower Petshora.
4 varieties.
6 varieties.
3 eggs, Queensland.
2 eggs, Gaboon.
1 egg, South Africa.
1 clutch, Queensland.
2 eggs, St. Helena
2 eges, Mengalum I., nr. Borneo.
3 eggs, Chatham Islands.
2 varieties.
1 clutch, Lower Anderson River,
This Curlew, the Eskimo Curlew, is
now nearly extinct, but has still been observed in 1915 and a
single specimen shot in 1915.
Numenius arquata arquata.
Tringa totanus totanus.
Limicola falcinellus | falemellus.
Gallinago gallinago,
Scolopax rusticola rusticola.
Philoheia minor.
Cenocorypha aucklandica tristramt.
- . pusilla.
Thinocorus orbignyanus.
Chionis minor.
» erozettensis,
Anarhynchus frontalis.
1 variety.
10 varieties.
8 varieties.
10 varieties.
5 varieties.
1 clutch.
1 ege, Antipodes Island.
1 clutch, Chatham Islands.
4 eggs, Bolivia.
2 eves, South Orkney Islands.
Y egos, Crozet Islands.
le
exey
ege, New Zealand.
Mr. Rosert H. Reap exhibited a series of nests and eggs
of Waders,
few of which have been found nesting in the
British Isles, and nearly all taken by himself.
From Norway.—Two nests and eggs of the Broad-billed
Sandpiper (Limicola falcinellus), taken ou the margins of
1919. | Letters, Eatracts, and Notes. 163
marshy pools in the Dovrefjeld, one amongst wet sphagnum
and the other amongst coarse grasses just sprouting up on
the muddy edge of the pool.
Nest and eggs of the Wood-Sandpiper (Tringa glareola)
in a tussock on a dry part of the same marsh as the two
foregoing were found.
Nest and eggs of the Great Snipe (Gallinago media) from
the Romsdal Valley, taken by Dr. Cuthbert Christy on the
dry sloping side of a hill.
From Sweden.—Nests and eggs of the Little Ringed
Plover (Charadrius dubius curonicus) and Common Sand-
piper (Tringa hypoleuca), the latter being unusually large
pale eggs with small spots, much resembling eggs of the
Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus). Both nests were on
the same small island in a lake, the former on the shingly
sand and the latter amongst heather.
From Denmark.—Nests and eggs of the Avocet (Recurvi-
rostra avosetta), very exposed on short wiry sea-grass, and
nest and eggs of the Reeve (Machetes pugnax) well con-
cealed in long marsh-grass. Also one of a set of two eggs of
the latter species, pale blue, aud sparsely marked with a few
minute black and brown dots.
From Spain.—Nest and eggs of the Pratincole (Glareola
pratincola) amongst samphire on the dried-up marisma, and
eggs of the Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) from the shallow
waters of the marisma. Whilst photographing the latter
Mr. Read was fortunate enough to get a good view of the
famous wild camels of the marisma galloping away in the
distance, the herd numbering some sixteen or eighteen head,
From Scotland.—Nest and three small eggs of the
Common Sandpiper (Tringa hypoleuca). The average
weight of these was less than half that of the eggs from
Sweden above mentioned. Also a set of five fine eggs,
without nest, of the Golden Plover (Charadrius apricarius).
Mr. Read also exhibited sets of small eges of the Golden
Plover and Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) and other abnormal
eggs of Lapwing, Oyster-catcher (Hematopus ostralegus),
164 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
Curlew (Numenius arquata), and Woodcock (Scolopax rusti-
cola).
Major C. Smeep exhibited a clutch of eggs of Cream-
coloured Courser (Cursorius gallicus), taken by himself in
the Canary Isles in 1914. Also a remarkable set of 5 eggs
of the Yellow Bunting (Emberiza citrinella) closely resem-
bling those of the Corn Bunting (. calandra), but from
which the hen was identified by Lieut. J. S. Dyson, R.A.:
also a set of 10 eggs of Little Grebe (Podiceps ruficollis)
taken in 1918: a set of 5 pale biue eggs of Chaffinch
(Fringilla celebs) and one of 4, abnormally large: and a set
of 4 Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) with green zone round
big end of the egg.
Mr. P. B.Smyru showed a fine series of eggs of the Marsh-
Warbler (Acrocephalus palustris), taken by himself in 1918
and showing a wonderful range of variation. This is the
more remarkable, for as a rule the eggs of this species are
not very variable. ‘Two very pale sets from the same bird
were especially noticeable.
Dr. J. WieLeswortH showed a very handsomely blotched
clutch of eggs of the Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula)
from the Orkneys.
The proposed ‘ Systema Avium.’
The Committee of the B.O.U. has recently appointed a
special committee to formulate plans for the preparation
and publication, in conjunction with the American Orni-
thologists’ Union, of a new list of the Birds of the World.
As the matter will be submitted to the members of the
Union at the Annual General Meeting, the Committee wish
to let those who will not be able to be present, know what
they are proposing to do.
As all working ornithologists are aware, the subject of
nomenclature is a very difficult one, and even if the laws
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 165
of priority, as laid down under the rules of the International
Zoological Congress, are strictly adhered to, there are many
points, as, for instance, the limits of genera, and the amount
of differentiation sufficient for the recognition of subspecies,
which must always remain to a great extent a matter of
individual opinion. The Committee believes that, if it is
possible by the joint efforts of a body of English-speaking
ornithologists to produce an authoritative list of the birds
of the world, it would be of great use, especially to those
whose interest in ornithology is with field-work or anatomy,
and, furthermore, that it would tend greatly to stabilize our
nomenclature.
The special committee appointed to take this matter into
consideration is as follows :—Messrs. E. C. Stuart Baker,
C. Chubb, W. Eagle Clarke, E. Hartert, T. Iredale, G. M.
Mathews, Lord Rothschild, and W. I. Sclater. This com-
mittee has met several times and has communicated its
plans to the Secretary of the A.O.U. They hope shortly
to have a reply from the Council of that body, and if, as
they hope, this is in favour of the project, they propose,
with the co-operation of the Royal Australian Orni-
thologists’ Union and that of other societies in English-
speaking countries who may be interested in the matter, to
carry out a scheme to this effect.
It is proposed to issue a series of six volumes, under the
title of ‘Systema Avium,’ each dealing with one of the zoo-
geographical regions—7. e., Palzearctic, Indian, Ethiopian,
Australian, Nearctic, and Neotropical.
For each volume a responsible editor will be appointed,
but it is to be understood that the whole work should be
subject to the revision of the Committee and that the
arrangement and classification of each volume should be on
the same lines, and that such generic and specific names as
appear in any two or more volumes should be the same, so
that complete uniformity might be secured.
Each list is to be drawn up somewhat on the lines of the
recently published B.O.U. List of British Birds, but no
SER. XI.—VOL. I. N
166 Letters, Extracts, and Notes, [Ibis, 1919.
very definite plans can be formed, or decision taken, until
the Committee hear whether the A. OQ. U. will co-operate
with us m the matter,
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X.—Some Notes on Hieraaétus ayresi Gurney Sen. (Lopho-
triorchis lucani Sharpe et auctorum). By C. G. Frinca-
Davies, Lt, Ist S.A.M.R., M.B.O.U.
(Plate III.)
In writing these notes on this handsome little Hawk-Hagle,
I do so with the idea, firstly, of doing something towards
reducing to order the confusion that has occurred in the
past between this species and Hieraaétus spilogaster Du Bus.
Secondly, in the hope that ornithologists at home, who have
better opportunities and more material to work on than
myself, may be able to add still further to our knowledge,
and clear up any obscure points. Thirdly, to place on
record the occurrence of this species in South Africa.
All my life I have been particularly interested in the
‘“‘ Birds of Prey,” and during the last ten years have devoted
especial attention to the South African species and have
filled numerous sketch-books with paintings of them in
various stages of plumage, and as a result of this and the
examination of a large number of specimens, I have got to
know the various species fairly well,
In February 1909, while stationed in eastern Pondoland,
I received from a friend, who unfortunately was not very
good at skinning, a somewhat mangled skin of a small
SER. XI.—VOL. I. )
168 Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on [ Ibis,
Hawk-Eagle, which I identified at the time as a small male
of Hieraaétus spilogaster, although with a considerable
amount of doubt, as it did not agree very well with NSclater’s
description of that species (Fauna of South Africa, Birds, 111.
p- 299), and was, moreover, much smaller in every way than
the dimensions given, and in fact much smaller than an
adult female H. pennatus which I had shot a few days
previously. I was, however, more satisfied when, a year or so
after, I saw in the South African Museum at Cape Town, a
very similar but rather larger specimen labelled H. spilogaster.
In the meantime I had become fairly well acquainted with
the true H. spilogaster, and as I never again met with a
specimen agreeing either in size or colouring with the
Pondoland or Cape Museum specimen, I began to think that
either H. spilogaster was very variable in plumage or else
there must be another species occurring in South Africa
which had been confused with it. So when in Cape Town
in 1915 I tcok the opportunity of re-examining the specimen
in the Museum, and preparing a painting of it; I sent the
painting and a description to Mr. Austin Roberts of the
Pretoria Museum, and asked him if he could put me right.
Mr. Roberts very kindly went into the subject for me, and
pointed out that there was no doubt that the Cape Town
specimen, and probably my Pondoland specimen also (which
unfortunately I had not kept) belonged to Lophotriorchis
lucani Sharpe, and also drew my attention to the fact that
L, lucani and H. spilogaster had been confused by Erlanger,
who, in the J.f.0. 1904, had figured the former as
H. spilogaster and the latter as H. fasciatus minor. On
examining these plates I saw at once that the Cape Town
bird agreed fairly well with the lower figure in Erlanger’s
plate of H. spilogaster.
I now realized that here was the solution of my difficulties,
and, on thinking the matter over, decided to send descriptions
of L. lucani to the various museums in South Africa with a
view to finding out whether there are other specimens.
The result was most gratifying, as I found that every one
of the following museums, viz. South African Museum in
1919. | _ _Hieraaétus ayresi. | 169
Cape Town, Port Elizabeth Museum, Albany Museum in
Grahamstown, Natal Museum in Pietermaritzburg, and
Durban Museum, had specimens of ZL. lweani, and the
Directors of these museums were most courteous in sending
the details, and in several cases specimens for examination.
I give details of these specimens below :—
South African Museum, Cape Town.—One specimen, adult,
and presumably a female. Wing 16 inches. Collected at
Feira on the Zambezi by Dr. Stoehr, 26. ii. 1904.
Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.—One specimen, adult female.
Wing 16 inches. Collected by Mr. C. H. Taylor at
Indhlovodwalile in Swaziland, 25. vii:06. I have examined
this specimen, which appears to be abnormal in more ways
than one. In colouring it appears to be melanistic, the
whole plumage being dark, especially on the underparts,
where the black markings predominate to such an extent
that the colour appears almost entirely black, varied with
white spots. So dark is the bird that it was originally
labelled Lophoaétus occipitalis. The dark bars on the tail
are somewhat distorted. The centre claw of each foot is
deformed, on one foot a mere vestige, on the other turned
up the wrong way; it does not look as if this had been
caused by a trap.
Albany Museum, Grahamstown.—One specimen, female
juv. Wing 16} inches. Collected in the Grahamstown
district. I have examined this specimen.
Port Elizabeth Museum.—One specimen, female juv.
Wing 16 inches; plumage somewhat worn. Shot in Port
Klizabeth district. I have examined this specimen.
The Director in writing of this specimen notes; “in size
it agrees with H. pennatus, but the toes are nearly twice as
large.”
Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg. — From descriptions
sent me by the Director, there would appear to be about
six specimens in the Museum collected in various parts of
Natal. Wing-measurements varying from 164 to 15 inches.
02
170 Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on [ Ibis,
Of two of these I have had photographs sent me; both are
undoubtedly referable to this species. One is a young bird,
the other moulting into adult plumage.
Durban Museum, Durban.—One specimen, apparently an
adult female. I have not seen this specimen, but the
Director, Mr. E. C. Chubb, writes to me as follows: “ We
possess a mounted specimen of a Hieraaétus which has long
puzzled me, the wing-measurement is 17? inches. The:
colour above is brownish black, most of the feathers tipped
with white, including the nape, scapulars, coverts, secondaries,
and upper tail-coverts. Most of the feathers have indistinct
greyish bands about the middle of their length, and are white
near the base. Head very dark brown, some of the feathers
very slightly tipped with white, a crest about 14 inches long.
Tail 84 inches. Feathers of tail dark brown with about
four pearl-grey bands and tipped with white. Cheeks
black ; throat, under surface of body, under tail- and wing-
coverts white, densely spotted with black.”
The wing-measurement given above seems very large ;
perhaps there is some error, but the colouring, especially of
the cheeks and under surface, and the crest leave no doubt
in my mind as to the species.
I will now discuss the question as to what name this
species must bear in the future. I will first take the generic
name. The genus Lophotriorchis was proposed by the late
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in the first volume of the Catalogue
of Birds for the reception of two species of Crested Hawk-
Eagle (L. isidori and L. kieneri), and when later he described
the present species, he referred it to the same genus. Ihave
no knowledge of the two above-mentioned exotic species,
but after a careful examination of several examples of the
present species, it seems to me that it is congeneric with the
species usually referred to the genus Hieraaétus, such as
pennatus, fasciatus, spilogaster, ete. Certainly it has a short
crest, but so also have H. morphnoides of Australia and
H. wahlbergi of Africa (if the latter can be referred to this
1919. | Hieraaétus ayresi. 171
genus, which is doubtful). So that in my opinion this
species should be placed in the genus Hieraaétus.
Now as to the specific name. As is well known to most
ornithologists who have studied African birds, the Hawk-
Eagle described by the late J. H. Gurney (Lbis, 1862, p. 149,
pl. iv.) as Spizaétus ayresii, has usually been referred to as
the young of H. spilogaster. Now this description and plate
have always puzzled me, until lately, as since I had got to
know spilogaster in all stages of plumage, I had never seen
a specimen quite agreeing with either description or plate,
especially as I had never met with a specimen with a crest.
As soon as Mr. Roberts put me right regarding L. lucani,
as above mentioned, it struck me at once that here, very
likely, was the solution of my doubts about Gurney’s
S. ayresi, and I became almost sure that S. ayresi Gurney
would prove to be the young of L. ducant Sharpe. I was all
the more inclined to this belief when I noticed in the late
Mr. Gurney’s “ List of the Diurnal Birds of Prey, etc.”
p- 52, a footnote referring to H. spilogaster, in which the
following occurs: “The immature specimen figured under
the incorrect appellation of Spizaétus ayresi in the ‘Ibis’ for
1862 is one of those in the Norwich Museum. The type-
specimen of Lophotriorchis lucant of Sharpe and Bouvier,
which is preserved in the British Museum, also seems to me
to be a young N. spilogaster” (the italics are mine), from
which it appeared to me that Mr. Gurney had noticed that
his S. ayrest and Sharpe’s lucani were identical.
However, my doubts were quite set at rest when I received
a young specimen of Z. lucani from Grahamstown, now
in the Albany Museum, which agreed perfectly with both
Gurney’s description and plate. And therefore, as Gurney’s
name has considerable priority over that of Sharpe and
Bouvier, I have great pleasure in restoring it to this hand-
some little Eagle, especially as the late Mr. J. H. Gurney, as
well as being one of the original members of our Union,
was our best authority on the birds of prey, and Mr. Tom
Ayres, after whom this Eagle was named, was one of our
172 Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on [This,
oldest and best South African field ornithologists. There-
fore this Hawk-Eagle must in future be known as
Hieraaétus ayresi Gurney. Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle.
ed gl OE)
Description. Adult female. Feira, Zambezi, 26. ii. 1904.
Head, including erest 12 inches long, and cheeks black,
the bases of all the feathers white, a few white streaks on
the cheeks next the throat, the black of the head gradually
fading into dark sepia-brown on the mantle. The earliest
scapulars white, forming a shoulder-patch, as in H. pennatus.
The rest of the scapulars dark brown, with more or less
concealed brownish-grey spots or bars towards the base, the
extreme bases white. Primaries black at tips, hoary grey
on outer web towards base, inner webs white barred with
brownish black. Secondaries greyish brown, barred with
brownish black, and with whitish tips; wing-coverts dark
brown tipped with whitish, the greater series showing
greyish bars. Under surface of wings white, spotted with
black. Throat and whole under surface of body white heavily
marked with brownish black, more in the form of streaks on
the throat and in the shape of spade-shaped markings and
bars on the sides of the breast and flanks. The thighs the
same but the markings browner. Thetarsistreaked. Under
tail-coverts white with subterminal bar of dark brown, and
a second bar of the same colour about halfway towards base.
Upper tail-coverts dark brown, with whitish bars at tips.
Tail grey, tipped with white, and with a broad subterminal
bar and four narrower bars of brownish black.
Bill blue-grey tipped with black; cere and feet yellow;
irides yellow.
Length 22 inches, wing 16, tail 9, culmen 1, tarsus 2?.
Gurney’s original description of S. ayrest describes a
young bird perfectly.
I will now try to point out the characters by which this
species can be distinguished from H. spilogaster, but before
doing so [ would like to mention that, although I have only
been able so far to examine five specimens of H. ayresi,
Moises OM areas loll
EWE RAACE T Wise A YR Sl
VITTY & SEABORNE
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19109. | Hieraaétus ayresi. 173
three adults and two young, I have seen numerous specimens
of H. spilogaster in all stages of plumage, living, dead, and
skins. f
In the first place, H. ayresi has a distinct crest 1} to
1? inches in length, but in mounted specimens and skins
this is not always apparent unless looked for. H. spilogaster
never has a crest, although, like many birds of prey, when
angry or excited, it sometimes raises the feathers of the
nape, giving a slightly crested appearance. ‘Therefore,
I venture to say, that all Hawk-Kagles that have so far
been identified as H. spilogaster, if they have a erest will
be found to be referable to H. ayresi.
Secondly, the question of size: H. ayresi is a smaller bird
than H. spilogaster, but | am not quite sure whether it is a
question of wing-measurement alone, as it has seemed to
me that H. ayrest has a longer wing, in proportion to its size,
but I have been handicapped in this matter by the fact that
some of the specimens | have exainined have apparently been
wrongly sexed, as all have had approximately the same wing-
measurement, z.e. 16 inches. I think we may safely say
that the male of HZ. spilogaster and the female of H. ayresi are
about the same size. It seems to me, however, that H. ayresi
is a rather differently proportioned bird to H. spilogaster,
having a longer tail and shorter legs than the latter, and
more like H. pennatus in general appearance. Other dif-
ferences that have struck me I give in the following parallei
columns :—
Adults.
H, ayresi, | HH. spilogaster.
General colour above dark sepia- | General colour above black or
brown; head black, feathers of brownish black. The head the
scapulars and greater wing-coverts | same colour as rest of upper sur-
face, conspicuously varied on sca-
pulars and wing-coverts, with
extreme bases white. Many of | white bars and mottling towards
these feathers tipped with whitish | bases of feathers. These feathers
in fresh plumage. never tipped with whitish.
Ear-coverts and cheeks black, Kar-coverts and cheeks white,
very slightly streaked with white | streaked with black.
with more or less concealed spots
or bars of brownish grey, only
next throat.
174
HT, ayresi.
General colour of under surface
white, heavily marked with black
in the form of spade-shaped spots
and bars, including thighs; the
tarsi streaked.
Lieut C. G. Finch+Davies on
[Ibis,
H. spilogaster.
General colour of the under
surface white, streaked on the
throat, breast, and flanks with
black, the streaks broadest on
breast and flanks; abdomen and
thighs with only narrow streaks,
sometimes immaculate; tarsi im-
maculate.
Under wing-coverts white, but -
with a large black patch formed
by the broad subterminal bands
on the larger coverts.
No white patch on the scapulars.
Under wing-coverts white, spot-
ted with black.
Smallest scapulars white, form-
ing a shoulder-patch as in H. pen-
natus, not always xpparent in skins
unless looked for.
The differences between the young birds, although very
distinct when the two species are compared, are not so easily
described, as they are more a question of shade of colouring
and shape of markings. ‘The fact that H. ayresi at all ages
possesses a crest, and also the white shoulder-patch, should
be sufficient to distinguish it, though as I have said before,
neither of these points are always apparent in skins. I will,
however, try to give the differences in colouring as well as
Ican. H. ayresi is generally paler in colour above, though
this depends somewhat on whetler the feathers of either
species are fresh or worn; it has, however, a conspicuous
whitish-buff forehead and eyebrow, both of. which are absent
in H. spilogaster. In H. ayresi the secondaries are uniform
dark brown without bars on the outer web. In H. spilogaster
these are grey barred with dark brown, the grey fading to
pale brown when the feathers become bleached.
In H. ayresi the general colour of the under surface is
pale buff, darker on the sides of the breast, almost white on
the abdomen and thighs, with almost spade-shaped marks of
brown on the sides of the breast and narrow shaft-streaks
on the centre of the breast and upper abdomen. The flanks
with broader streaks and almost bare of dark brown. In A.
spilogaster the general colour of the under surface is rufous-
1919. | Hieraaétus ayresi. 175
buff, almost brownish rufous on the upper breast and fading
into buff on the thighs and abdomen, broadly streaked with
dark brown on the breast, and more narrowly on the flanks
and upper abdomen; all these streaks are spear-shaped, and
on the sides of the upper breast only the edges of the feathers
are rufous.
How H. ayresi originally became confused with H. spilo-
gaster I am not sure, but I think perhaps the late Dr. P. L.
Sclater may have been responsible, as [ have found the follow-
ing in the volume of ‘ The Ibis’ for 1864, where Dr. Sclater,
in describing a collection of birds made by Dickinson on the
Zambezi, makes the following remarks under the head of
S. spilogaster (p. 304):—‘‘ This very interesting series shows
that Mr. Gurney’s S. ayresit is the immature form of
S. spilogaster. Wolf’s plate in the ‘Ibis’ represents the
immature plumage in nearly every respect, except that
Dr. Dickinson’s specimens show still less signs of a crest
than are depicted in the plate of S. ayresi, and the still
younger bird has the under surface uniform brown, with
scarcely a single indication of spots. In the youngest speci-
mens .... the under surface becomes white densely spotted
with black spots, the tail being also strongly barred across.
In the perfectly adult the spots wear off, and the bird becomes
white beneath, with spots only on the breast and flanks. In
this plumage the tail has a broad subterminal black bar.”
From the above it seems clear to me that Dr. Sclater had
before him both adult and young specimens of H. ayresi
and spilogaster. Again, Gurney in his excellent Notes on
Sharpe’s ‘Catalogue of Accipitres in the British Museum,’
writes as follows (Ibis, 1877, p. 421):—‘‘ There is, however,
a variation in the markings of the under surface in specimens
of N. spilogaster, to which I am desirous of briefly alluding.
Two distinct phases of such markings occur in adult speci-
mens, or at least in specimens which are so far adult as to
have passed beyond the stage of plumage which characterizes
this Eagle in its first year...... Thus in some individuals
the white of the underparts is merely interspersed with sparse
and narrow dark shaft-marks..... whilst in other specimens
176 Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on [ Ibis,
the dark markings on the under surface are much more
numerous and also very much broader.”
As late as 1904, Erlanger again confused the two species,
as I have already mentioned. This was pointed out by
Neumann in the Bull. B.O.C. xvi. 1906, p. 112.
I will now give some of the references which I consider
applicable to this species, but as my scientific library is
somewhat limited, I must be forgiven if my list is far from
complete :—
Spizaétus ayresti J. H. Gurney Sen., Ibis, 1862, p. 149,
pl. iv.
Plate and description of young or immature specimen.
Collected by T. Ayres in Natal.
Spizaétus spilogaster P. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1864, p. 303 (part).
Lophotriorchis lucani Sharpe & Bouvier, ‘ Bulletin de la
Société Zoologique de la France,’ 1877, p. 471.
Description of young or immature from Landana, Portu-
guese Congo.
Nisaétus spilogaster Gurney, ‘ List of Diurnal Birds of
Prey,’ 1884, p. 52, and footnote (part).
Aquila wahlbergi Sharpe, Ibis, 1898, p. 573.
Under this name Sharpe describes a specimen of a Hawk-
Eagle, collected by Sowerby in Mashonaland, as follows :—
“ This is a very curiously coloured individual and is evidently,
in my opinion, an immature bird, but it differs from all our
specimens in the British Museum in being white underneath
with a few arrow-shaped black streaks and bars. ‘The upper
surface is also mottled with white tips; the crown is white
streaked with dark brown, with a very evident crest of
pointed brown feathers.”
I think this specimen is probably referable to H. ayresi;
it is certainly not H. wahlbergi.
Lophotriorchis lucani Shelley, Ibis, 1901, p. 594.
Describing a collection of birds from Nyasaland, Shelley
writes as follows :—‘‘ This small Eagle somewhat resembles
Aquila wahlbergi in size and in having a short crest on the
hinder part of the crown, but may readily be distinguished
1919. | Hieraaétus ayresi. 7
from that bird and from N. pennatus by having seven distinct
dark bars across the tail and some blackish bars on the inner
lining of the wings. Lophoaétus occipitalis, the commonest
little Eagle in the Nyasa district, has an extremely long
crest, much darker plumage, and the tail crossed by only
four dark bands. JZ. ducani in the pattern of the tail and
under surface of the wings resembles the immature stage of
N. spilogaster, but is a very much smaller bird, with the
wing not more than 15°5 inches, which is the measurement
of the wing of a specimen from Delagoa Bay, while in the
type from Landana it is 14°6 inches, and in the present
specimen only 13:7 inches.”
From the above it would appear that Capt. Shelley had
only seen immature specimens, and probably males judging
from the wing-measurements, especially of the last.
Lophotriorchis lucani Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 102.
Here Sharpe describes a specimen collected by Bates in
the Cameroons as follows :—“‘ ¢ ad. Efulen, April 10,
1902, native name ‘ Ze-ydp.’ The adult plumage of this
interesting Hawk-Eagle has now been ascertained for the
first time, and a brief description of it has been given, Bull.
B. O. C. xii. 1902, p. 79. The general colour is black, with
broad brown or greyish-brown bands on the scapulars, quills,
and tail-feathers; sides of face black; under surface pure
white, with a black patch on each side of the breast and
black axillaries; thigh-feathers and under tail-coverts with
large terminal black spots; under wing-coverts mostly
black ; quills white below with black tips and more or less
remains of narrow black bars. Total length about 20 inches,
culmen 1°45, wing 138°2, tail 8°5, tarsus 2°75.”
Professor Neumann, in the Bull. B. O.C. xvi. 1906, p. 112,
has stated his opinion that this specimen is in reality a
small male of N. spilogaster. I rather doubt this, and the
specimen should be re-examined.
Hieraaétus spilogaster Erlanger, J. f. O. 1904, p. 184,
pliax.
As mentioned before, Erlanger has figured this species
under the above name from a pair collected in Somaliland.
178 On Hieraaétus ayresi. [ Ibis,
Eutolmaétus spilogaster P. L. Sclater, Bull. B.O.C. xv.
1905, p. 67.
Dr. Sclater exhibited and made some remarks on a Hawk-
Hagle collected by Dr. Stoehr on the Zambezi, sent to him
for identification by the South African Museum, Cape Town.
He identified this specimen as E. spilogaster. This specimen
is now mounted in the South African Museum, and is the
original of my figure.
Lophotriorchis lucani Neumann, Bull. B.O.C. xvi. 1906,
p. 112.
Professor Neumann exhibited a specimen from the late
Freiherr C. von Erlanger’s collection and stated that this
was the first adult of this species he had seen, as he
considered that the so-called adult specimen described by
Sharpe was nothing but a male of N. spilogaster.
After pointing out Erlanger’s mistake mentioned above,
he went on to describe the following characters by which the
two species might be separated. The colour of the under
wing-coverts showed a large black patch in spilogaster,
while those of lucani were white with numerous black spots.
There was also an obsolete white shoulder-patch in lucani
just as in H. pennatus, and it had been suggested by Klein-
schmidt that /uwcani might be the African representative of
H. pennatus. LL. lucant was now known from Landana,
Togoland, Mozambique, and South Somaliland.
Mieraaétus lucani Zedlitz, J. f.O. 1910, p. 374.
Here Zedlitz quotes Neumann’s remarks above, and gives
details of some specimens of this species which he had
examined,
Lophotriorchis lucanit Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 245.
Grant describes a specimen collected by Capt. Cozens in
Uganda as follows:— Length in flesh 21} inches, wing
395 mm. In clean, apparently first dress, having light tips
to the feathers of the head, back, wings, aud rump. Irides
yellowish brown, cere greenish, bill blue, tip black, feet pale
yellow.”
1919. | On certain Subspecies of Woodpeckers. 179
I have been unable to find anything of any interest
recorded with regard to habits. Bates mentions that his
Cameroon specimen had remains of some sort of squirrel
in its stomach. My friend who sent me the specimen from
eastern Pondoland, stated that this was one of a pair which
had been chasing his tame pigeons. Judging by its pro-
portions and likeness to H. spilogaster, I should think that,
like that species, it was probably a highly predaceous species,
preying on such birds and mammals as partridges, pigeons,
hares, ete.
The distribution of this Eagle would appear to extend
from Somaliland on the east and Togoland on the west,
southwards probably as far as the Cunene River, on the
west, then along the Zambezi, and through the eastern
districts of South Africa as far as Port Elizabeth.
In concluding these notes I must ask to be forgiven if
there is a lack of concise ideas, as I am no writer. I trust,
however, that my words, and the accompanying plate, will
lead to a better knowledge of this Eagle.
XI.—Note on certain recently described Subspecies of
Woodpeckers. By H.C. Rosinson, M.B.O.U., C.M.Z.S.
In a recent number of this Journal (1918, pp. 107-109)
Mr. C. Boden Kloss has described four additional subspecies
of the Bay Woodpecker (Micropternus brachyurus) for which,
however, in three cases no types have been designated, which
is contrary to all modern practice.
As I have recently had access to the entire material on
which these races are based and many additional skins, as
well as to the important papers of Hesse * which were not
available in the Malay Peninsula at the time Mr. Kloss
wrote his paper, the following remarks may tend to
elucidate matters.
* Berlin Mitt. Zoo]. Mus, vi. 1912, pp. 131-261.
180 On certain Subspecies of Woodpeckers. [ Ibis,
+- Micropternus brachyurus williamsoni Kloss.
This race was founded on a single male which I have
examined, and appears fairly distinct when compared with
M. b. brachyurus. It must, however, if distinct, have an
extremely limited range, as specimens from Mergui are
almost typical M. 6. phaioceps, while others from Bangkok
are very much nearer to M. 6. burmanicus Godwin-Austen.
In any event very much larger series are required before,
in so variable and difficult a group as these Woodpeckers,
the race can be regarded as in any way established, and its
description is a courageous act which it is devoutly hoped
will not be largely imitated.
Micropternus brachyurus lanka Kloss.
The type and only specimen examined is a much dete-
riorated specimen so damaged in the region of the head
that the sex cannot be stated with certainty. It was col-
lected in Ceylon, probably in the southern -districts, by
ii. L. Layard about 1845, and is No. 278 D. A.S.B. in the
collection of the Zoological Survey of India (late Indian
Museum, Calcutta). From the material it is impossible to
express any opinion on the validity or otherwise of the
race.
++ Micropternus brachyurus brachyurus Blyth.
The actual types of this form are a male and female
collected by E. Blyth in 1844 in the neighbourhood of
Calcutta. Wing 115-121 mm.
Micropternus rufinotus Bp. described as from central Asia,
but more probably from north-west India, is a synonym not
of M. 6. phaioceps but of M. b. blythii, being a large-winged
form.
Micropternus brachyurus humei Kloss.
This race, founded merely on Hume’s remarks without
the inspection of any specimens with presumably a type-
locality of Rohilkund, which is coterminous with south-west
Nepal, is almost certainly a pure synonym of the large-
winged M. b. blythii (vide Hesse, Ornith. Monatsb. xix.
19115 p. 18a):
1919. | On Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 181
Micropternus brachyurus mesos Kloss.
The type of this form, which I tentatively suggest may be
a natural hybrid between M. 6. phatoceps and M. b. gularis,
is a female from Kuttak, No. 277 F. A.S.B., in the col-
lection of the Zoological Survey of India (Indian Museum,
Calcutta). The tail bands are broad and distinct, the shafts
of the inner primaries dark, and the centres of the throat-
feathers dark. Wing 110 mm.
= Chrysocolaptes strictus chersonesus K loss.
This form, on account of its extremely small size and
isolated habitat, cau be regarded as quite a good subspecies,
but of Ch. guttacristatus, not of Ch. strictus from Java.
Birds in which the females have the head spotted black
and white in the one case, and in the other golden-yellow
as in Ch. strictus, can hardly be maintained as races of the
same species.
Though Singapore Island is mentioned first in the descrip-
tion, in view of the subspecific title, it is I think permissible
to designate the other specimen examined as the type; this
is a male from 81 Karang, southern Johore, collected on the
Ist of August, 1908, by H.C. Robison and EK. Seimund.
Wing 148 mm. measured flat. Federated Malay States
Museum No, 1940/08.
XII.—Some Notes on Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets.
By E. C. Stuart Baker, M.B.O.U.
Wuitst working out the Woodpeckers and Barbets in the
collection of bird-skins collected by Mr. E. G. Herbert
in Siam, I have taken the opportunity of going into the
quéstion of subspecies of the forms represented therein, and
the following notes are the result of my investigations.
PICUS OCCIPITALIS,
I have been able to examine in the British Museum a series
of seventy males and nearly as many females, which show
that though there are certain differences between the birds
182 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
of different geographical areas, undue weight has sometimes
been attached to alleged points of variation which are purely
individual, and in some cases, perhaps, do not even exist.
As regards size, the following table gives the wing-measure-
ments of the Indian and Burmese birds examined :—
N.W. India .... 155to 165mm. Average 1588.
INo pale '7s aionveterst 146 to 149 mm. “ 147°5 (3 birds only).
Silckimy. yao 130 to 149 mm. = 142-0.
Assam 4 "siiecuince 136 to 148 mm. .. 142:0.
North Burma.... 144 to 151 mm. 43 148°6.
Central Burma .. 148 to 157 mm. a 150°2.
South Burma.... 140 to 150 mm. re 1445.
Judging from measurements, therefore, it would seem that
we have a large form from extreme north-western India,
a smaller form from north-eastern India, and a bird inter-
mediate in size from Nepal. From north and central Burma
we have another intermediate-sized form, whilst from south
Burma and northern peninsular Siam and Burma the form
is again somewhat smaller.
In coloration there appear to be three quite distinct races
in the above areas, which agree well with the three main
divisions in size above referred to.
The north-west Indian and Nepal birds are green above
with the rump tinged with yellow, sometimes fairly strongly
so, and this is most noticeable in the Nepal birds, although
these are so much smaller. The average wing-measurements
of 20 birds is 158 mm.
Birds from Sikkim, Buxa Dooars, Assam, north and south
of the Brahmapootra river, as far east as Sadiya and as far
south as Tippera, are distinguished by being much suffused
with golden brouze on the upper parts, most conspicuously
so on the wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; the rump and
upper tail-coverts are much more yellow in some cases, being
practically wholly of this colour, and below also the plumage
is conspicuously tinged with bronze-yellow.
The average wing-measurement of 46 males is 142 mm.
The third geographical race, as shown by coloration, seems
to extend over the whole of Burma, Siam, and northern
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 183
Malay Peninsula. In appearance this bird is very similar
to those from north-west India, but it is duller, both above
and below, and has no yellow-bronze tint like the Assam
group, and very seldom any yellow on the rump and upper
tail-coverts.
As regards names for this group, we have the fol-
lowing :—
(1) Gecinus occipitalis Vigors, P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 8: Mus-
soorie.
(2) Gecinus hessei Gyldenstolpe, Orn. Monatsb. xxiv. 1916,
p. 28: Siam.
Admittedly, all of these are nothing but geographical
races of Picus canus canus, and will therefore bear that
specific name,
Picus occipitalis was described together with Picus squa-
micollis in the P. Z. 8. for 1830 as new species “from the
Himalaya Mountains,” but from what part of the Himalaya
they came there is nothing to show, though the presumption
is that occipitalis came with squamicollis from somewhere in
the north-west. We may therefore consider Mussoorie the
type locality for it.
We have, then, the following races in India and
Burma :—
(1) Picus canus occipitalis.
Picus occipitalis Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 8.
Type locality. Mussoorie.
The largest of all the Indian forms, with a wing averaging
158 and varying between 146 and 165 mm. Above, the
plumage is green with only a trace, sometimes rather pro-
nounced, of yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts. No
bronze-yellow suffusion on the wings and upper plumage.
The Nepal birds are small, as I have already shown, but
there are only three very old, very worn skins, and for the
present I prefer to keep them with this subspecies. They
are not in the least like the next bird in colour.
Habitat. Western Himalaya, from Nainital, Mussoorie
and Garhwal to east Nepal, north into south Kashmir,
Simla States, and Kumaon.
SER, XI.—VOL. I. z
184 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
(2) Picus canus gyldenstolpei.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C, vol. xxxix. 1918, p. 19.
Type locality. Sadiya, Assam.
Type No. 87.8.10.1023. g ex Hume Coll. British
Museum.
A medium-sized bird, with a wing of an average of
142 mm. and varying between 130 and 149 mm.
Distinguishable at a glance from every other subspecies
by the strong bronze-yellow sheen on the upper plumage,
especially on the wings. A bird from the area inhabited by
this form can be picked out without hesitation from any
number of allied skins.
Habitat. Sikkim, Bhutan, the whole of Assam, north and
south of the Brahmapootra to the extreme east, and running
south through Cachar, Sylhet, Manipur, Looshai Hills,
Tippera, and Chittagong, being replaced in Arrakan by the
next subspecies.
I can find no name applicable to this bird, and name it
in honour of Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, who has done so
much good ornithological work in the east with the Swedish
Mission.
+ (3) Picus canus hessei.
Gecinus canus hessei Gyldenstolpe, Orn. Monatsh, xxiv.
NOG pee:
Type locality. Pak Koh and Denchai, northern Siam.
A rather larger bird, the wings of the specimens examined
by me (60 birds) varying between 140 and 157 mm., and
averaging 148 mm. Gyldenstolpe’s, Herbert’s, and Kloss’s
birds vary between 140 and 155 mm., and average the same
as the Museum birds, 148 mm. .
Differs from P. c. gyldenstolpe: in being greener and in
having no bronze-yellow reflections on the upper plumage
and wings. It differs from G. ¢. occipitalis in being rather
smaller, more green and duller both above and _ below.
There is also decidedly more yellow on the rump and upper
tail-coverts.
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. Bass
Count Gyldenstolpe named his birds from northern Siam
specimens, of which I have now seen a fair series, and I
cannot see any difference between these and normal Burmese
specimens. Average measurements of this Woodpecker do
not seem to decrease as one works south until practically
the latitude of Rangoon is reached, but from this point
there is a decided diminution which steadily becomes more
pronounced down peninsular Burma and Siam. It does not
appear desirable at present to make any further division
between peninsular and southern Burmese birds, and I
retain them all under Count Gyldenstolpe’s name.
Habitat. Chin and Kachin Hills, and the whole of north
and central Burma, north and central Siam, and peninsular
Burma and Siam, as far south as Moulmein. Northern
Shan birds approach the Yunnan form, whilst southern
Shan specimens cannot be distinguished from those of
Siam.
The Chinese form of canus also appears to be divisible
into several subspecies, partly by measurement and partly
by coloration,
The measurements of the fine Museum series of over
100 specimens are as follows :—
1. Foochow .... Wing 139-151 mm. Average, 142°5. 19 specs.
2, Fokien ...... 135-150 mm. PS 148-54. see
3. Chinkiang.... » 1388-149 mm. . 142-05" 95;
AS Ning porn c=. » 140-151 mm. Fe 145°:0. 13 ,,
UE ae do mms |. 14d, a8
Hupeh, ete. |
6G. Setchuan .... » 141-152 mm. or TAG: Oe at,
Hee N MOAN, (5) e,)- » 151-167 mm. 5 T5702. = 95 55
8; Hormos’ -:... .. 1386-139 mm. Loge Aes,
9 Hainan 2 ..... » 129-135 mm. as Oe OP ear less
Colour differences are as follows :—
Birds from Foochow and Fokien, and presumably the
rest of south China, are much darker than those from the
north of the Yangtse river, thus forming a well-marked
division between (1 & 2) and (8 to 5); birds from Setchuan
Pz
186 Mr. FE. C. Stuart Baker on [ This,
are darker than either of the first two groups, and somewhat
browner in general tint. Those from Yunnan are much
darker and duller than either of the other three groups, and
the green is of a very sombre brownish tint, though the
skins available are so bad that they may possibly look duller
and browner than they should,
Formosan and Hainan birds are both darker green above
than the adjacent Chinese birds, and are much browner and
duller below, but I can find little difference in this respect
between the birds of these two islands.
The following are the names available for the Chinese
forms :—
(1) Gecinus guerini Malh. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 539:
China.
(2) a tancolo Gould, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 283: Formosa.
@C) $5 hainanus O.-Grant, Ibis, 1899, p.584: Hainan.
(4) a sordidior Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1908,
p. 32: Yunnan.
(5) Picus canus setschuanensis Hesse, Orn. Monatsber. 1911,
p. 193: Setchuan.
Taking into consideration colour and size combined, we
seem to have the following well-marked eastern races in
addition to those already enumerated for India and
Burma :—
(4) Picus canus sordidior.
Gecinus sordidior Rippon, Bull. B.O. C. xix. 1906, p. 32.
Type locality. Yunnan.
A large bird with a wing averaging about 157 mm., and
with very dull dead-green plumage, this beimg especially so
on the lower parts. It cannot be confused with any other
subspecies, but the specimens at present available for exami-
nation are very poor. Birds from north and north-east
Shan States should be placed under this subspecies, though
their colouring is not so definitely dull and dark as that of
Yunnan birds.
Habitat. Yunnan and northern Shan States.
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 187
(5) Picus canus guerini.
Picus guerini Malh. Kev. et Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 539.
Type locality. China (apud Malherbe’s Monograph).
This is a pale form, intermediate between typical P. canus
canus inhabiting the extreme north of China ete., and the
darker form inhabiting China south of the Yangtse Kiang
river. In size the two appear to be much the same,
37 specimens of this subspecies averaging 143 mm. as
against just under 144mm, for 53 specimens of the southern
bird.
Bill about 28 mm. and ranging from 26 to 80 mm.
Habitat. The provinces of Ningpo, Chinkiang, Hupch,
Ichang, and Shensi, north of the Yangtse river.
(6) Picus canus setschuanensis.
Hesse, Orn. Monatsber, 1911, p. 194.
Type locality. Setchuan.
A darker, duller bird than that found north or south of
the Yangtse, nearly as dark, but not so dull as sordidior,
from which it also differs in being decidedly smaller.
Wing average 145°5 mm.; bill about 29 mm., and varying
between 26 and 32 mm.
Habitat. Setchuan only, so far as is known at present.
_» (7) Picus canus ricketti, subsp. nov.
Types. § 1914.4.8.261. F. W. Styan Coll. Brit. Mus.
2 1914. 4.8.262. eS a LA
Type locality. Fokien, China.
Considerably darker than guwerini, but, as shown above,
not differing from it in size.
Wing about 144 mm., and varying between 135 and
151 mm. Bill about 28 mm.
Habitat. There are large series from Foochow and Fokien
in the British Museum collection, and about half a dozen
birds from localities farther west and south,
I can find no name for this bird, which has generally been
considered to be the same as fancolo from Formosa, and I
have therefore the pleasure of naming it after Mr. C. B.
188 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [Ibis,
Rickett, well known for his work in China on ornithological
subjects.
(8) Picus canus tancolo.
Gecinus tancolo Gould, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 283.
Type locality. Formosa,
Differs from south Chinese birds in being smaller ; wing
average 13771, and bill about 26 mm., varying from 24°5
to 28, and in one case 30 mm. It is also a darker bird,
and the under plumage is very distinctly duller and also
browner.
(9) Picus canus hainanus.
Gecinus hainanus O.-Grant, [bis, 1899, p. 584.
Type locality. Five-finger Mts., Hainan.
There are only two specimens of Hainan birds in the
British Museum, but these are smaller than Formosan birds,
with smaller bills, and are possibly also rather darker above
and less brown below.
It is with some doubt that I keep them separate, but
Dr. Hartert, who formerly considered the two subspecies
identical (Novitates Zool. xvii. p. 222), informs me that a
series of 12 birds in the Tring Museum bears out the above
characters differentiating the two races, and that he con-
siders they should be kept distinct.
Wing about 132 mm.; bill about 25 mm.
Habitat, Hainan.
PICUS VITTATUS.
Gyldenstolpe has recently described a new form of
P. vittatus from northern Siam as P. v. eisenhoferi. The
differences enumerated by him are as follows :—Size, larger
than in vittatus, colour of upper parts bright grass-green
instead of olive-yellow, rump-feathers tipped yellow, black
cap on head larger. He also refers to the colour of the
wings and the spotting of the quills. The wing he gives as
142 mm.
All these variations in plumage are purely individual, and
even the difference in size between northern and southern
igro. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 189
birds is much less marked than is generally the case, as may
be seen from the following measurements :—
Davart os eae 53d. Wings 129-137mm. Average 132 mm.
Shes Wickets GAGE i DsO-. » 123=13'mm. 4 126°5 mm,
Malay States.. 4¢¢ » 127-1382 mm. ea emis iihory
” 5 5 td) OO » 127-180 mm. eel Semana
Cochin China.. 2¢¢. » 128-130 mm. i cL 2o" mbm.
5 Hs 329? » 133-136 mm. , 1384 mm.
SNM 6 6s sto ot 3dd » 136-143 mm. » 1389:°5mm.,
Pye be niehcte. meer 97989 » 128-149 mm. i) Loom trmmnm:
The largest bird in this series is a female with a wing of
149 mm. from as far south as Pakjan in peninsular Siam,
whereas there is another female from as far north as
Bangkok with a wing of 128 mm., smaller than any of the
Javan males.
I can only distinguish two races of this Woodpecker :—
f (1) Picus vittatus vittatus.
Picus vittatus Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvi. 1818,
p- 91: no locality.
Picus vittatus eisenhoferi Gyldenstolpe, Orn. Monatsb.
xxiv. 1916, p. 28: Pa Hing, N. Siam.
Type locality. Malacca.
Habitat. Java, Malay States, western and eastern penin-
sular Siam and Burma, and thence into south-eastern Siam
as far as Bangkok, and thence again, if Gyldenstolpe is
correct as referring his birds as nearest vittatus, and not
viridanus, well up into north central Siam, also Cochin
China. The exact range of vittatus and viridanus evidently
wants more careful working out unless eisenhoferi is viri-
danus.
(2) Picus vittatus viridanus.
Picus viridanus Blyth, J. A. S, B. xii. 1848, p. 1000.
Gecinus webert Miiller, Journ. f. Orn, 1882, p. 421:
Salanga.
Type locality. Arrakan.
Differs from P. vittatus vittatus in having the whole of
the underparts streaked from vent to upper breast.
190 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
Specimens of this Woodpecker vary to a very great degree
inter se from all parts of the range. Thus three birds from
Tounghoo are so different from one another that they might
well be taken for three geographical races, if not for distinct
species. One bird has the back bright grass-green, a second
has it dull dark green, whilst the third has the whole of
these parts covered with a bright bronze-yellow sheen.
In size they do not vary greatly, though, as usual, northern —
birds average a trifle larger than southern. But even in tins
respect the individual variation is so great throughout the
range, that it does not seem advisable to attempt any division
into geographical races on the ground of variation in
measurements.
The birds obtained by Mr. Herbert appear to be the first
actual record of its appearance in Siam, as all the birds from
this country labelled viridanus in the British Museum are
true vitlatus.
Habitat. Burma, Chin Hills, Kachin Hills, southern Shan
States, north and central Siam, and possibly the extreme
west of peninsular Siam and Burma. P. v. vittatus appears
to work up the eastern side of the peninsula into Siam and
Cochin China.
The form found in the island of Salanga (S. weber) is
also nothing but wvaidanus.
4. PICUS ERYTHROPYGIUS.
As at present accepted, there are two races of this
Woodpecker, P. e. erythropygius from Cochin China, and
P. e. nigrigenis from Burma, ete.
The only two birds of the former race which I have been
able to examine are the type, a female in the British Museum
collection, and a male in Lord Rothschild’s Trmg Museum.
Mr. Kloss has, however, recently ascribed to this subspecies
certain specimens obtained in Siam, and three specimens
obtained by Mr. Ek. G. Herbert from the same conntry on
the whole support his view. Mr. Kloss is not, however,
quite accurate in referring to nigriyenis as “a very distinct
subspecies and a far handsomer bird,” for the difference
i919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 191
between the two forms is very slight, and, indeed, I can
trace no difference beyond the fact that erythropygius has
a white or whitish bill, and nigrigenis has a dark horny-
coloured bill.
The alleged differences are (1) position and extent of red
cap, (2) depth of yellow colourimg below, (8) whitish or
dark colour of bill.
The red of the head in the type of erythropygius is exactly
matched by many specimens of nigrigenis from Burma, and
this feature varies very greatly: thus in two birds from the
same area we have two adult males ; in one the red crown
commences about 6 mm. from the bill, and extends back for
about 25 mm.; in the second it commences a full 10 mm.
back, and only extends for about 15 mm. In comparative
size the red cap of the first is treble that of the second,
As regards the briglitness of the yellow underparts, this
character is equally variable and valueless, whilst some
nigrigenis are much brighter, many are duller than the type
of erythrupygus.
The third and best distinction, the colour of the bill, is as
follows :—In the type, which is a dismounted bird, the bill
has been painted pure ivory-white, but under the paint it is
a pale dull yellow, slaty on the gonys and also on the base
of the lower mandible and on the upper mandible just
beyond the nostril. The bill of the male in the Tring
Museum is ivory- white.
Mr. Herbert’s birds and one collected by Hume at
Meklong, Siam, are nearer erythropygius than nigrigenis, if
the two forms are divisible. The male has the bill slaty
horny, the lower mandible nearly all yellowish white, and
the upper mandible splashed with the same. ‘The females
have the bill very pale; in one it is all a dirty horny white
with dark base and a dark streak running through the
nostril exactly as it does in the type.
The bills of nigrigenis are generally horny black, or dark
horny, but in many cases they are more or less marked with
yellowish white, and this occurs in specimens from areas as
far apart as Pakjan, Kolidoo, and Thoungyeen.
192 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
As regards size, the two races seem much the same. The
wing of the type of erythropygius is 160 mm., of the Siamese
birds from 152 to 165 mm., whilst Mr. Kloss’s birds run
from 140 to 161 mm. measured on the curve.
Of the 48 skins of nigrigenis in the British Museum the
extremes in length of wing are 147 and 165 mm.
JTYNGIPICUS CANICAPILLUS.
I have not yet had time to work out all the subspecies
of the genus Iyagipicus, but there appear to be two species
admitted in the British Museum Catalogue which cannot be
maintained, viz., pumilus and auranteiventris.
Blanford has already pointed out (Fauna Brit. Ind., Birds,
il. p. 46) that pumilus cannot possibly be separated from
canicapillus, Of the series of so-called pumilus in the British
Museum the wings vary from 70 to 81 mm., and those of
canicapillus from 74 to 87 mm., but both so-called sub-
species occur in the same area, and it would really seem as if
Hargitt had picked out the smallest birds with wholly black
rectrices and given them the same name, and then picked
out some larger ones with spotted rectrices and called them
canicapillus (according to Blyth). The remaining birds seem
to have been almost indiscriminately assigned to either.
Amongst the so-called pwmilus many have more or less
white on the tail, and again among Hargitt’s canicapillus
there is a bird with a wing of 86 mm. with the central
rectrices quite black.
Exactly parallel to the above two forms are those of
aurewentris and Hargitt’s picatus. In the Museum there is
a specimen of each shot on the same date at the same place,
and it is probable that the latter is nothing but an extra
worn specimen of the former.
CHRYSOPHLEGMA FLAVINUCHA LYLEI.
Chrysophlegma flavinucha lylei, Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 110.
This race, which Kloss describes from a single specimen,
appears to me to beonly C. f. pierrei. His bird was obtained
igto. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 193
from Koh Lak, south-west Siam, and two specimens, a
male and a female, have now been sent home by Mr. Herbert
from Chan Tuek and Pakchan, from the same part of Siam.
These two latter are undoubtedly nothing but yrerrez. The
male has a wing of 152 mm.,and the female 148 mm.,
whilst the type of pierrei, a female, has a wing of 156 mm.
Mr. Herbert’s birds also have the pale upper and under
plumage of pierrei, contrasting well with wrayi in this
respect.
The other differences noted by Dr. Kloss, 7. e., the paler
bill, nearly black centres to the forehead and dark sides of
head and neck, are not present in Mr. Herbert’s specimens,
which agree perfectly with pierrez in these details.
The wings of C. f. wrayi in the British Museum collection
vary between, ¢ ¢ 140-141 mm., ? 2? 140-148 mm., and
it is possible that with more material wrayi and pierret may
prove to be one and the same. C./f. flavinucha varies con-
siderably in the depth of colouring on the lower plumage,
some individuals being much darker than others, and
though wrayi from the south would also appear to be much
smaller on an average than pierret from the north, yet one
female, wray?, from Salanga, is the same size as Mr. Herbert’s
bird from Chan 'Tuek, a very long way farther north.
_ CALLOLOPHUS MINIATUS PERLATUS.
Callolophus miniatus perlatus Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 110.
Mr. Kloss, who creates this new subspecies on a single
unsexed specimen from Koh Lak, south-west Siam, diag-
noses it as bigger than C. m. malaccensis, having a wing
of 137 mm., and says that it differs in having the breast and
abdomen paler, the ground-colour being less tinged with
brown, and the dark bands narrower and farther apart ;
the nuchal crest is without spots and bars.
There are other specimens from Siam in the British
Museum collection, and these do not bear out Mr. Kloss’s
diagnosis, but show, as do the other birds in this big series,
that all these so-called subspecific variations are merely
individual, occurring in some specimens throughout the
194 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
whole area. Nor is Mr. Kloss’s bird any larger than many
typical malaccensis from the extreme south,
This subspecies cannot be maintained.
-+CHRYSOCOLAPTES GUTTACRISTATUS.
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus has sometimes been held to
be a mere subspecies of Chrysocolaptes strictus of Java.
This seems to me to be quite unnecessary, for we have the_
broad dividing line between the two in the fact that the
females possess, the one a black crown, the other a yellow
one. Nor is-this difference anywhere bridged over by
intermediate forms, and though both birds probably came
from the same stock comparatively recently, nature has now
eliminated the useless intermediate forms and created a
definite species.
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus must, however, be divided
into certain geographical races, a matter of even greater
difficulty, however, than is usual with such divisions.
I have had some 300 specimens for the purpose ot exami-
nation, and throughout the whole of its vast range, from
southern India to the south Malay Peninsula, I can find
no variation in plumage which in any way helps me to
define the subspecies. I am therefore thrown back upon
the size of the bird and comparative size of bill as the sole
features of distinction. .
Eliminating young and moulting birds, the measurements
have been taken of 193 specimens, divided as follows,
females and males being considered together, as there
appears to be no sexual difference in size :—
North-west India .... 9 birds. Wings 177-190 mm. Average 184.
Bills 50— 63°5 mm.
TG UDI -pracnaeeertd, ors osc 10 ,, . Wings 172-182 mm. ee LER Sh
Bills 50- 63°56 mm.
Sikkim and Dooars .. 24 ,, Wings 164-177 mm. as 170°8.
Bills 48- 50 mm.
Assam, N.andS. .... 18 , Wings 164-177. mm. a 171°5.
Bills 48-50 mm,
Chin to Shan States... 6 ,, Wings 163-178 mm. i: og SEDO:
Bills 50- 57) mm.
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 195
South Siam. Wee. 2... 6 birds. Wings 157-171 mm. Average 166:0.
Bills 40-45 mm.
Burma, 8.to Rangoon. 23. ,, Wings 160-177. mm. - 166°2.
Bills 55-60 mm,
S. Burma anj Malay . 59 = ,, Wings 150-172 mm. f 159 9,
Bills 388-45 mm.
South & CentralIndia. 85 ,, Wings 145-159 mm. ‘5 152:0.
Bills 388- 45 mm.
It appears, therefore, that there is a very large race with
an enormous bill found in the northern Himalayas, Mus-
soorie, and Nepal.
A second, rather smaller bird in Sikkim and Assam, with
a relatively smaller bill.
A third, which is about the same size, but with a larger
bill, in the Chin and Shan States.
A fourth, in Burma, very similar to that in the Chin
and Shan States.
A fifth, exactly the same as the southern Indian bird, in
peninsular Burma and Siam and the Malay States.
A sixth, small form with very small bill in southern and
south-central India.
Of these there do not appear to be sufficient grounds for
dividing the second, third, and fourth from one another.
The first stands out on account of its great size and very
large bill, but few birds having this latter under 60 mm.
The fifth and sixth are indivisible in colour or size
of bill.
The following are the names available :—
Picus guttacristatus Tickell, J. A. 8. B. ii. 1833, p. 578:
Borabhum, 7. e. Manbhum, south-west Bengal.
Picus strenuus Gould, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 165: Assam.
Picus sultaneus Wodgson, J. AS. B. vic 1837, p.- 105:
Nepal.
Indopicus delesserti Malherbe, Mém. Acad. Metz, 1848,
p. 343: Malabar.
Chrysocolaptes g. indomalayicus Hesse, Orn. Mouatsb. xix.
1911, p. 182: Salanga.
Chrysocolaptes strictus chersonesus Kloss, Ibis, 1918,
p- 113: Southern Johore, vide antea, p. 181.
196 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
? Chrysocolaptes bacha Reichenb. Scans. Picine, 1854,
p. 399: Central Asia.
The type of P. gutéacristatus was obtained in Borabhum
in Manbhum, Bengal, and is a bird with a wing of 166 mm.
and asmall bill. It is certainly not the same as the big
Nepal bird, which Hodgson later on called sudtaneus, but is
much the same as many Assam and Burmese birds, and all
these latter seem referable to the same name.
I admit the following three forms :—
(1) Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus guttacristatus.
Picus guttacristatus Tickell, J. A.S. B. ii. 1833, p. 578:
Borabhum.
Picus strenuus Gould, P. Z. 8S. 1839, p. 165: Assam.
A medium-sized bird with wing varying between 157 and
178, average 168°4 mm., and with bill between 43 and
60 mm. ; in Bengal and Assam birds the bill is never over
50 mm , but in Burmese birds always 50 or over.
Habitat. Bengal, from Chota Nagpore and Behar east to
Assam, north and south of Brahmapootra river, Cachar,
Tippera, Manipur, Looshai, Chin and Kachin Hills, Shan
States, northern and central Siam, and the whole of Burma,
north of Rangoon and the latitude of that place.
If it be considered desirable to divide the Burmese from
the Assam and typical birds on account of their rather
smaller size and larger bill, they would have to be given
a new name, as there is none at present applicable.
(2) Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus sultaneus.
Picus sultaneus Hodgson, J.A.S.B. vi. 1837, p. 105:
Nepal.
? Chrysocolaptes bacha Reichenb. Scans. Picine, 1854,
p. 399: Central Asia.
This is a very large form with wing between 172 and
190 mm., average 180°5 mm., and a bill between 50 and
63°5 mm., very rarely under 60 mm.
Habitat. N.W. India, Mussoorie to Nepal. Nepal birds
average rather smaller than the N.W. Indian ones, but they
all have the same enormous bill.
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 197
(3) Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus delesserti.
Indopicus delesserti Malh, Mém., Acad. Metz, 1848, p. 348 :
Malabar.
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus indomalayicus Hesse, Orn.
Monatsb. xix. 1911, p. 182: Salanga I.
Chrysocolaptes strictus chersonesus Kloss, Ibis, 1918,
p.- 113: S. Johore.
Habitat. Southern India, south of Bombay in the west
and Orissa in the east, peninsular Burma, Siam, and the
Malay peninsula.
A small bird with wing between 145 and 172 mm. and
average 157 mm., and bill between 38 and 45 mm.
It seems to me to be inadvisable to separate the south
Indian from the south Burmese birds, the same results in
each case having presumably been arrived at by parallel
evolution. Those who refuse to accept under the same
name the same bird from two widely different areas would
have to use the name indomalayicus for the Burmese-
Malayan form, but the only difference between the two is
the slightly larger average size of the latter.
Robinson (vide page 181) gives the length of wing of
Kloss’s chersonesus as 148 mm.; this is a trifle under the
size of any specimen from the British Museum series, but. is
not sufficient reason alone for naming it as a separate sub-
species. There are specimens from Johore in this collection
with wings exceeding 170 mm,
AMICROPTERNUS BRACHYURUS.
Mr. Boden Kloss has recently (Ibis, 1918, pp. 107 et
seq.) created many new subspecies of this Woodpecker, in
some cases it would seem with hardly sufficient material,
although the net results are very accurate. Six races are
comparatively well defined by colour-differences, these being
M. b. brachyurus, M. b. gularis, M. b. phaioceps, M. 6. fok-
iensis, M. b. badiosus, and M. 6. holroydi. The Indian and
Burmese birds Mr. Kloss splits up into further subspecies—
lanka from Ceylon, dblythit from the eastern Himalayas,
mesos from ? Cuttack, Calcutta and Bengal, durmanicus from
198 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
Burma, humei from the north-west Himalayas, and william-
soni from Siam.
Mr. Kloss divides all forms of Micropternus from India,
Burma, Malay, and Siam into two groups: (1) drachyurus
group, with the shafts of the wing-quills more or less
blackened ; and (2) phaioceps group, in which the shafts
are perfectly unsullied red.
I have examined roughly some 400 specimens of this
Woodpecker, and my examination shows that this division
— into two groups is not very good, as it breaks down when a
_large number of skins are considered. On the whole, how-
ever, we do find that the brachyurus group has more black
on the wing-shafts than has the phaioceps. The following
figures show this :—
Dark Red
brachyurus from : shatian chatiss
lan Gye eee ta wahts, Rater 12 0
iTlen ASSEDVIn amen te tee eee 42 18
(Malac@n ae tee 5 ota abate 26 6
S. Malay, various places .. 18 2
SUIMalbiaesseas ahs eee 8 1
SISA POR prev dnc. t,."a ee ee 2 0 103 and 27 respectively.
phaioceps from :
INV pLiidiaiiee sacs ot ean 0 8
Nepal and Sikkim ...... 12 23
Bengal and Behar..... UNE ed, O Black, varying in extent.
Assam and Cachar ...... 9 22
N. and Central Burma.... 9 9
SB ULNA) Meee cre ieee 19 10
Sh wovliean SiN ssc 6 doco be 2 1 58 and 78 respectively.
This suffices to show that we cannot rely on this feature
to distinguish between the two groups, neither is it necessary
to do so, as the character usually accepted, that of the
marking on the chin, is a good one, differentiating plainly
between brachyurus, phaioceps, and gularis. In the first,
brachyurus, and the second, phaioceps, the feathers of the
chin and upper throat have dark longitudinal centres with
pale edges, the general appearance being streaky ; gularis,
on the other hand, has these feathers dark with narrow
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 199
terminal pale markings almost white, which make this part
of the bird look squamated. Between typical specimens of
brachyurus and phaioceps it is also easy to distinguish, as the
former has the feathers of the throat with the centres of a
darker colour than the breast, whilst the latter has them
concolorous with it. In the portion of the two birds’
habitat where they overlap, both dark- and light-coloured
throats are met with, and this obtains over practically the
whole of southern Burma, south-western Siam, and the
north of peninsular Siam and Burma.
A very careful examination of the long series which I
have had the advantage of consulting, shows that there is
no other stable difference of colour in any of the various
proposed races which would suffice to distinguish them from
any other. At first I was inclined to think that Kloss was
right in separating the Ceylon bird (/anka) on the ground ~
of its being a brighter bay in colour than those from
continental India. Of the sixteen birds from Ceylon in the
British Museum collection, three are a very bright bay, but
a hunt amongst skins from elsewhere has produced similar
brightly-coloured individuals of gularis from Travancore,
Ootacamund, and Madras, and of phaioceps from Nepal and
Assam. This characteristic seems, therefore, to be valueless.
As regards the barring on the under parts, beyond the
fact that as a whole brachyurus is far more heavily marked
than phatoceps, nothing more can be said. There are
specimens from Sikkim of the latter form far more heavily
marked than are many individuals of brachyurus from
Malacca, and throughout the range of Micropternus this
_ character is one which varies to an extraordinary degree.
Micropternus b. williamsoni is said to differ from other races
in having more narrow shaft-streaks on the chin and throat-
feathers, no pale shaft-stripes on those feathers, darker
breast, dark bars on the tail narrower, and narrower bars on
the back and wings. Now all these characters are purely in-
dividual and obtain in odd specimens in birds from Sikkim,
Assam, Chin Hills, north, south, and central Burma, and
Siam itself. But there is one feature of the Siam birds which,
SER. XI.— VOL. I. Q
200 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
if constant, would entitle it to subspecific rank, and that
is the immaculate upper back and scapulars. Of the five
Siamese specimens I have examined, four have these parts
quite immaculate, and the fifth almost so. Mr. Kloss does not
mention this feature, so presumably his specimen—a single
one again—was barred on the upper back. Of course,
specimens with the back and scapulars immaculate are found
everywhere, and there are such specimens in the British
Museum collection from Kumaon, Nepal, Behar, and
Tenasserim. Such are, however, quite exceptional, and it is
curious that the only five examples of the Siam bird which L
have been able to examine should be all alike in this respect.
As regards colour-variation, nothing further need be said
except that I cannot find the slightest difference between
the races named mesos, blythii, burmanicus, and humei, so
that eventually we are thrown back upon variation in size
alone if we wish to divide phaioceps, brachyurus, or gularis
into further local races.
Micropternus brachyurus brachyurus group.
The following table gives the measurements of adult
non-moulting birds in the Museum collection. The places
cited are those marked on the labels, but some birds with
non-authentic data have been omitted :—
Sumatra ...... Wing101-114mm. Average 106°5. 8 specimens.
South Malay, :
various places.. ,, 106-115 mm. nt NO2 ls ra
Malacea <2. 2... 3 99-115 mm. 7-3 LOS. 26 5
Singapore .... ,» 113-117 mm. F ipeiey, 3 .
*Tenasserim .... ,,. 107-182 mm. * 121°5. 56 se
Wilanes vec. , 109-116 mm. Ae 1100. 12 3
Measurements would thus seem to show that we have two
races of brachyurus, one from Sumatra and the southern
Malay Peninsula, with a wing averaging under 110 mm.,
and never exceeding 117 mm., and a second race from the
northern Malay, Siamese and Burmese peninsular areas,
with a wing averaging over 121 and seldom under 115 mm.
* This includes birds as far north as the north of peninsular Siam and
Burma, but the largest bird, a female. with wing of 132 mm., comes
from Amherst.
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 201
I can see nothing in coloration to support this decision,
and over much of the northern area both phaioceps and
brachyurus, together with many intermediate individuals,
occur in great numbers.
Micropternus brachyurus phaioceps group.
This subspecies varies little more in size than does M. b.
brachyurus, as the following shows :—
INGW. India. au... Wing 126-142 mm. Average 132. 8 birds.
Nepal and Sikkim .... » 117-130 mm. i 123. OD | 55
Bengal and Behar .... » 112-123 mm. - 116. Te 5
Assam to Tippera .... » 111-129 mm. ANS: (oe er oy
N.and Central Burma. ,, 120-183 mm. s 126:9;- 18.77.
hassel, somnioapacot » 117-131 mm re 125, 29°35
» 123-129 mm. F 1L25'D.) 4 3
The above table therefore shows that we have a very
large form in north-western India, an isolated small form
in Bengal and Assam (practically all these latter are from
south of the Brahmapootra), and a third stretching from
Nepal and Sikkim right away to the extreme south of
Burma, where it meets true brachyurus.
Micropternus brachyurus gularis group.
Oeil Sebo2 bas ca Wing 112-119 mm. Average 115°5. 16 birds.
PeaAVaNCOLC = scicislale ses », 110-120 mm. % LGAs = 9) 3;
Neilgherries and Souih
Madrasa) ; », 117-126 mm. < 122-0 Sh as,
N. of Neilgherries .... » 113-129 mm. on 1:22:07 16s;
Of gularis, therefore, we have two possible races, one from
Ceylon and Travancore, with a wing of about 116 mm., and
a second from the rest of southern India, with a wiyg of
about 122°0 mm., a difference of 6 mm. only, not supported
by any colour-differences.
‘'o summarize results by measurements, we have the
following :—
Micropternus brachyurus brachyurus group.
(1) Southern Malay Peninsula
and Sumatra. «2.5.2.6 Wing about 108°8 mm, 64 specimens.
(2) Northern Peninsula, Burma
piel Sigil sob oocaeduoe 5 Pelee mn. 56
7
Q2
202 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
Micropternus brachyurus phaioceps group.
INDO LmeLa MEMS miseitone Wing about 182:0mm.. 8 specimens.
(2) Bengal, Behar and Assam,
S. ofthe Brahmapootra. —,, » 118lmm. 34 *
(3) Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, N.
of the Brahmapootra,
BurmaandShan States. —,, » 1244mm, 85 re
Micropternus brachyurus gularis group.
(1) Ceylon and Travancore .. Wing about 1158mm. 25 specimens.
(2) Remaining South India to
OUISSAN Ree rs eee * 5 122:;0mm. 29 ss
The names and range for these subspecies will be as
follows :—
(1) Micropternus brachyurus brachyurus.
Picus brachyurus Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvi.
1818, p. 103: Java.
Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java.
Chin and throat streaked with brown, darker than the
colour of the breast. Smaller; wing about 109 mm,
(2) Micropternus brachyurus williamsoni.
Microplernus brachyurus williamsont Kloss, bis, 1918,
p. 107: Koh Lak, S.W. Siam.
Habitat. Peninsular Siam and Burma.
Larger ; wing about 12] mm. .
Even if Kloss’s description of bis new subspecies does not
hold good, this is the only name applicable to birds from
this region, and will therefore stand; if, however, the
Siamese bird proves different in the colour of the back to
other north peninsular forms, the latter will then require a
new name.
(3) Micropternus brachyurus phaioceps.
Micropternus phatoceps Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Beng. xiv.
1845, p. 195: Arrakan.
Habitat. The type of phaioceps comes from Arrakan ;
this name will therefore apply to the birds found throughout
i919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 2035
the eastern Himalayas from Nepal, Assam, north of thie
Brahmapootra, and the whole of Burma north of the
Peninsula, Shan States and north and west Siam.
Streaks on throat of the same colour as the breast. Size
medium ; wing about 124 mm.
‘The name rufinotus is a synonym of gularis. ‘The speci-
meu said to be the type is marked as having been taken by
M‘Clelland in Assam ; in the B.M. Catalogue it is said to
come from Bengal, but the bird itself is a typical .gu/aris
from southern India.
(4) Micropternus brachyurus humei.
Kloss, [bis, 1918, p. 109: Kohilkund (vide supra, p. 180).
Habitat. North-western Himalayas. ‘There are specimens
from Kumaon, Dehra Doon, Nainital, and Buxa in the
Natural History Museum.
A very large bird, with a wing averaging 132-0 mm.
(5) Micropternus brachyurus mesos.
Kloss, Lbis, 1918, p. 109: Kuttak, Orissa (vide supra,
p- 181).
Habitat. Bengal, Behar and Assam, south of the Brahma-
pootra river to Tippera, but not to Arrakan.
A small bird, with a wing of 118 mm.
Here again Kloss’s name must stand, though his diagnosis
cannot be fully confirmed. Also it is unfortunate that he
should first give a new name toa bird from Bengal and then
state on the same page that the type locality for typical
phaioceps is also Bengal. I have already shown, however,
how this very pardonable mistake arose.
(6) Micropternus brachyurus gularis. es
Picus (micropternus) guiaris Jevdon, Madr. Journ. xiil.
1844, p. 189: Southern India.
Habitat. South India, from Orissa on the east and Bombay
on the west, but excluding southern Travancore.
Chin- and throat-feathers squamated, not streaked.
Larger ; wing about 122 mm.
204 Mr. FE. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
(7) Micropternus brachyurus lanka.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 108: Ceylon.
Habitat. South Travancore and Ceylon.
Smaller ; wing about 115°3 mm.
(8) Micropternus brachyurus fokiensis.
Brachypternus fokiensis Swinh. P.Z.S. 1863, p. 87:
Fokhien.
Habitat. Southern China from Fokhien to N.E. Cochin ~
China.
Head paler than back, and more buff than rufous ; chin
and throat pale buff with broad black centres ; underparts
deep smoky brown, with no traces of bars except on flanks.
Larger. Wing 124-135 mm.; average 11 specimens,
129°4 mm.
(9) Micropternus brachyurus holroydi.
Micropternus holroydi Swiuh. Ibis, 1870, p. 95: Central
Hainan.
Habitat. Hainan (? 8.E. Cochin China and east Siam).
Similar to fokiensis, but with darker head, and the feathers
of the throat and chin with larger dark centres and more
narrow pale margins. Smaller. Wing 111-122 mm.;
average 8 specimens, 115°9 mm.
(10) Micropternus brachyurus badiosus.
Meiglyptes badiosus Bonaparte, Consp. Av. 1. 1850, p. 113:
Borneo.
Habitat. Bornco.
A very rich, deep red bird, back and scapulars generally
immaculate, centre of throat-feathers unicolorous with the
breast, and only narrowly margined with white; red under
eye, often extending to above it also; terminal half of tail
unbarred black.
In one specimen from Labuan the feathers of the nape
and sinciput are tipped with crimson.
Wing 107-118 mm.; average 12 specimens, 113°5 mm.
1910. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 205
~ TIGA JAVANENSIS anv TIGA SHOREL.
Although recently 7. shoret has generally been held to be
only a subspecies of 7. javanensis, this does not appear to me
to be correct, for over a considerable portion of its range it
is found occupying the same country as forms of that bird.
This is especially the case over north and north-east Burma
and down the hill-ranges as far as Tenasserim. Tiga shorei
is separable from all the races of J. gavanensis, in having the
chin and throat with two central streaks of black mstead of
one. Ina few individuals the streak is single on the chin,
but in every instance it bifurcates and becomes two distinct
streaks on the throat. Again, 7. shorei has the feathers of the
crest with pale, almost white bases instead of dark, almost
blackish ones. ‘his gives the crest a brighter, more scarlet
tinge, in addition to which the crest itself is longer, and
there is practically no visible black patch on the nape
posterior to the scarlet.
We have therefore two distinct species :—
(1) Tiga shorei.
Picus shorit Vigors, P. Z.S. 18381, p. 175: Himalaya Mts.
Throat, and generally chin, with a double median stripe ,
feathers of crest with pale bases, more scarlet and longer
than in javanensis.
A large bird. Wing from 146 to 162 mm. ; average of
31 birds, 153°3 mm.
Habitat. Himalayas, from Nepal through Sikkim, northern
Assam, Chin and Kachin Hills, northern Arrakan Hills and
down the Burmese hill-ranges as far south as Thyetmyo.
(2) Tiga javanensis.
A smaller bird with shorter crest, the feathers of which
have dark bases, and a single streak of black dots down the
centre of the chin and throat. In very rare cases this line
becomes double on the throat, but in such the intermediate
space is white, not dull buff as in shorez.
This species seems to be divisible into certain geographical
races.
In coloration there is a decided difference between southern
206 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
Indian and southern Burmese birds. The latter have, as a
general rule, the black nuchal patch decidedly larger and
extending well on to the interscapulars. In general tint
also they are darker and duller, the backs a deeper olive
with a more pronounced tint of bronze, and the crests and
rumps a distinctly deeper, more crimson red. ;
As regards measurement, the following are the dimensions
of birds in the British Museum, together with a few others
which I have been able to examine :—
DPravancore as cnige she Wing 131-142 mm. Average 1366. 18 specs.
Burma above lat. 20°.. ,, 141-165 mm. vs 1o4-0.- 8 55
# spn ey LOS el? 5p Poo =Loillenim, a 145:0,, 26.5.
bs en) apr ehO ete gy, 1422157 mim is 14772. Ne
A pt we Lhe. = Ge lao -kep. mm: s 1445, 12:
7 po ee MOT 4 hs SSO Lol mm, a T4308) Aare.
- et aoe). 9 oi—150 mm, = 1435. 29'> 5,
os ‘5 » 12°.. 4, 182-144 mm. ¥ 140:5- 16" ,;
5 en 2, SOO. ~ tle? mim: x 1440, 12 ,,
Malay, south of lat.10° ,,_- 122-186 mm. a 1290. 3 5,
DUMALTA Bye. shes <6 » 118-139 mm. - 123s. 1S" 1
PUES ie ane crcere aac » 124-188 mm. 5s 1303.23 .,,
ISOTNCO Mee rns ets cee, > » 118-180 mm. 3 1 SYo). a} m5
On the above material it is not very easy to define what
subspecies should be made. The bird from Borneo is very
different from all others in colour, and needs no consideration.
Birds from Java, Sumatra, and below lat. 10° in the Malay
Peninsula show a big drop in size when compared with those
from farther north, and Kloss seems to be well advised in
fixing latitude 10° as a division between two of the races,
but the difficulty lies in separating the northern and central
Burmese forms, and it seems to me that it is therefore
perhaps not desirable to attempt any such division. In
coloration there is no difference between them, and though
there is a fairly steady average decrease in size as one works
south from lat. 20° to lat. 12°, yet we find the birds between
lat. 10° and 12° averaging more than those between 17° and
18°, and we obtain individuals from Malwoon, lat. 10°38, with
a wing of 152 mm., against some individuals from northern
Arrakan, of 143 mm.
19109. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 207
The three birds from the upper Chindwin are huge, having
wings of 157, 159, and 165 mm., and if these three were
eliminated, we should not have any very great difference in
size between the most northern birds and any other areas
north of 10°. I therefore leave them for the present all
under one name. If eventually the extreme northern birds
have to be separated from the central and southern Burmese
and Siam birds, the latter will have to be given a new
name, as the northern form will bear the name intermedia,
which was originally bestowed upon a northern Arrakan
bird.
I retain the following species and subspecies :—
(1) Tiga shorei.
Vide above.
(2) Tiga javanensis javanensis.
Picus javanensis Ljungh, K. Vet.-Ac. Nya Handl. xvii.
1797, p. 137: Batavia, Java.
Chrysonotus tridactylus Swains. Class. Birds, i. 1837,
p- 809: Java.
Picus tiga Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 1822, p. 177:
Java.
A very small bird, with wing averaging rather under
130 mm., and varying between 118 and 139 mm.
Habitat. Java, Sumatra, and Malay Peninsula, south of
Lats 10°:
(3) Tiga javanensis borneensis.
Tiya javanensis borneensis Dubois, Ornis, xiv. 1907,
pp. 871, 522: Borneo.
This is a tiny bird, the wing averaging under 124 mm.,
and only varying between 118 and 130 mm. It also differs,
however, very distinctly in coloration, having the back and
wings much lighter with practically no red or bronze tint.
Thus, if two series of birds are laid out on a table, the one
from Borneo and the other, say, from Malacca, the former
appears to be yellow-green above, and the latter red-gold.
Habitat. Borneo only.
208 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
(4) Tiga javanensis exsul.
Tiga javanensis evsul Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. 1901, p. 50:
Bah.
Hartert divides this bird from other races on two cha-
racters : (1) the excessive cross-barring below, and (2) the
red patch on the nape of the female. ‘The only female in
the British Museum has no red nape, and the male does not
seem to be distinguishable from other Javan birds. On the
other hand, the specimens in the Tring Museum certainly —
seem distinct, and all three females in this collection have
the red patch quite apparent.
Habitat. Bali, ? Java.
(5) Tiga javanensis intermedia,
Picus intermedius Blyth, J. A.S. B. 1845, p. 193: Arrakan.
Like typical 7. 7. gavanensis, but larger. The average
wing-measurement of 159 birds from the whole area is
1444 mm., and from the table given above it will be seen
that this is practically the same as that for birds between
10° and 12° in the extreme south of the range.
Habitat. Cachar and hills south of the Brahmapootra,
Manipur, and the whole of Burma north of 10°, Siam,
Shan States, and Yunnan. Blyth’s type was from north
Arrakan.
(6) Tiga javanensis rubropygialis.
Picus rubropygialis Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845 ,p- 400: Bengal.
Chrysonotus erythropygius Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. iv.
pt. u. 1863, p. 173: South India.
Malherbe describes his type as coming from Bengal, and
Jerdon misquotes him as describing it from Bangalore.
This Woodpecker is, however, very rare in Bengal proper,
and the specimen in question may possibly have come from
southern Orissa, often mistermed Bengal in olden days, when
indeed it formed part of that Presidency. The southern
portion of Bengal as represented by Orissa has an entirely
southern Indiau avifauna, and this form of Woodpecker is
found there more frequently than in the north.
i919. | Oriental Woodpeckers und Barbets. 209
T. 7. rubropygialis has a wing varying between 127 and
142 mm., and averaging for 13 specimens 137°5 mm. The
so-called type-specimen is a tiny bird with a wing of only
127 mm.
Habitat. South India northwards to southern Orissa and
Bombay.
(7) Tiga everetti.
Tiga everett: Tweedd. P.Z.S, 1878, p. 612, pl. xxxvii.,
6 et 9: Puerto Princessa, Palawan I.
This form seems to constitute a quite separate species.
The males have no black collar below the nape; the fore-
neck and upper breast are dull olive-brown; the chin and
throat are speckled with black, but have no definite medial
line or lines; there is also a red moustachial patch, and
the lower plumage, as in 7. 7. ewsul, is barred, not edged
with black.
The female has the posterior crest crimson.
Habitat. Palawan.
GAUROPICOIDES RAFFLESI.
I can find no colour distinctions between the various geo-
graphical races of this Woodpecker which are in any way
constant. The type locality is Sumatra, and Hesse has made
three subspecies—i. e., one from Sumatra, a second smaller
one from Borneo, and a third alleged larger one from the
Malay Peninsula.
Hesse also claims that the Malayan bird differs from the
Sumatran in that the male in the former has the upper tail-
coverts tinged with red, whilst the Sumatran one has none
of this tint. Of the 21 fully adult males from the Malay
Peninsula in the British Museum collection, [ find 10 have
this red tinge and 1] have not ; on the other hand, of the
five Sumatran males, one has it slightly and four are
without it. This, therefore, would seem to be rather an
individual variation than a racial one.
As regards size, this is so variable that it does not seem a
very safe characteristic to trust to; but of the Museum
210 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ This,
series of Sumatran birds several have data which are not
reliable, being merely on dealers’ tickets with additional
information furnished by the purchaser on now unknown
grounds. If we accept average size as sufficing to
distinguish races, we have the following :—
(1) Gauropicoides rafflesi rafflesi.
Picus raffles Vigors, Memoir Lite Raffles, 1831, App.
p. 669 : Sumatra.
Habitat. Sumatra.
Average wing-measurement of 9 birds, 138 mm. (126 to
153 mm.)
Of this small series the largest bears a dealer’s ticket and
one in Lord Tweeddale’s handwriting, but it appears to be
an obvious Malaccan trade-skin, and the second largest
(with a wing of 148 mm.) is also a very doubtful one.
Excluding these two, the other seven have wings of an
average of only 1384 mm. :
(2) Gauropicoides rafflesi peninsularis.
Hesse, Orn. Muunatsb. xix. 1911, p. 192: Malacca.
Habitat. Malacea, south of Malay Peninsula to Tenasserim
and S.E. Siam.
Average wing-measurement of 39 birds, 143°5 mm.
(138-153 mm.)
(3) Gauropicoides rafflesi borneonensis.
Hesse, loc. cit.: Borneo.
Habitat. Borneo.
A small bird with an average wing-measurement (16 birds)
of 127°5 mm (121-134 mm.)
SASIA.
There are two quite good species of this little Piculet :—
i (1) Sasia ochracea.
With white eyebrow, and ochre or rufous back.
+~(2) Sasia abnormis.
With no white eyebrow, and olive-green back.
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 211
And these seem to be again divisible into the following
geographical races :—
(1) Sasia ochracea ochracea.
Sasia ochracea Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 1836,
Pah te Nepal.
White eyebrow; back strongly suffused with rusty-red
or ferruginous ; underparts deep ferruginous ; cap olive-
green.
Wing 52-59 mm. Average of 50 birds, 543 mm.
Habitat. Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Cachar, Manipur, and
the extreme-northern Chin and Kachin Hills.
(2) Sasia ochracea reichenowi.
Sasia ochracea reishenowi Hesse, Orn. Monatsb. xix.
19}. p. 18): Burma:
White eyebrow; back much paler, ochraceous rather
than ferruginous ; below rusty ochraceous instead of deep
ferruginous ; cap olive, contrasting more strongly with the
back than it does in true ochracea. :
Wing 50-56 mm. Average of 14 birds, 52°71 mm.
Habitat. The whole of western and central Burma, from
Arrakan and Tenasserim and down the Peninsula as far as
Mergui on the west.
The birds in the British Museum collection from the
Khasia Hills are, strange to say, all typically of this form,
though surrounded on every side by ochracea. At present I
have only three specimens to examine as skins, but I knew
the bird well in life in this district and never noticed any
difference between it and the adjoining Cachar bird, so
under these circumstances merely note the fact for further
enquiry.
Sasia abnormis abnormis.
Picumnus abnormis Yemm. Pl. Col. iv. 1825, pl. 371.
fig. 3: Java.
Sasia everetti Hargitt, Cat. Birds B.M. xvii. 1890, p. 559 :
Borneo.
No white eyebrow. Back dusky olive-green, concolorous
212 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
with head ; below deep ferruginous, but with a golden sheen
on some of the feathers of the lower breast and abdomen,
never found in ochracea.
Wing 50-56 mm. Average 22 specimens, 53 mm.
I can trace no difference in colour or size between
specimens from Borneo, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and
Siam and those from Java; but there are very few
specimens from the latter locality, and it may be, as
Hartert says, that a series will show them to be smaller |
and with a smaller bill than those from elsewhere.
Habitat. Borneo, Sumatra, Java, the Malay Peninsula,
as far north as Kossum and thence east up the Peninsula
into south-west Siam, as far north and east at all events
as Maprit, whence birds were obtained by Mr. E. G.
Herbert.
Hargitt’s everett is merely the young bird of abnormis
with the underparts olive-green. There are, however, here
and there young feathers of the adult rufous colour, showing
distinctly what the bird really is.
Sasia abnormis magnirostris.
Sasia abnornis magnirostris Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. 1901,
p- 51: Nias.
Differs from S. a. abnormis in having a bigger bill, with a
depth at base of 6 mm. as against 4-5 in that bird.
There are no specimens of this subspecies in the British
Museum.
\ THEREICERYX LINEATUS.
I cannot discriminate between more than two additional
geographical races of this Barbet—i.e., a larger northern
and a smalier southern form. There appear to be no
constant differences in colour which can be considered sub-
specific ; depth and shade of green, comparative darkness
of head, and extent of striation appear to be purely
individual,
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 213
The measurements of a very large series, working down
from north to south, are as follows :—
N.W. India to Nepal .. Wing 133-142 mm. Average 137°6. 7 birds,
Nepalis ..c). means eeeetnie ,, 124-136 mm. K 1SO:8es
Sikkim and Bhutan .. ,, 117-137 mm. m 1:29:95 20
INSSRIN et reer ae ;, 122-137 mm. ~ 130:55) 730)
INS Brings eee : » 124-187 mm. %, exes yy
S. Shan States....... ‘ » 128-185 mm. a NGOP5 iG) Fy
FeXOVOE) 00M pic tatags cha eeee » 122-124 mm. 12305 2 is
Siam, N. of Peninsula.. ,, 124-131 mm. y lege abl o.
Central Burma, S. of
Chin and Kachin Hills. = ,, 107-182 mm. WPA, sy
Peninsular Siam ...... 22S 7mm mF 4 Sa eons
Tenasserim and Penin-
Stlarslsubinaee rs: ee ell 34 sminig 4 Pe}, Uy.
A AVENE Gh on ehchone acho crore » 112-124 mm. io ME NN}
It is’ manifest that the north-western Indian bird is not
the same as the Javan, and indeed the former bird appears
to run much larger than any other form. There are, how-
ever, only seven specimens upon which to base an opinion,
though of these no fewer than four have wings of 139 mm.
aud upwards. Should a larger series confirm these mea-
surements, this race would certainly require a new name,
as there is none now applicable.
Leaving the north-western form, we have a second with
“a wing roughly averaging about 130 mm., extending from
Nepal through Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam north and south of
the Brahmapootra, the Chin, Kachin, and Shan Hills, down
into Siam north of the Peninsula. North Arrakan and
south Chin Hill birds, with wings averaging 133 mm.
(a larger series might decrease this average), also appear
to belong to this form. The birds from south Arrakan and
the whole of west and central Burma belong to a smaller
form with a wing averaging 124 mm., and to this race
belong those from peninsular Siam and Burma with wings
averaging about 1 mm. longer.
In Java itself we have a very small bird with a wing only
117 mm. in average length, although we have a fair series
(13 skins) for examination, At the same time, it is very
214 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
noticeable that the smallest bird in the whole series of
skins of this species is a fully adult male in perfect
plumage from Kaukaryit with a wing of only 109 mm.
The following subspecies seem to be maintainable :—
(1) Thereiceryx lineatus lineatus.
Capito lineatus Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. iv. 1816,
p. 500: Java. ;
Very small; wing average 117-3 mm. (J3 birds).
Habitat. Java and Bali.
(2) Thereiceryx lineatus hodgsoni.
Megalema hodgsoni Bonap. Consp. Av. i. 1850, p. 144:
Nepal.
Megalema maclellandi Moore & Horsf. Cat. ii. p. 637.
The type of M. maclellandi is said to have come from
north-east Bengal, and the ticket on the type itself is
marked as from Assam; as Assam at one time formed the
north-east corner of Bengal both are correct, but the name
is merely a synonym for 7. /. hodgsoni.
A very large bird : wing about 130°6 mm. (103 birds).
Habitat. Nepal, through the Himalaya and eastern Bur-
mese Hills to Siam north of the Peninsula.
(3) Thereiceryx lineatus intermedius.
Stuart-Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxix, 1918, p.9: Pahpoon,
Burma.
Type. No. 88.11.30.449, 9, ex Hume Coll., Brit. Mus.
Intermediate in size between 7. 1. hodgsoni and T. 1.
lineatus, with a wing of about 124 mm. (71 birds).
Habitat. Central and south Burma and peninsular Burma ~
and Siam.
? (4) Thereiceryx, ? subsp. nov.
From N.W. India.
A very large bird, with an average length of wing over
137 mm.
If a sufficient series of specimens from the north-west of
India west of Nepal shows that the great size is consistent,
this will suffice to constitute a fourth geographical race,
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 215
+P THEREICERYX FAIOSTRICTA.
There seems to be great confusion in respect to the
proper name which this Barbet should bear.
Temminck originally described it as Bucco faiostricta
(Pl. Col. iii. 1831, pl. 527) and gave its habitat as Cochin
China. In the B.M. Catalogue Temminck is misquoted as
Bucco flavostrictus (Cat. B.M. xix. 1891, p. 76), and Gray
(Genera B, 11. 1846, p. 429) calls it Megalema faiostrictus
but is again misquoted in the Catalogue as M. flavostriata.
Then Neumann (Bull. B.O.C. xxiii. 1909, p. 31) mis-
quotes Shelley as Cyanops pheostricta instead of Cyanops
pheostriata, and here refers to its having been found in
south China, and on the strength of this makes a bird
from Saigon, Cochin China, a new subspecies under the
name saigonensis, the grounds for its separation being its
small size, 7. e. a wing of only 102 mm. as agaiust his south
Chinese birds with wings from 112 to 118 mm.
As Kloss correctly shows, however, the original type
came from Cochin China, so saigonensis is only a synonym
of faiostricta. Kloss then names the south Chinese birds
pretermissus, on account of their comparatively large size
rendering it necessary to divide them from the Cochin
-China bird. This distinction does not, however, seem to
hold good, though Kloss’s name must probably be retained
on other grounds.
We have now a fair amount of material available for com-
parison. In the British Museum there are eight specimens
of this Barbet—3 from Ok-Yam, Franco-Siamese boundary,
wings 108-112 mm.; 2 from Nhatrang, Annam, with wings
of 109 mm.; and one, Neumann’s type, from Saigon, with
awingofl02mm. In Mr. Herbert’s collection are two from
Hoop Boon, Sriracha, with wings of 112 and 114 mm.
respectively. Count Gyldenstolpe has a fine series of
13 birds with wings varying between 110 and 115 mm. ;
and, finally, Kloss records one from Lat Bua Kao with
a wing of 108 mm. Robinson’s four birds from Ok-Yam
are said to have wings over 112 mm.
SER, XI.— VOL. I. R
216 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [This,
Neumann’s six birds, which are now in the Tring Museum,
have wings, as Kloss states, between 112 and 118 mm.
From this it is evident that we cannot separate preter-
missa on accouut of size alone, especially when it appears
that saigonensis is named from an abnormally small-sized
bird.
There is, all the same, one quite good difference between
the south Chinese birds and those from Cochin China,
Annam, etc., and that is, so far as we know now, all true
faiostricta have a red patch or spot on either side of
the lower throat, whilst those from south China have
none.
The two forms will therefore stand as follows :—
(1) Thereiceryx faiostricta faiostricta.
Bucco faiostricta Temm. Pl. Col. ii. 1831, pl. 527:
Cochin China.
Cyanops pheostricta saigonensis Neumann, Bull. B.O.C.
xxii. VIOOKp. 3.
Neumann’s type is No. 88.11.25.278, Tweeddale Collec-
tion, British Museum ; no sex, locality Cochin China (vide
Bull. B.O.C. xxii. p. 31). The wing is 102 mm.
Rather smaller: wing 108-115 mm. (one 102 mm.); a
red spot well developed on either side of the lower throat.
Habitat. Cochin China, Annam, and Siam.
(2) Thereiceryx faiostricta pretermissa.
Thereiceryax flavostrictus pretermissus Kloss, Lbis, 1918,
p. 101: Nanchan Island, Kwangtung, South China. Now
in Tring Museum.
A larger bird; wing 112-118 mm. ; no red spot on either
side of the throat.
Habitat. As above, so far as is now known.
It may eventually prove that the south-eastern Cochin
China form is always very small, in which case we
should have three subspecies aud Neumann’s name would
stand.
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 217
aa CYANOPS DUVAUCELI.
There are at present the following races of this Barbet
described :—
(1) Cyanops duvauceli duvauceli.
Bucco duvauceli Less. Traité, 1831, p. 164:
Sumatra.
(2) Cyanops d. borneensis.
Parrot, Miinchen. Abh. Ak. Wiss., Math.-Phys.
K]. xxiv. 1907, pp. 149, 288: Borneo.
(3) Cyanops d. cyanotis.
Bucco cyanotis Blyth, J. A.S. B. xvi. 1847, p. 485:
Bengal.
(4) Cyanops d. orientalis.
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 738: Ok-Yam, Tranco-
Siamese boundary.
Cyanops duvauceli is easily divisible into two races—
duvauceli duvauceli, a small bird with black ear-coverts and
a large black patch on upper breast ; and a larger form with
blue ear-coverts and no black patch on upper breast, duvauceli
cyanotis.
The difficulty is in dealing with the intermediate forms,
which, in coloration, grade into one another very gradually
~ without having any area in which a stable form has been
evolved.
In size we have, on the other hand, a somewhat more
definite dividing line than usual; but the series available
for examination is not large, and it is possible that with a
larger one, the sudden dividing line may become less distinct.
Rilekamal ts Moise Matters Wing 80-87 mm. Average 83°2. 5 birds.
PNSRAT ered elas shows sat 5 @8-88 mm, 55 82:0; 7 Lar ,;
NGG a eet acs se » 77-88 mm. 5 819, eae
LAI oyesecsraiwe eke eile oc = », 82-87 mm, a 83'5. Si 5
Peninsular Burma and
Siam vtec ste: Arne » (2-79 mm, - (Oy) 15y o3,
Malacca and South
Malay Peninsula.... ,» 68-79 mm. 3 (pra. 240
Suet (5G: edMes biriin oor enees » 69-77 mm. ns 295) OR
BOPAGO os =yes ins bas » 7@3-80 mm, 3 Woe IS
218 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [Ibis,
From the above table we see that this species falls into
two well-divided races—one with a wing averaging well over
80 mm., the other well under 80 mm.
As regards the larger race, I can find no colour variation
by which it can be split up. At first sight Robinson’s skins
do seem to be separable, because of their bright clean greeu
appearance, and the amount of yellow in the spot under the
eye. A careful examination, however, seems to show that
this is due only to the beautiful way in which the skins are
made. I find that skins made by one of my men in
Cachar are facsimiles in colour and size of Robinson’s
C. d. orientalis, and this race cannot be maintained. The
amount of yellow in the spot under the eye varies to the
same degree in birds from Sikkim to south Burma and
peninsular Siam.
In the smaller race a further division seems desirable.
Birds from Borneo and Sumatra are not separable from one
another, unless one considers a difference of 2°5 mm. on an
average wing-measurement sufficient for this purpose. In
coloration both birds are identical, with black ear-coverts,
and a big black breast-patch. Parrot divides his borneensis
from typical duvauceli as being a brighter, paler green,
but the alleged difference is certainly not visible in the
two series in the British Museum.
When, however, we come to the Malay Peninsula bird,
we find that the ear-coverts are neither pure blue nor all
black, but are dull biuish with the basal half black, the pro-
portion of the two colours varying considerably. The black
spot on the breast seems to be nearly always present, but
is much smaller than in the Sumatran and Bornean birds.
Accordingly there are, I consider, the following three
forms of this Barbet, with a possible fourth from Batu
Island :—
(1) Cyanops duvauceli duvauceli.
Bucco duvauceli Less. Traité, 1831, p. 164: Sumatra.
Cyanops duvauceli borneensis Parrot, Miinchen. Abh. Ak.
Wiss., Math.-Phys. KI. xxiv. 1907, pp. 149, 286 : Borneo.
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 219
Black ear-coverts ; black patch on breast well developed,
Wing average 75:2 mm. (23 birds).
Habitat. Borneo and Sumatra.
(2) Cyanops duvauceli robinsoni.
Stuart-Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxix. 1918, p. 20: Klang,
Malay Peninsula.
Type. No. 88.11.30.338, ¢, ex Hume Coll. British
Museum.
Ear-coverts mixed blue and black ; black spot on breast
small. Wing average 75°6 mm. (39 birds).
Habitat. Malay Peninsula and peninsular Siam and
Burma.
(3) Cyanops duvauceli cyanotis.
Bucco cyanotis Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. 1847, p. 487:
Bengal.
Cyanops duvaucelt orientalis Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 738 :
Ok-Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary.
Kar-coverts blue ; no black spot on breast. Wing average
82°3 mm. (35 birds).
Habitat. Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Chin and Kachin Hills,
Shan States, and Siam, north of the Peninsula.
(4) Cyanops duvauceli gigantorhinus.
Mesobucco duvauceli gigantorhinus Oberholser, Smiths.
Inst. Mise. Coll. Ix. no. 7, 1912, p.6: Batu Is.
This is merely described by Oberholser as “ Like M. d.
duvauceli but with a much larger bill : Lafau, Nias 11.”
No measurements are given, and I have no birds for
examination,
Habitat. Apparently Batu and Nias Islands.
T+ XANTHOLAZMA HAEMACEPHALA.
This little Barbet, which according to the British Museum
Catalogue rejoices in no fewer than fourteen names, is, as a
matter of fact, very consistent in size throughout its great
range, and its colour varies no more than its dimensions
220 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis,
The latter are as follows :—
Average, Extremes. ae ae &
Khorasan, Persia ........ Wing 80:0 mm. — 1
MNT SOD avea eles Giclee se /arereh> : Somes 80-89 mm. 9
North-west India........ 7 USHOr 5, 77-82 _,, 12
Nepal and Bhutan ...... 3 SIGSier 80-84 ,, 6
INGGAOig aeeeey tay ate heise kes 95 840 ,, 81-87 ,, ol.
AVA PUbANA Ge ate. le yo sts 5 ¥ So .;, 78-83 ,, 4
Central Provinces ...... f Siks 7; 79-84 ,, if
Bene alee eeesteieieeiaeritts P S06 78-84 ,, 4
‘Bowibsyens-. ose see ees - 80°3 ,, 74-89 ,, 27
Milaidliralsweae-y teas sch teeces eur rete on S0ioN Fs 77-87 ,, 10
Travancore and Mysore .. x ES 73-83 ,, 13
@eylon se sine ons on an WSO. 4, 75-81 ,, 4
BUTIMNA Ee eee Gees ee eete a 82°5,, 77-87 ,, 51
Malay Peninsula ........ Ss euler, 78-83 ,, 5
Samson cis ie cates 5 a 80-87 ,, 12
ATTAIN ee ices onedetey steric *F 80:0%,;
Sumatran. sae ser te a sos) |; 79-83 ,, 5
Dilip ple siaee crs sets ote 27 3 82:0 ,, 80-88 _,, 22
We thus have these differences at the greatest extremes
of its range: a bird in the Punjab with a wing of 83°2 and
another in Ceylon with one of 78-0, 7. e. a difference of only
5°2 mm., but from -the north-west 12 birds average only
79°6 mm., which is exactly the same as those from Travan-
core. Under these circumstances it is impossible to make
any geographical races on the ground of size. There is,
however, one race which is easily distinguishable on account
of the much bigger bill, which, measured from nostril to tip,
averages over 17 mm. as against well under 14 mm. for
the rest.
We have, therefore :—
(1) Xantholema hemacephala hemacephala.
? Bucco philippensis Brisson, Orn. iv. 1760, p. 99, pl. vii.
fig. 2: Philippines.
Bucco hemacephalus Miiller, Syst. Nat. Anhang, 1776,
p. 88: Philippines.
Bucco flaviguia Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1788, p. 20:
Philippines.
1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 221
Bucco philippinensis Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, p. 407:
Philippines.
Canto jflavicollis Boun, et Vieill. Ene, Meéth, 1828,
p. 1424: Philippines.
Xantholema hematocephala Shelley, Cat. Birds B.M. xix.
1891, p. 89 (part).
Birds from the Philippmes are the darkest of all these
little Barbets, and are very heavily striated below. The
edges to the wing-quills are dark and very blue, less green,
especially when compared with Assam or still more western
specimens.
The difference in the size of the bill is very noticeable:
birds from the Philippines have the bill from 16 to 18 mm.,
measured as described, whilst those from Sumatra, Malay
Peninsula, Burma, and India have it between 12 and 15 mm.,
whilst the average for the two forms is under 14 mm. and
over 17 mm. respectively.
Brisson’s Bucco philippensis would appear to be this bird,
but his names are not accepted as binomial ; the plate is very
poor and the description meagre, and under these circum-
stances it is safer to retain Muller’s name.
Habitat. Philippines.
(2) Xantholema hemacephala indica.
Bucco indicus Lath, Ind. Orn. 1. 1790, p. 205: India.
Bucco rubricollis Cuv. Régne Anim. 1. 1829, p. 428:
“The greater part of India.”
Bucco luteus Less. Traité, 1831, p. 163: Pondicherry.
Megalama rubrifrons Gray, List Capit. Brit. Mus, 1868,
p. 11: India.
Xantholema hematocephala Shelley, Cat. Birds B.M. xix.
1891, p. 89 (part). |
The differences between XY. h. indica and X. h. hema-
cephala are those already pointed out above.
Habitat. Practically the whole of India, from the foot-
hills of the Himalayas to Ceylon, the plains of Burma,
Yunnan, Siam, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra.
There are three names which have hitherto been given as
222 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [Ibis,
synonyms of X. hemacephala:—(1) Bucco parvus Gmelin,
Syst. Nat. i. p. 407, of which the type locality is said to be
Senegal; but the description shows that it is probably
a small Barbatula, and anyway it has nothing to do with
this Barbet. (2) Bucco lathami Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 408.
This is founded on the plate in Lath. Syn. i. and p. 504,
which is not in the least like Nantholema hemacephala.
The plate is of a bird called “ the Buff-faced Barbet,” and
no locality is given. (3) Bucco nanus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Eni.
p. 47: Cayenne, This is founded upon Latham’s Black-
spotted Barbet (i. p. 496), which probably represents
Capito niger.
Shelley misquotes Marshall as giving this bird the name
(amended) of hematocephala in his Monogr. Capit. p. 101,
pl. 42 (1871), but as a matter of fact Marshall calls it
hemacephala.
It should be noted that the bird from Khorasan has
a very small bill (12 mm.), and is very yellowish-green
with an intense sheen on the upper plumage equalled by -
very few specimens elsewhere. This may well be an
individual character, but it will be interesting to examine
‘further specimens.
XII1.— Notes on Birds observed in Palestine.
By Major A. G. L. Stapen, M.C., R.E., M.B.O.U.
(Plate IV.)
From July to the end of October-1917, I found myself in
that curious semi-desert of southern Palestine which was
then occupied by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force to the
south and south-east of Gaza. The country here, though
extremely fertile after the rains of winter and producing
heavy crops of grain in the spring, becomes during summer
and autumn a vast tract of dry and sandy land, swept by
dust-storms and scorched by the sun. There are few trees
1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 223
except along the coastal strip which includes Deir el Belah,
Khan Yunus, and Rafa. Most of my observations were
made in the neighbourhood of Shellal, a point some twelve
miles from the mouth of the Wadi Ghuzze. This wadi, like
most large wadis in Palestine and Sinai, was at this time of
the year a huge dry river-bed with here and there a few
shallow pools which, excepting a large brackish freshwater
lake at Deir el Belah, provided the only surface-water in that
part of the country. At Shellal there were several of these
pools, and their presence no doubt was responsible for many
of the migrants which came under notice.
After the advance of the British force in November
and December 1917 the type of country became very
different as we went northward, and some species which had
appeared only on migration at Shellal were found to be
resident farther north. On the other hand, I never found
Tristram’s Desert-Lark (Ammomanes deserti fraterculus) in
any other place than at oue particular spot on the Wadi
Ghuzze.
Before the northward migration commenced there were
very few birds to be seen in the area around Shellal, aud one
could almost count the common species on one’s fingers, but
once migration began there was a constant stream of new-
comers. Doubtless a very much larger number of migrants
passed south along the seashore and through the coastal strip
of vegetation and did not penetrate even a few miles inland.
The Quail, for instance, was a scarce occurrence at Shellal
whilst thousands were passing along the coast.
I had no opportunities for careful observation during
November and most of December 1917, but after that
I increased my list very considerably, as might have been
expected with the entire change in the nature of the
country. The orange groves of Jaffa, the cultivation of the
plain of Sharon, the marshy ground near Ramleh and Yebua,
and the hills of Judea from Latron to the Jordan, provided
such a variety of country that for some time I was daily
recording fresh species.
Tam very much indebted to Lieut.-Col. Meinertzhagen and
224 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis,
to Mr. M. J. Nicoll for their assistance in the identification
of specimens. In reading the following notes it should be
borne in mind that the period from July to October, inclu-
sive, was spent in the Deir el Belah—-Shellal area, and all
subsequent dates, with the exception of a few days in May
1918, refer to the country on the Jaffa—Jerusalem line.
It has been a matter for regret that no opportunity has
occurred for continued observation in the Jordan Valley and
country to the eastward, as | imagine much of it must be
regarded as of particular interest to the ornithologist.
A number of species breed along the Jordan Valley, which
in some places, owing to its peculiar climatic conditions, is
almost tropical in its aspect.
All the skins enumerated have been presented to the
British Museum.
I have prepared a map (PI. IV.) on which are marked all
the localities mentioned in my notes.
Corvus umbrinus. Brown-necked Raven.
Very common, in fact about the only species of Corvide
seen near Shellal and Tel el Fara during August—October
1917. Round about Ramleh and Jaffa I only saw one
during the following winter, but I observed several in the
Judean Hills during this period.
Corvus corone. Carrion-Crow.
T secured one out of a flock of about twenty that I saw in
Yebna marshes on 24 February, 1918. I had not previously
found this species in Palestine.
Corvus cornix. Hooded Crow.
I only saw two near Shellal and Gaza between August
and October 1917. They became more common as we went
farther north later. A few are to be seen about Jaffa and
Ramleh at all seasons of the year.
Corvus frugilegus. Rook.
I first noticed a large flock near Ramleh, 4 December,
1917, and now and again a few small flocks during the
bis. 1919: Pl. TV.
34°15" 30’
VITTY & SEABORNE,
LONDON.
VITTY & SEABORNE,
LONDON,
Wadi Hes;
@ VERUSALEM
® Hebron
[bis.
/
1919.
Pity,
1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 225
winter, but they were never common and appeared to be
only passing.
Garrulus? species. Jay.
On 23 June I saw one of these birds at Kuryet el Enab,
near Jerusalem (about 2000 ft. above sea-level). It appeared
slightly larger than the British Jay. Its note was identical
with the latter. Up to the time of writing I have been
unable to secure a specimen.
Sturnus vulgaris. Starling.
None seen near Shellal during August to October 1917,
with the exception of one which I saw at a pool near the
Wadi Mirtaba, south of Beersheba, about 10 October.
Large flocks were seen near Jaffa during the winter of
1917-18, and these roosted in the reed-beds of Yebna marsh,
All these birds disappeared in March.
Pastor roseus. Rose-coloured Pastor.
One was secured near Rafa at the beginning of October
joie
Oriolus oriolus. Golden Oriole.
io. near Gaza, 1x. 17;
Several seen on migration near Gaza, September 1917.
Seen again on northward migration 7 and 8 May, 1918.
Chloris chloris chlorotica. Palestine Greenfinch.
Pion valiaeUnxie lO, Ig aiaita, 27 ice O.
Common in olive groves and orange plantations during
winter months, and breeds commonly in suitable places.
I found a nest containing five eggs on 14 March, 1918.
The eggs of this bird are much smaller than those of the
Knglish form. The bird taken 27 January, 1918, is very
much lighter in colour, and others which appeared to be
similar were noticed during the winter months near Jaffa
and Ramleh up to the middle of February. I strongly
suspect this to be a distinct form, but there appears to be
no other record.
226 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis,
Carduelis carduelis carduelis. Continental Goldfinch.
to ~Jatta, 26. 1. LS.
Flocks were common in and about Ramleh and Jaffa
during the winter. A considerable number remained during
the spring and summer and nested commonly in the orange
groves. On 16 April I found uests with young birds several
days old. This species was found nesting as far sonth
as Khan Yunus and Deir el Belah.
Passer domesticus biblicus. Palestine Sparrow.
1S, Jatta, 7.11. 18; ed), Jatla, 20-11. 18:
Common wherever there is human habitation. This
species nested also in caves and holes in rocky cliffs far from
houses and villages.
Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus. Spanish Sparrow.
Ll aoatta, 2) sido a ee atta. 7+ eS,
I did not notice any of this species during the winter
1917-18 until 7 March, when I saw two males in company
with P. d. biblicus near Jaffa. Later, however, they equalled
the latter in numbers and nested commonly all over the
country. To me the note of this bird was quite distinguish-
able from that of other sparrows, and its ‘chirrup” had a
distinct trill which is peculiar to the species.
Fringilla celebs. Chaffinch.
] ¢, Jatia, 4 oan. 18:
Very common near Ramleh and Jaffa during the winter
montis, but not seen after March.
Acanthis cannabina fringillirostris. Linnet.
lo, Kuryet el Enab, 238. vi. 18.
I obtained at Kuryet el Enab, near Jerusalem, on
23 June, an immature bird. There were a number of young
birds of the year and a few adults. Some of the young birds
were not very strong on the wing and appeared as if they
had been bred locally. I had suspected A. cannabina in
March when I thought I saw some at Jaffa. It certainly
did not breed or remain during the spring in the plains.
i919. ] Birds observed in Palestine. 227
This specimen has been compared with skins at the British
Museum and agrees with birds taken at Nazareth and Tyre.
? Erythrospiza githaginea Desert Bullfinch.
I secured a bird which I took to be of this species at
Belah on 8 May, 1918. Mr. M. J. Nicoll suggested that
it was perhaps the Persian Bullfinch (Rhodospiza obsoleta),
but unfortunately a rat took this skin from my dugout
before J could submit it to Mr. Nicoll for examination.
Emberiza calandra calandra. Corn-Bunting.
Po, data, 10.01.18.
Very common in Yebua Marsh during winter, also in
suitable country to the north of Jaffa. ‘They remained
to breed, but their breeding-quarters were confined to marshy
ground, probably on account of there being no suitable
scrubby growth elsewhere.
Emberiza cesia. Cretzschmar’s Bunting.
RopuGaza. 401%, 17, 2 ¢, Gaza; 4eax, 17. 1 So /Gaza;
20 evil 7.
This species is very common during migration, which
lasted throughout August and September at Shellal. They
were scell again on spring migration, the earliest appearance
being 21 March near Jaffa. Tristram says that he found
them nesting commonly in the hills north of Jerusalem, but
I found no trace of them breeding in the flat country around
Jaffa.
Emberiza cia. Meadow-Bunting.
These were quite common near Jaffa during April 1918,
and at Shellal I secured a female with incubation spots on
2 May. As far as I could see a few birds appeared to
remain throughout the spring and summer.
Emberiza melanocephala. Black-headed Bunting.
Bede Jatia, 22. iv, 1S-- I o, Jaftalasviels. 1.2: Jatia;
18. vi. 18.
This species was first observed near Jaffa about 20 April.
The males appeared to precede the females by two or three
days. Later on they nested commonly in the orange groves.
228 Major A. G. L. Sladen on (Ibis,
Emberiza hortulana. Ortolan Bunting.
1 g, Jaffa, 20. ii. 18.
A few seen on the northward migration, the first being
near Jaffa, 20 March, 1918.
Alauda arvensis. Sky-Lark.
I saw none until we got north of Beersheba in November
1917. There 1 found large flocks and picked up many
injured birds under telegraph-wires. This would be -
10 November. ‘They were common throughout the winter
months near Jaffa and Ramleh. Possibly this is the eastern
form A. arvensis cinerascens.
Calandrella brachydactyla brachydactyla. Short-toed Lark.
Common near the Wadi Ghuzze, July to October 1917.
They also bred in the hilly country near Jaffa in the follow-
ing spring, though only in comparatively small numbers.
Galerida cristata cinnamomea. Crested Lark.
1g, Wadi Ghuzze, 7.x.17. 14, Wadi Ghuzze, 1.ix. 17;
26 2, Jattaol in. 18:
One of the commonest birds in all parts of Palestine which
I visited and breeding freely everywhere.
Melanocorypha calandra calandra. Calandra Jark.
2 ©, Wadi Ghuzze,7.1x.17. 1 @y Jattays. in. 1S)
Large flocks used to come tu drink in the Wadi Ghuzze
both morning and evening during August, September, and
October, 1917. They always came in from the north, and
during other times of the day none were to be found,
I never saw one in the country south of the Wadi. During
our advance north through Beersheba I came across them
plentifully throughout the country up to Jaffa. During the
following spring I found them breeding.
The apparently definite line of demarcation formed by the
Wadi Ghuzze was very curious in view of the fact that
Crested and Short-toed Larks were very common and
breeding in the area south and south-east of the Wadi.
1919. | Birds observed in Palestine.
al
S)
Oo
Lullula arborea. Wood-Lark,
These birds were common in small flocks near Ramleh in
December 1917, but they appeared to be somewhat local, and
I saw none after January 1918.
Ammomanes deserti fraterculus. Desert-Lark.
1¢, Wadi Ghuzze,7.x.17. 14, Wadi Ghuzze, 18. viii. 17.
I found this species in pue spot only on the Wadi Ghuzze
at Shellal during August, September, and October, 1917.
They were fairly common within an area of about half a
mile, but I saw them nowhere else, although doubtless they
are not uncommon in similar localities.
Motacilla alba. White Wagtail.
L ¢,, Wadi Ghuzze; 20. x: 17.
These birds began to appear about 6 October, near Belah,
and were all over the country south of Gaza by the 20th.
They were very common and, in fact, the only Wagtail which
I noticed during the winter 1917-18 around Jaffa, Ramleh,
and Jerusalem.
Motacilla feldeggi. Black-headed Wagtail.
1.2; data, 171. 18.
A specimen taken 17 March, near Jaffa, was identified as
belonging to this species. There is not a doubt that both
this and WM. flava flava pass ou migration in considerable
numbers.
Motacilla flava flava. Blue-headed Wagtail.
eg Jaa, 20swel8s lol dattan 7 ime dS:
As far as I was able to identify them a large number
_ appeared near Gaza on migration 1 September to 15 October.
Others were seen on spring migration near Jaffa during the
first week in March.
Motacilla flava beema. Sykes’s Wagtail.
Iegy obelialy Javax 17. 1 dy Satta 20) 1s. 18.9. ko,
Jaffa, 7. iv. 18.
The first skin sent to the British Museum of a specimen
230 Major A. G. L. Sladen on (Ibis,
which I took at Shellal 13.ix.17. was referred to by
Mr. Ogilvie-Graut as follows :—“ This is an immature
Grey-headed Wagtail which should, I think, be referred
to Motacilla flava beema. I lave sent it to a friend to
ask him if he agrees in this identification.”
These skins have been compared with those in the British
Museum collection from India, with which they agree.
I first noticed them on 1 September at Shellal. By
25 September there were hundreds of similar birds all over
the country, but they had all disappeared by October 1917,
when M. alba began to be common, having put in their first
appearance a few days later.
Cinnyris osea. Palestine Sunbird.
This was one of the most interesting species which I have
come across. It is now apparently a regular winter visitor
to the orange groves of Jaffa, though only in small numbers.
I saw no trace of it after February. From inquiries I have
come to the conclusion that it has only visited Jaffa during
the last twenty-five years, that 1s to say since the orange
groves have developed sufficiently to give it shelter in the
winter, although it has been known to exist in the Jordan
Valley. ‘The blossom of the orange and lemon groves during
January and February is doubtless the attraction. The skin
of a male taken at Jaffa in February 1918 was submitted
to Mr. M. J. Nicoll, and is now in the collection of the
Giza Museum.
Anthus trivialis. Tree-Pipit.
lo, Jaffa, 3. 11. 18.
Birds were noticed September 1917 near Rafa, and again
near Ramleh and Jaffa 25 February and subsequently until
April.
Anthus cervinus. Red-throated Pipit.
2 $, Wadi Ghuzze, 20. x.17. lo, Wadi Ghuzze, 20. x. 17.
Common on migration about Shellal, October 1917; also
in spring, farther north, I noticed a few birds on 14 and 21
April.
1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 231
Anthus campestris. Tawny Pipit.
Eg, Jatta29. m8. les Shellale G:ax:.17,
Occurred commonly on migration near Gaza in the
autumn, and was first observed there 13 September, 1917.
Observed again 17 April, 1918, near Ramleh.
Anthoscopus pendulinus pendulinus. Penduline Titmouse.
Lo, Jafta; 31.1. 18;
The above is the only one which I saw. It was secured
in Yebna Marsh 31 January, and appears to be the first
record of this species in Palestine. This individual varies
in its wing measurement from that given by Hartert
“55-58 mm.,” being only 51mm. In plumage and general
character it agrees with males in winter in the British
Museum collection.
Parus major blanfordi. Blanford’s Great Titmouse.
lo, Ramleh, 27.1. 18.
A comparatively common and resident species.
Lanius collurio. Red-backed Shrike.
2 3 2, Wadi Ghuzze, 26. vii. 17.
Common on southward migration in August and Sep-
tember about Deir el Belah and Shellal, but I did not
notice it during spring migration in the Jaffa-Ramleh
district.
Lanius minor. Lesser Grey Shrike.
1 g, Shellal, 28. viii. 18. 10, Shellal, 24. viii. 17.
Common on southward migration in August, September,
and October, near Shellal; not noticed during spring
migration in the Jaffa-Ramleh district.
Lanius elegans. Pallid Shrike.
1 o, Shellal, 8. viii. 17.
There were many about Deir el Belah and Shellal during
August, September, and October, and the species is probably
resident in extreme southern Palestine and Sinai, but I
have not found it anywhere north of Gaza subsequent to
these dates.
SER. XI.—VOL. I. s
282 Major A. G. L. Sladen on (Ibis,
Lanius nubicus. Masked Shrike.
AsgirShellal, (25. -vii.)07.p.0l0,,Jatia, 16. iy. Se lg.
Jafia, 15.v1.. 18:
A few passed south in August and September at Shellal,
and it was the commonest of the Shrikes going north
throughout the Jaffa-Ramleh area in the spring; a few
birds remain throughout spring and summer. I did not
find them nesting, but it is possible that some of these birds
bred there. ;
Lanius senator. Woodchat.
1 @, Jafta, 20. 11.18.
Noticed on both migrations at Gaza and Jaffa.
Sylvia communis. Whitethroat.
lo, Shellal, 26. vii. 17.
Plentiful on migration at Shellal during August, Sep-
tember, and October; also seen again in the spring of
1918 near Jaffa, where it nested commonly during April
and May.
Sylvia curruca. Lesser Whitethroat.
A summer visitor about Jaffa and Ramleh, breeding com-
monly in the.orange groves. The earliest arrivals made
their appearance about 1 March.
Motacilla atricapilla. Blackcap.
b > Shellal, 7.x 7-~
Seen at Shellal on migration during the first week in
October.
Sylvia melanocephala. Sardinian Warbler.
t 2, Jatta.2si. 1S:
I first noticed spring arrivals about 1 March, and soon
after they became very common and nested in the orange
groves about Jaffa.
Sylvia ruppeli. Riippell’s Warbler.
A summer vis'‘tor to the orange groves about Jaffa, where
it nested.
1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 233
Sylvia orphea. Orphean Warbler.
_ I obtained a specimen at Shellal, 29 August, 1917. A
specimen taken near Jaffa, 21 July, 1918, was of the thick-
billed eastern type, S. 0. crassirostris. It has only been
noticed on migration. This bird was identified by Mr. M. J.
Nicoll and presented to the Giza Museum.
Phylloscopus trochilus. Willow-Warbler.
1 ¢, Shellal, 24. viii. 17. 10, Shellal, 15. ix. 17.
This bird appears to winter to a large extent in Palestine,
and was common at Shellal from about 23 August, 1917.
During the following winter I noticed it everywhere, but it
entirely disappeared in the spring.
Agrobates galactodes. Rufous Warbler.
Lo Jailay bavi. 18. 1 6 Jatta, 16. wv. 18.
A summer visitor breeding commonly in the orange
groves and along the banks of wadis. This bird invariably
includes in tle lining of its nest portions of the cast skins of
lizards and snakes.
Acrocephalus schenobenus. Sedge-Warbler.
lo; Shellal, 5.1. 17.
Occurred commonly at Shellal during the autumn, and
was again noticed in the spring near Jaffa.
Cisticola cisticola. Fantail Warbler.
1 @, Ramleh, 12.v.18. lo, Jaffa, 25. 11. 18.
Very common and resident in the cultivated and marshy
districts. I found it breeding plentifully in Yebna Marsh,
where I took unincubated eggs on 20 June.
Prinia gracilis. Graceful Wren-Warbler.
Common and resident round about Jaffa and Ramleh.
‘There appears to be some slight difference between this and
tle species which inhabits the Nile Delta.
Hippolais pallida. Olivaceous Warbler.
lo. Shellal 26, vor 17. 1-95 Jaita, 262. 18.
A common summer visitor nesting in the orange groves
of Jaffa and Ramleh.
Sie
234 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [Ibis,
Turdus musicus. Continental Song-Thrush.
lo, 14.1. 18.
Although common in Yebna Marsh during winter it
mostly disappeared in the spring. I saw one bird, however,
on 13 May, 1918.
Turdus merula. Blackbird.
Fairly common around Jaffa and Ramleh, also in Yebna
Marsh, December to February, but none appeared to remain ~
during spring and summer.
Turdus pilaris. Fieldfare.
Small flocks were seen in Yebna Marsh during January
and February, 1918.
Monticola cyanus. Blue Rock-Thrush.
One was secured near Rafa about 20 September, 1917.
Phenicurus phenicurus. Redstart.
LS aehellaly27 1x; 47.
First seen at Shellal about 25 September, 1917; always
in small numbers until about 25 October. It reappeared at
Jaffa towards the end of January, and birds were last seen
as late as 28 April.
Phenicurus titys. Black Redstart.
Two examples seen at Shellal, 3 August and 23 October.
Luscinia luscinia. Eastern Nightingale or Sprosser.
1 ¢,Shellal, 4. ix. 17.
Common on autumn migration at Shellal, though not
noticed during the following spring.
Cyanosylvia suecica suecica. Red-spotted Bluethroat.
1-6, Jaffa, 28.1.18. lo, Jaffa, 28.11.18.
Very common in Yebna Marsh during winter months, but
none seen after the middle of April.
Cyanosylvia suecica cyanecula. White-spotted Bluethroat.
A much less common species than the last, and I only saw
two examples, the first being on 12 April, 1918, and the
other a few days later.
1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 235
Saxicola rubicola. Stonéchat.
TS; Jato; 1Olxme 7a leo aki oeit. 1S.
The first I saw was in the Wadi Ghuzze near Shellal,
28 October. Later on, after the advance, I found this bird
was very common all over the country. The birds had all
gone by 1 April.
Saxicola rubetra. Whinchat.
lo, Shellal, 27.ix.17. 1 ¢, Dier el Belah, 2. v. 18.
A fairly common bird on migration. First noticed on
27 September near Shellal. I took a specimen at Shellal
on 2 May, 1918. This bird was a female and had incubation
spots. I saw none during spring and summer near Jaffa or
Ramleh.
Cnanthe enanthe. Common Wheatear.
lo, Shellal, 21.ix.17. lo, Jaffa, 28. iii. 18.
Comparatively common on both migrations along the
coastal area.
Cnanthe isabellina, Isabelline Wheatear.
ied; shellal, Vax 172) Lo, Jaffa, 8.1. 18:
Quite the commonest of the Wheatears seen in the flat
country near Gaza, where it appears to be resident. I
noticed it on spring migration at Jaffa.
(nanthe deserti. Desert Wheatear.
Loe suellal, V9. x. 1:7.
A few were noticed near Shellal October 1917, and a con-
siderable number on and after 29 March near Jaffa.
Cnanthe leucomela. Pied Wheatear.
1 go, Wadi Ghuzze, 28. ix. 17.
I only saw one of these at Shellal, namely, on 28 Sep-
tember. A few were noticed on spring migration at Jaffa.
(nanthe hispanica xanthomelena, Hastern Black-throated
and Black-eared Wheatear.
1] ¢, Jaffa, 25.11.18. 1 g, Jaffa, 28.ii1.18. 1 3, Jaffa
22.1v.18. 1 9, Jaffa, 4. vi. 18.
236 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis,
A resident species in all rocky and hilly country. I found
both Black-throated and Black-eared birds generally dis-
tributed. Both forms nested in the cliffs of a small wadi
near my tent in close proximity to each other, and I
watched four pairs very carefully in order to identify the
eggs positively. The specimens listed do not represent the
number examined, but they were all that I had time to skin.
The females of both forms were indistinguishable from
one another, as were also the eggs. Nests were placed in
small niches or holes in the wadi cliff and in rocky country
under a stone or boulder. Of the eggs which I found in
the wadi referred to fully two-thirds were addled, and one
clutch of six were all addled. 1 never found nests with
more than three young, and two was the usual number.
This condition of the eggs may have been due to the intense
heat. All my observations went to show that black-eared
and black-throated birds were only forms of the same species,
and there seems no sufficient reason for separating them.
Pycnonotus xanthopygius. Palestine Bulbul.
Wo pneaiia, ale xt.) ve
Extremely common all over the country where there is
any tree-growth, except in the hills. Resident and breeds
in the orange groves. ‘Tristram remarks upon the beautiful
song of this bird, comparing it to that of the Nightingale ;
but, although I lived in localities with these birds all around
me from December to August, I never heard them utter
anything but the shortest of songs seldom repeated. ‘he
note was very rich and full, but so uniform and unvaried
—consisting of about five notes—that it almost became
monotonous. I took scveral nests of three and four eggs
each.
Muscicapa grisola. Spotted Flycatcher.
lo, Wadi Ghuzze, 25. viii. 17.
Common on migration at Shellal in autumn of 1917;
it also appeared about 1 May north of Jaffa. I found it
breeding in the orange groves at Jaffa, 23 May.
1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 237
Hirundo rustica transitiva. Palestine Swallow.
lo, Jaffa, 22.1.18.
A common resident whose numbers are considerably
supplemented in the summer.
Hirundo rufula. Red-rumped Swallow.
In the coastal area this bird was only noticed on one
occasion in March, but it was common in and about
Jerusalem and Jericho, where it nested.
Delichon urbica. House-Martin.
A few noticed on migration in August and September at
Shellal and Gaza.
Riparia riparia. Sand-Martin.
lo, Ramleh, 22. v.18.
A few noticed in August and September on migration
near Gaza, also in spring near Jaffa. Large flocks noticed
on 22 May.
Dryobates syriacus. Syrian Pied Woodpecker.
1 6, Beit Nabala, 9. v. 18.
I secured one at Beit Nabala, north of Ramleh, 9 May,
1918. Though not common, this species from all accounts
of natives is resident and fairly plentiful in suitable localities.
I found it nesting in the Judean Hills, near Jerusalem, at
2000 ft., on 27 May.
Iynx torquilla. Wryneck.
US 27 Ime 2 A
Several seen at the end of September near Shellal and
Gaza on migration. I saw them again on northward migra-
tion 24 March and onwards. I never heard tlis bird utter
its very familiar ery.
Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo.
I took a specimen 5 April, 1918, which appeared to be on
migration, and saw others. On only one occasion did I hear
the familiar call-note,
238 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis,
Clamator glandarius. Great Spotted Cuckoo.
or J alta oO. 111.15;
First seen near Jaffa 25 March, 1917. None later.
Micropus apus. Swift.
eo atas Geta. 1S:
First seen at Jaffa 25 February, 1918, later on in in-
creasing numbers ; they remained throughout the summer.
They could be seen every evening before dusk flying -
towards Jaffa to roost. They undoubtedly nested there,
though I had no opportunity of actually finding eggs.
Micropus melba. Alpine Swift.
1 g, Ramleh, 2. vi. 18.
A few of these birds appeared on the Wadi Ghuzze on
25 September, 1917, and I secured two. I never saw them
again that autumn, but I saw several flying northward over
Yebna Marsh 12 May, 1918. On 2 June, 1918, I visited
Yebna Marsh and found literally hundreds flying about i
the neighbourhood. Of specimens which I secured, two were
immature birds of the year. ‘These birds appeared to have
no particular direction of flight beyond that they were flying
with or against the wind, which was north-east at the time.
Up to this date I have never seen any along the coast north
of Jaffa, though I have seen isolated birds in the Judean
Hills a little west of Jerusalem during May.
Caprimulgus egyptius. Kgyptian Nightjar.
lo, Jafta, 20. iv. 18.
A specimen was secured, the only one seen, 20 April,
near Jaffa. This bird has the most wonderful protective
colouring, and it took another officer and myself several
minutes before we could see it at a distance of ten yards in
open ground.
Merops apiaster. Bee-eater.
19S Jattas Ovi. 1S:
I saw a large number passing south when at Shellal
between the Ist and 12th of September. I am told that
they used to breed in holes in the wadi cliffs earlier in the
1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 239
year. At Jaffa I first saw birds on northward migration
on 2 April. By 20 April there were hundreds, but nearly
all passed on, and at the beginning of June they were quite
common, but only a remnant of the earlier numbers.
Upupa epops. Hoopoe.
The earliest appearance was at Jaffa 21 February. At
no time did I see them at all commonly. None remained
during summer. I noticed migrants again on 28 July.
Alcedo ispida pallida. Kingfisher.
lo, Wadi Ghuzze, 15. viii. 17.
I found this species on the Wadi Ghuzze in September
near Shellal. At the mouth of the wadi, south of Gaza,
hundreds were seen during migration. I also found them
during the winter at Jaffa, where they would sit on the rocks
in the sea and fish in the pools around.
Cerylerudis. Pied or Black-and-White Kingfisher.
A few were to be seen at Jaffa and in Yebna Marsh during
the winter of 1917-18, and one pair nested at Nahr Auja.
Halcyon smyrnensis. Smyrna Kingfisher.
Lg , Jattay V3. v.18:
Two males were secured close to Jaffa on the river Auja,
13 and 14 May, 1918. Several pairs bred later.
Coracias garrulus. Moller.
1 g, Ramleh, 9.v. 18.
A large number passed through the country near Gaza
from 7 September to about 14th. They reappeared on
1 May near Gaza, and almost simultaneously near Jaffa.
Common in Yebna Marsh 12 May.
Flammea flammea, Barn-Owl.
Up to the time of writing I have only heard of one speci-
men being taken. This was near Khan Yunus, Gaza,
September 1917. I saw the skin. I also saw a bird at
night in moonlight about the same date and _ locality.
It appears to be an uncommon species in southern Palestine,
and perhaps only occurs on migration.
240 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis,
Athene noctua glaux. Little Owl.
lo, Wadi Ghuzze, 16. viii. 17.
Common everywhere. Breeds.
Asio accipitrinus. Short-eared Owl.
1 9, Yebna Marsh, 10.1. 18.
Secured one specimen in Yebna Marsh 10 January, 1918.
This is rather lighter generally than others in the British
Museum collection.
Neophron percnopterus. [gyptian Vulture.
Fairly common August, September, October, near Gaza.
I saw none after October, though some were reported in the
Judean Hills at Christmas. They began to reappear in
March.
Gyps fulvus. Griffon Vulture.
This Vulture was not uncommon near Gaza in July and
onward. All I saw were flying very high, with the exception
of twenty which [ noticed on 14 November, 1917, feeding
on a dead camel at Imara, north-west of Beersheba. After
our advance towards Jerusalem, which began on 31 October,
the whole country was strewn with dead animals which it
was impossible to bury, but there were very few vultures
anywhere and the carcasses were largely eaten by jackals
and foxes.
Circus eruginosus. Marsh-Harrier.
1-9, Yebna Marsh, 25.11. 18.
Very common in Yebna Marsh, and breeds there.
Circus cyaneus. Hen Harrier.
lo, Yebna Marsh, 17.11.18. 20, Yebna Marsh,
Pec pre, O1 Beal be
Common at intervals during December, January, February,
and March in Yebua Marsh.
Buteo ferox. Long-legged Buzzard.
lo, Yebna Marsh, 2. 11.18.
Fairly common at Shellal September and October 1917.
Also during winter around Jaffa and Ramleh. |
19109. | Birds observed in Palestine. 241
Buteo rufiventer (:= B. desertorum auct.)*. Steppe Buzzard.
lo, Yebna Marsh, 14.1. 18.
Common during winter in the plains, but rare in summer.
Accipiter nisus. Sparrow-Hawk.
Jo Ramieh;. 240x116 07.
I secured a female which was in pursuit of some small
birds 23 December, near Ramleh. Fairly common during
winter, but not seen after March until July.
Milvus zgyptius. Yellow-billed Kite.
I am inclined to think that all of the Kites I have seen
belong to this species. They were common around Gaza
and Shellal in August and September 1917, and on
20 October there were literally hundreds sitting all over the
sandy, sun-dried country for twenty-four hours during
migration. They were very tame, and I rode to within
fifteen yards of several. I found them breeding in April in
the Judean Hills in some tall pine-trees near Beit Mahsir.
These trees grow on the top of a high hill which stands out
prominently in the landscape as one travels from Ramleh to
Latroon. This point is about 1800 ft. high, and is one of
the very few places in this district where these trees grow.
Falco peregrinus, subsp.? Peregrine Falcon.
I shot one which came regularly to attack a pigeon-loft in
February 1918. It is not uncommon on both migrations.
Falco subbuteo. Hobby.
A few were observed during migration in September at
Shellal, and others were seen during winter near Ramleh.
Falco barbarus. Barbary Falcon.
Up to 1 March, 1918, I saw four examples which appeared
to belong to this species since 9 December, all in the vicinity
of Jaffa and Ramleh. Also north of Jaffa 12 April, but I
did not secure a specimen.
Falco cherrug. Saker Falcon.
One was secured near Rafa August 1917. I saw two
examples sitting on telegraph-poles near Shellal at the
beginning of the same month,
* See pp. 253-254,
249 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis,
Falco esalon. Merlin.
1 g, Yebna Marsh, 3.11. 18.
A male secured 3 February, 1918, in Yebna Marsh, near
Jaffa. Other examples were reported at Khan Yunus
September 1917.
Falco tinnunculus. Kestrel.
iv eshellal, Wsiix 17. 1 9. Shellals Gr xc) (20 eee
Shellal, 6. x. 17.
Common and resident in Palestine. Amongst the hun-
dreds which I saw:at Gaza in the autumn I only noticed
one adult male. In the spring at Jaffa, Ramleh, Jerusalem,
etc., they bred freely in suitable places, and I found nests in
the walls of unused wells 20 ft. below ground-level.
Tadorna tadorna. Common Sheld-Duck.
Two of four seen, were secured in Yebna Marsh, 2 Feb-
ruary, 1918.
Tadorna casarca. Ruddy Sheld-Duck.
Saw one in Yebna Marsh, 14 January, 1918.
Anas boscas. Mallard.
A few seen during winter in Yebna Marsh and others
ro}
flying high. They were never common.
Querquedula crecca. Common Teal.
One seen in Wadi Ghuzze 10 September, 1917, and many
more in Yebna Marsh December, January, and February.
Querquedula querquedula. Gargauey.
1 ¢, Yebna Marsh, 21. 11.18.
One secured in Yebna Marsh out of a small flock
21 February, 1918.
Mareca penelope. Widgeon.
A few seen in Yebna Marsh from time to time during
winter months, but most during December.
Spatula clypeata. Shoveler.
A few pairs frequented Yebna Marsh during the winter
mouths.
1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 243
Dafila acuta. Pintail.
One of the commonest of the ducks during winter, but as
there was little suitable inland water I saw mostly large
flocks flying along the sea-coast on migration in February.
Nyroca ferina. Pochard.
IT saw a few odd birds in Yebna Marsh during the winter
1917-18.
Nyroca nyroca. White-eyed Pochard.
I killed one in Yebna Marsh in February. This is one
of the commonest ducks in Egypt during winter, but it was
not common in southern Palestine.
Glaucion clangula. Golden-eye.
1 ?, Yebna Marsh, 20. i. 18.
A single specimen was taken near Jaffa, 20 January,
1918.
Ardea cinerea. Heron.
One seen on the lake at Belah, near Gaza, 3 May,
1918; also one frequented Nahr Auja, near Jaffa, during
spring.
Ardea purpurea. Purple Heron.
Saw two on 2 and 3 May, 1918, at Belah Lake, near
Gaza.
Ardeola ralloides. Squacco Heron.
1 g, Dier el Belah, 3. v.18.
Saw two pairs on Belah Lake, near Gaza.
Ardeola ibis. Buff-backed Heron.
Saw one on Belah Lake, near Gaza, 3 May, 1918.
Nycticorax nycticorax. Night-Heron.
I secured a specimen of an adult male in Wadi Ghuzze,
19 September, 1917, I never saw another there, though I
often heard them passing over at night during migration.
A pair frequented the trees by Nahr Auja, north of Jaffa,
in April and May. I saw them up to 8 May.
244. Major A. G. lL. Sladen on [ This,
Botaurus stellaris. Bittern.
1 @, Yebna Marsh, 31. xi. 17.
I do not think I ever visited Yebna Marsh without seeing
one or more between December and February. I saw birds
19 May, 1918, and on several subsequent occasions up to
July. Found an old nest with egg-shells 15 July.
Ixobrychus minutus. Little Bittern.
1 2, Ramilehy lays.
Common in suitable localities for about ten days from
7 May.
Ciconia ciconia. White Stork.
A pair seen at Bir el Esani, south of Beersheba, 4 Sep-
tember 1917, and two on 13 November in open dry country
near Sheria, north-west of Beersheba. I also noticed a
flock of about ten in Yebna Marsh 4 February, and on
8 March I saw several flocks of some hundreds each, cir-
cling and making their way northwards along the coast just
inland. At Wadi Ghuzze, 3 May, 1918, 1 found many scores
of birds lying by the pools, apparently dead from exhaustion.
During April and May there were thousands scattered over
the Judean Hills but few in the plains near Jaffa. On
2 June I saw two flights of several hundred birds each near
Ramleh. It is a little surprising to me that I have seen no
signs of them breeding anywhere in or south of the Jaffa—
Jerusalem line, although there are many suitable sites.
Ciconia nigra. Black Stork.
Major Austin, R.A.M.C., reported having seen one
amongst a flock of white storks in the vicinity of Jericho
in June.
Plegadis falcinellus. Glossy [bis.
A few were seen near Ramleh during spring migration.
Grus grus. Crane.
I saw four of these birds in the open sandy country,
nowhere near water or vegetation, north-west of Beersheba,
near Sheria, 14 November, 1917,
&
1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 245
Chlamydotis macqueenii? Macqueen’s Bustard.
A flock of eight Bustards was first noticed in the flat
country near Ramleh about 5 July. I watched these myself
through glasses for some hours, but was unable to obtain a
specimen. An officer, however, shot a bird which when
plucked and cleaned was said to weigh 41b. They all
disappeared on 28 July.
Some tail-feathers were sent to Mr, M. J. Nicoll, who gave
it as his opinion that they belonged to either C. undulata
macqueenii or C'. undulata undulata, very probably the former.
(Edicnemus edicnemus. Stone-Curlew.
1 9, Jaffa, 19.iv. 18.
A few in Yebna Marsh in December 1917, but none in
January and February. They frequented the hilly ground
in the vicinity. Several birds, about twenty pairs, fre-
quented the stony hills north of Jaffa during April 1918,
and I found one egg 18 April.
Cursorius gallicus. Cream-coloured Courser.
eo asiielln olin. L7,
Very common round Shellal from August to November.
Noticed near Ramleh the following June and July. A nest
containing two eggs was found as late as 25 July, and
unfledged young 30 July.
Glareola pratincola. Collared Pratincole.
Two pairs seen at Belah Lake 3 May, 1918, and many
about Yebna Marsh 12 May. One or two pairs bred near
the mouth of Nahr Rubin, and I saw young on 30 June.
Glareola nordmanni. Black-winged Pratincole.
1 o, Wadi Ghuzze, 4.x. 17.
I secured one of a few I noticed on the sandy desert near
Wadi Ghuzze.
Scolopax rusticola. Woodcock.
I shot one on the sand dunes south of Jaffa, near Wadi
Rubin, 8 January, 1918, and others were reported as having
been seen in Yebna Marsh in December,
246 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis,
Gallinago gallinago. Common Snipe.
I saw one or two on the wing in September at the Wadi
Ghuzze, and later they were plentiful in Yebna Marsh
during winter.
Limnocryptes gallinula. Jack Snipe.
Fairly common in Yebna Marsh during winter.
Tringa minuta. Little Stint.
Many seen September and October on pools in Wadi
Ghuzze.
Tringa alpina. Dunlin.
1 g, Wadi Ghuzze, 23. 1x. 17.
Frequented pools in the Wadi Ghuzze in September.
One secured on 25 September had almost completely
changed to winter plumage. Common on the coast near
Jaffa January and February.
Tringa ferruginea. Curlew Sandpiper.
I saw a small flock and secured one at Belah Lake
3 May, 1918.
Calidris arenaria. Sanderling.
1 o, Jaffa, 4.1.18.
Common on the sea-coast during winter.
Machetes pugnax. Ruff.
2705 satiay om).
These birds were common in flocks on flood-water near
Jaffa during the winter, and when the two birds were
secured some of the males were beginning to show white
on the neck. On 3 May I shot a female at Dier el Belah,
and noticed a small flock in Yebna Marsh as late as
2 June.
Totanus totanus. Common Redshank.
1 ¢, Yebna Marsh, 12. v.18.
A few seen on the freshwater lake at Belah 2 May, and I
secured a specimen in Yebna Marsh 12 May, 1918.
19109. | Birds observed in Palestine. 247
Totanus nebularius. Greenshank.
One secured at Shellal, 6 September, 1917. Some were
seen in the spring of 1918 at the mouth of Wadi Ghuzze
in breeding-plumage. I saw a pair in Yebna Marsh, near
Jaffa, 5 February. Common at the mouth of Wadi Ghuzze
on 3 May.
Totanus hypoleucus. Common Sandpiper.
A few noticed in Yebna Marsh during the two visits paid
in March. The specimen from which identification was made
was taken on the Wadi Ghuzze at Shellal on 3 May, 1918,
and is now in the Giza Museum,
Totanus glareola. Wood-Sandpiper.
1 o, Yebna Marsh, 28.1. 18.
A few birds frequented Yebua Marsh in winter.
Limosa limosa. Black-tailed Godwit.
1 g, Diel el Belah, 3. v.18.
A few were frequenting the lake at Belah in May. The
species had been noted in the autumn of 1917 at the mouth
of Wadi Ghuzze.
Numenius tenuirostris. Slender-billed Curlew.
T 9, Shellal, 4: x. 17.
I secured one of two which I noticed searching for food
on the dry, saudy country near Tel el Fara, Shellal.
Himantopus himantopus. Black-winged Stilt.
Saw a few on Belah Lake, 3 May, 1918.
Charadrius apricarius. Golden Plover.
Small flocks were seen in Yebna Marsh during January
and February, 1918.
Zgialitis hiaticula. Ringed Plover.
1 o, Shellal.
Fairly common on the Wadi Ghuzze at the end of August
and beginning of September. Also a few seen on the shore
near Jaffa on 18 January anda number at Belah Lake 3 May.
SER, XI.—VOL, I. v
248 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [Tbis,
ZAgialitis alexandrina. Kentish Plover.
loo Jatta, 25.vi..18) 1 e. JaftactaaiS:
Common all along the coast during winter months and
seeu in fair numbers on Belah Lake 3 May, where they
probably breed. ‘They were common along the sea-shore
near Jaffa, but I had no opportunity of ascertaining if they
were breeding until 20 June, when I found several pairs
with young,
Hgialitis geoffroyi. Geoffroy’s Plover.
1 §, Jaffa, 21.v1.18. 1 4, Jaffa, 30. vi. 18.
I noticed a flock of these birds (about thirty) on the
sea-shore at the mouth of the river Auja, near Jaffa, in
June. Of tlie three I secured on this occasion all were
females, which on dissection showed no sign of breeding.
‘Took an adult male in summer plumage, 30 June. I could
not find it breeding, but on the latter date I found it singly
and in pairs at the mouth of Nahr Rubin.
Hoplopterus spinosus. Spur-winged Plover.
One secured in Wadi Ghuzze 13 September, 1917, and
another seen 30 September. Common round Belah Lake
3 May.
Vanellus vanellus. Lapwing.
I came across flocks near the coast during our advance
northward in November 1917, and they were common in
suitable localities during the winter months but all dis-
appeared in the spring.
Larus ridibundus. Black-headed Gull.
Very common in flocks during the winter.
Larus cachinnans. Herring-Gull (probably Yellow-legged).
Several seen on the coast during winter.
Hydrochelidon nigra. Black ‘Tern.
One immature bird on Wadi Ghuzze, 30 September, 1917.
Hydrochelidon hybrida. Whiskered Tern.
One on Wadi Ghuzze, 30 September, 1917.
i919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 249
Puffinus puffinus yelkouan. lLevantine Shearwater.
1 o, Jaffa, 14.1. 18.
One picked up dead on sea-shore near Jaffa.
Porzana porzana. Spotted Crake.
Iegs Jatia, O:1v. 18." lig vattas2oaive Ss:
Several specimens were picked up about 29 September,
1917, near Shellal, Rafa, ete., having been killed on tele-
graph-wires. I heard of some having been seen alive.
They appeared to pass at night and not to rest in these parts.
I picked up others under a telegraph-route a little north of
Jaffa on the 9th and 23rd of April.
Crex crex. Corn-Crake.
1p Os J athapl Ovid:
Shot one near Wadi Ghuzze on 30 September, 1917.
Others were reported in the same neighbourhood about
the same time. Picked one up injured by telegraph-wires,
10 May, 1918. Natives report it as common during summer
and nesting, but I did not notice it.
Gallinula chloropus. Moorhen.
[ saw one on the banks of the river Auja, near Jaffa,
13 April, and others later. Unlike those usually seen in
England this bird was very shy.
Fulica atra. Coot.
One noticed in Yebna Marsh in December 1917, but though
the locality seems very suitable I have seen no others.
Columba enas. Stock-Dove.
Small flocks of these were noticed on the Wadi Ghuzze,
near Shellal, October 1917. As there were no villages or
towns nearer than Gaza (twelve miles), it is probable that
these were pure wild birds. ;
Streptopelia turtur. ‘lurtle-Dove.
I secured a specimen near Jaffa, 27 March, 1918. Other
Turtle-Doves have not been actually identified.
250 On Birds observed in Palestine. [Ibis,
Pterocles alchata. Pintailed Sand-Grouse.
2, 6 2, Wadi Ghuzze, 20. viii. 17.
Seen at Shellal, near Gaza, August and September, 1917.
Pterocles senegallus. Senegal Sand-Grouse.
2, 6 ¢, Wadi Ghuzze, 14. vin. 17.
The most common of these species found on Wadi Ghuzze.
Pterocles arenarius. Black-bellied Sand-Grouse.
I found this species in company of other Sand-Grouse at
Shellal, near Gaza, where it was the least common of the
three I noticed. Like others of its kind it came to drink in
the Wadi Ghuzze about 14 hours after sunrise and after
feeding. At this point, probably owing to the number of
troops who were camped in the wadi, Sand-Grouse only came
to drink in the morning and never at night. The crops of the
birds contained barley, wheat, and other small seeds during
August and September, 1917. Unlike the two preceding
species they seldom uttered any cry whilst flying, and were
therefore often close by or past when first seen.
Caccabis chukar. Chukar Partridge.
1 g, near Jerusalem, 9. vi. 18.
A nest containing eleven eggs was found on 7 May. This
bird is common in the hills, and I have met with it at an
altitude of 2800 ft.
Coturnix coturnix. Common Quail.
1 o, Yebna Marsh, 22. 11. 18.
The southward migration near Gaza began about 28 August
and lasted until 10 September. ‘They confined themselves
almost entirely to the sea-coast, where large numbers were
caught in wire-netting by the troops. The spring migration
did not seem to cover so definite a period, and birds were
common from the middle of January to the end of February.
Sorse remained all the year in suitable localities.
1919.) On the Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region. 251
XIV.—A note on the Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region.
By W. lL. Scuater, M.A. M-B.0.U.
(Plate ¥>)
Recentiy while cataloguing the Accipitres of the British
Museum I came across a remarkable new form of Buzzard
from Somaliland, which I described at-the meeting of the
British Ornithologists’ Club in November last year. This
has now been figured (PI. V.) by Mr. Groénvold, and I
have thought it might be useful to workers to give a short
synopsis of the African species of Buteo, especially as
some points have arisen which do not appear to have been
previously noticed.
The following is a list of the species :—
Buteo ferox ferox.
Accipiter ferox 8. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop.
xv. 1771, p. 442, pl. x.: Astrachan.
[For the synonyms of this form, see Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. p. 1115.]
Distr. S.E. Russia and the steppes of central Asia east to
Irkutsk, south to the Himalaya, Asia Minor, and Egypt.
Farther south in winter to the plains of northern India and
the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
Buteo jakal jakal.
Falco gakal Daudin, Traité, 11. 1800, p. 161: Cape of
Good Hope.
Distr. South Africa, including the Cape, Orange Free
State, Natal, and Transvaal Provinces, but not north of the
Limpopo so far as is known.
Buteo jakal augur.
Falco (Buteo) augur Riippell, N. Wirbelt. 1836, p. 38,
pl. 16: Abyssinia.
Falco (Buteo) hydrophilus Riippell, ibid. p. 39, pl. 17:
Abyssinia.
252 Mr. W. L. Sclater on the [ Ibis,
Distr. The mountains of Abyssinia from Senafé south-
wards through the high plateau of central Africa to southern
Rhodesia, where the Museum has a young example collected
by Swynnerton at Chirinda.
That there are two distinct phases of this species admits
now of no doubt ; the series in the Museum is a very fine
one, and there are both young and adults of either phase.
Riippell’s pl. 16, fig. 1 is an adult in the black phase, -
fig. 2 a not quite adult in the white-bellied phase ; pl. 17,
fig. 1 is a young bird in the white-bellied phase, fig. 2 a
young bird in the black phase.
Buteo jakal archeri (Pl. V.).
Buteo jakal archeri W. L. Selater, Bull. B. O. C. xxxix.
1918, p. 17: Waghar, Somaliland.
The original description is as follows :—
“Resembling Buteo jakal augur, but the white on the
scapulars and back replaced by reddish; below from the lower
breast posteriorly to the under tail-coverts, including the
thighs, rich rufous instead of white ; a few splashes of the
same rufous on the under wing-coverts ; chin, throat, and
upper breast white, with a few spots of black and a slight
trace of rusty stain on some of the feathers. ‘Iris dark
brown, bill dark slate, cere and legs orange, claws blue
slate’ (Bury).
** Measurements. Wing 400 mm.; tail 195; tarsus 85;
bill, without cere, measured with eallipers, 28.
“ Type, a male from Waghar, Somaliland, collected by
Mr. G.W. Bury, 6 Oct., 1905. B.M.reg. no. 1908/12/12a/5.
“There is another example in the Museum marked
‘30 miles inland from Berbera,’ obtained by Mr. E. Lort
Phillips and identified by Shelley (‘ Ibis,’ 1885, p. 391)
as B. augur.
‘“‘Two other examples collected by Mr. G. F. Archer,
C.M.G., H.M.’s Commissioner for the Somaliland Protecto-
rate, at Bihendula and Lower Sheikh in Somaliland are in the
collection of Col. Stephenson Clarke, through whose courtesy
I have been able to exhibit them to you here to-night.
VV
& SEABORNE
LONDON
He
P, Bey ta
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? Nigele
1919. | Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region. 253
“The bird is named after Mr. Archer, who has recently
been making a very fine collection of Somaliland birds.
“T regard the Jackal and Augur Buzzards, together with
the new Somaliland form, as constituting a group of three
subspecific forms under the specific name of Buteo jakal.”
Buteo auguralis.
Buteo auguralis Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Milan. viii.
1865, p. 377: Abyssinia and Gebel Aidun in the Lybian
Desert.
Distr. North-eastern and western Africa from southern
Abyssinia and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan westwards to the
Gold Coast Colony and south to Gaboon and Angola.
There are examples in the British Museum from Sennar,
the Baro river, the Bahr el Ghazal, Sierra Leone, Gold
Coast, and Gaboon. ‘
This species can always be distinguished by the charac-
teristic chestnut-reddish patch on the side of the neck and
in the adult by its rich rufous tail, which has only one sub-
terminal black band; below it is white, often with a patch
of blackish brown on the chest and a few spots of the same
colour on the rest of the underparts, the feathers of the
shoulders and back have very dark chestnut-brown edgings ;
wing averages 330 mm.
Buteo buteo rufiventer.
Buteo rufiventer Jerdon, Madras Journ, xii. 1844, p. 165:
Nilgiri hills ; id. Tlustr. Ind. Orn. pl. 27.
Buteo vulpinus Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol.
1854, p. 8: Kaffirland [nom., nud.]}.
Buteo anceps A. EK. Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 6: Upper
Blue Nile.
Buteo minor Heuglin, 8.B. Akad. Wien, xix. 1856, p. 257 :
Nubia, ete.
Buteo delalandi des Murs, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1862, p. 52
(in part]: South Africa.
Buteo desertorum auct. nec Daudin.
Distr. Breeding in south-east Russia and perhaps Asia
254 Mr. W. L. Sclater on the [This,
Minor and Persia, east to western Siberia and Turkestan,
south in winter to Africa from the Sudan to the Cape
Province, also to the hills of southern India and Ceylon.
Once in England.
This species has up till recently been known as Buteo
desertorum, but as Hartert (V6g. pal! Faun. ii. p. 1126) has
clearly shown, Daudin’s name is inapplicable, as neither the
plate nor the figure given by Levaillant, on which Daudin’s
name is based, can be identified with the Steppe Buzzard
as it has been generally called. Hartert proposed to adopt
Brehm’s Duteo anceps, a name founded on an example from
the upper Blue Nile. Recently, however, when cataloguing
the Steppe Buzzards in the British Museum I came across
an old dismounted specimen which I unhesitatingly believe
to be the original of Jerdon’s plate in the ‘ Illustrations of
Indian Ornithology,’ and must be regarded as the type
of Buteo rufiventer. It is undoubtedly an example of the
bird which has been hitherto known as B. desertorum.
Moreover, there are in the Museum several additional
examples from the Nilgiri hills obtained subsequently by
Iume’s collector, Davison (see ‘Stray Feathers,’ x. pp. 159,
338).
Under these circumstances I see no reason why the Steppe
Buzzard should not in future be known as Buteo buteo
rufiventer.
Buteo oreophilus.
Buteo oreophilus Hartert & Neumann, Orn. Monatsber.
xxil, 1914, p. 81: Koritscha, Djam Djam, 8. Abyssinia.
Distr. Mountains of central and north-eastern Africa.
There are examples in the British Museum from Ruwenzori,
Kenia, and Kilimanjaro.
This species, recently described by Hartert and Neumann,
appears to be a quite distinct form characterized by the
absence of rufous from the plumage, which is dusky brown
slightly varied with white on the bases and edges of some of
the feathers ; below white, spotted and streaked with brown.
The tail is brown with six to eight narrow bands of paler.
1919. | Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region. 255
The wing of a male from Ruwenzori measures 330, of a
female about 340 mm.
The examples from Ruwenzori were identified as the
immature stages of B. augurulis, but there seems to be
little doubt that they are a distinct species confined to the
mountains.
With this form I am now inclined to identify some
Buzzards from South Africa collected by Claude Grant.
These I myself named Buteo desertorum (Ibis, 1912, p. 12),
but I felt uncertain about the identification at the time,
and I am now convinced that they are not Buteo buteo
rufiventer (i. e. desertorum).
They differ from the Ruwenzori birds in being slightly
lighter above, while below they are not nearly so heavily
spotted, and there is a tinge of rufous on the tail.
It seems probable from Mr. C. Grant’s field-notes that
they were breeding, and the date when the Transvaal birds
were collected (May) shows that they were not birds win-
tering in South Africa. The wings of the males measure
315-3830, and of the females 335-358 mm.
I should be inclined to regard Buteo orevphilus as a resident
race of B. b. rufiventer which has recently become established
in the mountains of Africa.
Buteo menetriesi.
Buteo menetriesi Bogdanow, Ois. Caucasus, 1879, p. 5:
Caucasus [in Russian]; vide J. f.O. 1880, p. 260, for
translation, also Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 5.
Distr. Caucasus region, apparently ranging into Africa.
There are examples in the British Museum from Abyssinia,
Nyasaland, and the Cape Province.
This species, which Hartert (Vé6g. pal. Faun. p. 1126)
regards as identical with B. b. anceps (= B. b. rujiventer),
is represented in the Museum by two specimens from
Lenkoran on the Caspian Sea from the Seebohm collection,
These differ, however, from the true B. 6. rufiventer in
having the plain-coloured unbanded red tail; they are also
much more rufous above and below than the typical Steppe
256 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Buzzard, and in many respects are like a small edition of
Be. ferox.
In the collection of the British Museum I found some
very similar specimens from Africa, viz.: 1 ¢, Mana-
gasha Mt., 10,000 feet, nr. Addis Ababa, May (Zaphiro) ;
1, Zomba, July; 1 ¢, Mt. Malusa, 5500 feet, November,
Nyasaland (Whyte) ; 1, East London, Cape Prov., Sep-
tember (Rickard) ; and 1 from South Africa with no_
history.
Here again we have a May and a July bird which should
be breeding in Russia during the months in which they were
taken in Africa.
As it does not seem possible to identify these Buzzards
with B. 6. rufiventer (desertorum auct.), I have provisionally
assigned them to this Caucasian race in the hope that what I
have done may draw the attention of others to the difficulties
which surround the identification of African Buzzards and
encourage further observation and collecting.
XV.—Notes on Collections of Birds in the British Museum,
from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Part II.
PopIcIPEDIFORMES — AcciPITRIFORMES. By CHARLES
Cnuep, Z:S., M.B.0.U.*
[Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. }
Family PopicipEpID&.
Podiceps brachyrhynchus.
Podiceps brachyrhynchus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist. xiii. 1899, p. 255: Matto Grosso.
No.1252. 9? 1mm. «Hten, N.W.. Pern; 15. metres;
21 Sept. 1899.
Podiceps americanus.
Podiceps americanus Garnot, Voy.‘ Coquille,’ Zool. i. 1829
p:599= Chile.
* Continued from p. 56.
19109. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 257
Podicipes americanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxvi. 1898, p. 524.
No.3178. gadult. Pampa Aullagas, Bolivia, 3680 metres,
19'Oct, 190K. “Patito.”
Podiceps juninensis.
Podiceps juninensis Berl. & Stolz. Ibis, 1894, p. 112:
Lake Junin.
Podicipes juninensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxvi. 1898, p. 5388: Lake Tungasuca.
No. 31384. ¢ adult. Potosi, Bolivia, 4500 metres,
50 Sept. 1901.. “Patito? “Iris, red';~ bill, black sefeet
bronze” (P. O. Simons).
This appears to be the first record of this bird from Bolivia.
Podiceps major.
Colymbus major Bodd. Tab]. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 24:
Cayenne.
Aichmophorus major Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxvi. 1898, p. 519.
No. 1886: ¢ imm. Eten, N.W. Peru, 15 metres,
14 Oct. 1899.
Podilymbus podiceps.
Colymbus podiceps Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1758, p. 186:
“‘ Habitat in America septentrionali.”
Podilymbus antarcticus Hartl. ; Taez. Orn. Pér, iii. 1886,
p. 498.
Podilymbus podiceps Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. 1.
1912, p. 28, no. 276.
No 186, ¢.. ‘Trujillo, N.W2Peruy'S Jan: 1913:
“Tris brown; feet dull green; bill bluish white, dark
above ” (Brabourne).
This specimen is an adult male in non-breeding plumage.
Family Larip”.
Sterna hirundo.
Sterna hirundo Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 137 :
Sweden.
258 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Sterna fluviatilis Naum. ; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxv. 1896, p. 54.
a. 9 imm. Lima, Peru, 22 June, 1913. ‘“ Ins brown;
bill and feet dark red” (Brabourne).
Sterna lorata.
Sterna lorata Phil. & Landb. Arch. fiir Naturg. 1868, 1.
p. 124: Chile; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv. 1896,
p. 126.
Eleven males and one female, adult et imm. Eten, North-
west Peru, 10-15 metres, Sept. 1899. ‘San Josicita.”
I have compared these specimens with others from Chile
and Peru in the British Museum and find them to be very
similar.
Rhynchops cinerascens.
Rhynchops cinerascens Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p. 80,
pl. 102: ‘in locis ripariis flum. Amazonum.”
Rhynchops melanura Swains.; Tacz, Orn. Pér. 111. 1886,
p. 437.
No, 4c ee. ] bruyllon NEW Pern) Ane e191 2a = tris
brown ; feet vermilion; bill vermilion at base, remainder
black ” (Brabourne).
This example is in the fully adult summer plumage.
Larus serranus.
Larus serranus Tschudi, Archiv fiir Naturg. 1844, i.
p. 314: Peru; Tacz. Orn. Pér. in. 1886, p. 492: Lake
Junin ; Callao.
No. 1478. 2. Bafios, Cajamarca, Peru, 2800 metres,
16 Nov. 1898. |
No. 1816. 9. Galera, Junin, Peru, 4800 metres,
24 Feb. 1899.
No. 2841. ¢. Cochabamba, Bolivia, 25CO metres,
20: April; 1901.“ Gaviata.”
All three specimens mentioned above are in fully adult
plumage with black heads, entire white tails, and conspicuous
white semicircular eyelids.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 259
Larus franklini.
Larus franklint Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. 1831,
p. 424, pl. 71: Saskatchewan; Tacz. Orn. Pér. in. 1886,
p- 451: Lima; Chorillos ; Payta.
Nos. 1613, 1614. 92 imm. Callao, Peru, 10 metres,
10 Jan. 1900. “‘ Gaviata.”’
These two birds, which are in immature plumage, have
the head and sides of the face black intermixed with white—
the white much more extensive on the forehead, lores, and
fore part of the cheeks ; the tails are grey with a brown
subterminal band.
Larus cirrhocephalus.
Larus cirrhocephalus Vieill. N. Dict. d’? Hist. Nat. xxi.
1818, p. 502: Brésil; Tacz. Orn. Pér. im. 1886, p. 455:
Payta ; Lima.
NorI20357¢. iten, N:.W. Peru, 15 metres, 16 Sept:
1899. ‘* Gaviata.”
Larus maculipennis.
Larus maculipennis Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 83:
Monte Video; Sclater & Hudson, Argent. Orn. 11. 1889,
pelos.
a. 3d imm. Papin, Bonifacio, Argentina, 18 April,
1916.
This bird, which is slightly immature, was collected by
Mr. Robin Kemp.
Larus modestus.
Larus modestus Tschudi, Arch. fiir Naturg. 1843, 1.
p. 889: coast of Peru; Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 449.
No. 3: @. Trujillo, N.W: Peru; 23 Mareh; 1912,
“Tris brown, bill and feet black ”’ (Brabourne).
This specimen, which is in immature plumage, was
collected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by
lim to the British Museum.
260 Mr. C. Chubb on Bards from [ Ibis,
Larus dominicanus.
Larus dominicanus Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 82:
coast of Brazil; Sclater & Hudson, Argent. Orn. 11. 1889,
pe 97.
a. 2. Estancia La Maria Luisa, Argentina, 20 May,
1916. This bird was collected by Mr. Robin Kemp.
Family THiNnocoryTHIDs.
Attagis gayi latreillei.
Attagis latreille: Less. Bull. Sci. Nat. (Férussac) 25,
1831, p. 243: Ecuador; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S, Amer.
1. 1912, p. 86, no. 357.
Attagis chimborazensis Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 73, 82:
Mount Chimborazo, 14,000 ft.
No. 588. 2 imm. Chimborazo, Ecuador, 5600 metres,
22 March, 1899. ‘Chimborazo Aeriel Perdice” (P. O.
Simons) .
This bird is very similar to the type-specimen of
A. chimborazensis in the British Museum.
a,b. 6 3. Antisana, E. Ecuador, 12,000 to 15,000 ft.,
Nov. 1914. 4. “Iris brown; feet light burnt sienna;
bill black. 9. Ims reddish brown; feet dull yellow ; bill
brown” (W. Goodfellow).
These two specimens are in the fully adult plumage and
were presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook.
Attagis gayi simonsi. :
Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
Kxxvui. 1918; p. 4d.
Nos. 2112 2, 2113 g adult. Crucero, Lake Titicaca
Basin, 5000 metres, 30 June, 1900. “ Kuli Kuli.”
No. 2118, which is an adult male, differs from Afétagis
gayi latreillet in being minutely and profusely mottled with
grey, instead of buff, the marginal and submarginal lines on
the feathers of the fore-neck paler aud not so pronounced ;
the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts vinaceous
cinnamon, not pale chestnut, the under wing-coverts paler,
and the wing and tail measurements rather larger. ‘“ Iris
brown; bill dark ; feet bronze” (P. O. Simons).
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 261
Total length 268 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 189,
tail 80, tarsus 25.
The adult female is similar to the adult male but rather
larger. Wing 192mm.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected
by P. O. Simons at Crucero in Peru, on the western side
of Lake Titicaca, at an elevation of 5000 metres, on the
30th of June, 1900.
Family CHARADRIIDE.
Arenaria interpres.
Tringa interpres Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1758, p. 148:
«« America Septentrionali.”
Strepsilas interpres Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. 1886, p. 349:
Chorillos: Paraca Bay.
Arenaria interpres Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino,
xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 42: Ecuador.
No. 72. Puna Island, Ecuador, 10 Nov. 1898.
WNoess1610; 41611. Chancey, W.) Peru, 30° Dec. 1899:
‘‘Tris brown ; feet red ; bill black ” (P. O. Simons).
These three specimens are in the adult winter plumage.
Hematopus palliatus.
Hematopus palliatus Temm. Man. d’Orn. 11. 1820, p. 532 :
Venezuela ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 350.
No. 16387. 9. San Lorenzo Isl., Peru, 16 Jan. 1900.
“Glicglic.” “Iris yellow; feet flesh-colour; bill red”
(P. O. Simons).
This specimen is in the fully adult plumage.
Oreophilus ruficollis ruficollis.
A nestling in down of this species from the Chuput
Valley, Patagonia, collected by J. Koslowsky, is cream-
white dotted with black, smoke-brown, and silvery-white on
the back, wings, and top of head, and much more sparsely
on the hind-neck and sides of the face. Under surface
uniform cream-colour.
In addition to the four specimens collected by Simons
in Bolivia, there is, in the British Museum, a male from
Islay, south-western Peru, collected by H. Whitely in
262 Mr. ©. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
September 1867 and a bird from Tarapaca; these are paler
on the mantle than those from farther south, the rufous
chestnut on the throat is deeper in colour, and the abdomen,
flanks,and under tail-coverts buff instead of white. I propose,
therefore, that this form be separated as a subspecies under
the following title :—
Oreophilus ruficollis simonsi, subsp. nov.
Adult male. Differs from O. ruficollis ruficollis (Wag).) _
from Patagonia, in being olive-grey on the mantle instead
of olive, the rufous chestnut on throat deeper in colour, and
the sides of the body, lower flanks, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts buff instead of being for the most part white.
“Tris brown; bill black; tarsi pink” (P. O. Simons).
Total length 270 mm., exposed culmen 31, wing 179,
tail 86, tarsus 50, middle toe and claw 25.
Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly
smaller.
Total length 265 mm., exposed culmen 28, wing 175,
tail 71, tarsus 50, middle toe and claw 25.
Habitat. Bolivia, 8.W. Peru, and Tarapaca.
The description of the male is based on No. 3145, and
that of the female on No. 3197, both of which are in the
British Museum. .
No. 3145. ¢. Challapata, Bolivia, 3750 metres, 10 Oct.
1901.
According to Simons this bird was— running about on
the gravel pampa, eating ants.”’
Nos. 3189, 3192 $,3197 9. Uyuni, Bolivia, 3660 metres,
Nov. 1901. ‘‘ Tio-tan-cara.”
Ptiloscelys resplendens.
Charadrius resplendens Tschudi, Arch. fur Naturg. 1843,
i. p. 388: “ Antium incola,” z.e. Peru.
Vanellus resplendens Tacz. Orn. Pér. 11. 1886, p. 336.
Ptiloscelys resplendens Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1.
1912, p. 38, no. 370.
Nos. 1485 9, 14388 ¢, 1488 a4 ¢. Paramo, Cajamarca,
Peru, 4600 metres, 9 Nov. 1899.
These specimens are in fully adult plumage.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 263
Squatarola squatarola.
' Tringa squatarola Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1758, p. 149:
Sweden.
Squatarola helvetica (Linn.); Taez. Orn. Pér. i. 1886,
p. 388: Chimbote, Tumbez.
Squatarola squatarola Brabourne & Chubb, tom. cit. p. 38,
no. 374.
Nos. 1615, 1616. ¢@. Callao, Peru, 10 metres, 10 Jan.
1900.
These examples are in the fully adult winter plumage.
Charadrius vociferus.
Charadrius vociferus Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1758, p. 150:
‘“ Habitat in America septentrionali.”
Agialitis vocifera Tacz. Orn. Pér. iit, 1886, p. 342.
Now Ha ge lrojlloS IN We ereru, 17 Nov. 19v2;
“ Tris brown, ring round eye orange ; feet flesh-colour ; bill
black ” (Brabourne).
This specimen, which is in immature plumage, was col-
lected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by him
to the Britis: Museum.
Charadrius semipalmatus.
Charatrius semipalmatus Bonap. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. v. 1825, p. 98: coast of New Jersey.
Migialitis semipalmata Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 345:
Chorillos; Paracas Bay.
Nor 43.9 9. Trujillo, NW: Peru; 18 Sept. 19125, “aris
brown, ring round the eye yellow ; feet yellow ; bill yellow,
tip black” (brabourne).
No. 180. ¢. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 29 Dec. 1912. “Tris
brown, ring round the eye pale yellow; feet yellow ; bill
black, base pale yellow ” (Brabourne).
These specimens, which are moulting into winter plumage,
were also collected by the late Lord Brabourne and_pre-
sented by him to the British Museum.
SER, XI,—VOL I. U
264 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Charadrius nivosus. :
Aigialitis nivosa Cassin in Baird’s B. N. Amer. 1858,
p- 696: Presidio (near San Francisco), California; Tacz.
Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 346: Chorillos.
No. 459. ¢. Lurin, N.W. Peru, 29 July, 1913. = “iris
brown; feet blue-grey ; bill black” (Brabourne).
This example, which is in full summer plumage, was col-
lected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by lim
to the British Museum.
Charadrius occidentalis.
Lhigialitis occidentalis Cabanis, J. f.O. 1872, p. 158:
Tarapaca, N. Chile; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. 1896,
p. 295: Tarapaca.
Nos. 38156 ¢, 3157 9, 3182 ¢. Adult. Challapata,
Bohwias3/00' metres; Oct. 190k, “ioe, Vier, Che two
males are in full summer plumage, but the female appears
to be immature. This appears to be the first record of this
bird from Bolivia.
Numenius hudsonicus.
Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 1790, p. 712:
“ Habitat in sinu Hudsonis”; Tacz. Orn. Pér. ii. 1886,
p. 380.
No.5. @?. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 18 March, 1912. “Iris
brown: feet blue-grey ; bill horn-colour” (Brabourne).
Nor..26, 9. “Trujillo, 18 March; 1912. ** Bill fesh=
colour at the base, tip black ” (Brabourne).
These two individuals, which are in full adu!t plumage,
were collected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by
him to the British Museum.
Micropalama himantopus.
Tringa himantopus Bonap. Aun. Lye. N.Y. ii. 1826, p. 157 :
Long Branch, New Jersey.
Micropalama himantopus Vacz. Orn. Pér, ili. 1886, p. 363:
Nauta; Chorillos.
No: 21.9. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 18 Ang, 1912) =" tims
brown; bill and feet greenish” (Brabourne).
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 265
Nos. 55 g, 56 9,57 $. Trujillo, 8 Sept. 1912. “Iris
brown; feet greenish yellow; bill black ” ( Brabourne),
These birds, which were collected and presented by the
late Lord Brabourne to the British Museum, show remains
of the breeding plumage.
Totanus flavipes.
Scolopax flavipes Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1789, p. 659:
“* Habitat auctumno in Noveboraco.”’
Totanus flavipes Tacz. Orn. Pér, iii. 1886, p. 367:
Chorillos; Junin; Chamicuros.
No. 1247. 9. Eten, Peru, 15 metres, 21 Sept. 1899.
“Til-til.” “Tris brown; feet vellow; bill black” (P.O.
Simons).
This example is an adult bird in autumn plumage.
Nos. 28, 29. 9. ‘Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 18 March, 1912.
“Tris brown; feet yellow; bill dark horn (Brabourne),
No.51. ¢. Trujillo, 8 Sept. 1912. “ Bill dark greenish”?
( Brabourne).
Nos. 28 and 29 are in summer or breeding plumage, and
No. 51 is in autumn or non-breeding dress. ‘These specimens
were collected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by
him to the British Museum.
Tringa solitaria.
Tringa soltaria Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. 1813, p. 53,
pl. 58. fig. 2: locality probably Pennsylvania.
Helodromas solitarius Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
1896, p. 444.
No, 2834. 9. Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2600 metres, 19 April,
1901. “Tuil-til.’ “Iris brown; feet green; bill black”
(P. O. Simons).
This specimen is in full breeding plumage.
Actitis macularia.
Tringa macularia Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 249.
Actitis macularius Vacz. Orn, Pér, 1, 1886, p. 369.
Tringoides macularia Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino,
xv. 1900, p. 44: Ecuador.
266 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Tbis,
Nos. 342, 348, 356. 9%. Riobamba, Ecuador, 3000
metres, 3 Jan. 1899.
Nos. 1178, 1179. ¢@ @. Eten, Peru, 10 metres, 7<Sept:
1899. “Til-til.”’
No. 1882. o. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres,
9 March, 1900.
These specimens are all in fully adult plumage.
Nos. 42; 46; “gc, Drujillo, N-W. Reros 1 Sept. gies
“Tris brown; feet greenish yellow; bill horn-colour ”
(Brabourne).
These two examples, 42 and 46, which are also in fully
adult plumage, were collected by the late Lord Brabourne
and presented by him to the British Museum.
Ereunetes pusillus.
Tringa pusilla Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1. 1766, p. 252:
« Habitat in Domingo.”
Ereunetes petrificatus Tacz. Orn. Pér. in. 1886, p. 362:
Paracas Bay.
Ereunetes pusillus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, xxiv. 1896,
p. 514.
No: 22. 9. Trujillo, NSW... Peru, 13° March, 1912:
“Tris brown; bill and feet greenish ” (Brabourne).
Nos. pO oAw Ong. Trngillo, 3 Sept. 19125 )9¢ iris
brown; bill and feet dark green” (Brabourne).
Nos, “1697-170... - 9... Trujillo, 22) Dee 1912 “oliris
brown; bill and feet black”? (Brabourne).
Nos. 50 and 54 are fully adult and are moulting froin the
summer to the winter plumage. Nos. 22, 169, and 170
are in adult winter plumage. ‘These specimens were col-
lected and presented to the British Museum by the late
Lord Brabourne.
Calidris leucophea.
Tringa leucophea Pallas in Vrocg’s Cat. 1764, p. 32:
N. coast of Holland.
Calidris arenaria (Linn.); Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. 1886,
p. 353: Chorillos.
i919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, end Argentina, 267
Nos: 164451645. 9. Callaoy sReru, 12 Jan« 1900.
These two examples are in winter plumage.
Nos. 23, 24, 25. 9. ‘Drojillo; N-W. Peru, 13 March,
1912. “Iris brown; bill and feet black”? (Brabourne).
No. 121. 9. Trujillo, 20 Oct. 1912. ‘These individuals
are in partial summer plumage.
NoaINo yo... Trujillo Oceelor2:
No. 119, which is shghtly immature, is in its first winter
plumage. The late Lord Brabourne collected Nos. 23-25,
119 and 121, and presented them to the British Museum.
Pisobia minutilla.
Tringa minutilla Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 1819,
p. 466: Canada ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. in. 1886, p. 358: Chorillos ;
Tumbez; Santa Lucia.
Pisobia minutilla Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. 1.
1912, p. 42, no. 407.
INovise7/. 9. Eten, Peru, 1o.metres, 10 Octs 1399.7 his
grey; feet bronze green; bill black” (P. O. Simons). This
example has still the remains of the summer plumage.
No. 181. ¢. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 29 Dec. 1912. “Iris
brown; feet dirty yellow; bill black”? (Brabourne). This
specimen is in winter plumage.
Heteropygia maculata.
Tringa maculata Vieillot, N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxiv.
1819, p. 465: “isles Antilles et dans les parties méridionales
des Etats-Unis”’; Tacz. Orn. Pér. 11. 1886, p. 356.
Heteropygia maculata Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
1896, p. 562.
No. 910. Adult. Junin, Peru, 20 Feb. 1914. “Iris
brown; feet yellow-green; bill black ” (Brabourne).
No. 1006. ¢@. Chorillos, Peru, 5 May, 1914. ‘“ Feet
dirty yellow”? (Brabourne).
No. 910 is in fully adult winter plumage ; the female :s
also fully adult, but isin summer plumage. ‘These specimens
were collected by the late Lord Brabourne aid preseuted by
him to the British Museum,
268 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis,
Heteropygia bairdi.
Actodromas (Actodromas) buirdiit Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philad. 1861, p. 194: North America, east side of the
Rocky Mountains.
Tring bairdi Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoodl. Cambridge,
Mass. iti. July 1876, p. 357: Bolivia; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii.
1886, p. 359: Tambo Valley ; Chorillos; Xeberos, E. Peru.
No. 2466. @. Chilellaya, Titicaca, Bolivia, 4000 metres, -
26 Oct. 1900. ‘ Pipe-pipe.” “ Iris brown; bill and feet
black”? (P. O. Simons).
Nos. 3150, 3155. @. Challapata, Bolivia, 3700 metres,
Ll, N2Oct2 190 Sito tio:
Nos. 2466 and 3155 are fully adult, and 3150 is an
immature bird.
Now 5292 “o= \ lunn, Peru, 30'Aug, 1913;
No. 529 still retaius a portion of the summer plumage.
This specimen was collected by the late Lord Brabourne
aud presented by him to the British Museum.
Gallinago andina.
Gallinago andina Vaca. P.Z.S. 1874, p.56: Junin, Peru ;
id. Orn. Per, 11. 1886, p. 375: Lake Junin; Cutervo; Tinta,
No. 1525. 2. South of Huamachuco, Peru, 3500 metres,
29 Nov. 1899. ‘“Kach-kach.”” <‘‘Jris dark brown; feet
yellow ; bill black”? (P. O. Stmons). This specimen. is in
fully adult plumage.
Gallinago jamesoni.
Xylocota jamesoni Bonap. Compt. Rend. xh. 1855, p. 660:
Andes of Quito, Ecuador; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus.
Yorino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 45: Heuador.
No. 472. ¢. Paramos, Ecuador, 4500 metres, 23 Jan.
1899. ‘“Sumbador.” This specimen is in fully adult
plumage.
a. Pull. Guallabamba, Ecuador, 4500 metres, 17 Feb.
1899, Simons states that this chick is the young of
No. 472.
a. g. Adult. Pichincha, W. Ecuador, 14,000 ft., Feb.
i919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 269
1915. “Tris brown; feet reddish brown; bill brown, slightly
dull yellow at base” (W. Goodfellow).
6. Nestling in down. Pichincha, 18,000 ft., Feb. 1915.
“Tris brown; feet dirty yellow; bill brown, pale yellowish
brown at base of lower mandible” (IV. Govdfellow).
e. g. Adult. Pichincha, 14,000 ft., March 1915. <“ Bill
pale reddish brown” (W. Goodfellow).
d. §. Juv. in partial down. Pichincha, March 1915.
‘““ Feet flesh-colour”’ (W. Goodfellow).
e. ¢. Imm. Corazon, W. Ecuador, 13,000 ft., Sept.
1914. “ Feet dingy olive-yellow ” (W. Goodfellow),
The five birds mentioned above were presented to the
British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook.
Family GipicNemIp&”.
Burhinus superciliaris.
(idicnemus supercitiaris Tschudi, Archiv fiir Naturg. 184,
1. p. 87 : coast of Peru; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. 1886, p. 333.
No. 1013. @ imm. Tamborin, Rio Chica, Peru, 20 July,
1899. “ Guaracaca.”’
No. 1016. gimm. Amotape, Peru, 50 metres, 21 July,
1899. ‘“Guerequeque.” “Iris grey; feet white; bill green
at the base, black at tip’? (P. O. Simons).
No. 1197. gimm. Eten, Pern, 10 metres, 13 Sept.
18992, Waracace:”
No. 1302. @ imm. Eten, Peru, 15 metres, 2 Oct. 1899.
** Guaracaca.”
No. 149. gimm. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 25 Nov. 1912.
“Tris pale yellow ; feet dirty yellow-green; bill above and
tip of lower mandible dark horn-eclour, base yellowish ”
(Brabourne).
The specimen No. 149 was collected and presented to the
British Museum by the late Lord Brabourne.
Family Eurypyeip”.
Eurypyga helias.
Ardea helias Pall. Neue Nord. Beytr. ii. 1781, p. 48,
tab. 11.: Surimam.
270 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Eurypiga helias Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. 11. 1889, p. 10:
Reyes, Bolivia.
No, 2427. 2. San Ernesto, Bolivia, 1000 metres,
25 Sept. 1900.
Nos. 2911, 2912. ¢. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1300 metres,
28 May, 1901. “Biendita.” ‘Iris reddish orange; bill
black; feet orange” (P. O. Simons). These two birds are
in fully adult plumage.
Eurypyga meridionalis.
Eurypiga meridionalis Berl. & Stuolam, P.Z.S. 1902, 1.
p. 50: La Merced, Chanchamayo, Central Peru.
No. 2184. 9. Orayci, Rio Linimbare, Peru, 1000 metres,
15 July, 1900 “Garzac” “Tris reds. bill sblack; sicet
orange’ (P. O. Simons).
Family Psoruinp.
Psophia leucoptera.
Psophia leucoptera Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p. 67,
, pl. Ixxxiy.: Rio Negro, N. Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist. ii. 1889, p. 107: Lower Beni River.
Nos. 2429, 2430, 2431. ¢. San Ernesto, Bolivia,
1000 metres, 27 Sept. 1900. “ Wasute.” “Found in
woods” (P. O. Simons).
Nos. 2429 and 2431 are in fuily adult plumage, and
No. 2430 is in immature dress.
Family CariaMID&.
Chunga burmeisteri.
Dicholophus burmeisteri Hartl. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 335:
Argentine Republic; Sclater, P. ZS. 1870, pl. xxxvi.; Sel.
& Huds. Argent. Orn. 11. 1889, p. 62.
Head and foot only. Cruz del Eje, northern Argentina,
600 metres, Nov. 1901.
Family [sipipa.
Theristicus branickii.
Theristicus branicki Berl. & Stolam. Ibis, 1894, p. 404:
Peruvia alta—lacus Junin, Maraynioc, Pariayacu; Salvad.
ibis, 1900) pisos, plsrix. x.
i919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. paras
No, 2955. . Lagonillas, Bolivia, 3800 metres, 8 July,
1901. ‘“Kakingora.” “Iris brown; feet red; bill green”
(P. O. Simons). ‘In open grassy country. Contents of
stomach, Coleoptera.”
This bird appears to be in the adult plumage and very
similar to that figured by Salvadori in ‘The Ibis,’ 1900,
pl. ix., but darker on the top of the head, nape, and sides of
the face. There is a similar example to Simon’s bird in the
British Museum which was collected at Cuzco at an altitude
of 4000 metres by Otto Garlepp.
Egatheus ridgwayi.
Falcinellus ridgwayt Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
Cambridge, Mass. i. 1876, p. 355: Moho, Conima, and
Vilquechico, Bolivia.
Plegadis ridgwayt Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. 1898,
Pood.
Lgatheus ridgwayt Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i.
1912, p. 48, no. 454.
No. 3111. g imm.- El Cabrado, Bolivia, 4300 metres,
20 Sept. i901. “ By alkali lake, eating mud and moss ”’
(P. O. Simons).
Family Arpuip@,
Ardea cocol.
Ardea coco: Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 237:
“ Habitat in Cayana”’; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 390:
Huallaga ; Pebas, K. Peru.
No. 1080. 3g. Omotape, Rio Piura, Peru, 50 metres,
23 July, 1899. “Garza,” “Tris yellow; feet black ; bill
yellow” (P. O. Simons).
This specimen is in immature plumage.
Casmerodius egretta.
Ardea eyretta Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1789, p. 629; Cayenne.
Herodias egretta Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. 1898,
p. 95.
Casmerodius egretta Chubb, Birds British Guiana, i.
1916, p. 162.
272 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
No. 887. ¢?. Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador, 3100 metres,
9 Jan. 1899. “ Garza blanca.”
This example is an adult female in non-breeding plumage.
Egretta thula.
Ardea thula Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chil. 1782, p. 323:
Chile.
Ardea candidissima Gmel.; Tacz. Orn. Pér. in. 1886,
p. 893 : Tumbez; Ucayali.
Egretta thula Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. 1912,
p. 49, no. 464.
Nos. 13583, 1384, 1385. 9. Eten, Peru, 15 metres,
14,@ct; 18995. “-Gaxzar blanca? ““Iris’ yellows; /teet
blackish green ; bill black ; skin round the eyes yellow”
(P. O. Simons).
These three birds are fully adult and in non-breeding
plumage.
Nycticorax nevius.
drdea nevia Bodd, Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 56.
Nycticorax gardeni apud Tacz. Orn. Per. i. 1886, p. 407 :
Lake Junin ; Tumbez ; Ucayali.
Nycticorav nevius Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i.
1912, p. 50, no. 469. |
No. 1396. ¢. Talaon, Cajamarca, Peru, 100 metres,
30 Oct. 1899. “ Buego.” “Iris yellow; feet yellow ;
bill black above” (P. O. Simons).
This example is in immature plumage.
Ixobrychus erythromelas.
Ardea erythromelas Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xiv.
1817, p. 422: Paraguay.
Ardetta involucris (nec Vieill.), Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. 1886,
p. 399: Pacasmayo.
Ixobrychus erythromelas Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer.
1. 1912, p. 52, no. 485.
No. 1455-2. “Trujillo; IN. W.) 2kern. 25° Nov, aor.
‘ Iris pale yellow ; feet apple-green ; bill horn-colour above,
greenish below, and cere yellow ” (Brabourne).
i919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 273
This example, which is in fully adult plumage, was
collected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by him
to the British Museum.
Butorides striata.
Ardea striata Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1. 1766, p. 238:
Surinam,
Butorides cyanurus (Vieill.) ; Taez. Orn. Pér. in, 1886,
p. 897: Tumbez; Pacasmayo; Ucayali.
Butorides striata Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. 1898,
De Lv os
No. 1192. @.: Eten, Peru, 10 metres, 9 Sept. 1899.
“Garza Pescada.” “Iris yellow; feet yellowish grcen,
soles yellow ; bill black above” (P. O. Simons).
No. 1822. 9. Reque, Lambeyeque, Peru, 35 metres,
5 Oct. 1899.
No. 1192 is slightly immature and 1322 is fully adult.
NomG6ao.> Lrojillo, N.W. Reru, lss>Sept- 1912)
“Tris, yellow; feet yellow; bill black, base and cere
yellow ” (Brabourne).
Specimen No. 66 was collected by the late Lord
Brabourne and presented by him to the British Museum.
Tigrisoma salmoni.
Tigrisoma salmoni Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 38:
Cauca River, Colombia; Tacz. Orn: Pér. iii. 1886, p- 402 :
Huambo, Tambillo, Callacate; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
MVE OIG. p. Oy.
No. 2903. ?. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1350 metres, 22 May,
19012 “Garza. > “Iris yellowish: green; feet black -- bill
green” (P. O. Simons).
No. 2930. ¢. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1850 metres,
20 June, 1901. ‘‘ Stomach contained fish” (P.O. Simons).
This species does not appear to have been previously
recorded from Bolivia. Dr. Allen noted (Bull. Amer. Mus.
ii. p. 110) a specimen of 7. brasiliense from the Lower Beui
River, and Dr. Lénnberg described a new species from the
Bolivian Chaco, under the title of Heterocnus bolivianus (cfr.
Lbis, 1903, p. 462), with the description of which I have
274 Mr. C. Chubb on Bards from [ Ibis,
compared the two specimeus collected by Simons. They
do not agree, however, either in colour or measurements,
and, after having compared them with the type of
T. salmoni and other specimeus of that species in the
British Museum, I do not see any characters by which to
separate them. I prefer, therefore, to regard them as the
same species. I notice that Lonnberg places his species 1m
the genus Heterocnus, though one of the characters he_
mentions shows that it does not belong to that genus.
It may be mentioned that when Swainson introduced the
genus Tigrisoma (Zool. Journ. i, 1828, p. 362), he se-
lected as the type “ Ardea tigrina Lath.” 1790= A. lineata
Bodd. 1788, and one of its characters is, that it has the
throat and chin narrowly feathered. Sharpe introduced the
genus Heterocnus for Tigrisoma cabanist Heine, which has
the chin, throat, and some distance down the fore-neck quite
bare of feathers; but Sharpe, unfortunately, in his diagnosis
described these parts as feathered. These characters are
also transposed in the key to the genera (Catalogue of
Birds, xxvi. p. 59).
Family PH@nicoprerip&.
Phenicopterus chilensis.
Phanicopterus chilensis Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chil.
1776, p. 242.
Phenicopterus ignipalliatus D’Orb. & I. Geoftr.; Tacz. Orn.
Pér, iii. 1886, p. 442: Junin; Tumbez.
No. 2104. ¢. Caylloma, Peru, 14 June, 1900. “ Iris
cream-colour; feet red; bill, pink at base, tip black”
(P. O. Simons).
This specimen is in fully adult plumage.
Family ANATID&.
Cairina moschata.
Anas moschata Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1. 1758, p. 124 :
Brazil.
Cairina moschata Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. 11. 1890,
p. 110: Lower Beni River.
No. 2927. @. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1400 metres, 15 June,
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 275
nGOls 2 Bata. ~-“ Tris’ browns billand’ feet black ”
(P. O. Simons).
This bird is in immature plumage.
Chloéphaga melanoptera.
Anser melanopterus Eyton, Monogr. Anat. 1838, p. 93 :
‘obtained from the lake of Titicaca, Chile.”
Bernicla melanoptera Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 467 :
Lake Junin.
Chloéphaga melanoptera Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii.
1895, pal2o:
No. 1592. ¢@. North of Marca, Peru, 4100 metres,
21 Dec. 1899. ‘“Ganza.” ‘Eye black; feet red; bill
pink ” (P. O. Simons).
This individual is in fully adult plumage.
Anas cristata.
Anas cristata Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.1789, p. 540: ‘ Habitat
in Statenland”; Tacz. Orn. Pér. 1. 1886, p. 473: Lake Junin.
No. 2242. 9. Aricoma Lake, Peru, 4550 metres,
29 July, 1900. ‘ Pata cancana.” ‘‘Iris salmon ; bill and
feet black ”’ (P. O. Simons).
This specimen is in fully adult plumage.
Nettium andium.
Querquedula andium Sclater & Salvin, Nomencl. Av.
Neot op. 1873, pp. 129, 162: between Riobamba and Mocha.
Nettium andium Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. 1912,
p. 56, no. 518.
Nos. 288 ¢, 292 9. Sinche, Guaranda, Ecuador, 4000
miettes..2o0 Dec. 899. “ Patay2
This specimen is tn fully adult plumage.
Querquedula discors.
Anas discors Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1. 1766, p. 205:
* Habitat in America septentrionali.”
Querquedula discors Salvad. & Festa, Bol. Mus. Torino, xv.
1900, No. 368, p.50 : Laguna di Kingora, Sigsig, Ecuador.
Nos. 377 9, 380 ¢. Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador, 3100
metres, 9 Jan. 1899.
Both of these specimens are in fully adult plumage.
276 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis,
Nyroca nationi.
Fuligula nationi Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 522:
vicinity of Lima ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p, 484: Lima.
Nyroca nationt Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895,
p- 352.
No. 1365. ¢. Eten, Peru, 14 metres, 11 Oct. 1899.
‘Pata,’ This specimen is in fully adult plumage.
Nomonyx dominicus.
Anas dominica Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 201;
“¢ Habitat in America meridionali.”’
Nomonyx dominicus Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus.: xxvii.
1895, p. 438; id. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xy. 1900,
No, 368, p. 50: ‘ Foreste del Rio Peripa, Keuador.”
No. 1354. 9. : Eten, N.W. Peru, 15 metres, 11 Oct.
1899. ‘Pata.’ “Iris brown; bill bronze; feet black ”
(P. QO, Simons).
This example, which is fully adult, is in full moult.
Oxyura equatorialis.
Erismatura equatorialis Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii.
1895, p. 450: Antisana and Sical, E. Ecuador ; id. & Festa,
Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 50: Lago dei
Paramos.
Oxyura equatorialis Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i
1912, p: 58, no. 538.
No. 387. ¢. Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador, 3640 metres,
Oa e99 ao Pata.
This specimen is in fully adult plumage.
Merganetta turner.
Merganetta turneri Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 600:
Tinta, S. Peru ; iid. Exot. Orn. 1869, p. 199, pl. 100; Tacz.
Oru. Pér, 11. 1886, p. 488: Tinta.
Nos. 2090, 2092 9 , 2094 ¢. Sumbay, Rio Vitor, Peru,
4000 metres, 7 June, 1900. ‘“ Pato.” “Iris brown ; feet
blackish red ; bill red”? (P. O. Simons).
I have compared the male specimen No. 2094, which is
fully adult, with the type in the British Museum, and find it
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. ih
to be very similar but darker on the breast, being deep
black, whereas the type is more or less smoke-brown on
the breast, which probably means that the type is in somewhat
immature plumage. Of the two females, No. 2090 is almost
identical in colour of plumage with the female of M. turneri,
but slightly smaller in wing-measurement ; while No. 2092
is darker and more chestnut on the under surface with a
good deal of white intermixed. Both of these females have
on the lower flanks a few concealed white feathers with pale
brown cross-bars.
Merganetta garleppi.
Merganetta garleppi Berl. Orn. Monatsb. ii. 1894, p. 110:
Cocotal, Bolivia ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895,
p. 450.
No. 2941. ¢. Rio Blanco, Bolivia, 1300 metres, 25 June,
1901. “In rapids.” “Iris white; bill and feet red ”
(P. O. Simons).
This specimen, which is in the fully adult plumage, is
similar to the single specimen in the British Museum which
was compared with the type by Count Salvadori when he
wrote vol. xxvil. of the Catalogue of Birds. Simons’ bird
is, however, darker on the under surface, the dark pattern
of the feathers being more extended and deeper in colour.
Merganetta colombiana.
Merganetta colombiana Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 179 :
Colombia.
Merganetta columbiana Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii.
1895, p. 462; id. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900,
No. 368, p. 51: Ecuador.
a,b. 6 & 9. Papallacta Lake, E, Ecuador 12,000 ft.,
May 1914.
3. ‘Iris brown ; feet dingy yellow; bill orange-chrome,
black down the ridge of the upper bill” (V7. Goodfellow).
¢. “Iris brown ; feet black ; bill dingy orange-yellow,
black down ridge of upper mandible ” (IV. Goodfellow).
Both specimens are in fully adult plumage. These
examples were presented to the British Museum by
Mr. E. J. Brook.
278 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Family PHaLacrocoracip&.
Phalacrocorax criniger.
Phalacrocoraz criniger King, Zool. Journ, iv. 1828, p. 103:
Straits of Magellan; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i.
1912, p. 59, no. 548.
Phalacrocorar gaimardi (Garnot); Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii.
1886, p. 431: San Lorenzo. .
No. 1636. ¢. San Lorenzo Island, Peru, 16 Jan. 1900.
“ Patilla.” ;
This specimen is in fully adult plumage.
Phalacrocorax vigua.
Hydrocorax viygua Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. vin. 1817,
p. 90: Paraguay.
Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmel.) ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. 111.
1886, p. 429: Lake Junin; Chorillos ; Cochiboya ; Ucayali ;
Tungusaca ; Paracas Bay.
Phalacrocorax vigua Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxvi. 1898, p. 378.
No. 1642, ¢@. San Lorenzo Island, Peru, 18 Jan. 1900.
‘° Patillo.”
his example isin the fully adult plumage.
i \ I S
Family CarHartipa&.
Vultur gryphus.
Vultur gryphus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1. 1758, p. 86:
Chili.
Sarcorhamphus gryphus Salvad. & Festa,. Boll. Mus.
Torino, xv. 1900, No. 868, p. 25 : Canar, Ecuador.
No 281. ¢@. Sinche, Guaranda, Ecuador, 400 metres,
2 Dees 189s“ Bintrer2) “Perched: ont tock, “Gea:
Simons).
This specimen is in the fully adult plumage.
Cathartes aura.
Vultur aura Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i. 1758, p. 86:
‘* Habitat in America calidiore.”’
Cathartes aura Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 639:
Provinces of Moxos and Chiquitos, Bolivia.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 279
No. 2865. 2. Choro, Bolivia, 3700 metres, 6 May,
1901. *“*Swinto.” “Iris brown; feet flesh-colour ;_ bill
white ” (P. O. Simons).
This specimen is in fully adult plumage.
Family Farconip#.
Ibycter americanus.
alco americanus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1788, p. 25:
Cayenne.
Ibycter americanus Taez. Orn. Pér, i. 1884, p. 1038:
Monterico, Upper Ucayali, Chayavetas.
No. 1946. ¢. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres,
20 March, 1900. “Iris red; feet red; bill yellow.”
“ Found in thick wood and high trees” (P. O. Simons).
This bird is in fully adult plumage.
Ibycter megalopterus.
Aquila megalopterus Meyen, Nov. Act, Ces. xvi. Suppl. i.
1834, p. 64, pl. vil.: Chile.
Milvago megalopterus Tacz. Orn. Pér, i. 1884, p. 101:
Junin, Maraynioce, Cutervo.
Ibycter megalopterus Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i.
19h. v; 63, no. 576:
No. 1582. 4. Coreuges, Peru, 3500 metres, 5 Dee.
1899. ‘“Currekinge.” ‘Iris chocolate; feet yellow; bill
blue at base, ivory at tip ” (P. O. Simons).
This bird is fully adult.
No. 1848. 92. Galera, Junin, Peru, 4800 metres, 26 Feb.
1900. ‘‘Guarnay.” “Iris black; feet grey; bill black”
(P. O. Simons).
Specimen no. 1848 has both the upper and under surface
pale coffee-brown with dark shaft-lines to the feathers and
an indication of blackish cross-bars on the abdomen. Upper
tail-coverts and base of tail isabelline buff.
Milvago chimango.
Polyborus chimango Vieill. N. Dict. Hist. Nat. v. 1816,
p. 260: Paraguay.
Milvago chimango Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. 1889, p. 74.
SER, XI.—VOL. I. rs
280 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis,
No. 3256. ¢. Mendoza, Argentina, 850 metres, 17 Nov.
) oD +)
1901. “Chimango.” ‘Stomach contained larva of grubs”
(P. O. Simons).
This example, which is in fully adult plumage, is similar
to others in the British Museum from Argentina.
Circus cinereus.
Circus cinereus Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. iv. 1816,
p. 454: Paraguay; Scl. & Salv. P. ZS. 1879, p. 636:
Bolivia ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1884 p. 171: Junin, Cutervo.
No. 2102. Sumbay, Peru, 4000 metres, 9 June, 1900.
“ Senica.”
No. 2840. Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2600 metres, 20 April,
1901.
Both of these specimens are in immature plumage.
Micrastur ruficollis.
Sparverius ruficollis Vieill. N. Dict, d’ Hist. Nat. x. ted 7g,
p. 822: Amérique méridionale= Rio, Brazil fide Berlepsch,
Nov. Zool. xv. p. 290.
No. 2934. ¢ juv. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1850 metres,
92 June, 1901. “Alcon.” ‘Found in coffee bushes.
Stomach contained small birds” (P. O. Simons).
This young bird has the upper surface dark brown with
smoke-coloured markings on the back and wings. The
under parts isabelline buff with a few dark cross-bands on
the fore-neck. Throat paler and inclining to white. There
are two white feathers with narrow dark bars on the middle
of the abdcmen.
Geranospizias cerulescens.
Sparverius cerulescens Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. x. 1817,
p. 818: Guiana—yide Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer, 1s
p. 64.
Geranospiza cerulescens Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1884, p. 168.
Nos. 1150, 1151. @. Marropou, Peru, 140 metres,
24 Aug. 1899. “Gavalon.” “In algaroba wood.” “Iris
red; feet salmon-colour; bill black above, blue below ”’
(P. O. Simons).
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, 281
Parabuteo unicinctus.
Falco unicinctus Temm. Pl. Col. 1. 1824, pl. 13:
P Bresil.<?
Urubitinga unicincta Vacz. Orn, Pér. i. 1884, p. 106:
Cutervo: Lénnb. Ibis, 1903, p. 465: Bolivian Chaco.
Now 85> .2. Trujillo; NeWeyRers) Ly Jan. 19ts.
“Tris brown; feet yellow; bill plumbeons, cere yellow ”
(Brabourne).
No. 1879. @?. Eten, Peru, 15 metres, 13 Oct. 1899.
** Gavalon.”
No. 2937. 9. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1350 metres, 22 June,
1901. * Aquilucho.”
Nos. 1379 and 2937 are both in fully adult plumage.
No. 185, which is in immature plumage, was collected
and presented to the British Museum by the late Lord
Brabourne.
Buteo melanoleucus.
Spizaélus melanoleucus Vieill. N. Dict. d’? Hist. Nat. xxxii.
1819, p. 57: Paraguay.
Geranetus melanoleucus Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus.
Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 30: Ecuador.
No. 282. Sinche, Guaranda, Ecuador, 4000 metres,
22 Dec. 1898. ‘“ Gavalon.”
This example is in the fully adult plumage.
Buteo erythronotus.
Haliaétus erythronotus King, Zool. Journ. 111. 1828, p. 424:
Straits of Magellan.
Buteo erythronotus Tacz. Orn. Pér. 1. 1884, p. 115:
Junin, Pacasmayo, Guadalupa, Tumbez, Paucal, Cutervo,
Paucartambo ; Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1879, p. 637: Bolivia.
Nos. 1254 2, 1255 @. Eten, N.W. Peru, 15 metres,
21 Sept. 1899. ‘“Gavalon.” ‘Tris hazel; feet yellow;
bill blue-bronze * (P. O. Simons).
This bird is fully adult with the upper back rufous; tail
white narrowly barred with brown and with a broad blackish
x2
282 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from | Ibis,
subterminal band. The under surface almost entirely white.
The male is also adult and has the upper back hoary grey
with very slight remains of rufous; axillaries blackish barred
with white.
No. 1004. 2 imm,. Sullana, Pern, 70 metres, 19 July,
1899, “Iris hazel; feet vellow ; bill black “} (P.O. Simons).
No. 2839. ¢ juv. Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2600 metres,
19 April, 1901.“ Cui.”
This specimen is dark brown on the upper surface, with
ferruginous edgings, blotchings, bars, and mottlings to the
feathers. It was in the act of moulting its tail-feathers from
the brown to the grey phase. The under surface is almost
entirely ferruginous intermixed with white, darker and in-
clining to chestnut on the abdomen and sides of the body.
There is a dark moustachial streak im this stage of the
plumage which disappears in the adult.
No. 2997. 2. Chaquecamte, Bolivie, 4000 metres,
30 July, 1901. ‘* Alcon.”
This example, which is fully adult, is similar to No. 1254,
but differs in having the axillaries and sides of the body
partially rufous.
No. 30038. @ adult. Oruro, Bolivia, 3700 metres,
19 Aug. 1901. ** Aleon.”
This bird is also fully adult and differs only from No, 1254
in having the abdomen, sides of the body, and thighs barred
with dark brown.
No. 3165. 2 adult. Challapata, Bolivia, 3750 metres,
14 Oct. 1901. “Alcon.”
This specimen is in the fully adult plumage and similar
to No. 1254, but has the abdomen and thighs narrowly
barred with brown.
Rupornis pucherani.
Astur magnirostris (nec Gmel.) @Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid.
1835, p. 91: Andes of Bolivia and Peru.
Asturina pucherani J, & E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. de
1919. | Keuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 283
Zool. July 1855, p. 350: Paraguay; Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S.
1879, p. 636: Bolivia.
Rupornis pucherani Allen, Bull Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1.
March 1889, p. 104: Mapiri, Bolivia.
No. 2182. ¢@. Oroya, Puna, 8S. Peru, 1000 metres,
14 July, 1900. ‘“‘Gavalon.” “Iris yellow; feet - yellow ;
bill bluish” (P. O. Simons).
No. 2202. ¢?. Rio Linimbare, 8.E. Peru; 1000 metres,
17 July, 1900.
These two specimens are in the fully adult plumage.
Leucopternis albicollis.
Falco albicollis Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 1790, p. 86: Cayenne.
Leucopternis albicollis Gurney, Ibis, 1876, p.473: Quito;
Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 31:
Gualaquiza.
No. 1909. ¢. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres,
14 March, 1900. ‘‘Gavalon.”’ ‘Iris brown; feet yellow ;
bill bluish black. Found in dense forest” (P. OU. Simons).
This species does not appear to have been previously
recorded from Peru. It is not surprising, however, to have
found it on the Rio Perene, which is on the eastern side of
the Andes, as Gurney mentious (Ibis, 1876, p. 473) one
‘from Quito, and Dr. Festa obtained one from Gualaquiza,
Jeuador (vide Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv.
No. 368, p. 31). There are, moreover, two specimens in the
British Museum, collected by the late Clarence Buckley
at Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador, and are also identical with
other specimens in the National Collection from Cayenne,
which is the type-locality, and British Guiana. I have
compared this bird with L, occidentalis Salvin, from which
it differs entirely.
Lophotriorchis isidori.
Falco isidori Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p.177: Santa Fe
de Bogota.
Aquila isidori Des Murs, Icon. Orn. 1845, pl. 1.
284 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
Spizaéteus isidort Bonap. Consp. Av. 1. 1850, p. 29:
Bogota; Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1879, p. 450: Cauca Valley,
Colombia.
Lophotriorchis isidori Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. 1. 1874,
p. 206: Bogota.
No. 2947. fg imm. Charuplaya, Bolivia, .1350 metres,
1 July, 1901. ‘“‘Aquilla.” ‘Came into the yard for
chicken’ (P. O. Simons).
a. $ adult. Baesa, Eastern LKcuador, 6000 ft., April
1914, ‘Iris brown; feet yellow; bill slate-colour”’
(W. Goodfellow).
b. 3 juv. Baesa, May 1914, 6000 ft. ‘Iris brown; feet
yellow; bill slate-colour ” (W. Goodfellow).
The adult male from Baesa is in the fully adult black
plumage, which includes the sides of the face, back, wings,
aud tip of tail on the upper surface, and tie throat, axil-
laries, fianks and thighs on the under parts; breast,
abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts dark
chestnut with black .shaft-lines: basal portion of tail
mottled with dark grey both above and_ below, apical
portion below blackish brown.
The young male from Baesa has still got downy tips to
the tail-feathers, although it shows a-.further advance than
the others in regard to the greater development of the
feathers and their darker colour on the sides of the body,
thighs, axillaries, and under wing-coverts. Wing 515 mm.,
tail 295.
Another young bird, unsexed, in very similar plumage,
was collected at Yauaycu, Ecuador, by the late Clarence
Buckley and presented to the British Museum by Messrs.
Salvin & Godman, but differs in being darker on the top of
the head, hind-neck, back, upper tail-coverts, sides of face,
and sides of neck. The sides of the body and thighs are also
darker, the axillaries and under wing-coverts more fulvous,
and the shaft-lines more pronounced.
The immature male, No. 2947 from Bolivia, has lost
a great deal of the brown plumage on the upper surface,
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, 285
which is replaced by black. The feathers on the head and
hind-neck are smoke-brown with black centres, narrowly
fringed with white at the tips, and white at the base; a
patch of buffy white on the sides of the crown; ear-coverts
isabelline with dark shaft-lines to the feathers ; sides of neck
fulvous brown with broad black centres to the feathers,
some of which are fringed with white; chin and throat white,
with a patch of black on each side of the latter: fore-neck
and breast white, with dark fulvous centres and black shaft-
lines to the feathers on the former, some of the feathers on
the sides of the body entirely black; vent and under tail-
coverts cinnamou-rufous, the feathers fringed with white at
the tips; axillaries and under wing-coverts cream-white,
with fulvons and black shaft-lines along the middle of the
feathers; under surface of quills and tail similar to those
already described.
The specimen from Bogota, which is in the National
Collection (fide Sharpe, Cat. B. 1. p. 256), is almost in the
adult plumage, but shows the remains of inmaturity by
the few whitish feathers on the throat, breast, abdomen,
and axillaries.
Another bird, a male, collected in the Cauca Valley,
Colombia, by T. K. Salmon (cf. Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S.
1879, p. 450), is also in the fully adult plumage, but
some of the feathers on the throat are fringed laterally
with chestnut. Wing 460 mm., tail 265.
There is also a young male from Venezuela evidently in
its first plumage, as it still has the remains of down at the
tips of many of the feathers both on the upper and under
surface. The crown of the head, hind-neck, sides of face
and sides of neck cream-white with dark shaft-lines to the
feathers and pale buff mottlings on the top of the head and
sides of the neck; crest-feathers black, or mottled with
blackish smoke-brown with white bases and fringed with
white at the tips; back pale brown with white fringes to the
feathers becoming darker on the upper tail-coverts, where
the feathers have a blotch of white on both webs; lesser
286 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis,
upper wing-coverts black margined with white, becoming
brown and more broadly margined with white on the median
and greater series, scapulars and inner secondary quills;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts black tipped with white ;
flight-quills blackish tipped with white, hoary grey on the
outer webs, and mottled with brown on the inner ones,
which have irregular black bars; on the third outer primary
the outer web is barred, and beyond there the quills are paler
and more hoary-grey and the blackish bars more distinct; the
eight outer secondary quills are again darker, but the pattern
is much the same and the tips more broadly margined with
white. The tail is grey, mottled with brown and white,
marked with black at the base and two separate bauds on
the apical portion, the subterminal one being much the
wider, and the tips of the feathers broadly margined
with white to which down is still adhering. ‘he chin,
throat, breast, abdomen, sides of body, thighs and under
tail-coverts, axillaries and under wing-coverts pale fulvous
with dark shaft-lnes to some of the feathers on the
breast, axillaries under wing-coverts, sides of body, and
outer aspect of the thighs; under surface of flight-quills
white mottled and blotched with grey on the basal portion,
towards the tips silvery grey barred with blackish brown
and blackish on the apical portion, inner secondaries also
silvery grey mottled and banded with dark brown; lower
aspect of tail silvery grey, mottled with white, and banded
with blackish brown.
This bird was collected in the neighbourhood of Merida,
Venezuela, by S. Briceno, and presented to the British
Museum by Mr. L. V. Dalton.
A second young bird from Merida is a female, and
is rather more advanced than the two specimens already
mentioned, which may be seen by the darker and more
developed feathers on the sides of the body, thighs, axillaries,
and under wing-coverts.
Another male bird, also from Venezuela, collected
18 October, 1907, is in the fully adult plumage with the
throat entirely deep black. Wing 485 mm., tail 292.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 287
Harpagus bidentatus.
Faleo bidentatus Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 1780, p.38: * Cayana.”
Harpagus bidentatus Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. 1898, p. 502 :
Chimbo, Ecuador, 1000 ft.
No. 492. ¢imm. Mirador, Banos, Ecuador, 1800 metres,
1 Feb. 1890. ‘‘ Gavalon.”
There are twenty-eight skins of this species in the British
Museum from various localities. Kight from British Guiana
and Trinidad, five of which are immature, have the wing-
measurements 195 to 210mm. Three from Venezuela and
one from Bogota measure 204 to 229mm. The bird from
Bogota is rather paler slate-grey above than any of the
others in the series; the under surface deeper chestnut
which extends up the throat ou each side of the central grey
streak ; the lesser under wing-coverts and axillaries are also
chestnut, but paler than the under surface. Four examples
from eastern Heuador have a wing-measurement 210 to
217 mm.; two of these are immature and appear to go
through a different phase of plumage on the under surface
from any of the other young birds, beiug orange-buff instead
of cream-white. From eastern Peru and the Amazon Valley
there are six birds which are all in the fully adult plumage,
and the wings measure 196 to 227 mm. Six from Bahia
and Rio de Janeiro, three bemg in immature plumage, have
the wing-measurement 189 to 225 mm.; from the two
last-named localities the birds are somewhat darker above
than those from Ecuador.
Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonil.
I have compared the three specimens collected by Simons
and one collected at Guayaquil by Capt. Kellett and
Lieut. Wood with seventeen others in the British Museum
from Bahia, which is the type-locality of G. s. swatnsonii,
Matto Grosso, eastern Peru, Venezuela, Trinidad, British
Guiana, and Obidos on the Lower Amazon. ‘They are very
similar in the colour of the plumage, except that No. 1096
is pale fulvous on the breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts, which is unlike any of the other specimeus in the
288 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ This,
series examined. ‘hese four birds have the range of wing-
measurements from 173 to 177 mm. and the tail 102 to
105 mm., and the seventeen specimens from other localities
have the range of wing-measurements from 145 to 164 mm.
and the tail 84 to 96mm. I am of opinion, therefore, that
the most western birds should be separated ‘subspecifically.
The following synonymy is referable to Gampsony.:
swainsonit Vigors :— i
Gampsonyx swainsonit Vigors, Zool. Journ, 1. April 1825,
p. 69: Interior of Bahia.
Nertus rufifrons Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314: ex Wied.
Fuico rufifrons Wied, Beitr. Orn. Bras. i. 1831, p. 123:
River Mucuri, S8.E. Brazil.
Klanus torquatus Less. Traité ?Orn. 1831, p. 72: Brazil.
Gampsonyw swainsont Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 979:
Pebas; He Peru; Tacz. Orn. Pér. 1. 1884, p: 140, part:
Pebas.
Gampsonyx swainsonii magnus.
Gampsonyx swainsoni (nee Vig.) Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1884,
p. 140, part: Tumbez.
Gaumpsonyx swainsonit magnus Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, xxxix. 1918, p. 21. .
Adult male. Similar to G. s. swainsonii, and differing
only in the larger wing and tail measurements. “ Iris
yellow; feet yellow; bill black” (P. O. Simons). Total
length 245 mm., culmen from edge of cere 14, wing 177,
tail 104, tarsus 32, middle toe and claw 382.
Aduit female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 176 mm.,
tail 105.
Habitat. Western Peru and western Ecuador.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected
by P. O. Simons at Amotape, Peru, on 22 July, 1899.
No. 43. 2 adult. Puna Island, Ecuador, 5 Nov. 1898.
No. 1027. ¢ adult. Amotape, Peru, 50 metres, 22 July,
1899.
No. 1096. ¢ imm. Piura, Peru, 50 metres, 5 Aug. 1899.
1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 289
Ictinia plumbea.
Falco plumbea Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1788, p. 283: Cayenne.
Ictinia plumbea Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1879, p. 638: Prov.
Yungas, Chiquitos, and Moxos, Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. ii. 1889, p. 105: Lower Beni River and Mapiri,
Bolivia.
No. 1245. ¢. Bellavista, Bolivia, 1400 metres, 10 Oct.
1900. “Alcon.” ‘Tris red; feet orange; bill black”
(P. O. Simons).
This specimen is in the fully adult plumage and identical
with others in the British Museum from various localities in
South and Central America. It may be mentioned, how-
ever, that some individuals are paler grey than others, but
these are not restricted to any particular geographical area.
Falco fusco-cerulescens.
Falco fusco-cerulescens Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. x1.
1817, p. 90: Paraguay.
Hypotriorchis femoralis Sel. & Salv. P. ZS. 1879, p. 638:
Bolivia ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1884, p. 151: Paucartambo and
Tumbez.
No. 379. g. Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador, 3100 metres,
1 Jan. 1899. “ Gavalon.”
No. 1695. 92. Chosica, Peru, 850 metres, 3 Oct. 1900.
“ Alcon.”
No. 3174. ¢. Aullagas, Bolivia, 3700 metres, 17 Oct.
1901. “Alcon.” ‘In the act of eating a Sparrow on the
ground ” (P.O. Simons).
I have compared these three specimens, which are fully
adult, with a large series of others in the British Museum,
and find them to be identical.
Falco rufigularis pax.
Falco rufigularis paw Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, xxxix.
Nov. 1918, p. 22.
No. 2918. ¢ adult. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1300. metres,
1 June, 1901. ‘“ Alconcito.” “Iris brown; feet orange ;
bill black ”’ (P. O. Simons).
290 Birds from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina. [Ibis
b) 4) 3 9 3
Falco columbarius.
Falco columbarius Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1. 1758, p. 90:
Carolina; Gurney, Ibis, 1882, p. 160: Cuenca, Quito,
Keuador ; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900,
No. 868, p.31: Cafiar, Ecuador.
No. 155. 92”? Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 1 Dec. 1912. “Iris
brown ; feet bright yellow; bill plumbeous, cere and culmen
yellow ” (Brabourne).
This appears to be the first record of this species in Peru.
It was collected by the late Lord Brabourne, and presented
by him to the British Museum.
Cerchneis cinnamominus equatorialis.
Falco sparverius equatorialis Mearns, Auk, ix. 1892,
p. 269: Guayaquil.
Tinnunculus cinnamominus (Swains.); Salvad. & Festa,
Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 31.
Cerchneis cinnamomina Tacz. Orn. Pér. 1, 1884, p. 154.
Tinnunculus sparverius (nee Linn.); Selater & Salvin,
P.Z.S. 1879, p. 688: Bolivia.
Falco sparverius cinnamominus ANen, Bull. Amer, Mus. 11.
1889, p. 105: Yungas, Bolivia.
Nos. 596, 597. 2 adult. Canar, Ecuador, 2600 metres,
Spr wSoo) Lalita.
No. 1108. ¢ adult. Province of Piura, Peru, 50 metres,
19 Aug. 1899. ‘‘ Alcon.” “Tris brown; feet yellow; bill
black ” (P. O. Simons).
No. 1577. 2? adult. Carohas, Peru, 2600 metres, 17 Dec.
1899.
No, 2066. 2 adult. Arequipa, S.W. Peru, 2066 metres,
31 May, 1900. “Seniea.”
No. 2831. 9? adult. Paratani, Bolivia, 2800 metres,
QeAprily o0ts -Nelyin:
No. 2904. ¢ adult. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1350 metres,
22 May, 1901. ‘“ Agalucho.” ‘ Found on Chunta trunk.
Crop contained orthopterous insects”? (P. O. Simons).
I do not see any appreciable difference between the seven
birds enumerated above, and others from similar localities in
the British Museum.
[To be continued. |
1919. | On the Birds of the Canary Islands. 291
XVI.—List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed
reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental
Visitors. Part I. Turpipa—Htrvunpinipa. By Davin
A. Bannerman, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G:S.
[Continued from p. 181. |
Family Turpip#.
Turdus philomelus philomelus. Continental Song-Thrush.
(= Turdus musicus auctorum.) *
Turdus philomelos Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl.
1831, p. 882—Type locality : Middle Germany.
The Continental Song-Thrush is a regular Winter Visitor
to the Canary Islands. There is but little doubt that all
* It must be borne in mind that every single author up to the
present who has written on the Canarian birds has referred to the Song-
Thrush as Turdus musicus. ‘Those ornithologists who follow the
example of the bh. O. U. Committee and conserve the name musicus for
the Song-Thrush must then, however, call the bird which visits the
Canary Islands in winter Turdus musicus musicus, 7. e. the Continental
Song-Thrush. I entirely agree with the Committee who compiled the
list that considerable confusion will doubtless arise by transferring the
name 7. musicus to the Redwing and bestowing Brehm’s name, 7. philo-
melus, on to the Song-Thrush (B. O. U. List, 1915, pp. 365, 366) ; but
confusion will arise in any case—and, in fact, has arisen—as several of our
leading systematic ornithologists have already accepted the changes.
If we are to be consistent in nomenclature, I can see no help for it but to
reject the nomena conservanda proposed (B. O. U. List, 1915, p. 855)
and to accept the drastic changes which have become necessary under
the Rules of Nomenclature as drawn up by the International Congress -
of Zoology. The best way to attain uniformity is for the younger
generation of ornithologists to accept ail these changes quickly, dis-
agreeable as many of them undoubtedly are. Confusion need not arise
if for several years to come systematic ornithologists will only state
very carefully in their publications exactly which species they mean
by Turdus musicus, Turdus philomelus, Turdus iliacus, etc. In this
“transition-stage ” of nomenclature no other course is open to working
ornithologists who wish to avoid the confusion which would inevitably
ensue if they referred to Turdus tliacus without any further explanation.
The original reference alone is now not sufficient.
292 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the =F Tbis,
past records of ‘‘ Turdus musicus”’? must refer to the con-
tinental form, which must now be known as Turdus
philomelus philomelus.
The exact time when the Song-Thrushes arrive in the
islands is uncertain. I doubt whether they arrive very
much before November (Meade-Waldo’s earliest records
are 10 and 16 November ; 12 and 19 December, Tenerife).
I have found them very plentiful in January in the high
forests. ‘They stay in the Archipelago until March, a few
remaining until April, but never nesting.
The Song-Thrush (‘ Turdus musicus” of all early writers )
was mentioned by Ledru in 1810 from Tenerife, and since
that date has been recorded by every observer who has
written on the ornis of the group.
It is mentioned by Webb and Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne,
p. 11) as a bird ‘de passage,” and after careful investigation
I have come to the conclusion with Lord Rothschild that
the account given by Webb and Berthelot under the heading
of 7. iliacus (Orn. Canarienne, p. 12) really belongs to the
Song-Thrush (7. p. philomelus, which these authors call
“ Turdus musicus’’), and should have appeared under that
species. My reasons together with the original quotation
of this paragraph are given in this paper under the next
species dealt with. The following is a translation of the
most interesting part of this paragraph under dispute :—
“It is certain that Thrushes |les grives] arrive in the
winter and remain a certain time in the woods. A great
migration took place in 1828, above all in the island of
Tenerife, where they were very numerous. This migratory
wave was repeated in 1832. Thrushes were then so
numerous that one killed them with sticks and_ stones.
The migration commenced in November and continued at
intervals during part of December. These birds arrived
on the east coast and flooded the gardens, the greater
number reached the interior of the island where they took
refuge in the Pine region. .... They rested there three
months in the country and then disappeared all at once.”
Bolle records the arrival of the Song-Thrush, and writes ;
1919. | Birds of the Canary islands. 293
“In the winters 1828-30 innumerable flocks of these
Thrushes (Turdus musicus Linn.) came to Tenerife; they
appeared over the sea like swarms of locusts, flying in troops
down the streets of Santa Cruz on their way to the gardens,
from which later they flew off to the Pine woods of the
mountains ” (J. f. O. 1854, p. 453).
Meade-Waldo never records them below 1500 feet in
Tenerife and found them abundant ‘“ wherever there was
sufficient cover.” He noted that a few remained until
April (Ibis, 18938, p. 187), and that they swarmed in the
mountains in the winter of 1888 (Ibis, 1889, p. 515).
Von Thanner considers it a regular Bird of Passage in
Tenerife (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 431), and later mentions
that many Song-Thrushes were seen at Vilaflor—a village
on the southern slopes of the Peak—during the winter
months 1906-7 (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
From the extreme western islands, Gomera, Palma, and
Mierro, the Song-Thrush is not often recorded; this is
probably due to the scarcity of observers rather than to the
absence of the bird itself, for it is more than likely to be
numerous in winter on these three islands. Meade-Waldo
records it from Gomera on 12 February, 1888 (cf. private
note-books).
In Gran Canaria I have always found it in the Monte
District (1580 feet) in small numbers in January (Ibis,
1912, p. 598), but it is much more plentiful in the high
ridges clothed with pines (8000-4000 feet) in the south of
the island. It was particularly numerous in February 1911,
and is always remarkably wild, which point is also men-
tioned by Meade-Waldo (Ibis, 1889, p. 1).
In the eastern group, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, this
Thrush is said by Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb, 1909, p. 125), who
spent eight months in these barren islands, to be “a regular
and frequent migrant and winter visitor.”
Meade-Waldo saw Thrushes in Fuerteventura on the
27th and 28th of March, 1888 (private note-books), and
noted that it was not uncommon in the cactus-fields (Ibis,
1889, p. 509).
294 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Von Thanner apparently met with the Thrush on migra-
tion in Fuerteventura in the same month (March) many
years later (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 65), and noted it as a
winter visitor.
In Lanzarote I identified a stuffed specimen in the
Gonzalez private collection (Ibis, 1914, p. 62). It might
strike one as curious that the Thrushes should resort to
such islands as Fuerteventura when a wealth of verdure
awaits them in the islands of the western group, but this is
doubtless explained by the geographical position of the
eastern islands, which he much nearer the regular line of
flight of migratory birds.
Needless to say, the Song-Thrusb which occurs in the
Canary Islands has invariably been quoted as Vurdus
musicus Linn., and it was uot until quite recently that an
examination of specimens which I had shot in Gran Canaria,
together with those in the Meade-Waldo collection in the
British Museum, revealed the fact that the migratory
Thrush of the Canary Islands is undoubtedly the conti-
nental race (Turdus philomelus philomelus) | Turdus musicus
musicus auctorum |.
Range. The Continental Song-Thrush is apparently dis-
tributed through Europe generally, wintering in south
Kurope and north Africa, the Canary Archipelago probably
being the southern limit of its winter range.
Turdus musicus*. Redwing.
(= Turdus ihacus auctorum.)
Turdus musicus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 169—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Redwing is evidently an Occasional Visitor in winter
to the islands. I have never met with it myself.
Webb and Berthelot (Orn, Canarienne, p. 12) were the
first to mention this species, but a certain amount of
confusion seems to have taken place between this species
(Turdus iliacus of all former writers) and the Song-Thrush,
Turdus p. philomelus (Turdus musicus auctorum),.
* See my footnote given under Turdus p. philomelus,
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 295
Webb and Berthelot mention both forms, and under the
heading “Tourdre-Mauvis—Turdus iliacus Linn.’’, they have
the following note which, for reasons hereafter explained,
must surely refer primarily to the Song-Thrush (7. philo-
melus philomeius), Turdus musicus of Webb and Berthelot: —
“Obs. Le nom de Pajaro de Africa (Oiseau d’Afrique) que
on donne a cette espéce, de méme qu’a la précédente,
indique assez qu’elle n’est que de passage aux tiles Canaries.
En effet les grives arrivent en hiver, et séjournent un
certain temps dans les bois. Leur abondance fut remar-
quable en 1828, surtout dans Vile de Ténérife, ot leur
apparition s est reproduite d’une maniére bien plus extra-
ordinaire encore en 1832. Les grives reparurent alors en
telle quantité qu’on les tuait 4 coups de baton et a coups de
pierre. Le passage commenca en novembre et continua par
intervalles durant une partie du mois de décembre. Elles
débarquerent sur la cote orientale, et traverserent par bandes
les rues de Sainte-Croix. Beaucoup se répandirent dans les
jardins, et le plus grand nombre gagna Vintérieur de J’ile,
pour se refugier dans la région des Pins. ..... Ces oiseaux
resterent trois mois dans le pays ; puis ils disparurent tout
i coup.”
Now, as Lord Rothschild has pointed out to me, the
French invariably mean a Thrush when they speak of the
“‘grive,’ which is the word used throughout the account
just quoted ; and the Redwing, on the other hand, is known
as matvis.
Whether Webb and Berthelot really intended their obser-
vation to refer to the Redwing or to the Thrush or to both
species it is rather difficult to say, but I incline with
Lord Rothschild to the belief that the account printed
above should really have been included by Webb and
Berthelot under the heading of their Turdus musicus, for
the authors certainly distinguish between the vernacular
names of the two forms. It must also be remembered that
the greater part of ‘Ornithologie Canarienne’ was written
by Moquin-Tandon from notes supplied by Berthelot, and
this may account for the confusion.
SER. XI.—VOL. I. Y
296 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Bolle (J. f. O. 1854, p. 453) records the great arrival of
Song-Thrushes (‘‘ Turdus musicus”) in the winters of
1828-1830 to the Canary Islands ; but in the J. f. O. 1857,
p. 277, under the heading “ Turdus ilacus” he quotes
Webb and Berthelot’s account of the arrival of Redwings,
and notes, moreover, that Berthelot told him (Bolle) “ that
the Redwing was even more frequent than the Song-
Thrush.”
Against this we must remember that, although Bolle
confirms the great swarms of Redwings in 1828 and 1832,
yet he himself was not in the islands then ; and, further,
he remarks: ‘In ordinary years the number [ of Redwings |
cannot be very great, for during two winters in Santa Cruz
I never saw a single specimen” (J. f. O. 1857, p. 277).
The next author to mention the Redwing is Cabrera, who
notes (Catalogo, p. 46) that “ 7. iliacus”’ is a regular bird
of passage (‘‘ De paso periodico) fairly abundant in certain
years, met with as much on the coasts as in the mountains
of Tenerife. He had specimens in his own collection.
According to Cabrera, this bird is also cited by Serra, whose
work I have not consulted.
Polatzek in his list (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 125) ineludes
the Redwing as “a regular and frequent migrant,’ and
places the species amongst the birds which have been
verified without a doubt. It is more than probable that
he had himself met with the species and had obtained
examples, but I cannot agree with his statement that it
is “a regular and frequent migrant.” Polatzek probably
based his remarks on former writers who had _ blindly
followed Webb and Berthelot, and the fact that he obtained
specimens himself (which apparently he must have done)
would lend colour to the older writings which he consulted.
Neither Meade-Waldo, von Thanner, nor myself have ever
come across it, which in the case of von Thanner is most
strange as he has lived a considerable time in Tenerife.
Range. The Redwing breeds in north Europe and winters
in south Europe, and also in north-west Africa—where,
however, it is rare.
N
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 29
Turdus pilaris. he Fieldfare.
Turdus pilaris Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 168—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Fieldfare is an Occasional Visitor to the Archipelago.
It sometimes arrives in autumn and occasionally also in
spring, but is not by any means a regular migrant.
The first authentic record is given by Meade-Waldo, who
saw a bird in the flesh which had been shot on the 19th of
March close to Orotava (Ibis, 1889, p 1), and he himself
obtained a specimen, now in the British Museum, on the
15th of May, 1888, at the same place.
Polatzek mentions a passage of these birds in 1903 and
gives the following account (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 125) :—
“On the 20th of October many [Fieldfares = ‘ Wacholder-
drossel’] came to Lanzarote with a strong north wind.
I found flocks of about fifteen birds under fig-trees at
Haria, and a few were in the fields. After three weeks
their numbers gradually decreased, and in the fifth week
(2 e. about the 25th of November) they disappeared
altogether. The brown tint on the breast was very vivid.”
Von Thanner considers it to be a wandering visitor in
Tenerife, and also recognized a specimen of this bird in the
institute at Laguna (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 4:31).
I have never myself met with it in any of the islands.
From the only records which we have of this bird it would
appear to occasionally touch the islands actually at the time
when the migratory movement from Europe to Morocco is
in course of progress.
Range. The Fieldfare, which is so well known in north
Europe and north Asia, winters in central and south Europe
and in smaller numbers extends south to north-west Africa.
The Canary Islands are surely the most southern limit
reached.
Turdus merula cabrere. Cabrera’s Blackbird.
Turdus merula cabrere Hartert, Nov. Zool. vii. 1901,
p. 3183—Type locality: Tenerife.
A Resident subspecies.
298 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group. Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera,
Hierro.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Madeira.
Phenicurus phenicurus phenicurus. Common Redstart.
Motacilla phenicurus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 187—Type locality : Sweden.
The Common Redstart is a fairly regular Bird of Passage
in small numbers to the Canary Islands in spring and
autumn.
Meade-Waldo’s notes sum up the situation. He wrote
(Ibis, 1893, p. 188): “A few Redstarts touch at the
islands in spring and autumn”; and in an earlier paper
(Ibis, 1889, p. 2) remarked: “I saw a male on two
occasions close to my house at Orotava.”
Polatzek, whose field-notes are generally reliable, quotes
it (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124) as a regular bird of passage.
The following are the only dated records :—
é- March, 1889. Oliva, Fuerteventura. Authority: Meade-Waldo
(skin in British Museum).
Q. 27 March, 1905. Fuerteventura. Authority: Von Thanner (Orn.
Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
d. 27 March, 1909. Gran Canaria. Authority: Von Thanner (Orn,
Jahrb. 1910, p. 86).
dg. 4 April, 1913. Tenerife. Authority: Miss Annie Jackson (in
litt.).
October. Gomera. Authority: Bolle (J. f. 0. 1857, p. 288).
Cabrera had an undated specimen in his Tenerife col-
lection (Catalogo, p. 43), and Meade-Waldo also notes a
specimen brought to Ramon Gomez from Fuerteventura
(Ibis, 1889, p. 509). I have not handled all the specimens
which have been obtained in the Canary Islands, but those
which I have seen belong to the typical form.
Range. The Common Redstart which breeds in Europe
winters in west and north-east Africa and is replaced by an
allied race in the Atlas Mountains. Hartert met with the
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 299
typical species at El-Golea in the south-western Sahara at
the end of March, and as late as the 5th of June in the
Oued Nea (Nov. Zool. xx. 1913, p.57). It was common
on migration in Algeria, being frequently met with from
El] Kantara to Touggourt during the last week in March
aud on the 6th and 10th of April at Laghouat. On the east
coast of Africa the Redstart appears to migrate south as far
as 10° N. A specimen in the British Museum from Foda
(Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) was obtained on 21 October, 1885.
Phenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis *. Black Redstart.
(= Ruticilla titys auctorum.)
Motacilla gibraltariensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, pt. 2, 1789,
p. 987—Type locality : Gibraltar.
The Black Redstart appears to be a regular Bird of Passage
in small numbers to the islands in spring and autumn. Iteis
recorded from Tenerife and Fuerteventura. Meade-Waldo
considered it to be rather more frequent in the Canaries than
the Common Redstart (Ibis, 1893, p. 188). He remarks
that he examined a stuffed specimen in Cabrera’s collection
(Ibis, 1889, p. 515).
Cabrera obtained it in Tenerife near Laguna, and believed
it to be an accidental migrant in spring (Catalogo, p. 43).
This specimen was examined in the Cabrera collection by
Hartert, who tells me it is certainly P. 0. gibraltariensis.
Polatzek believed it to be a regular bird of passage and
observed it twice in the eastern islands (Orn. Jahrb. 1909,
p. 124).
Von Thanner also obtained it in the eastern islands of the
group and records a male which he shot in Fuerteventura on
the 5th of February, 1910 (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229), and
* This is another of the very few cases of nomenclature where
I do not follow the Committee of the ‘B.O. U. List of British
Birds,’ 2nd ed. 1915, in retaining the name P. titys for the Black
Redstart (vide B. O. U. List, p. 866, where the reasons given for con-
serving the name tefys are to my mind most unsatisfactory). I prefer
to follow Messrs. Hartert, Witherby, and Ticehurst in their decision
(‘ Iland-list of British Birds,’ 1912, p. 85).
300 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [| Ibis,
another in the same island on the 23rd of March, 1904 (Orn.
Jahrb. 1905, p. 65: ‘ Hausrotschwanzchen ”’).
Range. This well-known European species winters chiefly
in north-west and north-east Africa, but also in southern
Europe. It breeds throughout Europe generally. There
are specimens in the British Museum from Morocco
(undated). In east Africa it is found as far south as
Berber (Sudan), and there is a bird obtained in July from.
Abyssinia.
Erithacus rubecula superbus. Superb Redbreast.
Erithacus superbus Koenig, Journ. fir Orn. 1889, p. 183
—Type locality: Tenerife.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group. Gran Canaria, Tenerite.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Erithacus rubecula microrhynchus *. Madeiran Redbreast.
Lrithacus rubecula microrhynchus Reichenow, Journ. far
Orn. 1906, p. 153—Type locality: Madeira.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group. Palma, Gomera, Hierro.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Madeira.
Erithacus rubecula. Redbreast.
(? Erithacus rubecula rubecula. |
[ Motacilla rubecula Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 188—Type locality : Sweden. |
A Rare Visitor.
Redbreasts occasionally pass through the eastern islands
* IT have accepted Reichenow’s name for the Redbreasts inhabiting
Madeira and the islands of Palma, Gomera, and Hierro in the Canary
sroup. ‘They are to my mind separable from the Continental race, with
which they have been hitherto united by most writers, and from which
[ distinguish them by their paler coloration.
1919. ] Birds of the Canary Islands. 301
of the Canary Group—in which islands, be it noted, there
are no resident Redbreasts.
I have not been able to examine a specimen, but am of
opinion that these birds are genuine migrants, which on
rare occasions visit the eastern islands. In this list it is
intentionally named binomially, and therefore no original
reference is given. Whether these visitors are examples of
the Continental Redbreast (4. 7. rubecula), which seems to
me most probable, or whether of the north-west African
race (E. r. witherbyi) cannot yet be proved. I strongly
suspect the former, and, if this is the case, it will explain
how the resident Redbreasts (2. 7. microrhynchus) originally
arrived at, and came to be isolated in, three of the western
islands.
There is no evidence to show that at the present day the
resident Redbreasts of Palma, Gomera, and Hierro have
their numbers augmented in spring——-the migrating Red-
breasts having only been recorded from the eastern islands.
It may be suggested that the birds which have been recorded
from Fuerteventura are merely stragglers from the western
islands. I do not believe this to be the solution. In the
first place, the birds were observed in March--in which
month EK. 7. microrhynchus is breeding,—aad it would then
be very unlikely to leave the islands which they have made
their home when uesting is in full swing. Secondly, we
have no records from Gran Canaria or Tenerife, in which
geographically intervening islands another subspecies (E. r.
superbus) is the resident form and the only Redbreast
known.
So far as my knowledge goes, it shows that the various
breeding birds living in the Canary Archipelago never
migrate from one island to another. We have no reason,
therefore, to suppose that the pale resident Redbreast is an
exception to this.
The records of Redbreasts from the eastern islands are as
follows :—Polatzek saw it once in the Barranco Rio Palma
in Fuerteventura, and notes that it is very rarely seen in
this island (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 185).
302 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Von Thanner saw it on two occasions :—
(a) On the 28rd of March, 1904, at Gran Tarajal, Fuerteventura
(Orn. Jahrb, 1905, p. 65).
(6) On the 14th of March, 1905, also in Fuerteventura (Orn. Jahrb.
1908, p. 214).
I have no hesitation in accepting the statements of
Polatzek and von Thanner that what they took to be the
Continental Redbreast was seen by them in Fuerteventura. |
Range. The Continental Redbreast (EH. 7. rubecula) breeds
in Europe and winters in the Mediterranean countries and
in northern Africa as far as the Oases in the Sahara. Type
locality : Sweden.
Witherby’s Redbreast (1. 7. witherbyi) is a resident form
in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, and also breeds in
“Tunisia and northern Algeria. Type locality: northern
Algeria.
\
Cyanosylvia suecica suecica*. Red-spotted Blue-throat.
Motacilla svecica Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 187—
Type locality : Sweden.
A Rare Visitor.
The first specimen of C. s. suecica is recorded by Cabrera
(Catalogo, 1893, p. 43), who killed a bird of this species in
October at Laguna (Tenerife).
Polatzek gives it in his List (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124)
as a rare bird of passage occurring in the eastern islands
(i.e., Fuerteventura and Lanzarote).
Range. The Red-spotted Bluethroat breeds in northern *
Europe and Asia. It winters partly in north-east Africa.
Its occurrence in the Canary Islands cannot therefore be
expected, save as a straggler.
* Tam following the Committee who compiled the ‘ B.O. U. List of
British Birds’ in not separating the typical Red-spotted Blue-throat
and the Norwegian Bluethroat, C. s. gaetkei (Kleinschm.), Those
who distinguish between the two supposed forms would doubtless find
that it is C. s. gaetket which occurs as a Rare Visitor in the Canaries
(cf. B.O. U. List of British Birds, 1915, p. 368). I have not examined
a specimen from the Canary Islands.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 303
Cyanosylvia suecica cyanecula. White-spotted Bluethroat.
Sylvia cyanecula Wolf, in Meyer & Wolf, Taschenb. 1810,
240—'Type locality: Germany.
~
p.
This is a Rare Visitor to the Archipelago.
The records of the White-spotted Bluethroat occurring in
the Canary Islands are not by any means plentiful. In
fact, the only occurrences which seem genuine are :—
a. 'I'wo birds seen by Meade-Waldo which had been shot
near Laguna (ibis, 1889, p. 2). These are probably
the male and female mentioned by Cabrera in his
‘List? as having been shot in November 1889
(Catalogo, p. 43). :
6. A single bird identified in 1913 by myself in the
Gonzalez Collection in Arrecife. This bird had been
shot in the island of Lanzarote (Ibis, 1914, p. 62).
Polatzek, who spent eight months in the eastern group and
chronicles the arrival of many migrants, does not mention
any specific occasion upon which he met with this species.
He writes:—‘* Like the Red-spotted Bluethroat this
species may also pass through the eastern islands” (Orn.
Jahrb. 1909, p. 124). This species is there referred to as
C. wolfi (Brehm).
Range. The White-spotted Bluethroat is a European
species, which in winter migrates through western Europe to
north-west and north-east Africa.
Saxicola dacotiz dacotie. luerteventuran Chat.
Pratincola dacotie Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 504,
pl. xv.—Type locality: Fuerteventura,
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura.
Obs. Confined’to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
304 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ihis,
Saxicola dacotie muriele. Muriel’s Chat.
Saxicola dacotie muriele Bannerman, Bull. B.O.C. vol.
xxxili. 1913, p. 37 (figured [bis, 1914, pl. v.)—Type locality :
Allegranza.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Outer islets. Montatia Clara, Allegranza.
Range beyond the Archipelogo.
Does not occur so far as is known.
Obs. It must be remembered that the Avifauna of the
opposite coast of Africa is practically unknown. The fact
that all these Chats undoubtedly left Montana Clara whilst I
was living on this island, suggests that they may have their
headquarters on the mainland. They may, however, have
only crossed to Allegranza.
Saxicola rubicola rubicola. Stonechat.
Motacilla rubicola Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 332
—Type locality: France.
The Stonechat is said to be a Bird of Passage in the
Canary Islands.
The species is mentioned by several authors, but I have
been unable to examine a specimen. ~ It is certain, however,
to be the typical race which passes through the islands.
The Stonechat is mentioned as far back as 1841 by Webb
aud Berthelot, who note (Orn. Canarienne, p. 13) that it is
“Rather rare in the Canaries, one meets with it in the
Mercédes woods” (é. e. in Tenerife).
Bolle wrote that it turns up occasionally in winter always
separately (J. £. O. 1857, p. 279).
Cabrera mentions that it has been met with im the vicinity
of Mercédes, but he does not say whether this is from his
own observation or whether he is simply quoting Webb and
Berthelot (Catalogo, p. 40).
The most definite record is given by Polatzek, who wrote :
“T saw only males and met them in the eastern islands as
regular winter visitors. The flight begins often early in
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 305
October. In March I saw them on the return journey
(Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124).
Range. The typical race of the Stonechat breeds through-
out Europe and north-west Africa and winters in the Sahara.
It seems strange that Polatzek should have noted it as a
regular transient through the Canaries, as I know of no
records of this species from south of the islands. Where,
then, do these birds go ?
In west Africa it is common in Mazagan, and there is a
large series from there in the Tring Museum obtained in
April, May, October, and December, besides several from
the Atlas Mountains obtained between the mouths of March
and June. The most southern records are skins from
Imintanout obtained in May. All these places are on the
African coast north of the Canaries.
Saxicola rubetra rubetra. Whiunchat.
Motacilla rubetra Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 186
—Type locality: Sweden.
The Whinchat is an irregular Bird of Passage. I have
been unable to examine a skin, but it is certain to be the
typical form which occurs there on migration.
The first record is by Cabrera, who recognized two birds
in the spring of 1890 in the barranco of Mercédes, Tenerife
(Catalogo, p. 40).
Polatzek includes the Whinchat as a regular bird of
passage in the eastern islands in October; he notes that he
saw small companies of them on their journey and that they
did not remain in the island. He adds that he obtained
specimens (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124).
I am doubtful whether 8. 7. rubetra can be considered a
regular bird of passage, as Polatzek is the only ornithologist
to have observed the bird regularly, and he only lived in the
Archipelago for two anda half years. Neither Meade-Waldo
nor von Thanner has met with it.
Range. The Whinchat breeds in Europe and winters in
tropical Africa. Its occurrence in the Canary Islands is
306 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
therefore to be expected. I have examined skins from the
Gold Coast obtained in October and November, from
Senegal in March, September, October, and December,
from Sierra Leone in March and April, from Morocco
(Mazagan and Rahamna) in September, October, and May,
and a bird obtained in Mogador on 5th November, all
by Riggenbach (skins in Tring Museum), while Geyr von
Schweppenburg met with it as far south as Ain Taiba in
January, almost on the same parallel as Mogador.
Cnanthe cnanthe enanthe. The Wheatear.
Motacilla enanthe Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 186
—Type locality: Sweden.
From the actual records which we possess it is doubtful
whether the typical Wheatear can yet be considered more
than a Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands. I believe,
however, it will eventually prove to be at any rate an
occasional visitor.
Unfortunately all the older writers have failed to distin-
guish between tlis and the Greenland Wheatear, and it is
therefore impossible to be certain to which form their
records and remarks belong.
I have carefully examined a great many skins in the
British and Tring Museums of this and the larger race,
and have but little doubt that the majority of records of
* Saxicola enanthe*®’ from the Canary Islands should right-
fully belong to Gvnanthe wnanthe leucorrhoa. I have there-
fore included them under binomial nomenclature (see next
species) and indicated at the same time that I believe
(i. we. leucorrhoa is the race to which they should refer.
There is, however, one very definite record of the typical
form :—
Von Thanner wrote in the Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 226 that
he had shot a male example of “‘ Gnanthe wnanthe enanthe”’
in Fuerteventura on the 25th of March, 1912.
It is possible that an immature male killed in Tenerife on
the 28th of September, 1908, and recorded by von Thanuer
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 307
(Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 149) as “ Savicola wnanthe” may
have belonged to the typical form, as it is doubtful if
von Thanner then distinguished between the two forms, and
in any case it was an immature bird.
Range. The Wheatear inhabits the whole of Kurope and
part of Asia and winters in tropical Africa. There is
nothing to prevent it occurring fairly regularly in the
Canary Islands on migration.
Cnanthe enanthe. Wheatear.
|? @nanthe cenanthe leucorrhoa. |
[Motacilla leucorrhoa Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1. pt. 2, 1789,
p. 966—Type locality : Senegal. |
This Wheatear seems to be a somewhat irregular Bird
of Passage in spring and autumn through the Canary
Islands.
The majority of specimens appear to have been noticed
in September.
I have not myself examined any skins from the Canaries,
but am strongly of opinion that they will prove to belong to
the large race, 7. e. the Greenland Wheatear ( inanthe @nanthe
leucorrhoa). All records (with one exception) have been
published as Sazicola wnanthe, but with the exception of
Hartert and von Thanner (once) all former writers have
failed to distinguish between the Greenland Wheatear and
the typical form.
Webb and Berthelot, from 1828 to 1830, considered the
Wheatear to be found accidentally in the Canaries after
squalls from the south-west (Orn. Canarienne, p. 13).
Bolle in 1852 and 1856 noted it as a bird of passage in
winter, and says that Berthelot told him he had shot many
of them (J. f. O. 1857, p. 279).
Busto-y-Blanco is said to mention it in 1864.
Meade-\Valdo from 1887-91 found it to be “a scarce and
irregular visitor to the Laguna Plains in winter” (Ibis,
1893, p. 188).
Cabrera says it is a bird of passage in September and
308 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
that he had a specimen in his collection (Catalogo, 1893,
p. 40).
Between 1893 and 1907 no birds were recorded, but we
then find two records which may either refer to this or to the
typical form. Apparently the collector (von Thanner) was
not certain to which form his birds should be referred, as in
the Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 149, he records“an immature male
example of ‘ Savicola enanthe” as having been killed in
Tenerife by himself on the 28th of September, 1908.
With regard to the next specimen, which von Thanner
shot on the 25th of March, 1912, in Fuerteventura, he had
evidently no doubt as to which form it belonged to, as he
records it as “‘ Hnanthe enanthe enanthe,’ the Common
Wheatear (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 226), and this bird I have
already recorded under that heading in this paper (see
preceding species).
Again, in the same paper (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227),
von Thanner mentions a bird at Vilaflor (Tenerife) on the
27th of September, 1912, which he records simply as
* Savicola w@nanthe” ™.
Polatzek presumably never met with it, as he omits it
from his list entirely.
I have carefully examined the material in the British and
Tring Museums with a view to fixing definitely the race of
the Wheatear which passes through the islands. It may
therefore be of mterest to enumerate the specimens of the
large race which I have examined from west Africa or the
Atlantic islands.
In the first place, it must be remembered that Gmelin
described this Wheatear from west Africa, the type locality
being Senegal.
* From the above three records, [ conclude that von Thanner
differentiates between the two forms: the first he might be unable to
name for certain as it is a young bird, the second he has no doubts
about and names trinomially, but is not certain of the identification of
the third and so rightly names it binomially. Possibly the last-named
specimen was not actually procured.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands, 309
There are only four birds in the British Museum from
the west coast of Africa, all of which I believe to belong
to this large race of Wheatear, Unanthe wnanthe leucor-
rhoa :—
a, Gambia River, Senegal. No date. Wing 103 mm.
b. Dakar, Senegal. No date. re elOA ay.
c. Bo, Sierra Leone. Feb. 1904. 96
(Robin Kemp Coll ).
d. Golf Course, Sierra Leone. 6th Feb. 1911. a Moon sf
(Willoughby Lowe Coll.).
There are as well two specimens from the Azores also
referable to the Greenland Wheatear :—
e. ex Ponta, Delgada Museum, No date. Wing 102 mm.
San Miguel.
f. Flores. May 1865, SADA E, 5.
In the Tring Museum I have examined the following
specimens of @. @. leucorrhoa :—
g-n. g ad. Mazagan (Morocco), 3-22nd October, 1901.
o. gd ad. Biskra (Algeria), 22nd March, 1908.
por. dad. Near Thiés (Senegal), 11th and 28rd Feb. 1908, and 23rd
Noy. 1907.
The following records relating to this species in north-west
Africa are also worthy of notice here :—
Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool. x. 1903, p. 295) records three
adult birds from the Rio de Oro obtained in July 1902, and
four juvenile specimens shot in the same month, which had
doubtless been bred there [Riggenbach Coll.].
In a later Expedition Hartert found it in the western
Sahara [near Oued Mya] on the 10th of April, 1912 (Nov.
Zool. xx. 1918, p. 54).
Range. The Greenland Wheatear breeds in Greenland
and north-east America. {[t migrates through western
Europe to the Azores and through north-west Africa to
Senegambia and Sierra Leone. It is almost certain to be
this form which visits the Canaries on migration in spring
and autumn,
310 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
(Enanthe stapazina stapazina*. Western Black-eared
Wheatear.
Motacilla stapazina Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 331
—Type locality : Spain.
A Rare Visitor to the Canaries.
I only know of one example having been obtained in the
Archipelago.
Von Thanner shot a male Western Black-eared Wheatear
in Tenerife on the 2ist of February, 1903, and this
specimen I have examined in the Trmg Museum. It is
a beautiful skin and the bird is in very perfect plumage.
This occurrence of the Western Black-eared Wheatear in
the Canaries was first recorded by Tschusi in the Orn. Jahrb.
1903, p. 176, where he alluded to the above-mentioned
specimen, naming it Savicola aurita, which is a synonym of
(Enanthe stapazina stapazina +.
The same example is mentioned by Polatzek in his paper
(Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 125) also under the name S. aurita
Temm,
Range. ‘Yhe Western Black-eared Wheatear breeds in
south-west Europe, in Portugal, Spain, and in north-west
Africa. It is apparently a bird of passage in the western
Sahara south to Senegal.
* If we consider the Western Black-eared Wheatear (Qinanthe
stapazina) and the Western Black-throated Wheatear (G’nanthe occiden-
talis) to be dimorphisms of the same species, we can then use the name
(Enanthe hispanica (Linn.), as is done by Hartert, for both forms. But
if we consider these two varieties to be distinct and separate species
(which is the view taken by the B. O. U. Committee who drew up the
List of British Birds, 1915) and not dimorphisms of the same species, we
cannot use the name Aispanica, for the reasons clearly set forth in the
_B. O. U. List, p. 369.
I have not yet formed my own conclusions on this much debated
question, and, in the meantime, while preserving an open mind on the
subject, I temporarily follow the Committee in their ruling and call the
bird which von Thanner obtained in the Canary Islands Ginanthe stapazina
stapazxina, as it is an example of the Western Black-eared Wheatear.
+ Hartert considers both aurita and stapazina synonyms of hispanica,
as he believes the Black-eared and Black-throated varieties to be
dimorphic.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 311
According to Hartert (Nov. Zool. xx. 1913, p. 73), the
majority perhaps winter in the Saharan oases.
(Enanthe deserti homochroa. ‘Tristram’s Desert-Wheatear.
Saxicola homochroa Yristram, Ibis, 1859, p. 50—Type
locality : Tunisian Sahara.
The western form of the Desert-Wheatear is a Rare
Visitor to the Canary Islands.
Only four examples are known to have been obtained, and
three of these I have examined in the Tring Museum.
All were collected within three days by Herr von
Thanner.
a. d. Tenerife, 24.11.03 (not quite adult).
b. g. Tenerife, 25.11.03 (adult).
e. 6. Tenerife, 25.11.05 (adult).
The fourth example, a female, does not appear to be in
the Tring Museum.
The above specimens were first referred to by Ritter
von T’schusi, who wrote (Orn. Jahrb. 1903, p. 176): ‘von
Thanner informed me that he had killed on the 21 Feb. 1903
a S. aurita g. On the 24th of the same month (February)
3 2 of S. stapazina and on the 25th three males.” Next
they were mentioned in the Noy. Zool. 1904, p. 431, where
von Thanuer wrote ‘‘in the preceding year I was able to
collect in one morning .... Sawicola deserti. ...,’? men-
tioning three other rare visitors as well.
(Enanthe stapazina is, according to Hartert, synonymous
with CG. hispanica hispanica (the Spanish Wheatear), but
there is no doubt at all that the three male birds in the
Tring Museum enumerated above are examples of C. desertt
homochroa (Tristram’s Desert-Wheatear), and have nothing
to do with GY’. stapazina or G2. hispanica,
Tschusi certainly mentions both Q!. stapazina aud
(CE. aurita in his paper, but both these names are
synonymous !
The original labels of von Thanner show that the three
birds which we now know to be C2. deserti homochroa were
first erroneously named stapazina by the collector, who
SER. XI.—VOL. I. Z
312 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
wrote this to Tschusi, and hence Tschusi’s error in Orn.
Jahrb. 1903, p. 176, in referring these birds to @. stapazina,
when, as pointed out by Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 125),
they really belong to a race of Gnanthe deserti.
In his paper, here referred to, Polatzek explains that
yon Thanner wrote to him that the Wheatears described
[by Tschusi] in Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 176, were not
(E. stapazina but G2. deserti.
Range. Tristram’s Desert-Wheatear extends from Tunisia
to Cape Blanco. I have handled a skin in the Tring
Museum from the latter locality, obtained on the 10th of
May.
Family Muscicapip#.
Muscicapa grisola grisola*. The Spotted Ilycatcher.
Muscicapa grisola Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 328—
Type locality : France.
The Spotted Flycatcher is probably a fairly regular Bird
of Passage in varying numbers during the spring and autumn
migration.
It must be remembered that in the whole group of islands
there are probably not more than two ornithologists who
know the bird by sight, and that for vears together a
bird so sombrely coloured as the Spotted Flycatcher might
entirely escape detection.
Opinions vary as to the migrations of this Flycatcher to
the Canary Islands, as the following quotations show :—
“An occasional straggler ; I saw one Spotted Flycatcher
that had been shot in the winter near Laguna” (Meade-
Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 2; 1893, p. 192).
“A regular bird of passage in the Eastern islands”
(Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 123).
“ An accidental migrant arriving in these islands in May,
when I have shot various specimens at Laguna” (Cabrera,
Catalogo, p. 48).
* If Vroeg’s Catalogue (1764) is recognized, the Spotted Flycatcher
must be known as M. striata striata. I follow the Committee of the
B. O. U. List (1915, p. 871) in rejecting Vroeg’s names.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 313
Von Thanner records specimens from Tenerife on the
30th of September, 1910, “ which appeared for many days”
(Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229).
Range. The Spotted Flycatcher breeds throughout Europe
and in the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. It winters in
central and southern Africa.
Muscicapa atricapilla atricapilla*. Pied Flycatcher.
Muscicapa atricapilla Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766,
_ p. 826—Type locality : Sweden.
The Pied Flycatcher is a regular Bird of Passage to the
Canary Islands during the spring and autumn migration.
Webb and Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, p. 11) and Bolle
(J. f. Orn. 1857, p. 286) both record it before 1858, Bolle
noting that it is seen occasionally in Tenerife during
winter.
Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 47) shot various examples near
Laguna in May.
Meade-Waldo saw one at Laguna on 25 April, 1890 (Ibis,
1890, p. 429), and remarks that it is occasionally met with
(Ibis, 1893, p. 192), while nearly twenty years later
Polatzeko awrote, (Orn* Jahrb.) 1909, ip. 122) Ut sas a
regular migrant. I have often seen some in October in
Lanzarote. On the 14th of October, 1904, a south wind
succeeded a strong north-west wind, and I saw _ several
hundreds of them ; some on the walls, some on the trees
surrounding Haria in Lanzarote. When the north [? south]
wind went on the 17th of October they all flew away.”
Vou Thanner shot a bird on the 10th of October, 1904, in
the pine-woods of Tenerife (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214), and
again records some from Tenerife on the 30th September,
1910, which birds remained in the vicinity for several days
(Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229), and two years later noted two or
three birds at Granadilla (Tenerife) on the 3rd of September,
1912 (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227).
* If Vroeg’s Catalogue is accepted, the name of the Pied Flycatcher
must be M. hypoleuca hypoleuca. I reject Vroeg’s names (see footnote
under previous species).
z2
~
314 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Range. The Pied Flycatcher breeds in Europe and winters
in Africa. A geographical race has been recognized from
north-west Africa, and one from Asia Minor.
Muscicapa parva parva. Red-breasted Flycatcher.
Muscicapa parva Bechstein, Latham’s Allg. Uebers. a.
Vogel, ii. 1794, p. 356—Type locality: Thuringia.
A very Rare Visitor, which has been recorded on one
occasion only.
Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 123) writes: “M. parva was
taken in the Canary Islands by myself. I shot a juvenile
specimen in Lanzarote on the 24th of November, 1904.
There were several more there, only I could not properly
recognize them in their very different immature plumage.
The specimen I killed is in the collection of von T'schusi at
Hallein.”
In an earlier part of the same paper (Orn. Jahrb. 1908,
p- 82) Polatzek notes that ’schusi confirmed the identi-
fication of this specimen.
This occurrence of the Red-breasted Flycatcher in the
Canary Islands is very interesting.
Owing to the war I have naturally been unable to examine
the skin of Polatzek’s bird, which should be done at the first
opportunity. It will surely prove to be askin of the typical
species.
It may be remarked that it is quite impossible for
any ornithologist to confuse a skin of the immature Red-
breasted Flycatcher with that of any other species; and
Ritter von Tschusi is a most careful naturalist, whose
identification of such a bird can be accepted without
question.
Range. The Red-breasted Flycatcher breeds in Europe and
winters in western India; it has, however, been procured
near Cairo. The possibility of its wintering in tropical
Africa was suggested by the editors of the ‘ Hand-List of
British Birds,’
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 315
Family Hirunpin1p&.
Hirundo rustica rustica. Swallow.
Airundo rustica Linn. Syst. Nat. Oth ed. 1758, p. 191—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Swallow is a regular Bird of Passage in spring and
autumn, but is especially numerous in spring.
The earliest record of its arrival is 5 February, a very
early date, but the majority appear during the latter part of
April, and are more or less plentiful until the end of June.
I do not know whether the birds remain long in the islands
or whether one batch of migrauts succeeds another, which
take their place while the first batch proceed on their
journey north, and in this way give the impression that the
same birds which arrived in April are still present at the end
of June. I think, however, that Meade-Waldo was right
when he concluded that Swallows never remained for long in
the islands (Ibis, 1893, p. 192). I have never been in the
islands in July and have no records of any in August,
though stragglers may sometimes pass through after the
main body have long departed. In this connection it is
worth noting that when on board ship on 15 August, 1908,
in lat. 18° 2’ N., 17° 32’ W., and about 40 miles from the
African coast, three Swallows came aboard. ‘These birds*,
had they continued their course and survived, would very
possibly have found their way to the Canary Islands,
Swallows do not breed in the islands, and I cannot find a
single instance of their having done so of late years. The
only authority for their ever having done so is I*. Du Cane
Godman, who remarks (Ibis, 1872, p. 171) that in the spring
of 1871 he ‘found the Swallow breeding abundantly in
[the] .... Canaries.” Floericke mentions the same fact,
but his statements are proverbially untrustworthy (A. d.
Heimat d. Kanarienvog. 1905).
Good ornithologist as he was, I cannot help thinking
that Godman was mistaken in believing the Swallow nested
* The skins are in the British Museum,
316 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
in the islands. ‘The evidence of every writer prior to 1871,
including Ledru (1810), Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin-
Tandon (1841), and Bolle (1857), is most emphatic in
noting that the Swallow is a bird of passage only, not
nesting in the Canaries. The same applies to every other
observer up to the present day. If it did so in 1871, it has
certainly ceased to do so since,
The following records as to the spring arrival of the
Swallow in the Archipelago have been published from time
to time, the authority for the statement is placed in brackets
in each case :—
Spring Migration.
5 Feb, 1909. (ivan Canaria. After a great storm a large number
seen (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 55).
26 Feb. 1887. Tenerife. First appeared on this date at Buena Vista
(Savile Reid, Lbis, 1887, p. 483).
31 March, 1913. Orotava, Tenerife. A number passing over (Miss
A. Jackson, tm Uitt.).
22 April, 1913. Gran Canaria. Fairly plentiful (Bannerman, MS.
note-books).
25 April, 1890. Tenerife. Thousands of Swallows after two or three
days of dull stormy heat (Meade-Waldo, Ibis,
1890, p. 429).
| May, 1915. Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. Shot several with testes
small (Bannerman, MS. note-books).
6 May, 1857. Guanarteme, Gran Canaria. Flock of 20 seen (Bolle,
J. £. O. 1857, p. 322).
12-14 May, 1913. Fuerteventura. Several flocks seen (von Thanner,
Orn, Jahrb, 1915, p. 189).
17 May, 1015. Allegranza. Some Swallows seen (yon Thanner,
Orn, Jahrb, 1918, p. 191).
May 1915, Gran Canaria. Swallows in small numbers through-
out the month (Bannerman, MS. note-books).
June 1915, Numbers seen throughout the month (Bannerman,
MS. note-books).
The return migration in autumn of the Swallow is less
marked, and takes place in October. lor my part I have
not been much in the islands at this time of the year,
and therefore have to rely on the information supplied by
other observers. Webb and Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne,
p. 23) and Bolle (J. f.O. 1854, p. 460) considered the
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 317
Swallow to be a bird of passage in winter. The following
are the only records :—
Autumn Migration Records.
23-25 Oct. 1887. Orotava, Tenerife. Swallows seen (Meade-
Waldo, MS. diary),
29 Oct. to | Noy. 1904. Tenerife. Numerous Swallows on passage (von
Thanner, Orn, Jahrb, 1908, p. 214).
Range. The Swallow breeds throughout Kurope and in
north-west Africa, and in winter is found throughout
tropical and southern Africa.
Delichon urbica urbica lHouse-Martin.
Hirundo urbica Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 192—
‘T'vpe locality: Sweden.
The House-Martin is a Bird of Passage in spring and
autumn to the Canary Islands, but has never been known to
breed.
It cannot be considered a very regular migrant, as it turns
up in varying numbers, sometimes being very numerous and
in other years very scarce.
The earliest record is on 5 February, but this is an un-
usually early date, and the bird cannot be expected before
the beginning of April, in which month the majority of birds
passing north have been recorded.
The latest date upon which House-Martins have been
seen is 20 June, but it is worthy of note that between the
LOth and 20th of June Herr von Thanner has noticed three
or four of these birds pass through Vilaflor (a village on
the slopes of the peak of Tenerife) every year for ten years,
i.e. from 1902-1912!
Observers are naturally very scarce in the Arcluipelago,
and this must always be taken into consideration, but it
may safely be surmised that for every bird which is seen
in the day 100 others pass in the night.
‘he House-Martin has been recorded by almost every
naturalist of repute who has been in the islands at the time
of migration ; and Cabrera, who published a list of the birds
318 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the " [Dbis,
ot the Archipelago, notes (Catalogo, p. 87) that this species
is cited by the Spanish naturalists Viera, Mompo, Busto,
and Serra.
About the return autumn migration we have very few
records, but from these it would appear that the vanguard
arrives in September, but the majority pass through on their
journey south at the end of October.
The following are the only reliable records :—
Spring Migration Records of D. u. urbica.
5 Feb. 1909, Maspalomas, Gran Canaria. After a great storm a
great number of House-Martins; all disappeared
next day (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 85).
25 Feb. 1912. Charco, Maspalomas, Gran Canaria. Two birds flying
over (Bannerman, Ibis, 1912, p. 597).
29 March, 1887. “I saw qnite a number of Martins (C. urbica) flying
over the honses at Orotava.... but did not meet
with the species again” * (Savile Reid, Ibis, 1887,
p- 483),
April 1852. Oliva, Fuerteventura. Large swarms flying over
(Bolle, J. f. O. 1854, p. 460).
1-15 April, 1905. Jandia, Fuerteventura. Numerous birds all flying
westwards (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
23 April, 1913. Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. A single bird seen
(Bannerman, MS. note-books).
25 April, 1918. Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. A single bird seen
(Bannerman, MS. note-books).
25 April, 1890, and following days. Tenerife. Thousands noted, pre-
ceded by two or three days of dull steamy heat
(Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1890, p. 429).
1 May, 1890. Orotava, Tenerife. ‘Two shot (Meade- Waldo).
11 May, 1912. Vilaflor, Tenerife. The beginning of a migratory
movement of many House-Martius t, which stayed
in Vilaflor for a time only, as the previous lot did
(Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227).
19 May, 1915. Tinosa, Lanzarote. ‘Two seen, one shot { (Bannerman,
Ibis, 1914, p. 251).
20 May, 1904. Adeje, Tenerife. One seen (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb.
1905, p. 212).
* Reid remained in Tenerife until middle of April.
+ Recorded under the vernacular name only—“ Stadtschwalben.”
{ Skin in the British Museum.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 319
29 May to 1] June, 1905. Vilaflor, Tenerife. Single birds seen every
day (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb, 1908, p. 214).
1 June, 1904, Vilaflor, Tenerife. Two seen (von Thanner, Orn.
Jahrb. 1905, p. 212).
19 June, 1912. Four House-Martins seen. “This late appearance
very striking” (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1912,
p- 227).
10-20 June (1902-1912). Every year between the dates mentioned, for
the last ten years, three to four House-Martins pass
through Vilaflor, stay one or two days, and then
disappear (von Thanner, Orn, Jahrb. 1912, p. 227).
Autumn Migration Records.
29 Oct. to 1 Nov. 1905. Tenerife. House-Martins numerous on migra-
tion (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
12 Nov. 1910. Tenerife. A single bird seen (yon Thanner, Orn.
Jahrb. 1910, p. 229).
Range. The House-Martin breeds throughout Europe, and
in winter migrates south to south-east Africa and on the
west coast to Angola. Some of these latter are doubtless
the birds which pass through the Canary Islands.
Riparia riparia riparia. Sand-Martin.
Hlirundo riparia Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 192—
Type locality : Sweden.
For the present we must consider the Sand-Martin an
Occasional Visitor to the Canary Islands during the migration
period.
The actual records are so rare that I have quoted in full
the only ones available, which were obtained in spring or
early summer. In certain years Sand-Martins evidently
pass through in fairly plentiful numbers. It is probable
that a few birds of this species accompany the Swallows and
House-Martins every year, and that further research will
prove it to be a regular Bird of Passage.
Meade-Waldo only saw a few in 1890-91 (Ibis, 1893,
p. 192). On the 25th of April, 1890, and following days
they were numerous. ‘The migration was preceded by two
or three days of dull steamy heat (Lbis, 1890, p. 429).
\ Y
320 On the Birds of the Canary Islands. [ Ibis,
‘
Cabrera, who lived many years at Laguna, noted that it
arrived with others of the same family, and he had specimens
in his collection (Catalogo, p. 37).
Polatzek, who spent over two and a half years in the
Archipelago, wrote (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 120) :—*‘In Puerto
Cabras, Fuerteventura, on my arrival on the 4th of July I
found a large number of these birds and the preceding
species [ Cotile rupestris = Riparia rupestris (Scop.) |, where,
late in the evening, they were flying round the houses.
They arrived some days before the 4th of July, and were
still there when I left on the 8th. No disturbing winds
prevailed either before my arrival or after my departure.
At Oliva (a village in the north of the same island) I noted
them until the middle of June, not daily however; they
were on migration.”
The last record of the Sand-Martin having been seen in
the Archipelago was sent to me by Miss Annie Jackson, who
noticed a single bird at Orotava on the 4th of April, 1913
(in litt.).
I believe that I have seen the bird myself in Gran
Canaria, but as it was flying at a great height the record
would be unsatisfactory.
Range. The Sand-Martin breeds thronghout Kurope and
in Africa, in Algeria and Tunisia. It is said to winter in
eastern and southern Africa.
Riparia rupestris. Rock-Martin.
Hirundo rupestris Scopoli, Annus I, Historicc-Nat. 1769,
p. 167—Type locality : Tirol.
The Rock-Martin is an: Occasional Visitor on migration,
sometimes in large numbers, but is very irregular in its
appearance.
Cabrera found it to be fairly frequent in its visits
(Catélogo, p. 37), and had several specimens in his collection,
which Hartert examined.
Polatzek includes the Rock-Martin as a bird of passage
(Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 120), and on one occasion saw a large
number of these birds in company with Sand-Martins on the
4th of July in Fuerteventura [see notes under R. r. riparia].
a) é
19109. | On the Height at which Birds migrate. 821
Polatzek also remarks that he noted some ‘as late as
June.” Apparently this must have been in another year.
Range. The Rock-Martin breeds in the Atlas Mountains
and in the Mediterranean countries, and winters in north-
east Africa. The extent of its winter range on the west
coast of Africa seems to be little known.
(To be continued. |
XVII.—WNotes on the Height at which Birds migrate.
By Capt. Cottinewoop Inerxam, M.B.O.U.
Tue height at which birds migrate is one of the branches
of ornithology upon which we are still profoundly ignorant.
With the exception of one or two chance observations made
through astronomical telescopes, until the advent of aero-
planes, our knowledge of the subject was limited to the
range of human vision above the earth’s surface.
We acs DS Scott,,of Limnceton, U.S.A. (6f. ‘Story ofea
Bird Lover, New York, 1903), and F. M. Chapman
(cf. Auk, 1888) were the first to publish authentic records
of birds travelling at considerable elevations.
These naturalists detected birds flying across the moon’s
face while making telescopic observations of that luminary.
Mr. Chapman’s remarks are interesting: ‘* During the first
half-hour of observation (which lasted. from 8 p.m. to
10.50 p.m., Sept. 38, 1887) a number of birds were seen
flying upwards ... these evidently being birds which had
arisen in our immediate neighbourhood and were seeking
the proper elevation at which to continue their flight ; but
after that time the line of flight was parallel to the earth’s
surface, the general direction being south.” He was able
to recognize Carolina Rails, Grackle, Snipe, and Duck.
hese he estimated crossed in front of the lens at elevations
varying trom 6000 ft. to 14,000 ft.
The height at which birds migrate is undoubtedly governed
very largely by the meteorological conditions prevailing at
the time, and when the air is inclined to be thick or heavily
charged with moisture (if birds are migrating at all in such
322 Capt. C. Ingram on the [ Ibis,
weather) they will show a tendency to travel low—so low,
in fact, that sometimes they almost skim the surface of the
sea, as the writer has himself observed off the China coast.
In clear weather, on the other hand, the majority of birds
will fly so high that even the largest of the day migrants
passes unseen on its way to and from its summer quarters,
Some species, however, appear to fly low habitually.
Writing of the diurnal migration as noticed at the Tuskar
Rock, Ireland, Prof. C. J. Patten estimates the average
height for Meadow-Pipits to be 70 ft., for Wagtails 120 ft.,
and for Swallows 40 ft.
During the two years I was with the R.F.C. and Royal Air
Force in France (1916-1918) I made every effort to collect
information that would throw some light on the subject under
discussion, and with this object in view I interrogated a very
large number of pilots and observers—possibly as many as
seven to eight hundred. The majority of these had seen no
birds above a few hundred feet, but a small percentage had
done so and were able to impart very interesting information,
most of which I have endeavoured to incorporate in the
present paper. Vague statements, or those open to question,
have been omitted.
I have heard it said that the average man is too unobservant
to make a mental note of birds encountered during the course
of a flight. Under ordinary conditions there might be some
ground for this argument, but it cannot apply in the present
case. While on a patrol over the enemy’s lines, vigilance
was always of such vital importance that a pilot was extremely
unlikely to overlook the passing of a flight of birds, and,
moreover, an encounter of this kind was always regarded as
an interesting event and one sufficiently unusual to warrant
comment on return to the squadron, and generally an entry
in the observer’s diary.
For these reasons | think the data obtained can be regarded
as tolerably reliable with regard to heights, dates, ete. ; but
unfortunately, as the majority of the observations were
communicated by men making no pretentions to ornitho-
logical knowledge, the identification of the species, and
sometimes the family, was not always certain.
a
j
‘hae
1919. | Height at which Birds migrate. 323
The birds most frequently observed appear to have been
Green Plover or Lapwings (Vanellus vanellus), and I have
fourteen records of this species between 2000 ft. and 8500 ft.,
the majority being about 5000 ft. or 6000 ft. They were met
with in flocks during the spring and autumn passage, the
earliest dates being 1 February, 1918, and 15 July, 1917. On
zo jRebruary, 1917; Cole C1 Bs Portals D.S.0;,; M.C.;-ref
No. 16 Squadron, encountered a flock of Green Plover at
6000 ft. over Candas. ‘‘ These were flying at an air-speed of
about 50 m.p.h. As they were heading more or less north,
from which direction a very strong wind was blowing, their
progress was almost negligible. At lower elevations the wind
was more favourable, and had they chosen to fly close to the
ground it would have been very nearly behind them. One
-wonders why they chose such an unfavourable current!” *
Geese and Duck have also been encountered on a number
of occasions, and I have records of seven instances. Col.
Portal met with birds of this family at a very considerable
height, and has published the following note :—‘ While
flying on duty between Béthune and La Bassée at a height of
8500 ft. this afternoon (26 November, 1915), I was astonished
to see a flock of 500 Ducks or Geese passing over Béthune
at least 3000 ft. above the level of our machine.’ The wind
was rbout 45-50 m.p.h. N.N.K., and the birds were travelling
due south.”
The late Major MacCudden, V.C., informed me that he
* Normally the velocity of the wind increases rapidly as one rises
above the earth’s surface, and it is fairly safe to assume that its strength
will be at least doubled within the first 1500 ft. At greater elevations
the rate of increase is usually not so rapid. An east wind generally
attains its maximum strength at 3000 ft., but winds from other directions
may increase up to 30,000 ft.
The direction of the wind also changes very considerably as one
ascends. It almost invariably veers, that is to say, alters in a clockwise
direction, as one rises. It is quite usual for the wind to veer 40° or 50°
in the first few thousand feet, and with an east wind (which is often
comparatively shallow) there is frequently a complete reversal of
direction, the flow of upper air being from the west instead of the east.
These important facts are generally overlooked by writers discussing
the effect of wind upon bird migration,
324, Capt. C. Ingram on the [This,
had seen a flock of Geese flying over Abeele, Flanders, at
9000 ft., and I have two other notes of occurrences at 8C00 ft.
and over, and one as low as 3000 ft.
The greatest height of which I have a record is 15,000 ft.
Lieut. J. S. Rissen, of 57 Squadron, met with “two large —
birds”’ at this elevation when flying a D.H.4, in August
1917, over the country lying between St. Omer and the coast.
Rissen informed me that he was certain of the height, and,
from his description, I should say the birds were most
probably Cranes. Col. Portal also met with a large bird
which may possibly have been a Crane, but I will quote from
his letter so that the reader may judge on this point for
himself :—
“ One day—April 21st, to be exact—my observer and I
saw an enormous bird at 8000 ft. flying north over Lens.
We were at 6500 ft., and there was a thin layer of mist just
above us. My observer hit me on the back, and I looked up
to seea very big bird, about 7 ft. or 8 ft. span, flying straight
above in the opposite direction. My observer thought it was
a Heron, but I think it was an Eagle. . . . The wing-flap
looked like that of an Eagle, and I am sure it was a bird
with a very short tail, large rounded wings, and greyish
brown in colour. It might have been any size from 6 ft. to
16 ft. across, but I put it down as about 8 ft.”
A propes of the above, I might mention that a pilot who
had flown many hours on the Salonika front told me he
had several times met with Eagles in that district at
about 6000 ft., and it was in this region that the French
aviator Louis Noél shot two Eagles in the air from his
machine with a shot-gun.
Passerine birds do not, as a rule, appear to fly very high,
but Major B. J. Silly, of 55 Squadron, and his observer
Lt. A. P. Taylor saw some “ Linnet-like birds, with dipping
flight,” at 10,000 ft. over Béthune on 22 August, 1917.
“ About fifty Rooks, Jackdaws, or Crows”’ were noted
over Lens at 6000 ft. in March 1917, and “ six birds about
the size of Rooks” flying S.W. over Arras at 3000 ft. on
10 July, 1918 (Major F. C. Russell). I have a record
of Starlings at 3500 ft. and another of Fieldfares or Red-
1910. | Height at which Birds migrate. 325
wings at a similar height seen March 1917 (Lt. O. B. Wills,
34 Squadron).
My second highest record is of some ‘Sandpipers ”
observed by Capt. E. Pope, 57 Squadron, over Arras
towards the end of March 1917. These birds, ‘“ about the
size of a Snipe,” were flying eastwards at an elevation of
12,600 ft.
Other birds, somewhat doubtfully identified but which
were very probably Limicoline species, were seen by
Major Russell of 32 Squadron at 10,000 ft., and by
Lieut. King of 43 Squadron at 9500 ft., the latter on
18 December flying in a southerly direction.
Early in March 1918 Col. Portal saw a party of what
I imagine to have been Whimbrel, since he describes them
as being “‘ exactly like Curlews, only about two-thirds their
size.” These were at 4000 ft., travelling very fast over
Lens in a north-easterly direction.
Herons have been met with by Lieut. O. B. Wills at
3000 ft., and by Capt. S. Stammers between 2500 ft. and
3000 ft. The latter, a single bird flying in a north-westerly
direction, was over the Crouch, Essex, in September 1916.
In fine, still weather birds will often ascend to con-
siderable heights for apparently no other reason than mere
joie de vivre. During the mid-summer months, towards
the heat of the day, Swifts, and possibly to a lesser extent
some of the Swallows, make a practice of rising to the
cooler strata of air, and [ have often met with Apus apus
in the mountains at several thousand feet, while in Trinidad
I have noticed that the local forms of Swifts regularly dis-
appeared from the lower levels as the sun gained force.
The four records I have of Swifts or Swallows (my
informants were not able to differentiate between these
species) at heights varying from 2500 ft. to 3000 ft. were
probably attributable to this habit rather than to migratory
movements. The same may also be said of the Gulls met
with by Major Leather (88 Squadron} at 38500 ft. in
Scotland during the spring of 1917, and of. the large
numbers of Wood-Pigeons seen by Col, Portal “circling
round ” at 1500 ft.
326 Obituary. [ Ibis,
X VITL.— Obituary.
FreperRick DuCane GopMan.
(Plate VI.)
Iv is with the deepest regret that we have to record the
death of our late President, Mr. Godman, on the 19th of
February last, after a short illness, at his house in Pont
Street. Though for some years past he has not been in
robust health, his magnificent constitution has brought him
through several very severe attacks, and his death will be a
great shock to his many friends.
Fred Godman, except for his younger brother Percy
Godman, was the last survivor of the original twenty
Members who formed our Union in 1858; a list of these
names, drawn up in the handwriting of Prof. Newton, will
be found reproduced opposite p. 21 of the Jubilee Supple-
ment of ‘The Ibis,’ published in 1908. In addition to this
Fred Godman served as Honorary Secretary and ‘Treasurer
of the Union from 1870 to 1882, and again from 1889 to
1897. Inthe latter year he was elected President to succeed
Lord Lilford, and continued to hold office until 1913, when
he resigned owing to ill-health.
Godman was born on the 15th of January, 1834, and was
therefore in his 86th year when he died. His father was
Joseph Godman of Park Hatch, near Godalming. He
was educated at Eton, where he went at the age of ten,
but on account of his delicate health, was removed three
years later and continued his studies under private tutors.
Before going to Cambridge he went for a tour in the Medi-
terranean and Black Sea, at which time he emulated Byron
and Leander by swimming across the Hellespont from
Sestos to Abydos. In 1853 he entered Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he first met Osbert Salvin, at that time
a scholar of Trinity Hall, and the brothers Alfred and
Edward Newton, both of Magdalene College. His friend-
ship with Salvin turned his thoughts more directly to
Natural History, and thus was formed a unique scientific
(SS
eas =
y vp if ‘
ue
hi
1919. | Obituary. 327
partnership which lasted until the death of Salvin in
1898.
Godman and his brother Perey attended the meetings
of the ornithologists in Alfred Newton’s rooms in 1857 and
1858, when Edward Newton, Sclater, Simpson (who after-
wards took the name of Hudleston and was a distinguished
geologist), Wolley, Salvin, Edward Taylor, and Tristram
were also present, and when it was finally resolved to found
the British Ornithologists’? Union.
After leaving the University Godman began his more
serious bird-collecting travels. His first expedition was to
Bodo, in the north of Norway, in company with his brother
Perey, in 1857, when he visited John Wolley m Lapland and
travelled through Sweden and parts of Russia. An account
of this journey appeared in ‘The Ibis’ for 1861. In his
second journey he accompanied Salvin to Guatemala, where
the latter had already been in 1857 and 1859. This expe-
dition was planned in order to investigate the fauna and
flora of Central America with a view of throwing some light
on the problems of geographical distribution and its bearing
on evolution, in which subject the recent publication of
Darwin’s ‘ Origin of Species’ had aroused great interest.
After spending three weeks in Jamaica the two travellers
landed at Belize in British Honduras, and thence, taking
passage in a coasting schooner, reached Yzahal on the Golfo
Dolce. Here they remained a few days, making prepara-
tions for the journey and engaging Indians and mules to
transport themselves and their luggage to the interior.
Crossing the Mico range, a few days were spent at
Quirigua, where the great Howling Monkey (J/ycetes) which
frequents the deuse forest in troops, making night hideous
with its howls, was first met with. Some time was also
speut in photographing the Indian ruins and exploring the
forest in the vicinity. In those days there were no dry
plates, and everyone had to carry with him the materials
for preparing and developing his own plates, and the whole
apparatus was exceedingly cumbrous and difficult to manage.
From Quirigua the mule-track was followed through the
SER, XI.—VOL. I. nag)
328 Obituary. (Ibis,
valley of the Motagua river to Zacapa and thence to
Guatemala City. After a few days at the capital they
proceeded to Duenas, staying at the house of Mr. William
Wyld, a friend of Salvin’s. The time there was spent in
collecting, chiefly in the high forests of the Volean de Fuego,
and in an excursion to Escuintla on the Pacific coast. They
then retraced their steps to the capital, and crossing the
Chuacus Rage into the plain of Salama, stayed for a time
at the Hacienda of San Gerénimo. Later on, at Cubilguitz,
in the low damp forest of the Alta Vera Paz, Godman con-
tracted a fever and was unable to accompany Salvin in his
arduous journey on foot to Peten. Soon after this, visiting
on his way the Alotepeque silver mines and the Copan ruins
in Honduras, Godman reached the Atlantic coast again at
Yzabal, meeting Salvin, who went back into the interior,
while Godman himself came home.
Three years later Godman went to the Azores for the
purpose of investigating the fauna and flora of those islands.
Already the careful researches of Wollaston and others had
brought to hght many interesting forms from Madeira,
the Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands, but the Azores had
been but little explored zoologically. Accompanied by his
brother, Capt. Temple Godman, and subsequently joined by
Mr. Brewer, a well-known entomologist, he visited all the
islands of the group except Santa Maria ; he returned with
a good representative collection of birds as well as of the
other groups of animals. Among the birds was the new
Bullfinch of St. Michael’s, described and figured in ‘The
Ibis’ tor 1866 under the name of Pyrrhula murina. In
1870 he published the resuJts of this expedition in book-
form under the title of ‘The Azores, and also set forth
his reasons for believing that the Azores had never formed
a continent or part of a continent and had derived their fauna
and flora from neighbouring lands, chiefly western Europe.
The visit to the Azores was followed by one to the Canaries
aud Madeira in 1871, some account of which appeared in
‘The Ibis’? for the following year. Owing to quarantine
regulations his movements were somewhat curtailed, and his
investigations were limited to Tenerife and Madeira.
19109. | Obituary. 329
In the autumn of 1887, having been ordered abroad for
the sake of his health, Godman visited Mexico to add to
his collections from that country. In order, however,
to gain full advantage from the expedition, he procured
the services of Messrs. W. B. Richardson and Lloyd, who
devoted their attention particularly to birds, and while Lloyd
was working in the northern States, Richardson accompanied
Godman himself to the southern tropical districts of Orizaba
and Vera Cruz. Other assistants were Mr. & Mrs. H. H.
Smith, who had previously been in Brazil, and a half-bred
Indian, Mateo Trujillo, who proved to be a first-rate collector.
A further excursion to Yucatan brought him in contact with
Mr. F. Gaumer, a well-known collector, and enabled him to
visit some of the celebrated ruins of that curious land.
Many other journeys were made by Godman, including
one to India in 1886 in company with Mr. Elwes, and others
to Egypt and South Africa with Mrs. Godman.
But we must now turn to the * Biologia Centrali-Ameri-
cana,’ without doubt the greatest work of the kind ever
planned and carried out by private individuals and which
must always be a monument “aere perennius” to the
energy and munificence of Salvin and Godman.
The collections amassed by the two friends, together
with a large library of books, were first of all stored in
Salvin’s house in Kensington. On Salvin’s appointment
to the Curatorship of the Strickland Collection of Birds at
Cambridge, it was necessary to find another home for the
Museum and Library. For this purpose a house in Tenterden
Street, Hanover Square, was taken. Subsequently in 1878
the collections were moved to Chandos Street, Cavendish
Square, where they remained until after Salvin’s death, when
they were gradually handed over to the British Museum.
It was in 1876 that the *‘ Biologia’ was first thought of, and
three years later (September 1879) the first part appeared.
The method of publication was to bring out six quarto parts
a year, each to contain twelve sheets made up of various
subjects with six coloured plates, the plates and letterpress
so numbered and paged that the parts might ultimately be
broken up and bound together in their respective volumes
9
io Aes
330 Obituary. (Ibis,
when completed. It was originally proposed to issue the
work in sixty parts, but owing to the ever increasing amount
of material received from the coliectors, the zovlogical parts
alone numbered 215, and it was not until June 1915 that
the last one was issued.
The work, as completed, consists of 63 volumes, of which
one forms the Introduction, 51 are occupied with Zoology,
5 with Botany, and 6 with Archeology. The whole of it
was edited by Salvin and Godman, and after Salvin’s death
in 1898 by Godman alone. The three volumes on the Birds
and three others on the Diurnal Lepidoptera were prepared
by Salvin and Godman themselves, while the others were
written by various specialists. The volumes contain alto-
gether 1677 plates, of which more than 900 are coloured,
aud the total number of species described is 50,2638, of which
19,268 are described for the first time.
In 1885 Godman and Salvin resolved to present their
wonderful Neotropical collections to the British Museum,
and it was arranged that as soon as the portions of the
‘Biologia’ containing the descriptions of the particular group
were published, the specimens should be trausferred to the
National Collection.
Of bird-skins alone over 520,000 were contained in thus
magnificent donation, It mcluded not only the collections
made by Salvin and Godman themselves chiefly in Guatemaia,
but many others from various parts of South America, the
Mexican collections obtained by Godman himself and his
collectors when in that country im 1887, and the great
Henshaw collection of the Birds of the United States,
containing over 13,000 specimens, which was secured by
Godman in order to have a thoroughly authentic series of
North American birds for comparisou with those of Mexico
and Central America.
In 1907 Godman determined to complete a plan which
Salvin had contemplated of preparing a work on the Petrels
aud Albatrosses. Salvin, who had written the portion of the
‘Catalogue of Birds of the British Museum?’ dealing with
this group, had intended to supplement it by an illustrated
1919. | Obituary. 83]
monograph, and with this end in view some forty coloured
plates by Mr. Keulemans had been executed. Securing
the help of the late Dr. Sharpe, Godman issued in parts
between 1907 and 1910 this work, which added much to
our knowledge and gave a great stimulus to the study
of this little-known group.
Botany and horticulture were always favourite subjects
with Godman, and at his country house near Horsham he
had formed one of the most beautiful gardens in Sussex, and
had one of the best collections in England of rhododendrons,
alpine plants, and orchids. He also formed what is one of
the finest collections of Persian and Oriental glazed pottery.
From his early days Godman exhibited an intense love of
sport, which showed itself in the varied pursuits of hunting,
fishing, shooting, and stalking. As a boy he kept a pack of
beagles, and later on a pack of harriers, with which he hunted
in the counties of Surrey and Sussex. He was also a con-
stant follower of Lord Leconfield’s hounds, and of those of
his brother Col. C. B. Godman, fer some years Master of the
Crawley and Horsham pack. For many years he rented
deer-forests in Scotland, and held Glenavon from the Duke
of Richmond for eighteen years. He was also devoted
to salmon-fishing, and rented rivers both in Ireland and
Scotland,
Many honours fell to Godman. He was elected to the
Royal Society in 1882. He was for many years Vice-
President and Member of Council of the Zoological Society,
President of the Kntomological Society, Gold Medallist
of the Linnean Society in 1918, and Trustee of the British
Museum ; and the University of Oxford conferred on him
the honorary degree of D.C.L. He was also a Fellow of
the Linnean, Geological, and Royal Geographical Societies.
Godman was a fine example of an English scientific
country gentleman. He was devoted to open-air life, sport
and travel, and he resolved to use his natural inclination
and his large private means to the permanent advance of
knowledge. His cheerful and kindly disposition made him
universally beloved,
382 Obituary. [Ibis,
His first wife, a daughter of the late Mr. J. H. Elwes of
Colesborne, Gloucestershire, died in 1875. His second wife,
now Dame Alice Godman, D.B.E., is a daughter of the late
Major Percy Chaplin, and survives him with two daughters.
We are indebted to Mr. H. J. Elwes, his brother-in-law, for
the following personal appreciation of Mr. F. Godman ;—
I first met Godman in 1866, when I joined the B. O. U.,
and ever since have looked on him as my best and dearest
friend. I think that it was largely owing to hisand Salvin’s
example that | was able to become something more than an
egeg-collector, and it was with Godman that [ went in June
1866 to take a nest of the Honey-Buzzard, two or three
pairs of which then bred annually in the New Forest. The
story of the ingenious fraud which was unsuccessfully played
on us by a notorious egg-collector, who was afterwards
burnt to death at Stoney Cross, within a mile of the place
where he showed us the nest, was known to many old Ibises
now departed, and was a standing joke against us for years.
Godman at that time was as keen a collector as John
Wolley himself, and in company with his brother walked
across Lapland from the Arctic coast to the Gulf of
Haparanda after the summer which he spent at Bodo.
A few years later he and [ spent a month in company with
Osbert Salvin and W. A. Forbes collecting butterflies in
the Alps, and I can say that he had as much interest in that
pursuit as he had in ornithology, and did much to encourage
me in what I still look on as a most attractive branch of
natural history. The collections which Salvin and he
commenced in Guatemala gradually grew, till they became
by far the most important that have ever been made from
Central America.
Godman was always very fond of deerstalking, and in the
sixties used to stalk annually in the * Park” of the Island
of Lewis, which he rented in company with tle late Mr. A,
Bonham-Carter, and he became a most accomplished stalker
and very deadly rifle-shot. Later on he rented the stalking
of a large sheep-farm in West Ross-shire in company with
1919. | Obituary. 338
his brother Joseph, where they had grand sport with an old-
fashioned Highland shepherd, who was a great character,
and very fond of Godman. When asked by one of Lord
Lovat’s stalkers, who was jealous of their success, what
sport they were having at Kilelan, he replied, “There is no
a good stag coming on our ground, but he will go off on a
pony.’ And later on, when Godman rented the Duke of
Richmond’s forest of Glenavon, he killed in his 70th year
eight stags in one day with eight successive shots. He was
also very fond of hunting, and though not what one would
eall a thrusting rider, was bad to beat in the Crawley and
florsham country, where he lived, and where his brother,
Col. C. B. Godman, was for many years M.F.H.
In 1880 we made a short trip to India together, and after
. visiting the late Mr. Allan Hume at Simla, went to Sikkim
and got as far into the interior as the snow would then
allow. Even at this time Godman, though a very good
walker, had a stight weakness in the heart, which was
affected at very high elevations, and on one occasion, when
we had to camp on a cold frosty night in a hut half full
of snow at 12,500 feet, he was so much overcome by the
exertion of climbing in the snow at this altitude, that for
a time I was very anxious about his recovery.
When we were at Darjecling, the only known specimens
of that wonderful butterfly Bhutanites lidderdalii had been
taken near Buxa Dooar, and Godman undertook a long and
dangerous journey through the fever-stricken Dooars in order
to try to find out exactly where it occurred. In this he failed,
and it was only years afterwards that a better knowledge of
this beautiful insect was obtained by the late Mr. Doherty
in the Naga Hills (cf. P.Z.S. 1891, p. 249). Inspired by the
voyage of the ‘ Marchesa, Godman and I formed a plan
about this time to make a journey to the Malay Islands,
but this for various reasons was never carried out ; and
perhaps it was as well that his interest was never diverted
from Central America, or his great life-work, the ‘ Biologia,’
might never have been completed.
Later on he had a clot of blood in the veins of his leg,
B34. Obituary. [Tbis,
which obliged him to winter in a warmer climate, and he
went to Mexico in the autumn of 1887, where he asked
Mrs. Elwes and myself to join him in the winter. He had
the help of a very able American collector of birds and
insects, and we had a good Mexican bird-skinner with us.
We ascended the voleano of Popacatapetl to the limit of
vegetation, and put up 60 good bird-skins as tiie result of
one long day’s collecting between 6000 and 12,500 feet.
Godman began about this time to be much interested in
plants also, and collected orchids and other rare and inter-
esting plants which he grew very skilfully at South Lodge,
where he formed a most beautiful garden and built a
rockery, which is second to none in the south of England.
South Lodge was originally quite a small house, on the
south wall of which grew a very fine Camellia, which now
covers almost the only part of the house which was left
when it was rebuilt. He bought by degrees a good deal of
land in the neighbourhood, much of which he farmed himself.
I do not think any man ever had a happier life at home, or
was more beloved by his numerous relatives, employés, and
friends; and even when in later years his health began to
fail, he was so carefully watched over by his devoted wife
and daughters, and had such a genial and cheerful disposi-
tion, that he never lost his interest in his private or publie
pursuits and preserved his unvarying good temper and sweet-
ness of disposition, through long periods of confinement
to the house.
The number of persons of all ranks in life who followed
him to the grave is the best testimony to the respect and
esteem in which he was held by all who knew him.
List of the writings of My. F. D. Godman on ornithological
subjects.
Notes on the Birds observed at Bodé during the spring and summer of
1857 (with Perey Godman), Ibis, 1861, pp. 77-92.
Notes on the Birds of the Azores. Ibis, 1866, pp. 88-109.
Natural History of the Azores or Western Islands, Pp. 1-258, 2 maps,
London, 1870, 8yo.
19109. | Obituary. 335
Notes on the Resident and Migratory Birds of Madeira and the Canaries.
Ibis, 1872, pp. 158-177, 209-224.
Description of two apparently new Species of Peruvian Birds. Buil.
BL Os@xx. 1899, p. xxvii.
A Monograph of the Petrels (Order Tubinares). Pp. i-lvi & 1-382,
105 pls. London (Witherby), 1907-1919, 4to.
With Mr. O. Salvin.
On a Collection of Birds from the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta,
Colombia. Ibis, 1879, pp. 196-206.
On the Birds of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia. This,
1889, pp. 114-125, 169-178, pls. iii., v.
On an apparently new Species of Pigeon of the Genus Ofidiphaps from
Southern New Guinea. Ibis, 1380, pp. 564-366, pl. xi.
On some new and little-known Species of Trochilide. Ibis, 1881,
pp. 595-599, pl. xvi.
Notes on Birds from British Guiana. Ibis, 1882, pp. 76-84, pl. i.; 1883,
pp. 203-212, pl. ix.; 1884, pp. 448-452, pls. xii., xiv.
Description of a recently discovered Species of Paradisea. Ibis, 1883,
pp. 199-202, pl. viii.
Notes on Mexican Birds. Ibis, 1889, pp. 252-245.
On anew Finch of the Genus Pheucticus from Guatemala. Ibis, 1891,
p22.
Descriptions of Five new Species of Birds discovered in Central America
by W. b. Richardson. Ibis, 1891, pp. 608-612.
On a Collection of Birds from Central Nicaragua. Ibis, 1892, pp. 324—-
328,
Bioloyia Centrali-Americana. Aves. Vol. I. pp. i-xliv& 1-512; Vol. II.
pp. 1-598; Vol. III. pp. 1-510; Vol. IV., 79 pls. London
(Porter), 1879-1904.
THEeopoRE RoosEvELr.
The death of the Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt, which
took place at his home, Sagamore Hill, Long Island, U.S.A.,
on 6 January last, when in his 61st year, cannot be passed
over in the pages of ‘The Ibis, although he was never
directly connected with the B.O.U. His services to
ornithology were, however, very considerable, and we are
very grateful to Lieut.-Commdr. J. G. Millais, R.N.V.R.,
for the following eulogy of his life and work.
Nearly all ages and nations produce men of exceptional
physical and mental capacity that tower above their fellows.
336 Obituary. (This,
From youth upwards they exhibit a strong disposition to
lead others and allow none of those obstacles that deter
lesser creatures to obstruct the path of ambition and
success. Theodore Roosevelt was one of these “ super-
men,” and though born with advantages superior to the
common lot, there was always the irresistible verve about
him that carries others on and arrests attention, Hven
when reading his first writings in the ‘ Century 7 Magazine,
where he describes how he captured two desperadoes in the |
heart of the Rockies and took them unaided in the depth of
winter over hundreds of miles of desolate prairies to the
nearest settlement where they could be tried and convicted,
he exhibited the fact that he was not only a man of excep-
tional courage and resource but also one out to do his duty
to his country. His rural life on the Little Missouri taught
him many things, and above all made him a lover of the
great out-of-doors with its birds, beasts, and virile men.
Yet in all his life he always placed his sports and private
tastes in a category subservient to the one aim and object of
his life, which was to lead the people to better and higher
things, to form the National policy of his country and to
clean Government and private concerns of those undesirable
elements which clog the wheels of all progress. ‘That was
why he attacked the meat-packers of Chicago and the rotten
police system of New York; and if his detractors accused
him of only stirring up the mud without cleansing the
stables of Augeus, they forgot the honesty of purpose and
the difficulty of achieving successful results in a land, at any
rate at that time, seething with dirt and venal corruption.
Readers of ‘ The Ibis,’ however, are more concerned with
Roosevelt the Naturalist than Roosevelt the President or
Social Reformer. From his childhood he told me he always
loved birds and animals. By the time he was sixteen he
knew all the birds of his early home and had studied the
principal works of American Ornithology. When he was
eighteen he went to Egypt and made a small collection of
Nile Valley birds, which I think he afterwards presented
to some museum. After this he does not seem to have
1919. | Obituary. 337
indulged in further collecting beyond superintending the
work of his naturalists in the course of his big expedition
to Africa.
As a matter of fact, his knowledge of American and
African birds was very considerable, for he was so thorough
in all he did that when undertaking any new project his
method was to thoroughly study the literature of the
subject, and this, combined with his marvellous memory,
enabled him to begin his work better equipped than
most men.
We have heard much of Roosevelt the talker and
Roosevelt the Politician teaching all and sundry their
business with equal confidence, but I think his greatest
asset was hard work and a superb memory. He took
trouble to make himself agreeable and well-informed, and
seemed to know as much about other people’s tastes and
family history as they did themselves. I remember the first
time I met him at a luncheon party at Lord Lonsdale’s
in 1908. He spoke in turn to nearly every man there and
was cognisant of all their past history and activities, because
I feel sure he had read it all beforehand. I suppose I was
the only man he had not addressed, and just as all were
leaving he came up to me and said, “ I seem to know your
face, who are you”? “ Millais is my name,” I replied.
** What! Breath from the Veldt Millais,” he said enthusi-
astically, ‘“‘ you’ve just got to sit down right here and have a
chat. I don’t know when I have been so pleased to meet
anyone.”
That was just the nice way he had of being agreeable,
and if we did not have a chat, I listened at any rate for
some twenty minutes with absorbed interest to his views
of Nature and the Zoology of South Africa, of which he
displayed, contrary to my expectations, a very considerable
knowledge. He described Bustards, Plovers, Raptorials,
Cranes, Francolins, ete. in a way that quite astonished me,
although I knew he could not have seen them, and when I
made some comment, he said he had read every work ou
the Birds and Mammals of Africa he could obtain at the
338 _ Obituary. [ Ibis,
library at Washington before starting on his journey. It is
one thing to read books, especially on birds, and quite
another thing to remember all their contents, but I must
confess that on this and subsequent ceeasions on whieh
I had the pleasure of talking ‘birds’? to Roosevelt the
power of his memory filled me with admiration.
His views on modern nomenclature were somewhat sur-
prising and not always consistent. At first he seemed to
be inclined to favour the inclusion as subspecies of all local ~
forms. This is borne out by his acceptance and even
approval of the naming of the collections of the Roosevelt
expedition, which meluded many new birds and mammals
as subspecies which even the most enthusiastic advocates of
local forms could scarcely accept. On the other hand, after
due consideration and some time had elapsed he became a
very orthodox “lumper,” and laughed at the claims of the
“splitters.” The case in point which caused his conversion
to the former group was, he told me, an occasion when he
submitted the skulls of three bull Bos caffer which his party
had shot out of one herd at one place in East Africa to
Professor Matschie of Berlin. The learned zoologist in
question pronounced them as the skulls of three different
subspecies, giving each and all separate names.
More recently Roosevelt himself expressed his views on
scientific nomenclature :—“'The time has passed when we
can afford to accept as satisfactory a science of animal life
whose professors are cither mere roaming field collectors
or mere closet catalogue writers who examine and record
minute differences in ‘specimens’ precisely as philatelists
examine and record minute differences in postage stamps,
—and with about the same breadth of view and power of
insight into the essential. Little is to be gained by that
kind of ‘intensive’ collecting and cataloguing which
bears fruit only in innumerable little pamphlets describing
with meticulous care unimportant new subspecies, or
new species hardly to be distinguished from those already
long known. Such pamphlets have almost no real interest
except for the infrequent rival specialists who read them
1919. | Obituary. 589
with quarrelsome interest.”—Introduction to * Tropical Wild
Life in British Guiana,’ by William Beebe (1917).
Although it must be acknowledged that Roosevelt’s
favourites amongst wild creatures were the larger mam-
mals, and especially the dangerous ones, which afforded
opportunities in the excitement of the chase of thrilling
moments, his delight in the birds of Africa and America
always displayed the feelings of the true naturalist, whose
chief instinct is not to slay but to sit down and study the
ways of wild creatures in their natural homes. In spite of
his abundant energy the President had also a reflective side
to his character and a very real appreciation of all that is
best in Art and Nature. He loathed what was false and
untrue to life as sincerely as a man like Selous. As an
instance of this, his excellent papers on the falsity of
protective coloration are a good example, and did much
to controvert the crystallized opinions of theoretical men of
science, who for the most part had no knowledge of the
action of Nature on the spot.
On occasion Roeseveit was inclined to be dogmatic and, as
I have remarked, somewhat inconsistent. I remember once,
after he returned from his African trip and his excellent
book (¢ African Game-trails ’) had been published, giving me
a lecture of about twenty minutes (with scarcely a pause to
take breath) on the superiority of pictures done on the
spot by a zoological artist over all forms of instantaneous
photography. At last, when I managed to get a word in,
it was impossible to refrain from saying, ‘If these are your
opinions, why did you not take an artist with you imstead of
a photographer’’? ‘‘ Well, vou have got me there,” he
admitted, laughing, “I could not have found the right
man, and if I had it is doubtful if he would have come.”
* What was the matter with Carl Rungins? Did you ask
him?” I suggested. There was no answer to this, for had
Roosevelt taken Rungins to Africa with him we should have
had a magnificent pictorial record of the larger mammals of
Africa, which would have made his book one of permanent
interest, and then we should have been spared that dreadful
BAO Obituary. . [Ihis,
series of bad portraits of the author standing in fatuous
attitudes over mangled corpses of deceased hartebeests,
lions, and zebras.
Roosevelt probably kuew this himself, but his book was
written for the man in the street, and so he perhaps felt that
those horrible portraits were expected of him, but it only
reminds us of Corney Grain’s
“ Choir-boy whose voice o’er-topped the rest,
Though very in-artistic, the public like it best.”
Theodore Roosevelt was certainly one of the most
remarkable men of this or any other time. In person he
was the embodiment of physical fitness, bemg an expert
rider and shot and skilled in most games.. Mentally he was
a giant whose broad vision ranged over a vast variety of
subjects. At one sitting I have heard him discuss Big
Game hunting, Bimetallism, Zoology, Geography, National
Policy, European History, Botany, Paleontology, Archao-
logy, and ancient forms of religion, bringing to each and
all a thoroughness, accuracy, wealth of detail, and breadth
of criticism that was astonishing did we not know the extent
of his reading and the power of his memory. His active
brain was a complete bibliography of.a thousand subjects,
and at a moment’s notice he could give you chapter and
verse to which to refer in regard to any point at issue. No
man living could have produced two such diverse volumes
as ‘ Presidential Addresses and State Papers’
the Brazilian Wilderness,’ aud if we add to this his
experience as a soldier and exposition of his New Bible,
and * Through
we can obtain some slight grasp of his mental and physical
activities.
Amongst the successes of his life may be mentioned the
impetus he gave to the research for the elimination of
yellow fever in the Canal Zone, and what to naturalists
was a work of great importance was his continuous advo-
cacy of the preservation of the Fauna and Flora of the
North American continent. In this he certainly achieved
19109. | Obituary. B41
a great measure of success, although in many instances we
fear his efforts came too late.
Personally he was a man of charming disposition, full of
thought for others, ever alive to better the lot of the unfor-
tunate, and possessed of that kindly svmpathy which we
always associate with really great men. His attitude to us
during the Great War was that of intense sympathy and
understanding, and in him England has lost her best
advocate for future policy as well as her best friend
amongst the statesmen of the world.
Tue Maxrcuesy Giacomo Doria.
We much regret that it is only quite recently that the
news of the death of tiie Marchese Doria, which took place
so far back as 19 September, 1915, has reached us. He was
elected a Foreign Member of the Union so long ago as 1875,
aud was by many years the doyen of his class.
Born in 1840 at Spezia, of the historically celebrated race
of the Dorias of Genoa, Giacomo Doria was educated under
private tutors and at the University of Genoa. From his
earliest youth he was a collector and observer in zoology
and botany as well as a traveller. In 1862 he accompanied
an Italian Mission to Persia with Lessona and Dr. F. de
Filippi ; the scientific results of this journey were published
by the latter in his well-known ‘ Viaggio in Persia.? Later,
in 1865, he undertook with Beccari an expedition to Borneo,
and with the collections thus amassed, together with others
previously obtained, he founded the Civic Museum of Genoa.
Not only did Doria provide the funds for the maintenance
of this Museum, but through his munificence it was enriched
with the collections from New Guinea made by Beceari,
D’Albertis, and Loria, those from Burma made by Fea,
and others from many other parts of the world, so that the
Genoa Museum soon became the leading Zoological Museum
of Ltaly.
To publish the results of his zoological explorations Doria
founded the ‘Annali del Museo Civico’ in 1870, forty-six
342 Obituary. | Ibis,
volumes of which have been published, again almost entirely
at the sole cost of the founder,
The most modest of men, Doria himself wrote but little,
and that chiefly on Mammals and Reptiles, but his munifi-
cence to natural science can never be forgotten,
In addition to his zoological activities Doria was a man of
affairs, and in 1890 was chosen a Senator of Italy. He was
also President of the Royal Geographical Society of Italy
from 1891 to 1901.
Louis Brasit.
We learn with deep regret of the death of Prof. Brasil, of
Caen in France, on 15 October, 1918, at the comparatively
early age of fifty-three. He was elected a Foreign Member
of the Union in 1917.
Though born in Paris in 1865, Prof. Brasil lived most of
his time at Caen, where he was brought up, where he
obtained his education, and where his scientific career
was carried through. He was Lecturer and afterwards
Professor of Zoology in the University, and was for a
period President of the Linnean Society of Normandy.
Prof. Brasil’s writings were by no means confined to
ornithological subjects. He published several papers on
geological problems, while the thesis which gained for him
the degree of ‘ Docteur és sciences” at the Sorbonne dealt
with the digestive apparatus of Polychete worms.
Later on the rich collections of the Museum of Natural
History at Caen furnished him with material for work on
the higher groups of the animal kingdom. He contributed
several papers and short notes to the ‘ Revue Francaise
VOrnithologie,” and im 1914 published a little work on
the ‘ Shore- and Water-Birds of France, Belgium, and the
British Islands,’ which was favourably noticed in our
columns (Ibis, 1914, p. 326). He also wrote on the King
Island Emu supposed to have been obtained by Péron,
and other papers on the birds of New Caledonia, in
which he was specially interested ; while to our own pages
he sent a little essay, written in very good English, on the
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 343,
subject of Turdus minutus Forster (Ibis, 1917, p. 422).
For Wytsman’s ‘Genera Avium’ he prepared several
fascicules dealing with the Cranes, Apteryges, Cassowaries,
and Emus.
All Brasil’s work was characterized by the qualities of
order and precision, and he was a most careful and accurate
writer.
His death, which took place at the Marine Laboratory of
the University of Caen, at Luc-sur-mer, after a prolonged
and painful illness, is a great loss to the somewhat sparse
ranks of French ornithologists.
We have also to record the recent deaths of Mr. N.
Chaplin, Mr. Frederick Sharman, and Mr. J. C. McLean,
ull Members of the Union. We hope to give further details
in the next number of ‘ The Ibis.’
XIX.—WNolices of recent Ornithological Publications.
Bangs on various birds.
(Notes on the species and subspecies of Pecilonitta Eyton. By
Outram Bangs. Proc, New England Zool. Club, vi. 1918, pp. 87-89. |
[A new genus of Caprimulgidee. Id., ibid. pp. 91-92. }
[A new race of the Black-throated Green Wood-Warbler. Id., ibid.
pp. 93-94. |
[List of birds collected on the Harvard Peruvian Expedition of 1916.
By Outram Bangs and G. K. Noble. Auk, xxxv. 1918, pp. 442-462. ]
in the first note Mr. Bangs recognizes two forms of the
Bahama duck: Pecilonitta bahamensis bahamensis (Linn.),
from the Bahamas, Antilles, Guiana, and northern Brazil,
and P. b. rubrirostris (Vieill.) from southern South America
(type locality, Buenos Aires), With the same genus he
associates P. galapagensis Ridgw., P. spinicauda (Vieill.)
from southern South America, usually associated with the
genus Dafilu, and P. erythrorhyncha (Gmel.) of Africa.
In the second note a new generic name Veles is proposed
for a rare West African Nightjar, Caprimulgus binotatus Bp.
SER. XI,——VOL. I. 2B
344. Recently published Ornithological Works. [ This,
Mr. Bangs’ third note proposes to recognize as a distinct
new subspecies, Dendroica virens waynei, a form apparently
resident and breeding in the primeval swamps of South
Carolina, while the typical race D. v. virens is still in its
winter quarters in Mexico or Central America. The breeding
range of the typical form is in Canada and the northern
part of the United States.
The last paper on the list is a more important one; it
contains descriptions of a number of new forms, and taxo-
nomic notes on others, based on a large collection of birds
formed in the north-western corner of Peru by the junior
author. It has already been noticed (anfea, p. 144) in the
general review of the ‘ Auk? for 1918.
Flower and Nicoll on Bird-protection in Egypt.
[The principal species of Birds protected by law in Egypt. By
Capt. S. S. Flower and M. J. Nicoll. Pp. iv+4,8 pls. Cairo (Govt.
Press), 1918.5 Price P.T.5.]
In order to promote the preservation of insectivorous
birds so important in agriculture, the Egyptian Government
passed a stringent law in 1912, containing a list of those
birds whose destruction was prohibited. This has already
had great effect on the numbers of tle Buff-backed Kgret,
which has since that date increased to a very marked extent,
but some of the smaller and less conspicuous birds are still
trapped and killed in considerable numbers.
In order to assist in the recognition of the protected
species, the Ministry of Agriculture has issued this pam-
phlet prepared by Capt. Flower and Mr. Nicoll, in which
a list of the forty principal protected species is given
with their English, French, Arabic, and scientific names,
their local status, approximate size and concise notes on
coloration for the purpose of easy identification. On the
eight accompanying plates, 24 of these species are illus-
trated by good and clear-coloured pictures reproduced by
the Survey of Egypt. There will be no excuse, therefore,
for the destruction of these valuable birds in the future.
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 345
Lénnberg on a Linnean type.
[Loxia hordacea Linné 1758 is identical with Fuplectes flammiceps
Swainson 1837. By Einar Lonnberg. Ark. Zool. Stockholm, xii. no. 3,
1918, pp. 1-5. |
The type of Linneus’ description in the 10th edition
of the ‘Systema’ is still preserved in the Royal Natural
History Museum at Stockholm. It was originally in the
private collection of King Adolf Frederik and was pre-
served in spirit, whence it passed into the collections of the
Academy of Sciences and to its present resting place. It
was removed froin spirit and mounted before 1840, when it
was listed by Sundevall in a MS. catalogue of the birds in
the Museum, so that its history is quite clear and authentic.
Though not in first-rate condition it is quite easy to identify
it with the bird: now generally known as Pyromelana jlam-
miceps (Swains.) found in tropical Africa, and Swainson’s
name must undoubtedly give way to Linneus’ earlier one.
The reason why tte identification has not been previously
made is owing to an unfortunate misprint in the diagnosis,
where “‘temporibus albis”’ should without doubt read
> as pointed out by Dr. Lonnberg.
That Linneeus also frequently used the words “ fulvus”
“‘temporibus atris,’
and “griseus”? when he intended to describe red and brown
respectively, is shown by Dr. Lonnberg from the description
not only of Luxta hordacea where there occurs “ fulva sunt
caput, collum, uropygium,” meaning that these parts are
red, but also in the case of many other birds.
Mathews on the Birds of Australia.
[The Birds of Australia. By Gregory M. Mathews. Vol. vii. pt. iv.
pp. 321-384, pls. 352-562. London (Witherby), Dec. 1918. 4to. |
In continuing his account of the Cuckcos, Mr. Mathews
brings out many interesting facts, though our knowledge of
their life-histories generally leaves much to be desired, and
in the case of Lamprococcyx lucidus the winter quarters are
absolutely unknown. The Channel-bill, the last species
fully treated, 1s especially noticeable for its extraordinary
2p2
ww wy
346 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
appearance and unusual habits, but “ Bronze Cuckoos”
occupy the bulk of this part of the work.
In regard to Cacomantis pyrrophanus we are told that the
type-locality is still uncertain, and that insperatus of Gould,
tymbonomus of Ramsay and brisbanensis of Diggles, are mere
synonyms. On the other hand, dumetorum, variolosus and
lineatus are allowed subspecific instead of specific rank, as
representing north-western, south-western, and Queensland
forms. To these is added a new subspecies vidgeni, from
Cape York, while the New Guinea forms may have to be
separated.
Mr. Mathews’ new genus Vidgenia, based chiefly on
peculiarities in the immature bird, contains only the rare
Chestnut-breasted Cuckoo, with no certain subspecies and
an obscure life-history ; the young bird is to be figured
shortly.
Another rare Cuckoo is Owenavis osculans (Misocalius
auctt.), wrongly identified by Cabanis and Heine with
palliolatus of Latham. Here a subspecies, rogersi, may
possibly be allowed in the north-west.
The author no longer presses for the adoption of Neo-
chalcites for Chalcites in the case of the Narrow-billed
Bronze Cuckoo, well known under the name dasalis, while
he recognizes as subspecies mellori, wyndhami and modesta.
Many good notes on its habits are cited.
Four species are allotted to Lamprococcyx, viz., lucidus,
plagosus, minutillus and russatus, though it is possible that
the first two are only subspecifically different, especially if
Mr. Mathews’ suggestion that they are really sedentary in
New Zealand ard Australia respectively proves to hold
true. The relation between the remaining pair is still more
complicated: minutillus is synonymous with malayanus of
Shelley, while russatus is now found not to belong to the,
basalis group, as the author formerly believed, and barnardi
is relegated to a subspecies. L. plagosus has the subspecies
cartert and tasmanicus. Tails of all these species (and of
garnardi) are figured for comparison.
The well-known Koel (Hudynamis orientalis) presents no
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 347
difficulties, for the Australian form (flindersi) is only sub-
specifically separable, while cyanocephalus and subcyano-
cephalus are admitted as subspecies from Queensland and
northern Australia respectively. The Channel-bill (Scy-
throps novehollandie) has a western form, neglectus: tie
endemic Coucal is termed Polophilus Leach, in preference
to Centropus.
Riley’s recent papers.
[A new Bullfinch from China. By J. H. Riley. Proc. Biol. Soc,
Washington, vol. 31, 1918, pp. 33-54. ]
[Two new genera and eight new birds from Celebes. Id., ibid.
pp. 155-160. |
[Annotated Catalogue of a collection of birds made by Mr, Copley
Amory Jr. in north-eastern Siberia. Id., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, vol. 54
1918, pp. 607-626. |
The new Bullfinch, named Pyrrhula erythaca wilderi after
Mr. G. D. Wilder, who captured it in the mountains of the
Chili Province, China, ditfers from the typical race in its
smaller size and in some particulars of its coloration.
The new birds from Celebes recently collected by Mr. H.C.
Raven are:—Caprimulgus affinis propinquus and Collocalia
vestita wnigma subspp. n.; Rhamphococeyx centralis, Lopho-
zosterops striaticeps, Catuponera abditiwa, and Cryptolopha
nesophila spp. u.3; Coracornis ravent and Celebesia abbotti
genn. et spp. n. are believed to be sufficiently distinct to
warrant the creation of new generic names; Coracornis
is apparently allied to Pachycephala, and Celebesia to
Malindungia Mearus.
While on a business mission to the Kolyma river region
of north-eastern Siberia in 1914, Mr. Copley Amory made a
good collection of 228 specimens of birds which he presented
to the National Museum at Washington. A collection made
by Mr. Koren in the same region has been reported on by
Messrs. Thayer and Bangs, so that there are uo novelties
among Mr. Amory’s birds, but Mr. Riley has been able
to make interesting taxonomic remarks on some of the
species, and the collector has added some useful field-
notes.
348 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
Shufeldt on the Hoatzin.
[Notes on the osteology of the young of the Hoatzin (Opisthocomus
eristatus) and other points on its morphology. By R. W. Shufeldt.
Journ. Morphology, vol. 31, 1918, pp. 599-605 ; 4 pls. |
In a short paper Dr. Shufeldt presents us with the results
of his examination of several subadult and one young
specimen of this curious and interesting type. Two of these
have been prepared as skeletons which are described at some
length, while the other specimens have been studied as
regards their pterylosis. ‘The most striking character of the
skeleton of the young Opisthocomus is the enormous size
of the feet as compared with the rest of the body, but
beyond mentioning a general resemblance in some respects
to the Game-birds, Dr. Shufeldt does not indicate any
further clues to the relationships of this remarkable bird.
Taverner on Canadian Hawks.
|The Hawks of the Canadian Prairie Provinces in their relation to
Agriculture. By P. A. Taverner. Ottawa Museum Bull. no. 28, 1918,
pp. 1-14; 4 col. pls. ]
In this useful little brochure Mr. Taverner reviews the
commoner Hawks of the western Provinces of Canada from
the economic point of view, and in order to assist in their
identification a series of eight small coloured illustrations
accompany the article. The destruction of birds of prey has
generally been indiscriminate, and has often been stimulated
by the payment of bounties by the Government. The only
Hawks which are condemned by Mr. Taverner are those of
the genera Accipiter and Astur, and of these the American
Goshawk (Astur atricapillus) is undoubtedly a confirmed
chicken and grouse thief. Mr. Taverner states that the
normal range of this bird is along the northern limit of
intense cultivation aud that its usual food is the Varying
Hare. This animal increases annually until it becomes very
numerous, and with it the Goshawk and other rabbit-eating
animals increase too. Lventually a contagious disease
spreads among the hares, and the Goshawks turn their
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 349
attention to game-birds ; moreover, they move to the
southern prairie districts and do much damage to the
game-birds and the poultry-runs.
The other Hawks, including the Buzzards, usually known
as Red-tails, live chiefly on Gophers, those little fossorial
burrowing rat-like animals which do enormous damage
to agriculture, and these birds should be most strictly
preserved in the opimion of Mr. Taverner.
Wetmore’s recent papers.
{Duck sickness in Utah. By Alexander Wetmore. U.S. Dept. Agr.
3ull. no. 672, 1918, pp. 1-25; 4 pls. ]
[Birds observed near Mico, Central Oklahoma. Id., Wilson Bull.
Chicago, ao. 102, 1918, pp. 2-16. |
(The birds of Desecheo Island, Porto Rico. IRd., Auk, xxxvy. 1918,
pp. 833-840, |
[Description of a new subspecies of the Little Yellow Bittern from
the Philippine Islands, Id., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 31, 1918,
pp. 85, 84.)
(On the anatomy of Nyctibius, with notes on allied birds. Id., Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 54, 1918, pp. 577-586 ; 7 text-figs. |
| Boues of birds collected by Theodoor de Booy from Kitchen Midden
deposits in the Islands of St. Thomas and St. Croix. Id., ibid.
—
pp. 518-522. |
For the last eight or nine years the wild-ducks and other
shore-birds of Great Salt Lake in Utah, as weil as those of
some of the other western lakes, have suffered very severely
from a mysterious disease, and for three years Mr. Wetmore
was detailed by the Biological Survey at Washington to
investigate it. The birds suffered most during the summer
season, at a time when the rivers running into the lake were
at their lowest, aud the symptoms of the disease indicated in
a large part, a paralysis of the nerve-centres controlling the
muscular system. ‘The birds perished by the ten thousand,
and lay dead in heaps along the marshes of the lower
channels of the rivers.
After considerable investigation Mr. Wetmore came to
the conclusion that the trouble was due, not to any bacterial
or protozoan disease as was for long supposed, but to the
350 Recently published Ornithological Works. [Tbis,
toxic action of certain soluble salts found in alkali, chiefly
chlorides of calcium and magnesium. During the summer
months, when but little fresh water comes down the rivers,
the pools on the mudflats where the ducks feed become so
strongly impregnated with these salts that the birds’ intes-
tines are no longer able to perform their proper functions.
That this is the true cause is shown by the fact that when
the sick and dying birds were collected and placed in pens
and given fresh water to drink, they rapidly recovered.
Mr. Wetmore states that the remedial measures which pro-
mised success in deaiing with the trouble are: (1) Increasing
the supply of fresh water in the streams, which, however, is
not very feasible as all the water available is required for
irrigation higher up the streams ; (2) Draining the affected
areas; (3) Collecting the sick ducks for treatment. The
whole subject is exceedingly interesting and is most clearly
and successfully dealt with by the author.
The second paper is chiefly of local interest, containing a
list of 62 species of birds found in Oklahoma, a State of the
“middle west,” the bird-life of which is not very well known
as compared with other portions of the United States.
Desecheo Island is only about one and a quarter by
three quarters of a mile in size and les between’ Porto
Rico and San Domingo. Mr. Wetmore spent three or four
days there in June 1912. It is very dry and hot and there
are no springs. Mr. Wetmore records the occurrence of
eleven species, the most abundant of which is the Booby
(Sula leucogastra), which nests on the island in very large
numbers. The Noddy, Anous stolidus, and the Bridled
Tern, Sterna anetheta, also breed there.
The new Bittern from the Philippines is a form of
Ixobrychus sinensis, and is called J. s. astrologus trom its
habit, common to all Bitterns, of star-gazing.
But little has been published on the anatomy of Nyctibius,
a genus of aberrant Nightjars confined to the Antilles and
South America. Mr. Wetmore has been able to examine
the body preserved in alcohol of the type-specimen of
N. griseus abbotti, lately described from Haiti, and adds a
i91g9.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 351
number of additional facts in regard to its anatomy, pre-
viously unknown, especially with respect to the single carotid
artery, the small size of the left lobe of the liver, the number
of cervical vertebree, and the tongue. After tabulating the
anatomical characters he comes to the conclusion that
Nyctibius should form a family group placed between
Podargus and the Caprimulgidie, and rather more distantly
related to Sfeatornis.
The last paper on the list consists of the results of the
examinatiou of a number of bird-bones from the kitchen-
middens of St. Thomas aud St. Croix in the West Indies.
Most of the bones belonged to sea-birds, but there were
several of the domestic fowl, showing that some at any
rate of the bones were of comparatively recent origin.
On a tibia and tibio-tarsal bone Mr. Wetmore describes a
new generic type of Rail, apparently allied to Aramides
and Gallirallus, which he names Nesotrochis debooyi gen.
et sp. n.
Witherby’s new book on British Birds.
[A practical Handbook of British Birds. Edited by H. I. Witherby,
F.Z.S8., M.B.O.U. Authors of the Various Sections: Ernst Hartert,
Annie C. Jackson, Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain, C. Oldham, Norman F.
Ticehurst, and the Editor. Part I. Pp. i-xvit+1-64; 2 pls., many
text-figs. London (Witherby), March 1919. 8vo. ‘To be published in
18 parts at 4s. net per Part. |
Yet: another book on British Birds, will doubtless be
the remark of many on seeing the announcement of
Mr. Witherby’s new work. ‘There are certainly few subjects
on which so many books have been written, and of late
a year seldom passes without the publication of one or more
additional ones.
Mr. Witherby claims, however, for the present work
several uew features not hitherto found in books on British
Birds. These are originality of plan, practical utility and
accuracy of detail. ‘The first feature not usual in British
bird-books, though usual in those dealing with the avifauna
of other lands, is the keys, which certainly are of very
352 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
great assistance, both to the tyro as well as to the specialist,
in the identification of unknown birds, though, of course,
such aids must be used with caution, as is clearly explained
in the introductory note. The nomenclature and synonymy
is that of the ‘ Handlist of British Birds,’ published by
four out of the six authors of the present work in 1912,
with such emendations as have come to light since. For this
portion of the work and the keys Dr. Hartert is primarily
responsible.
The descriptions are very detailed, and the sequence and
moult of plumage from nestling to adult are given at length.
These are the province of Mr. Witherby and Miss Jackson,
the last-named being specially concerned with the Ducks
and Waders.
Two unusual sections are those dealing with the characters
of the allied subspecific forms inhabiting other portions of
the Palearctic region and the field-characters, in which
hints are given for distinguishing birds im their native
haunts. The former subject is dealt with by Dr. Hartert,
the latter by Mr. Oldham, who also writes on the flight,
notes, and social habits.
Nesting- and food-habits form separate sections and
devolve on Mr. Jourdain, while. migration falls to
Mr. Ticehurst.
The scheme, therefore, is essentially a practical and utili-
tarian one, and there is little room for literary grace or
polish ; the sentences are clipped and shortened in every
possible way.
In the present part is one coloured plate illustrating the
juvenile plumage of some of the Finch family, and anotlier
in black and white, showing the gradual loss of the feathers
on the “‘ face” of the Rook. There are aiso a large number
of text-figures of heads, feet and wings to assist in identi-
fication. ‘I'hese are all excellent and most useful. We
would make one criticism in regard to the top figure on
p. xiv, which illustrates the method of measuring the bill
from its tip to the “base of the skull.” This latter phrase
appears to us very misleading. ‘The base of the skull is
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 355
obviously the occipital region which surrounds the foramen
magnum, and the phrase can by no manner of means be
used for the point where the horny epidermal maxillary
sheath merges in the soft epidermis.
The present part, the first of eighteen, deals with the
Corvide and a portion of the Fringillide. Our only fear is
that the work, when completed, will be too bulky for con-
venience. ‘Two volumes of 600 pages each cannot be
comfortably carried about. To our mind a book of this
very practical kind should be rigorously cut down to a size
convenient for travelling, and though perhaps it is too much
to expect to take it around in the pocket, it should be
possible to transport it in a rucksack. We doubt if it
would be easy to do so in the case of the present work
when completed.
We await with interest the issue of the rest of the parts,
and we feel sure that the work, when completed, will prove
of the greatest value to all working ornithologists.
Bird-Lore.
| Bird-Lore: a bi-monthly Magazine devoted to the study and pro-
tection of birds. Vol, xx. Jan.—Dec. 1918; 6 nos. Harrisburg, Pa.,
U.S.A. ]
‘ Bird-Lore,’ so ably edited by our Honorary Member
Mr. Frank Chapman, keeps up its reputation as the leading
popular magazine dealing with birds. As it is the official
organ of the Audubon Societies, which now exist in nearly
every one of the States of the Union and which are devoted
to the preservation and conservation of bird-life, a large
portion of the matter contained in each volume deals with
the propaganda necessary to carry on this work, which has
done so much to preserve for future generations the pre-
viously rapidly disappearing birds of North America.
So elaborate are the devices now used by American bird-
lovers to encourage and attract birds to frequent their
gardens and grounds in the matter of feeding-trays,
nesting-boxes, and the plantation of special shrubs and
bushes for shelter, that Mr. Oldys finds it necessary to
354 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
write a special article protesting against the supposed
danger of “ pauperizing bird-life.”
The present voiume is illustrated with many beautiful
photographs, and also with a series of coloured plates by
Mr. L. A. Fuertes of different groups of American birds.
Two of the numbers have a plate of 'Tanagers, the other four
illustrate the Cedar-birds and Waxwings, the Shrikes, the
Horned Larks, and the Magpies, and each plate is accom-
panied by an article on the plumages of the birds by the ~
Editor, and one on the migrations by Mr. Oberholser.
For the past five years Mr. R. H. Beck has been collecting
and studying marine birds off the coasts of South America
for Messrs. Brewster and Sanford, and some fine photo-
graphs of bird-life in the Falkland Islands are reproduced
in the present volume. Other articles illustrated by photo-
graphs are by Mr. H. HE. Tuttle on the nesting of the
Nashville Warbler, and by Mr. C. W. Leister on the Biack-
billed Cuckoo which, it is hardly necessary to remind our
readers, 18 not parasitic.
One of the great features of ‘ Bird-Lore’ is its annual
Christmas Census. By the help of numerous readers and-
contributors a count is taken throughout the States and
Canada of all the birds observed on Christmas day each
year. The results of the eighteenth of these combined
observations is contained in the Jan.—Febr. no. of ‘ Bird-
Lore,’ and occupies twenty-five pages. As showing the
genial climate of southern California, at Los Angeles no
fewer than 106 species were observed within a radius of
fifteen miles of the town.
After the entrance of the United States into the war,
Mr. Frank Chapman, the Editor of ‘ Bird-Lore,’ was ap-
pointed by the War Council at Washington to the post
of Red Cross Commissioner to South America, and on
3 October last he left the United States on an extended
journey through the South American Republics in the
interests of Ked Cross work. ‘The Nov.—Dec. no. contains
the first of what will doubtless prove to be a most interesting
series of ornithological letters on his expedition.
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 355
Bird Notes.
[Bird Notes. The Journal of the Foreign Bird Club. Edited by
Wesley T. Page. Ser. 3, vol. i. Jan.—Dec. 1918.1
Last year’s volume of ‘ Bird Notes,’ though perhaps not
so stout as some of the preceding ones, contains a number
of useful and instructive articles on avicultural subjects.
One of the principal contributors is Mr. W. S. Baily, who
writes on the Grey Plover, Quails, Parrots, and the Pata-
gonian and Egyptian Geese. He has also a good description
of the colour-changes, as he calls them, of the Whydahs,
Coliostruthus laticauda and Drepanoplectes jacksoni. In
captivity, at any rate, these changes can hardly be called
seasonal, as they recur irregularly, nor indeed does the lack
of the so-called nuptial plumes in any way interfere with
the breeding of these Whydahs, but of course this may be
due to the interference caused by change of habit. There
are also a number of practical notes by the editor on the
planning of aviaries and other snch subjects. The Marquis
of Tavistock writes on the Australian Grass Parakeets and
deplores their early extinction in their native land, The
Splendid (Neophema splendida) appears to be already gone
and the allied form, the Turquoisine, and others appear to be
on the verge. Can nothing be done to save the native
Australian avifauna ?
Dr. Hopkinson concludes a series of articles on the
Whydahs, which he commenced in the previous volume, and
has now begun an elaborate list of all the birds which have
been known to breed in captivity in the British Islands or
abroad, with full references to the original account.
Among shorter articles is one by Mr. H. Whistler con-
taining his observations on the nesting and other habits of
Lioptila capistrata near Murree, a Himalayan hill-station ;
and Mr. E. W. Harper sends two very interesting photo-
graphs of Vultures, which congregate in enormous numbers
at a spot afew miles outside the limits of Calcutta, where
the hodies of dead horses and cattle are partially made use of.
Though there are no coloured plates in the present volume,
there are some pleasing uncoloured plates reproduced from
356 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ This,
drawings from life by Mrs. A. M. Cook, especially those of
Diamond Finches (S/eganopleura guttata) and Spice-Finches
(Munia punctulata). hese are a relief from the eternal
photograph.
The Condor.
[The Condor. A Magazine of Western Ornithology. Vol. xx.
nos. 1-6, 1918. Published bi-monthly by the Cooper Ornithological -
Club, Hollywood, California. |
The ‘Condor’ for last year contains a number of good
papers, generally illustrated by photographs, though per-
haps these are not so numerous as of old. Even in far
western America the pinch of war has penetrated.
Mr. J. A. Munro opeus the volume with an account of
the nesting and other habits of Barrow’s Golden-eye in the
dry, fruit-growing district of Okanagan in British Columbia.
They generally make use of an abandoned Flicker’s (Co-
laptes} hole in a dead pine-stump, near a lake, for their
nest. For the winter they leave the cold interior of the
country and resort to the warm waters of Puget avd other
inlets along the mild coast of the Pacific. Mr. W. C.
Bradbury contributes three articles on the nesting-habits
and eggs of three well-known species of Colorado birds of
whose nidification but little is known. These are the White-
throated Swift Aéronanies melanoleucus, the Plover Poda-
socys montanus, and the Rocky Mountain Jay Pevisoreus
capitalis. The Swift nests in crevices of cliffs in the Rocky
Mountains difficult of access, the Plover on the plains, and
the Jay at altitudes of 8000 to 10,000 feet in the mountains,
late in April, where it builds in the Lodge-pole Pine. Other
articles dealing with local faunas are by Mr. H. 8. Swarth,
by Messrs. R. W. Quillin and R. Holleman, and by P.
A. Taverner on districts m Arizona, Texas, and British
Columbia respectively.
To the already very numerous races of the Fox-Sparrow,
Mr. J. Mailliard adds another, the Yolla Bolly Fox-Sparrow
Passerella iliaca brevicauda; while Mr. W. C. Oberholser
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 357
distinguishes two races of the Humming-bird known as
Cyanolemus clemencie, the typical form being confined to
south-west, central, and southern Mexico, while the new
subspecies, C. c. bessophilus, breeds in south-western United
States and north-western Mexico. He also proposes to
separate the resident Shrike of Lower California under the
name Lanius ludovicianus nelsoni, subsp. n.
Lyman Belding, the oldest American ornithologist, who
came to California in 1856, died in October 1917. A
memoir by Mr. W. K. Fisher, with a portrait, tells us of
his early adventurous life in whaling and other ships before
he settled in California. His first paper, “ A partial list of
the Birds of Central California,” was published in the Proc.
U.S. Nat. Museum in 1879.
The early history of Costa’s Humming-bird, Calypte costae,
collected by Nebouse and named by Bourcier in 1839 in
honour of Costa, has always been somewhat shrouded
in mystery. Much of this is disentangled in a_ short
article by Mr. T. S. Palmer, who also fixes its type-locality
at Magdalena Bay in Lower California.
Other important articles in this volume of the ‘Condor’
have already been dealt with as “ separates.”
Fauna och Flora.
Fauna och Flora. Popular Tidskrift for Biologi. Utgifven af
Einar Lonnberg. 13 vols., for the years 1906-1918. Uppsala and
Stockholm, }
We should like to draw the attention of the readers of
‘The Ibis’? to this excellent popular Journal of Natural
History, edited by our foreign member, Dr. Lénuberg, who
has most generously sent to us a complete set from the
commencement. In order that it may be more generally
accessible, the volumes have been deposited in the General
Library of the Natural History Museum, where they can be
consulted by anyone making the necessary application.
As its title implies, ‘ Fauna och Flora’ deals with both
zoological and botanical subjects; it has a considerable
proportion of articles of interest to ornithologists, dealing
358 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
not only with local Swedish observations, but also with
others of more gencral interest, and is illustrated with ap-
propriate photo-blocks.
In the volume for 1918, Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, the
well-known Swedish explorer of Siam, writes at length on
the fauna of that country, dividing it into faunal regions,
and illustrates the characteristic scenery of each with photo-
graphs. A gencral review of the mammals and birds, with
lists of species, makes a valuable contribution to our know-
ledge of the fauna of that comparatively little-known State.
A well-known Finnish naturalist, Mr. E. Merikallio, writes
on the distribution of Carpodacus erythrinus in Finland, and
Mr. C. O. G. Wibom on abnormalities in the Capercaillie ;
Mr. R. Séderberg on the birds occurring near Hornbor-
gasjon in Gothland, and Dr. Lonnberg himself on Linnet x
Siskin hybrid ; Mr. Granvik has recently found Acrocephalus
arundinacus breeding in southern Sweden and publishes a
photograph of the site and nest.
Of more general interest, perhaps, is an article by Mr. A.
Heintze on bipolarity in plants. He suggests that the exis-
tence of certain northern Alpine plants at the southern
extremity of South America may be due to the migrating
birds by whom the seeds may have been transported from
the north to the south. .
It is suggested by Mr. A. Adlersparre that the well-known
Australian Weaver-finches Poéphila gouldie and P. mirabilis
may be merely fortuitous variations and not distinct species ;
while, finally, on page 281, is an interesting note by the
editor on the capture of a Ring-Dove in Portugal which had
been ringed in southern Sweden.
Trish Naturalist.
‘The Irish Naturalist. A monthly Journal on general Irish Natural
History. Vol. xxvii. Jan.—Dec. 1918. ]
As regards papers on birds the ‘Irish Naturalist’
for last year is distinctly disappointing. Apart from the
short notes of no great importance there are only two
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 359
contributions on ornithology. One of these by Mr. W. H.
Workman deals with the migration of Woodcock, and is
based on Captain Douglas’ paper on the same subject
published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’
for 1917. The investigations were conducted on the estates
of Colonel W. W. Ashley, M.P., in co. Shgo, and large
uumbers of breeding birds were ringed. A considerable
proportion of these were recovered on the estate in the
immediate neighbourhood ot the place of ringing, and there
can be no doubt that the greater number of the birds bred
on the estate are non-migratory and resident ; in addition
there are a good many which arrive from the north for the
winter months, and a third category is formed by those
- which are bred on the estate and migrate southward.
The other bird-paper is by Mr. J. P. Burkitt, and deals
with some interesting observations he has made on the
subject of the return of the same individual pair of birds
to the same nesting-spot each year. He also writes at con-
siderable length on the subject of ‘‘frame-nests,” in some
cases kuown as “ cocks’ nests.” These nests never, have
any lining, and Mr. Burkitt believes that they are con-
structed by unmated cock birds. In some cases later on
a mate is obtained and the nest is at once completed, and
the eggs laid and incubated. Mr. Burkitt’s observations
were made chiefly on the Whitethroat and the Wren.
Journal Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam.
[The Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam. Vol. ii,
nos, 1-5, June 1916-May 1918, edited by Malcolm Smith and W. J. F.
Williamson. |
The editors of this Journal and the Anglo-Siamese com-
munity of Bangkok deserve all congratulations on the
completion of their second volume, which contains many
papers on various suojects of zoology and botany relating
to Siam. The most important contribution relating to
ornithology is the junior editor’s list of the birds of
Bangkok, of which two instalments appeared in the pre-
vious volume, and two are now added, bringing the list,
SER. X{.—VOL. L. Ae
360 Recently published Ornithological Works. (This,
which is arranged in the order of Oates and Blanford’s
Fauna, to the end of the Hoopoes. A short description,
with a uote on the habits and distribution in Siam together
with the Siamese name in the English and vernacular script,
is given in the case of each species. Mr. Williamson also
coutributes several shorter notes, one of which contains ap
account of the rare Ibis, Thaumatibis gigantea, only four
examples of which are known. The last one of these was
obtained by Mr. K. G. Gairdner at Ban Tup Takoh in Siam
in March 1913 and is now mounted and exhibited im the
British Museum (Natural History). A photograph of this
mounted example accompanies the note.
In another short paper Mr. C. B. Kloss describes two new
forms of the large red-shouldered Indian Parakeet, viz. Pale-
ornis cupatria avensis from Cachar and Burma, and P. e.
siamensis from eastern and central Siam.
Revue Francaise @ Ornithologie.
| Revue Francaise d’Ornithologie, Scientifique et Pratique. 10° Annee,
Nos. 105-116. Jan.-Dec. 1918. |
It is a matter for considerable congratulation to M. Mene-
gaux that he has been able to keep his monthly journal of
ornithology going through the late period of stress and
strain, and we trust that now it may continue to flourish
aud increase. ‘The articles contained in last year’s volume
are numerous and interesting, dealing with all phases of our
science, and we can only mention a few of them in this short
notice.
M. Menegaux himself has a paper on a small collection of
birds from the Senegal and Niger rivers, among which are
three species, new for the French Sudan, and several scarce
ones; among them is Cerchneis alopex and Thamnolea sub-
rufipennis. Another paper by the same author, with field-
notes by the collector M. van Saceghem, deals with some
birds from the estuarine portion of the Congo basin, and
this collection is destined for the Congo Museum at
Tervueren ; while a third, also by the Editor, gives a list of
a collection from the Misiones Province of Argentina made
i919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 361
by M. E. Wagner in 1910. Another faunal list is that of
Dr. Millet-Horsin, of birds met with by him near Frejus on
the Riviera coast.
There are two short papers by M. P. Bédé, in one of which
he shows that Rhamphocorys clot-bey, chiefly met with in the
Sahara, ranges as far north as Mezzouna not far from Sfax
in Tunisia; m the other he discusses the Black-eared and
Black-throated Wheatears, which he believes must be con-
sidered distinct species. We would draw his attention ir
regard to this pomt to Major Sladen’s remarks (supra,
p. 239).
M. Bon brings forward evidence of Clamator glandarius
occasionally breeding in the south of France, where it
has been said to occur only as a rare visitor; and M. A.
Bouvier records the capture, more than a hundred years
ago, of Trichodroma muraria in a Parisian garden, some
considerable distance to the north of its usual range.
M. A. Blanchet adds Terekia cinerea and Prunella collaris
to the fauna of Tunisia for the first time.
Among general articles Dr. F. Cattelin contests the usual
view that Swallows and other migrants always return to
the same nesting-place each spring, and Prof, R. Dubois
discusses the subject of colour-blindness and colour-vision
among birds, Finally, we notice an article by Capt. J. N.
Kennedy on the birds of the valley of the Ancre on some-
what similar lines to that which he recently contributed to
‘The Ibis.’ .
Rivista Ital. di Ornitologia.
[Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia, Anno iv.—1918.]
We rejoice to find that our Italian friends have found it
possible to recommence the publication of their ornitho-
logical journal, which has been suspended since early in the
war-time, It is now edited by Count Arrigoni degli Oddi
with the assistance of F. Cavassa, Prince F. Chigi,
A. Ghigi, and Count Salvadori,
The present number commences with a memoir and biblio-
graphy, accompanied by a photograph, of Prof. Martorelli,
OG
362 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
a Foreign Member of the Union, whose sad death has
already been noticed in our pages.
A review of some of the South American Rails of the
genus Creciscus from the pen of Count Salvadori follows.
He recognizes three species :—C. cayanensis (Bodd.),
C. facialis (Usch.), and C. pileatus (Wied). Signor G. A.
Carlotto records the capture of au example of the north
African Cursorius gallicus near Verona, and Signor A.
Trischitta of Mratercula arctica near Messina. Some bird-
notes from the Province of Friuli are contributed by
Sig. Vallon ; and Sig. Ghidini, who we regret to see
has recently died, describes and figures the skull of a
hybrid Tetrao tetrixv x T. urogallus, killed in the Val di
Blenio 11 the Ticivo district.
Finally, a number of shorter notices and reviews com-
pletes a part which we hope will now be regularly followed
by others of equal interest.
Scottish Naturalist.
(The Scottish Naturalist. Hdited by William Eagle Clarke, LL.D.,
William Evans, and Percy H.Grimshaw. Vol. for 1918, Nos. 73-84. |
‘The completed volume of the ‘Scottish Naturalist’ has a
number of articles dealing with Scottish Ornithology, among
which we will mention some of the more important. ‘The
‘Rev. J.-M. M*William sends some stray notes on the birds
of Bute, and comments on the fact that he hardly ever
observed land-birds crossing the very narrow seas from that
island to the mainland, except, of course, during the regular
migration season. ‘The one exception noticed was the
regular daily passage of Rooks and Jackdaws from the
Craigmore shore to Toward in Argyllshire, a distance of
about two miles. They leave Bute from 9 to 10 a.m. and
return between 3 and 4 p.m. according to season. The
Capercaillie appears to be establishing itself on the island,
and the Raven is noted as a breeding bird.
A sad story is told by Mr. O. H. Mackenzie of the
ranishing bird-life of the west coast of Ross-shire. The
Black Grouse appears to be well-nigh extinct, and the Red
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 363
Grouse and Ptarmigan are rapidly disappearing. Other
birds which were formerly so abundant as to be a nuisance,
such as the Grey Lag Goose and the Lesser Black-backed
Gull, are becoming increasingly rare, as well as many others.
Mr. Mackenzie makes no suggestion of the cause of this
melancholy state of affairs.
Mr. I’. S. Beveridge has two articles on the birds of
North Uist, the first dealing with the Grey Lag Goose, its
habits, coloration, and breeding; it does a good deal of
damage to the crofters’ oats, and is consequently hunted
down by them; perhaps this accounts for its increasing
rarity. The second article contains a list of all the birds,
147.in number, known to have occurred in the island,
55 of which only are resident. Another contribution on
the birds of the same island is a reprint of the diary of the
late Mr. Alfred Chapman of a visit paid in 1883.
The Isle of May in the Firth of Forth is the subject of a
historical article from the pen of Mr. W. Evans, who has
collected together all the earlier notices of its avifauna
prior to the bird-migration enquiries of 1879. His earliest
reference is to a visit paid to the island by James IV. of
Scotland in 1508 “to schut at fowles with the culveryn.”
In the matter of economic ornithology Mr. W. E. Collinge
makes a strong appeal for the use of the ‘“ volumetric”
method of estimating the amount of the material in a bird’s
stomach rather than the numerical method. In the latter
ease the number of individual seeds, insects, ete. are
enumerated, but in the former case the volume or bulk of
the various kinds of food material is given, and a far more
accurate conclusion as to the economic value of the bird
can be deduced. Another article on bird economy is that of
Mr. H.S. Gladstone in which he discusses the results arrived
at by Mr. Gunther in his Report on Agricultural Damage
by Vermin ana Birds in the Counties of Norfolk and Oxford-
shire in 1916. It is chiefly a defence of the Pheasant as the
farmers’ best aid in the destruction of wire-worms.
364 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. (Ibis,
List of other Ornithological Publications received.
Griynett, Bryant, and Srorrr. The Game Birds of California.
Berkeley, Cal., 1918.
Kvuropa, N. Description of a new Tit (Parus). (Tokio Zool, Mag. xxx.
1918, p. 322.
Wuirr, Capt. 8. A. Ooldea on the East-West Railway, Adelaide, 1918.
WiaetrswortH, J. The Heronries of Somerset. (Proc. Somerset
Arch, Nat. Hist. Soe. Ixiv. 1918, p. 68.)
Archivum Melitense. (Vol. iii, no. 6, 1918.)
Auk, (Vol. xxxvi. no. 1, 1919.)
Avicultural Magazine. (Third Series, Vol. x. nos, 8-5, 1919.)
Bird-Lore. (Vol. xxi. no. 1, 1919.)
Bird Notes. (Third Series, Vol. ii. nos. 1-2, 1919.)
British Birds. (Vol. xii. nos. 8-10, 1919.)
Club van Nederlandsche Voegelkundigen. Jaarbericht, no. 8, 1918.
Condor. (Vol. xxi. no, 1, 1919.)
Trish Naturalist. (Vol. xxviii. nos. 1-2, 1919.)
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam. (Vol. ili. no. 1, 1918.)
Rev. Francaise d’Orn. (Nos. 117-118, 1919.)
Scottish Naturalist. (Nos, 85-86, 1919.)
South Australian Ornithologist. (Vol. ii. nos, 7-8, 1918.)
Tori. Journal of the Japanese Ornithological Society. (Nos. 1--7, 1917-
1918.)
XX .—Letiers, Extracts, and Notes.
Control of New Species and Subspecies.
Dear Srr,—In these days when controllers hold their
sway in so many affairs of life, it seems to me that it is
high time that ornithologists of the world should agree to
select a small international committee of, say, three compe-
tent individuals, who should sit for a term of years in
London, or the country which contains the largest number
of types. They should be paid by international subserip-
tion. All proposed new species and subspecies should be
submitted to them and passed by them. Surely it is time,
for the sake of ornithology and the bird student, that some
steps should be taken to prevent reckless descriptions of
what are often phantom forms. So long as young Mr.
.
1919. ] Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 365
who, if shown an American and an European Widgeon, could
not say off-hand which was which, is allowed to describe and
re-describe at his own sweet will, so long will our troubles
and worries multiply. Or, again, take the case of a man
who tries to please a certain Mr. Smith who has contributed
to an expedition and makes a ‘* smithi,’” knowing perfectly
well that it is all a farce.
How true ring the following words, taken from that great
and worthy American ornithologist, Dr. Elliot Coues, at the
end of his preface to the third edition of his ‘ Key to North
American Birds ’:—* The ‘ trinomial tool’ is too sharp to be
made a toy; and even if we do not cut our own fingers with
it, we are likely to cut the throat of the whole system of
naming we have reared with such care. Better throw the
instrument away than use it to slice species so thin that it
takes a microscope to perceive them. It may be assumed,
as a safe rule of procedure, that it 1s useless to divide and
subdivide beyond the fair average ability of ornithologists
to recognize and verify the result. Named varieties of birds
that require to be ‘compared with the types” by holding
them up slantwise in a good strong light—just as ladies
match crewels in the milliner’s shop—such often exist in
the cabinets or in the books of their deseribers, but seldom
in the woods and fields.”
Would that these words, printed in large type, were
placed in every Museum,
It is not with the intention of discouraging the description
of new forms, either specific or subspecific, that [ write this ;
but it is obvious that the study of birds in the field will
in the future be an impossibility if unlimited and often
imaginary variations are allowed to go unchecked.
Mr. Claude Grant in ‘The Ibis, 1915, and Messrs. Sclater
and Mackworth-Praed in working out the Sudan birds are
trying to sort things out and getting rid of useless synonyms ;
but the task is a great one to do thoroughly, and it is not
pleasant to condemn our friends’ work. Any bird not recog-
nizable in the field by the eve or field-glasses is better left
unnamed, If not, it means that every bird must be shot
366 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [This,
and compared with types before any authentic note can be
made on migration or any other subject! The well-trained
eye of a field naturalist will detect the slightest difference in
birds, no matter how much alike they may look. Take, for
instance, our Common Swift and the Chinese Swift, which
are found associating in enormous flocks in British East
Africa in November. In the cabinet they look much alike,
but when alive in the clear atmosphere of East Africa they
could not possibly be mistaken, It is when we come to
distinguish birds by saying (often from a small series) that
they average one or two millimetres longer in the wing
that difficulties begin, and the study of birds in the field will
be made impossible. What we really want is a “ Controller’s
Office.” Will not the B.O. U. take the matter up and
see if something cannot be done to stop the confusion which
is bound to occur if things are left as they are ?
Yours faithfully,
Gorsemoor, Witioucusy P. Lowe.
Throwleigh, Devon.
30 January, 1919.
Migration and Aviation.
Dear Sir,—May I make use of ‘The Ibis” in order to
try to collect whatever data ave available regarding obser-
vations on the migration of birds made in the air by the
Royal Air Force? Perhaps any members of the B.O.U.
who are able to tap such a source would be so kind as to
place me in communication with those officers who have
made any notes on the subject.
In response to a recent advertisement in the ‘Times,’
I have had a number of replies, of which a cursory examina-
tion in the light of existing knowledge on the height at
which birds travel and the rate at which they fly when
travelling, confirms what I suspected, that birds seldom
travel by day at elevations much exceeding 2000 feet, and
that their velocity of flight, with a few exceptions, rarely
exceeds 50 miles per hour. But on the very scanty evideuce
available, it is dangerous to theorise ; but it is in the hopes
19109. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 367
of gleaning further information that I ask for notes on the
following, where any observations have been made :—
1. Date and place of observation.
2. Species or type of bird.
3. Direction of flight.
4. Altitude of flight.
5. Ground velocity of flight.
6. Direction of wind and weather conditions.
7. Whether single birds, a small or large flock, or
numerous small flocks were observed.
Many officers of the R.A.IF*. possess such material, and
we want to get it while it is still fresh in their memory,
though I quite realize that many officers who have done a
large amount of flyimg may never have seen birds much
above the level of the earth. In my own experience of
some hundred hours in the air in East Africa, Palestine,
and France I have only on three occasions seen birds,
though I secretly regarded their observation of more
importance than the real object of my flight.
It is in the hope of persuading officers of the R.A.F. to
contribute their notes to science, and that in future they
may record any observations in these columns, that I write
this letter.
Yours very truly,
British Delegation, R. MeINnERTZHAGEN.
Paris.
26 February, 1919.
The Names of the Song-Thrush and the Redwing.
Dear Sir,—Among all changes of names which have
been made in accordance with a stricter application of the
law of priority, there cau lardly be any which has provoked
more displeasure and dissension than the alteration of the
names of the birds mentioned above, and probably this
differeuce in opinion may still last a very long time. The
cause of this is, of course, that Linneus had thoroughly
mixed up the two species. In Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758,
368 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ This,
‘ Turdus iliacus’ is provided with two characteristics, the
first of which, “ alis subtus flavescentibus,” belongs to the
Song-Thrush, the second, “rectricibus tribus lateralibus
apice utrinque albis,”
applies to the Missel-Thrush.
‘Turdus imusicus, again, receives a diagnosis which
evidently is taken from a Redwing, viz., “alis subtus
ferrugineis, linea superciliorum albieante.”” If, however,
we follow Linneus’ quotation of himself in the ‘ Fauna
Suecica,’ no. 189, we find there a diagnosis and a description
of the Redwing, but at the same time some additional notes
which quite as clearly point to the Song-Thrush, viz.,
“ Ova 6 ceruleo-viridia maculis nigris variis.” The quoted
vernacular names, ‘¢ Smolandis Klera, Ostrogothis Kladra,”
belong also to the Song-Thrush.
It is not much better in the second edition of ‘ Fauna
Suecica,’? 1761. The short diagnosis of ‘ Turdus musicusy
” contains, of course,
““yemigibus basi interiore ferrugineis,
only a characteristic of the Redwing. The diagnosis and
description of * Turdus ilacus’ are similar to that of the
first edition. In the same way the notes about eggs and
vernacular names referring to the Song-Thrush are the
same as in the first edition: there is only one more ver-
nacular name added, viz., ‘‘ Westmannis 'Talltrast,” and
this belongs just as much to the Song-Thrush.
In Syst. Nat. ed. 12, the diagnosis of * Turdus iliacus” is
clearly that of the Redwing, aud that of * Turdus musicus ’
applies also to the Redwing with the words “remigibus basi
interiore ferrugineis.”
To sum up, it appears most probable that, although
Linneeus knew the biology of the Song-Thrush, admired its
singing power, and had seen its nest and eggs, he never had
examined, at least not accurately, such a bird. A Redwing,
on the contrary, he had evidently had in his hands, and
correctly perceived its characteristics, but he took it to be
the bird which he had heard singing, and the eggs of which
he had seen. He had from the literature understood that
there were two species, but he mixed them up, and partly
also the Missel-Thrush.
The result of this is that, although the specific names
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 369
by common consent and custom have been fixed so that
ornithologists for generations have used the specific name
musicus for the Song-Thrush and t/iacus for the Redwing,
it cannot be disputed, when a strict regulation of the
nomenclature according to the law of priority is observed,
that the current usage is incorrect.
The best course would, no doubt, be that both these
names by international consent should be deciared as
“nomina conservanda,” but at the present time there is
not much hope for such an agreement.
The present state of affairs is rather a deplorable confusion.
For the Song-Thrush alternatively are used the following .
names :—
Turdus musicus Linn.
Turdus iliacus Linn,
Turdus philomelus Brehm.
For the Redwing :—
Turdus iliacus Linn.
Turdus musicus Linn.
This is the more confusing, as for both species both
names are used with the name of Linnzeus as author. If it
is found impossible to fix the names formerly used for these
species as nomina conservanda,” I think the only way out
of the confusion would be to discard both names (musicus as
well as t/iacus), and call the Song-Thrush Turdus philomelus
Brehm, and the Redwing 7Zurdus mauvis P. L.S. Miiller.
If the Gordian knot cannot be solved, it is better to have it
cut than to have it as a cause of permanent discord.
Yours truly,
Riksmuseet,
Einar LONNBERG,
Stockholm.
18 February, 1919.
The Indian Peregrine Falcon.
Dear Sir.— With reference to the letters of Messrs. H.
Whistler and KE. C. Stuart Baker on the Indian Peregrine
Faleon, the following notes of mine may help to solve the
question.
I have a great personal knowledge of the North-West
5370 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [This,
Frontier Province from Peshawar to Baluchistan and the
whole of the Punjab, having spent some thirty years in
almost every Station there as far south as Quetta. During
the whole time I watched carefully for nests of both Falco
peregrinus peregrinator and F. p, babylonicus.
Along the foot of the hills from Jhelum to Peshawar on
through Kohat to the borders of Afghanistan at Parachinar,
both birds are to be found during the breeding-season.
I visited two eyries near Kohat, and found both birds were
undoubtedly 4. p. peregrinator. he Pathans, who are keen
falconers, recognize the difference and speak of F. p. baby-
lonicus as the Red-headed Shahin. They do not take the
young of F. p. babylonicus, as they say they are not so good
for hawking purposes as F. p. peregrinator.
[ obtained the eggs from one eyrie near Kohat through
Mr. Donald. Now Mr. Donald, as quoted by Mr. Whistler,
was a keen falconer, but, I may add, knew well the difference
between these two birds, and he stated that they were eggs
of F. p. peregrinator and not F. p. babylonicus. My obser-
vations were confirmed by Captain Phillott of 3rd Punjab
Cavalry, also a keen faleconer. I saw their birds, so am sure
of their ideutification. Another faleoner, Major Biddulph
of 19th Cavalry, who was also a good naturalist, spoke to
me about these birds; he had with him at Jhelum an old
bird of /. p. peregrinator that he had obtained from an eyrie
at Mian Quale, near Kohat. This is one of the eyries visited
by me and from which eggs were obtained for me_ by
Mr. Donald. These birds had bred at Mian Quale for
many years, and the eyrie was carefully guarded by the
headman of the tribe near, and it was from here he obtained
his young birds.
This is the evidence I have referring to F. p. peregrinator,
but more south, in the Gumal Pass, near Dera Ismail Khan,
the only breeding birds were F. p. babylonicus. One nest is
mentioned by Captain Phillott in Blanford’s ‘ Birds,’ vol. iii.
I also saw a nest of F. babylonicus with young near the same
place. This nest was shown to me by a Pathan, who spoke
of it as the *‘ Red-headed Shahin.”
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 371
I took eggs from an eyrie at Fort Munro in Baluchistan,
with certainty identifying the birds and their light heads,
as they passed within twenty yards of and below me, while
the eggs were being taken.
I again saw a nest with young near Jhelum that was
certainly Falco p. babylonicus. These birds were at Fort
Sandeman, Baluchistan, during the breeding-scason, though
I did not find the eyrie.
From this I can safely say that I have found Falco p.
peregrinator the common breeding-bird in the northern part
of the Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province, and
Falco p. babylonicus south of Kohat and in Baluchistan.
Yours truly,
‘Tonbridge, Kent. R. H. Rarrray (Colonel),
12 January, 1919. Nia Ose
Gannet Settlements in Newfoundland.
Dear Srx,—It is good news to hear from Mr. P. A.
Taverner of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, that he has
received information of another Gannetry, uot heretofore
recorded. It lies off Cape St. Mary, southern Newfound-
land, where the Gannets are said to have chosen an isolated
rock, of some three or four acres extent. This, however,
may not, after all, be the first Gannetry for Newfoundland,
as long ago there appears to have been one on Funk Island.
Yours truly,
Keswick, Norfolk. J. H. Gurney.
1] January, 1919.
Annual Meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union.
The 36th Annual Meeting of the American Ornithologists’
Union was held in New York City, 11 November, 1918.
Owing to the epidemic of influenza the public meetings for
the presentation of papers were omitted and the sessions
were limited to business meetings of the Council and
Fellows and Members. ‘The election of officers resulted
in the choice of the following officers for the ensuing
372 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
year :—President, Johu H. Sage, Portland, Conn.; Vice-
Presidents, Dr. Witmer Stone, Philadelphia, and Dr. George
Bird Grinnell, New York; Secretary, Dr. T. S. Palmer,
1939 Biltmore Street, Washington, D.C.; and Treasurer,
Dr. Jonathan Dwight, New York. Five additions were
made to the list of Honorary Fellows, and 14 foreigu
ornithologists were enrolled as Corresponding Fellows, in-
eluding E. C. Stuart Baker, W. E. Collinge, Tom Iredale,
F.C. R. Jourdain, and N. F. Ticehurst. The Honorary
Fellows were Dr. Roberto Dabbene of Buenos Aires ;
Dr. Alwyn K. Haagner of Pretoria, Transvaal ; Dr. Einar
Lonnberg of Stockholm, Sweden ; M. Auguste Menegaux
of Paris; and Dr. Peter Suschkin of Kharkov, Russia. Five
new Members, Dr. Harold C. Bryant, George K. Cherrie,
Lieut. Ludlow Griscom, Lieut. J. L. Peters, and R. W.
Williams, and 147 Associates were added to the rolls.
Although the Union has had seventy-five of its younger
and more active members in military and naval services, it
has survived the war without suffering any decrease in its
membership, its imcome, or in the size of its journal. It has
not found it necessary to increase its dues, and the past year
has proved one of the most prosperous in its history.
The next meeting in 1919 will be held in New York City.
Annual General Meeting of the British Ornithologists’
Union.
The Annual General Meeting of the British Ornitholo-
gists’ Union fur 1919 was held on Wednesday, 12 March,
at the Offices of the Zoological Society of London.
Dr. W. Eagle Clarke, President, was in the Chair,
There were forty-six Members present.
The Minutes of the last Annual Meeting were read and
confirmed.
The Committee recommended that Mr. W. L. Sclater,
M.A., be re-elected Editor of *'The Ibis” for the succeeding
series, and that Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., be elected a
1919, | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 379
member of the Committee in the place of Lord Rothschild,
F'.R.S., who retires by seniority.
These recommendations were confirmed by the meeting.
The Annual Report of the Committee was read as
follows :—
“The Committee have pleasure in being able to report
that the financial situation on the Ist of January, 1919, was
very Satisfactory.
“Our credit balance was, on that date, £140 as against
£236 on the Ist of January, 1917, but in that year we had
an outstanding account of a little over £45, whereas this
vear we have an outstanding asset of just under £50.
Really, therefore, our balance is roughly £185 as against
LOO m9 7<
“There is, however, another item which calls for remark
in this year’s account, and that is the payment of £115 on
account of paper, as agaist under £50 in 1917. ‘This is
because we were obliged to buy at a very high figure
sufficrent paper to supply the issue of ‘The Ibis’ for 1918
aud to leave a certain reserve in hand for 1919. Before the
exhaustion of this supply, we anticipate a large drop ip the
cost of paper and a corresponding decrease in our payments
on account of the production of ‘The Ibis.’
“The accounts have been audited by Mr. Munt, and are
shown in the circular issued to all members.
“The total receipts in 1918 have been £716 as against
£850 in the previous twelve months. The reasons for the
decrease are principally the reduction in the sales of ‘The
Ibis, roughly €70, and the Jubilee Supplement, £59.
The cost of ‘The Ibis’ has been £688 17s. 10d. as against
£523 6s. 6d. in 1917. The reason for the greatly increased
cost is primarily, as already shown, due to the high price of
paper, but also on account of the increased cost of every
item connected with printing and publication,
“The present volume is the sixtieth and completes the
final volume of the tenth series. It contains 748 pages
and is illustrated with five coloured plates, five uncoloured
plates, and twelve text-figures.
374 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
“he sale of ‘The Ibis’ bas been well maintained,
although this year we have had no large demand for the
older back numbers. ‘There continues to be a certain
demand for the B.O. U. List of British Birds, and a few
copies have also been sold of the General Index, and Jubilee
Supplement.
“The Committee regret to report the deaths of the fol-
lowing members since the last Annnal General Meeting :-—
Professor Dr. L. Brasil, Mr. N. Chaplin, the Marchese
G. Doria, Mr. F. DuCane Godman, Colonel W. V. Legge,
Mr. J. GC. MeLean, Dr. G. Martorelli, Messrs. L. E.
Mouritz, T. A. Dorrien-Smith, and F. Sharman.
“Owing to the War and the loss of communications,
no information was received until recently of the death
of the Marchese G. Doria, which occurred in 1913.
‘We would especially wish to place on record at this
Annual General Meeting our profound regret at the great
loss sustained by the British Ornithologists’ Union together
with the whole scientific world, in the death of Mr. F.
Du Cane Godman, so many years Secretary and President
of the Union, of which he was one of the founders.
“The following gentlemen have resigned :— Messrs. J.
Backhouse, A. Chapman, W. W. Fowler, Rev. H. E. Fox,
J..E. Harting, W. Hartman, P. J. C. McGregor, G. A.
MacMillan, A. H. Macpherson, W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,
W. P. Pyeraft, and W. C. Wright.
“The names of Messrs. G. A. Booth, R. Patterson, and
J. Sargent have been removed from the List of Members
under Rule 6.
“The membership of the Union is given below in com-
parison with the previous five years :—
1919. 1918. 1917. 1916. 1915. 1914.
Ordinary Members... 415 425 416 420 441 438
Extraordinary . ... 1 1 1 l il
Honorary s, ib 8 9 9 9 i
Hon. Lady <3 8 8 9 8 6 6
Colonial 9 9 10 10 10
_—
(Js)
Ly
—S
—
ite)
=
=
iS
~~
S
js
Foreign
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 375
“There are 13 candidates for Ordinary Membership,
2 for Honorary Membership, 4 for Foreign Membership,
and 1 for Colonial Membership.”
Avising from the Report, Mr. A. Trevor-Battye moved
that it was desirable that there should be a memorial in
the Natural History Museum to the memory of the late
Mr. F. Du Cane Godman, and that the Committee of the
Union, together with Lord Rothschild and Mr. J. G.
Millais, should meet to consider how best this matter could
be carried out.
This was seconded by Mr. H. J. Elwes, who suggested
that the name of Mr. Salvin, for so many years the scientific
partner of Mr. Godman, should be associated with that of
Mr. Godman.
The motion was carried.
Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker then moved that the Union
should found a medal to be given from time to time for
distinguished Ornithological work, in memory of Messrs.
Godman and Salvin, and that the medal be called the
‘“* Godman-Salvin ” medal.
This was seconded by Mr. E. Bidwell, aud supported by
Lord Rothschild.
After some discussion it was agreed that this second
motion referred to the Union alone, but in the case of the
Memorial in the Museum, the other Scientific Societies
and bodies with which Mr. Godman was connected would
probably wish to join with the Union in carrying out the
Memorial.
The motion was carried unanimously.
Messrs. G. H. Lings and H. Massey were appointed
Scrutineers to superintend the Ballot.
The following 13 candidates tor Ordinary Membership
were then balloted for and elected :—
Geoffrey Frances Archer, C.M.G.
Edward Carleton Arnold.
Thomas Porter Backhouse.
SER. XI.—VOL, I. 2D
376 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ This,
Captain Wilham Kenneth Bigger, R.A.M.C.
Captain H. Brocklebank.
Edgar P. Chance.
Walter Edward Collinge, D.Se., M.Sc., F.LS.,
F.E.S.
Nina Johnstone Douglas.
Captain Tom George Longstaff.
The Rt. Hon. E. 8. Montagu, M.P.
Wesley Theodore Page, F.Z.S.
Theodore Richard Robinson.
The Hon. Guy Lawrence Wemyss-Charteris.
Mr. Leonhard Stejneger, C.M.Z.S., a Foreign Member,
was elected Honorary Member.
M. A. Menegaux was elected an Honorary Member.
Mr. Outram Bangs, Dr. Roberto Dabbene, Dr. Joseph
Grinnell, and Count Nils Gyldenstolpe were elected Foreign
Members.
Mr. Percy A. Taverner was elected a Colonial Member.
Mr. W. L. Sclater announced that the Committee of the
British Ornithologists’ Union had appointed a Special Com-
mittee to prepare and publish a new List of the Birds of the
World in conjunction with the American Ornithologists’
Union. .
The Special Committee proposed are :-—
Messrs. E. C. Stuart Baker, C. Chubb, W. Eagle
Clarke, E. Hartert, T, Iredale, G. M. Mathews,
Lord Rothschild, and W. L. Sclater.
The Committee has already met on several occasions and
has been in communication with the Secretary of the
American Ornithologists’ Union, who has replied that his
Union will gladly co-operate with the B. O. U. in preparing
the work. It is proposed to publish a series of six volumes
under the title of ‘Systema Avium,’ containing a list of
the birds of the six zoo-geographical regions, 7. e. Palearctic,
Indian, Ethiopian, Australian, Nearctic, and Neotropical.
A fuller notice of the proposed ‘Systema Avium’ will
191g. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 377
be found in the January number of this year’s ‘ Ibis’ on
page 164.
The scheme met with the cordial approval of the members
present.
Mr. H. M. Wallis made some remarks in regard to the
constitution of the Union, and stated that he believed that
it was the wish of a considerable body of the members
that the Committee of the Union should be enlarged and
at least three additional members appointed.
The statement was supported by the Rev. F. C. R.
Jourdain and others.
The Chairman announced that this matter would receive
the careful consideration of the Committee, and that the
matter would be discussed at the next Annual Meeting.
Dr. Coltart proposed a vote of thanks to the Zoological
Society for the use of their Meeting Rooms.
This was seconded by Mr. E. Bidwell and_ carried
unanimously.
A vote of thanks to the Auditor, Mr. Munt, was proposed
by Mr. H. Matthews and carried unanimously.
Mr. Meade Waldo proposed a vote of thanks to the
Chairman, which was also carried unanimously.
The usual dinner was held later in the evening at
Pagani’s Restaurant in conjunction with the British Orni-
thologists’ Club, and was largely attended.
The Ogilvie collection of British Birds.
The fine mounted collection of British Birds made by the
late Mr. Fergus Monteith Ogilvie, who died last year at
Oxford, has been presented by his widow to the Ipswich
Museum. ‘The birds are all set up in separate cases on
much the same plan as those in the Booth Museum now at
Brighton. These cases are 238 in number, and the birds
contained in about 150 of them were obtained in Suffolk,
378 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis, 1919.
They are beautifully mounted by Mr. Gunn of Norwich
with the natural backgrounds and surroundings.
Minute details of the circumstances of the capture of
each specimen were recorded by Mr. Ogilvie in a MS.
catalogue, and it is proposed to prepare a printed catalogue
from this for publication. The collection is a most valuable
addition to the Ipswich Museum and will greatly add to its
attractiveness.
At the same time Mr. Ogilvie had made a very extensive
collection ef British Birds in skin, chiefly among the Shore-
and Water-birds. This collection, consisting of over 1200
specimens, has been presented to the British Museum by
Mrs. Ogilvie, and is a most valuable addition to the
bird-room. ‘The collection of British Birds in skin in
the British Museum has never been worthy of that
institution, and the Ogilvie collection will certaimly do
much to remedy this detect.
AN INDISPENSABLE WORK. NOW. READY.
| Practical Handbook
British Birds
EDITED BY H. F. WITHERBY, F.Z5., M.B.O.U.
EDITOR OF ERITISH BIRDS (MAG)).
Authors of the Various Sections :
PENoD HARPER T,. PHD." M.BIO.U-
ANNIE C. JACKSON, H.M.B.O.U.
Rev. F. C. R. JOURDAIN, M.A., M.B.O.U.
C. OLDHAM, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
NORMAN F. TICEHURST, M.A., F.R.C.S., M.B.O.U.
AND THE EDITOR.
Illustrated with My, Gf Practical
Coloured Plates Ay * fe ss Original
Half-tones — ie = Ww Up-to-date.
and Numerous a 2 Ss Price 4s. net
Text Figures. eae alae per part.
FULL PROSPECTUS AND COLOURED PLATE POST FREE.
WITHERBY @& CO., 326, High Holborn, London.
IN EIGHTEEN PARTS
Part 1 (p.i-xvi, 1-69. March 3rd, 1919
XVI.
XX.
. A note on the Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region, ace
CONTENTS.
. Some Notes on Hieraaétus ayresi Gurney Sen. (Lophotri-
orchis lucani Sharpe et auctorum). By C. G. Fryen-
Davies, Lt. Ist S.A.M.R., M.B.0.U. (Plate IIT.)
. Note on certain recently described Subspecies of Wood-
peckers. By H. C. Rosryson, M.B.O.U., C.M.Z.S.
. Some Notes on Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. By
E. C. Srvarr Barer, M.B.O.U.
. Notes on Birds observed in Palestine. By nie AysG
- Stanen, M.C., R.E., M.B.0.U.. (Plate IV.)
W. L. Scrarer, M.B.O.U. (Plate V.)
. Notes on Collections of Birds in the British Museum, from
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Part II.
Podicipedifor wrath if CHARLES wicks
F.Z.8., M.B.0.U.
List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed
reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental
Turdide—Hirundinide. By Davip
A. Bannerman, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.0O.U.,-F.R.GS.
. Notes on the Height at which Birds migrate. By Capt.
Cottinewoop Incram, M.B.O.U.
: Obituary: F. D. Godman (Plate VI.); Theodore Roose- -
velt ; The Marchese Doria; L. Brasil
. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Bangs on various birds; Flower and Nicoll on Bird-
protection in Egypt ; Lonnberg ona Linnean type; Mathews
onthe Birds of Australia ; Riley’ s recent papers; Shufeldt
on the Hoatzin ; Taverner on Canadian Hawks; Wetmore’s
recent papers; Witherby’s new book on British Birds; Bird-
Lore; Bird Notes; Phe Condor; Fauna och Flora; Irish
Naturalist ; Journal Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam; Revue Francaise
Ornithologie ; Rivista Ital. di Ornitologia ; Scottish
Naturalist; and List of other Ornithological Publications
received
Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letters from Mr. W. P. t.owe on the Control of New
Species and Subspecies; Col. R. Meinertzhagen on Migration
and Aviation; Dr. Lénnberg on the Names of the Song-
Thrush: and the Redwing; Col. Rattray on the Indian
Peregrine Faleon; Mr, J. HH. Gurney on Gannet Settlements
in Newfoundland: Annual Meeting of the American Ornitho-
logists’ Union; Annual Gancoak Meeting of the British
Ornithologists’ Union; The Ogilvie coliection of British
Birds
Page
. 256
@
nse
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XXI.—A preliminary Study of the Relation between Geo-
graphical Distribution and Migration with special reference
to the Palearctic Region. By Lieut.-Col. R. Mernertz-
HAGEN, M.B.O.U.
In studying the migration of birds we cannot confine
ourselves to a narrow view of dates of arrival, weather-
influence on migration, routes of migration, etc., but are
necessarily compelled to enquire into other ornithogical
problems which directly influence migration, such as the
questions of Moult, Sustenance on Migration, and others,
among which the problem of Geographical Distribution is
all-important.
Until quite recently the study of migration was built on
a sea of theories, sometimes based on no evidence and at
other times based on insufficient data. Many authors had
generalized on purely local facts, and attempted to apply
to all birds a principle which was only manifest in a
single species at some isolated lighthouse or on some
island-observatory. The interpretation of facts was often
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SER. XI.—VOL. I. 2E
380 Lieut.-Col. R. Meinertzhagen on [ Ibis,
By applying existing theories to migration in general,
it was found that they were usually only applicable to a
particular species at one particular spot, and it became
apparent that until a fairly comprehensive grasp could be
got of the migration of each species throughout its range, we
should not progress to any great degree.
The rules governing the migration of a species in Great
Britain need not necessarily apply to that same species
when passing from its summer quarters in other parts of the
world to, say, India or Egypt. Each species contains many
communities, and even very small local colonies, whose
summer and winter homes and routes of migration are
governed by laws which are almost individualistic. Not
only each species and subspecies, but every small colony or
family of birds presents on occasions a separate problem,
the solution of which may differ in accordance with the
many varied laws governing the migratory habit. In this.
connection it is interesting to quote Whitlock (‘ Migration
of Birds,’ final paragraph) :—
‘“« Every species, nay, every little clan of birds has its
own migratory history, resembling as a whole the
story of the common flight, but on the other hand
differing in many points in its minor details.”
Before, then, the migration of any species can be studied
as a whole, a detailed knowledge of its Geographical
Distribution will be necessary, and in grappling with this
question we are at once confronted with the question of
Subspecies or Geographical Representatives.
A Subspecies is an incipient species and is evolved ad
initio from exactly the same causes asaspecies. The causes
of variation in species or subspecies may be roughly sum-
marized as follows :—We may attribute variation in size to
the quantity or quality of food, variation in structure to
some essential habit developed in the daily search for food
(it 1s hoped to show at some future date that length of wing
is not dependent on length of migration, but on daily habit),
special decorative development to courtships uecessitating |
1919.] Geographical Distribution and Migration. 381
nuptial display, the thickness or extent of the feathered
regions to climate, and variation in colour to climate or
local surroundings or food. A high temperature, a dry
atmosphere, and a bright light seem to produce that bleached
effect usual in desert forms. A temperate climate, moist air,
and a dull sky tend to dark plumage. Alpine and Arctic
forms display more white than is noticeable in the same bird
from farther south or from lower altitudes ; though we see
in the case of Corvus cornix capellanus the brilliant glare of
the Persian Gulf having the same effect on plumage as the
glare from the Arctic snows has on many northern forms.
It is curious that it is the influence of the breeding-
quarters which causes differentiation, the winter-quarters
and regions traversed on migration having little effect on
coloration or structure. Wide-ranging and common species
show the most variation, so long as their breeding-area is
net restricted, as in some of the Polar breeding-species.
It therefore seems likely that it is the nursery which tends
to differentiation. This is most remarkable in such birds
as Cuculus canorus and Micropus apus, whose uursery-life
scarcely extends to a quarter of the whole year, and among
which several well-marked geographical forms exist which
in some cases share a common winter-quarters.
But it seems by no means proved that the breeding-
quarters of a species is necessarily its real home, though it
is undeniable that the present breeding-quarters of a species
produces the homing influence on spring migration.
Seebohm (Geogr. Dist. of the Charadriide) has already
pointed out that it is possible that the present winter-
quarters of migratory birds breeding in northern latitudes
coincide with the old breeding-quarters of the same bird’s
ancestors in the Post-Plocene Glacial Period. It seems
probable that a species with a confined breeding-area and an
extensive range in winter had its original home in the con-
fined breeding-area to which it is most attached, for this area
is much more exact and local in influencing the bird’s life,
and becomes the focus of its migrations. On the other hand,
it may be that a species with a wide breeding-range and a
REQ
382 Lieut.-Col. R. Meimertzhagen on [ Ibis,
confined winter-quarters was originally evolved in its
present winter-quarters, which retains the hereditary at-
traction due to the love of a bird for its old home. In this
and in other ways geographical distribution, when closely
studied, will be found to be most suggestive of a bird’s past
migratory history.
In this connection it is interesting to note that, though a
particular form of bird chooses for its winter-quarters an
infinite variety of climate, in most cases the breeding-
quarters in the breeding-season show no great variation of
climate, though these may cover a vast latitudinal area.
The much-debated question of trinomials is outside the
scope of this paper. The value, however, of subspecies to
the student of migration is immense, and the more a species
can be split into geographical forms the easier becomes its
migration problem and the determination of its correct
geographical distribution. Throughout the southern part of
the Palzarctic Region we frequently find more than one
form of a single species wintering in the same area, and
with the help of subspecific differences, however small or
distasteful to the conservative binomial ornithologist, we can
at once recognize the breeding-area of the bird in question
and its probable migration-route, provided we have reliable
information regarding its geographical distribution.
Geographical distribution includes, in the case of
migratory birds, the breeding-area, the winter-quarters, and
the routes of migration connecting these areas in spring and
autumn. Very few species in the Palearctic Region can be
classified as true residents throughout all seasons, though
many might appear to fulfil the conditions of a resident
species until their movements are closely studied. A dis-
regard of the importance of a species’ distribution at all
seasons has largely discounted the value of many ornitholo-
gical works and papers, for the mere meution of a species
occurring at a certain locality, without date or further
detail, does not really advance our knowledge of the geo-
graphical distribution of that species, but rather confuses it
and encourages misleading deductions.
1919.| Geographical Distribution and Migration. 383
In writings on the birds collected in a certain area we
frequently see a great amount of detailed description of the
birds collected, their wing-measurements, etc., and, except
for the number of specimens obtained and their sexes, no
further detail. A rough guess can be made at the date of
collection from the time of year during which the collection
was made, but this even is often impossible. There is rarely
any indication as to whether the species was common or
whether the specimens collected were the only ones observed,
whether the bird was resident, on passage, or in winter-
quarters. Again, how frequently the major value of a paper
is lost by failure to grasp the importance of assigning sub-
specific value to those specimens which represent geographical
races. The occurrence of the Song-Thrush in Portugal is of
little value without knowledge as to whether the bird is of
the British or Continental race; or, again, the passage of the
Redstart in Egypt or Palestine loses its importance without
a determination of its subspecific rank, which alone helps us
in studying the bird’s distribution and migration.
It is perhaps ungenerous thus to criticise the great efforts
made by Field and Museum Naturalists, but the writer
himself being an offender in this respect, reference is made
to this most important point in the hopes of stimulating
further effort to gain the maximum results from the
slaughter of such beautiful creatures as birds, to enable us
to interpret correctly the many and varied facts with which
Nature presents us, and to solve the complex problems of
distribution and migration. No killing of birds can be justi-
fied merely to compile a list of species obtained in a certain
locality. Careful field-notes by the collector and an accurate
determination of subspecific rank (where this exists) by the
man who works out the collection can alone justify its
formation. A mere list of birds likely to be found in
almost any part of the world could be compiled by any
studious ornithologist in the library of the Zoological Society
in Regent’s Park, without a visit to the locality in question
and without taking the life of a single bird.
Neither are we dealing with a science which is stationary.
~e@-
384 Lieut.-Col. R. Meinertzhagen on [ Ibis,
Geographical distribution and migration have been in the
past, are now, and always will be fluctuating, sometimes
imperceptibly, sometimes by leaps and bounds. The same
applies to the geographical races of a species, As distribu-
tion and migration alter, so do subspecies become evolved,
usually very gradually, but sometimes within the lifetime
of man. But the problems remain constant, and the laws
which govern these problems change but little.
The extent of the geographical distribution or range of a
species, on which largely hinges the differentiation in both
species and subspecies, is due to :—
1. Gradual expansion or contraction.
2. Periodic and regular migration.
3. Sporadic migration, invasion, or extensive wanderings.
4. Human agency, direct or indirect.
A few cases will be taken to illustrate these problems
which so closely link Distribution, Migration, and Differenti-
ation among birds.
1. Gradual expansion or contraction.
Birds have been known to gradually extend their range
into every point of the compass, and it will probably be found
that normal expansion radiates from the bird’s original home.
It is interesting to note that the Charadriide are believed by
Seebohm to have originated in the north, and the Swallows
have been credited with an early home not far removed from
the tropics.
But it is more recent and current movement which now
concerns us.
An example of gradual expansion to the south is well
illustrated by the range of the Crested Lark (Galerida
cristata and its subspecies), whose original home was
probably central and western Asia. ‘This species has now
amplified its distribution from France to Corea, and south to
Sierra Leone and Senegambia on the west coast of Africa
and Abyssinia and Somaliland on the east coast, and to
Ceylon. It would appear from an examination of this
1919.] Geographical Distribution and Migration. 385
distribution that expansion has followed coast-lines, which,
as pointed out by Hartert (Novit. Zool. xx. 1913, p. 76),
is a tendency not only among migratory but among such
sedentary species as the White Ow], Chough, Cirl-Bunting,
and others. But here, in the case of Galerida cristata, we
see expansion and differentiation progressing concurrently ;
and there can be little doubt that the Crested Lark, a hardy
species capable of residence in the snows of central Europe
and Asia or in the heat of the Red Sea littoral, will not
check its expansion till the Cape Seas arrest its progress.
Its advent on the west coast of Europe is probably of com-
parative recent date, for it has never established itself in
Great Britain, though there can be little doubt it would have
done so during the last century if its efforts had not been
checked by the greed for rare birds.
The Shore-Lark (Hremophila alpestris flava), which in
comparatively recent times has become a common breeding-
species in Arctic Norway, affords a good illustration of
gradual expansion to the west. At the same time as ex-
pansion of breeding-range, these birds opened out a new line
of migration about 1847 (Gaetke) and became a common bird
of passage at Heligoland in spring andautumn. This fact is
of particular interest, as other northern species (Phylloscopus
borealis borealis, Anthus gustavi, and Emberiza pusilla) have,
in spite of westward extension of their breeding-range, rigidly
adhered to their ancient migration-route and winter-quarters
in south-east Asia. Cooke (‘Migration of Birds,’ p. 6) further
illustrates the phenomenon of westward extension in the
Bobolink, which species rigidly adhered to its ancient
migration-route though adding 1000 miles to its line of
flight.
Gradual expansion to the north can be found in the case
of the Greater Spotted Woodpecker in Great Britain and in
the case of Passer moabiticus moabiticus. This latter bird,
formerly confined to the south end of the Dead Sea, 1s
now commonly found in the Jordan Valley at the north
end of the Dead Sea and will doubtless extend to Galilee.
Eastward expansion, though the example must be taken
386 Lieut.-Col. R. Meinertzhagen on [ Ibis,
from outside the Palearctic Region, is well illustrated by
the Grey Parrot in Equatorial Africa. This bird, formerly
unknown much east of Uganda, has rapidly extended its
range across the Mau Plateau and Rift Valley, and will ere
long find itself on Mount Kenya and thence to the east
coast of Africa.
Gradual contraction of range from natural causes may be
due to meteorological or climatic conditions. Gaetke (‘ Birds
of Heligoland’”) quotes the erosion of the Heligoland cliffs
as partly destroying the breeding-haunts of the Guillemot
and Razorbill. A cyclone in Mauritius almost exterminated
the local species of Martin. The sudden rising of water on
an artificial lake in Baluchistan completely destroyed many
dozens of nests of a Grebe, together with many hundreds of
their eggs, and the whole colony of breeding-birds moved
that night and have not since returned to that lake as a
breeding-species.
Or contraction may be due to inability to establish a
migratory habit, which we see after severe winters among
some of our own resident forms; or to an insufficiently
developed migratory habit, as with certain communities of
Redwings, Fieldfares, and Starlings, who perish in the
south of England and Ireland in very severe weather rather
than continue their passage to south-western Europe, as do
other communities of the same species who have developed
an increased migratory line of flight.
Or contraction may be due to expansion in range of some
other species which becomes an evicting factor. The Jack-
daw is believed to have been largely responsibie for driving
the Chough from the cliffs of southern and western England.
The House-Sparrow, in extending its range in Russian Tur-
kestan, has supplanted the Tree-Sparrow, and has evicted
the House- and Sand-Martin from many nesting-haunts in
England. The Puffin has replaced the Manx Shearwater
in some of the islands of the Inner Hebrides.
Food-supply will also contract the range of a species,
though this is usually only a temporary inconvenience,
1919.) Geographical Distribution and Migration. 387
Gradual contraction among non-migratory species will
eventually produce interrupted distribution, extermination,
or isolation. Of the first of these conditions Sitta canadensis
occurring in Corsica, China, and America, Cyanopica cyanus
in Spain and Eastern Asia, and Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
with its reported isolated colony in Abyssinia, afford good
examples.
Isolation will in its turn most assuredly produce differ-
entiation. In these three above-quoted cases, there can be
little doubt that the isolated colonies emanated from the
same parental stock and that they primarily emigrated from
the same area. As in Mesopotamia we find derelict remains
of ancient civilization, such as the banks of some Babylonian
canal, cropping up at sometimes great intervals and only
giving us a general clue to a once-huge work, so we find
among some species, derelict groups or forms cropping up
in widely-separated parts of the world as landmarks of some
bygone migration or continuous distribution.
Such gradual movements as are outlined above, when
undertaken by what are commonly believed to be resident
species, represent in fact incipient migration or movements
from which a strong migratory habit has since developed in
other species.
2. Periodic and regular migration.
We see periodic and regular migration effecting changes in
breeding-area in certain species of Palearctic birds. We find
the Bee-eater (Merops apiaster) taking advantage of South
African conditions and establishing breeding-colonies there
(Stark and Sclater, ‘Fauna of South Africa, Birds,’ 11. p. 59).
That this species breeds regularly in Algeria and Egypt is
beyond question, and it seems possible that it also breeds
in the northern Sahara (Novit. Zool. xvii. 1911, p. 524,
xx. 1913, p. 60). It is not then surprising to find them
nesting in South Africa, where conditions are more favour-
able than in North Africa. But it is not inferred that this
bird breeds twice a year, once in its normal summer haunts
and again in its winter haunts. It is more likely that the
388 Lieut.-Col. R. Meinertzhagen on [ Ibis,
colonies which breed in South Africa are resident com-
munities who have dropped the migratory habit as redundant
to their life. .
Again, we find the Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus) nesting
in tropical East Africa (Van Someren), and the writer
observed the young of this species with their parents on the
Kajiado River near Nairobi in 1915. The Pratincole is
reported to have bred in a colony near Durban in November
1917 (Ibis, 1908, p..3885), Geoffroy’s Sand-Plover is sus-
pected of breeding in Somaliland (Archer) and the Swallow
(Hirundo r. rustica) in Uganda and on Kilimanjaro.
It is held that these cases of expansion of the breeding-
range are directly attributable to migration, as they all
oceur among species in which the migratory instinct is
strongly developed. Whether or no these instances are
eases of incipient isolation remains to be seen. If this is
the case, we shall get differentiation, as in the case of Corvus
cornix, the Hooded Crow, which has two communities, in
Egypt and on the Persian Gulf, both of which have lost the
migratory habit, and one of which has assumed considerable
differentiation.
It has been stated (Eagle Clark, ‘ Migration of Birds,’ i.
pp. 15-17) that southern tropical regions are not suited as a
nursery for the hardy northern birds, and if breeding were
attempted in such regions the species would become extinct.
Facts do not entirely support this view, though doubtless
it is true as a broad principle. We have already referred
to the Hooded Crow, an essentially hardy northern species
and one of the few birds remaining in Arctic Norway in
winter, as breeding under one form (Corvus capellanus)
on the shores of the Persian Gulf, one of the hottest parts
of the world and eclipsing the heat of any part: of tropical
Africa, while yet another undifferentiated form is resident
in Egypt and northern Sinai. We find a Swallow (//irundo
saviynii) breeding in Egypt, various forms of the White Owl
and Kestrel throughout the tropics of Asia and Africa, and
other birds such as Sazicola torquata, the Stonechat, with
geographical races equally at home from the Arctic Regions
to Cape Town.
1919.| Geographical Distribution and Migration. 389
All such distribution, as illustrated in this last paragraph,
is due either to gradual emigration or to a regular migratory
habit at some remote period, and has depended for its success
on the initial capacity of a species to adapt itself to new
surroundings, which was possibly a case of necessity in the
earliest attempt.
In this connection it would be interesting to ascertain
whether the same species, when nesting in tropical countries,
lays fewer eggs in the clutch and rears more broods in the
season than the same bird in more northern climes. The
Biackbird is said (Chapman, ‘ Wild Spain’) to lay but three
eggs in Spain, to raise three broods in Tangier (Favier), whilst
in the Canaries the local Blackbird (Turdus m. cabrere) lays
very few eggs in the clutch (Ibis, 1912, p. 597). The Wren
( Troglodytes), a prolific breeder in northern climes, appears to
lay but four eggs in the normal clutch in Sicily (Ibis, 1912,
p. 171). Is such the case among other species which have
tropical representatives? The point is submitted to the many
distinguished zoologists whose vast collections might help
to solve the problem. Is the normal clutch regulated by the
capacity of the parents to feed the young (or water the young,
in the case of Sand-Grouse), or by the limits of brooding-sur-
face on the parent’s abdomen, or by the normal mortality in
the species, or by what? Even such questions have influence
on migration and distribution, for it is by no means certain
whether birds go to the Arctic Regions for reproduction, on
account of their ancient love for home, or to enable them
to get sufficiently long days to collect a satisfactory supply of
food for their offspring, or whether merely because the
Arctic Regions offer a more prolific food-supply than more
southern regions. If either of the two latter causes are
correct, we should expect to find the Charadriide and
Anatidz which breed in the tropics to lay fewer eggs in the
clutch than those which breed in northern Europe. We know
that a plethora of food reflects itself on reproduction (¢f.
Snowy Owls and Rough-legged Buzzards in Lemming-years
in Scandinavia, and the increase of Hyzenas after wholesale
deaths among natives in East Africa).
390 Lieut.-Col. R. Meinertzhagen on [Ibis,
3. Sporadic migration, invasion, or extensive
wanderings.
The well-known invasions of Syrrhaptes need no comment.
That they would lead to eventual permanent colonization is
almost certain, but so far the species has never had a fair
chance. There is no reason, however, why the wide dis-
tributions of Pterocles arenarius or P. senegallus should not
have been initiated by colonization after sudden invasion,
for the Sand-Grouse as a group are essentially wanderers in
search of suitable and rather specialized food, seeming to
pride themselves on erratic movement and ignoring any
seasonal lines of flight, which, generally speaking, constitutes
migration ; though in some spots they are particularly regular
on migration, as is the case with P. arenarius of northern
India.
The Rose-coloured Starling, aptly described as a veritable
gipsy among birds, gives us a further illustration of coloni-
zation (in Italy and elsewhere) after invasion; and the
various subspecific colonies of the Crossbill (Lowia curvi-
rostra) in the Mediterranean region might equally be due to
colonization after irruption at some remote date, as opposed
to either gradual expansion or regular migration, though
the accuracy of such a theory to account for their present
distribution is by no means certain.
4. Human agency, direct or indirect.
The introduction of such species as the Pheasant, Goldfinch,
and Starling to various parts of the world will suffice to
illustrate expansion of range due to direct human agency.
In the case of the Goldfinch, we find in the Bermudas
that the bird has already established for itself a differen-
tiation entitling it to subspecific rank. In the case of the
introduction of the Starling to Cape Town, it is interesting
to note that the species has abandoned the migratory habit
and has become a pure resident, not even congregating into
flocks in winter.
Contraction of distribution under this heading is the sad
story of extermination, being generally confined to species
1919.| Geoyraphical Distribution and Migration. 391
having a very local breeding-area, such as the Passenger-
Pigeon, Esquimaux Curlew, and Labrador Duck, or to
species which, having a large range, are unable to resist
slaughter at all seasons. Systematic egg-stealing under the
cloak of science, but which in reality is the travesty of
science, is also responsible for such contraction of range, as
in the case of so many birds which have within the last
century ceased to be included among British breeding-species.
Indirect human agency has increased the _ breeding-
range of certain species, though only in a minor degree.
The re-afforestation of land and artificial sheets of water
have, no doubt, helped in this manner, though in most cases
it has been a case of re-establishment. The carrying of
migratory birds on ships comes under this heading.
In like manner has interference with terrain, such as the
draining of the Fens, contracted the breeding-range of
birds. The introduction of a destructive element has had
similar effect, as in the case of the arrival of the pig in
Mauritius which completed the sad fate of the Dodo, or the
great mortality among sea-birds from the torpedoing of a
tank-steamer and the resultant film of oil spread over vast
areas of sea.
From these examples it will readily be seen how closely
related are migration, distribution, and differentiation among
birds. Without the framework of distribution the study of
migration can only lead to theory. Hach separate species
or subspecies must be studied, if possible throughout its
range, and then we shall arrive at facts from which the
whole narrative of migration can be read. No two species
which have a similar geographical distribution are known
to have similar migratory habits. We even get, among birds
of the same species, vast differences in migratory habit,
hence the great importance of detailed study.
The task is gigantic, and though no one human life can
hope to complete the work, a combined effort by all field-
naturalists and collectors, with the very great assistance
supplied by the various organizations in Britain, America,
392 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
and on the Continent for the study of local movement, not
to mention that most valuable of all schemes—the “ ringing”
of birds,—will go far to building up an editice grounded on
solid facts, whose completion we must leave to future gene-
rations of enthusiasts.
Finally, it must be clear to any reader of this rather frag-
mentary paper that no exhaustive or complete study of the
subject has been attempted. Many points connected with
the relation between distribution and migration have been
merely suggested, in the hopes that such preliminary mention
will stimulate ideas on this, the most attractive phase of an
absorbing science.
XXII.—On Birds from South Annam and Cochin China.
Part I. Puastanip#—Camropnacip&. By Herserr C.
Rozinson, M.B.O.U., and C. Bopen Kuoss, M.B.O.U.
(Plates VII.-XI. & Text-figure 3.)
Narrative of the Journey.
By C. Bopren Kuoss.
Ir is now several years ago since I determined some day to
pay a visit to the Langbian region in French Indo-China,
partly because it is evidently a most attractive country,
little known to English travellers, and partly because there
is to be found there that mountain-area, still zoologically
unexplored, which is most remote from the fairly well-
known upland regions of Burma and Yunnan. I hoped, as
the few specimens secured by Mrs. Vassal seemed to indicate
and as has proved to be the case, that a rich harvest of
novelties would be obtained by the first serious zoological
explorer. Early in 1918 my opportunity came with three
months’ local leave.
The Langbian Plateau (text-figure 3) is situated in
southern Annam, and Dalat, the little settlement at its
southern side, is about 45 miles distant from Phanrang, a
coast town of some local importance in lat. 11° 35’ N., 51° W.
1919.] from South Annam and Cochin China. 393
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Sketch-map of part of southern Annam to show the localities
visited by Mr. Kloss.
394. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ ibis,
After two or three days in Saigon, occupied with local
arrangements, I Jeft with three Dyak collectors on 9 March,
1918,in company with my friend Dr. Malcolm Smith, who had
come from Bangkok to obtain a change of air and to collect
reptiles and batrachians. He brought two native assistants,
so that with our boys we were a party of nine and had with
us a great quantity of baggage of various kinds—camping-
outfit, collecting-apparatus and materials, food, and some
warm clothing for the mountains. Late at night we reached
Tour Cham, a railway-station some 200 miles from Saigon
and four or five inland from Phanrang. The farther north-
east we got from Saigon the drier the country and the less
luxuriant the vegetation became, until towards the end of the
day’s journey it was strongly reminiscent of South African
scenery.
At Tour Cham we stopped a couple of nights to make
arrangements for further progress and do a little collecting ;
and on my way homewards I remained there from the 19th
to the 24th of May for the latter purpose and also to visit
Nhatrang farther north along the coast, where there is a
famous Cham temple and the Pasteur Institute directed by
Dr. Yersin. At Nhatrang had lived also Dr. and Mrs. Vassal,
to whom we owe the first knowledge of the fauna of the
Langbian Hills. It was the latter’s interesting book ‘On
and off Duty in Annam’ which gave me the idea of visiting
this region.
In May the dry season was just ending at Tour Cham,
and the time was very unfavourable for collecting; the heat
(over 90° F. in the shade), after our rapid descent from the
cool climate of the mountains, was very oppressive and the
country was much burnt up. The cracked earth was
covered with short dry grass, grey-brown in colour and
slippery to walk on, and was dotted with small, thorny,
almost leafless shrubs ; the hills in the neighbourhood were
rocky and almost bare, and one might best compare the
general aspect with some portions of Mashonaland. This is
the appearance of the country for some distance south of
Phanrang, with, in addition, sand-dunes along the coast.
lois: LOTS eile Vas
FORESTAT DABAN 650 ft. PHANRANG, SOUTH ANNAM:
VITTY & SEABORNE
LONDON
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LANGBIAN PEAKS AND PLATEAU, SOUTH ANNAM.
PART OF THE LANGBIAN PLATEAU, SOUTH ANNAM.
VITTY & SEABORNE
LONDON
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CAMP? Ar DALAT, 5,000 it, LANGBIAN PEATEAU.
CAMP OND LHE LANGBIAN PEAKS -AP °6;000° at
VITTY & SEABORNE
LONDON
191 9. | from South Annam and Cochin China, 393
These are inhabited by enormous numbers of the beautiful
lizard Liolepis beiliana, which the Annamites trap for food ;
towards Nhatrang the country improves.
Birds were not numerous in species, of which 29 were
obtained, though some were numerous in individuals ; such
were :—
Turnix pugnax rostrata, Pycnonotus blanfordi, Mixornis
rubricapilla connectens, Copsychus saularis musicus, Crypsi-
rhina varians, Buchanga atra cacoetha, Sturnia malabarica
nemoricola, Asthiopsar cristatellus brevipennis, Graculipica
nigricollis, Passer flaveolus, and Mirafra assamica marione.
The little Minivet, Pericrocotus peregrinus, had been quite
common in March, but in May we only succeeded in
obtaining two examples.
From Tour Cham the route to Dalat lay in a general
north-westerly diréction all the way. We left at daybreak on
12 March and travelled by a little branch railway running
towards the mountains and terminating after twenty-five
miles at Xomgom. I had been rather perturbed by the
appearance of Tour Cham, but as we proceeded the vegeta-~
tion improved until at Xomgom we were in forest : though
tropical, it was not equatorial, and it appeared quite open and
penetrable after the dense Malayan jungle from which T had
just come, as there was no crowded undergrowth.
After some hours’ delay and a good deal of walking about
under the midday sun, we obtained some bullock-wagons and
hand-carts for the baggage and continued onwards for four
miles to the Annamite village of Daban, situated within the
foot of the mountain-range at a height of 650 ft. Here we
pitched our camp on the bank of the Kronfa River, which
rises on the plateau of Dran above and enters the sea at
Phanrang, and remained there for a fortnight. The early
morning temperature was about 65° F., and though in the
afternoon it sometimes rose to 90° in the shade this was not
unpleasant owing to the dryness of the air.
Birds were fairly numerous, but some of them, like Wood-
peckers, were hard to get, as the forest was so open and so
carpeted with dead dry leaves, which cracked beneath the
SHR VOn. E. oP
396 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
feet, that they would take to flight while beyond gunshot.
Along the river there was some green undergrowth, but it
was almost deserted; the prevailing colour of the foliage
was yellow and pink, but when I came back in May every-
thing was clothed with a beautiful tender green.
" We got 102 species here, some of which came from heights
up to 1500 ft. Jungle-fowl and the Pheasant, Diardigallus
diardi, were numerous, as was the Collared Dove ; on the _
hill sides I shot two specimens of the beautiful Pygmy Hawk
Microhierax eutolmus, and the little Owl Glauctdium cucu-
loides sometimes perched in the branches above the camp.
A common, but hitherto rarely collected bird was the Great
Barbet, Megalema lagrandieri; 1 got here also Gecinulus
grantia, which has only once been recorded from French
Indo China, G. erythropygius, and Chrysophlegma flavinucha
prerrei. Other interesting occurrences were Thereiceryx
flavostrictus, Chloropsis aurifrons inornata, a new form of
Xanthiscus jlavesceus, lole olivacea cinnamomeoventris, Garru-
lax moniliger mouhoti, a new race of Herpornis xantholeuca,
Ampeliceps coronatus, and Atthopyga siparaja tonkinensis,
On 29 March I started to transfer my camp some five
or six miles uphill, but, owing to an insufficient supply of
carriers (Moi men and women from the mountains), two
journeys had to be made.
Above Daban the mountains rise steeply, and at 2700 ft.
the first pine occurs ; at 3000 ft. is reached the edge of the
first plateau or shelf in the mountains, and from a spot
called Bellevue at the edge a glorious view is obtained down
the slopes and across the plain to the coastal hills and the
sea. The country at and above 3000 ft. is principally pine-
forest (Pinus Khasya and Pinus Merkusii) and grass-land,
but in the gulleys occur stretches of leafy non-coniferous
jungle.
With pine-clad hills rising to 4000 ft. close by to the
north, from which a few specimens came, we settled down in
an empty house in the Annamite village of Suoi-kat, about
a mile and a half from Bellevue; but I have labelled all
my collections as made at Dran, which is a Government
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 397
post about four miles farther west across the level country,
because, while the surroundings are similar, it is a much
better known place than Suoi-kat, a place-name which also
occurs frequently in Annam.
I collected in this pleasant locality and climate on the
first occasion from March 29 to April 1, and then, in order
to escape as much as possible of the coming wet season at
high levels, left for Dalat ; but on the return journey we
worked this station again from May 9 to 18, when it seemed
much warmer and there was almost constant rain from
midday to midnight.
Ninety-seven species of birds were obtained altogether,
more or less at the 3000 ft. level. A number of them were
similar to those collected at Daban ; but amongst interesting
forms secured at this altitude, many of which were also taken
higher up before I came back to Dran and worked it the
second time, were Sphenocercus sphenurus, Pitta nepalensis
soror, Pitta cyanea, Volvocivora polioptera, Hemixus davisoni,
Garrulax vassali, Pyctorhis sinensis, Drymocataphus ignotus
cinnamomeus, Henicurus guttatus, Calliope calliope, Suya
crinigera cookei, Parus monticolus, Sitta nagaensis, Chalco-
paria singalensis koratensis, and new species or races of
Arboricola brunneipectus, Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus, Cyanops
oortt, Niltava grandis, Garrulax, Stactocichla merulinus,
Pomatorhinus olivaceus, Turdinulus epilepidotus, Alcippe
nepalensis, Stachyris nigriceps, Siva sordida, Cutia nepalensis,
Pterythius eralatus, Mesia argentaurus, Atgithaliscus, Loxia
curvirostris, and Aithopyga sanguineipectus.
Dran is situated on the Danhim River, one of several
headwaters of the Donnai, all of which rise near the Langbian
Peaks, while the Donnai enters the Saigon River just above
that town. From Dran a road of 45 miles runs to Djiring,
3000 ft., which hes about W.S.W. 4° S. and for more than
half the way follows the Danhim River, which it crosses at
an altitude of about 2700 ft. While at Dalat, Smith and I
made a flying trip to Djiring for the purpose of seeing the
country. We dropped rapidiy down the mountain-side to
Prenn at 3000 ft., and after a few miles along the valley of
2F2
398 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
the Datam River arrived at the Danhim near the junction
of the Dran and Dalat roads. From Dran to Djiring the
road runs through a broad continuous valley and plateau,
undulating very slightly and passing through grass-land,
scrub, and many kinds of forest. In the neighbourhood of
Djiring, which is a large Moi* centre, there are considerable
areas under rice and much scrub-land, apparently the result
of former cultivation. Here I picked up three birds not _
met with elsewhere :—Caprimulgus macrurus albonotatus,
Urocissa occipitalis magnirostris, and Pavo muticus.
It is possible that the fauna of this district differs some-
what from that of Dran, and I would recommend it to
anyone who contemplates a visit to the Langbian region.
Djiring is connected by a good road of fifty miles with the
railway near Phantiet: to the north is the mountain of Tao
Duong, a fine hill which is quite isolated and appears to be
of larger area than the Langbian Peaks and possibly higher ;
it rises from the plateau of Cagne, 3000 ft., north of the
Donnai River, and its foot is within two days’ march.
Two routes led from Dran to Dalat, the valley road along
the Danhim and Datam Rivers mentioned above, and a
second and shorter track ascending immediately from Dran
and running in a north-westerly direction over the lulls for
about twenty-one miles. Along the latter we marched
through pines on 2 April, rismg in about four miles to
5400 ft: at Arbre Broyé.
At this spot there was a stretch of green mixed forest, and,
as ] was told later that a species of Pheasant occurred there
which I had not obtained, one of my collectors worked the
place while L was staying for the second time at Dran, but
‘he failed to secure the Pheasant or any birds we did not
meet with elsewhere.
From Arbre Broyé there is a gradual descent, with slight
undulations to Le Bosquet, 5200 ft., where we spent the
night in a wayside hut for travellers. Here, during the halt
on the return journey, about a score of birds were obtained.
* The name given by the Chinese Annamites to the Indonesian
aborigines of the mountains.
1916. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 5399
On 3 April we walked the remaining eight miles into
Dalat along a slightly undulating road, and from a hill
within two or three miles of the settlement got a splendid
view over the heart of the plateau region: in the foreground
open pine forest stretching away to the Langbian Peaks to
the north, on the left the open grass-covered plateau about
eight by five miles in extent.with an average altitude of
5000 ft., undulating and nearly surrounded by low wooded
hills. Dalat consists of the houses and offices of half a
dozen Government officials, a post-office, a little hotel, two
or three bungalows, and a small Annamite village.
We camped for ten days in the pine-woods a few hundred
yards from the settlement, and on my return from the
Peaks I spent a further week (80 April to 6 May) near
some mixed forest a short distance beyond the falls of
the Camby River, another headwater of the Donnai. The
temperature in the early mornings was about 55°, in the
afternoon between 70° and 80°; the evenings were so cool
that large camp-fires of pine logs were thoroughly enjoyable.
Some of the more interesting birds, not obtained below
Dalat, Le Bosquet, and Arbre Broye, were Genneus anna-
mensis, Syrnium newdrense, Digenia submoniliger, Muscicapula
melanoleuca, Pericrocoius griseigularis, Stachyridopsis rufi-
ceps, Brachypteryx caroline, B. nipalensis, Malacias desgo-
dinst, Tesia cyaniventris olivea, Geocichla citrina innotuta,
Cichloselys stbiricus, Oreocincla aureus angustirostris, Zoothera
marginata, Turdus obscurus, Oreicola ferrea, Lusciniola lutei-
ventris, L. taczanowskia, Machlolophus spilonotus, while new
species or subspecies were secured of dArboricola rufogularis,
Cyanops franklini, Dendrobiastes hyperythra, Cryptolopha
castaneiceps, C. tephrocephala, Hemixus tickelli, Xanthiscus
jflavescens, Trochalopteron, Rimator, Pnoepyga pusilla, Certhia
discolor, and Atthopyga gouldie.
Altogether 89 species were obtained at heights between
4500 and 5500 ft. .
From Dalat we moved across the open plateau on
14 April and made a camp among oak trees of the
Langbian Peaks at 6000 ft., where the highest permanent
400 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
water was to be found. Pines were scarce in the neighbour-
hood, and the south-western face of the Peaks, where
collections were principally made, was covered with mixed
forest with some undergrowth ; on the ridges and the Peaks
themselves (7500 ft.) occurred pines, oaks, and dense small
forest and shrub.
We had a very unpleasant time setting up camp in a
severe rain-storm when the hill side was flooded with running
water, but for the next week the weather was fine ; it changed,
however, when Smith left for Bangkok on the 21st, and the
remaining week of my stay was made unpleasant by heavy
rain regularly afier midday. The early morning temperature
was about 52° and that of the afternoon 65°; cold winds
prevailed at night.
The Langbian massif is not large and there were no hills
of equal heights in the neighbourhood, while the area of
forest is too small perhaps to shelter many high-level species.
The following were, in my experience, confined to heights
above 6000 ft., and I do uot think that future ornithological
visitors will add much to the lst :—Chalcophaps indica,
Muscicapa strophiata, Cochoa viridis, Sylviparus modestus,
Diceum iynipectus, aud new species of Cryptolopha, Pseudo-
minla, and Cissa.
Between 5500 ft. and the summit of the Peaks, 7500 ft.,
a total of fifty-seven species was obtained in a fortniahes
sojourn.
From the Peaks I returned to Saigon, stopping to collect
again as narrated above, at Dalat, Dran, and Tour Cham.
The Langbian region lies very near the southern extremity
of the Annamite mountain-chain, which except for several
narrow gaps, the most important of which he behind Quang-
Binh, Quang-Tri, and Cape Varella, maintains a respectable
height throughout its course from where it leaves the
elevated regions of northern Laos and Yunnan. At several
points it rises to over 8000 ft.
Of collecting-grounds known to British ornithologists the
plateau perhaps most closely resembles—in its pine and oak
forests, bracken, and open grass stretches—the Shan States ;
t9r9.| from South Annam and Cochin China. 4Q1
but I found a smaller Shan element in its avifauna than its
conditions would lead one to expect. Its investigation has,
nevertheless, greatly extended the known range of a con-
siderable number of species, and besides obtaining many
new forms it was a great pleasure to discover the farthest
south of such typically holarctic birds as the Cross-bill and
Tree-creeper.
I did not, as I had hoped, meet with a Bullfinch nor with
the wonderful Pheasant Rheinardius ocellatus, but I was
shown a set of the tail-feathers of the latter, the centre pair
seven feet long, which was stated to have come from the
mountains behind Nhatrang.
The rainy season at Dalat is from April to October, and
this is also the period of most equable temperature. The
dry season lasts from mid-November to mid-April, and
though the nights are considerably colder than in summer
the days are also hotter. In February three or four degrees
of frost are sometimes experienced, and in that month and
March the diurnal range of temperature may be between
30° and 90° F., whereas in August and September it is
between about 50° and 80° F. The winter season is much
the pleasanter time for a visit. ae
It was not originally my intention to do any collecting in
Cochin-China, but an opportunity arose after returning to
Saigon, as, owing to changes in steamer movements, we were
delayed there for a fortnight. When travelling to Annam
I had noted an area of high green forest surrounding the
station of Trang Bom, some thirty-two miles from Saigon
by rail and twelve east of Bienhoa on the Donnai River,
Collecting was carried on here from 80 May to 6 June.
The forest seemed to cover at most a few square miles of
flat land: it consisted of high trees—perhaps the highest
met with on the trip—and fairly dense undergrowth, but
work was made easy by the existence of many straight rides
which had been cut through it.
The avifauna was very different from that of Tour Cham :
fifty-one species were obtained, the most interesting being
402 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ihis,
Tropidoperdia chloropus, Hypotriorchis severus, Megalema
lagrandieri, Thereiceryx fineatus, Dendrocopus anals, Chryso-
phlegma jlavinucha pierrei, Graucalus macei siamensis, Atgi-
thina lafresnayet xanthotis, Dryonastes chinensis germaint,
Garrulax moniliger mouhoti, Cissa hypoleuca, and a new form
of Pomatorhinus tickelli.
Altogether in seventy collecting-days 1525 specimens
were obtained, representing 235 species, 34 of which appear
to be new. I fear that this excursion will prove to be my
ornithological acme, but must consider myself fortunate to
have found a district so little known and yet so easily
accessible and pleasant to work.
Introduction and List of Literature.
The avifauna of French Indo-China in general, and to an
even greater extent that of Aunam in particular, bas. been
comparatively little studied by ornithologists, and but little
has been written of it even in French journals.
The most important contribution is that of Oustalet,
“Les Oiseaux du Cambodge,’’ which includes a full
synonymy up to the date at which it was written, but
unfortunately only two parts were completed.
The following is a list of the principal publications on the
subject :—
Ousrater, H.—Les Oiseaux du Cambodge, du Laos, de
PAnnam et du Tonkin. Part i. Nouv. Arch. Mus.
Baris, 4th ‘ser 7. 1899, pp. - 221-296, “pls. ax. Se
Part u. bid. v. 1908, pp. 1-94, pls. i.—viii.
, This work we have quoted for the sake of brevity as
‘ Oustalet.” .
Ocitvin-Granr, W. R.—Description of Three new Birds
from Annam, collected by Dr. J. J. Vassal. Bull. Brit.
Orn, Club, xix. 1906, pp. 12-18,
Kuropva, N.—A Collection of Birds from Tonkin. Annot.
Zool. Japon. ix. 1917, pp. 217-254.
71
(oe ean
eS
ibis: Oto s Pines
ARBORICOLA RUFOGULARIS ANNAMENSIS.
& SEABORNE
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 408
Trraut, G.—Les Oiseaux de la Basse Cochin-Chine. Bull.
du Comité agricole et industriel de la Cochin-Chine, 1.
no: Li3879.
Oustatet, KH. et Menrcaux, A.—Catalogue des Oiseaux de la
Basse Cochin-Chine. Bull. Soc. Nat. d?Acchm. France,
1905, pp. 169-184 ; 1907, pp. 48-51, 83-86, 148-154.
The present collection shows that our knowledge of the
birds of Indo-China has been, and is certainly still, far from
complete, and we have therefore attempted no analysis of
the avifauna of the region.
The great majority of those species which are not typically
Indo-Chinese (7. e. whose true home is east of the Brahma-
putra) are distinctly Himalayan. The occurrence of such
Malayan species as Cyanops oorti is rather a surprise, but in
the lowlands certain Malayan birds appear to attain the
known limit of their range. We might have expected some
of the more typical Chinese forms to have occurred in the
Langbian Highlands, but such does -not appear to be
the case.
List of Species obtained.
1. Arboricola rufogularis annamensis, subsp. nov. (PI. X.)
Most nearly allied to A. r. rufogularis Blyth *, from
Burma and Tenasserim (type from lower Sikkim), but with
the crown almost uniform dark olive-brown, the feathers
only very obscurely and narrowly edged with black. Rufous
of the chin and upper throat succeeded by a pure white
band with narrow black tips to the feathers ; this band again
separated from the grey of the upper breast by a narrow
black band formed by a broad median black bar to the
feathers.
;
superciliary stripe with black shaft-stripes to the feathers,
broadening and becoming paler on the nape; a narrow
white stripe from the nostril to the ear-coverts, the feathers
beneath the eye with black tips; ear-coverts ashy brown
bordered above with a blackish line, lower cheeks and a
* Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xviii. 1849, p. 819.
Forehead dark grey, lores almost blackish ; a narrow grey
4.04. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
stripe from the gape to the ear-coverts pure white ; chin
whitish with black tips to the feathers ; lower chin and
throat and a large patch, brightening on the sides of the
neck, rufous chestnut, with clear black tips to the feathers,
heavier on the sides of the neck ; lower throat pure white
with black tips to the feathers ; beneath this a narrow black
band separating the throat from the underparts. Crown
and nape dark bistre slightly squamated with black ; mantle,
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts lighter, more olive, the
rump and tail-coverts with triangular black spots; the
mantle obscurely edged with blackish and with fine dark
shaft-stripes. Lesser upper wing-coverts olive, outer ones
black edged with chestnut on the outer webs and tipped
with greyish olive ; secondary coverts and tertiaries edged
with rich chestnut, a large greyish-olive spot on the outer
web and a large black one on the inner web, many of the
feathers with clear white shaft-stripes. Primaries brownish
black with pale tips, secondaries the same, the outer webs
with a chestnut-buff border, the extreme edge lighter,
broadening into buffy on the tips. Quill-lining dark grey,
outer coverts black, inner greyish white ; axillaries greyish
white with sooty black bases. Upper breast dark grey,
abdomen buffy white; under tail-coverts black, basally
barred with ochraceous and with silky white tips; many of
the feathers with an ochraceous patch on each web. Flanks
ervey, the pectoral feathers edged with bistre, the abdominal
ones with clear chestnut ; most of the feathers with a clear
white shaft-stripe broadening towards the tips; thighs
ereyish tipped with rufous. Tail-feathers above dull bistre
vermiculated with black and with a triangular black sub-
terminal patch ; beneath dark grey with a black subterminal
band and a lighter grey tip. “ Iris dull brown, orbital skin
and gape dull carmine, feet coral-red, bill black.”
Total length 280; wing 142; tail 54; tarsus 38 approx.
bill from gape 25 mm.
The adult female does not appear to differ appreciably
from the male, but has the upper throat rather white. Soft
parts as in the male.
yet). war
a es
vr
A J
ee hy
AP
NOOGNO1
OB8VAS BF ALLIA
VYINDIGTY SNLOAdISNNNYE VIOOINORYY
ela Ole = 4
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 405
Total length 270;
; wing 132; tail 50; tarsus 37-5; bill
from gape 24 mm.
4 gad.,2 9 ad. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft.,S. Annam.
15-16 April, 1918.
1 gf vixad.,1 9 ad. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam.
15 May, 1918.
Sid .ad. wl ¢ vix.ad.; 1 go juve o ads Dalat, 5000%Et.,
S. Annam. 12 April—2 May, 1918.
Types. ¢ @. lLangbian Peaks, 7200 ft. 16 April, 1918.
Males. Total length 280, 290, 285, 280, 285, 290, 285,
282, 285 ; wing 142, 147, 146, 144, 143, 147, 146, 147, 147,
1387; tarsus 38, 41, 39, 41, 39, 4], 41°5, 41, 41, 39, 38°5 mm.
Females. Total length 280, 270, 275, 260; wing 182, 182,
134; tarsus 37°5, 39, 37,:35 mm.
Rirds that appear rather less adult have elongated white
shaft-stripes on the feathers of the side of the breast: in a
half-grown bird with the down still on the throat they are
larger and more evenly distributed over the whole of the
lower surface.
Arboricola rufogularis, to which this bird is closely allied,
has not been recorded from farther east than the hills of the
Burmo-Chinese border aud in the south from the Muleyit
range in Tenasserim.
We have compared this series with a specimen from
Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen), and one from
Loi San Pa, South Shan States (Bingham), and find our
birds to differ in the very much greater extent of white on
the throat and fore-neck and in the lesser extent of the
chestnut of the flanks, which is paler in tint.
2. Arboricola brunneipectus albigula, subsp. nov. (PI. XI.)
Differs from A. 6. brunneipectus* Tick., of Burma and
‘j‘enasserim, in having the forehead and superciliary stripes
mingled white and buff and the throat pure white ; and
from A. b. henrici | Oust., of Tonkin and northern Annam,
* Tickell, in Blyth, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxiv. 1855, p. 276.
+ Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, ii. 1896, p. 317; Nouv. Arch. Mus,
Paris (4) i. 1899, pl. ix.
406 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
in the presence of superciliary stripes and the absence of a
rufous chin and chestnut forehead.
Aduit male. Forehead greyish white tinged with buff and
narrowing into a purer white superciliary stripe terminating
on the nape in pure white feathers with black tips ; lores, a
stripe surrounding the eyes, and a patch on the sides of the
neck superior to the ear-coverts, and the nape deep black ;
crown and sinciput also black, the bases of the feathers of
the crown olive-brown as the back ; back, mantle, ramp, and
upper tail-coverts olive-brown regularly barred with black ;
outer wing-coverts olive-grey mottled with black on the
outer webs, and washed with chestnut and with large black
spots on the inner webs ; secondary coverts and tertiaries
light olive-grey on the outer webs, the inner webs broadly
tipped with black subterminally and tipped and edged with
rich chestnut; primaries brownish black, the tips mottled
with rufous buff on the outer webs, the secondaries the
same, broadly edged with pale chestnut externally; quill-
lining grey, the inner coverts whitish, the outer blackish,
the axillaries dark grey broadly edged with whitish grey.
Chin, lower cheeks, and upper throat pure white, lower throat
sparsely feathered, pure white with terminal guttate black
tips to the feathers, ear-coverts whitish. tinged with brown
posteriorly, chest olive-buff with a reddish tinge more
marked on the sides of the breast ; middle of the abdomen
whitish, flanks greyish olive, each feather with a large ovate
white spot subterminally and a black tip; thighs olive-
brown ; central under tail-coverts with dark fuscous bases
and buffy-white tips, the outermost olive-brown on their
outer webs barred with black; tail-feathers olive-brown
irregularly barred and mottled with black. “ Iris brown,
bare skin of head and neck red, bill black, feet dull pale
coral-pink.””
Total length 290; wing 143; tail 50; tarsus 42; bill
from gape 26 mm.
1.6. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 11 May, 1918 (Type).
3 g ad.,1 2 vix ad. Dran, 3000ft.,S. Annam. 1 April—
12 May, 1918.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 407
1g. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., 8. Annam. 15 May, 1918.
1g. Le Bosquet, 5000 ft.,8. Annam. 8 May, 1918.
Mages. Ts ti, 290) 285,927 552992908285; W. 143, 135,
. 188, 143, 145, 188; Ts. 42, 39, 40, 44, 42, 40 mm.
Female. T..L. 272; W. 138; Ts. 38 mm.
The series is fairly uniform ; some birds, apparently rather
younger, have the sides of the breast less olive, more tinged
with rufous, and a greater proportion of olive-brown in the
feathers of the crown. The female, which is a eood deal
younger, has the forehead and supercilia brownish buff.
In its pure white throat free from any tinge of buff it is
evident that this form is disiinct, though not very markedly
so from the typical A. 6. brunneipectus, which has not been
recorded from farther east than north-western Siam. From
A. 6b. henrici, if the published description and figure by
Oustalet are to be relied on, it is much further removed.
3. Tropicoperdix chloropus Tick.
Tropicoperdix chloropus 'Vick.; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, xxviii. 1859, p. 415; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 721
(S.E. Siam).
1 ¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1. June, 1918.
Dole 2702 W143 2 Us. 34:
Apparently quite typical.
4. Francolinus chinensis (Osbeck).
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 136;
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 8&1.
4@,29ad. Dran, 3000 ft., S.Annam. 30 March-
14 May, 1918.
1 gad. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam. 14 May,
1918.
16,1 ¢ ad. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam.
17 April, 1918.
Male. ‘‘ Iris hazel; bill black ; feet ochraceous.”
Female. “tris hazel; maxilla black, sides of base fleshy
grey ; mandible fleshy grey, tip black; feet deep ochra-
ceous.”
408 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds { Ibis,
Males. T. L. 830, 335, 320, —, 310, —; W. 147, 143,
141, 148, 140, 188 ; Ts. 38, 38, 38°5, 38, 37, 39 mm.
Females. T. L. 808, 303, —; W. 1387, 138, 126; Ts. 37,
39, 37 mm.
5. Genneus annamensis Ogilvie-Graut.
Genneus annamensis Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xix. 1906, "p. 13:
Genneus nycthemerus annamensis Baker, Journ. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Socoxxur 1915, p.636:
1 9 ad. Dalat, 5000-{t.,S. Annam. 8 April, 1918.
6 Gad, 6°92 ad., 1 9 imm., 1 pull. Lanebian? Peaks;
6-7500 ft.,S. Annam. 25-27 April, 1918. |
Adult male. “Iris hazel to brown, facial skin ete. blood-
red; maxilla blackish, sides at the base greenish horn;
mandible dull pale green, blackish at the tip ; tarsi cerise,
soles dull yellow, claws olive-brown.”
Adult female. “Tris bright ochre, hazel, or brown, facial
skin blood-red ; bill and feet as in male.”
Immature female. ‘ Iris dull brown, facial skin dull pale
red; maxilla blackish with pale edges ; mandible greenish
fleshy with olive tip ; tarsi and toes pale cerise.”
Pull. “Tris grey; bill dull brownish fleshy; feet dull
pink.”
Males. T. L. 650, 645, 730, 700, 745, 685 ; W. 225, 240,
235, 240, 225, 240; Ts. 82, 84, 85, 92, 91, 85 mm.
Females. T. L. 560, 560, 620, —, 625, 585, 600; W. 205,
202, 2118; 210; 230; 225, 2005 Ls: 80) 775.79; 1 05 (O3ie
79 mm.
Greatest length of tail, male 355 ; female 255 mm.
The males of the above series are all fully adult, though
one specimen has the facial wattle less developed than in
the others. They are very uniform, the only variation
being in the white lines on the inner secondaries, which in
two specimens are somewhat wider apart, giving a darker
appearance to the upper surface. One specimen has the
thighs partially barred black and white, these being entirely
black in the other birds.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 409
The adult females from the Langbian Peaks are also very
uniform, the only difference being in the tail, which varies
considerably in the amount of vermiculation ; this is almost
absent in some specimens. In the bird from Dalat, however,
the vermiculations are very much coarser and there are also
oblique buffy black-edged bars. The inner primaries and
secondaries are also somewhat coarsely vermiculated with
narrow ochreous-buffy bars, black-edged towards their tips ;
and the upper surface generally is extremely finely vermi-
culated. Failing further evidence we are, however, unable
to accept this bird as representing another form.
A half-grown female from the Langbian Peaks resembles
the adults, but has the remains of a younger plumage, of
which the feathers of the back are more rufescent, clearly
and boldly barred with black and with pale buff tips.
Beneath, the centre of the belly is more greyish than in the
adults. The throat is dull white and there are two distinct
rounded dirty white malar patches.
The chick in down is pale lemon-yellow beneath ; head
rufous buff; mantle black with rufous tips ; thighs rufous
externally, lemon-white internally.
Three species of this genus have been described from
Annam, viz., the present form, Genneus beli*, from the
neighbourhood of Hue,. which, as Stuart Baker points ‘out,
is very close indeed to the present form, and Genneus
edwardsi +, from Kuang-Tri, slightly farther to the north.
The figure of this species [Nouv. Arch. du Muséum,
4th series, Mémoires, vol. i. vl. 10], which seems to have
escaped Stuart Baker’s notice, shows that it belongs toa
totally distinct section of the genus, and that there can be
no question of its identity with either of the other forms,
6. Diardigallus diardi (Bp.).
Lophura diardi (Bp.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Muse -xxit. 1593,.p. 290; id: Bull. Brit.Orn,. -Clab,, xix
1906, p. 14; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 80.
e * Oust. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1898, pp. 258, 261.
+ Oust. Bull, Mus. Paris, 1896, } p. 816-317.
410 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
2¢ad.,1¢vix ad.,38 2 vixad. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam.
14-15 March, 1918.
1 ? ad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 6 June, 1918.
Adult male. “ Tris orange or vermilion, facial skin blood-
red, throat-skin deep pink; bill pale horny ; tarsi cerise,
spurs horny.”
Subadult male. *‘ Iris hazel, facial skin blood-red, throat-
skin deep pink; bill pale grey with a brown cere; tarsi
cerise, spurs horny.” ;
Subaduit female. ‘‘ Iris orange-brown to bright hazel,
facial .skin blood-red, threat-skin deep pink; maxilla
blackish, mandible paler below; tarsi cerise, spurs horny.”
The not quite adult males differ from the adult in having
the grey of the breast and back less clear and_ slightly
vermiculated with blackish, the shining edges to the feathers
of the belly less developed, and the gold of the back with
grizzled grey patches similar to the mantle. The fully
adult female has the chestnut of the upper and under surface
deeper, the lower mantle not vermiculated, the tail darker,
more finely vermiculated, while the barred effect which
becomes progressively more marked in younger birds shows
a tendency to disappear.
Males. T. Li. 790, 765, 640; W. 240, 245, 225; Ts, 95,
90, 91 mm.
Females. T. LL. 580, 560, 565, — ; W. 207, 209, 218, 215;
is 0.07 8. 78. (Oo mm.
Greatest length of tail, male 390; female 240 mm.
7. Polyplectrum bicalcaratum germaini Hlliot.
Polyplectrum germaini Elliot ; O.-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. xxii. 1898, p. 857 ; id. Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, xix, 1906,
p. 14; Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiv. 1916,
p. 221.
2 g ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 16-22 March, 1918.
“Tris brown, orbital skin dull crimson; maxilla horny,
mandible fleshy, sides of bill dull pink; feet leaden black.”
T. L. 590, 595; W. 220, 195 (worn) ; T.. 325, 335 ;
S370; 65.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 411
This form seems little more than a subspecies of P. bical-
caratum from the eastern Himalayas, of which P. 6. chinquis
is the Burmese representative.
8. Gallus gallus (Linn. ).
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 81.
1g, 29. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1-6 June,
1918.
346,292. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 18-23 March,
1918.
Male. “Iris orange to brown, ear-lappet blush white ;
maxilla horny brown, mandible horny yellow or brownish
grey ; feet leaden black.”
Males. W. 215, 220, 211, 222 mm.
Females. W. 192, 195, 190, 195 mm.
9. Pavo muticus Linn.
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii. De ova:
I ¢ vix ad. Djiring, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 10 April,
1918.
T. L. 1050; W. 425 mm.
““ Lower eyelid greenish, edge of eyelids dull black ; bill
black, base of lower mandible bluish grey ; bare skin sur-
rounding the eyes turquoise tinged with cobalt; lower and
posterior bare areas gamboge-yellow finely vermiculated
with green ; feet black.”
Peacocks were seen on the river-banks between Xomgom
and Daban.
10. Turnix pugnax rostrata Swinh.
Turnix rostrata Swinhoe, Ibis, 1865, pp. 542-544.
Turnie pugnax atrogularis Baker (nec Kyton), Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiii. 1905, p. 405.
2Gad.,1Simm.,19vixad. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S.
Anna. 20-21 May, 1918.
1¢ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 15 May, 1918.
Male. “Iris yellowish white; maxilla blackish, edges
plumbeous ; mandible pale plumbeous ; feet fleshy grey.”’
Female. “Tris yellowish white; maxilla pale grey, base
SER. XI.—VOL. I. 26
412 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
and tip darker; mandible pale grey; feet pale grey blotched
yellowish and bluish.”
Male. T. L. 150, 155 ; W. 80, 83; Ts. 21, 23 mm.
Female. T. L. 150, 177; W. 78, 86; Ts. 23, 25 mm.
We have followed Mr. Stuart Baker (oc. cit.) in his
arrangement of the subspecies of 7. pugnaxz, but have
not adopted his name of 7. p. atrogularis for this race.
Hemipodius atrigularis Eyton was founded on a Malayan
specimen, as a reference to the original description (P. ZS.
1839, p. 107) will show.
Quail were met with in the open grass-land of the Lang-
bian Plateau at 5000 ft., when travelling between Dalat and
the Peaks, but none were obtained.
11. Sphenocercus sphenurus (Vig.).
Salvad. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 8; Oustalet, Bull.
Mus. Paris, 1896, p. 185; Stuart Baker, Indian Pigeons
and Doves, 19138, p. 80.
lgad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 31 March, 1918.
1 gad.,i?imm. Langbian Peaks, 5-7500 ft.,S. Annam.
18-23 April, 1918.
Male. “ Iris, inner ring sky-blue, outer pink ; bill greyish
blue, tip of upper mandible shghtly greenish, cere at sides
sky-blue; feet cerise, claws yellowish green.”
Males. T. L. 3038, 300; W. 160, 167 ; T. 122, 128 mm.
Female. T.L. 265 ; W.1538; T. 109mm.
Though these specimens are rather small, we can detect
no difference in coloration between them and the descriptions
of Salvadori, Blanford, and Stuart Baker. The orange
tinge on the forehead is not perceptible, and there is only
the faintest trace of orange-pink on the sides of the breast.
The maroon-colour of the scapulars does not extend to the
mantle. It may here be noted that, contrary to the state-
ments of most authorities, the third primary is distinctly
sinuate on the inner web--at any rate, in males.
The species has not previously been recorded from Cochin
China. Oustalet (doc. cit.) has listed it from the collections
of Prince Henri d’Orléans obtained in Yunnan.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 413
12. Treron curvirostra nipalensis (Hodgs.).
Treron nipalensis (Hodgs.) ; Salvad. t. ec. p. 34; Baker,
Indian Pigeons and Doves, 1913, p. 66, pl. 5.
Treron curvirostra nipalensis Robinson, [bis, 1915, p. 721;
id. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vii. 1917, p. 185 ; Kloss,
Ibis, 1918, p. 82.
1 gad. Trang Bom, 8. Annam. 1 June, 1918.
1g,1¢ad. Tour Cham, 8S. Annam. 21 May, 1918.
1¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 81 March, 1918.
26,2%. Daban, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 14-18 March,
1918.
Male. ** Iris ochreous, orbital skin apple-green ; bill pale
yellowish, base blood-red ; feet cerise.”’
Female. “Tris pinkish yellow, orbital skin pale emerald-
green; bill greenish ivory-yellow; cere and feet cerise.
Males. T. i. 270, 277, 275, 275,,—; W. 148, 141, 147,
148, — mm.
Females. T. L. 260, 265, 255 ; W. 148, 148, 188 mm.
These birds are paler and decidedly larger than the
Sumatran form 17. c. curvirostra (Gm.), which, as Stuart
Baker correctly points out, is found in Borneo, Sumatra,
and the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula. Birds
from the Langkaw: and Terutau Islands and Trang, southern
peninsular Siam, are intermediate, having the wing about
1387 mm. The fulvous tint on the breast is very marked
on three out of the five males listed, but not more so than
in specimens in the IF. M. S. Museums from Terutau I.
and from Mapor I. in the Rhio Archipelago, south-east of
Singapore.
13. Ducula insignis griseicapilla (Wald.).
Carpophaga griseicapilla Salvad. t.c. p. 217; O.-Grant,
P. Z. 8, 1900, p. 501 (Hainan).
Carpophaga insignis griseicapilla Stuart Baker, Indian
Pigeons and Doves, 1913, p. 104, pl. 8.
1¢,12. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 29 March, 1918.
36. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 12 April-4 May, 1918.
“Tris white, or pale grey tinged with yellowish, eyelid
») »)
w~Ge
414. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ihis,
black ; bill and cere livid red, tip of upper mandible grey or
brownish ; feet livid crimson or purplish crimson.”
Males. T’. L. 465, 445, 475, 470; W. 243, 233, 242, 240;
PT. 196, 192, 196, 205 mm.
Female. T. Li. 450; W. 228; T.187 mm.
The sexes are similar. These birds are perfectly typical
D. i. griseicapilla, having the crown pure grey to behind
the level of the ear-coverts, sharply defined from the
vinaceous nape. Though recorded trom Hainan, where it~
seems to occur intermixed with the true D. 7. insignis Hodgs.,
it has not hitherto been noticed in French Indo-China,
though Grant records Ducula badia from south-west Yunnan
(Ibis, 1900, p. 605).
14. Qnopopelia tranquebarica humilis (Temm.).
Turtur humilis Salvad. t. c. p. 434.
(Enopopelia tranquebarica humilis Stuart Baker, Indian
Pigeons and Doves, 1918, p. 234, pl. 23: Kloss, Ibis, 1918,
p. 84.
1 gad. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8S. Annam. 22 May, 1918.
19,19imm. Daban, 650ft., 5. Annam. 22 March, 1918.
2» @ 19ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 29 March, 1918.
Male. “ Iris dark, orbital skin grey, bill and feet black.”
Female. “‘Tarsi purplish black or brownish leaden.”
Immature female. ‘ Tarsi dark crimson-brown.”
Males. T. L. 240, 245 ; W. 132, 148, 187 mm.
Females. T. L. 230, 235; W. 182, 133 mm.
The bird from Tour Cham is slightly paler, less vinaceous
beneath than the other specimens.
15. Streptopelia suratensis tigrina (‘l'emm.).
Turtur tigrinus Salvad. t. c. p. 440.
Streptopelia suratensis tigrina Stuart Baker, Indian
Pigeons and Doves, 1913, p. 121, pl. 11; Robinson, Ibis,
1915, p. 724; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 83.
1¢,39ad. Daban,650 ft ,S.Annam. 14-18 March,1918.
1 ¢ ad. Dran,’3000ft.,S. Annam. 14 May, 1918.
Male. “ Iris pinkish yellow, bill black, feet cerise.”
Female. “Iris pinkish yellow, orbital skin grey, maxilla
dull grey, mandible black, feet livid red.”
1919. ] from South Annam and Cochin China. 415
Male. 'T. L. —; W. 146 mm.
Females. T. L. 300, 307, 314, —; W. 189, 142, 145,
140 mm.
About the same size as birds from the northern Malay
Peninsula, smaller than those from Siam.
16. Chalcophaps indica (Linn.).
Chalcophaps indica Salvad. t.c. p. 514; Hartert, Nov.
Zool. xvii. 1915, p. 195 (Hainan).
4fimm.,1 9? imm. Langbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft., S. An-
nam, 24-25 April, 1918.
“Tris dark brown, orbital skin dark grey ; bill, tip reddish
brown, base purplish brown ; feet livid.”
These birds are all immature with remains of the juvenile
barred plumage on the under surface and with much rufous
chestnut on the wing-coverts.
Total length: males, 235, 240, 240, 245; female 230 mm.
17. Sarcogrammus indicus atrinuchalis (Jerd.).
Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis (Jerd.); Sharpe, Cat. xxiv.
1896, p. 152; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 725 ; .Kloss, Ibis,
1918, p. 85.
1 9 ad. Tour Cham, Phanrang,S. Annam. 20 May, 1918.
‘Tris red, eyelid edge and cere red; bill, tip black, base
red; feet greenish yellowish.”
Female. T. L. 313 ; W.204; Ts. 72 mm.
The Wattled Plover was also observed near Dalat at
5000 ft.
18. Gallinago stenura (bp.).
Sharpe, t.e: p. 619.
1gad.j1¢. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 7-12 April, 1918.
T. L. 255, 260 ; W. 123, 129; Ts. 30, 34; bill from gape,
55, 64 mm.
Snipe were also seen near Dran.
19. Ardeola grayi (Sykes).
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 86.
12. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. March 1918.
Wing 205; tarsus 54; bill from gape 74 mm.
416 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
20. Ardeola bacchus (Bp.).
1g. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 18 March, 1918.
“Tris lemon, facial skin yellow and olive ; maxilla black,
base and sides yellow and olive; mandible yellow and olive
tipped with black ; feet yellowish olive.”
1, 520; Wiss Ts 57 ; bilitrom anew oom.
21. Dendrocygna javanica (Horsf.).
Salvad. Cat. xxvii. 1895, p. 156.
1¢,1¢@ad. Tour Cham, Phanrang,S.Annam. 23 May
1918.
Male. T.L. 410; W. 183 mm.
Female. T. L. 378; W. 184 mm.
22. Pseudogyps bengalensis (Gm.).
Oustalet, p. 229.
1?. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 16 May, 1918.
“Tris dark, neck grey; bill black, tip of maxilla yellowish
grey ; feet blackish ieaden.”
T, L. 820. Expanse 2000 mm.
23. Astur badius poliopsis (Hume).
Oustalet, p. 238 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 87.
Accipiter badius poliopsis Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvu. 1910,
p: 207.
1lgad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 5 June, 1918.
3¢dad.,22imm. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 2]-27
March, 1918.
Male. “ Iris pale crimson, cere yellow-olive ; bill black,
sides at base grey ; feet dull yellow.” :
Males. T. L.. 310, 310, 315 ; W. 184, 195, 199 mm.
Females. 'T. L. 340, 340, 350; W. 210, 205 (imm.), 202
(amm.) mim.
Agreeing fairly well with specimens from peninsular Siam
and the northern parts of the Malay Peninsula.
24. Spilornis cheela rutherfordi (Swinh.).
Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 212; Robinson, Ibis,
1915, px729.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 417
1g,192ad. Trang Bom, CochinChina. 5-6 June,1918.
Male. 'T. lL. 600; W.423 mm.
Female. 'T. L. 625 ; W.418 (worn) mm.
Without very much larger material than is available it is
impossible to discuss the races of Serpent-Eagle inhabiting
Indo-China and the Malay Peninsula; at least three and
probably four forms appear to occur in the area.
25. Baza lophotes (Temm.).
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 88.
1g,12. Daban, 650 ft.,S.Annam. 13-15 March, 1918.
“Tris dark ; bill lavender-grey, tip blackish; feet plum-
beous or greenish plumbeous.”
Male. T. Li. 320; W. 226; crest 47 mm.
Female. T.L. 315; W. 256; crest 55 mm.
The female is apparently not quite adult and has the black
patch on the abdomen barred and edged with buffy and the
brown bars on the flanks very distinct.
26. Microhierax eutolmus (Blyth).
Microhierax cerulescens Oustalet, p. 235.
2gad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 18-23 March, 1918.
“Tris brown; bill and cere black, base greenish grey ;
fect blackish leaden.”
eb 163.0153"; W. 102-97 mam,
These specimens represent nearly the southern limit of
the species ; it is not found in Hainan.
27. Hypotriorchis severus severus (Horsf.).
Falco severus Horsf.; Blanf. Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, 111.
1895, p. 423; McGregor, Man. Philipp. Birds, i. 1909,
p. 243. ,
1 gad., 1g vixad.,19vixad. Trang Bom, Cochin China.
1-2 June, 1918.
Male. T. L. 280 (ad.), 275 (vixad.); W.218, 217 mm.
Femaie. T. L. 270; W. 216 mm.
All three specimens are nearly adult, though those we
have recorded as hardly so are streaked and spotted with
black beneath ; the primaries are narrowly tipped and edged
418 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [This,
with buffy white, and the tail-feathers barred with rufous
buff on their inner webs and tipped with the same colour.
The species seems very rare in Malaya and Indo-China. In
fifteen years we have never seen a specimen from the Malay
Peninsula, though Blyth records it from Malacca, but we
have examined a bird obtained by Mr. Williamson near
Bangkok. The species in a broad sense has a very wide
range eastwards to New Britain. Meyer and Wiglesworth
have separated the Indian Peninsula bird as H. s. indicus,
and Meyer that from south-east New Guinea as H. s.
papuanus. The typical form was described from Java, and
the present birds almost certainly belong to it.
28. Syrnium newarensis (llodgs.).
Syrnium newarensis subsp. (an caligatus?) Hartert, Nov.
Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 205.
1¢ad. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 2 May, 19]8.
‘Tris dark brown; maxilla dull greenish white, cere
tinged with blue; mandible dull greenish white washed
with bluish; feet pale bluish blotched with yellowish
grey.
1 530: W. 375 mm.
This specimen has the top of the head, mantle, and inner
ee
scapulars and facial ruff deep sooty brown, between ‘clove ”
and “‘bone-brown” of Ridgway, with no tinge of ochra-
ceous ; under parts with bars of brown and buffy white, the
former rather narrower.
Quite distinct in size and colour from S. n. maingayt
Hume, of the Malay Peninsula, but apparently agreeing
with birds described from Hainan (Hartert, loc. cit. supra),
except that the lower parts are more broadly barred.
29. Glaucidium cuculoides cuculoides.
Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Ivi. no. 2,
1916, p. 122; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 89.
Athene cuculoides Oustalet, p. 244.
28,29. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1-5 June, 1918.
Ag, 19. “Daban, 650) ft. 9S: Annam,, 17-165 March,
1918.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 419
Male, “Iris lemon; bill olive-yellow, cere olive; feet
pale olive.”
Female. * Iris lemon; bill bright yellowish olive ; feet
dull brownish-yellow olive.”
Males. 'l. Li. 204, 205, 220, 215, 220, 227 ; W. 148, 145,
141, 133, 189, 131 mm.
Females. TY. L..215, 230, 280; W. 143, 1388, 146 mm.
The series is fairly constant and shows no approach to the
large G. c. whitleyt Swinh., of China, or to the rufous
G. c. persimile Hartert (Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 205)
described from Hainan. We have no access to the descrip-
tion of Athene cuculoides bruegeli Parrot, described from
Siam. ‘The series from Daban and one female from Cochin
China are less rufous on the flanks and greyer on the head,
scapulars, and back than the others from Cochin China and
two from peninsular and eastern Siam, as noted by Oustalet
(/oc. cit.). The bars on the tail are five to six in number,
excluding the basal one and the tip.
30. Loriculus vernalis (Sparrm.).
Salvad. Cat. xx. 1891, p. 517; Oustalet, p. 227.
1 gad., Lgvix ad. Daban, 650 ft, S-Amnam. 17=24.
March, 1918.
‘Tris whitish or pale lemon, maxilla deep orange, man-
dible pale orange, feet ochreous.”
T. L. 146, 142; W. 89, 85 mm.
31. Paleornis rosa ( Bodd.).
Salvad. Cat. xx. p. 453; Oustalet, p. 224; Kloss, Ibis,
ETS; 1. 90: .
1¢imm. TourCham, Phanrang,S.Annam. May 1918.
26 ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 22 March, 1918.
Male. “Iris yellow; maxilla pale orange, cere black ;
mandible black, or yellow with black edge; feet dark olive-
brown.”
Males. T. L. 277, 297 ; W. 135, 138 mm.
Female. T. L. —; W. 131 mm.
The males differ from those collected at Koh Lak,
peninsular Siam (Kloss, /.c.s.), in being darker green, less
420 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
yellowish beneath, and in having the under wing-coverts
and axillaries more tinged with verditer-green ; they are,
however, in very worn plumage. The colour of the mandibles
seems variable, as one of the above males and the female
have it clear wax-yellow, while in one of the Koh Lak males
it is also largely yellow.
32. Paleornis fasciata (P. L. S. Mill.).
Salvad. Cat. xx. p. 465; Oustalet, p. 225; Robinson,_
Ibis; 1915p. 730 - Kloss; tbis, 1913.5. 90.
1 gad., 2 ¢vixad.,3¢imm., 1 Gad.,19imm. Trang Bom,
Cochin China. 31 January—14 June, 1918.
3¢ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 14 March, 1918.
I gimm., 1 Sadi Simm. Dalat, So0007 ft, 7-1h Aprile
TOUS.
Males. T. L. 330, 330, 360, 363; W. 147, 156, 159,
157 mm.
Females. 'T. L. 280, 270; W. 148, 156 mm.
‘Tris white or pale lemon, cere dull olive; feet pale
yellowish olive or dirty green.”
The changes in the colour of the bill appear to be some-
what complicated in this species. Quite young birds of
both sexes have both mandibles orange-red ; this changes
to black in both mandibles in the adult female and also in
the semi-adult male, which finally assumes a_ blood-red
upper mandible with a yellow tip when fully adult.
33. Eurystomus orientalis orientalis (Linn.).
Sharpe, Cat. xvi. 1892, p. 33 ; Oustalet, p. 295.
16,19. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 381 May, 1918.
16,19. Daban, 650ft., S. Annam, 27-28 March,
1918.
19. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 5 May, 1918.
‘Tris dark; bill deep orange, extreme tip of maxilla
black ; feet brownish olive.”
Males. T. L. 285, 295; W. 185, 181 mm.
Females. T. L. 275, 297, 292; W. 192, 189, 190 mm.
The differences between the reputed northern subspecies
E. vo. calonyx, stated to breed in China, and the tropical
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 421
resident form £. 0. orientalis, are sufficiently obvious in these
specimens. Before, however, one can feel fully confideut
that the subspecies have any real existence, it should be
demonstrated that no specimens answering to EH. 0. orien-
talis are ever found north of the Yangtze.
34. Eurystomus orientalis calonyx Sharpe.
Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2,
PONG ps 118:
1g. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 3 June, 1918.
fi 288. W. 187 mm.
30. Coracias affinis McClell.
Oustalet, p. 296 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 91.
Coracias affinis theresie Parrot, Verh. Orn. Gesellsch.
Bayern, viii. 1911, p. 97.
1 ?. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S.Annam. 21 May, 1918.
2 7 Drano000Ht., S; Annam. 9 April? 1913:
“Tris dark, bill black, feet brown.”
T. L. 320, 820 ; W. 170, 180 mm.
Parrot has separated the Siamese bird from the typical
form on two specimens as being smaller with a wing of
176-178 mm.
A male from Bangkok measures 188 and another from
Lat Bua Kao 184, so it appears that no case has as yet been
made out for separating this highly migratory bird into
races.
36. Carcineutes pulchellus (Horsf. ).
Sharpe, Cat. xvi. 1892, p. 198; Robinson, Ibis, 1915,
p. 732.
2 ¢. Daban, 650 {t., 8S. Annam. 15-19 March, 1918.
“Tris dark, edge of eyelid and bill blood-red, feet greenish
ochre.”
T. L. 233, 288 ; W. 86, 88 mm.
These birds differ from a large series from the Malay
Peninsula and Sumatra in having the sides of the breast
and flanks a very much paler ochreous buff. They are by
far the most easterly specimens recorded.
=
422 ~ Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Lirds _[Tbis,
37. Halcyon smyrnensis fusca (Bodd.).
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p: 92.
Halcyon smyrnensis Sharpe, Cat. xvii. p. 222 ; Oustalet,
p. 288.
1 2? imm. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8S. Annam. 20 May,
LOS:
29 ad. Daban, 650ft.,8.Annam. 13-14 March, 1918.
1 gad. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 18 May, 1918.
Adult. & & 9. “Tris dark or brown, bill dark blood-red,
feet bright blood-red.”
Immature. “ Bill brown and yellow, feet yellowish washed
with brown.”
Male. T. L. 277; W. 116 mm.
Females. T. Li. 275, 280; W. 113, 113 mm.
38. Ceryle rudis leucomelanura (Reichenb.}.
Ceryle leucomelanura Reichenb. Handb. Alced. 1851, p. 24,
Taf. 409. B, fig. 8488; Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910,
p. 216.
Ceryle rudis varia Sharpe, Cat. xvii. p. 112; Oustalet,
p- 284.
Ceryle rudis leucomelanura, Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-
Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 114.
2 gad. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8. Annam. 23 May,
1918.
T1270, 270 ; W. 130,128; 1.73, 67; bill from gape,
(2.0953 mm,
The bills of these specimens do not appear to be larger
than those from Siam. They do not, therefore, belong to
the form described as C. 7. insignis by Hartert (loc. cit. supra)
from Hainan and presumably China.
39. Upupa epops longirostris Jerdon.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 921.
1 ¢@ ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 23 March, 1918.
1 gad. Dalat, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 10 April, 1918.
“Tris dark ; bill black, base fleshy; feet deep brownish
grey.”
Male. T. L. 274; W. 140; bill from gape 65 mm.
TgI9. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 423
Female. T. i. 285; W. 135; bill from gape 59 mm.
In both specimens the first primary is immaculate and
the crest without a subterminal white band. °
40. Melittophagus leschenaulti swinhoei (Hume).
Melittophagus swinhoet Sharpe, Cat. xvii. p. 55 ; Oustalet,
p. 292 ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 734.
Melittophagus leschenaultti swinhoei, Kloss, Ibis, 1918,
Peo.
1 9? juv. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Annam. 22 May,
1918.
1 g,1 2 ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 17-27 March,
1918.
1 2? ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 11 May, 1918.
“Tris crimson, bill black, feet leaden.”
Male. T. Tu. 215 ; W. 108 mm.
Females. T. Li. 215, 212 ; W. 104, 107 mm.
' These birds have rather shorter bills than the majority of
specimens from Siam and the northern parts of the Malay
Peninsula, but the difference is not very constant.
41. Nyctiornis athertoni (Jard. & Selby).
Sharpe, Cat. xvi. p. 88; Oustalet, p. 294; Hartert, Nov.
Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 217 (Hainan); Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 94.
2 gad. Daban, 650ft.,S.Annam. 14-18 March, 1918.
“Tris yellow ; bill black, base grey ; feet pale olive.’’
iL. 350; 645; W. 188, 137; PT. 142, 143 mm.
These specimens show no sign of the shortened tail noted
by Hartert in Hainan birds.
42. Caprimulgus macrurus ambiguus Hartert.
Caprimulqus macrurus, var albonotatus Oustalet, v. 3.
Caprimulgus ambiguus Hartert, Ibis, 1896, p. 373.
Caprimulgus macrurus ambiguus Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii.
1910, p. 223; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 785; Kloss, Ibis,
1918, pp. 94-95. |
gd vix ad. Djiring, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 9 April, 1918.
Total length 315 ; W. 207; T. 169 mm.
This specimen is considerably larger than any we have
4.24 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
seen from the Malay Peninsula or southern Siam, but is not
pale enough to be considered to belong to the western race
C. m. albonotatus.
43. Caprimulgus indicus innominatus Hume.
Caprimulgus innominatus Hume, Stray Feathers, 11. 1875,
p. 318, note.
Caprimulgus jotaka O.-Grant, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 486.
Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvi. 1910,-
p. 223; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vii. 1917,
p. 154-5.
1 ¢ imm. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 29 March, 1918.
1¢?. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., 8S. Annam. 17 April,
TOTS:
‘Tris dark, bill blackish, feet brown.”
T.L.—; W. 190; T. 128 mm.
In view of these specimens and Grant’s remarks on two
birds obtained by Whitehead in Hainan, we think that
Hume’s C. innominatus, originally described from Mergui,
may fairly be revived for the Indo-Chinese form of this
Goatsucker. It will be distinguished from C. indicus indicus
from the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon by its somewhat
larger size, and from C. indicus gotaka of Japan and China
by darker colouring and smaller size. Not impossibly it is
ca resident form, as 1s C. 7. indicus ; while C. i. jotaka, which
is found in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, and Sumatra
in the winter, is certainly migratory.
44. Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus annamensis, subsp. nov.
Adult male. Separable from the typical P. e. erythroce-
phalus (seven specimens from the Malay Peninsula compared)
by having the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more
ochraceous brown, not rich rufous chestnut ; wing-coverts
much coarser and bolder in their vermiculations, almost
approaching regular barring. From P.e. yamakensis Rickett
it is separated by the colour of the head and breast and the
normal length of the white tips to the tail-feathers, and from
P. e. flagrans of Sumatra by its larger size. Total length
325; W. 146; T. 175; bill from gape 28 mm.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 425
Adult female. Separabie from typical P. e. erythrocephalus
(seven specimens from the Malay Peninsula compared): by
the much more ochraceous, less chestnut-brown head and
mantle, and by the bolder and more regular vermiculations
of the wing-coverts, the black element present in much
larger proportion, the pale element lighter, more ochraceous
brown. Total length 320; W. 146; T. 178; billfrom gape
28 mm.
1g,1¢ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 29 March, 1918.
Types of the subspecies.
3 9 ad. lLangbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft., S. Annam.
23-27 April, 1918.
Male. * Iris scarlet, orbital skin violet ; bill—tip, culmen,
and edges black, median portion cobalt, gape violet; feet
deep fleshy-pink tinged with blue.”’
Female. “ Iris scarlet, hazel-red or pale hazel; bill as in
the male ; feet pinkish fleshy or dull fleshy.”
Male. T. i. 325; W. 146; T.175 mm.
Females. T. Li. 820, 317, 326, 325; W. 146, 141, 148,
143; T. 178, 178, 176, 174 mm.
The character of the wing-coverts, which are of some
differential importance in the Trogous, sufficiently distin-
guish this race from the western typical form.
45. Pyrotrogon oreskios uniformis Robinson.
Pyrotrogon oreskios Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 97.
Pyrotrogon oreskios uniformis Robinson, Journ, Fed. Malay
States Mus. vu. 1917, p. 149.
1 g ad. Daban, 650 ft. S. Annam. 22 March,
LOMS;
“Tris dark, eyelid cobalt; bill dull cobalt, culmen, tip,
and edges black ; feet dull pinkish blue.”
De 300% Wei l24iimnm:
This example agrees well with other mainland specimens
and differs from typical Javan birds in having the rump
entirely uniform, free from any wash of xanthine-orange.
(Kloss’s paper, though written before Robinson’s, was issued
later, owing to delay in publication.)
426 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
46. Surniculus lugubris dicruroides (Hodgs.).
Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xx. 1918, p. 340; Robinson,
Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vu. 1917, p. 157; Kloss,
ilibis, 1918, p. 97.
1 gad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 30 March, 1918.
‘Tris dark, bill black, feet leaden.”
T. L. 245 ; W.132; T. (middle) 132 mm.
The races of this Drongo-Cuckoo have been dealt with at
length in the papers quoted above. The species has not
previously been recorded from Annam, though it is known
from Hainan and Szechuan.
47. Hierococcyx sparveroides (Vig.).
1g. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 29 March, 1918.
“Tris and eyelids yellow; maxilla black, post-nasal area
erey ; mandible grey, tip black, gape yellowish ; feet yellow.”
T. L. 400; W. 227 mm.
48. Cuculus micropterus Gould.
Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 220 (Hainan).
2g¢ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 9-1] May, 1918.
‘Tris brown; eyelids pale olive, edges broadly vellow ;
upper mandible black, edges at base yellow ; lower mandible
yellow, tip greenish, edged with black ; feet yellow.”
T. L. 380, 885; W. 204, 207 mm.
49. Chalcococcyx maculatus (Gm.).
Ogilvie-Grant, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 484; Robinson & Kloss,
Ibis, 1911, p. 41.
1g. Daban, 650 ft., 8. Annam. 26 March, 1918.
“Tris dark, edge of eyelid red; bill ochreous, the tip
black ; feet black.”
Te 72: We 103 mam:
50. Centropus sinensis intermedius (Hume).
Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xx. 1913, p. 322; Robinson,
Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vu. 1917, p. 157 ; Kloss,
Ibis, 1918, p. 100.
1g, 12 ad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May-
4 June, 1918.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 437
1 gad. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8S. Annam. 22 May, 1918.
1 Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 24 March, 1918.
192ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 16 May, 1918.
“ Tris crimson ; bill and feet black.”
Males. T. L. 495*, 465, 480; W. 204*, 185, 207; 'T. 257*,
243, 260 mm.
Females. T. L. 450, 510; W. 208, 207 ; T. 265, 268 mm.
51. Rhopodytes tristis hainanus Hartert.
Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 218; Robinson, Ibis,
1915, p. 737 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 100.
Rhopodytes tristis Oustalet, p. 274.
36,3 9 ad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1-6 June,
1918.
26,29 ad. Daban, 650 ft.,.S.Annam. 14-20 March,
1918.
Maie. “Iris crimson, orbital skin and nostrils dull
crimson ; bill dull apple-green; feet leaden.” Female. ‘Iris
dark.”
Males. 'T. L. 570, 540, 580, 550, 580; W. 157, 149, 155,
148, 155 mm.
iemmless Ashi o4O; -oo0% S20. 595,500); “Wee a7. lo4-
ida, LOL, loz mm.
Oustalet (/oc. cit.) states that one of the types of KR. ¢. dristis
Lesson was collected in Cochin China by Diard in 1824,
while the other was sent from Bengal by Duvaucel in 1825.
Cochin China and Hainan birds are undoubtedly identical,
so that if the first-mentioned specimen is taken as the type,
it would be necessary to re-name the western bird. ‘To
avoid this inconvenience, we here definitely select Bengal
as type-locality of R. ¢. tristis.
The above series, when compared with a similar number
from Siam and the Malay Peninsula, show a progressive
increase in the size of the bill as we proceed west and south,
but the difference is not sufficient to constitute an inter-
mediate subspecies. In the southern part of the Malay
Peninsula, the bird is strictly confined to high altitudes.
* Probably wrongly sexed.
SER. XI1.— VOL. I. 2H
428 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
52. Cyanops oorti annamensis, subsp. nov.
Cyanops oorti Oustalet (nec Mill.), p. 248.
Separable at a glance from typical Cyanops oorti from
Sumatra (many specimens examined) by having crown aud
the throat much paler, varying from ‘pale greenish
vellow ” to * picric-yellow ” of Ridgway, against pale ‘ cad-
mium-yellow.” The crown of the Sumatran bird is also
deeper, less greenish yellow. The feathers in front of the
eye and the periocular region are blue, like the cheeks, or
at most slightly tinged with green anteriorly, not distinctly
apple-green.
Types. Ad g. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 6 April, 1918.
Ad ¢?. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 4 May, 1918.
Dimensions. . T. Lu. 218; W. 97; Ts. 25; bill from
sapesoe mm. “9 .Pdi.. 2285 W. 975 2 Gas Ts..25eaill
from gape 32 mm.
1g,4 9. Dran,3000ft.,S.Annam. 10-17 May, 1918.
36,29. Dalat, 5000 ft, S. Annam. 5-9 April,
4: May, 1918.
‘Tris brown, orbital skin brownish olive ; bill black, base
grey ; feet olive.”
Males. VT, G. 220, 233, 218, 215; W. 94,97; 97,94;
T. 64, 68, 64, 65 mm. 2S
Females. T. Li. 220, 230, 222, 224, 223, 228; W. 89, 90,
955-905-915.97 > 1. °63,462; 6567,/65, 65 mm.
The Malay race also differs, but very slightly and only in
average characters, from the typical Sumatran form.
53. Cyanops franklini auricularis, subsp. nov.
Differs from typical C. franklini franklini from the eastern
Himalaya in having beneath the yellowish grey of the lower
throat an incomplete gorget of black blue-tipped feathers ;
ear-coverts black tipped with violet-white posteriorly, bor-
dered behind with a broken line of bluish violet.
Types. 3 ¢. Langbian Peaks, 5500-6500 ft., S. Annam.
26 April, 1918.
¢. T.L. 230; W. 92; T.63; Ts. 25:5; bill from gape
32°0 mm.
1 919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 4.29
Peeled, 226; We 9d) te O4-e ts, 24: “bill trom gape
530 mm.
“Tris dark, bill black with base grey, feet olive.”
1 9,1?imm. Dalat, 5000 ft.,.S. Annam. 5 May, 1918.
26,19. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft... 8. Annam. 12 May,
1918.
73,32, 14 imm. Langbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft.,
S.Annam. 15-26 April, 1918.
Males. 'T. L. 207, 224, 228, 217, 222, 225, 235, 233, 230 ;
W. 91, 91, 98, 98, 92, 94, 92, 92 mm.
Females. T. Lu. 236, 205, 228, 222, 226; W. 96; 92, 97, 93,
93 mm.
This subspecies is extremely well marked and by many
ornithologists would be given full specific rank. We have
based our diagnosis on descriptions and the examination of
a somewhat indifferent specimen from Darjiling.
o4, Megalema lagrandieri (Verr.).
Shelley, Cat: xix, 189), p.. 75.
1g,1 2. ‘Trang Bom, Cochin China. 3 June, 1918.
oa,0 2. Daban, 650 dt., S. Annam: 13-2] March,
ONS
36,2 ¢%. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 31 March-16
May, 1918.
6 2. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 12 May, 1918.
“ Tris dark, orbital skin brownish black ; maxilla, culmen
and median parts black, remainder grey; mandible grey,
extreme base bluish ; feet olive-green.”
Males. 'T. L. 294, 310, 335, 330, 305, 318, 335 ;, W. 135,
128, 126, 131, 1384, 1380, 186 mm.
Females. T. L. 300, 325, 325, 340, 328, 327, 328 ; W. 125
(worn), 126, 122, 185, 134, 140, 149 mm.
This very distinct Barbet appears to be only represented
by a few specimens in the French Museums and may, with
advantage, be redescribed here.
Adult male. General colour green with a slight bluish
tinge on the wing-coverts and tertiaries ; mantle and scapulars
olive-green ; underparts yellowish green, the middle of the
abdomen washed with blue. Crown and nape dark brown,
2H2
430 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
the feathers with ill-defined paler edges, in worn plumage
pale brownish buff, with dark shaft-stripes. Throat dull
ashy-brown indistinctly margined, washed with greenish or
bluish or sometimes very faintly with orange-red. Frontal
plumes greenish at the base, tipped with red, succeeded by a
narrow frontal band. Crown-feathers broadly tipped with
sky-blue and a marked eyebrow of the same colour; lores
and a stripe below the eye to the anterior ear-covexts pale
ashy, tipped with blue; posterior ear-coverts pale ashy,
sometimes washed with blue, on each side of the neck a
series of narrow shining blue streaks ; feathers of the
posterior nape and upper mantle tipped with bright maroon.
Under tail-coverts scarlet; tail beneath bluish green; under
wing-coverts and axillaries and interior edging of quills
yellowish buff.
Female. Similar.
55. Thereiceryx flavostrictus flavostrictus (‘l’emm.).
Cyanops pheostriata Shelley, Cat. Birds, xix. 1891, p. 76 ;
Oustalet, p. 248.
Cyanops faiostricta saigonensis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn,
Club, xxi. 1908, p. 31.
Thereiceryx pheostriata Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 737.
Thereiceryx flavostrictus Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 100.
4 6,5 9. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 17-24 March,
1918.
‘Tris hazel or crimson ; maxilla black, sides of base grey ;
mandible black at the tip, base grey ; feet olive.”
Males. T. L. 255, 255, 268, —; W. 107, 109, 109, 104mm.
Females. T. L. 246, 260, 247, —, —; W. 109, 107, 111,
102, 111 mm.
56. Thereiceryx lineatus lineatus (Vieill.).
Cyanops lineata Shelley, Cat. xix. p. 80; Oustalet,
p. 248.
Thereiceryx lineatus Kloss, Lbis, 1918, p. 100.
2 6,1 2. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1 June, 1918.
Mates. T. ..270, 270; W. 123, 117 mm.
Female. T. L. 270; W. 118 mm.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 43]
These specimens, and others from Siam, are precisely
intermediate in size between the large form T. /. hodgsoni
(Bp.) type from Nepal and the typical 7. 1. lineatus from
Java. For these the name Meyalaima mcclellandi, Moore
(Cat. Birds E. I. Co. Mus. ii. 1856-8, p. 637), from north-
eastern Bengal, or more probably Assam, is available if
desired.
57. Mesobucco duvauceli orientalis Robinson.
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 738.
1 gad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1 June, 1918.
1 gad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 24 March, 1918.
* Tris dark, bill black, feet dull pale olive.”
Ts 1OSts0 = We 33,65 mm:
These specimens agree well with three specimens of the
original typical series, with which we have compared them.
Count Nils Gyldenstolpe obtaimed one young specimen of
this species in northern Siam at Koon Tan (K. Svenska
Vet.-Akad. Handl. Bd. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 100) ; as it was
so young as to be almost uniformly green, we are at a loss
to understand how the author was able to identify it sub-
specifically at all. Furthermore, he is in error in stating
that the above subspecies was founded on a single specimen
from Koh Mehsi, as a verification of the original reference
would have shown.
58. Xantholema hematocephala (P. L.S. Mill.).
Oustalet, p. 250; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 101.
1 92. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 22 March, 1918.
‘Tris dark, orbital skin dull red; maxilla black, sides of
base pale grey; mandible black, fleshy beneath; feet dull
crimson.”
T.L. 170; W. 80 mm.
o9. Gecinus erythropygius erythropygius Elliot.
Gecinus erythropygius Oustalet, p. 257; Kloss, Ibis, 1918
p. 102.
26,3 ¢@. Daban, 650 ft. S. Annam. 13-27 Mareh,
1918.
4:32 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Dirds [ This,
“ Tris lemon-yellow ; bill greenish yellow sometimes tinged
with blackish on the culmen ; feet dull olive.”
Males. T. L. 330, 330; W. 155, 154 mm.
Females. T.L. 325, 320, 313 ; W. 155, 156, 154 mm.
A male G. e. nigrigenis from Siam (W. 152 mm.) only
differs in having a blackish bill, a rather larger red occipital
patch, and a white postorbital stripe.
60. Gecinus vittatus vittatus (Vieill.).
Gecinus vittatus Oustalet, pp. 252-2538 (partim).
1 ¢@ ad., 1 gimme, 2 9 ads Trane Bom, Cochin China.
2-6 June, 1918.
Males. T. L. 306, 275 ; W. 131 (worn), 1380 (worn).
Females. T. L. 308, 300; W. 135 (worn), 129 (worn).
There is no doubt that these specimens should be placed
with the typical race of the species from Java, with which
agree specimens from Sumatra aud the southern third of
the Malay Peninsula. Under G. v. eisenhofert (Gyldenstolpe)
of northern Siam should be placed all those birds with a
wing of more than 135 mm.
Gl. Gecinus vittatus eisenhoferi (Gyldenstolpe).
Ornith. Monatsb. 1916, p. 28; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 103 ;
Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vii. 1917, p. 164.
Gecinus vittatus Oustalet, pp. 252, 253 (part.) ; Robinson,
This, 1915, p. 738.
1 g,1 92. Daban, 650 ft, S. Annam. 18-20 March,
1918.
“Tris crimson, orbital skin leaden; maxilla black, mandible
greenish yellow, tip and base black ; feet olive.”
Male. EW. 325-0 W: Ware TL mm:
Female. T. L. 380; W. 137; T. 118 mm.
‘These specimens agree with the Siamese and Cambodian
birds in being of slightly larger average size than G. v. vit-
fatus. In addition they are distinctly brighter in colour
than the former, especially on the sides of the neck. The
female has a few feathers at the base of the crest tinged
with orange-red, but this is not impossibly abnormal.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 433
62. Gecinus canus occipitalis (Vig.).
Gecinus occipitalis Oustalet, p. 254.
Gecinus canus hessei (Gyldenstolpe) ; Kloss, [bis, 1918,
p. 1O1.
26,12. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 2-5 June, 1918.
16,22. Daban, 650ft.,S Annam. 18-27 March, 1918.
1¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 10 May, 1918.
1?. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 30 April, 1918.
‘‘Tris erimson, orbital skin dull blue or leaden; bill
blackish, base of mandible sometimes grey or greenish; feet
greyish plumbeous.’’
Males. T. L. 323, 335, 345; W. 142, 150, 148 mm.
Females. T. Li. 324, 340, 320, 340, 338; W. 140, 145,
145, 144, 147 mm.
There seems to be no material difference in size between
specimens from the western Himalaya, ranging through
Assam, the Shan States, and Siam to Cochin China and
Annam. Siamese specimens on which Gyldenstolpe founded
P.c. hessei are certainly, on the dimensions given by the
author, not smaller than birds from the Himalaya, so that
any distinction would have to be based on colour alone: for
the present we are not inclined to regard this race as even
subspecifically distinct.
63. Brachylophus chlorolophus (Vieill.).
Gecinus chlorolophus Oustalet, p. 256.
Brachylophus chlorolophoides Gyldenstolpe, Ornith. Mo-
natsber, 1916, p. 29; id. Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand. lvi.
No. 2, 1916, p. 90, pl. 2. fig. 3.
Brachylophus chlorolophus chlorolophoides loss, Ibis, 1918,
p. 109.
12ad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May, 1918.
1¢ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 3 March, 1918.
2¢gad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 18 May, 1918.
1gad.,2 dimm. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 7 April,
1918.
1@ad.,1 9 imm.,1 ¢ imm. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam,
5 May, 1918.
434. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Pirds [ Ibis,
“Tris crimson; maxilla black, sides of base yellow;
mandible greenish yellow, tip black ; feet olive-brown,.”
Males. T.L. 260, 268, 262, 265; W. 182, 131, Isl,
133 mm.
Females. T. Li. 255, 260, 265 ; W. 132, 180, 181 mm.
We can detect no difference between these birds and
descriptions of B. chlorolophus. In size birds in the Indian
Museum ranging from Nepal to the Soutbern Shan States have
wings from 129-138 mm. The Annam birds are certainly not
B. c. longipennis (Hartert) of Hainan, which has the crown
red with large green patches. In view of the fact that
B. c. chlorolophus has been recorded by Gyldenstolpe from
the same locality as his . chlorolophoides (type unique),
which is described as having the crown greenish grey broadly
tipped with bloody red and the tail-feathers with broad
yellowish-red margins, the validity of the latter remains to
be established. If further specimens are forthcoming it
requires comparison with B. longipennis, which has been
unfortunately named owing to reference to the very small
southern Indian form B.c. chlorigaster. The wing is not larger
than in many specimens of typical B. c. chlorolophus. The
female recorded as B. ¢. chlorolophoides by Kloss from eastern
Siam is absolutely imdistinguishable from the present series.
Quite young birds have the breast and fore-neck almost
uniform grey and the flanks markedly barred with the same ;
crown greyish instead of green, the feathers im the male
tipped with crimson.
64. Gecinulus grantia McClell.
Hargitt, Cat. xvi. 1890, p. 1384 ; Oustalet, p. 259.
1 ¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 26 March, 1918.
‘Tris crimson ; bill greyish white, darkest at base; feet
dirty olive.”
Te bee756. W. 134imm,
This specimen appears to be a perfectly typical example of
G. grantia and cannot be referred to the allied G, viridanus
Slater of Fokien,
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 435
65. Iyngipicus canicapillus (Blyth).
Oustalet, p. 262.
4¢,3 2. Daban, 650 ft. S. Annam. 14-23 March,
1918.
24,22. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 1 April—l1 May,
1918.
1 g,1 2. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 6 April—-7 May,
1918.
‘Tris dark, bill brownish black, feet dull olive.”
Males. Uli. 143, 147, 132) 138) 4a, 1427137 3 W. Sl,
84, 85, 80, 85, 82, 85 mm.
Females. T. L. 180, 148, 146, 150, 147, 139, 145 ; W. 85,
85, 83, 90, 84, 382, 89 mm.
Many of this series are not fully adult, but the adults agree
with a series from all parts of the Malay Peninsula.
66. Dendrocopus analis Horsf.
Dendrocopus analis longipennis Hesse, Ornith. Monatsb.
me NON, p. Oe.
Dryobates unalis Stresemann, Noy. Zool. xx. 1918, p. 349.
1¢. ‘Tour Cham, Phanrang,S.Annam. 22 May, 1918.
live 7 Oc. WielO0:.. T2605 Ts.220);. exposed culmen
22°5 mm.
We agree with Stresemann (/. ¢. s.) that only one form of
this bird is recognizable, ranging from Burma and Anuam to
Java and Bal, with wings varying from 92 tol02 mm. The
supposed differences in the length of the wings relied on by
Hesse are individal and not geographical.
The Annam specimen has been compared with a large
series from Java.
67. Hypopicus hyperythrus Vig.
Oustalet, p. 259.
836,22. Daban, 650ft.,S.Aunam. 20-27 March, 1918.
“Tris crimson (male), brown (female) ; maxilla black, or
greenish yellow with the culmen narrowly black ; mandible
greenish yellow, the tip yellow ; feet very dark olive or pale
leaden.”
436 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Males. TV. 1. 225, 231, 225 5 W. 125,125, 122 mm.
Females. T. L. 223, 225 ; W. 119, 121 mm.
One male, in which the upper mandible is almost entirely
yellow, has a patch of crimson on the sides of the neck
behind the ear-coverts, which 1s one of the characters assigned
to H.h. marshalli (Hartert), Vog. palaarkt. Faun. 1. 1912,
p. 926, from the western Himalaya, which, however, is a
larger bird (wing 126-136 mm.). The character is probably
developed in fully adult birds. We are not convinced that
the birds from eastwards of the Shan, States are strictly
conspecific with the typical form from Nepal and Sikkim,
but the question can remain open for the present. They
show but little affinity to the western and northern Chinese
bird H. h. subrufinus (Cab. & Heinc) = H. h. poliopsis Swinh.
68. Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis (Hodgs.).
Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 380.
I S vix ad. ’ Dran, ‘3000° ft., S. Annam. 29 Mareh;
1918.
1? ad., | Qimm. Dalat, 5000 ft:, S.Annam: ) 9-)2
April, 1918.
1 gd ad.,3 g imm., 1 2 ad. Langbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft.,
S.Annam. 17-27 April, 1918. ;
‘Tris dull crimson, orbital skin olive-brown ; bill yellow,
base tinged with green: feet olive-brown to brownish
black.” :
Males. T. L. 280, 283, 280, 280, 280; W. 141, 146, 14],
141, 146 mm. Z
Females. T. L. 290, 268, 275; W. 140, 136, 146 mm.
The adult males of this series appear to agree fairly well
with adults from the mountains of the Malay Peninsula,
except that the latter have a strong claret flush on the
mantle. Immature birds agree exactly with the description
of P. sinensis (Rickett)* and suggest that that race is
founded on young examples; 2. p. hainanus (Grant) +
appears to be somewhat smaller.
* Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vi. 1897, p. 1; Ibis, 1897, p. 608,
t Ibis, 1899, p. 586,
1910. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 437
69. Chrysophlegma flavinucha pierrei Oustalct.
Chrysophlegma pierret Oustalet, p. 258.
1 gad.,2 dg imm.,1 2? imm. Trang Bom, Cochin China.
30 May-3 June, 1918.
4gad.,12ad. Daban, 650ft.,S.Annam. 17-26 March,
1918.
2¢ad. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 30 March-3 May,
1918.
1dimm.,29vixad. Dalat,5000 ft.,S.Annam. 4 April—
4 May, 1918. .
“Tris crimson, orbital skin olive ; maxilla black, sides of
base grey ; mandible grey, tip and edges black; feet dull
olive.”
Males. T. L. 320, —, 328, 325,
SOO We 1462414620155; 157, 15
147 mm.
Females. T. Li. 290, 336, 320, 380; W. 141, 156, 144,
151 mm.
3153840) G87. S40
2.168; °155, 157,.153
This race is evidently only a subspecies of C. flavinucha,
like all the other continental races. It is generally greyer
below than the other forms, with the yellow of the throat of
the male more restricted. The first four specimens listed
are practically topotypes. Young birds of both sexes are
alike and resemble the adult female, but have the chestnut
malar stripe much less pronounced and the top of the head
ereener. We have seen examples of this bird from eastern
Siam.
70. Tiga javanensis intermedia (Blyth).
Tiga javanensis Oustalet, p. 265.
Tiga javanensis intermedia Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 109.
1 9? imm. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 18 May.
1918.
T. L. 280; W. 14] mm.
This immature bird evidently belongs to the northern race
named by Blyth, and not to the typical Malayan form in
which the wing does not exceed 136 mm,
438 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis.
71. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus guttacristatus (‘Tick.).
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus Oustalet, p. 266.
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus guttacristatus Kloss, Ibis,
TOUS p. 111.
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus indomalayicus Hesse, Ornith.
Monatsb. 1911, p. 182; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States
Muss vit, LOI. pe V6le
1?ad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 3 June, 1918.
1g,22ad. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 16-18 March,
IOVS:
lg@= Dran, 3000 ft., S) Annam.; 17 May, 1918:
Vey esubad. Dalat; 5000, ti, Si) Anunam: 77 Apmis
LOLS:
“Tris pinkish yellow, orbital skin black; bill brownish
black; feet dirty olive. Immature female, iris greyish yellow
and the feet plumbeous olive.”
Males. T. L. 300, 303, 315 ; W. 152, 151, 164 mm.
Females. T. i. 290, 315, 305, 313; W. 158, lo5,.laae
159 mm.
After examination of the large series in the Federated
Malay States Museums and in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
with additional material from Siam we are forced to the
conclusion that, excluding the races in southern India and
the extreme south of the Malay Peninsula, which are quite
distinct, no more than two Himalayan and Indian and Indo-
Chinese races can be maintained, namely :—a large Himalayan
race, C. g. sultaneus Hodgs., ranging from Nepal through
Assam and the Dafla Hills to Bhamo (wing about 168-190
mm.) and the typical C.y. guttacristatus, originally described
from Chota Nagpur, which extends from the Konkan in
western India across central India and Burma to Cochin
China and also south through Tenasserim to the Langkawi
Is., but no farther (wing about 168-154 mm.). ©. g. indo-
malayicus Hesse, of which we have examined a series of
actual topotypes, is within the range of these dimensions and
should therefore be suppressed.
1919.] from South Annam and Cochin China. 4.39
72. Hemicercus canente (less. ).
Oustalet, p. 267.
3¢,3¢?. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 14-24 March,
1918.
** Tris dark, orbital skin black, bill and feet black or leaden-
black.”
Males. T.L. 170, —, 160; W. 96, 97, 99 mm.
Females. T. L. 160, 165, 155 ; W. 95, 90, 98 mm.
73. Alophonerpes pulverulentus harterti ( Hesse).
Hemilophus pulverulentus Oustalet, p. 268.
Mulleripicus pulverulentus harterti Hesse, Ornith. Monatsb.
xix. 1912, p. 182; id. Mittheil. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vi.
1912, pp. 281-232.
Alophonerpes pulverulentus harterti Robinson, Journ. Fed.
Malay States Mus. vu. 1917, p. 163.
1g. Trang Bom, Cochin China, 3 June, 1918.
1g,192. Daban, 650ft.,S.Annam. 20,27 March, 1918.
ig, 12 Dran; S000 ft. Ss. Annam. 21 May, 1918:
“Tris dark ; bill grey tipped with black on culmen, base
of lower mandible bluish or plumbeous; feet dull pluinbeous
to blackish.”
Males. T. L. 458, 470, 510; W. 220, 223, 232; T. 159,
169, 175 mm.
Females. T. i. 450, 467 ; W. 221, 220; T. —, 166 mm.
Hesse described his race, of which the type came from Pya,
Upper Chindwin, as being lighter grey than the typical race
with a rather longer tail. The typical locality is Java, from
whence we have no specimens, but the above series is
certainly greyer than birds from Pahang and Borneo with
which we have compared them. ‘The specimen from Cochin
China is, however, much darker than the others, but is in
worn plumage.
74. Miglyptes jugularis Blyth.
Oustalet, p. 391. .
13,19. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 80 May-6 June,
1918.
44.0 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
1¢,22. Daban, 650 ft.,S.Annam. 17-24 March, 1918.
‘Iris dark, bill black, feet dull olive.’’
Males. T. Gi. 175, 182 W. LOL, LOL-mma-
Females. T. L. 170, 190, 195; W. 103, 101, 104 mm.
These specimens seem perfectly similar to those from
Arakan and Tenasserim.,
75. Thriponax feddeni (Blanf.).
Oustalet, p. 268.
1g,12. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 3 June, 1918.
1gimm. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 138 March, 1918.
Ig,19. Dalat, 5000 ft. S. Annam. “2 May, 19s:
“ Tris pale yellow, bill black, feet dull plumbeous. Jim.
Iris bluish, feet lavender-grey.”
Males. T. L. 412, 430, 375 ; W. 201, 207, 197 mm.
Females. 'T. L. 380, 395 ; W. 206, 201 mm.
76. Picumnus innominatus malayorum Hartert.
Vog. palaarkt. Faun. 11. 1912, p. 937.
29. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 14 May, 1918.
13. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 1 May, 1918.
“Tris dark, orbital skin black ; bill plumbeous, tip black ;
feet plumbeous.”
Males. T. L. 101 ; W. 54 mm.
Females. T. L. —, —; W. 55, 56 mm.
These specimens agree well with a series from the moun-
tains of the Malay Peninsula, separated by Hartert under the
above name.
77. Sasia ochracea reichenowi Hesse.
Ornith. Monatsb. xix. 1911, p. 181; Kloss, Ibis, 1918,
p. 113.
1g. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 16 March, 1918.
“ Iris carmine, orbital skin dull crimson ; maxilla black,
mandible grey ; feet orange.”
T. L. 86; W. 51 mm.
This specimen appears to agree with the diagnosis of this
slightly differentiated subspecies described from Tavoy,
‘Tenasserim.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 441
78. Psarisomus dalhousie (Jameson ).
Oustalet, p. 62. F
48,49. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 13 March, 14 May,
1918.
1¢. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 7 April, 1918.
“Tris, inner ring pink and outer blue ; orbital skin yellow,
edges of the eyelids green; maxilla apple-green, tip pale blue
and a blue patch behind the nostril; mandible deep yellow
tipped with blue, edges green ; feet green.”
Males. T. 1s. 260, 263, 262, 268; W.98, 98, 98, 99;
eo liZon late WOsmmn:
Females. T. Li. 265, 265, 270, 268, 245 ; W. 98, 99, 99,
99, 93: T. 130, 124, 128, 127, 105 mm.
The difference between the mainland and insular forms of
Psarisomus is very slight indeed, Sumatran birds having the
tail slightly longer. No constant differences in colour can
be detected when sufficiently large series are compared.
79. Eurylemus ochromelas harterti van Oort.
Notes Leyden Mus. xxxi. 1909, p. 209.
1g,1¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 5 June, 1918.
8¢, 19. Daban, 650 ft. S. Annam. 14-15 March,
1918.
“Tris cobalt; maxilla proximally blue, distally apple-
green, edge black ; mandible blue, edge black ; feet fleshy
blue.”
Males VT. Ts, 222, 238, 220) 2265 W. 113; 108, 105;
106 mm.
Females. T. L. 215, 218; W. 102, 103 mm.
These specimens have been compared with topoty pes cf the
subspecies from the Deli District, north-eastern Sumatra,
with which they exactly agree.
80. Corydon sumatranus sumatranus (laffles).
Oustalet, p. 63.
1g,1¢?. ‘Trang Bom, Cochin China. 5 June, 1918.
4g,1¢. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 13-23 March,
1918.
442 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ This,
“Tris dark, orbital skin livid red; bill livid red tipped
with bluish grey ; feet black.”
Males. T. Li. 255, 285, 270, 280, 270; W. 130, 134, lal,
135, 1387 mm.
Females. T. Iu. 250, 270; Wi. 127, 1382 mm.
The concealed back spot in all these specimens is orange-
red or flame-colour, whereas in most Malayan and Sumatran
specimens it 1s pale yellow, sometimes tinged with orange,
but deep-coloured patches also occur. The difference is not
associated either with sex or with locality.
81. Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus malaccensis Salvad.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 114.
Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus Oustalet, p. 63.
1gad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 2 June, i918.
ae 2155 VW. 97 mimi.
Tail with the outer three pairs of feathers barred with white
on the inner webs, the white reaching to the shaft on the
outer pair.
82. Pitta nipalensis soror Ward!. Rams.
Sclater, Cat. xiv. 1888, p. 415.
limm. Dran, 8000 ft.,S. Annam. 2] March, 1918.
1g,19. lLangbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft.,S. Annam, 15-18
April, 1918.
“Tris dark; bill (male) deep fleshy streaked with dark
brown, (female) maxilla dark brown, mandible pinkish fleshy
mashed with brown; feet salmon washed with brown. Bill
of young bird pale fleshy throughout.”
Male. 'T. L. 240; W. 122 mm.
Female. T. L. 230; W. 109 mm.
The adult male eae differs from that sex in P. nipalensis
dvuglust Grant, as described by Hartert (Nov. Zool. xvii.
1910, p. 224), in having the whole of the occiput and nape
rich rufous, not merely with cmnamon-rufous superciliaries.
The feathers of the crown are dark and have very faint
obscure black edgings ; black bases to the feathers of the
fore-neck form an irregular gorget. Rump and upper tail-
coverts dull peacock-green not blue. The female differs from
1919.| from South Annam and Cochin China. 443
the male in having no tinge of rufous on the head, the pink
wash on the chest and fore parts of the head and throat
almost absent, and the mantle and scapulars duller, more
olivaceous-green, The young bird, sex doubtful, agrees with
the type-description, having a distinct patch of ashy-blue on
the nape. It is probably a male, as the pink wash on the
chest and head is already strongly marked.
83. Pitta cyanea Blyth.
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 74:2.
2g. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 31 March, 1 April, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill black, feet bluish-lilac.”
T. L. 240, — ; W. 118, 114 mm.
84. Muscicapa strophiata (Hodgs.).
Hartert, Voég. palaarkt. Faun. 1. p. 484.
Siphia strophiata Stuart Baker, Lbis, 1906, p. 270.
63, 82. Langbian Peaks, 5500-7500 ft., S. Annam.
15 April, 27 April, 1918.
“ Tris dark ; bill black; feet dull yellow or fleshy washed
with brown.”
Males. T. L. 140, 140, 1380, 144, 133, 142 ; W. 72, 73, 68,
72, 70, 74 mm.
Females. T.L. 137, 144, 146, 133, 132, 135, —, —;
W. 69, 69, 70, 69, 69, 67, 68, 69 mm.
A nest and three eggs obtained entirely confirms Mr.
Osmaston’s notes (cf. Stuart Baker, Joc. cit.), the only
previous record for the nidification. They were taken at
the height of about five feet in a shallow hole in a large tree.
The nest is cup-shaped, built of moss, and lined with fine
fern-tendrils. It contained three eggs, pure white elongated
ovals. Dimensions 19 x 13°5 mm.
85. Alseonax latirostris (Raffles).
Oustalet, p. 51; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 190.
16,22. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 10-18 May, 1918.
“Tris dark ; maxilla black, mandible yellow with a black
tip ; feet dark brown.”
Male. T.L. 184; W.69 mm.
Females. T. L. 129, 1384; W. 69, 71 mm.
SUR. XI.—VOL. I. 2
44.4, Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
86. Cyornis rubeculoides rubeculoides (Vig.).
Siphia rubeculoides Sharpe, Cat. iv. p. 445.
2Gad.,1¢imm., 2 9 ad. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam.
10-18 May, 1918.
“ Tris dark, bill black, feet violet-brown.”
Males. 'T. L. 148, 141, 1388 (imm.); W. 72, 70, 72 mm.
Females. T. Li. 147, 143; W. 69, 67 mm.
These specimens are very pale below in the male, thereby
differing from C. r. dialilema Salvad. The females differ
from those of C. swmatrensis in being tinged with rufous
above, lacking any bluish-grey. They are considerably
lighter below with the flanks less infuscated than the females
of C. r. dialilema. |
.
87. Cyornis sumatrensis Sharpe.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 189.
22. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 22-26 March, 1918.
“ Tris dark, bill black, feet dull fleshy-grey.”’
T. L. 136, 187; W. 65, 65 mm.
Underparts tinged with greyish blue, belly pure white.
88. Digenea submoniliger Hume.
Stray Feathers, v. 1877, p. 105; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1888,
p. 246. pee
26,19. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 5 April—7 May,
TONS! .
16,19. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam. 15 May,
1918.
“Tris dark, bill blackish brown, feet pale fleshy.”
Males. 'T. L. 128, 126, 180; W. 63, 62, 64 mm.
Females. T. L. 180, 120 ; W. 65, 63 mm.
Four specimens have faint indications of the black line
separating the white gorget from the breast, one has none.
Eyebrow and lores pale ochraceous buff ; primaries edged
externally with rufous.
89. Niltava grandis decorata, subsp. nov.
2%. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 138-16 May, 1918.
48,29. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 4-8 April, 1918.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 44.5
6¢,5%2,12imm. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft. 15-23
April, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black, sometimes dull brown
washed with bluish.”
Males. T.L. 210, 208, 207, 188, 200, —, 210, —, 208,
208, 205, 212 ; W. 102, 99, 98, 96, 94, 101, 101, 101, 99,
99, 103, 104 mm.
females. T. L. 205, 210, 205, 208, —, —, 210, 170 (juv.) ;
W. 97, 97, 99, 98, 95, 95, 98, 89 (juv.).
Male. Similar to N. g. decipiens from Sumatra, but slightly
larger.
Females. Like that of N. g. decipiens, but the primaries,
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail much.duller, less rufous ;
crown and occiput shining cobalt-blue, very much brighter
and clearer than in N. g. decipiens, where it is merely a
diffused wash of duller blue. .
Types, S and ¢ from the Langbian Peaks, 6500 ft.,
23 April, 1918. :
Male. T.L. 212; W. 104; T.98; Ts. 23; billfrom gape
21 mm.
Female. Tol, ==, W. 953 Ti-9l; Ts.-23 2 bill from .
gape 21 mm. | i
The bright cap of the female distinguishes this well-marked
subspecies at a glance.
90. Dendrobiastes hyperythra annamensis, subsp. nov.
4 6. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 7 April-3 May,
1918.
346,29. lLangbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft.,S. Annam. 15-26
April, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill black, feet lilac-brown or fleshy.”’
Males. T. L. 120, 120, 120, 117, 182, 118, 181; W. 62,
64, 63, 63, 64, 61, 68 mm.
Females. T. L. 118, 108; W. 58, 58 mm.
Types. Adult male and female, Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft.,
South Annam, 20-22 April, 1918.
Male. T.L. 122; W. 64; T. 48; Ts. 19°5; bill from
gape 14mm.
212
446 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Female. T.L.108; W.58; T. 48; Ts. 18°5; bill from
gape 14°5 mm.
Male slate-colour above (Ridgway), intermediate between
deep and dark Payne’s grey. Female brownish olive above,
slightly modified by the grey bases of the feathers. (The
second female is ver y faintly tinged with slate on the lower
back.)
The male differs from D. h. vulcani Robinson, of Java, in
having the abdomen washed with buff; it is much paler than’
D.h. malayana Grant, of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra,
and has white under tail-coverts.
The female is brighter below than D. h. vulcani, the
throat and abdomen washed with buff (not whitish) and the
breast and flanks not infuscated ; differs from D. h. malayana
in being paler and brighter below, lacking infuscation on
breast and flanks.
The following key, based on eighty specimens, indicates
the differences between the Annam and Malayan races ;
all apparently differ from D. h. hyperythrus of Darjiling in
being darker and greyer above. No example of the species
appears to have been met with between Manipur in the
north-west and Annam and the Malay States in the
south-east :— Rite
Males.
a. Richer coloured throughout below, under tail-coverts
dimiged: Widw wll 2 vs). sc wl nem mint ale sina = ©) +e eda ese less malayana.
b. Paler throughout below, under tail-coverts ae
ae biowen WVU LTSIINWN: ct ele PT deey ai totedoreterenade te ismer nates vulcant.
b'. Abdomen suffused with fulvous...... Prenetavets too atare annamensis.
Females.
a. Breast darker and duller, flanks infuscated.
a’. Darker below, throat and abdomen tinged with
AUT VOUS Ps eietaad-pateieioletamesais wacker chelade tole ia leaders ete venbie re malayana.
b'. Paler below, throat and abdomen whitish .......... vulcant.
b. Breast paler but brighter, flanks scarcely infuscated,
throat and abdomen tinged with fulvous .......... annamensts.
91. Muscicapula melanoleuca (Hodgs.).
3g,192. Dalat, 5000ft., S. Annam. 8 April-8 May,
1918.
1919.| from South Annam and Cochin China. 447
36,292. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam. 138-14
May, 1918.
49,392. lLangbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam.
19-22 April, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
Males. T. lL. 117, 114, 124, 114, 117, 108, 116, 118, 115
(worn); W. 56, 57, 57, 60, 59, 55, 62, 59, 59, 58 mm.
Kemales. TU. 114, 110; —, TO; 112 3. W257, 55358; 57,
55, 57 mm.
We have carefully compared this series with absolute
topotypes of M. m. westermanni Sharpe, from which they
differ in having the upper surfaces of the females paler, less
‘bluish, grey, and the rump slightly washed with olivaceous.
Males are exactly similar.
92. Hypothymis azurea styani (Hartl.).
Hypothymis azurea styani Stresemann, Noy. Zool. xx.
1913, p. 295; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 190.
Hypothymis azurea Oustalet, p. 52.
1¢. Trang Bom, Cochin Chma. 21 May, 1918.
26,13 imm.,2 9. Daban, 6500 ft., S. Annam, 14-23
March, 1918.
1¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 11 May, 1918.
“Tris dark; bill dull cobalt, tip and edges of maxilla
black; feet dull cobalt to dark plumbeous.”
Males. T. L. 164, —, 160; W. 70, 72, 70mm.
Females. T. L. 168, 160, 162, 160; W. 63, 69, 67, 71 mm.
93. Cryptolopha castaneiceps annamensis, subsp. nov.
Differs from C. c. castaneiceps in having the abdomen
entirely bright yellow, not white, mesially; and from
C. c. sinensis Rickett (Ibis, 1898, p. 832) in having white on
the inner webs of the two outer pairs of tail-feathers instead
of on one pair only.
Types. & from Langbian Peaks, 27 April; ? from Dalat,
3 May.
“Tris dark; maxilla blackish; edge and angle of bill
yellow in the male; mandible ochreous; feet greenish and
yellowish brown.”
448 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
32. Dalat, 5000ft.,S. Annam. 4 April-3 May.
1g. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam, 27 April.
Male. T.L. 101*; W. 53*; T. 43*; Ts. 17°5*; bill trom
gape —*.
Females. T. L. 97,104,107*; W. 50, 51, 49*; T. 40, 42,
Al *> Ts. 16, 716,.16%;' bill from: gape, 10} (75110, 7 aos
7* mm. :
94. Cryptolopha malcolmsmithi, sp. nov. >
2¢,5 9. lLangbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam.
17-22 April, 1918. ?
Nearest to C. poliogenys (Blyth), but with the whitish
grey beneath much more extensive, reaching the breast ;
remaining underparts pale yellow, rump also yellow; a
black stripe from the lores passing through the eye and
a white supercilium from the base of the bill to the nape,
broadest over the eye; feathers below the eye white ; three
outer pairs of tail-feathers mainly white. Sexes similar.
Types. Adult male and female from the Langbian Peaks,
6-7500 ft., S. Annam, 21 & 19 April, 1918.
“Tris dark ; bill black, base of lower mandible yellow ;
feet yellow washed with brown or greenish.”
Males. T. L. 92 +, 94; W. 464, 46; T. 32-7, 33; Ts. 17 +,
LSet. es LOG: Munn: |
Females. T. L. 95 ¢, 95, 90, 92,91; W. 47 +, 49, 46, 45,
AA eT. 33 }5)00, 100,50, 005 18.017 4, 177516, 16°5, 41 veor
Bite: 1OG 975515 9-5; WOimm,
One bird, partially in moult, has the tips to the wing-
coverts gamboge-yellow, much deeper than the other
specimens.
This little Flycatcher was entirely confined to the upper
parts of the peak above 6000 feet.
95. Cryptolopha tephrocephala ocularis, subsp. nov.
16,22. Dalat, 5000ft.,S. Annam. 5-8 April, 1918.
9¢,3 92. lLangbian Peaks, 6-7500ft., S. Annam.
16-26 April, 1918.
* Types of the subspecies.
t Types of the species.
1919.] — from South Annam and Cochin China. 449
Differs from OQ. c. tephrocephala (Anderson) and C. ¢. inter-
media La Touche, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vil. 1898, p. xxvii,
in having a conspicuous particoloured ocular ring, yellow in
front, white below and behind, interrupted above by the
greyish black of the head.
Types. Adult male and female from the Langbian Peaks,
5200-7200 ft., South Annam, 25 & 16 April, 1918.
“Tris dark ; maxilla blackish brown, edges sometimes
yellowish; mandible yellow, sometimes washed with brown.”
Males. T. L. 112, 113 *, 116, —, —, 112, 118, 115, 118,
113; W. 56, 54%, 50, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 57, 55; T. 46*;
Tseise > Batok loco mame
Femaless Us Ti W122 11S) 1s *, Voy Wis Wide, 04s
Of 245s DO wl. 46) 2 tse le 5b, fo. 16 ram,
96. Rhipidura albicollis albicollis (Vieill.).
Oustalet, p. 53.
8 @. Dalat, 5000ft.,S. Annam. 5-11 April, 1918.
24,29. lLangbian Peaks, 6—7500ft., S. Annam.
24-26 April, 1918.
“ Tris dark, bill black, feet brown.”
Males. T. L. 200, 192; W. 81, 78 mm.
Hemates. T. tue E75, "1905 1975 VOOR S40 W 0795795 Ol,
75, 72mm.
These birds appear clearer grey, less blackish, than a
series of R. a. atrata Salvad., from the typical locality.
One male from Langbian Peaks has the white superciliaries
united by a marked frontal band.
97. Terpsiphone paradisi affinis (Blyth).
Terpsiphone affinis Oustalet, p. 55.
1 2 imm. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 26 March, 1918.
“Tris dark ; maxilla pale lilac, mandible pale grey, tips
and edges black ; feet bluish plumbeous.”
Tb. 190): We.S0amm:
98. Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis (Swains.).
Culicicapa ceylonensis Oustalet, p. 55.
1¢,1 2. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 6-7 April, 1918.
* Types of the subspecies.
450 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ This,
46,5 9. lLangbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam.
17-27 April, 1918.
“Tris dark; maxilla black, mandible fleshy tipped with
black ; feet yellowish brown.”
Males. T. L. 182, 127, —, 182, 182; W. 66, 62, 64, 64,
62 mm.
Females. T, L. 122, 126, —, 126, 124, 126: W. 59, 59,
62, 61, 60, 58 mm.
Throughout the whole of its very extensive range, with the
exception of Java and Bali, this Flycatcher shows but little
local variation.
99. Abrornis superciliaris (Tickell).
Oustalet, p. 57.
1 ¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 20 March, 1918.
“Tris dark ; bill black, edges of lower mandible fleshy ;
feet fleshy brown.”
Pos 113 Wi-o2 mm.
We have compared this specimen with one from the Abor
Hills with which it agrees.
100. Stoparola melanops (Vig.).
Stoparola melanops Oustalet, p. 57.
3o,2 2. Dalat, 5000ft.,S.Annam. 10 April-4 May,
TOUS: 7
1¢. Arbre Broyé, 5400ft.,S. Annam. 14 May, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
Males. T. L. 160, 170, 174; W. 83, 84, 86mm.
Females. T. L. 158, 165 ; W. 78, 78, 76 mm.
Differs from the southern form, S. m. thalassinoides Cab.,
in being larger. Alleged differences in colour are not con-
firmed by our large Malayan series.
101. Graucalus macei siamensis Stuart Baker.
Graucalus macei Oustalet, p. 43.
Graucalus macei macei Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 192.
Graucalus macei siamensis Stuart Baker, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, xxxvii. 1918, p. 69.
2 ¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1-6 June, 1918.
1919.| from South Annam and Cochin China. 451
13,22. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 13-21 March,
1918.
248,12. Dran, 3000ft.,S.Annam. 20 March, 17 May,
1918.
14,12. Dalat, 5000ft.,S.Annam. 2 May, 1918.
Tris dark (dull crimson in one bird), bill and feet
black.” .
Males. T. L. 268, 265, 295, 288, 290, 282; W. 163, 158,
166, 159, 168, 165 mm. :
Females. T. Li. 277, 272, 280, 283; W. 160, 160, 159,
158 mm.
These specimens agree perfectly with one from Lat Bua
Kao, eastern Siam.
In his recent review of the species (/.c.s.) Mr. Stuart
Baker describes G. m. siamensis from Krabin, central Siam,
and states that the Hainan bird is identical. If this is so
the Indo-Chinese bird will have to be known as Graucalus
macei larvivorus Hartert (Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 227), a name
bestowed on Hainan examples in 1910. Baker may, how-
ever, be in error in including Hainan in the range of his
race, as from Hartert’s remarks and his comparison of
G. m. larvivorus with G. m. rexpineti of Formosa, it might
appear that the Hainan bird is darker on the throat-region
and face, thus siamensis may possibly be good for the
mainland form and we therefore use it for the present.
(The wing-length of 192 mm. given by Mr. Baker for a
Siamese bird is the largest out of 184 specimens examined ;
either this is a misprint or the bird was a “ wanderer ”
from the north-west.)
102. Lalage saturata (Swinh.).
Campophaga saturata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. iv.
1879, p. 66.
56,12. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 13 March-
18 May, 1918.
29. Arbre Broyé, 5400ft.,S.Annam. 7-14 May, 1918.
12. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 1 May, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
452 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Males. T. L. 218, 220, 216, 217, 220; W. 108, 111, 115,
111, 108 mm.
Hemales. UT. i. 3218, (220; 218; 21532 Waals Mal eal ae
112 mm.
These birds are darker throughout than the specimens
from south-west Siam recorded as Volvocivora polioptera
(Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 194). They have grey abdomens and
less grey on the wings, while the under tail-coverts are either
grey or greyish white with white tips. It is probable that
they represent V. saturata Swinh., of Hainan, of which we
have no examples with which to compare them.
All the females are banded below, but two of them show
signs of becoming grey all over.
108. Pericrocotus speciosus fraterculus Swinh.
Pericrocotus elegans Oustalet, p. 46.
1¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May, 1918.
66,3 2,1 2 imm. Daban, 650ft., S. Annam. 13-26
March, 1918.
36,32. Dran,3000ft.,S.Annam. 30 March-18 May,
LOTS.
“Tris, bill, and feet black.”
Males. T. L. 190, 194, 197, 200, 197, 205, 202, 205, 198,
200; W. 93, 93, 95, 92, 93, 95, 95, 93, 95, 94; T. 97, 94,
95, 91, 92, 98, 93, 95, 96, 94: mm.
Females. T. L. 195, 200, 200, 190 (Ginm.), 210, 205, 205 ;
W. 88, 95, 98, 91, 94, 92, 94; T. 87, 91, 95, 94, 96, 94,
98 mm.
This series shows a tendency to intergrade with P. speciosus
speciosus in which both webs of the central tail-feathers are
black, and also with P. xwanthogaster flammifer in which the
first three, not the first two primaries only, are spotted with
scarlet on the outer web.
104. Pericrocotus brevirostris Hume.
Pericrocotus brevirostris Oustalet, p. 48.
1g. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 9 May, 1918.
73,52,12 imm. Dalat,5000 ft.S.Annam. 6 April—
5 May, 1918.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 453
1g. Arbre Broyé, 5400ft.,S. Annam. 12 May, 1918.
1g. lLangbian Peaks, 6000ft., S. Annam. 22 April,
1918.
“Tris, bill, and feet black.”
Maies. 'T. Li. 182, 179, 195, 170; 182; 182,176, 173, 185,
178; W. 83, 81, 85, 83, 84, 82, 82, 84, 83, 83; T. 93, 96,
995 100; 100; 98, 97.995 94mm:
Females. T. lis U78; 178; W823 FS8s5 185, 73 (imm.);
W...78, 78,83, 80, 80:/33'5, 1.923 965,97, 945 975, 100 mm:
The females of this series have the crown black, in two
cases glossy ; the light colour of the underparts of the body
orange-yellow suffused with red. Four have the tails pinky
red and one yellowish; the latter has the wing-patches
yellow and the rump orange, while in the others the rump
and the wing-patches are as the under surfaces of the tail,
but more brilliant. Young birds are clear yellow without
any tinge of red.
105. Pericrocotus griseigularis Gould.
Gyldenstolpe, Kung]. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. no 2,
LUG) Pp: fo
hg ad I Sead. } 9 imm, Dalat. 5000) ft-5.S: Annam:.
7 April-3 May, 1918.
“Tris, bill, and feet black.”
Male. he 1703, W483); 5.96 mm.
Females. T. L. 180, 190 (imm.); W. 80, 85; T. 96,
95 mm.
The young bird has the throat white, underparts lemon-
yellow, wing-patch rather deeper yellow.
106. Pericrocotus peregrinus (Linn.).
Oustalet, p. 47.
1¢,1 9. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Annam. 22 May,
1918.
“ Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
Male. T. L. —; W. 70 mm.
Female. T. L. 150; W. 66; T. (worn) 79 mm.
[To be continued. }
454 Mr. F. E. Blaauw on Plumage-development. __[ Ibis,
XXIII.—On the Plumage-development of Nettion torquatum,
Peecilonetta erythrorhyncha, and Anas undulata. By
F. HE. Buaauw, M.B.O.U.
Nerrion rorevarvm has been for many years a Duck which
was hardly ever found in collections of live birds, and only
during the last few years have I been able to procure it.
The birds have proved to be easy to breed, and I am now
able to give some details about their development.
The number of eggs laid in one brood was generally
about seven, and they were deposited in a box hanging
over the water.
The time of incubation lasts about 23 days.
The chick in down is in so far remarkable that, contrary
to what is the case with most of the other Ducks, there is
no yellow in the coloration of the down. It is a mixture of
pearly white and blackish grey distributed as follows :—
The whole of the under side including the sides of the head
and neck is pearly white or pure white. A blackish-grey band
runs from the frontal base of the bill, over the occiput and
the back of the neck and joins the blackish-grey upper side.
A nearly pure black streak runs through the eyes from the
base of the bill to the back of the head. The dark colour
of the upper side includes the tail and the back part of the
thighs. There is a whitish streak over each wing which runs
into a spot of the same colour on each side of the back. On
each side at the base of the tail there is a white spot, and
one above each thigh. Bill pale lead-colour. Legs and feet
greyish flesh-colour.
In the first plumage the young females of Nettion tor-
quatum are like the adult females, although the different
markings are slightly less conspicuous.
The young males in first plumage have a special plumage-
dress, which may be described as follows :—
The upper part of the head-to below the eyes is of a rufous
grey-brown, the occiput being darkest. The back of the neck
is of the same colour, but lighter than the occiput. The
remaining parts of the upper side, including the scapulars,
1919.| Mr. F. E. Blaauw on Plumage-development. 455
is of a dark brownish grey. The scapulars, which will be
red in the adult male, have a faint reddish sheen under some
lights. The tail and tail-coverts, primaries and their coverts
are deep black. The secondaries are metallic green or blue,
according to the light. The white patch on the secondary
coverts, which is formed by elongated and broadened black-
tipped white feathers, is present as in the adult male. The
chin and throat and fore-neck are of a pearly white, which
darkens gradually upwards into the rufous grey-brown of the
top of the head. The breast is pale buff finely freckled with
brownish-black spots. The rest of the under side is pearly
grey marked with darker grey transverse spots. Under
tail-coverts dirty white, as are also the two spots at the base
of the tail, which are pure white in the adult male. Legs
and feet are greyish flesh-colour. Bill pale lead-colour.
Shortly after the bird has attained its full size and is
completely feathered the moult into the dress of the adult
male begins.
In the adult birds the legs are flesh-colour in both sexes.
The bill of the adult male is bright blue with black nail. The
bill of the adult female is of a slightly duller blue and has
a blackish saddle-mark.
The chick in down of the African Red-billed Teal
(Pacilonetta erythrorhyncha) is marked almost exactly like
the chick of Nettion torquatum, but the light parts instead of
being pearly white are pale lemon-yellow, whilst the dark
parts of the upper side are also slightly tinted with yellow.
There also is a dark spot between the yellow of the breast
and that of the throat, and the dark line that runs from the
base of the bill through the eye does not quite reach the
brown of the neck as is the case in Nettion torquatum.
The legs, feet, and bill are blackish.
In first plumage the African Red-billed Teal resembles the
adults, but all the feather-markings, especially the light
edgings of the wing-coverts, are not so well defined. The
red of the bill is also duller than in the adult birds.
In the ‘ Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum?’ the
African Red-billed Teal is included in the genus Pecilonetta,
456 Mr. F. E. Blaauw on Plumage-development. _ [Tbis,
which is a genus allied to the Pintails and differing so
slightly from them that in my opinion they might very well
be included in the genus Dafila. The Red-billed Teal shows
no affinities with the Pintails. It has no lengthened tail-
feathers and nothing in its habits reminds one of them.
The affinities are certainly with the Teals, Ne¢tion or
Querguedula.
The male of this species is a remarkably silent bird. The
only tone it emits is a subdued drawling note with very little
sound in it, and which is accompanied by an elevation of the
head.
The eggs, usually seven in number, are generally deposited
in a nest at some distance from the water under a bush or
a sedge.
The South African Yellow-billed Duck (Anas undulata) is
also a rare Duck in European collections of live waterfowl.
I brought my pair from Port Elizabeth in the spring of 1914,
and the birds bred the following year.
The chick in down may be described as follows :—
The whole of the under side including throat and cheeks
golden-yellow. A dark band begins at the base of the bill,
widens over the occiput, and gets narrower over the back of
the neck to join the brownish black of the upper side. The
brown of the upper side runs into the yellow of the breast for
about a centimetre on each side. A thin black line runs
through the eyes, meeting the brown of the back of the
neck. There is a blackish patch over each ear. There is a
yellow spot on each side of the back at the base of the
wings and a yellow streak over each wing, also a yellow spot
on each side of the back at the base of the tail and one
above each thigh. The legs, feet, and bill are black.
In first plumage the South African Yellow-bill resembles
the adults, but the markings of the feathers are less well
defined. The bill has its full yellow and black colour as
in the adult birds.
1919. | On the Birds of the Canary Islands.
457
XXIV.—List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed
reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental
Visitors.- Part II. Prcoroa—Suntips. By Davin A.
BannerRMAN, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S.
[Continued from p. 321. ]
Family Pictps.
* Dryobates major canariensis. Tenerife Great Spotted
Woodpecker.
Picus canariensis Koenig, Journ. fiir Orn. 1889, p. 263—
Type locality : Tenerife.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Tenerife.
Obs. Confined to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Dryobates major thanneri. Gran Canarian or Thanner’s
Great Spotted Woodpecker.
Dendrocapus major thanneri le Roi, Orn. Monatsber. 1911,
p. 81—Type locality: Gran Canaria.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria.
Obs. Confined to this island.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Iynx torquilla torquilla. Wryneck.
Tyne torquilla Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 112—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Wryneck is a Rare Visitor.
Cabrera had a specimen in his collection which had
apparently been killed in Tenerife. Dr. Hartert éxamined
* The entire absence of any Woodpecker from Hierro and Gomera,
and especially from Palma, is yery remarkable.
458 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
this skin (Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 805), but the bird is not
mentioned in Cabrera’s Catalogo.
I saw another example which had been killed in Lanzarote
and which was in the Gonzalez collection in Arrecife (Ibis,
1914, p. 62).
Range. The Wryneck breeds in Europe and winters partly
in northern and tropical Africa.
Family Cucu.ipa.
Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo.
[or Cuculus canorus canorus. |
[Cuculus canorus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 110—
Type locality : Sweden.]
It is probable that the European Cuckoo (C. canorus
canorus) is an Occasional Visitor to the Archipelago during
the spring and autumn migration.
The Lesser Cuckoo (C. canorus minor) undoubtedly occurs
in the islands, as I have examined a skin of a bird shot in
Tenerife, and this bird is duly included in this list under
that heading (see next species).
There are, however, other records of the Cuckoo having
been obtained in the Canaries; but as these birds are not
available for comparison, I include the records under the
binomial name only, as it is not certain whether they should.
be referred to the typical or the smaller race.
The records are as follows :—
(1) Bolle (J. f. O. 1857, p. 824) mentions the Cuckoo as “having been
heard in Fuerteventura,” but evidently did not meet with it
himself.
(2) Two specimens shot by Cabrera at Laguna (Tenerife) in May
(Catalogo, p. 39).
(8) One bird recorded from Tenerife (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 149) by
von Thanner in October 1908: the specimen was not obtained.
(4) A skin in the collection of Gonzalez y Gonzalez in Arrecife,
Lanzarote. The bird had been shot in that island. I examined
the bird myself in June 1913, but stupidly did not measure the
wing; the bird did not strike me as being small at the time, and
I recorded it (Ibis, 1914, p. 62) as the typical form.
Dr. Hartert must have examined Cabrera’s birds when he
looked through his collection in Tenerife, but he does not
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 459
now remember whether they belonged to the small or typical
race. In his Vég. pal. Faun. p. 945, he wrote under Cuculus
canorus canorus : ‘ Auf den Canaren und Madeira sind die
Kuckucke nur gelegentliche Durchziigler, sie tberwintern
aber in fast ganz Afrika siidlich der Sahara.”
Range. Typical C. c. canorus is found throughout Europe,
It winters in Africa south of the Sahara.
Cuculus canorus minor. ‘The Lesser Cuckoo.
Cuculus canorus minor Brehm, Allg. D. Naturh. Zeitung,
Neue Folge, ii. 1857, p. 444—Type locality : Spain.
This small race of the European Cuckoo is an Occasional
Visitor to the Canary Archipelago during the spring and
autumn migration, .
Meade-Waldo, during the four years he spent in the
islands, found it to be an irregular spring visitor, and
records many which came to the islands on the 25th of
April, 1890, and remained for a few days (Ibis, 1890,
p. 429). He notes that these birds were all “‘ very small
and dark in colour” (Ibis, 1893, p. 195). A specimen
which he shot at Orotava on the 4th of May, 1890, and
which presumably belonged to this identical migration, is
now in the British Museum. It is unquestionably C. c. minor,
although it does not appear to be extraordinarily dark, yet
it is certainly a very small specimen and has a wing
measuring only 190 mm, It is an adult bird, but the sex
has not been ascertained.
C. c. minor has until recently been confused with C. ¢,
canorus by most writers on Canarian ornithology. It may
be generally distinguished by its much smaller size, wing
190-217 mm., as against 216-230 mm. in C. ec. canorus.
A bird in the British Museum from Madeira has a wing of
206 mm., which appears to be the average size.
Range. The Lesser Cuckoo occurs in Spain, Morocco,
Algeria, and Tunisia, on migration, rarely in Madeira, and
more often in the Canaries. It appears to reach the Gold
Coast on the west coast, and British East Africa on the
east coast.
SER. XI.—VOL. I. 2K
4.60 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
Clamator glandarius. Great Spotted Cuckoo.
Cuculus glandarius Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p- 111—Type locality : Gibraltar.
The Great Spotted Cuckoo is a Rare Visitor to the
islands,
It is recorded as an occasional migrant by Berthelot
(Orn. Canarienne, p. 25), Bolle (J. f. O. 1854, p. ve
aud Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 120).
Cabrera had one in his collection shot at Los Rodeos in
Tenerife, presumably in the summer (Catdlogo, p. 35).
I have myself seen a specimen which had been shot in
Lanzarote in the Gonzalez collection in Arrecife (Ibis,
1914, p. 62).
Polatzek (/.c.) quotes Hartert’s remarks, which really
refer to Cuculus canorus, under this species in error, as can
easily be seen if the text is read carefully.
Range. The Great Spotted Cuckoo breeds in Europe and
is also found throughout Africa. It is not surprising,
therefore, that it should occasionally be found in the
Canaries.
Family CypseLip2.
Micropus murinus brehmorum. bBrehm’s Pale Swift.
Apus apus brehmorum Hartert, Naumann Naturg. Vég.
Mitteleuropas, iv. 1901, p. 233—Type locality : Madeira.
Brehm’s Pale Swift is a Summer Visitor to the Canaries,
although it may almost be called a resident, as it is only
absent from the Archipelago for about three months in
the year.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Palma,
Gomera*, Hierro.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Montana Clara, Allegrauza.
From the very considerable notes relating to this species
which have been made by almost every ornithologist of
* T cannot find any particular record from this island, but there is no
doubt that this Swift occurs there.
1919.| ° Birds of the Canary Islands. 461
repute who has visited the islands, added to my own obser-
vations, I have been able to form definite conclusions as to
its arrival and departure. .
M. m. brehmorum arrives in the Canaries at the earliest
during the first week in January, but usually the main
body arrives in February. The principal breeding-time is
April and May, but second broods are probably reared, which
accounts for young birds having been taken by Bolle as late
as the 10th of July. The Swifts remain in the islands during
August, but in September, or at the very latest in early
October, they take their departure. Meade-Waldo records
that ‘‘a very few Swifts pass the winter in Tenerife,” which
is quite possible should the weather be particularly warm,
From all accounts the winter climate of the Canaries seems
to be cooler than in former years, which may account for my
never once having seen the Pale Swift in the islands during
October, November, or December of several years.
Brehm’s Pale Swift is by far the commonest member of
the genus in the Archipelago and, unhke the Black Swift,
is found in all the islands, though it must be considered a
rare breeding bird in Lanzarote.
The following notes taken from the diaries of various
ornithologists are arranged under the headings of the
various islands :—
Western Group.
Tenerife.
“T observed several the day I landed [in Tenerife) 4th February,
1887.” (Savile Reid, Ibis, 1887, p. 454.)
“A very few Swifts pass the winter in Tenerife; large numbers
arrived early in February.” (Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 4.)
“Tt usually arrives early in the spring and is most common near the
coast.” (Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 195.)
29 January, 1888. ‘‘ Appears to be an arrival of Swifts, a change
in the weather, heavy rain, snow on all the mountains down to
4000 feet, and temperature in moruing 54° rising to 60° in the
day.” (Meade-Waldo, MS. note-bools.)
4 February, 1888. “Shot Swift [C. m. brehmorum] with testes
fully developed at Orotava.” (Meade-Waldo, MS. note-books.)
“ Not as frequent as the Black Swift—found in Tenerife near Santa
Cruz and Laguna, I saw also a few east of Vilaflor in July;
2K2
462 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the ° [ Ibis,
they might still have had nestlings then. In summer they mount
up to the Pico de Teide and pursue the chase even in spite of the
suffocating sulphurous fumes from the crater. On the 20th of
February, and following days, I noticed swarms of these birds
on their passage through, flying along the high mountain-sides
between Santa Cruz and Laguna.” (Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb. 1908,
p- 164.)
“Noticed only a few Swifts at Santa Cruz, March 25th, 1909.”
(Bannerman, MS. diaries.)
“The Swifts of the apus-species leave Tenerife in the autumn.”
(Von Thanner, Nov. Zool. 1904, p. 451.)
Gran Canaria.
19 March, 1888. “A few pallid Swifts seen.” (Tristram, Ibis,
1889, p. 15.)
“A bird of passage....I can verify now beyond a doubt that it
breeds in the tower of the Cathedral in Las Palmas, and I
received on the 10th of July two young fledged birds from
San José.” (Bolle, J. f. O. 1857, p. 322, erroneously recorded
under Cypselus apus.)
“In August and September, ‘and probably earlier in July, these
Swifts fly along the Barranco Guiniguada to San Matéo before
noon and return in the afternoon towards 5 o’clock.” (Polatzek,
Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 163.)
The following records are all my own :—
Oct., Nov., Dec. No birds noted during these months (MS. diaries).
5 January, 1908. <A flock of Pale Swifts seen at Santa Brigida (MS.
diaries).
8 January, 1908. Large flock of Pale Swifts at Tafira (MS. diaries).
2 March, 1912. Ten birds seen at Juan Grande (Ibis, 1912, p. 595).
1 April, 1909. Two birds obtained, Santa Brigida (skins in British
Museum).
8 April, 1909. Thousands of Swifts hawking over Aguimes, four
days later all had disappeared (Ibis, 1912, p. 595).
22 April, 1918. Large numbers over fields near Las Palmas and
following days (MS. diaries).
29 April, 1913, Birds seen at Firgas (MS. diaries).
May 1912. Several noted near Las Palmas (Ibis, 1912, p. 595).
1-8 May, 1913. Several obtained at Firgas, sexual organs large (MS.
diaries),
19-22 June, 1918. Many Pale Swifts at Alcarayaneras (MS. diaries).
18 August, 1908. A few Pale Swifts seen in the Monte (Ibis, 1912,
p. 595).
1916. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 463
Von Thanner, who was in Gran Canaria from January to
April 1909, wrote of this Swift :—
‘* Very common in the north of Gran Canaria and also in the imme-
diate neighbourhood of Las Palmas, while it probably does not
occur in the south for I, at all events, never saw it.” (Orn.
Jahrb. 1910, p. 89.)
Palma.
“On January 17, 1905, observed large numbers of Swifts circling
round. I did not see them again in the island-until my departure
on January 8.” (Von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 207.)
Gomera.
Though not actually recorded from this island, there is no doubt that
it occurs there.
Mierro.
A skin in the Tring Museum labelled El Pinar, obtained 3. ii. 1905,
by von Thanner. (Examined by myself, August 1918.)
Eastern Group.
Fuerteventura.
“Tt appears in many districts. During my journey in the spring
I shot the first on the 10th of February in Rio Cabras.”
(Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 164.)
“March 10, 1889. Swifts seen in Fuerteventura.” (Meade-Waldo,
MS. note-books.)
“ April 1, 1888. Swifts breeding in sand cliffs in Fuerteventura.”
(Meade-Waldo, MS. note-books.)
“Very common, much more so than in Tenerife.” (Von Thanner,
Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 60.)
“ We found these Swifts to be plentiful in the Eastern Group during
May and June, but particularly so in Fuerteventura. They were
seen in numbers round Puerto Cabras, also met with throughout
our long journey in the island, being especially numerous at
Toston, in the valley of La Pena, and at Antigua.” (Bannerman,
Ibis, 1914, p. 252.)
Lanzarote.
“T observed the Pale Swift only as a bird of passage, which, how-
ever, does not exclude the possibility of its breeding in another
part of the island. I can vouch for the passage of the last birds
through Lanzarote on the 27th of April, On this island I seldom
saw more than three pairs flying together.” (Polatzek, Orn.
Jahrb. 1908, pp. 163, 164.)
4.64, Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
“Found the Pale Swift much less common than in Fuerteventura.
It was only seen in any numbers at Tiiosa, though single birds
were seen from time to time during my journey in 1913.”
(Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 252.)
[ Vide Map, Ibis, 1914, pl. ii. }
Outer Islets.
Montana Clara.
A few were noted which appeared to be breeding in holes of the
sea-cliffs, 1913. (Bannerman, [bis, 1914, p. 77.)
Allegranza.
“T saw three birds in this islet on the 23rd of June, 1913.”
(Von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1913, p. 192.)
“A few birds were seen by my taxidermist between the 9th and
14th of June, 1913.” (Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 86.)
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Brehm’s Pale Swift is also found in Madeira and in parts
of north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), where it is
resident.
I have examined the following skins amongst others,
which are particularly worthy of notice here, in the Tring
Museum :—
b
Cape Blanco (Mazagan), Morocco. 20. iv. 02.
Biskra. 22. iv. 09.
* 25. iui. 09.
Algiers. roy eee bl
Mogador. 19. iv. O4.
Baie du Lévrier, Cape Blanco. gy Win DO.
Omaruru (Damaraland). 12x. Oo.
In the British Museum there are only two skins from the
mainland which have been identified as belonging to this
subspecies :—
a. Benguella. ‘No date.
6. Damaraland. 2 December.
I am very doubtful whether the Benguella skin is really
a specimeu of this Swift. Its colouring appears to me
too brown. Where the bulk of the Canarian birds go to in
October, November, and December it is impossible to say.
1919. | Birds of the Canary /slands. 465
They may visit the Rio de Oro, the birds of which are so
little known, or they may proceed farther south to
Damaraland. It will be noted that the two birds from
Damaraland were shot in November and December respec-
tively—months when they are absent from the Canaries,—
and this may prove the real clue to their whereabouts
during these months.
Micropus unicolor unicolor. Madeiran Black Swift.
Cypselus unicolor Jardine, Edinb. Journ. Nat. & Geogr.
Sci. i. 1830, p. 242, pl. 6—Type locality: Madeira.
The Madeiran Black Swift must come under the heading
of a Summer Visitor, although it is only absent from the
Archipelago during part of the year.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro*.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura.
Outer islets: No records.
We have now considerable material with which to sum
up what is known of the migrations of the Black Swift in
the Canary Islands.
It would appear from the majority of reports that M. w.
unicolor is the first Swift to arrive in the Archipelago,
coming earlier than the Pale Swift (AZ. m. brehmorum).
It seems to begin to arrive in January, but even as early
as the 24th of December flocks have been recorded from
Tenerife by Meade-Waldo, and Koenig saw it in Fuerte-
ventura in this month also. February seems to be the
month when the main body returns (although the time may
vary slightly in the different islands and in different years).
The birds probably breed in all the western islands of the
Archipelago, particularly in Tenerife and Gran Canaria.
Specimens which I shot on 1 May, 1913, had well-developed
eggs in the ovary, while Webb and Berthelot heard the
young chirping in the nest during the first week in May.
« There is no particular record from this island, but the bird is sure
to occur there.
466 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ This,
At any rate, May and June are the months when nesting is
at its height. I do not know whether a second brood is
raised in the season. The Black Swifts prepare for depar-
ture about the end of September, and all have left by the
middle of October. It seems therefore only to be absent
from the islands about two and a half months, and even
then, as Meade-Waldo remarks, ‘‘ birds turn up when the
main body is absent.” ,
Western Group.
In the western islands of the group the Black Swift is
abundant, particularly in Gran Canaria and Tenerife.
It breeds in the deep barrancos and in the mountains 1n
holes and crevices of the rocks, also doubtless in the sea-
cliffs. It is also recorded from Palma and Gomera, and
probably inhabits Hierro.
The following are extracts from diaries, etc., kept by
various ornithologists who have worked in the group. The
names of the authorities quoted are enclosed in brackets
with a reference to their papers :—
Gran Canaria.
“Breeds in the Cumbres, where they are especially numerous. ”
(Bolle, J. t. O. 1857, p. 323.)
A flock of C. unicolor noted on 20 March, 1888. (Tristram, Ibis,
J889, p. 28.)
“Numbers playing over the plain on the next day, 21 March.”
(Tristram, Ibis, 1889, p. 25.)
“Common in the gardens of Tafira.” (Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb. 1908,
p. 164.)
“T saw it wherever I went in 1909.” (Von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb.
1910, p. 89.)
“Generally found in the south of Gran Canaria, where it frequents
the deep barrancos and roosts in the high overhanging cliffs.
A few birds occasionally wander to the ‘charco’ on the shore near
Maspalomas, and there is a colony in the Barranco de Fataga
which I discovered on the 28th of February, 1912. This species
is generally confined to the higher levels. | have seldom seen it
in the north of the island, but there is a colony in the Barranco
de la Virgen, near Firgas, and another near Tafira.” (Banner-
man, Ibis, 1912, p. 596.)
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 467
Tenerife.
“Very common, above all in the neighbourhood of the barrancos on
the coast. ‘They were met with on both occasions on which the
Peak was ascended .... flying around the crater of the Piton.
The hot sulphur vapours did not appear to worry them.....
The Black Swifts nest in the eaves, and in the crevices of the
DOCS Hn, 6-5 The sites chosen by this bird are almost always
inaccessible. In the Barranco de Martianez several of these
Swifts have built their nests in the fissures of rock. In the first
week of May one heard the little ones chirping.” (Webb &
Berthelot, Orn. Canarienne, p. 24.)
“Tt appears in large numbers. On the 26th of February [Bolle does
not mention the year, but he is writing in 1857] I saw several
over Santa Cruz, some were there almost the whole spring.
More were seen on the 10th of March..... In Tenerife they
disappear all at once in September (I think that they go to
their relatives in the Cape Verde Islands) and return early in
the next year.” (Bolle, J. f. O. 1857, pp. 322, 328.)
“Large numbers of C. pallidus arrived early in February and the
main body of C. wnicolor later.” (Meade-Waldo, Lbis, 1889,
p- 4.) :
“This little Swift is extremely abundant all the year except from
about October 10 to the beginning of January, but occasionally
birds turn up when the main body is absent.” (Meade-Waldo,
This, 1893, p. 194.)
“Black Switts in flocks 24 December, 1888 and 9 January, 1889;
three seen 20 January, 1888, several 23rd.” (Meade-Waldo,
MS. diaries.)
‘One of the first species which arrives at the beginning of spring.”
(Cabrera, Catalogo, 1893, p. 36.)
“ Leaves pene after the breeding season (qatar and returns in
the spring.” (Von Thanner, ‘Einiges tiber das Vogelleben
Tenerifes,’ 1906, p. 3.)
Palma.
“Noted in this island on 26 March.” (Koenig, J. f. 0. 1890, p. 474.)
“The Black Swifts had not yet arrived when I left the island on the
8th of February.” (Von Thanner, Orn, Jahrb. 1908, p. 207.)
Gomera.
A bird shot May 8. (Meade-Waldo, MS. diaries.)
Llierro.
No particular record, though the bird is sure to occur here.
'
468 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Eastern Group.
In the eastern islands of the group the Black Swift is
quite a rare bird.
In Fuerteventura in May and June I found it to be much
less plentiful than the Pale Swift, and not by any means
universally distributed. Polatzek notes (Orn. Jahrb. 1908,
p. 164) that “it seldom appears,” while Thanner likewise
records that “it is not often seen, and then in pairs and
only in certain localities” (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 60).
Koenig, however, saw it in Fuerteventura in December
aud January (J. f. O. 1890, p. 342), but these birds may
have been stragglers which had either arrived in advance of
the main party or had possibly remained in the islands from
the preceding year.
In Lanzarote and the Outer Islets I did not meet with it
in May and June, and none appear to have been noted there
by other observers.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
M. u. unicolor inhabits only the Canary Islands and
Madeira. When it leaves the Canaries its destination is
a mystery which has not yet been satisfactorily solved.
Bolle concluded that ‘‘it visited its relatives in the Cape
Verde Islands,’ but as the Cape Verde Islands form
(M. u. alexanderi) has been described as distinct from
M. u.-unicolor this theory hardly holds good. It is more
probable that the Black Swift migrates in autumn south-east
to some part of Africa where it has not yet been discovered.
Still another race inhabits Fernando Po, which has been
named M. u. poensis (Alex.).
Micropus melba melba. Huropean Alpine Swift.
Hirundo melba Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 192—
Type locality : Gibraltar.
This is a Rare Visitor to the Archipelago.
There appears to be only a single record of the White-
bellied Swift from the Canary Islands between 1810 and
the end of 1914. A specimen is recorded by Meade-Waldo
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 469
in 1893 as having been killed near Santa Cruz de Tenerife
(Ibis, 1893, p. 195).
Cabrera, who published his “ Catalogue” in the same
year, notes that he shot one in May on the coast of Tenerife
(Catalogo, p. 36).
Both these references doubtless refer to the same example.
It was M. melba and not the tropical African race M, m.
africanus ** which was recorded from the Canary Islands.
The bird which Cabrera shot is said to have been obtained
in May, in which month} MM. m. melba is breeding in
northern Africa {.
Since this paper has been in type Dr. Hartert has kindly
forwarded to me a letter dated 27/x./18, which he has
received from Herr von Thanner. In this letter Herr von
Thanner writes :—‘‘ Some days ago (16/x./18) I saw eight
” This is a most valuable
Micropus melba {in Tenerife}.
record,
Range. The typical European species, MW. m. melba of the
Pyrenees and Alps, ranges as far as north-west Africa, where
it is known to breed.
Micropus apus apus. Common Swift.
Mirundo apus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 192—
Type locality : Sweden.
Polatzek says that the Common Swift is a frequent Bird
of Passage in the Canaries (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 119).
He does not contuse it with either of the breeding species
(M. murinus brehmorum or M. u. unicolor).
* The South African race M. m. africanus ranges as far north as
Kilimanjaro on the east; there are no ‘specimens from the central
west African coast, but it is quite certain that this bird never ranges
as far north as the Canary Islands. We can therefore safely refer
the birds from Tenerife to the typical European species.
+ Hartert received fresh eggs taken at Constantine (western Algeria)
on 21 May, 1914 (Nov. Zool. xxii. 1915, p. 76).
{ Tschusi has separated the northern African race as M. m. tumeti as
it is said to be very pale, but Hartert (Nov. Zool. xxii. 1915, p. 76)
doubts whether a northern African race can be separated, and I agree
with him.
470 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
I have been unable to examine a specimen from the
Canary Islands. There is not one in either the British
or Tring Museums, but I feel justified in including the
Common Swift in the list of authentic migrants as I have no
doubt that Polatzek will prove to be correct in his statement.
Examination of Polatzek’s collection, which is mostly in
the Vienna Museum, will probably confirm tlis view.
Bolle’s statement in the J. f. O. 1857, p. 822, under the
heading of Cypselus apus, obviously refers to the Pale Swift
(M. m. brehmorum), which breeds in the tower of the
Cathedral in Las Palmas, and is erroneously included under
the heading of the Common Swift. This has already been
pointed out by Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 119).
Range. The Swift breeds in Europe and in north-west
Africa, and ranges in winter to South Africa. There are
skins in the Tring Museum obtained in tlie Rio de Oro on
the 11th of August, 1902.
Family Meropipa.
Merops apiaster. Bee-eater.
Merops apiaster Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 117—
Type locality : South Europe.
The Bee-eater is an irregular Bird of Passage to the
Canary Islands and has been known to remain to breed.
It is sometimes very numerous on migration, especially
in the eastern islands, and occasionally remains to rest for
a few days.
M. uapiaster is first recorded by Viera, who says that very
large flocks appeared at Ciudad of Canaria [2. e. Las Palmas |
in 1788 and in May*1800. I have not seen Viera’s
Dictionary myself, but the description is said by Savile Reid
to undoubtedly refer to M. apiaster (Ibis, 1888, p. 75).
Webb aud Berthelot considered it to be ‘accidental on
migration,” and note:—‘‘It arrives sometimes in the islands
in winter, spreading over all the islands without remaining
very long. In December 1828 a flock lived in the Dragon
Tree at Orotava, Tenerife?’ (Orn. Canarienne, p. 25).
Bolle recorded the arrival of those in December 1828,
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 471
and wrote :—‘‘ In winter the Bee-eater comes in large flocks
to Fuerteventura. ... They also visit Canaria frequently,
and they nested for some time at Arguineguin ; a pair even
built in a hole in the wall of the little house I stayed in
in May 1856” (J. f. O. 1857, p. 324).
Meade-Waldo found it to be an irregular but occasionally
numerous spring migrant, especially to the eastern islands
(Ibis, 1893, p. 195), where he saw it in flocks. He obtained
a specimen at Laguna on the 4th of April, 1890, which
I have examined in the British Museum.
It was very numerous in Tenerife on the 25th of April,
1890 (Ibis, 1890, p. 429).
Cabrera noted that it sometimes arrived in great numbers
in the month of May (Catalogo, p. 38), and in support
of this is the fact that von Thanner shot two (a male and
female) on the 7th of May, 1904, in Tenerife (Orn. Jahrb.
1905; p: 22).
Polatzek includes it as a Regular Bird of Passage in
spring, and says :—‘‘ In Tenerife in spring, in the zone
of about 2300 m., when the bees are swarming (‘ Bienen-
korbe’) they make themselves unpleasantly perceptible.
In May [ saw them flying in large swarms (‘ grésseren
Schwirmen’) over Fuerteventura; they were so high up,
that I should never have observed them, had I not recog-
nized their call-note. Sometimes some of them fly down
and hunt in the neighbourhood of Oliva, without staying
there long. In Fuerteventura I saw some resting in a
fiz tree ’” (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 120).
Polatzek never found the Bee-eater breeding in the islands.
Range. The Bee-eater breeds in southern Europe and
north Africa, north of the Sahara. It winters in tropical
and southern Africa.
Merops persicus. Persian or Blue-cheeked Bee-eater.
[Merops persicus persicus.
Merops persica Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ.
Reichs, 11. 1773, p. 708—Type locality: shores of Caspian
Sea. |
472 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
A very Rare Visitor to the islands.
There are only two records of this species.
Cabrera notes that he shot a specimen in May at Laguna
(Catalogo, p. 38). He does not mention the year in which
his bird was obtained.
Meade-Waldo notes that Merops persicus occurred at
Laguna on the 25th of April, 1890, when there was a great
influx of migrants (Ibis, 1890, p. 429).
It is possible that the Persian Bee-eater which has
occurred in the Canaries was the typical form; there is,
however, another race, J/. p. chrysocercus (type locality :
Senegal), which might conceivably have visited the Archi-
pelago. Until specimens are examined the bird is_ best
named binomially.
Range. The typical Persian Bee-eater is found throughout
the greater part of Africa,
Family Ururips.
Upupa epops epops. Hoopoe.
Upupa epops Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 117—
Type locality: Sweden.
A Partial Resident.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa, Allegranza.
The Hoopoe is the first bird in my list which I place under
the heading of a Partial Resident; though a resident and
breeding bird in nearly all the islands, its numbers are
augmented by fresh arrivals from the continent at certain
seasons.
This species is one of the most difficult of all the Canarian
avifauna to deal with satisfactorily.
In the first place I have been unable to distinguish
between the various forms described from the Canaries, and
agree with Dr. Hartert in his conclusions. Considerable
variation is certainly shown, and there may eventually prove
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 473
to be two distinct races. Much more material is required ;
at any rate there are not more than two forms at the most.
The migrations of the Hoopoe are also difficult to deter-
mine, and I have therefore quoted the opinions of the
varicus ornithologists who have studied this question at
length.
If two forms are recognized, which, according to Polatzek
(Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 165), is the case :
(a) 1s a Resident Species. <A larger bird, more vivid in
colouring and with a longer. bill than the typical
form, which breeds in the winter months and lays
shghtly larger eggs. This bird has been named
Upupa epops fuerteventure by Polatzek (oc. cit.).
(b) is the typical race (Upupa epops epops), which is a
Partial Resident and also a regular visitor to the
islands, where it breeds. A few remain throughout
the year. These birds arrive in March and April
from Africa, and the majority leave the islands in
the autumn.
Floericke, who has caused so much confusion by his
writings on Canarian birds, has thought it necessary to
describe (A. d. Heimat. d. Kanarienvég. 1905, p. 32) two
additional forms of the Hoopoe from the Canary Islands,
Upupa epops petrosa and Upupa e. pulchra, both from
Tenerife in the Western Group (!).
After my last expedition, before the war, to the islands,
I studied the question of the Hoopoes of the Canaries very
carefully, and my remarks will be found summed up in
‘The Ibis,’ 1914, pp. 253-256. I am not entirely satisfied
with the conclusions at which I then arrived, especially as
regards a possible resident race, but will defer discussion of
that until some future paper.
Granted that it is the ¢ypical form which visits the
Archipelago annually, as distinct from a possible resident
race, the following statements of various ornithologists must
refer to this bird alone.
Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 165), writing only of the
4.74 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ This,
eastern islands, believed there were two distinct forms :—
(a) a resident bird; (b) ‘‘a somewhat smaller species, as
bird of passage, of which some would appear to stay during
the winter.’ I consider form (4), at any rate, to be the
typical species, Still referring to form (4)—the bird of
passage-— Polatzek notes : “On the 29th of March I observed
the first returning from Africa, about twenty of them, which
had at most been preceded by a few. _ From that day
forward I found pairs of them in localities where before
they had never appeared, and they remained there.”’
Von Thanner, like Polatzek, recognizes two forms from
the Archipelago—U. e. epops and U. e. pulchra of Floericke,
with which latter species he considers U. e. fuerteventure
Polatzek to be synonymous (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 225).
Of the typical species he writes (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 60) :
“To be found [in Fuerteventura] in large numbers in the
vicinity of the villages, where it breeds, after which the
majority leave the island ” ; and again (Orn. Jahrb. 1910,
p. 89) notes: “I shot a few of these birds in the middle of
March 1909, and saw them in every part of the island
(Gran Canaria).”’
Under the heading U. ¢€. fuerteventure in the same paper
(Orn. Jahrb. 1910, pp. 89, 90), Thanner records his birds
from the Charco of Maspalomas in Gran Canaria, saying
that they agree closely with Polatzek’s description of the
resident winter- breeding birds of Fuerteventura.
In a much later paper (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, pp. 225, 226)
von Thanner discusses the Hoopoes at greater length. As
already noted, he now considers that Polatzek’s U. e. fuerte-
venture must be known as U. e. pulchra, and says that he
found it in the western islands, where it also appears on
the coasts of Gran Canaria and Tenerife, and breeds every-
where on the coast during the winter, when it is quite an
exception to find a Hoopoe in the higher districts of these
islands. After the nesting is finished, he says that the
majority of the coast (winter) birds [i. e. U. e. fuerteventure,
or pulchra as Thanner prefers to call it] disappear from the
island,
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 475
Von Thanner is here only discussing the western islands
Tenerife and Gran Canaria when he says that, after
breeding in the winter, U. e. pulchra leaves the island.
It may, therefore, be that there are two forms of Hoopoe
in the Archipelago (judging by their habits) ; but I do not
admit this yet, until more skins can be examined,
If this turns out to be the case, then
(a) The resident bird must be U. epops fuerteventure
Polatzek, which lives throughout the year in
Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (in the Eastern
Group) ; some of these birds visit the coasts of
Tenerife and Gran Canaria (in the Western
Group) in the winter, where they breed, returning
to the Eastern islands after nesting is finished.
(6) The typical form U. epops epops appears to arrive
from Europe and Africa in March and April,
breeds in all the islands, and departs in the autumn,
a few remaining in the islands throughout the
_ year. ;
Range beyond the Archipelago.
The European Hoopoe (U. e. epops) inhabits the greater
part of Europe, but is more abundant in the south. It
extends to India and breeds in northern Africa, extending
its range south to Senegambia in winter.
Family ALCEDINIDA.
Alcedo ispida. Kingfisher.
[or Alcedo ispida pallida. |
[Alcedo pallida Brehm, Vogelfang, 1855, p. 51—Type
locality : Egypt. ]
The Kingfisher can now only be considered a Rare Visitor
to the Canary Islands, even if it has not entirely ceased to
occur.
Until a specimen of the Kingfisher is actually killed in
the Canaries, it will be impossible to determine whether it
is the typical European species or the North African sub-
species (A. 2. pallida) which visits the Archipelago from
SER. XI.—VOL. I. 2L
476 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ihbis,
time to time. I lean strongly to the latter view, as will be
seen from the heading 1 have employed.
In the days when Berthelot and Bolle wrote on the birds
of these islands (1841-1857), the Kingfisher was evidently
an occasional visitor. I doubt its ever having been a resident
species in any of the islands.
Webb and Berthelot include it in their ‘ Ornithologie
Canarienne,’ p. 25, giving as its “ Habitat”? in the Archi-
pelago “ La région maritime, dans toutes les iles.”’
Bolle notes (J. f.O. 1854, p. 461), “A rather rare resident
bird in the barrancos of the warm coast region”; but in
his later paper (J. f. O. 1857, p. 819) modifies this assertion
and remarks: ‘ According to my own and Berthelot’s ex-
perience the Kingfisher breeds nowhere in the Canary -
Islands. It appears now and again only, The want of
river fish, with the exception of an eel, and the periodical
drying up of the streams in suinmer easily explains its
absence.” +
The last- record is given by Godman, who in the year
1871 ‘‘saw it once or twice near the Port of Orotava in
Tenerife in the middle of April”’ (Ibis, 1872, p. 169).
Cabrera notes that the Kingfisher has been recorded from
Tenerife and Palma by Berthelot, Godman, and Busto, but
he never observed the bird hinself (Catalogo, p. 38).
Meade-Waldo did not include it im his list (Ibis, 1898),
and in later years Polatzek failed to gain any information
respecting it, nor did he ever see it (Orn. Jahrb. 1909,
p. 121).
It would therefore'seem that the Kingfisher has gradually
disappeared from the islands. It may, and probably does,
turn up at rare intervals, but its visits to the Archipelago
are certainly becoming less frequent.
Range. Alcedo i. pallida inhabits Morocco, Algeria,
Tunisia, and Egypt. dA. 7%. ispida inhabits the greater
part of Europe from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean
region,
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 477
Family Coraciipa.
Coracias garrulus garrulus. Roller.
Coracias garrulus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 107—
Type locality: Sweden.
The Roller comes under the heading of an Occasional
Visitor during the spring and autumn migrations to the
Archipelago.
In certain years, as in 1890 when many were captured
in Tenerife, it is hot by any means uncommon, while in
other years it may not be noticed at all. It usually occurs
in the months of May and September.
Bolle records a flock of twenty from Puerto Cabras,
Fuerteventura, noting that two were shot and preserved
as they were very fatigued after their long flight over the
sea (J. f. O. 1854, p. 452); in a later paper he remarks
that the Roller is well known in the island of Canaria
(Gran Canaria), “where it is said to arrive often in winter
in large numbers very much fatigued” (J.f.O. 1857,
p. 277).
Meade-Waldo considered it not very uncommon at
migration time, and mentions seeing a mounted example
in Cabrera’s collection (Ibis, 1889, p. 515).
Cabrera says it is rather frequent in May and September
(Catalogo, p. 38), and had various specimens in his collection
killed in the years 1890-1892.
Polatzek found it rare in the eastern islands (Orn. Jahrb.
1909, p. 120).
Von Thanner records a specimen shot in Tenerife on the
19th of May, 1912, and remarks (Orn. Jahrb. 1912,
p- 227): “During these days a hot and strong south-
east wind blew, bringing sand from Africa.”
Range. The Roller breeds in Europe and north-western
Africa and in winter ranges to South Africa.
2L2
478 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Family Srrieipa.
Tyto alba. Barn-Owl.
(= Strix flammea auctorum.)
[? Tyto alba alba *.]
[Stria alba Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. 1769, p. 21—
Type locality : Northern Italy. |
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Tenerife, probably Gran Canaria.
Obs. Barn-Owls have been seen in Gran Canaria by
myself and described to Polatzek from Gomera, but
have not been obtained except in Tenerife. They are
very rare.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Western Europe generally frem the British Isles through
France, Spain, the Azores, and Morocco, extending east-
wards to Mesopotamia and Palestine.
Tyto alba gracilirostris. Slender-billed Barn-Owl.
Strix flammea gracilirostris Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. xvi.
1905, p. 31—Type locality: Fuerteventura.
A Resident subspecies. el
lab. in Archipelago.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets : Allegranza.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Strix aluco. Tawny Owl.
A race of the Tawny Owl has occurred in the Canary
Islands and is said to have bred there.
* I cannot myself separate the Barn-Owls of Tenerife from the
Mediterranean form 7. alba alba. Two specimens have been examined
in the British Museum collection (Meade-Waldo coll.). Dr. Hartert
writes me under date 10/1/19: “In Cabrera’s collection in Laguna,
I saw, in 1901, several 7'yto (Flammea) with white undersides, which
without any material for comparison appeared to me to be the
Mediterranean form,”
1919.] Birds of the Canary Islands. 479
It is included in this list as a Rare Visitor, but further
investigation may prove that it is an exceedingly scarce
resident.
As [I am uncertain which form occurs, no original
reference is given.
Cabrera mentions that specimens of this Owl were killed
in the Barranco del Agua de Dios in Tenerife (Catdlogo,
p. 34).
Polatzek included this species in his list of breeding birds
(Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 161), but never met with it himself
in the islands. Writing later (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 119),
Polatzek notes that “this species was erroneously included
as a breeding bird, which statement is here corrected.”
Von Thanner (Orn. Jahrb. 1913, p. 189) wrote :—* Until
now the ‘Wald Kanz’ Syrniwm aluco (Linn.) was not
specially authenticated as a breeding bird. I saw a female
which had been* taken away from its eggs. It breeds in
the lava caverns.”” The above statement in regard to the
nesting of the Tawny Owl must be received witli caution.
Von Thanner evidently did not take the bird from its
eggs himself, and the native Spaniards have very elastic
imaginations.
Range. Typical Striv aluco aluco is a European species
ranging to the Mediterranean. It does not occur farther
south. Strix aluco mauritanica takes the place of the typical
species in northern Morocco. It is possibly this’ species
which occurs in the Canary Islands,
Asio otus canariensis. Canarian Long-eared Owl.
Asio canariensis Madarasz, Orn. Monatsber. 1901, p.54—
Type locality : Gran Canaria.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Palma.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
* Note that Thanner writes in the past tense, “ had been.”
480 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
Asio flammeus flammeus *. Short-eared Owl.
(= Asio accipitrinus auctorum.)
Strix flammea Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, i. 1763, p. 617
—Type locality : Denmark.
The Short-eared Owl is a Rare Visitor to the islands.
Although Mompo, Busto, and Serra are said by subse-
quent authors to record the Short-eared Owl from the
Canaries, I consider that the following is the first authentic
record :—Mr. Meade-Waldo (Ibis, 1893, p. 196) identified
two examples during the three years which he spent in the
islands, and from his recording the species as “ an occasional
winter visitor,” the specimens which came under his notice
were probably shot in the winter months. He notes seeing a
mounted example in Cabrera’s collection (Ibis, 1889, p. 515)
which is probably included in his ‘two birds” mentioned
above.
Cabrera mentions (Catalogo, p. 33) a bird which he killed
at Los Rodeos, Tenerife, in the month of July, doubtless
the same which Meade-Waldo refers to.
Polatzek shot one in Lanzarote, but fails to record the
date (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 119). This may be the same
bird as he mentions (under the name of ‘“ Sumpfohreule ”’)
as having been shot in Lanzarote at harvest time (Orn.
Jahrb. 1908, p. 163).
When in Lanzarote in 1913 I identified a Short-eared Owl
in the collection of Don Gonzalez y Gonzalez which had
been shot near Arrecife (Ibis, 1914, p. 62).
The above are the only records which have come under
my notice.
Range. The Short-eared Owl is a cosmopolitan species,
and in winter is found in north-east and north-west
Africa.
* This is another instance where I have not followed the Committee
of the 1915 b, O. U. List (p. 376) in conserving the name accipitrinus
for the Short-eared Owl.
1919. ] Birds of the Canary Islands. 481
Family Vutrurip.
Neophron percnopterus percnopterus. Igyptian Vulture.
Vultur perenopterus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 87
—Type locality: Egypt.
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Gomera.
Eastern Grou»: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa, Montafia Clara, Allegranza.
Obs. The absence of the Egyptian Vulture from Palma
and Hierro is noteworthy.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Breeds in southern Europe from Spain to the Caucasus
and in northern Africa from Morocco to Egypt, extending
down the east coast of Africa to Cape Colony. I[t breeds in
the Cape Verde Islands.
Family FaLconips.
Circus zruginosus #ruginosus. Marsh-Harrier.
Falco eruginosus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 91—
Type locality: Sweden.
The Marsh-Harrier is a very Rare Visitor.
It is first recorded by Ledru* in 1810 and is said also to
be included by Serra* in his list. The latter reference
I have not verified.
Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 33) noted that he shot two in
Tene:ife in December in the ‘‘charcos” formed in the
environs of Laguna.
Range. The Marsh-Harrier breeds in Europe, western
Asia, and northern Africa (Morocco to Egypt). In winter
it ranges through east Africa to the Transvaal and Angola.
Circus pygargus. Montagu’s Harrier.
‘falco pygargus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 89—
Type locality: England.
* See “ List of Publications,” Part I. supra, pp. 86-89,
482 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
This is a Rare Visitor to the islands.
Webb and Berthelot give it as an inhabitant of Tenerife
(Orn. Canarienne, p. 8). When recording this species they
particularly remark the absence of C. eruginesus, which
Ledru is stated to have found in Tenerife in 1810. They are
all the more likely to have been sure of their identification
of Montagu’s Harrier before including it in their list.
Bolle mentions it (J. f. O. 1854, p. 450).
Cabrera says (Catalogo, p. 33) that it is an accidental
migrant in the spring, and this observation is quoted by
Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 119).
The only specimen which I believe to have been procured
was shot in Tenerife by von Thanner in the month of
February, and recorded in the Ornithologische Jahrbuch,
1903, p. 176 by Tschusi, and by Thanner in Nov. Zool. xi.
1904, p. 431. The year in which it was obtained was not
then mentioned, but it appears to have been shot in 1903,
as Thanner notes having procured the bird in the “ pre-
ceding year” and is writing in 1904. Also he remarks
that it was shot “on the same morning” as Saaicola deserti.
Three of the latter birds shot by Thanner are examples of
(Enanthe deserti homochroa and are in the Tring Museum;
they bear on the labels the dates 24/25 Feb. 1903.
Early writers record it under the name F’. cineraceus.
Range. Montagu’s Harrier breeds in Europe, also in
Morocco and Algeria. In winter it ranges to Cape
Colony.
Buteo buteo iasularum*. Little Insular Buzzard.
Buteo insularum Floericke, Mitteil. Osterr. Reichsb. ii.
1908, p. 64—Type locality: Gran Canaria.
A Resident subspecies.
* The supposed occurrence of Buteo buteo buteo in the Canaries on
migration (Ibis, 1893, p. 196) cannot be maintained, the bird in question
being an example of the island Buzzard; it is a female with a wing-
measurement of 874 mm. Local migration of the insular form J, 6.
insularum may take place between the islands, but not from the
continent. The possibility of birds having come from the Azores,
though unlikely, should not be overlooked.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 485.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
astern Group * : Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Allegranza.
Obs. The Little Buzzard appears from my own observa-
tions to have now deserted the small islet of Graciosa
(Ibis, 1914, p. 65), where Meade-Waldo found it in
April 1890 (Ibis, 1890, p. 437).
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Azores Archipelago.
Haliaétus albicilla. White-tailed Eagle.
Falco albiciila Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 89—
Type locality: Sweden.
This is a Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands.
The White-tailed Eagle has been recorded on four or
possibly five occasions, but in no single instance has the
bird been obtained. ‘This is not surprising, as a wandering
Eagle is not the easiest bird in the world to approach.
Karly writers seem to have confused Haliaétus albicilla
with Pandion haliaétus, and thus what I believe to be the
Osprey has erroneously been recorded as the White-tailed
Eagle from the island of Lobos by Bolle (J. f. O. 1854,
p. 449).
Webb and Berthelot probably fell into the same error.
They distinctly note (Orn. Canarienne, p. 6) that they
never actually met with the bird themselves, but include
the species on the word of others as inhabiting Lanzarote
and Fuerteventura. On the other hand, they received the
foot of an Hagle which had been killed in Lanzarote and
which they identified as belonging to H. albicilla.
Godman +, who also omits the Osprey from his list (Ibis,
* Polatzek described and separated the Buzzard of the eastern group
(Type locality Lanzarote) under the name Buteo buteo lanzarotee (Orn.
Jahrb, 1908, p. 113), but I do not recognize this supposed race.
+ Godman undoubtedly knew the difference between the Osprey ard
the Sea-Eagle. Tis identification is therefore more than likely to have
been correct.
484 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
1872, p. 166), wrote that he frequently watched a pair of
these birds near Orotava, and added: ‘‘I have no doubt
about the species ” | ‘* Haliaétus albicilla”’ (Linn.) }.
Another apparently genuine record by a reliable orni-
thologist is given by Tristram (cf. Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893,
p. 185), who ‘‘observed and recognised beyond a doubt” the
White-tailed Eagle on the beach near Arrecife, Lanzarote.
Tristram visited Lanzarote in April 1890.
Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 30) observed three examples appa-
rently all in Tenerife, while | myself saw an Eagle believed
to be H. albicilla on the 23rd of December, 1908, while
riding over the hills from San Matéo to Teror in Gran
Canaria (Ibis, 1912, p. 587).
It is worthy of note that Meade-Waldo wrote (Ibis, 1889,
p. 4) under Aquila sp. inc. :—“I saw several Eagles during
November and early in December, but never near enough
to be sure of the species.”
It is quite probable that the White-tailed Eagle occurs
occasionally in the islands in winter when it visits Africa
from its breeding-quarters in the north. It has been
recorded from the Azores.
Range. 'The White-tailed Hagle breeds in many parts of
Europe and in winter visits northern France.
Accipiter nisus*. Sparrow-Hawk.
| Accipiter nisus teneriffe. |’
[ Accipiter nisus teneriffe Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges.
Bayern, xi. 1912, p. 116—Type locality: Tenerife. |
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
* [ have not yet made up my mind to which race this Sparrow-Hawk
should be referred. J.avbmann has described the bird from Tenerife,
and so I provisionally use his name for the bird dealt with here.
Dr. Hartert cannot separate the Canarian bird from A. n, granti, the
Madeiran form described by Sharpe, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. v. p. 486.
| 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 485
Obs. Rare in all these islands except in Tenerife.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Milvus milvus milvus. Kite.
Falco milvus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 89—
Type locality : Sweden.
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Gomera,
Hierro.
Obs. The absence of the Kite from Palma is noteworthy.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Generally distributed throughout Europe from Scandinavia
to the Mediterranean. Extends eastwards to Asia Minor
and Palestine. In Africa it is found in Algeria; Tunisia, and
Morocco. A subspecies occurs in the Cape Verde Islands.
Pernis apivorus apivorus. Honey-Buzzard.
Falco apivorus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 91—
Type locality : Sweden.
A Rare Visitor to the Archipelago, observed during the
spring and autumn migrations.
There are only four records, and these are not absolutely
satisfactory as no specimens were obtained; but as the
observers, especially Mr. EH. G. B. Meade-Waldo, are known
to be careful and experienced field-naturalists, I include the
species on the following evidence * :—
Meade-Waldo (Ibis, 1889, p. 515) writes: “I had a
good look at a Honey-Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), and was
quite certain as to the species.”’ This was on November 21,
and later (Ibis, 1893, p. 196) he wrote: ‘An accidental
visitor, | have seen only two.” He refers to these same
* P.a apivorus should be easily distinguished by a good observer
from the Canarian Buzzard B. 6. insularum. It can be told by its flat
head and considerably longer tail, 103-11 inches, as compared with
83-9 inches in B. b. ensularum.
486 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
specimens in Ibis, 1893, p. 185, where he notes that the
species was ‘‘ recognised beyond a doubt.”
Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 31) notes that he saw one in
Laguna in the month of May.
Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 118) records that he saw
one at Teror in Gran Canaria, but gives no date.
I have not myself had an opportunity of handling a
specimen of the Honey-Buzzard from the Canary Islands.
Range. The Honey-Buzzard breeds in Europe and winters
in Africa, There are many West African specimens in the
British Museum, particularly from Fantee (Gold Coast) and
Cameroon. <A specimen was obtained in Cameroon as late
as June by Mr. G. L. Bates. Although no specimen was
obtained it can only be the typical species which visits the
Canary Islands, the other races of the Honey-Buzzard being
found in India and eastern Asia.
Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon.
A Rare Visitor.
It is uncertain which race of the Peregrine inhabits the
Canary Islands.
Dr. Hartert in his notes on Falcons (Nov. Zool. xxu.
1915, p. 169) remarks that “Mr. Rud. von Thanner
informs me, in litt., that he shot a specimen on Fuerte-
ventura (Canary Islands), the first known to have occurred
there. It would be interesting to compare it, as it might
possibly belong to calidus.”
If von Thanner recorded this specimen in print I have
missed it when going through his papers.
Dr. Hartert tells me he is of the opinion that the bird in
question may turn out to be Falco peregrinus calidus Lath,
I have included this bird as F. peregrinus. It may turn
out to be the typical form /. peregrinus peregrinus, but, as
Dr. Hartert has pointed out, there is more than a possibility
of it being an example of the race /’. p. calidus, which has
been recorded from Morocco as far south as Haha which
is south of Mogador in western Morocco (vide Noy. Zool.
xxii. 1915, pp. 169-170).
1919 | Birds of the Canary Islands. 487
Range. Typical F. p. peregrinus inhabits north and central
Europe and visits Africa in winter. F. p. calidus is an
eastern race which was originally described from India, but
specimens have been obtained in northern Africa as far west
as Morocco.
Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides. Barbary Falcon.
(= Falco barbarus auctorum.)
Falco pelegrinoides Temminck, Pl. Col. 479, 1829 or 1830
—Type locality : Nubia.
A Partial Resident.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group * : Gran Canaria, Tenerife.
Eastern Group : Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Montana Clara, Roque del Oueste.
This fine Falcon, over which there has been much con-
fusion, must be considered a Partial Resident in the Canaries.
A few pairs inhabit and breed in the most inaccessible
spots in the Archipelago, and it occasionally passes through
the islands in spring on migration. Whether any of these
migrants remain to breed has not been solved.
It was obviously this species which Tristram noted in
Gran Canaria in March 1888, undoubtedly breeding birds
(Ibis, 1889, p. 17). Meade-Waldo saw them at all seasons
of the year (Ibis, 1893, p. 197—F. punicus, et Ibis, 1889,
pp. 516, 517).
Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 31) notes that Falco peregrinus is a
migrant from March to April, and also includes F. barbarus
in his list as a migrant, and says there is a specimen in the
Las Palmas Museum +. His notes most probably refer to
the same species, which it has now been decided must be
called F. p. pelegrinoides (cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxii. 1915,
Pelct).
* T can find no records of the Barbary Falcon from Palma, Gomera,
or Hierro, but shall be surprised if the bird does not inhabit any of
these islands.
+ The two mounted specimens in the Las Palmas Museum are
examples of F p. pelegrinordes.
488 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Von Thanner records (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214) two
migrants to Tenerife which put in an appearance in the
autumn of 1907, and he also shot a bird on the 30th
of November, 1908. It is probably this species which
von Thanner met with in Gran Canaria in February 1909
(Orn. Jahrb, 1910, p. 87) and which he mentions as having
seen constantly in Tenerife (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 101).
Polatzek apparently did not observe any migration of this
species in the eastern islands. His notes on the resident
birds will be found under F. barbarus (Orn. Jahrb. 1908,
p. 102). Polatzek shot several birds in the eastern islands
which he forwarded to the Tring Museum, and it was this
material which enabled Dr. Hartert to determine to which
species these Canarian Peregrines really belonged. These
specimens * are here listed :—
g ad. Fuerteventura. 22 June, 1904.
? ad. Fuerteventura. 27 June, 1902. -
9? ad. Lanzarote. 12 Nov. 1904.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
This small race of the Peregrine breeds in northern
Africa, north of the Sahara (Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Nubia,
and Morocco), extending in the north-west as far south as
the southern Atlas range.
Falco subbuteo. Hobby.
The Hobby is a Rare Visitor to the Canaries. It is
uncertain which race of the Hobby has occurred in the
Archipelago.
It has been recorded on a number of occasions, but with
one or two exceptions on very unsatisfactory evidence.
Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, p. 6) records Falco subbuteo
as rare in all the islands.
* Since this paper has been in print Dr. Hartert writes to me that
he has just received a beautiful female example of this Falcon from
Herr von Thanner, who shot the bird at Vilaflor in Tenerife on the
28th of September, 1917,
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. » 489
Bolle mentions it in his first paper (J. f. O. 1854, p. 449),
but later (J. f. O. 1857) he omits the species altogether.
Savile Reid (Ibis, 1887, p. 429) recorded a bird from
Tenerife which he saw but did not obtain, and wrote:
“That the Hobby (/’alco subbuteo) is occasionally found in
Teneriffe I am tolerably certain. I saw a small Falcon,
which [ recorded at the time as of this species, on the
edge of the pine-woods above La Guancha; and Baeza *
informed me that he had shot two during his lifetime,
one near the coast below Realejo, and the other near
Tacoronte. He described the bird accurately, and from
his knowledge of the subject I conclude there is no doubt
as to these two cases.”
Cabrera notes (Catalogo, p. 32) that it occurs accidentally
im spring.
Von Thanner records having shot a Hobby in February +
1903 (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 431), and observed one in the
following autumn (14 November, 1903) also apparently in
Tenerife (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 434). The former bird
should be examined at the first opportunity if it has not
been destroyed.
It is next mentioned by Tschusi who notes (Orn. Jahrb.
1903, p. 176) a specimen procured in February, apparently
also by von Thanner. This is obviously the same bird as
Thanner himself records (supra) as having been shot in
1908.
Range. The typical Hobby breeds in Europe generally
and in north-west Africa. It winters in,Africa, ranging as
far south as Cape Colony. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant records
* Don Benjamin Baeza, a Spanish Captain of Militia, was resident
in Tenerife. He is said by Reid to have been ‘‘a fairly good
ornithologist and taxidermist” (Ibis, 1857, p. 424). He accompanied
both Godman in 1871 and Savile Reid in 1887 in their ornithological
excursions in the island until his untimely death in 1887.
+ Although tie actual date is not mentioned, Thanner states that the
Falcon was shot on the same day as he procured Savicola deserti (amongst
other birds). This specimen of S. deserti homochroa is in the Tring
Museum and was shot in the month of February 1903.
490 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
meeting with a Hobby on the Salvage Islands in the latter
part of April 1895 (Lbis, 1896, p. 43). It is represented in
north-west Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) by a
closely allied race, F. s. jugurtha, and it is uncertain which
of these two forms has visited the Canaries,
Falco eleonore. Eleonore Falcon.
Falco eleonore Gené, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 105—Type
locality : Sardinia.
The Eleonore Falcon is a Summer Visitor to the Eastern
Canary Islands and apparently also a Bird of Passage.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Kastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Montana Clara, Roque del Este.
It appears to be absent from the islands from the middle
of October until the middle of May.
The beautiful Eleonore Falcon was first discovered in the
Canary group by Polatzek. This observer lived for the
most part in the eastern islands, Fuerteventura and Lan-
zarote, which leads me to think that /’. eleonore does not
often visit the western islands, from which it bas never been
recorded.
Polatzek was of opinion that this Falcon only comes to
breed in the islands.
The following are dated records when the bird has been
seen or obtained. The majority of Polatzek’s notes and
the records (to which his name is appended) appeared in
the ‘Ornithologische Jahrbuch,’ 1908, pp. 104-106. Some
of the specimens are in the Tring Museum, where I have
examined them.
19 May, 1913 (Lanzarote). A bird believed to be of this species seen on
two occasions, but not obtained (Bannerman, Ibis,
1914, pp. 55, 56, & 258).
17 June, 1913 (Fuerteventura). A bird believed to be of this species
seen (Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, pp. 89 & 258).
— July, 1904 (Fuerteventura). One bird seen at Oliva (Polatzek).
Latter part August, 1904 (Lanzarote). Many seen near Haria (Polatzek),
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 491
28 August, 1904 (Lanzarote). An adult male shot (Polatzek). Skin
examined in Tring Museum (D. A. B.).
2 Sept. 1904 (Lanzarote). An adult female shot (Polatzek). Skin
examined in Tring Museum (D. A. B.).
7 Sept. 1904 (Lanzarote). A fledged young bird Killed (Polatzek).
20 Sept. 1904 (Lanzarote). Another older young one shot (Polatzek).
23 Sept. 1904 (Lanzarote), A young female shot (Polatzek).
14 Oct. 1904 (Lanzarote). Twelve birds seen together (Polatzek).
Doubtless congregating before departure (D. A. B.).
From March until the middle of May no birds were
observed by Polatzek in 1902. He particularly mentions
this, and again that no birds were seen by him during the
months of November and December 1904. As Polatzek
in addition gives no records for the months of January or
February, I take it that he did not observe the bird in the
islands then.
It is apparent therefore that the Eleonore Falcon is
present in the Canaries from mid-May until mid-October,
and that it is absent from the Canaries during the winter
from mid-October until mid-May.
Von Thanner records it as breeding on the Roque del Este
(the east rock off the north coast of Lanzarote) and on
Montana Clara (Orn. Jahrb. 1913, p. 192), where it is
recorded under the vernacular name only—* Eleonoren-
falke.”’
It is interesting to compare these dates with those fur-
nished by Riggenbach, who lived in Mogador over two
years.
During this time he did not obtain any examples of the
Kleonore Falcon between October and the end of April.
Specimens from Mogador in the ring Museum were
obtained from the 30th of April until the 15th of October.
This coincides remarkably closely with what takes place
in the Canary Islands.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
The Eleonore Falcon inhabits the Mediterranean islands,
Morocco, and Tunisia. It has once been shot in Algeria.
It has never been taken in tropical Africa.
SPR: X0-— VOL. I. 2
:
=
492 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Tbis,
Falco vespertinus vespertinus. The Red-footed Falcon.
Falco vespertinus Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 129—
Type locality: Ingria (= St. Petersburg).
This little Falcon has visited the Canary Islands on
several occasions, but can now only be included as a Rare ~
Visitor, usually during the spring migration.
Meade-Waldo notes that a good many examples of this
Hawk visited the valley of Orotava (Tenerife) during the
spring migration of 1890 (Ibis, 1893, p. 197), notably on
the 25th of April of that year (Ibis, 1890, p. 429), when
they were not uncommon. I have examined an adult male
specimen now in the British Museum which Meade-Waldo
obtained on the 7th of May, 1890.
Cabrera records another example shot at Orotava in
the month of May about the same time (Catalogo,
p. 32).
Polatzek obtained a specimen, which he did not preserve,
at the end of February 1902, also in Tenerife (Orn. Jahrb.
1909) p. UL):
Range. 'The Red-footed Falcon breeds in eastern Europe,
and in winter visits Africa as far south apparently as
Damaraland.
Tinnunculus tinnunculus canariensis. Canarian Kestrel.
Cerchneis tinnunculus canariensis Koenig, Journ. far Orn.
1889, p. 263—Type locality : Canary Islands.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Madeira.
Tinnunculus tinnunculus dacotie. Fuerteventuran Kestrel.
Falco tinnunculus dacotie Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. ii. 1913,
p. 1086—Type locality: Lanzarote,
A Resident subspecies,
191g. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 493
Hab. in Archipelago.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa, Montafia Clara, Allegranza,
Roque del OQueste*.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Pandion haliaétus haliaétus. Osprey.
Falco haliaétus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 91—
Type locality: Sweden.
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa, Montana Clara, Allegranza,
Lobos, Roque del Oueste.
Obs. 'The Osprey probably also breeds on the Roque del
Este, the most inaccessible of the outer islets, which has not
been visited for many years.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
A very wide distribution throughout Europe, Asia, and
northern Africa, breeding as far south as the Cape Verde
Islands. In winter it visits tropical Africa.
ny
Family PHaLacrocoraciD&.
Phalacrocorax carbo carbo. Cormorant.
Pelecanus carbo Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 1383—
Type locality : Sweden.
A Rare Visitor.
It is mentioned by Busto (according to Cabrera and
Polatzek) and by Cabrera, who however had never seen
a specimen (Catalogo, p. 64).
Von Thanner records having seen a captured bird at
Arrecife in Lanzarote, and remarks (apparently on the
* I observed the Kestrel on this rock, but it is most unlikely to
breed there,
2M2
4.94 On the Birds of the Canary Islands. [ Ibis,
evidence of local fishermen) that the ‘Cuervo marino”
appears in the winter off the small islets (Orn. Jahrb. 1913,
p. 189).
When in Arrecife on the 16th of June, 1913, I examined
a stuffed specimen of the Cormorant in the collection of
Don Gonzalez which had been shot locally, and recorded it
in my report of the expedition (Ibis, 1914, p. 63). This
may be the same bird as von Thanner has recorded (supra).
Range. The Cormorant inhabits the coasts of the north
Atlantic as far south as, and including the Mediterranean.
I doubt whether it is found much farther south than the
Straits of Gibraltar, though in winter a few wander appa-
rently as far as the Canary. Islands. Subspecies have been
described from Africa.
* Family Suip2.
Sula bassana. The Gannet.
Pelecanus bassanus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 133
—Type locality: Scotland.
The Gannet is an Occasional Visitor in winter, but some-
times, according to Meade-Waldo, is abundant round the
islands especially between Fuerteventura and Cape Juby on
the mainland (Ibis, 1893, p. 198). The same observer also
records a single bird seen off Fuerteventura on the 30th of
March, 1888 (Ibis, 1889, p. 508, and MS. diaries).
Previous to this the Gannet had been observed only by
Bolle, who about the year 1853-4 handled immature
specimens in both the Binna and Léon collections in
Tenerife and Gran Canaria (J. f. O. 1857, p. 348).
Polatzek says (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 132) ‘the Gannet
appears very seldom,” but I question whether he ever saw
the bird himself.
Range. This well-known British bird, so familiar to every
voyager in the Bay of Biscay, extends its range in winter
down the north-west African coast (according to Hartlaub)
as far as Senegal. It is probably very rare south of the
Canary Islands,
1919.| On the Ornithology of Cape San Antonio. 495
Mr. Gurney writes to me that occasionally, when brought
up by the wind, the Gaunet has been extraordinarily plentiful
on the coast of Portugal and off the south of Spain (where,
by the way, I have often noticed it myself in winter), and
further notes that it seems uncertain where the southern
range of S. bassana meets the northern range of S. capensis.
Details and maps are given in Mr. Gurney’s ‘ Life of the
Gannet.’ Curiously enough the most southern gannetry
in Europe is the Bull Rock, Co. Cork, while the most
southern breeding places known are on Bonaventura and
Bird Rocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
[To be continued. |
XXV.—Further Ornithological Notes from the Neighbour-
hood of Cape San Antonio, Province of Buenos Ayres.
Part IL. TRocHitinm—PuataLeip”. By Ernest Gipson,
M.B:0.U... F.ZS*
238. Chrysuronia ruficollis Vieill. Golden-tailed Hum-
ming-bird.
Mr. Hudson, in his brief notice of this species, states
that it visits the more northern portion of the Argentine
Republic ; but he himself obtained specimens at Conchitas
(near Buenos Ayres), and Durnford did the same at Punta
Lara, farther south.
It has been left to Mr. Claude Grant to chronicle the
Golden-tailed Humming-bird as a winter visitor to the
Ajo district; for I had attributed the appearance of a
Humming-bird during that season to a stray imdividual
of our regular summer species (Chlorostilbon splendidus
Vieill.)—most likely the young, from the darker plumage.
Miss Runnacles, it should be noted, “ observed it in every
month throughout the winter of 1909.” Picking out what
I formerly took to be these aberrant occurrences of C. splen-
didus in my diary, L come to the conclusion that che
Golden-tailed species arrives about the middle of April
* Continued from ‘ Ibis, 1918, p. 415,
496 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of | Ibis,
and leaves towards the end of August, these movements
synchronising very nearly with its Glittering congener,
which arrives on the 10th of September and leaves early
in April. During all my long years’ records the winter
visitor figures but rarely ; many years are an absolute
blank.
240. Chlorostilbon splendidus Vieill. Glittermg Hum-
ming-bird.
The Splendid or Glittering Humming-bird arrives some-
times as early as the 10th or 11th of September, but is
not generally in evidence until the beginning of October.
Towards the end of March it is scarce, and has definitely
left by the middle of April.
It is not in my power to add to Mr. Hudson’s description
of its appearance and habits, and I will confine myself to a
few additional notes upon its local nesting-customs. Only
of late years have I found it taking advantage of the eaves
of a dwelling-house, as described by Miss Runnacles ; our
billiard-room, where there are some projecting ends of
wire which tie down the French tiles, and which has an
eastern exposure, is a favourite site. The verandah of my
house, clothed with creepers, has also an annual pair, and
visitors to our afternoon tea-table never fail to be charmed
with the dainty nest suspended from a jasmine-twig only a
few feet overhead ; the tiny tail of the occupant is seen over
the one side, and on the other rests the head (the crimson
bill projectiag upwards), while the little black eyes calmly
survey the movements of the human group. The interiors
of two arbours in the garden are occasionally favoured, the
nests being attached to a bamboo stem or a honeysuckle
spray. But my former researches—the result of long
experience—invariably led me to inspect certain young
Coronillo trees (a densely-foliaged evergreen) in small and
open glades in the woods, where, just inside the thick
umbrella-like top (and always on the eastern or sunny side)
and suspended sometimes only two or three feet from the
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 497
ground, there was always every probability of a find.
These situations contain an infinite number of analogous
little bunches composed of dead Coronillo leaves bound
together by spider-filaments (being indeed the home of
one of these insects), and I have not infrequently passed
a quarter of an hour, crouched or kneeling under the tree,
systematically scanning or examining each of these objects
with care (for the Coronillo is cruelly thorny), and en-
couraged in my quest by the sharp needle-hke “ zipp ”’
uttered by the bird as it occasionally sped past unseen—
only to find that the nest had actually been within a few
inches of my face all the time !
My earliest nest is one of the 24th of October; of
four taken in the last week of that month, one contained
much-incubated eggs, showing that they were approxi-
mately laid about the middle of October. Up to the middle
of November the occurrences are general, after which there
appears a break lasting until the middle of the month of
December ; this again is followed by a fresh start, which
continues the laying-season until the middle of January.
Occasionally the bird sits very close, for it is a fearless
creature.
The newly-hatched young are repulsive-looking things,
resembling small, black, hairy caterpillars. Who would
connect these objects, lying in a fairy cradle, with the
future flashing jewels—gifted with a mobility that is
apparently less an action of flight than an exercise of
volition ?
The following is the description of a typical nest :—
Attached to two twigs. Outside measurement at top 14 in.
(35 mm.) by 14 in. (82 mm ) deep ; inside, Z in. (22 mm.)
by Zin. (16 mm.). Built of fine wool, moss, lichens, ete. ;
the outside disguised with small dark leaves and tragments
of bark, cunningly held in place with spiders’ webs ; lined
with thistledown.
The two eggs are pure white, much elongated, and with
equally rounded ends. ‘They average 13 x8 mm.
498 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis
245. Stenopsis bifasciata Gould. Wing-banded Goat-
sucker.
Hudson obtained a single skin of this species at Conchitas
(Province of Buenos Ayres). Durnford found it in Chubut
(Patagonia)—* rather rare there and in the vicinity, though
resident and breeding in that district.”
It is not to be wondered at, then, when I re-visited
Buenos Ayres and the Yngleses at the end of 1916, I was
exceedingly interested to find awaiting me a skin of the
Goatsucker in question. It had been one of a pair which
had appeared in June of that year (middle of an unusually
cold and dry winter) in the “huerta”’ or vegetable-garden
and orchard of the Yngleses, and is the first and only
recorded occurrence since I took up resideuce in the
district—forty-four years ago. ‘The specimen was completely
a lusus nature for all the people I showed it to, and to
whom the Spanish designation of Dormilén”’ or Sleeper
(of general application to the whole family of Goat-
suckers in this and the adjacent republics) conveyed no
significance.
No other species of the Caprimulgide or Goatsucker
family are known to me, or have occurred, so far as the
Ajo district is concerned. ita
257. Chrysoptilus cristatus Vieill. Red-crested Wood-
pecker.
Iris dark brown; bill black ; legs and feet vary from
dark grey to a greenish yellow.
It would not seem as if there was much to supple-
ment my former notes of 1880 on this, our only Wood-
pecker. It has not increased in numbers, and certainly has
not diminished. A pair generally nests in the garden
(sometimes in a Paraiso tree, which is only separated by a
railing from the kitchen-door, a few yards away), and two
other pairs in the head-station woods. ‘The first-mentioned
birds are very tame, frequenting the patio frequently, and
I have disturbed them in front of the very office door.
Elsewhere, a small wood, or'the old willow-trees remaining
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 4.99
at an abandoned sub-station or derelict cattle-well, may
have its pair of occupants. Being to a considerable extent
a ground-feeder, it is amply satisfied with a roosting-place
and some modest facilities for its nesting-requiremeuts.
I find that by a clerical error I had represented the eggs as
being laid in the first half of October; the statement should
refer to the latter half of that month (from the 15th onwards),
and the period extends as late as the 23rd of November.
Five is an exceptional clutch, four being the usual number.
They are pear-shaped and glossy, and average 28 x 21 mm.
263. Ceryle americana Gm. Little Kingfisher.
My knowledge of this species
if I am right in my
surmise of its ideuntification—is exceedingly limited.
In 1880, on the Arroyo Sauce Grande (between the sierras
Ventana and Pillahuinco), at a locality known as ‘“ Las
Horquetas,” I am positive that I had a glimpse of a
Kingfisher ; but neither then, nor sinee—on a_subse-
quent visit to the valley of that river in 1904—could I
gather any information on the subject from local residents.
As the Ynglesitos estancia, on the slope of the Balcarce
sierras (midway between AjO and the Ventana-Pillahuincd
ranges) and where there are various streams, none of our
several English managers or staff ever chronicled the
existence of any member of this genus; and the same
remark applies to the Tomasa estancia, situated on the
level campo adjacent to the Azul and Las Flores arroyos.
Naturally, about the Yngleses estancia itself, where there
are no streams and practically no banks to any of the lagunas
of an adequate nature for nesting-burrows, the presence of a
Kingfisher was not to be looked for. Accordingly, I was
equally surprised and pleased when, on a visit to the Violetas
estancia (about ten or twelve miles west of the Yngleses)
in the summer of 1908-9, an individual bird sped past me
as I sat on the bank of the Violetas laguna; I followed up,
but failed to locate it. Of course, there is the possibility
that it was only an errant or summer visitor; but I am
inclined to the belief that it probably found its quarters
500 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
suitable for a permanent residence. The laguna is large,
with open water to half its extent and quite six feet deep,
where banks rise to a height of three or four feet; the
shallower extremity contains great beds of rushes and flags;
and it possesses a large permanent stock of fish (of ratural
introduction aid now fully acclimatized), such as the
** Liza” or Grey Mullet and the ‘‘ Pejerrey,” a species of
Merluce. In any case, the bird was certainly a Kingfisher,
aud in size corresponded to C. americana.
268. Guira piririgua Vieill. Guira Cuckoo.
If the “ Urraca ” (vernacular for Magpie) has had a fair
account of itself in my former paper, and a still fuller life-
history from Mr. Hudson, the reason probably arises from
the fact that the bird is “ sui generis’ wherever it is found
—unique in plumage, flight, and gait; curious in its habits
of everyday life ; attention-compelling in all its vocal reper-
toire ; eccentric from its method of nidification, where the
nest is lined with green leaves, and the large but varying
number of eggs are .as often wasted on the ground as
deposited in their proper situation; whilst the same eggs
resemble large and lovely turquoises enveloped in snowy
lace. _
Harmless and. unpersecuted, it is as numerous as ever
in the Ajo district; perhaps, to judge from the increased
number of nests found, more so in the summer than
formerly.
The nest is generally situated in the centre and towards
the top of the very thorny Coronillo tree about eight or
nine feet from the ground and is built of sticks and twigs,
sometimes nearly as flat as a Wood-Pigeou’s, at other times
with a considerable depression or hollow ; in the latter case
there is a lining of green leaves from the elder or * duras-
” Generally, the parent bird is very wary when
nillo negro.
approaching or leaving the nest—I was particularly struck
with this fact in the case of a nest situated in a Coronillo
tree in front of the Yngleses dwelling-house and only some
ten yards from the main door, and it only happened by mere
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 501
chance that I became aware of the existence of the birds
and their nest.
The clutch may vary from four to ten or eleven, to which
may be added those dropped on the ground below the nest
(thereby often betraying the nest). I have taken eggs from
the 2lst of October to the 18th of March; the latter would
evidently represent a second brood. Their average measure-
ment is 41 x 31 mm.
270. Piaya cayana Linn. Chestnut Cuckoo.
The one and only ‘recorded occurrence of this bandsome
Cuckoo was in January 1913, when Mr. M. A. Runnacles
shot a specimen in the garden of ‘ Linconia,”’ about
six miles north-east of the Yngleses head-station. Besides
kindly keeping the skin for me, he was able to add the
information that the solitary individual was being mobbed
by other birds (an experience to which our local Cuckoo,
previously alluded to, is never subjected).
The specimen is now in the British Museum, and
Mr. Charles Chubb comments upon the interesting incident
as follows:—*This individual specimen is of the Para-
guayan or southern Brazil variety (P. macrura), and 1s
of special interest in connection with its range. In all
probability it had crossed the estuary of the River Plate
from the neighbouring Republic of Uruguay, instead of
being a wanderer from Paraguay, which latter course would
have involved following the very sparsely- wooded littoral of
the Province of Buenos Ayres.”
276. Conurus patagonus Vieill. Patagonian Parrot.
In 1879 I alluded to the “ Barranquero” or Barranca-
bird as being common, though not a resident, passing
over the Yngleses in the morning from the south-west
on the way to its feeding-grounds in the rincénes, and
returning in the evening, during all but the four summer
months; to this -I added further details and notes. In
course of subsequent years I was enabled to corroborate
the above period, with little or no variation. But, since
502 Mr. EK. Gibsou on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
about 1900, there has occurred a curious verification of
Hudson’s statement that the species is dying out—“ possibly
owing to the altered conditions resulting from the
settlement of the country by Kuropeaus” (his remarks
on this subject, together with the general account of the
Bank-parrot itself, should be taken in conjunction with my
original notes). From the date referred to (1900), the
appearance of the former flocks became scarcer and more
irregular, until very shortly after they seem to have ceased
altogether—possibly about 1902. At least’ I have no
further recorded occurrence after that year, and I was
told that 1903 and subsequent seasons were total blanks.
Equally with Mr. Hudson I mourn the Barranquero’s
departure, and to show its former familiarity I may men-
tion how, in July of 1898, I shot three (little knowing they
would probably be among the last of our familiar aud noisy
visitors) on the roof of the Yngleses dwelling-house. They
were perched on one of the chimneys, down which they fell
into an empty grate, and (I am glad to say) were duly made
into
figure in my skin-book.
ce
specimens ?’—the last of many of their species which
About the year 1902 our manager at Yuglesitos (on the
southern slope of the Balcarce sierras) told me of a curious
incident regarding a nesting-site. A pair of Barranqueros
excavated a burrow and nested in a well which supplied |
water for the sheep-dipping plant close to the head-station
—quite undisturbed by the activities and noise of the sheep-
corrals. Apparently the Barranquero—lke 'Truth—must
now be sought for down a well!
280. Bolborhynchus monachus Bodd. Green Parrakeet.
To my former notes on the ‘ Cotorra”’ or Green Parrakeet
I have little to add. The species is as abundant as ever,
and likely to continue so under present conditions. Food,
in the shape of thistle-seeds at least, is not likely to cease
out of the land, and more maize also is grown in the
district than formerly; whilst the nesting facilities have
been improved rather than otherwise under the following
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 503
modification :—In 1872, when I first went to the Yngleses,
I found the Parrakeet nesting in the garden and of course
the surrounding woods of the head-station. Besides the
larger structures in the higher trees there were innumerable
newer and smaller ones suspended from the lower branches
of the Tala and Coronillo trees—frequently to be easily
reached from the ground. In 1884 I succeeded in banishing
the fruit-marauders out of the garden, and undertook a
systematic campaign against the denizens of the woods.
The plan was to send a couple of peones, armed with long
bamboos, on the extremity of which they wrapped some tow,
and by this means set fire to the nests. By undertaking
the operation in the first half of December—just before
the eggs were laid—there remained no time available
for the. construction of a fresh nest and the rearing of a
brood the same season ; nor, given the general situation of
the nests at the end of a branch, did the tree suffer any
damage. Occasionally a Gaucho would perhaps find some
difficulty in riding his half-tamed colt through the woods
on his way to the head-station, and as he glanced at the
crackling fires in the trees (the cause of his mount “ trying
to take two sides of the road at once’’) would mutter to
himself “‘cosas de Don Ernesto”—‘‘some of Don Ernesto’s
little jokes.”
The modus operandi was quite successful, and in the
course of.a few years the Cotorras became reduced to a
merely ornamental quantity (a note in my ornithological
diary about that time says ‘* Destroyed all Parrakeet nests
in woods. Mem.: Some fifty opossums (Didelphis aurita)
were killed as they left the burning nests”).
But it so happened that in 1872 there were three one-year-
old Eucalyptus trees in the garden, the first grown in the
district. These showed such rapid growth and adaptability
that from the year 1880 many hundreds were subsequently
planted—forming woods, groups, and avenues. In twenty
years or more, many of these attained a height of perhaps
a hundred feet (one such grove is visible at least twelve
miles away), and the Cotorras have taken advantage thereof
504: Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
to the almost total abandonment of the Tala woods. The
nests are practically inaccessible (at the summit of the
Eucalyptus) ; nor can fire be employed for their destruction
without the risk of ruining the trees—the Eucalyptus
being highly combustible. Occasionally a regular battue is
organized with half a dozen guns and maintained for a
couple of days, but such sporadic efforts are necessarily only
temporary, of limited effect, and expensive. So the Cotorra
has come into its own again, and flourishes accordingly.
Average measurement of eggs, 29 x 21 mm.
286. Strix flammea auct. Common Barn-Owl.
It would be difficult to say when the Barn-Ow] first gained
a footing—or, more accurately speaking, found a roof-tree—
in this district. There are scores of admirable situations
amongst our old Tala trees (cavities and hollows), as if
specially designed for seclusion and nesting-sites ; but it 1s
obvious that the abundant and ubiquitous opossum would
render these advantages utterly nugatory. Nor at present
have I succeeded in seeing it established in any barns or
lofts of the head-station. A tradition has it that away back
about 1860—on a fire being lit in the Yngleses dwelling-
house at the beginning of winter—an Owl was brought
down the chimney (doubtless of this species). In later
times, I think 1900, I was told that an Owl’s nest had
been found on the top of a haystack, underneath the
“ Dutch roof.’ But so far, at present, it is necessary to
go farther—not a-field, but a-town—to look for it. The
church-tower of the neighbouring town of General Lavalle
harbours a pair, and there are others in various old disused
buildings and in a large cattle-killing establishment (now
closed) where it can be seen flying from beam to beam.
And it is from there undoubtedly that it has spread to
Linconia estancia (a couple of miles away)—the manager
of which told me in 1918 that there was “ quite a colony ”
in the roof of the dairy.
The preceding notes constitute at present all the infor-
mation I have been able to gather regarding the species,
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 505
287. Asio brachyotus Forst. Short-eared Owl.
Though not unfamiliar to me, I would hardly agree with
Mr, Claude Grant that the Short-eared Owl is “ fairly
common ” in our district. On occasion I have put up a
pair and a single bird in one day, but otherwise IT have
ridden the campo daily for months—at all seasons of the
year—without chronicling a single occurrence. <A proof
positive is that I have never found a nest, or been able to
procure the eggs, through any of my peones or shepherds.
It has been left to Mr. Hudson therefore to furnish a fuller
and more satisfactory description of the species and its
habits than lies in my power.
Twice at long intervals (1873 and 1899) I have shot
specimens in our woods. These aberrant instances (for its
habitat is the rough grass-lands) were not merely casual,
for in both cases the individual had been observed in situ—
sleeping on a branch
various days previously. ‘The first-
mentioned hooted somewhat like a dog baying as it took
flight on being disturbed, the second was mute.
Four authentic clutches of eggs found by others more
fortunate than myself were taken respectively on the 13th
and 23rd of December, 28th of January, and the 26th of
February (midsummer the two last). The number never
exceeded three, and the average measurement of those that
came into my possession is 44X33 mm. The largest is
45 x 34 mm. and the smallest 41 x 383 mm.
290. Speotyto cunicularia Mol. Burrowing-Owl.
To Hudson’s full account of this species, and my former
notes of 1879, there can be little to add. During the great
flood years of 1913-15 it had a most disastrous experience.
On my arrival at the Yngleses on the first-named year
I found it drowned out of all the lowlands, and misfortune
seemed to have rendered it less noisy and aggressive to
passers-by. As might be inferred, all through the subse-
quent summer it was exceedingly numerous on all the
higher sandy land, where the refugees had naturally added
to the usual denizens. On my return again in the spring of
506 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
1915 (with the flood still prevailing) the over-population
had much decreased. Still later, during my last visit (the
summer of 1916-17) when a drought had ensued, tlie birds
were generally distributed over their former area.
Regarding the breeding-notes, the full clutch would seem
to be six, and the whole month of October—from the
5th onwards—the favourite season. ‘The eggs average
35 X29 mm.
292. Circus cinereus Vieill. Cinereous Harrier.
To my previous notes of 1879 I have nothing to add.
My diary is only a monotonous record of individual birds
observed at varying intervals and all periods of the year.
Nor are these occurrences so numerous as to confirm my
former statement that it was common in our district—a
modification of my opinion in which I am borne out by
Mr. Claude Grant.
Mr. Hudson writes little more in extenso, though he 1s
able to briefly describe the nesting-situation and the eggs,
a good fortune which has not come my way.
293. Circus macropterus Vieill. Long-winged Harrier.
This is the species erroneously alluded to by myself as
Urubitinga unicincta Temm. (Ibis, 1879, p. 411).
Hudson dismisses it very briefly :—‘ Hab. South America.
This species is also found in the Republic, but is not so
common as the former species (Circus cinereus Vieill.).”
But it is to be noticed, on the other hand, that he gives
prominence to Antenor unicinctus as “ the common Buzzard
of the Plata region.”
Claude Grant totally ignores A. unicinctus in the Aj6
district of the “ Plata region,” though meeting with it in
central Paraguay, where it also occurred with the first-
named species still farther north. Yet, in conjunction
with Miss Runnacles, he makes a small collection of Circus
macropterus or maculosus at the Yngleses in Ajo, the series
being so sufficiently complete that he is able to give a
meticulous analysis of the “no less than six bewildering
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 507
stages of plumage which it undergoes” (Ibis, 1912,
p: 277). |
In view of the foregoing, it may doubtless be assumed
that the Harrier found in Ajo is Circus macropterus (Vieill.)
aut maculosus.
A clutch of three eggs, collected by Miss Runnacles on
14 November, 1909, appertained to a nest situated under a
tuft of esparto in the rinednes, and was composed of a little
dry grass. The three white eggs are somewhat pointed
and rough-shelled.. They average 50 x 37 mm.
295. Buteo swainsoni bp. Swainson’s Buzzard.
So far as Swainson’s Buzzard is connected with the
Argentine Republic (vide Sclater and Hudson’s work) the
recorded occurrences are limited to two, the first taken by
Mr. Hudson himself at Conchitas in 1860, and the other by
Mr. Frank Withington at Lomas de Zamora in 1886—both
localities being within a few miles of Buenos Ayres.
Since then Claude Grant collected two individual speci-
mens in Aj6 on 4 November, 1908, and 9 December, 1909,
respectively. Both were young birds and males.
I have no further information to furnish on the subject.
It is satisfactory to learn that the species can be added to
the Ajo list.
296. Buteo albicaudatus Vieill. White-tailed Buzzard.
Hudson is familiar with this species as a migrant, visiting
the pampas in the spring and autumn in a gregarious form—
“flocks varying from thirty to forty, or as many as one or
two thousand birds.”
Claude Grant does not seem to have met with it during
his visits to Ajo.
With all due deference and reserve [ submit the following
extracts from my diary (the only occurrences recorded in
forty-five years), and which I would suggest may probably
refer to the species in question :—
“15 December, 1872. Observed a flock of eleven fine grey-
blue Buzzards hovering over Yngleses head-station woods.
SER. XI.— VOL. I. 2N
508 Mr. EK. Gibson on the Ornithology of [Ibis,
Were beating against the wind, rising and falling, or soaring
in spiral circles ; occasionally one or two would alight on a
tree.
“ 20 November, 1901. Some eight or ten Buzzards (similar
to the above-mentioned) seen in vicinity of Linconia estancia.
Flight slow and heavy ; occasionally wheeled in circles. Fre-
quently lit on ground, and allowed of fairly near approach on
horseback.
“3 December, 1901. Three or four seen in above locality.
“29 December, 1901. Seven or eight passed over Yngleses
head-station in afternoon, flying leisurely north. With one
or two exceptions all were adults, but in my hurried rush
for a gun I had to content myself with the last straggler of
the lot-—an immature bird—which fell to a charge of number
six shot at a considerable height. Later on Cumming shot
another immature specimen in the wood. (Both these skins
were unfortunately lost before their identity was established.
The plumage was exceedingly soft and loose, and the skin
extraordinarily thin and delicate.)
“3 January, 1902. One adult seen on north side of
Yngleses.
“3 January, 1904, A flight of about a dozen beat over
Yngleses head-station, flying south.” |
As will be seen from the preceding, these rare and
irregular occurrences of a gregarious and striking bird of
prey naturally impressed me, and I could have wished to
have been more fortunate in the acquisition of specimens.
297. Buteo erythronotus King. Red-backed Buzzard.
This bird has not been recorded in the locality again
since I obtained a pair in June of 1875.
300. Geranoaétus melanoleucus Vieill. Chilian Eagle.
In my former paper (Ibis, 1879, p. 409) I dealt at length
with this—our largest and most strikingly handsome bird
of prey.
I know that it subsequently continued to frequent and
nest in its old haunts in the rincdnes for several years, but
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 509
in 1899 I was told that it had not been seen for some time.
Indeed, personally, from 1881 (when I saw a pair at their
nearly-completed nest in the rincénes) the species has only
twice come under my observation—a young bird in immature
plumage at the woods of the Yngleses head-station in 1882,
and an adult in the Real Viejo woods (on the southern
boundary of the Yngleses) in 1904.
Nevertheless, Mr. Claude Grant obtained a series of
specimens on his visit to the Yngleses in 1908-9, which
shows that the locality continues to be favoured by residents
or visitors.
303. Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon.
Iris dark brown. Cere, eyelids, and nostrils yellow. Beak
greyish-blue, black at tip. Legs and feet bright yellow.
My first record (and specimen) of this world-wandering
Falcon is dated 20 December, 1884, and by a very curious
coincidence there lies before me the last acquisition, one of
Claude Grant’s collecting, bearing the date of 20 December,
1909—an interval of exactly a quarter of a century.
After the first-mentioned occurrence, I do not seem to
have observed another individual until 1898, a blank of no
less than fourteen years. The following year (1899),
a pair took up their abode during the summer in some
very lofty Eucalyptus trees in the Yngleses garden. On
both being secured for my collection, they were succeeded
by a single bird, which I refrained from molesting. In the
following years the same situation has been favoured
generally —but not invariably—by a pair. These were
always summer visitors, the earliest chronicled appearance
being 15 November and the latest noted 11 April. Other
occurrences are exceptionally rare—two or three individuals
seen in the open campo and probably identical with those
alluded to, and one between Ajo and Dolores.
I have no hesitation in connecting our visitors with the
lofty Eucalyptus trees now existent, and which I have
already spoken of. It would seem as if the Peregrine found
the denser Tala woods did not furnish a satisfactory eyrie
2N2
~
510 Mr, E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ This,
to roost in, for I have never seen the bird or birds in any
but the Eucalyptus, from that of 1884 to date. To show
how little shy it is, the first individual’s tree was within
twenty yards of the billiard-room, adjoining the Yngleses
dwelling-house.
That it nests with us is possible, but I have never detected
any proof that such is the case. On coming in to roost at
sundown the birds are sometimes silent, sweepmg up to
their perch and remaining for the night. Otherwise, they
circle round once or twice, when the cry or scream is very
striking, clamorous and metallic.
I weighed a pair. The male scaled 1 |b. 9 ozs.; the
female 2 lbs. 5 ozs. The discrepancy is the more striking
when dissection showed that the former contained in the
crop the best part of a Spotted Dove (Zenaida maculata
Vieill.) and the latter only the remains of a small bird.
304. Falco fusco-cerulescens Vicill. Orange - chested
Hobby.
Iris brown. Eyelids, nostrils, and gape pale greenish-
yellow. Beak bluish-grey, shading into black at tip. Feet
bright yellow ; claws black.
This Patagonian Hobby (which I formerly alluded to as
Hypotriorchis femoralis Temm. in ‘The Ibis’ for 1879,
p. 412) is an extremely rare visitor to our district. The
only records are three :—A male shot on 23 August, 1875,
a female on 28 June, 1880, aud another female collected by
Miss Runnacles on 27 June, 1909. My own two specimens
were shot in the Yngleses head-station woods. It will be
noticed that the dates correspond to the winter-season.
305. Tinnunculus cinnamomimus Sw. Cinnamon Kestrel.
Since I last wrote of this species in 1879 (under the name
of 7. sparverius Linn.) it would seem to have become
searcer. My diary actually only mentions three occurrences
(the earliest being on 5 March and the latest 11 September),
which—even allowing for my frequent absences in the
winter-time—is but a poor record. Claude Grant expressly
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 51d
states that very few were seen by him; though, as he
actually noticed three or four in the winter of 1909, he had
not much reason to complain. For a wild Patagonian bird,
one of those which came under my observation somewhat
startled me by its calm contemplation, as I rode past, from
the roof of an unoccupied house quite in the centre of the
neighbouring town of Ajo. As a rule, I have found it
always very wary and shy.
306. Elanus leucurus Vieill. White-tailed Kite.
The White-tailed Kite is exceedingly rare in our district,
Claude Grant only obtained two specimens during his
two visits to the Yngleses. The following are my sole
experiences :—
3 May, 1875. One seen. Yngleses head-station
woods.
30 Aug., 1875. Pair. In rineones.
dl Aug., 1875. One. Passed over Yungleses garden.
3 Sept., 1875. One. As above—probably the same.
30 June, 1886. One shot. Yngleses head-station
woods,
Summer, 1898-9. ‘I'wice seen, as above.
August 1899. One frequenting head-station woods
and scaring poultry-yard.
Since the last entry | have no further record to date.
Mr. Hudson draws attention to the fact that this Kite “ in
its actions strikingly resembles a fishing gull, frequently
remaining poised in the air with body motionless and wings
rapidly vibrating for fully half a minute at a stretch, after
which it flies on or dashes down upon its prey.” I was
deceived myself in this way on our first time of meeting (and
subsequently mentally recorded the species as the ‘* Gull-
like Hawk”). The individual in question I took to be, at
a distance, an immature Larus maculipennis, and I was much
exercised why it should occasionally poise and hover over
the wood, until the mystery was explained when there was
a sudden (but unsuccessful) stoop downwards, doubtless at
a nesting Spotted Dove in one of the trees,
512 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [Tbis,
A young male in my collection (obtained by Claude
Grant) has the following notes on the label :——‘ Iris clear
hazel-brown. Bill black. .Cere, gape, orbits greenish
yellow. Legs and toes lemon-colour. Claws black.”
307. Rostrhamus sociabilis Vieill. Sociable Marsh-Hawk.
Adult. Uris ruby-colour. Gape and bare parts round
eye bright orange-red. Beak and claws jet-black. Legs
and feet bright orange-red.
Young. As above, except gape and bare parts yellow.
Legs and feet orange.
Since I described the habits of this handsome and in-
teresting species in 1879, my diary furnishes me with but
little further information. It is fairly regular in its
migration, arriving in this district about the middle of
September and leaving midway in March, though I have
known it to be abundant at the end of August and to dis-
appear at the end of February, im spite of overflowing
swamps. Whence it proceeds and where it goes—particu-
larly during such an epoch as that of our four years’
drought—I do not know; but in such floods as that of
1899-90, and the still greater one of 1913-15, the numbers
all over the country (during the usual season) were extra-
ordinary. Not only were they im evidence in their favourite
swamps and all over the inundated country-side, but flying
over the Yngleses head-station and woods (one individual
actually working through the dark recesses of the latter like
an Owl), and occasionally even alighting on a Eucalyptus or
Tala tree (again a most unusual procedure). As the shallows
dried up, and the waters withdrew into their normal swamps,
it was wonderful to see the accumulation of water-snail shells
(Ampullaria canaliculata Lamarck), the sole food of this
Hawk, at the foot of each and every isolated Durasuiilo or
clump of the same trees, or posts of a fence passing through
ornearaswamp. ‘‘ Bucketsful” would be the only adequate
description. One such heap at the base of a post numbered
over 1500, and all the posts on the line of fence, for a con-
siderable distance, had an approximate quantity !
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 513
I believe there was a nesting-colony in the centre of a
deep swamp near the Yngleses head-station in 1918, and
I have had occasional odd clutches of eggs brought to me
at intervals during the past years ; but, frankly speaking,
the situations affected for breeding-purposes are not easy
of access or to my liking. The rushes are too dense for
canoe-work, aud to negotiate them on horse-back calls
for youth, recklessness, and a horse equally powerful and
steady. So I content myself with saying ‘“‘I have been
there,” and a reference to one such colony as described in
my former paper (Ibis, 1879, p. 414).
The usual clutch of three eggs (previously described)
average 42 X35 mm.
309. Milvago chimango Vieill. Chimango Carrion- Hawk.
Ivis very dark brown. Beak light brown. Bare parts
pale white. Legssand feet light grey. Claws brown, also
the beak.
To my former notes on the Chimango, Mr, Hudson has
added such a detailed and interesting account of the species
and its habits that any further remarks on my part can only
be of an incidental nature, and only refer to its nesting
characteristics.
In passing, I would corroborate my original statement as
to the large numbers which roost at nights in the swamps
during the winter-time.
Referring again to my previous observations on its
nesting-sites—when I insisted on its local preference for the
centre of a large or deep swamp versus trees or grass-
coverts,—I now furnish the following modified rectifications.
From 1873 to 1892 1 had continued to tae nests solely in
the first-named situations. ‘hen, in the last-named year, |
found three separate nests on the ground—“ merely a hollow
amongst grass, roughly lined with a little wool,”’—the last
as late as 24 December. There was no recurrence of the
experience until 8 December, 1898 (one similar nest). The
following year (1899), on 5 November, | came across no
fewer than six scattered nests in the rincones, amongst the
514 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [Ibis,
esparto—“ all built of esparto, deeply cup-shaped, but slight ;
lined with some wool. Three of these had newly-hatched
young. The three preceding instances constitute my
personal knowledge of the Chimango as a ground-nester.
As a tree-builder I have absolutely no record until 1913,
when an extract from my diary (under date 1 October)
states ‘‘a pair observed building a nest at Cumming’s puesto
(sub-station) at the very top of a Wattle-tree, about twenty
feet from the ground, and where they had much difficulty
in conveying the long slender sticks on account of the windy
day. First instance of tree-nesting which has come under
my observation in forty years.” Again, on 380 October,
1915, “a pair building in Eucalyptus tree on the roadway
and close to my house at Yngleses head-station. Am also
informed of another nest in Tala wood not far off, where
also a brood was brought off last year.” All these three
nests were built of sticks. It is true Claude Grant's collee-
tion of ten eggs (representing, say, four clutches) was taken
from either tree- or ground-nests, but it is to be borne in
mind that he struck the beginning of the big drought at
Aj6, when all the swamps were dry.
If the abundance of the species is taken into consideration,
and the number of natural and artificial woods (even the
rincones are dotted with Tala trees), whilst also the district
is fully blessed with thistle-beds and grass-coverts, my con-
tention | think is fully proved that the Chimango in our
district is inherently addicted to the habit of seekiny the
swamps for shelter at night and the rearing of its young in
the nesting-season.
The eggs, previously described, average 43 x 34 mm.
310. Polyborus tharus Mol. Carancho Carrion-Hawk.
Since I wrote in 1879 respecting this bold marauder
“Very common, and very destructive to lambs,” circum-
stances have undoubtedly altered. ‘Che diminishing number
I trace back in my diary to the year 1898, and 1 think it
has not been confined to this locality alone. It is attribut-
able doubtless to the increased persecution brought on by
1919. | Cape San Antomo, Buenos Ayres. 515
the destructive and mischievous habits of the bird, in conflict
with the enhanced value of sheep-stock. In the old days,
the ordinary Merino* sheep was of small account (I once
bought from a neighbour 400 at 15d. for consumption), and
little attention was paid to the annual toll in newly-born
lambs or the loss in sheep-skins destroyed before the
shepherd discovered a dead animal. A shepherd’s invariable
reply, on being interrogated as to the deficit in his flock at
the half-yearly counts, was ‘ Lost 4 campo,” é. e. either
hidden in a thistle-bed or grass-covert until months had
passed, or the skin ruimed by Caranchos immediately after
the sheep’s death. And the explanation was tendered and
accepted, without comment. Times have changed ; the
improved sheep-breed stocks are too valuable to be dealt
with in the former casual manner, and the shepherd is called
upon to be “fa campo” himself all day long, and not merely
supervise the movements of the flock from the kitchen of his
puesto and the look-out ladder reared against the gable of
the roof; so that now the sheep-skins handed in must tally
with the live-stock counted, or the Gentle Shepherd is
treated most ungently, and has a short shrift. Hence, the
general harrying of nests wherever they are found, the use
of the shot-gun, and the wholesale employment of strych-
nine. The last-named is an efficient, but risky factor ;
accordingly, we always keep the poison under lock and key,
aud it is only made use of—on scientific principles—by one
of the members of the staff. or that purpose a newly-dead
horse is chosen, or an inefficient mare is killed + (carrion of
* The Merino was a most timid animal, and would abandon her
newly-born lamb on the slightest alarm ; whereas the modern Lincoln
or Cross-bred mother stands by her offspring, and defends it from all
comers.
+ In connection with the above, | would draw attention to the
following non-ornithological but curious fact. When a Gaucho takes
off the hide of an equine animal he never skins the head, which, with
the ears attached, he invariably severs at the last vertebra and leaves
apart. Not so with anything bovine; the whole of the head-skin (in-
cluding the very lips) is removed intact with the hide, and the head is
not detached from the carcase, lt might be argued that the head-hide
516 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [Ibis,
this nature invariably attracts the Carancho and the Black-
backed Gull in preference to that of a cow or sheep) ; a
score or two small gobbets of meat are detached, pierced,
and some crystals of strychnine inserted, and these are
scattered on or about the carcase—it being the case that the
quarry will bolt these convenient morsels without suspicion,
but is shy of any obvious poisoning of the main dish
itself. Personally, I do not like the last-named method, as,
in addition to a dozen Caranchos dead round such a “ kill,”
I have seen quite a holocaust of Gulls (of various species),
Chimangos, Bienteveos, etc., against which there was no
grudge ; and it was but too obvious their death had not
been a peaceful one. However, to return to my opening
statement: A gathering of half-a-dozen or upwards is no
longer frequent in our district, and I would not think of
going out on a moonlight night as of yore with chalked gun-
sights, to shoot them in the outlying woods of the head-
station, where they formerly roosted in abundance.
I had thought to have exhausted all there was to be said
about the species and its habits in my former paper, but
Mr. Hudson has infinitely improved upon my notes with a
fuller description and a weaith of details and anecdotes.
To the latter I have but one or two to-add, culled from my
diary. On one occasion, I saw “a pair following an Oven-
bird in the open, which was ultimately seized on the wing
before it could gain the adjacent woods, and carried off.’
My experience regarding its raptorial habits is so dissimilar
to that of Mr. Hudson that I was much impressed with the
occurrence. Claude Grant also confirms my opinion—
“never saw it take living prey.” Another entry, referring
to “no less than sixteen Caranchos trying to make a square
meal off one Waterhen,” is indicative of short commons.
of the former is of less commercial value than the latter, which may be
admitted; on the other hand, the horns of the cow cause an extra
trouble in skinning, which does not arise in the case of the horse. But
why always subsequently separate the head of the nobler animal, and
leave that of the other zm sttw? The Gauchos themselves, on being
interrogated, have no other reply than that of “ We have always
been accustomed to do so.”
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. pulZ
Finally, the late flood-years, 1918-15, are characterised by
‘a marked scarcity in the species, in spite of so many dead
sheep lying about.”
Hudson describes how they * will follow a sportsman to
pick up the wounded birds, keeping at a safe distance them-
selves.” He is quite right in regard to their caution, so
long as the sportsman remains erect, gun in hand. But I
have invariably found that on bending or kneeling over my
game, with the gun laid on the ground or concealed by my
person, the otherwise wary Carancho will approach flying
curiously up from behind, when a quick rise to my feet and
a snap-shot overhead would bring it down to the accompani-
ment of a screech of surprise and dismay (when a Carancho
is in trouble he lets the world know it !).
Confirming former breeding-notes, | have found it be-
ginning to build or repair an old nest actually on the Ist of
May (beginning of winter), in the middle of that month,
early in June, and not unusually in July.
The handsome clutch of three eggs has been fully de-
scribed. They vary greatly in appearance and size. My last
general average gives the measurements as 62 x 48 mm,
314. Phalacrocorax brasilianusGm. Brazilian Cormorant.
In 1896, the late Dr. P. L. Sclater wrote me that he was
sure of the existence of a second Cormorant in the Bay (i.e.
the estuary of the River Piate), and requesting me to try to
obtain specimens. His supposition was based—according
to a previous communication made with the same object
to Mr. John J. Dalgleish in 1894—as follows:—* You will
see that Aplin observed two Cormorants in the River Plate,
the smaller of which he calls P. penicillatus (p. 152). ‘This
is not correct, and | do not know what the species is.
Could you persuade Mr. Gibson (whom I had the pleasure
of meeting at the B.U. U.) to get us some specimens? He
is nearby, 1 believe.’ Irom my own knowledge in the
Ajo district (inland, estuary, and seabvard), | am only aware
of the existence of P. brasilianus, of which fact I think |
was ultimately able to convince Dr. Sclater.
518 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
Hudson gives the range of P. brastlianus to as far south
as the Patagonian rivers. But though he entertains the
possibility of two other species which belong to southern
Chili and Patagonia (P. imperialis King and P. albiventris
Lesson) as occurring in the southern provinces of the
Argentine Republic (and therefore embracing that of Buenos
Ayres), there seems to be no absolute warranty for the
suggestion.
Of the local abundance of the species here there can be
no doubt—wherever there is water, fresh or sait. Perhaps,
when I referred to the Atlantic seaboard, I should actually
have drawn the line at Cape San Antonio itself, for I have
no record or recollection of its occurrence on the sandy sea-
shore. Inside the Cape it is numerous on the coastal banks
and mud-flats ; and on all the Cangrejales with their tidal
lagunas. Amongst the swamps one finds it abundantly,
singly or in small groups, perched on a down-bent durasnillo
over the surface of the water, or more securely established
on the post of a wire-fence. During the spring and early
summer of two flood-seasons (1899-1900 and 1913-15) large
flocks were in the habit of passing the Yugleses head-station,
travelling approximately from south-west to north-east and |
returning at sundown. ‘These may have had some roosting-
site, or possibly a nesting-colony. It was on one of these
occasions, in the early morning, that one or two of the
birds produced the sound alluded to by Hudson, aud which
resembled a pig grunting excitedly. ‘To me the experience
was unique, as it was to the native boys accompanying me,
who had never heard it before.
Regarding its breeding-habits [ am in complete igno-
rance. In referring above to a possible nesting-colony,
I have in my mind’s eye the broad and deep cafiadon of the
Real Viejo, where it makes a bight in the woods of that
name—a situation formidable to a horseman in normal
seasons, but quite impossible in flooded years, and when,
more by tokeu, peones and shepherds are too fully occupied
otherwise than to attempt adventurous expeditions into such
a fastness in search of bird-colonies.
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 5]
de)
315. Ardea cocoi Linn. Cocoi Heron.
In ‘ Argentine Ornithology’ Myr. Hudson’s long article
is less an account of this individual species than an inter-
esting dissertation or ‘f causerie ” on Herons and other birds
in general.
My own previous notes of a dozen lines (Ibis, 1880,
p. 158) would seem to embody all I had to state about the
Cocoi Heron. My diary since that year is only a long
record of birds observed, singly or in pairs, and at all
seasons of the year. It has neither increased nor diminished
in numbers, but in the spring of 1913, from September to
the end of December (when the flood was at its greatest),
I saw only four between Buenos Ayres and Aj6 on as many
journeys, and nove at all on the Yngleses. There was
apparently too much water
with consequent dispersal of
fish-fry—for even a Heron.
IT must qualify my former statement to the effect that the
Cocoi Heron “ nests singly, not in colonies.” For, though
the first part is correct as a general rule, yet [ have since
found five pairs or upwards associated with a colony of the
White Egret (Ardea egretta Gm.). In this latter case the
nests resembled those of the Egret, being built solely of
junco and slight in make; whereas solitary nests are more
solid, with a basis of durasnillo.
The eggs have been already described. None of my later
clutches exceeded three in number. The average measure-
ment of the eggs is 65 x 47 mm.
316. Ardea egretta Gm. White Egret.
Iris light yellow. Eyelids and bare parts round eyes
greenish-yellow. Bill yellow. legs, feet, and claws
black.
Hudson has incorporated my former notes in his brief
allusion to the common and widely-distributed White Egret
in ‘ Argentine Ornithology.’ Accordingly, there only
remains for me to bring my account of 1879 up to the
present date.
Had my esteemed friend—the writer referred to—foreseen
520 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ormthology of [Ibis,
the cruel and pitiless persecution this most lovely and harm-
less bird was to undergo from the votaries of fashion, he
would have used his able pen and caustic wit to some
extent, if, as it may be anticipated, to no effect. To the
hunting of the Nutria (Myoptomus coypu) has succeeded
the pursuit of the “ Pajaro blanco ” or White Bird; and the
war of extermination has raged for over two decades. To
show the lengths it was carried :—In 1897 two hunters made
a raid on a nesting-colony of the Yngleses ; the uninvited
visitors were strangers to the district and had ridden all the
way from Mar del Plata (the well-known fashionable
watering-place thirty leagues to the south), having heard
that such a colony existed under my protection. As events
turned out, the protection proved effective ; for the poachers
were surprised early on the first morning of their would-be
exploits, and before they had killed more than a half-score
birds.
Needless to say, none of my own people are allowed to
indulge in the bird-plume trade, But it is a curious irony that
colonies of this nature sometimes ignore or are ungrateful
for the sanctuary afforded them. The settlement alluded
to consisted of this Egret (A. egretta), the Dark Night-
Heron (Nycticorax obscurus Bp., Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaja
rosea Reich.), and White-faced Ibis (Plegadis guarauna
Linn.). Situated in a very deep swamp and totally isolated
from all traffic, the colony was only disturbed on the
occasions when my town-visitors desired to inspect it. If
these happened to include ladies I had a boat provided,
which was drawn by a horseman or by a harnessed horse
driven from the bows of the craft. As the thousands of
birds left their nests and hovered overhead in the brilliant
sunshine the scene was of extraordinary beauty—the snowy-
white Egrets, rose-pink and vermilion Spoonbills, iridescent
Glossy Ibises, and grey-blue Herons, all in kaleidoscopic
movement—with the blue sky above and blue water and
dark green rushes below (“ Move the boat a few yards,
Pedro,” sotto voce, as an egg explodes in a near nest and a
whiff of sulphuretted hydrogen grows and spreads!). The
1919. ] Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. , 521
duration of this settlement extended over several years, but
it lias been totally deserted since 1898.
As I formerly recorded, the White Egret is irregular in
its appearance. The fact is emphasized by my notes taken
during the late memorable flood. From 16 September, 1913,
to 19 March, 1914 (spring and summer), whilst I was in
residence, I only saw a total of four individuals on the
Yngleses ; notwithstanding which, I was told on good
authority of a nesting-colony on the neighbouring Tuyu
estancia, not half-a-league from our boundary-line. ‘‘ Gross
ingratitude for my former protection and care” is the
remark appended to the entry in my diary. Again, on a
brief visit lasting from 1 September to 4: November, 1915,
under the same flood-conditions, none at all were seen.
The nesting-habits have been fully described by myself.
Subsequent observations state that five and four eggs are
common clutches. Also, that the sitting birds are not shy ;
and are silent except when two neighbours disagree, “ when
they draw themselves up to their full height, erecting the
head and neck plumage, and clatter their mandibles at each
other, looking unutterable things the while.”
Average measurement of eggs 55 x 39 mm.
317. Ardea candidissima Gm. Snowy Egret.
My former notes and those of Hudson embody possibly
most of what is to be said about the Snowy Egret.
Much of what I have just written about the preceding
species (A. egretia) is applicable to A. candidissima. From
1886 to 1898 there is an absolute blank in my diary, what-
ever may have been the cause of same. At any rate, the
succeeding years are emphatic in their uniformly negative
sense :—“ None seen about the Yugleses,” “ None observed
on journey to Dolores or Buenos Ayres,” etc. In the recent
flood-years I record its total absence in equally clear terms,
It may be that the above phenomenon is of a passing or
casual nature. The graver alternative is the gradual ex-
termination of both species in the Argentine Republic and
Paraguay. I am aware that in the latter country the very
522 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of (This,
Indians themselves have been enlisted in the nefarious
plume-traffic, and that winter visitors and tourists to the
capital (Asuncion) are keen competitors with the local
traders.
I have nothing to add to my former notes on the nesting-
habits of the Snowy Egret. My egg-book gives the last
record in 1886, when it was nesting iu community with the
Roseate Spoonbill in a colony situated in the Cisferos
canadon.
The average measurement of the eggs is 54 x 40 mm.
320. Butorides cyanurus Vieill. Little Blue Heron.
Adult male. Iris yellow. Bare parts round the eyes and
hase of bill bright greenish-yellow. Bill dark brown,
shading into black at tip. Legs and feet olive-green. This
bird has a curious sulphur-coloured tuft of down on the
breast and thighs.
Female as above, except that the bill is black instead of
dark brown, with the under edge of lower mandible pale
vellow.
That I should have overlooked the occurrence of this little
Heron from 1872 to 1899 is possible, but hardly seems
credible. Yet, when my local observer, Francesco Roldan,
brought me one of a pair in March of the last-named year,
the species was a complete novelty to us both. Roldan
informed me it was one of a pair, and looked very small as
it sat huddled up on a rush beside clear water, in a deep
canada. On taking to flight, it uttered a harsh powerful
note. What happened to Roldan was, that after placing
the dead bird in the bows of the boat, he was hurriedly
changing his position for a shot at its mate, when he slipped
and fell, with the result that the gun was discharged, singeing
the present specimen and blowing a considerable hole in the
side of the boat.
Perhaps three or four were observed in the course of the
next four years. In 1904] secured one of a pair: “ Female.
Notes on iris, bill, and feet similar to above. Soles of feet
bright saffron. Claws dark brown.” The two following
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. — 523
years only make mention of one bird seen. Claude Grant did
not obtain the species himself at Ajo in 1909, but quotes
Miss Runnacles as having observed “ quite a number,” in
spite of the drought, during the summer of that year, of
which three specimens were obtained, as also the eggs for
the first time. In the summer of 1913-14, during great
flood, I noted half-a-dozen, in pairs or singly, and took two
nests,
It would seem to be a summer visitor in our district ; rare,
and irregular in its appearnnce, even in seasons of flood. It
is not at all shy; witness the following: ‘‘ Shortly before sun-
down one passed through a glade in the garden at Yngleses
head-station ; coming out of the woods and flying over the
players on the tennis-court, at a height of perhaps twenty
feet ; and so out across the estancia patio towards the open
country.” When disturbed, it rises with the neck curiously
elongated, but almost immediately draws it in, then at. first
“ wafts ” slowly along till the rushes force it to rise, when
the speed becomes greatly accelerated. From its rarity, and
peculiarities of flight, one is generally too startled at first to
readily recognize what family the bird. belongs to. The
harsh “ churr”’-ing cry is not general, even on these occa-
sions.
Small fish or fry constitute its food, and one which I
skinned was singularly fat—an unusual trait in a Heron.
Of two nests which I took on the 20th and 2lst of
November, 1913, one contained three eggs and the other
only one. They were situated about a hundred yards apart,
amongst the junco in a very deep part of the swamp, and
absolutely identical in form and materials. Each consisted of
a small platform of dry junco stems suspended some twenty
inches above the surface of the water, in such a fashion that
one could see all below it. They were very slight, and com-
paratively shallow—perhaps fourteen inches across, outside ;
and six inches across the hollow for the eggs. The birds
rose short and silently on both occasions.
Eggs pale blue in colour, with an average measurement of
39 X 29 mm.
SER. XI.— VOL. I. 20
524. Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
321. Ardetta involucris Vieill. Variegated tleron.
To wy previous notes on this species (Ibis, 1880,
p. 159) Hudson has added such an admirable account in
‘Argentine Ornithology’ that there is little left for me to
supplement. Of the extraordinary gift it displays in pro-
tective self-effacement, I have not been an actual witness.
But Mr. Hudson’s accuracy of observation is only equalled
by his descriptive powers—to both of which I bear witness.
My diary presents no novelty between 1879 and 1913.
The species was regularly observed : but never to such an
extent as to call it common or even abundant; and in the
winter-time it seemed even less so. In the spring and early
summer of 1913 (when the country was so inundated) I
made various journeys to Buenos Ayres and was also
much about on the Yngleses, without seeing a single bird
from the middle of September till the end of January ;
though it must be admitted that no fewer than three clutches
of eggs were bronght to me in that interval. On the 29th of
January, however, riding (and nearly swimming at times,
“bola 4 pie” as it is called when the water is over the
withers, because the horse’s feet appear to be rolling on
bowls) between the Palenque district and the head-station I
put up no fewer than nine individuals, * the first three rising
close together from amidst the water-weeds in shoal water at
edge of big cafiadon ; the other six from deep junco-beds.”
From that date to the end of March it was undoubtedly very
abundant, and observed every day when I had occasion to be
out and cross the larger swamps. During my brief visit
to the Yngleses of September—October 1915, under similar
flood-circumstances, I only saw two or three individuals.
I have known it to rise so close to a horse as to be
knocked down by the rider’s “‘ rebenque” or short whip.
One such bird was brought to me, but only lived for a day.
When irritated, it uttered a feeble strident note—the sole
occasion of its kind, for otherwise it is always mute.
I have never had the good fortune to discover a nest
myself, and of the dozen clutches which have been brought
to me, the account varies considerably. The consensus would
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 525
seem to be that it is always situated in a junco-bed in a very
deep swamp; that it is invariably and entirely built of
the Junco-stems, generally dry, but on one occasion of the
green flowering extremities; that it is not built up from the
surface of the water (as I had previously stated), but sus-
pended above it at a height of a few to twenty inches ; it is
very small, as Hudson mentions, and generally a slight,
shallow, platform-structure. But amongst the above, three
of a very distinct design were described to me, taken by
different collectors (two of whom were quite trustworthy)
and at intervals of many years—1873, 1892, and 1913.
These, though small, were of a cup-shaped formation, and
rather neat. It had occurred to me that the weight of the
full clutch of five eggs, after a period of incubation, might
have caused the interwoven platform, of small pliable stems,
to bulge downward ; but on reference to the three instances
quoted, only one (consisting of four much-incubated eggs)
afforded the possibility; the others were of one and two eggs
respectively and quite fresh. So the divergency remains a
problem for the present.
The date varies from 1 October to 8 February, no fewer
than three occurring in January. Of the dozen clutches
there are four of five eggs each and three of four (much-
incubated). As has been said, they are of a very beautiful
rich green colouring, particularly when fresh.
Average measurement of eggs 32 x 26 mm,
323. Nycticorax obscurus Bp. Dark Night-Heron.
Male. 11 September. Iris orange. Legs dark blue.
Male. 11 February. Iris orange-red. Bare parts round
eyes, gape, and under mandible green. Upper mandible
black. Feet green, claws brown.
The Night-Heron has held its own in our district ever
since I knew it first in 1872, and I confess to the pleasure
its presence always affords me as I ride through the swamps.
So long as any water is to be found at all in a dry season,
one or two may be met with at the deeper ponds (it seems to
be entirely a freshwater bird, especially as the cangrejales
202
526 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ This,
do not afford it the requisite rush-coverts). I judge it to be
partly migratory, as it is scarcer in the winter-time.
In my round journey between Buenos Ayres and Ajo,
15-25 September of 1913, at the height of the inundation,
I did not observe a single individual, nor on the Yngleses in
the interval. The first was noted there on 10 October, after
which it continued to be observed—sparsely—until the end
of December. In January 1914 there were more individuals
and some small flocks which, by the 30th of that month, had
so increased that I wrote: ‘ In great numbers, amounting
to considerable flocks in some cases. I have certainly never
seen so many in one day.” February was similarly prolific :
but, as I remarked, “ The summer heats have produced such
dense surface-growth of duck-weed, that this and other
similar species are forced to congregate at the so-called
passes, where traffic has left some open water.” The
following year (1915), during the months of September and —
October, I found it generally distributed, though not so
abundant as in the previous season.
Hudson has mentioned its habit of constructing false
nests or platforms to perch upon, formed by breaking down
the rushes across each other. ‘These, in my early days, were
a source of mystery to me, as I looked upon them as embryo
nests for breeding-purposes. The perch selected for a fishing-
station is generally a stout durasnillo beside clear water,
the bird’s weight being sufficient to bend down the sapling
to the desired height.
To quote from Hudson, “On being disturbed by day it
rises heavily flapping with a loud qua-qua cry.” At night-
time, the note produced is a strong fox-like bark (very eerie
as the horseman struggles through the deep and apparently
endless swamps), and I have heard them repeating the same
note as they circled restlessly round the head-station
buildings at night after a heavy rain.
In ‘ The Ibis ’ for 1880, p. 156, I described a nesting-colony
of the year 1873, where it was in community with both
Kerets (A. egretta and A. candidissima). One such other
1 discovered in 1884, This time, alas, its only confrére
19109. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 527
was the larger Egret (A. egretta). The situation selected
was again the heart of a large and deep cahadon. The
Night-Heron was in a minority ; of its nests, some were
distributed amongst those of the Egret, but the greater part
were retired to one side of the colony, in a thick bed of junco,
and placed some distance apart from each other. They were
smaller than those of the Egret, almost invariably built up
from the surface of the water (whereas the Egrets’ are of the
platform nature), and rather more strongly constructed, the
material being the smaller dry junco-stems. The majority
of the clutches were much incubated (2 November) and a
few nests containing young—one with no fewer than four.
The full clutch, however, seemed to be three.
Average measurement of eggs 50 x 37 mm.
325. Euxenura maguari Gm. Maguari Stork.
The “ Ciguena” or Maguari Stork is always a striking
feature in the Pampean landscape, either stalking medi-
tatively over the plains or soaring skywards. Large in size,
with bold black and white plumage, and scarlet lores and
legs, it is a most handsome and familiar bird. Harmless,
and a great scourge to all vermin and snakes, it is rarely
molested, and it is often found close to the estancia buildings
(particularly at the * kill”’) and sub-stations, or even in the
vicinity of small towns.
I said my say about the species in my former paper, and
my diary since then contains little in the way of novelties.
Though common in our district, I nave never seen con-
gregations of hundreds, such as Hudson alludes to ; groups
varying from half a dozen to thirty have been the largest
number. ‘these naturally are drawn together by the casual
attraction of locusts, fish-fry, or tadpoles, or, it is to be
feared, an abnormal number of grass-nesting ducks, when
the eggs and ducklings pay heavy toll. Occasionally it is
to be seen fraternising with, or im company with, the Wood-
Ibis (Tantalus loculator Linn.) when that irregular summer-
visitor comes to us. Undoubtedly the Maguari Stork is
somewhat of an egg-robber, aud I have witnessed it harry
528 Mr. E. Gibson onthe Ornithology of [ Ibis,
a lLapwing’s nest in spite of the owners’ strenuous
defence.
The nesting-habits have been fully described formerly.
Of nearly a score nests subsequently examined, the full
clutch has never exceeded four eggs and as often consists
of three. The average measurement of these is 74 x 52 mm.
326. Tantalus loculator Linn. The Wood-Ibis.
Adult male. Ivis dark blue. Head and upper half of neck
bare, of a dusky black colour with a shade of purple in it
and covered with whitish scales. A horny piate on the vertex
of the head of a light brown colour. Base of bill black
verging into dark brown. Legs bluish; feet flesh or pale
salmon colour; claws black. Under surface of wings tinged
with pale pinky-yellow. ;
Female similar.
Young. Iris dark blue; head black, upper half of neck
dusky ; bill yellowish or bone-colour; legs and feet dark
grey, almost black, at feet-joint pink mottled with black.
The Wood-Ibis is entirely a summer visitor, though not
necessarily an invariable one, some years passing without
its putting in an appearance at all in our district. On the
whole, since 1875, I have observed .it with considerable
regularity—alone, in pairs, small flocks, or even gatherings
of as many as one to two hundred. ‘The first arrivals
have been as early as 12 November, the latest departures
22 April, the two extremes consisting of stragglers. Years
of drought are the most favoured ; in the first summer of
the great flood only four were seen, and these at the
curiously late date of 27 March. Some of the arrivals
would seem to consist of immature birds only, others of
adults, or again of both. Occasionally they are to be found
on the open plains, but as a rule they gather to the
shrunken lagunas and mud-holes, and one wonders how
they eke out a livelihood in these situations. LKasily ap-
proached on horseback, they are shy of the gunner on foot.
As late as January of 1917 I surprised a flock of approxi-
mately two hundred at a small laguna (ail that was left of
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 529
a great canadon), and as I rode round the covering belt or
thicket of durasnillos they rose in grand and wild confusion,
the bulk of them to settle down again; whilst others, in
pairs or small flocks, made off to the neighbouring Real
Viejo swamp. Seen soaring, or flying at a height, the
Wood-Ibis bears a considerable resemblance to the Maguari
Stork im size, majestic flight, and plumage, whilst the naked
head and different colouring of the feet are not readily
distinguished. In these cases I have found the curved bill
of the former, outlined against the sky, the readiest clue to
identification. So far as my experience goes the Wood-Ibis
1s mute.
327. Plegadis guarauna Linn. White-faced I[bis.
Confirming what I wrote formerly on this Ibis—the
‘““Cuervo” or Crow, as the misapplied Hispano-American
rendering designates it,—Hudson furnishes further infor-
mation. Which, again, I would wish to supplement from
my later notes.
That it is a migrant is undoubted; but, so far as this
locality is concerned, the inrush may take place as easily
in the autumn as the spring, given the favourable con-
ditions of heavy rains. As a rule, it is scarcer in the winter
mouths, though always resident ; but even then, in certain
years, I have known it to be about in large flocks at the end
of June and onwards. Altogether my diary affords much
general data, in which would-be deductions are constantly
subverted by distracting variations.
It is in the early spring, however, that one looks for the
ereat migration proceeding from the south. The arrivals
are coincident with the spring rains, and if the former are
unusually numerous a wet or flood-season may be anticipated.
I have frequently heard the remark from old Gauchos on
these occasions: ‘‘ There are many flocks of Cuervos coming
in, Patron; look to yourself, for a flood comes also.”? And
the prognostication was always correct, as I know from grim
experience. How often have I lingered at the “‘Fenometer”
or swamp gauge-post, after noting that it marked another
530 Mr. E, Gibson on the Ornithology of [Ibis,
inch above normal, and watched the incoming flocks,
divided between the ornithologist’s interest and the land-
owner’s anxiety. Arrow-shaped, javelin-formation ; small
bands, huge flocks—now high up in the sky, anon skim-
ming unexpectedly over the rush-beds: silent, inexorable,
innumerable. And with a sigh, | have gone back and said
to my staff: ‘‘The weather is clear and the barometer
favourable, but the water has risen further, and the Cuervos
continue to come in like an Egyptian plague ; to-morrow
we move out such-and-such threatened flocks of sheep on to
the higher land.” For with fifty to sixty flocks, summing
perhaps a hundred thousand sheep, and a couutry-side
resembling the old Lincoln or Cambridgeshire fen-districts,
the problem and its solution were of a difficult nature, in
spite of the legend that “the Gibsons had evolved a web-
footed breed of sheep at the Yngleses”’ !
The Cuervo is a very tame bird, and pays no attention to
the passing horseman or even the approximation of a human
being on foot. To the ordinary gunner it presents no
interest, either for the pot or, happily so far, on account
of its iridescent plumage (I speak to its immunity in our
own locality ; from somewhere must come the many wings
and tails one sees on ladies’ hats in the civilised or fashionable
world). Nevertheless, I was rather taken aback by two
curious instances of domesticity in a bird of this family.
One hot forenoon in February an individual walked into
the patio and moved about completely regardless of those
people present; it pecked at the dry turf in a mechanical
and perfunctory manner, and finally flew away. Fifteen
years later, also in the summer-time, another bird appa-
rently found some suitable food on the garden-path a few
yards in.front of the dwelling-house, and made itself at
home for quite an appreciable interval.
Both Hudson and myself have mentioned how it is not
confined to the marshes, but feeds on the plains in the
summer when grasshoppers and small locusts are abundant.
It is also a feeder in the vicinity of carrion or offal—
Hudson says on the larve of the flesh-fly—but I opine that
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 531
when the kill is fresh, small particles of animal matter do
not come amiss.
At one time I used to see it in conjunction with the
Little or Snowy Egret (Ardea candidissima) when that
species was still common with us. Aud it is often associated
with the two Gulls (Larus cirrhocephalus and L. maculipen-
nis), as witnesseth the following entry: ‘“ In extraordinary
numbers—packed like sardines—whilst feeding on fish-fry
in shoal water in company with Gulls. I put up one such
flock which absolutely filled the sky with black wings.”
It is only on taking to flight that the loud laughter-like
“ha-ha-ha” is uttered. The flocks on wing are mute.
A wounded bird when handled gives vent to a feeble
squawk.
Hudson is silent as to its breeding-habits, and I myself
was ignorant of these at the time | formerly wrote in 1880.
On 30 November of 1885, however, it was my good fortune
to find a large colony nesting in community with even a
greater number of the Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaja rosea) in the
heart of the immense Cisneros canhadon, which les between
the Tuyu and Yngleses estancias. The bottom of the swamp
being fairly firm and even, and my horse proving too nervous
for the task of facing the movement and noise of the birds,
I withdrew to terra firma, staked out the steed, stripped to
my shirt, and returned to the scene. With the water beyond
my waist in most places, it was not altogether easy to pencil
notes and bestow eggs in the fishing-creel slung round my
neck ; but otherwise I had full freedom of action, and the
day was fine, the water warm (and free from leeches), and
there were no stinging flies or mosquitoes about. Under
these circumstances, the interest of the subject was enhanced
by the beauty of the birds—the rose-pink and intense-
carmined Spoonbills and the metallicly-iridescent Ibises.
I enjoyed myself immensely.
The nests of the Ibis were small light platforms con-
structed of dry junco, sometimes built up from the surface
of the water, in other cases suspended a foot and a half or
two feet from the surface. ‘There were already some young
532 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
on this occasion, and a fortnight later, on a subsequent visit,
most of the nests had hatched out. Though the full clutch
of eggs is three, I never saw more than one or two young in
anest. These, on being approached, abandoned the nest
and scrambled away amongst the reeds.
The eggs are of a blunt-oval form, the shell without gloss.
In colour, a uniform light blue. Measurements vary from
50x 35 to 53x39 mm.
In connection with some of the foregoing species—all
waterfowl typical of our great marsh system and birds after
my own heart—I would like to mention the free-air collection
I formed at the Yngleses head-station in 1885. They were
all brought in as nestlings and fed by the peones’ cook in
the open patio, nor were they allowed to be molested by
men, dogs, or cats. The feathered assortment consisted
of the Roseate Spoonbill (4jaja rosea Reichenb.), White
Egret (Ardea egretta Gm.), and White-faced Ibis (Plegadis
guarauna Liiun.)—perhaps half a score of each. ‘There were
also one or two Cocoi Herous (Ardea cocoi Linn.), and as
many Dark Night-Herons (Nycticoraz obscurus Bp.). Three
“Chajas”’ or Crested Screamers (Chauna chavaria Linn.)
lent weight and dignity to the assembly, and the dominant
position once held by a former Maguari Stork, known to
fame as “ Byles the Lawyer,” was promptly assumed by a
Dominican Gull (Larus dominicanus Licht.), which neither
feared man nor respected any other living being. With the
exception of the last-named (a pinioned bird), all these flew
about the patio at their own sweet will as they attained
maturity, perched on the garden-railings after they had been
fed, and roosted at night in the adjacent Paradise trees.
Later on they began to make excursions to the neighbouring
cahadas, returning at nightfall; im course of the ensuing
winter they commenced to take “nights out,” and when
spring came they went away for good. ‘To visitors, the
feature of the exhibition was less the number and variety
of all these beautiful birds than their extraordinary tameness
19109. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 533
aud the state of freedom they enjoyed. Locally my bird-
proclivities had long been known ; but even my neighbours
were startled to find Ibises where they would have looked
for poultry, and to see Spoonbills, Herons, and Egrets
winging their way from the swamps into the patio as the
bell rang at sundown for supper, and proceeded to take up
their abode for the night.
328. Theristicus caudatus Bodd. Black-faced Ibis.
The Black-faced Ibis or ‘‘ Banduria de las Sierras,” as it is
denominated here, is a winter visitor to our locality, my
. earliest date bemg 28 April and the latest appearance
28 July, or three brief mouths in all. Moreover, these
appearances are rare and very irregular. In 1875 I saw
a pair. In 1880 I noted two or three pairs, and two small
flocks of seven or eight. In 1882 there were even more
occurrences, including a flock of about thirty. A long blank
ensues until 1902, when two small flocks were noted—one
on the Yngleses, and another thirty miles away towards
Dolores. Since then my diary is silent. Due to my not
infrequent absences from the locality in the winter-time
these records are necessarily partial, but I am led to the
conclusion that either from climatic reasons or, what is
more probable, the altered conditions of human occupation
between the confines of Patagonia and tls latitude in the
Province of Buenos Ayres, there is a restriction in the
number of the species—or at least in its tendency to a
northern migration (it is ai Ominous circumstance that the
late Dr. P. L. Sclater should have written me in 1900
asking for a specimen-skin of the Black-faced Ibis, “as
none existed from Argentina in the British Museum’).
It is a most noticeable bird—in size, coloration, and
ery. I have always found it frequenting the open campo
or plains, where it is very shy and difficult of approach,
even on horseback. On taking to flight, or when alarmed,
the note is short, metallic, and sonorous. ‘The flight is low
and heavy, but powerful.
534. Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
329. Harpiprion caerulescens Vieill. Plumbeous Ibis.
Since I wrote of this * Banduria” as being not uncommon
(Ibis, 1880, p. 159), it has gone far to falsify my statement,
and its plight seems even worse than that of its congener,
the preceding species (Theristicus caudatus). From the
above-mentioned year (1880) to the present date my diary
holds only one entry—an allusion to a pair shot on the
Yngleses in the winter of 1894, by Mr. Frank J. Matthew.
Both these ‘* Bandurias ” are too wild and shy, I take it,
to visit or frequent inhabited localities. Should anyone
have an opportunity of examining the railway maps of the
Argentine, he will be struck by the amazing network of
iron roads which traverse more particularly the Pampean
Zone of the Province of Buenos Ayres down to the
River Colorado. ‘These, with the development of agricul-
ture and the corresponding system of colonies, have in the
last thirty years gradually established a barrier no longer to
be franked by migrants of the nature of these two [bises,
sO conspicuous in appearance, so wild by nature—most
emphatically denizens of the utterly lonely wastes. It is
therefore a matter of congratulation and gratitude that
Mr. Hudson should have put on record his interesting
account of their ways and habits whilst they were still
with us.
My former allusion to the one nest of the Plumbeous Ibis
must continue to be taken as it was written—a strong sup-
position without absolute verification. Nor can I now trace
the fate of the three eggs therein referred to (probably
destroyed for want of satisfactory identification). I am
informed that no eggs of the species are to be found in
the British Museum.
330. Phimosus infuscatus Licht. Whispering [bis.
Of very irregular occurrence, the recorded appearances of
the Whispering Ibis in our district are few and far between.
In April of 1898 it was observed in flocks passing over the
north side of the estancia, “‘ generally a pair in line, followed
by other pairs at short intervals, to the number of sometimes
1919. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 535
a dozen or more.’ In October of the following year a large
flock was seen in the Rincones. None were chronicled again
until November of 1901, when one individual was noted
near the head-station in company with Gulls, and another
in the Palenque district feeding im a cangrejal and quite
alone. Since that year it does not seem to have again come
under my observation.
Claude Grant found it no nearer than Paraguay.
331. Ajaja rosea Reichenb. Roseate Spoonbill.
My former notes upon the Roseate Spoonbill were brief,
and at that time (1880) I had not yet discovered a breeding-
haunt of the species.
To the first part there is not much to add, though, owing
to the striking beauty of the bird, its image occupies a large
space in the observer’s memory and his diary. It is a great
frequenter of open lagunas (either fresh or salt water) and
small pools or ponds on the plains, and, being a spring
arrival, is naturally associated with the fine weather and
vivid vegetation of that season. Unceasingly active whilst
feeding, one’s attention is caught and held by the bird’s
movements from the moment that the rosy colour is observed
far off——whether it is a single bird, a pair, or a flock. Here
we have none of the Heron or Kgret’s watchful immobility.
“Cucharon ” or Big Spoon is its local designation, and the
spatula-like bill sweeps constantly from side to side as its
owner advances, rapidly or leisurely, quartering systemati-
cally the pond or mud-hole. On the wing again—say, a
V-shaped flock of perhaps fifty, with a background of blue
sky and fleecy clouds: can one imagine a more beautiful
arrangement of delicate colouring ? On these occasions
the roseate tint is generally most in evidence, but when the
sun happens to catch the proper angle for the carmined
wing- and tail-coverts the brilliant effect produced is unique.
The 6th of September is my earliest chronicled date of
its appearance (with a flock of no fewer than thirty). By the
end of March it has generally disappeared again, though a
possible straggler may remain into the ensuing month.
536 On the Ornithology of Cape San Antonio. [ Ibis,
By no means a wild bird, a horseman can approach or pass
within a short distance, and even the human habitation is
not shunned. On one occasion, at a small pond in the
outskirts of the town of Aj6 and not more than forty yards
from a somewhat busy building, I noted as I rode past
the following—one singularly beautiful adult Spoonbill,
various Ibises, two species of Wild Duck, some Brazilian
Stilts, and two Domestic Duck, all of which (with the
exception of the Wild Duck) absolutely took no notice
of me. On-a hot summer’s forenoon (of 1914) a single
Spoonbill came over the Yngleses dwelling-house and,
sweeping low down, passed over the patio and out by
one of the side-entrances, an occurrence which I was led
to annote as ‘‘ decidedly incongruous.” Both Hudson and
myself have mentioned how it can be domesticated when
young. In former years I have occasionally seen it in
company with Egrets, Brazilian Stilts, and Spur-winged
Lapwings in the patios of “*fondas”’ and private houses in
the town of Dolores.
Fish-fry is the food I have found in the crop.
The note of the adults is a croak; that of the young a
cheep.
lt was not until the 30th of November, 1885, that I found
the Spoonbill nesting in the heart of the great Cisheros
canadon, in company with the White-faced Ibis (Plegadis
guarauna Linn.). The colony was a large one, but working
on foot, as described under the last-named species, and with
my view circumscribed by the high rushes, it was not in my
power to form an estimate of the actual number. The nests
were built solely of dry junco, and consisted of a light
shallow platform with a small hollow in the centre at an
elevation of about eighteen inches from the surface of the
water. Three and four were the general clutches of eggs ;
but on revisiting the colony on the 15th of December, when
all the nests were hatched out, I found the broods consisted
generally of two, only occasionally three, young. ‘The
following year (1886), on the 30th of October, the colony
was in situ again, but fortuitous circumstances prevented
1919. | Obituary. 537
me from visiting the locality in subsequent years. After a
long interval, on 26 November, 1895, I found such another
breeding-haunt only little more than a mile from the
Yngleses head-station, where the associates of the Spoonbill
this time were the White Egret (Ardea egretta Gm.) and
the Dark Night-Heron (Nycticorax odscurus Bp.)—see
account under these species. The Spoonbills were in a
majority and might be numbered at from five hundred to
a thousand pairs. Their eggs were all fresh (or nearly so),
whilst the other two species were hatched out. The Spoon-
bills’ nests were very close together, sometimes hardly a vard
apart; otherwise, similar in material and construction to
those of the Cisneros colony. After nesting the two fol-
lowing years, this colony passed out of existence.
I have taken one clutch of five eggs, but the usual number
is three or four; these are of a very irregular shape, but
generally elongated. The ground-colour is a dirty white,
with rusty-red markings and (occasionally) some violaceous
blotches. As a rule, these are evenly distributed all over
the eggs, and only in some cases increase towards the
larger end.
Whilst the average measurement is 65x43 mm., indi-
vidual specimens may vary from 70 to 6] mm. on the long
axis and 46 to 41 mm. in diameter.
(To be continued. |
XX VI.— Obituary.
JoHn CuoaMBERS McLEan.
We learn with deep regret that Mr. J. C. McLean of
Waiamu was accidentally drowned when crossing a river
near his home in the Poverty Bay district of the Northern
Island of New Zeaiand in December last. The river was in
flood and he was washed off his horse by the strong current,
and the mackintosh he was wearing catching in a snag under
the water, he was unable to free himself though a very good
swimmer.
538 Ohituary. [Ibis,
Born in 1872, Mr. McLean was the eldest son of the late
Alan McLean of Duart, Havelock North, Hawke’s Bay,
New Zealand, and grandson of the late John Chambers, who
owned the Te Mata estate in the same district and who was
a well known and highly respected pioneer. He was educated
privately and at Wellington College, New Zealand, and
afterwards lived for some years on his father’s station,
Waikohu, near Gisborne ; subsequently he acquired some
property of his own in the same district.
From his early youth McLean, who lived in a somewhat
unsettled part of the country where there still existed a
good deal of the aboriginal bush, was deeply interested in
the bird-life of his native land and specially in those native
species which have become so scarce since the introduction
of the British birds into New Zealand. These have taken
the place of the native species, which are now only to be
found in the more remote and unsettled districts.
So long ago as 1889 McLean sent a note to ‘The Ibis’
on the breeding-place of the Spotted Shag (Phalacrocorax
punctatus) at Cape Kidnappers near Napier. This was
followed by other contributions in 1892, 1894, and 1907,
dealing with the rarer bush-birds met with by him in the
Gisborne and neighbouring districts: With this last con-
tribution there was sent to the Natural History Museum a
collection of skins, among which Mr. Ogilvie-Grant found
a new Fan-tailed Flycatcher which he named Pseudogerygone
macleani after the collector.
To the eleventh volume of the ‘Emu’ (1911-12)
Mr. McLean sent a long paper of field-observations on
the Bush-birds of New Zealand, and both this and the
papers in ‘The Ibis’ were illustrated with photographs of
the birds with their nests and eggs, taken by Mr. McLean,
as he was very skilful with the camera.
Mr. McLean was elected a member of the Union in 1897,
and his death at the comparatively early age of forty-six
is a great loss to the limited band of New Zealand
ornithologists.
1919. | Obituary. 539
JoseEpH WiGLESWORTH.
We regret to learn that Dr. Wiglesworth met with a fatal
accident on or about May 16 last at Hurlstone Point in
Somerset. He was staying at Porlock Weir, and on that
morning went to Hurlstone Point to examine a Peregrine’s
nest on the cliffs. Nothing more was heard of him till
two days later when his body was found at the foot of the
cliff by a coastguard. From the marks on the body it is
supposed that in climbing the cliff Dr. Wiglesworth must
have missed his footing and fallen to the beach below.
Born in 1853, Wigiesworth was educated for the medical
profession at Liverpool and St. Thomas’s Hospital in
London. He qualified in 1876 and obtained his degree
of M.D. Univ. Lond. in 1880. He was a specialist in
mental diseases, and was for a period President of the
Psychological Association and Lecturer on Mental Diseases
at the University of Liverpool. For over thirty years he
held the post of Medical Superintendent of the Lancashire
County Asylum at Rainhill.
A few years ago he retired and settled at Winscombe
in Somerset, and since that time has been devoting himself
to the study of the birds of Somersetshire with a view to
preparing a work on the subject. Bird-life was his favourite
study, and all his spare time was devoted to it.
His publications, in addition to many valuable profes-
sional papers and books on mental diseases, include an
inaugural address on Flightless Birds, published in the
Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society in 1899, and
a little work on St. Kilda and its Birds (Liverpool, 1903).
Since settling in Somersetshire he had written two studies
on the birds of that county—one on the status of the Little
Owl, the other on Somerset Heronries, both published in
the Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archzeological and
Natural History Society and both noticed in our pages, the
last on p. 553 of the present number.
Dr. Wiglesworth was elected a member of the Union
in 1898, and his death is a great loss to Somersetshire
ornithology.
Shs. el —VOl, 1, 2
540 Recentiy published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
XXVII.—Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.
Mrs. Bailey on the Birds of the Glacier National Park.
[Wild Animals of Glacier National Park. The Mammals by Vernon
Bailey. The Birds by Florence Merriam Bailey. Pp. 1-210, 36 plates,
94 text-figs., and map. Washington (Dept. of Interior, Govt. Printing
Office), 1918. 8vo.]}
Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Bailey of the United States
Biological Survey have collaborated to produce their useful
and pleasant account of the Mammals and Birds of Glacier
National Park. This les in north-western Montana along
the main range of the Rocky Mountains from the Canadian
boundary-line south to the Great Northern Transcontinental
Railway. Although the highest peaks of this-portion of the
range are little above 10,000 feet, the country is exceedingly
rugged and rough and the low elevation of the timber-line
gives it the appearance of a more lofty range.
In order to gather material for this report Mrs. Bailey
spent the two months of July and August 1917 in the Park,
and a good general idea of the breeding birds of the region
was obtained ; with this is incorporated additional material
derived from the notes of Mr. G. B. Grinnell, Mr. A. H.
Higginson, and other visitors to this romantic region.
Over 170 species are enumerated, with notes on their
rarity or otherwise, their migrations, and other observa-
tions and field-notes ; these are accompanied by a number
of figures and plates, many derived from Mrs. Bailey’s well-
known ‘Handbook of the Birds of Western North America’;
others from photographs by Messrs. Vernon Bailey, E. R.
Warren, R. B. Rockwell, and drawings by Major Allan
Brooks and Mr. Fuertes.
Brasil on New Caledonian Birds.
[Notes sur la Faune ornithologique de l’Océanie, par M. L, Brasil.
3ull. Mus. d’Hist. nat. Paris for 1917, no. 7, pp. 1-18. ]
- This, the last work of our lamented Corresponding Member
M. Brasil, has reached us through the kindness of his widew,
and contains three notes on Pacific ornithology. The first
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 541
of these deals with the identification of a New Caledonian
bird, named by Verreaux and Des Murs Egretta breviceps
in 1862. M. Brasil has traced what he believes must have
been the type in the Museum at Paris, and this bird is
undoubtedly Demiegretta sacra in the white phase, or fol-
lowing the views of Mr. G. M. Mathews and regarding it
as a distinct form in consequence of its larger dimensions,
it must stand as Demiegretia greyi breviceps.
The second note deals with the Pacific Petrel, Pterodroma
rostrata Peale, the type of which was obtained at Tahiti by
the Wilkes Expedition in 1838-42. M. Brasil gives reasons
for regarding the form found in the western Pacific, espe-
cially in New Caledonia, as subspecifically distinct chiefly
on account of its larger size, and he proposes to name it
Pterodroma rostrata trouessarti.
A third note contains a description of two proposed new
subspecies of Rails from New Caledonia, Poliolimnas cinereus
ingrami and Porzana tabuensis caledonica. 'ext-figures of
the heads of the Petrels and the Poliolimnas assist materially
to show the distinctions of the newly described forms.
Chubb on the Dendrocolaptide.
[Notes on the Family Dendrocolaptide, with suggestions for its
division, By Charles Chubb. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) ii. 1919,
pp. 273-275. ]
Mr. Chubb proposes to divide the large South American
family of Wood-Hewers, Dendrocolaptide, into four,
namely :—
Furnariidz to include the ground-living birds.
Synallaxidze for the soft-tailed bush-haunting birds.
Xenopide for the genera Nenops and Pygarrhicus, in-
termediate between the last-named and the next
following.
Dendrocolaptide for the spine-tailed, tree-climbing
birds.
The genera of each family are enumerated, and attention
should be drawn to the point that these divisions and limits
do not correspond with those of Ridgway.
9 9
P2
542 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
Dixon on the Spoon-billed Sandpiper.
(The nesting-grounds and nesting-habits of the Spoon-billed Sandpiper.
By Joseph Dixon, Auk, xxxy. 1918, pp. 387-404, pl. v. and 3 text-
figures. |
The Spoon-billed Sandpiper (Hurynorhynchus pygmeus) is,
so far as its breeding-grounds and nesting-habits are con-
cerned, one of the rarest of the Waders. It is distinguished
from all its congeners by the peculiar widening of the tip of
the mandible, from which it derives its name and for which
no one has suggested a satisfactory explanation. Until 1910
only one example of this Sandpiper, taken in its breeding-
grounds, was known. This was one still preserved in the
Oxford Museum, taken by Captain Moore of the ‘ Plover,’
which, with H.M.S. ‘ Herald,’ were two ships sent out in
1848 to search for Sir John Franklin. The ‘ Plover’
wintered in Providence Bay, north-eastern Siberia, and did
not get free until the end of June 1849, when she proceeded
to Kotzebue Sound in Alaska, and although Captaim Moore’s
single specimen has, in most of the works mentioning it,
been recorded as having been obtained in Alaska, it was
almost certainly collected on the Siberian side of Behring
Straits. The only certain record for Alaska is that of
Mr. F. Granville of Los Angeles, Califorma, who in August
1914 took two specimens at Wainwright Inlet on the
Arctic coast of Alaska ; but several collectors, including
Mr. Dixon, have obtained nests, eggs, and downy young
at various points on the north-eastern coast of Siberia
during the last few years.
Mr. Dixon, after detailing the history of the discovery
of the bird, relates his own experiences and observations.
He found a nest on 22 June, 1918, at Providence Bay with
two fresh eggs, and about a month later another one at
Cape Serdze a little farther north, with three downy young
just out of the nest. The nests were on the open tundra
and merely consisted of a cavity scratched out among dead
grass-blades. In both eases the nests were discovered by
flushing the brooding male, which appears to undertake the
greater part of the household duties as in the case of the
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 543
Phalaropes. Other details are given and the nuptial flight
is illustrated by a diagram, while an outline map shows the
approximate position of the various breeding-places hitherto
recorded, and a photograph of the breeding-grounds and of
the nest with the two eggs in situ completes Mr. Dixon’s
contribution to our kuowledge of this rare and little-known
species.
Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer on Californan Game Birds.
‘The Game Birds of California. By Joseph Grinnell, Harold Child
Bryant, and Tracy Irwin Storer. Berkeley (Univ. Cal. Press), 1918
T
Pp. 1-652, 16 col. pls., many text-ficures. |
Under this title Messrs. Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer
include the ducks, geese, swans, spoonbills, ibises, cranes,
rails, moorhen, coot, waders, quail, grouse, pheasants,
pigeons, and doves. In the preface Mr. Grinuell, Director
of the Californian Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, states
the main object of the book, which is an attempt to arrest
the rapid depletion of the game-birds’ of California by
educating the public, so that they may realize how im-
portant it is to preserve the game-birds and how necessary
to adhere to the already stringent game laws. The book
was commenced in 1913 by Mr. Grinnell and Dr. Bryant,
but when the latter was appointed elsewhere in August 1914,
Mr. Tracy Irwin Storer took his place, and in collaboration
with the Director worked at the book till its completion
in 1916. Mr. Grinnell, in concluding the preface, remarks
that “the highest plane of scieutitic output can be accom-
plished only through cooperative effort,” with which we
entirely agree. |
In the preparation of the book, the authors have
endeavoured to mect the requirements of the hunter,
naturalist, legislator, and conservationist. With these
ends in view, chapters are devoted to the decrease of game,
natural enemies of game, propagation of and legislation
concerning game-birds in California. The decrease of
game-birds, which has been observed for the last thirty-
five years, appears to be most pronounced among the ducks
Odeb Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Lbis,
and geese. Estimates received from various sources give an
average of a 50 per cent. decrease in the case of the ducks,
while.in the geese the estimates are higher and average a
75 per cent. decrease. Quail, Mourning-Dove, Californian
Clapper Rails, and Long-billed Curlew are among those
species whose numbers have been seriously reduced, while
the Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse is now apparently
extinct in California. The decrease of the game-birds is
attributed to a combination of causes, but primarily to the
sale of game in the open market, which is now prohibited
except in the case of the geese and ducks, and the authors
are anxious that these also should be included in this
legislation.
A glossary of special terms used in the book, followed by
a dichotomous key (for identification of Californian game-
birds only), precedes the general account of the various
species which occupies the greater part of the book.
A chapter is devoted to each species and in every case
is preceded by small-type paragraphs with the following
headings :—“ description ” (namely plumage of the species,
soft parts, measurements), ‘marks for field identification,”
“voice,” “nest,” ‘eggs,’ *‘general distribution,” and
“distribution in California.’ Deseriptions are given of
the adult male and female. In the Waders, where many
species have a distinct summer-dress, descriptions of both
summer and winter plumage are included ; the juvenile
plumage is dealt with as briefly as possible, and is followed
where material is available by a description of the natal
plumage. The colours of the soft parts are described with
the plumage, which we think a pity as it entails reading
some of the description before ascertaining colour of eyes
and bill. We should also have liked more information
about the eclipse plumage in the ducks, which in some
species, e.g. American Wigeon, is not referred to at all,
and in some others is disposed of by saying it resembles the
plumage of the female, no points of distinction being given.
In some instances, what is described as the juvenile
plumage of certain ducks undoubtedly refers to the first
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. ‘BAS
winter plumage: e.g., the juvenile plumage of the Red-
breasted Merganser is described (page 84) as “similar to that
of adult female but with a tuft of black and white marked
plumes in evidence on side near bend of wing,” a character
which we find is only developed after the post-juvenile moult.
In the Harlequin also, the description of the juvenile male
undoubtedly refers to the first winter male; while in the
American Golden-eye the juvenile male is described with
the white spot before the eye more or less indicated, a
character which in the European Golden-eye (from which
the American Golden-eye differs only in size) we have only
observed in first-winter birds. Another criticism we have
to make is that in describing the winter plumage of the
waders the differences which exist in some species between
adults and first-winter or immature birds are in some cases
overlooked.
The general account in large type which follows contains
information on migration, habits, food, etc., and the distin-
guishing characters of the species, nests, eggs, etc., are dealt
with in greater detail than is possible in the small-type
paragraphs which are primarily for reference.
There are sixteen coloured plates, twelve by Mr. Louis
Agassiz Fuertes and four by Major Allan Brooks, and
many useful text-figures.
Direct quotations are interpolated in the text with the
object of assuring greater accuracy, and a list of literature
cited is appended.
We congratulate the authors on the amount of infor-
mation they have collected, and we sincerely hope the book
will impress upon the public the need, both from the
economic and sentimental point of view, of preserving
the game-birds of California.
Gurney on Norfolk Ornithology.
[Ornithological Notes from Norfolk for 1918. Twenty-fifth Annual
Report by J. H. Gurney. British Birds, xii. 1919, pp. 242-267. |
Owing to the loss of observers and military restrictions
on the coast, Mr. Gurney’s most useful summary of bird-
o16° Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
events in Norfolk has suffered somewhat. The county is
to be congratulated on having recovered the Bittern, the
Cormorant, aud the Curlew as breeding-birds, though there
are still a good many which nested regularly a hundred years
ago which have never returned as breeding-birds ; such are
the Kite, Bustard, Avocet, and Black Tern.
In addition to the satisfactory increase of the Bittern,
the Great Crested Grebe, Shoveler, Gadwall, and Bearded
Tit are all becoming more numerous—in all cases the result
of protection. ;
Among the rare birds noted in 1918 were the Caspian
Tern, the Avocet, the Yellow-browed Warbler, aud Richard’s
Pipit. Spoonbills still come each year in small numbers to
Breydon Broad, chiefly in May and. June, and would
probably nest there if allowed a chance of doig so.
Mr. Gurney in his notes gives the Bullfinch a bad name
as most destructive to the buds and blossom of fruit-trees,
especially of the Black Currant, which are grown in large
quantities as a field-crop in parts of Norfolk.
R. Gurney on Nomenclature.
| Modern Zoological Nomenclature. by Robert Gurney, Trans. Norfolk
and Norwich Nat. Soe. x. 1919, pp. 535-502. |
In this thoughtful and well-balauced little essay Mr. Robert
Gurney criticizes somewhat severely our modern methods of
nomenclature, taking as his text the divergences in practice
between Witherby’s ‘ Handlist of British Birds’ and the
B.Q. U. Last; but after all, when his examination is
complete, he finds that most of the differences are due
to differeuces of opinion cn points not affected by the rules,
but which must always remain a matter of individual
opinion—such, for instance, as to whether a particular form
shall be regarded as a subspecies or a full species, or again
as to the identification of an ancient description.
Perhaps the best instance of the latter is the question of
the correct name for the Garden-Warbler. The Handlist
uses S. borin, undoubtedly the older name, but according to
the B.O U. Committee, Daubeuton’s figure and description
ig19.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 547
cannot be identified with the Garden-Warbler and so they
propose to use the later name, Sylvia semplex. No rules can
be devised to settle a question of this sort.
Mr. Gurney discusses the well-known case of the trans-
ference of the name Turdus musicus from the Song-Thrush
to the Redwing, and here we do feel that the field-naturalist
and others interested in more general aspects of zoology
have a genuine grievance. As has been recently pointed out
by Prof. Lénnberg in ‘The Ibis, the name 7urdus musicus
Linn. occurring in literature, unless in some way further
qualified, must always be of doubtful meaning, and we are
inclined to adopt Prof. Lonuberg’s suggested solution (Ibis,
1919, p. 367) and give up the name Vurdus musicus Linn.
altogether as indeterminable.
But although Mr. Gurney brings very heavy artillery to
bear on the Rules adopted by the International Zoological
Congress and shows up many of their shortcomings and
imperfections, when it comes to suggesting a remedy he
does not do much to help us. Of the amendments to the
code which he proposes, the first 1s merely an amiable and
pious wish; the second is very frequently adopted in the
banning of the earliest name if any doubt exists as to its
identification; the third, as regards the interchauge of names
between two genera or species, we have every sympathy with
but we regard it as very difficult of application in many cases ;
the fourth proposed amendment in regard to larval forms
does not affect names in ornithology.
Kuroda on a new Parus.
of the Seyen Islands of Idzu, by Nagamichi Kuroda. Dobutsugaku
Zasshi (= Tokio Zool, Mag.), xxx. 1918, pp. 822-3. }
Mr. Kuroda sends us a short paper containing in Japanese
what is apparently a list of birds from Niijima or Niushima,
one of a small group of islands off the coast of Japan near
‘Tokio. Among the birds was one which he regards as a
distinct form, and describes in Knglish under the name of
Parus varius namiyei after the original collector.
548 Recently published Ornithological Works. | Ibis,
Lonnberg on Hybrid Gulls.
(Hybrid Gulls. By Einar Linnberg. Ark. Zool. Stockholm, xii.
no. 7, 1919, pp. 1-22, 3 pls., 2 text-figs. | ;
Examples of hybrid gulls appear to be uncommon or,
at any rate, have seldom been commented on, and the
instances quoted by Dr. Lénnberg show that there is less
fundamental difference between the black-mantled and
the grey-mantled gulls than is generally thought to be the
case.
The first group of hybrids described were the offspring
of a male Larus jfuscus which mated with a female
L. leucopterus in the Zoological Gardens at Stockholm
in 1912 and 1913; the hybrids are figured in their first,
second, and third years, the last being practically adult.
In this bird the mantle is darker than that of the female
parent, but much paler than that of the male; while the
feet retain the pinkish colour of the mother. ‘The bearing
of these facts is discussed by Dr. Linnberg at some length,
and he regards the coloration of the hybrids as a reversion
to that of the ancestral forms.
Another series of hybrids between Larus marinus and
Larus glaucus, bred in the Zoological Gardens at Copenhagen,
are also described; these agree in general coloration and
wing-pattern with a gull now in the Copenhagen Museum,
obtained in Greenland and labelled by Dr. Winge, * Larus
3
.
marinus x glaucus (= L. nelsoni)
Menegaux on bird-Protection.
[L’Ami des Oiseaux. Petit manuel de protection, par A. Menegaux.
Pp. 1-35. Paris. ]
From M. Menegaux we have received this little pamphlet
on the protection of birds useful to agriculture. After a
short introduction, the various methods for encouraging
and stimulating the increase of bird-life such as nesting-
boxes, feeding-trays, and special plantations, are enumerated.
This is followed by a list of terms employed in descriptions
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 549
and measurements, and finally the reasons why it is so
necessary to protect both resident and migratory forms.
The protection of birds in France is carried out under a
convention agreed to by most of the European States, but
excluding Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and the Netherlands,
in March 1902. This convention was ratified by the French
government in 1905, aud has the force of law. It is printed
in full in the present pamphlet, and is followed by a list of
useful birds which are strictly protected and by a second
one of harmful or destructive birds which are not pro-
tected. ;
Palmer on the A. O. U.
(The American Ornithologists’ Union. By T. S. Palmer. Amer.
Museum Journ, New York, xviii. 1918, pp. 473-485. |
In order to make the American Ornithologists’ Union
better known among those who are not familiar with it,
the Secretary, Mr. Palmer, has written this little sketch
of its foundation, present condition, and future aims and
objects—what it has done and what it proposes to do.
An interesting historical group of portraits of the founders
and officers in 1883 including Baird, Elliot, Lawrence, and
Coues, and many others, some of whom are still with us,
brings back pleasant memories of past friends.
Porsild on “ Savssats.”
[On “Savssats”: a crowding of Arctic Animals at Holes in the
sea-ice. By Morten P. Porsild. Geogr. Review, New York, vi. 1918,
pp. 215-228. |
Savssat (pronounced s’set) is an Kskimo term meaning
crowding or overcrowding, and is used by the natives of
Disco Bay in Greenland to denote a phenomenon which
occurs occasionally: the ice from Baffin Bay gradually
closes in aud meets the ice at the head of Disco Bay, and
large numbers of whales and other animals become enclosed
in narrow pools of open water, Finally the animals become
entirely frozen in, and the Eskimos reap a rici harvest.
550 Recently published Ormthological Works. (Ibis,
Birds are sometimes surprised in this way. Mr. Porsild
states that Eider Ducks are often see crowded by hundreds
ito very small openings, and they appear to be always able
to make their escape; but the Guillemots and Little Auks
are not so fortunate. If a Guillemot Savssat occurs near
the shore the birds are all captured by the Eskimo ; if the
hole be far from any settlement the whole flock gradually
perishes by the freezing up of the water. The matter is an
interesting one, and the account given by Mr. Porsild ‘is
well worth the attention of ornithologists.
Robinson and Kloss on Sumatran Birds.
‘Results of an Expedition to Korinchi Peak, Sumatra. Part ii.
Birds, by H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss. Journ. Fed. Malay
States Museums, vill. 1918, pp. 81-284, pls. iv.—vii. |
This is a very important paper and will have to be con-
sulted by all students of the avifauva of the Indian Region.
It contains the results of an expedition undertaken by the
authors in 1914 to the high mountain peak of Korinchi in
the western end of Sumatra.
Large collections of all the orders of Vertebrata were
made, and the results will fill the eighth volume of the
Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. But little
is told us in the present fascicule about the actual journey
or about the physical aspects of the mountains, which rise to
about an elevation of 12,000 feet; but a careful comparison
is given between the mountain-avifauna of Korinchi,. of
Kinabalu in Borneo, and that of the mountains of the Malay
Peninsula and Java, the general conclusion being that the
relations between the Javan and Sumatran peaks is much
closer than to those of Borneo, while in addition to the
Javan element there is a small proportion of species of
recent continental origin found in the Himalaya and moun-
tains of Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula which have
not spread to Borneo and Java. The greater part of the
paper is taken up with the list of species, 186 in number,
obtained by the expedition. These are thoroughly discussed
with references to Sumatran literature, field and taxonomic
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 551
notes. A number of the more striking new forms discovered
were described in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatie Society in 1916, but a certain number of
additional forms from Sumatra and elsewhere are here
noticed for the first time, viz. :—Turdinulus epilepidota
dilutus, Notodela diana sumatrana, Parus major malayorum,
Zosterops difficilis, all from Sumatra ; and Pnoepyga pusilla
harterti, Tephrodornis pelvica annectens, Bhringa remifer
attenuata, from the Malay Peninsula.
Four coloured plates by Groénvold illustrate the more
interesting forms obtained, including the female of the
handsome Pheasant, Acomus inornatus Salvad., which had
not previously been obtained or described ; Gecinus dedemi
van Oort, only known up till now from the type-specimen
obtained by Baron van Dedem in the Battak mountains of
north-eastern Sumatra ; Cochoa beccarii, only known from
the types obtained by Beceari on Mt. Singgalang thirty-five
years ago; the handsome Ground-Thrush, Pitta schneideri
Hartert, the female of which was previously unknown ;
Diceum beccarti, Cryptolopha sumatrensis, and C. muelleri,
first obtamed and described by the authors themselves im
1916; and Cettia sumatrana, also obtained by the authors
of this paper, but first described by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant.
Following the list of species is a table showing the
distribution and altitude of the birds collected according
to station, a list of nests and eggs, and finally a carefully
compiled and valuable list of all the birds certainly known
to occur in Sumatra. These number 526 as compared with
Borneo’s 535 and the Malay Peninsula’s 630.
Swarth on new forms of Fox-Sparrow.
[Three new subspecies of Passeredla ithaca, By H.S. Swarth. Proce.
Biol. Soc, Washington, vol. 51, 1918, pp. 161-164. |
This paper contains the preliminary description of three
new subspecies—Passerella iliaca maripose, P. i. julva, and
P. i. canescens—from different localities in California, and
is to be followed by a thorough revision of the whole
group,
-_—
559 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
Van Oort on the Birds of Holland.
[Ornithologica Neerlandica. De Vogels van Nederland, door Dr. E. D.
van Oort. Pts. 3 & 4, pp. 57-120, pls. 21-40. ‘s Gravenhage (Nijhoff),
1918. 4to. Price 124 Gld. each part.}
The second instalment of Dr. van Oort’s great work on
his native birds carries us through the Cormorants, Herons,
Storks, and Ibises to the Swans. Holland is fortunate in
retaining four of the birds here described as regular
breeders—the Little Bittern, the Bittern, the White Stork,
and the Spoonbill—all of which, except perhaps the Bittern,
which seems to be re-establishing itself, formerly bred in
the British Islands but have now left us.
In the series of plates, not only are the adult males
and females but in many cases the young birds also are
represented. The most successful to our taste are the
Heron, Bittern, Stork, and Flamingo. In the more darkly-
coloured birds the reproduction does not appear to us to be
quite so successful, and the screens used in the photographic
processes seem tq be rather too coarse. On the whole, we
see a decided improvement in the illustrations as compared
with those of the first two parts.
White on Ornithological Trips in Australia,
(Ooldea, on the East-West Railway. On the flooded Murray River,
and other sketches. By Captain 8S. A. White. Pp. 1-88; many photos.
Adelaide [1918]. 8vo.]
In this little booklet Captain White recounts his adven-
tures during three trips made by him along the great trunk
railway recently completed between Adelaide and Perth,
the respective capitals of South and West Australia. The
first one, performed in January 1917, was to the end of
the completed track just short of Ooldea, while the last one
in the following December was made after the line was
completed. Bird-life was very scarce owing to the dry
condition of the country, but efforts were made to inves-
tigate the advance of the English Sparrow, which though a
pest in South Australia is unknown in Western Australia,
1919.) Recently published Ornithological Works. 553
and which it was feared would spread there along the newly
constructed line. Captain White, however, could not detect
any Sparrows about Ooldea itself. An interesting observa-
tion was the finding of many nests of the Barn-Owl (Tyto alba
delicatula) in the wells and natural blowholes round Ooldea.
Another portion of the volume contains some sketches of
the country along the flooded River Murray and the birds
met with there.
Wiglesworth on Somerset Heronries.
(The Heronries of Somerset. By J. Wiglesworth, M.D. Proc.
Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. lxiv. 1918, pp. 68-85. |
The earliest reference to a Somerset Heronry is found in
the Survey Roll of Glastonbury Abbey, which was probably
drawn up about 1540 and in which the birds were said to
have nested in the ‘“‘ Mannour of Mere”; but they have
long since vanished from there, and have left no traces
beyond what is mentioned in the Roll.
At the present time the number of occupied heronries
within the county are four only, while two others have
been deserted within recent years. These are located
respectively at: Brockley Park near Bristol; Pixton,
Dulverton; Halswell Park near Bridgwater; and Somerton
Erleigh near Somerton. The largest is the last-named,
and Dr. Wiglesworth, who visited it in March last year,
estimates the number of nests at about eighty.
After visiting all the sites, Dr. Wiglesworth believes that
the Heron is diminishing as a breeding-bird in the county,
and he puts the decrease down to tiie ban of the angler,
since these birds undoubtedly do feed largely on fish and at
times may do considerable harm to fisheries, though the
damage is generally exaggerated. It is also probable that
the destruction of their breeding-grounds by the. recent
felling of timber due to the exigencies of the war has had
an inimical effect on their numbers. It would be indeed a
lamentable thing if the Heron should become extinct in the
British Islands, but we hope there is no immediate danger
of this happening.
554. Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
The Bombay Journal.
[The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, xv. nos. 1-5.
March 1917-Dec. 1918. }
The last completed volume of the Journal of the Bombay
Natural History Society is a stout tome of over 700 pages
and contains much that is of interest to ornithologists as
well as to students of other branches of Natural History.
From Mr. Stuart Baker we have in each number a part of
his valuable account of the Game-Birds of India, twenty-
four of which have now been published. ach is illustrated
with a coloured plate, those of the present volume repre-
senting Gallus sonnerati, Genneus albocristatus, Phasianus
humie, and Pucrasia macrolopha. A very careful revision of
the species and subspecies, with full descriptions and care-
fully selected field-notes of other authors as well as the
results of his own observations, constitute a most complete
history of these magnificent birds, and we hope when the
series of articles are completed that we shall see them in
book-form.
The country lying between Munipur and the southern
Chin hills in Upper Burma is still but little known orni-
thologically. _ It consists of steep heavily-wooded hills
rising to about 7000 feet, and is very difficult of access.
Messrs. J. C. Hopwood and J. M. D. Mackenzie, both of
the Indian Forest Service, have made several excursions
into the region, and contribute a list of the birds and the
eggs obtained with many notes of considerable interest.
A useful article is one by Mr. C. H. Donald on the
Raptores of the Punjab, in which he endeavours to provide
keys for the easy identification of these difficult birds, not
only when killed but also when seen on the wing. No fewer
than fifty-five species are mentioned in the list as cccurring
in the Province. Another article dealing with the Punjab
avifauna is from the pen of Mr. H. Whistler, who con-:
tributes some notes on the birds of the Ambala or Umballah
district.
From Mesopotamia we have a few notes on the Game-
Birds from Capt. C. M. Thornhill; and there are a large
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 555
number of shorter notes of less importance, the most inter-
esting being from Mrs. Hall on the nesting-habits of the
Hornbil! Lophoceros birostris, the facts regarding which
appear to be still far from aceurately known. Mrs. Hall
notes that after the eggs had been batched the female bird
left her prison and assisted the male to feed the young birds,
which were again imprisoned by plastering up the entrance
to the nest. Mrs. Hall states that the female on emerging
from the nest-hole was by no means in bad condition and
bedraggled, but in beautiful plumage. The young birds
were fed on a varied diet of insects, possibly mice and
lizards, as well as various vegetable substances. The whole
account is most interesting.
Journal of the Museum of Comparative Oology.
[The Journal of the Museum of Comparative Oology. Vol. i. nos. 1-2.
Santa Barbara, Cal., U.S.A. March 1919.]
We must very heartily congratulate our brother orni-
thologists of Santa Barbara, California, on their enterprise
in starting a Museum, with its attendant journal, on Oology,
a science which has been grievously neglected, though col-
lectors of eggs are so numerous. In the foreword the
Editors of the Journal write :——“* The Museum .... has set
itself the task of accumulating the phylogenetic evidence
offered by the eggs of the birds of the world.” Truly an
ambitious programme, but the enterprise is backed abun-
dantly both by brains and financial means and surely
deserves success. Criticism at the present stage of the
scheme is hardly fair or necessary and, if the rules laid
down are adhered to, may never be required; but in view of
what is said on page 15 as to the policy in acquiring material,
we might suggest that deductions may be more important
and more reliable if drawn from the normal rather than
from the abnormal. “ We are after the significant only.”
So the paragraph referred to runs; but it must be remem-
bered that a series of the normal egg may signify far more
than a clutch of aberrant eggs. Ill-health, over-production,
SER, XI.— VOL. T. 2Q
556 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
and a hundred and one other causes may govern the produc-
tion of one aberrant egg or of one clutch of such eggs, but
the causes of normal coloration, shape and texture are far
deeper and far more worth while investigation.
The present double number deals practically with the
collection and exhibition of eggs, but in future numbers we
shall look forward to seeing the “ why and the wherefore ”
of various oological points dealt with and explained.
We wish the Museum and Journal the greatest success,
and recommend the latter to all oologists for careful study.
Tori.
(Tori (?.e. Birds). The Journal of the Ornithological Society of
Japan. Vol. i. nos. 1-6; vol. ii. nos. 6-7. |
To the courtesy of Mr. N. Kuroda, F.M.B.O.U., we are
indebted for a complete set of the Japanese journal of
ornithology, which we are very glad to see, though we fear
we are unable to read the contents. Hach number contains
about 380 pages of text in Japanese and a good many
half-tone illustrations from photographs and generally a
coloured plate, and the whole is executed in a most artistic
manner.
The first number contains a picturesque coloured figure
of the Pheasant-tailed Jacana, which however, so far as we
are aware, is not found in Japan. The second number has
a paper on the birds of the Pelew, Marianne, and Caroline
groups of the western Pacific, recently taken over by Japan
from the Germans. ‘here are descriptions of two new sub-
species by Mr. Kuroda—Collocalia fuciphaga rukensis aud
Halcyon chloris vanikorensis, which are figured in colour.
The descriptions of the new forms are also translated into
English, and the lst is partly in English. Another number
has a description of a new Woodpecker, Dryobates leucotos
quelpartensis, from Quelpart Island in Korea Straits, by
Mr. Kuroda and Mr. T. Mori, also translated. Another
paper contains the account of the interesting Shelduck,
Pseudotadorna cristata, which has already been noticed in
our pages (Ibis, 1918, p. 732).
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 557
It would make the journal of much greater use and give
it much more importance if those responsible for editing it
could be persuaded at least to publish a translation of the
list of the contents of each number.
Mr. Kuroda has already shown the way by printing his
descriptions of new forms in English as well as Japanese,
and we hope other authors will be induced to do the same.
May we conclude by wishing our uew contemporary
“Tori” a long life and a prosperous career! .
Trans. Norfolk Nat. Society.
[Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society.
Vol. x. pt. 4, 1917-18; February 1919. ]
The Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society will
celebrate its Jubilee this year under the presidency of our
old friend Mr. J. H. Gurney, and we must congratulate
the members of what must certainly be one of the oldest
provincial societies on their flourishing condition and on
the excellence of their journal.
The most important ornithological paper in the present
number is undoubtedly one by Miss Turner on the breeding
of the Bittern in Norfolk. For many years, in fact since
about 1868, the Bittern has been extinct in Norfolk and
the British Islands as a breeding-bird, though a few have
been noticed every winter in the ‘ Broads” district.
Since 1911, though no nest was actually found until 1917,
there is no doubt that the Bittern has recommenced breeding
in the “ Broads” district, and there seems to be every chance
of its complete re-establishment. Miss urner’s paper is full
of the details of the nesting-habits and early life-history of
these extraordinarily interesting birds, and is illustrated by
six plates reproduced from her photographs, It should be
read by all. The booming of the Bittern, which has been
mentioned by so many writers and poets apart from orni-
thologists, can now again be heard, and a most remarkable
sound it is—something to our hearing between a fog-horn
and a donkey’s bray.
In a shorter article Mr. B. B. Rivere deals with the habits
358 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
and plumage-changes of the Red-backed Shrike as observed
on two uestlings taken from the nest and hand-reared.
A coloured figure of the juvenile plumage, reproduced from
a sketch by the author, illustrates this note.
Mr. A. H. Patterson contributes some observations at or
near Yarmouth for the year 1917, but military reasons have
much restricted his rambles. A paper by Mr. Robert Gurney
on nomenclature is noticed separately.
Yearbook of the Dutch Bird Club.
[Club van Nederlandsche Vogelkundigen. Jaarbericht, no. 8.
Deventer, 1918. |
As in the past this Yearbook is edited by Baron Snouckaert
van Schauburg, the President of the Club, who himself con-
tributes several articles. The first of these consists of his
annual report on events of ornithological importance from
October 1917 to September 1918. He mentions the occur-
rence of a good number of Slender-billed Nutcrackers in
October and an unusual number of Woodcock during the
winter, while the breeding of Red-necked Grebe is confirmed.
Special rarities recorded are the Lesser Grey Shrike, the
eastern European Buzzard Buteo buteo ruficaudus (= B. 6.
zimmermanne), and the Iceland Gull. In other shorter
articles Baron Snouckaert discusses the races of the Cordon
sleu (Uraginthus bengalus), the exact significance of the
variation of Perdia perdix named Tetrao damascenus by
Gmelin, and other matters.
Another contribution, signed A. H., deals with the succes-
sion of birds noticed in the rice-fields of Java and Sumatra
during the different seasons and peviods of cultivation; while
Baron vau Heeckeren describes and figures the curious egg
of the Klecho Swift, Muacropterye longipennis, lying 1n a
hollow of the branch of a Soerian-tree (Cedrella).
Reproductions of photographs of a Snipe on its nest,
a Jackdaw’s nest, aud eggs of the Kentish Plover at the
Hook of Holland help to enliven a very good number of
this Yearbook.
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 559
List of other Ornithological Publications received.
Havitanp, Maup JI)., and Pirr, Frances. The Selection of Hel
nemoralis by the Song-Thrush (Twrdus musieus). (Ann. Mag.
N. H. (9) ili. 1919, p. 526.)
tubby, J. H. Six new birds from Celebes and Java. | (Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 32, 1919, p. 93.)
Srone, W. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to
a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. (Proc. Acad. Philad.
1918, p. 239.)
Warren, E. R. Bird notes of a stormy May in Colorado Springs.
(Condor, xxi. 1919, p. 62.)
Wiruersy, I. F. (edited by). A practical Handbook of British
Birds. Pts. 2 and 3.
Archivum Melitense. (Vol. iii. no. 7, 1918.)
Auk. (Vol. xxxv. no. 2, 1919.)
Avicultural Magazine. (Third Series, Vol. x. nos. 6-8, 1919.)
Bird-Lore. (Vol. xxi. no. 2, 1919.)
Bird Notes. (Third Series, Vol. il. nos. 5-4, 1919.)
British Birds. (Vol. xii. nos. 11-12; vol. xiii. no. 1, 1919.)
Condor. (Vol. xxi. no. 2, 1919.)
Emu. (Vol. xviii. nos. 3-4, 1919.)
Fauna och Flora. (Vol. xiv. nos. 1-3, 1919.)
Le Gerfaut. (1919, fase. 1.)
Kl Hornero. (Vol. i. no. 3, 1918.)
Irish Naturalist. (Vol. xxviii. nos. 3-6, 1919.)
Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (Vol. xxvi. no. 1, 1918.)
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam. (Vol. iii. no. 2, 1919.)
Rev. Francaise d’Ornithologie. (Nos. 119-120, 1919.)
Scottish Naturalist. (Nos. 87-90, 1919.)
South Australian Ornithologist. (Vol. iv. no, 1.)
Der Waldrapp. (Vol. i. no. 1, 1919.)
XX V LL 1.— Letters, Hvtracis, and Notes.
South African Hawks.
Sir,—In an article | have recently sent you for publica.
tion on the South African Accipitres I have questioned
whether the Kuropean Peregrine could be included in the
South African Avifauna, but I at the same time drew
attention to the fact that the late Mr. J. H. Gurney had
recorded this species, from time to time, from South Africa.
560 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
With a view to finding out whether any of these specimens
were really F. peregrinus, I wrote to Mr. J. H. Gurney (jun.)
asking him to kindly examine the series in the Norwich
Museum and let me know the result. This he has very
kindly done, and I quote the following from a letter from
him which I have just received :—‘* The Norwich Museum
contains two Peregrine Falcons from South Africa. No. 1,
marked ‘Cap de Bonne Esperance,’ is certainly a true-
Peregrine, an o/d skin from Jules Verreaux, but Verreaux’s
localities are not to be relied on. The other (No. 13), a fine
adult female, marked ‘ Natal, W. Gueinzius’—bought at a
sale at Stevens’s—is also a Peregrine, I feel sure. It is
altogether too big for Falco minor, the wing from carpal
joint being 14 inches and the tarsus 1:9. It is a heavily
spotted bird, the upper chest (which is usually white in
British specimens) being also marked with dark pear-shaped
spots....almost up to the chin.” It is no doubt the
specimen mentioned on p.56 of Layard and Sharpe’s ‘ Birds
of South Africa,’ see also p. 800.
Now if the two above-mentioned specimens are really
South African killed, it will be necessary to include this
species in the South African list after all, although I still
have doubts as to whether the Peregrine really does occur.
In connection with my recently published paper on
Mieraaétus ayresi (Ibis, Apyil 1919), I have just received
a letter from Mr. W. L. Sclater which contains the following
interesting remarks on the subject :—-“‘I have just been
looking through our specimens in the Museum, and I quite
agree with your views on the matter. I am going to
Norwich next month and shall have a careful look at the
type (of Spizactus ayresi) there, and perhaps, if I think
necessary, get it to London for comparison.
“We have in the British Museum only one adult
H. ayresi (from Belgian Congo), but several juv. of the
specimens noticed at p. 176 of your paper.
‘“Sowerby’s Aquila wahlbergi is not Hieraaétus spilogaster
or H. ayresi. So far as I can see it is rightly identified.
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 561
“The Cameroon specimen (Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 102) is
a Spizaétus, and I believe now it is nothing to do with
H. spilogaster or H. ayresi”’ *.:
With reference to the above-mentioned specimen collected
by Sowerby and described by Sharpe (Ibis, 1898), I can only
repeat what I have already said on the subject of Aquila
wahlbergi, that this species, normally, either in adult or
juvenile plumage, never has any white jn its plumage, and
I have examined a number in all stages and have seen an
equal number of living birds, both in captivity and free.
Therefore | contend that this specimen, if rightly referred
to A. wahlbergi, must be an abnormal and_ probably
albinistic specimen.
Tam, Sir,
Yours truly,
Roberts Heights, C. G. Fincu-Daviss, Lt.
Pretoria, (lst S.A.M.R.).
6 May, 1919.
The Godman-Salvin Memorials.
In accordance with the resolution, proposed by Mr. Stuart
Baker and unanimously agreed to at the Annual General
Meeting of the Union. held in March last, that a Medal
should be founded to be given from time to time for distin-
guished work in Ornithology in memory of Messrs. Godman
and Salvin, a circular has been sent round to all members
of the Union asking for subscriptions to carry out this
matter.
_Up to the 16th of June answers have been received from
86 members of the Union, and the total subscriptions pro-
mised or received amount to £131 16s. 3d. The Secretary
of the Union, Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker (Chief Police Office,
West India Docks, London, E. 14), will be glad to receive
any further amounts from members.
* It is referable to Spizaétus africanus (Cassin), see Bull. B. O. ,
xxxix. 1919, pp. 87 and 98. [Eb.] :
562 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
The Committee appointed to arrange for the designing
and cutting of the Medal will shortly meet and settle this
question, and will issue a report which will be published in
the next number of ‘ The Ibis,’ with a complete list of the
subscribers.
With regard to the proposed memorial in the Natural
History Museum with which, it may be recalled, it was the
unanimous wish of the Members that the Union should be
associated, a Committee has been formed with representatives
of the Zoological, Linnean, Royal Geographical, British
Ornithologists’ Union, and other Societies, and including
many old friends and admirers of Mr. Godman.
It has been settled that the memorial shall take, primarily,
the form of a bronze tablet, with medallion-portraits of.
Messrs. Godman and Salvin, and a suitable inscription,
to be offered to the Trustees of the British Museum to be
placed in the Natural History Museum.
Should there be, as the Committee hope, a generous
response to the appeal which they are making, it is proposed
to devote any additional sum realized, after defraying the
cost of the bronze tablet, to a sum which Dame Alice
Godman and her daughters are offering to the Trustees
of the Museum in order to found a “Godman Memorial
Exploration Fund,” the proceeds of which are to be used
in making scientific collections for the benefit of the
Museum.
Subscriptions to this Memorial should be addressed to
the Hon. Treasurer of the Committee, Mr. C. E. Fagan,
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7.
Protection for Canadian Bird-Sanctuaries.
Mr. J. H. Gurney writes as follows :—‘‘It is very satis-
factory to learn from Mr. LP. A. Taverner that by Act
of the Quebec Parliament the celebrated Bird-rocks—an
ancient stronghold of the Soian Goose—have now been
placed under reservation as a bird-sanctuary; also Percé
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 363
Rock, and the bird cliffs of Bonaventura, where six or
seven thousand Solans still breed. All these Canadian
sanctuaries are in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and no doubt
they stood in much need of legal protection.”
Oological Dinner.
The fifth annual Oological dinner will be held on
Wednesday, 10 September, 1919. The principal feature
of the exhibit in connection with this dinner will be the
eges of the Warblers.
Gentlemen wishing to attend are invited to send their
names to the Hon. Sec., Clifford Borrer, 1 Fleet Street,
London, E.C, 4.
The Selous Collections.
From ‘ Nature’ we learn that Mrs. Selous has presented
to the Natural History Museum Captain F. C. Selous’s
collection of big game trophies as well as the collection of
{uropean birds’ eggs. ‘I'his last is most valuable, as every
clutch was taken by Captain Selous himself and is labelled
most carefully with exact date and locality. The collection
will in due course be removed from Worplesdon to South
Kensington.
Ornithologists Abroad.
We hear that Captain Hubert Lynes is on the slopes of
the Atlas in Morocco and has made some interesting orni-
thological discoveries. Mr. Witherby is shortly leaving for
the Balearic Islands, and Dr. Hartert is collecting in Spain.
From the ‘Times’ we learn that Captain Court-Treatt,
of the Bird-room of the Natural History Museum, is the
leader of the party of airmen engaged in laying out a flying
route between Bulawayo and Cape Town; while Mr. Guy
Shortridge, the well-known collector, who has also been
SER. XI.—VOL. I. 2k
564 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis, 1919.
serving in the R.A.F., has charge of the portion of the
Cape to Cairo route between Abercorn at the south end of
Lake Tanganyika and Bulawayo.
From the last number of the ‘Auk’ we learn that
American collectors and observers are also returning to
the field. Mr. Roy C. Andrews of the American Museum
has gone back to China to continue his work there, and
Mr. Klages, a well-known bird-collector, is making a trip
through French Guiana to the Amazon. In February last
Captain William Beebe left New York with a party which
will establish themselves in the Tropical Research Station of
the New York Zoological Society in British Guiana, where
work of much importance will be carried on.
Mr. Fleming’s Museum.
One of the largest private collections of birds in North
America is that of Mr. J. H. Fleming, M.B.O.U. He has
recently completed a census and has communicated the
figures to the ‘Auk.’ The collection is not confined to
North American species, but covers the birds of the world.
We learn that it comprises about 25,000 specimens, repre-
senting 5377 species and 1925 genera as recognized in
Sharpe’s Hand-list. When we note that there are,
according to this authority, some 17,000 species of birds
and 2647 genera, we realize that Mr. Fleming has about
one-third of the known species and three-fourths of the
genera represented, the latter being evidence of the pains-
taking care that he has exercised in bringing together this
notable series of specimens.
THREE NOTABLE WORKS
PUBLISHED BY WITHERBY & CO.
PARTS 1, 2 and 3 NOW READY.
A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK
OF BRITISH BIRDS
Editor, H. F. WITHERBY, M.B-E., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
Contributors—Dr. E. HARTERT, Rey. F. C. R. JOURDAIN, C. OLDHAM,
Miss A. C, JACKSON, and Dr. N. F. TICEHURST. :
With COLOURED and
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TEXT FIGURES.
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plumages. Breeding habits
(nests, eggs, season, incuba-
tion, &c.). Food, Distribution
and Migration.
A REMARKABLE BOOK
JUNGLE PEACE
By WILLIAM BEEBE, C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
The work contains records of extraordinary scientific interest.
The author tells of bird and beast and plant and insect
life of the British Guiana Jungle.
“This is a wonderful book—a book of Nature’s
miracles . . He is the Maeterlinck of open-air
science working in the least known of natural
wonderlands,’’—Morning Post.
ILLUSTRATED - - 2
BRITISH BIRDS
AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE
Edited by H. F. WITHERBY, M.B.E., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U., assisted by
Rev. F. C. R. JOURDAIN, M.A., M.B.0.0., and N. F. TICEHURST, M.A., F.R.C.S., M.B.O.U.
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- XXL.
XRT:
XXIII.
P.O .4 hf
XXV.
XXVI
XX VII.
XXVIII.
CONTENTS.
A preliminary Study of the Relation between Geographical
Distribution and Migration with special reference to
the Palearctic Region. By Lieut.-Col. R. Mermerrz-
HAGEN, M,B.O.U. :
On Birds from South Annam and Cochin China. Part I.
Phasianide—Campophagide. By Herserr C. Rosrson,
M.B.O.U., and C. Bovey Kuoss, M. B.O.U. (Plates
VII.-XI. and Text-figure 3.) ..
. . Tele .
On the Plumage-development of Nettion torquatum, Anas
undulata, had Pecilonetta er ythrorh yncha. By F. E.
Brxkow, St BoOs0 i cited ieee z :
List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed
reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental
Visitors. Part III. Picidee—Sulide. By Davin A.
Bannerman, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S.
Further Ornithological Notes from the Neighbourhood of
Cape San Antonio, Province of Buenos Ayres. Part II.
Trochilide—Plataleide. By Ernest Grsson, M.B.O.U.,
F.ZS.. : so ekany's pike itis
. Obituary: J.C. McLean; Dr. J. Wiglesworth .
Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Mrs. Bailey on the Birds of the Glacier National Park;
Brasil on New Caledonian Birds; Chubb on the Dendro-
colaptidee ; Dixon on the Spoonbilled Sandpiper; Grinnell,
Bryant, and Storer on Californian Game Birds ; Gurney
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Menegaux on Bird-Protection ; Palmer on the: A. O. U.;
Porsild on ‘f Savssats”; Robinson and Kloss on Sumatran
Birds; Swarth on new forms of Fox-Sparrow; Van Oort
on the Birds of Holland; White on Ornithological Trips i in
Australia; Wiglesworth on Somersetshire Heronries ; The
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392
. 454
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XXIX.—On Birds from South Annam and Cochin China.
Part II. Pycnonotipz—Dicxipx,. By Herserr C.
Rosrinson, M.B.O.U., and C. Boprn Ktoss, M.B.O.U.*
(Plates XII.-XVIIL.)
107. Agithina tiphia (Linn.).
Oustalet, p. 68.
23,14 imm,., 2 2. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 22-23 May,
1918.
1¢@. Daban, 650ft.,S. Annam. 27 March, 1918.
26. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 30 March-17 May,
1918.
“Tris whitish; maxilla black, edges pale plumbeous,
culmen black ; mandible pale plumbeous ; feet plumbeous.”
Males. T. L. 180, 133, 130, 146, 142; W. 62, 61, 58, 59,
64 mm.
Females. T. L. 185, 180, 145; W. 62, 58, 64mm.
Oustalet (Nouv. Arch. du Mus. Paris, (2) t. viii. 1886,
p. 285 ; op. cit. supra, p. 69) describes a species AMgithina
philipi from a single specimen from Hué, central Annam.
* Continued from p. 4538. For map, see Text-figure 3, p. 393. The
illustration of Cryptolopha maleolmsmithi, described on p. 448, in the
first portion of the paper, will be found on Plate XVI. fig. 1, published
with the present portion,
SER. XI.—VOL. I. es
566 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
It is said to differ from Mgithina tiphia in having a larger
beak, more rounded wing, greyish-green head and neck, and
whitish throat. It has remained unique since its first
description. Careful comparison of the above series with a
large number of skins from the Malay Peninsula and Penin-
sular Siam reveals no material differences, and, as Oustalet
himself is inclined to suggest, we are disposed to think that
AG, philipi must have been founded on a depigmented and
abnormal individual. Similar cases of abnormal coloration
occur not infrequently among species of green Pigeons
(Osmotreron and Crocopus).
108. Athorhynchus lafresnayei xanthotis (Sharpe).
Aithorhynchus xanthotis Oustalet, p. 70; Gyldenstolpe,
Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1. no. 8, 1913, p. 22, pl.i.
fig. 1.
Aithorhynchus lafresnayet Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 197.
16,19. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 2-5 June, 1918.
1g. Daban, 650ft., 8S. Annam. 19 March, 1918.
“ Maxilla black, edged cobalt ; mandible cobalt, distal half
black ; feet dull cobalt.”
Males. T. L. 150, —; W. 68, 68; bill from gape 24,
25 mm.
Female. T. L. 155; W. 67; bill from gape 24°5 mm.
These three specimens, though they have not developed the
black wings and tails of fully adult birds, can be separated
from birds from the Malay Peninsula in a similar stage of
plumage by the much lighter greenish-yellow tinge of the
upper surface. Forehead and superciliaries bright lemon-
yellow, ear-coverts pale yellow. The birds from eastern
Siam listed by one of us (supra) are intermediate, but on the
whole are much closer to A. J. lafresnayei than to A. 1. xan-
thotis, which is based on a single female from Cambodia.
109. Chloropsis chlorocephala (Wald.).
Oustalet, p. 72 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 198.
13,192. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May, 1918.
23,292. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 18-20 March,
1918. |
‘Tris brown, bill black, feet dull plumbeous.”
19169. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 567
Males. T. L. 173, 178, 175 ; W. 80, 84, 83 mm.
Females. T. L. 165, 173, 1738; W. 75, 76, 77 mm.
110. Chloropsis aurifrons inornatus Kloss.
Ibis, 1918, p. 198.
Chloropsis aurifrons Oustalet, p. 72.
3 g ad.,1 9 ad..1 2 imm. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam.
15-23 March, 1918.
“ Tris dark, bill black, feet greenish leaden or leaden.”’
Males. 'T. Li. 185, 187, 191; W. 89, 91, 93 mm.
Females. T. L. 182, 183; W. 92, 85 (imm.) mm.
This series agrees with the type of the subspecies from
Lat Bua Kao, eastern Siam, in the absence of yellow on the
head and below the black gorget. The orange frontal area is,
however, slightly more extensive in all the specimens.
111. Irena puella puella (Lath.).
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 745.
36,49. Daban, 650ft., S. Annam. 15-23 March,
1DUS*
1g,12. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 29 March-16 May,
USS:
‘Tris crimson, bill and feet black.”’
Males. T. L. 245, 250, 255, 260; W. 129, 1238, 123,
126 mm.
Females. T. L. 245, 268, 257, — ; W. 1238, 125, 123, 128,
121 mm.
Agreeing perfectly with specimens from the north of the
Malay Peninsula and southern Siam.
112. Hypsipetes concolor Blyth.
Oustalet, p. 73.
4g,49. Daban, 650ft., S. Annam. 20-26 March,
Vols:
5 6,2 2. Dran, 3000ft.,S. Annam. 9-18 May, 1918.
36,19. Dalat, 5000ft.,S. Annam. 2-3 May, 1918.
1g. Langbian Peaks, 6- 7500 ft, S.Annam. 21 April,
1918
568 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Males. T. L. —, 255, 255, 265, 248, 250, 250, 258, 265,
260, 247, 250, 250 ; W. 118, 118, 116,.126,.119, 117, 120,
117, 118, 124, 117, 121, 118mm.
Females. T. L. —, —, 248, 287, 235, 243, 247; W. 115,
116, 114, 112, 111, 112, 114 mm.
Anderson’s figure of H. yunnanensis (Anat. & Zool. Res.
Yunnan, 1878, p. 656, pl. 50), though otherwise fairly good,
does not indicate the quadrate black spot on the malar
region beneath the ear-coverts which is present, to a greater
or less extent, in all the above series.
113. Hemixus davisoni Hume.
Oustalet, p. 74.
346,29. Dran, 3000ft.,S.Annam. 31 March-16 May,
1918.
‘Tris crimson (male), reddish hazel or hazel (female) ;
bill black; feet deep brown.”
Males. T. L. 210, —, —; W. 100, 100, 102 mm.
Females. T. L. 205, 204; W. 93, 96mm.
Both this species and H. hildebrandi Hume (Stray Feath. u1.
1874, p. 508) are very rare in collections and seem also very
closely allied, the former differing from the present one only
in the tint of the head, which is described as deep blackish
brown, while in H. davisoni it is rich warm brown. We
have followed Oustalet in identifying the above series with
the last-named form.
114, Hemixus tickelli griseiventer, subsp. nov.
Differs from Hemixus tickelli peracensis Hart. & Butl.
(Nov. Zool. v. 1898, p. 506), from the mountains of the
Malay Peninsula, in having the head rather duller brown,
ear-coverts more greyish, and underparts greyer with prac-
tically no fulvous suffusion on the breast and sides of the
body.
“Tris crimson, bill blackish, feet brown.”
Types. 6 ¢. lLangbian Peaks, 5500-7500 ft. 13 April,
1918.
1¢,19¢9. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 8-10 April,
1918. :
19109. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 569
1¢. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 13 May, 1918.
46,39. lLangbian Peaks, 5500-7500 ft., S. Annam.
13-20 April, 1918.
Males. T. L. 225, 228, 240, 224, —*; W. 96, 99, 105,
9EGmim:.), 100% . 2 102+ a talores by. £226 mm:
Females. T. L. 218, 210, —, 230, 228*; W. 96, 98, 97,
100, 98*; T..105* ; Ts. 18°5*; b.f. g. 24°5* mm.
115. Xanthiscus flavescens sordidus, subsp. nov.
Xanthiscus flavescens flavescens Stuart Baker (nec Blyth),
Bull. B. O. C. xxxviii. 1917, p. 16.
Differs from the typical X. flavescens in being darker and
greyer, less olivaceous above ; beneath the yellow confined
to the vent and under tail-coverts, the remaining underparts
dark grey, white on the throat, the centre of the abdomen
yellowish white, the breast very faintly washed with yellow.
Types. & 3, Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft. 8 & 12 May, 1918.
1 ¢. Dalat, 5000ft.,S.Annam. 9 April, 1918.
23,32. Arbre Broyé, 5400ft.,S.Annam. 8-14 May,
1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
Males. T. L. 210*, 200; W. 86*, 88; tail 108*; bill
from gape 17°5*; tarsus 20*.
Females. T. L. 195, 190, 190, 200*; W. 80 Gmm.), 82,
79, 82*; tail 106*; bill from gape 17°5*; tarsus 20*.
Mr. Stuart Baker (Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, xxxviii. 1917,
p. 16) has described X. flavescens vivida from Salwin and
Muleyit, central Tenasserim, and gives a distribution from
the Kauri Kachin Hills through the Shan States, Karenuee
and south Burma into the Malay Peninsula.
We have before us Blyth’s types, collected in Arakan by
Phayre (vide Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. 1849,
p. 210), and these we have compared and found to be
identical with two specimens from Loi San Pa, South Shan
States, collected by Bngham. Thus it seems that Mr. Stuart
Baker has inadvertently redescribed the typical form as
X. v. vivida, and has attached the typical name to the
* Types of the subspecies.
570 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds | Ibis,
unnamed subspecies. We therefore name the Annam birds,
with which, by comparison of our series with the figure and
description given by Baker (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
vii. 1892, p. 1, plate) North Cachar birds appear to be
identical.
The character attached by Mr. Baker to his vivida, yellow
extending from vent to throat, well applies to the types of
flavescens.
116. Tole olivacea cinnamomeoventris Stuart Baker.
Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvii. 1917, p. 16.
1g. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 4 June, 1918.
16,192. Daban, 650ft., S. Annam. 20-21 March,
1918.
“Tris dark, maxilla blackish, mandible grey, feet fleshy
brown.”
Males. T. L. 172, 190;. W. 81, 84 mm.
Female. T. L. 188; W. 82mm.
These specimens agree with Stuart Baker’s description
and with four specimens from Trang, Peninsular Siam.
They are distinctly smaller on average than typical speci-
mens of J. olivacea from the southern parts of the Malay
Peninsula.
117. Criniger ochraceus Moore.
Criniger ochraceus Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 746.
Criniger gutturalis sordidus Gyl\denstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-
Akad. Handl. lvi. no. 2, 1916, p. 67.
8 6,29. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May-6 June,
1918.
Males. T. L. 210, 218, 220; W. 102, 100, 101 mm.
Females. ‘T. L. 218, 200; W. 100, — mm.
118. Criniger tephrogenys henrici Oust.
Criniger henrici Oust. Bull. du Mus. Paris, 1896, p. 183 ;
id. op. cit. 1898, p. 15 [type-locality, Ban Mai, Tonkin] ; id.
Nouy. Arch. du Mus. v. 1903, p. 76.
5 $,1 92. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 10-21 March,
1918.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 571
“Tris dark, maxilla blackish grey, mandible grey, feet
fleshy brown.”
Males. T. L. 222, 248, —, —, —; W. 101, 104, 107,
107, 108 mm.
Female. T. Li. 224; W. 100 mm.
These specimens agree fairly well with Oustalet’s descrip-
tion of C. henrict from Tonkin and Yunnan, and are within
his limits of size (W. 100-115 mm.). They only differ from
C. t. tephrogenys Jard. & Selby in being slightly larger, with
the yellow on the belly brighter and the under tail-coverts
richer in tone.
Stuart Baker (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxviii. 1917, p. 15)
has described (as a subspecies of Criniger pallida from
Hainan) Criniger pallida grandis from Yunnan, which
appears to be inseparable from C. ¢. henrici (? W. 100-
119 mm.).
119. Pycnonotus blanfordi (Jerd.).
66,5 2. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Annam. 20-23
May, 1918.
“Tris ochre-brown ; maxilla blackish; mandible, tip
blackish, base fleshy; feet dark brown.”
Males. T. L. 175, 190, 190, 190, 190, 195 ; W. 82, 80, —,
80, 78, 81 mm.
Females. T. lu. 175, 188, 190, 195, 195; W.'78, 79, 80,
81, 81 mm.
120. Pycnonotus aurigaster germaini Oust.
Pycnonotus germaini Oustalet, p. 77.
1 ¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 27 March, 1918.
93,4 ¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 1 April-18 May,
1918.
1 g. Djiring, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 9 April, 1918.
“ Tris hazel or brown, bill and feet black.”
Males. 'T. L. 195, 200, 197, 200, 210, 212, 198, 208, 198,
204, 205; W. 86, 92, 92, 90, 92, 90, 91, 89, 87, 91, 90 mm.
Females. T. L. 195, 190, 195,196 ; W. 85, 88, 85, 89 mm.
This Bulbul only differs from a series of P. aurigaster
(Vieill.) from Java, with which we have compared it, in
572 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
having the head duller brownish, not black, the upper
surface more uniform, the pale area on the rump less pro-
nounced, less black on the chin, and the under tail-coverts
chrome, not orange-yellow. From P. a. xanthorrhous Ander-
son from Yunnan it can be distinguished by the black chin,
the browner cap, the deeper yellow under tail-coverts, and
by the white ear-coverts.
121. Pycnonotus finlaysoni (Strickl.).
Oustalet, p. 78; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 747; Kloss,
Ibis, 1918, p. 199.
3 ¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 18-23 March, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill black, feet blackish brown.”
T. L. 190, 195, 200 ; W. 88, 89, 90 mm.
122. Otocompsa emeria (Linn.).
Otocompsa jocosa Oustalet, p. 80.
3 2. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 30 March-10 May,
1918.
“Tris brown, bill and feet black.”
DG S0, 1925 W9SE W715, 78,075) mim.
123. Otocompsa flaviventris (Tickell).
Otocompsa flaviventris Oustalet, p. 81; Robinson, This,
1915, p. 747.
56,29. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 13-21 March,
1918.
“Tris pale yellow, bill and feet black.”
Males. T. L. 190, 195, 190, 186, 187; W. 80, 85, 82, 84,
387 mm.
Females. T. L. 188, — ; W. 79 Gmm.), 80 mm.
124. Dryonastes chinensis germaini Oust.
Dryonastes germaint Oust. Bull. Zool. France. xv. 1890,
p. 153.
1 g,1 2. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1 June, 1918.
Male. T. L. 285 ; W. 122 mm.
Female. T.L. 265; W. 111 mm.
These are practically topotypes of the subspecies, which
1919.| from South Annam and Cochin China. 573
only differs from D. chinensis in the absence of grey on the
chest, abdomen, and flanks, which are olive-brown.
125, Garrulax leucolophus diardi (Less. ).
Garrulax diardi Oustalet, p. 85; Robinson, Ibis, 1915,
p. 747.
Garrulax leucolophus diardi Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 233.
13,3 9%. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May-2 June,
1918.
1 ¢. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Annam. 21 May, 1918.
13,49. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 13-17 March,
1918.
“Tris crimson or brown, bill black, feet plumbeous brown.”
Males. T. L. 300, 295; W. 133, 135 mm.
Females. T. L. 275, 280, 285, 280, 300, 290, 300, 288 ;
W. 182, 131, 180, 126, 126, 134, 189, 127 mm.
126. Garrulax moniliger mouhoti Sharpe.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 232 ; Stuart Baker, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, xxxvili. (1918) p. 65.
Garrulax moniliger leucotis Stuart Baker, tom. cit. p. 8
(1917).
3,19. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 4-6 June, 1918.
29. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 14-24 March, 1918.
“Iris yellow ; bill black, tip paler; feet grey.” |
Males. T. L. 295, 290, 305 ; W. 128, 125, 135 mm.
Females. T. L. 290, 297, 305 ; W. 121, 120, 125 mm.
The rufous of the flanks and fore-neck is variable.
127. Garrulax vassali (Grant).
Dryonastes vassali Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xix. 1906, p. 13.
1g,192. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 30 March-9 May,
1918.
43,39. lLangbian Peaks, 5500-7500 ft., S. Annam.
22-27 April, 1918.
“Tris crimson; maxilla black; mandible, base blue-grey,
tip whitish ; feet plumbeous.”
Males. T. L. 283, 274, 269, 278, 275; W. 105, LEA VO:
108, 110 mm.
574. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on birds [ Ibis,
Females. NU. 277, 276, 270;°270);, W. Vit, ia;
107 mm.
Ogilvie-Grant’s short description is not very clear, so we
supplement it with a fuller one.
Extreme point of forehead and thence to eye, lores,
feathers below eye and at base of bill, ear-coverts, chin, and
median area of throat black ; top of head, nape, and sides of
neck slate-colour; a large malar patch white; fore-neck and
upper breast light neutral grey, the feathers anteriorly with —
white, posteriorly with dark grey bases. Mantle, scapulars,
and back Brussels-brown, upper tail-coverts duller and more
olivaceous (deep olive). Middle pair of tail-feathers deep
greyish olive with a broad subterminal black band, re-
maining feathers with the black band increasing in extent
outwardly until only the extreme base is greyish, all the
feathers with pale tips increasing in size and changing from
grey to white from the middle pair outwards. Wing black,
the outer webs of the primaries olive-grey (grey distally) ;
outer webs of the secondaries and the exposed portion of
the upper secondaries and tertiaries brown like the back.
Primary wing-coverts brownish on the outer, dusky on the
inner webs, the remainder like the scapulars ; winglet grey.
Under wing-coverts and axillaries greyish white tipped with
olive-brown. Wings dusky below, inner edges of the quills
pale. Breast, sides of flanks, and thighs buffy olive ; centre
of abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white. Tail below
black, the outer feathers with broad white tips, gradually de-
creasing in size and becoming greyish on the two central pairs.
128. Garrulax milleti, sp. nov. (Plate XII.)
Head fully crested ; the feathers pointed on the forehead
and above the eyes; a large triangular bare space behind
the eye. Entire head, fore-neck, and upper breast black,
sharply margined ; nape, sides of neck behind ear-coverts,
and the lower breast narrowly white, becoming grey
(between slate-grey and deep neutral grey) on the mantle
and lower parts. Wings dusky brown, tail blackish :
scapulars, back, and upper tail-coverts dark olive, the edges
VITTY & SEABORNE, LTD,
LONDON
GARRULAX MILLETI.
Ibis.
1919:
PI
ors.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 575
of the wing and tail-feathers washed with same colour.
Axillaries, under wing-coverts, and ner side of wing dusky,
thighs dusky brown, lower tail-coverts ochraceous grey,
under surface of tail black, the quills whitish.
Types. & 2. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 2-4. May,
1918.
Male Tati 295 OW: 127 3\'E, 129); tarsus’ 42°5); bill
from gape 33 mm.
Female. T. L. 290; W. 124; T. 129; tarsus 41 ; bill
from gape 3l mm.
‘“‘ Tris crimson; edge of eyelid black ; bare orbital skin
bluish white; bill black; feet blackish; tarsi plumbeous
black.”
73,3¢@. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 7 April-4 May,
19s:
48,19. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 11 May.
Males. T. L: 295, 290, 285, 298, 285, 295, 297, 285, 285,
300, 282 ; W. 127, 181, 124, 122, 127, 180, 137, 122, 126,
134, 127 mm.
Females. T. L. 290, 295, 282; W. 124, 185, 125 mm.
[This striking species is named in honour of Monsieur
F. Millet, Officer in charge of the forests of Langbian
Province and a big-game hunter, to whom I owe thanks for
much assistance, information, and hospitality during my
visit to the Langbian Plateau.—C. B. K.]|
129. Trochalopteron yersini, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.)
Sides of head below the eyes, including ear-coverts and
areas behind eyes, silvery with black shafts to the feathers ;
entire remaining parts of head black, sharply margined on
nape and sides of neck, rather less sharply margined on the
fore-neck, where the black extends further down. Posterior
nape and upper mantle, sides of neck, breast, and abdomen
fulvous, between deep “ Mars-yellow”’ and light “ amber-
brown ” ; lower mantle, scapulars, back, upper tail-coverts,
flanks, vent, and tail-coverts deep neutral grey, tinged with
olive on mantle, lower tail-coverts, and lower parts ; thighs
fuscous brown. Tail above olivaceous bronze, the outer
576 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
webs of- all the feathers becoming shining rich golden olive
at their edges, this colour increasing in extent on the outer
feathers and towards the base of the tail; below black,
edged externally with olivaceous. Wings black on the inner
webs, the outer webs rather brighter than the tail, especially
basally, the upper secondaries and the tertiaries dark grey
washed on the outer webs with olivaceous, and with black
shaft-stripes. Primary coverts intense black, lesser wing-
coverts olive-grey tinged with rufous, median and greater
coverts deep rufous, internally blackish, edge of wing
yellowish white. Under wing-coverts and axillaries grey
with fulvous tips; inner edges of rectrices narrowly
fulvescent below.
Types. 6 2. Langbian Peaks, 5500-7500 ft., S. Annam.
22-24 April, 1918.
Male. T. Iu. 278; W. 102; T. 183; tarsus 40 ; bill from
gape 29 mm.
Female. T: L. 268; W.97; T. 125; tarsus 37; bill from
gape 27°5 mm.
“Tris crimson, brown, or hazel; bill black; feet dark
brown.”
26,22. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 1 May, 1918.
6 6,1 fjuv.,18 9. Langbian Peaks, 5500-7500 ft.,
S. Annam. 15-26 April.
Males. T. L. 278, 280, 274, 275, 280, 277, 260, 260;
W. 102, 105, 98, 97, 101, 105, 100, 104 mm.
Females. T. L. 268, 265, 272, 265, 270, 272, —, 270, 270,
260, 275, 260, 265, 268,. 266 ; W. 97, 96, 95, 97, 98, 100,
—, 100, 102, 100, 100, 98, 102, 100, 102 mm.
The series is somewhat variable in the tint of the under
surface, and some specimens have the sides of the breast in
the vicinity of the black deeper in colour.
[This distinct species is named in honour of Dr. A. Yersin,
Director of the Pasteur Institute, French Indo-China, whom
I met at Nhatrang.
Dr. Yersin was the discoverer of the Langbian Plateau,
and it gives a naturalist pleasure to associate his name with
its fauna.—C. B. K.]
ics
ess
h
mk
Lois Ol 9s incite
ie STACTOCICHILA (MERULINA) ANINAMENSIS:
2 nO LA @rPa ERO N YE RSINT:
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 577
130. Stactocichla merulina annamensis, subsp. nov. (Plate
NU tie. V3)
Differs from S. merulina in being apparently more oliva-
ceous above, the supraorbital stripe commencing at the
forehead and being ochraceous, not white; the chin and
throat and malar region black. Under surface deeper in
tone, rich ferruginous, slightly paler in the middle of the
abdomen, the black breast-markings much smaller and
narrower. Under tail-coverts deepest in colour.
Types. § %. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 11-12 May,
1918.
Male. T.L. 240; W.97; T. 105; tarsus 36°5 ; bill from
gape 31°5 mm.
Female. T. L. 235; W. 92; T. 103; tarsus 36°5 ;_ bill
from gape 28°5 mm.
“Tris hazel, eyelids black ; bill of male leaden ; bill of
female, maxilla black, edges grey at tip, mandible blackish
plumbeous, edges pale; feet dark brown.”
We have compared the Annamese birds with a co-type of
the typical subspecies from Cherrapunji, Assam, and a female
from Hungrum, North Cachar Hills, collected on 10 July,
1893, by E. C. Stuart Baker, and find peas they constitute
an excellent local form,
131. Pomatorhinus olivaceus annamensis, subsp. nov.
A member of the schisticeps-olivaceus-nuchalis group.
Differs from P. olivaceus olivaceus and P. olivaceus ripponi
(specimens examined) in the darker head, defined from the
mantle, and in having the maroon-chestnut of the neck-
patches carried more or less down the flanks. From
P. 0. fastidiosus Hartert (topotypes examined), it differs in
the darker tail and the richer colour of the flanks, which are
streaked with white.
Type. 3 ad. from Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 138 May,
1918,
T.L. 225; W. 94; T. 113; bill from gape 28; tarsus
33°5 mm.
“Tris crimson ; bill yellow, posterior culmen, nostril, and
extreme base of maxilla dark brown; feet dull plumbeous,
tarsi brownish,”
578 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
2. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 18-17 May, 1918.
192. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam. 15 May,
1918.
Males. T. Li. 225 (type), 214; W. 94 (type), 89 mm.
Female. T. L. 208; W. 89 mm.
132. Pomatorhinus tickelli brevirostris, subsp. nov.
? Pomatorhinus tickelli Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Japon. 1x.
1917, p. 233: Tonkin.
Compared with a specimen from Muleyit, the type of
‘““P. hypoleucus var.” Blyth (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xxiv. 1855), and a topotype of the species which should be
credited to it, these specimens agree in all essential respects
except that the bill is about 5 mm. shorter and less de-
curved. The difference is, in view of the locality, sufficient
to merit a name.
This form agrees in its short blackish bill with Pomato-
rhinus tickelli hainanus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xiv. 1903, p. 9, but this island form is smaller in other
dimensions than typical P. tickelli; whereas the Cochin
China and Tenasserim birds agree in all dimensions except
those of the bill.
Types. 6 9. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 5 June,
1918. a
Male. T. L. 270; W. 110; T. 110; bill from gape 40;
tarsus 39 mm.
Female. T.L. 255; W.108; T. 115; bill from gape 40 ;
tarsus 37°35 mm.
133. Rimator danjoui, sp. nov. (Plate XIV. fig. 2.)
Very much larger than the two other forms of the genus,
R. malacoptilus Blyth and R. albostriatus Salvad., with
a relatively much longer tail.
Above olive-brown, the feathers of the mantle with dark
edges and with white hair-line shaft-stripes, sides of the
head whitish brown, the ear-coverts with pale shaft-stripes,
a double stripe from the angle of the jaw dark brown
separated by a whitish stripe. Chin and throat white, sides
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 579
of the neck and breast bright fulvous, the feathers of the
breast with broad dusky centres giving a striped appear-
ance; flanks, thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts olive-
brown. Middle of the abdomen greyish white ; tail olive-
brown, duller beneath ; wings like the back, the inner webs
dusky ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky, washed
with olive-brown, carpal joimt whitish.
Types. & from Langbian Peaks, 6000 ft., S. Annam.
27 April, 1918.
2? from Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 8 April, 1918.
Male. UT: I. 200) W. 782 To 71s tarsus 30); bill trom
gape 40°5 mm.
Females WOE 1973 We 77. TB. 66 = tarsus 29°5=) bill
from gape 38 mm.
“Tris crimson or hazel; bill bluish grey, tipped fleshy,
base blackish; feet fleshy brown.”
26,1?. lLangbian Peaks, 6000-7500 ft., S. Annam.
20-27 April, 1918.
1 g,12,1 2? juv. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 8 April,
1918.
Males. T.L. 205, 202, — ; W. 78, 73, 77 mm.
Females, T. L. 197, 188; W. 77, 70 mm.
Sex inc.” T. L. 194; W. 76 mm.
The colour of the centre of the abdomen varies, in one
specimen being almost pure white, while in some the dark
edging to the feathers of the back is almost absent. The
immature bird is more rufous and the under surface is more
uniform and throat buffy.
The bird is a ground-feeder.
There is little doubt that this bird is either congenerie
with R. malacoptilus or represents a distinct genus inter-
mediate between Rimator and the gravivox section of
Pomatorhinus.
[This species is named in honour of Monsieur André
Danjou, Consul for France in Singapore, to whom I owe
thanks for courtesies that greatly facilitated my visit to
Indo-China.—C. B. K.]
580 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
134, Gampsorhynchus rufulus torquatus Hume.
Harington, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiii. 1915,
p. 422.
36. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 15 May, 1918.
“ Tris yellow; bill fleshy, culmen brown; feet fleshy washed
with greyish.”
T. L. 236, 240, 240; W. 95, 99, 96 mm.
The Malayan form G. r. saturatior Sharpe is consistently
more richly coloured above (12 specimens examined).
135. Timelia pileata jerdoni (Walden).
Timelia pileata Oustalet, p. 88 ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii.
1901, p. 53; Harington, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
xxili. 1915, p. 427.
86,5 2. Dran, 3000 ft, S. Annam. 28 March—-
18 May, 1918.
‘Tris crimson, bill black, feet brownish grey.”
Moles. T. U. 172,.177, 180, 180,168, 156/170 ise
W. 65, 67, 65, 65, 66, 63, 64, 66 mm.
Females. T. L. 168, 163, 165, 167, 160; W. 62, 61, 68,
62, 60 mm.
From their size these specimens evidently belong to the
above-quoted form, which is widely spread over Tenasserim,
Burma, Siam, and southern China.
136. Pyctorhis sinensis (Gm.).
1¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 30 March, 1918.
19. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 8 May, 1918.
“Tris yellow, orbital skin yellow, edge of eyelid deep
orange ; bill black, nostrils pale ; feet ochreous yellow.”
T. L. 167, —; W. 68, 61 mm.
Inhabiting high grass.
187. Pellorneum ruficeps subochraceum Swinh.
Oustalet, p. 89.
Pellorneum subochraceum Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 202.
1 g,1¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May, 1918.
24. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 23-25 March, 1918.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 581
“Tris crimson; maxilla blackish, mandible yellowish,
tipped darker ; feet fleshy.”
Males. T. L. 160, 163, 165 ; W. 64, 66, 68 mm.
Female. T. L. 150; W. 63 mm.
The feathers of the breast of three birds are much more
heavily streaked with blackish brown than in birds from
Siam and the Malay Peninsula.
138. Drymocataphus ignotus cinnamomeus Rippon.
Drymocataphus cinnamomeus Rippon, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club; x1. 1910;-p; 12.
Pellorneum ignotum cinnamomeum Harington, Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiii. 1915, p. 433.
19. Dran;, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 17 May, 1918.
1g. le Bosquet, 5200 ft..S. Annam. 7 May, 1918.
26,29. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 6 April—2 May,
1918.
1g. Langbian Peaks, 6000 ft., S. Annam. 26 April,
1918.
“ Tris hazel ; maxilla black, mandible dirty fleshy to grey ;
feet fleshy brown.”
Males. T. i. 148, 140, 140, 187; W. 55, 57, 55, 54:5
M52. a2, ol, 5oaumm.
emalesa ws Ni. Noe, 4 Taos W544. 30) Sars “T2008 57,
52 mm.
This series, which is very uniform, does not perfectly
coincide with the descriptions of the types from the
Shan States in that the breast, not the notzeum, is deep
ochraceous rather than cinnamon. Col. Rippon’s and
Col. Harington’s descriptions do not, however, quite
agree.
139. Drymocataphus tickelli Blyth.
Harington, loc. cit. p. 435.
1 ¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 27 March, 1918.
‘Tris red ; maxilla brown, mandible fleshy ; feet fleshy.”
Pols. 142: W. 61 mm:
Agrees well with Malayan birds.
SER. XI.—VOL. I. 27
war
582 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
140. Setaria lepidocephala (Gray).
Malacopterum rufifrons Oustalet, p. 90.
Setaria rufifrons (Cab.); Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 203.
Setaria lepidocephala Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 203.
6 2,3 9. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May-6 June,
1918.
Males. T: Ls 160, 150, 150, 152, 152; 145; W. 7a, 72;
74, 71, 70, 73 mm.
Females. T. L. 160, 146, 140; W. 75, 68, 67 mm.
This series agrees with birds from Siam. Whether they
are strictly identical with the Siamese form still remains
an open question.
141. Turdinulus epilepidotus clarus, subsp. nov.
Allied to T. e. granti Richmond (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1900, p. 230), from Trang, Peninsular Siam, with the throat
white and unspotted, but with the striping below much
bolder and defined, the feathers of the centre of the breast
being striped, as are those of the flanks.
Types. 6 2. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 1-3 May,
1918.
“Tris brown; maxilla black, mandible pale plumbeous ;
feet dirty fleshy.” aon
1¢@,22. Dran, 3000 ft.,5. Annam. 31 March, 1918:
1g. Arbre Broye, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 15 May, 1918.
1¢,4¢. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 10 April—5 May,
1918.
Males. 0, 110) V5: 107 +3. W535, 50,51 * - i sO
Ms. 20 = sBoif..o 6 = mm:
Females. T. L. 105, 105, 106, 108, 107, 105 *; W. 53, 54,
504 woevols sl 2645 Is21*; Bote. 16 * mime
142. Alcippe nepalensis annamensis, subsp. nov.
Nearest to A. n. peracensis Sharpe (P. Z. S. 1887, p. 439),
from the mountaius of the Malay Peninsula, with the throat
grey, but with the head and nape purer, less brownish,
grey, and the back, wings, and tail olivaceous, not russet.
* Types of the subspecies.
lors, 1919. Pl ei
i PSE UDOMINIEA ATRIGE PS.
2. RIMATOR DANJOUI.
VITTY & SEABORNE, LTD
LONDON,
1919. | Jrom South Annam and Cochin China. 583
Underparts less strongly washed with fulvous. A narrow
whitish eye-ring is present, but is not conspicuous.
Types. § 2. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 5 April—
4 May, 1918.
“Tris crimson, in the female hazel; bill greyish horn ;
feet pale fleshy brown.”
339,22. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 29 March—
1 April, 1918.
39,39. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 5 April-5 May,
HONS:
I g. MJangbian Peaks, 5500-6500 ft., S. Annam.
27 April, 1918.
Males. T. L. 148, 147, 148, 140, 153, 156*, 150; W. 64,
63, 60, 63, 63,64*, 61; T. 74*; Ts, 22*- Bf. 2. 15* mm.
Females. T. i. 150, 147, 146, 150, 147*; W. 59 (worn),
98, 60, 59, 60*; 'T. 68* ; Ts. 22*; B.f.g¢.14* mm.
Nest of the type female uniform with the description of
Mr. Gammie in Oates & Hume’s ‘ Nests & Eges of Indian
Birds,’ i. 1889, p. 105. The eggs were two in number ;
somewhat pointed-oval; ground-colour almost white, richly
blotched with dull brownish crimson, much more thickly at
the larger end. Dimensions 19 x 4:2 mm,
=—
143. Pseudominla atriceps, sp. nov. (Plate XIV. fig. A)
Nearest to P. castaneiceps and P. c. soror from the Malay
Peninsula. Differs from the latter in having the cap sooty
black with broad white shaft-stripes, not deep chestnut with
narrow pale shaft-stripes. From the former it differs
further in its iarger size. Colour above olivaceous, the outer
webs of the primaries rufous ochraceous, not chestnut.
Inner primary coverts rufous olivaceous, not black like the
wing-edging ; sides of breast and flanks less heavily washed
with a dull ochraceous. Sexes similar.
Types. 6 & 2 from Langbian Peaks, 5500-7500 ft..
S.Annam. 16 April, 1918.
Male. .T.i. 123 = W.57: T)53: Ts. 21; bill from gape
15 mm.
* Types of the subspecies.
584 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Female. T. li. 118; W. 54; T. 49; Ts..20; bill from
gape 14°5 mm.
“Tris crimson; maxilla brown, tomia pale; mandible
fleshy ; feet (male) dull yellow, (female) greenish yellow
washed with brown.”
63,3 92. lLangbian Peaks, 5500-7500 ft., S. Annam.
16-24 April, 1918.
Mates. T. Lr. 123, 122, 126, 123, 125, 128; .W.57,,56,58;
58, 58, 60 mm. :
Females. T. L. 118, 127, 120; W. 54, 56, 54 mm.
144. Stachyris nigriceps dilutus, subsp. nov.
Differs from S. n. davisoni Sharpe (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
i, 1892, p. vii), from the Malay Peninsula, in having the top
of the head paler and greyer, the white stripes almost
absent. An intense black postorbital stripe, broadening
to a patch on the sides of the nape; no white malar spot ;
throat white, tinged only with grey ; underparts much paler
olivaceous buff, except on the lower throat, where it is
slightly more ochraceous ; ear-coverts ochraceous tawny.
Types. 6 9. Dran, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 1 Apmi-
17 May, 1918.
Male. at VAO Wi GO cal. Gillis Es. 21 cebest pee
18 * mm.
Females. T. L. 142 *, 186, 188; W. 67 *, 66, 68; T. 69*;
iss20 2 Beto. 13 *mm.
Two females, possibly somewhat immature, have the
throat partly washed with buffy.
145. Stachyridopsis ruficeps Blyth.
Stachyridopsis ruficeps Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
1847, p. 452.
Lower plumage pale uniform wax-yellow with fine dark
shaft-stripes on the throat, rufous cap extending to the
nape with no black shaft-stripes, mantle and back greyish
olivaceous.
Lg, 293% Dalat; 5000. ft;; Si Annam.: 8-10 April:
19s:
* Types of the subspecies.
19109. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 585
16, 2¢. lLangbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft., S. Annam.
15-26 April, 1918.
“Tris crimson; maxilla brown, mandible fleshy washed
with bluish; feet olive-yellow.”’
Males. ‘TV. v..120:-1225.) Wi. 53; 53 mm:
Femaless 0 lie W185 OF 1198 1205) Wi 50, 50; 515
51 mm.
Without direct comparison we are unable to separate
these birds from S. r. ruficeps from Darjiling. They are
certainly not identical with either S. r. precognitus from
Formosa or S.r. davidi Oustalet from China (vide Harington,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxii. 1915, pp. 627-31).
146. Mixornis rubricapilla connectens Kloss.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 207.
Mixornis gularis Oustalet, p. 90.
16,222,199 imm. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 2-6
June, 1918.
12. ‘Tour Cham, Phanrang,S.Annam. 21 May, 1918.
Gigyadinn lo 1mm.) 3)2'. “Dahan, (650) ft:,. S-Annam:
20-25 March, 1918.
aed les juve leo Dran, s000ptt. Ss: Annan:
10-17 May, 1918.
“Tris pale yellow; maxilla black, mandible plumbeous ;
feet greenish yellow or brownish olive.”
Males. T. L. 128, —, 185, —, 186, 134, 140, 185, 140,
laze Wer oMao. O04 076/99) 00.00, 06,07. 07 lM.
Hemales-E, Lel26; 126, 132, 132) 1305, We5l, 54753;
57, 56 mm.
This series agrees perfectly with the typical birds from
the northern half of the Malay Peninsula.
147. Myiophoneus eugenii Hume.
Myiophoneus eugentt Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 750; Kloss,
Ibis, 1918, p. 208. é
26,12. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam: 16—27 March,
1918.
“Tris dark ; bill deep yellow, culmen and nasal region
black ; feet black.”
586 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Males. T.1. 308, 330; W. 158, 175 mm.
Female. 'T. L. 345; W. 173 mm.
These birds seem perfectly typical ; there is no white on
the feathers of the angle of the wings and the body-feathers
are black to their bases. There is some variation in the tint
of blue, one bird being rather brighter than the other two.
148. Brachypteryx caroline La ‘Touche.
La Touche, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vii. 1898, p.ix; Ibis, -
1899, pp. 198-200.
1g, 12. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam. 13-14
May, 1918.
236, 1¢@. lLangbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft., S. Annam.
15-27 April, 1918.
* Tris dark, bill blackish brown, feet brownish grey.”
Males: Rote, W110; 122) 125738 W. 6208, 29 mm:
Females. T. L. 116,120; W. 58, 57 mm.
We have referred the above series to this species with
some hesitation. The birds, however, agree fairly well,
especially the females, with Mr. La 'Touche’s description,
while his male, aud possibly ours also, does not appear to
have been fuliy adult.
149. Brachypteryx nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.).
1¢. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 13 May, 1918.
i. 12054. Gi mm:
We have for the present identified this single female with
the above race: it is more rufous, less russet, both above
and below, than the other two females obtained (anfea).
It differs from a topotypical series of Bb. n. wrayt O.-Grant,
Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1906, p. 10, in being more ochraceous,
less rusty rufous above.
150. Malacias desgodinsi (Oust. & David).
Sibia desgodinsi Oust. & David, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris,
(7) 12187 7,-pe139.
Malacias desgodinsi Oust. Nouv. Arch. du Mus. (8) vi.
1894, p. 279; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 589 ; Ingram, Nov. Zool.
xix, LODZ, puss.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 587
3g ad., 2g juv., 49 ad., 1 2 juv. Dalat, 5000 ft.,
S. Annam. 4 April-l May, 1918.
16,192. lLangbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft. 18-20 April,
1918.
“Tris hazel-crimson, bill black, feet dark brown.”
Males. 'T. Li. 224, 220, 230, 218; W. 90, 92, 89, 89 mm.
Females. 'T. i. 228, 220, 220, 210, 217; W. 83, 85, 89;
83, 87 mm.
This series agrees well with the original description, except
that the back is grey, only slightly washed with vinaceous,
aud the breast suffused with grey like the flanks. One female
from Dalat is partially albinistic, being of various tints of
isabelline corresponding to the normal birds in depth of tone,
the head and wings being dark brown.
151. Siva sordida orientalis, subsp. nov.
Most nearly allied to Siva sordidior Sharpe (P. Z.S. 1887,
p. 438) from the mountains of the Malay Peninsula, with
the under surface white, slightly creamy on the abdomen,
not vinous grey ; but with practically no trace of stripes on
the forehead or any blue tint. Secondaries edged with
white, not with blue or violet; outer web of tertiaries
broadly pale, contrasting markedly with the inner web
which is much darker; rump paler than the back, which
is also lighter than in S. s. sordidior. ‘Tail with the two
outer pairs of feathers white on the inner web ; winglet not
tipped with white.
Types. 8 2. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam.
18 April, 1918.
“Tris pale yellow; maxilla dark brown, mandible fleshy ;
feet dull fleshy brown.”
26. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 16-17 May, 1918.
26. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 3-14 May, 1918.
56,82. lLangbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft., S. Annam.
16-26 April, 1918.
Makes. I. L. 163, 165, 166, 176, 168, ionic 108, 175 #
We 66:.66,;°65, 63, 67;'65,,64, 66, G4* ; T.74*; Ts. 24
Bauoe. 18 mm,
“5
* Types of the subspecies.
588 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Hematles.. Tl, 472,170, 172; 172,,—, 160; 17s ales
Wis65, 64, 66, 66, 63, 63,162, Gor. 77 =; ) Estee oie
pete 9 am.
152. Herpornis xantholeuca sordida, subsp. nov.
Flerpornis xantholeuca Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 209.
Duller and more greyish above than other continental
races, especially on the head: topotypes of H. x. interposita .
Hartert (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvii. 1917, p. 20) com-
pared. In Siamese specimens the difference is scarcely so
marked.
Types. 8 9. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 14-21 March,
ONS:
“Tris dark; maxilla horny brown, mandible fleshy ; feet
fleshy.”
346,192. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 14-21 March,
1918.
2. Dran, 3000 ft..S. Annam. 11-14 May, 1918.
Males. T. L. 122*, 120,120, —, 122; W. 67*, 66, 67,
O7, 100) 00 4 is Ale Bix alo? eum
Hemoles GNIS WG so E246 * lsol 7 ee Bet. 2:
155 * mm.
153. Cutia nipalensis legalleni, subsp. nov. (Plate XV.)
Male. Differs from both the other forms of the genus in
having the whole of the under surface except the throat,
but including the under tail-coverts, white barred with
black, the bars narrower than in the other forms. Primaries
and secondaries without the fine white tips present in the
other races. Crissum and under tail-coverts slightly washed
with buff. Crown with fine black shaft-stripes.
Total length 190; wing 87; tail 70; tarsus 25; bill
from gape 24 mm.
Female, Difters trom the females of the other races in
having the cap and nape dark brown, slightly washed with
grey, not markedly distinct from the ear-coverts. Ground-
colour of the mantle light brownish-olive (Ridgway), much
duller with no rufous tinge.
* Types of the subspecies.
INOS
‘Id
‘6l6l
SIG]
NOQGNO7
ANHOSV3S B ALLIA
i919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 589
Total length 190; wing 88; tail 70; tarsus 27; bill
from gape 23 mm.
Types. 8 & 2. Langbian Peaks, 7200 ft., S. Annam.
18 & 15 April, 1918.
“Tris brown, bill black with base of lower mandible grey,
feet yellow.”
36, 49. Langbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft., S. Annam.
15-28 April, 1918.
1 g. Arbre Broyé, 5200 ft.,S. Annam. 14 May, 1918.
3 ¢,6 2. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 1-4 May, 1918.
2 2. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 10 May, 1918.
Males. T. L. 190 *, 192, 186, 185, 193, 195, 172 (amm.) ;
W. 87*, 90, 89, 85, 86, 88, 80 (imm.).
Iemales. T. L. 190 *, 180, 190, 176, 184, 176, 164 (juv.),
180, 1.75, 180, 176, 181); W. 88 *, 81, 83, 80; 82, .76-Guv.),
83, 82, 83, 82, 82 mm.
| Named in honour of Monsieur Maurice-Joseph Le Gallen,
Governor of Cochin China, to whom I am indebted for
courtesies that facilitated my journeys in [ndo-China.—
CB. Ki:
154. Pterythius eralatus annamensis, subsp. nov.
Adult male. Differs from P. eralatus eralatus from
Tenasserim and the northern Malay Peninsula in_ being
paler below with the white stripe separating the chin and
throat from the cheek entirely absent, and in the entire
absence also of black tips to the outer secondaries and
tertiaries ; the white tips to the primaries much reduced in
both sexes ; and from P. eralatus ricketti of southern China
in having the ear-coverts black instead of very dark grey.
Adult female. Difters from P. eralatus eralatus in being
less buffy beneath and having the tertiaries much more
extensively rufous-brown; and from P. @. ricketti in having
the chin and breast whitish instead of dull grey.
Types. &@ ad. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft.,S. Annam.
18-19 April, 1918.
“Tris grey ; maxilla black, sides of base grey; mandible
pale plumbeous ; feet fleshy.”
* Types of the subspecies.
590 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
Ie, 2:2. Dran, 3000 ft. S. Aunam. (2) Mareh—
9 May, 1918.
1 gad.,1 ¢imm.,1 92. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam.
15 May, 1918.
3g, givin, 2 &. ADalats 50005 £., oSi-tannam:
11 April-7 May, 1918.
36, 492. lLangbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft., S. Annam.
15-28 April, 1918.
Males. T. L. 172, 168, 165 (@mm.), 158, 168, 166, 167 * .
W280, 79, 79, 82,77 (imm:), 75,182, 785° 79'* 5 Deas
Ts. 26% .oBVivg.21 * mm:
Females: 'T. ls:. 166) 170; 175;°170; 1675'167, 170; 163;
167 8s W.78, 71,14, 14,08, (7, OL * 266%; Us) Zara
B. f. g. 20 * mm.
Young males are olive-brown above, the heads more
greyish, with pale shaft-stripes ; lores and ear-coverts
dusky, also with pale shafts; the white postorbital stripe
only slightly indicated. Wing-coverts with large yellow
tips, the breast washed with buffy and the under tail-coverts
pale lemon-yellow.
155. Tesia cyaniventris olivea McClell.
Saxicola olivea McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 161.
2¢. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 14 May, 1918.
2. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 5-11 April, 1918.
2, 49. lLangbiau Peaks, 6—-7500 ft., S. Annam.
21-26 April, 1918.
“Tris dark; maxilla black, mandible deep yellow, tip
blackish ; feet yellowish brown.”
Males. I. L. 85, 90, 90, 93, 95; W. 47, 49, 47, 49, 48,
5l mm.
Females. 'T. L. 89, 83, 90, 88; W. 45, 45, 48, 45 mm.
The sexes in the above series are exactly alike, and all the
specimens have a pale yellow-green superciliary stripe fairly
well marked, while the colour beneath is a paler grey than
in a male from Sikhim. It would appear that no birds from
east of the Bay of Bengal have the golden-green heads of
* Types of the subspecies.
eke
ii
hiyetes
7
fbise 19192) Pl vie
1. CRYPTOLOPHA MALCOLMSMITHI (see p. 448.)
D MESIA ARGENRAU RIS. CUNTAGH
3 CERTHIA DISCOLOR MERIDIONAEIS.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 591
the western males to which the name cyaniventris Hodgson
applies. We have, therefore, used McClelland’s name
attached to a specimen from Assam. Descriptions of Tesia
grallator Thayer & Bangs, from Szechuan are not accessible
to us at the moment, but will require comparison.
156. Mesia argentauris cunhaci, subsp. nov. (Plate XVI.
fig. 2.)
Differs from M. a. argentauris in having the anterior part
of the forehead chrome, tinged with orange and rayed with
yellow to the level of the eyes.
Type. 3. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 11 April, 1918.
* Tris crimson, bill yellow, feet greenish yellow.”
1 g. Dran, 3000 ft., 8S. Annam. 380 March, 1918.
1 ¢. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 15 May, 1918.
1g. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 7 April, 1918.
PE asOr Noa, W/O Ween AO. 84 * <8 Fils:
Poor bat. eel7 soy mn,
The first two specimens have the nasal plumes and sides
of the throat more tinged with orange than the type.
Compared with large series of M. a. argentauris from the
Malay Peninsula and ©. laurine from Sumatra.
{ Named in honour of Monsieur Cunhac, resident of Dalat
at the time of my visit.—C. B. K. |
157. Pnoepyga pusilla annamensis, subsp. nov.
A form heavily squamated below as in P. p. lepida
(Salvad.) from Sumatra and P. p. harterti Robinson & Kloss
(Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. viii. pt. 2, 1918, p. 205)
from the Federated Malay States, but differing from these
in being duller, less rufous, this being specially noticeable
on the sides of the head and nape. — Sexes alike.
Types. § & @ ad. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S.
Annam, 26 & 28 April, 1918.
“Tris dark ; maxilla black, mandible brown, base fleshy ;
feet pale dull brown.”
lo. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 15 May, 1918.
* Type of the subspecies.
592 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
1g. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 2 May, 1918.
76,4 9. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam.
15-28 April 1918.
Males. T. L. 97, 94, 95, 90, 92, 93, 95, 90*; W. 50, 52,
50, 52, 51, 52, 50, 51*; T. —; Ts. 195*; B.fg.
5750) mm.
Females. “V. 1j.90; 95,927 92" We 50s 5), bl, 50s
f= 3 W@so19'5 * Bote. 16% mm:
158. Geocichla citrina innotata Blyth.
Geocichla innotata Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 752.
14. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 5 May, 1918.
1 $. Langbian Peaks, 65-7500 ft.,S. Annam. 28 April,
1918.
“Tris dark; maxilla black, gape dull yellow; mandible
grey, tip black ; feet fleshy, back of tarsi yellowish.”
ToL 212, 212 5 W. 115, 117 mm.
159. Cichloselys sibericus sibericus (Pall.).
Hartert, Vog. palaarkt. Faun. i. 1910, p. 644.
I gad. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 7 April, 1918.
1 gad,1 g imm.,2 ?. lLangbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft.,
S. Annam. 19-25 April, 1918.
‘*Tris dark; maxilla black; mandible black, yellow at
base ; feet yellow to dull ochreous.”
Males. T. L. 238, 230, 240; W. 120, 119, 116 mm.
Females. T. Li. 242, 287; W. 121, 116 mm.
These specimens are not C. s. davisoni, which breeds in
Japan and winters in Burma, Teuasserim, Malay Peninsula,
and Sumatra (ef. Robinson & Kloss, Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. vin. pt. 2, 1918, p. 208), whereas the present
bird winters in Java.
160. Oreocincla aureus angustirostris Gyldenstolpe.
Turdus aureus angustirostris Gyldenstolpe, Orn. Monatsb.
xvi. 1916, p. 29; id. Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.
vie ne@-2. LONG, po 47:
* Types of the subspecies.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 593
S$, 32. Dalat, 5000 ft, S. Annam. 12 April-
19. Langbian Peaks, 6500 ft., S. Annam. 26 April,
1918.
“Tris dark ; maxilla blackish brown ; mandible greyish
brown, sometimes partly fleshy ; feet dull fleshy, sometimes
tinged with yellow.”
Males. T. L. 276, 280; W. 145, 146; T. 107, 109 mm.
Remotes Voli 2785 2705 O77 ee 145, 139, 142,
146 ; T. 110, 102, 108, 110 mm.
This series agrees with Gyldenstolpe’s diagnosis of the
bird from northern Siam, except that the general colour is
not paler than in a recently collected topotypical series of
O. a. aureus Horsfield from Java. The tail is of fourteen
feathers and the second primary between the fifth and
sixth in length in all cases. In only two birds is the fourth
primary longest, three having the third longest and one
having the third equal to the fourth. In six adult Javan
birds five have the fourth longest and one has the fourth
equal to the third.
We have placed our series under Gyldenstolpe’s name,
but we have grave doubts if the subspecies has any real
existence.
161. Zoothera marginata Blyth.
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 751.
PGi Ene eebalats 5000 ait. SorAunam: © 12 April-
4 May, 1918.
1g. Langbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft.,S. Annam. 25 April,
1918.
“Tris dark; bill blackish brown; feet dark fleshy
brown.”
Males. T. L. 235, 235; W. 123, 120 mm.
Female. T. L. 220; Ww - 119 mm.
The female, possibly a young bird, has the mantle more
washed with rufous and the pale spots to the ends of the
primary coverts more marked.
594 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
162. Turdus obscurus (Gm.).
Turdus obscurus Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 7538.
ing. Dalat; 5000 ft. 5S. Annam.” 7 April 91s:
1 og vix ad. Langbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft., S. Annam.
April 1918.
“Tris brown; maxilla black, sides at base yellow;
mandible yellow, tip black; feet ochreous, washed with
brown.”
T. L. 288, —: W. 124, 122 mm.
163. Monticola solitarius philippensis (P. L. 8. Miill.).
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 752 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 209.
1 @ subad. Daban, 650 ft., S.Annam. 25 March, 1918.
1 g subad. Dran, 3000 ft., S.Annam. 31 March, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
Male. T. L. 225; W. 122 mm.
Female. T. L. 2830; W. 122 mm.
With less chestnut than the specimens from south-eastern
Siam recorded above (Ibis, 1915, p. 752).
164. Monticola gularis (Swinh.).
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 752.
8 ¢,1 9. Daban, 650 ft., 8. Annam. 15-26 March,
TOUS.
“Tris dark; maxilla blackish ; mandible blackish, base
fleshy or yellowish horny, gape yellowish; feet fleshy
brown.”
Males. T. L. 180, 180, 189; W. 95, 99, 99 mm.
Female. T. L. 188; W. 99 mm.
165. Henicurus guttatus (Vig.).
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vil. 1888, p. 316.
3 g ad., 1 g juv. Dran, 3000 ft., 5S. Annam. 29 March—
9 May, 1918.
13,3 9. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 8 April-3 May,
1918.
3 3, 12, 192 imm._ Langbian Peaks, 55-7000 tt.
S. Annam. 19 April-7 May, 1918.
‘Tris dark, bill black, feet pale fleshy.”
1919.] from South Annam and Cochin China. 595
Males. T.L. 275, 277, 275, 275, 280, 285, 285 ; W. 108,
104, 108, 106, 110, 108, 110 mm.
Females: 'T. 268) 260.52702270 WW: 100; 102, 100;
102 mm.
Adult females differ slightly from adult males in having
a tinge of sooty brown on the occiput and nape. An
immature female, presumably of this species, has the head
and mantle dull black washed with brown without any
white cap, nape-band and spots on breast blackish brown,
the upper abdomen with the feathers edged and tipped with
dusky.
A juvenile male has the head and mantle uniform blackish
grey without white; chin, breast, and anterior abdomen
white, tipped and edged with dusky, the breast with a faint
buff tinge; middle of abdomen and _ lower tail-coverts
uniform white. This specimen is almost indistinguishable
from H. schistaceus in a similar stage.
166. Larvivora cyanea (Pall.).
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 209.
imo. Waban, 6s01t..S. Annam, 17 Mareh) 1918:
© Tris dark; maxilla blackish brown, mandible fleshy; feet
pale fleshy.”
Pee tS8s Wei 2 mm.
167. Notodela leucura (Hodgs.).
Ingram, Nov. Zool. xix. 1914, p. 296; Kuroda, Annot.
. Zool. Japon. ix. 1917, p. 240.
1¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 1 April, 1918.
1g. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 8 April, 1918.
2. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 15 May, 1918.
4-¢,39. lLangbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft., S. Annam.
16-22 April, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black, females’ feet brown.”
Males. 'T. L. 181, 190, 195, 192, 170, 186, 172, 195; W. 93,
96, 97, 95, 91, 91, 90, 95 mm.
Females. T. L. 172,175, 166; W. 89, 87, 85 mm.
The male from Dran and three other males and a female
596 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ihis,
show faint remains of the immature plumage on the wing-
coverts.
168. Copsychus saularis musicus (Raffles).
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 754; Kloss, [bis, 1918, pp. 210,
all.
26,19. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8S. Annam. 22-23
May, 1918.
Males. T. lL. 210, 204; W. 99, 96 mm.
Female. T. L. 190 ; W. 91 mm.
Quite intermediate in the character of the axillaries and
under wing-coverts between Sumatran and Indian birds,
169. Kittacincla macrurus macrurus (Gm.).
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 753 ; Kloss, [bis, 1918, p. 210.
3 ¢,12. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 14-20 March,
1918.
“Tris dark, bill black, feet fleshy.”
Males. T.L. 280, 275, 222; W.94, 92, 88 mm.
Female. T. i. 217; W. 83.
These birds appear to be intermediate in size between the
form from the Malay Peninsula and that from Hainan—
K. macrurus minor (Swinh.). One specimen has_ the
primaries edged with rufous ashy as in that form, but
the tail is not developed to its full length and the bird is
probably immature. All the specimens have relatively
much less white in the four outer pairs of tail-feathers and
the tail decidedly shorter than in the Malay Peninsula form.
Possibly the Annam birds are identical with the true A. m.
macrurus, of which the type-locality is the adjacent island
of Pulau Condor, in which case the Malayan bird will require
a new name.
170. Oreicola ferrea (Gray).
Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Japon. ix. 1917, p. 241.
1. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 13 May, 1918.
3 ¢. Le Bosquet, 5000 ft., 8S. Annam. 7 May, 1918.
5 6,5 ¢@. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 4 April-3 May,
1918.
1919. | fram South Annam and Cochin China. 097
Male. ‘Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
Female. ‘Iris dark, bill black, feet dark brown.”
Males. T. L. 140, 152, 150, 155, 146, 146, 145, 148, 144;
Wi268,768) 65, 70; 69568, 66, 66,;670) I 69, 71,70, 72,70,
70, 65 (worn), 67, 67 mm.
Females. 'T. L. 153, 140, 145, 144, 155; W. 66, 63, 68,
GoGo 69,65, 67, 70,70.
From their locality it might have been expected that this
series would have been referable to the eastern form of the
species, O. f. haringtoni (Hartert, Vog. paliarkt. Fauna, i.
1910, p. 711), described from Foochow and differing only
from the western typical race in the shorter tail, 57-
61°5 mm. against 63-68 mm. From the dimensions given
above it will be seen that this is not the case. Kuroda
(loc. cit. supra) records both forms from Tonkin shot within
two or three days of each other!
171. Cochoa viridis Hodgs.
] g, 19. Langbian Peaks, 7000 ft., S. Annam.
22 April, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill black, feet dark brown, soles dark fleshy.”
Mote. Tolii 272 :) W. 1385 mm:
Female. 'T. L. 277; W. 1387 mm.
172. Calliope calliope (Pall.).
Luscinia calliope Hartert, Vog. palaarkt. Faun. i. 1910,
p. 738.
1 ¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 30 March, 1918.
“ Tris dark ; maxilla brown, mandible horny brown ; feet
fleshy brown.”
TEGO We 7somim:
173. Locustella lanceolata (Temm.).
Hartert, Vog. palaarkt. Faun. i. 1910, p. 553.
1g. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. April 1918.
]} ¢. lLangbian Peaks, 5500-6500 ft. S. Annam.
26 April, 1918.
“Tris dark ; maxilla blackish brown, mandible whitish
fleshy ; feet deep fleshy.”
Tai. 132, 1305, W..52; 53: mm.
SER. XI.— VOL. I. 2U
598 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
174. Orthotomus atrigularis (Temm.).
Orthotomus atrigularis nitidus Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 210.
2¢,1 2. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 16-25 March,
1918.
1 ¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 38 June, 1918.
“Tris ochreous; maxilla brown, mandible fleshy; feet
fleshy.”
Males. T.L. 120, 122; W. 46, 46 mm.
Females. T. L. 118, 104; W. 43, 44 mm.
These specimens agree in their bright green upper parts
with the majority of specimens of the Malay Peninsula from
Koh Samui to Selangor, within which region, however,
dark-coloured birds also occur. Comparison is needed with
the true O. atrigularis from Borneo.
175. Sutoria sutoria maculicollis (Moore).
P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 79.
1g. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 20 March, 1918.
“ Tris ochreous ; maxilla horny brown, mandible fleshy ;
feet yellowish fleshy.”
Te eole- W245 mui.
This specimen agrees well with typical specimens of S. s.
maculicollis from the Malay Peninsula, having the ear-coverts
distinctly streaked. The form from eastern Siam is certainly
true S. s. sutoria (Moore) with these parts quite uniform.
176. Lusciniola luteiventris (Hodgs.).
Hartert, Vog. paliarkt. Faun. 1. 1910, p. 541.
192. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 3 May, 1918.
“Iris brown; maxilla black, mandible brownish grey ;
feet brownish grey.”
Te 140) Wie bie 20 Gem,
The specimen is moulting and in poor condition; there
are a few black spots on the sides of the breast, and our
identification is therefore open to some doubt. The super-
cilium is white, tolerably distinct, not extending behind the
eve; otherwise the bird agrees fairly well with the descrip-
tion of Cettia russula (H. H. Slater, Ibis, 1897, p. 171) from
Kuatun, which Hartert (oc. cit) has identified with the
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 599
above form. The tail, however, seems to be somewhat long.
We have compared our specimen with the type of Tribura
thoracica, from which it differs in having the throat with
fewer markings. It most nearly agrees with the bird de-
scribed by Brooks as Dumeticola mandelli (‘Stray Feathers,’
in, 1875, p. 284) im regard to the scanty throat-spots and
dark mandibles ; but we have followed Hartert (/.¢.s.) in
regarding this as synonymous with L. luteiventris.
177. Lusciniola tacsanowskia (Swinh.).
Hartert, Vog. palaarkt. Faun. i. 1910, p. 542.
Tribura intermedia Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, ii. 1889,
p. 363.
1¢. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 5 May, 1918.
“Tris ‘dark ; maxilla blackish, mandible fleshy; feet pale
fleshy.”
T. Lh. 140; W..55 ; T. 58 mm.
178. Franklinia rufescens Blyth.
Franklinia rufescens poliocephala Gyldenstolpe (nec H.
Anderson), Kung}. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. no. 2, 1916,
p. 44.
238,29. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 25-26 March,
1918.
ioeade Kegan 3: 9 9 Dran. S000 %it., Se Annams
16-18 May, 1918.
‘Tris crimson, yellow or ochre-brown ; bill black; feet
fleshy.”’
Males. T. L. 125, 127, 116; W. 45, 45, 49 mm.
Females. T. L. 114, 106, 110, 113, 115; W. 44, 42, 41,
43,43 mm.
All the adult specimens are in breeding-plumage, with a
blackish tail and practically no trace of yellowish on the
under surface. The young male is slightly yellow beneath,
and has a marked cinereous band across the breast, no white
superciliary stripe, and but little rufous on the wings and
back. It has a double-ringed iris of yellow and hazel, and
the feet are brownish ochreous instead of fleshy.
Pay vay
600 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ This,
179, Arundinax aédon (Pall.).
Phragmaticola aédon Hartert, Vég. palaarkt. Faun. i.
1910, p. 554.
1 @. * Daban, 650 ft.,.S. Anunam. 17%March; 1918:
1 ¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 10 May, 1918.
“Tris brown; maxilla horny brown, mandible fleshy ; feet
brownish plumbeous or dull pale brown.”
Tb. 188,182 W387; 65 mm:
180. Acanthopneuste trochiloides (Sundev.).
Phylloscopus trochiloides (Sundey.) ; Hartert, Vig. pala-
arkt. Faun. 1910, p. 522.
46,1 2. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 12 April—3 May,
LOUS: |
9¢,3¢%. lLangbian Peaks, 6000-7500 ft., S..Annam.
16-21 April, 1918.
“Tris dark; maxilla blackish, mandible ochreous; feet
yellowish to dull brownish or yellowish green, tarsi some-
times plumbeous.”
Males. T. L. 106, 104, 107, 105, 115, 108, 112, 112, 115,
17, bs Wis b2; 50,51, 59; 54: 59. b2509) 5G;
59, 60, 58 mm.
Females. Tl. 102,110, 106, 102; W..50, 55,52, 49 mm:
The smaller birds appear to be young. They are much
suffused with yellow below, and above are of a brighter
yellower green ; the second primary is shorter than the sixth.
181. Acanthopneuste nitidus plumbeitarsus (Swinh.).
Phylloscopus nitidus plumbeitarsus (Swinh.) ; Hartert,
Vog. palaarkt. Faun. 1. 1910, p. 511.
3 g,2 2. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 18-26 March,
1918.
14,49. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 6-10 April, 1918.
“Tris dark ; maxilla brown ; mandible distally brown,
basally yellow; feet varying from greenish yellow to olive-
brown and dark brown.”
Males. T. L. 112, 108, 108, 104 ; W. 56, 55, 56, 55 mm.
Females. T. i. 113, :108, 102, 104, 106, 108; W. 59, 55,
58, 54, 55, 53 mm.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 601
182. Suya crinigera cooki Harington.
Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxi. 1913, p. 109.
3 6,32. Dran, 3000ft.,S. Annam. 29 March-17 May,
1918.
Male (March). “Iris ochreous; maxilla and mandible
black, base grey ; feet fleshy.”
Female (March). ‘‘ Maxilla horny ; mandible fleshy, grey
below ; feet pale fleshy.”
Mules: T- 1h. 178, 165, 160%; W..99557,00 ; 2. 88,87, 89;
T's. 22°5, 22°5, 22 mm. |
Wemales: Toth. 145, 1455 150 Wao2, oO.) A723.
foe, diss 2l 21) 215mm,
The males of this series seem to be decidedly larger birds
with longer tails than the females, the difference being
especially noticeable ia the bills, which also have the maxilla
entirely black.
We have referred them to S. c. cooki, described from
Upper Burma and occurring in the southern Shan States,
which differs from the typical form, as do these birds, in the
uniform under surface with the black base of the feathers
not visible normally. The head is very distinctly striped in
all the specimens, the rest of the upper surface much less so ;
properly speaking, there is no supercilium, but the anterior
lores are pale.
183. Suya superciliaris Anderson.
Anderson, Anat. & Zool. Res. 1878, p. 642, pl. h.
Gig oo ir.) Dalat, 5000: it, S. “Annanity 6GuAprl=
5 May, 1918.
1¢. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam. 12 May,
1918. |
1g. Langbian Peaks, 6000 ft.,S. Annam. 27 April,
1918.
“Tris ochreous, maxilla brown, mandible fleshy, feet
fleshy.”
Males. T. L. 200, 197, 185, 183, 170, 200, 185; W. 50,
pe, 50: 50}549; 51, bi Tal 24, 17, 109; 105, (92, >120;
114 mm.
602 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
Females. ''. L. 178, 170, 188; W. 48, 48, 48; T. 105,
105, 112 mm.
These specimens agree fairly well with Anderson’s figure,
except that the supercilium is very much narrower with no
tinge of buff.
181. Lanius collurioides Less.
Oustalet, p. 23 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 214.
53,2 92,1 pull. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 30 March—-
18 May, 1918.
2%. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 6-12 April, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
Males. T. Vi.175,202, 296, 197, 197, 1955 1935, W.S86,87,
89, 87, 85, 87, 86 mm.
Females. 'T. L. 188, 188; W. 85, 84 mm.
All these specimens are practically adult, and none show
any sign of white on the forehead or lores. Shghtly
younger birds have the head deep iron-grey, paler on the
nape, not glossy black, and the mantle and rump less deep
maroon. The speculum is very variable in extent. The
whole series is pure white beneath.
185. Tephrodornis pelvicus (Hodgs.).
Oustalet, p. 22.
346,492. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 20-23 March,
1918.
63,1¢ juv.,2?. Dran, 3000ft.,S.Annam. 13 March—
17 May, 1918.
“ Tris, inner ring yellow, outer reddish or hazel; bill black ;
feet plumbeous to greenish black.”
Males. T. L. 218, 208, 205, 210, 205, —, —, 211, 207;
Weis, 1140 119,917, 17, 110 Gmim,), TOS 14. 1 Simm.
Females. T. L.. 210, 210, 207, 205, 224, 207; W. 116, 117,
PTO; Ss os 3 ans.
These specimens are distinctly larger than the form from
the north of the Malay Peninsula, which we have described
as 7. p. annectens, differing from eastern Sumatran and
southern Malayan birds, 7. p. sordida Stoliczka, in their
larger size and less grey coloration in the mantle and back.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 603
From the Hainan bird, 7. p. hainanus Graut, they appear
to differ in the absence of all rufous brown in the back and
wings.
186. Tephrodornis pondicerianus (Gm.).
Oustalet, p. 26.
26,192. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8. Annam. 20-23
May, 1918.
‘Tris brown ; maxilla blackish brown ; mandible brown
distally, grey at base ; feet dark greyish brown.”
Males. 'T. L. 165, 160; W. 83, 86 mm.
Female. T. L. 158 ; W. 84 mm.
187. Hemipus picatus (Sykes).
Hemipus capitalis Oustalet, p. 50 (partim).
Hemipus picatus Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 213.
1 ?. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 18 May, 1918.
2¢,1¢ imm.,6 9. Daban, 650 ft.;S;Annam. 14-26
March, 1913. —
Males. ‘I’. Li. 136, 142, 145; W. 61, 63, 62 mm.
Females. T. Li. 140, 158, 144, 145, 145, 144; W. 61, 61,
63, 60, 62, 65 mm.
188. Corvus macrorhynchus Wag].
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 761 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 230.
1 ¢ mm. Tour Cham, Phanrang. 23 May, 1918.
19. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 22 March, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
Th. 450% 500) W..295; 325 mm.
Agreeing with Cambodian specimens in having the throat-
hackles very poorly developed. The existing material in
our hands is at present not sufficient to discriminate the
various races of Indo-Malayan Crows, excluding, of course,
the well-marked enca (compilator Richm.) group.
189. Garrulus leucotis Hume.
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. i. 1877, p. 99, pl. iv. ;
Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. no. 2,
1916, p. 19.
604. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ This,
26,192. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 17-27 March,
1918.
4g. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 380 March-11 May,
1918. .
1 gimm. Le Bosquet, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 7 May,
1918.
2X6, 1¢ mm.) 32,22'imm. ’ Dalat, 5000'ft., S. Annam.
10 April-5 May, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill blackish, feet brownish fleshy.”
Males. T.1u. 525,330; 320, 316, Sis, 825) °321- 7300"
Wey 75s LOY Wi 708170, W740 17 Ocmim.,
Females.” Voth. S10; 318: 322; 330-2 W...165, 1667172.
165 mm.
Immature birds differ from the adults in having a less
extent of white on the forehead with the black stripes less
conspicuous.
190. Cissa hypoleuca Gig]. & Salvad.
Atti Accad..Torino, xx. 1885, p. 427.
Cissa gabrielle Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xix.
1906,.p. 12.
14,192. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 3-6 June, 1918.
Male. 31h. 305 * Wi. 1356" P2157 mm.
Female. T. L. 315; W. 149; T. 114 mm.
Mr. Grant, in describing C. gabrielle, has evidently over-
looked the bird from Cochin China deseribed by Salvadori
and Giglioli (in an unusual publication for Oriental birds),
of which the above specimens are practically topotypes.
191. Cissa margarite, sp, nov. (Plate XVII.)
Differs from all known species of the genus im having
the whole of the head above the black auricular area rich
golden-yellow (brighter than hght cadmium, Ridgway),
much brighter and deeper than in the under surface of
C. hypeleuca. Longest feathers of the crest and of the
forehead faintly tinged with green. Secondaries with
subterminal black bars aud greenish-white tips decreasing
towards the outer ones. Longest tail-feathers tipped with
ereenish-white, the others with dirty yellowish-white.
Rian,
TON:
Ibis.
CISSA MARGARIT-.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China, C05
Under surface uniform apple-green (very slightly tinged
with yellow on the breast and sides of neck and head in
life).
Types. 32. Langbian Peaks, 6500 ft., S. Aunam.
21-22 April, 1918.
Male. .T.1).405; W. 145; T. 213; Ts. 42; B. £.¢. 39mm.
memnle. l,l 396i: Ws Agee 2206s a4) SB to
37 mm.
‘Tris crimson, edge of eyelid crimson, bill and feet blood-
med?
PS, VS juv., 2 2. 1? vx ad. 1 9? ju; Lanecbian
Peaks, 6—7500 ft.,S. Aunam. 21-28 April, 1918.
Male. T.L. 405; W. 145 mm.
Females. T. L. 396, 335, 375 ; W. 142, 143, 140 mm.
Juvenile birds have the abdomen almost white, faintly
washed with green ; the crown pale yellow mixed with streaks
ofapple-green. “ Iris dark, bill pale dull brown, tip and gape
orange, feet deep orange washed brown.”
As we have found it necessary to reduce Cissa gabrielle to
a synonym of Cissa hypoleuca, it gives us much pleasure to
be able to name this far more beautiful Hunting-Crow after
Mrs. G. M. Vassal, who seems to have been the first collector
of any zoological specimens on the Langhian Plateau.
192. Urocissa occipitalis magnirostris Blyth.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 230.
1 g. Djiring, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 10 April, 1918.
“Tris brown, bill deep blood-red, feet scaling-wax red,”’
550s Win lee Cworn:) .
193. Crypsirhina varians (Lath,).
Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Japon. ix. 1917, p. 248 ; Kloss,
Ibis, 1918, p. 2388.
36,49. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Annam.- 20-22
May, 1918.
“Tris sky-blue, bill and feet black.”
Males. 'l’. L. 822, 320, 305:; W. 118, 117, 117 mm.
Females. ‘T, Li. 325, 306, (imm.) 300, 255; W. 113, 109,
(amm.) 115, 112 mm.
606 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
194. Parus monticolus (Vig.).
4¢@,2¢. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 31 March-18
May, 1918.
1 ¢. Arbre Broyé, 5200 ft.,S. Annam. 1 May, 1918.
3 ¢.2 2,12 imm. Dalat, 5000 ft. S2) Annan 6-9
April, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill black, feet dull plumbeous.”’
Males. Db. 32, 133.1375 126, 132, 1388); W .a6seuee,
65, 66, 69, 65, 65 mm. :
Females. '. L. 180, 144, 186, 185, 1383, 180; W. 65, 67,
66, 65, 65, 65.
195. Machlolophus spilonotus (Blyth).
1 g ad.,1 9 imm. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 5-12
April TOUS:
2 gd ad., 1 ¢ imm., 1 ? ad., 4 9 imm. Langbian Peaks,
55-7500 ft., S. Annam. 16-26 April, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill black, feet plumbeous.”
Males. T. lu. 145, 142, 145, 188 ; W. 80, 76, 78, 73 mm.
Females. T. L. 187, 156, 138, 187, 147, 185 ; W. 75, 80,
73, 74, 79, 71 mm.
196. Agithaliscus annamensis, sp. nov.
Differs from 42. pulchellus Rippou* from the southern Shan
States in having the crown a grey-, not ochreous-brown, and
in the presence of white feathers on the postocular region.
Adult male. Forehead dirty white, middle of crown to
nape grey tinged with drab; a broad black stripe starting
from the lores on each side of the head, including the ocular
region aud ear-coverts, and converging on the nape ; feathers
behind the eye and above the ear-coverts flecked with white
forming an ill-defined postocular stripe ; posterior margin
of ear=coverts blackish brown ; centre of the throat glossy
black surrounded by a conspicuous pure white border starting
from the chin and broadening on the upper breast to form
a collar, which is suceeded by another greyish-drab band
narrowest in the centre and somewhat flushed with pink ;
* Bull. B.O.C. xi. 1910, p. 11; Ibis, 1901, p. 528, pl. x1. fig. 2.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 607
centre of abdomen white, flanks pinkish salmon-buff ; thighs
greyvish-buff ; under tail-coverts greyish-white. Mantle and
back slate, slightly washed with drab ; primaries fuscous
edged externally with silver-grey, except the outermost, and
narrowly margined with whitish internally ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white. Tail brownish black edged
with grey especially near the base, the outermost pair of
feathers white on the outer web with a large white patch in
the extremity of the inner webs ; next two pairs with much
smaller areas of white, the third outer dusky ou the outer
webs.
“Tris pale lemon, bill black, feet ochreous, claws black.”
Female. Similar to male.
Immature male and female. Differ from the adult in having
the black throat-patch only indicated by dark bases to the
feathers and by the absence of the pinkish flush on the
flanks which are pale ochreous-bufty.
“‘Tris dull ochreous or ochreous-white, bill black, feet
dull ochreous.”
iS ad. leg mm 2.9 ady2-2 1mm: “Dran, 3000/ft.,
S. Annam. 1 April-16 May, 1918.
1 gad.,1 2 imm. Dalat, 5000 ft., 8. Annam. 8 April-
3 May, 1918.
1 gad. Langbian Peaks, 6500 ft,,S. Aunam. 6 April,
1918.
1 g,1 2 ad. (types of the species). Langbian Peaks,
6500 ft. 17 April, 1918.
Males: lice le We AES, el Tiare VW 2 49) OM 50) 2b
D2 0 0dios OO. Don ls. 16. 155 V6:5.6-5* mime
Kemales. T.liOS; Mie he Wei50; 50,52" » Soi air
a2" 2 Vso 15°5, 16:5, ossmm:
Found flymg about trees in small flocks.
197. Sylviparus modestus burton.
P. Z. S. 1835, p. 154.
46,3 92. lLangbian Peaks, 6000-7500 ft., S. Annam.
17-22 April, 1918.
* Types of the species.
608 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
“Tris dark ; maxilla blackish, mandible dull plumbeous ;
feet plumbeous.”’ ,
Males. T. L. 98, 95, 95, 94; W. 60, 61, 56, 56 mm.
Females. Vv. L. 99, 938, 92; M. 59, 56, 55 mm.
There have been five distinct races of this Tit described,
namely :—
1. Sylviparus modestus modestus Burton, P.Z.S8. 1835,
p. 154. “ Himalayan Mountains”? (Gharwal to Sikkim). .
2. Sylviparus modestus sericophrys ‘“ Hodgs.” ; Blyth,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xi. 1844, p. 942. Nepal.
3. Sylviparus modestus saturatior Rippon, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, xvi. 1906, p. 87. Mt. Victoria, S. Chin Hills, Burma.
4. Sylviparus modestus occultus Thayer & Bangs, Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zod]. Cambridge, Mass. xl. 1912, p. 185.
Szechuan, W. China.
5. Sylviparus modestus simlaensis Stuart Baker, Bull. Brit.
Orn. Club, xxxviii. 1917, p. 8. Simla, N.W. Ilimalayas.
We have compared our series with two birds from Sikkim
and Nepal, which are certainly typical of the second of these
races and probably of the first, but these specimens are not
in first-rate condition. We can, however, detect no material
differences, and for the present, therefore, we leave the Annam
series without a subspecific uame.
198. Sitta nagaensis Godwin-Austen.
P.Z. 8. 1874, ps 44.
3,19. Dran, 3000 ft.,8.Annam. 1 April-18 May,
1918.
3 ¢,1 9. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 6-7 April, 1918.
to. Langbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft.,S.Annam. 18 April,
1918.
“Tris dark; maxilla black, mandible grey, tipped black ;
feet dark brown or leaden.”
Males. T. L. 132, 128, 180, 180, 182, 184; W. 74, 71,
75, 79, 74 (imperfect), 80 mm.
Females. 'T. L. 126, 180, 130 ; W. 75, 69, 75 mm.
1919.] from South Annam and Cochin China. 609
Four of the series have the flanks only cinnamoneous and
the under tail-coverts white, edged with the same colour,
but in the others these areas are a deep chestnut or cinnamon-
rufous. These latter colours occur in five of the males. There
is occasionally a slight wash of dull buffy on the underparts.
The under tail-coverts seem to be less completely bordered
with rufous than in topotypes examined, but the diminution
may be due to wear.
199. Dendrophila frontalis (Horsf.).
Oustalet, p. 7.
3¢,19. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 15-24 March,
1918.
1g. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 6 April, 1918.
“Tris lemon-yellow; bill deep blood-red, tip sometimes
black, in immature birds yellow tipped black; feet dark
brown.”
Males. T.L. 130, 135, 122; W. 80, 75, 73, 78 mm.
Female. T. L. 122; W. 73 mm.
200. Certhia discolor meridionalis, subsp. noy. (Plate
XVI, figs 3;)
A very distinct form of Certhia discolor Blyth (topotypes
examined). Throat and breast dark grey with a faint earthy
tinge, belly paler and purer grey, upper flanks almost
whitish ; tail uniform dark brownish-rufous, the feathers
brighter on the outer webs, shafts clear brownish-orange ;
upper tail-coverts rufous, under tail-coverts paler.
Types. 8 ? ad. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam.
8 April, 1918.
Male STN Nae Wer? TS 79 2 Bet. ©. 20> Ts. 16°binm:
Pemale2Y. li, 1567 Wi 69 301: 83; Bf 20; Ts: 165
mm.
“Tris dark ; bill black-brown, base of lower mandible
fleshy ; feet dull flesh-brown,”
63,39. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 8 April-3 May
1918.
5 g,4 9. lLangbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft., S. Annam.
18-27 April, 1918.
610 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Males. 'T. Li. 163 (imm.), 163, 158, 160, 197, 155 (vix ad.),
156, 161, 163, 163, 154 (imm.); W. 70 (imm.), 70, 71, 71,
70, 67 (vix ad.), 67, 68, 70, 68, 66 (imm.) mm.
Females, TV... 160, 162 (ix ad.); 156, 166, 162, 57e
Wi.) 68, 70; 67 (amm:.), 695 71, 68567 mm.
A very distinct form, separable from all others with un-
barred tails.
201. Buchanga leucophea mouhoti ( Wald.).
Buchanga mouhoti Walden, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) v.
1870) p. 220:
Buchanga leucophea Oust. p.32 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 227.
Buchanga cineracea mouhoti Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 759.
1,192. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 20-24 March,
1918.
(ova. 1 gamm., 5 9. Wran, 3000 tt, So Annam-
29 March-18 May, 1918.
Io Le Bosquet; 5200 ft., S! Annam. ~7 May, 19's:
26,12. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 10 April—2 May,
1918.
«Tris crimson, bill and feet black.’’
Unworn specimens :—
Mates. UT. 11..2638, 269,273, 277, 269, 266, 275, 2601:
W. 131, 136, 139, 133, 1384, 186, 186, 134; Tail (length of
outer feather) 140, 189, 142, 144, 138, 140, 150, 140 mm.
Memaies, Ni, (255,200,255, 2623, W. 120, 130 las.
131; Tail (length of outer feather) 127, 185, 135, 134 mm.
Though there is no perceptible difference in colour between
this series and a large series of the typical B. leucophea from
Java, the tails of the mainland birds are consistently longer,
and Walden’s name, B. 1. mouhoti, type fiom Cambodia, may
therefore be retained for them,
202. Buchanga atra catheca Swinh.
Buchanga atra Oustalet, p. 29.
36,22. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8. Annam, 20-23
May, 1918.
‘‘ Tris crimson or brown, bill and feet black.”
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 611
Maless i singel $285,275 5" W) 14d..135, 1385. T; 172,
161, — mm.
Females. Ls. 280; 275 ; Wa Walk 130); TI. 146; 150
mm.
We refer this series to B. a. catheca, as they have the
decided bronze tinge given by Swinhoe as one of the charac-
ters of his type-series ; they have, however, a shorter wing
and a longer tail than indicated by him. From Dr. Hartert’s
statements the Hainan form must be a different race, as he
assigns to it a shorter wing and tail than the Indian races
(Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 249).
203. Chibia hottentota (Linn.).
Oustalet, p. 27 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 226.
5 6,29. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 16-27 March,
1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
Males: T's. 320, 310, 315, 318,325 3 W. 160,160, 156;
161, 165 mm.
Females, T. L. 295, 808; W. 158, 157 mm.
204. Chaptia enea malayensis (H. Hay).
Chaptia malayensis Oustalet, p. 28.
eo, ioimm, 19, 1? imms. Trane Bom," Cochin
China. 3-4 June, 1918.
26,2 9. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 16-26 March,
1918.
1 ¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 18 May, 1918.
‘‘ Tris dark, in one specimen red; bill and feet black.’
Males. T. L. 234, 230, 210 (imm.), 235, 240, 280; W. 124,
121, 112 GQmm.), 120, 122, 122 mm.
Females T.L. 220, 210 (imm.), 243, 235; W. 118, 118,
(imm.), 118, 120 mm.
205. Bhringa remifer peracensis (Baker).
Bhringa remifer Oustalet, p. 34; Robinson, Ibis, 1915,
p. 69.
Bhringa remifer peracensis Stuart-Baker, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Clab;-xxxix. 1918, p. 18:
612 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Bhringa remifer attenuata Robinson & Kloss, Journ. Fed.
Malay States Mus. viii. pt. 2, 1918, p. 235.
26,19. Dran, 3000 ft., S:Annam. 1 April-9 May,
91S:
36,69. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 4 April-5 May,
1918.
1¢?. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 11 May, 1918.
1g. Langbian Peaks, 5500-6500 ft., S. Annam, 24
April, 1918.
‘“« Tris crimson, bill and feet black.”
Males. T. L.* 260, 255, 270, 260, 260, 255; W. 1384, 132,
132, 183, 128, 129 mm.
Females. T. L.* 265, 260, 255; W. 132, 182, 181, 1384,
127, 132; 150, 132 mim.
These birds had better be assigned to the recently described
B. r. peracensis. They differ constantly from a large series
of the typical Edolius remifer'Temm., of Java, with which
they have been compared, in having the tail-rackets much
longer and tapering gently towards the base, not abruptly
terminated, though the difference is not so marked as in
the typical Malay Peninsula birds. A single specimen from
Darjiling, typical of B. r. tectirostris (Hodgs.), besides the
very short broad tail-rackets, differs in a somewhat more
robust bill.
206. Dissemurus paradiseus paradiseus (Linn.).
Oustalet, p. 35; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 760; Kloss,
Ibis; LOLS, p. 218.
3 6,29. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May-5 June,
1918.
4 6,19. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 14-31 March,
1918.
‘‘ Tris crimson or brown, bill and feet black.”
Mules. T. lu.* 385, 655,.o10¢ces, —.—, —- Wale
161, 156, 155, 157, 151, 150 mm. |
Females. T. L.* 310, —, —; W. 144, 148, 151 mm.
* To the end of the basal webs of the outer tail-feather.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 613
The Cochin China birds have a smaller crest than those
from Annam, and show an approach to the central Malayan
race D. p. malayensis (Blyth).
207. Oriolus melanocephalus (Liun.).
Oriolus melanocephalus Oustalet, p. 41.
1 ¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 5 June, 1918.
1 g,1 92. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Annam. 21 May,
1918.
26,19. Daban, 650 ft, S: Annam. 20 March, 1918.
“Tris red, bill fleshy, feet dark dull plumbeous.”
Males. TV. Ih. 218) 230, 2354, 230 Wie W295 17, Koil,
137 mm.
Females. T. L. 220, 220; W. 131,127 mm.
Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxviii. 1918, p. 63, has
described the Indo-Chinese form of this Oriole (type from
Koh Lak, S.W. Siam) as a new race under the name
O. luteolus thaiacous, basing his differences on smaller size ;
wing average 133 against 133 minimum in the Indian form,
which ranges up to 140: the tail is said to have at most the
two outer feathers without bars across both webs, and this
accords with a series of five adults from the type-locality
(Oriolus melanocephalus himalayanus Kloss, Ibis, 1918,
p- 225).
On the other hand, two adult birds from the islands of
Langkawi and Lontar, west coast of Trang, Peninsular Siam,
are typical O. melanocephalus, one having only patches of
black on both webs of the fourth outer tail-feather, aud the
other on the inner webs of the third and fourth outer
feathers. In the above series the Trang Bom bird has only
a patch on the outer web of the outer feathers and spots
on both webs of the fourth, the second and third being
unbarred.
The Tour Cham bird has a patch on the outer web of
the outer feather, small patches on both webs of the third
feather, and the fourth barred ; the female has the third
feather entirely barred.
One of the Dabau males has only a large patch on the
SER. XI.—VOL. I. 2X
614 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
inner web of the fourth feather, and the other male small
patches on both webs of the fourth feather. The female has
the third feather barred and patches on the cuter webs of
the first and second.
It is evident therefore that the Malay Peninsula and
Annam birds cannot in these characters be referred to
Dr. Hartert’s subspecies, which, in fact, is imterpolated
between two areas of distribution of the older form, leading
one to the belief that the barring of the tail is a variable
character (possibly dependent on age) and of no taxonomic
importance,
208. Oriolus indicus (Jerd.).
Oustalet, p. 39; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 759; Kloss:
Ibis, 1918, p. 225.
1 gad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 18 March, 1918.
“Tris crimson-brown, bill deep livid pink, feet plum-
beous.”
Tk. 265; W. 156 mm
A very brilliant adult.
209. Oriolus tenuirostris Blyth.
336,492. Dran, 3000 ft..S.Annam. 29 March-18 May,
TOUS: :
19. Arbre Broye, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 13 May, 1918.
1 ¢. Le Bosguet, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 7 May, 1918.
“Tris crimson, bill fleshy pink, feet dark plumbeous.”
Males. T. L. 245, 235, 250; W. 138, 144, 145 mm.
Females. T. L. 248, 250, 247, 250, 230, 240; W. 146, 143,
145, 141, 138, 144 mm.
This species can with difficulty be distinguished from the
preceding. It is perhaps slightly smaller and has a narrower
black nape-band and a broader yellow spot on the primary
coverts. The males have the back strongly washed with
green, and the bird is altogether dingier than O. indicus.
Differences in the amount of yellow on the tail-feathers are
quite inconstant and unreliable as differential characters.
The bill is relatively longer and much narrower at the base
than in O, indicus,
1919.] from South Annam and Cochin China, 615
210. Oriolus trailli (Vig.).
Oustalet, p. 42.
1¢,12imm. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 80-31 March,
1918.
1g,19?juv. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 13-15
May, 1918.
2¢ ad., 19 vix ad.,1 9? imm. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam.
6 April, 5 May, 1918.
“Tris pale yellow, bill pale greyish turquoise, feet plum-
beous.”
Males. T. lu. 265, 235, 260, 260; W.. 145, 154, 142,
144 mm.
Females. T. Li. 250, 255, 252, 260; W. 137, 134, 133,
141 mm.
The above series exhibits very perfect gradation from
birds with dark brown backs and striped under surface to
the fully adult with deep maroon back, rump, and under
surface, with no darker clouding on the tail, which is
uniform wine-red.
211. Artamus fuscus (Vieill.).
26,29. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 13-17 May, 1918.
1¢,19¢. Arbre Broyé, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 12 May,
1918;
“Tris dark ; bill dull pale blue, tip black ; feet black.”
Males. T. i. 178, 180, 178 ; W..129, 129, 186mm.
Remales. VT. 5.177, 182; 173 > Wa 130; 129, 1381 mm:
212. Gracula javana intermedia ¢ Hay).
Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xix. 1912, p. 314; Robinson, Ibis,
1915, p. 758; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 228.
Lulabes intermedia Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Japon. ix. 1917,
p. 248.
26,32. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 2-3 June, 1918.
336,49. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 15-18 March,
1918.
1 g. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 5 May, 1918.
“Tris dark ; bill orange-red, yellow at tip; feet Indian
yellow.”
616 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [This,
Mates. T. L. 270, 277, 295, 298, 295, 280; W. 156; 167,
156, 159, 158, 158 mm.
Females: VT. Tu. 255, 275, 277; 285, 277, 280; 280 ; Waid:
— (worn), 152, 168, 160, 151, 155.
The whole series is very uniform in the character of the
lappets and the feathering of the ear-coverts.
213. Sturnia malabarica nemoricola (Jerd.).
38 $9,192. Tour Cham, Phanrang. 21 May, 1918.
5g,2 9. Dran,3000ft.,S.Annam. 30 March-18 May,
1918.
1¢,19. le Bosquet, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 10 May,
1918.
“ Tris bluish white ; bill, tip yellow, middle portion green,
base cobalt ; feet dull ochreous.”
Males. T. Ih. 195, 192, 195, 185, 205, 200, 198, 193, 183;
W. 99, 102, 100, 101, 99, 99, 96, 99, 102 mm.
Females. 'T. L., 198, 190, 188, 198; W, 96, 96, 99, 99 mm.
214. Athiopsar cristatellus brevipennis Hartert.
Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1910, p. 230.
3 2. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Annam. 20-22 May,
1918.
“Tris orange; bill ivory, base yellow; feet ochreous.”
T..L. 247, 258, 240; W. 130, 128, 126 mm.
Described from Hainan: differing from the typical
southern Chinese bird in having the wing considerably
shorter.
215. Graculipica leucocephala (Gigl. & Salvad.).
Kloss, [bis, 1918, p. 223.
1 ¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 27 March, 1918.
1g,22?. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Anunam. 11-17 May, 1918.
“Tris black, spotted with yellowish white; orbital skin
black ; bill ochreous, base of the lower mandible black ; feet
ochreous.”
Males. T. L. 285, 250; W. 129, 129 mm.
females. T. L. 235, 235 ; W. 126, 122 mm.
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 617
216. Graculipica nigricollis (Payk.).
Robinson, Lbis, 1915, p. 757; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 224.
13,1 ¢juv. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 2-4 June,
1918.
12. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Annam. 20 May, 1918.
1g. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 381 March, 1918.
“Tris and orbital skin yellow, bill black, feet dirty
ivory.”
Males: Tol. 275, 295 ; W. 15, 155. mm:
Female. T. L. 272 ; 141 mm.
217. Ampeliceps coronatus Blyth.
Robinson & Kloss, [bis, 1911, p. 68.
1¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 20 March, 1918.
“Tris brown, edge of eyelid black, orbital skin ochreous ;
bill dark olive-ochreous ; feet ochreous.”
T. L. 223; W. 120 mm.
218. Ploceus manyar flaviceps (Less.).
Ploceus manyar flaviceps Less. ; Stresemann, Nov. Zool.
xix. 1912, p. 319:
1¢,1¢. Tour Cham, Phanrang,S.Annam. 20-22 May,
1918.
1¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 15 May, 1918.
“Male. Iris dark; maxilla brownish black, mandible
brownish black, lower surface yellowish ; feet deep dull
fleshy.”
Males. 'T. L. 1388, 183; W. 67, 63 mm.
Female. T. LL. 185 ; W. 61 mm.
219. Munia punctulata subundulata Godwin-Austen.
1g,19¢. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8. Annam. 22-23
May, 1918.
33,12. Dran, 8000 ft.,S.Annam. 1 April-17 May,
1918.
“Tris hazel, bill black, feet plumbeous.”
Males. 'T. L. 128, 128, 120, 127; W. 54, 55, 54, 54 mm.
Females. T. L. 120, 120; W. 52, 538 mm.
618 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds {Ibis,
220. Passer flaveolus Blyth.
7é ad.,1¢ imm., 1 juv.,6 2. Tour Cham, Phanrang,
S. Annam. 21-23 May, 1918.
“Tris dark; male, bill black; female, maxilla brown,
mandible fleshy ; feet brown.”
Males. T. L. 150, 1388, 144, 140, 185, 140, 188; W. 71,
72, 69, 72, 69, 68, 68 mm.
Females. 'T. L. 140, 140, 1387, 185, 138, 1383 ; W. 68, 68,
65, 67, 65; 63. mm:
221. Loxia curvirostra meridionalis, subsp. nov.
Nearest LZ. c. albiventris, but with a very much coarser,
more massive bill: larger than L. c. himalayensis and L. ec.
luzonensis, and the males with no trace of pink in the under
tail-coverts as in the latter form.
Out of the large series obtained no male is entirely devoid
of green feathers intermixed with the red of the head and
underparts. In the sequence of plumages males appear to
pass through a stage in which they exactly resemble the
adult females, except that they are a little darker on the
chin and have the green on the under surface more yellow.
On the other hand, three birds in the heavily striped immature
livery already show traces of the orange-red adult plumage.
Types. 6 3. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 4&7 May,
1918.
Male. T. L. 167; wing 96; tail 64; tarsus 17; bill from
gape 20; height of maxilla 8°2, breadth at base 10 mm.
Female. T. L. 167; wing 90; tail 60; tarsus 16; bill
from gape 19°7; height of maxilla 8:0, breadth at base
9 mm.
“Tris dark; bill blackish brown, tomia paler; feet dark
brown.”
6g ad.,2¢ mm. (in female plumage), 6 2 ad., 1? juv.
Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 11 April-7 May, 1918.
1g juv., 1 9 ad. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ff., S. Annam.
14 May, 1918.
2 S juv., 1 ¢ juv. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 17 May,
19S:
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 619
Males. T. Li. 167, 177, 170, 174, 168, 166, 165, 168, 170,
176, 169; W. 96, 94, 96, 93, 94, 91, 91, 91, 95, 95, 90 mm.
Kematess Eli. 167, 166, 167, 1685470; 170; 160" Guv.),
167, 171 (juv.) ; W. 90, 90, 89, 88, 93, 93, 86, 91, 93.
222. Anthus trivialis maculatus Jerdon.
Hartert, Vog. paliarkt. Faun. i. 1908, p. 273.
1g. Daban, 650 ft.,S8. Annam. 25 March, 1918.
1 ¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 18 May, 1918.
1¢. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 5 May, 1918.
36,1 2. lLangbian Peaks, 5500-6500 ft., S. Annam.
18 April—27 April, 1918.
“Tris dark; maxilla blackish brown ; mandible fleshy,
tip black ; feet fleshy.”
Males. "Tos. 172,175, 179; 170); W. 82, 86; 85, 86 mm:
Females. T. L. 164, 164, 170; W. 83, 80, 83 mm.
This series, presumably in summer plumage, is darker
than specimens from Siam and the Malay Peninsula col-
lected in the winter months. The edgings to the wing-
coverts are also much narrower.
223. Mirafra assamica marione Stuart Baker.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 222.
5g, 29. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8. Annam. 20-22
May, 1918.
1g. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 23 March, 1918.
“Tris brown er hazel ; maxilla dark brown, tomia fleshy ;
mandible fleshy ; feet deep fleshy.”
Males. T. L. 142, 150, 143, 148, 185, 143; W. 77, 80, 80,
78, 76,04 min:
Fematess; Vo th. Vo2, 1a W777, 74mm.
Agrees well with specimens from Siam.
224. Dendronanthus indica (Gm.).
Hartert, Vog. paliarkt. Faun. i. 1908, p. 309.
1¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S.Annam. 23 March, 1918.
“Tris dark ; maxilla brown, mandible pale fleshy ; feet
dark fleshy.’’
Total length 172; W. 76 mm.
620 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ihis,
225. Cinnyris asiatica intermedia (Hume).
Arachnecthra intermedia Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 436.
Cinnyris edeni Auderson, Anat. & Zool. Res. 1878,
661, pl. xlix. ; Oustalet, p. 9.
1¢. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8. Annam. 20 May, 1918.
2¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S.Annam. 18-25 March, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill and feet black.”
T. Ly 105,,013;, 115; W. 56,.57, 575 -bill fromvgape 18%5;
18°, 19 mm:
These birds appear to belong to the eastern form of this
~
p-
widely spread species, differing from the typical race in the
purplish, not greenish, metallic tint of the upper surface and
in a slightly longer bill. ‘They are, however, not nearly so
strongly violaceous above as the figure of C. eden (loc. cit.),
which is possibly somewhat exaggerated.
226. Aithopyga siparaja tonkinensis Hartert.
Asthopyga siparaja (Rattles); Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, xv. 1890, p. 158.
Aithopyga seherie subsp., Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Japon. ix.
1917, p. 249.
Asthopyga seherie tonkinensis Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, xxxviiil. 1917, p. 7. .
Aithopyga seherie (partim) Oustalet, p. 8.
1 ¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S.Annam. 26 March, 1918.
“Tris dark; maxilla dark brown, mandible brownish
yellow; feet brownish black.”
alo? We 54 mim:
This form differs from 4’. s. cara Hume, in having the
nape brown, the red of the breast decidedly darker, the
bases of the feathers blackish grey, not whitish yellow.
From descriptions it would appear to come exceedingly close
to AL. s. owstoni Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxv.
1907, p. 32, from Nanchan Id., Kuangtung Peninsula,
southern China.
All the forms, as noted by Hartert (duc. cit.), are obviously
subspecies of Aithopyga siparqa (Raffles), typical locality,
West Sumatra.
th g bent
ceny a ei
Bi ty. te
j
ep 7] hg
pede otc
Ppl ee tl yet
Was
pe
eg
lois. Lolo, eee ne
{ AATHOPYGA’ SANGUINIPECTUS JOHNS ys
0. ZVHOPY GA, GOULDIZE -ANNAMENsilS. 4
3/2 HORRY GA COU DIAa -AININAIVicE: NSiSa5 i
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 62)
227. Athopyga sanguinipectus johnsi, subsp. nov. (Plate
XVI fees)
A very distinct subspecies of 44. sanguinipectus Wald.,
the male differing in the almost total suppression of the
yellow of the breast, so that it appears almost uniform
scarlet, finely streaked with yellow, not yellow lightly
streaked with orange-red. Abdomen greyish olive-green,
darker than in 4’. sanguimpectus. Black pectoral baud
almost absent.
Type. Adult male from Dran, 3000 ft., S. Aunam.
15 May, 1918.
T. L. 114; W.50; tail 48; tarsus 11; bill from gape
15°6 mm.
“Tris dark, bill black, feet blackish brown.”
34. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Aunam. March 1918-15 May,
1918.
Total length 112, 115, 114; wing 49, 51, 50 mm.
In patches of evergreen forest : not common.
[Named in honour of Mr. J. F. Johns, Actiug British
Consul at Saigon at the dates of my visit, to whom I
am very grateful for much hospitality and assistance.
CB. KA
228. Athopyga gouldie annamensis, subsp. nov. (Plate
XVIII. figs; 2, 3.)
Male. Like that of 4. g. gouldie, but without any
indication of red stripes on the breast and with no yellow
whatever on the lower back and rump, which is dull olive-
brown; yellow of the under surface less orange, being
“lemon-chrome” of Ridgway. Shoulder-patch and upper
tail-coverts steel-blue without violet reflections. Total
length 162; wing 57; tail 98; tarsus 14; bill from gape
17°5 mm.
_ Female. Less distinctly yellow on the rump and with the
throat, neck, and sides of breast grevish instead of greenish
yellow. ‘Tail more elongated than in the typical subspecies.
Belly and under tail-coverts bright clear yellow. ‘Total
622 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
length 117; wing 51°5; tail 49; tarsus 14; bill from gape
16 mm.
Types. & 9. Langbian Peaks, 6500 ft.,S.Annam. 19 &
26 April, 1918.
“Tris dark ; male, maxilla black, mandible brown and
fleshy ; female, maxilla blackish brown, mandible brown ;
male, feet blackish brown ; female, feet brown.”
746,22. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 6 April-l May,
1918.
438,29. lLangbian Peaks, 6000-7000 ft., S. Annam.
19-27 April.
Males. T. L. 158, 165, 189, 150, 150, 181, 160, 162, 149,
168, 118; wing 57, 59, 54, 55, 54, 57, 58, 57, 56, 55,
59 mm.
Females. TOL. 110; 116, V8, V7: wine 50, 527750:
D1 emm.
Very common among the pines and exceedingly tame.
229. Chalcoparia singalensis koratensis Kloss.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 218.
2¢,19. Dran, 3000 ft..S.Annam. 11-16 May, 1918.
1 @ juv. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 2 June, 1918.
“Tris dark, bill black, feet yellowish olive.”
Males. T. L. 111, 110; We 51, 52 mm.
Females. T. L. 108, 107; W.50, 5] mm.
Amongst a large series from the Malay Peninsula of the
typical Ch. s. singalensis we have found no young birds with
a pure green throat as is the case with a proportion of
immature birds from more northern localities.
230. Arachnothera magna aurata Blyth.
Arachnothera magna Oustalet, p. 11; Kuroda, Annot.
Zool. Japon. 1x. 1917, p. 351.
13,592. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 1 April-16 May,
1918.
1g. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S.Annam. 1] May, 1918.
“Tris brown; maxilla black; mandible brown, tomia
yellow; feet ochreous.”
1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 623
Males. T. L. 203, 195; W. 94, 86; bill from gape 45:5,
45°5 mm.
Females. T.L. 177, 172, 180, 180, 172 ; W. 80, 76, 84,
83, 79; bill from gape 39°5, 40, 41°5, 42, 41°5 mm.
Compared with a Darjiling specimen, which is typical
A, magna, these specimens differ in being much less striped
above, therein agreeing with A. m. aurata Blyth, from
Pegu.
231. Arachnothera longirostra (Lath.).
1g. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 16 March, 1918.
13. Dran, 6000 ft.,S. Annam. 11 May, 1918.
“Tris brown; maxilla black; mandible, tip black, base
plumbeous ; feet cobalt-blue or dark plumbeous.”
T. L. 163, 163; W. 63, 66; bill from gape —, 37 mm.
Differs in no way from Malayan specimens. Much duller
below than the Javan and Bornean birds (4d. /. prillwitzi
Hartert. and A. /. biittikofert Van Oort).
232. Diceum minullum olivaceum (Wald.).
Diceum olivaceum Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)
xve 1375500. LOW.
Diceum minullum Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvi. 1910, p. 248.
Diceum inornatum Oustalet, p. 15.
36,29. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 20-27 March,
1918. |
“Tris dark ; maxilla blackish; mandible deep plumbeous,
tip black; feet black. Young birds, bill largely yellow.
Males. 'l’. Li. 86, 85, 80 GQmm.) ; W. 46, 47, 44 mm.
Females. T. L. 81, 78 (amm.); W. 44, 43 mm.
Though these birds average greyer and less ochreous than
those from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula they can be
matched by one from the former locality. The Hainan race
D.m. minullum Swinhoe is said to be more greenish than
the mainland bird.
233. Diceum ignipectus (Hodgs.).
36,192. lLangbian Peaks, 5500-7500 ft., S. Annam.
17-27 April, 1918.
624 Birds from South Annam and Cochin China. [ Ibis,
“Tris dark ; bill black ; feet blackish brown, in female
leaden.”
Males. 'T. L. 85, 85, 88; W. 50, 47, 48 mm.
Female. T. L. 82; W. 46 mm.
This series is inseparable from birds from the mountains
of the Malay Peninsula.
234. Diceum chrysorrheum (‘l’emm. ).
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. x. 1885, p.411; Robinson,
Ibis; 1915, p- 756:
1 2. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 20 March, 1918.
“Tris scarlet; maxilla black, mandible plumbeous; feet
black.”
T. L. 104; W. 58 mm.
235. Diceum cruentatum siamensis Kloss.
Ibis, 1918, p. 216.
1¢. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S.Annam. 21 May, 1918.
26,192. Daban, 650 ft, S.Annam. 25 March, 1918.
“Tris, bill, and feet black.”
Males. T. Li. 85, —; W. 49, 49 mm.
Females. 'T. L. 85, 87; W. 45, 44 mm.
The males agree well with the type of D. c. stamensis in
having the under surface paler and less buffy than the large
majority of Malayan birds from south of Trang. The wing-
coverts are steel-blue without any trace of green. A female
from Tour Cham is more patched with rusty above than the
other specimens, as is stated to be the case with birds from
Hainan (Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. pp. 248-244).
List of new Species and Subspecies figured, with
details of the specimens figured.
PurareE X. Arboricola rufogularis annamensis: p. 403.
6. Langbian Peaks, Annam. 16/iv./18.
Puate XI. Arboricola brunneipectus albigula: p. 405.
o. Dran, Annam. 1/iv./18.
PuateE XI. Garrulax milleti: p. 574.
dg. Dran, Annam. 11/v./18.
1919. | On the Jays of Holland. 625
Piate XIII. fig. 1. Stactoctchla merulina annamensis: p. 577
3S. Dran, Annam. 12/v./98. (Type.)
fie. 2. Trochalopteron yersint: p. 576.
dg. Langbian Peaks, Annam. 26/iv./18.
PuatE XIV. fig. 1. Pseudominia atriceps: p. 588.
2. Langbian Peaks, Annam. 16/iv./18. (Type.)
fig. 2. Rimator danjout: p. 578.
¢. Langbian Peaks, Annam. 20/iv./18.
PuatE XV. Cutia nipalensis legalleni: p. 588.
¢. Dalat, Annam. 4/v./18.
Q. Langbian Peaks. 15/iy./18.
PuraTte XVL. fig. 1. Cryptolopha malcolmsmithi: p. 448.
Q. Langbian Peaks, Annam. 19/iv./18.
fig. 2, Mesta argentauris cunhact: p. 591,
o. Dran, Annam,. 30/i11./18.
fig. 3. Certhia discolor meridionalis: p. 609.
do. Dalat, Annam, 11/iv./18.
Pirate XVII, Cissa margarite: p. 604.
9. Langbian Peaks. 22/iv./18. (Type.)
Prate XVIII. fig. 1. Athopyya sanguinipectus johnsi: p. 621.
3. Dran, Annam, —/iil./18.
figs. 2&3. Athopyga gouldie annamensis ; p. 621.
¢. Langbian Peaks, 20/iv./18.
Q. a rs —/iy./18.
XXX .—WNote on the Jays of Holland.
By Baron R. C. SnouckaErt van ScoauBure, M.B.O.U.
In 1903 Dr. Hartert (V6g. pal. Faun. p. 30) separated the
British Jays from the Continental birds under the name of
Garrulus glandarius rufitergum, on account of their more
reddish backs. On examination of a series of these birds,
all collected in Holland, and most of them shot by myself,
I was struck by the decidedly vinaceous tinge of the lower
back of some of them; others show this tinge more or
less mixed with grey, while one bird, which I shot or
5 November, has tie back of a beautiful grey hue con-
trasting with the reddish tone of the hind-neck. When
I shot this bird in the course of a pheasant-shoot and picked
626 Baron R. C. Snouckaert on [Ibis,
it up, I remember that its grey back at once struck me, so
that I took it with me and had it skinned.
The colour of the underside of my Dutch birds varies
considerably: in some it is light, even whitish, on the
abdomen, in others it is dark, and one or two have the under-
parts nearly uniformly dull vinaceous, with only a slightly
lighter shade in the middle. One of these more sombre-
coloured birds has a semicircular collar of black blotches
across the throat. These dark patches are to be found on the
throats of a few other birds, but less defined and much lighter,
and they are, according to Dr. Hartert, mostly to be found
on true G. g. glandarius and seldom on G, g. rufitergum.
So my series of Jays collected in Holland may be said to
be a kind of mixture of the two forms. This is, however,
not to be wondered at, as all my birds have been collected
during the winter half-year when, of course, a large influx
of migratory birds may be expected. That our country
should be visited by great quantities of Jays from the north-
east on migration is natural, but the question was whether
Holland is also visited by British birds. In order to
ascertain this as far as possible, I requested one of my
correspondents in London to send me some English skins,
and in compliance this gentleman sent me two specimens,
from Montgomeryshire and Kent respectively. These I com-
pared with my birds, and found some of the latter exactly
like the two British Jays. So, in all probability, some birds
migrate from England to Holland, and maybe go farther
still. The same has been proved, by means of ringing, for
other species, e. g., the Redbreast.
Some time ago I received for examination, by the courtesy
of Count Gyldenstolpe, four Jays from the Natural
History Museum at Stockholm. These birds were col-
lected near Uppsala (east Sweden) between 23 October
and 23 January, and are all undoubted G. g. glandarius,
although collected during the winter. Count Gyldenstolpe
at the same time informed me that the Museum un-
fortunately does not possess any obtained during the
breeding-season, but that there are some mounted birds
1919. | the Jays of Holland. 627
which were shot at the end of April. In these birds the
backs are “light brownish drab” (Ridgway), though slightly
washed or tinged with reddish vinous.
The four Swedish birds have all dark undersides, and on
three of them I find an indistinct blackish shade on the
throat. They differ a little inter se in the colouring of the
back, but all of them are much darker than my British
specimens. One of the Swedish birds is the exact counter-
part of the beautiful grey bird shot by myself and mentioned
above.
So, to my mind, it may be taken as proved that in the
autumn, British as well as north-eastern Jays migrate to
Holland; but which is the breeding-form in our country ?
I myself possess only two young birds of the year, collected
by myself in July and August, and these are, so far as can
be seen in such immature specimens, decidedly red-backs.
I examined a few old Jays in rather worn plumage shot by
a friend of mine in the breeding-season. ‘They too resemble
much more the English than the Swedish birds, but they
are too few in number to judge about the breeding-form
generally. I suspect that very likely an intermediate form
between G. y. glandarius and G. g. rufitergum may ulti-
mately be shown to breed in Holland. In order to decide
this, however, more summer material must be forthcoming.
Heavily-striped heads no more than sparsely-striped ones
are signs of maturity or youth. J have found both in very
young birds of the year, and the black stripes vary indi-
vidually. ‘The same seems to be the case with the transverse
bands on the basal part of the tail-feathers. 1 have in
my possession birds with entirely black tails, others with
a grey shade on the basal part nearest the body, and others
again with more or less distinct greyish-blue transverse
bands. Not two of my birds are alike in this respect.
These bluish bars sometimes even extend over the greater
part of the tail, leaving only a broad terminal band black.
My two young birds of the year show the bars quite
distinctly.
It is, of course, a well-known fact that the intensity of
628 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
the blue colour on the wing-coverts is lable to considerable
variation. Sometimes the transverse bars are blue and
black; in other birds white, blue, and black, and | find
that when the latter is the case, the pattern of the whole is
changed, the black bars being more apart. Now and then,
but as it seems rarely, tiny white spots can be detected at
the end of some of the coverts.
XXXI.—A List of the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
based on the Collections of Mr. A. L. Butler, Mr. A.
Chapman and Capt. H. Lynes, R.N., and Major Cuth-
beri Chrisiy, R.A.M.C. (T.F.). Part III. Pirema—
NAGITTARLIDA. By W. ii Sctater, M.B:O.U:, and
C. MackwortH-Prarp, M.B.O.U. *
(Plate XIX.)
Tuts, the third portion of the Birds of the Sudan, contains
the Picarian and Accipitrine birds, and we trust that the
next part will complete this somewhat lengthy paper.
In working out this part we have found Mr. Claude
Grant’s unfinished account of the birds of the Cosens
collection from British East Africa (Ibis, 1915, pp. 1-76,
235-3816, 400-473) most useful, as he paid special attention
to the racial forms of many of the species met with, and
we have very frequently referred to his work. We hope
that he may soon return to this country and complete his
task which was interrupted by military duty.
For the convenience of readers we have reprinted the
map of the Sudan, published in the first portion of our
paper. |
As before, the names of the Provinces into which the
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is divided for administrative purposes
have been added to the localities cited. These have been
abbreviated as follows :—
Ber. = Berber Province, R.S. = Red Sea Province, Kas.=
* Continued from Ibis, 1918, p. 721.
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1919.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 629
Kassala, Sen. =Sennar, B.N.=Blue Nile, Kh.= Khartoum
Province, Kor.=Kordofan Province, W.N. = White Nile
Province, U.N. = Upper Nile Province, B.G. = Bahr el
Ghazal, Mon. = Mongalla Province, and L.E. = Lado
Enclave.
There are no new subspecies described in the present
part.
Family Prcipa.
Campethera nubica nubica.
Picus nubicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 439:
Nubia.
Dendromus nubicus (Gm.); Reichenow, V. A. i. p. 178.
Campothera nubica (Gm.); Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 358,
1909, p. 401.
[B. coll.}] 1 Khor Arbat May, R.S.; 5 Roseires Apl.
June Aug. Sept., 1 Gerif Apl. Sen.; 1 Sherif Yakub
Apl., 1 Ein el Lueiga May, B.N.; 1 Jebel Melbis
Apl. Kor. ; 1 Jebel Ahmed Agha Feb., 1 Bahr el
Zeraf June, U.N. ; 1 Gigging, Mon.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 2 Kosti Jan. W.N. ;
l nr. Lake No Feb. U.N.
[Gurney coll.].. 1 Metemma Feb. Ber.
Widely distributed throughout the Sudan from north of
Khartoum to Uganda and from the Red Sea to Kordofan
(CAS ae oe
Campethera punctata balia.
Picus balius Heuglin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. 1. 1871, p. 810:
Djur and Bongo river, B.G.
Dendromus balius (Heugl.) ; Reichenow, V. A. 11. p. 182.
Campothera nubica apud Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 248.
[B. coll.] 1 Chak Chak Feb. B.G.
[Chr. Goll.] 2 Mt. Baginzi Mch., i Wau, B.G.
With this subspecies Dendromus hargitti Sharpe (Lbis,
1902, p. 638: Semmio, Niam-Niam), the type of which is
in the British Museum, is synonymous,
SER. XI.—VOL, I, 2Y
630 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Campethera abingoni chrysurus.
Dendromus chrysurus Swainson, Birds W. Afr. 11. 1837,
p. 158: Senegal ; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 173.
Dendromus abingoni chrysurus Neum. Bull. B. O. C. xxi.
1908, p. 96.
Kehr: icolli|)5 2 Meridi Feb. B.G.
This bird closely resembles those taken on the Bamingi
and Shari rivers by Alexander, and alluded to by Neumann.
It has not hitherto been recorded from the Sudan or the
Nile valley.
Dendropicos lafresnayi lepidus.
Ipoctonus lepidus Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. pt. 2, 1863,
p. 118: Abyssinia.
Dendropicos lafresnayi lepidus Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915,
p. 462.
[ B. coll.] 2 Sheik Tombé, summer, Mon. ; 1 Lado Feb.
L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Yambio Mch. B.G.
We have followed Claude Grant in his revision of this
group. ‘This form is only found in the Mongalla Province,
the Lado enclave, and the Bahr el Ghazal, and ranges to Abys-
sinia, German East Africa, and the eastern Belgian Congo.
Dendropicos pecilolemus.
Dendropicos pacilolemus Reichw. O. M. 1893, p. 30:
Songa west of Lake Albert ; id. V. A. 11. p. 196.
|B. coll.] 2 Kajo Kaji Mch. LE.
(Chr. coll.] 2 Meridi Jan. Feb. B.G.
This little Woodpecker with a spotted breast is known
from Uganda and the upper Welle valley, but does not
appear to have been hitherto recorded from the Sudan.
It is probable that Picus minulus recorded by Des Murs
(Lefebvre’s ‘ Voyage en Abyssinie,’ vi. 1845, p. 176*, and
Reichw. V. A. iit. p. 199 uuder Dendropicus minutus) as
having been obtained on the White Nile by M. d’Arnaud
really referred to this species,
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 631
Thripias namaquus schoénsis.
Picus schoensis Ruappell, Mus. Senck. i. 1842, p. 120:
Shoa.
Mesopicus schoensis (Riipp.) ; Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 191.
Campothera shoensis (Riipp.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 247.
{B. coll.] 1 Khor Gitti Jan. B.G.
Yungipicus obsoletus obsoletus.
Picus obsoletus Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 510: Senegambia.
Dendropicos obsoletus (Wagl.) ; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 199.
Tyngipicus obsoletus (Wagl.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 358,
1908, p. 248.
[B. coll.] 2 Roseires Ap]. Aug., 1 Rahad river May,
Sen.: 1 Kaka Feb., 1 Bahr el Zeraf June, U.N. ;
1 Katta Jan., 1 Chak Chak Feb. B.G.; 2 Sheik
Tombé, Mon.
[C. & L. coll.] | 1 nr. Sennar Jan., 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen.;
1 Jebelein Jan. W.N.: 1 Jebel Ahmed Agha Jan.,
3 Tonga Feb. U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yei Nov. L.E.
Some of these birds, especially those from the Bahr el
Ghazal and Lado, are slightly darker than the typical race
and approach Y. 0. ringens Hartert from British East Africa.
Yungipicus obsoletus heuglini.
Tyngipicus obsoletus heuglini Neumann, J. f. O. 1904,
p. 402: Eritrea.
Tyngipicus obsoletus apud Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 401.
[B. coll.] 1 Khor Arbat May, RS.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Sinkat Mch. B.S.
Distinguished from the typical race by the small amount
of the white on the wing-coverts. This bird is apparently
new to the British Museum collection.
Mesopicos goerte poicephalus.
Dendrobates poicephalus Swainson, Birds W. Afr. 11. 1837,
p.. 154" W. Africa.
Mesopicos goerte poicephalus (Swains.) ; Reichw. V. A. ii.
p. 186,
2¥2
632 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[ This,
Mesopicus paeocephalus (Swains.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1908,
p. 248.
[B. coll.] .1 Shendi May, Ber. ; 1 nr. Renk Feb. U.N. ;
1 Gardain Jan., 1 Pongo Feb., 1 Chak Chak Feb.,
1 Wau Apl. B.G.; 3 Mongalla Jan. July, 1 Sheik
Tombé May, 1 Kenisa, 2 Gigging, 2 Shambe Jan.
Mon. ; 1 Lado Feb. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Jebel Ahmed Agha Jan, U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 8 Meridi Jan., 1 Yambio Mch., 1 Wau
July-Aug. B.G.; 1 Yei Dec. L.E.
[Gurney coll.] 1 Meroé Jan. Ber.
Mesopicos goerte abessinicus.
Mesopicos goert# abessinicus Reichw. O. M. 1900, p. 58 :
Abyssinia; id. V. A. 11. p. 187.
[B. coll.] 2 Roseires July, Aug. Sen.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec., 1 Senga Dec. Sen.
Owing to the large amount of material, notably from the
Sudan, which has come into the Museum since Claude Grant
reviewed this group (Ibis, 1915, pp. 467-470), we think it
advisable to do so again. As we now have specimens of
M. g. abessinicus Reichw., the connecting link between
M. goerte (S. Mill.) and M. spodocephalus (Bp.), it
becomes clear that all are best treated as subspecies of
M. goerte.
We recognize the following races :-—
1. M. c. corrra# (S. Miull.).
Underside distinctly yellowish ; throat pale grey;
centre of abdomen orange.
Range. Senegal.
2. M. G. PorcePHALUsS (Swains.).
Underside greyer, not so yellow, throat somewhat
darker grey, otherwise similar to M. g, goerte;
centre of abdomen orange-red.
Range. Gambia to the mouth of the Congo on the west,
east to the Nile valley.
1919.) the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 633
This species was described by Swainson from West Africa
without definite locality, nor is there anything in the descrip-
tion to show that he was describing the Gambian and Gold
Coast bird rather than the one from Senegal. Still, as
Reichenow (O. M. 1900, p. 58) has assigned Swainson’s
name to the Gambia race, we may leave it at that.
M. g. kénigi (Neumann, O. M. 1913, p. 181: Mutmir,
Berber Province) is, if distinct, which we cannot with our
present material determine, confined to the Berber Province.
We have three examples—one from Shendi in the Butler
collection, one from Nakheila (C. N. Rothschild coll.), and
one from Meroé (Gurney coll.)—which are undoubtedly
somewhat paler than the birds from the upper Nile valley,
but they are all in worn plumage.
3. M. ge. cenrrauis Reichw.
Underside darker and washed with greenish on the
flanks; throat and chest still darker grey.
Range. Uganda and Niam Niam country.
4. M.-G. apessinicus Reichw.
At once distinguished by the greater amount of red
in the centre of the abdomen ; underside also more
barred and washed with greenish yellow.
Range. North Abyssinia and Blue Nile.
5. M. &. spopocEPHALus (Bp.).
Darker grey below and with yet more red on the
abdomen, but still with a pronounced greenish wash
on the flanks.
Range. South Abyssinia.
6. M. G. raoprocaster F'schr. & Reichw.
Like the last race, but clear grey below with no
greenish wash.
Range. British East Africa.
A single bird in the British Museum, said to be from
Nairobi, collected by Percival is undoubtedly the Abyssinian
form. We cannot explain this until a larger series from
the intervening country is available.
634 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on | Ibis,
Iynx torquilla torquilla.
Tyna torquilla torquilla (Linn.) ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p- 988; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 358.
[B. coll.] 2 Erkowit Mch. Apl. R.S.; 1 nr. Renk Jan.
U.N.; 1 Chak Chak Feb. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
(Chr. coll] 1 Yer Nov. L-E:
Widely distributed in winter, but not abundant (4. LZ. B.).
Iynx ruficollis pulchricollis.
Iynx pulchricolis Hartlaub, Ibis, 1884, p. 28, pl. im. :
Babira, east of the Bahr el Gebel. (In the Mongalla
Province of the Sudan or possibly in the Nile Province
of Uganda.)
This bird is known only from the pair originally obtained
by Emin and described by Hartlaub. It is not represented
in the Museum collection. It is distinguished by the black
and white banding on the chin and throat.
Family Capironip”.
Pogonorhynchus rolleti.
Pogonias rolleti De Filippi, Rev. Mag. Zool. 18538, p. 290:
Upper White Nile.
Pogonorhynchus rollett (Fil.) ; Reichw. V. A. iu. p. 117.
Erythrobucco rolleti (Fil.); Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 246,
1909, p. 87.
[B. coll.] 1 Buval Jan., 3 Chak Chak Feb., 1 Pongo
river Mch., 1 Dud Majok Mch., 1 Kojali Mch.,
1 Wau Apl. B.G.; 2 Rejaf Feb. Apl. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Mt. Baginzi Mch., 6 Wau July Aug.
B.G.
This handsome bird ranges from the valley of the upper
White Nile westwards to the upper Shari, where it was
obtained by Alexander at Bunda near Fort Archambault in
July 1905.
1919.| the Birds of the Anylo-Egyptian Sudan. 635
Lybius bidentatus equatorialis.
Melanobucco e@quatorialis Shelley, Ibis, 1889, p. 476:
Hparo.
Lybius equatorialis (Shell.); Reichw. V. A. i. p. 119.
[Chr. coll.} 4 Meridi. Jan., 2 Mt. Baginzi Mch.,
2 Yambio Mch. B.G.
This subspecies takes the place of the West African
L. b. bidentatus from the Shari river eastwards to Mau and
southern Abyssinia, but it does net seem to have been met
with by Butler though mentioued by Heuglin as rare on the
upper Nile.
Neumann (Bull. B. O. C. xxii. 1908, p. 29) separates the
southern Ethiopian form as L. 6. ethiops on account of its
slightly smaller size, but there appears to be a good deal of
variation in this respect, and there is hardly any ground for
recognizing it as distinct. The wings of the Christy birds
vary from 95 to 105 mm.
Lybius leucocephalus.
Laimodon leucocephalus De Filippi, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1853,
p. 291: White Nile.
Lybius leucocephalus (Fil.); Reichw. V. A. ui. p. 121 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 246, 1909, p. 87.
[B. coll.] 1 Menyah Jan., 2 Gardain Jan., 1 Ayem
Jau., 2 Doleiba May, B.G.; 1 Kajo Kaji Mch. L.E.
(Chr. coll.] 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch., 3 Wau July—Aug.
B.G. ; & Yer Nov. Dec. 1.5.
Claude Grant suggests in ‘The Ibis,’ 1915, p. 438, that
this bird may be the young of L. senex. This we cannot
agree with, as no specimens of L. senex are known from the
main range of L. leucocephalus. No doubt they are closeiy
related and were developed from a comimon stock, but we
cannot admit their identity or even that they are subspecies
of the same bird at the present time. One of the birds
collected by Christy at Wau has considerably more white on
the belly than the others, thus showing a tendency to
L. senex, which is possibly the ancestral form.
636 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Lybius tridactylus.
Loxia tridactyla Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 866;
Abyssinia.
Lybius tridactylus (Gm.) ; Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 124.
Lybius abyssinicus (hath.) ; Eutler, Ibis, 1908, p. 246,
1909, p. 88.
[B. coll.] 4 Roseires Apl. July Aug., 1 Jebel Fazogli
May, Sen.; 1 Ardebba Jan. B.G.; 1 Mongalla, 3 Bor
May, 1 Kenisa May, 3 Sheik Tombé Jan. May,
4 Gigging Oct. Mon.
[Chr. coll.| 4 Yei Nov. Dec. L.E.
We agree with Grant (Ibis, 1915, p. 438) in not recog-
nizing L. ¢. ugande Berger (O. M. 1907, p. 201: Nimule,
Mon.). Our birds do not differ appreciably from the Abys-
sinian typical form.
Lybius vieilloti vieilloti.
Pogonias vieilloti Leach, Zool. Mise. 11. 1815, pl. 97.
Atrica—probably Abyssinia.
Melanobucco vieilloti (Leach) ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 358.
Lybius vieilloti (Leach) ; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 246, 1909,
p. 88.
[B. coll.] 5 Roseires Apl. July Aug. Sept. Sen.; 1 El
Ein Mch. Kor.; 1 Kaka Feb., 1 Jebel Ahmed Aigha
Jan. U.N.; 1 Gardain Moyen Jan., 1 Chak Chak
Feb., 2 Raffali Feb. Mch., 1 Wau Apl. B.G.
[C. & L. coli.] 5 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 3 Jebel Ahmed
Agha Mch. U.N.
(Chr. coll.] 5 Wau July Aug. B.G.
Ogilvie-Grant pointed out (Ibis, 1902, p. 426) that the
West African race of this bird had considerably more red
on the underparts and breast than Abyssinian and Sudanese
examples, and could be distinguished under the name
L. v. rubescens (Temm.). We follow him also in believing
that Leach’s type came from Abyssinia.
Tricholema diademata diademata.
Pogovorhynchus diadematus Heuglin, Lbis, 1861, p. 126,
pl. 5. fig. 3: West of Bahr el Abiad, between 7° and 8° N.
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 637
Tricholema diadematum Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 135.
Tricholema diademata diademata Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915,
p. 441.
[B. coll.] 8 Mongalla Jan. and summer; 1 Lado Feb.
L.E.
Apparently not a common bird in the Sudan. Its range
extends to southern Abyssinia and British Kast Africa, where
it intergrades with 7. d. massaica.
Tricholema melanocephala melanocephala.
Pogonias melanocephala Cretzschmar in Riippell’s Atlas,
1826, p. 41, pl. 28: Kordofan.
This species, said to have been obtained by Riippell in
Kordofan and Sennar, is not represented by Sudanese
examples in the Museum, nor has it been met with by
Butler. There is a good series of Abyssinian specimens
in the National collection. Possibly Riippell’s birds really
came from Abyssinia.
Pogoniulus chrysoconus schubotzi.
Barbatula chrysocoma schubotzi Reichw. O. M. 1912, p. 28:
Ft. Archambault, Shari River.
Barbatula chrysocoma apud Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 247,
1909; p. oo:
Pogoniulus chrysoconus schubotzi (Reichw.) ; Claude Grant,
Ibis, 1915, p. 446.
[B. coll.] 1 Makwak, 1 Buval Jan., 1 Chak Chak Feb.,
1 Meshra el Rek May, B.G.
We agree with Claude Grant’s revision of this group
(Ibis, 1915, pp. 444-447) except that the material before
us now extends the range of P. c. schubotzi to the Bahr el
Ghazal and confines that of P. c. zedlitzi to the lower
White and Blue Niles, if not to Sennar alone. The
specimens from the Ubangi river, which Grant referred to
the typical form, are, we believe, not that form but
P. c. centralis.
Of the Sudanese forms, P. c. zedlitzi is distinguished
from P. ¢. schubotzi by its slightly paler yellow underside
638 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
and distinctly yellower back, the edges of the hght-coloured
feathers of the mantle being bright yellow and not white.
Dr. Otto von Wettstein has also described a race from
Kordofan (Anz. k. Akad. Wien, 1916, no. 13, p. Edt)
which from the description does not appear to differ from
P.c. schubotzi; but we have no examples from that region,
and it may be quite a valid subspecies.
Pogoniulus chrysoconus zedlitzi.
Barbatula chrysocoma zedlit Neum. Bull. B. O. C. xxii.
1909, p. 30: Sennar.
Pogoniulus chrysoconus zedliitzi Claude Graut, Ibis, 1915,
p. 446.
[B. coll.] 1 Roseires July, 1 Abu Shogal Apl. Sen.
[C. & L. coll.] | 1 nr. Sennar, 4 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
Pogoniulus pusillus uropygialis.
Barbatula uropygialis Heuglin, J. f. O. 1862, p. 37:
Ain Saba, Eritraea; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 152.
This bird is recorded by Heuglin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 762)
' from Khartoum and the Blue Nile. We have seen no
Sudanese examples of this bird, and Mr. Butler never met
with it. It is distinguished from the P. chrysoconus group
by its red forehead and more reddish rump, and is repre-
sented in the Museum by specimens from Abyssinia and
Somaliland.
Trachyphonus margaritatus margaritatus.
Bucco margaritatus Cretzschmar, Atlas, 1826, p. 30, pl. 20:
Sennar.
Trachyphonus margaritatus Reichw. V. A. u. p. 156;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 358, 1908, p. 247, 1909, p. 401.
[B.coll.} 2 Erkowit Mch., 1 Talgwareb Apl., 1 Kamob-
sana Mch., | Khor Arbat May, R.S.; 3 nr. Fatasha
Jan. & Feb. Kh.; 1 Setit River May, Kas.
(C. & L. coll.] 2 Port Sudan Dec., 2 Erkowit Apl.,
1 Sinkat Meh. R.S.; 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
The three specimens from Fatasha in the Butler collection
are markedly more orange on the breast and back of the
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 639
neck than the other examples. Lake Chad examples,
however, collected by Boyd Alexander, appear to be quite
typical. Zedlitz, O. M. 1910, p. 57, has separated the
Somaliland birds by their paler underside as 7. m. somalicus,
and this is borne out by the series in the Museum.
Trachyphonus darnaudii darnaudil.
Micropodon darnaudii Des Murs in Lefebvre, Abyss. 1850,
p. 1383: Kordofan.
Trachyphonus arnaudi Reichw. V. A. uu. p. 157; Butler,
Ibis, 1908, p 247.
[B. coll.] 11 Bor Jan. May, July, Aug. Sept. Mon.
We have no examples from anywhere near the type-
locality, so we can only follow Dr. Reichenow in believing
southern specimens to be identical with those from Kordofan.
Family InpicaTorip”.
Indicator indicator.
Cuculus indicator Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1. pt. 1, 1788, p. 418:
South Africa.
Indicator imdicator (Gm.) and Indicator major Steph. ;
Reichw. V. A. u. pp. 104, 106.
Indicator sparrmant Steph. ; Butler, lbis, 1905, p. 357,
1908, p. 245, 1909, p. 87.
[B. coll.] 1 Roseires Aug. Sen. ; 1 Wau Jan., 3 Pongo R.
Feb., 1 Kojali Mch. B.G.; 2 Mongalla Jan. July ;
1 Lado Feb., 2 Rejaf, Jan. Apl. L.E.
(Chr. coll.} | 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G. ; 3 Yei Sept. L.E.
We follow Claude Grant (Ibis, 1915, p. 430) in regarding
I. indicator and 1, major as merely plumage phases of the
same bird and also in not recognizing any racial forms of
this species.
Indicator minor diadematus.
Indicator diadematus RKuppell, N. Wirbelt. 1835, p. 61:
Abyssinia.
Indicator minor diadematus Riipp.; C. Grant, Ibis, 1915,
p. 432.
Indicator minor apud Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 87.
§4) Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[ Ibis,
[B. coll.] 2 Roseires Apl. July, Sen.; 3 Mongalla
summer, 2 Kenisa summer, 1 Shamba Dec. Mon.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 nr. Lake No
Mch. U.N.
We follow Claude Grant in referring these birds to
Riippell’s diadematus, from which we believe, notwith-
standing what Zedlitz (J. f. O. 1915, p. 11) states, Ogilvie-
Grant’s J, lovati cannot be distinguished.
Indicator exilis pygmeus.
Indicator pygmeus Reichw. Sitzb. D. O. G. 1891, p. 4;
id. J. f. O. 1892, p. 24: Bukoba; id. V. A. un. p. 112.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Tembura Apl. B.G.
This Honey-Guide exactly matches a series in the Museum
from Cameroon collected by Bates which have been identified
as I. exilis; from this last, however, they all differ in their
considerably larger size, the wing measuring in J. e. pyymeus
73-80 mm. as compared with 63-67 of the true exilis from
Gaboon.
This form combines the heavily-striped back of the evils
with the larger size of the minor group, and appears to form
a link between the two.
Prodotiscus regulus regulus.
Prodotiscus regulus Sundey. Citv. Ak. Forh. 1850, p. 109:
Natal; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 114.
[B. coll.] 3 south of Roseires, Apl. & May, Sen.
These birds appear to be indistinguishable from the
typical race of this species from southern and central Africa.
The wing-measurement in each case is 80 mm. Our birds
have the two outer pairs of tail-feathers, which are consider-
ably worn, pure white. It appears that these feathers, when
they first appear, are brown and wear to white. P.7. peasei
O.-Grant of southern Abyssinia, as pointed out by C. Grant
([bis, 1915, p. 437), only differs by its slightly larger size.
Feeds on the flowers of the ‘‘ Tartar” tree (Séerculia
cinerea), on which I always found it (A. L. B.).
1919.] the Birds of the Anglo-Lgyptian Sudan. 641
Family Cucu.ip2.
Clamator glandarius.
Cuculus glandarius Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 111: North Africa and South Europe.
Coccystes glandarius (Linn.); Reichw. V. A. i. p. 81;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 257, 1908, p. 245, 1909, p. 87.
Clamator giandarius (Linn.) ; Hartert, Vég. pal. Faun.
p. 955.
[B. coll.] 1 Erkowit Mch. 25, B.S. ; 1 Roseires July 16,
Sen. ; 1 Tawela June 24, U.N.; 1 Dud Majok Mech. 31,
1 nr. Rumbek Jan. 11, 2 Madal May 5, B.G.; 1 Kajo
Kaji Mch. 31, L.E.
[C. & L: coll.] 1 Erkowit Apl. 7, B.S.
From the dates given above it appears to be not unlikely
that the Great Spotted Cuckoo breeds in the Sudan, as it
certainly does in South Africa. The bird collected
by Butler at Erkowit is abnormally large, the wing
measuring 224 mm. against the usual 190 to 210. Another
bird in the British Museum from Suakim, collected by
Capt. Penton, measures 222, and a third, collected by
G. Blaine, but without locality, probably also from the
Sudan, attains to 225. Whether this indicates the existence
of a larger race breeding somewhere in Asia cannot at pre-
sent be settled, but it seems worth while drawing atteution
to the matter.
Clamator cafer.
Cuculus cafer A. Lichtenstein, Cat. rer. rar. Hamb. 1793,
p. 14: Kaffirland, 7. e. eastern Cape Colony.
Coccystes cafer (Licht.) ; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 76; Butler,
Ibis, 1909, p. 87.
[B. coll.] 1 Roseires Aug. 25, Sen.; 2 Tembura Mch. 3
B.G. ; 1 Mongalla ‘“‘ summer.”
(Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
)
Clamator jacobinus jacobinus.
Cuculus jacobinus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 53:
Coromandel coast of India, ex Daubenton,
642 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Lhis,
Coccystes jacobinus (Bodd.); Reichw. V. A. ii. p. 78 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 245.
[B. coll.] 1 Khartoum Aug.; 1 Malakal June, U.N;
2 Mongalla ‘“‘ summer,’ 1 Bor May, Mon.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Tembura Apl. B.G.
Hartert (Nov. Zool. xxi. 1915, p. 254) has recently
suggested that it might be possible to recognize the African
bird as distinct from that of India, in which case the name
of our bird should be Clamator jacobinus pica (Cuculus pica
Hempr. & Ehr. Symb. Phys. 1828, fol. r.: Ambukol in
Dongola).
We have measured the wings of the large series of Indian
and African birds in the British Museum, and our results
are almost exactly the same as those of Hartert, the African
birds averaging 154, the north Indian 149, the south Indian
144, and the Singalese 138. If these slight differences are
considered to be sufficient ground for doing so we must
recognize three or four races, but there is no other tangible
difference.
Butler states that this Cuckeo breeds near Khartoum, and
that he believes Argya acacie is the probable foster-parent.
Pachycoccyx validus.
Cuculus validus Reichw. Orn. Centralb. 1879, p. 139:
Muniuni, Tana river, B.E.A.
(Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio, 2 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
This remarkable Cuckoo is an addition to the Sudan
fauna. It was met with by Emin at Tingasi on the upper
Welle, but its occurrence in the Bahr el Ghazal extends its
range considerably farther northwards,
Cuculus canorus.
Cuculus canorus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 110:
Europe; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 356, 1908, p. 245, 1909, p, 87.
[B. coll.] 1 Roseires Sept. 13, Sen. ; 1 Gedaref Apl. 21,
Kas.; 5 Khartoum July 24-31 Apl. 19.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
Two of these Cuckoos have distinctly finer barring on the
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 643
underside than is usual in the European form, as also has
one collected by Hawker at Fashoda. This last is referred
by Hartert to C. c. telephonus, but as the type of that sub-
species came from Japan, we prefer not to commit ourselves
to any racial name at the moment. The dates of capture of
these specimens are of interest. It is surprising to record
European Cuckoos from Khartoum in July.
A common winter migrant; most pass through and go
farther south (4. LZ. B.).
Cuculus gularis.
Cuculus gularis Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. ix. 1815,
p. 83, pl. 17: Camdeboo, Cape Colony (ex Levaillant) ;
Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 91.
[B.coll.] 1 Fazogli May, Sen. ; 1 Mongalla July—Sept.,
2 Bahr el Zeraf June, Mon.
A widely-distributed resident (A. LZ. B.).
Cuculus solitarius.
Cuculus solitarius Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. ix. 1815,
p. 84: Caffraria (7. e. eastern Cape Colony) ex Levaillant.
[B. coll.] 1 south of Karia river Apl. 15, L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 3 Yambio Mch., 1 Tembura Apl. B.G.
Cuculus jacksoni.
Cuculus jacksonit Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xin. 1902, p. 7:
Toro, Uganda.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio Mch., 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
We have examined all the examples of the C, solitarius
group in the Museum, and we find that it is distributed all
over Africa from the Gold Coast and Abyssinia to Cape
Colony.
The forms known as C. gabonensis and C. jacksoni
apparently occupy thickly forested districts within the dis-
tribution area of C. solitarius and must, we think, at our
present state of knowledge, be regarded as distinct species.
Of C. jacksoni the Museum possesses the type from Toro,
a good series from the Mbira forest in Uganda (Seth- Smith),
an example from the slopes of Kenya (Delamere), and two
large series from N’Dalla Tando in northern Angola
644 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
(Ansorge), and the Charada forest in southern Abyssinia
(Zaphiro), which we are unable to distinguish from the
Uganda bird.
With regard to C. mabire (Someren, Bull. B. O. C. xxxv.
1915, p. 116), this species, of which we have examined the
type and two other examples at Tring, is as nearly as
possible intermediate between C. solitarius and C. gabonensis.
Of C. gabonensis we lave examples from Gaboon and
Cameroon (Bates). There is a good description of this form
in the Catalogue (vol. xix. p. 259), and it need not detain
us here. We cannot accept C. aurivillit Sjost. from Cameroon
as distinct from C. gabonensis, as the character of the absence
of the white spot of the tail is obviously a variable one.
The relationship of the solitarius group with C. clamosus,
the Black Cuckoo, which is also found all over Africa, is
very obscure, as is also the relationship of C. solitarius and
C. gabonensis. There appear to be a series of intermediate
forms (which has been called C. yacksont) between C. clamosus
and C. solitarius. here is also a series of intermediate
forms (called C. mabire) between C. gabonensis and C,
solitarius. It is possible that these may be regarded either
as three separate species intergrading in certain areas, or as
three species in process of evolution from one form within
those areas.
The type of C. mabire las practically no barring on
the underside, but we regard this as unusual, as the other
specimens are barred as in C. solitarius.
Chrysococcyx caprius.
Cuculus caprius Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enlum, 1788, p. 40 :
Cape of Good Hope.
[B. coll] 1 juv. nr. Gigging summer, Mon.
The Emerald Cuckoo is recorded from Fazogli by Heuglin,
but is evidently a rare bird in the Sudan, It is more
abundant in southern Abyssinia, and there is a good series
in the Museum from the Jimma and Kaffa districts collected
by Zaphiro.
We follow Claude Grant (Ibis, 1915, p. 417) in his
conclusions in regard to nomenclature.
1919. ] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 645
Chrysococcyx auratus.
_ Cuculus auratus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 421:
Cape of Good Hope.
Chrysococcyxr cupreus auct. ; Reichw. V.A.ii. p. 94; Butler,
Ibis, 1909, p. 87.
{B. coll.] 1 Tawela June, U.N. ; 3 Bahr el Zeraf June
12&14, 3 Gigging “summer,” 8 Mongalla “summer,”
Mon. ; | Meshra el Rek May 10, B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Tembura Apl. B.@.; 1 Yei Dec. L.E.
Claude Grant has shown (Ibis, 1915, p. 417) that the
name C. cupreus Bodd. is non-existent, and we must there-
fore adopt Gmelin’s name for this species.
Chrysococcyx klaasi.
Cuculus klaasi Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. ix. 1815,
p. 128: Cape Colony (ex Levaillant).
Chrysococcyx klaasi (Steph.) ; Reichw. V. A. ii. p. 98;
Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 245.
[‘B. coll.] 10 Roseires Apl. 18-27 May 11 July 10
Aug. 1-80 Sept. 5-21, 1 Famaka May 3, Sen.;
2 Katta Jan. 31, B.G.
[Chr. coll.} 3 Meridi Jan. & Feb., 1 Wau July—Aug.
B.G.
Centropus grillii.
Centropus grilii Hartlaub, J. f. O. 1861, p. 13: Gaboon.
Centropus nigrorufus (nec Cuv.) Reichw. V. A. ii. p. 70.
[B. coll.] 1 Bahr el Zeraf June, U.N.
Claude Grant in ‘ The Ibis’ for 1915, p. 419, gives reasons
for not accepting Cuvier’s name for this species, and also
discusses the races of it. As, however, we have no material
from the type-locality, we prefer not to commit ourselves to
any subspecific name. As compared with Nyasaland birds,
which Neumann pronounced as identical with the typical
race, our specimen shows a somewhat bluer metallic sheen
on the head, but this is not so pronounced as in Claude
Grant’s description of C. g. ceruleiceps. We know of no
previous record from the Sudan,
SER. Si. VOU. 1. 2%
646 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [Ibis,
Centropus monachus fischeri.
Centropus fischeri Reichw. J. f. O. 1887, p.57: Niakatschi,
N.E. Victoria Nyanza ; id. V. A. ii. p. 64.
Centropus monachus apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 356,
1908, p. 245.
[ B. coll.] 1 Jebel Ahmed Agha May, 1 Lake No Feb.,
1 Abu Kika May, U.N.; 1 Bor ‘ summer,” Mon.
[C.& L.coll.}| i Jebel Ahmed Agha Jan., 1 Tonga Feb.,
2 White Nile lat. 12° N. Jan., 1 White Nile lat. 93° N.
long. 31° E. Feb. U.N.
[ Chr. coll.] 1 Tembura Apl., 1 Meridi Jan. Ber.
We have followed Claude Grant’s revision of the races of
this species (Lbis, 1915, p. 421) and consider Centropus
heuglini Neum. Verh. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. 1910, 1911,
p- 504, pl.i., from the Bahr el Ghazal, to be identical with
this race.
For some reason the birds collected by Messrs. Chapman
and Lynes are quite noticeably darker than either the
Christy or Butler specimens, though collected at the same
time of year, and in some cases in the same localities.
The stomach of one of these specimens is stated to have
contained a large Reed-Warbler, probably one shot by
Capt. Lynes half an hour before, and this is said to be a not
uncommon trick of these birds. ji
Centropus senegalensis senegalensis.
Cuculus senegalensis Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766,
p. 169: Senegal.
Centropus senegalensis (Linn.) ; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 58.
Centropus monachus nec Riipp. ; Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 87.
[B. coll.] 1 east of Rumbek Jan. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.j 1 Mouth of Zeraf river Feb. U.N.
[Chr. coll.| 38 Meridi Jan., 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
This species has also been reviewed by Claude Grant
(Ibis, 1915, p. 423), and we agree with his revision from the
present material at our disposal. In the J. f. O. 1915,
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Eyyptian Sudan. 647
p. 124, Reichenow describes another race from Lake Chad
under the name of C. s. tschadensis. We have only one
specimen from that exact locality, and so we cannot say
whether or not the differences he points out are constant,
but if they are, it is a very local race, as specimens from the
Niger as well as the Shari and Welle are certainly the
typical race.
C. senegalensis is not unlike C. m. fischeri, but may always
be distinguished by its dull green and not blue head and
nape.
Centropus superciliosus superciliosus.
_Centropus superciliosus Hempr. & Ehr. Symb. Phys. 1828,
folo: S: Arabia; Reichw. Vi. A. 1. p. 69 >> Butler; Ibis,
1905, p. 357.
Centropus superciliosus supercitiosus Hempr. & Ehr. ;
Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 424.
[B.coll.] 1 Hilafun Jan. B.N,; 1 Roseires July, 1 Sowleit
Apl. Sen.; ] north of Khartoum; 1 Renk Jan.,U.N.;
1 Rejaf Feb. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Sennar Jan., 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen. ;
1 White Nile lat. 102°N., U.N.
Ceuthmochares xreus intermedius.
Ceuthmoghares intermedius Sharpe, J. Linn. Soc. London,
xvi. 1884, p. 432 : Semmio, Niam Niam Country.
Ceuthmochares ereus intermedius Reichw. V. A. i. p. 74.
[Chr. coll.j] 1 Meridi Jan., 1 Tembura Apl., 3 Yambio
Mch. B.G.
This race is distinguished from typical C. @. ereus from
the Congo by its greener and less blue back, but we confess
that it is with some hesitation that we keep the two races
separate. Our birds are still more green than the type of
the subspecies from Semmio. This bird does not appear to
have been previously recorded from the Sudan, though not
uncommon in Uganda and on the upper Welle.
222
648 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [Ibis,
Family MusopHacip”.
Turacus leucolophas.
Corythaix leucolophus Heuglin, J. f. O. 1855, p. 65: Bahr
el Abiad, 7. e. Upper White Nile.
Turacus leucolophus (Heug].) ; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 244,
1909, p. 86. 3
|B. coll.] 3 Katta Jan., 1 Pongo river Feb., 2 Chak Chak
Feb., 2 Kojali Feb. Mch., 3 Tembura Mch. B.G.;
2 Kajo Kaji Mch. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 8 Meridi Jan. Feb. B.G@.; 1 Yei Dec. L.E.
Turacus leucotis.
Corythaiz leucotis Riippell, N. Wirbelt. 1835, p. 8, pl. 3:
Abyssinia,
The Abyssinian Plantain-eater is recorded by Heuglin
from Fazogl, and there is a specimen in the British Museum
labelled “ White Nile,’ but the latter is of doubtful
authenticity.
Butler states: ‘ Probably works down the Blue Nile from
Abyssinia to Fazogli in the rains. I never met with it.”
Musophaga violacea ross 2.
Musophaga rosse Gould, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 93: Loanda
(see C. Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 413); Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 29.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
This species has not previously been met with in the
Bahr el Ghazal, though known from Semmio (Bohndorf). It
ranges through Uganda and Belgian Congo to Cameroon
and Angola.
Chizerhis zonurus.
Chizerhis zonurus Riippell, N. Wirbelt. 1835, p. 9, pl. 4:
Temben, Abyssinia.
Schizorhis zonurus Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 356, 1908, p. 244,
1909p S87.
[B. coll.] 1 Gallabat Apl. Kas.; 1 Pongo river Feb.,
1 Tonj river Jan., 4 Tembura Mch. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 4 Meridi Jan., 3 Yambio Mch. B.G.
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 649
This Plantain-eater appears to us to be sufficiently distinct
from the West African form to merit specific distinction.
Family Troconip#&.
Apaloderma narina narina.
Trogon narina Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. ix. 1815,
p. 14: Knysna.
Apaloderma narina narina (Steph.); ©. Grant, Ibis, 1915,
p. 406.
[B.coll.] 3 Roseires July Sept. Sen.
A rare bird found at Roseires in the rainy season and
also observed at Kajo Kaji, L.E. (A. LZ. B.) ; Heuglin
records it from Fazogli, Sen.
Family CoLip#.
Colius striatus leucotis.
Colius leucotis Riippell, Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 42, pl. 2:
Tamben, N. Abyssinia; Reichw. V. A. ii. p. 204 part ;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 356.
[B. coll.] 1 Setit river May, Kas.; 2 Roseires Aug. &
Sept. Sen.
This race is confined to northern Abyssinia. Eritrea, and
the adjacent part of the Sudan.
Colius striatus erlangeri.
Colius striatus erlangeri Zedlitz, O. M. 1910, p. 58, aud
St OFLIT0N p2 706, pl. 10); Adis Ababa:
Colius striatus jebelensis Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xlvin. 1915, p. 394: Gondokoro.
[ B. coll.] 3 Abu Kika May, 3 Mongalla, 2 Bor, 1 Shambe
“ summer,’ Mon.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Yei Nov. L.E.
We cannot agree with Claude Grant in his review of the
races of this species in ‘ The Ibis,’ 1915, p. 402. We consider
that on our present material we must admit the validity of both
this race from south-western Abyssinia, and of C. s. hilgerti
from central and eastern Abyssinia. The present race differs
650 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
from C. s. leucotis from northern Abyssinia by its darker
throat, more sharply defined white ear-coverts, and finer
barring of the mantle, whereas C. s. hilgerti is still darker
than C. s.erlangeri. The plate in the J. f. O. 1910, though
not perhaps as accurate as might be wished, nevertheless
gives a very fair idea of the differences between the three
forms. With regard to C. s. jebelensis Mearns, from
Gondokoro, we cannot ourselves make out any distinction
between it and C. s. erlangeri Zedl. ;
Mearns does not in his description compare the two forms
though he mentions the plate in the J. f.O. Our present
good series from the upper Nile agrees very well with the
figure of C. s. erlangeri there depicted, and we can find
nothing in Mearns’ description incompatible with that of
Zedlitz. We must therefore consider Mearns’ name as a
synonym. The race differs from C. s. niyricollis, as we
have indicated under that species.
Colius striatus nigricollis.
Colius nigricollis Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d Hist. Nat. vin. 1817,
p. 878: Malimbe, Congo; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 2038.
Colius leucotis nec Riipp., Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 86.
[B. coll.] 2 Kojali Feb. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Meridi Feb., 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
This is an extension of the known range of this race: it is
found through Portuguese and French Congo to Cameroon,
and, like many other species, enters our limits by way of the
Welle valley. Its distinction from the upper Nile race,
C. s. erlangeri, is obvious at a glance, owing to the much
deeper and greater extent of black on the throat, the heavier
barring of the chest, and the complete lack of white on the
ear-coverts.
Colius macrourus macrourus.
Lanius macrourus Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 134:
Senegal.
Colius macrourus (Linn.); Reichw. V. A. i. p. 210;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 356, 1908, p. 243.
1919.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 651
[B. coll.] 1 Jebel Kerbosh Mch. B.S.; 3 Khartoum
July, 1 Fatasha Jan. Kh. ; 5 Mongalla July—Sept.
[C.& L. coll.] 2 Sinkat Mch. B.S. ; 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen. ;
1 White Nile lat. 11° N. Jan. U.N.
[Gurney coll.] 1 Meroé Feb. Ber.
We have no hesitation in assigning all the birds from the
Sudan to the typical race. There is one example from the
Baro river in the Museum, collected by Zaphiro, which is
quite remarkably dark below and blue above. This led
Claude Grant (Ibis, 1915, p. 406) to suppose that the darker
Kast African race, C. m. pulcher Neum., extended north
into the Sudan up to the Baro river. Our birds from
Mongalla, however, show that this is not the case, and
probably the boundary between C. m. macrourus and C. m.
pulcher is somewhere about Lake Albert, though one from
Lado is somewhat intermediate. In Abyssinia C. m.syntactus
is stated by Claude Grant to be identical with C. m.
macrourus.
Family Microropip2:
Micropus apus apus.
Mirundo apus* Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 192:
Kurope, restricted type-locality Sweden.
Apus apus apus (Linn.) ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 836.
Cypselus apus (Linn.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 344.
[B. coll.] 1 Kaka June 3, U.N.
Micropus apus kollibayi ?
Apus apus kollibayt Vschusi, Orn. Jahrb. xin, 1902, p. 234:
Curzola L., Dalmatia; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 837.
[B. coll.] 2 Bahr el Jebel, 1 Lake No May 14 & 16,
U.N.
Of these four specimens of Swifts, three seem to belong to
the long-winged race which, according to Hartert, breeds in
southern Dalmatia and probably elsewhere in southern
Europe. ‘The wing-measurements of these three examples,
all males, are 184, 178, and 174 mm. The other specimen
which we refer to WM. a. apus has a wing of 165 mm, At
652 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
the same time we would point out that the dates of capture
of these birds are very remarkable if they were going to
breed in Kurope that year. We rather wonder therefore if
there is not a breeding race of Swift in the Sudan, corre-
sponding to the considerably smaller Abyssinian breeding
race, M,. a. shelleyi. It is probable also that tle browner
Asiatic race, M/. a. pekinensis, also passes through the Sudan
in winter, though the only record of its occurrence that we
can find is one mentioned by Hartert from Gondokoro,
Micropus apus shelleyi.
Cypselus shelleyt Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxix. 1888,
p. 227: Dembi, Shoa.
Apus shelleyi (Salvad.) ; Reichw. V. A. ii. p. 373.
Antinori is said to have obtained specimens of this small
Abyssinian race of Swift from Berber. He named it
C. dubius, but in his original description, Cat. coll. uecelli,
1864, p. 25, he says “equal in size to C. murarius”=M, a.
apus. We should require further confirmation therefore
before admitting it to the Sudanese list.’
Micropus melba melba. :
Hirundo melba Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 192:
Straits of Gibraltar. |
Apus melba melba Hartert, Vig. pal. Faun. p. 834.
[ B. coll.] 1 Kajo Kaji Mch. 27, L.E.
We are strongly inclined to assign this bird to the
European race and not to the African. If we are right, it
will then be the first record from what may be termed
“tropical”? Africa. The only constant differences we can
find between M. m. melba and JM. m. africana, is that the
latter is usually darker and has a broader breast-band and a
smaller extent of white on the throat. ‘lhe wing-measure-
meuts do not differ much. This specimen is a pale-coloured
bird with a narrow breast-band and a large amount of white
on the throat, and we can im no way distinguish it from
European examples. Wing 213 mm.
There is also in the Museum collection a bird from
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 653
Ruwenzori, collected by Blaine in February, wing 219 mm.
I J) oD >
which we are also inclined to assign to the present race.
Ruwenzori is the type-locality of M. m. maximus O.-Grant
’ J ;
but this is a very much larger and darker resident form.
oD
Micropus affinis.
Cypselus affinis Gray & Hardw. Ill. Ind. Zool. i. 1882,
pl. 35. fig. 2: India.
This species, which ranges throughout India and Africa,
must no doubt occur in the Sudan, and Heuglin records it
from eastern Sennar, but we are not certain as to whether
it is this species or M. horus that is referred to, since
Heuglin considered the latter a variety of I/. affinis.
Micropus horus.
Cypselus horus | Hartl. & Finsch in MSS.]; Salvad. &
Antin. Atti R. Accad. Torino, viii. 1872, p. 94: Wad
Medani, Blue Nile.
Apus horus (Salvad. & Antin.) ; Reichw. V. A. ii. p. 381.
[C.& L. ecoll.] . 1 Blue Nile, 20 miles above Sennar, Sen.
This specimen, a female of small size, wing 143 mm.,
against 153 given for the type by Salvadori, comes from
close to the type-locality, and is the first specimen received
by the Museum from the Sudan. This species is dis-
tinguished from Micropus caffer streubeli by the shortness
of its tail.
Micropus caffer streubeli.
Cypselus streubeli Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 418: Keren
(vide Heuglin, ibid. p. 422).
Apus streubeli (Hartl.) ; Reichw. V. A. i. p. 381.
Cypselus affinis nec Gray & Hardw., Butler, Ibis, 1905,
p. 342.
[B. coll.]| 1 Gedaref June, Kas. ; 1 Rejaf Apl. L.E.
Mr. Butler apparently did not distinguish between this
Swift and the true MW. affinis without a forked tail, so we
are unable to say anything of its distribution.
This form has a strongly forked tail, thus differing from
654 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
M. horus with a slightly forked tail and J. affinis without a
fork. M. c. streubeli differs from M. c. caffer only in its
slightly smaller dimensions.
Tachornis parvus parvus.
Cypselus parvus Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1825, p. 58: N.E.
Nubia.
Tachornis parvus (Licht.); Reichw. V. A. ii. p. 288;
Butler, [bis, 1905, p. 344, 1908, p. 239.
[ B. coll.] 2 Khartoum Apl.; 1 Malakal May, U.N.
[C. & li. coll.] 2 Jebel Ahmed Agha Jan. U.N.
Widely distributed wherever Dom or Doleib palms occur.
The two eggs are glued to the bottom of the nest, which can
be turned upside down without their falling out (A. Z. B.).
Family CaPRiMULGIDA.
Caprimulgus europeus europeus.
Caprimulgus europeus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p- 193: “ Habitat in Europa & America,” restricted type-
locality, Sweden; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 344.
Caprimulgus europeus europeus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 346.
[B. coll.] 3 Khartoum Sept. 9-Oct. 25.
Caprimulgus europeus unwini.
Caprimulgus unwini Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 406: west of
Kashmir.
Caprimulgns europeus unwint Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 849. .
[B. coll.] 38 Khartoum Oct. 21 & 24.
Both these forms of the Common Nightjar winter in the
Sudan, but we have no evidence of two other subspecies
recognized by Hartert, C. e. meridionalis and C. e. sarudnyt,
both of which might be presumed to come to the Sudan
in winter.
Another Nightjar, marked “‘ g Khartoum 18/x./07,” is
rather different from the others, being a good deal smaller,
wing 165 mm., agaist 178 and over in C.e. unwint. It
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 655
has, however, the appearance of youth and matches very
closely, except for size, an example of C. e. unwint from
Sirsa in the Punjab now in the Museum. We can only
provisionally identify it with this species. Dr. Hartert has
also examined this bird and writes, “If not a young C. e.
unwini—and I do not think it is, being so very small—it
must be an unknown species or a hybrid, for it is not any
other known species.”
Caprimulgus inornatus.
Caprimulgus inornatus Heuglin, Orn. Nordost-Afr. i.
1869, p. 129: Bogosland.
|Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Jan., 3 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
This Nightjar was met with by Mr. Butler in the Kajo
Kaji plateau, but is not represented in the collection in the
Museum.
One of Dr. Christy’s examples is in the grey phase and
three are in the red phase. ‘This latter, judging by the
series in the Museum, is more usually met with to the
westward, while the birds from Bogosland and Somaliland
are more usually in the grey phase; but some of these latter
approach the reddish phase, though the colour is never so
tich as in the West African examples. A nestling from
Mt. Elgon collected by R. Kemp is distinctly in the red
phase.
Caprimulgus natalensis chadensis.
Caprimulgus chadensis Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xxi. 1908,
p- 90: Lake Chad.
Caprimulgus natalensis chadensis Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915,
p. 308.
[B. coll.] 1 west of Tonga Mch. U.N.
[Cire tie-coll-| I Lake No Feb: ; 5 White: Nile lat..92°
N; long. 31° E. Feb. U.N.
We have followed Claude Grant in his revision of the
races of this Nightjar, though we have grave doubts as to
whether this subspecies is really separable from C, n.
natalensis. The wings of our specimen measures ¢ ¢ 154,
156, 160; 16lmm.; 9 2 149752 mm:
656 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on | Ibis,
Caprimulgus eximins.
Caprimulgus eximius Temminck, Pl. Col. livr. 67, 1826,
pl. 398: Sennar; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 344, 1908,
p. 239.
[B.coll.] 1 Shendi Mch. Ber.
[Gurney coll.] 1 Meroé Feb. Ber.
Butler has written at length on the distribution and
breeding of this Nightjar in the Sudan.
Caprimulgus egyptius egyptius.
Caprimulgus cwyyptius Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Mus.
Berlin, 1823, p. 59: Upper Egypt; Reichw. V. Avan
p. 361; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 345, 1908, p. 239.
[B. coll.] 3 Shendi Mch. Ber.; 1 Khartoum Dec.; 1
Junction of Bahr el Homar and Bahr el Ghazal
Mch. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] | 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 2 Lake No, Feb.
B.G.
Caprimulgus nubicus nubicus.
Caprimulgus nubicus Licht. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin,
1823, p. 59: Nubia. ;
Caprimulgus nubicus nubicus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 851.
There are two examples of this, the typical form, in the
Museum collected by the Hon. C. N. Rothschild at
Nakheila and Shereik in the Berber province. ‘There are
no specimens in the present collections.
Caprimulgus nubicus tamaricis.
Caprimulgus tamaricis Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1864, pp. 170, 430: Dead Sea Basin.
Caprimulgus nubicus tamaricis Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 852.
Caprimulgus nubicus apud Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 400.
[B. coll.] 1 Khor Arbat May, R.S.
This example differs considerably from the Berber
specimens in the distinctly greyer and less sandy tone of the
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-l-gyptian Sudan. 657
upper surface, and resembles closely a series from the Aden
district, and one from Zoulla on the shores of the Red Sea
near Massowah collected by Blanford. The Arabian birds
are referred by Hartert to Tristram’s species. We have
seen Palestine examples in the Tring Museum and are in
agreement with this view.
Caprimulgus trimaculatus tristigma.
Caprimulgus tristigma Rippell, Neue Wirbelt. 1840,
p. 105: Gondar.
Caprimulgus trimaculatus tristigma Claude Grant, Ibis,
1915, p. 307.
[B. coll.] 1 Jebel Fazogli May, Sen.
Claude Grant has monographed this group of Nightjars
in ‘The Ibis,’ 1915, pp. 306-308, and we agree with his
conclusions. In the Proceedings of the Biological Society
of Washington, xxvi. 1913, p. 167, Dr. J. C. Plullips describes
a new Nightjar under the name of Caprimulgus eleonora from
Fazogh. Mr. A. L. Butler, Ibis, 1915, p. 181, who has seen
Dr. Phillips’ coloured piate, unhesitatingly identifies it with
the above species.
Scotornis climacurus.
Caprimulgus climacurus Vieill. Gal. Ois. 1. 1825, p. 198,
pl. 122: Senegal.
Scotornis climacurus (Vieill.) ; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 368 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 347, 1908, p. 240, 1909, p. 84.
[B. coll.] 1 Shendi Mch. Ber.; 1 Kamlin Mch. B.N. ;
] Hillet Abbas Dee. W.N.; 1 Renk Mch. U.N.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Senga Dec. Sen.; 1 Jebel Ahmed
Agha Mch., 1 White Nile lat. 12° N. Mch., 2 Tonga
Mch. U.N.
[Chr. coll.| 1 Meridi Jan. B.G.
This little long-tailed Nightjar, according to Mr. Butler
probably the commonest of its family in the Sudan, has a
remarkable range of variations. These variations are
generally geographically constant, but not always. They
cannot therefore be regarded as subspecies, unless one
658 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
admits a large percentage of wanderers from other districts.
The explanation probably lies in the colour or nature of the
soil. In Senegal and again in northern Nigeria round Lake
Chad the palest form occurs. This is a bird of which the
general tone is pale grey and yellow. Next, from Gambia
round the coast to Southern Nigeria and along the Shari
comes a form with a distinctly rufous or vinous tinge, which
is particularly noticeable on the shoulders and wing-coverts.
Thirdly, from the upper Welle and western Lado Enclave
comes a form of which the prevailing tinge is rich rufous,
almost chocolate. A fourth form from the White Nile below
Kaka and from the Blue Nile is most like the Senegal form,
but the yellow is richer and the scapnlars more boldly
marked. The last form and the most distinct of all is very
dark grey, almost black, and comes from the country east of
Lake No to the Sobat river and about as far north as Kaka
on the White Nile.
Of the examples in the present collections most of the
birds belong to the fourth form alluded to above, but the
two from Tonga in the Chapman & Lynes collection are
very richly coloured specimens of the fifth and last-mentioned
group, while the Meridi bird approaches the rufous form
from the upper Welle and Lado.
Macrodipteryx longipennis.
Caprimulgus longipennis Shaw, Nat. Misc. vii. 1796,
pl. 265: Sierra Leone.
Macrodipteryx macrodipterus (Afz.); Reichw. V. A. in.
peor;
Macrodipteryx longipennis (Shaw) ; Butler, Ibis, 1905,
p. 345, 1908, p. 239, 1909, p. 84; C. Grant, Ibis, 1915,
p. 302.
[B. coll.] 1 Gedaref May, Kas.; 1 Gardain Apl., 1 Tonj
Jan. B.G.; 1 Mongalla, summer.
(Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Jan. B.G.
Mr. Butler has written at some length on this species,
which is a resident and known to breed in the Sudan.
1919.] _— the Birds of the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan. 659
Cosmetornis vexillarius.
Semeiophorus vevillarius Gould, Icon. Av. 11. 1838, pl. xii. :
Sierra Leone.*
Macrodipteryx vexillarius (Gd.) ; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 371.
|B. coll.]| 2 Mongalla (one a wing only), summer, Mon.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Wau Aug., 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
Mr. Chapin (Bull. Amer. Mus. N.Y. xxxv. 1916,
pp. 78-78) has recently written a very interesting account
of the transequatorial migrations of this Nightjar. His con-
clusions are that it breeds in southern Africa only between
the months of September and November, and migrates
northwards in February to the grass country of the Welle,
the Sudan, and Nigeria. An examination of the material in
the Museum confirms Mr. Chapin’s statements as to dates,
but the bird does not appear to come north of Lake No.
Family Meropip™.
Merops apiaster.
Meroups apiaster Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 117:
southern Europe; Reichw. V. A. ii. p. 820; Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 350, 1909, p. 490.
[B.coll.] 2 Shendi 2 May, Ber.; 2 Khartoum 15 & 25
Apl.; 2 Gedaref 29 Apl. Kas.
[C. & L.coll.] 2 Erkowit 5 Apl. B.S. (“ from a flock of
30 flying north ”—W. C. Lowe).
‘An abundant cold weather migrant’’ (4. L. B.).
* In Gould’s original description he writes ‘ Little is known respecting
this singular species further than that it inhabits the islands lying
between those of Bourbon and Madagascar; that it is numerous on the
shores of the Red Sea and in the Island of Scutra (? Socotra). In the
National collection there is an old dismounted specimen with the
following on the ticket : “Jas. Barlow Esq., Sierra Leone. Orig. deser.
J. Gould Esq., under the name of Caprimulgus vevilla copied from under
stand of bird which was mounted in bird-gallery.” This specimen, Mus.
reg. no. 55/12/19/63, was purchased at the disposal of the Zoological
Society’s Musenm. Curiously enough it is omitted in the Cat. Bds. B. M.
xvi. p. 598; but we see no reason why it should not be accepted as the
type of the species and the locality accepted as the type-locality,
especially as the bird is not known from Madagascar, Bourbon, or the
intervening islands.
660 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[This,
Merops persicus persicus.
Merops persica Pallas, Reise versch. Prov. russ. Reichs, 1i.
1773, p. 78: Caspian sea; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 351, 1909,
p- 400 ; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 322.
[B. coll.] 1 Khor Arbat May 16, R.S.; 1 9 imm.
Khartoum May 21; 1 Kenisa Jan. 21, Mon.; 1 Lado
Feb. 10, L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 6 near Lake No. Feb. Mch. U.N.
(Chr. coll.] 3 Yambio Mch. B.G.
The Persian Bee-eater is a common winter bird through-
out the greater part of Africa. Young birds are exceedingly
difficult to distinguish from those of the allied species
M. superciliosus, of which there is a large series in the
Museum from Madagascar, Kast Africa, Uganda, Nyasaland,
and Angola, and a single example from Abyssinia. The
young bird from Khartoum taken on 2] May might
possibly be referred to this species, and there seems to
be no valid reason why it should not be found in the
Sudan.
Merops lamark viridissimus.
Merops viridissimus Swainson, Birds W. Afr. ii. 1837,
p. 82: Senegal.
Merops viridis apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 351, 1908,
p. 242, 1909, p. 85.
[B. coll.] 6 Khartoum Feb. & May ; 1 Kaka May, U.N.
[C.& L. coll.] 4 Sinkat Mch. B.S. ; 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen. ;
1 Jebelein Jan. W.N.
This race appears to range from Senegal to the Sudan.
We have no specimens from Senegal, but a small series from
Lake Chad collected by Alexander average slightly smaller
than the Sudan birds, wing 87 mm. against 91°5.
Parrot, O. M. xviii. 1910, p. 13, describes a race from
Eritrea as M. virid/s reichenowt, and it is probable that the
Sudan birds are intermediate if this latter race proves to be
recognizable.
There is also a race breeding in Egypt, M. 7. cleopatra
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 661
Nicoll, Bull. B. O. C. xxvii. 1910, p.11: Mazghouna near
Cairo, of which Nicoll has seen specimens from the Sudan.
It is distinguished by its greener, less golden colour, wing-
measurement of British Museum examples averaging 63 mm.
We cannot, however, find any Sudanese birds in these or the
British Museum collections which we can definitely assign
to this race.
Dr. Hartert pomts out (Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 482)
that this species must now be known as M. lamark
Cuvier.
Merops nubicus nubicus.
Merops nubicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 464:
Nubia; Reichw. V. A. ii. p. 329 ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 352,
1908, p. 242, 1909, p. 85.
[B.coll.] 1 Gallabat, 1 Setit R. May, Kas.; 1 Blue
Nile “winter,” 1 Sherif Yakub June, Sen. ; 2 Bahr
el Zeraf June, U.N.; 2 Mongalla “‘summer” ;
1] Raffali Feb.,.1 nr. Kojali Mch , 3 Tembura Mch. &
May, B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Singa Dec. Sen.
[Chi. coll.] 6 Meridi Jan. & Feb., 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch.
B.G.
Abundant and widely distributed (A. L. B.).
Merops albicollis.
Merops albicollis Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xiv. 1817, p. 15:
Senegal; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 351.
Merops albicollis Reichw. V. A. i. p. 317.
[B. coll.] 1 Setit R. May, 1 Ummat Rumeila June,
Kas.; 1 Fou Wells May, Sen.; 4 Lado Feb. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Yambio Mch. B.G.; 2 Yei Nov. L.E.
A widely distributed species in the Sudan. In the O. M.
xvill. 1910, p. 12, Parrot distinguishes the eastern and
north-eastern birds under the name of Merops albicollis
major from the north-west African form, on account of their
SER. XI.— VOL. I. OA
662 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[Ibis,
wider black throat-band and larger size. We cannot think
these differences sufficient to uphold this race. ,
In the very large series before us it is true that wider
throat-bands appear in the north-east than in the north-
west, but only exceptionally ; while the wing-measurements
also seem to us insufficient grounds for separation. They
are as follows for series of 20 adults from each locality :—
Northern West Africa av. 97-7; Sudan and Uganda av.
99°7 ; north-east Africa and Arabia av. 102°7.
Melittophagus pusillus meridionalis.
Melittophagus meridionalis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.
xvii. 1892, p. 45: Natal.
Melittophagus pusillus ocularis Reichw. O. M. 1900, p. 86:
Nubia.
Melittophagus pusillus apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 349,
1908, p. 242, 1909, p. 85.
[B.coll.] 1 Roseires Sept. Sen.; 14 Khartoum Jan. Feb.
May Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.; 2 Gardain May, B.G. ;
4. Mongalla, July—Sept.
[C.& L.coll.] 4Senga Dec., 1 20 miles above Sennar
Jan. Sen.; 1 Melut Jan., 1 Renk Mch., 1 Lake No
Feb: U:N.
Chr: coll. | )93%Yer Dec. L.E.
We have followed C. Grant (Ibis, 1915, p. 295) an
regarding this, the Sudanese form of the Little Bee-eater,
as identical with that of South Africa.
Melittophagus variegatus variegatus.
Merops variegatus Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xiv. 1817, p. 25:
Malimbe, Congo (ex Levaillant).
Melittophagus variegatus Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 304.
This species 1s mentioned by Reichenow as having been
secured at Meshra el Rek, B.G., by Bohndorff and Schwein-
furth. It is not represented in these collections, nor can we
find any other record of its occurrence within our limits.
There are specimens in the Museum from the headwaters of
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan. 663
the Welle (Alexander) and from Lake Albert (Blaine and
others), but we cannot admit it to the Sudanese list without
further evidence.
Melittophagus bullocki frenatus.
Merops frenatus Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 257: Sennar.
Melittophagus frenatus Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 349, 1908,
p- 241, 1909, p. 85.
Melittophagus bullocki frenatus Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915,
p. 298.
[B.coll.] 2 Rahad R. Apl., 1 Roseires Aug. Sen. ;
1 Pongo R., 1 Chak Chak, 1 nr. Kojali Feb., 1 Wau
Mch. B.G.; 1 Lado Feb. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Eneikliba, 4 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
[Chr. coll.| 10 Meridi Jan. & Feb., 1 Wau July, B.G.
Apparently a common bird in the southern parts of the
Sudan.
We have no hesitation in regarding Merops boleslawskiu
v. Pelz. Sitz. Ak. Wien, 1858, p. 320: Senegal, which has
been recorded by Heuglin and others from the Sudan, as
simply a yellow-throated phase of this species.
Dicrocercus hirundineus heuglini.
Dicrocercus hirundineus heuglini Neumann, Bull. B. O. C.
xvi. 1906, p. 113: Bongo, B.G.
Dicrocercus furcatus (nec Stanley), Reichw. V. A. ii.
p- 316; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 241, 1909, p. 85.
[B. coll.} 1 Mongalla, 1 Sheik Tombé May, Mon. ;
3 Pongo river Feb., 1 8. of Kojali Mch. B.G.
[Chr. coll.} 2 Yambio Mch. B.G. ; 3 Yei Nov. Dec. L.E.
As regards this form we agree with what C. Grant (Ibis,
1915, p, 293) has written.
Family [rrisorip.
Irrisor erythrorhynchus niloticus.
Trrisor erythrorhynchus niloticus Neumann, O. M. 1903,
p- 181: Goz abu Guma, W.N.; Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915,
p. 284.
342
664 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[Ibis,
Trrisor erythrorhynchus (nec Lath.), Butler, Ibis, 1905,
p. 352, 1908, p. 242, 1909, p. 85, 1909, p. 401.
[B. coll.] 4 Roseires Ap]. Aug. Sept. Sen.; 4 Wau
Jan. & Apl. B.G.
(Chr: coll) |» 3 Mt, Baginz1,Mch; B:G; 5) 1 Yer Nev:
L.E.
We have followed Claude Grant in his revision of the
genus (Ibis, 1915, pp. 281-289), but we should remark in
passing that in our Sudan specimens the size of the tail-
spots is not constant, three birds collected by Christy
at Mt. Baginzi having very small spots, while the rest
of the Bahr el Ghazal birds have large ones. We can
see no difference between Bahr el Ghazal and Roseires
birds.
Rhinopomastus cabanisi.
Irrisor cabunisi De Filippi, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 289 :
White Nile, 4° & 3° N. lat.
Rhinopomastus cabanisi Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 348.
[B.-coll.] 2 Mongalla “summer” & Jan.; 1 Rejaf,
Feb. L.E.
A scarce bird (4. L. B.).
Scoptelus aterrimus emini.
Scoptelus aterrimus emint Neumann, J. f.O. 1905, p. 197 :
Njangabo, W. of Lake Albert.
Scoptelus notatus apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 353, 1908,
p. 242.
Scoptelus aterrimus apud Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 85.
[B. coll.] 1 Disa Apl., 1 Roseires May, Sen.; 1 El Duem
Sept. W.N.; 1 Malakal June, U.N.; i Mongalla,
“summer,” 3 Sheik Tombé * summer” & Jan. Mon. ;
1 Raffali Feb., 1 nr. Ton) Jan. B.G.; 1 Dado Feb.
L.E.
[C. & I. coll.] 7 Kamisa Dec., 2 nr. Sennar Dec. & Jan.
Sen.; 1 Jebel Ahmed Agha, 1 White Nile lat. 93° N.
long. 30° 40! E. Feb. U.N.
‘|Chr. coll.] 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 665
Neumann has separated the forms of Scoptelus aterrimus
as follows :—
S. a. aterrimus. Senegal to Togoland.
S. a. emini. White Nile district to Lake Albert.
S. a. notatus. Bogos, north and central Abyssinia, etc.
S. a. major. S. Abyssinian Lake district.
S. a. anchete. Angola.
The differences on which these races are based are chiefly
those of variation of metallic gloss and the absence or
amount of white in the tail-feathers. As regards the former,
we cannot from the material before us consider it as
sufficiently constant to separate subspecies, but the second
characteristic is more constant. In Senegal S. a. aterrimus
never has any white in the tail, in Eritrea S. a. notatus always
has. In our Sudanese specimens, the young birds almost
always have white, the adults, males at any rate, apparently
never. In other words they are as nearly as_ possible
intermediate, but inasmuch as they have been named already
by Neumann, it seems the best course to keep them distinct
for the present.
Family Upupipa.
Upupa epops epops.
Upupa epops Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 117:
woods of Europe, restricted type-locality: Sweden ; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 3852, 1908, p. 242, 1909, p. 401.
Upupa epops epops Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 867.
[B. coll.] 7 Khartoum, 7 April-24 May.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen. ; 1 White Nile lat.
14° N., W.N.; 2 Jebel Ahmed Agha Jan., 2 Lake No
Feb. U.N.
[Gurney coll.] 1 Meroé Feb. Ber.
A winter migrant to the whole of the Sudan and from
Gambia to British East Africa.
Upupa epops senegalensis.
Upupa senegalensis Swaiuson, Birds W. Afr. u. 1837,
p.- 114: Senegal ; Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 276.
666 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Upupa butleri Madarasz, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. ix. 1911,
p. 339.
Upupa epops apud Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 85.
| B. coll.] 1 Roseires Aug. Sen.; 1 Raffali Feb. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
We have followed Claude Grant in his revision of the
African Hoopoes, ibis, 1915, pp. 276-281. Ue. senegalensis
is distinguished from U. e. epops, which is a winter migrant,
by its richer red back and generally by the absence of white
in the crest, though this latter character is not invariable.
We regard it as a resident African race of U. epops. There
is also a resident race, U. e. major Nicoll, in Egypt, but
we can find no occurrences outside Egypt.
Madarasz, op. cit., described U. butleri from the Blue Nile
aud distinguished it from U. e. epops by its smaller size and
from U. senegalensis by the presence of white in the crest.
This last character, as we have said, is by no means invariable
in U. e. senegalensis, and we have examples before us from
localities as far apart as Lake Chad and Somaliland which
show distinct traces of white. The size of Madarasz’ bird
is certainly small, wing 125 mm.; the Butler birds before us
measuring ¢ 132, 2 129, and the Christy bird 1381 mm.
Typical West African U. senegalensis before us measure
132-135 mm., while Swainson’s type was only 5 inches = 127
mm. We regret therefore that we can only regard U. butlert
as a synonym of U, e. senegalensis.
Family Bucrerorip2#.
Lophoceros nasutus nasutus.
Buceros nasutus Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 154:
Senegal.
Lophoceros nasutus Butler, [bis, 1905, p. 354, 1908, p. 2438,
1909, p. 35.
Lophoceros nasutus nasutus Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915,
p- 270.
[B. coll.] 1 Musjid Apl. B.N.; 2 Malakal June, U.N. ;
1 Mongalla “summer” Mon.; 1 Raffali Mch., 1 Wau
Apl. B.G.
1919.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 667
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 Jebel Ahmed
Agha Jan. U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Wau July & Aug. B.G.
[Gurney coll.] 1 Meroé Jan. Ber.
Both Claude Grant op. cit. and Sclater, Ibis, 1917, p. 175,
have remarked on the variation in size of this species, and,
as the latter suggests, it is probable that the Sudan form
is intermediate between L. n. nasutus of Senegal and L. 2.
forskalii of Arabia. We think on the whole, however, it is
best to unite it for the present with the typical form.
Lophoceros erythrorhynchus erythrorhynchus.
Buceros erythrorhynchus Yemm. Pl. Col. livr. 86, 1823,
sp. 19: Senegal.
Lophoceros erythrorhynchus Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 394,
1908, p. 243, 1909, p. 36.
Lophoceros erythrorhynchus erythrorhynchus Claude Grant,
ibis, 1915, p. 272:
[B. coll.] 1 Roseires Sept. Sen.; 1 El Ein Mch. Kor. ;
1 Tawela June, U.N. ; 1 Mongalla ‘“‘ summer,” Mon. ;
1 Wau Apl. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec., 1 nr. Sennar Jan. Sen. ;
1 White Nile lat. 18° N. Jan. W.N.
Widely distributed (4. L. B.).
Bycanistes subcylindricus.
Buceros subcylindricus P. L. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 668,
pl. 39: West Africa.
Mr. Butler mentions in his notes that he saw a large black
Bycanistes with wings apparently mostly white at Kajo Kaji
and Lado Nyepo in the Lado Enclave. He did not secure
one, but is inclined to attribute those he saw to this species,
which has been recorded from Uganda and the . upper
Welle.
Bucorvus abyssinicus.
Buceros abyssinicus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 48 :
Abyssinia.
668 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Bucorvus abyssinicus Reichw. V. A. ii. p. 234; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 353, 1908, p. 242.
[B. coll.] 1 Upper Nile Feb.
Generally distributed throughout the Sudan (A. ZL. B.).
Family ALcEDINIDA.
Ceryle rudis rudis.
Alcedo rudis Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 116:
Egypt.
Ceryle rudis rudis Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 877.
Ceryle rudis Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 354, 1908, p. 243, 1909,
p. 86.
[B. coll.] 3 Khartoum May & Nov.; 1 Malakal May,
U.N.; 1 Mongalla, 2 Bor “summer,” Mon.; 1 Raffali
Feb. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Hassania Island, Jan. W.N.
Widely distributed on all rivers in the Sudan (4. LZ. B.).
Ceryle maxima.
Alcedo maxima Pallas, Spic. Zool. fase. vi. 1769, p. 14:
Cape of Good Hope.
Ceryle maxima Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 299: Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 354, 1908, p. 243.
[B. coll.] 1 Gallabat Apl. Kas.
Apparently, from Mr. Butler’s notes, a not uncommon
bird on the rivers of the Sudan, but we have only seen two
Sudanese examples besides the present one.
Corythornis cristata.
Alcedo cristata Vroeg, Cat. Adumb. 1764, no. 55: Cape
of Good Hope.
Corythornis cristata Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 263.
Corythornis cyanostigma (Riipp.); Butler, Ibis, 1905,
p. 354, 1908, p. 243, 1909, p. 86.
[B. coll.] 1 Gallabat May, Kas. ; 1 Roseires Jan. Sen. ;
2 Mongalla “summer’’?; 1 Chak Chak Feb., 1
Wau Apl. B.G.
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 669
iC. & li. coll.] 1 White Nile lat. 12° N. Jan., 1 Tonga
Feb., 1 White Nile lat. 94° N., long. 30° 40’ K.,
Mech. U.N.
[Chr. coll.| 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
Widely distributed on almost all rivers and streams in the
Sudan south of the more northern parts of the White and
Blue Niles, when the banks are without sedge or cover
(ARE SB).
Claude Grant, op. cit., shows that Vroeg’s name if adopted
preoceupies A. cristata of Linneus from Madagascar (the
Madagascar bird must then be called C. vintsioides
(Eyd. & Gerv.)), and antedates A. cyanostigma Ruppell from
Abyssinia.
Ispidina picta picta.
Todus pictus Bodd. abl. Pl. En). 1783, p. 49: “ Juida,”
Africa.
Ispidina picta Reichw. V. A. i. p. 286: Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 355, 1909, p. 86.
[B. coll.] 1 Gallabat, 1 Setit R. May, Kas. ; 1 Roseires
May, Sen.; 1 Abu Kika May, Mon. ; 1 Tembura
Mch. B.G.
(Chr. coll.] 4 Meridi Jan. & Feb., 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
Also a widely distributed species.
Halcyon malimbicus prenticei.
Halcyon malimbicus prenticet Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vol. 48, 1915, p. 892: Sesse Is., Victoria Nyanza.
Halcyon malimbicus apud Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 86.
{Chr. coll.] 1 Tembura Apl. B.G.
Mr. Butler’s example of this Kingfisher is not in the
collection presented to the Museum.
We have examined the Kingfishers of this group in the
Museum and our couclusions are similar to those of Dr.
Sharpe (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 246), except that an
additional race inhabiting Uganda, the upper Welle, and
Bahr el Ghazal must be recognized.
670 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
We have then :—
1. HaLcyon MALIMBICUS MALIMBICUS.
Alcedo malimbica Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. pt. 1, 1812, p. 66:
** Malimba,” 7. e. Gaboon.
In this form the head is blue, of almost the same shade
as the back.
Distr. Gaboon south to north Angola, north to southern
Cameroon (Bates).
2. HALCYON MALIMBICUS PRENTICEL.
Halcyon malimbicus prenticei supra.
Slightly larger, wing 118 against about 115 mmm., the blue
slightly paler and the crown rather darker than the neck.
Distr. Uganda north to the upper Welle (Bohndorff &
Alewvander), and the Bahr el Ghazal.
3. HALCYON MALIMBICUS DRYAS.
Halcyon dryas Hartlaub, J. f. O. 1854, p. 2: St. Thomas I.
A larger bird with a longer bill.
Distr. The islands in the Gulf of Guinea—Sao Thomé,
Principe, and Fernando Po. There is one bird in the
Museum labelled Gaboon (Ansell). We caunot help thinking
there is a mistake in regard to the locality of this specimen.
4. HALCYON MALIMBICUS FORBES,
Halcyon forbest Sharpe, Cat. Bds. B. M. xvu. 1892,
p. 247, pl. 6. fig. 2: Shonga on the Niger.
Crown ashy brown washed with greenish.
Distr. West Africa from Gambia to Cameroon Mt., and
inland to northern Nigeria.
5. HaLcYoN MALIMBICUS TORQUATUS.
Halcyon torquatus Swainson, Bds. W. Africa, 1. 1837,
p. 99: Senegal.
Crown a dull brown sharply defined from the blue back.
Distr. Senegal.
Halcyon cyanoleucus.
Alcedo eyanoleuca Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xix. 1818, p. 401:
Coast of Angola.
[B. coll. ] 1 Bahr el Zeraf June, U.N. ; 1 Mongalla,
4 Gigging May, Mon.
The races of this group have been discussed at length by
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 671
Sharpe, Ogilvie-Grant, Mearns, aud Claude Grant. Halcyon
cyanoleucus from South Africa is distinguished by its bluish
head and the black line being continued over the ear-coverts
behind the eye; while H. senegalensis from northern West
Africa has a more or less dusky head, and is without the
black line behind the eye.
The range of H. senegalensis extends from northern
Angola to Senegal, the southern birds having duskier
crowns, and possibiy distinguishable as H. s. fuscopileus
Reichw.; the range of H. cyanoleucus extends from south
Angola and Damaraland through the Transvaal and north-
wards (but not to Natal), and both the forms are found
mingled in Uganda, the interior of British East Africa, the
Sudan, and Eritrea. Whether under these circumstances
we should call them subspecies or species must be de-
termined later. We have little doubt that they interbreed.
Of the birds before us six, from south of Lake No, appear
to be indistinguishable from typical South African H.
cyanoleucus.
There are also birds in the Museum collection from the
White Nile below Lake No, and one from Tonga in the
present collection, which are apparently typical or nearly
typical H. senegalensis.
We are of the opinion therefore, that while there are two
definite species in their respective type localities, in the
Sudan they cannot be invariably distinguished.
Halcyon chelicuti.
Alcedo chelicuti Stanley in Salt’s Abyss. 1814, p. lvi:
Chelicut, Abyssinia,
Halcyon chelicuti Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 271.
Halcyon chelicutensis Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 356, 1908,
p. 2438, 1909, p. 86.
[B. coll.] 1 Fazogh, May, Sen.; 2 Kaka Feb. & May,
U.N.; 2 Gigging May, 1 Sheik Tombé “ summer,”
Mon.; 1 Chak Chak, Feb. B.@.; 1 Kajo Kaji, Mch. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
(Chr. coll.] 2 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.; 5 Yei Nov. &
Dec. L.E.
672 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Halycon leucocephala leucocephala.
Alcedo leucocephala P. L. S. Miller, Linn, Nat. Syst.
Suppl. 1776, p. 94: Senegal.
Halcyon leucocephala leucocephala Claude Graut, Ibis,
1915, p. 265.
Halcyon semicwruleus apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 355,
1908, p. 243, 1909, p. 86.
[B.coll.] 1 Setit R., 1 Gallabat May, Kas.; 3 Roseires
Apl. & Sept., 1 Abu Sheneina Apl. Sen. ; 1 Bahr el
Zeraf June, U.N.; 2 Mongalla “summer,” Mon. ;
1 Raffali Feb. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 3 Meridi Feb., 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch., 1 &
1 juv., Tembura Apl. B.@.; 5 Yei Nov. & Dec. L.E.
We have followed Claude Grant, op. cit., in his revision of
the races of this group and, like him, we cannot appreciate
the distinctness of Neumann’s H. /. centralis from Uganda,
to which race, if accepted, it is probable that some of our
specimens would belong. Mr. Butler remarks that this
species is widely distributed, especially in the rains.
Family Coractipa.
Coracias garrulus.
Coracias garrulus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 107:
Europe, restricted type-locality: S. Sweden.
Coracias garrulus garrulus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 872;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 348, 1508, p. 241.
[B. coll.] 1 Khartoum 14 Oct.
An autumn and spring migrant through the Sudan,
apparently not often wintering there.
Coracias abyssinus abyssinus.
Coracias abyssinus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 38:
Abyssinia; Reichw. V. A. 11. p. 219.
Coracias abyssinicus Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 349, 1908,
p. 241, 1909, p. 84.
[B. coll.] 1 Gedaref May, Kas.; 3 Khartoum May, Aug.
Oct.; 1: Fachi Shoya Nov. W.N. ; 2 west of Ton) Jan.,
1 Tembura Mch., 1 Wau Mch. B.G.
1919.] the Birds of the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan. 673
[Ce Sa Ie colle|)) Lesenzae Peers nr. ake No. Feb:
U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 6 Meridi Jan. & Feb., 2 Mt. Baginzi Mch.,
1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
[Gurney coll.| 1 Metemmah Feb. Ber.
We are by no means certain whether the north-west
African race distinguished by Reichenow, O. M. 1899,
p- 191, as C. a. senegalensis can really be upheld. At
certain times, mostly between November and February,
the crown becomes distinctly greener than is usual with
the north-east African race, but at other times they are
indistinguishable.
Coracias nevia nevia.
Coracias nevia Daudin, Traité, 11. 1800, p. 258: Senegal.
Coracias nevia nevia Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 262.
Coracias nevius Butier, Ibis, 1908, p. 241.
[B. coll.] 1 Pongo river Feb. B.G.; 1 Kajo Kaji Mch.
L.E.
Only found in the more southern parts of the Sudan.
Eurystomus afer ethiopicus.
Eurystomus afer ethiopicus Neumann, J. f. O. 1905,
p. 184: Upper Gelo, Abyssinia.
Eurystomus afer apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 348, 1908,
p. 240.
[B. coll.] 12 nr. Roseires Apl. June July Aug. Sept.,
] Famaka May, Sen.; 1 Khor Gitté, Mch. BG.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Mt. Baginzi, 2 Yambio Mch. B.G.
We agree in the main with Neumann’s subdivision of
this group, J. f. O. 1905, pp. 184-6.
We recognize :—
1. E. a. AFER (Lath.)
Under surface and cheeks strongly washed with
lilac; central tail-coverts brown, outer ones
blue; back a dark earth-brown.
Range. Senegal to Congo.
674 Messrs. Selater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
2. E. a. 2ruropicus Neum.
Separable with difficulty from the preceding.
Under surface and tail-coverts similar, but
back distinctly hghter brown.
Range. N. Abyssinia, Eritrea, and the Sudan.
Bahr el Ghazal birds are intermediate between
this race and L. a. afer.
3. E. a. RuFoBuccALIS Reichw.
Under surface and cheeks much less noticeably
washed with lilac ; back possibly a richer red ;
tail-coverts similar.
Range. Uganda and Mt. Elgon.
4. EK. a. suAHELIcUs Neum.
Under surface and cheeks as in afer or ethiopicus,
but tail-coverts all blue.
Range. British East Africa to the Zambesi,
Nyasaland, and eastern Congo.
~
5. E. a. puLcHERRIMUS Neum.
Under surface and cheeks even more strongly
lilac than EF. a. afer or /. a. suahelicus. Tail-
coverts all blue as in the latter, but more blue
on the central tail-feathers and back a deeper
red.
Range. N. Angola.
We believe this bird to be an extensive local migrant and
therefore doubt how far each of these races is restricted to
the range indicated.
A single specimen in the Museum, collected by the
Blundell-Lovat Expedition at Quattiin north-west Abyssinia,
has the tail-coverts almost black and the central tail-feathers
quite black. It will probably prove to be a distinct race
when more material is available.
Eurystomus glaucurus 8S. Miill., from Madagascar and
south-east Africa to Nyasaland, is a mnch larger bird, wing
200 mm. against 160-185 in F. afer, and is quite a distinet
species.
1919.1 the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 675
Family Psrrracipa.
Psittacus erithacus.
Psittacus erithacus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 99:
Guinea.
Heuglin, Orn. Nordost-Afr. p. 745, records this species
as occurring in the Niam Niam country in the western
watershed of the White Nile, i.e., the western Bahr el
Ghazal or Lado Enclave, but we do not know of any
definite occurrences. It occurs so close to our limits, how-
ever, that we have little doubt it will presently be found
within them.
Palzornis krameri krameri.
Psittacus krameri Scopoli, Auuus I. Hist. Nat. 1769, p. 31:
Senegal; cf. Neumann, O. M. xxiii. 1915, p. 178.
Paleornis docilis auct., Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 249, 1909,
p. 89.
[B. coll.] 1 El Ein Mch. Kor.; 2 Mongalla summer &
Jan. Mon.; 1 Wau Apl., 1 Amien May, B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Wau July, B.G.
We cannot from the material before us appreciate the
distinctness of P. k. centralis Neum. O. M. xxiii. 1915, p. 73,
to which race these birds would belong. ‘The colour and
size of the bill varies considerably, and we cannot distinguish
our examples from Senegal birds, though no doubt there
must be in the Sudan intermediate forms between this
race and P. k. parvirostris from Abyssinia and the Blue
Nile.
Paleornis krameri parvirostris.
Paleornis parvirostris Souancé, Rey. et Mag. Zool. 1856,
p. 157: Abyssinia.
[B. coll.] 2 Roseires Aug. & Sept. Sen.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
This race is easily distinguishable by the greener, less
yellow coloration of the head and cheeks, and by the
smaller, brighter red bill.
676 = Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Poicephalus meyeri meyeri.
Psittacus meyeri Cretzschmar, Atlas, 1826, p. 18, pl. xi.:
Kordofan. ‘
Peocephalus meyert Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 360, 1908, p. 249,
1909, p. 88.
[B. coll.| 7 Roseires July—Sept. Sen.; 2 Jebel Melbis
Apl. Kor.; 1 Chak Chak Feb., 1 Wau Apl. B.G.
The races of P. meyert have been discussed at length by
Neumann, Nov. Zool. 1903, pp. 383-3885, and by Claude
Grant, Ibis, 1915, pp. 258-260. The two specimens from
Kordofan are interesting as very little material has been
obtained from there since Riippell’s time. At first sight
these birds appear to differ markedly from Sennar or
Bahr el Ghazal birds, but on closer inspection there is
nothing that could not be accounted for by their undoubtedly
worn condition. The yellow of the forehead is very pale
indeed, and the rump is a good deal more blue than in other
Sudan birds, as are also the feathers of the breast, while
the back is greyer. All this, however, might be due to worn
plumage, and while we ourselves suspect that more material
will prove them to be a distinct raee, at present we prefer
to unite them with the rest of the Sudanese examples.
Poicephalus crassus.
Pionias crassus Sharpe, Journ, Linn. Soe. xvi. 1884,
p- 429: Ndoruma, Niam Niam country.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
This very interesting bird is, in our opinion, in all pro-
bability the young of a race of P. flavifrons, as suggested by
Reichenow and others. Neumann, however, in the J. f. O.
for 1904, p. 376, and again in the Nov. Zool. xv. p. 382,
strongly maintains that it is nothing of the sort.
This example, which appears to be only the second known,
is an almost exact replica of the type, but it lacks the one
or two yellow feathers in the forehead possessed by that
bird. We have no young examples of P. flavifrons to com-
pare it with, but Neumann, who has examined it, says it
is markedly distinct in many respects. We conclude,
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 677
therefore, that if it is P. flavifrons, it belongs to a very dis-
tinct race. There is an excellent description in the Catalogue
of Birds, xx. p. 369. Reichenow gives ‘ Kutschugali
(i.e. Kojali, B.@.) Bohndorff” as another locality, but we
have no knowledge of specimens from there.
Agapornis pullarius ugande. .
Agapornis pullarius ugande Neumann, Nov. Zool. xv. 1908,
p. 888: Entebbe, Uganda.
[Chr. coll.] 4 Yambio Mch., 2 Tembura Apl., 1 Mt.
Baginzi Mch., 2 Meridi Jan. B.G.
Neumann, Nov. Zool. xv. 1908, p. 388, has described the
Uganda race, to which our birds belong, as distinct from the
West African, and we agree in this definition. He fixes
the type locality of Linneus’ A. pullarius as Upper Guinea,
as the bird is not known to occur in A‘thiopia, z.e. Nubia,
as given by Linneeus.
Mr. Butler notes that he met with this species in the
Bahr el Ghazal and Lado Enclave, but we have not seen
any of his specimens.
Family Busonrp#.
Asio flammeus flammeus.
Strix flammea Pountoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1. 1763, p. 617,
pl. xxv.: Denmark.
Asio jflammea flammea Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 987.
Asio accipitrinus auct., Butler, Lbis, 1905, p. 360.
[ B. coll.] 1 Kambin Mch. B.N.
The Short-eared Owl is a winter visitor, but apparently
not in any great numbers. Mr. Butler records it also
from Khartoum and near Omdurman.
Asio capensis near tingitanus.
Phasmoptynex capensis a. tingitanus Loche, Expl. Scient. de
Algérie, Ois. 1. 1867, p. 99: Algeria.
Asio capensis tingitanus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 991.
Asio capensis Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 860, 1908, p. 249.
[B. coll.] 1 Bahr el Ghazal Apl.
[C.& L.coll.] 1 Tonga Mch. U.N.
SEK. XI.—VOL. I. 3B
678 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
We are not certain to which race of dA. capensis these
birds should be assigned. According to all precepts we
should expect them to be nearer the South African than the
northern form. As a matter of fact they are certainly nearer
the latter, being distinctly redder and less grey than South
African examples. They agree well with a series of five,
collected by Alexander near Lake Chad, a single example
from Nyasaland, and four from various localities in Hast
Africa. ‘As apparently the sole diflerence between A. c.
capensis and A. c. tingitanus is one of a shght tinge of
colour, we should not like to say without a great deal more
material where one ended and the other began.
“A swamp owl, in the sudd of the Bahr el Jebel”
(4a Bs)
Bubo ascalaphus desertorum.
Bubo ascalaphus desertorum Krlanger, O. M. 1897, p. 192:
South Tunisia.
There are two specimens of this desert form of B. asca-
laphus in the Museum, one from Shendi (Rothschild and
Wollaston), and one from Jebel um Durragh in Kordofan,
collected by Dunn. There is also in the Trmg Museum a
specimen from Shendi, and all three birds are unmistakably
the pale form. Whether B. a. ascalaphus also occurs we
cannot tell.
Bubo africanus cinerascens.
Bubo cinerascens Guérin, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1843, p. 321:
Abyssinia ; Butler, [bis, 1905, p. 862, 1908, p. 250.
Bubo africanus cinerascens Neumann, J. f, O. 1914,
pp. 37, 38.
[B. coll.] 2 Gedaref May, Kas.; 1 Khartoum Sept.;
1 Renk, 1 White Nile Mech. U.N.; 1 Abu Kika May,
1 Mongalla “summer,” Mon.; 1 Chak Chak Feb.,
1 Kojali Mch. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Sinkat Mch. B.S.; 2 Kaka, 1 Marbeit
Mch., 1 Bahr el Zeraf Feb. U.N.
There has been a certain amount of confusion in the
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 679
nomenclature of this group, most of which has been cor-
rected by Neumann, J. f. O. 1914, pp. 86-39. This species
also has a rufous, or partially rufous, phase in dry countries,
e.y., south-west Africa, Somaliland, and im the White Nile
district. This red phase was confused by Sharpe, Ibis,
1898, p. 289, and referred to by O.-Grant, Ibis, 1902,
p. 438, as Bubo abyssinicus (Guérin). This is, however, a
strikingly distinct species of Asio and has no connection
with this group.
The races of this species are :—
1. B. a. africanus Temm. South Africa to Angola and
Nyasaland ; Kast African and Uganda birds are
intermediate with the next form.
2. B. a. cinerascens Guér. N.W. & N.E. Africa and
the Sudan.
3. B. a. milesi Sharpe. S. Arabia.
It seems possible that Asio maculosus amerimnus
Oberholser, P. U.S..N. M. xxvii. 1905, p. 856, Durban,
may have to be recognized as a paler, greyer race which
extends to British Kast Africa, but there is such variation
in the large series in the Museum that for the present we
prefer to unite it with the typical race.
Bubo lacteus.
Strix lactea Temm. Pl. Col. livr. 1, 1820, pi. 4: Senegal.
Bubo lacteus Reichw. V. A. i. p. 650.
[B. coll.] 1 Blue Nile Nov. ; 1 Roseires July, Sen.;
1 Tawela June, U.N.
[C. & L. coll.}] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 White Nile,
late 2° N., Jan. U.N:
[Chr. coll.]| 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
There do not appear to be any recognizable races of this
Owl, though there is much individual variation in size and a
certain amount in coloration. On the whole, south African
birds are large, as are Abyssinian, and north-west African
and east African are smaller, while Nyasaland and Uganda
birds are darker in colour.
0B?
680 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [Ibis,
Otus scops scops.
Strix scops Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 92:
Kurope, restricted type-locality: Italy.
Otus scops scops Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 978.
There are no examples of this race in the present collec-
tions, but there are several records from the Sudan which
undoubtedly refer to this race as well as the following.
A single specimen before us from Suakim (Capt. R. H.
Penton), with a wing-measurement of 147 mm., we are
inclined to assign to the typical race.
Otus scops pulchellus.
Stryx pulchella Pallas, Reise versch, Prov. Russ. Reichs,
1. 1801, p. 456: Volga, S. Russia.
Otus scops pulchellus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 980.
[B. coll.] 1 Khartoum 22 Oct.; 1 Taufikia Ap]. U.N.
These two specimens, with wing-measurements of
161 and 162mm., we consider undoubtedly belong to the
greyer and longer-winged eastern form of the Scops Owl.
Otus capensis.
Scops capensis A. Smith, S. A. Quart. Journ. ii. 1834,
p- 314: 8. Africa.
[B. coll.] 2 near Roseires Apl. Sen.; 1 Chak Chak
Feb. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
There are many named races of this Owl. The series
in the Museum collection show such great variation
that we shall not attempt to enter into the subspecies
with only some fifty examples from the whole of Africa
before us.
This species has frequently been confused with O. scops.
One of the quickest methods of identification is that the
first primary, in O. scops about equal to the fifth, is con-
siderably shorter than the sixth in this species, while the
wing is shorter, under 140 in this species, over 140 mm.
in O. scops.
We know nothing of Scops kiénigseggi Madarasz, O. M. xx.
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 68]
1912, p. 81, from the upper Blue Nile, but from its wing
formula and size, it does not appear to belong to the Ofus
scops group but to the Ofus capensis, and as he does not
compare it with the latter we cannot offer an opinion.
Otus leucotis leucotis.
Strive leucotis Temm. Pl. Col. livr. 3, 1824, pl. 16:
Senegal.
Otus leucotis leucotis Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 254.
Scops leucotis Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 361, 1908, p. 249.
[B. coll.] 1 Atbara May, Ber.; 1 Khartoum Dec.; 1 Bara
Nov. Kor.
We cannot separate Sudanese examples of the White-
faced Scops Owl from typical north-west African specimens.
The amount of black on the head varies with age, though
of course the adults invariably have more than there is in
O. l. granti (Kollibay) from South Africa.
Carine noctua spilogaster.
Athene spilogastra Heughn, J. f. O. 1862, p. 14: near
Massaua.
Athene noctua spilogaster Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 401.
[B. coll.] 1 Jebel Bawati May, R.S.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Sinkat Mch. RS.
This Little Owl has frequently been recorded from
Somaliland by various authors and collectors, but as shown
by Reichenow (V. A. 11, p. 822) the Somaliland bird is
totally distinct, the striped head of the present race distin-
guishing it at once from the plain brown or slightly spotted
head of the Somaliland form, The latter must be known as
C. n. somaliensis Reichw. (Vog. Afr. ni. 1905, p. 822).
These two specimens of C. n. spilogaster are the first to
reach the British Museum.
Glaucidium perlatum.
Striz perlata Vieill. Nouv. Dict. vi. 1817, p. 26 : Senegal.
Glaucidium perlatum Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 256 ;
Butler, [bis, 1905, p. 361, 1908, p. 249, 1909, p. 86.
682 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[{ Ibis,
[B. coll.] 5 Roseires Apl.—Sept., | Abu Sheneina Apl.
Sen.; 2 Jebil Melbis Apl. Kor.; 2 Wau Jan. &
Apl. B.G.
[C.& L. coll.] 2 Kamisa Dee. Sen.
We have examined tbe fairly representative series of some
eighty-five skins of this species in the British Museum,
and are strongly in agreement with Claude Grant that no
races should at present be recognized.
Family Tyronipa.
Tyto alba affinis.
Strix affinis Layard, Birds S. Afr. 1867, p. 42: Cape of
Good Hope. ;
Striv flammea apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 360.
Tyto alba affinis Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 258.
[B. coll.] 1 Khartoum Mch.; 1 Bahr el Zeraf June, U.N.;
1 “ Sudan.”
[C. & L. coll.]. 2 Jebel Zeraf Feb. U.N.
We cannot separate these Sudanese specimens from
typical 7. a. affinis (Layard) from South Africa. Whether
or not any other form ever occurs in the northern parts of
the Sudan, we cannot say as we have no material. In
examining the whole series of Barn-Owls from Africa in the
Museum collection, we found very little variation from any
part of the continent, except that two birds—one from
Sierra Leone, and the other from Jarko, Upper Nigeria—
were rather distinct and apparently much more like 7’ a. alba
from southern Europe.
Family Fatconipa.
Falco peregrinus peregrinus.
Falco peregrinus Tunstall, Orn, Brit. 1771, p. 1: Great
Britain.
Falco peregrinus peregrinus Hartert, Vig. pal. Faun. p. 1043.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Marbeit Jan. U.N.
We have no doubt that-this is a specimen of the typical
Northern European Peregrine, although it is a long way out
1919.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 683
of its known range and is probably merely a wanderer. The
broad black cheek-stripe distinguishes it from F. p. calidus,
which also oceurs in the Suday. It is an adult female with
a wing-measurement of 359 mm.
Falco peregrinus calidus.
Falco calidus Latham, Ind. Orn. i. 1790, p. 41: India.
Falco peregrinus calidus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1046.
[B. coll.} 1 Khartoum Dec.
Another northern race visiting the Sudan in winter. The
breeding-grounds of this bird are to the east of those of the
ordinary Peregrine, and its usual winter quarters are India,
the East India islands, and southern China.
Falco peregrinus babylonicus.
Falco babylonicus P. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1861, p. 218, pl. 7:
Oudh.
Falco peregrinus babylonicus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 1058.
[B. coll.] 4 Khartoum Oct. Jan. & July 29; 1 Ruffaa
June 19, B.N.
[Gurney coll.] 1 Meroé Feb. Ber.
The majority of these Falcons have been examined by
Dr. Hartert and we have followed his identification. ‘There
is a little doubt as to whether two of the birds listed above
(both quite immature) are this race or the next, but it is
certainly interesting to find both forms occurring in the
Sudan as well as two of the more northern races. ‘This
race breeds in western Asia.
Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides.
Falco pelegrinoides Temminck, Pl. Col. livr. 81, 1829,
pl. 479: Nubia.
Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p- LODI.
[B. coll.] 4 Khartoum Nov. Dec. Feb.
This form, known as the Barbary Falcon, inhabits
northern Africa and visits the Sudan in winter, possibly
also breeding.
684: Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Falco peregrinus minor.
Falco minor Schlegel, Abh. Geb. Zool. & Vergl. Anat.
pt. 2, iii. 1844, p. 20: ‘“ Mountains of Cape of Good
Hope.”
Falco peregrinus minor Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1050.
Mr. Butler records this species as breeding at Jebel
Fazogli in Sennar, and one or more of his specimens are in
the Tring Museum. ‘This is the African Peregrine, and we
believe this to be the most northern record. (Cf. Hartert,
‘* Notes on Falcons,” Nov. Zool. xxi. 1915, p. 173.)
Falco biarmicus abyssinicus.
Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Neumann, J. f. O. 1904,
p. 869: Shoa; Hartert, Vég. pai. Faun. p. 1056.
[B.coll.] 4 Roseires Apl., 1 Dinder river Mch., 1 Baran-
kur, Apl., 1] Abd el Karim Nov., 1 Abu Hejar Apl.
Sen.; 1 Khartoum Dec. ; 1 Bara Apl. Kor.; 1 Kaka
Jan., | Meshra Rom Web. U.N:; 1 Rejat dnl
Apl. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Kodok (Fashoda) Jan. & Mch., 1 Renk
Mch., 1 near mouth of Bahr el Zeraf Mch., 1 Tonga
Feb. U.N.
This is undoubtedly the common form of the Lanner in
the Sudan. Dr. Hartert was kind enough to look over all
these Falcons for us und we entirely agree with his con-
clusions. For the distinctions of all the races of the
Peregrine and Lanner we may refer to his ‘ Notes on
Falcons,” Nov. Zool. xxii. 1915, pp. 167-185.
Falco biarmicus tanypterus.
Falco tanypterus Schlegel, Krit. Ubers. ii. 1844, p. 11:
Nubia; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 864, 1908, p. 250.
Falco biarmicus tanypterus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p, 1056.
[B. coll.] 2 Khartoum Jan.
A much rarer bird than the last race, and we have only
these two specimens from the Sudan that we can definitely
assign to this race.
1919.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 685
Falco subbuteo subbuteo.
Falco subbuteo Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 89:
Europe, restricted type-locality : Sweden.
‘alco subbuteo subbuteo Hartert, Vig. pal. Faun. p. 1071.
[ B. coll.] 2 Khartoum Oct. 17 & 19.
A regular winter migrant to tropical Africa, passing
through the Sudan in spring and autumn.
Falco subbuteo cuvieri.
Falco cuvierit A. Smith, S. A. Quart. Journ. 1. 1830,
p. 392: Kei river, E. Cape Colony ;-Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 630.
(Chr. coll.] 3 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
There is in the Museum collection an example of this
species collected by Emin at Lado; otherwise these are the
first specimens from the Sudan. We see no reason why
the African Hobby should not be regarded as a race of the
European. One of the birds apparently not fully adult
has two well-marked red patches on the sides of the nape.
Falco concolor.
Falco concolor Temm. PI]. Col. 1825, pl. 330: text not
figure: (Senegal errore !) coasts of Barbary ; Reichw. V. A.
i; pe O2g:
An example of this species is believed to have been
obtained by Hemprich and Ehrenberg at Ambukol in
Dongola, and was described by them as Falco schistaceus.
According to Zedlitz, J. f.O. 1914, p. 674, this is a synonym
of F’. concolor. We know of no other Sudanese examples.
Falco ruficollis.
Falco ruficollis Swainson, Birds W. Afr. i. 1837, p. 107,
plaes) senegal” Reich. VY. A.1. p. 631; Butler, Tbis 1905;
p. 364, 1908, p. 250, 1909, p. 89.
[B. coll.] I Roseires Feb. Sen.; 1 Khartoum Aug. ;
4 Malakal May, 2 Taufikia Jan. & Apl. U.N.;
1] Sheik Tombé, 1 Kenisa Jan. Mon.; 1 Wau
Mech. B.G,
686 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
[C. & L. coll.] 1 20 miles above Sennar Jan., 1 Kamisa
Dec. Sen.; 1 Kaka Jan., 1 Kodok Jan, 1 mouth of
Zeraf river Mch. U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Wau July, B.G.
Widely distributed south of Khartoum on Blue Nile,
White Nile, ete., its range largely coinciding with that of
the Doleib Palm, its favourite tree (A. L. B.).
Hierofalco cherrug cherrug.
Falco cherrug Gray in Hardwicke’s Il. Ind. Zool. u.
1833-34, pl. 25: India.
Falco cherrug cherrug Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1059.
Falco sacer auct., Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 362.
[B. coll.] 38 Khartoum Noy. & Dec.
The Saker Faleon seems a rare winter visitor to the
Sudan. Mr. Butler notes it as mainly occurring in the
northern Sudan, but he saw one pair at Kajo Kaji in
the Lado Enclave.
Tinnunculus tinnunculus tinnunculus.
Falco tinnunculus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 90 :
Europe, restricted type-locality : Sweden.
Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 1082.
Tinnunculus alaudarius and Cerchneis tinnunculus Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 365, 1908, p. 251.
[B. coll.] 5 Khartoum Feb. Mch. & Dec.; 1 Kajo Kaji
Mch. L.E.
Re ecole aol Sinkat Mech. B.S. ; 1 Senga, 1 Sennar
Dec. Sen.; 1 White Nile lat. 15° N. Jan. W:N. ;
1 Jebel Ahmed Agha Jan.,1 near Lake No Feb. U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Meridi Feb. B.G.
It appears to us that all the Sudanese specimens before
us belong to the typical European form, which, of course, is
only a winter migrant to the Sudan. 7. ¢. rupicoleformis
from Egypt, so far as we know, does not occur in the
Sudan, though we have very little material from the north
of the country. It has distinctly a more reddish tinge on
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 687
the underside, and though some of our examples have an
inclination in that direction, there are none that are as bright
as typical Egyptian specimens,
Tinnunculus tinnunculus carlo.
Cerchneis tinnunculus carlo Hartert & Neumann, J. f. O.
1907, p. 592: Bissidimo near Harar, Abyssinia.
This is the African resident form of the common Kestrel,
and may be distinguished at a glance—in adult males at
least—by its darker.and richer coloration and by its tail,
which always retains traces of the transverse black bars.
We have seen no Sudanese examples, but as we have
specimens in the Museum from Nigeria on one side and
Abyssinia and Somaliland on the other, we have little doubt
that it will be found to occur in the southern parts of our
region.
Tinnunculus naumanni naumanni.
Falco naumanni Fleischer, Sylvan, 1818, part v. art. 10,
p. 174: Germany.
Falco naumanni naumanni Hartert, Vig. pal. Faun. p. 1080.
Tinnunculus cenchris Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 365.
;Bs;colls]) 1 Gedaret Apl, Kas. ; 1 Apu Haraz, Noyv,,
1 Blue Nile “ winter,” Sen. ; 2 Shendi May 2 & 3,
Ber.
iG. & Ti. coll, 2 White Nile lat. 10° N: Jan. U.N.
Widely distributed in winter in the Sudan. It is possible
that the eastern form 7. n. pekinensis also occurs, but we
have no positive evidence of it. It is distinguished by the
greater amount of blue on the wing-coverts of the male.
Tinnunculus alopex alopex.
Tinnuuculus aloper Heuglin, [bis, 1861, p. 69, pl. i. :
Gallabat.
Cerchneis alopex (Heugl.); Reichw. V. A. i. p. 638.
LBecolla|flmiebelZeratileba UN. (ex Cee bcoll.)\,
1 Rejaf Hill Apl. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Jebelein Jan., 6 Jebel Zeraf Feb. U.N.
688 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Widely distributed on granite hills from Kordofan south-
wards (4. L. B.).
Reichenow has described a paler form of this species
from Mangu in the Gold Coast hinterland (O. M. 1899,
p. 190) as Cerchneis a. deserticola. We have a specimen from
Gambaga before us which is certainly slightly paler. It
agrees almost exactly with the Jebelein specimen. It may
be, therefore, that if this paler desert race is recognizable,
it extends to the White Nile, but not to the Bahr el
Ghazal.
Erythropus vespertinus vespertinus.
Falco vespertinus Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 17€6, p. 129:
Ingria, e.g. Province of Petrograd.
Falco vespertinus vespertinus Hartert, Vég. pal. Faun,
p. 1078.
Erythropus vespertinus Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 365.
[B. coll.] 2 Khartoum Noy. & Jan.
Irregular in occurrence, abundant one winter and then
not seen for years (A. L. B.).
The eastern form F. v. amurensis, which occurs in South
Africa in winter, has not yet been recorded from the Sudan,
and its migration route probably lies well to the east, though
we should not be surprised if it did wander into our
limits.
Dissodectes ardosiaceus.
Falco ardosiaceus Vieill. Ene. Méthod. 11, 1823, p. 1238:
Senegal.
Cerchneis ardosiacea Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 686.
Cerchneis ardesiacus Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 251, 1909,
p-. 89.
[B. coll.] 1 Roseires Apl. Sen. ; 1 Moyen Jan., 1 Tonj
Jan. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Ye Nov. or Dec. L.E.
Rarely seen in the northern Sudan, commoner towards
the south.
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-F-gyptian Sudan. 689
Poliohierax semitorquatus.
Falco semitorquata A. Smith, Report Exp. 1836, p. 44:
Old Latakoo, Bechuanaland.
Poliohierax semitorquatus Reichw. V. A. i. p. 645.
The African Faleonet is reported by Heuglin from the
upper Nile near Gondokoro, and from the Bahr el Ghazal
Province. We know of no later examples.
Pernis apivorus apivorus.
Falco apworus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 91:
Kurope, restricted type-locality : Sweden.
Pernis apivorus apivorus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1181.
[B. coll.] 1 Erkowit Apl. 3, R.S.
A rare winter visitor to the eastern half of Africa. So far
as we know this is the first record from the Sudan. Our
specimen, a male, has a wing of 424 mm., and is presumably
referable to the typical race.
Elanus ceruleus.
Falco ceruleus Desf. Hist. de PAcad. R. des Se. Paris,
1787-1789, p. 503, pl. xv.: Environs of Algiers.
Elanus ceruleus Reichw. V.A.i. p. 615; Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 865, 1908, p. 251.
[B. coll.] 5 Mongalia July-Sept. Mon.; 1 Kajo Kaji
Apl. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] lur. Lake No Mch. U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Tembura Apl. B.@.
The range of the Black-shouldered Kite in its various
forms is, except in cold climates, practically cosmopolitan.
Milvus migrans migrans.
Falco migrans Bodd. 'Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 28: France
(apud Hartert).
Milvus migrans migrans Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1169.
The only definite Sudanese record we can trace is that of
au example secured by Emin at Lado in April. This speci-
men, which we have examined, is an undoubted adult
Black Kite. The adult is easily distinguishable from the
690 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
adult of both races of the Yellow-billed Kite by its black
bill. The adult Black Kite is also distinguished from the
young of the two yellow-billed races, which also have a black
bill, by its whiter head combined with red-brown adult
plumage. We should not like to give any distinctions
between the young of all three races.
Milvus migrans xgyptius.
Falco egyptius Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 261:
Heypt.
Milvus migrans egyptius Uartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
agli.
We have no evidence that the true Egyptian Kite ever
occurs in the Sudan. It is distinguished from the common
Kite of the Sudan, generally called “Egyptian,” by its
lighter, more reddish, colour and paler head ; the tail also
is usually a good deal more reddish. We agree with
Hartert in treating the Yellow-billed Kites as subspecies of
M. migrans. We include this species in our list as there is
in the Museum collection an example from Kenia in British
East Africa, which we cannot separate from tle Egyptian
form, and also because we have no Kites from the north
of the Sudan and cannot therefore say where the dividing
line between tlis race and the next comes.
Milvus migrans parasitus.
Faico parasitus Daudin, 'Traité, 1. 1800, p. 150: South
Africa (ex Levaillant).
Milvus migrans parasitus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1172.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Jebelein Jan., 1 White Nile, lat. 93° N.
long. 30° 40' EK. Mch. U.N.
[Chr. coll.i 1 Wau July, B.G.
From an examination of the Kites in the Museum collec-
tion, it is evident to us that the South African Kite ranges
throughout Africa to Abyssinia, the Sudan, and north-west
Africa to the Gold Coast and Gambia. Birds from Somali-
land and south Arabia are almost exactly intermediate
between this form and the last.
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-gyptian Sudan. 691
Milvus migrans subsp. ?
[C. & L. coll.] 5 Erkowit Apl. B.S.
These five Kites are in very worn plumage and are thus
not very easy to determine. They have the crown of the
head almost white with very narrow blackish central streaks,
and in this respect resemble M. m. migrans, but one of the
five has a yellow bill, which would be more characteristic of
M. m. egyptius. On the other hand, they are smaller than
the typical Egyptian Kite, the wings averaging 405 mm.
against 430 to 450 for the Egyptian bird. They agree best
with other K tes from the Red Sea coast, Aden and
Somaliland, and appear to be an intermediate race between
M. m. eyyptius and M. m. parasitus, as is suggested by
Hartert (Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1172).
Chelictinia riocourii.
Klanoides riocourit Vieill. & Oud. Gal. Ois. i. 1823, p. 43,
pl. 16: Senegal.
Naucierus riocourt Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 617; Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 365.
[ B. coll.] 1 Malakal, Jan. U.N. (ex C. & LL. coll.).
[C. & L. coll.] 5 Malakal, Jan. U.N.
Mr. Butler saw the African Swallow-tailed Kite fre-
quently in Kordofan and less frequently in the Blue Nile
country. Messrs. Chapman, Lynes & Lowe came on a
densely packed flock in a tree at Malakal aud the above
six specimens were killed with one shot.
The characteristic black patch on the under wing-coverts
appears to be present only in the female and to constitute
a sexual distinction. ‘The under wing-coverts in the male
are pure white. Of the series above, three are males with
wing-measurements 223, 227, and 230 mm. respectively,
and three females measuring 227, 240, and 245. The small
series of this rare species in the British Museum, which
includes Vieillot’s type from the Riocour collection, con-
firms this sexual distinction. Salvadori (Ann.. Mus. Civ.
Genova, xxi. 1884, p. 59) commented on the presence or
absence of the black patch on the under wing-coverts, and
692 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
believed it to be a matter of youth and age. We cannot
help suspecting that Antinori’s birds were not carefully
sexed and that Salvadori was misled by this.
We find that the type of the genus Nauclerus Vigors
(Zool. Journ. i. 1825, p. 886) is undoubtedly (by subse-
quent designation of Gray, List Gen. Bds. 1840, p. 4)
Falco jorficatus Linun., the American Swallow-tailed Kite,
and is therefore a synonym of Hlanotdes of Vieillot. We
are therefore forced to fall back on Chelictinia Lesson (Echo
du Monde Savant, 1843, p. 6), the type of which is un-
doubtedly the present species.
Haliaétus vocifer.
Falco vocifer Daudin, Traité, 11. 1800, p. 65: Coasts of
Cape Colony (ex Levaillant).
Haliaétus vecifer Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 605; Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 366, 1908, p. 251.
| B. coll.] 1 Sobat river May, Kas.
[C. & L.coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 near Lake No
Heb, U-N:
In the J. f. 0.1910, pp. 388-390, Zedlitz, following Brehm
and Heuglin, has separated the race from the Sudan and
north-east Africa, under the name H. v. clamans Brehm.
His wing-measuremerts for this race are ¢ 505, ? 5380 mm.,
while those for the east and south African race are given as
do 520-550, 9 563-580 mm. Our own adult specimens,
both males, from the eastern Sudan measure 528 and
535 mm., and so come within the limits of the larger race.
We therefore prefer to keep tie two forms united at present.
Terathopius ecaudatus.
Falco ecaudatus Daudin, Traité, 11. 1800, p. 54: ‘* Anteni-
quoi country,” 7. e. Knysna district, Cape Colony.
Helotarsus ecaudatus Reichw. V. A. i. p. 598; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 366, 1908, p. 251, 1909, p. 402.
[B. coll.] 1 Abu Sheneina May, Sen.
This is an old male of the light-backed form, known as
T. leuconotus Riipp,. and is apparently only a variety or
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan. 693
plumage stage of the ordinary Bateleur. Mr. Butler records
the red-backed form from throughout the entire Sudan, and
the light-backed from Sennar, Kordofan, and the Lado
Enclave. Reichenow believes tiiat the light-backed phase
is the plumage of very old birds. In this case it 1s interesting
to note that Claude Grant while at Beira from November to
February saw a large number of Bateleur Eagles, every one
of which was the light-backed form.
Butastur rufipennis.
Poliornis rufipennis Sund, ify. Ak. Forh. 1850, p. 131:
near Khartoum,
Butastur rufipennis Reichw. V. A.1. p. 597; Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 868, 1908, p. 253, 1909, p. 89.
[B. coll.] 1 Kodok Jan., 1 Malakal May, U.N.; 1 Amien
May, B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Taufikia, 3 near Kodok, 2 White Nile
lat. 10° N. Jan. U.N.
[Chr. coll.j 1 Wau July, B.G.
Widely distributed in the Sudan and much given to local
movements from time to time. The bird from Wau is
probably immature, and is very much paler than any of
the other specimens.
Circaétus gallicus.
Falco gallicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 259:
Gallia (2. e. France).
Circaétus gallicus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1189.
[B. coll.] 1 Sherif Yakub Oct. B.N.
[C. & L. coll] .1 Fashoda (Kodok) Jan. U.N.
The Short-toed Eagle is a winter visitor from Hurope and
western Asia to the Sudan, and thereby differs from all the
other members of the genus occurring there, which are
residents in Africa. The bird from Sherif Yakub is less
white and more brown on the chest than is usual, and in
that respect approaches C. beaudouini, but the latter is more
slaty-grey than brown and the barring of the underside is
very much finer.
SER. XI.—VOL. I. 3C
694 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on (Ibis,
Circaétus beaudouini.
Circaétus beaudouini Verr. & Des Murs, Ibis, 1862, p. 212,
pl. vii.: Bissao; Reichw. V. A. i. p. 575.
We have seen no examples of this species from the Sudan,
and it is possible that finely-marked examples of C. gallicus
have been mistaken for it, but Heuglin’s description (Orn.
Nordost-Afr. i. p. 86 under C. fasciatus) is a very good one,
and there is no reason why its range should not extend to
Kordofan, as is stated by Heuglhin.
Circaétus pectoralis.
Circaétus pectoralis A. Smith, S. A. Quart. Journ, 1880,
p- 109: South Africa; Reichw. V. A. i. p. 572.
This is also a species of which we have no Sudanese,
though several Abyssinian, examples, but as it is an easily
recognizable bird and is recorded from the Blue and White
Niles and elsewhere by Heuglin, we have no doubt that it
may be admitted to our list.
Circaétus cinereus.
Circaétus cinereus Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxii. 1818, p. 445:
Senegal ; Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 571.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
Previously recorded by Heuglin from the White and Blue
Niles, but not obtained since within our limits so far as we
know. We consider this to be quite a different species from
C. pectoralis (cf. Sclater, Ibis, 1912, p. 9).
Circaétus cinerascens.
Circaétos cinerascens J. W. von Miiller, Naumannia, 1851,
pt. iv. p. 27: Sennar.
Circaétus cinerascens Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 578.
‘The type-locality of this species, also called C. zonurus by
Heuglin, Ibis, 1860, p. 410, is Sennar on the Blue Nile.
According to Heuglin also it was not uncommon. Emin
obtained a specimen at Lado, and there is also an example
in the Museum collected by him at Kabajendi on the
boundary of the Lado Enclave.
1919.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 695
Kaupifalco monogrammicus monogrammicus.
Falco monogrammicus Temm. P]. Col. livr.53, 1824, pl. 314:
Senegal.
Kaupifaleco monogrammicus Reichw, V. A. 1. p. 547.
Asturinula monogrammica Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 258.
[ B. coll.] 1 Roseires Sept. Sen.
[Chr. coll.| 2 Yambio Mch. B.G.
These birds undoubtedly belong to the typical Senezal race,
though it appears, from an examination of the material in
the Museum, that the southern form, separated by Reichenow
as K. m. meridionalis (Hartl.), comes farther north than is
generally supposed, aud that British East African and
Uganda examples approach it more closely than they do
the present race. ‘The size varies very considerably. The
Roseires specimen has a wing of 217 mm., while the
Yambio birds measure 234 and 247 mm. All are sexed
female.
Lophoaétus occipitalis.
Falco occwitalis Daudin, Traité, 1. 1800, p. 40: “ Anteni-
quoi country,” z.e. Knysna district, Cape Colony.
Lophoaétus occipitalis Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 582 ; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 867, 1908, p. 252.
[B.-coll.] 2 Renk Mch., 1 Kaka June, U.N.
[C. & L. ecoll.] 1 Sennar Jan. Sen.; 1 Jebel Ahmed
Agha Jan., 1 White Nile lat. 94° N. long. 31° E. U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Feb. B.G.
The eggs of this species were taken by Hawker at Fashoda
on March 21, 1901 (Ibis, 1902, p. 441).
Spizaétus bellicosus.
Falco bellicosus Daudin, Traité, 11. 1800, p. 38: Gt.
Namaqualand.
Spizaétus bellicosus Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 576.
There is no example in the present collections, but
Mr. Butler informs us it is common in the forest regions
of the Bahr el Ghazal, and we have a specimen in the
Museum shot by Mr. G. Blaine in that locality.
302
696 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Hieraaétus fasciatus spilogaster.
Spizaétus spilogaster Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850,
p. 487: Abyssinia.
HMieraaétus spilogaster Reichw. V. A. i. p. 579.
This Eagle has been recorded by Autinori from Sennar
and from several localities by Heuglin, and there seems no
reason why it should not occur in the Sudan, but it is not
represented in the collections we have examined.
Hieraaétus pennatus.
Falco pennatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 272
(ex Brisson) : no type-locality indicated.
Hieraaétus pennatus pennatus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p> Lit.
The Booted Eagle has been several times recorded from
the Sudan, though the Museum does not happen to possess
any specimens. It is a winter visitor, but a rare one, to as
far south as Natal. Mr. Willoughby Lowe informs us that
a pair were collected by the Chapman-Lynes expedition on
the Blue Nile near Sennar and were’ presented to the
Khartoum Museum.
Hieraaétus wahlbergi. |
Aquila wahlbergi Sund. Gifv. Ak. Forh. 1850, p. 109:
“ Upper Kaffraria,” i.e. Transvaal.
Hieraaétus wahlbergi Reichw. V. A.1. p. 581.
[C. & L. coll.]| 1 Blue Nile 20 miles above Sennar Jan.
Sen.
This is the first specimen we have been able to examine
from the Sudan. It has been twice previously recorded,
from Roseires by Brehm and from Lado by Emin. There
is also a specimen in the Museum from Eritrea.
Aquila heliaca heliaca.
Aquila heliaca Savigny, Descr. Egypte, Syst. Ois. 1809,
p. 82, pl. 12: Upper Egypt.
Aquila heliaca heliaca Hartert, Vig. pal. Faun. p. 1092.
Aquila imperialis (Bechst.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 402.
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 697
Mr. Butier, Ibis, 1909, p. 402, records his unsuccessful
attempts to trap or shoot specimens of what he took to be
this Kagle in the hills of the Red Sea Province. It has been
recorded by Heuglin from Nubia and Kordofan.
Aquila rapax albicans.
Falco (Aquila) albicans Riippell, Neue Wirbelt. 1836,
p. 34, pl. 13: Simien, Abyssinia.
Aquila rapax albicans Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1095.
Aquila rapax apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 367, i908,
p. 252.
[B. coli.] 1 Khartoum Jan. ; 1 Um Dam May, Kor.
[C. & L. coll.}] 1 Sinkat Mch, 1 Erkowit Apl. BS.;
1 Senga, 2 near Kamisa Dec. Sen. ; ] Kodok Mch.,
1 Jebelein Jan. U.N.
[Gurney coll.] 1 Meroé Feb. Ber.
This species has a very marked plumage change which
according to Hartert it takes five or six years to undergo.
He is of opinion that the darkest bird is the adult and the
lightest the youngest. One of the Chapman-Lynes birds
shot off a nest at Kodok is in what Hartert calls ** Plumage 3,”
and it appears to us that the breast-feathers are certainly
freshest where they are darkest, and that abrasion plays a
very great part in the change.
Aquila nipalensis orientalis.
Aquila orientalis Cabanis, J. f. O. 1854, p. 8369 note: near
Sarepta, S.E. Russia.
Aquila nipalensis orientalis Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 1099.
[B. coll.] 3 Khartoum Feb.
[C.& L.coll.] 1 @ (vesting) Erkowit April 8, B.S.
These we believe to be the first definite records of this
Eagle from Africa. It appears to be not uncommon
according to Mr. Butler on the rubbish heaps outside
Khartoum in the winter. A specimen obtained by Lt.-Col.
Penton at Um Dam, Kordofan, is mentioned by Mr. Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 367, under “‘ A. nipalens?s?’? and we’ have
698 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[ Ibis,
little doubt that it was this species. It is also of interest
that a bird lent us for comparison by Col. Stephenson
Clarke, C.B., and shot in the Loita Plains of southern
British East Africa, is in our opinion undoubtedly an
example of this species, and Mr. G. Archer, C.M.G., H.M.’s
Commissioner for Somaliland, has recently found the same
bird breeding in Somaliland. The bird appears, therefore,
to have a fairly extensive range in Africa. It has probably
been confused with A. rapar, and young birds are very
difficult to separate from that species. It may be generally
taken, however, that immature A. n. orientalis have the lowest
upper tail-coverts and the tips of the inner secondaries white,
and not fulvous as in A. rapaw, and that they are also darker
and less rufous than that species. They are also on the
whole distinctly larger. The adults, which are very dark
brown, have a patch of poirted light-coloured feathers on
the nape. ‘The Chapman and Lynes specimen from Erkowit
is said to have been nesting.
Dr. Hartert is inclined to identify these birds with the
Indian subspecies 1. n. nipalensis ; the distinctive characters
of the two races are by no means well marked.
Aquila pomarina pomarina.
Aquila pomarina Brehm, Handb. Natur. Vog. Deutsch.
1831, p. 27: Pomerania.
Aquila pomarina pomarina Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 1104.
[B. coll.| 1 Khartoum Nov.
This is the first definite record we can trace for the Sudan
and we believe the second only from the Ethiopian region,
the first being secured in 1914 by the junior author
in the Ithanga Hills of British Kast Africa (Ibis, 1917,
p. 407).
Heuglin (Orn. Nordost-Afr. i. p. 47) records this species
under the name of A. nevia from the Nile as far south
as Sennar and Kordofan, but we do not know if any of his
specimens are in existence It is of course only a winter
visitor.
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-l-gyptian Sudan. 699
Gypaétus barbatus subsp. ?
Mr. Willoughby Lowe informs us that he saw an un-
doubted Lammergeier in the Red Sea Province at Erkowit
on April 1, 1914, and that another was seen by Commander
Lynes on April 6 and on subsequent occasions. They were
in all probability the Abyssinian form, which is believed to
be identical with G. d. meridionalis Keys. & Blas. from South
Africa.
Buteo buteo rufiventer.
Buteo rujiventer Jerdon, Madras Journ. xii. 1844, p. 165 :
Nilgiri Hills.
Buteo buteo rufiventer Sclater, Ibis, 1919, p. 253.
Buteo desertorum auct., Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 368, 1908,
p. 253, 1909, p. 402; and Buteo anceps Brehm apud Hartert.
[| B. coll.] 38 Khartoum Oct. & Nov.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Sinkat Mch. RS.
The Desert Buzzard seems a fairly common winter visitor
to the Sudan aud was seen by Mr. Butler in the Red Sea
Province as late as May. For use of this name ¢f. Sclater,
op. cit.
Buteo ferox ferox.
Accipiter ferox 8. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop.
xv. 1770-1771,p. 442: Astrakan.
Buteo ferox ferox Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1115.
[B. coll.] 3 Khartoum Mch. 25, Dec. 3, 16.
A winter migrant to the Sudan, apparently only the
northern portion.
Buteo jakal augur.
Falco (Buteo) augur Riipp. Neue Wirbelt. 1836, p. 38
pl. 16: Abyssinia.
Buteo jakal augur Sclater, Ibis, 1919, p. 251.
Mr. Butler records this species from the Blue Nile and
Erkowit. Heuglin also records it from the Blue Nile
and Sennar, It is common in Abyssinia. There are no
]
Sudanese examples in the Museum,
700 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [Ibis,
Buteo auguralis.
Buteo auguralis Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Milan, vii.
1865, p. 276: Abyssinia ; Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 593.
[B. coll.] 1 Sennar July, 1 Roseires Sept. Sen.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
Probably a resident species in the southern part of the
Sudan. Recorded also from Kordofan by Antinori and
Heuglin.
Accipiter nisus nisus.
Falco nisus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p.92: Europe,
restricted type-locality : Sweden.
Accipiter nisus nisus Hartert, VGg. pal. Faun. p. 1151.
[B. coll.] 1 Barankwa Nov. 5, Sen.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Hrkowit Apl. 3, B.S.
The Sparrow-Hawk is apparently a rare winter visitor to
the Sudan. Mr. Butier records it also from Khartoum,
Flower from the Blue Nile, and Riippell from Kordofan.
Accipiter minullus intermedius.
Accipiter minuilus intermedius Erlanger, J. f.O. 1°04,
p. 173: Abela, Lake district of 8S. Abyssinia.
[B. coll.] 1 Roseires Nov. Sen.
On examining the material in the Museum we find we ean
recognize four races of A. minullus, viz. :--'
A. m. minullus (Daudin). 8. Africa, south of Zambesi.
A.m. tropicalis Reichw. Zambesi to British Kast Africa.
A. m. intermedius Erlanger. Abyssinia to Uganda and
the Sudan.
A. m. erythropus Hartlaub. West Africa from the Gold
Coast to Gaboon.
Accipiter melanoleucus.
Accipiter melanoleucus Smith, S. A. Quart. Journ. i. pt. 3,
1830, p. 229: Bavian’s River, Cape Colony.
Astur melanoleucus Reichw. V. A. i. p. 551.
Heuglin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. 1. p. 60) records a specimen of
this Hawk taken at Fazogli (Sen.) by Duke Paul of
Wirtemberg in 1840. We know of no other record.
1919.| the Birds of the Anglo-Lyyptian Sudan. 701
Astur (Nisastur) badius sphenurus.
‘alco ( Nisus) sphenurus Riippell, N. Wirbelt. 1835, p. 42:
Dahlak I. near Massaua.
Accipiter badius sphenurus Ripp.; Hartert, Vig. pal. Faun.
p. 1161.
Astur sphenurus Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 258, 1909, p. 89.
[B. coll.] 2 near Roseires May, 1 Famaka May, Sen. ;
3 Khartoum Sept. & Oct.; 3 Wau Jan. & Apl. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Meridi Feb., 1 Wau July, B.G.
Widely distributed.
Micronisus gabar.
Falco gabar Daudin, Traité, 11, 1800, p. 87 : interior of
South Africa (ex Levaillant).
Micronisus gabar Reichw. V. A. 1. p. 565.
Melerax gabar Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 369, 1908, p. 263,
1909 p89:
| B. coll.] 1 Disa Apl., 4 Roseires Feb. Apl. July, Sen. ;
4 Khartoum Apl. Sept. Oct.; 1 Kosti May, 2 Goz abu
Guma <Apl. May, W.N.; 3 Mongalla summer ;
1 nr. Wau Jan., 1 Chak Chak Feb. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.| 6 Kamisa, 1 Sennar Dec. Sen ; 1 Kosti
Mch. W.N.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Feb. B.G.
[Gurney coll.] 1 Meroé Jan. Ber.
Mr. Butler was, we believe, the first to point out that the
black Hawk known as Melicrax niger (Vieill.) was in all
probability only a melanism of this species. We believe
this to be undoubtedly the case, but to what degree the
black form is “ fixed” we have no idea. Mr. G. F. Archer,
C.M.G., H.M.’s Commissioner of Somaliland, recently
wrote to Colonel Stephenson Clarke, who had asked him
to make a note of this point, that he bad found black and
grey nestlings in the same nest.
Melierax metabates metabates.
Melierax metabates Heuglin, Ibis, 1861, p. 72: White
Nile between 6° and 7° N. lat.
702 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[ Ibis,
Melierax canorus metabates Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 1164,
Melicrax polyzonus (Riipp.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 253,
13098 pa So.
[ B. coll.] 6 Mongalla summer ; 1 Wau Apl. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Yei Nov. & Dec. L.E.
Melierax metabates neumanni.
Melierax canorus neumannt Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 1165 : Arbub near Merowe, Dongola.
Melierax polyzonus apud Butler, [bis, 1905, p. 368.
[B. coll.] 1 Erkowit Mch. R.S.; 1 Sherif Yakub Apl.,
3 Roseires Sept. & Dec. Sen.; 1 Kosti May, W.N. ;
1 Malakal May, U.N.
[C.& L. coll.] 1 Sinkat Mch. R.S.; 2 Kamisa Dee.
Sen.; 1 Jebet Ahmed Agha Jan. U.N.
[Gurney coll.] 1 Meroé Feb. Ber.
This race differs from typical M/. m. metabates in having
the secondaries and wing-coverts more clearly barred with
black and white and not grey barred with lighter grey.
The tail-coverts are also not so closely barred and are often
practically unbarred in the centre.
We take this to be a desert form of M. metabates and its
range to be from northern Nigeria through the northern
part of the Sudan to the Blue Nile and Red Sea Province,
but all birds south of Khartoum and north of Lake No may
be looked upon as intermediate. The range of M. m. meta-
bates practically encircles that of MW. m. neumanni, as it
extends from Morocco through Gambia, Nigeria, and across
to the Bahr el Ghazal, Mongalia, Abyssinia, and up to
Eritrea and Arabia.
If, following Hartert, it is proposed to regard these birds
as specifically identical with the white-rumped grey-
shouldered M. canorus and M. poliopterus, tne oldest specific
name is Falco musicus Daudin, Traité, 11. 1800, p. 116
(Cape Colony ex Levailiaut), which antedates Falco canorus
Rislach, the description of which, though read in 1799, was
not apparently published until 1801.
1919.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 703
Circus pygargus.
Circus pygargus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 89:
England (ex Albin) ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1148.
We have not seen any Sudanese examples of Montagu’s
Harrier, nor apparently did Mr. Butler meet with it while
in the Sudan; but it has been recorded by Heuglin and
others, and there are many specimens in the Museum from
Abyssinia, Uganda, British East Africa, and farther south,
so there can be no doubt of its occurrence on migration
within our limits.
Circus cyaneus, the Hen-Harrier, is also recorded by
Heuglin and Riippell from the Sudan and Abyssinia, but
there are no specimens in the Museuta which would lead us
to suppose that it ever came so far south.
Circus macrourus.
Accipiter macrourus S. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Acad.
Petrop: xv. 1771, p. 439, pls. 8&9: S.E. Russia.
Circus macrourus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1142 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 370, 1908, p. 254.
[B. coll.] 1 Roseires Nov. Sen. ; 3 Khartoum Oct. and
“ winter.”
[C. & L. coll.| 1 Smkat Mch. B.S.; 1 Senga, 1 Kamisa
Dec. Sen.; 1 Hassania Island, Jan. W.N.
The Pallid Harrier is abundant and widely distributed
throughout the Sudan in winter.
Circus eruginosus zruginosus.
Falco eruginosus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 91:
Europe, restricted type-locality : Sweden:
Circus eruginosus eruginosus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun,
p. 1185; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 370, 1908, p. 254.
[B. coll.j} 3 Khartoum Jan. Feb. Mch.; 1 Meshra Rom
Feb. U.N.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 White Nile, lat. 15° N. Jan. W.N.;
1 Jebel Ahmed Agha Jan. U.N.
704 Messrs. Selater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Gymnogenys typicus.
Polyboroides typicus Smith, S, Afr. Quart. Journ. 1. 1830,
p. 107: Eastern Cape Colony ; Reichw. V. A.1. p. 531.
[B. coll.} 1 Abu Sheneina Apl. Sen.
According to Richmond (Auk, 1902, p. 92), Lesson’s
generic name Gymnogenys, published in February 1880,
antedates the more familiar Polyboroides of Smith, pub-
lished on April 1, 1830.
Family Psnpionrp&.
Pandion haliaétus haliaétus.
Falco haliaé.us Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 91:
Europe, restricted type-locality : Sweden.
Pandion haliaétus haliaétus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p- 1191; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 362.
Not uncommon on the White and Blue Niles and also
recorded by Mr. Butier from the Red Sea coast and the
Bahr el Ghazal.
Family Aeyrups# (= Vulturide auct.).
AHgypius monachus.
Vultur monachus Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p.122:
Arabia.
«Egypius monachus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun, p. 1208.
There is a specimen of this Vulture collected by Riippeli
> in the Museum, and it has been occa-
in “ north-east Africa’
sionally recorded from Egypt. We think it quite possible
that it may occur in the Sudan, but the evidence at
present is not conelusive. Rothschild and Wollaston (Ibis,
1902, p. 22) record it as common at Shendi, but Butler
in his notes is of the opinion that the birds seen were
possibly examples of Otogyps nubicus, i.e. Torgos trache-
liotus nubicus.
Gyps fulvus fulvescens ?
Gyps fulvescens Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 356: Gurgaon,
Punjab.
Gyps fulvus fulvescens Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1206.
1919.| = the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 705
[C.& L. coll.] 1 Sinkat-Erkowit Plain Mch., 1 Erkowit
Apl. B.S.
These two Vultures from the Red Sea Province are most
certainly closer to the Indian form than they are to the
European. We have unfortunately no specimens ot G. f.
cinnamomeus Reichw. from Turkestan with which to compare
them, nor have we any specimens of G. f. fulvus from the
type locality, north Persia. We should expect northern
migrants in the Red Sea Province, judging from what we
have so far seen, to come from the country between Russia
to the west and western Turkestan to the east, but not from
so far east as the Punjab. The fact remains, however, that
we cannot separate these from Punjab examples. The typical
race G. /. fulvus (V. f. occidentalis Schlegel of Heuglin) is
said by Heuglin and others to have occurred iv the Sudan,
but we have no specimens before us.
Gyps riippellii riippellii.
Vultur rippelli A. Brehm, Naumannia, 1852, pt. 3, p. 44:
Khartoum.
Gyps riippellit riippella Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1206.
Gyps rueppelli Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 3870, 1908, p. 254,
1909, p. 402.
[C. & L.coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 Marbeit Jan. U.N.
These two specimens are the first examples of this species
to reach the British Museum. This is a lowland species
as compared to the distinct and paler race G. r. erlangert
from the Abyssinian highlands. We think it very possible
that this also occurs in the Sudan and may be the bird
referred to by Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 371, as Gyps kolbi1,
which it is not unlike. This latter occurs, however, only in
South Africa,
Pseudogyps africanus.
Gyps africanus Salvadori, Not. Stor. R. Accad. Torino,
1865, p. 1383: Sennar.
Pseudogyps africanus Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 254.
[C. & L.coll.] 1 Kamisa Dee. Sen.
706 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Erlanger (J. f. O. 1904, pp. 150-152) divides this species
into several races. We have not sufficient material in the
Museum to confirm or dispute his conclusions. Apparently
not an uncommon bird in the Sudan.
Torgos tracheliotus nubicus.
Vultur nubicus H. Smith in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom,
1. 1829, p. 164: Nubia.
Otogyps auricularis (nec Daud.), Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 370.
Otogyps auricularis pt. Reichw. V. A. i. p. 512. ;
[C. & L. coll.} 1 Sennar Jan.
Not uncommon in the Sudan, but like all large Vultures
not much sought after by collectors.
The generic name T'orgos Kaup, Isis, xxi. 1828, p. 1144,
is far anterior in date to Otogyps and must be accepted in
its place. The specific name ¢tracheliotus (J. R. Forster in
Levaillant’s * Reise Afrikas,’ 111. 1791, p. 362, pl. 12) also
antedates auricularis Daudin, 1800, as has been pointed out
by Richmond (P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. 1909, p. 646).
The entire absence of ear-lappets in all the north-east
African examples appears to be quite sufficient to distin-
guish them from South African birds. We have no
examples before us from Hast Africa.
Lophogyps occipitalis.
Vultur occipitalis Burchell, Travels, 11. 1824, p. 329:
Makhwari River, nr. Kuruman, Bechuanaland.
Lophogyps occipitalis Keichw. V. A. 1. p. 514; Butler,
Ibis, 1908, p. 254.
[C. & L. coll.| 3 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 Jebelein Jan.
W.N.; 1 Tonga Feb. U.N.
A species occurring throughout the greater part of the
Sudan.
Neophron percnopterus percnopterus.
Vultur perenopterus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 87: Egypt.
Neophron percnopterus Reichw. V. A. i. p. 521; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 371, 1908, p. 254, 1909, p. 402.
1919.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 707
We happen to have no Sudanese specimens before us, but
Mr. Butler records the Kgyptian Vulture as abundant in the
northern part of the Sudan, becoming scarcer to the south.
Necrosyrtes monachus pileatus.
Vultur pileatus Burchell, Travels, 11. 1824, p. 195: between
Graaff Reinet and the Orange river, 7.e. Hopetown district
of the Cape Province.
Neophron monachus apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 371, 1908,
p. 234.
[C. & L.coliz}. 1 Senga Dec. Sen. ; 1 Bahr el Zeraf,
Feb. U.N.
The difference between this race and the typical form
from Senegal is merely that of size, the wing of the present
race being over 470 mm. and generally over 500 mm., while
that of the typical race is usually under 470. The north-
east African birds agree with south African birds rather
than with those of north-west Africa. This Vulture replaces
to a great extent the Egyptian Vulture in the southern part
of the Sudan.
Family SaGirraRup#.
Sagittarius serpentarius.
Falco serpentarius J. F. Miller, Var. subjects Nat. Hist.
1779, pl. 28: Cape of Good Hope.
Serpentarius serpentarius (Mill.); Reichw. V. A.i. p. 528;
Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 236.
Serpentarius secretarius (Scop.); Butler, Ibis, 1905,
p-. 370, 1908, p. 254.
We agree with Claude Grant that at present we can see
no reason for recognizing any races of the Secretary Bird.
The material, however, is not extensive, and it is possible
that more specimens may make separation necessary.
The generic name Sagittarius Hermann, Tab. Affin. Anim.
1783, pp. 136, 235, antedates Serpentarius Cuvier, Tabl.
Elém. d’Hist. Nat. 1798, p. 254 (Richmond, P. U.S. Nat.
Mus. lin. 1917, p. 622).
To be continued. }
708 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
XXXII.—List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with
detailed reference to the Migratory Species and the Acci-
dental Visitors. Part lV. Anatipoa—Laripa. By Davin
A. Bannermay, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S.
[Continued from p, 495. |
Family ANaTID#.
Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos. ‘The Mallard.
Anas platyrhynchos Winn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 125—Type locality : Sweden.
The Mallard or Wild Duck is a somewhat irregular Winter
Visitor, especially to Tenerife, and an occasional Bird of
Passage in spring.
Webb and Berthelot considered it to be rare prior to 1841,
appearing only after strong winter gales (Orn. Canarienne,
p. 46). Bolle likewise found it a rare species (J. f.O. 1855,
p. 179), but notes that Berthelot shot one in the pools of
Maspalomas, Gran Canaria, which it especially loved to
frequent (J. f. O. 1857, p. 348).
In Tenerife the Wild Duck is plentiful in wet seasons, and
may be then found frequenting the overflowing ditches of the
Laguna plain. Such was the case in the winter of 1890-91
as recorded by Meade-Waldo (Ibis, 1893, p. 199), and again
in the spring of 1901, when so much rain fell at Laguna
that small lakes were formed, reeds sprang up, and a regular
paradise existed for a short time, resorted to by ducks of
many kinds, amongst which the most numerous species was
according to von 'Thanner the Common Wild Duck (Nov.
Zool. xi. 1904, p. 431).
It is unusual in ordinary years to find the Wild Duck in
the Canary Islands in any numbers, but usually a'few appear
every year; if they arrive in dry weather they frequent
the water-tanks used for storing water.
The Wild Duck is doubtless rarely seen in the eastern
Canary Islands, which are altogether toc barren for their
taste, Polatzek’s notes (Orn, Jahrb, 1909, p. 132) that it
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 709
appears frequently in very rainy winters probably refer to the
western islands; but in this connection it must be remarked
that Bolle wrote, “ In the spring of 1851 1 many times saw
pairs of ducks on the coasts of Fuerteventura. .... I cannot
tell what species” (J. f. O. 1855, p. 179).
Range. The Mallard breeds throughout Europe, in north
Africa and the Azores, and in Asia east to Japan. In
winter it 1s found in Africa, south to the Tropic of Cancer,
and in India.
Anas angustirostris. Marbled Duck.
Anas angustirostris Ménétr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. 1882, p. 58,
no. 205—Type locality : Lenkoran.
The Marbled Duck is one of the least known Ducks of
the Canary Islands, and does not fall easily into any of the
groups into which we are placing the rest of the Ornis.
It may eventually have to be considered a partial resident
as it has been known to breed in the islands, and may remain
throughout the year. As nothing is known of its migratory
habits I can only include it in this list as an Occasional Visitor
which has not been known to breed since Bolle recorded the
fact in 1857.
Bolle’s account of its vesting is therefore of considerable
interest. He wrote: “This duck, so common in Algeria, is
the only one of its genus which lives in Canaria as a
breeding bird. In May I saw them with their young ones
in the ponds surrounded with rushes and water plants at
the ~Charcor 4(J)./f2'O. 1857, p. 348).
The bird is not recorded again until Cabrera’s list was
published, in which he states that he had a specimen in his
collection from Laguna and cites the bird as an occasional
migrant under the name of Querquedula angustirostris (Cata-
logo, p. 69).
That A. angustirostris still frequents the remarkable
locality known as the “ Charco” in Gran Canaria has been
proved of late years by Major Smeed, Herr von Thanner,
and myself, all on different occasions. ‘Thanner saw the
Marbled Duck there in February 1909 (Orn. Jahrb. 1910,
SER. XI.—VOL. I. 3D
710 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
p- 100) and believed it bred there, but he did not find a nest
nor did he get any eggs. I obtained a specimen myself in
the Charco on the 24th of February, 1912 (Ibis, 1912,
p- 586); while Major C. Smeed writes to me as follows:
“On referring to my notes, I find it was a party of three
Marbled Ducks I flushed on two consecutive days from the
vegetation by the Charco at Maspalomas—the 19th and
20th March, 1914.” He was of opinion that they were
the same three birds.
Range. The Marbled Duck is found in Spain and Portugal,
northern Africa south to the Canaries, and extends east-
wards through Palestine, Persia, and the Caucasus to India,
apparently also in the Seychelles.
Querquedula crecca crecca. Common Teal.
Anas crecea Yann. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 126—
Type locality: Sweden.
The Common ‘Teal is a Winter Visitor to many of the
islands.
It is reported by von Thanner to have bred in Fuerte-
ventura on the strength of his having seen a young bird
near Gran Tarajal. This [ am inclined to doubt, as the
evidence seems to me exceedingly weak (wide Orn. Jahrb.
1905, pp. 65, 66, et 1908, p. 213). It must, however, in
fairness to von Thanner be noted that the Teai has bred
in the Azores (Ibis, 1866, p. 102), and there is no apparent
reason why it should not do so in the Canary Islands. he
valley of Gran Tarajal is hardly the place where I should have
expected to find the Teal breeding even after a wet winter.
Von Thanner also noted an adult male which he did not
obtain, as he hoped it might remain to breed, at Gran Tarajal
(Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p, 213).
The Teal is recorded by most ornithologists who have
written on the birds of the Canary Isiands.
Webb and Berthelot mention the bird first, and saw a
specimen in the Canaries in February 1830 (Orn. Cana-
rienne, p. 46). Bolle records that (according to reliable
sportsmen) many used to be killed in the flooded fields
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 711
round Laguna every winter (J.f.O. 1857, p. 348). Meade-
Waldo likewise speaks of them as “not-very uncommon in
wet winters,” but did not observe them in large flocks (Ibis,
S93, palog)).
Cabrera had several specimens from various localities in
Tenerife in his collection (Catalogo, p. 68).
In the winter of 1903 Polatzek found a colony of fifteen
to eighteen old and young ones in the Barranco Rio Cabras
in Fuerteventura, the last of which disappeared in the middle
of February (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 24).
The Common Teal appears to visit all the islands, for I
saw a specimen in 1913 in the Gonzalez collection in
Lanzarote which had been shot in that waterless island
(Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
From Gran Canaria there is a specimen in the British
Museum shot by Dr. P. R. Lowe on the 22nd of November,
1907, in one of the tanks beyond the Las Palmas golf-links.
If the Teal wishes to breed in the Canary Islands, there is
surely no more tempting spot fer its needs than the Charco
of Maspalomas in the island of Gran Canaria.
Range. The Teal breeds throughout Europe and Asia, and
its range in Africa extends to about lat. 5° N. It has been
recorded from Madeira as well as the Canary Islands, and
has been said to breed in the Azores. In winter it ranges
eastwards to Japan.
Mareca penelope. Wigeon.
Anas penelope Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 126—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Wigeon is a Rare Visitor (probably only in winter)
to the Canary Islands. It has been obtained on very few
occasions.
Cabrera shot two at Laguna (Catalogo, p. 68), and
Meade-Waldo only saw one bird, probably one of the pair
shot by Cabrera (Ibis, 1893, p. 199).
I have myself recorded a bird which had been shot in
Lanzarote, and which is in the private collection of
Gonzalez y Gonzalez in Arrecife (Ibis, 1914, p. 68).
3D2
712 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Range. The Wigeon is widely distributed over Europe
and Asia, and in winter is found in Africa as far as
Abyssinia on the east coast. It does not appear to have
been recorded from western Africa south of the Canary
Islands. It ranges in the west to Alaska and eastwards to
the Sunda Islands.
Spatula clypeata. Shoveler.
Anas clypeata Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 124—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Shoveler is a Rare Visitor, which has been obtained
certainly on one and probably on more occasions in the
islands.
Meade-Waldo shot a female on one of the water-tanks
near Orotava on the 18th of November, 1890 (Ibis, 1893,
p- 199 and MS. note-books). The skin of this bird is now
in the British Museum, where I have examined it.
Cabrera also mentions that he obtained it in Tenerife
(Catalogo, p. 68).
Range. The Shoveler has an extensive distribution in the
Palearctic Region and a circumpolar breeding-range. It
also breeds in North America. In winter it extends in
Africa to Somaliland on the east and Senegambia on the
west coast.
Nyroca nyroca. White-eyed Pochard.
Anas nyroca Gildenstadt, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. pt. 1,
1770, p. 403—Type locality : S. Russia.
The White-eyed Pochard is a Rare Visitor to the Canary
Islands.
Webb and Berthelot say that this duck is of accidental
occurrence, and arrives sometimes in winter. ‘They record
two specimens which were killed in November 1829 on
the beach of the Isleta in Gran Canaria (Orn. Canarienne,
p. 46).
The above seems to be the only definite record concerning
the White-eyel Pochard in the Canary Islands. The species
is mentioned by Bolle (J. f. O. 1855, p. 179) as a ‘‘ bird of
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 715
passage,” and in a later paper he quotes Berthelot’s note
(J. £. O. 1857, p. 348).
Cabrera includes it (Catalogo, p. 69) under the name
Fuligula africana Gmel., giving its local Spanish name,
i.e. “pato berberisco,’ and remarking that it is an
accidental visitor in winter. He had no specimens in his
collection, and it is difficult to gather whether he observed
this duck himself or whether he is merely quoting Berthelot,
Bolle, and Serra, which three authors he mentions by
name.
Polatzek includes it in his list as an occasional migrant
in winter, but does not appear to have observed the bird
personally (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 182).
Range. The White-eyed Pochard breeds im central and
southern Europe, in western Asia, and in north Africa.
It winters in north Africa and eastwards to India.
Nyroca ferina ferina. Common Pochard.
Anas ferina Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 126—Type
locality : Sweden.
The Common Pochard is a Rare Visitor in winter.
It has only once been recorded, and that by Meade-Waldo,
who wrote (Ibis, 1893, p.199) : ‘* A small flock of Pochards
frequented the tanks by the Botanical Gardens” [ La Paz,
Orotava, Tenerife]. One of these birds, a female, was
secured on the 18th of February, 1889, and is now in the
British Museum, where I have examined the skin.
The same birds are also recorded by Meade-Waldo in an
earlier paper (Ibis, 1889, p. 515), where he mentions the
three birds enumerated above, remarking that an example
was shot by a Mr. Nash, the chaplain, and came into his
possession. This would be the bird which is now in the
National Collection.
Range. The Common Pochard breeds throughout Kurope
and Asia, and winters in the Mediterranean countries and
in north Africa from Morocco to Egypt, extending in the
east to Japan.
714 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
(demia nigra nigra. Common Scoter.
Anas nigra Linn. Syst. Nat, 10th ed. 1758, p. 123—Type
locality : England.
A Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands.
The Common Scoter has not been observed for many years.
Bolle wrote of this species: “ A regular visitor to Canaria
(7.e. Grand Canary), where it frequents the irrigation ponds
and is well known to sportsmen.” He handled specimens
in the Léon collection, and includes it as a more or less
regular winter visitor (J. f. O. 1857, p. 348).
Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 69) and Polatzek both cite the bird
in their lists, and I agree with the latter author who remarks
that it is doubtful whether the Common Scoter is found still
under the present conditions (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 182).
Range. The Common Scoter breeds in north Europe and
Asia, and in winter visits the Atlantie shores and Mediter-
ranean, extending as far south as the Azores and coasts of
north-west Africa, where it is said to be very common.
Family Pu@NicopreriD&.
Phenicopterus antiquorum. Flamingo.
Phenicopterus antiguorum Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2nd ed. ii.
1820, p. 587—Type locality : Europe.
The Flamingo is almost certainly a Rare Visitor to the
astern Canary Group.
There can be no mistaking such a conspicuous species,
and it certainly appears to have occurred. The only evidence
of the occurrence of this species in the Canary Islands is
given by (1) Bolle who, in his last paper, wrote that he had
seen in the Léon collection in Gran Canaria a specimen of
the Flamingo which had been killed in that island (J. f. O.
1857, p. 389); (2) Meade-Waldo, who discovered the remains
of a dead Flamingo in the island of ? Fuerteventura, and
remarked that it seemed well-known to the fishermen on the
eastern islands (Ibis, 1893, p. 199).
When encamped in 1913 near the Lago Jauurio, a salt
lake on the south-west coast of Lanzarote, the fishermen
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 75
described a bird which occasionally came to the lake, and
which could have been none other than a Flamingo (Ibis,
1914, pp. 57, 263).
Range. The Flamingo breeds in southern Europe, through-
out Africa and in the Cape Verde Islands. It is not
therefore surprising that examples should occasionally
wander to the Canary Islands.
Family ArpErp.
Ardea cinerea. Heron.
Ardea cinerea Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 148—
Type locality: Sweden.
A Partial Resident and Bird of Passage.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera.
ivastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa, Allegranza.
Obs. Though the Heron has not actually been recorded
from Hierro in the western group or from Lobos and
Montaiia Clara in the outer islets, it is sure to be found on
the coasts of these islands at certain times.
I have included the Heron under both the above headings,
as it is resident and breeds in many of the islands of the
group; but its numbers are augmented from time to time
by fresh arrivals. It is also a regular Bird of Passage,
passing through the Archipelago in both the spring and
autumn migrations.
Some of these migrants may possibly be tempted by their
resident relations to remain and breed, while it is equally
possible that birds which have remained a year or two and
bred in the Archipelago may, through scarcity of food or
other local conditions, forsake the islands and join the
migrants when they pass through.
The above is my explanation for the many conflicting
statements which have been made about this species.
The Heren has been recorded from most of the islands,
716 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
and is said to breed in l'enerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote,
and Palma.
The following notes are arranged under the headings of
the various islands :—
Tenerife.
The Heron is partially resident and frequents the coasts and out-
lying rocks. In the winter it is often seen round the fresh-water
tanks, and is recorded throughout the season by Bolle (J. f. O.
1855, p. 176) and Meade-Waldo (Ibis, 1893, p. 198). Koenig saw
them in the high trees of the Botanical Gardens (J. f. O. 1890,
p. 453); they do not, however, breed in trees in the Canary
Islands, but resort to the rocky headlands in the south of the
island. Ramon Gomez is said by Koenig to have taken a nest and
eges at Adeje on the Tenerifian coast. The Heron is included by
von Thanner (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 431) as a regular bird of
passage in Tenerife, and Meade-Waldo saw many in the island on
the 25th of April and following days during the great 1890
migration (Ibis, 1890, p. 420). Godman saw a few pairs about
the coast in May (Ibis, 1872, p. 221).
Gran Canaria.
Herons are perhaps more plentiful here than in any of the other
islands, and as in Tenerife they frequent the rocky coasts and can
be usually seen fishing on the reefs in Confital Bay. They are
said to nest in the high clitts of Guanarteme, and there I have seen,
in February 1902, as many as six.together on a small rock lying
about 400 yards from the shore (Ibis, 1912, p. 586). Dr. P. R. Lowe
noted the bird near Las Palmas on the 8th of January, 1906 (MS.
note-books). In June 1912, a pair were reported to have built
an enormous nest on a rock lying off the Isleta, but rough weather
prevented my verifying this statement, which I have every reason
to believe was correct. The real eldorado of the Heron in Gran
Canaria is the “ Charco ” of Maspalomas (for a description of which
see Ibis, 1912, p. 564). Herons have frequented this ‘‘ Charco ”
for many years, and Webb and Berthelot record it as living there
‘‘very comfortably ’ (Orn. Canarienne, p. 35). Bolle considered
that Herons apparently bred there (J. f. O. 1857, p. 358), but the
“Charco ” seews to have remained unvisited by any ornithologist
until von Thanner went there in 1909 and mentions that a young
bird unable to fly had been caught there the previous year (Orn,
Jahrb. 1910, p. 99). It appears, however, that this story emanated
from a local Spaniard and their statements are seldom very
reliable. I myself spent some time camping in the “ Charco” in
February 1912, when I continually observed the Heron, but found
no trace of an old nest (Lbis, 1912, p. 565).
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. AW
Hierro.
No actual record as yet.
Palma.
Said to breed in the island by Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p 22);
also noted by Koenig (J. f. O. 1890, p. 487).
Gomera.
Herons are recorded from this island by Bolle, who says (J. f. O.
1857, p, 338) that many are said to visit Gomera in winter.
He was not sure of the species, but they are unlikely to be any
but A. cinerea in this island.
Fuerteventura.
Polatzek observed it here (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 21) and I saw a bird
at Toston myself in May 1913 (Ibis, 1914, p. 46). Von Thanner
often saw it in the spring, and noted as many as five together in
March (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
Lanzarote.
Polatzek often saw it in the spring (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 21).
Von Thanner saw it at Arrecife and records (Orn. Jahrb. 1915,
p- 189) clutches of eggs of this bird * from Lanzarote, but not
taken by himself and therefore requiring further confirmation.
Graciosa.
Polatzek often saw it here in the spring, but could hear nothing of
its breeding in the island (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 21).
Allegranza.
A single bird recorded by myself (Ibis, 1914, p. 87) as frequenting
the island in June 1915.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Distributed throughout the greater part of Kurope and
Asia and in most parts of Africa.
Ardea purpurea purpurea. Purple Heron.
Ardea purpurea Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 236—
Type locality: France.
This is a Rare Visitor. I can only trace one authentic
record, this being a bird which was shot at Laguna and
identified by both Meade-Waldo (Ibis, 1889, p. 4; 1898,
p- 198) and Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 62).
* Here recorded in the vernacular only—“ ein grauer Reiher.”
718 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Range. The Purple Heron has a very extensive range.
It breeds in south-eastern Europe and southern Asia, and is
both a resident and a winter visitor in many parts of Africa.
I have seen a specimen shot by Boyd Alexander in the Cape
Verde Islands.
Egretta alba alba. Great White Heron.
Ardea alba Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 144—Type
locality : Sweden.
The Great White Heron is a Rare Visitor to the ‘stan
It has only been observed and that only on one occasion
by Cabrera, who saw a flock in Tenerife in the spring of 1889
and caught one (Catalogo, p. 62).
Range. The Great White Heron breeds in southern Europe
and Asia and apparently in northern Africa. It winters in
the whole of Africa.
Egretta garzetta garzetta. Little Kgret.
Ardea yarzetta Jinn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 237—
Type locality : “in Oriente.”
The Little Egret is a Rare Visitor to the Archipelago.
It is first mentioned’ by Webb and Berthelot (Orn.
Canarienne, p. 35), who say that it only arrives in the
Canaries quite accidentally.
Bolle records it as having been shot in the islands
(J. f. O. 1855, p. 176), and Cabrera mentions it as an
accidental migrant in the winter (Catalogo, p. 62).
I saw a stuffed example in the Gonzalez collection in
Lanzarote, which had been shot in that island (Ibis, 1914,
p. 63).
Range. The Little Egret breeds in southern Europe and
Asia extending east to China and Japan, also throughout
Africa.
Ardeola ibis ibis. Buft-backed Heron.
Ardea ibis Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 144-—Type
locality : Egypt.
This bird can only be reckoned as a Rare Visitor.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 719
Meade-Waldo is again responsible for the identification ;
he saw three birds in the winter in Tenerife, ‘‘ two alive
and one that had just been shot” (Ibis, 1889, p. 4). He
recorded it in his list (Lvis, 1893, p. 198) as an “ occasional
straggler,’ but as it has not been noted since can only be
included here as a rare visitor.
Range. The Buft-backed Heron is found in southern
Europe, south-west Asia, and throughout Africa; its
occurrence in oceanic islands can only be put down to
chance.
Ardeola ralloides ralloides. Squacco Heron.
Ardea ralloides Scopoli, Annus I. Hist. Nat. 1769, p. 88
—Type locality : Carniola.
The Squaceo Heron, like the last-mentioued species
(A. 7. ibis), is a Rare Visitor to the islands, but has
been recorded ou more occasions than the Buff-backed
Heron.
It is mentioned in 1841 by Webb and Berthelot as * De
passage accidentel” (Orn. Canarienne, p. 36). Bolle records
having seen a specimen in the Léon collection in Gran
Canaria (J. f. O. 1857, p. 388). Cabrera in 1893 (Catdlogo,
p. 62) records shooting two males near Laguna: and Meade-
Waldo likewise mentions it as an “occasional straggler ”’
to Tenerife (Lbis, 1893, p. 198), and shot a specimen at
Orotava on the 7th of July, 1890, which I have examined in
the British Museum collection.
Range. The Squacco Heron is an inhabitant of the
Mediterranean countries, extending to the Caspian Sea
in southern Europe. It is also resident throughout
Africa. Its occurrence in the Canary and Azores Archi-
pelagoes is probably occasioned by exceptional weather
conditions,
Ixobrychus minutus minutus. Little Bittern.
Ardea minuta Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 240—
Type locality : Switzerland.
The Little Bittern is another Rare Visitor to the islands,
720 Mr. D, A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
but probably occurs rather more plentifully than the other
members of this family.
It is first mentioned by Bolle, who wrote that a specimen
of the Little Bittern had been killed in Gran Canaria, being,
as he stated, a new record for the island (J. f.O. 1857,
p. 338).
It was next noticed by Meade-Waldo, who remarked
that “a Little Bittern was caught alive in Puerto Orotava in
1890,” and he kept it in confinement for some time (Ibis,
1893, v. 198).
Cabrera had a male in his collection which had been
caught in spring (Catalogo, p. 62).
I saw and identified a specimen in the Gonzalez collection
in Arrecife, and was told by the collector that he had
obtained the bird in Lanzarote (Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
Range. The Little Bittern breeds in southern Europe and
in north Africa, parts of Asia and India. It migrates to
Africa in winter, and has been recorded from the Azores
and Madeira as well as the Canaries.
Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax. Night Heron.
Ardea nycticoraz Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 142
—Type locality : S. Europe.
The Night Heron is a Rare Visitor to the islands.
Webb and Berthelot recorded it as an accidental
migrant (Orn. Canarienne, p. 36) and Bolle also mentions
(possibly on the authority of Webb and Berthelot only)
that it had been killed in the Canary group (J. f. O. 1855,
peeli7G):
Cabrera shot a specimen in Tenerife at Laguna and notes
that there is another male specimen tm the Laguna Instituto
from the same locality (Catalogo, p. 63).
Meade-Waldo was able to examine the specimen shot by
Cabrera and his identification can be taken as_ perfectly
correct. He saw one which had been shot at Laguna (Ibis,
1893, p. 198).
Range. The Night Heron breeds in central and southern
Europe, in temperate Asia, and throughout Africa where it
191g. ] Birds of the Canary Islands. 721
is very plentiful. There are two skins in the British
Museum from the Azores.
Botaurus stellaris. Bittern.
Ardea stellaris Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 144—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Bittern is a Rare Visitor. Very few records are
forthcoming.
Webb and Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, p. 36) and later
Bolle (J. f. O. 1855, p. 176) mention it in their lists as an
accidental wanderer.
Meade- Waldo saw one which had been killed at Laguna
aud heard of another (Ibis, 1893, p. 199).
Cabrera shot one at Laguna (Catalogo, p. 63) which was
in his collection, and is doubtless the bird Meade-Waldo saw.
Range. The Common Bittern breeds throughout Europe
south of 60° N. lat., and extends across Asia to Japan, the
birds from the higher latitudes migrating south in winter
to north Africa. It has been recorded once from the
Azores.
Botaurus lentiginosus. American Bittern.
Ardea lentiginosa Montagu, Suppl. to Ormith. Dict. 1818
[no pagination]—Type locality : Dorset, England.
This is a Rare Visitor.
Cabrera had a specimen in his collection killed at the
Madre del Agua near Laguna (Catalogo, p. 63). Probably
this same bird is recorded by Polatzek as having been found
dead near Laguna in Tenerife; he adds that it is now in
the museum there (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 129).
Range. The American Bittern inhabits North America ;
about forty examples have been procured in the British
Isles, from which curiously enough the type specimen was
onginally described. In winter it ranges to the West Indies
and central America.
Single examples have been procured in the Azores and in
Guernsey.
ry
722 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Ardeirallus sturmi. Sturm’s Bittern.
Ardea sturmi Wagler, Syst. Av. 1. 1827, species no. 37—
Type locality : Senegambia.
This is evidently a very Rare Visitor to the Archipelago.
From literature it appears that it has only once been
obtained and then by Cabrera at Laguna, Tenerife (Catalogo,
p. 62).
The bird, a male, was identified by Meade-Waldo (Ibis,
1890, p. 430, 1893, p. 198) and is also mentioned by
Polatzek, who probably examined the skin (Orn. Jahrb.
TSO9F ps 129):
Range. Sturm’s Bittern is an African species found
commonly on many parts of the west coast. It is numerous
in tropical Africa from Senegal south to Damaraland and
Natal.
Family Cicontrp&.
Ciconia ciconia ciconia. White Stork.
Ardea ciconia Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 142—
Type locality : Sweden.
The White Stork is an Occasional Visitor. It has been
seen passing through sometimes in large numbers.
It is recorded in 1841 by Webb and Berthelot (Orn.
Canarienne, p. 36) and by Bolle (J. f. O. 1855, p. 176) as
occurring occasionally, the last-named observer remarking
that the country people knew it well. In his later paper
(J. f. O. 1857, p. 338) he notes that ** when Berthelot and
Webb were in Lanzarote they saw a great flock of Storks
arrive—a phenomenon which takes place from time to time
—several were killed.”
The next record is by Meade-Waldo, who remarks that
“sixteen White Storks frequented the plains of Laguna in
the winter of 1890-1891, four of which were shot ” (Ibis,
1S9S5-p: 199),
Cabrera noted the same “ flock” and remarks that it is a
migrant which more frequently cccurs in the eastern than
in the western group (Catalogo, p. 63).
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islunds. 728
Polatzek apparently did not see any during his residence
in the islands; but von Thanner saw one on the 16th of
March, 1905, in Fuerteventura (apparently near Jandia),
which is the last record I have of its occurrence (Orn,
Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
Range. The White Stork breeds in Europe, Asia, and in
Africa, where it is found from Morocco to the Gold Coast,
wintering in southern and central Africa,
Family PravaLeps,
Platalea leucorodia. Spoontill.
Platalea leucorodia Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 139
—Type locality : Sweden.
The Spoonbill is an Occasional Visitor.
It was noted by Webb and Berthelot in 1841 as appearing
in the winter after a gale, never in any numbers and never
remaining for long. They record one which alighted near
Santa Cruz, Tenerife, in the winter of 1826 (Orn. Canarienne,
p. 37).
Bolle wrote that the Spoonbill was only a migratory bird,
but as such came frequently to the Canary Islands. He
remarks that it was often killed in Gran Canaria, where the
steward of the Condé de Vega Grandé often noticed them at
the ponds of Arguineguin (J. f. O. 1857, p. 339). Bolle never
saw the bird himself.
Viera records it from the same district in his Dictionario.
Meade-Waldo noted that the bird had been killed in
Tenerife, and was told that in Fuerteventura it visited the
shores in smali flocks, especially the coast by Toston (Ibis,
1893, p. 199).
Cabrera saw three specimens which had been caught in
Tenerife (Catalogo, p. 63).
I have identified two specimens which have not been
mentioned by anyone else :-—
A bird in the Las Palmas Museum labelled ‘“ Puerto de
Luz, 2lst October, 1880” (vide Ibis, 1912, p. 627), and
724 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
another specimen in the Gonzalez collection at Arrecife,
Lanzarote, shot near that town by Gonzalez himself
(Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
The last record is that by von Thanner, who saw a bird*
on the 13th of May, 1913, at Orsola, Lanzarote (Qrn. Jahrb.
1913, p. 189).
Range. The Spoonbill breeds locally in Europe, extending
eastwards through Asia to Japan. It is resident in northern
and eastern Africa, visiting tropical Africa in winter. It
has been recorded from Madeira and the Azores in addition
to the Canary Islands,
Family Or1pipa.
Otis tetrax. Little Bustard.
Otis tetrax Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 154—Type
locality : France.
A Rare Visitor to the islands.
Von Thanner, in his papert entitled ‘‘Game and hunting
in the Canaries” (Deutsche Jager-Zeitung, Bd. 61, no. 36,
p. 15), notes that there are several Dwarf Bustards (Zwerg-
trappen) in the Institute at Laguna. He does not here note
by whom or when or where they were obtained ; however,
in a letter to Dr. Hartert, dated 27/10/18, von Thanner again
refers to these birds and remarks “‘.... about seven years
ago ’”’ [this would be about 1911 | ‘‘ were killed near Laguna
three specimens of Otis tetraey Linn. They were skinned
for the Instituto de la Laguna, but nobody knows the day
and year.”
Range. The little Bustard breeds in Europe, western
Asia, and north Africa north of the Atlas Mountains. It
visits northern Africa on migration, and also ranges eastwards
to India.
* Here recorded in the German vernacular only—-“ Loffelreiher.”
+ No date is given on this publication, of which I received a separate
reprint from the author, I think in 1914. I have not as yet been able to
trace the date of publication anywhere.
19109. | Birds of the Canary Islands, vag
Chlamydotis undulata fuerteventure. Fuerteventuran
Bustard.
Otis undulata fuerteventure Rothsch. & Hart. Nov. Zool. 1.
1894, p. 689—Type locality: Fuerteventura.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Obs. It is a rare breeding bird in Lanzarote and used to
occur on the south-eastern plains of Gran Canaria as a visitor.
It has not been noted in the latter island for many years.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur,
Family GipicnemMipa@.
(Qdicnemus cedicnemus insularum. Jastern Canarian
Thickkuee.
(Edicnemus ceedicnemus insularum Sassi, Orn. Jahrb. 1908,
p. 82—Type locahty: Fuerteventura and Lanzarote.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab, in Archipelago.
Eastern Group: ®uerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa, Allegranza.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not oceur,
(Edicnemus * cedicnemus distinctus. Western Canarian
Thickknee.
(dicnemus wedicnemus distinctus Bannerman, Ibis, 1914,
p. 277—Type locality: Gran Canaria.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
* There is a skin of an Cdienemus in the British Museum from
Tenerife which agrees with specimens from Egypt, and cannot be
assigned to either of the insular forms (¢f. [bis, 1914, p, 276, footnote).
SER. XI,—YOL. I, 3E
726 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Obs. I have no specific record of the bird from Palma or
Gomera, but Meade-Waldo says the Thickknee occurs in
“ all the islands ” of the Archipelago.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Does not occur.
Family Cursoriip%.
Cursorius gallicus gallicus. Cream-coloured Courser.
Charadrius gallicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789,
p. 692—Type locality: France.
A Resident species.
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa*.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
The Cream-coloured Courser inhabits southern Europe
and parts of Asia. Its true home, liowever, is northern
Africa, where it ranges from Morocco to the Red Sea. It
also occurs in the Cape Verde Islands.
Obs. There is no evidence in support of Bolle’s theory
that the Courser is a migratory species in the Canaries.
Bolle wrote (J. f. O. 1855, p. 175): “ These birds appear
in Fuerteventura first towards tle end of May or the
beginning of Jiine, and are numerous ; earlier one sees
hardly any, they must therefore return very late from their
migration.”
In his last paper (J. f. O. 1857, p. 266) he again includes
C. gallicus as a migratory species, but with a query.
This is contrary to the observations of all recent orni-
thologists, Meade-Waldo (Ibis, 1898, p. 203), Polatzek
(Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 17), ete., and I believe C. gy. gallicus
to be a resident non-migratory species in the Canary
Islands.
* Recorded from this island by von Thanner (Orn, Jahrb. xxiv. 1918,
p. 191); they do not nest on Graciosa,
GN)
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 72
Tlamily GLAREOLIDA.
Glareola pratincola pratincola. Collared Pratincole.
Hirundo pratincola Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 345
—Type locality : Austria.
The Collared Pratincole must be termed an Occasional
Visitor, as it cannot be said to occur regularly in the islands.
It is distinctly a rare bird in the western islands and has
been recorded on two occasions only from Tenerife.
(a) Meade-Waldo during his stay from October 1887
to June 189] saw only three birds (Ibis, 1889,
p- 4; 1893, p. 202).
(0) Cabrera shot a single specimen in the spring of 1889
in the Barranco de la Montana de Guerra (Catalogo,
p. 55).
1 am inclined to believe the Coilared Pratincole occurs
more often than is generally supposed im the eastern group,
but I have the following records only :—
(c) Polatzek ‘saw some on migration in Fuerteventura ”
(Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 127).
(d) Von Thanner records one of four which was killed
at Arrecife, Lanzarote, on the 7th of May, 19138
(Orn. Jahrb. 1913, p. 189).
(a) A specimen (identified by myself) in the Gonzalez
collection at Arrecife, which had been shot close
to that town (Ibis, 1914, p. 68).
(f) Two birds (g ? with sexual organs small) shot by
myself near Arrecife, Lanzarote, on the wide plain
bounded by the sea, south of the town. ‘This
was on the 22nd of May, 1913, and a very
high wind was blowimg at the time (Ibis, 1914,
pp. 58, 279).
Range. The Collared Pratincole inhabits the countries of
southern Europe, extending eastwards to India. It migrates
southwards, wintering in Africa,
SER
728 Mr: D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Family CHarapRiID&.*
Scolopax rusticola. Woodcock.
Scolopax rusticola Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 146
—Type locality: Sweden.
It is difficult to judge witliout more evidence whether the
Woodcock in the Canary Islands should be classed a Resident
species or a Partial Resident. Until we have proof to the
contrary [ prefer to include it under the former heading,
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Tenerife, Palma, Gomera.
Obs. It is impossible to tell whether any migration of
this species in the Canary Archipelago takes place. I am
inclined to believe that the birds inhabiting the western
group of islands are isolated birds which have ceased to
have any connection with the continent, but in this I may
be quite wrong. The Woodcock is a highly migratory
species in other parts of the world and has an extensive
range, but up to the present there is no evidence whatsoever
that migration takes place in the Canaries. Meade-Waldo
wrote of this species (Ibis, 1898, p. 204): “ It is hard to say
* When we come to deal with the Wading Birds which pass through
the Canary Islands on migration, we find.that it is almost impossible,
from the very meagre data available, to determine whether a species
should be considered strictly a Bird of Passage (?. e., occurring regularly
on migration every year) or whether it is more accurately placed amongst
the Occasional Visitors.
In almost every case when there is insufficient data to show that a
species passes through the Archipelago annually in spring and autumn,
I have placed this species amongst the Occasional Visitors, although
when referring to the Waders the term “ Occasional Bird of Passage”
might better express their status, as they are for the most part genuine
migrants and not chance visitors. This, I maintain, is far the safer plan,
as there will be no danger of drawing the erroneous conclusion that such
and such a species passes regularly through the Canary group until the
fact has been proved, and this can only be done by systematic observation
over a term of years.
Further observation will assuredly necessitate the transference of
many of the Charadriide from the group which I have termed Occasional
Visitors to the group of regular migrants which I have termed Birds of
Passage (see Part I. p. 98).
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 729
to what extent they are migratory, but we never saw the
slightest evidence of an arrival of Woodcocks.’’ Other
authors, Bolle, Polatzek, and von Thanner, keep silent on
this all-important point, the truth being that there are
no ornithologists living on Palma and Gomera who could
settle the question for us.
Woodcocks from the Canaries, Madeira, and the Azores
are indistinguishable from British examples. They are not
smaller in size as has been suggested.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
The Woodcock breeds throughout a great part of Europe
and Asia, visiting the Mediterranean countries and north-
west Africa in winter, ranging as far south on the mainland
as the Atlas Mountains. It is resident in the Azores and
in Madeira as well as the Canaries; this appears to be
the limit of its southern range.
So far as I am aware it has never been recorded on the
African continent from south of the Atlas Mountains.
Gallinago gallinago gallinago. Common Snipe.
Scolopax gallinago Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 147
—Type locality : Sweden.
The Common Snipe is a Winter Visitor to certain of the
islands aud a Bird of Passage in spring and autumn, some-
times in large numbers.
The Snipe is first mentioned from Tenerife by Ledru in
1810. A confusion of names has taken place, amongst the
old writers, between the Common and the “Jack” Snipe.
Webb and Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, p. 389) and Bolle (Gan
his first paper—J. f. O. 1855, p. 177) have referred in their
works to Scolopax gallinula, i.e. the “ Jack,” but Bolle,
in his final paper (J.f.O. 1858, p. 227), corrects his mistake
and says his notes should refer to the Common Snipe.
Webb and Berthelot, who had fatlen into the same error
(Orn. Canarienne, p. 39), recorded the Snipe there as a
migrant arriving in fairly large numbers towards the autumn
and passing the winter in marshy places, specially mentioning
the Laguna plains and the streams which run through the
730 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Mercedes woods. Bolle’s notes are to the same effect (J.f.0.
1855, p. 177). These observations cover the period between
the years 1810-1857.
Next it is mentioned by Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 58), who
for many years had studied the birds of Tenerife and pub-
lished his “list” in 1893, as a regular winter migrant.
Meade-Waldo found it a regular winter visitor to Tenerife
but in irregular numbers, sometimes very numerous about
Laguna (Ibis, 1893, ps 204); he also observed it in
Fuerteventura (Ibis, 1889, p. 509), and saw a bird in Tenerife
on 21 November, 1888 (MS. diaries). Von Thanner, who
has resided for a number of years in Tenerife, gives the
following account (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 481) of the
migrations of the Snipe in that island :— In the spring of
the year 1901 there was such a continuous heavy rain that
the ditches of the Laguna plain overflowed and in many
places formed lakes. This district with its accompanying
reeds attracted large numbers of Snipe (G. gallinago).
Single examples of these appear every year, but in such
numbers oily im particularly wet years. In my opinion
these solitary migrants are only single individuals of a large
flight which stay a longer or shorter time according to the
conditions which they find.”
All the above notes refer to the migration of the Snipe
in the island of Tenerife.
Records from the other islands are not so numerous, as
undoubtedly the character of the country, especially in the
eastern group, is mostly unsuitable. ‘There is one district,
however, in Gran Canaria where the Snipe can find a happy
feeding-ground, in the ‘* Chareco” of Maspalomas, which 1s
fully described in ‘The Ibis” 1912, p. 564 ; here 1 have shot
the Common Snipe in February (Ibis, 1912, p. 565), and
doubtless whenever a flight passes through this island a few
would be found there.
In the eastern islands the Snipe has been observed by
Polatzek, who writes :—‘‘ Gallinago gallinago is a regular,
often frequent, bird of passage. I found it in Fuerteventura
from February until the beginning of March as a winter
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 731
visitor in the water-courses of the barrancos” (Orn. Jahrb.
1909, p. 130). Meade-Waldo shot the Snipe on the 28th of
February in Fuerteventura, and von Thanner records it
from this island on the 23rd of March, 1904, “on migra-
tion’ (Orn. Jahrb, 1905, p. 65). In 1913 I examined a
stuffed specimen in the island of Lanzarote, which had
receutly been shot there, this being the only record from
that island which I can trace (Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
Range. The Common Snipe breeds in Europe and Asia
and visits Africa in winter, extending on the west coast as
far as Senegambia. It sometimes remains to breed on the
north-west coast and nests in small numbers in the Azores.
Up till the present there is no instance known of its having
bred in the Canary Islands.
Gallinago media. Great Snipe.
Scolopax media Latham, Gen. Synop. Suppl. 1. 1787,
p- 292—Type locality : England.
The Great Snipe is a very Rare Visitor which has only
been noticed once in the Canaries.
Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 58) notes that it is an extremely
rare bird of passage which has occurred accidentally. He
had an example in his collection which was obtained at
Laguna.
Cabrera does not confuse it with the Common Snipe or
the * Jack,” as he mentions all three in his Catalogue. I
think I am therefore justified in including the species in the
list of authentic rare visitors.
Range. 'The Great Snipe breeds in northern Europe and
Asia. It winters in the Mediterranean basin and Africa,
ranging south to Cape Colony.
Limnocryptes gallinula. Jack Snipe.
Scolopax gallinula Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766,
p. 244—Type locality: France.
The Jack Snipe is a Bird of Passage in the Canary Islands,
but is much rarer than the Common Snipe.
It is probable that a few individuals pass through the
732 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
islands every year, but although records are so scarce I
hesitate to include it with the Occasional Migrants.
Polatzek writes concerning this species (Orn. Jahrb. 1909,
p- 130) :—“ It appears pretty regularly but not nearly so
frequently as the Common Snipe, it stays more in the
locality of woods or bushes. On the 4th of November, 1902,
at Moya in Grand Canary I shot a fine male which is in
T'schusi’s collection at Hallein.”
Cabrera also includes the Jack Snipe in his list (Catalogo,
58) and remarks:—“It is less frequent than the
Common Snipe; without doubt it arrives before the others,
remaining close to the mountains. In my collection there
are many males caught in the mountains of Mercédes”
(Tenerife).
Von Thanner records (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 208) having
seen two G. gailinula in the island of Palma between
January and the 18th of February, “ probably migrants
resting.”
Older writers, Bolle, Webb, and Berthelot, etc., confused
the Jack with the Common Snipe, as explained by Bolle
in J. f. O. 1858, p. 227.
Runge. The Jack Snipe breeds in the north of Europe and
Asia and in the winter visits the Mediterranean countries
and northern Africa, extending as far south on the east
coast as Abyssinia. Its migrations on the west coast of
Africa are little understood. In the east it ranges to India
in winter.
Hematopus niger meadewaldoi. Meade-Waldo’s Black
Oystercatcher.
Hematopus niger meadewaldoi Bannerman, Bull. B. O. C.
xxxi. 1918, p. 383—Type locality : Muerteventura.
A Resident subspecies.
Hab. in the Archipelago.
Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa, Montana Clara, Allegranza,
Roque del Oueste, Roque del Liste.
Obs. I consider that this rare Oystercatcher cannot be
19109. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 730
classed as a migrant, and must be included with the
Resident Birds onty.
Curiously enough its eggs have never been found in the
Canaries, and the bird has never been recorded from any-
where else. Meade-Waldo shot two birds in Graciosa which
he considered were a breeding pair (Ibis, 1890, p. 437), and
a female which he shot in Fuerteventura contained well-
developed eggs (Ibis, 1889, p. 13).
Von Thanner believes that the bird is migratory, and
was told by the fishermen that it came to the islands in
June (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 213, and 1913, p. 192).
It is certainly a remarkably rare bird, and if it is confined
to the Canary Archipelago will not be long before it is
entirely extinct. It must be remembered, however, that the
opposite coast-line of Africa is quite unknown from = an
ornithological point of view; and it may possibly be a
genuine migrant (a Summer Visitor) after all. As, how-
ever, there is up till now absolutely no direct evidence that
migration takes place, save between the islands of the
Eastern Group, I prefer to treat it as a purely Resident
Bird and not even as a Partial Resident. [ have only once
seen it myself (Ibis, 1914, pp. 279-282).
Range beyond the Archipelago.
Unknown, possibly does not occur.
Tringa minuta minuta. Little Stint.
Tringa minuta Leisler, Nachtrage zu Bechst. Naturg.
Deutsch]. 1812, p. 74—Type locality: near Hanau, Ger-
many.
An Occasional Visitor.
The Little Stint is one of the rarest of the Waders which
occasionally visit the islands on migration. It cannot be
reckoned a Regular Bird of Passage.
Meade-Waldo notes that it is occasionally met with on
migration (Ibis, 1893, p. 205). His observations were
doubtless made in Tenerife; while Polatzek noted it only
during the autumn migration (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 181),
probably in the eastern islands.
734 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis
Range. The Little Stint breeds in the Arctic regions of
Europe and Siberia, and in winter visits South Africa,
Arabia, India, and Ceylon.
Tringa alpina alpina. JDunlin.
Tringa alpina Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 149—
Type locality : Lapland.
The Dunlin is a Bird of Passage usually observed in the
Canary Islands between February and June.
The notes which Webb and Berthelot published concerning
T. variabilis (which can only be the Dunlin) must certainly
refer to another species, probably to the Kentish Plover,
for these authors say, “...It appears sedentary, we are
certain that it nests there because one of us found in July
near Arrecife many very young specimens hardly covered
(Orn. Canarienne, p. 38).
The Dunlin is in reality a migrant to the islands, some-
with feathers ”’
times being numerous.
Meade-Waldo found them in large flocks on 25 April
and following days (1890) in Tenerife, and on the 7th of
April noted them in Graciosa (MS. diaries). He considered
them to be “occasionally numerous” on migration, rarer in
the eastern islands (Ibis, 1898,.p. 204). Polatzek also
records them from the eastern islands, where they were
often obtained on passage (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 131). I
have seen them and obtained specimens at Maspalomas in
Gran Canaria as early as the 23rd of February (Ibis, 1912,
p. 581), and again in the eastern group in May and June
(Ibis, 1914, pp. 46, 57, 71, 285), 7. e., sparingly on the reefs
at ‘Toston in Fuerteventura (May 6-10), by the Lago Janurio
in Lanzarote (May 19-22), and in the island of Graciosa
(May 27 to June 7). Wherever met. with, they were
always in very small numbers. One example had assumed
breeding-plumage and had the testes fairly large. Dunlins
do not frequent any particular part of the coast for long,
and I do not think any remain in the island during the
summer.
Range. The Duulin breeds in northern Europe and is
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 735
stated to have been found nesting as far south as Spain. = In
winter it visits India and Africa, reaching Zanzibar on the
east coast,
Tringa ferruginea ferruginea. Curlew Sandpiper.
Tringa ferruginea Briinnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, p. 53—
Type locality: Iceland.
The Curlew Sandpiper is an Occasional Visitor to the
islands during migration.
I have never met with it myself, but Meade-Waldo records
that many of these birds arrived in beautiful full breeding-
plumage in Tenerife in May 1891 (Ibis, 1893, p. 205), and
the previous year he saw a number at the water-tanks on
25 April and following days (MS. diaries).
Cabrera had specimens in his collection from Tenerife
(Catalogo, p. 59); and Polatzek in more recent years found
it to be an irregular migrant, and records it from the
eastern islands (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 131).
I should not be surprised to find that the Curlew Sand-
piper is a regular Bird of Passage occurring every year in
the islands.
Range. The Curlew Sandpiper breeds in Arctic Siberia
and in winter visits the Mediterranean basin and Africa,
extending to the Cape; ranging also to India, the Malay
regions, and Australia.
Calidris arenaria. Sanderling.
Tringa arenaria Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 251—
Type locality : England.
The Sanderling is a Bird of Passage to the Canary Islands.
Meade-Waldo saw Sanderlings in large flocks in the
eastern islands and on migration everywhere (Ibis, 1893,
p. 205), specifying the 31st of March and the 6th of April
on which he observed these birds in Fuerteventura (MS.
diaries). Cabrera shot specimens in Tenerife and considered
it an occasional migrant (Catalogo, p. 58).
During my expedition to the Eastern Group in May and
736 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
June I was surprised not to meet with the Sanderling on
any of the islands which I visited: doubtless I was too late
in the year. I found a stuffed specimen in a collection in
Lanzarote (Ibis, 1914, p.63). In Gran Canaria in February,
1912, Sanderlings were passing along the coast, and I
obtained specimens at Maspalomas on the 24th, 27th, and
29th of that month. The birds were in small flocks at the
mouth of the Charco (Ibis, 1912, p.581). I have never
seen them in the north of this island.
Range. The Sanderling breeds in Arctic America and on
the Siberian coast. It winters in Africa, south to the
Cape, and ranges throughout the greater part of the world,
visiting southern Asia, America, and Australia.
Machetes pugnax. Ruff.
Tringa pugnax Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 148—
Type locality: Sweden.
The Ruff is a Bird of Passage.
It cannot be said to be numerous, in fact it is one of the
rarer Waders which I believe to be a regular migrant
through the islands.
The records are meagre in the extreme, and it would
perhaps have been wiser to include the Ruff in the
list of Occasional Visitors. Competent observers are rare
in the Canary Islands, and as Meade-Waldo and Polatzek
both considered the Ruff to be a regular visitor, and as the
observations of these ornithologists jointly cover a number
of years, with a considerable period between them, I feel
justified in placing the Ruff under this heading.
Meade-Waldo found it ‘“‘not numerous, but pretty
regular,” especially on the Laguna plains after a heavy fall
of rain (Ibis, 1893, p. 205), and shot a specimen on the
21st of February (MS. diaries).
Cabrera obtained specimens near Laguna (Catalogo, p. 59).
Polatzek remarks (Orn. Jahrb. 1209, p. 131) that
it “appears often on its passage through, meluding the
eastern islands.”
Von Thanner shot a male in Fuerteventura on the
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 737
28th of February, 1910 (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229), and I
have seen a stuffed example in Lanzarote which had been
obtained there (Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
Range. The Ruff breeds in Europe and western Asia, and
in winter visits Africa as far south as Cape Colony, ranging
also to India.
Totanus totanus. Redshank.
Scolopax totanus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 145—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Redshank is an Occasional Visitor to the Canary
Islands.
Records of this species are scarce, It is first mentioned
by Bolle, who saw a specimen in the Léon collection in
Gran Canaria (J. f. O. 1857, p. 337).
Meade-Waldo says it is ‘‘ occasionally met with” (Ibis,
18938, p. 205), and notes that it was fairly common at
Orotava, Tenerife, between the 23rd and 25th of October
(MS. diaries).
I saw a mounted example in the Gonzalez collection in
Lanzarote (Ibis, 1914, p. 63), and observed a specimen on
the Toston reefs in Fuerteventura between the 6th and 10th
of May (Ibis, 1914, pp. 46, 285).
Polatzek did not know of any specimens, but “believes he
saw it in Lanzarote” (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 131).
The Redshank would certainly appear to be one of the
rarest of the Waders which occasionally touch the islands on
migration.
Range. The Redshank breeds throughout Europe and the
Mediterranean countries and in Asia. In winter it ranges
to Cape Colony, and occurs in India eastwards to Japan.
Totanus nebularius. Greenshank.
Scolopax nebularius Gunnerus 1 Leem, Beskr. Finm.
Lapp. 1767, p. 251—Type locality : Norway.
Au Occasional Visitor.
The Greenshank has been recorded under a variety of
names by several writers.
738 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
Meade-Waldo saw many in Tenerife during the great
migration in April 1890, ‘‘on the 25th and following days”’
(MS. diaries). He considers it a more regular visitor than
Totanus totanus, Totanus glareola, or Totanus ochropus (Ibis,
1893, p. 205).
Cabrera himself shot various specimens in the neighbour-
hood of Laguna (Catalogo, p. 59).
In the Eastern Group Polatzek considered the Greenshank
to be an irregular bird of passage, and mentions it from
Lanzarote (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 131).
I have only met with this species once myself on the
island of Graciosa in the first week in June 1913 (Ibis,
1914, p. 72). Ithought I saw it on one other occasion in
February 1912, in Gran Canaria near Maspalomas (Ibis,
I9125.p: 582).
Range. The Greenshank breeds in northern Europe and
Asia, wintering in Africa as far as Cape Colony, also east-
ward to Japan and Australia,
Totanus hypoleucus. Common Sandpiper.
Tringa hypoleucos Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 149
—Type locality: Sweden.
The Common Sandpiper is a Winter Visitor to the Archi-
pelago, a few remaining in the western islands throughout
the summer.
I almost included this species as a Partial Resident, for it
is apparently found in the Archipelago during every month
of the year, but it has not yet been known to breed.
Migration to and from the Archipelago undoubtedly takes
place, and a few birds certainly remain throughout the year
in the islands of Gran Canaria and Tenerife.
Webb and Berthelot record it from Gran Canaria, Lan-
zarote, and Graciosa, and say it is a migrant arriving in the
winter (Orn. Canarienne, p. 38).
Godman believed that it probably bred in Tenerife (Ibis,
1872, p. 221), and Meade-Waldo observed “ there are some
of these Sandpipers about all the year round; a few. probably
breed ” (Ibis, 1893, p. 205).
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 739
Von Thanner, on the other hand, includes it only as a
regular bird of passage (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 431), but
this ornithologist has paid less attention to the migra-
tions of the Charadriidze than to the land birds of the
Archipelago.
Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 131) and Cabrera (Catalogo,
p- 59) agree that it is a common species in winter and
almost throughout the year, the former observer seeing
them in the eastern islands until the spring.
Miss Annie Jackson noted the Common Sandpiper in
Tenerife on the 4th of April at Orotava, and wrote to me
that all had vanished by the 10th, which points to these
having been passing migrants.
In Gran Canaria I have seen the Common Sandpiper in
every month from December to April inclusive, and should
not be at all surprised to find they breed in the Charco of
Maspalomas (Lbis, 1912, p. 581).
I met with this species during my expedition in the
eastern group only on the Toston reefs in Fuerteventura
between the 6th and 10th of May, 1913 (This, 1914,
pp. 46, 285).
Range. The Common Sandpiper breeds throughout Europe,
and in winter visits southern Africa, southern Asia east to
Japan, also ranging to Australia and Tasmania.
Totanus ochropus. Green Sandpiper.
Tringa ocrophus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 149—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Green Sandpiper is an Occasional Visitor.
Meade-Waldo saw very few during his stay in the islands
(Ibis, 1893, p. 205). In Tenerife Cabrera obtained it
several times (Catalogo, p. 59).
Polatzek believed it to be a regular migrant to both the
eastern and western groups, in which he will very possibly
prove to be correct (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 131).
Von Thanner records two birds in Fuerteventura on the
23rd of March, 1904 (Orn, Jahrb. 1905, p. 65), and two on
the 16th of March, 1905 (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214).
740 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
Range. The Green Sandpiper breeds in northern Europe
and Asia, and in winter extends to South Africa and India,
ranging eastward to Japan.
Totanus glareola. Wood-Sandpiper.
Tringa glareola Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 149—
Type locality : Sweden.
An Occasional Visitor during migration.
The Wood-Sandpiper is said by Meade-Waldo to oceur
more frequently than the Green Sandpiper (Ibis, 1893,
p. 205). His observations doubtless refer to Tenerife.
Polatzek records it (Orn. Jahrb, 1909, p. 131) from both
Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Arrecife); while von
Thanner records two birds from Fuerteventura on the 23rd
of March, 1904 (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 65).
Range. The Wood-Sandpiper breeds in northern Europe
and Asia, wintering in Africa southward to the Cape, in
the Mediterranean countries, and eastward to Japan and
Australia.
Limosa limosa limosa. Black-tailed Godwit.
Scolopax limosa Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 147—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Black-tailed Godwit is a somewhat irregular Winter
Visitor, rarely met with in any of the islands.
It is first mentioned from Tenerife in 1810 by Ledru, and
most students of Canarian ornithology have observed it in
the winter months. .
Webb and Berthelot record it from Tenerife in January,
where they say a specimen was obtained on the south coast
near Montafia Reja (Orn. Canarienne, p. 38).
Cabrera found it ‘frequent in certain winters in the
neighbourhood of Laguna” (Catalogo, p. 57); and Meade-
Waldo records seeing it occasionally in flocks in the same
locality (bis, 1898, p. 205).
In February 1911 I saw what I took to be a Black-tailed
Godwit on the beach of Maspalomas in Gran Canaria (Lbis,
1912, p. 582).
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 741
It has also heen recorded from the eastern group by
Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 180), who found it numerous
during some winters and procured a specimen at Gran
Tarajal in Fuerteventura. He also records that he often
saw it in Lanzarote, where I have seen a stuffed example at
Arrecife in 1918 (Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
Von Thanner shot a female on the 23rd of February,
1910, in Fuerteventura (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229).
Range. The Black-tailed Godwit breeds in northern and
central Kurope and in winter wanders to the Mediterranean
basin, Abyssinia, the Azores and Madeira, and in the east
to India and Ceylon.
Limosa lapponica lapponica. Bar-tailed Godwit.
Scolopax lapponica Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 147
—Type locality : Lapland.
The Bar-tailed Godwit is an Occasional Visitor to the:
Canary Islands.
_ Itis recorded from Tenerife and Gran Canaria by Webb
and Berthelot (Orn. Canarieune, p. 38). Cabrera obtained
it on two occasions in the winter, presumably at Tenerife
(Catalogo, p. 58); and Meade-Waldo notes that he only
met with this species once (Ibis, 1893, p. 205).
In the eastern group Polatzek shot one in Fuerteventura
and saw this Godwit several times at Arrecife (Orn. Jahrb.
1969, p. 180), where I examined one in the Gonzalez local
collection in Lanzarote (Ibis, 1914, p. 63). Unlike many
of the Waders which I have termed ‘“‘ Occasional Visitors,”
I do not think the Bar-tailed Godwit will ever prove to
be a regular Bird of Passage through the Canary Islands.
Range. The Bar-tailed Godwit breeds in northern Europe
and Asia, and in winter visits the Mediterranean basin and
Africa, ranging south to Senegambia on the west coast. In
the east it extends to the mouth of the Indus.
Numenius arquata arquata. Curlew.
Scolopax arquata Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 145
—Type locality : Sweden.
SER. XI,—VOL, I, oF
742 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ihis,
An Occasional Visitor in the western islands; more fre-
quent in the eastern islands.
The above summarizes the conclusions arrived at by
Mr. Meade-Waldo twenty-five years ago (Ibis, 1893, p. 205),
to which I have little to add. I am quite unable to deter-
mine the correct status of the Curlew in the Canary Islands.
I have never seen the Curlew in Gran Canaria and only
met with it twice during my expedition to the Eastern
Group, once on the Toston reefs in the second week of May
(Ibis, 1914, p. 46), and again on Graciosa I flushed four
birds early in June (Ibis, 1914, p. 72).
Polatzek does not appear to have seen it at all, as he
simply quotes Cabrera’s note (Orn, Jahrb. 1909, p. 21) to the
effect that the Curlew is met with accidentally in the
Canaries and is more common in Fuerteventura and Lan-
zarote, though he had in his collection a specimen obtained
in spring in Tenerife (Catalogo, p. 57).
Von Thanner watched a pair in Tenerife from the
14th of June, 1904, for several days (Orn. Jahrb. 1905,
p. 212), and this ornithologist believed that he had estab-
lished the Curlew as a breeding bird in Fuerteventura
(Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 213). His evidence was not by any
means satisfactory and rested on. the fact that a broken egg
—believed to belong to the species—had been found in the
Matas Blancas in southern Fuerteventura by a Spaniard
living there, who showed the broken egg-shell to von
Thanner. If Herr von Thanner can supply further un-
mistakable evidence that the Curlew does breed in the
Canary Islands, he will have made a discovery of consider-
able interest. Krom Polatzek’s remarks (Orn. Jahrb. 1909,
p. 21) it seems that this ornithologist doubted whether the
broken egg-shell shown to von Thanner was that of NV. pheopus
or N. a. arquata.
From the above uotes it will be seen that very little is
known about the Curlew in these islands. If it is a regular
winter visitor it would assuredly have been noticed by
Polatzek, who spent three years in the Archipelago. If a
Bird of Passage, then what are birds doing so late as the
19109. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 743
middle of June, yet I am loath to believe it is a partial
resident even in the eastern islands. Speculation is useless
without further data, so I have provisionally included it
amongst the Occasional Visitors.
Range. The Curlew breeds in northern and central Europe
wintering in Africa south to the Cape, and in the Mediter-
ranean basin.
Numenius phzopus pheopus. Whimbrel.
Scolopax pheopus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 146—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Whimbrel must be considered a regular and numerous
Bird of Passage, and to a lesser degree a Winter Visitor ; a few
individuals remain in the Archipelago during the summer.
Despite the assertion of Herr von Thanner, who says that
‘the Whimbrel breeds in Graciosa, the fishermen often
finding their eggs” (Orn. Jahrb. 1918, p. 190), I find it
diticult to aecept this statement without much better proof,
Undoubtedly Whimbrels are present in the islands through-
out the year, and we have Meade-Waldo’s evidence (Ibis,
1889, p. 4; 1893, p. 205) that “they may be seen in pairs
at the beginning of June,” but as yet no competent ornitho-
logist has found the eggs. My own opinion is that the
Whimbrel is a regular migrant in spring and autumn, and
that finding the conditions favourable a few (possibly barren)
birds, arriving from the south with the spring migration,
remain in the islands during the summer months. Likewise,
when the return migration takes place in autumn, a larger
number of migrants remain in the islands, particularly in
the eastern group, throughout the winter.
This would account for the following very variable reports
which different naturalists have made concerning the Whim-
brel in the Canary Archipelago.
Webb and Berthelot say “of accidental passage ” (Orn.
Canarienne, p. 37).
Bolle wrote in 1857, “ killed in Canaria, well known on
the coast of Fuerteventura, mostly though in autumn and
winter ” (J.f. O. 1857, p. 338).
382
744 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
Meade-Waldo wrote in 1893, ‘A regular and numerous
visitor, especially so in the eastern islands. A few may be
seen all the year round. Many arrive in August, and they
may be seen in pairs at the beginning of June” (Ibis,
1893, p. 205). He noted them on 23 October in Tenerife,
and paired on 30 March and 6 April in Fuerteventura
(MS. diaries).
Cabrera-in the same year said, “it is found all the year
on the shore” (Catalogo, p. 57).
Polatzek, in Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 21 (under N. arquata),
remarks 4 propos of von Thanner seeing an egg-shell, partly
broken, supposed to belong to the Curlew (N. a. arquata),
and to have been taken in Fuerteventura: ‘I had before
conjectured that N. pheopus was a breeding bird in the
Canary Islands.” In a later part of the same paper Polatzek
wrote: ‘Seen nearly all the year in suitable places, but up
till now not authenticated as a breeding bird. I saw many
in winter in Lanzarote, but they vanished after the middle
of March” (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 130).
Von Thanner in 19138 thought he had established the
Whimbrel as a breeding bird, but his evidence is insufficient
(vide supra).
My own field notes concerning this species are as
follows :—
1911, 1912. Gran Canaria. Saw the Whimbrel in February near
Maspalomas, on the rocky parts of this coast. A bird
was shot on Las Palmas beach on 12 June, 1911, and
a pair seen in 1912 on 1 June. They are often to be
seen on the reef in Confital Bay (Ibis, 1912, p. 584),
1915. Eastern Group. Found the Whimbrel very plentiful in
May and June, particularly numerous on the reefs
at ‘Toston (Fuerteventura) and on the N.W. coast of
Graciosa (Ibis, 1914, p. 286).
I have a note that on 20 August, 1908, in lat. 31° 13’ N.,
long. 14° 25’ W., at sea, about 110 miles north of
the Canary Islands, a Whimbrel flew twice round the
SS. Goorkha, upon which I was returning from the Cape
(MS. diaries).
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 745
Range. The Whimbrel breeds in northern Hurope and
winters in Africa ranging to the Cape, also in India and the
Malay Peninsula.
Himantopus himantopus. Black-winged Stilt.
Charadrius himantopus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p- 151—Type locality : Egypt.
The Black-winged Stilt is a Rare Visitor which has been
recorded by four writers, specimens having been actually
handled by different ornithologists.
Webb and Berthelot mention it in their book as “of
accidental passage ” (Orn. Canarienne, p. 33).
Bolle wrote: ‘‘ Shot in Canaria (Léon collection). Might
possibly nest in this island, especially at Maspalomas in the
deep marshes ” (J. f. O. 1857, p. 337).
Meade-Waldo heard of one from Fuerteventura and had
a picture of the bird sent to him (Ibis, 1893, p. 204).
I identified a stuffed specimen in 1913 in the Gonzalez
collection im Arrecife which had been shot in Lanzarote
(Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
Range. The Black-winged Stilt breeds im southern EKurope
and through the greater part of Africa to the Cape, and as
far east as Burma. It is migratory in the more northern
parts of its range.
Recurvirostra avocetta. Avocet. te!
Recurvirostra avosetta Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 151—Type locality : Sweden.
The Avocet is a Rare Visitor to the Archipelago.
It is said to have been mentioned by Busto, an observer
to whose work I have not had access.
The only specimen which came under my notice was
a bird in the Gonzalez collection in Arrecife, which I
identified for the owner. The bird had been shot in
Lanzarote (Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
Range. The Avocet breeds in Kurope from Denmark to
the Mediterranean, and also in Africa locally as far south as
the Cape. In winter it extends as far east as China.
746 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Charadrius apricarius. Golden Plover.
Charadrius apricarius Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 150—Type locality: Sweden.
IT can only include the Golden Plover as a Rare Visitor,
probably during migration. I do not believe it ever winters
in the islands.
Webb and Berthelot mention it in their book as a bird
of passage in winter (Orn. Canarienne, p. 33), and had
probably observed it during the autumn migration, .
Polatzek says ‘it seems to appear often”? (Orn. Jahrb.
1909, p. 128), but gives no data and probably he is only
quoting Webb and Berthelot’s opinion (supra).
Cabrera obtained one on the coast of Tenerife at Punta
del Hidalgo, and remarks that it is only found there in the
spring (Catalogo, p. 56).
From the above records it seems hardly possible to include
the Golden Plover as even an Occasional Visitor. Webb
and Berthelot termed most birds of this class ‘‘ Oiseaux de
passage,” irrespective of the number of times they had
appeared in the Archipelago ; moreover, these authors were
the pioneers of ornithological work in the Canaries, and they
had not the advantage of previous workers’ experiences. It
was only to be expected that in several cases they should
form incorrect couclusions of a bird’s status in the Archi-
pelago, for instance, they believed the Kentish Plover to be
only a “bird of passage in winter,” whereas it is resident
and breeding as well as migratory.
Being a wading bird of powerful flight the Golden Plover
may later prove to be much more regular in its appearance
than now seems to be the case.
Range. The Golden Plover breeds in northern and central
Europe eastwards to the Yenesei. It winter it visits
northern Africa and has also been recorded from the Azores.
Squatarola squatarola. Grey Plover.
Tringa squatarola Linn. Syst. Nat. LOth ed. 1758, p. 149—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Grey Plover is a Bird of Passage and a Winter Visitor
in small numbers to the Canary Islands.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. | 747
It has been recorded by various observers on the following
occasions, all very scattered records.
Dec. 1829. Confital Bay, Gran Canaria (Webb and Berthelot,
Orn. Canarienne, p. 54).
1 Noy. 1888. Two shot near Orotava, Tenerife (Meade-Waldo,
MS. note-books, et Ibis, 1889, p. 4).
22 Feb. 1912. A flock of seven, Maspalomas, Gran Canaria, two
obtained (Bannerman, Ibis, 1912, p. 580).
6-10 May, 1918. A pair seen in beautiful breeding plumage, Toston,
Fuerteventura (Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 46).
27 May-7 June. A small flock of immature birds, Isla Graciosa (Ban-
nerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 71).
16 June, 1913. One seen in the collection of Gonzalez in Arrecife,
Lanzarote (Ibis, 1914, p. 65).
Meade-Waldo found it to be a regular winter visitor and
remarked that ‘‘ many winter in the eastern islands’ (Ibis,
1893, p. 203).
Most observers, including Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909,
p- 128), agree that it is a winter visitor, but Cabrera
(Catalogo, p. 56) says ‘‘it lives nearly all the year on the
shores of the island of Tenerife.’ A few immature or
barren birds may possibly remain in the islands during the
summer, but for the most part I believe the Grey Plover
leaves the Archipelago in the late spring to return again in
the autumn.
A few birds probably pass through the islands with the
stream of migratory waders in spring and autumn.
Range. The Grey Plover breeds in the Arctic regions and
in winter ranges to South Africa, southern Asia, Australia,
and South America.
Agialitis hiaticula hiaticula. Ringed Plover.
Charadrius hiaticula Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 150—Type locality: Sweden.
This is a regular Bird of Passage to all the islands, some-
times remaining for a period before passing on.
The birds are never very numerous and seem to arrive in
small parties, which are chiefly on the move from the latter
part of February to May, earlier arrivals being exceptional,
caused by unusual weather conditions. None have been
748 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
known to breed in the islands. The return migration takes
place in September, October, and November.
In the spring migration northwards the earliest date upon
which I have noted the appearance in Gran Canaria is
10 January, 1911 (Ibis, 1912, p. 583); this, however,
is an unusually early record, and these birds may have
remained in the island since the autumn migration. The
following year, when in this island during the whole of
February, none were noticed until the 23rd of the month
(se).
Meade-Waldo found them in Fuerteventura on 31 March,
1888, and again on the 6th of April of the same year, when
he remarks they were scarce (MS. diaries).
Polatzek records them as not rare in spring as a bird of
passage (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 128).
I found a few Ringed Plovers on the reefs at Toston,
Fuerteventura, as late as 6-10 May, 1913, but nowhere else
on the coast (Ibis, 1914, pp. 46, 282).
The movement again takes place in the autumn, when
Meade-Waldo noticed that the Ringed Plovers arrived regu-
larly in the islands on their passage north (Ibis, 1893, p. 203).
The earhest date which I have recorded is 5 September
(1910), birds which were shot then in Gran Canaria being
now in the British Museum (Ibis, 1912, p. 588).
Meade-Waldo noted them from 23-25 October at Orotava,
Tenerife, and remarks that they weve fairly common
(MS. diaries).
Curiously enough, all the specimens which I have shot in
the Cauary Islands have been immature birds. I have come
to the conclusion that the Ringed Plover which passes
through the Canaries is the large race mentioned by Seebohm
and which I recognize as distinct.
Range. The large typical race of the Ringed Plover breeds
from aretic America to central Europe and winters from
the Mediterranean basin to the Cape. Specimens have been
examined by Dr. Lowe and myself from Greenland, Iceland,
France, Portugal, Gibraltar, and the Canaries ; they winter
down the west African coast to the Cape.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 749
Agialitis dubius curonicus. Lesser Ringed Plover,
Charadrius curonicus Gmeliv, Syst. Nat. 1. pt. 2, 1789,
p. 692—Type locality : Curonia, 2. e. Courland.
It is difficult to know exactly how to define the status of
the Lesser Ringed Plover in the Canary Islands. From
the present available data I can only consider it to be a
Rare Visitor which has been known to breed. It is quite
possible that it is a Bird of Passage in very small numbers,
but until 1910 it had been entirely overlooked and had never
been previously recorded by anyone !
The only bird which I have ever seen I shot on the
19th of January, 1910 (bill 13 mm., wing 117 mm.) in
Gran Canaria, as it flew from the water-tanks beyond the
golf-links—a very favourite place for small waders when the
tide is up.
The following year (April 1911) Mr. P. R. Pittard found
two eggs laid in a barranco more than a mile from the sea
(close to where I had shot my bird in 1910), which he for-
warded to me in England (Ibis, 1912, p. 582). There is no
doubt whatever that they are the eggs of the Lesser Ringed
Plover. They were identified by the Rev. F. C. Rk. Jourdain,
and other oologists have since examined them and concur
in the identification. This clutch is now in the British
Museum.
Range. The Lesser Ringed Plover breeds in the greater
part of Europe and Asia extending east to Japan, and is also
said to be resident in, and to nest in, north-west Africa
(B. O. U. List. of Brit. Birds, 1915, p. 246) north of
the Sahara. It winters in Africa and India and on the
Sunda Islands (Miss Jackson and Hartert, Ibis, 1915,
pp. 5382-533).
Agialitis alexandrina alexandrina. Kentish Plover.
Charadrius alewandrinus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 150—Type locality : Egypt.
The Kentish Plover is a Partial Resident in the Canary
Tslands.
750 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma,
Gomera, Hierro.
Kastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
Outer islets: Graciosa.
Obs. Many birds remain in the Archipelago throughout
the year and breed in numbers along the shores, especially
in the eastern islands. It is very difficult to estimate the
amount of migration which takes place, but being a wading
bird of very wide distribution and rangimeg south as far as
Cape Town, the island birds are almost sure to have their
numbers augmented by birds of passage. It is particularly
numerous on the shores of the eastern islands.
Although most early writers mention the Kentish Plover
in their accounts of the ornis of the islands, none make any
allusion to migratory movements of this species, which
I believe to take place both in the spring and in the
autumn.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
The typical form of the Kentish Plover breeds in Europe
from the southern coasts of England, south Sweden, Den-
mark, and Riigen, to the Mediterranean, Azores, Canary
Islands, Madeira, and Cape Verde Islands, in North Africa
as far as the salt swamps of the northern Sahara (Bledet-
alimar, south of Touggourt), absent from north Russia but
throughout central Asia to Korea (Miss Jackson and
Hartert), ranging in Africa as far as the Cape in winter,
also to India and east to Borneo and Japan.
Eudromias morinellus. Dotterel.
Charadrius morinellus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 150—Type locality: Sweden.
This is a Rare Visitor to the Archipelago which has not
been reported for many years.
Meade-Waldo mentions it from personal observation
between 1887-91 as an occasional visitor in flocks to the
Laguna plains in Tenerife (Ibis, 1893, p. 203): he says he
saw flocks of Dotterels one day close to the road just outside
Igtg. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 751
Laguna (Ibis, 1889, p. 515). The date is not mentioned in
either ‘The Ibis’ or his MS. diaries.
Cabrera also includes it in his list and says he obtained
a specimen in the summer* [en verano] in the neighbour-
hood of Laguna (Catalogo, p. 56). Meade-Waldo examined
this bird on 2 December, 1888 (MS. diaries).
Range. The Dotterel breeds in northern Europe and
Siberia, in the rest of Europe it is a bird of passage, and in
winter migrates to northern Africa, Syria and Persia. The
Canary Islands are probably the limit of the southern range
reached by this species. In the east it has wandered to
Japan,
Vanellus vanellus. Lapwing.
Tringa vanellus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 148-—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Lapwing is a Winter Visitor and reguiar Bird of
Passage.
Tis bird is first recorded by Webb and Berthelot (Orn.
Canarienne, p. 34), who considered that it only appeared in
winter after strong south and south-east winds, and mention
a specimen killed in ‘Tenerife in 1830. Most modern authors
agree that the Peewit is a regular Winter Visitor, but of late
years 1t has become less plentiful, and in Gran Canaria is now
seldom met with. In fact | have only seen one bird in this
island during the many winter months which I have spent
there (Ibis, 1912, p. 580). Bolle records “ numerous flocks
in winter in Gran Canaria” (J. f. O. 1857, p. 387), but that
is not so now.
In Tenerife Meade-Waldo found it a regular winter
visitor, occasionally in large flocks (Ibis, 1893, p. 203).
Von Thanner wrote concerning the bird in this island;
“It is a regular bird of passage. In the spring of 190]
there was such a continuous heavy rain that the ditches
of the Laguna Plain were flooded and formed lakes—this
* There may be some mistake about the time of year when this
example was obtained, unless perchance the bird from sickness or some
other cause had to remain behind when the rest of the Hock had left for
their northern breeding grounds.
752 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
district with its reeds attracted many Peewits (‘ Kiebitze’).
Examples appear every year, but only in such numbers after
a particularly wet year when the conditions are so suitable
to them ” (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 431).
Cabrera likewise says it is a migratory species common in
the winter, and that he possessed various specimens from
Tenerife (Catalogo, p. 56).
The Lapwing has often been observed in the eastern
islands. Bolle says: “In winter a well-known visitor in
Fuerteventura, where it is sometimes seen in great numbers ”
(it. OM1855 hp. 76):
Meade-Waldo, who visited all the islands, writes: “I have
seen it myself only in Tenerife and Fuerteventura.” He
shot a Lapwing in the latter island on the 12th of March,
1889 (Ibis, 1889, p. 509).
Polatzek, who lived in the eastern group, says: ‘A
passing migrant and winter visitor. I observed it on the
sparse grass-growth of the mountains in the eastern islands”
(Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 128).
Von Thanner records it from Tenerife as a Regular Bird
of Passage (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, ». 431).
The Lapwing certainly visits Lanzarote also. I found a
stuffed specimen in Gonzalez’s locally-made collection at
Arrecife in that island (Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
Range. The Lapwing breeds in Europe and in Asia to
Japan, and sparingly in Morocco. It winters in southern
Europe and in northern Africa, ranging eastwards to south
China.
Pluvianus egyptius. Egyptian Plover.
Charadrius egyptius Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 254
—Type locality: Egypt.
A Rare Visitor.
There is only one record of this species occurring in the
Canary Islands. Cabrera possessed one which was shot in
the neighbourhood of Laguna, Tenerife. The bird was in his
collection (Catalogo, p. 56).
There seems to be no reason to doubt this record as
genuine.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 753
Range. The Egyptian Plover inhabits the greater part of
west Africa, extending from the Coanza river to Senegal
and across north-east Africa to Egypt.
Arenaria interpres interpres. ‘Turnstone.
Tringa interpres Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 148—Type locality : Sweden.
The Turnstone is a Bird of Passage and a Winter Visitor
in large numbers to the islands; many individual birds
remain throughout the summer.
It is one of the commonest waders, excepting perhaps
the Kentish Plover, to be found in the Archipelago, those
which remain during the summer months doubtless being
immature or non-breeding birds.
When in the eastern islands in May and June, 1913, I
constantly met with large and small flocks all round the
coasts of Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, and Graciosa, Some few
birds were in full breeding-plumage, but those which I
dissected had the testes undeveloped (Ibis, 1914, p. 284).
Von Thanner believes the Turnstone to be a regular Bird
of Passage (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 431), but I do not know
from his notes whether he considers it passes through the
Archipelago at both the spring and autumn migration
seasons. Its numbers are certainly greatly augmented in
the winter: occasionally I have seen very large flocks in
Gran Canaria in January and February, and once on the
27th of January I watched an enormous flock of over a
hundred birds on the reefs in Confital Bay (Ibis, 1912,
p- 580).
Polatzek met with it frequently on the shore and notably
in the eastern islands (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 128).
Godman stated (Ibis, 1872, p. 221) that the Turnstone
undoubtedly bred in Flores in the Azores, and I am sorry to
say I quoted this statement in my “ Birds of Gran Canaria”
(Ibis, 1912, p.581) without farther question. I do not
know what evidence Godman had when he wrote this, but
I cannot believe that the Turnstone has ever bred in any of
the Atlantic islands without having very definite proof.
Certainly Bolle, in 1852 and 1856, believed that such a thing
754 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the | Ibis,
was possible in the Canaries, for he wrote of this bird : “It is
a constant shore dweller in Fuerteventura and Canaria.
On the south coast at Maspalomas I have seen them in
spring in pairs, and am almost certain they breed there”
(J. f. O. 1857, p. 337). Bolle visited Maspalomas in May.
Undoubtedly Turnstones may be seen in pairs in June.
Von Thanner mentions shooting two birds, “out of several
pairs on the 14th June in Tenerife” (Orn. Jahrb. xvi. 1905,
p- 212), but the same thing may be witnessed in the British
Isles where, to quote the latest B.O. U. List, p. 251, “A
good many birds in breeding-plumage, sometimes in pairs,
remain throughout the summer, but have never been proved
to nest, even in the Shetland Isles.”
The islanders certainly believe they breed in the Canaries.
In this connection Meade-Waldo wrote (Ibis, 1893, p. 204) :
“... many spend the summer... and though I have seen
them in pairs in June, I could not see that they were nesting :
the peasants assured me that they did nest.”
Range. The 'Turnstone breeds in Greenland and Iceland,
probably in all the islands in the Arctic Ocean, and in north-
ern Europe. It has an enormous range in winter, visiting
all the five continents besides Oceania.
Family Laripm.
Larus canus canus. Common Gull.
Larus canus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 1836—Ty pe
locality : Sweden,
A Rare Visitor.
The Common Gull has only been recorded from the
Canary Islands by Meade-Waldo (Ibis, 1893, p. 206), who
saw but two of this species, probably in Tenerife. He does
not mention the date, but doubtless they appeared during
the winter months.
Range. The Common Gull breeds in northern Europe and
Asia, and in winter visits north Africa and the Mediter-
ranean countries, reaching China and Japan on the Pacific
side,
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 755
Larus marinus. Greater Black-backed Gull.
Larus marinus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 136—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Greater Black-backed Gull can only be considered
a Rare Visitor at the present day.
That it used to be a resident breeding-bird prior to 1857
is vouched for by Webb and Berthelot *, and also Bolle.
This Gull is first recorded from Tenerife by Ledru in
1810. Next Webb and Berthelot, who were in the islands in
1828-1830, gave the following account of it in the Canary
Islands :— |
“ Hab. Dans Vile @ Alegranza.
“ Obs. Cet oiseau wWhabite que V’ile d@Alegranza, ou il est
assez commun. On va le chasser toutes les années pour
avoir son duvet, qu’on expédie & Londres ot on le vend
comme de Védredon. Ce Goéland niche dans les cavités des
rochers qui bordent la céte ; il defend les approches de son
nid en volant contre le chasseur, qwil tache de repousser
par ses cris et en le frappant de ses ailes. Tl pond trois ou
quatre ceufs assez gros, gris-jaunatre ou olivatre-clair, avec
des marbrures d’un gris foncé et d’un brun noir... .” ete.
(Orn. Canarienne, p. 4:2).
Bolle bears out the above statement, stating that the owner
of the island (Allegranza) draws a considerable revenue from
these birds on account of their down (J. f. O. 1855, p. 177),
and later he wrote: “It is said of them t—and I was an
* Webb and Berthelot did not confuse the Greater Black-backed Gull
with the large Shearwater which breeds in hundreds on Allegranza.
They give an account of this bird also (Orn. Canarienne, p. 43).
+ It has been suggested that through a printer’s error Bolle’s notes
should refer to the Shearwater (Puffinus kuhli fortunatus), which is such a
source of revenue to the owner of Allegranza at the present day. But if
this is so, why does Bolle, who personally visited the island, say that they
“defend their nest and eggs .... by flapping their wings.” The Shear-
water only lays one egg, and as I can personally vouch for, never “ flaps
its wings” in defence of its nesting-hole. Bolle was too careful an
ornithologist to have mistaken a Shearwater for a Greater Black-backed
Gull. Moreover, Bolle gives a long and accurate account of this Shear-
water in both his papers, J. f. O. 1855, p. 177, 1857, p. 344.
756 Mr. ID. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis,
eye-witness of this at Allegranza—that they defend their
nest and eggs from those who would rob them by powerfully
flapping their wings” (J. f.O. 1857, p. 341).
Neither Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 66) nor Godman (Ibis,
1872, p. 223) seem to have met with the bird themselves,
but quote former writers. Godman definitely states that
he did not meet with it, but he did not visit the eastern
islands.
The most accurate information is that given by Meade-
Waldo, who between the years 1887 and 1891 found it
“much scarcer than the Lesser Black-backed Gull” (Ibis,
1893, p. 206).
Polatzek only once saw two Gulls which might have
belonged to this species (Orn. Jahrb, 1909, p. 23).
When I visited the eastern islands in May and June 1913;
a special search was made for this Gull. I visited personally
Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, Graciosa, and Montafia Clara,
spending over a week on each of the smaller islands. More-
over, I landed on the West Rock and sent my taxidermist
(Mr. A. H. Bishop) for a week to Allegranza, where he made
enquiries about this Gull without gaining any information
whatsoever (Ibis, 1914, p.85). Neither of us saw a single
specimen in any of the islands. Stress of weather prevented
our landing on the East Rock, but I came to the conclusion
that Larus marinus must long since have ceased to supply
the owner of Allegranza “with a considerable revenue”? !
(Ibis, 1914, p. 289).
Range. The Greater Black-backed Gull breeds in Europe
as far south as about lat. 50° N. (on the north-west coast of
France), also in north America. In winter it occasionally
visits the Mediterranean and has wandered to the Azores
and Canaries, and on the American side reaches the
Bermudas,
Larus argentatus cachinnans. Yellow-legged Herring-Gull.
Larus cachinnans Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. 1827,
p. 318—Type locality : S.E. Russia.
This Gull is a Partial Resident.
“
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 75
Hab. in Archipelago.
Western Group. ) The coasts of all the islands, prin-
Eastern Group. ~cipally breeding on Roque del Este
Outer islets. Sea Anaga rocks.
The status of this Herring-Gull in the Canary Islands
has not much changed since Meade-Waldo wrote (Ibis,
1893, p. 206): “This is the common resident Gull. It
breeds in all the islands.””? I question however whether it
now breeds in all the islands.
Bolle is evidently referring to this species (J. f. O. 1857,
p- 341) under Larus argentatus, where he notes that it is
frequent around Canaria, and breeds under the bushes of the
dunes of Maspalomas, and can nearly always be seen sitting
on the boards and barrels in the harbour of Santa Cruz.
I have included it as a partial resident as its numbers are
certainly augmented in the winter, and the birds which
breed in the Archipelago probably range far afield.
Range beyond the Archipelago.
The Yellow-legged Herring-Gull is the common Gull of
the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, ranging east to
Lake Baikal. It breeds in all the north Atlantic islands.
In winter it ranges down the west coast of Africa to Sene-
gambia, and according to the B.O.U. List (p. 253)
apparently reaches Angoia.
Larus fuscus fuscus. Continental Lesser Black-backed
Gull.
Larus fuscus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 136—
Type locality : Sweden.
A Rare Visitor.
As might be expected the Hastern (dark-backed) race of
the Lesser Black-backed Gull is a very rare straggler to the
Canarian seas.
Meade-Waldo shot a single example at Orotava in
Tenerife on 21 January, 1888. The skin is now in the
British Museum. In his List (Ibis, 1898, p. 206), his note
“ there are generally a few of these gulls about in winter”’
obviously refers to Larus fuscus affinis.
SER. XI.— VOL. I. 3G
758 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
Range. L. f. fuscus breeds in Scandinavia eastwards. In
winter it visits the eastern Mediterranean ranging to the
head of the Persian Gulf.
Mr. P. R. Lowe (Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxix. p. 120) suggests
that it migrates southwards across Europe, possibly by way
of the rivers Vistula and Dnieper, to winter in the eastern
Mediterranean, Egypt, and the Red Sea.
Larus fuscus affinis. British Lesser Black-backed Gull.
Larus ajinis Reinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. Kjébenhavn
for 1858, 1854, p. 78—Type locality : Greenland.
A Winter Visitor to the Canary Islands, It may also
prove to be a Bird of Passage in small numbers.
The Lesser Black-backed Gull (undoubtedly the above
subspeci:s) has been recorded by old writers, such as Busto,
Ledru, and Serra, from the islands.
Cabrera believed it to be a Bird of Passage, common in
winter (Catalogo, p. 66).
According to Meade- Waldo there are a few about in winter
(Ibis, 1893, p. 206, et 1889, p. 12), while Polatzek con-
siders it ‘‘frequent in the winter” (Orn. Jahrb. 1909,
p. 133), his remarks doubtless referring to the Gull in the
eastern islands, while Meade-Waldo’s notes refer mostly to
the western islands.
Miss Annie Jackson wrote to me that she had seen this
Gull at Orotava on the Ist of April, doubtless one of the
birds which had wintered farther south on the west coast
returning north to breed. Whether these West African birds
pass through the Archipelago regularly we have not enough
evidence to show.
When I wrote my paper on the Birds of Gran Canaria
(Ibis, 1912, p.575), I thought that this Gull would very
probably be found to breed in the Archipelago. It seems,
however, to be only a winter visitor and possibly a rare
bird of passage. In February 1912 I saw a number of
these birds in Las Palmas harbour, both adult and im-
mature; they used to roost in the cliffs beyond Confital
Bay and were still present on March 11, when I left the
1919. ] Birds of the Canary Islands. 759
island*. I was again in Gran Canaria on the Ist of June, but
all the Gulls had disappeared. J then imagined that they
had resorted to the outer islets to breed, but I proved this
supposition to be unfounded in June 1913, when I visited all
the outer islets and the large islands of the eastern group
excepting the East Rock. I did not find this Gull anywhere
during the six weeks I spent in May and June, though
constantly on the coasts and on the look out for it (Ibis,
1914, p. 288).
The question as to whether this Gull was indeed Larus
Juscus ajinis, was entered into in ‘The Ibis,’ 1912, pp. 575,
|76, et bull: B. O: C: xxix, ps 121. . Now, thanks to’ Mr. EH:
¥. Witherby, we are able to state that, at any rate, some
of the birds which breed in Great Britain visit the Canary
Archipelago in winter—as we have conclusive evidence in
two cases which I[ have already reported (Ibis, 1914, p. 288).
(a) Lesser Black-backed Gull marked as a nestling
(No. 33,912) on August 2, 1913, at the Farne
Islands, recovered off Cape Juby on November
13, 1913, by schooner ‘ Luz,’
(6) Another bird ringed on the same day at the Farne
Islands, shot in Lanzarote on January 5, 1914.
Ranye. The British Lesser Black-backed Gull breeds on
the western coasts and islands of Europe, probably as far as
Spain, also on Alboran island off Morocco. It winters in
the western Mediterranean, in the Azores and Madeira
group, and West Africa to the Gold Coast, while it has even
been reported as far south as Bonny in southern Nigeria
(Saunders).
Larus ridibundus. Black-headed Gull.
Larus ridibundus Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 225
—T ype locality : England.
An Occasional Visitor which appears in fair numbers on
rare occasions,
According to Cabrera (Catélogo, p. 66) and Polatzek
(Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 183), neither of whom had seen the
& Three were obtained—the skins are in the British Museum,
3G2
760 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
bird personally, the Black-headed Gull is mentioned first by
Serra (whose account published in the ‘Revista de Canarias’
between 1879 and 1882 I have not seen) as an occasional
though rare visitor.
Other ornithologists do not appear to have met with the
species until I saw it myself in the islands. I first met
with ZL. ridibundus on the 20th of February, 1911, when
numbers of them visited Las Palmas harbour and remained
until the end of the month. All seemed to be immature
birds, and the three * which I shot appeared to be in their
second year. I did not see a single fully adult bird (Ibis,
TOM pa ow)
I next saw this species in Lanzarote ; here I identified an
adult bird in fuli breeding-plumage with entire brown head,
which had been obtained by Don Gonzalez y Gonzalez in or
near Arrecife harbour. I could not ascertain the date when
it had been shot (Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
Range. The Black-headed Gull breeds in Europe gener-
ally southwards to the Mediterranean, and through
temperate Asia. It has an extensive winter range, visiting
north Africa, extending eastwards through India and China
to Japan.
Rissa tridactyla tridactyla. Kittiwake.
Larus tridactylus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ea. 1758, p. 1386
—Type locality: Great Britain.
An Occasional Visitor in winter.
The Kittiwake is not often seen in Canarian waters at the
present day. Godman was quite wrong when he wrote (Ibis,
1872, p. 222): “ Both this and the following Gull [ Larus
fuscus| probably breed about the coasts in Teneriffe,”
adding, possibly correctly, “‘I saw either this species or L.
canus in the middle of May in Teneriffe, though I failed to
secure specimens.” Meade-Waldo saw “very few of these
gulls” during his travels amongst the islands (Ibis, 1893,
p- 206) ; and certainly, if, as Bolle affirms (J. f. O. 1857,
* Skins in the British Museum.
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 761
p. 341), they appeared around the Canaries every winter,
they can no longer be considered regular winter visitors.
Cabrera records the Kittiwake in his list (Catalogo, p. 66)
as an accidental migrant. It was seen off the island of
Palma by Koenig (J. f. O. 1890, p. 487).
In the eastern group I saw a stuffed example in the
Gonzalez collection at Arrecife, without any data, except
that it had been obtained locally (Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
Looking through Mr. P. R. Lowe’s MS. note-books which
he has been good enough to lend me, I see that he noted
Kittiwakes when sixty miles north of Las Palmas, within
sight of land, on the 7th of January, 1906, and later that
more were seen on the 2nd of January, “and followed the
yacht from Las Palmas,” I presume in a southerly direction
(unpublished MS.).
Range. In the Atlantic Ocean the Kittiwake breeds in
the arctic and subarctic regions, also in the north-west of
France. In winter it visits the Mediterranean and Azores,
extending south of the Canaries to Senegal, which is probably
the southern extent of its winter range on the African side
of the Atlantic.
Sterna hirundo. Common Tern.
Sterna hirundo Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 187—
Type locality : Sweden.
The Common Tern is a Summer Visitor to the islands.
It used to breed in large colonies in Gran Canaria and in
Fuerteventura, but of late years has, I fear, practically
ceased to do so. It may still nest on some of the isolated
rocks off ‘Tenerife, on the top of which, according to Meade-
Waldo, it used in 1891 to lay its eggs (Ibis, 1893, p. 206).
Cabrera had both skins and eggs in his collection, and
considered it to be a resident (Catalogo, p. 67).
Sterna hirundo is first mentioned from the islands by
Ledru, who found it in Tenerife in 1810 (Voyage aux isles de
Teneriffe etc.). Next it is referred to by Webb and
Berthelot in 1841, who give as its habitat ‘‘the islands
which are nearest to Africa,” i.e. the eastern group. They
762 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis,
add that it turns up from time to time in the western
islands, but is extremely common in Fuerteventura and
Lanzarote (Orn. Canarienne, p. 42).
From Bolle (J. £.O. 1855, p.177) we learn tliat S.
hirundo are observed on the coast of Fuerteventura and
Lanzarote, seldom on the western islands, but in this he was
mistaken, for in 1857 he published a really good account of
the breeding grounds of tlis Tern at Maspalomas in Gran
Canaria, to which further reference should be made (J. f. O.
1857, pp. 341-344). Bolle here says that his visit took place
in May, and he further mentions “an cxtraordinary big
colony at Corralejo in Fuerteventura” (/.c. p. 343).
Meade-Waldo was of opinion that the Common Tern
(between 1887 and 1891) was a summer visitor to all the
islands, the birds spending the winter in the eastern islands
(Ibis, 1893, p. 206). The latter part of this statement is not
borne out by Polatzek’s observations, who wrote (Orn, Jahrb.
1909, p. 22) :—‘*The Tern comes in spring and leaves in
autumn, and breeds or has bred in Tenerife and Gran
Canaria.””> On April 10, 1905, Polatzek visited the Mas-
palomas breeding-ground but saw no ‘Terns, and concluded
that they had not yet arrived from their winter quarters.
So far as I could learn, when I visited Maspalomas in
February 1912, the Terns had quite ceased to breed in the
district (Ibis, 1912, p.577), and this can only be due to the
systematic way in which the short-sighted natives plundered
their nests, for the district has apparently not changed a
whit since Bolle’s day.
When I last visited the eastern islands in May and June
in 1913, our route took us close to Corralejo, but we saw
nothing of the colony which Bolie mentions, nor did we
meet with Terns in any of the large or small islands—almost
conclusive proof that they have ceased to breed there. ‘The
fishermen knew the ‘“ Garajao ” well, and it is probable that
it is S. hirundo, which acccording to their statements visits
the islands in summer when the “sardinas” are plentiful
(Ibis, 1914, p. 286). I saw a stuffed example in Lanzarote
in the Gonzalez collection from that island (Ibis, 1914,
p. 63).
1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 763
Von Thanner did not meet with it in Fuerteventura in
March 1904, when he visited the island (Orn. Jahrb. 1905,
p. 65). Ina later paper he notes that it formerly occurred
in Gran Canaria, but he did not meet with it himself in
February 1909, when he visited its old breeding-grounds
(Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 99).
Range. The Common Tern breeds in Europe from Norway
to the Mediterranean, also in the Azores and islands of the
Madeira group, as well as in north Africa and in parts of
Asia. In winter it visits Africa as far as the Cape, also
South America.
Sterna minuta minuta. Little Tern.
Sterna minuta Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 228—
Type locality: S. Europe.
The Little Tern is an Occasional Visitor.
It has been mentioned by several writers including Ledru
in 1810 from Tenerife, from which island it was recorded by
Godman (Ibis, 1872, p. 222).
Webb and Berthelot say it frequented the eastern part of
the Archipelago (Orn. Canarienne, p. 42), and this is borne
out by Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 67), Bolle (J. f. O. 1855, p. 177),
and Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 133), who note that it
is often observed in the eastern islands. I did not see
it myself in May or June, when I visited this part of the
Archipelago in 1913,
Range. The Little Tern breeds in Europe generally and in
Asia and north Africa from Morocco to Egypt. In winter it
visits the west coast of Africa ranging to the Cape, extending
in the east to Burma and Java.
Sterna sandvicensis sandvicensis. Sandwich Tern.
Sterna sandvicensis Latham, Gen. Synop. Suppl. 1. 1787,
p. 296—Type locality : England.
The Sandwich Tern is an Occasional Visitor in winter.
It is possible that this Tern may regularly visit the Canary
Archipelago on migration, but proof of this is wanting and
rests solely on the word of fishermen, who say that it is to be
seen every February in Gran Canaria harbour. In 1911
764 Obituary. [ Ibis,
Sandwich Terns certainly turned up in the Puerto de la Luz,
and three birds were obtained on the 28th of February, all in
full winter plumage, which went with my collection to the
British Museum (Ibis, 1912, p.578). Meade-Waldo saw
flocks of this species off Fuerteventura (Ibis, 1893, p. 206),
and Webb and Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, 1841, p. 41)
give Lanzarote aud Fuerteventura as its “habitat.” I
identified a bird in the Gonzalez collection which had been
shot near Arrecife in Lanzarote (Ibis, 1914, p. 63).
I do not think S. sandvicensis breeds anywhere in the
Archipelago, and the statement to this effect in the B.O. U.
List of Birds, 1915, p. 268, is without foundation, and was
doubtless taken from Webb and Berthelot’s book (supra),
which is long out of date.
Range. The Sandwich Tern breeds in Europe and is not
known to nest south of Tunisia on the eastern side of the
Atlantic. In winter it follows the west coast of Africa down
to the Cape of Good Lope and round to Natal.
{To be continued. |
XXXITI.— Obituary.
Sir Witittam Macerecor.
Iy is with great regret that we notice the death of the
Rt. Hon. Sir Wilham Macgregor, G.C.M.G., which occurred
at Aberdeen on 2 July last. He was 72 years of age.
in Sir William Macgregor not only has the Empire lost
a great colonial administrator but a most learned man in all
branches of natural history and an explorer and geographer
of great note. ‘The son of an Aberdeenshire farmer, he was
educated for the medical profession, and, like Cecil Rhodes,
in order to save his life, accepted the post of medical officer
at Seychelles, subsequently being prometed to Mauritius
and Fiji.
Having acted for a time as High Commissioner of the
Western Pacific, he was in 1881 appointed Administrator
of British New Guinea, declaring Queen Victoria’s sove-
reignty over the territory in September. He spent over
1919. | Obituary. 765
ten years in New Guinea exploring and developing the
resources of the country. He was subsequently Governor
of Lagos, of Newfoundland, and of Queensland, and retired
in 1914 to settle in Scotland.
During his services in New Guinea Sir William made
many journeys into the interior and explored the Owen
Stanley range and Mounts Maneao and Scratchley. He
made large collections of birds, which were sent to the
Queensland Museum at Brisbane, where they were described
by Mr. C. W. De Vis, partly in the Reports of the Museum
and partly in the pages of ‘The Ibis’ between 1891 and
1897. Among many other wonderful discoveries were
Cnemophilus macyregorit, figured on plate x. of ‘The Ibis’
for 1891, a new Paradise-bird from the Owen Stanley
mountains ; Loria marie, named after Lady Macgregor,
from Mount Maneao, and figured on plate vii. of ‘The
Ibis’ for 1895 ; Macgregoria pulchra, another Paradise-
bird from Mount Sceratchley, also figured in ‘The Ibis’
on plate vil. of the volume for 1897.
Another remarkable form, Paramythia montium, dcscribed
by De Vis and figured in ‘The Ibis’ (1893, pl. vil.), was
first obtained by Sir William in the Musgrave range. Its
affinities appear to be near the Starlings, but it is now
-generally placed in a family by itself.
Sir Wiliam Macgregor will always be remembered as the
great pioneer of the exploration of the interior of New Guinea.
Personally one of the most learned and modest of men, his
feats of daring and endurance will long be remembered by
those who had the good fortune to be associated with him
in New Guinea and elsewhere.
Francis RicHarp SAuispury BAxeNnDALE.
It is with deep regret that we record the death of
Mr. F. R. 8. Baxendale, Commissioner of Larnaca, Cyprus,
and well known to readers of ‘The Ibis’ for his contribu-
tions to the ornithology of that island. He was born on the
6th of September, 1860, at Maidstone, and was the eldest
son of Richard Baxendale, Vicar of Willington. The church
766 Obituary. [Ibis,
of St. John stood in the park of the Karl of Romney, and
in these delightful grounds Frank Baxendale first developed
his innate love for natural history and sport. He was
educated at Honiton and Charterhouse, where he stayed till
18 years of age, and after a short experience of engineering,
and on recovery from an attack of rheumatic fever, he was
given a Commission in the Civil Service, and began his
career as a Cadet in Fiji in 1884, Two years later, having
mastered the language, he was appointed officer of the armed
native Constabulary and in 1888 was made Stipendiary
Magistrate. In 1892 he was promoted to the post of
Resident Commissioner for the Province of Cakandrove,
where the success of his administration was mainly due to
his unfailing patience and gentleness in dealing with the
natives, while further appointments as Superintendent of
Police and Deputy Commandant of the Native Constabulary
were conferred on him, and in 1897 he was made Stipendiary
‘Magistrate of Levuka and ‘lailevu, and Commissioner of
Lomaiviti. For three years he was Native Commissioner,
and in this capacity a member of the Executive and sub-
sequently also of the Legislative Council. During the
twenty-two years from 1884 to 1906 Mr. Baxendale only
went on leave for one year, but in 1906 he left for England,
returning in the following year, when he was made Com-
missioner of Paphos, Cyprus, and proceeded in November
to take up his duties there. Here his interest in ornithology
received a great stimulus from the presence of other workers.
Sir John Bucknill had invited Mr. C. B. Horsburgh to
come out to Cyprus on behalf of the Natural History
Society of Cyprus, then recently formed. On his arrival
he stayed for some time with Mr. Baxendale, and began to
collect birds. Mr. Baxendale was an excellent shot and
Mrs. Baxendale was initiated into the mysteries of skinning,
so that on Mr. Horsburgh’s suggestion and with the help of
his wife, Mr. Baxendale began to form a collection of
Cyprus birds. This proved a tremendous interest, which
lasted to the end of his life. Krom quite small beginuings
the collection gradually increased, until at the time of his
1919. | Obituary. 767
death some 230 species were represented, most of them by
two or more specimens, and in several cases the only records
for the island. In 1910 Mr. Baxendale was promoted to
Famagusta, a more congenial spot and also interesting from
an ornithological standpoint. With the outbreak of war in
1914 the work increased and grew more complicated. Each
Commissioner became Provost Marshal in his own district.
A large Turkish prisoners’ camp was formed near Fama-
gusta aiid a garrison installed. All leave became impossible,
and as the heat of the plains during summer proved very
trying, it soon became evident, in spite of a short rest under
doctor’s orders, that Mr. Baxendale’s health was failing.
He was transferred to Larnaca in 1918, and would have
retired in August of the present year, but a severe attack of
pneumonia on 6 February intervened, and on 19 February,
1919, he passed peacefully away.
He was twice married, first to Mara Adelaide, daughter
of William Hanunings of Fiji, and leaves two daughters by
that marriage: secondly to Edith Mary, daughter of Arthur
Fremlin of Teston, Kent, aud leaves two daughters and a son
by the second marriage.
During the last nine years of lis stay in Cyprus,
Mr. Baxendale devoted a good deal of attention to the
breeding-habits and eggs of Cyprus birds. Amongst otlier
acquisitions he was able to secure well authenticated nests
of the Palestine Warbler (Sylvia melunothorax), of which
hitherto only three clutches had been found, and was
also enabled to prove satisfactorily, for the first time, the
fact that several other species bred on the island, such as
Passer hispaniolensis, Emberiza hortulana, Hoplopterus spi-
nosus, aud Podiceps nigricollis. Practicaily all his egg
collection was most generously given by Mr. Baxendale
to the writer, but the skin collection still remains in
Mrs. Baxendale’s hands, and it is hoped that it may find
a worthy home in some National Institution.
All who came into contact with the big, good-hearted man
will retain pleasant memories of a most kindly, companion-
able nature, with a real love for nature and a keen desire to
768 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
forward in every wav the interests of science. Of such
men we have too few, and his death leaves us with a sense
of irreparable loss. F.C. R. Jourparn.
We also regret to learn of the recent death of
Mr. Wiutiam Brewster of Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.,
a Founder of the American Ornithologists’ Union and one
of the best known of American ornithologists. We hope to
have a notice of him in the next number of ‘The Ibis.’
XXXIV.—WNolices of recent Ornithological Publications.
An A. B.C. of Common Birds.
(An A. B.C. of Common Birds. A pocket guide to the commoner
inland Birds of Britain. Pp. 1-64. Price 6d., by post 7d. Published
by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, 23 Queen Anne’s
Gate, 8. W.]
This little work in pamphlet form has recently been
issued by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and
will doubtless be found very useful. The commoner British
birds are arranged in alphabetical order, and with each
is given a few words of description to assist in identification.
The brief notes on the food-habits are arranged under
“ pro.” or ‘con.”’, according to whether the birds may be
regarded useful or injurious to the farmer or gardener. In
many cases a quotation from a recognized authority on the
relation of birds to agriculture has been added. Only in
the case of three or four birds is the general verdict un-
favourable, and in these cases it is owing to their excessive
numbers. We notice that very little is said about the
merits or otherwise of the Little Owl, on which there has
lately been a good deal of correspondence in the ‘Times.’
The Starling, Sparrow-Hawk, Wood-Pigeon, and Hawfinch
all come in for a certain amount of condemnation. On the
whole a very just balance is maintained, and we hope that
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 769
the A. B.C. of Common Birds will have a wide circulation
and help to the preservation of British Bird-life.
Bangs on a new bird from the Philippines.
[A new Striated Warbler from the Philippines. By Outram Bangs.
Proc. New England Zoblogical Club, vii. 1919, pp. 5-6. |
sh 1ote r. Bangs distinguishes galurus
In a short note Mr. Bangs distinguishes Megaluru
palustris forbesi, subsp. n., from Luzon and probably the
other islauds of the Philippime group, from the typical
.p. palustris from Java, by its smaller size and greyer
M alustris f Java, by it ll 1 grey
coloration.
Bangs and Penard on the Lafresnaye types.
{Some critical notes on birds. By Outram Bangs and Thomas FE.
Penard. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Ixili. 1919, pp. 21-40. |
The Lafresnaye collection of birds, containing most of the
types described by that ornithologist in the early part of
the last century, has recently been handed over to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., by
the Boston Society of Natural History. It is the intention
of the authors to publish an account of the collection, its
types, and a sketch of Lafresnaye’s life; but in the mean-
time we have here a number of random notes, mostly changes
in nomenclature and descriptions of new forms, noticed when
identifying Lafresnaye’s types.
We have not space here to mention the yarious changes
proposed, but we notice new forms of Herpetotheres, Kupsit-
tula, Picolaptes, Saltater, and many other genera chiefly
from South America; a new genus Cnemoscopus is pro-
posed for Arremon rubrirostris Lafres., and Tachuris Lafres.
1836 must replace Cyanotis Swains. 1837.
Campbell on Australian Birds and Nomenclature.
[Notes on Birds from the Gouldian-Gilbert Type-locality, North
Australia, By A. J. Campbell. The Emu, xviii. 1919, pp. 172-210.)
The birds collected by M*Lennan for Mr. H. L. White
770 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
in the lands where Gilbert collected for Gould, having now
come into the possession of the National Museum at
Melbourne, the author of this paper—for long an authority
on Australian Ornithology—takes the opportunity to insti-
tute a comparison with the species obtained by Gilbert and
to comment on their nomenclature.
That collector’s head-quarters were at the present Port
Kssington (then styled Victoria), whereas M°Lennan had
his main camp eighty miles away at King River; but the
character of the whole district is so uniform that it may all
be considered as one collecting-ground, and is in fact almost
precisely similar to that roand Napier and Broome Bay in
West Australia. It is therefore no matter for astonishment
that some species or subspecies are identical in the two
areas, while we are impressed with the necessity of taking
more than usual care in differentiating forms on the grounds
of slight variation in the colour.
The two explorers observed nearly the same birds, though
McLennan added Plilotis a/bilincatus to the Australian list ;
and Mr. Campbell rightly considers this to be a fitting time
to come to a primary agreement as to the nomenclature
pending further expeditions and further discoveries.
He therefore discusses each bird separately, and in par-
ticular the races it has been proposed by Mr. Mathews and
others to differentiate. We cannot here give in detail the
cases where the two writers are in agreement and where they
are not; but must satisfy ourselves with commending the
whole article to the attention of our readers, in view of
the lead that it gives to the proper determination of many
points of importance with regard to a distant and partially
worked country.
Two points remain to be noticed—first, that in some
eiglit or more cases the Gouldian-Gilbert type-locality was
not Port Essington, but ‘* North-west Coast of Australia ”’ ;
secondly, that Mr. Campbell once more emphasizes the
importance of maintaining Gouid’s names if scientifically
correct. This no doubt is much to be desired, and none
of them should be thrown aside without most careful
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 771
examination; but we are afraid that ideas differ widely
as to the meaning of the term “scientific correctness,”
and in proof can only refer to the speeches at the R.A.O.U.
meeting (‘The Emu,’ xviii. pp. 144-147), Mr. Campbell
also talks of the ‘‘ International Code” and the views of
various persons on it, but they evidently do not refer to the
Ornithological Code.
KE. C. Chubb on the Dodo.
[A skeleton of the Dodo (Didus ineptus). By EH. C. Chubb. Annals
Durban Museum, ii. 1919, pp. 97-99, pl. xvii. ; 1 text-fie. |
[The Dodo, Leaflet No. 1. Durban Museum, pp. 1-4; 2 figs. 1919.]
The Durban Museum has recently acquired a very com-
plete mounted skeleton of the Dodo. It was formerly in the
possession of the late Mr. EH. Therioux of Mauritius, and is
of special interest as it possesses the caudal vertebrae and
pygostyle complete, a rib on the second pelvic vertebra,
and certain carpal bones in the wing not hitherto found on
any existing skeleton or described.
Mr. EK. C. Chubb writes a short description of these bones
and illustrates his notice with a photograph which, however,
is hardly sufficiently large or clear to be of much use.
The leaflet, also by Mr. Chubb, provides a short popular
history of the Dodo, and contains a reproduction of one of
Savery’s pictures of the bird, and is prepared for the benefit
of visitors to the Durban Museum.
Gladstone on the war and bird-life.
[Birds and the War. By Hugh 8. Gladstone. London (Skeffington),
1919. 8vo. |
In this little volume Mr. Gladstone has brought together
a mass of information relating—as the title tells us—to
birds and the war. We learn from the preface that the
book is compiled from ‘a large collection of cuttings,’ and
although certain recognized authorities are quoted, yet the
major part of the information here collated appeared
anonymously in newspapers. As Mr. Gladstone has made
such ample use of these anonymous writings, it seems a
Mae Recentiy published Ornithological Works. [Ibis,
pity that he has refrained from criticism of what appear
occasionally to be highly coloured statements. The fact
that “cuttings” from the ‘Daily Mail’ and other daily
papers have been reprinted in book-form by a recognized
ornithologist, gives more weight to them than many of them
deserve.
Section one of the first chapter deals almost entirely with
the Homing Pigeon Service during the war and will be read
with considerable interest. The feats of endurance accom-
plished by these wonderful birds deserves wide recognition
and admiration. Some of us cannot fail to deplore the loss
to Great Britain of so many of our best strains of Homers
by their disposal in France and Belgium at the end of the
operations. Mention is made of the various uses—some
ingenious, otlers very ‘far fetched’’—to which birds were
put to detect the presence of the enemy or of poison gas in
the various theatres of war.
In the second section Mr. Gladstone has brought together
an amount of evidence in support of our British Birds as
crop-protectors, and shows how the ixidiscriminate de-
struction of many species valuable to agriculture resulted
in a terrible scourge of caterpillars in various parts of the
country.
In the third and fourth sections, the author gives us
a review of the various measures introduced by the Ministry
of Food to increase the food-supply, by utilising various
wild birds’ eggs and by alteration to an earlier date of the
commencement of game-shooting seasons. There is a
chapter on the’sufferings of birds during the war—on land
where the abnormally severe weather accounted for many
deaths, and at sea where the oil from tank-steamers and
submarines is said to have destroyed hundreds of sea birds,
the oil matting the feathers of Razorbills and Guillemots,
thus preventing them diving for food. A special section is
devoted to the effect of aircraft and air-raids on the bird
population,
In sections 8 and 9 the author deals with the behaviour
of birds in the war zones, and in this chapter Mr. Gladstone
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 773
gives us an interesting and connected account of the obser-
vations of numerous field-naturalists made chiefly on the
western front. The remarkable indifference of almost all
the birds to heavy bombardment, and even to poison-gas,
is the principal fact brought out in these chapters. In face
of this, the statement made by a French naturalist (quoted
in Chapter iv.) that migrating birds departed from their
usual routes seems a little surprising. The birds in northern
Europe could hardly have known what was taking place in
the narrow strip of territory where the guns were booming
aud over which they were wont to pass on their journey
south. If the migratory movement coincided with a terrific
bombardment, the tendency of the birds would surely be to
mount to a higher altitude as they approached the danger
zone, and thus to cross the lines unobserved, probably at night.
The reviewer passed 28 consecutive months on the lines of
communication in France aud Flanders, and allowing for
his limited opportunities of bird-observation, he formed the
opinion that ordinary migration was little interfered with.
In the last section of this little book, a tribute is paid to
those ornithologists who gave their lives in the service of
the country.
“ Birds and the War” contains much interesting in-
formation which it must have cost the author considerable
time and patience to compile and produce in such a readable
form. DD. Ay:
Misses Haviland and Pitt on habits of the Song-Thrush.
(The selection of Helix nemoralis by the Song-Thrush (Tidus
musicus). By Maud D. Haviland and Frances Pitt. Ann. Mag. N. H.
(9) 11. 1919, pp. 525-531. ]
The habit of the Song-Thrush of breaking the shells of
snails on a stone or “ anvil” 1s well known, and it had been
suggested by Mr, A. HE. Truman in a previous paper that in
the case of the very variably coloured Helix nemoralis, Song-
Thrushes might exercise a selective action as the more con-
spicuous or more palatable varieties would be most generally
taken. Miss Haviland made two series of experiments—
SER. XI.—-VOL. I. OH
774 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
in the one case tethering snails to pegs in a piece of open
ground and listing those which were taken by the Thrushes,
and in the other case counting and sorting the shells found
at certain anvils, with the idea of discovering whether one
particular variation of Helix nemoralis was preferred to
another.
Miss Pitt’s experiments were done with a young Thrush
hand-reared from the nest, in order to find out if the “ anvil-
habit ” was instinctive or acquired.
The conclusions were reached that the selection of snails
by Thrushes is entirely haphazard, but that many-banded
varieties of H/. nemoralis were more abundant in shady bushy
places while Thrushes preferred more open feeding-grounds,
so that there was a higher proportion of unbanded shells
“ce
at certain “anvils.” Miss Pitt concluded that the young
thrush does not recognize and crack snail-shells in-
stinctively, but each individual learns to do so by personal
experience.
Mathews’ Birds of Australia.
[The Birds of Australia. By Gregory M. Mathews. Vol. vii. pt. v.
pp. 885-500 + i-xil, pls. 865-370. London (Witherby), July 1919. 4to.}
Possibly the most important information in this part will
be, to most ornithologists, that contaimed in the two
Appendices, one giving a list of works containing “all
the new names,” and the other consisting of a dissertation
on the dates of a large number of ornithological treatises.
So important are the items in the latter that, in our opinion,
they are quite out of place in this book, and should have been
published separately. As it is, they will probably be over-
looked by those not specially concerned with Australian
Birds, and the object of Mr. Mathews’ careful compilation
will thus not be attained. Otherwise we have nothing but
praise for his perseverance and energy in the matter.
With regard to the preface to the volume, we quite
agree that much controversial matter has been under dis-
cussion, but we are not so confident as the author that
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 775
nomenclature is tending to stability. He must not forget
that Ornithology is but one branch of Zoology, and that no
settlement will finally stand that is not pretty generally
accepted.
Among the accounts of the different species, it should be
noted that Polophilus is accepted instead of Centropus for
the Australian Coucal. A new subspecies melvillensis is
proposed (from Melville Island), and macrourus is taken to
cover keatsi.
The volume finishes with the Lyre-Birds, equally wonder-
ful in their appearance and habits. This curious Order
is left in its usual place and precedes the Passeriform Birds ;
but it is only fair to Mr. Mathews to say that he dissents to
this position, and thinks that the resemblances may be due
to convergence, and not to affinity. ‘To those who take this
view, the difficulty at once arises of explaining the bird’s
powers of song. <Aftrichia, of course, presents difficulties
also, but is, in this work, to be taken later, as a degenerate
Passerine form.
A separate genus is allotted to each species of Menura,
for the specific title nove-hollandie 1s made to cover three
subspecies from New South Wales and Victoria, so that
only the northernmost form adberti stands apart, in the
genus Harriwhitea of Mr. Mathews’ 1912 List. The male
has no long curved outer rectrix, as may be seen from the
plate given, another plate shewimg the tails in the genus
Menura. A subspecies rufa is still recognised.
Globicera pacijica queenslandica and Psephotellus chryso-
pterygius nova are now figured as new and extremely rare
forms from northern Queensland, and several notes added.
In these Tavistockia is proposed for Loxia guttata Shaw; but
here the details must be consulted by the reader interested
in Steganopleura forms.
Finally, three more Procellariiform birds, Retnholdia rein-
holdi, Pterodroma mexpectata, and Diomedea chionoptera, are
figured, with information from sources later than the
publication of Vol. 11.,—the first because the specimen
SHR
776 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
depicted in that volume was from New Zealand, whereas
that now given was shot in Australia. Mr. Mathews takes
the opportunity to criticise severely the recent work of the
American author Loomis on the Order, and his paragraphs
will enable other writers to judge for themselves between
the combatants and of the correctness or otherwise of their
views, a point which it is not for us to decide. Mr. Murphy’s
work is held up as a contrast and for approval.
Riley on new birds from the Far East.
[Six new birds from Celebes and Java. By J. H. Riley. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, vol. 32, 1919, pp. 93-96. |
In a collection of birds made in Celebes by Mr. H. C.
Raven, Mr. Riley finds the following new forms :—Anas
superciliosa percna, Megalurus celebensis, Dicruropsis montana,
Pachycephala pluviosa, Zosterops atrifrons surda ; also a Quail
from Java is named Ewxcalfactoria chinensis palmeri.
Stone on the Birds of Panama.
[Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection
made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. By Witmer Stone. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, pp. 289-280. ]
The late Mr. L. L. Jewel spent some three years from
1910 onwards in the Panama Canal zone, where he was
engaged in engineering work, and made very considerable
collections of birds; part of these are now in the American
Museum at New York, but the greater portion are in the
Museum of the Academy at Philadelphia. Mr. W. Stone
has prepared a list of the Jewel collection, which is here
published with the collector’s field-notes, and has added the
names of the other species previously recorded from the
canal-zone, but not obtained by Mr. Jewel.
In a good many instances the nests and eggs are described
by Mr. Jewel, and there are some additional taxonomic
notes by Mr. Stone, but no new forms are described.
The total number of species and subspecies listed
reaches 432.
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 777
Kirke Swann on the Birds of Prey.
(A synoptical list of the Accipitres (Diurnal Birds of Prey). Part I.
(Sarcorhamphus to <Accipiter), Comprising species and subspecies
described up to 1914, with their characters and distribution. By
H. Kirke Swann, F.Z.S. Pp. 1-38. London (Wheldon), 1919. 8vo. ]
So far as we are aware no complete revision’ of the
Accipitres has been attempted since the publication in
1874 of the first volume of the ‘Catalogue of Birds’ by
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe. A vast amount of additional infor-
mation on the subject of the Birds of Prey is to be found
in the long series of critical papers on Dr. Sharpe’s volume
by the late Mr. John Henry Gurney, published in_ the
volumes of ‘ The Ibis’ between 1875 and 1882; and in his
Hand-list published in 1899 Dr. Sharpe brought the list
up to date by incorporating the recently described species.
There is therefore ample excuse for the publication of this
little work by Mr. Swann.
As regards classification the Hand-list is followed, and
the present instalment contains the Condors, the Old World
Vultures, the Polyborine, and the Accipitrine. Short
diagnostic characters are given, but we fear they will not be
found sufficient to identify unknown forms of Hawks, so
varied and complicated are the plumage-changes in this
group.
It is to be regretted too that Mr. Swann has not given full
references to the genera and a determination of the types,
which is so uecessary for successful systematic work.
Mr. Swann has rightly, under the rules of nomenclature,
discarded the use of, the generic name Vultur for the
Cinereous Vulture in favour of 4gypius; but surely it is
impossible to ignore the use of the former name altogether,
and there can be no doubt that, if the rules be adhered to,
the genus Vultur must go to the South American Condor.
The alternative is either to keep Vultur for the Old World
species to which it has been traditionally attached as a
nomen conservandum, or boldly follow the rules and transfer
it to the Condor. Again, the genus Catharista is un-
doubtedly an absolute synonym of Cathartes, as both are
778 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
founded on the same type. Catharista as used by Sharpe
and our author should be replaced by Coragyps.
There are several other errors in generic nomenclature
which we could point out :—Pseudogryphus Ridgw. 1874 is
antedated by Gymnogyps Lesson 1842; Serpentarius Cuv.
1798 by Sagittarius Herman 1783 ; Polyborides Smith by
Gymnogenys Lesson ; Torgos Kaup is spelt Jorgos.
The list of described species appears to have been most
carefully compiled and will doubtless be most useful to all
workers in systematic ornithology, and we shall look forward
with interest to see the completion of the work.
British Birds.
[| British Birds, with which is incorporated ‘The Zoologist.’ Vol. xii.
June 1918-May 1919. |
Owing to the absence of Mr. Witherby at Dunkerque,
where he was serving with the naval forces during the latter
part of the year, the last volume of ‘ British Birds’ was
edited by Mr. Jourdain. It contains many contributions of
permanent value, among which should be noted the four
concluding parts of Miss Jackson’s ‘* Moults and sequence of
plumages of the British Waders ” ; our only regret is that
Miss Jackson has not extended her observations beyond the
narrow limits of the British list, as it is ouly by doing so
that valuable general conclusions can be reached.
A novel observation by Mr. D. Macintyre is that the
Curlew when shedding the lining of the gizzard also gets
rid of the grit contained in it at the same time. Other birds
get rid of the gizzard grit periodically in their castings or
their droppings, and there seems a good deal of variation in
this respect.
The chief nesting-place of the Great Skua in the British
Isles has long been known to be on certain islands of the
Shetland group. Through the observations of some naval
officers attached to the Grand Fleet, the known breeding-
range of this interesting bird has now been extended to a
locality in the Orkneys as well. Mr. Jourdain, who writes
on the matter from information trausmitted to him, wisely
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 779
exercises a good deal of reticence in exact locality and other
matters.
Of illustrated articles we have a further instalmeut of
Mr. J. H. Owen’s beautiful photographs of the Sparrow-
Hawk and its nest and young, accompanied by some good
field observations ; also some notes on the nidification of
the Bullfinch by Miss F. Pitt, illustrated by three repro-
ductions of her excellent photographs.
Of articles connected with the various battle fronts, there
are those of Surgeon J. M. Harrison, R.N., on Macedonia ;
of Miss Haviland on autumn migration near Odessa ; of
Mr. E. A. Wallis on birds observed in the Yonne depart-
ment in France, where he specially comments on the
abundance of small birds such as Warblers but the com-
parative rarity of Thrushes and Blackbirds, while the
Little Bustard was found to be surprisingly tame and
approachable.
There are also articles by Capt. A. de C. Sowerby on the
Birds of the Battlefields, and by Capt. W. 8. Medlicott on
those of the western front of the Pas de Calais department.
Finally, we have the observations of Mr. Witherby himself
in the neighbourhood cf Dunkerque —a somewhat dis-
appointing locality, though the Little Ringed and Kentish
Plovers were both found nesting on the same ground close
to the town.
Of marked-bird recoveries the most interesting are the
following :—Wigeon marked Alnwick Aug. 1915, reported
Denmark autumn 1917; Lapwing marked Warwickshire
June 1911, reported S. Spain Jan. 1918 ; Lesser Black-
backed Gull marked Westmoreland June 1913, reported
Portugal Jan. 1918.
Canadian Freld-Naturailist.
(The Canadian Field-Naturalist. Published by the Ottawa Field-
Naturalists’ Club. Vol. xxxiii.no. 1. April 1919.}
We welcome the first number of an old journal under a
newname. The ‘ Ottawa Naturalist’ first appeared in 1884
and had reached its thirty-second volume. The name has
780 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
now been changed to the ‘Canadian Field-Naturalist’ to
reflect its widened sphere of influence. It will in future
be accepted not only as the organ of the Ottawa Society
but of other similar natural history societies throughout
the Dominion of Canada.
The present number contains some account of the birds
observed in the northern part of Lake Winnipeg in
Manitoba by Prof. O’Donoghue and Mr. J. N. Gowanlock.
Here on a small island was found a breeding colony of
Caspian Terns, and an example of the Parasitic Jaeger
(or as it is generally called in England, Richardson’s Skua)
was secured. Both these birds were previously unknown in
Manitoba.
Mr. P. A. Taverner concludes his account of the birds of
Shoal Lake, Manitoba, where 211 species in all have been
observed. ‘There are also other articles of interest in other
departments of Natural History contained in the present
number.
The Emu.
[The Kmu. Official organ of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists’
Union. Vol. xviii. pts. 1-4. July 1918-April 1919. |
The last volume of the ‘Emu’ shows the continued pros-
perity of the R. A. O. U., consisting as 1t does of over 300
pages and fifty plates, four of which are coloured. These,
which are reproduced from colour-photographs, represent
Erythrura trichoa macyillivrayt recently described from
northern Queensland; Amytornis striata Gould, of which a
good many subspecies have been recognized by Mr. Mathews,
but which Mr. Campbell, who writes the accompanying
letterpress, proposes to reduce to two. In the third part the
frontispiece is a coloured plate of the Letter-winged Kite
(Elanus scriptus), of which Mr. H. L. White has recently
secured a good series of skins and eggs for the “ H. L. White”
collection in the National Museum at Melbourne. The
birds were found nesting on the Diamantina river in a remote
district of the interior of Queensland, and Mr. Jackson,
1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 781
who was sent by Mr. White to obtain the eggs and skins,
made a most successful expedition to this out-of-the-way
spot by motor-car and gives an interesting account of his’
own adventures anid of the habits of the Kites, which nest in
small companies in Eucalyptus trees bordering the creeks.
Dr. Shufeldt contributes a long account, illustrated by
seven plates from photographs taken by himself, of the
osteoloxy of Nestor, the Kea Parrot of New Zealand. He is
of opinion from his studies of the skeleton, that the creation
of a special family, Nestoride, for this peculiar type is well
justified by osteological characters as well as by the structure
of the soft parts, which have chiefly been relied on by former
investigators,
Mr. W. B. Alexander and Dr. B. Nicholls have carefully
gone into the subject of the racial forms of the Little Penguin
(Hudyptula minor) in Australia. Mr. Mathews and others
have recognized three of these races. An examination of a
large series of birds of different ages and stages of plumage
from different localities bring the authors to the conclusion
that there is only one Australian race, which should be
called Eudyptula minor novehollandie.
In an article by Mr. G. M. Mathews it is pointed out that
a considerable number of the Petrels included by him in his
‘ Birds of Australia’ are so recorded on insufficient evidence,
often resting ou vague statements by Gould or sometimes on
wrongly identified material, or material of doubtful origin.
A list of these cases 1s given in the hope that more attention
will be paid to this group by Australian observers.
Of new forms described we only notice three—Hylacola
pyrrhopygia magna Howe from the interior of New South
Wales, Malurus cyanotus diamantina H. L. White from
western Queensland, and Acanthiza nana dawsoniana H. L.
White from central Queensland.
Field-notes and lists of species observed in all parts of
Australia are numerous: among them, Miss Fletcher writes
on Tasmania, Capt.S. A. White on the Murray river and on
the Nullabor plains of South Australia, Mr. J. B. Clelland
782 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
on Pilliga Scrub in New South Wales, and Mr. F. L.
Whitlock on the birds of the Dampier archipelago on the
north-west coast of Western Australia.
Mr. A. J. Campbell’s contributions to the present volume
are noticed separately.
Le Gerfaut.
[Le Gerfaut. Revue belge d’Ornithologie. Publiée sous la direction
de M. Marcel de Coutreras. Bruxelles. 5°-9° Années. Fasc. i. et li.
1919.)
‘Le Gerfaut’ (the Gyrfalcon) was established in Belgium
about three years before the outbreak of the war and was
published as the official organ of several ornithological
societies then existing in Belgium. A notice of it appeared
in ‘The Ibis’ for 1914 (p. 345). Under the German
occupation it ceased publication. It has now been revived
under its former editor, M. Marcel de Coutreras, though it
no longer has any official connection with the Belgian orni-
thological societies. Two numbers have already appeared,
and we must congratulate the editor and his supporters on
their enterprise and devotion to our favourite study.
The first number opens with a notice of M. A. Sacré, to
whom Belgium owes a great debt for his promotion of
ornithology. He died in July 1917 at Brussels at the age
of 60, aud was the practical founder of ‘Le Gerfaut.’ His
collections of nests and eggs of Belgian birds have been
added to the Royal Museum of Natural History in Brussels.
An article by M. G. van Havre deals with Buteo buteo
zimmermanne, an example of which was taken at Wyneghem
near Bruges so long ago as 1861 by the father of the present
author, but has. only recently been recognized as referable
to this recently described form. ‘Two examples were also
obtained at Delden in Holland in 1902 and 1903, and are
in the collection of Baron Snouckaert van Schauburg. The
status of the Buzzards of Europe and their inter-relationship
do not appear to be yet by any means satisfactorily settled,
and we believe that more material must be studied before
any final decision can be arrived at.
1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 783
Another remarkable bird deseribed and figured in a
coloured plate in the second number of the magazine is
a Gull, obtained some years ago by M. F. Massange on
the Belgian coast near Blankenberghe. It is identified by
M. de Coutreras as an example of Larus /uliginosus Gould,
a species believed to be confined to the Galapagos Islands
and never, so far as we are aware, noticed in the Atlantic or
in the Old World. This specimen is now preserved in the
Brussels Museum, and we believe that a ‘second opinion ”’
on the identification should be taken before finally accepting
the occurrence of a species in Europe so far removed from
its known habitat.
Other articles in the second number by M. G. van Havre
deal with the occurrence of the Black-bellied Dipper
(Cinclus c. cinclus) in Belgium, and of a review of events
of ornithological interest in Belgium during the five years
of war, and of the effects of the war and the German
occupation on bird-life.
South Australian Ornithologist.
|The South Australian Ornithologist. A Magazine of Ornithology.
Vol. iii. for 1917 & 1918; 8 parts. |
The ornithologists of South Australia continue the quar-
terly issue of their magazine with great regularity. It is
chiefly concerned with observations and field-notes on the
birds of South Australia, and is therefore maiuly of local
interest.
The excellent plan of giving in each number a full
description, with an account of habits and distribution, of
a single selected member of the South Australian avifauna
is continued, but it will we fear take a good many years
before the series is complete. Capt. S. A. White continues
his account of the life of his father Mr. Samuel White,
a pioneer of ornithological exploration in many parts of
Australia and Papuasia, the friend and correspondent of
Gould. Mr. White died at Sydney in 1880, soon after his
return from an adventurous voyage to the Arru Islands in
search of the Greater Bird of Paradise, and the chapters
784. Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
in the present volume deal with this particular journey.
Another article of general interest is edited by Mr. G. M.
Mathews from the field-notes of Capt. Bowyer-Bower, who
collected on the Fitzroy river in north-western Australia in
the eighties and died at Port Darwin in 1887. Most of
his collections were presented to the British Museum by his
father.
Another article by Mr. A. M. Morgan, one of the editors,
deals with birds of the river Murray and of Port Broughton
on Spencer gulf; while Capt. White writes on an expedition
he recently made to the Coorong, a curious long narrow
lagoon shut off from the sea by a narrow sand dune, in
search of the Bristle-bird (Maccoyornis broadbenti whitei),
recently described by Mr. Mathews, of which he obtained
six examples. Another trip to the same place was made by
Capt. White to inspect the breeding-grounds of the Swan
and the Pelican, which are now, thanks to the efforts of the
South Australian Ornithological Association, protected from
destruction, and where there is now a government caretaker
in charge.
List of other Ornithological Publications received.
DaBBENK, R. Las especies y subespecies Argentinas de los géneros,
Geositta y Cinclodes. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, xxx. p. 113.)
Kuropa, N. On the Migration of some Waders, etc. (Japanese.)
1919.
Archivum Melitense. (Vol. iii. nos. 8-12.)
Auk. (Vol. xxxvi. no. 3.)
Avicultural Magazine. (Vol. x. nos. 9-11.)
Bird-Lore. (Vol. xxi. nos. 3-4.)
Bird-Notes. (Vol. ii. nos. 5-8.)
British Birds. (Vol. xiii. nos. 2-4.)
Condor. (Vol. xxi. nos. 3-4), and Index to vols. xi.—xx.
Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. (Vol. xxvi. no. 2.)
Journal of the Fed. Malay States Museums. (Vol. viii. pt. ili.)
Revue Frangaise d’Ornithologie. (Nos. 121-123.)
Scottish Naturalist. (Nos. 91-92.)
South Australian Ornithologist. (Vol. iv. nos. 1-2.)
Tori, Bull. Orn. Soc. Japan. (Vol. ii. no. 8.)
1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 785
XXX V.—Letiers, Extracts, and Notes.
South African Hawk-Eagles.
Srr,—In my article on Hieraaétus ayresi in ‘The Ibis’ for
April of the present year, I mentioned a specimen in the
Durban Museum which I believed, from the description
furnished me by the Director, to be referable to this
species. I have now, through the kindness of the Director
of the Durban Museum, had an opportunity of examining
this specimen and, as I expected, it proves to be a fine
adult, and is very similar in general colour to the specimen
described and figured in my paper, but is rather more
heavily marked with black below ; the tarsi are, however,
very slightly streaked, almost immaculate in fact. There is
a small white frontal spot as is often seen in H. pennatus ;
and many new feathers are appearing on the scapulars and
wing-coverts, all of which are tipped with white. As I sus-
pected, an error had been made in measuring the wing, which
proves to be barely six inches in length, and not 17? inches
as stated in my notes.
I am,
Yours faithfully,
Roberts Heights, C. G. Fincu-Daviss, Lt.
Pretoria. (lst. S: ACM-R:).
18 June, 1919.
The Number of Eggs laid by the Blackbird in Spain.
Sir,—In Lieut.-Colonel R. Meimertzhagen’s paper on
Geographical Distribution and Migration (antea, p. 389),
reference is made to the question whether the same species,
when nesting in tropical countries, lays fewer eges in the
clutch and rears more broods in the season than the same
bird in more northern climes. In support of this he quotes
Mr. A. Chapman, who states (‘ Wild Spain,’ p. 249) that in
Spain the Blackbird as a rule lays but three eggs. A similar
786 Letlers, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
but stronger statement is made by Colonel Verner (‘ My
Life among the Wild Birds,’ etc., p. 159): ‘ Curiously
enough they never seem to lay more than three eggs in
place of the four or five usually found in nests in England.
I mention this because I have never seen or heard of a nest
with more than three eggs.”
The first nest found by me in southern Spain (April 30,
1905) contained four eggs; the second, on May 1, had five
nearly fledged young. In 1906 Mr. R. H. Read and I
found nests with four eggs on at least two occasions, and in
1907 I have a note of a nest with four eggs. During a visit
in the present year to south Spain with Messrs. Lings,
Tomkinson, and Peters, we kept careful notes of the contents
of nests found, with the following result : Blackbirds’ nests
found twelve : one with five eggs, five with four eggs, while
the remaining six contained either one or two eggs, and
were probably incomplete.
The evidence quoted by Lieut.-Col. Meinertzhagen in
tliis case is quite inconclusive, but there are undoubtedly
certain species (such as the Wheatear) which lay larger
elutches in the high north than with us ; while on the other
hand the Red-backed Shrike lays on an average more eggs
in Corsica than in England. |
Favier’s statement that the Blackbird breeds three times
in the year near Tangier is also inconclusive, as the same
thing frequently occurs in the British Isles.
Yours truly,
Appleton Rectory, F. C. R. Jourpatn.
Abingdon, Berkshire.
16 July, 1919.
B. 0. U. Godman-Salvin Medal Fund.
Subscriptions amounting to £180 5s. 3d. have now been
received from Members of the Union towards the proposed
Godman-Salvin medal fund, and the Committee are taking
active steps to obtain sketches and designs from which to
select the most suitable for reproduction.
1919. |
The following is
number :—
E. E. Adams.
G. F. Archer.
J. W. Ashworth.
E. C. Stuart Baker.
D. A. Bannerman.
Miss D. Bate.
Miss E. V. Baxter.
Duchess of Bedford.
E. Bidwell.
Capt. G. Blaine.
R. O. Blyth.
J. L. Bonhote.
S. Boorman.
H. B. Booth.
T. H. Briggs.
J. A. Brooke.
W.S. Bruce.
Dr. J. Biittikofer.
Dr. P. A. Buxton.
J. D. Cameron.
Hon. G. L. N. Charteris.
R. W. Chase.
C. Chubb.
Col. S. R. Clarke.
Dr. W. E. Clarke.
A. H. Cocks.
Dr. W. E. Collinge.
Rev. F. L. Courtois.
F. Cowan.
J. Cunningham.
J. Davidson.
R. E. Drake-Brockman,
Rey. A. Ellison.
H. J. Elwes.
A. H. Evans.
A. Ezra.
Letters, Extracts, and Notes.
787
a complete list of subscribers, 105 in
Capt. 8. St. J. Farquhar,
R.N.
N. H. Foster.
W. E. Frost.
C. Garnett.
W. B. Gibbins.
E. Gibson.
Capt. H. S. Gladstone.
Col. E. 8S. Godman.
P. S. Godman.
Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen.
P. Gosse.
F. H. H. Guillemard.
J. H. Gurney.
G. H. C. Haigh.
Capt. E. C. Hardy.
Miss M. D. Haviland.
F. W. Headley.
H. E. Howard.
C. Ingram.
Sir F. J. Jackson.
N. B. Kinnear.
N. Kuroda.
G. C. Lambert.
H. Langton.
G. E. Lodge.
S. H. Long.
Capt. H. Lynes, R.N.
J. M. D. Mackenzie.
C. W. Mackworth-Praed.
Capt. E. H. Mann.
T. H. Mann.
G. M. Mathews.
E. G. B. Meade-Waldo.
J. G, Millais.
H. Munt.
F. Nicholson.
C. Oldham.
C. E. Pearson.
F. G. Penrose.
Major S. Pershouse.
Major R. S. Pitman.
C. B. Rickett.
Miss L. J. Rintoul.
H. C. Robinson.
S. M. Robinson.
R. N. Rogers.
Lord Rothschild.
Hon. N. C. Rothschild.
W. 4H. St. Quintin.
W. L. Sclater.
W. Shipton.
Major A. G. L. Sladen.
C. W. Smeed.
E. F. Stanford.
Wace larg:
Marquis of Tavistock
W. R. Thompson.
A. Thorburn.
. M. Upcher.
x. de H. Vaizey.
A. H. Walker.
. M. Wallis.
Col. R. G. Wardlaw-
Ramsay.
J.J.S. Whitaker.
J. Wiglesworth.
J. Wilkinson.
W. A. Wilkinson.
W. J. F. Williamson.
H. F. Witherby.
Godman Memorial Fund.
Members may remember that at the Annual Meeting of
the Union last March it was unanimously resolved not only
that the Union should establish a medal to be called the
Godman-Salvin medal, but that it should also take part in
788 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. _ [{ Ibis, 1919.
the more general scheme which should take the form of a
visible memorial to be placed in the Natural History
Museum.
To carry this out an influential committee has been
formed under the chairmanship of Lord Rothschild and of
which, as the representative of the Union, Mr. E. C. Stuart
Baker is a member.
With this number of ‘ The Ibis’ is enclosed a leaflet with
the complete list of the Committee, an explanation of their
proposed plans, and an appeal for subscriptions to carry out
the purpose for which they were appointed.
The Hon. Treasurer of the Committee, Mr. C. E. Fagan,
1.8.0., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, °
S.W.7, will be very glad to receive contributions from any
member of the Union.
International Ornithological Congress.
We hear that American ornithologists are hoping to
arrange to hold an International Ornithological Congress
in America, probably at New York, in 1921. Up to now
five of these international gatherings have been held, at
Vienna in 1884, at Budapest in 1891, at Paris in 1900,
at London in 1905 under the Presidentship of the late
Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe, and at Berlin in 1910 under
Dr. Reichenow. The meeting for 1915 was to have been
heid at Sarajevo in Bosnia, and of course did not take
place. We hope a good representative body of British
ornithologists will be able to attend the meeting in 1921.
The Editor of ‘ The Ibis.’
The Editor of ‘The Ibis’ has left England for America
and will be absent for about six months. During this time |
Mr. A. H. Evans (9 Harvey Road, Cambridge), who for so
many years was associated with the late Dr. P. L. Sclater
as joint-editor, has most kindly consented to act as tem-
porary editor. All communications usually addressed to
Mr. Sclater should therefore be sent to Mr. Evans at the
address given above.
abbotti, Celebesia, 347.
, Nyctibius, 9, 350,
abditiva, Cataponera,
347.
abessinicus, Mesopicos
g., 632.
abietina, Phylloscopus c.,
129:
abnormis,Picummus,211.
=—— , sasia, 210;
Abrornis superciliaris,
450.
aburri, Aburria, 21.
Aburria aburri, 21.
carunculata, 21.
abyssinicus, Bucoryus,
667.
——, Coracias, 672.
— ., Falco b., 684.
, Lybius, 636.
abyssinus, Coracias a.,
672.
Acanthis cannabina, 61.
- fringillirostris,
220;
Sehr tenriiemlOge
—— —— meadewaldui,
107.
Acanthiza n. dawsoniana,
78l.
Acanthopneuste trochi-
loides, 600.
n. pluinbeitarsus,
600.
Accentor modularis, 62.
Accipiter b, sphenurus,
7Ol.
beniensis, 135.
ferox, 251, 699.
macrourus, 703.
melanoleueus, 700.
m. erythropus, 700.
——- ——- intermedius,
700.
= minullus, 700.
—— —— tropicalis,
700.
—— nisus, 71, 241, 484.
nisus, 700.
—— —— teneriff, 484.
— sharpei, 135.
SER. Xi,.—VOL, I,
INDEX,
accipitrinus, Asio, 240,
677.
Acomus inornatus, 551.
Acrocephalus arundina-
ceus, 65, 358.
arundinaceus,
126.
palustris, 164.
—— schoenobzeaus, 65,
233.
streperus, 65.
Actitis macularia, 260.
Actodromas bairdii, 268.
acuta, Dafila, 243.
Aichmophorus major,
Die
eedon, Arundinax, 600.
, Phragmaticola, 600.
Agialitis alexandrina,
159, 248.
a. alexandrina, 749.
dubia, 159.
—— d. curonicus, 749.
—-—- geoffroyi, 157, 248.
—— hiaticula, 74, 159,
247.
h. hiaticula, 747.
—~ mongoliea, 157.
—— nivosa, 264.
—— occidentalis, 264.
—— semipalmata, 265
Egithaliscusannamensis,
606.
—— puilchellus, 606.
Afgithalus e. roseus, 64.
AMgithina philipi, 565,
- tiphia, 565.
/Heyptius monachus, 70+.
weyptius, Caprimuleus
gtd Caprimuleus,
——, —— 2., 636.
——, Charadrius, 752.
——-, Falco, 690.
—, Milvus, 241.
———, Milvus m., 690; ~
GOL.
, Pluvianus, 752.
wquatorialis, Cerchneis,
290.
——, Erismatura, 276.
—-—, Faleo s., 290.
wquatorialis, Lybius b.,
635.
——, Melanobucceo, 635.
—, Oxyura, 276.
-—, Penelope, 16, 17.
, Rallus, 47.
eralatus, Pterythius
589.
wreus, Ceuthmochares,
647.
Aerodramus, 137.
innominata, 187.
Aéronantes melanoleu-
cus, 306.
sruginosus, Cireus, 70,
240,
»—— x., 81, 703.
—., Falco, 481, 703.
salon, Faleo. 242.
xthiopicus, Eurystomus
og (By
zthiops, Lybius b., 630.
Athiopsar c. brevi-
pennis, 616.
Athopyga g. annamen-
sis, 621.
gouldizx, 621.
—— sanguinipectus,621.
cara, 620.
— — ——— jobnsi, 621.
TO WSOninO20s
—— tonkinensis,
620.
Ethorhynchus 1. lafres-
nayii, 566.
SS SANTOS OO:
afer, Hurystomus, 678.
affinis, Coracias, 421.
, Crypturus g., 8.
———— Cypselus, 625:
——, Larus, 758.
——, Micropus, 653.
a Shite (SRE
-——, Terpsiphone, 449.
, Tyto, 682.
africana, Fuligula, 712.
-—, Micropus m., 652.
africanus, Bubo a., 679.
, Micropus m., 469.
——, Pseudogyps, 705.
we Spizaétus, 561.
oT
796
Agapornis p. ugandx,
677.
Agrobates galactodes,
233.
Ajaja rosea, 535.
Alauda arvensis, 62,
228.
a. arvensis, 110.
-——— = — lien,
—— calandra, 112.
— pratensis, 118.
rufescens, 111.
alaudarius, Tinnunculus.
686.
alba, Ardea, 718.
, Eeretta a., 718.
—, Motacilla, 62, 113,
290,
, Strix, 478.
—, Tyto, 478
a., 682.
Harriwhitea,
alberti,
TBS
albicans, Aquila r.,
—-, Falco, 697.
696.
albicaudatus, Buteo, 507.
albicilla, Falco, 483.
, Haliaétus, 483.
albicollis, Falco, 285.
, Leucopternis, 288,
—, Merops, 661.
—-—-, Rhipidura a., 449.
albigula, Arboricola b.,
405.
albigularis, Eurostopo-
dus, 137.
albilinea,
, Columba, 30.
albilineatus, Ptilotis,
770.
albinucha,
135.
albipennis, Columba, 29.
albiventris, Loxia c.,
618.
——, Phalacrocorax,
518.
albocristatus, Genneus,
554.
albonotatus, Caprimul-
gus, 423.
Alea torda, 161.
Alcedo chelicuti, 671.
cristata, 668.
—— cyanoleucus, 670.
— ispida, 479.
pallida, 239,
Columba,
475.
malimbieus, 670.
maxima, 668.
rudis, 668,
Chlorenas, 80.
INDEX OF
alchata, Pterocles, 250.
Alcippe n. annamensis,
582.
- peracensis,
582.
alexanderi, Micropus a.,
468.
alexandrina, gialitis,
159, 248, 749.
alexandrinus, Chara-
drius, 749.
Alle alle, 76.
alopex, Cerchneis, 360,
687.
, Tinnuneulus a.,
687.
Alophonerpes p. harterti,
459.
alpestris, Otocorys, 62.
alpina, ‘Tringa, 73, 246.
, 734.
latirostris,
-——--, —— a
Alseonax
443.
Alterapus, 187.
sabini, 137.
aluco, Strix, 70, 478.
, Syrnium, 479.
amantum, Erythrospiza
g., 104.
ambiguus, Caprimulgus
m., 423.
americana, Ceryle, 499.
» Faleo, 279.
—— ., Ibyeter, 279.
-——, Podiceps, 256.
amerimnus, Asio m., 679.
Ammomanes d. frater-
culus, 228, 229.
Ampeliceps coronatus,
617.
amurensis,
688.
anztheta, Sterna, 350.
anais, Chameepelia, 37.
, Gymnopelia, 37.
analis, Dendrocopus,
435.
Anarhynchus frontalis,
162.
Anas angustirostris, 709.
—— boscas, 242.
—— boschas, 71
—— clypeata, 712.
crecca, 710.
—— cristata, 275.
——— Giscors, o70.
—— dominica, 276.
——— ferina, 713.
-——— moschata, 274.
—— nigra, 714.
—— nyroea, 712.
Falco y.,
Anas penelope, 711.
p. platyrbynchos,
708.
s. perena, 776.
undulata, 454.
anceps, Buteo, 253, 253,
anchietie, Scoptelus a.,
665.
andicola, Columba, 33.
p., dd.
andina, Galliaweer 268.
andium, Nettium, 275.
, Querquedula, 275.
angustirostris, Anas,
709.
——, Oreocincla, 592.
——, Querquedula, 709,
, Turdus a., 592.
annamensis, egithalis-
cus, 600.
-—, AKthopyga g., 621.
——, Alcippe n., 582.
——., Arboricola r., 408.
——, Cryptolopha c.,
447.
——, Cyanops c., 428.
— ., Dendrobiastes h.,
445.
——, Genneus n., 408.
——, Pnepyga p., 591.
——, Pomatorhinus o.,
5T7.
-—, Pterythius x., 589.
——., Pyrotrogan, 424.
, Stactocichla, 577.
annectens, Tephrodornis
p-, 591, 608.
Anous stolidus, 350.
Anser melanopterus,
2790.
antareticus, Podilymbus,
257.
Antenor unicinatus, 506,
Anthoscopus pendulinus,
Anthus arboreus, 117.
———. bh, bertheloti, 117.
—— —— lanzarote
re
—- campestris, 117,
231.
cervinus, 230.
gustayi, 380.
petrosus, 64.
—— pratensis, 63, 118.
—— frivialis, 63, 230.
—— maculatus,
619.
—— —— trivialis, 117.
antioquiana, Chame-
petes g., 22,
antiquorum, Phcenico-
pterus, 714.
Apaloderma n. narina,
649.
apiaster, Merops, 258,
387, 470.
apivorus, Falco, 688.
, Pernis a., 485, 689.
apricarius, Charadius,
74, 159, 163, 247, 746.
Apus apus, 525,
a. brehmorum, 460.
—— —— kollibayi, 651.
— horus, 658.
m. melba, 652,
shelleyi, 652.
streubeli, 653.
apus, Hirundo, 469.
, Micropus, 70, 238,
381, |
, ——-— a., 459) 651.
Aguila h. heliaca, 696.
—— imperialis, 696.
—— isidori, 283. |
megalopterus, 279.
— nevia, 698.
—— n. orientalis, 697.
—— p. pomarina, 698.
—— rapax, 697.
—— r. albicans, 696.
wahlbergi, 176, 560,
696.
Arachnecthra intermedia,
620.
Arachnothera longiros-
tra, 6238.
—— magna, 622.
m. aurata, 622.
Aramides ec. cajanea, 52.
—— chiricote, 53.
—— -—— grahami, 53.
——. —-— salmoni, 53.
—- cbiricote, 53.
—— ee WiOliter lle
arborea, Lullula, €2,
229,
arboreus, Anthus, 117.
Arboricola brunneipec-
tus, 405, 407.
-—— pb. albigula, 405.
henrici, 405,
407.
r. annamensis, 403.
archeri, Buteo j., 252.
arctica, Fratercula, 362.
, Gavia, 1438.
arcticus, Colymbus, 76.
Ardea alba, 718.
——. candidissima, 272,
521.
roo
jee,
-—— ciconia,
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Ardea cinerea, 72, 243,
715.
cocoi, 271.
egretta, 271, 519.
erythromelas, 272.
garzetta, 718,
—— helias, 269.
ibis, 718.
—— lentiginosa, 721.
—— lineata, 274.
———— oophalyyesn (18),
nycticorax, 720.
neevia, 272.
——- purpurea, 243.
—— —— purpurea, 717.
ralloides, 719.
-—— astellaris, 72
striata, 273.
sturmi, 722.
thula, 272.
—— tigrina, 274.
Ardeirallus sturmi, 722.
Ardeola bachus, 416.
—-- grayi, 415.
—— ibis, 243.
ibis, 718.
ralloides, 243.
ralloides, 719.
ardesiaca, Fulica, 55.
ardesiacus, Cerchneis,
688.
Ardetta involueris, 272,
524,
ardetta, Herodias, 271.
ardosiaceus, Dissodectes,
688.
, Falco, 688.
Arenaria interpres, 75,
160, 261.
—— i. interpres, 753.
— , Calidris, 73, 246,
266.
‘enarius, Pterocles, 250.
390.
argentatus, Larus, 75.
argentauris, Mesia, 591.
argus, Eurostopodus,
1387.
arnaudi, Trachyphonus,
639.
arquata, Numenius, 74,
162, 164, 741.
arhenii, Neocossyphus r.,
135.
Artamus fuseus, 615.
aruensis, Rossornis, 137.
arundinaceus, Acrocep-
halus, 65, 125, 250.
, Turdus, 126.
arvensis, Alauda, 62, 228.
,—— a., 110,
a
=
val
Arundinax «don, 600.
ascalaphus, Bubo a., 678,
Asio accipitrinus, 240,
677.
brachyotus, 505.
capensis, 677.
— ce. tingitanus, 677,
f. flammeus, 480,
ie
67
—— im. amerimnus,
679.
oO. canariensis,
479.
astrologus, Ixobrychus
s., 300.
Astur atricapillus, 348,
= b. poliopsis, 416.
—— —— sphenurus,
701.
——— magnirostris, 282.
— melanoleuceus, 700.
t. tenebrosus, 136.
Asturinula monograin-
nica, 699.
Asturina pucherani, 282,
aterrimus, Scoptelus,
665.
Athene euculoides, 418.
—— —— bruegeli, 419.
n. glaux, 240.
athertoni, Nyctiornis,
425.
atra, Buchanga, 610.
, Fuliea, 76, 249.
atricapilla, Motacilla,
123; 232.
——--, Muscicapa, 69.
--—-, ——a., 313.
——, Sylvia, 65, 123,
124.
atricapillus, Astur, 348.
-, Crypturus, 8.
utriceps, Pseudominla,
583.
atrigularis, Orthotomus,
598.
atrinuchalis, Sarcogram-
mus, 415.
atrogularis, Turnix p.,
41}.
Attagis chimborazensis,
260.
—— g. latreillei, 260.
——- simonsi, 260.
attenuata, Bhringa r.,
551.
augur, Buteo, 251.
-—, —— j., 252, 699.
, Faleo, 251, 699.
auguralis, Buteo, 258,
700.
or 2
792
aura, Cathartes, 278.
— Vultur, 278.
aurantiiventris, Chloris
c:, 103.
——, lyugipicus, 192.
———, Ligurinus, 1038.
aurata, Arachnothera
n., 622.
auratus, Chrysococcyx,
645.
, Cuculus, 645.
paneuel Turdus, 1382.
»—— a, O93.
auricularis, Cyanops fee
428.
—, Otogyps, 706.
auviculata, Peristera, 34
, Zenaida, 34, 36.
aurifrons, Chloropsis,
561.
aurisquamata, Colum-
bina, 44.
a » Leptophaps a., 44.
aurita, Saxicola, 310.
avensis, Paleornis a,
aya
360.
avocetta, Recurvirostra,
162, 163.
ayosetta, Recurvirostra,
745,
aymara, Columba, 43.
—— —-— Leptophaps,
45.
ayresi, Hieraaétus, 167—
179, 560, 785.
— —, Spizaétus, 176,
560.
azurea, Hypothymus,
447,
babylonieus, Falco, 149.
150; 152.
——, —— p., 370, 371,
683.
bacchus, Ardecla, +16.
bacha, Chrysocolaptes,
196.
badia, Ducuia, 414.
badiosus, Meiglyptes,
204.
-——, Micropternus b.,
204.
baeri, Columba p., 31.
baeza, Geotrygon bour-
cierl, 47.
bahamensis, Pcecilonetta
b., 543.
bairdul,
268.
Actodromas,
, Metriopelia, 43, 44.
INDEX OF
bairdi,
268.
. Tringa, 268.
Bele Campethera, 629,
falae Dendromus, 629.
, Pieris, 629.
bankiva, Gallus, 154.
Heteropygia,
barbarus, Falco, 88, 150,
241, 487.
Barbatula chrysocoma,
637.
zedlitzi, 638.
—— uropygialis, 638.
barbatus, Gypaétus, 699.
barnardi, Lauprococcyx,
364.
barrovianus, Larus, 148.
basalis, Chalcites, 346.
bassana, Sula, 71, 494.
bassanus, Pelecanus,
494.
bauyeri, Zosterops, 1356,
Baza lophotes, 417.
beadouini, Circaétus,
694.
becearii, Cochoa, 551.
, Dieewum, 551.
beema, Motacilla f., 229.
beli, Gennxus, 409.
bella, Sylvia ¢., 122, 125
bellicosus, Falco, 695.
, Spizaétus, 695.
bengalensis, Pseudogyps.
416. f
bengalus, Deore:
558.
beniensis, Reeraiten 135.
Bernicla melanoptera,
“10.
bertheloti, Anthus, 117.
bessophilus, Cyanolema
O.5 BO.
Bhringa remifer, 611.
—— r, attenuata, 551,
p*racensis,
tectirostris,
612.
biblicus, Passer d., 226.
bidentatus, Falco, 287.
, Harpagus, 287.
bifasciatus, Stenopsis,
498.
binotatus, Caprimulgus,
318.
-, Veles, 345.
birostris, Lophoceros,
doo).
blanfordi,
23),
Parus m.
blanfordi, Pyenonotus,
571.
Blood Partridges, 81.
Pheasants, 81.
boarula, Motacilla, 65,
118.
bogotensis, Columba p.,
32, 33.
Bolborhynchus mona-
chus, 502.
boleslawskii,
663.
boliviana, Penelope, 18.
— ,—— j., 19.
bolivianus, Hetercenus,
213s
boabouiane: Didus, 78.
borealis, Numenius, 152,
162.
, Phylloseopus, 385.
borin, Sylvia, 546.
borneensis, Cyanops d.,
217.
, Tiga j., 207.
borneonensis, Gauro-
pievides r., 210.
boseas, Anas, 242.
boschas, Anas, 71.
Botaurus lentiginosus,
(I
—— stellaris, 244, 721.
bourcieri, Geotrygon, 46.
brachydactyla, Calan-
drella, 228.
Brachylophus chloro-
lophoides, 483,
chlor. lophus, 438.
longipennis,
Merops,
454.
brachyotus, Asio, 505,
Brachypternus fokiensis,
204.
Brachypteryx caroline,
586.
n, nipalensis, 586.
brachyrhynehus, Podi-
ceps, 256.
brachyurus, Micropter-
nus, 179, 180.
,-—— b., 180, 197-
204.
, Picus, 202,
branickii, Theristicus,
270.
brasilianus, Phalacro-
corax, 278, 517.
brasiliense, 'Tigrisoma,
273
273.
brehmorum, Apusa., 460.
brehmorum, Micropus,
460, 465,
brevicauda, Passerella i.,
306.
breviceps, Demiegretta,
o4l.
——~, Egretta, 541.
brevipennis, Athiopsar,
616.
, Leptoptila y., 45.
brevirostris, Pericro-
cotus, 452.
, Pomatorhinus t.,
578.
brisbanensis, Cacomantis,
346.
brooki, Penelope, 18.
bruegeli, Athene e., 419.
bruuneipectus, Ar bon i-
cola, 405, 407.
Bubo asealaphus, 678
——- —-— africanus,
679.
——— —— cinerascens,
678, 679
—— --——- desertorum,
678
—— -—— milesi, 679.
lacteus, 679.
Bucco eyanotis, 219,
faiostricta, 21d,
216.
—— flavigula, 220.
os flavoatrictus, PALSY:
—— hemacephalus, 220.
-—— indicus, 221].
lathami, 3.
— luteus, 221].
——- margaritatus,
--—— nanus, 222.
—— parvus, 22”.
—— philippensis, 220.
philippinensis, 22).
—— rubricollis, 221.
Buchanga atra, 610.
cathoeea, 610.
ec. mouhot:, 6LO.
leucophaa, 610.
mouhoti, 610
buckleyi, Odontophorus
a 27 , 29.
cm 28
638.
Busey abyssinieus,
667
Budytes flavus, 115.
Burhinus superciliaris,
269.
burmanicus, Micropter-
nus b., 180.
burmeisteri,
270.
Chunga,
——, Dicholophus, 270.
Butastur rufipennis, 698.
Buteo albicaudatus, 507.
SCIEN
suteo anceps, 253, 255.
—— auguralis,
TOU.
b. insularum, 482.
--—— lanzarote,
20a;
483.
—— ruficaudus,
5d8,
—— —— rufiventer,
253, 254, 699.
—— —— zimmer-
Inanne, D8.
— delalandi, 253.
-—— desertorum, 24],
253, 255, 699.
— erythronotus. 28],
dU8,
— ferox, 240.
ferox, 251,
699.
—— j. archeri, 252
—— augur, 2oll,
252, 699.
— _—— jakal, 291.
—— melanoleucus, 281.
—— inenetriesi, 255,
——~— minor, 253.
—— oreophilus, 254,
— rufiventer, 241.
—— swainsoni, 507.
—— vulpinus, 253.
——| Spf:
butleri, Upupa, 666.
Butorides cyanurus, 273,
529
Lisl»
striata, 273
Bycanistes subeylin-
dricus, 667.
cabanisi, Irrisor, 654.
-—. Rhinopomastus,
G64.
cabrerie,
297, 889.
Caccabis chukar, 250.
sachinnans, Larus, 248.
—— a., 7d6.
Cac omantis brisbanensis.
DAG.
—— castaneiventris,
138.
——- dumetorym, 346,
eyrei, 158.
—— insperatus, 346.
—— lineatus, 3846.
— pyrrophanus, 546.
a rubric atus, 138.
Turdus im.,
346.
—— vyariolosus, 346,
TIFIC NAMES.
793
Cacomantis vidgeni, 346,
“werulescens, Gerano-
spizia, 280,
, Harpiprion, 534.
— ., Mierohierax, 417.
, Sparverius, 280.
ewruleus, EKlanus, 689.
, Parus, 64.
~esia, Emberiza, 227.
cresius, Rallus, 50.
cafer, Clamator, 641.
, Coccystes, 641.
— , Cuculus, 641,
Cairina moschata, 274,
eajanea, Fulica, 52.
calandra, Alauda, 112.
, Emberiza, 61, 107,
108, 109, 160.
——, Melanocorypha,
112, 228.
Calandrella
dactyla, 228.
longipenn's,
brachy-
158.
m. distineta, 112.
—— ——- polatzeki,
TIP.
= rufescens,
IL
Calcarius nivalis, 110.
caledonica, Porzana t.,
d+).
Calidris arenaria, 73,
246, 266,
leucophxa, 266,
795.
ealidus, Faleo p., 152,
486, 683.
raligatus, Syrnum, 418,
Calliope calliope, 597.
ealhlope, Luscinia, 597.
Callolophus m. perlatus,
93.
calonyx, Eurystomus o.,
421.
Calopezus e. formosus,
14.
intermedius, 15.
Calvpte costa, 597.
campestris, Anthus, 117,
Usill:
Campethera a. echrysuris,
630.
—n. nubiea, 629,
—— p. balia, 629.
Campophaga saturata,
450.
Campothera
631.
canadensis, Sitta, 387,
canaria, Fringilla, 104,
shoensis,
794
canariensis, Asio o., 479.
, Cerchneis t., 492. |
—, Corvus e., 99, |
——, Dryobates mn., 457.
—— .,, Fringilla, 105.
-——-, ics. LOG.
——, Motacilla c., 113,
115.
——, Passerh., i04.
——, Phylloscopus c.,
129, 130. |
, Picus, 457.
——_,, Tinnunculus t.,
492.
canarius, Serinus, LO+4.
candidissima, Ardea,
272, 521. |
canente, Hemicercus,
439.
canescens, Passerella i.,
ddl,
canicapillus, Lyngipicus,
192, 435.
cannabina, Acanthis, 61.
canorus, Cuculus, 70, |
160, 161, 237, 381, 642.
—-, —— ¢., 458.
canns, Larus, 75.
,—— ©, 754. |
c., Picus, 183:
canutus, Tringa, 72. |
Caprimulgus xgyptius,
238. |
- egyptius, 656,
a. propinquus, 547.
—— binotatus, 343,
climacurus, 657.
—— e. europus, 654.
——meridionalis, |
654.
—— sarudnyi, 654.
—— —— unwini, 654.
— eximius, 606.
-—— i. innominatus, 424.
—— inornatus, 655.
—— jotaka, 424.
—- longipennis, 658.
in. albonotatus,
425.
-— —— ambiguus,
423.
n. chaclensis, 655.
-——— —— natalensis,655.
—— —— nubicus, 656.
—— —— tamaricis, 656.
—— t. tristigma, 657.
—— yexilla, 659.
capellanus, Corvus, 388.
-,—— ¢., 381.
capensis, Asio, 677.
capistrata, Lioptila, 355,
INDEX OF
capitalis, Hemipus, 603,
——-, Perisoreus, 396.
Capito flavicollis, 221.
lineatus, 214.
——- niger, 222.
caprius, Chrysococcyx,
O44.
, Cuculus, 644.
cara, Athopyga s., 620.
carbo, Pelecanus, 493.
-——, Phalacrocorax c.,
495.
Carcineutes pulchellus,
42).
Carduclis carduelis, 60.
c. carduelis, 226.
—— parva, 103.
carlo, Cerchneis t., 687.
, Tinnunculus, 687.
caroline, Brachypteryx,
586.
Carpodacus erythrinus,
308.
Carpophaga griseicapilla,
413.
carteri, Lamprococeyx
p. d46.
carunculata, Aburria, 21.
casarea, Tadorna, 242.
Casmerodius egretta,
2701.
eassini, Neafrapus, 137.
castaneiceps, Crypto-
lopha, 447.
, Pseudominia, 588.
castaneiventris, Caco-
mantis, 138.
Cataponera abditiva,
347.
Cathertes aura, 278.
catheeca, Buchanga, 610.
caudacutus, Hirundi-
napus, 137.
caudatus, heristicus,
533.
cayana, Piaya, 501.
cayanensis, Creciscus,
362.
Cayenne Gallinule, 52.
cayennensis, Fulica, 52.
cecilix, Columba (Cha-
meepelia), 37.
. Gymnopelia, 37.
celebensis, Megalurus,
776.
Celebesia abbotti, 347.
cenchris, ‘Tinnunculus,
687.
centralis, Haleyon 1,
ro
me
——, Mesopicos g., 638.
centralis, Palzeornis, 675.
——, Rhamphococcyx,
347.
Centropus grillii, 645.
—— ceruleiceps,
646.
—— heuglini, 646.
—— monachus, 646.
—— —— fischeri, 646.
—— nigrorufus, 645.
-—— s. tschadensis, 647.
—— —— intermedius,
426.
—— senegalensis,
646.
—-— superciliosus,
647.
Cerchneis alopex, 560,
687.
ardesiacus, 688.
a. deserticola, 688.
cinnamomina, 290.
-—— ¢. zequatorialis, 290.
—— timnunculus, 686.
canariensis,
492.
—— carlo, 687.
Certhia discolor, 609.
—— meridionalis,
609.
familiaris, 64.
cervinus, Anthus, 2380.
Ceryle americana, 499.
-—— maxima, 6638.
rudis, 239.
leucomela-
nura, 422.
—— rudis, 668.
Cettia sumatrana, 551.
Ceuthmochares xreus,
647.
x. intermedius, 647,
ceylonensis, Culicicapa
c., 449.
chadensis, Caprimulgus
My OO:
Chemepelia g. quitensis,
39.
m. minuta, 40.
—— p. quitensis, 39.
Cheturellus, 157.
rutilus, 137.
Chalcites basalis, 346.
b. mellori, 346.
modesta, 346.
—— —— wyndhami,
346.
Chaleococeyx maculatus,
426.
Chalcoparia s. koraten-
sis, 622.
Chaleoparia s. singalen-
sis, 622.
Chaleophaps indica, 415.
Chamepelia anais, 37.
ceciliz, 37.
cruziana, 40.
griseola, 39.
Chamepetes fagani, 24.
g. antioquiana,
29
22.
. 99
ee goudoti, 22,
23, 24.
—— —— tschudii, 22,
23.
rufiventris, 23, 24.
chapmani, Troglodytes
m., 145,
Chaptia ee. malayensis,
611.
Charadrius egyptius,752.
alexandrinus, 749.
——~ apricarius, 74, 159,
163, 247, 746.
—— curonicus, 749.
— dominicus, 159.
—— dubius, 161.
155, 162, 163.
——- —— jerdoni, 155.
—— gallicus, 726.
—— hiaticula, 162, 164,
747.
—— himantopus, 745.
—— melanops, 162.
—— morinellus, 750.
—— nivosus, 264.
—— occidentalis, 264.
—— pallidus, 162.
—— peroni, 162
—— resplendens, 262.
—— ruficapillus, 162.
—— sancte-helenx, 162.
—— semipalmatus, 263.
—— tricollaris, 162
—— vociferus, 263.
Chelictinia riocouri, 691.
chelicutensis, Halcyon,
621.
chelicuti, Aleedo, 671.
—., Halcyon, 671.
cherrug, Falco, 241, 686.
—-, Hierofalco c., 686.
chersonesus, Chrysoco-
laptes s., 181, 195,
Lie
Chettusia gregaria, 159.
Chibia hottentotta, 611.
chilensis, Phoenicopterus,
27
chaste Milvago, 279,
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
ch peenee: Polyborus,
vee Attagis,
26) 0.
chinensis, Francolinus,
407.
Chionis crozettensis, 162.
minor, 162.
chionoptera, Diomedea,
Se
ioe
chiquera, Lithofalco,
150.
ehirieote, Aramides, 53.
Chizierhis zonurus, 648.
Chlamydotis macqueenii,
245s
—— u. fuerteventure,
(Pi
sere melanoptera,
Chloris chloris, 60.
aurantliven-
tris, 103.
—— chlerotica,
220%
chloris, Ligurinus, 103.
chlorocephala, Chlorop-
sis, O66.
Chlorenas albilinea, 50,
chlorolophoides, Brachy-
lophus, 433.
chlorolophus,
lophus, 433.
, Gecinus, 455.
Chloropsis aurifrons,
567.
———- ——-— mornatus, 567.
-—— chlorocephala, 566.
chloropus, Gallinula, 76,
249.
, Tropicoperdix,
407.
Chlorostilbon splendi-
dus, 496.
chysocercus, Merops p.,
472.
Chysococeyx auratus,
646.
—— ecaprius, 644.
cupreus, 645.
klansi, 645.
Chrysocolaptes bacha,
196.
Brachy-
lesserti, 197.
——- —— guttaer istatus,
196, 197, 438.
—— —— indomalayicus,
195, 197, 488.
—— —— sultaneus, 196.
795
Chrysocolaptes s. cherso-
nesus, 181, 195, 197.
chrysocoma, Barbatula,
637.
Chrysonotus rubropy-
gialis, 208.
—-— tridactyius, 207.
Chrysophlegma flavinu-
cha flavinucha, 192.
——— —_ — lye do2) 193,
—— pierrei, 198,
457.
—— wrayi, 193.
Chrysoptilus cristatus,
498.
chrysorrheum, Diceeum,
624.
Chrysuronia ruficollis,
495,
chrysurus, Campethera,
6380.
-—-, Dendromus, 630.
chukar, Caccabis, 240.
EG burmeisteri,
270.
cia, Hmberiza, 227,
Cichloselys s. davisoni,
592.
——- —— sibericus, 592,
Ciconia ciconia, 244.
c. ciconia, 722.
—— nigra, 244,
cinerascens, Bubo a.,
679.
——.,, Circaetus, 694.
——., Nothoprocta, 10.
-—., Rhynchops, 258.
cinerea, Ardea, 72, 243,
715.
—, Motacilla, 113.
—, Peristera, 41.
—, Sylvia, 122.
—,, Terekia, 361.
—., Cireaétus, 694.
—., Circus, 280, 506.
cinnamomea, Galerida
(oy. eh.
clunamomeoventris, Iole
ied §
O70,
cinnamomeum, Pellorn-
eum i., O81.
cinnamomeus, Drymoca-
taphus 1., 581.
cinnamomina, Cerchneis,
290.
cinnamominus, Tinnun-
culus, 290, 510.
Cinnyris a. intermedia,
620.
edeni, 620,
~——— osea, 250),
796
Cireaétus beadouini, 694.
cinerascens, 694.
—-- cinereus, 694.
—— gallicus, 693.
-—— pectoralis, 694.
Circus aruginosus, 70,
240,
x. wruginosus, 481,
703.
——— cinereus, 280, 506.
ceyaneus, 70, 240,
703.
—— macropterus, 506,
macrourus, 709.
pygargus, 70, 481,
703.
cirlus, Emberiza, 62
cirrhocephalus, Larus,
259.
Cissa gabrielle, 604,
605.
——- hypoleuea, 604.
margarite, 604.
Cistieola cisticola, 255,
citrinella, Emberiza, 62,
164.
Clamator cafer, 641.
glandarius, 238,
460, 641.
—— j. jacobinus, 641.
pica, 642.
clamosus, Cuculus, 644.
clangula, Glaucion, 243
Claravis preilosa, 41.
clarkei, Turdus m., 66,
160.
,—— p., 154.
clarus, Turdinulus, 582.
clemencie, Cyanolzema,
307.
cleopatra,
660.
Climacteris waitei, 146.
climacurus, Caprimul-
gus, 657.
Merops l.,
8 nis, 697.
clot-bey, Rhampbocorys
»
361.
clypeata, Anas, 712.
, Spatula, 71, 242,
Cnemophilus macgre-
govil, 760.
Coecystes cafer, O41.
- — glandarius, 641.
jacobinus, 642.
Cochoa beearii, 91.
viridis, 597.
cocoi, Ardea, 271.
ccelebs, Fringilla, 61,
164, 226.
INDEX OF
Cenocorypha a. pusilla,
162
—— tristrami, 162
cceruleiceps, Centropus
g., GAG.
ceeruleus, Faleo, G89.
coineidens, Boaconniet
137.
colchicus,
Phasianus,
coleloughi, Micropus,
UST.
Colinus pectoralis, 145,
Coliostruthus laticanda,
355.
Colius m. macrourus,
650.
—— pulcher, 601.
SV TICS,
651.
—— s. erlangeri, 649.
—— —— hilgerti, 649.
—— Jebelensis,
650.
—-— leucotis, 649.
—— —— nigricollis,
650.
eollaris, Prunella, 361
Collocalia francica, 137.
fuciphaga, 137.
rukensis, 596.
—— y. enigma, 347.
collurio, Lanius, 65, 120,
161, 231.
collurivides, Lanius, 692.
collybita, Phylloscopus,
66, 128, 129.
-, Sylvia, 129.
colombiana, Mergai.etta,
2 Ul
Columba albibinea,. 30.
—— albinueha, 135.
——— albipennis, on]
——— andicola, 3
—— aymara, ie
— (Chamepelia) anais,
or
Ode
—— (—-—) cecilix, 37.
-—— cruziana; 40.
——— infuseata, ol.
—— locutrix, 31.
—— inelanoptera, 42.
——— meloda, 36.
——- minuta, 40.
———CeNAS. sineeoe
ogilvie-granti, 34.
= ied
——-palumbus, 77.
See x0
—— picui, 3).
—— p. andicola, 35.
cu.
—— bogotensis, 32,
Columba p. baeri, 31.
—— plumbea, 3i,
32, 33.
-—— --— purpureo-
tincta, 32,
WL ACerrelle
purpureotincta, 52,
——~— speciosa, 30.
—— subvinacea, 34.
—— vinacea, 34.
columbarius, Faleo, 290.
Columbina aurisqua-
mata, 44. ‘
— cruziana, 40.
grisea, 40.
Columbula picui, 39.
Colymbus arcticus, 76.
major, 257.
podiceps, 207.
communis, Sylvia, 69,
122, 123, 160) 232:
conevlor, Falco, 680.
, Hypsipetes, 567.
counectens, Mixornis r.,
580.
Conurus patagonus, 01.
cooki, Suya c., 601.
Copsychus s. musicus,
596.
Coracias abyssinicus,
672.
— aflinis, 421.
a. abyssinus, 672.
—— senegalensis,
theresi, 421.
garrulus, 239, 672
garrulus, 477.
~-— n. nevia, 673.
oriolus, 102,
Coracornis raveni, 347.
corax, Corvus, 99.
cornix, Corvus, 58, 224.
coronatus, Ampeliceps,
617.
corone, Corvus, 58, 224,
Corvus were 388.
—-— corax, 99.
— cornix, 58, 224.
——— corone, 58, 224
-—— ¢. canariensis, 99,
—— —— capellanus,
3sl.
—— ¢. lingitamus, 99.
— frugilegus, 59, 22
-—— macrorhynchus,
603.
monedula, 59.
monedula,. 99.
—— —— spermologus,
9)
ues
Corvus spermologus, 99.
umbrinus, 224.
Corydon s. sumatranus,
441.
Corythaix leucolophus,
648.
—— leucotis, 648.
Corythornis cristata,
668.
cyanostigma, 668.
—--— vintsioides, 669.
Cosmetornis vexillarius,
659.
costae, Calypte, 357.
Coturnix coturnix, 77,
2050.
crassus, Pionias, 676
——, Poicephalus, 676.
Crax cumanensis, 20.
mitu, 1d.
erecea, Anas, 710.
——, Querquedula, 2+2.
; Cantilo:
Creciscus cayanensis,
362.
— facialis, 662.
—— pileatus, 362.
Crex erex, 76, 249.
—— galeata, 54.
—— garinanl, 50.
Criniger g. sordidus,’
570.
ochraceus, 570.
p. grandis, 571.
——— {. lienrici, 570;
criniger, Phalacrocorax.
218.
cristata, Alcedo, 668.
= PAM asy elas
——, Corythornis, 668.
——, Gulerida, 62, 384.
——, Meleagris, 17.
——, Penelope, 16.
, Pseudotadorna,
5d6.
cristatus, Chrysoptilus,
498.
——., Opisthocomus, 345.
crocea, Hphthianura,
146.
Crossoptilon drougnii,
82.
harman o2.
leucurum, 82.
tibetanum, 82.
crozettensis, Clhionis,
162:
cruentus, [thagenes, 52.
eruziana, Chamipelia,
40.
——, Culumba, 40.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
eruziana, Columbina,
40.
, Wupelia, 40.
Crypsirhina varians,
60D.
Cryptolopha castanei-
ceps, 447.
annamensis,
447.
—— —-— sinensis, 447.
—- malcolmsmithi,
448, 565.
— inelleri, 551.
—— nesophila, 547.
—— poliogenys, 448.
——— sumatrensis, 551.
—— t. ocularis, 448.
tephrocephala,
449,
Crypturellus
rostris, 10.
Crypturus atricapillus, 8.
garleppi, 8.
affinis, 8.
--— obsoletus, 7, 8.
punensis, 7.
—-— parvirostris, 10.
— transfasciatus, 9,
10.
cuculoides, Athene, 48.
, Glaucidium, 418.
Cuculus auratus, 645.
eafer, 641.
—canorus, 70, 160,
161, 237, 381, 642.
eanorus, 458.
——— —— minor, 458,
459.
———- --— telephorus,
645.
caprius, 644,
clamosus, 644.
parvi-
-—— gabonensis, 643.
2 -glandarius, 460,
G41.
—— gularis, 645.
—— indicator, 6389.
~— jacksoni, 645.
jacobinus, O41.
—— klaasi, 645.
mabirae, 644.
micropterus, 426,
—— optatus, 188.
pica, 642,
~_— solitarius, 643.
validus, 642.
—— waigoul, 138.
Culicicapa e¢, ceylon-
ensis, 448.
cumanensis, Crax, 20.
——., Pipile, 20, 21.
cunhaci, Mesia a., 591.
eunicularia, Speotyto,
DOD.
cupreus, Chrysococeyx,
645.
curonicus, Avegialitis a.,
7A9.
, Charadrius, 749.
—., de laa di62:
163.
Curruca heineken, 1205.
curruca, Sylvia, 122,
232.
Cursorius gallicus, 159,
164, 245, 362.
- —— gallicus, 726.
curyirostra, Loxia, 390.
curvirostris, Notho-
procta, 11.
Cutia n. legalleni, 588.
cuyieri, Faleo s., 685.
—-, Rhamphastos, 142.
cyanea, Larvivora, 5995.
, Pitta, 443.
cyanecula, Cyanosylvia
s., 303.
——, Sylvia, 303.
eyaneus, Circus,
240, 703.
eyanocephalus, Hudy-
namis o., 347.
Cyanolema e. besso-
philus, 857.
Cyanolemus clemencie,
357.
eyanoleucus,
670.
Cyanopica cyanus, 387.
Cyanops d. borneensis,
217.
—— cyanotis, 217,
218.
—~ —— duvauceli,
217, 218.
—— gigantorhinus,
70,
Alcedo,
219.
—-— —— orientalis,
217, 219.
—-—— robinsoni,
219.
franklini, 428.
—— —-— auricularis,
428.
aaa saigonensis,
430.
—— lineata, 4350.
—— oorti, 428.
-—— annamensis,
428.
—— pheostriata, 21d
430.
798
Cyanops pheostricta,
215, 430.
saigonensis,
216.
—— pretermissus, 215.
saigonensis, 215.
eyanostigma, Cory-
thornis, 668.
Cyanosylvia s. cyanecula,
234, 503.
gaetkei, 302.
suecica, 234,
2—°
302.
wolfi, 305.
cyanotis, Cyanops d.,
217, 218.
cyanurus,
273, 522.
cyanus, Cyanopica, 387.
, Montieola, 234.
Cymborhynchus macro-
rhynehus, 442.
malaccensis,
Butorides,
442.
Cyornis r. rubeculoides,
444.
— --— dialilema,
444.
sumatrensis, 444.
Cypselus affinis, 653.
— horus, 693.
parvus, 654.
shelleyi, 652.
-—— streubeli, 635.
—— unicolor, 465.
dacotix, Pratineola, 503.
, Saxicola d., 303.
——, Tinnuneulus t.,
492.
Dafila acuta, 248.
dalhousiz, Psarisomus,
441.
damascenus,
558.
danjoui, Rimator, 578.
darnaudii, Micropodon,
6389.
— Trachyphonus,
639.
darwini, Nothura, 14.
* davisoni, Cichloselys s.,
592.
—., Heximus, 568.
, Stachyris n., 584.
dawsoniana, Acanthiza
w., 781.
debooyi, Nesotrochis,
ool.
decipiens, Nittava g., 445.
Tetrao,
INDEX OF
decolor, Leptoptila v.,
46.
decorata, Nittava ¢., 444.
dedemi, Gecinus, 551.
degener, Parus c., 120,
delalandi, Buteo, 253.
delesserti, © Chryso-
colaptes g., 197.
, Indopicus,
197.
delicatula, Tyto a., 5538.
Delichon urbica, 69,
237.
—— utbiea, 317.
195,
Demiegretta g. breviceps,
541.
sacra, O41,
Dendrobates g. poice-
phalus, 651.
Dendrobiastes b. anna-
mensis, 445.
— hyperythrus,
446
—— —— malayana,
446.
—— vuleani, 446.
Dendrocopus analis,
Oo.
-_— —— longipennis,
435.
Dendrocygna javanica,
416.
Dendroiea v.
oF.
—— waynel, 344.
Dendromus balius, 629.
chrysurus, 630.
hargitti, 629.
nubicus, 629.
Dendronanthus indica,
619.
Dendrophila frontalis,
609.
Dendropicos 1. lepidus,
650.
—-— obsoletus, 651.
pecilolemus, 630.
Dendropicus minutus,
630.
deserti, Ginanthe, 235.
virens,
deserticola, Cerchneis a.,
688.
desertorum, Bubo a.,
678.
, Buteo, 241, 255,
295, 699.
desgodinsi,
5386.
, Sibia, 586.
diademata, Tricholema
d., 636.
Malacias,
diadematus, Indicator
m., 639.
——., Pogonorhynchus,
636.
dialilama, Cyornis, 444.
diardi, Lophura, 409.
diamantina, Malurus,
781.
diardi,
409.
———, Garrulax |., 573.
Diardigallus diardi,
409.
Diexeum becearii, 551.
chrysorrheun, 624,
—— slamensis,
624.
ignipectus, 628,
— inornatum, 628.
—— minullum, 623.
Diardigallus,
—— olivaceum,
vanheysti, 138,
Dicholophus burmeisteri,
TKO}
Dicrocercus
665.
-h. heuglini, 665.
dicruroides, Surniculus,
426.
Dicruropsis montana,
776.
Didus borbonicus. 78.
ineptus, 771.
difficilis, Zosterops, 551.
Digenea submoniliger,
444.
dilutus, Stachyris n., 584.
, Turdinulus e., 551.
Diomedea chionoptera,
775.
discolor, Certhia, 609.
discors, Anas, 275.
, Querquedula, 275.
Dissemurus p. para-
diseus, 612.
Dissodectes ardosiaceus,
688.
distineta, Calandrella m.,
112.
distinctus, Gidienemus
Crh, (pti
docilis, Palgwornis, 675.
Dodo, White, 78.
, Réunion, 78.
domesticus, Passer, 60.
dominieca, Anas, 276.
dominicanus, Larus,
260.
dominicus, Charadrius,
159.
——., Nomonyx, 276.
furcatus,
douglasi, Pitta n., 442.
Drepanoplectes jacksoni,
30d.
drougnii, Crossoptilon,
82.
dryas, Halcyon in., 670.
Drymocataphus i. cinna-
momeus, O81.
—— tickelli, 581.
Dryobates |. quelpart-
ensis, 306.
m. canariensis, 497.
—— —— thanneri, 457.
syriacus, 257.
Dryonastes ¢. germaini,
972,
vassali, 573.
dubia, A%gialitis, 159.
dubius, Charadrius, 161.
Ducula badia, 414.
Ducula i. griseicapilla,
413.
dumetorum, Cacomantis,
346.
duvauceli, Cyanops d.,
217.
ecaudatus, Falco, 692.
——, Helotarsus, 692.
, Lerathopius, 692.
Eclectus p. macgillivrayi,
147.
Ectopistes migratorius,
142.
edeni, Cinnyris, 620.
edwardsi, Gennzeus, 409.
Egatheus ridgwayi, 271.
Egretta a. alba, 718.
-—— breviceps, 541.
g. garzetta, 718.
thula, 272.
egretta, Ardea, 271, 519.
, Casmerodius, 271.
eisenhoferi, Gecinus,
432.
—, Picus vittatus,
189.
elwica, Hypolais p., 126.
, Salicaria, 126.
Elanoides riocourii, 691.
Elanus cxruleus, 689.
——— leucurus. 511.
torquatus, 288.
elegans, Lanius, 281.
, Pericrocotus, 452.
eleonore, Falco, 490.
Emberiza exsia, 227.
calandra, 61, 107,
108, 109, 160.
1 Gulanarag sete
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Mmberiza calandra than-
neri, LO7, 108, 109.
——- cia, 297.
—— cirlus, 62.
—— citrineila, 62, 164.
— hortulana, 228.
—— melanocephala,
227.
nivalis, 109.
pusilla, 585.
sahari, 109.
—— s. sahari, 109.
scheenichis, 62.
emeria, Otocompsa, 572.
emini, Scoptelus a., 664.
Ephthianura crocea,
146.
epops, Upupa, 239.
e., 472, 478,
;
665.
Eremophila alpestris
flava, 385.
Kreunetes petrificatus,
266.
pusillus, 266.
Erismatura zquatorialis,
276.
Hrithacus rubecula, 67,
300,
—— melophilus,
67.
— —— microrhyn-
chus, 300.
—— superbus, 300.
—— —— witherbyi,
301, 502.
erithacus, Psittacus, 675.
erlangeri, Colius s., 649.
, Gyps r., 709.
——, Phylloscopus s.,
128.
erythrinus, Carpodacus,
358.
Hrythrobucco rolleti,
634.
erythrocephalus, Pyro-
trogon, 425.
erythromelas,
272.
——., Ixobrychus, 272.
erythronotus, Buteo,
281, 508.
——, Haliaétus, 281.
erythrops, Neocrex, 54.
——, Porzana, 54.
Erythropus y. vesperti-
nus, 688.
erythropus, Accipiter m.,
700.
erythropygius, Gecinus,
4¢
Ardea,
799
erythropygius,
190, 192.
erythrorhyneha, Peecilo-
netta, 454.
erythrorhynchus, [rrisor,
664.
——, Lophoceros, 667.
Lirythrospiza githaginea,
227.
——~ g. amantum, 104.
erythrothorax, Gymno-
pelia, 37.
Hudromias morinellus,
159, 750.
Kudynaimis orientalis,
046,
347.
——— —— flindersi, 547.
—— —— subeyanoce-
phalus, 347.
Kudyptula m. nove-
hollandix, 147.
eugeniil, Myiophoneus,
085.
Kulabes intermedia, 615.
Eupelia cruziana, 40.
Hupletes flammiceps,
345.
europeus, Caprimulgus
e., Go.
Eurostopodus, 136.
albigularis, 137.
argus, 137.
—— guttatus, 137.
mystacalis, 157.
Eurylemus o. harterti,
441.
Eurynorhynehus pyg-
meus, 143, 542.
Eurypyga helias, 269.
meridionalis, 270.
Eurystomus afer, 678.
wzthiopicus, 672,
674.
——. —— afer, 673.
Picus,
cyanocephalus,
—— —— pulcherrimus,
674.
—— rufobucealis,
674.
——- —— suahelicus,
674.
—— glaucurus, 674.
— o. calonyx, 421.
—— orientalis,
420.
Kutolmietus spilogaster,
178.
eutolmus, Microhierax,
417.
| Euxenura maguari, 527,
800
everett, Se) Nh
, Tiga, 209.
eversinanni, Phyllesco-
pus t., 127
Exealfactoria ¢, palmeri,
776.
excubitor, Lanius, 64.
exilis, Indicator, 640.
Eximiornis eximius, 137.
eximius, Caprimulgus,
656.
, Eximiornis, 137.
exsul, Phylloscopus c.,
129; 131.
, Tiga j., 208.
eyrei, Cacomantis, 158.
facialis, Creciscus, 362.
fagani, Chamepetes, 2
fiiontrota: Bucco, 215,
216.
——, Thereiceryx, 215.
faiostrictus, Megalama,
215.
Falcinellus ridgwayi,
tale
faleinellus, Limicola, 162.
, Plegadis, 244.
Falco wgyptius, 690.
—— eruginosus, 481,
703.
—-— gesalon, 242.
—— albicans, 697.
—-— albicilla, 485.
—— albicollis, 283.
—— americanus, 279.
- apivorus, 689.
——— ardosiacca, 688.
—-~ augur, 251, 699.
—— babylonicus, 149,
150, 152
barbarus,
241, 487.
bellicosus, 695.
——. bidentatus, 287.
b. abyssinicus, 68-44.
—— fanypterus,
684.
cherrug, 241, 686.
coeruleus, 689.
columbarius, 290.
-—— concolor, 685.
—— ecaudatus, 692.
——- eleonorw, 490.
—— forficatus, 692.
—-- fusco-cerulescens,
289, 510.
gallicus, 695.
——— haliaétus, 493, 794.
—— hydrophilus, 251,
———1S1COrieaoos
88, 130,
INDEX OF
Falco jakal, Balle
nigrans, 689.
—— milvyus, 485.
—— minor, 560.
monogramimicus,
695.
—-— musicus, 702.
—— naumanni, 687.
nisus, 700,
—— occipitalis, 695.
—— parasitus, 640.
—— peregrinus, 71, 241,
486, 509, 560.
babylonicus,
370, 371, 683.
—— -—-— ealidus, 152,
486, 685
—— —— minor, 68+.
pelegrinoides,
487, 683.
— peregrinator,
ARS) IUSKO) Us PR 37/0).
371.
= peLer inns;
682.
—— pennatus, 696,
—— puinicus, 487.
—— pygargus, 481.
—— ruficollis, 685.
—— rufifrons, 288.
—-— rufigularis pax,
289,
—— sacer, 686.
—— semitorquata, 689.
serpentarius, 707.
severus, 417.
—— sphenurus, 701.
—— subbuteo, 241, 488.
—— s. xquatorialis,
290.
—— ceuvieri, 685.
subbuteo,
tinnunculus, 71,
242, 686.
unicinetus, 281.
—--~- vespertinus, 688
—— vocifer, 692.
— v. amurensis, 683.
—— vespertinus,
492.
familiaris, Certhia, 64.
fasciata, Paleornis, 420.
fasciatus, Hieraiietus,
170.
fastidiosus, Pomatorhi-
pus 0., O77.
feddeni, Thriponax, 440.
feldeggi, Motacilla, 229.
femora alis, Hypotriorehis,
510.
ferina, Anas, 713.
, Nyroca, 71, 2
, Nyroea f., 713.
ferox, Accipiter, 21,
699.
———, Buteo, 240, 251.
-——, —— b., 699.
ferrea, Oreicola, 596.
ferruginea, Tringa, 246.
——, ——- f., 730.
Gol ayeoute Pyecnonotus,
a72.
fischeri, Centropus u m.,
646.
Flamimea flamimea, 239,
flammea, Strix, 478, 4&0,
d04, 677, O82.
flanmeus, Asio f.,
677.
flamimiceps, Euplectes,
odd.
flamimifer,
x., 442,
flava, Eremophilaa., 385.
— —, Motacilla, 63, 115,
UPN) i
flaveolus, Passer, G18.
flavescens, Hemixus f.,
569.
flaviceps,
617.
flavicollis, Capito, 221.
flavifrons, Pionias, 676,
flavigula, Bucco, 220.
flavipes, Scolopax, 265.
——., Totanus, 265.
flaviventris, Otocompsa.
e(2
flavustriata, Megalema,
25:
flavostrictus, Bueeo, 215.
, Thereiceryx, 430.
flavus, Budytes, “115.
fleurieuensis, Platycercus
e., 146.
flindersi, Eudynamis o.,
3547,
fluviatilis, Podiceps, 76.
, Sterna, 258.
fokiensis, Brachypternus,
Yo.
——, Micropternus b..
204.
forbesi, Haleyon m , 670.
. Megalurus p., 769.
forficatus, Faleo, 692.
, Nauclerus, 692.
formosus, Calopezus f.,
14.
fortunatus, Puffinus k.,
Moo:
480,
Pericrocotus
Ploceus in.,
francica, Collocalia, 187.
——, Zoonava, 137.
Iraneolinus chinensis,
407.
franklini, Cyanops, 428.
——, Larus, 259.
Branklinia rufescens,
Oo
Franklinia r.
phala, 599.
Fratercula arctica, 362.
fraterculus, Ammomanes
din223, 220.
——, Pericrocotus s.,
452.
frenatus, Melittophagus
b., 663.
——, Merops, 663.
Fringilla canaria, 104.
—-— canariensis, LU6.
canariensis,
polioce-
106.
—— celebs, 61, 164, 226.
Se ompriosa,, 106:
—— —~— palme, 106.
—— hispaniolensis, 104.
-—— montifringilla, 61.
——— nivalis; LOD:
palmee, 106.
—— t. polatzeki, 88, 107.
—— teydea, 106.
fringillirostris, Acanthis
c., 226.
frontalis, Anarhynchus,
162.
, Dendrophila, 609.
frugilegus, Corvus, 59),
224.
fuciphaga, Collocalia,
137.
=———, A0onivay len.
fuerteventuree, Chlamy-
dotis, 725.
, Otis u., 725.
Fuliea ardesiaca, 55.
atra, 76, 249.
-—— cajanea, 52.
—— cayennensis, 52.
—— gigantea, 55.
major, 52.
Fuligula africana, 712.
—— nationi, 276.
fuligula, Nyroca, 72.
fulva, Passerella i., 551.
fuvescens, Gyps f., 704.
fulvus, Gyps, 240.
,—— f., 704.
fureatus, Dicrocercus,
665.
fusca, Haleyon s., 422.
—_—. (Kdemia, 72.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
fusco-cerulescens, Falco,
289, 510.
fuscopilens, Halcyon s.,
Ori.
fuscus, Artamus, 615.
——, Larus, 79, 548:
ad
ies I peer
gabar, Melierax, 701.
. Micronisus, 701.
gabonensis, Cuculus,
645.
gabriella, Cissa, 60+,
GOD.
gaetkei, Cyanosylvia s.,
302.
gaimardi, Phalacrocorax,
278.
galactodes, Agrobates,
Zoos
galeata, Crex, 54.
, Gallinula, 54.
Galerida cristata, 62,
384.
ec. cinnamomea,
228.
gallicus, Charadrius,
726.
, Cireaetus, 693.
——, Cursorius, 159,
164, 245, 362.
—- —— g., 726.
, Faleo, 698.
Gallinago andina, 268.
gallinago, 72, 162,
246.
—— g. gallinago, 729.
—— jameson, 268-
Ss jpaehin, Ws} all,
—.— stenura, 415.
gallinago, Seolopax, 729.
Gallinula chloropus, 76,
249.
—— galeata, 54.
—— ruficeps, 35.
gallinula, Limnoerypltes,
246, 731.
, Scolopax, 7351.
Gallinule, Cayenne, 52.
Gallus bankiva, 154.
gallus, 134, 411.
sonnerati, 134, 554.
Gampsonyx r. saturatior,
580.
—— —— ftorquatus,
580.
- 9QQ
Ss. magnus, ~5d.
| —-— SWalmsonity
287, 288.
gardeni, Nycticorax, 272
y wha
801
garleppi, Crypturus, 8.
——-, Merganetta, 277.
varmani, Crex, 59.
(tarrulax 1. diardi, 5
milleti, 574.
-—— }. leucotis, 973.
——— MOUNOM OTe:
= VASSally OMe.
Garrulus glandarius, 59.
~
»
iv.
elandarius,
626.
—— rufiterguin,
625:
—— leucotis, 603.
garrulus, Coracias, 239,
672.
»—— g., 477.
Garrulus sp., 225.
garzetta, Ardea, 718.
-——, Eeretta g., 718.
Gauropicoides rafllesi,
209.
r. borneonensis,
210.
-—— —— peninsularis,
210.
Gavia a. arctica, 148.
——— —— pacifica, 143.
— —- — suschkini, 148.
—— virldigularis, 145.
Gecinulus grantia, 454.
Gecinus chlorolophus,
455.
hessei, 483.
—— occipitalis,
453.
——. dedemi, 551.
erythropygius, 451.
nigrigenis,
432.
—— guerini, 186.
—— hainanus, 186, 18S.
—-—— hessei, 181.
—— occipitalis, 185.
—— sordidior, 186.
— tancolo, 186, 188.
—— y. eisenhoferi, 432.
——- —— yittatus, 432.
_-——.weberi, 189.
Gennieus albocristatus,
554.
—— heli. 409.
—— edwardsi, 409,
—— n. annamensis, 408.
Geocichlac. innotata, 592.
geotfroyi, Avgialitis, 157.
——, /gialitis, 248.
Geoffroyus p. maclen-
nani, 147.
Geotrygon b. baeza, 47.
bourcieri, 46,
802
Geranztus melanoleucus,
281.
Geranoaétus
cus, 508.
Geranospizias czerules-
cens, 28().
germaini, Dryonastes c.,
melanoleu-
, Polyplectrum, 410.
——, Pyenonotus a.,
Syl
gibraltariensis, Motacilla,
299.
Pheenicurus, 299.
gigantea, Fulica, 59.
——, Thaumatibts, 360.
gigantorhinus, Cyanops
d., 219.
-~—, Mesobueco d., 219.
githaginea, Erythrospiza,
22
glandarius, Clamator,
238, 460, 641.
, Coecystes, 641.
——, Cuculus, 460, 641.
_ Garrulus, 59.
; g., 626.
Glareola nordmanni,
245.
—— p. pratincola, 727.
—— pratincola, 163,
245.
——, Totanus, 247, 740.
, Pringa, 165, 740.
Glaucidium c. cuculoides,
418.
Glaucion eclangula, 245,
glaucurus, Eurystomus,
674.
glaucus, Larus, 1435,
548.
glaux, Athene nocetua,
240.
Globicera p.
landica, 779.
goerte, Mesopicus g.,
682.
goudoti, Chamepetes g.,
22, 23, 24.
goudotii, Ortalida, 22.
gouldie, Ethopyga g.,
621.
, Pephila, 358.
gracilirostris, Strix f.,,
478.
, Tyto a., 478.
gracilis, Prinia, 233.
Gracula j. intermedia,
615.
Graculipiea leucocephala,
616,
queens-
|
|
|
INDEX OF
Graculipica nigricollis,
617.
grahami, Aramides c., 53.
erandidieri, Zoonavena,
137.
grandis, Criniger p.,
o71.
granti, Turdinulus e.,
582.
grantia, Gecinulus, 454.
Graucalus macei, 450.
m. larvivorus, 451.
—— ——- rexpineti, 451.
m, siamensis, 450,
451.
erayi, Ardeola, 415,
gregaria, Chettusia, 159.
grillii, Centropus, 645.
erisea, Columbina, 40).
eriseicapilla, Carpophaga,
418.
——, Duceula i., 413.
—-, Periecrocotus, 453.
griseiventer, Hemixus,
568.
griseola, Chaimzepelia,
30)
grisola, Muscicapa, 68,
236.
,—— g, 82.
Grus grus, 244.
gryphus, Sarcorham-
phus, 278.
——, Vultur, 278.
guarauna, Plegadis, 529.
guerini, Gecinus, 186.
, Picus c., 187.
gulanensis, Odonto-
phorus, 25, 26, 28.
——, Tetrao, 25.
Guira piririgua, 500,
gularis, Cuculus, 645.
-—, Micropternus b.,
181, 208.
--—, Mixornis, 585.
———, Monticola, 594.
——, Picus, 203.
gustavi, Anthus, 385.
cuttacristatus, Chryso-
eolaptes g., 196, 197,
43
euttata, Loxia, 775.
, Ortalis, 19.
——., Penelope, 19.
—, Steganopleura,
356.
——. Tavistockia, 77d.
——. Eurostopodus,
137.
, Henicurus, 594.
guttifer, Tringa, 155,
gyldenstolpei, Picus c.,
184.
Gymnogenys, typicus,
=
704.
Gymnopelia anais, 37.
¢c. cecilia, 37.
gymnops, 08.
erythrothorax, 37.
gymnops, Gymnopelia
c., 38.
Gypaétus barbatus, 699.
b. meridionalis,
699.
Gypoictinia
sterna, 148,
Gyps fulvus, 240.
——- f. fulveseens, 704.
fulvus, 7O4.
— -— occidentalis,
704,
SS kolbii, 705.
-——— r. erlangeri, 705.
riippellii, 705.
melano-
hemacephala, Xantho-
lema, 219.
hemacephalus, Bucco,
220.
heematocephala, Xantho-
lema, 221.
—, Xanthocephala,
431.
Heematopus on.
waldoi, 59, 732.
—— ostralegus, 75, 160,
165.
—— palliatus, 162, 261.
hainanus, Gecinus, 186,
188.
, Picus, 188.
——, Pyrrhopicus, 456.
——, Rhopodytes, 427.
Haleyon chelicutensis,
G71.
—— chelicuti, 671.
c. vanikorensis,
meade-
5dDO.
~ 1. centralis, 672.
— leucocephala,
672.
—— malimbicus, 669.
——m. dryas, 670.
——-—-—- forbesi, 669,
670.
——— ———._ malimbicus,
670.
—— —— prenticei, 670.
= =| tortwei,
670.
—— semicgeruleus, 672.
Halcyon smyrnensis,
239, 422.
fusca, 422.
fuscopileus,
671.
Haliaétus albicilla, 483.
—— erythronotus, 281.
vocifer, (192.
haliaétus, Falco,
TO4.
, Pandion h., 498,
704.
hargitti, Dendromus, 629,
haringtoni, Oreicola, 597.
harmani, Crossoptilon,
82.
Harpagus bidentatus,
287.
Harpiprion czxrulescens,
534.
harpyia, Thrasaétes, 159.
Harriwhitea alberti, 775.
harterti, Acanthis c.,
107.
——, Alanda a., 111.
, Alophonerpes p.,
439.
— , Eurylemus, 441.
——, Mulleripicus, 439.
—-, Pnepyga. p., 551.
heineken, Curruea, 125.
-—, Sylvia a, 125.
heliaca, Aquila, 696.
helias, Ardea, 269.
, Eurypyga, 269.
Heliopais personata, 157.
Helodromas solitarius,
265.
Helotarsus
692.
helvetica,
263.
Hemicercus
439.
Hemilophus
lentus, 459.
Hemipus capitalis, 603.
picatus, 605.
Hemixus dayisoni, 568.
hildebrandti, 568.
—— t. griseiventer, 568.
peracensis,
498,
ecaudatus,
Squatarola,
canente,
pulveru-
568.
Henicurus guttatus, 594.
—-- schistaceus, 595.
henrici, Arboriola b.,
405, 407.
, Criniger t., 570.
Herodias ardetta, 271.
Herpornis xantholeuca,
d88,
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Herpornis x. sordida,
588,
hessei, Gecinus, 183.
: c., 493.
. Picus c., 184.
Heteroenus bolivianus,
273.
Heteropygia bairdi, 268.
maculata, 267.
Heteroscenes pallidus,
1388.
heuglini, Centropus, 646.
—--, Dicrocercus h.,
668.
——. lyngipicus o., 631.
, Yungipicus o., 631.
hiaticula, Adgialitis, 74,
1595247
=), Ce
, Charadrius,
(AM
Hieraaétus ayresi, 167—
179, 560, 785.
— fasciatus, 170.
minor, 168.
— lucani, 178.
pennatus, 168-178,
696.
164,
spilogaster, 167-
179, 560.
—— wahlbergi, 696.
Hierocoecyx sparveroi-
des, 426.
Hierofaleo ec. cherrug,
686.
hildebrandti,
5o8.
hilgerti, Colius s., 649.
himalayanus, Orioius m.,
613.
Himantopus himantopus,
163, 247, 745.
—, Charadrius, 745.
——, Micropalama, 264.
, Tringa, 264,
Hippolais pallida, 283.
hirtensis, Troglodytes,
154.
Hirundinapus, 137.
caudacutus, 137.
Hirundo apus, 46%).
— melba, 468, 652.
pratineola, 727.
—— riparia, 319.
eS, WAY
—— rupestris, 320.
Heimixus,
rustica, 69.
r. rustica,
388.
237,
315,
transitiva,
803
Hirundo savignii, 388.
urbica, 317.
, Sterna, 257, 761.
hispanica, Q{nanthe,
310.
hispaniolensis, Fringilla,
104.
Passer, 104.
hodgsoni, Megalzma,
214.
, Thereiceryx, 214.
holroydi, Micropternus
b., 204.
homochroa, Gtnanthe d.,
ole
Hoplopterus
248.
hordacea, Loxia, 345.
hortulana, Emberiza,
228.
horus, Apus, 653.
——, Cypselus, 655.
——, Micropus, 653.
hottentotta, Chibia, 611.
hudsonicus, Numenius,
264.
humei, Micropternus b.,
180, 2038.
humi, Phasianus, 554.
humilis, Gi. t., 414.
SS, Ieee, 2aee
hybrida, Hydrochelidon,
248.
Hydrobates, 141.
Hydrochelidon hybrida,
248.
—— leucoptera, 148.
——niora, 76, 248:
—— vigua, 278.
hydrophilus, Faleo, 251.
Hylacola p. magna, 781.
hyperboreus, Larus, 143.
hyperythrus, Dendro-
biastes h., 446.
——, Hypopicus, 455.
Hypolais icterina, 65.
—— p. eliica, 126.
—— —— opaca, 126.
hypoleuca, Cissa, 604.
Muscicapa h.,
spinosus,
313.
——- Tringa, 163.
hypoleucos, Tringa, 738.
hypoleucus, Totanus, 78,
247, 388, 738.
Hypopicus hyperythrus,
439.
——h. marshalli, 486.
—— —— poliopsis, 486.
—— —— subrufinus,
456,
80-4
Hypothymis azurea,
447.
—— a, styani, 447.
Hypotriorchis femoralis,
510.
s. indicus, 418.
—— —— papuanus, 415.
—_— ——— seyerus, 417.
Hypsipetes concolor,
567.
—— yunnanensis, 568.
ibis, Ardea, 718.
——, Ardeola, 245.
—— —— i, 718.
Ibycter americanus,
279.
—— megalopterus, 279.
icterina, Hypolais, 65.
Ictinia plumbea, 28°).
ignipalliatus, Phoenico-
pterus, 274.
ignipectus, Dicseum,
623.
iliacus, Turdus, 67, 294,
368.
imperialis, Aquila, 696.
, Phalacrocorax,
518.
indica,
415.
, Dendronanthus,
619.
———, Xantholema,
Chalcophaps,
sylvaticus,
Indicator exilis, 640.
—— e. pygmeecus, 640.
—— indicator, 639.
lovati, 640.
-—— major, 639,
—— minor, 639.
m. diadematus,
659.
— sparrmani, 639.
— ., Cuculus, 639.
indicus, Buceo, 221.
, Hypotriorchis, s.,
418.
, Oriolus, 614.
indomalayicus, Chryso-
colaptes g., 197, 438.
Indopicus delesserti, 195,
MS)
ineptus, Didus, 771.
inexpectata, Pterodroma,
779.
infuseata, Columba, 31.
(
INDEX OF
infuseatus, Phimosus,
53b4.
ingens, Yungipicus o.,
ingraini, Poliolimnas c..
541.
innominata, Aerodramus,
137.
innominatus, Caprimul-
gus1., 424.
inornatum, Diceum,
625,
inornatus, Acomus, £51.
——, Caprimu!gus, 655,
, Chloropsis a., 567.
insperatus, Cacomantis,
346.
insularis, Leptoptila v.,
405.
insularuin, Buteo b, 482.
Cfidienemus ce.,
T2b: :
intermedia, Arachnech-
thra, 620.
—— , Cinnyris a., 620.
——, Hulabes, 615.
—., Gracula, 615.
——,, Stachyridopsis m.,
138.
—, Tiga j., 208, 437.
, Tribura, 599.
intermedius, Accipiter
m., 700.
, Calopezus, 15,
——, Ceuthmochares «.,
647.
——,, Picus, 208.:
, Thereiceryx, 214.
interpres, Arenaria, 75,
160, 261.
—, Ney Hast
——., Strepsilas, 261.
, Tringa, 261, 753.
involueris, Ardetta,
Wi oA.
innotata, Geocichla c.,
592.
Tole 0. cinnamomeoyen-
iris, O70.
Tpoctonus lepidus, 680.
Irena p. puella, 567.
Lrrisor cabanisi, 664.
erythrorhynchus,
664.
e. niloticus, 665.
isabellina, Qnanthe,
Dao
isidori, Aquila, 288.
—., Falco, 283.
, Lophotriorchis,
283, 284,
isidori, Spizaéteus, 284.
ispida, Alcedo, 475.
Ispidina p. picta, 669.
Ithagenes cruentus, 82.
tibetanus, 82.
Txobrychus, 155.
erythromelas, 272.
—— minutus, 244, 719.
—— s. astrologus, 350.
Tyngipicus auranteiven-
tris, 192.
canicapillus,
435.
obzoletus, 631.
—— -— heneglini, 631,
picatus, 192.
pumilus, 192.
Tynx rv. pulchricollis,
634.
torquilla, 237.
—— t. torquilla, 457,
634.
192;
jacksoni, Cuculus, 645.
Drepanoplectes,
350.
, Zosterops, 136.
jacobinus j., Clamator,
641.
——,, Coccystes, 642.
, Cuculus, 641.
jacquacu, Penelope
18.
jaequinii, Pipile, 21.
jakal, Buteo, 251.
, Falco, 251.
jamesoni, Gallinago, 268.
, Xylocota, 268.
javanensis, Picus, 207.
, Tiga, 205, 437.
; Tho UIC
javanica, Dendrocygna,
416.
M.,
jebelensis, Colius s.,
650,
jefferyi, Pithecophaga,
. 138.
jerdoni, Charadrius d.,
155.
, Timelia p., 580.
jocosa, Otocompsa, 572.
jobnsi, Athopyga, 621.
jotaka, Caprimulgus,
424.
jugularis, Miglyptes,
439.
julius, Nothocercus, 7.
, Tinamus, 7.
juninensis, Podiceps,
ony
257.
Kaupifaleo meridionalis,
695.
— m. monogrammicus, |
695.
keatsi, Polophilus, 775.
, Rossornis, 137.
Kittacincla m. macrurus,
596.
—— ——— minor, 596.
klaasi, Chrysococcyx,
645.
, Cuculus, 645.
kleei, Tinamus t., 7.
keenigi, Lanius e., 120,
kolbii, Gyps, 700.
kollibayi, Apus, 651.
konigi, Mesopicus g.,
633.
koratensis, Chaleoparias.,
De
ae
krameri, Palornis k.,
675.
kuhli, Puffinus, 155.
lactea, Strix, 679.
lacteus, Bubo, 679.
lafresnayei, Aithorhyn-
chus 1., 566,
lagrandieri, Megalama,
429.
Laimodon leucocephalus,
635.
Lalage saturata, 450.
Lamprocoecyx barnardi,
346.
— lucidus, 345, 346.
-— minutillus, 346.
plagosus, 346.
—— —— carteri, 346.
—— —— malayanus,
346.
————— Tussatus, ot:
—— —— tasmauicus,
346.
, russatus, 346.
lanceolata, Locustella,
597.
Lanius a. keenigi, 120.
collurio, 63, 161,
231.
=—— —— ¢ollurio; 120.
— collurioides, 602.
— elegans, 231.
-—— excubitor, 64.
—— kenigi, 120.
1. nelsoni, 397.
macrourus, 630.
nubicus, 232.
rufus, 122.
SER. XI,— VOL. I,
|
— minor, 231. |
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Lanius rutilans, 122.
——— senator, 232.
—— —-— genator, 121.
lanka, Micropternus b.,
180, 204.
lanzarote, Anthus_ b.,
117.
, Buteo b., 483.
lapponica, Limosa 1., 741.
, Scolopax, 741.
Larus argentatus, 79.
— —— cachinnans,
7A6.
——- barrovianus, 143.
cachinnans, 248.
canus, 79.
canus, 754.
cirrhocephalus,
259.
dominicanus, 260.
{ranklini, 259.
——- fuscus, 75, 548.
—— —-— aflinis, 758.
fuscus, 757.
— glaucus, 548
hyperboreus, 143.
leucopterus, 548.
maculipennis,
DU5}9),
marinus, 75, 548,
Too:
modestus, 259.
nelsoni, 548.
ridibundus, 76, 248,
(ROSE
tridactylus, 760.
serranus, 208.
Larvivora cyanea, 599.
larvivorus, Graucalusm.,
451.
lathami, Bucco, 222.
laticauda, Coliostruthus,
305.
latirostris, Alseonax,
448.
latreillei,
260.
laurine, Mesia, 591.
Le Dindon du Bresil,
7
legalleni, Cutia n., 588.
lentiginosa, Ardea, 721.
lentiginosus, Botaurus,
Attagis g.,
lepidocephala, Setaria,
582.
lepidus, Dendropicos,
6380.
—— , Ipoctonus, 630.
Leptophaps a. aurisqua-
inata, 44.
805
Leptophaps a, aymara,
Leptoptila megalura,
46,
v. brevipennis, 45,
decolor, 46.
—— — insularis, 45.
macconnelli,
45,
riottei, 44.
-—— verreauxi, 44,
leucocephala, Graculi-
pica, 616.
-—, Halcyon 1., 672.
leucocephalus, Laimo-
don, 685.
, Lybius, 635.
leucogastra, Motacilla,
125.
, Sula, 350.
leucolophus, Corythaix,
648.
leucolophus, Turacus,
648.
leucomela,
235.
leucomelanura, Ceryle r.,
422.
leuconotus, Terathopius,
692.
leucophea, Buchanga,
610.
—.-, Calidris, 266, 735.
——, Tringa, 266, 735.
leucoptera, Hydrocheli-
don, 148.
, Psophia, 270.
Leucopternis albicollis,
283.
, Larus, 548,
leucorodia, Platalea, 72,
723.
leucorrhoa, CGinanthe e.,
307, 309.
, Motacilla, 307.
leucotis, Colius s., 649.
, Corythaix, 648.
——, Garrulax m., 578.
——, Garrulus, 603.
, Turacus, 648.
leucura, Notodela, 595,
leucurum, Crossoptilon,
2
leucvrus, Klanus, 511.
Ligurinus aurantiiven-
tris, 103.
chloris, 103.
Limicola falcinellus,
162.
—— — — falcipennis,
162.
OK
(£nanthe,
806
Limnoeryptes gallinula,
246, 731.
Limnopardalus _ rity-
rhynchus, 48, 50.
Limosa limosa, 73, 247.
—— ], lapponieca, 741.
a SMG 740.
lineata, Ardea, 274.
Cy anops, 450.
lineatus, Cacomantis,
346.
, Capito, 214.
——., Thereiceryx, 212,
430.
: ]., 214.
Lioptila capistrata, 345.
Lithofaleo chiquera, 150.
Tantalus, 528.
lanceolata,
loculator,
Locustella
597.
locutrix, Columba, 31.
longipennis, Brachylo-
phus e., 454.
—— ., Calandrella b., 158.
——, Caprimulgus, 658.
, Dendrocopus a.,
Dis
vo.
—, Macrodipteryx,
658.
——, Macropteryx, 558.
longirostra, Arachno-
thera, 628.
longirostris, Upupa e.,
422.
Lophoaétus occipitalis,
169, 177, 695.
Lophoceros_birostris,
Hane
667.
n. nasutus, 656.
Lophogyps occipitalis,
706.
lophotes, Baza, 417
Lophotriorchis isidori,
283, 284.
lueani, 168-178
Lophozosterops_ striati-
ceps, 347.
Lophura diardi, 409.
lorata, Sterna, 258.
Loria mariz, 765.
Loriculus vernalis, 419.
lovati, Indicator, 640.
Loxia curvirostra, 399.
Loxia ——- albiventris,
618.
—— meridionalis,
618.
cuttata, 775. ~
-——— hordacea, 345,
e. erythrorhynchus,
INDEX OF
Loxia tridactyla, 636.
lucani, Hieraaétus, 178.
, Lophotriorchis,
168-178
lucidus, Lamprococeyx,
345, 346.
lugubris, Motacilla, 63.
Lullula arborea, 62,
229.
Luscinia calliope, 597.
luseinia, 254.
megarhyncha, 68,
161.
Lusciniola luteiventris,
598.
taecsanowskia, 599.
luteiyentris, Lusciniola,
598.
luteus, Bueco, 221.
Lybius abyssinicus, 636,
b. squatorialis,
6385.
wthiops, 635.
leucocephalus, 635.
senex, 638.
— tridactylus, 636.
— t. ugande, 636.
y. rubescens, 636.
viellioti, 636.
lylei, Chrysophlegma f.,
192, 193.
mabirm, Cuculus, 644.
macclellandi, Megalaima,
451.
macconnelli,
v., 40.
Maccoyornis b. whitei,
784.
macei, Graucalus, 450.
macgillivrayi, Eclectus
p., 147.
Macgregoria pulchra,
765.
macgregorii,
philus, 765.
Machetes pugnax, 75,
168, 246, 786.
Machlolophus spilonotus,
606.
maclellandi,
214,
maclennani, Geoffroyus
p-» 147.
Leptoptila
Cremo-
Megaleema,
macqueenil, Chlamy-
dotis, 245,
Macrodipteryx longi-
pennis, 658.
macrodipterus, 658.
vexillarius, 659.
macrolopha, Pucrasia,
554.
macropterus, Circus,
506.
Macropteryx longi-
pennis, 538.
macrorhynchus, Corvus,
605.
—., Cymborhynchus,
442.
macrourus, Accipiter,
703.
, Circus, 703.
——, Colius m.. 650.
, Kittacinela m., 596.
——., Lanius, 650.
— , Polophilus, 7 75,
— Rossornis, 136,
137.
macularia, Actitis, 265.
, Tringa, 142, 265.
, Tringoides, 265.
maculata, Heteropygia,
267.
ringa, 142, 267.
, Zenaida, 34, 36.
maculatus, Anthus t.,
619,
—. Chaleococcyx, 426.
—-, Pardirallus, 48.
, Rallus, 48.
maculicollis, Sutoria,
598.
maculipennis, Larus,
259.
maculosa, Nothura, 13.
, Tinamus, 13.
madeirensis, Petronia p.,
105.
magna, Arachnothera,
622.
, Hylacola p., 781.
magnirostris, Astur,
282.
, Sasia a., 212.
, Urocissa a., 605.
magnus, Gampsonyx s.,
288.
maguari,
Euxenura,
major, Auchmophorus,
257.
, Colymbus, 257,
——., Fuliea, 52.
—., ’ Indicator, 639.
——, Merops a., 661.
———, Parus, 64.
——,, Podiceps, 257.
, Scoptelus a., 665.
malaccensis, Cymbo-
rhynchus, 442.
Malacias desgodinsi,
586.
Malacopterum rufifrons,
582.
malacoptilus, Rimator,
578.
malayana, Dendrobiastes
h., 446.
malayanus, Lampro-
coceyx p., 046.
malayensis, Chaptea e.,
611.
malayorum, Parus m.,
551,
-——, Picumnus i., 440.
maleolmsmithi, Crypto-
lopha, 448, 565.
malimbicus, Aleedo, 670,
, Haleyon, 669.
Malindangia, 347.
Malurus ec. diamantina,
781.
Mareca penelope, 71,
249, 711.
margaritze, Cissa, 604.
margaritatus, Bucco,
638.
——, Trachyphonus m.,
688.
marginata, Zoothera,
593.
marix, Loria, 769.
marinus, Larus, 75, 548,
Do.
marion, Mirafra a.,
619.
maripose, Passerella,
aoe
marmoratus, Odonto-
phorus g., 26-28,
——, Ortyx (Odonto-
phorus), 26.
marshalli, Hypopicus h.,
436,
mauritanica, Strix a.,
479.
maxima, Aleedo, 668.
, Ceryle, 668.
maximus, Micropus m.,
653.
=———, Rallius; 52:
meadewaldoi, Acanthis
c., LOZ.
, Hematopus n.,
89, 732.
Mearnsia, 137.
media, Gallinago, 163,
Megalzema hodgsoni, 214.
— faiostrictus, 215.
flavostriata, 215.
—— lagrandieri, 429,
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Megalema maclellandi,
214,
—- rubrifrons, 221].
Megalaima maccelellandi,
431.
megalopterus, Aquila,
279.
——, Ibycter, 279.
, Milvago, 279.
megalura, Leptoptila,
46.
Megalurus celebensis,
776.
palustris, 769.
—— p. forbesi, 769.
megarhyncha, Luscinia,
68, 161.
Meiglyptes badiosus,
204.
Melanvbuecco equatoria-
lis, 635.
—— vieilloti, 636.
melanocephala, Emberiza,
OOF
ers
, Pogonias, 637.
—., Sylvia, 232.
— , Tricholema m.,
637.
melanocephalus, Oriolus,
613.
Melanocorypha calandra,
228.
calandra, 112.
melanoleuca, Musci-
capula, 446.
melanoleucus, Accipiter,
700.
— -, Aeronantes, 356.
——., Astur, 700.
— , Buteo, 281.
, Geranetus, 281.
——., Geranoaétus, 508,
——., Spizaetus, 281.
, Totanus, 132.
melanops, Charadrius,
162.
—., Stoparola, 450.
melanoptera, Bernicla,
275.
——, Chloéphaga, 275.
———, Columba, 42.
, Metriopelia, 42, 43.
melanopterus, Anser,
PAIS
melanosterna, Gypoic-
tinia, 148.
melba, Apus m., 652.
, Hirundo, 468, 652,
——, Micropus m., 288,
468, 652.
Meleagris cristata, 17,
807
Melierax c. metabates,
——- —— neumannl,
702.
gabar, 701.
— in. metabates, 701.
—— neumanni,
702.
niger, 701.
poliopterus, 702.
— polyzonus, 702.
Melittophagus b. fre-
natus, 663.
1, swinhoei, 423.
p- meridionalis,
662.
—— —— ocularis, 662.
y. variegatus, 662.
mellori, Chalcites b.,
346.
meloda, Columba, 386,
, Melopelia, 36.
Melopelia meloda, 36.
melophilus, Erithacus r.,
67.
melvillensis, Polophilus,
Wd.
menetriesi, Buteo, 235.
Menura nove-hollandie,
ie
Merganetta colombiana,
277.
garleppi, 277.
turneri, 276.
Mergus serrator, 72.
meridionalis, Certhia d.,
609.
——, Eurypyga, 270.
——, Gypietus m., 679.
, Kaupifaleo m.,
695.
—-—, Loxia c., 618.
, Melittophagus p.,
662.
Merops albicollis, 661.
—— apiaster, 238, 387,
470.
a. major, 661.
——- boleslawskii, 663.
frenatus, 663.
—— ]. cleopatra, 660.
—— viridissimus,
660.
n. nubiens, 661.
—— p. chrysocercus,
472.
—— —— persicus, 471
660.
— variegatus, 662.
—~— viridis, 660.
y. reichenowi, 660,
3K
808
merula, Turdus, 67, 160,
234
merulina,
577.
Mesia argentauris, 591.
—~-— cunhaci, 591.
laurine, 591.
Mesobucco d. giganto-
rhinus, 219.
—— orientalis,
431.
Mesopicos g. abessinicus,
632, 633.
—— centralis, 633.
—— —— gerte, 652.
—— —— konigi, 633.
—— —— poicephalus,
6381, 632.
—— —— rhodeogaster,
633.
—— spodocephalus,
635.
Mesopicus 8. semischoen-
sis, 135.
mesos, Micropternus b.,
181, 203.
metabates, Melierax, 702.
,—— m., 701.
Metriopelia aymara, 43,
44,
Stactocichla,
m. melanoptera,
42, 43
—— saturator, 42.
meyeri, Poicephalus,
676.
Micrastur ruficollis,
280.
Mierohierax cerulescens,
417.
eutolmus, 417.
Micronisus gabar, 701.
Micropalama himanto-
pus, 264.
Micropodon darnaudii,
639.
Micropternus brachy-
urus, 179.
b. badiosus, 204.
——- —— blythi, 180.
——— —— brachyurus,
180, 197-204.
-—— —— burmanicus,
180.
——. —-— fokiensis, 204.
—— —— gularis, 181,
181, 203.
—— holroydi, 204.
a = | yen ALShO).
205.
—— —— lanka, 180,
204.
INDEX OF
Micropternus b. mesos,
181, 203.
—— phaioceps,
180, 202.
—— williamsoni,
180, 202.
rufinotus, 180.
| micropterus, Cuculus,
426.
Micropus affinis, 653.
apus, 70, 238, 381.
fi ee er apus, 469, 651.
| ———-— shelleyi, 652.
—-— coleloughi, 137.
c. streubeli, 653.
horus, 658.
——— mnelba, 258.
—— —— africanus, 469)
652.
—— —— brehmorum,
460, 465.
—— maximus,
653.
| ————— melba, 468,
652.
|
1
=~ — —tuneti, 469:
pacificus, 137.
u. alexanderi, 468.
—— unicolor, 465.
microrhynechus, Eritha-
eus r., 300.
Miglyptes jugularis,439.
migrans, Falco, 689.
—-, Milvus m., 689,
691.
migratorius, Ectopistes,
142,
milesi, Bubo a., 679.
milleti, Garrulax, 574.
Milvago chimango, 279,
513:
megalopterus, 279.
Milvus egyptius, 241,
m. xgyptus, 690,
691.
—— migrans, 689,
691.
—— milvus, 488.
—— parasitus,
690.
milyns, Falco, 485.
minor, Buteo, 253.
, Chionis, 162.
— , Cuculus c., 458,
459.
oa Falco, 560.
p., 684.
——, Hieraaétus f., 168.
——, Indicator, 639.
, Kittacinela m.,
596,
minor, Lanius, 231.
, Philohela, 162.
minullum, Diczeum, 628.
minullus, Accipiter m.,
700
| minuta, Ardea, 719.
, Cheemepelia, 40.
-——, Columba, 40.
——, Sterna m., 763.
| ——, Tringa, 73; 220,
733.
minutilla, Pisobia, 267.
—, Tringa, 267.
minutillys, Lampro-
coceyx, 346,
minutus, Dendropicus,
630,
, [xobrychus, 244,
Tle.
, Picus, 630.
mirabilis, Peephila, 358.
Mirafra a, marion,
619.
Misocalius osculans, 346,
mitu, Crax, 15,
Mitu mitu, 15.
| Mixornis gularis, 585.
r. connectens, 585.
| moabiticus, Passer, 389.
modesta, Chalcites b.,
346.
modestus, Larus, 259.
, Sylviparus, 607.
modularis, Aecentor, 68,
monachus, Agyptius,
704.
— .,, Bolborhynchus,
502
—-, Centropus, 646.
| —,.Neopbron, 707.
, Vultur, 704.
| monedula, Corvus, 59.
| mongolica, Agialitis,
Lot.
monogrammica, Asturi-
nula, 695.
monogrammicus, Falco,
695.
, Kaupifalco m., 695.
montagnil, Penelope, 15.
montana, Dicruropsis,
776.
montanus, Passer, 60.
, Podasocys, 356.
Monticola cyanus, 234,
gularis, 594.
s. philippensis,
594
monticolus, Parus, 606.
Montifringilla n. nivalis,
109.
eae se Fringilla,
61.
montium, Paramythia,
765,
morinellus, Charadrius,
750.
, Eudromjus, 159,
790.
moschata, Anas, 274.
, Cairina, 274.
Motacilla alba, 62, 229.
a. alba, 113.
atricapilla, 123,
232.
— boarula, 63, 113.
cinerea, 113.
—- ¢. canariensis, 113,
115.
feldeggi, 229.
— flava, 63, 115.
— f. beema, 229.
—— —-— flava, 115,
229.
—— gibraltariensis, 299.
leucogastra, 125.
leucorrhoa, 307.
lugubris, 63,
pheenicurus, 298.
— aii, 63.
—— rubecula, 300.
—- rubetra, 305.
—— rubicola, 804.
——— gibilatrix, 128:
stapazina, 310.
svecica, 302.
sylvia, 122, 123.
trochilus, 127.
mouhoti, Buchanga c.,
610.
——. —___ |], 610:
, Garrulax m., 573.
muelleri, Cryptolopha,
551.
Mulleripicus p. harterti,
439.
Munia punctulata, 356.
p. subundulata,
617.
muraria, Tichodroma,
361.
murielz, Saxicola d.,
304.
murina, Pyrrhula, 328.
Muscicapa atricapilla,
69.
—— a. atricapilla, 313.
—— grisola, 68, 256.
g. grisola, 312.
—— h. hypoleuea, 313.
—— p. parva, 314.
— strophiata, 443.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Muscicapulamelanoleuca,
446.
— m. westermanni,
447.
musicus, Copsychus s.,
596.
——-, Faleo, 702.
, Turdus, 66, 234,
291, 292, 294, 368,
547, 773.
Musophaga y. rosse,
648.
muticus, Pavo, 411.
Myiophoueus eugenei,
589.
mystacalis, Eurostopo-
dus, 137.
neevia, Aquila, 698.
, Ardea, 272.
, Coracias n., 673.
nevius, Nycticorax, 272.
nagaensis, Sitta, 608.
namiyei, Parus y., 547.
nanus, Bucco, 222.
narina, Apaloderma,
649.
, Trogon, 649.
nasutus, Lophoceros,
666.
natalensis, Caprimulgus
n., 600:
nationi, Fuligula, 276.
, Nyroca, 276.
Nauclerus forficatus,
692.
rioucouri, 691.
naumanni, Falco, 687.
, Tinnunculus n.,
687.
Nealrapus, 137.
cassini, 137.
nebularius, Scolopax,
737.
, Totanus, 247, 737.
Necrosyrtes m. pileatus,
707.
neglectus, Seythrops n.,
347.
——.,, Troglodytes m.,
145.
nelsoni, Lanius l., 357.
, Larus, 548.
nemoricola, Sturnia, 616. |
Neochalcites, 846.
Neocossyphus r.
rhenii, 135.
Neocrex erythrops, 54.
Neophema splendida,
300d.
ar-
809
Neophron monachus,
707.
percnopterus, 240,
—— —— perenopterus,
481, 706.
Nertus rufifrons, 288.
nesophila, Cryptolopha,
347.
Nesotrochis
3d.
Nettion torquatum, 454.
Nettium andium, 275.
neuimanni, Melierax m.,
702.
,— ¢., 702.
newarensis, Syrnium,
418,
niger, Capito, 222.
—-, Melierax, 701.
nigra, Anas, 714.
, Ciconia, 244.
——-, Hydrochelidon, 76,
248.
—-—, (idemia, 72.
.—— n., 714.
nigricollis, Colius s., 650,
, Graculipica, 617.
nigrigenis, Gecinus e.,
432.
nigrorufus, Centropius,
645,
niloticus, Irrisor e., 663.
Niltaya g. decipiens,
445.
444.
nipalensis, Brachypteryx
n., 586.
, Treron c., 413.
Nisaétus spilogaster,
176.
nisus, Accipiter, 71, 241,
484.
———, n., 700.
, Faleo, 700.
nitidus, Orthotomus n.,
598.
nivalis, Calearius, 110.
, Emberiza, 109.
— , Fringilla, 105.
——, Montifringilla,
105.
— , Passerina, 110.
——, Plectrophenax,
109, 110.
nivosa, Aigialitis, 264.
nivosus, Charadrius,
264.
Nomonyx dominicus,
276.
noronha, Zenaida a., 36.
debooyi,
decorata,
810
notatus, Scoptelus, 665.
——, a., 665.
Nothocercus julius, 7.
— salvadorii, 7.
Nothoprocta cineras-
cens, 10.
curvirostris, 11.
—— —— peruana, 11.
—— ornata, 12.
—— pentlandii, 10, 11.
—— simonsi, lI].
Nothura darwini, 14.
—— salvadorii, 13.
maculosa, 13.
salvadori, 13.
Notodela d. sumatrana,
551),
—— leucura, 595.
nova, Psephotellus c.,
779.
novee-guinez, Pupuan-
apus, 137.
nove-hollandiz, Eudy-
ptulam , 147. .
—-, Menura, 775.
, Seythrops, 347.
* novee-seelandix, Thin-
ornis, 162.
nubica, Campethera n.,
629.
nubicus, Caprimulgus n.,
656.
— , Dendromus, 629.
— ., Laninus, 232.
——, Merops n., 661.
——, Otogyps, 704.
——, Picus, 629.
—., Torgos t.,
706.
—, Vultur, 706.
Numenius arquata, 74,
164.
——- -—— arquata, 162,
741.
——— borealis, 132, 162.
hudsonicus, 264.
—— pheopus, 74.
—— pheopus,
745,
tenuirostris, 247.
Nyctibius g. abbotti,
350.
Nycticorax gardeni, 372.
——- nevius, 272.
nycticorax, 243.
—-— nycticorax,
720.
——- obseurus, 525.
nycticorax, Ardea, 720.
Nyetiornis athertoni,
423.
704,
INDEX OF
Nyroca ferina, 71, 248.
fuligula, 72.
—— f, ferina, 713.
nationi, 276.
nyroca, 243, 712.
nyroca, Anas, 712.
obscura, Sylvia a., 124.
obscurus, Nyecticorax,
525.
, Turdus, 594.
obsoleta, Rhodospiza,
997
mal.
——., Crypturus, 7, 8.
——, Dendropicos, 631.
——,, lyngipicus, 631.
——, Picus, 631.
, Yungipicus o,, 631.
occidentalis, Aigialitis,
264.
, Charadrius, 264.
——, Gyps f., 704.
—-, Uinanthe, 310.
occipitalis, Paleo, 695.
, Gecinus, 188.
Sa | ep HB
, Lophoaétus, 169,
177, 695.
——, Lophogyps, 706.
——.,, Picus, 181.
——, —— ¢,, 183.
. Vultur, 706.
occultus, Sylviparus m.,
608.
ocellatus, Rheinardius,
401.
ochracea, Sasia, 210.
ochraceus, Criniger, 570.
ochropus, Totanus, 75,
739.
, Tringa, 163, 739.
ocularis, Cryptolopha,
448.
——, Melittophagus p.,
662.
Odontophorus guian-
ensis, 25, 26, 28.
-—— g, buckleyi, 27, 29.
—— --—— guianensis, 28.
—-— marmoratus,
26, 28.
—— pachyrhyn-
chus, 27, 29.
— panamensis,
26, 28.
—— rufinus, 25,
28.
——— _ —_—— §i1monsi, 26,
28.
-—— parambe, 29.
(Edemia fusea, 72.
nigra, 72.
n. nigra, 714.
Cfdicnemus cedicnemus,
159, 245,
—— distinctus,
729.
-—— insularum,
725.
—— cedicnemus,
162.
superciliaris, 269.
(Enanthe deserti, 235,
311.
— —— homochroa,
dll.
—— hispanica, 310.
— xantho-
melena, 235.
isabellina, 235.
—— leucomela, 235.
(Enanthe occidentalis,
310.
—— cenantie, 68, 235.
— —W— leucorrhoa,
307, 309.
—— —— enanthe, 306.
-s. Stapazina, 310,
lil.
cnanthe, Motacilla, 506.
cenas, Columba, 77, 249.
cenigma, Collocalia v.,
347.
(Enopopelia t. humilis,
414.
ogilvie-granti, Columba,
olivaceum, Diceum m.,
623.
olivaceus, Pomatorhinus
OnOte
olivea, Saxicola, 590.
, Pesta c}, 590;
ombriosa, Fringilla c.,
106.
ombriosus, Parus, 119.
,-—- «, 119.
oorti, Cyanops, 428.
Opisthocomus cristatus,
348.
optatus, Cuculus, 138.
orbignyanus, Thinocorus,
162.
Oreicola ferrea, 596.
——— —— haringtoni,
597.
Oreocincla a. angusti-
rostris, 592.
Oreophilus ruficollis,
261, 262.
simonsi, 262,
oreophilus, Buteo, 254.
oreskios, Pyrotrogon,
425,
orientalis, Aquila n.,
697.
, Oyanops d., 217,
219.
, Eudynamis, 346.
——, Eurystomus o.,
420.
—-, Mesobuceo d.,
451.
——, Siva s., 587.
, Stachyris, 138.
Oriolus indicus, 614.
1. thaiacous, 618.
— melanocephalus,
613.
—— —— himalayanus,
613.
— oriolus, 60, 225.
—— —— oriolus, 102.
tenuirostris, 614.
trailli, 615.
oriolus, Coracias, 102.
ornata, Nothoprocta, 12.
ornatus, Rhynchotus, 12.
orphea, Sylvia, 239.
Ortalida goudotii, 22.
Ortalis guttata, 19.
Orthotomus atrigularis,
598.
—— nitidus, 598.
Ortyx (Odontophorus)
marmoratus, 26.
Oryzoborus torridus,
145,
osculans,
346.
, Owenavis, 346.
osea, Cinnyris, 230.
ostralegus, Hzematopus,
75, 160, 163.
Otis tetrax, 724.
u. fuerteventure,
725.
Otocompsa emeria, 572.
flaviventris, 572.
jocosa, 572.
Otocorys alpestris, 62.
Otogyps auricularis,
706.
nubicus, 704.
ottolanderi, Pomato-
rhinus m., 138.
Owenavis osculans, 346.
rogersi, 346,
owstoni, Aithopyga s.,
620.
Oxyura quatorialis,
276.
Misocalius,
|
|
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Pachycephala peninsulz,
46,
pluviosa, 776.
Pachycoecyx validus,
642.
pachyrhynchus, Odonto-
phorus g., 27, 29.
pacifica, Gavia a., 145.
pacificus, Micropus, 137.
Palzeornis docilis, 675.
e. avensis, 360.
—— slamensis,
360.
fasciata, 420.
— k. centralis, 675.
—— —— krameri, 675.
—— —— parvirostris,
675.
— rosa, 420.
Pallenia, 137.
palliatus, Haematopus,
162, 261.
pallida, Alcedo 1,, 259,
475.
——, Hippolais, 253.
pallidus, Charadrius,
162.
-, Heteroscenes, 138.
palm, Fringilla, 106.
; c., LOG.
palmensis, Parus, 120.
' c., 120.
palmeri, Excalfactoria c.,
776.
palumbus, Columba, 77.
palustris, Acrocephalus,
154.
, Megalurus, 769.
palustris, Parus, 64.
panaimensis, Odonto-
phorus g., 26, 28.
Pandion h. haliaétus,
493, 704,
Papuanapus, 137.
nove-guinex, 137.
papuanus, Hypotrior-
chis s., +18.
Parabuteo unicinetus,
281.
paradiseus, Dissemurus
p-, 612.
Paradisornis rudolphi,
146.
parambz, Odontophorus,
29.
Paramythia montium,
765.
parasitus, Falco, 690.
, Milvus m., 690.
Pardirallus maculatus,
48.
811
Pardirallus vr. rityrliyn-
chus, 48.
—-— sanguino-
lentus, 51.
—— simonsl, 50.
—-— tschudi, 50.
pardo, Ypacaha, 48.
Parus ceruleus, 64.
—— —— degener, 120.
—— —.— ombriosus,
ED:
—— palmensis,
120.
—— teneriffe, 119.
major, 64.
— monticclus, 606.
—— m. blanfordi, 231.
—— malayorum,
51.
—— ombriosus, 119.
—— palmensis, 120.
palustris, 64.
teneriffe, 119.
varius, 547.
—— naniyei, 547.
parva, Carduelis ¢., 105.
, Muscicapa p., 514.
parvirostris, Crypturus,
10.
——, Crypturellus, 10.
, Palzornis, 675.
parvus, Buceo, 222.
—,, Cypselus, 654.
, Tachornis p., 654.
Passer domesticus, 60.
—— biblicus, 226.
—— flaveolus, 618.
— h. canariensis, 104.
—— _hispanio-
lensis, 104.
—— transcaspicus,
226.
moabiticus, 585.
—— montanus, 60.
Passerella i. brevicauda,
356.
—— canescens,
551.
—— fulya, 551.
—— —— maripose,
O51.
Passerina nivalis, 110.
Pastor roseus, 225.
patagonus, Conurus,
5OL.
Pavo muticus, 411.
pax, Falco r., 289.
peasel, Prodotiscus r.,
640.
pectoralis, Circaétus,
694.
812.
pectoralis, Colinus, 145.
pekinensis, ‘Linnunculus,
687.
Pelecanus bassanus, 494.
carbo, 493.
pelegrincides, Falco p.,
487, 683.
Pellorneum i. cinnamo-
meu, 581.
— r. subochraceum,
580.
pelvicus, Tephrodornis,
pendulinus, Anthoscopus,
231.
Penelope xquatorialis,
Gs Wa.
—— boliviana, 18.
— brooki, 15.
cristata, 16.
guttata, 19.
—— j. boliviana, 19.
—— —— jacqtagu, 18.
—— montagnii, 15.
—— purpurascens, 17.
—— rufiventris, 23.
penelope, Anas, 711.
, Mareca, 71, 242,
reels
penicillatus, Phalacyo-
corax, 517.
peninsulz, Pachyce-
phala, 146.
peninsularis, Gauropi-
coides r., 210.
pennatus, Falco, 696.
——, Hieranétus, 168-
178, 696.
pentlandii, Nothoprocta,
OSI
——, Rhynchotus, 10.
——-, Tinamotis, 15.
peracensis, Aleppo n.,
582
——, Bhringa r., 611.
=——, Hemixus t-, 068.
perena, Anas s., 776.
percnopterus, Neophron,
240, 706.
: p, 481.
——, Vultur, 481, 706.
Perdix perdix, 77, 058.
rufina, 25.
peregrinator, Falco p.,
149, 150, 152, 387U,
oll.
peregrinus, Falco, ale
241, 486, 509, 560.
——, —— p., 682.
——, Pericrocrotus,
453,
INDEX OF
Pericrocrotus brevi-
rostris, 402.
elegans, 452.
—— griseigularis, 453.
—-— peregrinus, 453.
speciosus, 452,
—— s. fraterculus, 452.
x. flammifer, 432.
Perisoreus capitalis, 356.
Peristera auriculata, 34.
—— cinerea, 41.
—— pretiosa, 41.
perlatus, Callolophus m ,
193.
Pernis a. apivorus, 485,
689.
peroni, Charadrius, 162.
persicus, Merops p.,
471, 660,
personata, Heliopais,
IS \7
peruana, Nothoprocta c.,
ie
petrificatus, Ereuntes,
266.
Petronia p. madeirensis,
105.
petrosa, Upupa e, 473.
petrosus, Anthus, 64.
phxopus, Numenius, 74.
——, —— p., 743.
——, Scolopax, 743.
pheostriata, Cyanops,
215, 480.
—--, Thereiceryx, 430.
pheostricta, Cyanops,
215.
phaioceps, Micropternus
b., 150, 202.
Phalacrocorax albiven-
tris, 578.
—— brasilianus, 278,
ae
—— criniver, 278.
—— ¢e. carbo, 493.
—— gaimardi, 278.
—-— imperialis, 578.
—— penicillatus, 517.
—— vigua, 278.
Phasianus brasiliensis
jacupenna, 17.
—— colchicus, 77.
——— Numize, N04.
philipi, 4®githina, 565.
philippensis, Bucco, 220.
, Monticola s., 594.
philippinensis, Bucco,
221.
Philohela minor, 162.
philomelus, Turdus,
161.
philomelus p., Turdus,
154, 291, 292, 369.
Phimosus infuscatus,
534.
Pheenicopterus anti-
quorum, 714.
chilensis, 274.
—— ignipalliatus, 274.
Pheenicurus o. gibraltar-
iensis, 299.
—-- pheenicurus, 67,
234.
p. pheenicurus,
298.
titys, 67, 234.
pheenicurus, Motacilla,
298.
Phragmaticola aedon,
600.
Phyllopneuste c, canari-
ensis, 130,
truchilus, 127.
Phylloscopus borealis,
385.
collybita, 66.
——— —— abietinanleoe
—— ——- canariensis,
129.
—— —— collybita,
J28, 129.
—— exsul, 129,
131.
—— n. plumbeiiarsus,
600.
—— s. erlangeri, 128.
—— sibilatrix,
128.
trochiloides, 600.
—— trochilus, 66, 233.
— t. trochilus, 127.
—— —— eversimanni,
Wie
Piaya cayana, 501.
Pica pica, 59.
tiga, 207.
nica, Claimator j., 642,
, Cuculus, 642.
picta, Ispidina p., 669.
pieui, Columbula, 89.
| Picumnus almormis, 211.
Picus balius, 629.
—— brachyurus, 202.
—— canariensis, 457.
—— —— canus, 183.
—— —— guerini, 187.
—— gyldenstolpei,
184.
—— hainanus, 188.
| ——— — — hessei, 184
—— —— occipitalis,
183.
Picus ec. ricketti, 187.
—— setschuanen-
sis, 186, 187.
-— —— sordidior,
186.
—— tancolo, 188.
erythropygius,
190, 192.
—— —— nigvrigenis,
190, 192.
gularis, 203.
-—-~ intermedius, 208.
—— Javanensis, 207.
—— minulus, 650,
nubicus, 629,
obsoletus, 631.
occipitalis, 181.
—— rafilesi, 210.
rubropyyialis, 208.
scheensis, 631.
shorei, 20d.
—— strenuus, 195.
—— sultaneus, 19d.
—— viridis, 59.
— vy. viridanus, 189.
Se = Fpeney Wey
190.
—— —— eisenhoferi,
189.
picatus, Hemipus, 603.
, Lyngipicus, 192.
picui, Columba, 39.
Picumnus i. malayorum,
440.
pierrei, Chrysophlegma,
437.
——, —— f., 192, 193.
pilaris, Turdus, 254,
PASE
pileata, Spermophila,
3
————, Timelia, 580.
pileatus, Creciscus, 362.
, Necrosyrtes 1n.,
707.
, Vultur, 707.
Pionias crassus, 676.
—— flavifrons, 676.
Pipile cumanensis, 20,
21.
—— jacquinil, 21.
Piprisoma sordidum,
138.
piririgua, Guira, 500.
Pisobia minutilla, 267.
Pithecophaga jefferyi,
138.
Pitta cyanea, 445.
n. douglasi, 442.
soror, 442.
schneideri, 551.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
| plagosus, Lamprococcyx,
546.
Platalea leucorodia, 72,
723.
Platycercus e. fleurieu-
ensis, 146.
platyrhynchos, Anas p.,
708.
Plectrophenax nivalis,
109, 110.
Plegadis falcinellus, 244.
—— guarauna, 529.
ridgwayi, 271.
Ploceus m. flaviceps,
617.
pluinbea, Columba, 31,
O20:
, Ictinia, 289.
plumbeitarsus, Acantho-
pneusti n., 600.
——-, Phylloscopus n.,
600.
Pluvianus sgyptius,
pluviosa, Pachycephala,
Pre
776.
Pnoepyga p. annamensis,
ae
vo
——- harterti,
dal, 59.
Podasocys montanus,
306.
Podiceps americanus,
206.
—— brachyrhynchus,
5G:
——— fluviatilis, 76.
——— juninensis, 256.
—— wajor, 257.
—-— ruficollis, 164.
Podiceps sp., 76.
podiceps, Colymbus,
PI
——, Podilymbus, 257,
Podilymbus antarcticus,
257.
—— podiceps, 257.
peecilolaemus, Dendro-
picos, 680.
Pecilonetta erythro-
rhyncha, 454.
-—_— hb. bahamensis,
343.
—— rubrirostris,
545.
Pephila gouldiz, 358.
- mirabilis, 358.
Pogonias melanocephala,
6387.
—— rolleti, 634.
—— vieilloti, 636.
813
| Pogoniulus ¢, sehubotzi,
637.
Se AOA, (S376
638.
—— p. uropygialis,
638.
Pogonorhynchus diade-
matus, 6306.
—— rolleti, 634.
Poicephalus crassus,
676.
—— in. meyeri, 676.
poicephalus, Dendroba-
tes g., 651.
——, Mesopicos g., 651.
——., Mesopicus g., 631,
632.
polatzeki, Calandrella
m., 112.
——, Fringilla t., 88,
107.
poliocephala, Franklinia
Pogue:
| pohogenys, Cryptolopha,
448.
| Poliobierax semitorqua-
tus, G89.
Poliolimnas ec. ingrami,
541.
poliopsis, Astur b., 416.
——, Hypopicus, 456.
poliopterus, Melierax,
702.
Poliornis rufipennis,
693.
Polophilus, 347.
——— keatsi, 77).
—— macrourus, 773.
—— melvyillensis, 775.
Polyboroides typicus,
7TO4.
Polyborus chimango,
279:
—— tharus, 614.
Polyptectrum b. ger-
mnaini, 410.
polyzonus, Melierax,
702.
pomarina, Aquila, 698.
Pomatorhinus fastidio-
sus, 577.
m. ottolanderi, 138.
—— 0. annamensis, 577.
—— —— olivaceus, 577.
—— —— ripponi, 577.
— tickell:, 578.
t. brevirostris, 578.
pondiceriana, ‘ephro-
dornis, 608.
Porzana erythrops, 54,
—— porzana, 249.
814.
Porzana t. caledonica,
541.
Poule-d’eau de Cayenne,
62.
precognitus, Stachyri-
dopsis, 584.
pretermissus, Cyanops,
215.
-—, Thereiceryx f.,
216.
pratensis, Alauda, 118,
, Anthus, 63, 118.
Pratincola dacotiz,
305.
pratincola, Glareola,
163, 245.
—, —— p.,, 727.
, Hirundo, 727.
prenticei, Haleyon, 669.
pretiosa, Claravis, 41.
——, Peristera, 41.
Prinia gracilis, 255.
Priotelus temmurus,
142.
Prodotiscus r. peasei,
640.
—— regulus, 640.
propinquus, Caprimulgus
a:, d£T.
Prunella collaris, 361.
Psarisomus dalhousiz,
441.
Psephotellus c. nova,
775.
Pseudogyps atricanus,
705.
bengalensis, 416.
Pseudominla atriceps,
582.
castaneiceps, 82.
soror, 582.
Pseudotadorna cristata,
556.
Psittacus erithacus, 675.
Psophia leucoptera, 270.
Pterocles alehata, 250.
arenarius, 250,
390.
senegallus, 250,
390.
Pterodroma inexpectata,
779.
—— rostrata, 541.
—— r, trouessarti, 541.
Pterythius e. xralatus,
589.
589.
—— ricketti, 589.
Ptiloscelys resplendens,
262.
annamensis,
INDEX OF
Ptilotis albilineatus,
olad
770.
pucherani, Asturina,
282
——, Rupornis, 282.
Puerasia macrolopha,
554.
puella, Trena p., 567.
Puffinis kuhli, 155.
—— —-— fortunatus,
755.
—— p. yelkouan, 249.
pugnax, Machetes, 738,
168. 246, 736.
-——, Tringa, 736.
pulchellus, Adgithaliscus, |
606.
——, Carcineutes, 42.
pulcher, Colius m., 651.
pulcherrimus, Eury-
stomus a., 674.
pulehra, Macgregoria,
769.
——., Upupa e., 478.
pulchricollis, Lynx p.,
634.
pullarius, Agapornis,
677.
pulverulentus, Hemi-
lophus, 439.
pumilus, Iyngipicus, 192.
punctulata, Munia, 356.
punensis, Crypturus o., 7.
punicus, Falco, 487.
purpurascens, Penelope,
We
purpurea, Ardea, 2435.
,—— p., 717.
purpureotincta, Columba
p:. 32.
pusilla, Coenocorypha a.,
162.
—, Emberiza, 385.
--—, Tringa, 266.
pusillus, Hreunetes, 266.
Pycnonotus a. germaini,
571,
—w— xanthorrhous,
a72.
blanfordi, 571.
—— finlaysoni, 572.
—— xanthopygius, 236,
Pyctorhis sinensis, 580,
pygargus, Circus, 70,
481, 705.
, Faleo, 481.
pygmeus, Eurynorhyn-
chus, 143, 542.
——, Indicator e., 640.
Pyrotrogon erythro-
cephalus, 425.
|
Pyrotrogon erythroceph-
alus annamensis, 424.
oreskios, 425.
—— uniformis,
425.
Pyrrhocorax pyrrho-
corax, 100, 387.
pyrrhocorax, Upupa,
100
pyrrophanus,
mantis, 346.
Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis,
436. ee
Pyrrhopicus p. hainanus,
30.
--—— sinensis, 436.
pyrrhotis, Pyrrhopicus,
436.
Pyrrhula e. wilderi,
347.
murina, 328.
Caco-
queenslandica, Globicera
Dewees
quelpartensis, Dryobates
1, 536.
Querquedula andium,
270.
—— angustirostris, 709.
erecca, 242.
———————Creccads nips
——— discors, 275.
—— querquedula, 242.
quitensis, Chemepelia g.,
39.
, —— p., 39.
rafflesi, Gauropicoides,
209.
, Picus, 210.
raii, Motacilla, 68.
ralloides, Ardea, 719.
, Ardeola, 243.
,—— r., 719.
Rallus equatorialis, 47.
cesius, d0.
——— chiricote, 53.
maculatus, 48.
maximus, 52.
rityrhbynchos, 48,
50.
rapax, Aquila, 697.
ravyeni, Coracornis, 347.
Recurvirostra avocetta,
162, 745.
avosetta, 163.
Regulus regulus, 64.
—— teneriffe,
119.
regulus,
640.
reichenowi, Merops v.,
660.
Prodotiscus,
reinholdi,
778
Beinkoldie
779
remifer, Bhringa, 611.
resplendens, Charadrius,
262.
——., Ptiloscelys, 262.
, Vanellus, 262.
Réunion Dodo, 78.
rexpineti, Graucalus m.,
450.
Rhamphastos cuvieri,
142.
Rbamphocoecyx cen-
tralis, 347.
Khamphocorys clot-bey,
361.
Rhapbhidura, 187.
Rheinardius ocellatus,
401.
Rhinopomastus cabanisi,
664.
Rhipidura a. albicollis,
449.
rhodeogaster, Mesopicus
g., 635.
Rhodospiza_ obsoleta,
227.
Rhopodytes tristis, 427.
—— hainanus,
427.
Rhynchops cinerascens,
258.
Rbynchotus ornatus, 12.
pentlandi, 10.
ricketti, Picus c., 187.
-—, Pterythius, 589.
ridgwayi, Egatheus,
271.
-—., Falcinellus, 271.
———, Plegadis, 271.
ee Larus, 76,
Rifvintor eer
alteapeiane
riocourl, @liehcnnial
691.
—~, Elanoides, 691.
, Nauclerus, 691.
riottei, Leptoptila v., 44.
Riparia riparia, 69, 237.
rupestris, 390,
—— —— riparia, 319.
riparia, Hirundo, 319,
Reinholdia,
reinholdi,
578.
©
AQ
18
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
ripponi, Pomatorhinus
Gmalile
Rissa t. tridactyla, 760.
rityrhynchos, Rallus,
48, 50.
rityrhynechus, Limno-
pardalus, 48, 50.
, rv. Pardirallus, 48.
robinsoni, Cyanops d.,
219.
rogersi,
346.
——-, Rossornis, 137.
rolleti, Erythrobucco,
634.
——, Pogonias, 634.
——, Pogonorhynchus,
634.
rosa, Palgwornis, 420.
rosea, Ajaja, 539.
roseus, (githalus c., 64.
a Pashormeaes
rossx, Musophaga v.,
648.
Rossornis, 136.
aruensis, 137.
coincidens, 137.
keatsi, 137.
macrurus, 136, 1987.
rogersi, 137.
salvadoril, 137.
rostrata, Pterodroma,
541.
, Turnix p., 411.
Rostrhamus sociabilis,
512.
rubecula, Erithacus, 67,
300.
, Motacilla, 300.
rubeculoides, Cyornis r.,
444.
, Siphia, 444.
rubesceus, Lybius, 636.
rubetra, Motacilla, 805.
, Saxicola, 68, 235.
-——, —— r., 305.
rubicola, Motacilia, 804.
, Saxicola, 68, 235,
., O04,
rubricatus, Cacomantis,
188.
rubricollis, Bucco, 221.
rubrifrons, Megalama,
221.
rubrirostris,
b., 345.
rubropygialis, Chryso-
notus, 208.
, Picus, 208.
, Tiga j., 208.
rudis, Alcedo, 668.
Owenavis 0.,
—, ——_ I
Peecilonetta
815
| rudis, Ceryle, 239.
668.
rudolphi, Pasadisor nis,
146.
rufescens, Alauda, 111.
, Franklinia, 4599.
ruficapillus, Charadrius,
162.
ruficaudus,
508.
ruficeps, Gallinula, 53.
, Stachyridopsis,
584.
ruficollis, Chrysuronia,
495.
—., Falco, 685.
— , Micrastur, 280.
, Oreophilus, 261,
262.
—-, Podiceps, 164.
, Sparverius, 280,
rufifrons, Faleo, 288.
, Malacopterum,
582.
——, Nertus, 288.
—, Setaria, 582.
rufina, Perdix, 25.
rufinotus, Micropternus,
180.
rufinus, Odontophorus
G5 205,20:
rufipennis, Butastur,
698.
——-, Poliornis, 693.
rufitergum, Garrulus g.,
625.
rufiventer, ee 241.
——, —— b., 253, 254,
699.
rufiventris, Chainepetes,
23, 24.
—-—, Penelope, 28.
rufobucealis, Eurystomus
a., 674.
rufula, Hirundo, 237.
rufus, Lanius, 122.
rukensis, Collocalia, 556.
rupestris, Hirundo, 320.
——, Riparia, 320.
rupicoleeformis, Tinnun-
culus, 686.
Rupornis pucherani,
282.
riippeli, Sylvia, 232.
ruppelli, Gyps r., 705.
, Vultur, 705.
russatus, Lamprococcyx,
346.
rustica, Hirundo, 69.
Es) olo;
—S=, es
Buteo b.,
388.
816
rusticola, Scolopax, 162,
164, 245, 728.
tutherfordi, Spilornis c.,
416.
Raticilla titys, 299.
rutilans, Lanius, 122.
rutilus, Cheeturellus,
137.
sabini, Alterapus, 137.
sacer, Faleo, 686.
sacra, Demiegretta, 541.
Sagittarius serpentarius,
707.
sahari, Emberiza, 109.
: s., LOY.
saigonensis, Cyanops,
215.
DO:
Salicaria elwica, 126.
salmoni, Aramides c., 53.
, Tigrisoma, 273.
salvadorii, Nothocercus
Tees
——, Nothura d., 13.
, Rossornis, 137.
sancte-helenx, Chara-
drius, 162.
sandvicensis, Sterna s.,
763.
sanguinipectus, Altho-
pyga, 621.
sanguinolentus, Pardi-
rallus r., 51.
Sarcogrammus i, atri-
nuchalis, 415.
Sarcorhamphus gryphus,
278.
Sasia abnorinis, 210.
—— abnoriis,
211.
—— magnirostris,
212.
everetti, 211.
— ochracea, 210.
—— —— ochracea, 211.
—— reichenowi,
211, 440.
saturata, Campophaga,
451.
—, Lalage, 450.
saturatior, Gampsonyx,
580.
——-, Metriopelia m., 42.
——, Sylviparus m.
608.
savignii, Hirundo, 388.
Saxicola aurita, 310.
d. dacotix, 303.
’
INDEX OF
Saxicola d. murielx, |
304. |
olivea, 590,
—— rubetra, 68, 235.
rubicola, 68, 235.
SS rubicola, 304.
-——- r. rubetra, 305.
—— torquata, 388.
schistaceus, Henicurus,
595.
Schizorhis zonurus, 648.
schneideri, Pitta, 551.
scheeniclus, Emberiza, 62.
schcenobenus, Acro-
cephalus, 65, 233.
scheensis, Picus, 631.
, Thripias n., 631.
schubotzi, Pogoniulus c.,
637.
Seolopax arquata, 741,
flavipes, 265.
—— gallinago, 729.
gallinula, 751.
—— lapponiea, 741.
—— limosa, 740.
—— media, 73].
nebularius, 737.
—— pheopus, 7438.
—— rusticola, 164, 245,
728.
—— —— rusticola, 162.
--—— totanus, 737.
Scoptilus a. anchiete,
665.
—— —— aterrimus,
665.
—— emini, 664,
665.
—— —— major, 665.
—— notatus, 665.
Scoptelus notatus, 663.
Scotornis climacurus,
657.
Scythrops novahollan-
diz, 347.
n. neglectus, 347.
Semeiophorus _ vexil-
larius, 659.
semiceruleus, Haleyon,
672.
senipalmatus, Charad-
rius, 263.
semischcensis, Mesopicus
Sha lle
semitorquata, Falco, 689.
----— Poliohierax, 689.
senator, Lanius, 69, 121,
232.
senegalensis, Centropus
s , 646.
, Coracias a., 673.
senegalensis, Upupa e.,
660, 669.
senegallus, Pterocles,
290, 390.
senex, Lybius, 635.
sericophrys, Sylviparus
m., 6U8.
Serinus canarius, 104.
Serpeutarius secretarius,
707.
serpentarius, 707.
——,, Falco, 707.
, Sagittarius, 707.
serranus, Larus, 258.
serrator, Mergus, 72.
Setaria lepidocephala,
582.
—— rufifrons, 582.
setschuanensis, Picus ¢.,
186, 187.
severus, Falco, 417.
-——, Hypotriorchis,
417.
sharpei, Accipiter, 135.
shelleyi, Apus, 652.
——, Cypselus, 652.
, Micropus a., 652.
shoensis, Campothera,
631.
shorei, Pica, 205.
, Liga, 205, 207.
siamensis, Diczum c.,
624.
, Graucalus, 450.
, Paleornis c., 360.
sibericus, Cichloselys,
592.
Sibia desgodinsi, 586.
sibilatrix, Motacilla, 128.
, Phylloscopus, 128.
simlaensis, Sylviparus
m., 608.
simonsi, Attagis g., 260.
, Nothoprocta p.,
1Mlo
, Odontophorus g.,
26, 28.
——, Oreophilus r., 262.
, Pardirallus r., 50.
simplex, Sylvia, 64, 123,
547.
sinensis, Cryptolopha c.,
447.
——., Pyctorhis, 580.
, Pyrrhopicus, 436.
singalensis, Chalcoparia
s!, 622.
Siphia rubeculoides, 444.
strophiata, 443.
Sitta candensis, 387.
nagaensis, 608.
Siva sordidior, 587.
s. orientalis, 587,
smyrnensis, Halcyon,
239, 422.
sociabilis, Rostrhamus,
512.
solitaria, Tringa, 265.
solitarius, Cuculus, 643.
, Helodromas, 265.
, Totanus, 132.
sonnerati, Gallus, 1384,
544.
sordida, Herpornis, 588.
, Tephrodornis p.,
603.
sordidior, Gecinus, 186.
, Picus, 186.
, Siva, 587.
sordidum, Piprisoma,
138.
sordidus, Criniger, 570.
, Xanthiscus f.,
569.
soror, Pitta n., 442.
——, Pseudominla, 583.
sparrmani, Indicator,
539.
Sparverius cverulescens,
280.
ruficollis, 280.
sparverius, ‘Tinnun-
culus, 290.
sparveroides, Hierococ-
cyx, 426.
Spatula clypeata, 71,
242, 712.
speciosa, Columba, 30.
speciosus, Pericrocotus,
452.
Speotyto
505.
spermologus, Corvus,
99.
; m.. 99)
Spermophila _pileata,
3
cunicularia,
Sphenocercus sphenurus,
412. |
sphenurus, Accipiter b., |
701.
——, Astur b., 701. |
Al COM Ole
, Sphenocercus, 412. |
spilogaster, EKutolmetus, |
WSs |
— , Hieraaétus, 167-—
179, 560.
——, Nisaétus, 176.
, Spizaétus, 176. |
spilonotus, Machlolo-
phus, 606.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Spilornis ¢. rutherfordi, |
416.
spinosus, Hoplopterus,
2
Spizaétus africanus, 561.
ayresil, 176, 560.
— bellicosus, 6995.
isidori, 284.
melanoleucus, 281.
spilogaster, 176.
splendida, Neophema,
355.
splendidus, Chlorostil-
bon, 496,
spodocephalus, Meso-
picus g., 633.
Squatarola helvetica, 263.
squatarola, 74, 162, —
263, 746.
squatarola, Tringa, 263,
746.
Stachyridopsis
584.
—— m. intermedia, 138.
precognitus, 584.
ruficeps, 584.
Stachyris n, davisoni,
084,
davidi,
diletus, 584.
orientalis, 138.
Stactocichla merulina,
NTT
—-— annamensis,
NY Tic
stapazina, Cinanthe s.,
310, 311.
Steganopleura guttata,
356.
stellaris, Ardea, 721.
, Botaurus, 244,
G2.
Stenopsis bifasciata, 498,
stenura, Gallinago, 415.
Sterna aneetheta, 350.
fluviatilis, 258.
—— hirundo, 257, 761.
lorata, 258.
m. minuta, 763.
s. sandvicensis,
763.
stolidus, Anous, 350.
Stoparola melanops,
450.
strenuus, Picus, 195.
streperus, Acrocephalus, |
65.
Strepsilas interpres, 261.
Streptopelia s. tigrina,
414.
—— turtur, 77, 249.
Streptoprocne, 137.
817
streubeli, Apus, 653.
, Cypselus, 653.
——, Micropus c., 653.
striata, Ardea, 273.
—-—, Butorides, 278.
striaticeps, Lophozo-
sterops, 347.
strophiata, Muscicapa,
443.
, Siphia, 443.
Strix affinis, 682.
alba, 478.
aluco, 70, 478.
—— —— mauritanica,
479.
—- flammea, 478, 480,
504, 677, 682.
—— gracilirostris,
478.
lactea, 679.
sturmi, Ardea, 722.
——, Ardeirallus, 722.
Sturnia m. nemoricola,
616.
Sturnus unicolor, 100.
vulgaris, 59, 225.
vulgaris, 100.
styani, Hypothymis a.,
447.
suahelicus,
a., 674.
subbuteo, Falco, 241,
488, 685.
subeyanocephalus, Eudy-
namis o., 347.
subcylindricus, Bycanis-
tes, 667.
submoniliger, Digenea,
444,
subochraceum,
neum, 580.
subrufinis, Hypopicus h.,
436.
Eurystomus
Pellor-
subrufinpennis, Thamno-
lea, 360.
subundulata, Munia p.,
617.
subvinacea,
34.
suecica, Cyanosylvia,
234,
Columba,
s., 302.
Sula bassana, 71, 494.
leucogastra, 350.
sultaneus, Chrysocolap-
tes g., 196.
, Picus, 195.
sumatrana, Cettia, 551.
, Notodela d., 551.
sumatranus, Corydon s.,
441.
818
sumatrensis, Cryptolo-
pha, 551.
, Cyornis, 444,
superbus, Hrithacus r.,
300.
superciliaris, Abrornis,
450.
— , Burhinus, 269.
——, (Hdnicnemus, 269.
, Suya, 601.
superciliosus, Centropus
s., 647.
surda, Zosterops a., 776.
Surniculus |. dicruroides,
426.
suschkini, Gavia a., 148.
Sutoria sutoria, 598.
s. maculicollis,
598.
Suya e. cooki, 601.
superciliaris, 601,
svecica, Motacilla, 302.
swainsoni, Buteo, 507.
swainsoniil, Gampsonyx,
287.
swinhoei, Melittophagus |
l., 423.
sylvaticus, Indicapus,
137.
Sylvia atricapilla, 65.
124.
obscura, 124.
— borin, 546,
— cinerea, 122.
collybita, 129.
communis, 65, 160,
232.
—-- —— communis,
122; 1:23:
curruca, 252.
ce. bella, 122, 125.
ec. eurruca, 122.
—— eyanecula, 303.
melanocephala,
232
--— leucogastra,
125.
orphea, 253.
—— ruppeli, 232:
simplex, 65, 125,
547.
sylvia, 122.
, Motacilla,
123.
Sylviparus modestus,
607.
608.
122,
—— modestus,
occultus, 608.
a. atricapilla, 123, |
heineken, 125. |
INDEX OF
Sylviparus m. saturatior,
608.
—— —— sericophrys,
608. aa
—— —— simlaensis,
608.
syntactus, Colius, 651.
syriacus, Dryobates, 257.
Syrnium aluco, 479.
—— caligatus, 418.
—— newarensis, 418.
Tachornis p. parvus,
654.
tacsanowskia, Lusciniola,
599.
Tadorna casarca, 242.
—— tadorna, 71, 242.
tamaricis, Caprimulgus
n., 656.
tancolo, Gecinus,
188,
, Picus c., 188.
Tantalus loculator, 528,
186,
tanypterus, Falco b.,
684.
tasmanicus, Lampro-
coccyx p., 346.
Tavistockia guttata,
779.
tectirostris, Bhringa r.,
612.
Telecanthura, 137.
—— ussheri, 137.
telephonus, Ouculus e.,
645.
temunurus,
142.
tenebrosus, Astur t.,
186.
teneriffee, Accipiter n.,
484.
=, Parus, 119;
——, —— ¢.,, 119.
——, Regulus r., 119.
tenuirostris, Numenius,
247.
, Oriolus, 614.
tephrocephala, Crypto-
lopha. 449.
Tephrodornis pelvicus,
603.
pondiceriana, 605.
annectens,
Priotelus,
551, 603.
hainanus,
605.
Terathropius ecaudatus,
692.
—— leuconotus, 692.
Terekia cinerea, 361.
Terpsiphone p. affinis,
448,
Tesia c. olivea, 590.
Tetrao damascenus, 558.
guianensis, 25.
Tetrao tetrix x T. uro-
gallus, 362.
tetrax, Otis, 724.
teydea, Fringilla t., 106.
thaiacous, Oriolus 1.,
6138.
Thalassidroma, 141.
Thamnolxa subrufipen-
nis, 360.
thanneri, Dryobates m.,
457.
——, Emberiza c., 107,
108, 109.
tharus, Polyborus, 514.
Thaumatibis gigantea,
360.
Thereiceryx faiostricta,
215.
—— ——— faiostricta,
216.
——f. flavostrictus,
480.
f. praetermissus,
216.
—— lineatus, 212.
—— —— hodgsoni, 214.
—— —— intermedius,
214.
—— —— lineatus, 214,
430.
—— —— subsp. noyv.,
214.
pheostriata, 430.
theresixw, Coracias a.,
421.
Theristicus branickii,
270.
= Calaatisvooos
Thinocorus orbignyanus,
162.
Thinornis novzeseelan-
diz, 162.
Thrasaétes harpyia,
139,
Thripias n, scheensis,
631.
Thriponax feddeni, 440.
thula, Ardea, 272.
——, Eeretta, 272.
tibetanum, Crossoptilon,
82.
tibetanus, Ithagenes,
82.
Tichodroma muraria,
061.
tickelli, Drymocataphus,
581.
—— Pomatorhinus, 578.
Tiga everetti, 209.
javenensis, 205,
437.
——— —-— horneensis,
207.
—— —— exsul, 208.
——- —— intermedia,
208, 437.
a =,
——- —— rubropygialis,
208.
—— shorei, 205, 207.
tiga, Pica, 207.
tigrina, Ardea, 274.
——, Streptopelia s., 414.
tigrinus, Turtur, 414.
Tigrisoma_brasiliense,
278.
=———salmoni, 2/c.
Timelia pileata, 580.
—— —— jerdoni, 580.
Tinamotis pentlandi, 15.
Tinamus julius, 7.
maculosa, 13.
—— t. kleei, 7.
—————— wendelliG:
tingitanus, Asio c., 677.
= Worvus cs 99>
Tinnunculus alaudarius,
686.
—— a, alopex, 687.
—— cenchris, 687.
—— cinnamominus, 290,
510.
—— n. naumanni, 687.
—— —— pekinensis,
687.
—— sparverius, 290.
—-—-t. canariensis, 492.
=——-— —— carlo, 687.
———— dacotix, 492.
—— —— rupicolefor-
mis, 686.
—— —— tinnunculus,
586.
tinnuneculus, Cerchneis,
686.
= Baleo, al, 2425
686.
tiphia, Agithina, 565,
titys, Phcenicurus, 67,
234.
——-, Ruticilla, 299.
tonkinensis, Althopyga
8, 620.
torda, Alea, 161.
Torgos t. nubicus, 704,
706.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
torquata, Saxicola, 388.
torquatum, Nettion, 454.
torquatus, Elanus, 288.
——, Gampsonyx r.,
580.
—— Halcyon m., 670.
Noh, (7
torquilla, Lynx, 237, 457.
—_— —— t,, 634.
torridus, Oryzoborus,
145.
Totanus flavipes, 265.
—— glareola, 247, 740.
—— hypoleucus, 73, 247,
388, 738.
—— melanoleucus, 132.
—— nebularius, 247,
730.
—— ochropus, 73, 739.
—— solitarius, 132.
—— totanus, 73, 246,
7o7.
totanus, Scolopax, 737.
Trachyphonus arnaudi,
639.
—— a. darnaudii, 639.
—— m. margaritatus,
638.
trailli, Oriolus, 615.
transcaspicus, Pssser h.,
226.
transfasciatus,
turus, 9, 10.
transitiva, Hirundo r.,
237.
Treron c.
415.
Tribura intermedia, 599.
Tricholema d. diade-
mata, 636.
m. melanocephala,
637.
tricollaris,
162.
tridactyla, Loxia, 636.
=—— Rissa, 00:
tridactylus, Chrysonotus,
207.
——, Larus, 760.
——, Lybius, 636.
Tringa alpina, 73, 246.
—— a. alpina, 734.
—— hbairdi, 268.
—— canutus, 72.
—— ferruginea, 246.
—— f, ferruginea, 735.
—— glareola, 163, 740.
—— guttifer, 155.
—— himantopus, 264,
—— hypoleuea, 163.
—— hypoleucos, 738,
Cryp-
nipalensis,
Charadrius,
819
Tringa interpres, 261,
793.
—— leucophea, 266,
735.
—— macularia, 142,
265.
-— maculata, 142, 267.
—— minuta, 73, 246.
—— m. minuta, 738.
— minutilla, 267.
ochropus, 163,
739.
pugnax, 756.
—— pusilla, 266.
solitaria, 260.
squatarola, 263,
746.
—— t. totanus, 162.
vanellus, 751.
Tringoides macularia,
269.
tristigma, Caprimulgus
t., 657.
tristis, Rhopodytes, 427.
tristrami, Coenocorypha
a., 162.
trivialis, Anthus, 63,
117, 230.
Trochalopteron yersini,
575.
trochiloides, Acantho-
pneuste, 600.
, Phylloscopus,
600.
trochilus, Motacilla,
127.
——,, Phyllopneuste,
127.
——, Phylloscopus, 66,
127, 233.
Troglodytes m. chap-
mani, 143.
neglectus,
143.
— troglodytes, 68.
—— —— hirtensis, 154,
—— —— troglodytes,
154.
Trogon narina, 649.
troille, Uria, 161.
tropicalis, Accipiter m.,
700.
Tropicoperdix chloropus,
407.
trouessarti, Pterodroma,
541.
tschadensis, Centropuss.,
647.
tschudii, Chameepetes g.,
22, 23.
, Pardirallus r., 50,
820
tuneti, Micropus m.,
669.
Turacus leucolophus,
648.
--— leucotis, 648.
Turdinulus e. clarus,
582.
Ag tis: OO
—— granti, 582.
Turdus arundinaceus,
126.
aureus, 132.
a. angustirostris,
592:
-——— —— gureus, 593.
iliacus, 67, 294,
368.
——- merula, 67, 160,
234.
—— cabrere, 297,
389.
—- —— clarkei, 66,
160.
musicus, 66, 234,
291, 292, 294, 368.
— obscurus, 594.
plilomelus, 161.
—— —— clarkei, 154.
—— —— philomelus,
154, 291, 292, 369.
pilaris, 234, 297.
—— torquatus, 67.
viscivorus, 66.
turneri, Merganetta,
276.
Turnix p. atrogularis,
411.
—— —— rostrata, 411.
Turtur humilus, 414.
— tigrinus, 414.
turtur, Streptopelia, 77,
249,
tymbonomus, Cacoman-
tis, 346.
typicus, Gymnogenys,
704.
-—, Polyboroides, 704.
Tyto a, affinis, 682.
—— alba, 478,
682.
—— —— delicatula,
553.
— —— gracilirostris,
478.
ugandee, Agapornis p.,
77.
——, Lybius t., 636.
umbrinus, Corvus, 224.
undulata, Anas, 454,
INDEX OF
unicinecta, Antenor, 506.
——, Falco, 281.
——, Parabuteo, 281.
, Urubutinga, 281,
506.
unicolor, Cypselus, 465.
-——, Micropus a., 465.
, Sturnus, 100.
uniformis, Pyrotrogon,
425,
unwini, Caprimulgus e.,
654.
Upupa butleri, 666.
epops, 239.
—-epops, 472,
66d.
—— —— fuerteventure,
474.
—— —— petrosa, 473.
—— —— pulzhra, 473,
474, 475.
——— —— longirostris,
422.
—— senegalensis,
665.
pyrrhocorax, 100.
Ureginthus bengalus,
558.
urbica, Delichon, 69,
237, 317.
——-., Hirundo, 317.
Uria troille, 161.
Urocissa 0. magnirostris,
605.
urogallus, Tetrao xX
T. tetrix, 362.
uropygialis, Barbatula,
608,
——, Pogoniulus p.,
638.
Urubutinga unicincta,
281, 506.
ussheri, Telacanthura,
137.
validus, Cuculus, 642.
, Pachycoccyx, 642.
Vanellus resplendens,
262.
—— vyanellus, 74, 159,
162, 163, 164, 248,
323, 751.
vanellus, Tringa, 731.
vanheysti, Diexum, 138.
yanikorensis, Halcyon c.,
556.
varians, Crypsirhina,
605.
variegatus, Melittopha-
gus, 662,
variegatus, Merops, 662.
variolosus, Cacomantis,
346.
varius, Parus, 547.
vassali, Dryonastes,
573.
, Garrulax, 573.
Veles binotatus, 343.
vernalis, Loriculus, 419.
verreauxi, Leptoptila v.,
44, 46.
vespertinus, Erythropus
v., 688.
——, Falco, 688.
——, —— y., 492.
vexilla, Caprimulgus,
659.
vexillarius, Cosmetornis,
659.
——., Macrodipteryx,
659.
, Semeiophorus,
659.
vidgeni, Cacomantis,
345.
Vidgenia, 138, 346.
viellioti, Lybius, 636.
, Melanobucco, 636.
, Pogonias, 6386.
vigua, Hydrocorax, 278.
, Phalacrocorax,
278.
vinacea, Columba, 34.
vintsioides, Corythornis,
669.
virens, Dendroica, 344.
virgata, Zenaida, 35.
viridanus, Picus v.,
189.
viridigularis, Gavia,
143.
viridis, Cochoa, 597.
——., Merops, 660.
, Picus, 69.
viridissimus, Merops L.,
660.
viscivorus, T'urdus, 66.
vittatus, Gecinus v.,
132,
, Picus, 189,
vivida, Xanthiscus f.,
569.
yocifer, Falco, 692.
, Haliaétus, 692.
vociferus, Charadrius,
263.
vuleani, Dendrobiastes
h., 188, 446.
vulgaris, Sturnus, 59,
100, 225.
vulpinus, Buteo, 253,
Vultur aura, 278.
—- gryphus, 278.
-—~— monachus, 704.
— nubicus, 706.
—— occipitalis, 706.
—— percnopterus, 481,
706.
—— pileatus, 707.
——— rippellii, 705.
wahlbergi, Aquila, 176,
530, 696.
, Hieraaétus, 696.
waigoui, Cuculus, 138.
waitei, Climacteris, 146.
wallacei, Columba p.,
31.
waynei, Dendroica yv.,
344.
weberi, Gecinus, 189.
weddelli, Tinamus, 6.
westermanni, Musci-
vapula m., 447.
whitei, Maccoyornis,
784.
wilderi, Pyrrhula e.,
347.
williamsoni, Micropter-
nus b., 180, 202.
witherbyi, Erithacus r.,
301, 302.
wolfi, Aramides, 51.
, Cyanosylvia, 303.
SER. XI.— VOL. |
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
wrayl, Chrysophlegma f., |
193.
wyndhami, Chalcites b.,
346.
Xanthiscus f. flavescens,
569.
569.
sordilus,
vivida, 569.
Xantholaema hama-
cephala, 219, 221.
-—— hxmatocephala,
431.
h. hemacephala,
220.
indica, 221.
xantholeuca, Herpornis,
588.
xanthomelwena, Ginanthe
li 2B
xanthopygius, Pycno-
notus, 236.
xanthorrhous,
notus a., 572.
xanthotis, Aithorhyn-
ebus, 566.
Xylocota jamesoni, 268.
Pyeno-
yelkouan, Puffinis, 249.
yersini, Trochalopteron,
575.
821
Ypacaha pardo, 48.
Yungipicus o. heuglini,
631.
—— —— ingens, 631.
—— —— obsoletus,
631.
yunnanensis, Hypsipetes,
568,
zedlitzi, Barbatula, 638.
, Pogoniulus c.,
637, 638.
Zenaida a. auriculata,
34, 36.
noronha, 36.
—— maculata, 34, 36.
virgata, 35.
Zimmermann, Buteo b.,
558.
zonurus,
O48.
, Schizorhis, 646.
Zoonaya, 137.
francica, 137.
fuciphaga, 137.
Zoonayena, 137.
—— grandidieri, 137.
Zoothera marginata,
593.
Zosterops a. surda, 776.
bayeri, 136.
difficilis, 551.
-—— jacksoni, 136.
Chizerhis,
ol
rig is <a soaks fs ee
POUT Yeah Lede’ F ap ny
oo 2s gdh WOR uPeranL in Ueee
Mak aes
Re Pee ts Hida! yc ne a
ie .
ue om Gh OU
“i a Me oa r , f. i
UMAR
Te |
INDEX OF
CONTENTS.
OES:
A. B. C. of Common Birds, noticed,
768.
African Birds, Lonnberg on, noticed,
135.
American Ornithologists’ Union, An-
nual Meeting of, 871; Palmer on the,
noticed, 549.
Anatomy, Wetmore A., of Nyctibius,
noticed, 349.
Annam, 8., and Cochin China, Birds of,
Robinson and Kloss, Part I., 392;
Part lle OGD:
Argentina, Chubb C., On collection of
Birds from, 1, 256.
* Auk,’ noticed, 142.
Australia, White on
Trips in, noticed, 552.
Australia, Mathews on
noticed, 136, 345, 775.
Aviation and Migration,
hagen R., Letter on, 366.
‘ Avicultural Magazine,’ noticed, 144.
Ornithological
the Birds of,
Bailey, Mrs., On the Birds of the
Glacier National Park, noticed, 540.
Baker, E. C. Stuart, Letter xe Whistler’s
remarks on the “ Nidification of the
Indian Peregrines,” 152; Notes on
Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets,
181.
Bangs, Outram, Notes on the species
and subspecies of Poeczlonitta Kyton,
noticed, 843; A new genus of Capri-
mulgide, noticed, 343; A new race
of the Black-throated Green Wood-
Warbler, noticed, 343; On a new
bird from the Philippines, noticed,
769.
Bangs, O., and Noble, G. K., List of
Birds collected on the Harvard Peru-
vian Expedition of 1916, noticed, 345.
Bangs and Penard, On the Lafresnaye
types, noticed, 769.
Bannerman, D. A., List of the Birds of
the Canary Islands, with detailed
reference to the Migratory Species
and the Accidental Visitors, Part L.,
84; Part II., 291; Part III., 457;
Part IV., 708.
SER. XI.—VOL. I.
Meinertz-
Baxendale, F. R. 8., Obituarial notice
of, 765.
Beebe, W., Jungle Peace, noticed, 152.
Beebe’s Monograph of the Pheasants,
Elwes, H. J., On, 80.
‘Bird Lore,’ noticed, 358.
‘ Bird Notes,’ noticed, 855.
Bird-protection in Egypt, Nicoll, M. J.,
and Flower, 8S. S., noticed, 544.
Bird-protection, Menegaux on, noticed,
548.
Bird-sanctuaries, Letter on Canadian,
562.
Bird-song, Fénis on, noticed, 133.
Blaauw, F. E., On the Kelipse Plumage
of Spermophila pileata, 83; On the
Plumage -development of Nettion
torquatum, Pecilonetta erythro-
rhyncha and Anas undulata, 454.
Bolivia, Chubb C., On collection of
Birds from, 1, 256.
Bombay Journal (Natural
Society), noticed, 554.
Boyd, Capt. A. W., Birds in the North
of France, 1917-18, 56.
Brasil, L., Obituarial notice of, 342;
On New Caledonian Birds, noticed,
540.
Brewster, W., Notice of death of, 768.
‘ British Birds,’ noticed, 778.
British Bird s, Witherby, H. F., New
book of, noticed, 351.
British Ornithologists’ Union, Annual
Meeting of, 372.
Bryant, H.C., Grinnell, J., and Storer,
I’. J., On the Game Birds of Cali-
fornia, noticed, 548.
Buenos Ayres, Further Ornithological
notes, Gibson, 495.
History
California, Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer,
On the Game Birds of, noticed, 5438.
Campbell on Australian Birds and
Nomenclature, noticed, 769.
Canadian Bird-sanctuaries, Letter on,
562.
Canadian Birds, Taverner on, noticed,
139, 348.
‘Canadian Field Naturalist,’ noticed,
769.
3M
824
Canary Islands, Bannerman, D. A.,
List of the Birds of, Part I., 84;
leader JUES PAIL S= letee MUMIA, Aua7f =
Part IV., 708.
Celebes, Riley J. H., Two new genera
and eight new birds from, noticed,
347.
Chaplin, N., Obituarial notice of, 545.
China, Riley, J. H., A new Bullfinch
from, noticed, 347.
Chubb, Charles, Notes on collections of
Birds in the British Museum, from
Keuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argen-
fina, Barbell: le Part lic 256)7On
the Dendrocolaptids, noticed, 541.
Chubb, E. C., On the Dodo, noticed, 771.
Cochin China and Annam, Birds of,
Robinson and Kloss, Part I., 392;
Pang) Glee G))-
‘Condor,’ noticed, 356.
Desecheo Islaud, Porto Rico, Wetmore,
A., Gn the birds of, noticed, 549.
Dixon, J., On the Spoon-billed Sand-
piper, noticed, 542.
Dodo, White or Réunion, Rothschild,
Lord, On the, 78.
Domestic-fowl, Ghigi, On the origin of,
noticed, 134.
Doria, The Marchese G., Obituarial
notice of, 3541.
Dorrien-Smith, T.,
Ofaeliaile
Dueck sickness, Wetmore A.,
Utah, noticed, 549.
Dutch Bird Club, Year-book of the,
noticed, 558.
Obituarial notice
On, in
Hclipse Plumage, Blaauw, F. E., On, of
Spermophila pileata, 83.
Beuador, Chubb, C., On collection of
Birds from, 1, 256.
Evypt, Bird-protection in, Flower,
Ss. &., and Nicoll, M. J., On, noticed,
344.
Elwes, H. J., On Beebe’s Monograph
of the Pheasants, 80.
‘Emu,’ noticed, 146, 780.
Ethiopian Buzzards, Sclater, W. L., On,
251.
‘Fauna och Flora,’ noticed, 357.
Fénis, F. de, On Bird-song, noticed,
135.
Finch-Davies, C.G., Noteson Mieraaétus
ayresi Gurney (Lophotriorchts lucani
Sharpe et auctorum), 167; Letter
from, on South African Hawks, 559.
Fleming’s Museum, 564.
INDEX OF CONTENTS.
Flower, 8S. S., and Nicoll, M. J., On
Bird-protection in Egypt, noticed,
O44.
France, North of, Boyd, Capt. A. W.,
On the Birds in the, 56.
Geographical Distribution and Migra-
tion, Meinertzhagen, A Preliminary
Study, 579.
Ghigi, A., On the origin of the Domes-
tie Fowl, 134.
Gibson, E., Further Ornithological
Notes from Buenos Ayres, 495.
Gladstone, H. S., An Ornithologist’s
Field Note-book, noticed, 1384; On
the War and Bird-life, noticed,
cae
Godman, F. D., Obituarial ‘Notice of,
326; Proposed Memorial to, 375.
Godman Memorial Fund, 787.
Godman-Salvin Medal Fund, 786.
Godman-Salvin Memorials, Letter on,
561.
Grinnell, J., Bryant, H. C., and Storer,
VY. J., On the Game Birds of Cali-
fornia, noticed, 543.
Gurney, J. H., Letter on Gannet
Settlements in Newfoundland, 371;
On Norfolk Ornithology, noticed, 545.
Gurney, R., Modern Zoological Nomen-
clature, noticed, 546.
Haviland and Pitt, Misses, On the
habits of the Song-Thrush, noticed,
773.
Heronries, Wiglesworth on Somerset,
noticed, 555.
Hoatzin, Sbufeldt, R. W., On the
Osteology of the, noticed, 348.
Holland, Van Oort, On the Birds of,
noticed, 140, 552.
Hybrid Guils, Lonnberg on, noticed,548.
Ingram, C., Notes on the Height at
which Birds migrate, 521.
International Ornithological Congress,
788.
‘Trish Naturalist,’ noticed, 358.
Java, Robinson on four new Birds from,
noticed, 138.
Jourdain, Rev. F. C. R., Letter on
Mr. Harting and Modern Nomen-
clature, 153; Letter from, on the
Number of Eggs laid by the Black-
bird in Spain, 789.
Journal Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, noticed,
359.
‘Journal of the Museum of Compara-
tive Oology,’ noticed, 555,
INDEX OF
Kitchen Midden, Deposits of Bones,
Wetmore A., On the, in St. Thomas
and St. Croix, notived, 349.
Kloss, C, B., and Robinson, H. C., On
New Malayan Birds, noticed, 138;
On the Birds of South Annam and
Cochin China, Part I., 392; Part IT.,
565; On Sumatran Birds, noticed,
550.
Kuroda, N., On a new subspecies of Tit,
noticed, 547.
Lafresnaye’s Types, Bangs on, noticed,
769.
Le Gerfaut, noticed, 782.
List of the Birds of the World; pro-
posed new, 376.
Lonnberg, E., On African Birds, no-
ticed, 135; On a Linnean - type,
noticed, 845; Letter on the names
of the Song-Thrush and Redwing,
367 ; On Hybrid Gulls, noticed, 548.
Lord, C. E., Ou Tasmanian Birds, no-
ticed, 156,
Lowe, Willoughby P., Letter on Con-
trol of New Species and Subspecies,
364.
Macgregor, Sir William,
notice of, 764.
McLean, J. C., Obituariai, notice of,
537.
Mackworth- Praed, C., and Selater,
W.L., List of the Birds of the Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan; based on the Col-
lections of Messrs. A. L. Butler, A.
Chapman, Capt. H. Lynes, and Major
Cuthbert Christy, Part ITT., 628.
Malay, Robinson and Kloss, On Birds
of, noticed, 138.
Mathews, G. M., On Australian Birds,
noticed, 136, 345, 775.
Meinertzhagen, R., Letter on Migration
and Aviation, 366 ; Preliminary
Study on the Relation between
Geographical Distribution and Mi-
gration, 379.
Menegaux, A., On Bird-protection, no-
ticed. 548.
Migration, Ingram, C., Note on the
Height at which Birds migrate,
o2l.
Migration, Meinertzhagen, A Prelimi-
nary Study, 379.
Migration and Aviation, Meinertzhagen,
R., Letter on, 366.
Monkey-eating Eagle, Shufeldt on the,
of the Philippines, noticed, 138.
Obituarial,
CONTENTS. 825
New Caledonia, Brasil, On Birds of,
noticed, 540,
Nicoll, M. J., and Flower, S. S., On
Bird-protection in Egypt, 344.
Noble, G. K., and Bangs, O., List of
Birds collected on the Harvard Peru-
vian Expedition of 1916, noticed,
343.
Nomenclature, Gurney
516.
Norfolk, Gurney on the Ornithology of,
noticed, 545.
on, noticed,
Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’
Society, Transactions of, noticed,
OONe
Notice to members, 166.
Obituary: T. A. Dorrien-Smith, 131;
F. D, Godman, 326; I’. Roosevelt, 335;
Marchese G. Doria, 341; L. Brasil,
342 ;-N. Chaplin, 343; F. Sharman,
343; J.C. McLean, 537: J. Wigles-
worth, 539; Sir William Macgregor,
764; F. R. S. Baxendale, 765.
Ogilvie Collection of British Birds,
37. =
Oklahoma, Wetmore, A., On Birds ob-
served near, noticed, 349.
Oological Dinner, Proceedings of the
Fourth, 154.
Oological Dinner, Notice of the Fifth
Annual, 563.
Oolcgy, Journal of the Museum of
Comparative, noticed, 555.
Ornithologists abroad, 563.
Ornithologists’ Field Note-Book, Glad-
stone, noticed, 134.
Osteology, Shufeldt, R. W., On the
Hoatzin, noticed, 348.
Palestine, Sladen, A. G. L., Notes on
Birds observed in, 222.
Palmer, T. 8., On the American Orni-
thologists’ Union, noticed, 549,
Panama, Stone, On the Birds of, no-
ticed, 776.
Penard and Bangs, On the Lafresnaye
types, noticed, 769.
Peru, Chubb, C., On Collection of Birds
from, 1, 256,
Pheasants, Monograph
Elwes, H. J., On, 80.
Plumage-development of Neftion tor-
quatum, Pecilonetta erythrorhyncha,
and Anas undulata, Blaauw, On the,
454.
Porsild, M. P., On “ Sayssats,” noticed,
549.
of,
Beebe’s,
$26 INDEX OF
Rattray, R. H., Letter on the Indian
Peregrine Falcon, 369.
‘Revue Francaise d’Ornithologie,’ no-
ticed, 360.
Riley, J..H., A new Bullfinch from
China, noticed, 347 ; Two new genera
and eight new birds from Celebes,
noticed, 347; Annotated Catalogue
of a collection of birds from North-
eastern Siberia, noticed, 847; On new
birds from the Far Hast, noticed,
776.
‘Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia,’ no-
ticed, 361. :
Robinson, H. C., Note on recentiy de-
scribed Subspecies of Woodpeckers,
AO:
Robinson, H. C., and Kloss, C. B., On
new Malayan Birds, noticed, 158;
On Sumatran Birds, noticed, 550;
On the Birds of South Annam and
Cochin China, Part I.,392; Part IL.,
569.
Roosevelt, T.,
385.
Rothschild, Lord, On one of the four
original pictures frem life of the
Réunion or White Dodo, 78.
Obituarial notice of,
Salvin-Godman Medal Fund, 786.
Salvin-Godman Memorials, Letter,561.
** Savssats,” Porsild, On, noticed, 549.
Sclater, W. L., Note on the Buzzards
of the Ethiopian Region, 251 ;
Notice of departure for America, 788.
Sclater, W. L., and Mackworth-Praed,
C., List of the Birds of the Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan ; based on the Col-
lections of Messrs. A. L. Butler, A.
Chapman, Capt. H. Lynes, and Major
Cuthbert Christy, Part ITI., 628.
‘ Scottish Naturalist,’ noticed, 362.
Selous Collections, 563.
Sharman, F., Obituarial
343.
Shufeldt, R. W., On the Monkey-eating
Eagle of the Philippines, noticed,
138; On the Hoatzin, noticed, 348.
Siberia, North-east, Riley, J. H., Anno-
tated Catalogue of a Collection from,
noticed, 347.
notice of,
CONTENTS.
Sladen, A. G. L., Notes on Birds ob-
served in Palestine, 222.
Snouckaert van Schahburg, R. C., On
the Jays of Holland, 625.
South African Hawks, Letter from
Finch-Dayies, C. G., 559.
‘South Australian Ornithologist,’ no-
ticed, 783.
Stone, On the Birds of Panama, noticed,
776.
Storer, T, J., Grinnell, J., and Bryant,
H. C., On the Game Birds of Cali-
fornia, noticed, 543. i
Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian, Sclater and
Mackworth-Praed, List of the Birds
of the, 628.
Sumatra, Robinson and Kloss, On Birds
from, noticed, 550.
Swann, On the Birds of Prey, noticed,
11%.
Swarth, H. 8., On new forms of Fox-
Sparrow, noticed, 551.
‘Systema Avium,’ Proposed new, 164.
Tasmania, Lord, On Birds of, noticed,
136.
Taverner, P. A., On Canadian Birds,
noticed, 159, 3848; On Canadian
Hawks, noticed, 348.
‘Tori,’ noticed, 556.
Van Oort, E. D., On the Birds of
Holland, noticed, 140, 552.
Wetmore, A., Recent papers, noticed,
349.
Whistler, H., Letter on the Indian
Peregrine Falcon, 149.
White, Capt. S. A., On Ornithological
‘Trips in Australia, noticed, 552.
Wiglesworth, J., On Somerset Heron-
ries, noticed, 5538; Obituarial notice
of, 589.
Witherby, H. F., New book on British
Birds, noticed, 351.
Woodpeckers, recently described, Robin-
son on, 179.
Woodpeckers and Barbets, Oriental,
Baker, E. C. Stuart, Notes on, 181.
END OF VOL. I.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
Part 1 Ready October.
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XXIX. On Birds from South Annam and Cochin China. Part IL. .
\ Pycnonotide—Diceide. By Herpurr C. Rosinson,
M.B.O.U., and C. Boprn saint M.B.O.U. (Plates
XIL-XVIIL. ) Oe Werte myhage ere ‘ So, ea Ae he ee
XXX. Note on the Jaysof Holland. By Baron R.C.Snouckarrr
VAN SonApEBURG, MLBlOSU ee ee
XXXI. A List of the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, based
on the Collections of Mr. A. L. Butler, Mr. A. Chapman
and Capt. H. Lynes, R.N., and Major Cuthbert Christy,
R.A.MC. (T.F.). Part Ill. Picide — Sagittariide.
By W. L. Scrarer, M.B.O.U., and C. Mackworra-
Praxp, M.B.O.U. + (Plate MEX.) 200.) ee
XXXII. List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed
reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental
Visitors. Part IV. Anatide— Laride. By Davin A.
Bannerman, M.B.E., B.A.,-M.B.0.U;, F-R:GS. > 2s) 2708
XXXII. Obituary: Sir William Macgregor; Francis Richard .
Salisbury Baxenduale-*° 25°.) / 20 a,)). Reaches chee
XXXIV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
An A. B.C. of Common Birds; Bangs on a new bird from
the “Philippines; Bangs and Perard on the Lafresnaye
types; Campbell on Australian Birds and Nomenclature ;
kk. C. Chubb on the Dodo; Gladstene on the war and
bird-life: Misses Haviland and Pitt on the habits of the
Sone-Thrush ; Mathews’ Birds of Australia; Riley on new
birds from the Far East; Stone on the Birds of Panama;
Kirke Swann on the Birds of Prey; Bvitish Birds ;
Canadian Field-Naturatist; The Emu; Le Gerfaut; South
Australian Ornithologist ; and List of other Ornithological
Publicabionsyveceryedy 05 so ake’ WO a)
XXXYV. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
_ Letters from Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on South African ©
Hawi-Eagles, and from the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the
Number of Exgs laid by the Blackbird in Spain; B. O. U.
Godman-Salvin Medal Fund; Godman Memorial Fund;
International Ornithological Congress; The Editor of
‘The Uist! he i.’ ns bok err
Index of Scientific Names \s- 0. a. AS a
Indexvok Contents Pues ool. oe ee ee
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